El distrito fitogeográfico pampeano austral es una de las secciones en que se divide la provincia fitogeográfica pampeana. Se sitúa en llanuras del centro-este de la Argentina, una región de pastizales salpicados de lagunas, arroyos, y cordones serranos. Incluye formaciones de estepas y praderas, en su mayor parte.

Sinonimia

Se lo conoce asimismo como Distrito fitogeográfico Pampeano Petrofítico, Distrito fitogeográfico Pampeano Napostaense, y en el contexto de la Provincia fitogeográfica es también llamado Formación de las Pampas, Formación de la Pampa, Pradera Pampeana, Pastizal Pampeano, Estepa Pampeana, Pampa, Plana Bonariense, Provincia Bonariense.

Distribución

Este distrito fitogeográfico se ubica sobre las llanuras orientales de la Argentina, siendo exclusivo de lo que actualmente es el interior de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Cubre desde el pedemonte norte de los cordones serranos del sistema de Tandilia, situados en forma diagonal desde Olavarría, pasando por Azul, Tandil y Balcarce, hasta concluir en Mar del Plata; así como hasta los alrededores de Bahía Blanca, incluyéndose el sistema de Ventania y su zona circundanre. Hacia el sur contacta con las costas del mar Argentino y el océano Atlántico.

Las altitudes van desde el nivel del mar hasta los 1243 ms.n.m.

Afinidades florísticas

Este distrito fitogeográfico guarda estrecha relación con las abras del distrito fitogeográfico del caldén de la provincia fitogeográfica del espinal, con quien se funde ecotonalmente hacia el oeste. También repite muchos elementos del distrito fitogeográfico pampeano oriental y el distrito fitogeográfico pampeano occidental de la misma provincia fitogeográfica pampeana, mientras que otros son de origen patagónico o andino, especialmente interesantes son las poblaciones alopátricas de especies de ese origen presentes en las cumbres del sistema de Ventania.

Al ser su constitución de origen reciente, sobre el distrito han avanzado elementos de las regiones fitogeográficas vecinas, amalgamándose en un campo propicio para su expansión, lo que generó una diversificación en muchos géneros, aunque carece de endemismos de importancia.

Características

Este distrito fitogeográfico se caracteriza por presentar una total ausencia de especies arbóreas. La comunidad climáxica es la estepa o pseudoestepa de gramíneas, de una altura de alrededor de 60 a 100 cm, la cual se ve modificada principalmente en función de las variaciones del suelo y clima, especialmente la disminución de las precipitaciones de nordeste a sudoeste. Posee dos descansos anuales, uno en el invierno y otro en el estío.

En cada una de las estaciones desfavorables, la parte aérea se seca, pero las matas mantienen renuevos en sus bases, listas para volver a recomponer la estructura perdida cuando las condiciones sean favorables. Si el invierno no fue crudo, la vegetación funciona como sabana, con sólo un descanso, estival. Si los veranos son lluviosos, la vegetación funciona como pradera, con sólo un descanso, invernal.

Las Poáceas son acompañadas otras herbáceas y, en algunos sectores, por sufrútices o pequeños arbustos; solo en los sistemas serranos estos últimos logran mayor porte y variedad. Exceptuando en dichos cordones, faltan las leñosas y algunas familias características de América del Sur, por ejemplo las Bromeliaceae y las Cactaceae. Dominan los hemicriptófitos cespitosos. La mayor parte de los componentes tienen características de xerofilia, la que es más frecuente y acentuada hacia el sur y el oeste.

Cambios no climáxicos generan penetraciones de vegetación no pampeana, en especial en las costas de ríos y arroyos, en las barrancas del oeste, en los cordones dunícolas australes, y en los sistemas serranos. También presenta comunidades edáficas propias, en las cadenas de dunas litorales, formaciones serranas, humedales, sectores halófitos, etc.

Dada la fertilidad del terreno, este distrito fitogeográfico ha sido históricamente alterado en forma intensiva, especialmente por la agricultura, y la ganadería. Entre los cultivos de verano sobresalen los de soja (Glycine max), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), girasol (Helianthus annuus), y maíz (Zea mays). Entre los cultivos de invierno destaca particularmente el trigo (Triticum aestivum), aunque también son importantes los de cebada (Hordeum vulgare), avena (Avena sativa), alpiste (Phalaris canariensis), colza (Brassica napus), y centeno (Secale cereale).

Son muy escasos los sectores no afectados y que mantienen aún su vegetación prístina, generalmente junto a vías férreas o caminos, por lo que la real composición de la vegetación en muchas áreas sólo fue posible definirla con cierto grado de conjetura, siendo imposible aseguran que aún en los relictos se observe fielmente la vegetación pampeana original. Los sectores agropecuariamente más marginales en el sudoeste, por ser los de menores precipitaciones, y los de suelos de inferior calidad, como los de los cordones serranos y dunícolas, han sido comparativamente menos modificados.

Suelos

Sus suelos se originan en el rellenado eólico de una gran fosa de hundimiento tectónico.

Los suelos en general se presentan con horizontes subsuperficiales arcillosos, y superficiales pardos o negros, de texturas finas, con limos típicos del loess pampeano, ricos, semiprofundos, fértiles, con altos contenidos de materia orgánica y nutrientes; son clasificados como molisoles, poseyendo excelente aptitud agrícola lo que, junto a la proximidad a los grandes puertos, ha motivado su aprovechamiento, desarrollándose en ellos una de las mayores áreas productivas en el mundo, perdiéndose con ello el conjunto florístico original casi por completo.

Es frecuente que en algunos sectores presentes una capa de tosca a poca profundidad, la cual limita su condición agrícola.

En el suroeste en cambio son de una gradación granulométrica mayor, con texturas arenosas e incluso con algunos médanos fósiles, lo que genera limitaciones locales por su menor capacidad de retención de agua. En el pedemonte de las sierras, bajo una delgada capa fértil, existe una gruesa capa de tosca o calcáreo. En los cordones serranos se encuentran suelos esqueléticos, de rocas cristalinas o areniscas.

En el sur, ribeteando las costas del mar Argentino, se ubica una franja de ancho variable compuesta de médanos tanto fósiles —los ubicados hacia el interior—, como vivos —los más próximos a la ribera marítima—. Sus suelos presentan las características de los del tipo psammofítico: una gradación granulométrica alta generada por texturas arenosas en todo el perfil lo que redunda en limitaciones por su menor capacidad de retención de agua, sumadas al hecho de ser muy pobres en contenidos de materia orgánica y fertilidad. Al crear dichos cordones dunícolas una barrera al drenaje fluvial, se han formado algunas lagunas.

Relieve

El relieve mayoritariamente es levemente ondulado. En el sector sudoeste, y bordeano el distrito por el norte, cortan el horizonte algunas sierras de pocos cientos de metros en las norteñas, y de hasta 1243  en las australes, las que crean hábitats para plantas rupícolas endémicas.

El primer sistema es el de Tandilia, formado por sierras bajas y aisladas; culmina en el cerro La Juanita de 524 ms.n.m.

En segundo de ellos es el de Ventania, dividido a su vez en dos. El primero es Ventania occidental, con las sierras de Puán, Curamalal y Ventana, el cual tiene como pico culminante al cerro Tres Picos de 1243 ms.n.m. El segundo es Ventania oriental, más bajo y formado por las sierras de Las Tunas y Pillahuincó.

Clima

El clima es templado-frío, con veranos templado-cálidos. Las temperaturas medias anuales varían de 14 °C en el sudeste y en las sierras a cerca de 15 °C en el norte.

El tipo climático más característico es el Pampeano típico, encontrándose el sector sudeste bajo el Pampeano marítimo, y en la región del sistema serrano de Ventania se presenta el Pampeano helador. En la zona cercana a Mar del Plata, se encuentra el clima Marítimo cálido.

Las precipitaciones se encuentran distribuidas durante todo el año, aunque son más intensas en las estaciones transicionales, siendo en general insuficientes durante el verano y escasas en el invierno. Disminuyen desde los 950 mm en el nordeste hasta los 650 mm anuales aproximadamente en el sudoeste.

Las heladas invernales se presentan en toda la región, siendo intensas en los sectores serranos; en ellos suele nevar casi todos los inviernos, siendo más escasa en la llanura interserrana.

Especies principales

La comunidad climáxica de este distrito es la estepa o pseudoestepa de gramíneas, denominada localmente: flechillar. El género más destacado es Stipa, con grandes matas que dejan terreno desnudo entre ellas, durante buena parte del año. Los principales taxones de Poáceas son: Stipa trichotoma, Stipa ambigua, Stipa neesiana, Stipa dusenii, Stipa tenuissima, Stipa caudata, Stipa clarazii, Stipa hypogona, Stipa brachychaeta, Stipa filiculmis, Piptochaetium napostaense, Piptochaetium montevidense, Piptochaetium cabrerae, Piptochaetium lejopodum, Melica macra, Melica bonariensis, Bromus unioloides, Briza subaristata,Bouteloua megapotamica, Poa ligularis, Poa bonariensis, etc.

Entre los sufrútices y herbáceas nogramíneas acompañantes encontramos: Sphaeralcea australis, Micropsis australis—ambas endémicas del distrito—, Oxalis cordobensis, Senecio, Solanum gracile, Chaptalia, Baccharis ulicina, Baccharis coridifolia, Glandularia peruviana, Glandularia pulchella, etc.

Endemismos

Este distrito es particularmente rico en endemismos.

 Endemismos estrictos de ambos sistemas serranos

Entre otros, se encuentra: Poa iridifolia.

 Endemismos estrictos de Tandilia

Entre otros, se encuentran: Baccharis tandilensis, Hieracium tandilense, Senecio tandilensis, Senecio bravensis, etc.

 Endemismos estrictos de Ventania

Entre otros, se encuentran: Mostacillastrum ventanense, Plantago bismarckii, Bromus bonaeriensis, Festuca pampeana, Festuca ventanicola, Koeleria ventanicola, Nassella curamalalensis, Nassella ventanicola, etc.

Comunidades edáficas

Se presentan algunas comunidades edáficas o serales: estepas sammófilas, estepas rupícolas, estepas halófitas, juncales, etc.

Estepa sammófila

Se sitúa en los cordones dunícolas australes junto a las costas del mar Argentino del océano Atlántico, desde el sur de Mar del Plata; hasta los alrededores de Bahía Blanca, y en sectores del interior, en especial en el oeste. Se componen de médanos tanto fósiles —los ubicados hacia el interior—, como vivos —los más próximos a la ribera marítima—.

La vegetación dominante es una estepa sammófila integrada por el olivillo (Hyalis argentea), Sporobolus rigens, Panicum urvilleanum, etc.

Pajonales de paja colorada

Se ubican en laderas húmedas de los cordones serranos y en campos inundables. La especie dominante es la paja colorada (Paspalum quadrifarium).

Matorrales

 Matorrales de curro

Conocidos localmente como currales, se ubicaban en los suelos más adecuados para el cultivo de la papa, por lo que han sufrido su total reconversión, perdiéndose en su totalidad esta comunidad, incluso en una reserva creada específicamente para su conservación, junto a la laguna de los Padres. Se conservan fotografías y estudios florísticos efectuados en los relictos que aún se mantenían en pie.

La especie dominante era el curro (Colletia paradoxa), un intrincado y espinoso arbusto de 2 a 4 metros de alto con ramaje que llegaba hasta el piso. Lo acompañaban el duraznillo negro (Cestrum parqui), Dodonaea viscosa, Baccharis coridifolia, Buddleja thyrsoides, etc. Entre los arbustos, se presenta un pastizal de Stipa caudata, Poa bonariensis,

 Matorrales de chilca

Cubre a la manera de faja las laderas de los cordones serranos del sistema de Tandilia, desde Olavarría, pasando por Azul, Tandil, Balcarce, concluyendo en Mar del Plata.

Dominan los arbustos, entre los que se encuentran las chilcas (Baccharis tandilensis y Baccharis articulata), la brusquilla (Discaria longispina), Mimosa tandilensis, Senecio bravensis, Grindelia buphthalmoides, etc.

