Excite is an American web portal operated by IAC that provides a variety of outsourced content including news and weather, a metasearch engine, and a user homepage. In the United States, the main Excite homepage had long been a personal start page called My Excite. Excite once operated a webmail service commonly known as Excite Mail until August 31, 2021.

The original Excite company was founded in 1994 and went public two years later. Excite was once a popular site on the Internet during the 1990s, with the main portal site Excite.com being the sixth most visited website in 1997. The company merged with broadband provider @Home Network but together went bankrupt in 2001. Excite's portal and services were acquired by iWon and then by Ask Jeeves, but the website went into a steep decline in popularity afterwards.

History
Excite originally started as Architext in June 1993 in Cupertino, California, created by Graham Spencer, Joe Kraus, Mark VanHaren, Ryan McIntyre, Ben Lutch and Martin Reinfried, who were all students at Stanford University. The goal was to create software to manage the vast information on the World Wide Web. In July 1994, International Data Group paid them US$80,000 to develop an online service. In January 1995, Vinod Khosla (a former Stanford student), a partner at venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers arranged a US$250,000 "first round" backing for the project, with US$1.5 million provided over a ten-month period. Soon thereafter, Geoff Yang, of Institutional Venture Partners, introduced an additional US$1.5 million in financing and Excite was formally launched in October 1995.

In January 1996, George Bell joined Excite as its chief executive officer (CEO). Excite also purchased two search engines (Magellan and WebCrawler) and signed exclusive distribution agreements with Netscape, Microsoft and Apple, in addition to other companies. Jim Bellows, then 72, was hired by Excite in 1994 to figure out how to present the content in a journalistic manner. He paid good journalists to write brief reviews of web sites. However, users wanted to get directly to the content and skipped the reviews, so the partnership with Bellows ended in 1998. Excite's original website design was mostly based on the orange color. In 1997 it was redesigned with a black and yellow theme, which mostly continues to this day.

On April 4, 1996, Excite went public with an initial offering of two million shares. Its offering was however overshadowed by its biggest rival, Yahoo!, which also went public at the same time. Excite's six founders became millionaires after the offering. In November 1996, America Online (AOL) agreed to make Excite its exclusive search and directory service, in return of a larger 20 percent share in Excite and sale of WebCrawler. In June 1997, Intuit, maker of Quicken and TurboTax, purchased a 19% stake in Excite and finalised a seven-year partnership deal. On October 16, 1997, Excite purchased Netbot, a comparison shopping agent. At the same time Intuit announced the launch of Excite Business & Investing. Later that year a deal was finalised with Ticketmaster to provide direct online ticketing. On March 31, 1998, Excite reported a net loss of approximately $30.2 million and according to its first quarter report it had only enough available capital to meet obligations through December. Content from Excite's portal was collated from over 100 different sources. Excite was the first portal to start offering free e-mail, and this step was followed by rivals Yahoo! and Lycos.

A November 1997 press release showed that there were about 11.8 million unique visitors to the Excite "network" during a 28-day period from September to October.

Around this time, Excite was monetized with online advertising that corresponded to the number of "eyeballs" that visited the portal.

In December 1998, Yahoo! was in negotiations to purchase Excite for $5.5 billion to $6 billion. However, prompted by Kleiner Perkins, @Home Network's chairman and CEO, Thomas Jermoluk met with Excite's chairman and CEO George Bell on December 19, and Excite was subsequently acquired by @Home Network, on January 19, 1999. At this time, Excite was the sixth largest Internet portal by traffic. At one point, Microsoft was also interested in Excite, and had plans to merge it into its own MSN portal.

According to Steven Levy in his book In The Plex, in early 1997 two graduate students at Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, decided that BackRub, the name of their research project that later became the search engine Google, was taking up time they should have been using to study. They went to Bell and offered it to him for $1 million, but Bell rejected the offer, and later threw Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, out of his office after he had negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. In a 2014 podcast and later again to CNBC, then-CEO of Excite, George Bell, said that the deal fell apart because Larry Page wanted Excite's search technologies to be replaced by Google's, to which Bell did not agree on.

Excite@Home

The US$6.7 billion merger of Excite and @Home Network in 1999 (equivalent to $ billion in ) became one of the largest mergers of two Internet companies at the time. @Home's high-speed Internet services and existing portal were combined with Excite's search engine and portal, with a move towards personalised web portal content following the merger. The new company was named "Excite@Home" (the stock symbol and the company's name in regulatory filing records remained as "At Home Corporation" (ATHM)) and, six months after the merger, Tom Jermoluk stepped down as CEO of Excite@Home. Excite's George Bell, who was the president of the Excite division of @Home after the merger, became the new CEO of the combined Excite@Home, whilst Jermoluk remained the chairman of the board. The merger was billed as a "new media network for the 21st century."

Following the merger, the Excite division purchased iMall, as well as online greeting card company, Blue Mountain Arts. Excite also acquired photo sharing company Webshots. Excite furthermore paid for sponsorship of Infiniti Indy car driver Eddie Cheever, Jr., through the 2000 and 2001 racing seasons. However, the merger between Excite and @Home fell disastrously short of expectations. Online advertising revenue plummeted, while cable network ISP revenue continued to grow. On September 21, 2000, after stock value had dropped 90%, George Bell announced plans to step down as CEO within six months. On April 23, 2001, Excite@Home announced Patti S. Hart, the former CEO of Telocity, would become its third CEO in three years. In the same announcement, George Bell resigned and left the company completely. The company also reported first-quarter net loss of $61.6 million, compared with a loss of $4.6 million in the same period the prior year.

The search engine Magellan, which Excite had purchased in 1996, was closed down in May 2001.

On June 11, 2001, Excite@Home announced that it had raised $100 million in financing from Promethean Capital Management and Angelo Gordon & Co. Part of the deal was that the loan was repayable immediately if Excite@Home stock was delisted by NASDAQ. The loan, structured as a note convertible into shares of Excite, had an interest rate of zero. By August 20 of that year, Excite@Home had replaced its auditors Ernst & Young with PricewaterhouseCoopers. This triggered a demand from Promethean Capital Management and Angelo Gordon & Co for the immediate repayment of $50 million in debt. Furthermore, Cox Cable and Comcast announced that they would separate from Excite@Home by the first quarter of 2002.

On September 13, 2001, Excite@Home sold Blue Mountain Arts to American Greetings for less than 5% of what it had paid less than two years earlier. On October 1, 2001, Excite@Home filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California. The company's remaining 1,350 employees were laid off over the following months. As part of the agreement, @Home's national high-speed fiber network access would be sold back to AT&T Corporation. @Home Liquidating Trust became the successor company to Excite@Home, charged with the sale of all assets of the former company.

At the end of 2001, the Webshots assets were purchased by the company's founders for $2.4 million in cash from the Bankruptcy Court.

Despite the financial problems, the Excite network of sites continued to draw many visitors in the U.S., albeit behind AOL Time Warner, Microsoft and Yahoo!

Excite Network
During the collapse of Excite@Home, iWon, an Irvington, New York–based venture, had surreptitiously commenced the design of a new Excite website; iWon planned to acquire the Excite.com domain name and brand in the course of the bankruptcy proceedings. iWon eventually made a joint bid with Seattle's InfoSpace to purchase the domain name and brand. On November 28, 2001, the court accepted the bid and gave iWon less than three weeks to launch a new Excite portal. Bill Daugherty, iWon's founder and co-chief executive at the time, told The New York Times, "I feel like a guy who lived through a hurricane, got pounded and pounded and managed to survive when everyone else was destroyed. Suddenly you walk outside and because of the storm you have beachfront property. That's what Excite is to us."

On December 16, 2001, iWon launched the new Excite portal and transferred millions of Excite users to its new home. iWon changed its corporate name to Excite Network, and continued to operate Excite, iWon, and a third portal, MyWay. Outside of the United States, Excite Italia took control of portals in the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, and Austria. InfoSpace, for its part, owned and operated the web search function on Excite, with Excite's own database now depreciated and instead using Overture and Inktomi search results, along with DMOZ (Open Directory) for the directory and Dogpile metasearch for news results. This proved to be a short-sighted arrangement as searching became big business on the Internet in the ensuing years.

