Between the 1890s and 1940s, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) built a series of battleships as it expanded its fleet. Previously, the Empire of Japan had acquired a few ironclad warships from foreign builders, although it had adopted the  naval doctrine which emphasized cheap torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive, heavily armored ships. To counter the Imperial Chinese Beiyang Fleet in the early 1890s, however, Japan ordered two s from Great Britain as Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own vessels. Combat experience in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 convinced the IJN that its doctrine was untenable, leading to a ten-year naval construction program that called for a total of six battleships and six armored cruisers (the Six-Six Fleet). The two ships of the  and the battleships  and  were also purchased from Great Britain. Aware that they could not outbuild the Americans or British, the IJN decided that their ships would always be qualitatively superior to offset their quantitative inferiority.

To counter reinforcement of the Russian Empire's Pacific Squadron as tensions rose between the Russians and the Japanese over control of Korea and Manchuria in the early 1900s, Japan ordered the two battleships of the  in 1903, the last battleships ordered from abroad. To preempt further reinforcements before their own ships were completed, they began the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 with a surprise attack on the Russian base at Port Arthur. Shortly after the war began, the IJN ordered the two ships of the , the first battleships to be built in Japan. The Imperial Japanese Army captured Port Arthur, along with the surviving ships of the Pacific Squadron by the end of the year. The Russians had dispatched the bulk of their Baltic Fleet to relieve Port Arthur, which reached the Korea Strait in May 1905 and was virtually annihilated by the IJN in the Battle of Tsushima. During the war, Japan captured a total of five Russian pre-dreadnought battleships. They were repaired and commissioned into the Japanese fleet, two of which were later sold back to Russia during World War I, as the two countries were by then allies. The magnitude of the victory at Tsushima caused the leadership of the IJN to believe that a surface engagement between the main fleets was the only decisive battle in modern warfare and would be decided by battleships armed with the largest guns.

After the war, the Japanese Empire immediately turned its focus to the two remaining rivals for imperial dominance in the Pacific Ocean, Britain and the United States, believing that conflict would inevitably arise between Japan and at least one of its two main rivals. Accordingly, the 1907 Imperial Defense Policy called for the construction of a battle fleet of eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers. This was the genesis of the Eight-Eight Fleet Program, the development of a cohesive battle line of sixteen capital ships. The launch of  in 1906 and the battlecruiser  the following year by the Royal Navy raised the stakes and complicated Japan's plans as they rendered all existing battleships and armored cruisers obsolete, forcing Japan to restart the Eight-Eight plan with dreadnought battleships and battlecruisers. This began with the  in 1907, followed by the  and es in the 1910s. Japan ordered its seventh and eighth dreadnoughts with the  in 1916 and 1917.

In 1919, American President Woodrow Wilson announced the resumption of the 1916 naval construction program and the Japanese ordered eight fast battleships of the  and es in response. The prospect of a new massively expensive arms race between the United States, Britain and Japan after the war caused the three powers to agree to the Washington Naval Treaty which limited Japan to a ratio of 3:5:5 in battleship tonnage to the United States and Britain. The treaty forced the IJN to dispose of all of its pre-dreadnoughts and the oldest dreadnoughts; the ships then under construction had to be broken up or sunk as targets. Furthermore, the treaty mandated a building holiday that barred the construction of new battleships for ten years. During this period, opponents of the Washington Naval Treaty and its successors had taken control of the upper echelons of the IJN and rebuilt the s into fast battleships and modernized the existing ships. Coupled with the growth of ultranationalism and dominance of the government by the military, the government decided to withdraw from the treaty regime when it expired in 1936. Planning by the Navy General Staff for the post-treaty era began in 1934 and included five large battleships armed with nine  guns; these ships became the . While the Yamatos were under construction in the late 1930s, the IJN began designing a successor class, the Design A-150 armed with  guns, but never laid any down as they prepared for war and other ships had higher priority.

Key

Pre-Dreadnoughts

Fuji class

The two Fuji-class (Kanji: 富士型戦艦; Rōmaji: Fuji-gata) ships, Fuji and Yashima, were the IJN's first battleships, ordered from Britain in response to two new German-built Chinese ironclad warships. The ships were designed as smaller versions of the British Royal Sovereign class, although they were slightly faster and had a better type of armor.

As part of the 1st Fleet the Fujis participated in fighting off Port Arthur on 9–10 March 1904, wherein Fuji sustained light damage and Yashima was undamaged. On 15 May Yashima struck two naval mines and foundered. Fuji participated in the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August and was then slightly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905. She was credited with the shot that caused the magazine explosion that destroyed the battleship Borodino. In October 1908, Fuji hosted the American ambassador to Japan and some senior officers of the Great White Fleet, and was later reclassified as a coast defense ship in 1910. The ship was disarmed and converted into an accommodation ship in 1922. Fuji was sunk by American aircraft in 1945 and scrapped in 1948.

Shikishima class

The Shikishima class (Kanji: 敷島型戦艦; Rōmaji: Shikishima-gata senkan) was designed as a more powerful version of the Royal Navy's  battleship. The ships were also assigned to the 1st Fleet before the Russo–Japanese War, were present at the Battle of Port Arthur and were slightly damaged during the action.  struck one of the mines that the Russians laid in May 1904 and sank following a magazine explosion. Shikishima fought in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, only being damaged by a misfiring 12-inch shell, and then participated in the Battle of Tsushima where she was hit nine times, suffered another misfire from one of her main guns, and, together with the battleship , sank the Russian battleship . Shikishima spent the duration of World War I assigned to the Sasebo Naval District, and was demilitarized after the Washington Naval Treaty was signed in 1922. She was used as a training hulk at Sasebo until she was broken up in 1948.

Asahi

Asahi was a slightly improved version of the British  battleships. She became the flagship of the IJN's Standing Fleet and was later assigned to the 1st Fleet when the Combined Fleet reformed in 1903. At the start of the Russo–Japanese War, Asahi took part in the Battle of Port Arthur and was not damaged by Russian fire. At the Battle of the Yellow Sea, the ship was moderately damaged, although she hit and damaged  and  in return. Asahi struck a mine two months later near Port Arthur, but was repaired in time for the Battle of Tsushima. There, she helped disable the battleship  and dueled with the battleships Borodino and , taking no damage.

She was a gunnery training ship for most of World War I until being rearmed in 1917 in time to escort troop transports during Japan's intervention in the Russian Civil War. Asahi was converted into a noncombat vessel during the 1920s and was then made a repair ship in 1937. On the night of 25–26 May 1942, Asahi was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine  off modern-day Vietnam.

Mikasa

Mikasa was also an improved version of the Formidable-class battleships and only differed in minor respects from Asahi. The ship served as the 1st Fleet flagship throughout the Russo-Japanese War. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war and the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima. During the latter battle, the ship was hit many times, but was only lightly damaged. Days after the end of the war, Mikasas magazine accidentally exploded and sank the ship. She was salvaged and her repairs took over two years to complete. Afterward, the ship served as a coast-defense ship during World War I and supported Japanese forces when they intervened in the Russian Civil War. After the Washington Naval Treaty was ratified in 1922 Mikasa was preserved as a museum ship. She was badly neglected during the post-World War II occupation of Japan and required extensive refurbishing in the late 1950s, but has only partially been restored. Mikasa is the only surviving example of a pre-dreadnought battleship in the world.

Tango

Tango was laid down as the Russian battleship Poltava (), the second of three  pre-dreadnought battleships. The ship was assigned to the Pacific Squadron shortly after her completion and based at Port Arthur from 1901. During the Russo-Japanese War, she participated in the Battle of Port Arthur and was heavily damaged during the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Sunk by Japanese artillery during the subsequent Siege of Port Arthur in December 1904, she was refloated by the IJN after the war and subsequently renamed Tango. During World War I, she bombarded German fortifications during the Siege of Tsingtao. The Japanese government sold Tango back to the Russians in 1916. She was renamed Chesma () as her former name had been given to a new ship. Her crew declared for the Bolsheviks in October 1917, but saw no action in the Russian Civil War owing to her poor condition, and she was ultimately scrapped in 1924.

Sagami and Suwo

Sagami and Suwo were originally the Russian  battleships  () and  () respectively. The design of the Peresvet class was inspired by the British second-class battleships of the . The British ships were intended to defeat commerce-raiding armored cruisers like the Russian ships  and , and the Peresvet class was designed to support their armored cruisers.

The sisters were sunk during the Siege of Port Arthur and were salvaged by the IJN afterward. Because of their lighter armament than the other captured battleships, they were rated as coastal-defense ships. During World War I, Suwo was the flagship of the Japanese squadron during the Siege of Tsingtao and then of the 2nd Fleet before becoming a gunnery-training ship in 1916. Sagami was sold back to the Russians that same year and resumed her former name. While en route to northern Russia, the ship struck two mines in the Mediterranean and sank. Suwo was disarmed in 1922 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and was probably scrapped afterward.

Hizen

Hizen, originally Retvizan (), was a Russian pre-dreadnought battleship built in America before the Russo-Japanese War because Russian shipyards were already at full capacity. The ship was torpedoed during the Battle of Port Arthur, but was repaired in time to participate in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, during which she was lightly damaged. She was sunk during the Siege of Port Arthur and salvaged by the IJN. During World War I, Hizen was sent to reinforce the weak British squadron off British Columbia, but diverted to Hawaii after reports of a German gunboat there were received. The ship was unsuccessfully sent to search for other German ships after the Americans interned the gunboat in November 1914. After the war she supported the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War and was disarmed in 1922 as required by the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Hizen was sunk as a target in 1924.

Iwami

Iwami was built shortly before the Russo-Japanese War for the Imperial Russian Navy as Oryol (), one of five s. Together with three of her sisters, she voyaged half-way around the world to participate in the Battle of Tsushima. Moderately damaged during the battle, the ship was surrendered to the IJN the following day. The Japanese rebuilt her from 1905 to 1907 and she was assigned to the 1st Fleet, although the ship was reclassified as a coast defense ship in 1912. Iwami participated in the Siege of Tsingtao in 1914 after Japan declared war on Imperial Germany and then became a guardship. She became the flagship of the 5th Division of the 3rd Fleet in 1918 and supported the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War. Iwami briefly became a training ship before she was disarmed in 1922 and was sunk as a target two years later.

Katori class

The pair of Katori-class pre-dreadnoughts were the last Japanese battleships to be built overseas. The design of the Katori class was a modified and improved version of the Royal Navy's  battleships. Completed after the end of the Russo–Japanese War, the ships never saw combat. Katori had a major fire in one of her secondary-gun turrets in 1907 that killed 34 men and wounded 8 others. While they saw no action during World War I, they both participated in Japan's intervention in Siberia in 1918. In 1921, the sisters carried Crown Prince Hirohito on his tour of Europe where he met King George V. Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, both ships were disarmed and scrapped between 1923 and 1925.