Acompañan también algunas gramíneas, hierbas, y sufrúctices: Senecio pulcher, Plantago brasiliensis var. tandilensis, Grindelia chiloensis, Sommerfeldtia spinulosa, Achyrocline satureioides, Stipa neesiana, Stipa latissimifolia, Stipa juncoides, Poa iridifolia, Blechnum auriculatum, Polystichum mohrioides, etc.

 Matorrales de brusquilla

Es característico de laderas del sistema de Ventania. Es una formación arbustiva dominada por la brusquilla (Discaria longispina). Las ramas y rocas están cubiertas por líquenes, entre los que destacan Usnea hieronymi, y las especies del género Caloplaca. Entre los arbustos y sufrúctices acompañantes, muchos de ellos endémicos, se encuentran las chilcas (Baccharis crispa y Baccharis articulata), Gaultheria phillyreifolia, Croton parvifolius, Wedelia buphthalmiflora, Plantago bismarckii, Senecio ventanensis, Eupatorium buniifolium, Grindelia buphthalmoides, Hysterionica pinifolia, Margyricarpus pinnatus, Mimosa rocae, etc.

En los claros o entre estos, crecen varias especies de gramíneas y otras hierbas, muchas de ellas endémicas: Melica macra, Stipa pampeana, Stipa juncoides, Poa ligularis, Poa iridifolia, Festuca ventanicola, Festuca pampeana, Adesmia pampeana, etc. Destacan, además, varios géneros de cactáceas.

Subdistritos fitogeográficos

Con algunas dificultades causadas por la destrucción de la vegetación prístina, a este Distrito fitogeográfico es posible subdividirlo en algunos Subdistritos fitogeográficos:

 Subdistrito fitogeográfico Pampeano Napostaense
 Subdistrito fitogeográfico Pampeano Sammofítico
 Subdistrito fitogeográfico Pampeano Interserrano
 Subdistrito fitogeográfico Pampeano Petrofítico
Es el correspondiente a la vegetación de las sierras de Ventania y Tandilia. Estos cordones serranos rodeados de llanuras por cientos de kilómetros actúan como verdaderas "islas continentales" o "trampas" en las pampas. Según la hipótesis de los refugios pleistocénicos causados por las glaciaciones y los grandes cambios terciarios (orogénesis, clima, transgresiones marinas), se concluye que sus componentes arribaron a ellas a través de la migración a distancia desde las áreas subtropicales del noroeste y noreste, y desde los bosques templados australes.
Se considera una entrada más reciente para los taxones australes, empleando refugios pampeano-patagónicos, mientras que posee una mayor antigüedad la llegada de los taxones de origen andino y austrobrasileño, dispersándose a lo largo de las rutas serranas. En estas últimas, Tandilia y Ventania serían estaciones intermedias. Existe una mayor afinidad florística austral y noroeste con Ventania; mientras que Tandilia la posee con el noreste.
En las áreas serranas del interior bonaerense crecen 24 géneros y 37 taxones de flora pteridofítica, aunque no presenta endemismos. En cuanto a las Asteraceae, en el sistema de Ventania se han detectado entre nativas y adventicias 133 especies, de las cuales casi el 9% son endémismos de ese cordón serrano.

Bibliografía

 Cabrera, A. L.; 1976. Regiones fitogeográficas argentinas. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería, Tomo II Fs. 1. Ed. ACME. Bs. As. Argentina. 1-85 pp.
 Cabrera, A. L. y Willink, W.;. Biogeografía de América Latina, OEA, Ser. Biol., Monogr. 3:, 1980.
 Chébez, J.C.;. Los que se van. Especies argentinas en peligro, Editorial Albatros, 1994.
 Chébez, J.C.;. Guía de las Reservas Naturales de la Argentina. Volumen 3, Zona Nordeste. pp 288 Editor: Editorial Albatros, 2006. ISBN 9502410580, 9789502410586.
 Chébez, J.C.;. Guía de las Reservas Naturales de la Argentina. Volumen 5, Zona Centro. pp 288. Editor: Editorial Albatros, 2006. ISBN 9502410602.
 Cabrera, A. L., 1940. La vegetación espontánea de las dunas de Miramar . Minist. Obras Públicas, Prov. Buenos Aires. Direcc. Agric.Ganad. e Ind.1940: 1-14.
 Cabrera, A. L., 1941. Las comunidades vegetales de las dunas costaneras de la Provincia de Buenos Aires .Publicaciones Técnicas, Minist.Obras Públicas ,Prov. Buenos Aires, Direcc.Agric. Ganad.Ind. 1(2) :1-44.(Láminas I-XVI +(2)).
 Cabrera, A. L., 1945. Reseña sobre la vegetación del Partido de General Pueyrredón , en Reseña General , Histórica , Geográfica y Económica del Partido de Gral. Pueyrredón "(Provincia de Buenos Aitres). Reseñas Instituto Agrario Argentino5( 31): 90-95.
 De La Sota, E. et. al. Relaciones Fitogeográficas de la Flora Pteridofítica Serrana Bonaerense. Boletín Soc. Arg. de Bot. Vol. 39 (3-4). pp. 181 - 194.
 Frangi, J. 1986. Sinopsis de las comunidades vegetales y el medio de las Sierras de Tandil. Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 16 (4): 293-319.
 Long, M. et. al. La Familia Asteraceae en el Sistema de Ventania (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Boletín Soc. Arg. de Bot. Vol. 39 (3-4). pp. 159 - 169.
 Vervoorst F.B. , 1967. Las comunidades vegetales de la Depresión del salado (Provincia de Buenos Aires .Inst.Bot.Agric. INTA La Vegetación de la República Argentina . Serie Fitogeográfica 7: 1-262 ; Láms I-XLIV;1 mapa;1 cuadro.

Referencias

Fitogeografía de Argentina

Distrito fitogeográfico pampeano austral


Ordino, Konşimentoda yazılı malların kısım kısım çekilebilmesini temin etmek üzere hazırlanan emir veya talimattır. Bir malı yükleme veya boşaltmadan önce vapur ve nakliye acentelerinden kaptana ya da nakliyeciye hitaben bir ordino (emir mektubu) verilir. Buna "teslim emri" de denir. Malı yükletecek veya boşaltacak olan mal sahibi bu ordino ile vapurun kaptanına ya da nakliyeciye başvurarak işlemin tamamlanmasını sağlar. Mal noksansız yüklendikten sonra kaptan ordino yerine mal sahibine konşimento adlı bir belge verir. Ordino aynı zamanda eski 1615 sayılı Gümrük Kanununa göre konşimentoya karşılık eşyanın çekilmesi için talimat idi. Ancak 2000 yılında yürürlüğe giren 4458 sayılı  Türk Gümrük Mevzuatı zorunlu uygulamasına göre ordino kaldırılmış yerine konşimentonun ibrazı esası getirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

Denizcilik terimleri
Muhasebe

Ordino


Dağ ispinozu (Fringilla montifringilla), ispinozgiller (Fringillidae) familyasından bir ispinoz türü.

Özellikleri
Bayağı ispinoz büyüklüğünde bir kuştur. Soluk butlu olup dıştaki kuyruk  tüyleri beyazdır. Göğsü turuncu ve karnı beyazımsıdır. Kanatlar beyaz ve turuncu çizgilidir. Erkeklerin dişilerden farklı olarak baş ve sırt kısmı koyu siyahtır. Dişilerde bu bölümler soluk gridir.

Yaşam şekli
Türkiye'de göç sırasında bazı yıllar göç ederken milyonlarcası bir araya gelebilir. İğne yapraklı ve huş ormanlarında ürer. Bir ağaç çatalına kurulan yuva, yosun ve likenlerle süslenir. 4-9 arasında yumurta bırakır. Üreme mevisimi  dışında bayağı ispinozla birlikte karışık sürüler oluştururlar. Tohumla beslenirler fakat genç bireyler yaygın bir şekilde böcekle beslenir.

Dış bağlantılar

İspinoz
Avrupa kuşları
Polonya'daki kuşlar
Türkiye'deki kuşlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Dağ ispinozu


Întâmplări cu arici este un film românesc din 1974 regizat de Zaharia Buzea.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1974 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1974

Întâmplări cu arici


ෆෙලිනේ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ෆෙලිඩේ කුලයට අයත් උපකුලයකි. මෙයට ඇතුළත් වන ගණ සහ විශේෂ පහත ලැයිස්තුවෙහි දැක්වේ. මින් බොහෝ සාමාජිකයන් කුඩා සිට මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණය දක්වා වන බළලුන් වුවත්, මෙම කාණ්ඩයට කෝගර් සහ චීටා වැනි ඇතැම් විශාල සත්ත්වයින් ද ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෙලිනේ උපකුලයට අයත් ආදිතම වාර්තාව වර්ෂ මිලියන 9කට පෙර (Mya), පසුකාලීන මියෝසීන යුගයේ බටහිර යුරේසියාවේ විසූ Felis attica හා සම්බන්ධ යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ.

ෆෙලිඩේ බළලුන් ප්‍රධාන පෙළපත් දෙකකට බෙදා වෙන් කෙරේ: එම පෙළපත් දෙක වන්නේ ෆෙලිනේ සහ පැන්තරිනේ උපකුලයන්ට අයත් විද්‍යාමාන බළලුන් අයත් කේතු-දතැති බළලුන් සහ නෂ්ට වූ වකුටු උල්-දතැති බළලුන් (Machairodontinaeහි සාමාජිකයන්) ය. ඇතැම් අධිකාරීන් වෙතින් සියලු කේතු දතැති බළලුන් ෆෙලිනේ උපකුලයට බෙදා දක්වන්නේ මූලික බෙදීම පෙන්වීමටයි. එහිදී පැන්තරිනේ සහ ෆෙලීන බළලුන් සඳහා පිළිවෙලින් පැන්තරීනි සහ ෆෙලීනි යන වරිග භාවිතයට ගැනේ. ෆෙලීනි වරිගය විෂයයෙහි දී, එය මෙම ලිපියෙහි භාවිත ෆෙලිනේ හා සමරූපී බැව් සලකන්න.

ගණ

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ෆෙලිඩයෝ
ගොට්හෙල්ෆ් ෆිෂර් වොන් වොල්ඩ්හෙයිම් විසින් නම්කළ තක්සෝන

ෆෙලිනේ


بطولة كرة القدم للرجال في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008 التي تلعب في بكين وأربعة مدن أخرى في الصين في الفترة ما بين 7 أغسطس و23 أغسطس، وتلعب المنتخبات بفرق تحت 23 سنة مدعمة بثلاثة لاعبين على الأكثر من أكبر من هذا السن، وقد تأهل إلى البطولة 15 منتخب والمنتخب المضيف للأولمبياد. مسموح للمنتخبات المشاركة أن ستدي ثلاثة لاعبين أعمارهم أكبر من 23 سنة.

المباريات التمهيدية للبطولة في 7 أغسطس 2008، قبل يوم الافتتاح 8 أغسطس 2008.

و توج المتخب الأرجنتيني بطلاَ للبطولة وحصل على الميدالية الذهبية بفوزه على المنتخب النيجيري بواقع  1-0 ، فيما حقق المنتخب البرازيلي المركز الثالث بفوزه على المنتخب البلجيكي 3-0.

التصفيات

يشارك في هذه المسابقة 16 فريقا، 4 فرق من أوروبا وآسيا وأفريقيا، وفريقين من أمريكا الشمالية وأمريكا الجنوبية، وفريق وحيد من أوقيانوسيا.

التشكيلات

بالنسبة لمسابقة كرة القدم للرجال، كل فريق مشارك يجب على أن يستدعي 18 لاعبا، 15 منهم من الين ولدوا بعد 1 يناير 1985، والثلاثة الباقين يمكن أن يكونوا مولدين في تاريخ أقدم من 1 يناير 1985 ، كذلك يتوجب أن يتضمن الفريق حارسين للمرمى كحد أدني زائدا حارس بديل اختاري.

الحكام

الأدوار التمهيدية
سيتأهل أصحاب المراكز الأولى والثانية إلى الدور الربع نهائي.