Acquisition by Ask Jeeves
Excite continued to operate until the Excite Network was acquired by Ask Jeeves (now Ask.com) in March 2004. Ask Jeeves promised to rejuvenate iWon and Excite, but was not able to. Ask Jeeves management became distracted, according to the East Bay Business Times, first by a search feature arms race with Google and Yahoo!, and then by its merger with Barry Diller's IAC/InterActiveCorp, announced in March 2005. "Hopefully, as we start to invest more and get the staff in place and some of the changes to the portal properties that we want, we hope to see (revenue) grow back in the latter half of the year," said Ask Jeeves CEO Steve Berkowitz during a conference call with analysts on April 27, 2005.

On May 20, 2005, Ask Jeeves made two announcements regarding the rejuvenation of the Excite brand. It first announced that it had acquired Excite Italia B.V. (the operator of the Excite portals in Europe), from Tiscali, S.p.A.; and, secondly, the company reported that it had reached a comprehensive settlement with InfoSpace regarding Excite in the United States, whereby Ask Jeeves and InfoSpace would share marketing costs and revenue from the Excite web search function. Regarding the acquisition, Ask Jeeves CEO, Steve Berkowitz, said, "We look forward to working with InfoSpace to enhance the search experience on Excite, now that our interests are aligned." On October 17, 2007, GOADV, a media company specialising in the generation of Internet "traffic", announced the completion of its acquisition of the European Excite group of companies.

Excite has never managed to recover back to its heyday popularity. It remains more relevant in Japan, however. Excite Japan, headquartered in Tokyo, was founded on August 4, 1997 in a partnership with Itochu. After Excite@Home's collapse, Itochu became majority shareholder of Excite Japan (90 percent).

Excite ended support for their webmail service on August 31, 2021. Those who already had accounts were offered to pay for a BlueTie Home e-mail account to keep their messages and contacts.

Other services

FreeLane by Excite
In a bid to compete against Internet Service Providers like NetZero and Juno Online, which offered free or low-cost dial-up access in the United States, Excite started offering its own "no-pay" service for private customers by partnering with 1stUp.com to create FreeLane by Excite: 1stUp would allow Excite customers to download software in order for them to be able to log-on to the Internet. The software would then rotate a series of sponsored banner advertisements on the user's computer while they surfed the Internet. 1stUp.com soon went out of business, and Excite switched to another partner named WorldShare, rebranding FreeLane as FreeLane version 2.0. As of March 1, 2001, FreeLane was discontinued.

Ticketsmate
Ticketsmate, in partnership with Excite, sells tickets to customers in the United States. The portal is essentially a ticket selling website where users can buy tickets and search through thousands of events and venues. The powerful search engine capabilities of the Excite server are used on this website to help the user search for tickets and events.

Excite Education (HigherEdu.com)
Excite also has an education portal called HigherEdu.com that can be used by people to search for and apply for different degrees and online courses. The portal was originally called Excite Education and it once featured a list of thousands of educational institutes across America for prospective students to browse through and apply at but now features a much smaller list. The popularity of HigherEdu.com has declined along with the main Excite portal.

See also
List of search engines

References

External links

IAC (company)
1994 establishments in California
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
Dot-com bubble
Digital marketing companies of the United States
American companies established in 1994
Internet properties established in 1995
Internet search engines
Metasearch engines
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
Private equity portfolio companies
Software companies based in California
Technology companies established in 1994
Telecommunications companies established in 1994
Web 1.0
Web portals
Web service providers
Software companies of the United States

Excite (web portal)


Hegyhátsál (em : Schaal) é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 154 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Hegyhátsál


Graham Stephen Potter (Solihull, 20 de maio de 1975) é um ex-futebolista e treinador de futebol inglês. Atualmente está sem clube.

Carreira como jogador
Em uma carreira de jogador de 13 anos, Potter, que jogou como lateral-esquerdo, fez 307 aparições na Liga de Futebol. Ele também jogou na Premier League pelo Southampton e na National League pelo Shrewsbury Town. A nível internacional, ele foi internacionalizado uma vez pela Inglaterra no nível sub-21.

Carreira como treinador

Início
Com o apoio da Professional Footballers' Association, Potter se formou na Open University em dezembro de 2005 em Ciências Sociais. Ele trabalhou como gerente de desenvolvimento de futebol da Universidade de Hull e como diretor técnico da seleção feminina de Gana na Copa do Mundo Feminina da FIFA de 2007. Ele se tornou assistente técnico do time das Universidades da Inglaterra, antes de ingressar na Leeds Metropolitan University (agora Leeds Beckett University) em um papel semelhante; enquanto em Leeds, ele completou um mestrado em Liderança: Desenvolvimento Pessoal e Profissional, que se concentrou no uso da inteligência emocional.

Em 2008, Potter foi nomeado gerente do Northern Counties East League Division One lado Leeds Carnegie. Durante seu tempo no clube, Potter liderou a equipe para a terceira rodada do FA Vase e terceiro lugar na temporada 2009-10 da Liga Leste dos Condados do Norte, sendo negada a promoção devido a uma dedução de pontos, antes de deixar o Leeds Carnegie em 12 de janeiro. 2011.

Östersund
Em dezembro de 2010, Potter assinou um contrato de três anos como treinador do Östersund, que jogava na quarta divisão do futebol sueco, começando em 24 de janeiro de 2011. Potter foi oferecido o trabalho depois que Graeme Jones, seu amigo e assistente de Roberto Martínez no Swansea City, o recomendou ao presidente Daniel Kindberg após o amistoso de pré-temporada de Östersund com o Swansea.

Em 2013, após duas promoções consecutivas, Potter renovou seu contrato com o clube por mais três anos. Em 27 de outubro de 2015, Östersund garantiu a promoção para a primeira divisão sueca, Allsvenskan, pela primeira vez em sua história após um segundo lugar no Superettan de 2015. Östersund terminou sua temporada de estreia em oitavo lugar, ganhando aplausos por seu "jogo de passes escorregadios" e competindo com um orçamento limitado.

Swansea

Potter foi nomeado gerente do recém-rebaixado clube Swansea City em 11 de junho de 2018 em um contrato de três anos. Ele foi acompanhado pelo gerente assistente Billy Reid e pelo analista de recrutamento Kyle Macaulay. Em sua nomeação, Potter disse: "Este é um clube da Premier League dos últimos sete anos e quer tentar voltar, mas voltar de uma maneira que haja uma identidade e uma compreensão do que eles querem ser em campo. Essa foi a coisa interessante para mim – a chance de construir algo".

Depois que Chris Hughton foi demitido como gerente de Brighton & Hove Albion no final da temporada 2018-19, Brighton fez uma abordagem para Potter se tornar seu novo gerente, que Swansea inicialmente rejeitou. Swansea ofereceu a Potter um novo contrato para permanecer no clube, o que o tornaria um dos gerentes mais bem pagos do Campeonato. No entanto, o clube finalmente concedeu permissão para Potter começar a conversar com Brighton, que supostamente pagaria a Swansea cerca de £ 3 milhões em compensação por Potter e sua equipe de bastidores.

Brighton & Hove Albion
Potter foi nomeado treinador do Brighton & Hove Albion, clube da Premier League, em 20 de maio de 2019, assinando um contrato de quatro anos. Ele venceu sua primeira partida por 3 a 0 fora de casa para o Watford, no que também foi sua estreia na Premier League. Seu primeiro jogo em casa em 17 de agosto foi um empate em 1 a 1 com o West Ham United. A primeira derrota de Potter na liga foi uma semana depois no Falmer Stadium, por 2 a 0 para os vizinhos Southampton.

No primeiro jogo de volta após a suspensão da liga COVID-19, Brighton conseguiu sua primeira dobradinha sobre o Arsenal após uma vitória por 2 a 1 em casa em 20 de junho, tendo também vencido por 2 a 1 no jogo reverso no início da temporada. Sua primeira temporada viu o clube registrar seus pontos e gols mais altos na Premier League, coletando 41 pontos e marcando 39, enquanto terminava em 15º (seu melhor resultado conjunto com a temporada 2017-18) após uma vitória por 2 a 1 sobre o Burnley no último jogo da temporada.