Satsuma class

The Satsuma-class battleships, Satsuma and Aki, were the first battleships to be built in Japan. They marked a transitional stage in battleship design, as the sisters were intended to mount a dozen  guns. Material shortages in Japan and the expense of construction led to a redesign that armed the sisters with four 12-inch and a dozen  guns. If built as planned, the Satsuma class would have been the world's first "all big-gun" battleships. Satsuma was powered traditionally with two vertical triple-expansion engines, but Aki was the first Japanese battleship to use steam turbines.

The introduction of  in 1906 ensured that the Satsuma class was obsolete before the ships were even launched. Nevertheless, Aki was launched on 15 November, while Satsuma followed on 15 April 1907. Satsuma would go on to serve as Rear Admiral Tatsuo Matsumura's flagship in the Second South Seas Squadron as it seized the German possessions of the Caroline and the Palau Islands in October 1914 in the opening months of World War I. Satsuma would later be refitted at Sasebo Naval Arsenal in 1916 and served with the 1st Squadron for the rest of the war. Aki was also assigned to the 1st Squadron until she was transferred to the 2nd Battleship Squadron in 1918. Both ships were sunk as targets by  and  in 1924.

Dreadnought battleships

Kawachi class

The Kawachi class (Kanji: 河内型戦艦; Rōmaji: Kawachi-gata senkan), Kawachi and Settsu, were a pair of dreadnought battleships ordered in the Navy's Warship Supplement Program after the Russo-Japanese War. They were the IJN's first dreadnoughts and marked one of the first steps in achieving Japan's recently adopted Eight-Eight Fleet Program. The sisters were armed with four 50-caliber 12-inch and eight 45-caliber 12-inch main guns, arranged in the hexagonal layout used by the German dreadnoughts of the  and es. They had originally been designed with a dozen 45-caliber guns, but after the IJN received word that the Royal Navy had adopted the more powerful and expensive 50-caliber guns, it upgraded the four centerline guns to the longer caliber as it could not afford to upgrade all of them.

Settsu and Kawachi bombarded German fortifications at Tsingtao during the Battle of Tsingtao in 1914, but saw no other combat in World War I. Kawachi sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen. Settsu was disarmed in 1922 and converted into a target ship. She was heavily damaged in 1945 by American carrier aircraft and eventually beached to avoid sinking. The ship was subsequently scrapped in 1946–1947.

Fusō class

The , Fusō and Yamashiro, were a pair of dreadnoughts built for the IJN during World War I. Both patrolled briefly off the coast of China before being placed in reserve at the war's end. Although they were extensively modernized during the 1930s, the sisters were considered obsolescent by the eve of World War II, and neither saw significant action in its early years. Fusō and Yamashiro briefly served as troop transports in 1943, but mostly served as training ships that year. They were the only two Japanese battleships at the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944, the southernmost action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and were sunk by torpedoes and naval gunfire during the night battle with the loss of almost all of their crews.

Ise class

The  were another pair of dreadnoughts built during World War I. Both ships carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. They were modernized in the interwar period with improvements to their armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style. Afterward they played a minor role in the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Despite the expensive reconstructions, both vessels were considered obsolete by the eve of the Pacific War, and neither saw significant action in the early years of the war. Following the loss of most of the IJN's large aircraft carriers during the Battle of Midway in mid-1942, they were rebuilt with a flight deck replacing the rear pair of gun turrets to give them the ability to operate an air group of floatplanes. A lack of aircraft and qualified pilots, however, meant that they never actually operated their aircraft in combat. While awaiting their air group, the sister ships were occasionally used to ferry troops and material to Japanese bases. They participated in the Battle off Cape Engaño in late 1944, where they decoyed the American carrier fleet supporting the invasion of Leyte away from the landing beaches. Afterward, both ships were transferred to Southeast Asia; in early 1945 they participated in Operation Kita, where they transported petrol and other strategic materials to Japan. The sisters were then reduced to reserve until they were sunk during American airstrikes in July. After the war, they were scrapped in 1946–1947.

Nagato class

The  were the third pair of dreadnoughts built during World War I, although they were not completed until after the end of the war. Both ships carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. Modernized during the 1930s, Nagato and her sister ship Mutsu briefly participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and Nagato was the flagship of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 that began the Pacific War.

The sisters participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, although they did not see any combat. Mutsu participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in August before returning to Japan in early 1943. One of her magazines exploded in June, destroying the ship. Nagato spent most of the first two years of the war training in home waters. She was transferred to Truk in mid-1943, but did not see any combat until the Battle of the Philippine Sea in mid-1944 when she was attacked by American aircraft. Nagato did not fire her main armament against enemy vessels until the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. She was lightly damaged during the battle and returned to Japan the following month for repairs. The IJN was running out of fuel by this time and decided not to fully repair her. Nagato was converted into a floating anti-aircraft platform and assigned to coastal defense duties. After the war, the ship was a target for US nuclear weapon tests during Operation Crossroads in mid-1946. She survived the first test with little damage, but was sunk by the second test.

Tosa class

The  were ordered during the early 1920s. They were larger versions of the preceding Nagato class, and carried an additional twin-gun 41 cm turret. Both ships were launched in late 1921, but the first ship, , was cancelled in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty before she could be completed, and was used in experiments testing the effectiveness of its armor scheme before being scuttled. The hull of the second ship, , was converted into an aircraft carrier to replace an  that had been wrecked by the Great Kanto earthquake of 1923. The carrier supported Japanese troops in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War and took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor and the invasion of Rabaul in the Southwest Pacific in January 1942. The following month her aircraft participated in a combined carrier airstrike on Darwin, Australia, during the Dutch East Indies campaign. She was sunk during the Battle of Midway in 1942.

Kii class

The Kii-class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built during the 1920s. Only two of the ships received names. They were intended to reinforce Japan's "Eight-Eight fleet" of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced the reinitiation of a major naval construction program in 1919. However, after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, work on the ships was suspended; one pair was cancelled in November 1923 and the other in April 1924.

Number 13 class

The Number 13-class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built after the Kii class during the 1920s. The ships never received any names, being known only as Numbers 13–16. They were intended to reinforce Japan's "Eight-Eight Fleet" of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced the reinitiation of a major naval construction program in 1919. The Number 13 class was designed to be superior to all other existing battleships, planned or building. After the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, they were cancelled in November 1923 before construction could begin.

Kongō-class battlecruiser

The Kongō-class battlecruisers were rebuilt as fast battleships during the 1920s and '30s. Their turbines and boilers were replaced by lighter, more powerful models, they were bulged to improve their underwater protection, their horizontal armor was increased and the range of their guns was increased.

The Kongōs were the most active capital ships of the IJN during the Pacific War, participating in most of the major engagements. Hiei and Kirishima acted as escorts during the attack on Pearl Harbor, while Kongō and Haruna supported the Dutch East Indies Campaign. All four participated in the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal. Hiei and Kirishima were both sunk during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November 1942, while Haruna and Kongō jointly bombarded Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. The two remaining sisters spent most of 1943 shuttling between Japanese naval bases before participating in the major naval campaigns of 1944. They helped to sink two American destroyers and an escort carrier during the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion in November, while Haruna was sunk at her moorings by an air attack on Kure Naval Base in late July 1945; she was raised and scrapped in 1946.

Yamato class

The  were built at the beginning of the Pacific War. The ships were the largest and most heavily-armed battleships ever constructed. Two ships, ( and ) were completed as battleships, while a third () was converted to an aircraft carrier during construction. A fourth ship was scrapped while still under construction and a planned fifth ship was never begun.

Due to the threat of American submarines and aircraft carriers and worsening fuel shortages, both Yamato and Musashi spent the majority of their careers in naval bases at Brunei, Truk, and Kure—deploying on several occasions in response to American raids on Japanese bases—before participating in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, as part of Vice Admiral Kurita's Center Force. Musashi was sunk during the battle by American airplanes. Shinano was sunk ten days after her commissioning in November 1944 by the American submarine  while Yamato was sunk by US carrier aircraft in April 1945 during Operation Ten-Go.

Design A-150

"Design A-150", popularly known as the Super Yamato class, was a planned class of battleships. In keeping with the IJN's long-held doctrine of qualitative superiority, they were designed to be the most powerful battleships afloat. As part of this, the class would have been armed with six  guns, the largest weapons carried aboard any warship in the world. Design work on the A-150s began after the preceding Yamato class was mostly finished by early 1941, when the Japanese began focusing on aircraft carriers and other smaller warships in preparation for the coming conflict. No A-150 would ever be laid down, and many details of the class' design were destroyed near the end of the war.

References

Citations

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News

Combined Fleet

Battleships of Japan
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Lists of ships of Japan
Battleships

List of battleships of Japan


Düzce, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin Batı Karadeniz Bölümü'nde yer alan ildir. Düzce ili nüfusu: 405.131 (2022)  Bu nüfusun %68,8i şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2020 sonu). İlin yüzölçümü 2.492 km2'dir.

04 Şubat 2021 TÜİK verilerine göre  merkez ilçeyle beraber 8 İlçe, 10 belediye, bu belediyelerde 115 mahalle, ayrıca 278 köy bulunmaktadır.

Tarihi
Düzce'nin tarihi, MÖ 1390-800 yılları arasında hüküm süren Hititler'e kadar uzanır. Antik Yunanistan zamanında Bithynia'nın en önemli şehirlerinden biri olmuştur. Bundan sonra Pontus fethedip Roma İmparatorluğu altında yaşamıştır. Roma zamanında Latin kültüründen ilham alınıp adı Prusias ad Hypium'a değiştirilmiştir. Osmanlı imparatorluğu Constantinapolis'i fethettikten sonra Orhan Gazi'nin komutanlarından Konuralp Bey'in Bizans Tekfurları ile 1323'te yaptığı savaşlar sonucu Osmanlı topraklarına katıldı. Osmanlı döneminde şehir merkezi terk edilmiş ve yerleşim yeri "gözetleme kulesi" anlamına gelen σκοπή (skopi) kelimesinden "Üskübü" olarak adlandırılmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde, Düzce askeri yardım sağladı ve İstanbul, Sivas ve Erzurum gibi daha doğudaki şehirler arasında önemli bir ulaşım merkezi haline geldi. Sultan Abdülaziz ve Abdülmecit döneminde Kafkaslar, Pontus kıyıları, Transkafkasya ve Balkanlar'dan gelen göçmenler Düzce'nin nüfusunu artırdı. Devlet onlara bedava arazi verdi. Abdülmecit döneminde 36088 nüfuslu 137 köyü ve 66618 hanesi vardı. 1869 yılına kadar Kastamonu Vilayeti Bolu Mutasarrıflığı, Göynük Kasabası'na bağlı bir bucak olarak tarihte yer almıştır. 1869 veya 1870 yılında Bolu Sancağı'na bağlı Kaza olmuştur. 1999 yılına kadar Bolu'ya bağlı bir ilçe olan Düzce 1999 Gölcük depremi ve 1999 Düzce depreminin ardından dönemin 57. Türkiye Hükûmeti tarafından TBMM'de alınan il statüsü verilme kararı ile ve 9. Türkiye cumhurbaşkanı Süleyman Demirel'in onayı ile il statüsü verilmiştir.