المجموعة الأولى

المجموعة الثانية

المجموعة الثالثة

المجموعة الرابعة

الأدوار النهائية

ربع النهائي

نصف النهائي

الميدالية البرونزية

الميدالية الذهبية

الميداليات

إحصائيات

مسجلوا الأهداف

4 أهداف
  جوسيبي روسي
3 أهداف
  موسى ديمبيلي
  فيكتور أوبينا
هدفين
  رافائيل سوبيس
  تياغو نيفيس
  رونالدينو
  دييغو ريباس
  جو الفيس
  أنخيل دي ماريا
  ليونيل ميسي
  ازيكوييل لافيزي
  سيرجيو أغويرو
  كيفين ميراليس
  تشينيدو أوغبوكي
  سيكو سيسي
  سالومون كالو

هدفين (تابع)
  جيرالد سيبون
  ساشا كليستان
هدف واحد
  أندرسون
  هيرنانيز
  أليكساندر باتو
  مارسيلو
  خوان رومان ريكيلمي
  لوتارو أكوستا
  دييغو بونانوتي
  فيكتور انيتشيبي
  بروميس إسحق
  بيتر اوديموينجي
  تشيبوزور أوكونكو
  أولوبايو أديفيمي
  فراس هارون
  جورجيس مانجيك
  ستيفان مبيا

هدف واحد (تابع)
  روبيرتو اسكيو افريسا
  سيبستيان جيوفينكو
  ريكاردو مونتوليفو
  توماسو روكي
  ميلان مرداكوفيتش
  سلوبودان رايكوفيتش
  ديورديه راكيتش
  خوسمير التيدوري
  ستوارت هولدن
  كيم دونغ جين
  بارك تشو يونج
  غيرفينهو
  فانج تشو دونج
  يوهي تايودا
  ريان بابل
  جيرمي بروكي
  روبن زادكوفيتش
 خطأ في مرماه
  سلوبودان رايكوفيتش (ضد ساحل العاج)

آخر تحديث 23 أغسطس 2008

المصادر

الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
كرة القدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008 - مسابقة الرجال
كرة القدم في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008
ليونيل ميسي
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها الصين
كرة القدم للرجال في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية

منافسات كرة القدم للرجال في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 2008


45300 Thewrewk este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
45300 Thewrewk este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Piszkesteto de Krisztián Sárneczky și László L. Kiss. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,10 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 10,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 45001-46000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Centura de asteroizi

45300 Thewrewk


Clark/Lake es una estación en las líneas Rosa, Verde, Marrón, Naranja, Púrpura y Azul del Metro de Chicago. La estación se encuentra localizada en 100-124 West Lake Street en Chicago, Illinois. La estación Clark/Lake fue inaugurada el 22 de septiembre de 1895 la estructura elevada elevada) y el 25 de febrero de 1951 la parte subterránea.  La Autoridad de Tránsito de Chicago es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación.

Descripción
La estación Clark/Lake cuenta con 2 plataformas laterales (elevadas), 1 plataforma central (subterránea) y 2 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del CTA Buses: #22 Clark #24 Wentworth #134 Stockton/LaSalle Express #135 Clarendon/LaSalle Express #136 Sheridan/LaSalle Express #156 LaSalle

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Clark/Lake
 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de Chicago

Estaciones de la línea Rosa (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Azul (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Marrón (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Naranja (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Púrpura (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de ferrocarril inauguradas en 1895
Arquitectura de Estados Unidos de 1895

Clark/Lake (Metro de Chicago)


The following is a list of commercial radio broadcasters and radio networks in the United States.

Table of broadcasters and networks

Major English-language commercial broadcasters and networks

Other commercial radio broadcasters and networks
 American Urban Radio Networks
 Associated Press Radio Network
 Bloomberg Radio
 Business Talk Radio Network
 Lifestyle Talk Radio Network
 Cable Radio Network
 Clear Media Network
 Chinese Radio Network (Mandarin)
 Compass Media Networks
 Walt Disney Television
 Radio Disney
 Envision Networks
 ESPN, Inc.
 ESPN Radio
 ESPN Deportes Radio
 Genesis Communications Network
Gen Media Partners
HRN Media (Hispanic/ Multi-Cultural Radio Network)
Sun Broadcast Group
 IMG Worldwide
 IMG College (consisting of 76 individual radio networks)
 ISP Sports
 MRN Radio (Motor Racing Network)
 MannGroup Radio Services
 Music of Your Life (formerly distributed by Jones Radio Network)
 Northern Broadcasting System
 Performance Racing Network
 Progressive Radio Network
 Radio America
 RadioLinx Broadcast Marketing
 REACH Media
 Rockcastle Media Networks
 Salem Media Group
 Salem Radio Network
 Skyview Networks
 ABC News Radio
 CBS News Radio
 Spanish Broadcasting System
 Sports Byline USA
 Sports Radio America
 Superadio
 Syndication Networks
 Talk Media Network
 Talk Radio Network
 Tom Kent Radio Network
 United Stations Radio Networks
 Univision Radio (Spanish-language radio network, owned by Univision)
 USA Radio Network

State commercial networks
 Alabama Radio Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 Arizona News Radio, a subsidiary of Skyview Networks.
 Arkansas Radio Network, a subsidiary of Cumulus Media
 California Headline News, a subsidiary of Skyview Networks
 Cowboy State News Network, a subsidiary of Montgomery Broadcasting L.L.C. (owner of KFBC in Cheyenne, WY)
 Florida News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 Georgia News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 Illinois Radio Network, a subsidiary of the Franklin Center for Government and Public Integrity.
 Network Indiana, a subsidiary of Emmis Communications.
 Radio Iowa, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 Kansas Information Network, a subsidiary of Morris Communications.
 Kansas Agriculture Network, a subsidiary of Morris Communications.
 Kentucky News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 Louisiana Radio Network.
 Michigan Media Network.
 Michigan Talk Network, a subsidiary of Townsquare Media.
 Millennium News Network (serving New Jersey), a subsidiary of WKXW.
 Minnesota News Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 Mississippi News Network, a subsidiary of TeleSouth Communications.
 Missouri Net, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 Northern News Network of Montana, a subsidiary of Northern Broadcasting System.
 Nebraska Radio Network,  a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 North Carolina News Network, a subsidiary of Curtis Media Group.
 Dakota News Network of North and South Dakota, a subsidiary of Midwest Information Systems.
 Ohio News Network, a subsidiary of Dispatch Broadcast Group.
 Oklahoma News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 Radio Oklahoma Network, a subsidiary of Griffin Communications
 Radio PA Networks of Pennsylvania, a subsidiary of WITF Enterprises.
 South Carolina Radio Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.
 Tennessee Radio Networks, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 Texas State Network, a subsidiary of Entercom.
 Virginia News Network, a subsidiary of iHeartMedia.
 MetroNews Radio Network of West Virginia, a subsidiary of West Virginia Radio Corporation.
 Wisconsin Radio Network, a subsidiary of Learfield Communications.

Non-commercial broadcasters
 National Public Radio
 Native Voice 1
 Public Radio International
 Pacifica Network
 Radio Bilingüe (Spanish language)
 Northwest Community Radio Network
 American Public Media
 WRN Broadcast
 Public Radio Exchange
 Heartland Public Radio
 WFMT Radio Network

National government broadcasters

 American Forces Network (information/entertainment, for members of the U.S. military deployed abroad)
 NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (information, for U.S. listeners)
 Radio Free Asia (For Asian listeners)
 Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (For Eastern European listeners)
 Radio Martí (For Cuban listeners)
 Radio Sawa (information/entertainment, for Middle East listeners)
 Voice of America (information/entertainment, for worldwide listeners)
 WWV Time Service (information, for U.S. and worldwide listeners)

Public radio state networks
 Alaska Public Radio Network
 Capital Public Radio Network
 CMU Public Radio (Michigan)
 Connecticut Public Radio
 ETV (South Carolina Public Radio Network)
 GPB Radio
 High Plains Public Radio
 Independent Public Radio (Minnesota)
 Indiana Public Radio
 Iowa Public Radio
 Jefferson Public Radio (southern Oregon/northern California)
 Kansas Public Radio
 Maine Public Broadcasting Network
 Minnesota Public Radio
 Montana Public Radio
 New Hampshire Public Radio
 New Jersey Public Radio
 North Carolina Public Radio
 Northeast Public Radio
 Ohio Public Radio
 Oregon Public Broadcasting
 Prairie Public (North Dakota)
 South Carolina Public Radio
 South Dakota Public Radio
 Utah Public Radio
 Vermont Public Radio
 Wisconsin Public Radio
 West Virginia Public Radio
 Wyoming Public Radio
 Yellowstone Public Radio

Religious broadcasters
 American Family Radio
 Bible Broadcasting Network
 Bott Radio Network
 Calvary Radio Network
 Christian FM Media Group
 CSN International (formerly Calvary Satellite Network)
 CDR Radio Network
 Edgewater Broadcasting Network
 EMF Broadcasting (Educational Media Foundation)
 Air 1
 K-LOVE
 EWTN Radio
 Family Life Communications
 Family Life Network
 Family Radio
 Flavor Radio Network
 Fundamental Broadcasting Network
 Immanuel Broadcasting Network
 Mars Hill Network
 Moody Radio
 Pilgrim Radio
 Pillar of Fire, Intl.
 Radio 74 Internationale
 Radio Maria
 Redeemer Broadcasting
 Rejoice! Musical Soul Food
 Relevant Radio
 Sheridan Gospel Network
 Smile FM (Michigan)
 Sound of Life Radio
 Three Angels Broadcasting Network (3ABN Radio Network)
 3ABN Latino Radio Network (Spanish-language Christian radio, owned by 3ABN)
 3ABN Radio Music Channel (Christian music radio, owned by 3ABN)
 USA Radio Network
 VCY America Radio Network

Former networks
 ABC News & Talk
 Accent Radio Network
 Air America Radio
 Amalgamated Broadcasting System
 Broadcast Programming Incorporated (now owned by Dial Global)
 CBN Northeast (an arm of the Christian Broadcasting Network)
 Dial Global (now named Westwood One)
 Drake-Chenault (now owned by Dial Global)
 Don Lee Network
 Enterprise Radio Network
 For the People Radio Network
 I.E. America Radio Network
 Independent Broadcasters Network
 Jones Radio Networks (now owned by Dial Global)
 Keystone Broadcasting System
 Liberty Broadcasting System (created by Gordon McClendon, father of Top-40 Radio; a subsidiary of the telecommunications company IDT Corp)
 MetroMedia Radio
 Mutual Black Network
 Mutual Broadcasting System (absorbed by Westwood One)
 Mutual Lifestyle Radio
 National Black Network
 National Radio Network
 NBC News and Information Service
 NBC Talknet
 NBC Radio Network
 NBG Radio Network
 Progressive Broadcasting System
 Radio Disney
 Radio Unica (Spanish-language radio network)
 Radiovisa (Spanish-language talk radio network)
 Richard Field Lewis Jr. Stations (later Mid Atlantic Network Inc.)
 RKO Radio Network (absorbed by Westwood One, see also Transtar)
 Rural Radio Network (operated 1948-1960 in New York state)
 Satellite Music Network (now owned by Cumulus Media Networks)
 Sheridan Broadcasting Network
 The Source
 Sports Fan Radio Network
 Talk America Radio Network (renamed Liberty Broadcasting System, a subsidiary of the telecommunications company IDT Corp)
 Transtar (still in operation under other names, now owned by Dial Global)
 United Press International Radio Network
 United Stations Radio Network (the original version, merged into Westwood One; the similarly named United Stations Radio Networks was a revival based on this version and is still in operation)
 Washington News Desk
 Waitt Radio Networks (now owned by Dial Global)
 Westinghouse Broadcasting Company (Group W)
 Yankee Network and Colonial Network

See also
 List of United States television networks

References

List of United States radio networks


Glæpasaga eða sakamálasaga er frásögn þar sem glæpur er framinn og sagan snýst um rannsókn lögreglu, leynilögreglumanns, blaðamanns eða áhugamanns á því hver framdi glæpinn og hvers vegna. Glæpasögur skiptast í margar undirgreinar, eins og leynilögreglusöguna, lögfræðidramað, og harðsoðnu glæpasöguna. Glæpasögur nýta sér spennu og ráðgátur til að fanga athygli lesenda, hlustenda eða áhorfenda. Glæpasagan er fyrst og fremst skrifuð til afþreyingar án tillits til listræns gildis. Sakamálasögur eru oftar en ekki samdar í mjög stöðluðu formi og yfirleitt fjalla þær um glæp og svo einhverskonar rannsakanda glæpsins (leynilögreglumann eða einkaspæjara) og auk þess um þann heim sem viðkomandi og persónur honum tengdar hrærast í dags daglega, hvorttveggja fjölskylda og undirheimalýður.