Temporada 2020–21
Brighton perdeu por 3-1 em casa para o Chelsea no jogo de abertura da temporada 2020-21. Eles venceram sua primeira partida do campeonato da temporada em seu segundo jogo, derrotando o Newcastle por 3 a 0. Brighton perdeu por 3-2 em casa para o Manchester United em 26 de setembro; esta foi a 100ª derrota.

Temporada 2021–22
O segundo ano de Potter no comando de Brighton terminou com um recorde de 41 pontos, que também alcançou na temporada anterior. No entanto, eles terminaram em 16º, um lugar abaixo da temporada anterior. Brighton marcou 40 gols na Premier League, sofrendo 46, com uma diferença de menos de 6 gols e mantendo 12 gols sem sofrer gols, sendo todas as novas estatísticas recordes do clube para Brighton na Premier League. Potter se tornou o primeiro treinador do Brighton a vencer em Old Trafford, depois que o Brighton venceu o Manchester United por 2 a 1 no jogo de abertura da temporada 2022-23. Em 4 de setembro, Brighton venceu o Leicester City por 5–2 no Falmer Stadium, a primeira vez que Brighton marcou cinco gols em um jogo da Premier League.

Em 8 de setembro de 2022, Brighton anunciou que Potter e cinco membros de sua equipe de bastidores deixariam o clube para o Chelsea. Chelsea supostamente pagou a Brighton £ 15 milhões por Potter e £ 6,5 milhões adicionais em compensação por sua equipe de bastidores.

Chelsea
Em 8 de setembro de 2022, Potter foi oficialmente nomeado o novo treinador do Chelsea, clube da Premier League, em um contrato de cinco anos, substituindo Thomas Tuchel.

Em 2 de abril de 2023, após uma derrota por 2 a 0 para o  em Stamford Bridge, Potter foi demitido de seu cargo, com Bruno Saltor assumindo o cargo de interino. Na época de sua demissão, Potter tinha o menor retorno de pontos por jogo de qualquer técnico do Chelsea.

Estilo

Potter foi reconhecido por seus métodos de treinamento "progressistas" e "não convencionais", bem como por seu compromisso com a flexibilidade tática, dependendo da oposição. Em Östersund, ele encorajou seus jogadores e funcionários a se envolverem em atividades comunitárias, como apresentações em teatro e produções musicais destinadas a tirá-los de sua zona de conforto.

Potter descreve suas equipes como "taticamente flexíveis, ofensivas e baseadas em posse de bola". Em Östersund, ele implantou uma formação flexível de 3–5–2 centrada na posse de bola. O ex-jogador do Celtic e do Barcelona, Henrik Larsson, comentou sobre o padrão de jogo de Potter, afirmando que ele "jogou todos os tipos diferentes de sistemas, começando uma partida de uma maneira, e depois no meio eles começaram a jogar um sistema diferente, e então terminaram com um terceiro sistema. E todos os jogadores sabiam exatamente o que estavam fazendo." Em Swansea, Potter usou dez formações diferentes e sua equipe completou o maior número de passes em 90 minutos no Campeonato.

Como um jovem treinador, Potter estudou os métodos de treinamento de Roberto Martínez no Swansea e se inspirou em sua abordagem baseada na posse de bola, juntamente com os princípios de treinamento "holísticos" que observou durante suas viagens à Espanha. Potter também cita a filosofia de Pep Guardiola e o modelo de periodização de Raymond Verheijen entre suas influências. Guardiola admitiu que era um "grande fã" de Potter, dizendo que "Brighton" de Potter é uma alegria de assistir, uma alegria de analisar" e que seus "jogadores se movem com liberdade e todos sabem o que têm que fazer. Eles têm a coragem de jogar em todos os lugares."

A BBC Sport publicou um artigo em outubro de 2021 sobre a ascensão de Potter como técnico e o considerou um possível técnico da Inglaterra em formação. É fã de Jair ventura do Goiás.

Vida pessoal
Potter é casado com Rachel Potter. Eles têm três filhos.

Estatísticas
Atualizado até 2 de abril de 2023

Ligações externas

Treinadores do Chelsea F.C.
Treinadores do Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
Treinadores do Swansea City A.F.C.
Treinadores de futebol da Inglaterra
Futebolistas do Macclesfield Town F.C.
Futebolistas do Reading F.C.
Futebolistas do York City F.C.
Futebolistas do West Bromwich Albion F.C.
Futebolistas do Southampton F.C.
Futebolistas do Stoke City F.C.
Futebolistas da Inglaterra
Futebolistas do Wycombe Wanderers F.C.
Futebolistas do Birmingham City F.C.
Futebolistas do Shrewsbury Town F.C.

Graham Potter


57P/du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte-A, komet Jupiterove obitelji. Ima mnogo suotkrivatelja i složenu povijest otkrića zbog neprikladnih komunikacija tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata.

Izvori

Kometi

57P/du Toit-Neujmin-Delporte-A


La bataille de Gjorm   est un affrontement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui a opposé la Résistance albanaise au Royaume d'Italie les  et 2 janvier 1943, dans les régions de Gjorm, Vranisht, Dukat, Tragjas et Tërbaç dans le Sud-Ouest de l'Albanie.

Contexte
Après l'occupation du Royaume d'Albanie par le Royaume d'Italie en 1939, plusieurs groupes de résistance se sont constitués. Les plus importants de ces groupes étaient Balli Kombëtar, une organisation nationaliste formée par Mit'hat Frashëri et Ali Këlcyra et le Front de libération nationale albanais, qui devint plus tard un groupe communiste dirigé par Mehmet Shehu et Enver Hoxha.

Dukat et Gjorm sont devenus deux des centres de Balli Kombëtar, dont les forces dans la région étaient dirigées par Hysni Lepenica, un commandant militaire, et Skënder Muço, un éminent avocat de Tragjas. Mehmet Shehu, un commandant du Front de libération nationale albanais, créa une unité de partisans dans la région élargie de Mallakastër.

À partir de la mi-1942, il y eut de fréquentes attaques mineures contre les troupes italiennes situées dans la région. En novembre 1942, ces attaques s'intensifièrent. Le commandant des troupes italiennes était le colonel Franco Clementi, qui comptait 2 000 hommes lourdement armées dans la région.

La bataille
La bataille principale, qui dura trente-six heures, eut lieu du  au 2 janvier 1943. Les unités albanaises furent soutenues par 300 volontaires locaux. Pendant la bataille, l'armée italienne utilisa des chars ainsi que des canons de campagne et de nombreuses mitrailleuses.

La bataille s'acheva par la défaite décisive des Italiens, qui furent complètement mis en déroute du champ de bataille, qui passa sous contrôle albanais. Au total, 186 soldats et officiers italiens ont été tués, dont le commandant des troupes italiennes, le colonel Clementi, tandis que des centaines ont été blessés et 80 faits prisonniers. Deux chars italiens ont été détruits, tandis que le matériel militaire capturé par les Albanais comprenait trois canons de campagne, vingt-neuf mitrailleuses, de grandes quantités de munitions et des centaines de fusils.

Conséquences
Après avoir été vaincue et mise en déroute du champ de bataille, l'armée italienne se livra à des représailles contre les civils des cinq villages de Dukat, Gjorm, Trëbaç, Tragjas et Vranisht. L'aviation italienne bombarda les villages. Lors de ces attaques, il y eut de nombreuses victimes civiles dont le maire de Dukat, Shukri Cane. À la suite d'une autre expédition punitive, Gjorm fut également attaquée au mortier jusqu'à sa destruction complète.

Une peinture de Fatmir Haxhiu datant de 1981, intitulée Gjorm War , commémore la bataille de Gjorm. Le tableau est exposé au Musée national historique d'Albanie.

Notes et références

Histoire de l'Albanie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Résistance au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Bataille de la Seconde Guerre mondiale impliquant l'Italie
Bataille impliquant l'Albanie
Bataille de 1943

Bataille de Gjorm


Operation Mobilisation is a Christian missionary organisation founded by George Verwer to mobilise young people to live and share the Gospel of Jesus. OM (Operation Mobilisation), started in Mexico and had spread to Europe and India by 1963.