Coğrafya

Efteni Gölü Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahasının yer aldığı Efteni Gölü Düzce ovasının kuzeyinde yer alır.Yedigöller Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahası, Yeşilöz Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahası, Samandere Şelalesi Tabiat Anıtı,  Sırıkyayla Göknarı Tabiat Anıtı, Paşabükü Dışbudak Ağacı Tabiat Anıtı, Kurugöl Tabiat Parkı (Kaynaşlı), Güzeldere Şelalesi Tabiat Parkı, Demirciönü Tabiatı Koruma Alanı ilin koruma altındaki alanlarıdır.

Büyük Melen ve Küçük Melen çayları ile Asarsuyu, Uğursuyu, Aksu Deresi ilin akarsularıdır. Küçük Melen çayı üzerinde Hasanlar Barajından enerji, sulama, içme suyu açısından yararlanılır. Büyük Melen çayından İstanbul'a içme suyu gönderilmektedir.Melen üzerinde Sakarya'nın Kocaali ilçesinde inşa edilmekte olan Melen Barajı ile istanbul'un uzun yıllar içme suyu meselesi halledileceği düşünülmekedir .

Düzce'de Kuzey Anadolu Fay hattı üzerinde iki noktada jeotermal sıcak su çıkışı vardır. İl merkezin 10 km batısında Efteni gölü kıyısında, 100 m rakımda, 42-43 °C sıcaklıkta, 4-5 lt/sn debili Efteni kaplıcası yer alır. Merkezin 12 km güneyinde Derdin köyünde 4 lt/sn debili, 31-32 °C sıcaklıkta jeotermal kaynak bulunur.
Akçakoca'da aynı isimli köyde bulunan Fakıllı Mağarası düzenlenerek turizme açılmıştır.

İklim
Düzce ilinde önemli oranda Karadeniz iklimi etkilidir.Bazı durumlarda batıdan komşu olduğu Marmara iklimi etkileri de hissedilir.Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğünün Uzun Yıllar İçinde Gerçekleşen Ortalama Değerlerine (1960 - 2012) göre: Yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 13,2°Cdir. En soğuk ay Ocak (3,7 °C), en sıcak ay Temmuzdur (22,6 °C). Yağış miktarı 817,7 mmdir. Kış ve Sonbahar mevsimleri yağışın çok olduğu zamanlardır, en kurak mevsim Yazdır.Yağışın mevsimlere dağışı şu şekilde gerçekleşir: Kış %32, Sonbahar %26, İlkbahar %23, Yaz %19.

Yıllık ortalama nemlilik %77,5dir. Kar yağışlı gün sayısı 6, karın yerde kalma süresi 5 gündür. Don olayı 44 gün görülür.Sis olayı en fazla Kasım ayında (8 gün) olmak üzere, yılda 23 gün gerçekleşir.

Bitki örtüsü
Türkiye'de Karadeniz iklimi nin hakim olduğu ilde, kışın yaprağını döken Ormanlar geniş alanlar kaplar. 242.340 hektar alana sahip ilin  %51'ine denk gelen 122.712 hektarlık büyük çoğunluğu iyi korunmuş ormanlar yer alır. Ormanlarda başta Kayın olmak üzere, Gürgen, Kestane,Çınar, Meşe, Ihlamur, Yabani Fındık, Dişbudak, Titrekkavak, Beyaz Söğüt bulunur. Yaklaşık 600 m rakımdan sonra iğne yapraklılar görülmeye başlar. Köknar, Sarıçam, Karaçam ormanlarda görülen iğne yapraklı ağaçlardandır. Dar kıyı şeridinde Akdeniz türleriden Makiler gözlemlenir. Katran ağacı, Funda, Sumak, Taflan, Kızılcık, Tesbih, Sarmaşık kıyılarda görülen maki türleridir. Ormanaltı florasında yer alan türler: Böğürtlen, Ormangülü, Kızılcık, Karayemiş, Şimşir, Funda, Alıç, Kuşburnu, Ateş dikeni.

Nüfus
Güncel Nüfus Değerleri(TÜİK 6 Şubat 2023 verileri )

Düzce ili nüfusu: 405.131'dir. Bu nüfusun % 70,28 i şehirlerde yaşamaktadır (2022 sonu). İlin yüzölçümü 2.492  km2'dir. İlde  km2'ye 163 kişi düşmektedir. (Bu sayı Merkez ilçede 364'dür.) İlde yıllık nüfus artış oranı  % 1,04 olmuştur. Nüfus artış oranı en yüksek ve en düşük ilçeler: Gümüşova (% 3,0)- Yığılca (% -3,06)

06 Şubat 2023 TÜİK verilerine göre merkez ilçeyle beraber 8 İlçe, 10 belediye, bu belediyelerde 115 mahalle ve ayrıca 278 köy vardır.

{| class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#33FFCC"
| colspan="12" |2022 yılı sonunda Düzce ili ve ilçelerinin yerleşim yeri ve  nüfusla ilgili sayısal bilgileri|-
|-bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|İlçe|Nüfus 2021|Nüfus  2022|Nüfus  Artışı %|Belediye  Sayısı|MahalleSayısı|Köy  Sayısı|Köy  Nüfusu|Şehir nüfusu|Şehirde oturan %|Alanı   km2| km2'ye düşen kişi|-
|Akçakoca
|39.500
|40.025
|1,32
|1
|8
|43
|12.147
|27.878
|69,65
|380
|105
|-
|Cumayeri
|15.060
|15.214
|1,02
|1
|7
|21
|4.306
|10.908
|71,70
|113
|135
|-
|Çilimli
|19.848
|19.648
| -1,01
|1
|5
|20
|9.712
|9.936
|50,57
|85
|231
|-
|Gölyaka
|20.506
|20.552
|0,22
|1
|10
|21
|10.036
|10.516
|51,17
|228
|90
|-
|Gümüşova
|16.347
|16.844
|3,00|1
|6
|18
|7.436
|9.408
|55,85
|103
|164
|-
|Kaynaşlı
|20.540
|20.449
| -0,44
|1
|7
|20
|10.273
|10.176
|49,76
|237
|86
|-
|Merkez|254.827
|258.484|1,43
|3
|68
|96
|55.624
|202.860
|78,48
|710
|364|-
|Yığılca
|14.348
|13.915
|-3,06|1
|4
|39
|10.891
|3.024
|21,73
|636
|22
|-
|-bgcolor="#AFEEEE"
|Düzce|400.976|405.131|1,04|10|115|278|120.425|284.706|70,28|2.492|163|}

 Yönetim

İllerde protokolde ilk sırada yer alan Vali, merkezi yönetimi temsil eder ve Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından atanır. Büyükşehir dışındaki illerde yerel yönetim, şehirler düzeyindedir. Belediye Başkanı, belediye sınırları içinde kalan seçmenin oy çokluğu ile seçilir. Ayni seçmen İlçe Belediye Meclisi için de oy kullanarak ilçelerin belediye meclislerini oluşturur. İldeki bütün seçmenler ayrıca il genel meclisi için de oy kullanarak, İl Genel Meclisinin oluşumunu sağlarlar.

İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üyelikleri için yapılan seçimlerde, onda birlik baraj uygulamalı nispi temsil sistemi, belediye başkanlığı seçiminde ise çoğunluk sistemi uygulanır İl genel meclisi ve belediye meclisi üye sayıları ilçe nüfusuna göre, kontenjandan kalan sayıların partilere dağılımı ise D'Hondt Sistemine göre belirlenir (Kanun:2972-Madde:23)

İl Genel Meclisi, İl Özel İdaresinin karar organıdır, başkanını üyeleri arasından gizli oyla seçer. Ayrıca, İl Genel Meclisi kendi içinden gizli oyla bir yıl görev yapacak 5 kişilik İl Encümenini seçer.

Merkezi yönetim, Vali ve İl Müdürlerinden oluşur. İl Özel İdaresi (İl Genel Meclisi ve İl Encümeni) seçilmişlerden oluşur, ancak Vali başkanlığında görev yapar. Yerel yönetim ise belediye başkanları ve belediye meclislerinden oluşur.

Düzce Valisi, 1978-Kırşehir doğumlu Selçuk ASLAN'dır. Ağu.2023/376 sayılı kararla Mülkiye Müfettişi iken atanmıştır.

Düzce Belediye Başkanı, 1962-Düzce doğumlu Dr.Faruk Özlü(AK PARTİ), 31 Mart 2019 seçimlerinde %47,14 oy oranıyla seçilmiştir.
2019 Türkiye yerel seçimleri sonuçlarına göre Düzce İl Genel Meclisi üye sayısı, 15 AK PARTİve 6 MHP olmak üzere 21'dir. Düzce Belediye meclisi ise 19 AK PARTİ, 7 İYİ P. ve 5 MHP olmak üzere 31 üyeden oluşur.

2018 Genel seçimleri sonucu, Düzce'yi temsilen TBMM'de AKP'den 2 milletvekili (Fahri Çakır, Ayşe Keşir), MHP'den 1 milletvekili (Ümit Yılmaz) seçilmiştir.

 Ulaşım
İlin güneyinden İstanbul ile Ankara illerini birleştiren Anadolu otoyolu ile D 100 il yolu geçmektedir. Avrupa'dan ve Marmara Bölgesi'nden İç Anadolu Bölgesi'ne geçiş güzergahı üzerinde bulunan Düzce'de 114 kilometre uzunluğunda Devlet Yolu bulunmaktadır. Bolu Dağı Tüneli'nin Düzce iline doğru olan kısmında bulunan viyadükler ile tünelin bir kısmı Düzce ili sınırlarında yer almaktadır. Toplam 1.655 km. köy yolu bulunmaktadır. Bu yolların 866 km si asfalt , 788 kilometresi ise stabilizedir. D 100 il yolu Bolu Dağı'na kadar olan bölümünde çift şeritli yol yapım çalışmaları tamamlanmıştır.

 Konum

 İçme Suyu
Düzce İl Merkezinde içme suyu sıkıntısı bulunmamaktadır. İldeki toplam 291 köy ve 378 yerleşim yerinden 553'ünde içme suyu vardır. 80 yerleşim yerinde ise içme suyu bulunmakla birlikte yeterli değildir.