Orðin "krimmi" og "reyfari" eru oftar en ekki höfð um harðsoðnari sakamálasögur, sögur sem eru groddaralegri á alla kanta og fjalla um harðari heim en hin venjulega sakamálaskáldsaga. Það er þó allur gangur á því. "Eldhúsreyfarar" var orð sem áður var haft um ódýrar bókmenntir sem ef til vill innihéldu töluverða spennu, en voru meira litaðar af ævintýrum og ástum. Þær hétu svo af því menn trúðu því að aðallega konur læsu slíkar bókmenntir.

Til eru dæmi um glæpasögur í sagnasöfnum fyrri tíma, eins og í Þúsund og einni nótt, en fyrsta glæpasaga nútímans er gjarnan talin vera Mademoiselle de Scudéri eftir E.T.A. Hoffmann frá 1819. Einnig má minnast á skáldsöguna Vaðlaklerkur eftir danska rithöfundinn Steen Steensen Blicher frá 1827. Fyrsti þekkti leynilögreglumaður bókmenntanna var C. Auguste Dupin í sögum Edgar Allan Poe. The Moonstone eftir Wilkie Collins frá 1868 er stundum talin fyrsta nútímaglæpasagan í Bretlandi. Meðal þekktustu höfunda glæpasagna samtímans eru Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, John le Carré, Maj Sjöwall og Per Wahlöö. Glæpasögur hafa lengi verið vinsælt viðfangsefni í leikritum, kvikmyndum og sjónvarpsþáttum. Sem dæmi má nefna leikritið Músagildruna eftir Agöthu Christie, kvikmyndina Vertigo eftir Alfred Hitchcock, og útvarps-/sjónvarpsþættina Dragnet (frá 1949). Sakamálasagan hefur einnig verið skrifuð í anda fagurbókmennta, s.s. Nafn rósarinnar, eftir ítalska rithöfundinn Umberto Eco og hin íslenska Náttvíg, eftir Thor Vilhjálmsson. Sakamálasögur innan fagurbókmenntana eru þó frekar undantekning en reglan. Þekktir íslenskir glæpasagnahöfundar eru meðal annars Arnaldur Indriðason, Yrsa Sigurðardóttir, Ragnar Jónasson, Lilja Sigurðardóttir og Árni Þórarinsson.

Tenglar
 Hvers vegna er ekki til almennilegur íslenskur spæjari; grein í Helgarpóstinum 1995

Glæpasaga


SuperHi est un site web de formation en ligne destiné à l'apprentissage du développement web et au design web. C'est également une communauté en ligne de personnes créatives apprenant à coder. SuperHi a été fondé en  par Rik Lomas.

Bibliographie
 Learn to Code Now (421 pages), , 2019

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Site Officiel
 Chaîne YouTube

Site web lancé en 2016
Site web sur l'informatique
Site web éducatif
Site web américain
Plate-forme pédagogique

SuperHi


La Península Superior de Míchigan  es la península situada más al norte de las dos grandes penínsulas que forman el estado de Míchigan de los Estados Unidos de América. Otros nombres habituales son la Península Superior (Upper Peninsula), la U.P., o Míchigan Superior. La península limita al norte con el lago Superior, al este con el río St. Marys, al sureste con los lagos Míchigan y Huron, y al suroeste con el estado de Wisconsin.

Enlaces externos
 Great Lakes Coast Watch
 Michigan Department of Natural Resources website, harbors, hunting, resources and more

Superior
Geografía de Míchigan
Grandes Lagos

Península superior de Míchigan


Ørjan Berg (født 20. august 1968 i Bodø, Norge) er en norsk tidligere fodboldspiller (midtbane).

På klubplan spillede Berg størstedelen af sin 20 år lange karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han repræsenterede Bodø/Glimt i sin fødeby samt Rosenborg i Trondheim. Hos sidstnævnte van med til at vinde hele otte norske mesterskaber og tre pokaltitler i en periode, hvor Rosenborg var den ubedstridte magtfaktor i norsk fodbold. Han spillede også i schweizisk og tysk fodbold.

Berg spillede desuden 19 kampe for det norske landshold, som han debuterede for 1. juni 1988 i en venskabskamp mod Irland.

Titler
Norsk mesterskab
 1988, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 og 2006 med Rosenborg

Norsk pokalturnering
 1988, 1999 og 2003 med Rosenborg

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Norge
Fodboldspillere fra Rosenborg BK
Fodboldspillere fra FK Bodø/Glimt
Fodboldspillere fra 1860 München
Fodboldspillere fra FC Basel
Fodboldspillere fra FC Wettingen
Personer fra Bodø

Ørjan Berg


Nassima Saifi () este o atletă paralimpică din Algeria concurentă, în principal, la categoria F58. Specializată în aruncarea discului și aruncarea greutății, Saifi a câștigat două medalii de aur paralimpic și a fost de trei ori campioană mondială.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1988
Oameni în viață
Atleți algerieni
Competitori la Jocurile Paralimpice de vară din 2012
Competitori la Jocurile Paralimpice de vară din 2016
Provocarea 16 femei din Africa

Nassima Saifi


Alibercija (lat.  Alibertia), biljni rod iz porodice broćevki kojemu pripada desetak vrsta korisnog drveća raširenog po Srednjoj i Južnoj Americi.

Neki autori svrstavaju ga u u tribus Cordiereae, a neki u Gardenieae.

Vrste

 Alibertia atlantica (Dwyer) Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia bertierifolia K.Schum. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Alibertia claviflora K.Schum. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Alibertia curviflora K.Schum. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Alibertia duckeana Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia dwyeri Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A.Rich. ex DC.
 Alibertia latifolia (Benth.) K.Schum. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.)
 Alibertia occidentalis Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia patinoi (Cuatrec.) Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia sorbilis Huber ex Ducke
 Alibertia tessmannii (Standl.) Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia venezuelensis (Steyerm.) Delprete & C.H.Perss.
 Alibertia verticillata (Ducke) W.Schultze-Motel

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Ixoroideae

Alibercija


Cándido Gómez Carreño (Madridejos, 1868-Baler, 25 de septiembre de 1898) fue un sacerdote franciscano español, notable por ser uno de los asediados en la localidad filipina de Baler, un episodio en el que un destacamento de soldados españoles resistió el asedio de los insurrectos filipinos incluso cuando las islas habían sido transferidas por España a Estados Unidos en virtud del Tratado de París, que ponía fin a la guerra hispano-estadounidense.

Cándido Gómez Carreño era el párroco de Baler desde 1893. En 1897, durante la primera fase de la Revolución Filipina fue hecho prisionero por los insurrectos del Katipunan, permaneciendo en sus manos hasta la firma de la paz de Biak-na-Bató, entre el líder filipino, Emilio Aguinaldo y el gobernador general de Filipinas, el general Fernando Primo de Rivera, en diciembre de 1897. Llegó de nuevo a Baler en febrero de 1898, junto con el destacamento que acompañaba al nuevo gobernador político-militar de El Príncipe. Cuando el destacamento hubo de refugiarse en la iglesia del pueblo ante el nuevo levantamiento filipino, permaneció con ellos hasta su muerte por beriberi en septiembre de 1898, casi cuatro meses tras el inicio del sitio.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Presencia española en Filipinas
Franciscanos de España del siglo XIX
Personajes del sitio de Baler
Religiosos de la provincia de Toledo
Nacidos en Madridejos
Fallecidos en Filipinas

Cándido Gómez Carreño


NGC 40, William Herschel tarafından 25 Kasım 1788 tarihinde keşfedilmiş bir gezegenimsi bulutsudur. Ölmekte olan bir yıldızın etrafındaki sıcak gazdan oluşur. Bilim adamlarına göre tahminen 30.000 yıl sonra NGC 40 yok olup geriye Dünya büyüklüğünde bir beyaz cüce yıldız bırakacaktır. Amatör astronomlar arasında Papyon bulutsu (İngilizce Bow-tie nebula) olarak da bilinir.

Kaynakça

002
Gezegenimsi bulutsular
Kral takımyıldızı
0040
William Herschel'in keşifleri
1788'de keşfedilen astronomik cisimler

NGC 40


Lika-Senj County (, ) is a county in Croatia that includes most of the Lika region and some northern coastline of the Adriatic near the town of Senj, including the northern part of the Pag island. Its center is Gospić.

The county is the least populated (44.625 in mid-2019) and among the least prosperous ones, though it is the largest county in the country by area and includes the Plitvice Lakes National Park and Sjeverni (North) Velebit National Park, some of Croatia's major tourist attractions.

Geography
The county has a total area of 5353 km2.

Administrative division

Lika-Senj County is administratively subdivided into 12 units of local government:

 Town of Gospić (county seat)
 Town of Novalja
 Town of Otočac
 Town of Senj
 Municipality of Brinje
 Municipality of Donji Lapac
 Municipality of Karlobag
 Municipality of Lovinac
 Municipality of Perušić
 Municipality of Plitvička Jezera (Plitvice Lakes)
 Municipality of Udbina
 Municipality of Vrhovine

Demographics

Since the early 20th century the county's population has been shrinking. As of the 2021 census, the county had 42.893 residents. As of 2011 census, the county had 50,927 residents. The population density is 9.5/km2.

Croatian State Bureau of Statistics estimated population of the county to stand at 45,493 in 2017, 45,184 in 2018, and 44,625 in 2019.

Ethnic composition

Ethnic Croats form the majority with 84.15% of the population, followed by Serbs at 13.65%. Serbs form majority in municipalities of Vrhovine, Donji Lapac, and Udbina.

In 1991, before the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence and the Breakup of Yugoslavia, Croats comprised 59.7% of the population, while Serbs comprised 37%. The area of the county used to have a significant Serb population, mostly located in the eastern part of the county, where they formed a majority. The entire former Lika-Krbava County, loosely overlapping with the area of the modern Lika-Senj county, in censuses of 1900 and 1910 even registered Serb majority (51.2% and 50.8%, respectively).

County government
The current Prefect of Lika-Senj County is Ernest Petry (HDZ).

The county assembly is composed of 27 representatives from the following political parties:

Minority councils and representatives

Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 25 members minority council of the Lika-Senj County while Albanians and Bosniaks of Croatia fulfilled requirements to elect individual representative but with both representatives remaining unelected due to the absence of candidatures. Some municipalities and towns in the county elected their own local minority councils as well.

See also
Lika-Krbava County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Morlachia, an historical region in Europe largely located in the modern Lika-Senj County

References

External links

Counties of Croatia

Lika-Senj County


An Poa simensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter ngan Achille Richard. An Poa simensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa simensis


An Erioneuron pilosum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Samuel Botsford Buckley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni George Valentine Nash. An Erioneuron pilosum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Erioneuron, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Erioneuron

Erioneuron pilosum


Kong Haakon om Bord paa Dannebrog er en dansk dokumentarisk optagelse fra 1906, der er instrueret af Peter Elfelt.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1906
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Kong Haakon om Bord paa Dannebrog


Mömbris is a community – since 31 January 1964 a market community – in the Aschaffenburg district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany. With over 11,000 inhabitants, Mömbris is the district's fifth largest community.

Geography

Location
Mömbris lies in the Bavarian Lower Main (Bayerischer Untermain) in the Kahlgrund halfway between Schöllkrippen and Alzenau, which are linked by Staatsstraße (State Road) 2305, at the foot of the Vorspessart (range) with its highest elevation, the Hahnenkamm at 437 m above sea level. The river Kahl flows through Mömbris.

Mömbris comprises all together 18 centres in an area of 35.92 km². The greater share (32.81 km²) is woods, meadows and cropland. The community lies between 165 and 337 m above sea level.