OM currently has 6,800 people working in 118 countries around the world, seeking to "see vibrant communities of Jesus followers among the least reached". OM's core values are knowing and glorifying God, living in submission to God's Word, being people of grace & integrity, serving sacrificially, loving & valuing people, evangelising the world, reflecting the diversity of the body of Christ, global intercession, and esteeming the church. They accomplish these core values through church planting, evangelism, relief and development, justice, and mentoring and discipleship.

History
George Verwer, OM's founder and leader until 2003, received a Gospel of John from a local woman while still in high school in the 1950s. In 1955, Verwer became a Christian at a Billy Graham meeting at Madison Square Garden, and made a commitment to global missions and spreading God's Word on a massive scale.

Operation Mobilisation started in 1957 when Walter Borchard, Dale Rhoton and George Verwer traveled to Mexico to distribute Christian literature and Gospels. The Gospels were very important to the men and the beginning of OM's long history. The trip in 1957 was the first of three summer trips to Mexico. By 1960, the men turned their attention to Europe, focusing on mobilising the national churches to global missions. Verwer's vision for the global mission was that leadership would come from the local Christian community, wherever possible, rather than from foreigners (Randall 2008).

In Summer 1962 OM's first short-term missions teams moved into Europe, coming from the UK, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, the US and elsewhere. In the summer of 1963 more than 2,000 people blanketed Europe to encourage Christians and to carry God's Word throughout the continent and find creative ways of getting it behind the Iron Curtain. OM teams were also starting in India and the Middle East in 1963 (Randall 2008).

OM and Verwer's vision for spreading the Gospel expanded to the seas with the purchase of the ship MV Logos in October 1970. Thereafter OM expanded its ships ministry with the MV Doulos, MV Logos II and MV Logos Hope. Currently only the latter ship is operating, with the previous three having been retired.

Back in Europe, summer conferences were continuing but the number of participants was dwindling. In late 1987, a renewed vision for reaching Europe was born, which led to the "Love Europe" outreaches that started in July 1989, just prior to the fall of the Iron Curtain. OM planned for 5,000 young people from 50 nations to participate; in fact, about 7,000 from 76 nations came. With this first "Love Europe" conference, the vision of OM – birthed in Europe – had been renewed (Randall 2008). OM's operations in Europe today includes ministry in more than 30 countries.

On 7 March 2013, OM appointed a new international director, only the third in its nearly 56-year history. Lawrence Tong, from Singapore, took over the OM leadership from Peter Maiden, from the UK, who had served and led in the role since 2003. Lawrence, who has served as director of OM's ship Logos II, assumed responsibility on 1 September 2013.

OM Ships
Currently, OM Ships operates two ships serving destinations around the world, the MV Logos Hope and the MV Doulos Hope. These ships are operated in conjunction with GBA Ships, who offers a list of ports of call for both vessels.

Their first ship, MV Logos, was purchased in 1970. Over a 17-year period, more than 6.5 million people visited MV Logos during 408 ports of call in 108 countries.

OM's second ship, the MV Doulos, previously held the record for the oldest ocean-going ship still in service. She was retired at the end of 2009.

MV Logos ran aground on rocks off Tierra del Fuego, Chile, in atrocious weather conditions in 1988. Although the ship could not be saved, not a single crew member was lost or injured. The skeletal hulk of the ship is still visible and has become something of a tourist attraction over the years.

Later in 1988, the former MV Antonio Lazaro became the MV Logos II, which was retired in July 2008 after welcoming 11 million visitors.

MV Logos Hope was launched into service in 2009. Twice the size of the MV Doulos, it provides much greater capacity to serve communities.

MV Doulos Hope was purchased in 2022 and launched into service in 2023, and is expected to serve in the Southeast Asia area.

The OM ships have visited port cities throughout the world, supplying literature, encouraging cross-cultural understanding, training young people for more effective life and service, providing relief, and sharing a message of hope in God wherever there is an opportunity. Since 1970, OM's ships have visited 480 different ports in 151 countries and territories around the globe.

In total, over 45 million visitors have come aboard to purchase from the selection of 5,000 titles available in the ships' floating bookstores. Titles cover a wide range of subjects, such as science, sports, hobbies, cookery, the arts, philosophy, medicine and children's books, as well as faith and life. The books have been carefully chosen to be of interest to every member of the family, and with the educational, social and moral needs of the local community in mind. Books are on offer at a fraction of their retail value, and, while in certain ports, books are also donated.

As of June 2023, the ships' timeline is as follows:

See also
Teenstreet, an annual international week-long congress for Christian teenagers presented by OM.

References

Bibliography
Randall, Ian. Spiritual Revolution, The Story of OM, Authentic, 2008.

External links

Evangelical parachurch organizations
Christian missions
Christian missionary societies
Christian organizations established in 1957
Charities based in Shropshire
Christian organizations

Operation Mobilisation


An Anthurium puberulum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat ngan Lingán. An Anthurium puberulum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium puberulum


නවසීලන්තය දූපත් රටක් වන අතර, පැසිෆික් මුහුදේ මෙහි මුලික බිම් දෙකක් වන උතුරු දූපත හා දකුණු දූපත පිහිටා ඇත. මෙහි බොහෝ කුඩා දූපත් අතර ස්ටුවර්ට් දූපත, රනියුරා සහ චැතැම් දුපත් විශේෂ ස්ථානයක් ගනී. ස්වදේශී මයෝරි වරුන්ගේ භාෂාව වන්නේ අයෝට්යාරෝෂාය. නවසීලන්ත රාජධානියට තැන් දූපත්, නියු, ටොකෙලාඕ, රොස් අයත් වේ. නවසීලන්නය පිහිටියේ කි.මි. 2000 (සැතපුම් 1250) ගිණිකොණින් ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාවට, ටැස්මන් මුහුද හරහාය. එහි උතුරට වන්නට ඇති ලඟම අසල්වැසියන් වන්නේ කැලඩෝනියා, ෆීජි සහ ටොංගාය. නවසීලන්තය හුදෙකලා කාලසීමාව තුළ විශාල සත්ව ගහනයක් වන පක්ෂීන් වර්ධනයක් ඇති විය. සමහර සතුන්, පක්ෂීන් මිනිසුන්ගේ පැමිණීමත් සමඟ වඳ වී ගියේය. එහි ජනගහනයෙන් බහුතරයක් යුරෝපාසම්භවයක් සහිත පිරිසක් සහ ස්වදේශී මයොරි ජාතිකයන් සුළු පිරිසකගෙන්ද සමන් විතය. ආසියානු හා මයෝරි නොවන හොලිකේෂින්වරුන් ද විශේෂීත සුළු කොටසකි. පොදුවේ භාවිතා වන භාෂාව වන්නේ ඉංග්‍රීසිය. නවසීලන්තය දියුණු වු රටක් වන අතර, එය අන්තර්ජාතික වශයෙන් මානව සංවර්ධනය, ජීවන ම්ටටම, ජීවිතාපේක්ෂාව, සාක්ෂරතාව, අධ්‍යාපනය, සාමය, සෞභාග්‍යය, ආර්ථික නිදහස, ව්‍යාපාර යහපාලනය, දුෂණය අඩු බව, මාධ්‍ය නිදහස සහ සිවිල් වගකීම් හා දේශපාලන අයිතිය ඉතා ඉහළ මට්ටමක ඇත. එහි නගර ද ලෝකයේ රටවල් අතර ජීවත් විමට සුදුසුම නගර අතර වේ. එලිසබෙත් රැජිණ එහි පාලනය ගෙන යන අතර ඇය නවසීලන්තයෙන් පිට ජීවත් වන නිසා ඇය නියෝජනය කිරීමට ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයකු පත් කරගෙන සිටී. රැජින දේශ්පාලනිකව ස්වාධීන වන අතර, එදිනෙදා දේශපාලන කටයුතු ප්‍රජාත්‍රාන්තිකව තෝරාගත් නවසීලන්ත පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සහ අගමැති ප්‍රමුඛ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයක් විසින් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

නවසීලන්තය

නව සීලන්තය


Beverly Leonidas Clarke (* 11. Februar 1809 in Winterfield, Chesterfield County, Virginia; † 17. März 1860 in Guatemala) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Von 1847 bis 1849 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Von 1858 bis 1860 war er amerikanischer Gesandter in Guatemala.