Düzce Merkez'de Temmuz - Eylül aylarında içme suyu kritik noktalara ulaşmaktadır.

 Kanalizasyon
Günde 50.000 m3 atıksu arıtma kapasitesine sahip olan arıtma tesisi 1 Şubat 2009 tarihinde Yenitaşköprü köyü sınırları, Küçükmelen çayı kenarında kurulmuş ve faaliyete başlamıştır.

 Güvenlik
Düzce'nin güvenlik birimleri İl Emniyet Müdürlüğü ve İl Jandarma Komutanlığı olarak ikiye ayrılır.

 Spor

2018-2019 sezon sonunda, futbol takımı Düzcespor, 3. ligi 10.sırada tamamlamıştır. BAL'da Kaynaşlı Belediye Spor küme düşmüştür. Düzce Belediyespor basketbol erkek takımı 1. ligde 6. olurken, voleybol erkekler takımı da 1. ligde grup 6. sı olmuştur. Düzce Belediye basketbol kadın takımı KBBL'den 1.lige yükselmiştir. Voleybol bölgesel ligde 4 takımı yer almıştır.

Ziraat Türkiye Kupası 'nda Düzcespor 2.turda elenmiştir.

Önemli spor tesisleri: 18 Temmuz Stadyumu (7.200), 18 Temmuz Spor Salonu (2.500), Kalıcı Konutlar Spor Salonu (2.500), Düzce Ünv. Kapalı Yüzme Havuzu-y.olimpik (270) ve Topuk Yaylası Kamp Tesisleri'''.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Düzce Üniversitesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 T.C Düzce Valiliği
 T.C Düzce Belediyesi

1999'da kurulan bölgeler ve ülkeler

Düzce (il)


حزب الاتحاد الكبير (باللغة التركيّة: Büyük Birlik Partisi)، حزب سياسي قومي يميني محافظ تركي، حصل الحزب على 1.1 % من الأصوات في الانتخابات التركية العامة 2007، أفكار الحزب قريبة من أفكار منظمة الذئاب الرمادية ويعتبر أحد أجنحة الحركة القومية المعتدلة التي تتميز بوجهها الإسلامي في تركيا.

المصادر

 الجزيرة نت: الانتخابات التركية.. واقع يتشكل، حزب الاتحاد الكبير

وصلات خارجية
 موقع الحزب الرسمي

أحزاب وطنية محافظة
الوحدة التركية
اليمين المتطرف
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1993
أحزاب تركيا
أحزاب سياسية إسلامية في تركيا
أحزاب سياسية يمينية متطرفة في تركيا
أحزاب قومية في تركيا
تأسيسات سنة 1993 في تركيا
طورانية
قومية تركية
منظمات قومية تركية
منظمات مقرها في أنقرة

حزب الاتحاد الكبير


Blaženi José María od Manile ili José María Manilski (Manila, 5. rujna 1880. – Madrid, 17. kolovoza 1936.), španjolsko-filipinski rimokatolički svećenik, kapucin i blaženik, jedan od Mučenika španjolskog građanskog rata poznatijih kao 522 španjolskih mučenika.

Životopis
Rođen je 1880. u Manili kao Eugenio del Saz-Orozco Mortera. Otac Eugenio del Saz-Orozco de la Oz bio je posljednji španjolski gradonačelnik Manile, majka Felisa Mortera y Camacho domaćica. Djetinjstvo i mladost proveo je obrazujući se na Sveučilištu u Manili, Kolegiju sv. Ivana i Papinskom i kraljevskom sveučilištu sv. Tome Akvinskog.

Sa 16 godina odlazi na daljnje obrazovanje u Španjolsku izbjegavši pad španjolskog protektorata na Filipinima, Filipinsku revoluciju i Španjolsko-američki rat.

Kapucinskom se redu pridružio polaganjem vječnih zavjeta 4. listopada 1905. Za svećenika je zaređen 30. studenog 1910.

Porastom protukatoličanstva dolazi do izbijanja Crvenog terora i masovnih pogubljenja katolika. Ubili su ga španjolski republikanci 1. kolovoza 1936. u vrtu vojne zgrade Cuartel de la Montaña u Madridu.

Blaženim je proglašen na tzv. Tarragonskoj beatikaciji 13. listopada 2013. u ime pape Franje.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 newsaints.faitweb.com "Mučenici vjerskih progona tijekom Španjolskog građanskog rata (1934., 1936. – 39.)" - popis mučenika, 60 str.

Filipinski katolički kler
Mučenici španjolskog građanskog rata
Španjolski katolički svećenici
Blaženici

José María od Manile


Kendall Blenton, né le 10 novembre 1995 à Blue Springs au Missouri, est un joueur américain de football américain qui évolue au poste de tight end. Il joue pour la franchise des Rams de Los Angeles dans la National Football League (NFL).

Son père Jerry est un linebacker qui a joué dans la NFL pour les Chiefs de Kansas City pendant 7 saisons. Il gagne le Super Bowl LVI avec les Rams.

Biographie

Carrière universitaire
Étudiant à l'université du Missouri, il joue cinq saisons avec les Tigers, de 2014 à 2018.

Carrière professionnelle
Non sélectionné lors de la draft 2019 de la NFL, il signe un contrat en tant qu'agent libre le 29 avril 2019 avec les Rams de Los Angeles.

En vue du Super Bowl LVI, il est titularisé pour ce match en remplacement de Tyler Higbee, blessé. Il remporte le Super Bowl avec les Rams contre les Bengals de Cincinnati au score de 23 à 20.

Vie privée
Son père, Jerry, a joué avec les Chiefs de Kansas City au poste de linebacker pendant 7 saisons.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en novembre 1995
Naissance dans le comté de Jackson (Missouri)
Joueur américain de football américain
Tight end
Joueur de football américain des Tigers du Missouri
Joueur NFL non sélectionné à la draft
Joueur des Rams de Los Angeles
Joueur vainqueur du Super Bowl

Kendall Blanton


Ekstrapolacija (složenica od eng. pref. extra-, 'izvana' i lat. pref. interpolat- 'obnovljen, izmijenjen', od glag. interpolare, -> inter- 'između' + -polare (povezano s lat. glag. polire, 'polirati') je proširivanje zakonitosti utvrđene u jednom užem području na šire područje.

U matematici, ekstrapolacija je određivanje nepoznatih veličina izvan jednog intervala na temelju poznatih vrijednosti u tom intervalu i poznate funkcionalne zavisnosti s pretpostavkom da funkcionalna zavisnost u poznatom području vrijedi i u nepoznatom. Slična je interpolaciji, no nesigurnija je, i ima veći rizik dobivanja nebitnog rezultata.

Izvori

Ekstrapolacija


Tovarishch, tovarisch or tovarish () is a Russian word meaning comrade, friend, colleague, or ally, and may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Tovaritch (1933 play), a 1933 play in French by Jacques Deval
 Tovaritch (film), a 1935 French film based on the 1933 play
 Tovarich (1935 play), a 1935 play in English by Robert E. Sherwood based on Deval's 1933 play
 Tovarich (film), a 1937 American film based on the Sherwood play
 Tovarich (musical), a 1963 musical based on the 1935 play
 Tovarich, a comic strip by Antonio Prohías

Other uses
 Gorch Fock (1933), a German three-mast barque used by the USSR under the name Tovarishch
 Tovarishch (newspaper) (1906–1908), a daily paper published in St. Petersburg, Russia

See also
 Towarzysz, cavalry soldiers in the Polish army since the 16th century

Tovarishch


The history of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before European settlement to the city's planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin in collaboration with Marion Mahony Griffin, and its subsequent development to the present day.

Pre-colonisation-history

Before European settlement, the area which eventually became the Australian Capital Territory was inhabited by Indigenous Australians, who spoke a Ngarigo dialect. Historical sources have identified them as different tribes with a range of names. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. The evidence suggests human habitation in the area for at least 21,000 years.

European exploration began with in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. Canberra was "discovered" on 7 December 1820 by Charles Throsby Smith, Joseph Wild and James Vaughan. four successive expeditions whose routes took in the Canberra area were those of Charles Throsby in October 1820, Charles Throsby Smith in December 1820, Major John Ovens and Captain Mark Currie in 1823, and Allan Cunningham in 1824. All four expeditions explored the course of the Limestone now Molonglo River that is now the site of Lake Burley Griffin. Smith and Cunningham also penetrated further south, into what is now called the Tuggeranong Valley.

It was estimated by Robertson that prior to European settlement starting in 1824, depending on the season there were about 300-400 Aboriginals living in the Molonglo, Queanbeyan, Canberra, Namadgi region. As the settlers took over land, many Aboriginals migrated to other districts such as Cooma and Tumut. The population was also significantly reduced when the death rate increased significantly due to diseases introduced by the Europeans. By the 1880s there were no full-blood people in the district, with only some fifty mixed race people. These people were employed either as labourers or domestics on stations. Due to the lack of European women, many white men had relationships with mixed race women so even further diluting Aboriginal heritage.

The 2013 ACT Government report "Our Kin Our Country" on the connection to the area by present-day ACT Aboriginal inhabitants, concluded:

European settlement

The Molonglo River was recorded as the "Yeal-am-bid-gie" in 1820 by the explorer Charles Throsby. Later it was referred to as the Limestone River, and the Fish River. The Moolinggolah people of the district around Captains Flat probably gave the Molonglo its current name.

European settlement in the area began in October 1824 when Joshua John Moore, the owner of Horningsea near Liverpool, was given a "ticket of occupation" for  north of the Limestone River covering the area now called Civic extending north to Dickson. A flock of sheep was driven onto the property in December 1824 by the overseer John McLaughlin. He built a slab hut on what is now called Acton Peninsula. This was named Camberry later Canberry Cottage. A creek that ran through the middle of the property originating from the side of Mount Ainslie was named Canberry Creek. On 12 October 1828, a deed for a further  to the west was issued to Moore in consideration of £250. Moore was always an absentee landlord and took no interest in running the property. The station continued to be called Canberry/Camberry, from 1824 until 1843 when it was sold to Arthur Jeffreys, who renamed it Acton and built a more substantial homestead called Acton House.

In 1825 James Ainslie, a purported Waterloo veteran, herded sheep down to the district for Robert Campbell. He occupied land at the base of Mount Pleasant near the Limestone River, which he called "Pialigo". A stone cottage was built, Limestone Cottage, which later was expanded to become Duntroon House and the property named Duntroon when the Campbells took up residence and acquired land extending down to Queanbeyan. Ainslie, who remained there till 1835, also received a grant of  for assisting in the capture of two bushrangers Tennant and Dublin Jack. Ainslie later returned to Scotland.