Constituent communities

Mömbris's Ortsteile are as follows:

Amalgamations
As of 1818, Brücken, Strötzbach, Rappach, Heimbach, Gunzenbach, Rothengrund, Angelsberg and Molkenberg were part of Mömbris.
The first communities merged into the market community of Mömbris, with effect from 1 January 1972, were Daxberg, Hemsbach and Mensengesäß.
On 1 July 1972 the community of Niedersteinbach followed.
On 1 January 1974 Dörnsteinbach and Hohl were amalgamated.
The community of Reichenbach merged on 1 January 1976.
Schimborn, which had already been merged with Königshofen a.d.Kahl in 1971 to form the community of Schimborn, was amalgamated along with its outlying centre into Mömbris on 1 May 1978.

Bavaria-Hesse boundary
Hesse pokes a tongue of its territory into the market community. In 2007, a territorial exchange involving roughly 10 hectares of land was undertaken between Hesse and Bavaria, whereby the latter shrank by 1.77 hectares.

Until this time, the state boundary ran right through the FV Viktoria 1930 e. V. Brücken (football club) clubhouse. Elsewhere, the boundary also cut through a short stretch of Staatsstraße 2305 – a road administered by Bavaria – in the outlying centre of Niedersteinbach, meaning that this Bavarian-owned road ran for a short distance through Hesse; this stretch of road came to be known as the Hessenkurve.

History
The Mömbris tithe court belonged until 1748, along with those of Alzenau and Hörstein and the free court to the Wilmundsheim vor der Hart (Alzenau) Markgenossenschaft (a kind of collective arrangement in which several villages jointly owned land resources). Free Märker (Markgenossenschaft dwellers) gathered every year in Alzenau to choose a Landrichter (judge) and foresters and to deal with important decisions.

The tithe courts originally had Imperial immediacy. Chairmanship was held by a tithe count chosen to serve for one year. Each village supplied, commensurately with each one's number of freemen, Schöffen (roughly "lay jurists") whose job it was to mete out justice. In 1500, the tithe courts lost their Imperial immediacy along with its attendant privileges. Ecclesiastical jurisdiction was thereafter exercised by the Archbishopric of Mainz.

Mömbris became under the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803 part of the newly formed Principality of Aschaffenburg, ruled by Prince primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg, with which it passed in 1814 (by this time it had become a department of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to Bavaria.

Government

Mayors
Georg Grünewald (1876–1910)
August Grünewald (1911–1938)
Gottfried van Treek (1939–1945)
Anton Volk (1945)
Leopold Wissel (1945–1951)
Anton Reising (CSU) (1951–1986)
Michael Schneemeier (SPD) (1986–1998)
Reinhold Glaser (CSU) (1998–2008)
Felix Wissel (SPD/independent) (2008–)

Community council

The council is made up of 25 council members, counting the full-time mayor.

(as at municipal election held on 2 March 2008)

Town twinning
 Pré-Bocage with its communes of Aunay-sur-Odon, Caumont-l'Éventé and Villers-Bocage, Calvados, France

Coat of arms
The community's arms might be described thus: Gules a sword argent palewise the hilt and pommel Or, dexter a wheel of the second spoked of six, sinister a crown proper with four leaves.

Mömbris was until 1500 a kingly estate, as witnessed by the crown on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side. The place was also the seat of a free court, symbolized by the sword. In 1487, Electoral Mainz managed to acquire a share of sovereignty over the area, and in 1738, this became total. The six-spoked wheel (Wheel of Mainz) on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side recalls this.

In 1963, Mömbris was granted market rights.

The arms were designed and introduced in 1961.

Economy
The high population figure belies Mömbris's scattered, agricultural character, for since the sweeping municipal reform in the late 1970s, Mömbris has been made up of 18 constituent communities. These are mainly small centres with 200 to 1,000 inhabitants, the exceptions being Schimborn (1,800) and the namesake centre Mömbris (2,000), giving the market community of Mömbris a population of some 12,000 in 2004. Over the last few years, Mömbris has had to deal with a fall in population and economic problems (loss of buying power in the neighbouring Kahlgrund towns of Schöllkrippen and Alzenau). Mömbris has repeatedly been Bavaria's most indebted municipality in proportion to its population.

According to official statistics, there were 1,038 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in agriculture, forestry and producing businesses in 1998. In trade and transport this was 410. In other areas, 398 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls were employed, and 4,435 such workers worked from home. There were 3 processing businesses. Twenty-nine businesses were in construction, and furthermore, in 1999, there were 117 agricultural operations with a working area of 1 240 ha, of which 592 ha was cropland and 613 ha was meadowland.

Sports
Mömbris is home to the Bundesliga wrestling team RWG Mömbris-Königshofen.

Education
In 1999, the following institutions were to be found in Mömbris:
kindergartens: 495 kindergarten places with 471 children
primary schools: 5 with 46 teachers and 985 pupils

Notable people

Honorary citizens
 since 2004 Auxiliary Bishop  (of the Archdiocese of Würzburg)

Sons and daughters of the town
 Father  (born 29 July 1898 in Mömbris; died 24 December 1952 in Munich), Professor of Church Law, in 1939 Rector of the Germanicum in Rome and in 1945 Papal diplomat in Kronberg im Taunus. In his memory, the community named the primary school built in 1959 Ivo-Zeiger-Schule and the ecclesiastical community centre Ivo-Zeiger-Haus.
 Peter Behl (born 12 February 1966 in Mömbris), wrestler

Others linked to the community
  (born 2 October 1902 in Burgbrohl; died 9 March 1970 in Mömbris), district councillor for the former Alzenau district
  (born 1 November 1978 in Alzenau-Wasserlos) is a German Bundesliga wrestler and Chief Mayor of Mömbris.

Further reading
Josef August Eichelsbacher: Heimatbuch des Kahlgrundes, I.Teil, Geschichte und Sagen, 1928
Josef August Eichelsbacher: Heimatbuch des Kahlgrundes, II.Teil, Land und Leute, 1930
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Heimatforschung: Heimatjahrbuch Unser Kahlgrund, 1956–2007
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Heimatforschung: Bildstöcke und Flurdenkmäler des Landkreises Alzenau, 1971
Emil Griebel: Chronik des Marktes Mömbris, 1982
Geschichtsverein Mömbris: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Marktgemeinde Mömbris, 1. Heft 1991, 2. Heft 1993
Wilhelm Bierschneider: Unterfranken Historische Daten von Städten, Gemeinden und Ortsteilen, 2003

References

External links

Aschaffenburg (district)

Mömbris


Übleis ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Adi Übleis (1937–2022), österreichischer Trabrennfahrer
 Emmerich Übleis (1912–1942), österreichischer Widerstandskämpfer
 Hans-Peter Übleis (* 1951), österreichischer Verleger
 Heinrich Übleis (1933–2013), österreichischer Jurist und Politiker (SPÖ)

Übleis


Međuopćinska nogometna liga Zagreb je bila liga 6. stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije za sezonu 1982./83. i bila je podijeljena u četiri odvojene skupine: A, B, C i D.U svakoj se natjecalo 14 klubova te se igralo 26 kola.

Skupina A

Ljestvica

Skupina B

Skupina C

Skupina D

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Prvenstva Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza
 Zagrebački nogometni podsavez
 Liga Zagrebačke nogometne regije 1982./83.
 Zagrebačka nogometna zona – Istok 1982./83.
 Zagrebačka nogometna zona – Zapad 1982./83.

Vanjske poveznice
 nk-maksimir.hr

Izvori

1982-83
1982-83 MOL Zagreb
MOL Zagreb

Međuopćinska nogometna liga Zagreb 1982./83.


Robert Donald Cabana (born January 23, 1949) is the Associate Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), a NASA astronaut (currently as a non-flight eligible management astronaut), and a veteran of four Space Shuttle flights. He served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1994 to 1997 and as director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center from 2008 to 2021. He is also a former naval flight officer and naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps.

Personal
He was born January 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Ted and Annabell Cabana. Ted has since moved to Salt Lake City. Robert is the older of two sons. His younger brother is Gary Cabana, and he is married to the former Nancy Joan Shimer of Cortland, New York. He has three children: Jeffrey, Christopher, and Sarah.

Education
He graduated from Washburn High School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1967.
He received his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, in 1971.

Military career
After graduation from the United States Naval Academy, Cabana attended The Basic School at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, and completed Naval Flight Officer training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, in 1972. He served as an A-6 Intruder bombardier/navigator with squadrons in the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW) at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan. He returned to NAS Pensacola in 1975 for pilot training and was redesignated as a naval aviator in September 1976. He was then assigned to the 2nd MAW at MCAS Cherry Point, where he flew A-6 Intruders. He graduated from the United States Naval Test Pilot School in 1981, and served at the Naval Air Test Center at NAS Patuxent River, Maryland, as the A-6 program manager, X-29 advanced technology demonstrator project officer, and as a test pilot for flight systems and ordnance separation testing on A-6 Intruder and A-4 Skyhawk series aircraft. Prior to his selection as an astronaut candidate, he was serving as the assistant operations officer of Marine Aircraft Group 12 at MCAS Iwakuni, Japan.

Cabana retired from the Marine Corps in August 2000 in the rank of colonel.

He has logged over 7,000 hours in 34 different kinds of aircraft.

NASA career

Selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate in June 1985, Cabana completed initial astronaut training in July 1986, qualifying for assignment as a pilot on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His initial assignment was as the Astronaut Office Space Shuttle flight software coordinator until November 1986. At that time he was assigned as the deputy chief of aircraft operations for the Johnson Space Center where he served for  years. He then served as the lead astronaut in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) where the Orbiter's flight software is tested prior to flight. Cabana has served as a spacecraft communicator (CAPCOM) in Mission Control during Space Shuttle missions, and as chief of astronaut appearances. Prior to his assignment to command STS-88, Cabana served three years as NASA's Chief of the Astronaut Office.

Following STS-88, Cabana served as the deputy director of flight crew operations. After joining the ISS Program in October 1999, Cabana served as manager for international operations. From August 2001 to September 2002, he served as director of Human Space Flight Programs, Russia. As NASA's lead representative to the Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos) and its contractors, he provided oversight of all human space flight operations, logistics, and technical functions, including NASA's mission operations in Korolev and crew training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City, Russia.

Upon his return to Houston, Cabana was assigned briefly as the deputy manager of International Space Station (ISS) Program. From November 2002 to March 2004, he served as director of Flight Crew Operations Directorate, responsible for directing the day-to-day activities of the directorate, including the NASA Astronaut Corps and aircraft operations at Ellington Field. He was then assigned as deputy director of the Johnson Space Center, where he served for three and a half years. From October 2007 through October 2008, Cabana served as director of John C. Stennis Space Center.

In October 2008 he was reassigned as director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center, and served as director for over a decade.

In May 2021, Cabana was appointed as the Associate Administrator of NASA.  As a former "active" (eligible for space missions) astronaut still working for NASA, Cabana remains a member of the NASA Astronaut Corps, as one of sixteen (as of May 2021) management astronauts.

Spaceflight experience
STS-41 Discovery launched on October 6, 1990, from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on October 10, 1990. During 66 orbits of the Earth, the five-man crew successfully deployed the Ulysses spacecraft, starting the interplanetary probe on its four-year journey, via Jupiter, to investigate the polar regions of the Sun; operated the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet instrument (SSBUV) to map atmospheric ozone levels; activated a controlled "fire in space" experiment (the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment, or SSCE); and conducted numerous other middeck experiments involving radiation measurements, polymer membrane production, and microgravity effects on plants.

STS-53 Discovery launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on December 2, 1992. The crew of five deployed the classified Department of Defense payload DOD-1 and then performed several Military-Man-in-Space and NASA experiments. After completing 115 orbits of the Earth in 175 hours, Discovery landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on December 9, 1992.

STS-65 Columbia launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 8, 1994, returning to Florida on July 23, 1994. The crew conducted the second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) mission utilizing the long Spacelab module in the payload bay. The flight consisted of 82 experiments from 15 countries and six space agencies from around the world. During the record-setting 15-day flight, the crew conducted experiments that focused on materials and life sciences research in a microgravity environment paving the way for future operations and cooperation aboard International Space Station. The mission was accomplished in 236 orbits of the Earth in 353 hours and 55 minutes.