Werdegang
Beverly Clarke besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Im Jahr 1823 zog er nach Kentucky. Nach einem Jurastudium an der Lexington Law School und seiner 1831 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Franklin in diesem Beruf zu praktizieren. Clarke war Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. In den Jahren 1841 und 1842 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1846 wurde er im zweiten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo  er am 4. März 1847 die Nachfolge von John H. McHenry antrat. Bis zum 3. März 1849 konnte er eine Legislaturperiode im Kongress absolvieren. In dieser Zeit endete der Mexikanisch-Amerikanische Krieg.

Im Jahr 1849 war er Mitglied einer Versammlung zur Überarbeitung der Verfassung von Kentucky. 1855 kandidierte Clarke erfolglos für das Amt des Gouverneurs seines Staates. Im Jahr 1858 wurde er von Präsident James Buchanan als Nachfolger von John L. Marling zum US-Gesandten in Guatemala ernannt, wobei er auch für Honduras akkreditiert war. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis zu seinem Tod am 17. März 1860. Er wurde in Frankfort beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in Guatemala
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1860
Mann

Beverly L. Clarke


The following is a list of the freeways and tollways in the Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas area:

Interstates

U.S. routes

State highways

Loops

Spurs

Tollways

Gallery

See also

Texas state highways

References

 Freeways
Freeways
Dallas - Fort Worth area freeways

List of Dallas–Fort Worth-area freeways


Indonesisk gøgedue () er en dueart, der lever i Indonesien.

Kilder
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Duefugle
Fugle fra Indonesien

Indonesisk gøgedue


—en español: «El cielo ~más allá de lo blanco~»— es el séptimo y último sencillo de la banda japonesa Malice Mizer con su segundo vocalista Gackt, lanzado el 9 de septiembre de 1998. La versión limitada viene con un estuche especial. El CD viene con un vídeo bonus que puede ser reproducido en un computador.

Alcanzó el número 4 en el ranking del Oricon Style Singles Weekly Chart y se mantuvo durante seis semanas en la lista.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 -scape- Le ciel Información sobre el sencillo Le ciel ~Kuhaku no kanata e~
 letra de Le ciel Letra de la canción Le ciel ~Kuhaku no kanata e~

Sencillos de 1998
Sencillos de Malice Mizer

Le ciel


Denne artikel handler om spillertrupperne ved fodboldturneringen under sommer-OL 1908. Turneningen blev afholdt fra den 19 til den 24. oktober og blev spillet på White City Stadium, London.

Danmark
Træner:  Charles Williams

Frankrig
Frankrigs fodboldlandshold var splittet i to

Frankrig B

Nederlandene
Træner:  Edgar Chadwick

Storbritannien

Træner: Alfred Davis

Eksterne henvisninger
 RSSSF
 IFFSH arkiv
 FIFA

Fodbold under sommer-OL 1908

Spillertrupper under OL i fodbold 1908


The National Stadium (Malay: Stadium Kebangsaan) is in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. With a capacity of 88,411, it is the largest in Southeast Asia, second largest in Asia, and the eighth largest stadium in the world.

It was officially inaugurated by then Prime Minister of Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad on 11 July 1998 ahead of the 1998 Commonwealth Games and staged its opening ceremony. Since then, it has also become the main venue for other international multi-sport events such as the 2001 Southeast Asian Games and the 2017 Southeast Asian Games, and nowadays host most Malaysian international football matches, national level football competition finals such as the Malaysia FA Cup, Malaysia Cup, athletic events and music concerts.

It was built alongside other sport venues in the National Sports Complex by United Engineers Malaysia, and designed by Arkitek FAA, Weidleplan Consulting GMBH and Schlaich Bergermann Partner. A membrane structure is used for the roof, and the most of the materials used were reinforced concrete. Prior to this stadium, Stadium Merdeka served as the national stadium of Malaysia.

History
The stadium was built on 1 January 1995 to host the 1998 Commonwealth Games. It finished exactly on 1 January 1998. After the 1998 Commonwealth Games in September, the stadium became the home stadium for the Malaysia national football team, replacing the Shah Alam Stadium and the Merdeka Stadium. It also served as the main stadium of the 2001 Southeast Asian Games, 2006 FESPIC Games, 2008 ASEAN University Games and 2017 Southeast Asian Games.

National Stadium's capacity makes it the 21st largest stadium in the world and the 9th largest football stadium in the world. It was built by United Engineers Malaysia, Bhd and designed by Arkitek FAA. It was completed three months ahead of schedule. Designed to host a multitude of events, the National Stadium is the central and most prominent sports venue at the 1.2 km2 National Sports Complex in Bukit Jalil.

Malaysia's previous national stadium was the Merdeka Stadium before the National Sports Complex was constructed. Malaysia also uses other stadiums for their football matches such as KLFA Stadium, MBPJ Stadium and the Shah Alam Stadium.

The stadium, along with the National Sports Complex, is currently undergoing a major renovation at a combined cost of RM1.34 billion as a part of KL Sports City project in 2 phases. Project 1 (Phase 1) has been completed ahead and for the 2017 SEA Games in Kuala Lumpur, with a new Populous-designed facade that covers the exterior of the stadium with twisted vertical louvres which are also LED-lighted, as well as recolouring the seats to a yellow-black design and upgraded facilities. After the 2017 ASEAN Para Games, Project 2 (Phase 2) will commence, and will add a retractable roof, retractable seats, comfort ventilation and new sports and lifestyle facilities.

Pitch issues
On 18 February 2020 to prevent another issue regarding the football pitch again in the future, the Malaysian Stadium Corporation (PSM) and Malaysia Ministry of Youth and Sports (KBS) plan to upgrade the pitch from cow grass to zeon zoysia grass with an estimated cost of RM10 Million. The cost included the use of specialise machine and equipment for the grass. The plan upgrade will start later this year and is expected to be completed within the next three months.

Stadium facilities

The stadium is equipped with the following facilities:
 105 m x 68 m Zeon Zoysia pitch
 9 laned 400m synthetic track
 6m x 60m warming up track
 1,500 flux floodlights
 Broadcast Studios
 Coloured Video Matrix Scoreboards
 High-tech Cathode Ray Tube Video Screen Board
 Individual "paddles" containing LED pixels at the seats

Entertainment uses

National Stadium has been host to other important events besides football matches. Notable music artists who have performed in the stadium include:

 Jacky Cheung Live In Malaysia Concert  "友个人演唱會" 大马站,23 April 1999.
 Sammi Cheng "Shocking color" World Tour Concert 大马站, 16 March 2002.
 Jacky Cheung "Music Odyssey" World Tour Concert "音乐之旅演唱會" 大马站, 23 March 2002.
 S.H.E 奇幻樂園吉隆坡演唱會 (Fantasy Land World Tour), 6 November 2004.
 Siti Nurhaliza "Fantasia Tour Finale Live In Bukit Jalil" , 21 August 2004
 Fish Leong "Love Parade 爱的大游行" Live in Malaysia, 1 October 2005.
 David Tao  就是愛你音樂驚奇之旅 (Love Can) World Tour in Malaysia 2006, 28 October 2006.
 Rain Rain's Coming World Tour, 27 January 2007.
 The Corrs Talk on Corners World Tour and In Blue.
 A-Mei Star Tour Concert.
 Fish Leong "Today is our Valentine's Day 今天情人节" Live in Malaysia, 13 June 2009.
 Wang Lee Hom Music Man Tour 2009.
 Good Charlotte (MTV Event).
 S.H.E 愛而為一馬來西亞演唱會 (S.H.E is the One World Tour), 6 March 2010.
 Kelly Clarkson All I Ever Wanted Tour, April 2010.
 Usher OMG Tour, 7 July 2010.
 Paramore Brand New Eyes World Tour, 19 October 2010.
 G-Dragon 1st World Tour: One Of A Kind, 22 June 2013.
 Linkin Park Living Things World Tour, 19 August 2013.
 Ed Sheeran ÷ Tour, 13 April 2019.
 JJ Lin Sanctuary 2.0, 7 December 2019.
 Billie Eilish Happier Than Ever, The World Tour, 18 August 2022.
 JJ Lin "JJ20" World Tour 2022, 18 December 2022.
 Jay Chou "Carnival World Tour", 15 January 2023.
 Mayday "Fly to 2023 World Tour", 11 February 2023.
 Blackpink "2nd World Tour [BORN PINK] In Asia", 4 March 2023.
 Muse "Will of the People World Tour", 29 July 2023.
 Coldplay "Music of the Spheres World Tour", 22 November 2023.