In 1827 John McPherson was given a ticket of occupation for the land to the west of Canberry extending to include the now named Black Mountain. He called the station Springbank, with the homestead just to the east of the junction of the Limestone River with Canberry Creek. The first white child born in the area was a daughter, born into the Macpherson family in 1830. In 1831 MacPherson was granted title to the  property extending to the now named Black Mountain. Other sheep stations were built in turn by further settlers. Initially, these properties were owned by absentee landlords, but later resident families moved in. For future development, blocks for village settlements were gazetted at Pialigo, Tageranong to the south, Palmerstone to the north, and Yarrolumla to the west near the Murrumbidgee River.

The local Aboriginals of this time tended to refer to themselves as the Nyamudy people and spoke a dialect of the Ngarigo language, while the settlers called them the Limestone Plains Blacks or Pialigo Mob. The indigenous population of the district declined to less than a hundred by 1840. In stark comparison, by 1851 there were about 2,500 European people living in the area. Apart from a few employed on stations Aboriginals disappeared by the 1860s with most moving to the better hunting grounds of land near the Cooma and Tumut districts. A few from the Sutton, Hall and Fairlight localities moved north to Yass.

Construction of the church of St John the Baptist started in 1841 on land purchased from Robert Campbell adjacent to the Canberry station. This included a  glebe. When the first rector was appointed the rectory was the rented Canberry Cottage, thus the church was referred to as being at Canberry in the parish of Queanbeyan. Later the lands south of the Limestone River were also called Canberry extending down to Canberry Hill, now Red Hill, with the road going over Church Crossing.

When the district was further divided into parishes in the County of Murray, the name given of the parish was Canberry, but was then changed to Canberra. It extended over a wide area north nearly to Yass and west to the Cotter River

There were a number of European families who achieved status in the area. These included the Campbell family and the Palmer family. In the late 1820s and early 1830s, there was a conflict between two of these families – the Johnstons (descended from Major George Johnston who was involved in the Rum Rebellion) and the Martins – for the ownership and financial control of land that is now known as Weston Creek and Tuggeranong.

Prominent, too, in the early life of the district were the Gibbes and Murray families, who were related by marriage.

Irish-born Sir Terence Aubrey Murray, MLC, owned the Yarralumla estate (now the site of Australia's Government House) from 1837 until 1859. In the latter year, Murray sold Yarralumla to his brother-in-law, Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes, who was joined at the property by his elderly parents, Elizabeth Gibbes and Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes, the retired Collector of Customs for NSW. Augustus Gibbes made improvements to the estate and he remained Yarralumla's resident proprietor until 1881 when he sold it to his neighbour Frederick Campbell.

The Campbells, and their patriarch, Robert Campbell, were a particularly influential group in the area's early history. The Campbells were Scottish and brought many other Scots to the district as workers. The land that they owned included Duntroon House that is now the Officers Mess at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Yarralumla and the Oaks Estate. The latter most got its name from a mansion built there by Campbell called the Oaks. When the Campbell family later sold the land it was on for subdivision and development, it was on condition that the Oaks and the land that it to remain intact and not be renamed. There are still members of the Campbell family living in Canberra.

The European population in the Canberra area continued to slowly grow throughout the rest of the 19th century. One prominent building, the Anglican St John's Church, was consecrated and opened for use in 1845. This building still stands today and its graveyard holds the burials of many of Canberra's 19th-century pioneers. A schoolhouse was also attached to this building. By 1851, there were about 2,500 people living in the area – a vast majority of which were stockmen. Some assigned convict labour was also used in this area during the 1830s and 1840s. The weather in the area was said to be harsh, with frosty winters and fierce hail-storm episodes, and drownings in local watercourses were a fairly common occurrence. The drowning victims included the first rector of the Anglican Church of St John the Baptist, which was Canberra's first purpose-built place of worship.

Blundells' Cottage was built in 1859 for William Ginn, the head ploughman for the Duntroon Estate. The cottage's second occupants where newlyweds George and Flora Blundell, after whom the cottage was named.

The area's Aboriginal population dwindled as the European presence increased, mainly due to the impact of diseases such as smallpox and measles. Another reason for the shrinking Aboriginal population base was that their ability to hunt, and therefore survive, was impeded by homesteads being placed on traditional hunting grounds. By 1862, the remnant Aboriginal People were mainly of mixed European and indigenous blood. They held their last full corroboree by the Molonglo River in that year. Aboriginal culture and its people had largely ceased to exist in the region, with its members largely absorbed into the European mainstream by 1878 as a consequence of inter-marriage. "Queen Nellie" Hamilton, a Ngarigo Woman who had been married to a Ngambri Man, Bobby Hamilton, is said to have been the last full-blood Aboriginal Person dwelling in the environs of Canberra during the 19th century. She died in the nearby town of Queanbeyan in 1897.

20th century

Creation of the Australian Capital Territory

The district's transformation from a New South Wales rural area to a built-up national capital began during political debates over Federation in the late 19th century. Due to the Victorian gold rush, Melbourne was Australia's largest city and a potential place for the capital. However Sydney was Australia's oldest city, and so also had a justifiable claim to host the new nation's Federal polity. Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, Melbourne's state of location —supported Melbourne. However, New South Wales (the largest colony) and its neighbouring northern state, Queensland, favoured Sydney. Perhaps one or another of the two colonial capitals might have eventually been acceptable to the smaller states, but the Sydney–Melbourne rivalry was such that neither city would ever agree to the other one becoming the capital.

Eventually, a compromise was reached: Melbourne would be the capital on a temporary basis while a new capital was built somewhere between Sydney and Melbourne. As Victoria was relatively small in geographical area, Section 125 of the Constitution specified that the capital must be placed in a Commonwealth territory within New South Wales but at least  from Sydney. Various Commonwealth governmental bodies continued to operate principally from Sydney or Melbourne after 1927. Most civil service departments were moved to Canberra in the 1950s, and the High Court of Australia was finally moved from Melbourne to Canberra in 1980.

After an extensive search, the present site, about  south-west of Sydney, in the foothills of the Australian Alps, was chosen in 1908 as a result of survey work done by the government surveyor Charles Scrivener in that year. Two people who campaigned strongly for the Federal capital to be in the Canberra area were John Gale, the publisher of The Queanbeyan Age and Federal politician King O'Malley. The choice of site was a disputed one, and narrowly beat Dalgety, a small town near the NSW/Victoria border.

The new Federal Capital Territory (later named Australian Capital Territory) was created on 1 January 1911 when the NSW government ceded 2,360 square kilometres of land including the seaport of Jervis Bay to the Commonwealth Government. In that same year, the ACT became an alcohol-free area as a result of legislation that the Minister for Home Affairs, King O'Malley, steered through the Federal Parliament in Melbourne. This era of prohibition is commemorated today in the form of a pub named after O'Malley that was established in the city centre of Canberra in 2000.

An international competition was held in 1911 by O'Malley to select a design for the layout of the capital city. An American architect, Walter Burley Griffin, won the competition in 1913. Although submitted in Walter's name, the plan was actually designed collaboratively with his architect wife and professional partner Marion Mahony Griffin. His idea was to divide the proposed city into halves, using a lake as a dividing point. The two resulting sections were to be designated the civilisation part and the governmental part. A variety of names were suggested for the capital, including Olympus, Paradise, Captain Cook, Shakespeare, Kangaremu, Sydmeladperho, Eucalypta and Myola. Myola was the personal favourite of the prime minister, Andrew Fisher. However, when Billy Hughes was told of his preference, he said, "It sounds like the last despairing cry of an Italian prostitute".

The name of Canberra was eventually settled upon. At midday on 12 March 1913, the city was officially given this name by Lady Denman, at a ceremony on Kurrajong Hill (now known as Capital Hill). This historic occasion was officiated over by the Australian Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher. The city now commemorates the event as "Canberra Day" each year, always on the second Monday of March.

The name Canberra

The name Canberra was given to the planned city as the central area was in the parish of Canberra. The area originally had been in the parish of Queanbeyan, but in 1850 a separate parish was established with St John the Baptist being the parish church. According to church records, land was purchased from the Campbell property to build the church and establish a 100-acre (40 ha) glebe. The parsonage was "Canberry Cottage", the rented original building on the adjacent property called Acton but originally called Camberry from 1825 until 1843. The flat land on either side of the Molonglo River near the church was referred to as the Canberry Plain while the road south went over a ford called Church Crossing. To the south of the plain was Canberra Hill, now Red Hill. Finally by 1865 the location of St Johns Church started to be spelt Canberra by the rector, Pierce Galliard Smith, against the wishes of Robert Campbell the original owner of the land on which the church was built, and who provided much of the financial cost for constructing the church and adjacent school house.

However, substantive information on the reason for the original choice of the name Camberry, or why the spelling changed, is non-existent. The dispute over the derivation has been going on for over a hundred years without resolution. It has been the subject of numerous contradictory learned academic papers, and letters/articles in the press.

There are numerous unsubstantiated theories put forward for the derivation of the name for the riverside property "Camberry Station"  from English sources. First, it was due to the profusion of the wild raspberry bushes growing there. Second, the raspberry bushes were actually Cranberry bushes. Third, a St. John's church history said the church location was named after the district of Canbury in Kingston upon Thames in England, while other sources suggest Canberry in north London and Canbury in Kent. There is also a theory the original intention was to name it Camberry after the River Cam, and Cambridge where the original owner came from.

There are numerous unsubstantiated theories put forward for the derivation being from an Aboriginal source. These include that the word Canberra is derived from the rendition into written English of the Aboriginal name Ngambri, which allegedly was the name of a small camp site north of the Molonglo river on the side of Black Mountain, which subsequently became part of the pastoral property "Springbank". There are five non-evidenced theories for the latter; that it was an Aboriginal word meaning alternatively "meeting place", "neutral place", "corroboree ground", the "head of the river", the "space between a woman's breasts", or after the bird kookaburra or "laughing jackass". There is also a dispute whether this Aboriginal word came from the Ngarigu, Nyamudy, Kamilroi, Walgalu or Wiradhari language. Academic reconstruction of the various pronunciations by different Europeans results in a theoretical Aboriginal name for a Black Mountain peninsular camp site as Ng-aan-bira, of unknown or no meaning, in the local Nyamudy peoples dialect of the Ngarigu language. However, there is no contemporary recorded Aboriginal use of the word until after the name Canberry was used for the area around St John the Baptists Church.

The Molonglo River was recorded as the "Yeal-am-bid-gie" in 1820 by the explorer Charles Throsby. Later it was referred to as the Limestone River, and the Fish River. The Moolinggolah people of the district around Captains Flat probably gave the Molonglo its current name.

The Griffins' design for Canberra

The picturesque
Following the federation of Australia on 1 January 1901 and the eventual selection of the Australian Capital Territory to accommodate a capital city in 1908, Surveyor Charles Scrivener was responsible for locating the city's specific site. Scrivener's selection was guided by instructions to assess sites from "a scenic standpoint, with a view to securing the picturesque, and with the object of beautification". Hence from the outset, in accordance with Renaissance fashion in Britain, emphasis was placed on the picturesque, that is utilising the intrinsic beauty of the natural world, and affirmed that the future capital's landscaping and aesthetics would be just as important as its functionality.