STS-88 Endeavour (December 4–15, 1998) was the first International Space Station assembly mission. During the 12-day mission, Unity, the U.S. built node, was attached to Zarya, the Russian built Functional Cargo Block (FGB). Two crewmembers performed three spacewalks to connect umbilicals and attach tools/hardware in the assembly and outfitting of the station. Additionally, the crew performed the initial activation and first ingress of the International Space Station preparing it for future assembly missions and full-time occupation. The crew also performed IMAX Cargo Bay Camera (ICBC) operations, and deployed two satellites, Mighty Sat 1 built by the U.S. Air Force's Phillips Laboratory, and SAC-A, the first successful launch of an Argentine satellite. The mission was accomplished in 185 orbits of the Earth in 283 hours and 18 minutes.

Cabana has logged over 1,010 hours in space.

Organizations
 Member of the Association of Space Explorers
 Associate Fellow in the Society of Experimental Test Pilots

Awards and honors
 Defense Superior Service Medal
 Distinguished Flying Cross
 Defense Meritorious Service Medal
 Meritorious Service Medal
 National Intelligence Medal of Achievement
 NASA Distinguished Service Medal
 two NASA Outstanding Leadership Medals
 two NASA Exceptional Service Medals
 four NASA Space Flight Medals
 Recipient of The Daughters of the American Revolution Award for the top Marine to complete naval flight training (1976)
 Distinguished Graduate, U.S. Naval Test Pilot School
 De la Vaulx Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (1994)
 Astronaut Hall of Fame (May 2008).

Footnotes

External links

 Spacefacts biography of Cabana

 Robert Cabana on Twitter

1949 births
Living people
United States Marine Corps astronauts
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
Center Directors of NASA
Military personnel from Minneapolis
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni
United States Marine Corps colonels
United States Naval Aviators
United States Naval Flight Officers
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal
Space Shuttle program astronauts

Robert D. Cabana


(titlu original: Mortal Engines) este un film americano-neozeelandez din 2018 regizat de Christian Rivers. Este creat în genurile fantastic, științifico-fantastic, postapocaliptic, de aventuri. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Hugo Weaving, Hera Hilmar, Robert Sheehan, Jihae, Ronan Raftery, Leila George, Patrick Malahide și Stephen Lang. Scenariul este scris de Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens și Peter Jackson  pe baza unui roman omonim de Philip Reeve.

Prezentare

Ca urmare a unui conflict cataclismic cunoscut sub numele de Războiul de șaizeci de minute, rămășițele umanității se regrupează și formează orașe mobile "prădător". Sub o filosofie cunoscută sub numele de "Darwinism municipal", orașele mai mari vânează și absorb așezările mai mici în "Marea zonă de vânătoare", care include Marea Britanie și Europa continentală. În opoziție, așezările "Ligii Anti-Tracțiune" au dezvoltat o civilizație alternativă formată din "așezări statice" (orașe tradiționale și nemobile) în Asia condusă de Shan Guo (fosta China) protejată de "Shield Wall" (Scutul Perete). Relicvele tehnologiei moderne, cum ar fi prăjitoare de pâine, computerele și smartphone-urile, sunt evaluate ca "Old-Tech" (tehnologie depășită).

Distribuție
 Hera Hilmar - Hester Shaw
 Poppy MacLeod - tânăra Hester Shaw
 Robert Sheehan - Tom Natsworthy
 Hugo Weaving - Thaddeus Valentine
 Jihae - Anna Fang
 Leila George - Katherine Valentine
 Ronan Raftery - Bevis Pod
 Patrick Malahide - Magnus Crome
 Stephen Lang - Shrike

Producție
Filmul este produs de studiourile Universal Pictures, Media Rights Capital și WingNut Films

Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la 100 - 150 de milioane $.

Lansare și primire
În Statele Unite și Canada, Mortal Engines a fost lansat odată cu Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse și The Mule, inițial a fost proiectat pentru a avea încasări de 10–13 milioane $ din 3103 de cinematografe în weekendul premierei.

A avut încasări de 83, 6 milioane $.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme științifico-fantastice din anii 2010

Filme din 2018
Filme americaneFilme neozeelandeze
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Christian Rivers
Filme postapocaliptice
Filme fantastice din anii 2010
Filme SF din anii 2010
Filme Universal Pictures
Filme IMAX
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme Bad Robot Productions
Debuturi regizorale

Mașinării infernale


LU Velorum (LU Vel / GJ 375) es un sistema estelar en la constelación de Vela.
Se encuentra a 50,4 años luz del sistema solar.

Características
LU Velorum es una estrella binaria cuyas componentes son dos enanas rojas iguales de tipo espectral M3.5V.
Tienen una temperatura efectiva de 3260 K y una masa equivalente al 36 % de la masa solar.
Más pequeñas que el Sol, su radio puede ser de aproximadamente 0,4 radios solares.
Conjuntamente, su luminosidad equivale al 5 % de la luminosidad solar.

El período orbital de esta binaria es de 1,8766 días, siendo el semieje mayor de la órbita de 0,026 UA.
Pese a que el plano orbital está inclinado 82° respecto al plano del cielo, LU Velorum no es una binaria eclipsante.

Variabilidad

LU Velorum aparece catalogada como estrella fulgurante, habiéndose observado una variación de brillo de más de dos magnitudes.
Por otra parte, parece ser cromosféricamente activa por lo que también es una variable BY Draconis.
Emite energía en forma de rayos X, siendo su luminosidad en dicha región del espectro 0,018×1024 W.

Referencias

Enanas rojas
Estrellas binarias
Estrellas variables
Variables BY Draconis
Estrellas fulgurantes
Constelación de Vela

LU Velorum


Katrina Elizabeth Leskanich ( ; born April 10, 1960) is an American musician and the former lead singer of the pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Their song "Walking on Sunshine" was an international hit in 1985. In 1997, the band won the Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom with the song "Love Shine a Light". Both songs were written by her long-term bandmate Kimberley Rew.

Early life
Leskanich was born in Topeka, Kansas. Her father was a Vietnam Veteran who became a colonel in the United States Air Force. Katrina and her five siblings (four sisters and one brother) moved frequently as children. The family arrived in the United Kingdom in 1976. She graduated from RAF Lakenheath high school in 1978.

Early career
Mama's Cookin', a pop cover band hailing from Feltwell, Norfolk, England, was founded in 1978. It featured Leskanich on vocals and keyboards, her then-boyfriend (and fellow American) Vince de la Cruz on vocals and lead guitar, and Marcos de la Cruz on drums. By late 1980, Alex Cooper had joined the band on drums, with Bob Jakins on bass. Mama's Cookin' proceeded to gig steadily in England over the next two years, specializing in covers of songs by American acts.

In 1981, singer/songwriter/guitarist Kimberley Rew joined Mama's Cookin', and the five-piece group was quickly renamed The Waves after a band Rew and Cooper had been in together in the mid-1970s. Rew initially fronted the Waves. However, over the first year of the Waves' existence, Rew began to write material for Leskanich to sing, and she was soon the primary vocalist. The Waves made their initial recorded appearances on a 1982 single ("Nightmare"/"Hey, War Pig!"); both tracks were included on the 1982 Rew solo album called The Bible of Bop. The Waves then issued their debut EP, Shock Horror!, later in 1982.  Around this time, bassist Jakins left the band. He was not replaced, as de la Cruz took over on bass, and the band was rechristened Katrina and the Waves.

Katrina and the Waves

Early Canadian success (1983–84)
In early 1983, the fledgling band recorded—at their own expense—an LP of their original material designed to be sold at gigs.  Rew wrote all the songs on this LP, while Leskanich sang eight of the album's ten tracks.

The LP was shopped around to various labels, but only Attic Records in Canada responded with an offer. Consequently, although they were based in England, Katrina and The Waves' first album Walking on Sunshine was released only in Canada.

The album garnered enough critical attention and radio play to merit a Canadian tour.  In 1984, the group released a follow-up album in Canada (Katrina and the Waves 2), with Leskanich now handling all the lead vocals. Also in 1984, their song "Going Down to Liverpool" was covered by The Bangles, which added to their profile—with the group building a fan base with their recordings and extensive touring, major label interest began to build. Katrina and the Waves signed an international deal with Capitol Records in 1985.

"Walking on Sunshine" and international success (1985–89)

The band re-recorded, remixed, or overdubbed 10 songs from their earlier Canadian releases to create their self-titled international debut album in 1985.

The Katrina and the Waves album was a substantial critical and commercial success, and the group had a worldwide hit with the song "Walking on Sunshine," (No. 9 US, No. 8 UK, a completely re-recorded, and substantially rearranged version of the song when compared to its initial 1983 Canada-only release).  A Grammy award nomination for "Best New Artist" followed, as did constant touring, both of which helped to spur sales of new releases. A follow-up single to "Walking on Sunshine" called "Do You Want Crying" (written by de la Cruz) also became a top 40 US hit, reaching No. 37 in the late summer of 1985.

The band's follow-up album, entitled Waves, did not meet with the same measure of success as the first album. The album did spin off a minor UK and US hit in the form of the Rew-penned "Is That It?" (No. 70 US, No. 82 UK). "Sun Street" (a de la Cruz composition) was a UK Top 30 hit in 1986. However, Capitol dropped the band after the Waves album failed to meet expectations.  The band subsequently recorded a 1989 album for Capitol-distributed SBK Records called Break of Hearts, a harder, more rock-oriented effort than their previous releases.  The album included "That's the Way", which reached No. 16 in the US.

Downturn, come back, and breakup (1990–97)
Throughout the 1990s, Katrina and the Waves recorded fairly steadily, though most releases were available only in continental Europe and/or Canada. They also recorded the song "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" with Eric Burdon for the TV series China Beach in 1990.

On May 3, 1997, after having somewhat faded into obscurity, the band won the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 for the United Kingdom with "Love Shine a Light". Reacting to the win, Leskanich said it was the second landslide victory in a week; the song won by a record points margin, and Tony Blair had won the 1997 British general election two days previously. The song won by a then-record margin of 70 points over the Irish runner-up. The song went to No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart (becoming the band's biggest-ever hit) and Katrina and The Waves performed an unprecedented four weeks running on the BBC One TV show Top of the Pops.

Katrina and the Waves broke up in 1999.

"Walking on Sunshine" has been used in many advertisements and films, including:
 Ask Max (1986) Disney movie
 Secret of My Success (1987) Michael J Fox – walking on the treadmill
 Look Who's Talking (1989) danced to on-screen by John Travolta
 Bean (1997)
 High Fidelity (2000) danced to by Jack Black
 American Psycho (2000) with Christian Bale – to tone down a dark event
 The Master of Disguise (2002)
 Daddy Day Care (2003) Eddie Murphy – opening sequence
 Walking on Sunshine (2014) Leona Lewis in musical featuring upbeat 1980s songs

Katrina and The Waves' song covers include:

 Bangles "Going Down to Liverpool" (1984)
 Dolly Parton "Walking on Sunshine" on her Treasures album (1996)
 Celine Dion "That's Just The Woman in Me" (2008)
 Glee cast mash up of "Walking on Sunshine" and Beyonce "Halo" (2010)
 "Walking on Sunshine" has also been featured several times on American Idol, X Factor and The Voice.

Solo career
After the Waves broke up in 1999, Leskanich launched a solo career. She released her first solo CD, Katrina Leskanich, through Universal Records in Britain in 2005.

In February 2005, Leskanich participated in the Melodifestivalen 2005 pre-selection for Sweden's Eurovision Song Contest entry. She did a duet with the band 'The Nameless' in the 4th semi final. Their song 'As If Tomorrow Will Never Come' came 3rd in the semi-final, progressing to the Second Chance round, where they came 6th and did not qualify for the final.