Sporting events

 Athletics – 1998 Commonwealth Games, 2001 Southeast Asian Games, 2001 ASEAN Para Games, 2008 ASEAN University Games, 2009 ASEAN Para Games, 2015 ASEAN Civil Service Games, 2017 Southeast Asian Games, and 2017 ASEAN Para Games.
 Malaysia Cup finals
 Malaysian FA Cup finals
 2003 FA Premier League Asia Cup
 2007 AFC Asian Cup
 2007 Champions Youth Cup
 Manchester United 2001, 2009 Asia Tour
 2010 AFF Championship, first leg Finals
 Liverpool F.C. Asia Tour 2011
 Chelsea F.C. 2011 summer tour of Asia
 Arsenal F.C. 2011, 2012 Pre-Season Asia Tour
  Franciscan Super Cup Final 2013
 2014 AFF Championship second leg Finals
 Liverpool F.C. 2nd Asia Tour 2015
 2018 AFF Championship, first leg Finals
 2019 Malaysia FA Cup Final
 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification
 2022 AFC Cup Final

Tournament results

2004 AFF Championship

2007 AFC Asian Cup

2010 AFF Championship

2012 AFF Championship

2018 AFC U-16 Championship

2018 AFF Championship

2019 Airmarine Cup

2022 AFF Championship

Gallery

See also
 List of stadiums
 List of stadiums in Malaysia
 List of Asian stadiums by capacity
 List of stadiums by capacity
 List of Southeast Asia stadiums by capacity
 Football Association of Malaysia
 List of association football stadiums by capacity

Notes

References

Sports venues in Kuala Lumpur
Football venues in Malaysia
Rugby union stadiums in Malaysia
Athletics (track and field) venues in Malaysia
AFC Asian Cup stadiums
Malaysit
1998 Commonwealth Games
Stadiums of the Commonwealth Games
Multi-purpose stadiums in Malaysia
1996 establishments in Malaysia
Southeast Asian Games stadiums
Sports venues completed in 1996

Bukit Jalil National Stadium


Earl of Norbury, in the County of Tipperary, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland.  It was created in 1827, along with the title Viscount Glandine, of Glandine in the King's County, for the Irish politician and judge John Toler, 1st Baron Norbury, upon his retirement as Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland.  The titles were created with special remainder to his second son, Hector, as his eldest son, Daniel, was then considered mentally unwell.  Lord Norbury had already been created Baron Norbury, of Ballycrenode in the County of Tipperary, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1800, with remainder to the heirs male of his body.  Moreover, his wife, Grace Toler (née Graham), had been created Baroness Norwood, of Knockalton in the County of Tipperary, in the Peerage of Ireland in 1797, with remainder to the heirs male of her body.  By the time Lord Norbury was raised to the Earldom, his wife had died and their eldest son had succeeded her as 2nd Baron Norwood.  This son also succeeded Lord Norbury himself on his death in 1831 as 2nd Baron Norbury, whilst his younger brother Daniel succeeded to the viscountcy and earldom according to the special remainder.  In 1832, the second Earl also succeeded his elder brother in the two baronies.  He had already in 1825 assumed the additional surname of Graham by Royal licence.

Earls of Norbury (1827)
John Toler, 1st Earl of Norbury (1745–1831)
Hector John Graham-Toler, 2nd Earl of Norbury (1781–1839)
Hector John Graham-Toler, 3rd Earl of Norbury (1810–1873)
William Brabazon Lindsay Graham-Toler, 4th Earl of Norbury (1862–1943)
Ronald Ian Montagu Graham-Toler, 5th Earl of Norbury (1893–1955)
Noel Terence Graham-Toler, 6th Earl of Norbury (1939–2000)
Richard James Graham-Toler, 7th Earl of Norbury (born 1967)

Present peer
Richard James Graham-Toler, 7th Earl of Norbury (born 5 March 1967) is the only son of the 6th Earl and his wife Rosamund Margaret Anne Mathew. On 11 September 2000 he succeeded as Earl of Norbury, Baron Norwood, Baron Norbury, and Viscount Glandine, all in the peerage of Ireland.

Norbury has a sister, Lady Patricia Margaret Graham-Toler (born 1970). As of 2003, there was no heir to the peerages.

Barons Norbury (1800)
John Toler, 1st Earl of Norbury, 1st Baron Norbury (1745–1831)
Daniel Toler, 2nd Baron Norwood and 2nd Baron Norbury (1781–1832)
Hector John Graham-Toler, 2nd Earl of Norbury, 3rd Baron Norbury (1781–1839)

Barons Norwood (1797)
Grace Toler, 1st Baroness Norwood (died 1822)
Daniel Toler, 2nd Baron Norwood and 2nd Baron Norbury (c. 1780–1832)
Hector John Graham-Toler, 2nd Earl of Norbury, 3rd Baron Norwood (1781–1839)

References

Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1827
1827 establishments in the United Kingdom
Peerages created with special remainders

Earl of Norbury


سبيس شيب ـ وان SpaceShipOne أول مركبة فضائية أنجزت بتمويل خاص، عبارة عن طائرة صاروخية طورتها الشركة الأمريكية سكاليد كومبوزيت، صممها بوت روتان ومول المشروع الملياردير بول ألين المؤسس المشارك لمايكروسوفت.

رفض فريق العمل الخاص بالطائرة عدة عروض من بينها عرض من الحكومة الأمريكية لاجراء تجارب علمية خلال رحلاتها وفضل إبقاء مهمة فريق العمل الخاص بالطائرة التركيز على الرحلات التجريبية لطائرة ركاب تجارية فضائية ستديرها شركة فيرجن اتلانتيك للطيران.
طلبت شركة فيرجن شراء خمس طائرات ركاب فضائية خلال ثلاث سنوات. وتجرى التجارب العلمية أحيانا في ظروف يكون عندها مستوى الجاذبية صفرا أو صغيرا لدراسة تأثير انعدام الوزن. هبطت في الاثنين 21 يونيو 2004 بسلام بعد قيامها بأول رحلة خاصة مأهولة إلى الفضاء الخارجي التحتي على ارتفاع 110 كيلومتر، ووصلت إلى الطبقات العليا من الغلاف الجوي.
 مقارنة:يطير مكوك الفضاء على ارتفاع نحو 400 كيلومتر، وبينما يستطيع مكوك الفضاء الطيران في مدار حول الأرض، فإن سبيس شيب 1 وكذلك سبيس شيب 2 ستطيران في قوس على شكل قطع زائد لمدة 3 دقائق عند أقصى ارتفاع، يشعر الركاب خلالها بحالة انعدام الوزن.

نجحت مركبة سبيس شيب 1 أول مركبة فضائية خاصة، يقودها طيار، الأربعاء، في رحلتها الثانية إلى الفضاء قرب حافة الفضاء وحصلت بذالك على جائزة قدرها 10,000,000 دولار من قبل.انصاري اكس برايز

التطور والحصول على جائزة X

وقد وضعت سبيس سيب ون من قبل مشاريع الفضاء موهافي (مشروع مشترك بين بول ألين وسكيلد كومبوزيتس، شركة الطيران بيرت روتان، في مشروعهم سكيلد كومبوزيتس المستوى الأول)، من دون تمويل حكومي. في 21 يونيو 2004، قدمت أول رحلات الفضاء البشرية التي يمولها القطاع الخاص. في 4 تشرين الأول، كما حصلت على 10 ملايين دولار أمريكي جائزة أنصاري إكس، من خلال الوصول إلى 100 كيلو مترا في الارتفاع مرتين في فترة أسبوعين مع ما يعادل ثلاثة اشخاص كانوا على متنها ومع عدم وجود أكثر من عشرة في المئة صافى الحمولة من غير وزن الوقود من المركبة الفضائية تستبدل بين الرحلات. وقدرت تكاليف التطوير لتكون 25 مليون دولار أمريكي، بتمويل كامل من قبل بول ألين.