Prior to the selection of the site, Congress delegate Isaac Evans wrote a paper, "A Waterside Federal Capital", which, despite being written to advocate a different site altogether, identified large bodies of water as improving the appearance and perspective of the city's form. Similarly, the design criteria for the capital encouraged such a creation. Furthermore, Evans also romantically described the future capital's dwellings as "dotted amongst the foliage", implying that Evans envisioned a picturesque capital representative of the wider view of Australian society whose relatively new population were beginning to identify with the iconic surroundings of the Australian outback.

Consequently, this enabled the picturesque site to act as a proxy for the "Old World's" culture, relics, and established nature which the young colony innately lacked. By continuing to build upon this forming identity, a picturesque capital would "obscure the nation's youth and…register its membership within the British Empire". Hence, although Canberra is undoubtedly Australian with respect to its landscaping and wider location, the underlying motivations for these aspects "remained colonial" and "rooted" in the "Old World".

Design and influences
Utilising and capturing the picturesque of the landscape was essential to the success of the Griffins' design and was achieved by integrating the territory's topography into their design rather than designing to avoid it. An example of this is the Molonglo Valley, which was utilised as a position for an artificial, grand central lake which satisfied part of the design criteria (Lake Burley Griffin). With respect to capturing the picturesque, Griffin's lake centrepiece was a selling point of their design. It is likely that the Griffins were familiar with, and influenced by, the work of fellow Chicagoan Daniel Burnham, whose 1909 Plan of Chicago, also known as the Burnham Plan, focussed on reclaiming and improving Chicago's lakefront for public enjoyment.

Another significant design point was that the city itself was nestled in between Mount Ainslie and Mount Bimberi and used their collective picturesque amenity as visual foci for the street layout and to convey civic power. Hence, the Griffins aligned democracy with the most powerful force of all: nature. Consequentially, given it was so severely overshadowed, the traditional methodology of using grand architecture to convey power was rendered less significant. This approach was strongly influenced by Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1792 design for Washington, D.C. L'Enfant's design included wide, tree-lined avenues that would visually connect significant topographical sites over the city. He therefore drew on the picturesque by ensuring views of the landscape and notably the wilderness of the unchartered west, which beckoned "[American] democracy's westward expansion."

The Griffins' also capitalised on an emerging theme within the new colony which recognised the bush, referring to the country's extensive native vegetation, as a national identity. Critical to the success of the Griffins' design was their use of gold and sepia which contrasted other entries that depicted a lush, green capital. The Griffins' approach better represented Australia's unique conditions and, more importantly, celebrated them.

Finally, Washington, D.C. also offered another influence for the Griffins with respect to Burnham's 1902 McMillan Plan for the city. Although the Griffins were predominantly influenced by pre-modern planning, notably L'Enfant's inspired emphasis on the picturesque, they achieved this emphasis through well-orchestrated geometric street organisation representative of the contemporary City Beautiful movement. The movement was strongly implemented in the McMillan Plan, which in turn inspired Canberra's grand axes, views, and effective central focal point.

Development and growth

Canberra's growth over the first few decades was slow, and Canberra was indeed far more a small country town than a capital before World War II. It was noted for being more trees and fields than houses. Cattle grazing near Parliament House was a common occurrence, something which amazed General Macarthur when he visited Canberra during World War II.

The responsible government minister, King O'Malley, drove the first survey peg in the Canberra area on 20 February 1913 to mark the commencement of work on the new city. As we have seen, on 12 March that same year, the city was formally named by the Governor-General's wife, Lady Denman, at a ceremony held on Capital Hill, the site of Australia's current Parliament House.

The construction of the capital began in what is now North Canberra and South Canberra. The pace of building work was slower than expected because of the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and a dispute between Griffin and various Commonwealth bureaucrats. In 1917, a Royal Commission determined that these individuals had undermined Griffin's authority by supplying false data to him, which he had used in carrying out his work. Ultimately, Griffin resigned from the Canberra design project in 1920, when he discovered that several of these same people had been appointed to the Federal Capital Advisory Committee formed to oversee Canberra's construction.

Initially almost all construction work in the capital was undertaken by Commonwealth instrumentalities. Government-built housing, required to accommodate the public servants transferred from interstate, formed the basis for Canberra's first suburbs. The suburbs that were slowly built over the next several years included Parkes, Barton, Kingston, Manuka, Braddon and Reid. These suburbs often had other names – for instance, Kingston was originally known as Eastlake – before a formal renaming procedure took place in 1928. They were erected largely in accordance to Walter Burley Griffin's designs for Canberra. The men who constructed these suburbs lived in a series of workers' camps, which consisted of tents and some brick cottages. Building materials were obtained from quarries in the North Canberra area. A temporary railway was used to shift materials.

A rail line linking Canberra with the town of Queanbeyan across the border in NSW was constructed just prior to the outbreak of World War I. It opened for freight/industrial services on 25 May 1914 but was freed up for passenger trains 10 years later. A formal foundation stone for the city was laid by the Prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII, on 21 June 1920. Additions to Government House at Yarralumla, as well as building work on the Prime Minister's Lodge and what is now "Old Parliament House", were also carried out during this pivotal period.

In 1918, an internment camp for German World War I prisoners-of-war was established in Canberra's eastern outskirts, in what is nowadays the suburb of Fyshwick. This camp instead housed mainly civilian internees transferred there from facilities in other locations such as the NSW town of Bourke. After 1919, the old internment became a workers' camp. In later years, the camp was closed and the roads that had serviced it were turned into urban streets.

Canberra's first blocks of land for residential and commercial use were sold by auction on 12 December 1924. Buildings were subsequently erected on these allotments, but their residents endured a gruelling start to their occupancy when a flood struck Canberra in February 1925. The flood came about as the result of the Molonglo River bursting its banks. The surging water threatened or damaged many structures, and some drownings resulted.

Canberra's first school, Telopea Park School, had already been opened in 1923. Public transport became available in July 1925, and two shopping areas were established at Manuka and Kingston in 1925.

The year 1927 saw the opening of a cinema at Manuka and an Australian Capital Territory police force was formed. Also in 1927, the fledgling city's CBD was officially established. It was meant to be called Civic Centre, but then Prime Minister Stanley Bruce vetoed the idea and it became officially known as City Centre. However, City Centre is still commonly referred to by Canberrans as "Civic".

But the most significant event of 1927 was clearly the opening of the provisional Parliament House (now known as the "Old Parliament House") on 9 May 1927. On this date also, Melbourne ceased being the national capital and seat of government and Canberra assumed this role. Amongst the first legislation dealt with in the new parliament house was an act to repeal O'Malley's unpopular prohibition laws. This took effect in 1928.

The Federal Capital Commission, had, meanwhile, been busy increasing the social amenity of the fledgeling city. In 1926 the Causeway Hall was erected, and was host to the first performance of the newly established Canberra Philharmonic Society (later Canberra Musical Society) on 15 May. A larger, more central venue, named the Albert Hall, was opened in 1928, the same year as the Canberra Croquet Club

Canberra's workforce did not escape the adverse effects of the Great Depression when it hit Australia in 1929. In 1930, around 1800 labour-force workers and about one-seventh of the Commonwealth Public Service's staff in Canberra were retrenched. Soon, Canberra's growth ground to a complete halt, with even the governmental agency supervising its development being abolished for a while. Some major construction projects planned for the capital, including Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, were not undertaken due to funds set aside for their planned construction being diverted for relief measures during the Depression. Having lost this early impetus, neither denomination has built a major centre of worship in the capital, although, in 1973, after major extensions, St Christopher's Catholic Church, Manuka, was raised to the status of Cathedral (the Anglican cathedral remains in the nearby city of Goulburn).

Despite these setbacks, the Canberra community continued to develop in sophistication, if not in size, with the establishment of community facilities such as a radio station (2CA) in 1931 (initially run from a shop in the Kingston area), and the amateur dramatic Canberra Repertory Society in 1932. The planning and construction of the Australian War Memorial under the supervision of the war historian Charles Bean also began in Canberra at this time. The memorial was eventually completed at the height of World War II, in 1941, and its opening ceremony was conducted on 11 November of that year.

Embassies and High Commissions began to establish themselves in Canberra during the 1930s. The United Kingdom appointed their first High Commissioner to Australia in 1936. Canada appointed a representative in 1937 and the United States of America opened a mission in 1939 with their first envoy presenting his credentials in 1940. The United States was the first mission to build its own chancery in 1943. In 1946 Australia and the US raised the rank of representatives exchanged by the two countries to that of Ambassador; the American Embassy thus becoming the first embassy to be established in Canberra. Other countries, such as Sweden, followed soon afterwards. (Nowadays, Canberra contains a comprehensive array of embassies and other diplomatic missions.)

For all this, Canberra remained a small country town prior to World War II, far more rural than urban in its nature and size, with little to mark it as Australia's capital other than Parliament House and the developing War Memorial. Its social centre remained the Kingston/Manuka area.

After World War II

Wartime conditions emphasised the need for an airport. On 1 April 1940, a military air base, RAAF Station Canberra, was established on a flat plain between Canberra and Queanbeyan. Later, this was renamed RAAF Fairbairn in memory of the Minister for Air, James V. Fairbairn, who was killed with a number of other ministers and officials when an aircraft crashed into a nearby hill in dense fog on 13 August 1940. Canberra Airport was constructed in the 1960s; the military base and commercial airport share the same runway.

Canberra began to grow more rapidly after World War II, as more and more government departments were transferred from Melbourne to the capital. The Australian National University was opened as a research institute in 1946. Undergraduate teaching continued at the Canberra University College, and the two were amalgamated in 1960. Entertainment and cultural organisations also began to flourish with the new influx of people. Until the opening of the Canberra Theatre Centre in 1965, the Albert Hall was home to a large number of prominent organisations, including the Canberra Orchestral Society (later the Canberra Symphony Orchestra) founded in 1950, a new Canberra Philharmonic Society (for musical theatre, 1951) and the Canberra Choral Society (1952).

Parts of Canberra formed the backdrop for Cold War espionage activity, highlighted during the 1954 Petrov Affair when a Soviet Union spy defected to Australia. Telopea Park in south Canberra was a known drop-off point for KGB spies based at the nearby USSR Embassy. This embassy was constantly monitored by ASIO agents based in the Kingston Hotel located across the street. There was also an ASIO listening post on the grounds of Canberra Grammar School. In 1991, with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the embassy grounds became the Russian Embassy.