In 2005, Leskanich reflected on sharing her name with a hurricane that devastated the U.S. Gulf Coast in late August and early September of that year, after the name "Katrina and the Waves" appeared on numerous news television shows, headlines, and blog postings that were covering her namesake hurricane. When a New York Times reporter contacted her about this, she said: "The first time I opened the paper and saw 'Katrina kills 9,' it was a bit of a shock. ... I hope that the true spirit of 'Walking on Sunshine' will prevail. I would hate for the title to be tinged with sadness, and I will have to do my part to help turn that around." She also stated that she hoped that "Walking on Sunshine" would become an anthem for the Gulf Coast's recovery.

To celebrate the 25th Anniversary of "Walking on Sunshine", Leskanich released her first live album The Live Album, in July 2010.  The album includes both a live version and a blues version of "Walking on Sunshine". "I have performed 'Walking on Sunshine' for so many years in so many different countries that it's become the one constant in my life and the one thing I can count on to bring happiness to myself and others," said Leskanich. As part of the 25th Anniversary celebrations, Leskanich also performed 'Walking on Sunshine' on GMTV.

In September 2010, Leskanich re-released her solo album Turn The Tide with two bonus tracks: the club mix of "They Don't Know" and the Espirito mix of "Walking on Sunshine". In May 2011, Leskanich released an EP entitled Spiritualize. "In 1999 I wrote, collected and compiled some songs I thought would come together for an uplifting and spiritual type of album. I thought I'd try to make this a bit more personal," said Leskanich.

In 2013, Leskanich and her new band performed at festivals in the UK and Europe, including the San Fermín festival in Pamplona in Spain on Plaza del Castillo, and the Steinegg Festival in Italy. In 2014, Leskanich, a firm believer in animal rights, supported Wildlife Rocks with an acoustic performance. Other performers included Queen lead guitarist and founder of the Save Me organization, Brian May. The event raised awareness for vital wildlife projects, and was attended by several members of Parliament.Year end saw Leskanich perform on Hubei TV's Global New Year Revelry in Beijing

Leskanich released her second solo album, Blisland, which was inspired by the genre of music from her formative years. "I wanted to record an album that reflected my love of all the genres of music I grew up listening to, from Peter Frampton Live (sic) to Neil Young's Harvest. I fell in love with the South West of England; the beautiful beaches reminded me of California, and a little village called Blisland not only had a fantastic little pub but also gave me the perfect name for my new album."

In the Summer of 2014 Leskanich performed at many UK and European festivals including Festival Too in Norfolk, Guilfest in Surrey, Audley End  in Essex, Nostalgie Beach Festival  in Belgium and the Flashback Festival at Clumber Park in Nottinghamshire. Leskanich went on to tour North America on the Retro Futura Tour with other 80s artists including Thompson Twins, Tom Bailey, Howard Jones, Midge Ure and China Crisis. In 2015 Leskanich performed at the Lasko Beer and Flowers festival in Slovenia, Rewind North at Capesthorne Hall, Pride Cymru, toured South Africa on the Rewind Tour and toured on her own in North America.

In 2016, Leskanich performed at festivals including We Love the 80s at the Telenor Arena in Oslo, Maspalomas Pride in Gran Canaria, Let's Rock the Moor in Cookham, Let's Rock Bristol, Let's Rock Leeds, and took part in the BBC's Eurovision: You Decide, toured Australia on the 'Totally 80s' Tour and toured in Sweden during the summer.

In 2017 Leskanich performed at various festivals including the Lotos 2017 Music Festival in Boca Raton, Florida with other 80s and 90s artists including Boy George and Ace of Base, Let's Rock Exeter, Let's Rock London, Let's Rock Southampton, Bristol Pride, and Manchester Pride. Leskanich toured the US with the Retro Futura Tour 2017 with 80s artists including Howard Jones, Paul Young, The English Beat and Modern English and in May 2017 released her first compilation album, The Very Best of Katrina. In 2018 Leskanich released her first Christmas single, "I Can't Give You Anything but Love". Leskanich also performed at Let's Rock Xmas at the SSE Wembley Arena and for the BBC's Children in Need Rocks the 80s charity fundraiser also at the SSE Wembley Arena.

In 2018 Leskanich performed on the 80's Cruise with 80s artists including Billy Ocean and Rick Springfield and at various festivals in the UK and Europe including Let's Rock Norwich, Let's Rock Scotland, Let's Rock Shrewsbury, Irlam Live in Manchester, W-Fest in Kluisbergen, Belgium.

2019 saw Leskanich performing at festivals around Europe including Yo Fui a EGB at Palau St Jordi in Barcelona, Donauinselfest in Vienna, Austria, Roze Zaterdag (Venlo Pride) in Venlo, Netherlands, Forever Young festival, Dublin, Ireland, Hestholmen Retrofestival in Norway, Skeikampenfestivalen, Gausdal in Norway, Top of the Top Sopot festival in Gdansk, Poland, and Gottschalks 80s TV show in Hanover, Germany.

In 2020, Leskanich was invited back to perform at Yo Fui a EGB at the Wizink Centre in Madrid and to the 80s Cruise where she was joined by other 80s artists including The B-52's and Berlin (band).

The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and therefore the EBU decided to organize Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light as an alternative. The name was inspired by the song "Love Shine a Light" by Katrina and the Waves which won the Eurovision Song Contest 1997. Closing the show, most of the artists performed "Love Shine a Light" from their respective home countries with Leskanich singing the last line.

In July 2020, Leskanich released the single "Drive" which garnered many plays on BBC Radio 2 and BBC local radio stations. This was followed by the release of her album, Hearts, Loves & Babys  and a second single, "I Want to Love Again".

Covid-19 put an end to any further touring until the Summer of 2021 when Leskanich performed at Rewind North, Rewind South, Back to the 80s 90s festival in Leicestershire and Feile an Phobail in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

In 2022 Leskanich performed at various festivals in the UK and Europe, including the Upton House Concerts in Poole, Fest i Vest in Stord, Norway, Bristol Pride, Ravnedalen Live in Kristiansand, Norway, Here and Now at Tamworth Castle, Night of the Proms in Koksijde, Belgium, City of Guitars in Locarno, Switzerland and Arena Suzuki in Verona in Italy.

Leskanich joined The Beach Boys on the Beach Boys Good Vibrations Cruise, together with The Temptations, The Isley Brothers and many more. Other performances in 2023 included Tinghallen in Viborg, Denmark, Israel Calling in Tel Avis and Eurovision in Concert in Amsterdam.

Leskanich released a new single, 'Shut Your Mouth' on 21 April 2023.

Other work and personal life
She is married to Sher Harper with whom she entered into a civil union in 2008 in England. Harper is also Leskanich's professional manager.

Leskanich and Harper co-wrote Peggy Lee Loves London – My London Guide (2013), a quirky photographic guidebook about London. In 2018, Leskanich and Harper released a new dog-friendly travel guide, Metropoodle: My Cornwall Guide, on Amazon Kindle.

Discography

Solo

Solo albums
Turn the Tide Limited release 2004
Katrina Leskanich released in 2006 – Universal Distribution
The Live Album digital release July 2010
Turn the Tide digital re-release with bonus tracks September 2010
Spiritualize digital release May 2011
Blisland digital release August 19, 2014
The Very Best of Katrina digital release May 3, 2017
Hearts, Loves & Babys digital release August 28, 2020

Compilations
We Gotta Get out of This Place with Eric Burdon – China Beach 1989 SBK
Ride of Your Life – Return to the Centre of the Earth (Rick Wakeman) 1999 EMI
Scar – This Is Not Retro – This Is the Eighties Up to Date 2005
They Don't Know – Gylne tider 2 2007 Sony BMG
Hitsville UK – The Sandinista Project 2007 3:59 Records
Walking on Sunshine (live and studio version) – Countdown Spectacular 2 (2007) Liberation Blue Records (Australian-only release)

Singles
"They Don't Know" digital release in 2006
"They Don't Know" Club Mixes – Katrina vs Sleazesisters digital release 2008
"Sun Coming Upper" digital release March 2015
"I Can't Give You Anything but Love" digital release November 2018
"Drive" digital release July 2020
"I Want to Love Again" digital release August 2020
"Holiday" digital release 2022
"Shut Your Mouth" digital release April 2023

Other appearances
"Don't Follow Me" – Hanoi Rocks 1983 – backing vocals
"Torn" – Natalie Imbruglia 1997 – backing vocals
"I Quit" – Hepburn 1998 – backing vocals
"Ride of Your Life" from Return to the Centre of the Earth – Rick Wakeman 1999 – guest vocals
"Help Me Help You" – Holly Valance 2003 – backing vocals

With Katrina and the Waves

Albums
The Bible of Bop (Kimberley Rew) 1982 Armageddon Records
Shock Horror 1982 (The Waves) Aftermath Records
Walking on Sunshine 1983 Attic Records
The 2nd LP 1984 Attic Records
Katrina & The Waves 1985 Capitol Records
Waves 1986 Capitol Records
Break of Hearts 1989 SBK Records
Pet the Tiger 1991 Virgin Germany
Edge of the Land 1993 Polydor
Turnaround 1994 Polydor
Roses 1995 Polydor
Walk on Water 1997 Warner Music

Best-of albums
The Best Of 1991 Attic Records
Anthology 1995 One Way Records
KATW/Waves 1996 BGO Records
Premium Gold Collection 1997 EMI
Greatest Hits of 1997 EMI
Walking on Sunshine 1997 Polygram Records
The Original Recordings 2003 BongoBeat Records

Singles
"The Nightmare" 1982 (The Waves) Armagedon Records
"Brown Eyed Son" 1982 (The Waves) Albion Records
"Plastic Man" 1984 Silvertown Records
"Walking on Sunshine" 1985 Capitol Records
"Red Wine & Whisky" 1985 Capitol Records
"Do You Want Crying?" 1985 Capitol Records
"Que te quiero" 1985 Capitol Records
"Mexico" 1985 Capitol Records
"Is That It" 1986 Capitol Records
"Tears for Me" 1986 Capitol Records
"Lovely Lindsey" 1986 Capitol Records
"Sun Street" 1986 Capitol Records
"That's the Way" 1989 SBK Records
"Rock 'n' Roll Girl" 1989 SBK Records
"We Gotta Get out of This Place" 1989 SBK Records
"Pet the Tiger" 1991 Virgin Records
"Tears of a Woman" 1991 Virgin Records
"Birkenhead Garbage Pickers" 1992 Virgin Records
"I'm in Deep" 1993 Polydor
"Cookin'" 1994 Polydor
"The Street Where You Live" 1995 Polydor
"Honey Lamb" 1995 Polydor
"Turnaround" 1995 Polydor
"Walking Where the Roses Grow" 1995 Polydor
"Brown Eyed Son" 1997 Top Line records
"Love Shine a Light" 1997 Warner Music
"Walk on Water" 1997 Warner Music

References

External links

 KATRINA's official website
 KATRINA Leskanich official YouTube
 The Sandinista Project

1960 births
Living people
Actors from Topeka, Kansas
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American women pop singers
BBC Radio 2 presenters
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1997
Women new wave singers
Rhythm guitarists
Writers from Topeka, Kansas
Musicians from Topeka, Kansas
Singers from Kansas
Guitarists from Kansas
Katrina and the Waves members
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
American women radio hosts
1985 singles
1985 albums
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American women guitarists
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
Melodifestivalen contestants of 2005
LGBT Eurovision Song Contest entrants

Katrina Leskanich


Walter Thomas Varney (December 26, 1888 – January 25, 1967) was an American aviation pioneer who founded forerunners of two major U.S. airlines, United Airlines and Continental Airlines, which combined under United Continental Holdings long after his death.
Varney was also one of the most prominent airmail contractors of the early 20th century.

Varney served as a pilot in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps during World War I. After the war Varney established an aviation school and air taxi service in northern California.

Aviation career
In October 1925, Varney was awarded one of the first contracts under the recently passed Contract Air Mail Act after the determination was made the United States Army Air Corps was not suited for air mail flying. He based his operation, Varney Air Service, in Pasco, Washington, and flew routes between Pasco, and Elko, Nevada, stopping in Boise, Idaho each way. Varney's first airmail flight took off on April 6, 1926.

Varney, following a five-company merger, sold the much expanded Varney Air Group in 1930 to United Aircraft and Transport. The company's name was changed to United Air Lines in 1933.