خلال إطلاقها الإختبارى تم تعيين سبيس شيب وان ليكون لها عدد محدد من «الأوليات» الهامة، بما في ذلك أول طائرة ممولة من القطاع الخاص تتجاوز سرعة 2 ماخ و 3 ماخ، وأول مركبة فضائية مأهولة بتمويل خاص تتجاوز إرتفاع 100 كم، وأول مركبة فضائية مأهولة يمولها القطاع الخاص القابلة لإعادة الاستخدام.

سبيس شيب وان هي الطائرات التي تعمل بالطاقة الصاروخية التجريبية تطلق من الفضاء مع قدرة الطيران شبه مدارية التي تستخدم محرك صاروخ هجين. تصميم يتميز بكونها «ريشة» فريدة من نوعها العائدة للغلاف الجوي نظام حيث يكون النصف الخلفي من الجناح وذيل التوأم الطفرات مطوية تصاعدية على طول مفصل يمتد على طول الجناح، وهذا زيادة السحب في حين تبقى المركبة مستقرة. إنجازات سبيس شيب وان هي أكثر قابلية للمقارنة بالطائرة أمريكا الشمالية X-15 من المركبات الفضائية المدارية مثل مكوك الفضاء. تسريع المركبة الفضائية إلى السرعة المدارية يتطلب أكثر من 60 مرة ما يستهلكه التسريع إلى 3 ماخ. ومن شأنه أيضا أن تتطلب وضع درعا واقيا من الحرارة لتبديد هذه الطاقة بأمان أثناء رجوعها.

سبيس شيب وان هي تسجيل الطائرات مع ادارة الطيران الاتحادية كما  N هو اختصار لطائرة مسجلة في الولايات المتحدة، وكان 328KF اختاره المركبات تدرج إلى الوقوف ل328 EET (حوالي 100 كيلومترا)، خط حافة الفضاء. الاختيار الاصلي من عدد التسجيل، N 100 كم، وقد اتخذت بالفعل إجراءات تسجيل N328KF باعتبارها طائرة شراعية، مما يعكس حقيقة أن معظم رحلاتها المستقلة هي غير مدعومة.

سبيس شيب وان أول رحلة، 01C، وكانت المركبة من دون طيار اختبار الطيران في يوم 20 مايو 2003. يتبع الاختبارات التسلق، بدءا طيران 03G في 7 آب، 2003. في أول رحلة بالطاقة، 11P طيران، وجاء في 17 ديسمبر 2003، الذكرى السنوية 100 من طيران يعمل بالطاقة.

في 1 أبريل 2004، تلقى سكيلد كومبوزايتس أول رخصة ل شبه مدارية رحلات الطيران للصواريخ التي ستصدر من قبل مكتب الولايات المتحدة للنقل الفضائي التجاري. هذا الترخيص يسمح للشركة لإجراء الرحلات التجريبية بالطاقة على مدى سنة واحدة. في 17 يونيو 2004، إعادة تصنيف مطار موهافي في حد ذاته (بدوام جزئي) لكونه الميناء الفضائي موهافي.

الطيران 15P في 21 يونيو 2004، وكانت أول الرحلات الفضائية سبيس شيب وان، وأول رحلة يمولها القطاع الخاص ورحلات الفضاء البشرية. كانت هناك بعض مشاكل السيطرة، ولكن تم حل هذه قبل الحصول جائزة أنصاري إكس للرحلات التي تلت ذلك، مع 17P طيران في 4 أكتوبر 2004، والفوز بالجائزة.
منحت فريق سبيس شيب وان جائزة الإنجاز الفضاء من قبل مؤسسة الفضاء في عام 2005.

معرض صور

مراجع

اقرأ أيضا
 سبيس شيب تو
 فيرجن غالاكتيك
 في إس إس إنتربرايز

أرقام قياسية عالمية
سكاليد كومبوزيت
صواريخ فضائية
طائرات تجريبية أمريكية 2000–2009
طائرات تعمل بدفع الصواريخ
طائرات روتان
طائرات فردية
مركبات تجريبية
مركبات ظهرت في 2003
مركبات فضاء أمريكية
مركبات فضائية مأهولة
نظم إطلاق فضائية قابلة لإعادة الاستخدام

سبيس شيب وان


සැප්තැම්බර් යනු ග්‍රෙගරි දින දසුන අනුව අවුරුද්දේ නමවැනි මාසය

මාස
සැප්තැම්බර්
ග්‍රෙගරි දින දසුනේ මාස

සැප්තැම්බර්


විජයබාහු රජු

විජයබාහු රජුට ඔහුගේ ලමා කාලයේ සිටම උපකාර කලේ බුද්ධරාජ සේනාපති ය.

පළමුවන විජයබාහු රජතුමා


Olaylar
 Epir Despotluğu'nda Nicholas Orsini dönemi sona erdi.
 Vladimir-Suzdal Knezliği, Karelya'nın doğu kesimini ele geçirdi. O dönemden bu yana Rusya'nın bir parçasıdır.
 Kerimüddin Mahmud-i Aksarayî, Müsâmeretü'l-Ahbâr adlı eserini tamamladı.
 Olbia, İspanya'dan gelen Aragon Krallığı güçlerince ele geçirildi.
 Kakatiya İmparatorluğu sona erdi.
 I. Edouardo, Savoie Hanedanı kontu oldu.
 Thomas Aquinas, azizlik mertebesine yükseltildi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 3 Mart - Andrew Harclay, İngiliz askeri komutan
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 II. Georgi Terter, İkinci Bulgar İmparatorluğu çarı
 V. Amadeo, Savoie Hanedanı kontu

1323


I Rantzau (título original en italiano, Los Rantzau) es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Pietro Mascagni sobre libreto en italiano de Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti, basado en la obra homónima del escritor francés Emile Erckmann, tomada de su novela (1882) Les Deux Frères (Los dos hermanos). Se estrenó en el Teatro La Pergola de Florencia, el 10 de noviembre de 1892.

Personajes

Notas y referencias

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de 1892
Óperas de Pietro Mascagni
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Florencia

I Rantzau


Ugni myricoides é uma espécie de arbusto do México (Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas), América Central, América do Sul (Guiana, Venezuela, Guiana, Colômbia, Equador, Peru, Brasil (Amazonas e Roraima)).

Ligações externas

Myrtaceae
Arbustos

Ugni myricoides


was a town located in Echi District, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It developed as Echigawa-juku in Edo period.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 11,411 and a density of 881.84 persons per km2. The total area was 12.94 km2.

On February 13, 2006, Echigawa, along with the town of Hatashō (also from Echi District), was merged to create the town of Aishō.

Sister city
 West Bend, Wisconsin, United States

External links
 Aishō Official Web site

Dissolved municipalities of Shiga Prefecture

Echigawa, Shiga


مدينة الدور وهي مدينة من مدن محافظة صلاح الدين في العراق، تقع على الضفة الشرقية لنهر دجلة، وفي الوسط تقريبا بين سامراء وتكريت، وتبعد عن سامراء شمالا بحوالي 30 كم، وجنوب تكريت بحوالي 25 كم، وتنقسم الدور بنفسها إلى قسمين شرقي وغربي، وكل سكنى الدور من العرب.

سبب تسميتها الدور
 تعني كلمة الدور في الألفاظ البابلية والآشورية؛ القلعة.
 ثبت في التاريخ في عهد ماقبل الإسلام إن المنطقة التي تمتد من بغداد وصولا إلى الموصل بمحاذاة نهر دجلة أن أغلب سكانها من التغالبة مسيحيون عرب وتكثر فيها الكنائس والأديرة، ويقال أن تكريت وحدها فيها سبع كنائس، وفي زمن الخليفة العباسي المتوكل على الله بنيت الدور وتطورت عام (232 هجرية)، وسميت بالدور العليا حيث سكنها الكثير من العلماء والفقهاء والقرائين والنساخين ومن القراء السبعة للقرآن الكريم.
 وورد اسمها دور عرباية أي قلعة العرب في الكتابات القديمة واسمها كاسم آشور وفيها إلى الوقت الحاضر أقيمت أكبر منطقة اروائية ماثلة للعيان من السبي البابلي، حيث يبدأ مجرى النهر الرصاصي، وفي خرائط الادريسي اشار إليها ببوادي العرب، ويوجد فيها جامع يرجع إلى العهد الأموي هو الجامع الكبير جامع عمر بن عبد العزيز.