In March 1958, the National Capital Development Commission (NCDC) took over the planning and construction of Canberra. Under the control of the NCDC new districts, such as Woden and Tuggeranong, were established and slowly developed throughout the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate a growing population. The original design for Canberra did not extend beyond the central suburbs, and thus it was possible to design them to take better advantage of the land contours. Woden was established in 1964, Belconnen in 1967 and Tuggeranong in 1973. These additional districts helped to encourage large population growth between 1960 and 1975.

The construction of Lake Burley Griffin in central Canberra, along the course of the Molonglo, was commenced in the early 1960s, based largely on Walter Burley Griffin's original plans. A move to name it Lake Menzies, after the then Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies, was vetoed by Menzies himself. The lake was formed by Scrivener Dam, named after Charles Scrivener, located at what is now the western end of Lake Burley Griffin. The dam was completed in 1963, and its valves closed on 20 September 1963, to allow the lake to form. However, the area was in drought at the time and the lake did not actually fill until April 1964, when the drought broke. This allowed the first event scheduled for the lake, a rowing championship, to take place. In 1970, the Captain James Cook Memorial was added, as part of the celebrations held that year to mark the bicentennial of the discovery of Australia's east coast by Captain James Cook.

The 1971 Canberra flood disaster occurred in the Woden Valley of Canberra on Australia Day of that year. The flood killed seven people, injured 15 and affected 500 others.

Canberra's residents are keen followers and participants in sports, and Bruce Stadium was opened during 1978 and later hosted several important Sydney 2000 soccer games.

Among key cultural and civic landmarks, the National Library of Australia building opened in 1968, the High Court of Australia building opened in 1980, the National Gallery of Australia building in 1982, the National Museum of Australia building in 2001 and the National Portrait Gallery of Australia building in 2008. All these facilities and institutions are situated on or near the shores of Lake Burley Griffin.

On 9 May 1988, a new, much larger Commonwealth Parliament House was opened on Capital Hill in State Circle, Parkes. This imposing complex of parliamentary chambers, public spaces, offices and other facilities replaced the outmoded (Provisional) Parliament House that had operated close by for some 60 years. The complex's elaborate opening ceremony was a centrepiece of Australia's bicentenary celebrations, which were held nationwide to mark the 200th anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet from England, and the foundation of European settlement in what was to become the City of Sydney in 1788.

Significantly, the Australian Capital Territory was granted full self-government in December 1988, when an act passed by Federal Parliament that made the territory a body politic under the Crown was signed by Queen Elizabeth II. On 11 May 1989, following the elections earlier that year, a 17-member Legislative Assembly began sitting at its offices in London Circuit, Civic. The inaugural ACT government was led by Chief Minister Rosemary Follett.

In 1992, Canberra was the host city for the 7th Assembly of the World Council of Churches.

21st century

On 18 January 2003, bushfires that had been burning in the remote wilderness west of Canberra broke containment lines and engulfed some of Canberra. About 500 homes were destroyed before a change in the weather brought the bushfire under control. The suburb of Duffy was hit especially hard, with some 200 homes destroyed. Four people died in the conflagration and many more were injured.

The development of Canberra is ongoing. Major new works under construction in recent years include the Gungahlin Town Centre, City West Precinct and the Kingston Foreshores Development. On 5 March 2004, the Canberra Spatial Plan for the city's future development was released. As of 2005 plans were under development for a new Canberra district to be situated west of Lake Burley Griffin, on land formerly occupied by a pine plantation.

Canberra's population timeline
Population of the Australian Capital Territory:
1911: 1,714
1930: 9,000
1945: 13,000
1957: 39,000
1960: 50,000
1966: 96,000
1971: 146,000
1976: 203,100
1983: 235,000
1988: 270,000
2000: 311,000
2011: 356,000
2016: 395,790

Sites of significance
There are many sites of significance for Aboriginal people in and around Canberra especially in the Pialigo area.
Acton Peninsula is now home to the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
Mount Ainslie and Black Mountain are the breasts of the spirit woman who lies in the Canberra landscape. On the latter was Black's Camp, a women's business camp where women went to give birth.
The site of Parliament House is the womb of the spirit woman who lies in the Canberra landscape.
The Molonglo River, previously called the Limestone and Fish Rivere, is a provider of food for the indigenous people, including fish, turtles and crayfish.
The area at the Australian National University campus around Sullivans Creek, known as Ngambri Creek to the Ngambri people, was a campsite.
Aboriginal people camped at Red Hill year-round, including during the construction of Old Parliament House in the 1920s.
An ochre site in Queanbeyan (now developed over) was where Aboriginal people sourced brilliant white ochre for trade and for their own use to decorate their bodies for song and dance and ceremony.
Queanbeyan Showground was a campsite, gathering place and burial site for Aboriginal people. In 1841 and onwards, Aboriginal people gathered at Queanbeyan Showground at the start of winter for government blanket distribution.
The Tuggeranong sandstone axe-grinding grooves. Ngambri women in the past prepared bread using native seeds at the site while men sharpened axes.
The Wanniassa canoe tree, a gumtree used in the late 1800s or early 1900s to make a canoe that was paddled on the Molonglo River for a span of several summers.

See also

History of the Australian Capital Territory
People from Canberra

Footnotes

References

Further reading
Canberra's transport system. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 May 2011, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011010/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf
General concept [image] Retrieved 10 May 2011, from https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011010/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/natcapauth/report/chapter9.pdf
Meng, B. (2002). Urban Planning and Development of the Australian Capital Territory, Canberra: A Critical Review. Retrieved 10 May 2011, from
National Capital Development Commission. (1975) A land use plan for the A.C.T.. Canberra: Mullaya Publications.

Why the new structure for Canberra. (2007). Retrieved 10 May 2011, from http://apps.actpla.act.gov.au/spatialplan/1_future/1C_new_structure/index.htm

External links
An Ideal City: the Competition to Design Canberra
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002 Year Book Australia: Special Article – The Australian Capital Territory – Canberra – Fifty Years of Development

Canberra
History of Canberra

History of Canberra


Knall und Fall als Hochstapler ist eine deutsch-österreichische Komödie (Slapstick) unter der Regie von Hubert Marischka, die in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland am 19. September 1952 und in Österreich am 21. November 1952 in die Kinos kam. Das deutsch-österreichische Komikerduo Knall und Fall, alias Hans Richter und Rudolf Carl, sollte nach den großen Vorbildern Dick und Doof resp. Pat & Patachon etabliert werden.

1953 gab es eine Fortsetzung mit dem Titel "Knall und Fall als Detektive".

Handlung
Die Landstreicher Knall und Fall picknicken gerade auf einer Wiese, als plötzlich ein imposanter Wagen neben ihnen hält. Ein Mann fordert sie auf einzusteigen, da sie genau dem Typ entsprächen, der für einen Film gesucht werde. Die beiden überlegen nicht lange und kommen der Aufforderung nach. Die Fahrt endet in einem Filmstudio. Dort werden sie in einen amerikanischen Wagen bugsiert, der dem Hauptaktionär der Filmgesellschaft, Millionär Vandergold, gehört. Knall und Fall sollen einen Millionär und seinen Chauffeur spielen. Im Wagen befindet sich auch eine Aktentasche mit dem eingeprägten Namen "Vandergold", die eine Million Dollar Theatergeld enthält.

Als Knall einen falschen Hebel im Auto bedient, setzt sich der Wagen in Bewegung. Es beginnt eine Irrfahrt aus dem Filmstudio durch die Straßen, bis der Wagen schließlich eine Sanatoriumspforte durchbricht und zum Stehen kommt. Als die durch den Lärm herbeigeeilte Direktorin die Aktentasche mit dem Namen "Vandergold" erblickt, aus der mehrere Geldscheine hervorquellen, sieht sie ihre Chance, das kurz vor der Pleite stehende Sanatorium mit Hilfe der beiden neuen Gäste doch noch retten zu können. Sie geht davon aus, den Millionär Vandergold und seinen Chauffeur vor sich zu haben. Knall und Fall leugnen zwar, Millionäre zu sein, werden jedoch eiligst in einem luxuriösen Appartement des Sanatoriums untergebracht. Ein Bankdirektor verkauft ihnen die wertlosen Sanatoriumsaktien, die in die Höhe schnellen, als bekannt wird, dass der Millionär Vandergold sich im Sanatorium einquartiert hat. Auch als die Direktorin vom Aufnahmeleiter, der nach Knall und Fall gesucht hat, aufgeklärt wird, bleibt man nach kurzer Beratung bei der Geschichte. Niemand will riskieren, dass die Aktien des Sanatoriums wieder fallen.

Im Sanatorium ist auch die hübsche Kosmetikerin Bettina Brandtner angestellt, in die sich sowohl Knall als auch Fall ein wenig vergucken, was ihre Freundschaft belastet. Fall hat die junge Dame als "Vandergold" adoptiert. Als Bettina den echten Vandergold kennenlernt und dessen Freundin Irene Dahlen überaus eifersüchtig reagiert, spitzt sich die Situation weiter zu. Auf einem von Knall und Fall organisierten Sommerfest werden die beiden Landstreicher schließlich enttarnt und sind irgendwie auch erleichtert darüber. Sie flüchten schließlich heimlich von ihrem eigenen Fest und lassen auch Bettina Brandtner zurück, wegen der ihre Freundschaft fast in die Brüche gegangen wäre.

Hintergrund
Gedreht wurde der Film in Wien-Sievering im Studio sowie in Wien. Arena-Film und Wiener Mundus-Film waren die Produktionsfirmen, der Kinoverleih erfolgte durch den Herzog-Filmverleih. Franz Schroedter war für die Bauten zuständig, Herbert Sennewald für die Produktionsleitung. Die Uraufführung in Deutschland am 19. September 1952 war in Düsseldorf.

Der im Film verwendete Name "Vandergold" soll eine gedankliche Verbindung zum Namen Vanderbilt als Synonym für Reichtum suggerieren.

1953 erfolgte ein weiterer Versuch, dieses Komiker-Duo zu etablieren. Die Komödie trägt den Titel Knall und Fall als Detektive.

Kritiken

Weblinks

 Knall und Fall als Hochstapler – Filmplakat
 Knall und Fall als Hochstapler – IFB Nr. 1660

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1952
Deutscher Film
Österreichischer Film
Slapstick-Film

Knall und Fall als Hochstapler


Bizantsko-osmanski ratovi bili su niz odlučujućih sukoba između osmanskih Turaka i bizantskih Grka i njihovih saveznika koji su doveli do konačnog uništenja Bizantskog Carstva i uspona Osmanskog Carstva. Bizant, koji je već bio u slabom stanju čak i prije podjele svog Carstva nakon Četvrtog križarskog rata, nije se uspio u potpunosti oporaviti pod vladavinom dinastije Paleologa. Stoga su se suočavali sa sve katastrofalnijim porazima protiv Osmanlija, naposljetku izgubivši Konstantinopol 1453., čime su sukobi službeno okončani (međutim, nekoliko bizantskih povlačenja trajalo je do 1479.).