Continental Airlines was founded in 1934 by  Varney and his partner Louis Mueller as Varney Speed Lines. On July 15, 1934, Varney Speed Lines flew its first trip on a 530-mile route from Pueblo, Colorado to El Paso, Texas with stops in Las Vegas, New Mexico, and Santa Fe and Albuquerque New Mexico. Varney ceded control to Mueller in 1934, and in 1936 a controlling interest in the company was sold to Robert Six who renamed it Continental Airlines in 1937, moving its headquarters to Denver.

In 1932, Varney contributed half of the $40,000 needed to purchase the Lockheed division of Detroit Aircraft Corporation out of bankruptcy.  The company was reorganized in Burbank, California as the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.  Varney retired from that company in 1951.

Later years and death
In his later years, Varney suffered from chronic pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and valvular heart disease. He lived for a time with the family of his son-in-law, Richard Lambert. He died of bronchial pneumonia on Jan. 25, 1967 at Dani's Nursing Home in Santa Barbara, California.  He was buried in Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California in the Varney family plot.

Notes

1888 births
1967 deaths
American aviators
Continental Airlines people
United Airlines people
American airline chief executives
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
Businesspeople from Idaho
United States Army personnel of World War I
20th-century American businesspeople

Walter Varney


An Chusquea pallida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Munro. An Chusquea pallida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chusquea, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Chusquea

Chusquea pallida


Line Burquier, née le  à Saint-Paul-en-Chablais, est une coureuse cycliste française spécialiste du cyclo-cross et du VTT cross-country, membre de l'équipe UCB.

Biographie

Palmarès en VTT

Championnats du monde
 Val di Sole 2021
  Championne du monde du relais mixte (avec Mathis Azzaro, Adrien Boichis, Jordan Sarrou, Tatiana Tournut et Léna Gérault)
  Championne du monde du cross-country juniors
 Les Gets 2022
  Championne du monde du cross-country espoirs
 Glasgow 2023
  Médaillée d'argent du relais mixte

Coupe du monde
Coupe du monde de cross-country espoirs
2022 :  du classement général, vainqueur de cinq manches

Coupe du monde de cross-country
 2023 :  du classement général

Coupe du monde de cross-country short track
 2023 :  du classement général

Championnats d'Europe
Novi Sad 2021
  Championne d'Europe du cross-country juniors
Anadia 2023
  Médaillée d'argent du relais mixte

Championnats de France
 2020
  du cross-country juniors
 2021
  du cross-country juniors
 2022
  Championne de France de cross-country espoirs
  du cross-country
 2023
  du cross-country espoirs

Palmarès en cyclo-cross
 2017-2018
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross cadettes
 Coupe de France de cyclo-cross cadettes
 2018-2019
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross cadettes
 Coupe de France de cyclo-cross cadettes
 2019-2020
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross juniors
  du championnat d'Europe de cyclo-cross juniors
  de championnat du monde juniors
 2020-2021
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross juniors
 2021-2022
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross espoirs
 Coupe de France de cyclo-cross #2, Pierric
 Coupe de France de cyclo-cross #7, Troyes
 Coupe de France de cyclo-cross #8, Troyes
  du championnat d'Europe de cyclo-cross espoirs
  de la Coupe du monde espoirs
  du championnat du monde de cyclo-cross espoirs
 2022-2023
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross en relais mixte
  Championne de France de cyclo-cross espoirs
 Internationales Radquer Steinmaur, Steinmaur
 Cyclo-cross de Gernelle, Gernelle
  Médaillée d'argent du championnat d'Europe espoirs
  du championnat de France de cyclo-cross
  de la Coupe du monde espoirs
  du championnat du monde de cyclo-cross espoirs

Palmarès sur route

Par année
 2018
  Championne de France sur route cadettes
 2019
  du championnat de France sur route cadettes
 2022
  du championnat de France sur route espoirs

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureuse cycliste française
Naissance en mai 2003
Naissance en Haute-Savoie
Coureuse de cyclo-cross
Coureuse de VTT française

Line Burquier


Basananthe zanzibarica je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae, roda Basananthe. Sinonim je Tryphostemma zanzibaricum Mast.

Raste u Tanzaniji, u suhoj ali i vlažnoj nizinskoj šumi, sekudarnom i obalnom šipražju te stablima obraslom miombu. Penjačica. Ugrožena zbog rudarskih aktivnosti, sječe šuma i spaljivanja drvenog ugljena.
U Keniji su uzorci su nađeni u priobalnom području, pokrajini Kwale i Lamu, a u Tanzaniji su uzorci nađeni u pokrajinama Dar es Salaam, Kinondoni, Temeke, Mjini Magharibi, Magharibi, Morogoro, Kilombero, Pwani, Kisarawe i Mkuranga.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Details" (HTML). Međunarodni indeks biljnih imena.
Basananthe na Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , SAD-ov odjel za poljodjelstvo, služba za poljodjelska istraživanja.

Basananthe

Basananthe zanzibarica


Berat District () was one of the 36 districts of Albania, which were dissolved in July 2000 and replaced by 12 counties. It had a population of 128,410 in 2001, and an area of . It is in the centre of the country, and its capital was the city of Berat. Another large population centre in this district was Ura Vajgurore. Its territory is now part of Berat County: the municipalities of Berat, Dimal, Poliçan (partly) and Kuçovë (partly).

This is also the birthplace of Sejfi Protopapa, a Balli Kombëtar leader.

Administrative divisions

The district consisted of the following municipalities:

Berat
Cukalat
Kutalli
Lumas
Otllak
Poshnjë
Roshnik
Sinjë
Tërpan
Ura Vajgurore
Velabisht
Vërtop

References

Districts of Albania
Geography of Berat County

Berat District


Poerema bezeichnet:

 Poerema (Ailelo), ein osttimoresisches Dorf im Suco Ailelo, Gemeinde Ermera
 Poerema (Aldeia, Fatubolo), eine osttimoresische Aldeia im Suco Fatubolo, Gemeinde Ermera
 Poerema (Ort, Fatubolo), ein osttimoresisches Dorf in der gleichnamigen Aldeia
 Poerema (Goulolo), ein osttimoresisches Dorf im Suco Goulolo (Cailaco), Gemeinde Bobonaro

Siehe auch:
 Porema

Poerema


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1930 en Finlande  :

Évènement
  :
  :
 Fin du gouvernement Kallio III
 Début du gouvernement Svinhufvud II
 - :
  : Enlèvement de Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, ex-président de la Finlande, et de son épouse, par un groupuscule d'extrême droite, qui souhaite les envoyer en Union soviétique.

Sport
 Championnat de Finlande de football 1930
 Championnat de Finlande de hockey sur glace 1930-1931

Notes et références

1930 en Finlande

1930 en Finlande


ජාතික කම්කරු සංගමය (NUW) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සක්‍රීය, තේ වැවිලි වෘත්තීය සංගමයකි.

ජාතික කම්කරු සංගමය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)


En biologie, les Fractones sont des structures faites principalement de laminine et d'héparane sulfate protéoglycanes (HSPG), découvertes pour la première fois dans la niche à cellules souches de la zone subventriculaire du ventricule latéral (SVZa) d'un cerveau de modèle murin. De récentes études suggèrent leur implication dans la neurogenèse adulte, la gliogenèse et l'angiogenèse.

Récemment, les Fractones ont été démontrées comme structurellement altérées dans des modèles murins d'autisme , représentés par des changements conséquents dans la taille, la forme, la quantité et la composition des héparane sulfate. De plus, des structures de la matrice extracellulaire, similaires aux fractones, ont été démontrées dans des plaques bêta-amyloïde, marqueur effectif de la maladie d'Alzheimer, dans le cerveau de patients atteints de neurodégénerescence.

De manière succincte, ces structures impliquées dans les niches à cellules souches, souvent connectées à celles-ci, jouent un rôle potentiellement vital dans la régulation des facteurs de croissance et de leur (in-)activité, à la fois dans la physiologie et la maladie, en régulant la prolifération, la différenciation et la migration des cellules de l'organisme.

Les Fractones sont aussi impliquées dans la corticalisation durant l'embryogenèse, ainsi que dans le cancer et les maladies neurodégénératives.

Historique
Les fractones ont été découvertes pour la première fois en 2002, dans la niche à cellules souches de la zone subventriculaire du ventricule latéral (SVZa) d'un cerveau de souris, par le Dr Frederic Mercier. Le terme de Fractone est un dérivé de fractal, un phénomène naturel dépeint par Benoît Mandelbrot en 1975 et exprimant une structure similaire à toute échelle. Originellement découvertes dans les zones neurogéniques du cerveau, les Fractones ont récemment été caractérisées dans de nombreux organismes, tels que les plantae, fungi, animaux invertébrés et vertébrés.

Alors que la découverte des Fractones marquaient un tournant dans l'étude du cerveau et des neurosciences, ainsi que la compréhension des niches à cellules souches dans le cerveau de mammifères, d'autres projets ont vu le jour sur différents organes, et les Fractones sont en réalité impliquées dans la physiologie mais aussi de nombreuses pathologies. On peut notamment citer leur forte réduction dans le phénomène de l'autisme, mais aussi leur surreprésentation dans l'inflammation, le cancer et d'autres pathologies.

Propriétés
Les Fractones sont des structures composées de protéoglycanes, principalement la Laminine et les Héparane Sulfate Protéoglycanes (HSPG). Les différents modèles de sulfatation et de longueur de chaîne chez les Héparane sulfate sont responsables de multiples voies physiologiques, notamment dans les liaisons de facteurs de croissance, dans l'embryogenèse, le cancer et les maladies neurodégénératives.

La partie Héparane Sulfate des fractones est responsable de la liaison des facteurs de croissance, de leur rétention et de leur relargage dans la matrice extracellulaire. De plus, les fractones sont toujours reliées aux cellules par des prolongements cytoplasmiques, se connectant ainsi à pas moins d'une vingtaine de cellules par fractone, qui agit en tant que tour de contrôle de ces cellules liées.

Physiologie
Les Fractones sont des structures de la matrice extracellulaire découvertes dans la zone neurogénique du cerveau. Elles sont principalement composées de Laminine et d'Héparane sulfate. Ces protéoglycanes vont fixer les facteurs de croissance dans la matrice extracellulaire pour réguler la prolifération, la différenciation et la migration des cellules souches associées, phénomène déjà démontré dans la zone neurogénique du cerveau. Le rôle principale de ces structures, liées à une vingtaine de cellules différentes, est d'agir en tant que contrôleur pour la prolifération, la différenciation et la migration des cellules.

Développement Embryonnaire
Les Fractones ont été caractérisées dans le développement d'embryons de souris sous la forme de points de laminine et/ou HSPG. Elles adoptent différentes formes et compositions à chaque étape de l'embryogenèse, du stade 2-cellules jusqu'au post-natal. De récentes études ont confirmé que les fractones jouaient un rôle-clé dans la mise en place de la corticalisation et l'établissement de la zone subventriculaire, agissant par ailleurs en tant que régulateur de la corticogenèse.

Cancer
De récents travaux suggèrent l'implication de Fractones omniprésents dans le cancer. Les Fractones sont perçues comme étant des pré- ou post-membranes basales. L'analyse de biomarqueurs des Fractones dans des patients atteints de glioblastome, carcinome de l'estomac et de l'intestin, ainsi que de tumeurs du foie, du pancréas, du poumon et de l'ovaire, ont révélé de nombreuses Fractones, au lieu de membranes basales généralement absentes. Ceci indique des changements du microenvironnement tumoral qui pourraient relier les cellules tumorales et promouvoir leur prolifération caractéristique.

Maladies Neurodégénératives
Les Fractones pourraient avoir été dépeintes dans la maladie d'Alzheimer, par leur représentation classique de points de laminine et/ou HSPG. Des plaques bêta-amyloïde associées à des points de laminine et d'Héparane sulfate ont été observés dans plusieurs sources, sans avoir encore été associées aux Fractones.

Notes
La Society for Fractones est une association association loi 1901 de chercheurs travaillant sur les structures de la matrice extracellulaire appelées Fractones, ainsi que leur rôle dans le développement, la physiologie et la maladie.

Références

Biologie

Fractone