Iskoristivši situaciju, seldžučki Rumski Sultanat počeo je otimati teritorije u zapadnoj Anatoliji, sve dok Nicejsko Carstvo nije uspjelo odbiti Turke Seldžuke s preostalih teritorija koji su još bili pod bizantskom vlašću. Naposljetku je Nicejsko Carstvo 1261. ponovno preuzelo Konstantinopol od Latinskog Carstva. Položaj Bizantskog Carstva u Europi ostao je neizvjestan zbog prisutnosti rivala u Epiru, Srbiji i Bugarskoj. Ovo, u kombinaciji s opadajućom moći Rumskoga Sultanata (glavnog rivala Bizanta u Maloj Aziji) dovelo je do uklanjanja trupa iz Anatolije kako bi se održao stisak Bizanta nad Trakijom.

Propadanje Rumskog Sultanata donijelo je neočekivanu nestabilnost na anatolsku granicu, jer su plemići poznati kao gazije počeli osnivati feude na račun Bizantskog Carstva. Dok su mnogi turski begovi sudjelovali u osvajanju bizantskog i seldžučkog teritorija, teritoriji pod kontrolom jednog takvog bega, Osmana I., predstavljali su najveću prijetnju Niceji i Konstantinopolu. Unutar 90 godina nakon što je Osman I. uspostavio osmanski bejlik, Bizant je izgubio sav svoj anatolski teritorij i do 1400. bizantski utjecaj protezao se samo do Moreje, nekoliko egejskih otoka i pojasa zemlje u Trakiji u neposrednoj blizini glavnog grada. Bitka kod Nikopolja 1396., Bitka kod Angore 1402. i križarski rat u Varni 1444. omogućili su uništenom Konstantinopolu da spriječi poraz dok konačno nije pao 1453. Nakon što su zauzeli grad, osmanska prevlast u istočnom Sredozemlju bila je uglavnom osigurana.

Izvori

Bizantski ratovi
Osmanski i turski ratovi
Ratovi 13. stoljeća
Ratovi 14. stoljeća
Ratovi 15. stoljeća

Bizantsko-osmanski ratovi


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Ormont-Dessus is a municipality of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Aigle.

History
Ormont-Dessus is first mentioned in 1200 as Ormont.  The German name of Ormund is no longer used.

Geography

Ormont-Dessus has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 33.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 32.9% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 3.6% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.6% is either rivers or lakes and  or 29.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.5%.  Out of the forested land, 27.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees.  Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for growing crops and 6.5% is pastures and 27.0% is used for alpine pastures.  All the water in the municipality is flowing water.  Of the unproductive areas, 8.1% is unproductive vegetation, 18.6% is too rocky for vegetation and 2.7% of the land is covered by glaciers.

The municipality is located in the Aigle district, in the upper section of the Grande-Eau valley.  It consists of the villages of Ormont-Dessus and Vers-l'Eglise as well as scattered individual settlements.  Les Diablerets is the highest village.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, a Coupeaux Vert and a Crescent and Mullet of Five Or.

Demographics

Ormont-Dessus has a population () of .  , 21.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 10.9%.  It has changed at a rate of 13.3% due to migration and at a rate of -2.2% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (1,170 or 89.5%), with German being second most common (47 or 3.6%) and Portuguese being third (26 or 2.0%).  There are 9 people who speak Italian.

Of the population in the municipality 431 or about 33.0% were born in Ormont-Dessus and lived there in 2000.  There were 372 or 28.5% who were born in the same canton, while 184 or 14.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 284 or 21.7% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 7 deaths of Swiss citizens.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 1 while the foreign population increased by 1.  There was 1 Swiss man and 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland.  At the same time, there were 31 non-Swiss men and 18 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 2 and the non-Swiss population increased by 27 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 2.1%.

The age distribution, , in Ormont-Dessus is; 93 children or 6.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 128 teenagers or 8.8% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 192 people or 13.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  170 people or 11.7% are between 30 and 39, 191 people or 13.2% are between 40 and 49, and 227 people or 15.7% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 200 people or 13.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 154 people or 10.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 75 people or 5.2% who are 80 and 89, and there are 17 people or 1.2% who are 90 and older.

, there were 476 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 652 married individuals, 101 widows/widowers and 78 divorced individuals.

, there were 588 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 224 households that consist of only one person and 18 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 621 households that answered this question, 36.1% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents.  Of the rest of the households, there are 179 married couples without children, 148 married couples with children.  There were 27 single parents with a child or children.  There were 6 households that were made up of unrelated people and 33 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 601 single family homes (or 58.7% of the total) out of a total of 1,023 inhabited buildings.  There were 248 multi-family buildings (24.2%), along with 114 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (11.1%) and 60 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (5.9%).  Of the single family homes 205 were built before 1919, while 49 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The most multi-family homes (71) were built before 1919 and the next most (54) were built between 1981 and 1990.  There were 4 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.

 there were 1,729 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 493.  There were 102 single room apartments and 456 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 567 apartments (32.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1,061 apartments (61.4%) were seasonally occupied and 101 apartments (5.8%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 42.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 2.04%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance
The Swiss Reformed Church of Saint-Théodule and the village sawmill () are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.  The villages of Vers-l'Église and La Ville are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 34.38% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (27.47%), the SP (12.65%) and the LPS Party (7.81%).  In the federal election, a total of 404 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 42.2%.

Economy
, Ormont-Dessus had an unemployment rate of 2.4%.  , there were 46 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector.  116 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 20 businesses in this sector.  449 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 81 businesses in this sector. There were 639 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.1% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 530.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 33, of which 30 were in agriculture and 3 were in forestry or lumber production.  The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 111 of which 20 or (18.0%) were in manufacturing and 92 (82.9%) were in construction.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 386.  In the tertiary sector; 58 or 15.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 31 or 8.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 173 or 44.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 0.5% were in the information industry, 10 or 2.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 7 or 1.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 2.1% were in education and 38 or 9.8% were in health care.

, there were 112 workers who commuted into the municipality and 174 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 7.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.4% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 299 or 22.9% were Roman Catholic, while 768 or 58.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  Of the rest of the population, there were 37 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.83% of the population), and there were 11 individuals (or about 0.84% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church.  There were 13 (or about 0.99% of the population) who were Islamic.  There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 5 individuals who belonged to another church.  124 (or about 9.49% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 49 individuals (or about 3.75% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education

In Ormont-Dessus about 464 or (35.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 147 or (11.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 147 who completed tertiary schooling, 45.6% were Swiss men, 33.3% were Swiss women, 9.5% were non-Swiss men and 11.6% were non-Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 113 students in the Ormont-Dessus school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts. During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 205 children of which 96 children (46.8%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 62 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 50 students in those schools.  There were also 1 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.

, there were 132 students from Ormont-Dessus who attended schools outside the municipality.

References

Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud

Ormont-Dessus


Birleşik fiil ile karıştırılmamalıdır.

Birleşik zamanlı fiiller, Türkçede herhangi bir haber ya da dilek kipine "-di", "-miş" veya "-se" ek-fiilleri eklenerek oluşturulan fiiller.

 Hayatımın en mutlu anıymış, bilmiyordum. -Orhan Pamuk, Masumiyet Müzesi (hikâye birleşik zamanı: şimdiki zaman + hikâye geçmiş zaman )
 Bunların hepsini Nâzım okutacak, yalnız musiki için Don Pedrelli gelecekmiş. -Halide Edip Adıvar, Handan (rivayet birleşik zamanı: gelecek zaman + rivayet geçmiş zaman)
 Yarın bize misafir gelecekse hazırlık yapalım.  (şart birleşik zamanı: gelecek zaman + dilek-şart kipi)

Bildirme eki olarak da bilinen "-dir" ek-fiili ise birleşik zamanlı fiil yapmaz:

 Bu öyküde tembelliğin zararlarından bahsedilmiştir. (rivayet geçmiş zaman, basit zamanlı fiil)

Hikâye birleşik zamanı
Haber ya da dilek kiplerinden birine -di eki getirilerek yapılır:

 -mişti
 -rdi
 -yordu
 -ecekti
 -meliydi
 -seydi
 -eydi

Öğrenilen (miş'li) geçmiş zamanın hikâyesi: sil-miş-ti

Görülen geçmiş zamanın hikâyesi: sil-di-y-di

Şimdiki zamanın hikâyesi: sili-yor-du

Gelecek zamanın hikâyesi: sil-ecek-ti

Gereklilik kipi hikâyesi: sil-meli-y-di

İstek kipinin hikâyesi: sil-e-y-di

Dilek-şart kipinin hikâyesi: sil-se-y-di

Not: Emir kipinin hikâye birleşik zamanı yoktur.

Rivâyet birleşik zamanı
Haber ya da dilek kiplerinden birine -miş eki getirilerek yapılır. Bu ek, ünlü uyumuna göre değişerek -mış, -muş, -müş olabilir.

Öğrenilen (miş'li) geçmiş zamanın rivayeti: sil-miş-miş-im

Şimdiki zamanın rivayeti: sil-iyor-muş-um

Gelecek zamanın rivayeti: sil-ecek-miş-im

Gereklilik kipi rivayeti: sil-meli-y-miş-im

Dilek-şart kipinin rivâyeti: sil-se-y-miş-im

İstek kipinin rivâyeti: sil-e-y-miş-im

Not: Görülen (-di'li) geçmiş zamanın ve emir kipinin rivayet birleşik zamanı yoktur.

Şart birleşik zamanı

Haber kipi fiillerine -se eki getirilerek yapılır. Bu ek ünlü uyumuna göre -sa olabilir. Şart birleşik zamanı, eylemin yapılışını başka bir eylemin yapılışına şart koşar. Örnek: Yarın bize gelirsen sevinirim.

Geniş zamanın şartı: bak-a-r-sa-n

Şimdiki zamanın şartı: sil-iyor-sa-m

Öğrenilen (-miş'li) geçmiş zamanın şartı: sil-miş-se-m

Görülen (-di'li) geçmiş zamanın şartı: sil-di-y-se

Gelecek zamanın şartı: sil-ecek-se-m

Gereklilik kipinin şartı: sil-meli-y-se-m

Not: Gereklilik kipi hariç dilek kiplerinin şart birleşik zamanı yoktur.

Katmerli birleşik zaman
Hikâye ve rivayet birleşik zamanlarına ek-fiilin şartı (-se) eklenirse "katmerli birleşik zaman" oluşur:

 siliyorduysa, siliyormuşsa.
 gelecektiyse, gelecekmişse.

Kaynakça

Türkçede zamanlar

Birleşik zamanlı fiil