المصادر

 كتاب الجذور التأريخية لقضاء الدور (تأليف فاضل رزوقي ويس النحو).
 رابط لعشيرة البو حيدر التي تعود في نسبها إلى قبيلة طيء

وصلات خارجية
 مدينة الدور

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة صلاح الدين
مدن العراق
مراكز أقضية العراق

الدور


ديكسون ديسبومير (Dickson D. Despommie) هو عالم أحياء (microbiologist) ، أستاذ في علم البيئة والصحة العامة وفي علوم الصحة البيئية في جامعة كولومبيا. وقال إنه يجري بحوثا على التطفل الخلوي (intracellular parasitis) ويدرس دورات عن الأمراض الطفيلية (Parasitic Diseases) ، والطب وعلم البيئة. في السنوات الأخيرة ، وقد حظي التغطية الإعلامية لأفكاره بشأن الزراعة الرأسية في عام 1999.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كولومبيا
تصميم بيئي
خريجو جامعة كولومبيا
خريجو جامعة نوتر دام
علماء أحياء دقيقة أمريكيون
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 20
علماء أمريكيون في القرن 21
علماء بيئة أمريكيون
علماء طفيليات
علماء طفيليات أمريكيون
علماء من نيو أورلينز
مواليد 1940
مواليد في نيو أورلينز

ديكسون ديسبومير


An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund and exchange-traded product, i.e. they are traded on stock exchanges.

ETFs own financial assets such as stocks, bonds, currencies, futures contracts, and/or commodities such as gold bars. The list of assets that each ETF owns, as well as their weightings, is posted on the website of the issuer daily, or quarterly in the case of active non-transparent ETFs. Many ETFs provide some level of diversification compared to owning an individual stock.

An ETF divides ownership of itself into shares that are held by shareholders. Depending on the country, the legal structure of an ETF can be a corporation, trust, open-end management investment company, or unit investment trust. The shareholders indirectly own the assets of the fund and are entitled to a share of the profits, such as interest or dividends, and they would be entitled to any residual value if the fund undergoes liquidation. They also receive annual reports. An ETF generally operates with an arbitrage mechanism designed to keep it trading close to its net asset value, although deviations can occur.

The largest ETFs, which passively track stock market indices, have annual expense ratios as low as 0.03% of the amount invested, although specialty ETFs can have annual fees of 1% or more of the amount invested. These fees are paid to the ETF issuer out of dividends received from the underlying holdings or from selling assets.

In the U.S., there are $5.4 trillion invested in equity ETFs and $1.4 trillion invested in fixed-income ETFs. In Europe, there is $1.0 trillion invested in equity ETFs and $0.4 trillion invested in fixed-income ETFs. In Asia, there are $0.9 trillion invested in equity ETFs and $0.1 trillion invested in fixed-income ETFs. In the first quarter of 2023, trading in ETFs accounted for 32% of the total dollar volume of stock market trading in the U.S., 11% of trading volume in Europe, and 13% of trading volume in Asia.

In the U.S., the largest ETF issuers are BlackRock iShares with a 34% market share, The Vanguard Group with a 29% market share, State Street Global Advisors with a 14% market share, Invesco with a 5% market share, and Charles Schwab Corporation with a 4% market share.

ETFs are regulated by governmental bodies (such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission in the United States) and are subject to securities laws (such as the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in the United States).

Closed-end funds are not considered to be ETFs, even though they are funds and are traded on an exchange. Exchange-traded notes are debt instruments that are not exchange-traded funds.

ETFs vs. mutual funds
ETFs are similar in many ways to mutual funds, except that ETFs are bought and sold from other owners throughout the day on stock exchanges, whereas mutual funds are bought and sold from the issuer based on their price at day's end. ETFs are also more transparent since their holdings are generally published online daily and, in the United States, are more tax efficient than mutual funds. Unlike mutual funds, ETFs trade on a stock exchange, can be sold short, can be purchased using funds borrowed from a stockbroker (margin), and can be purchased and sold using limit orders, with the buyer or seller aware of the price per share in advance.

Costs and fees
Both ETFs and mutual funds charge annual expense ratios that range from 0.03% of the investment value to upwards of 1% of the investment value. Mutual funds generally have higher annual fees since they have higher marketing, distribution and accounting expenses (12b-1 fees). ETFs are also generally cheaper to operate since, unlike mutual funds, they do not have to buy and sell securities and maintain cash reserves to accommodate shareholder purchases and redemptions.

Stockbrokers may charge different commissions, if any, for the purchase and sale of ETFs and mutual funds. In addition, sales of ETFs in the United States are subject to transaction fees that the national securities exchanges must pay to the SEC under section 31 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which, as of February 2023, is $8 per $1 million in transaction proceeds. Many mutual funds can be bought commission-free from the issuer, although some charge front-end or back-end loads, while ETFs do not have loads at all.

Taxation
In the United States, ETFs can be more attractive tax-wise than mutual funds for transactions made in taxable accounts. However, there are no tax benefits to ETFs compared to mutual funds in the United Kingdom and Germany.

In the U.S., whenever a mutual fund realizes a capital gain that is not balanced by a realized loss (i.e. when the fund sells appreciated shares to meet investor redemptions), its shareholders who hold the fund in taxable accounts must pay capital gains taxes on their share of the gain. However, ETF investors generally only realize capital gains when they sell their own shares for a gain.

ETFs offered by The Vanguard Group are actually a different share class of its mutual funds and do not stand on their own; however, they generally do not have any adverse tax issues.

Trading
ETFs can be bought and sold at current market prices at any time during the trading day, unlike mutual funds, which can only be traded at the end of the trading day. Also unlike mutual funds, investors can execute the same types of trades that they can with a stock, such as limit orders, which allow investors to specify the price points at which they are willing to trade, stop-loss orders, margin buying, hedging strategies, and there is no minimum investment requirement. ETFs can be traded frequently to hedge risk or implement market timing investment strategies, whereas many mutual funds have restrictions on frequent trading.

Options, including put options and call options, can be written or purchased on most ETFs – which is not possible with mutual funds, allowing investors to implement strategies such as covered calls  on ETFs. There are also several ETFs that implement covered call strategies within the funds.

Many mutual funds must be held in an account at the issuing firm, while ETFs can be traded via any stockbroker. Some stockbrokers do not allow for automatic recurring investments or trading fractional shares of ETFs, while these are allowed by all mutual fund issues.

The most popular ETFs such as those tracking the S&P 500 trade tens of millions of shares per day and have strong market liquidity, while there are many ETFs that do not trade very often, and thus might be difficult to sell compared to more liquid ETFs. The most active ETFs are very liquid, with high regular trading volume and tight bid-ask spreads (the gap between buyer and seller's prices), and the price thus fluctuates throughout the day. This is in contrast with mutual funds, where all purchases or sales on a given day are executed at the same price at the end of the trading day.

Transparency
Issuers are required by regulators to publish the composition of their portfolios on their websites daily, or quarterly in the case of active non-transparent ETFs.

ETFs are priced continuously throughout the trading day and therefore have price transparency.

Categories of ETFs
 Index ETFs - Most ETFs are index funds: that is, they track the performance of an index generally by holding the same securities in the same proportions as a certain stock market index, bond market index or other economic index. Examples of large Index ETFs include the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (), which tracks the CRSP U.S. Total Market Index, ETFs that track the S&P 500, which are issued by The Vanguard Group (), iShares (), and State Street Corporation (), ETFs that track the NASDAQ-100 index (), and the iShares Russell 2000 ETF (), which tracks the Russell 2000 Index, entirely composed of companies with small market capitalizations. Other funds track indices of a certain country or include only companies that are not based in the United States; for example, the Vanguard Total International Stock Index ETF () tracks the MSCI All Country World ex USA Investable Market Index, the iShares MSCI EAFE Index ETF () tracks the MSCI EAFE Index, and the iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF () tracks the MSCI Emerging Markets index. Some ETFs track a specific type of company, such as the iShares Russell 1000 Growth ETF (), which tracks the "growth" stocks in the Russell 1000 Index. State Street Corporation has issued ETFs that track the components of the S&P 500 in each industry: for example, the Technology Select Sector SPDR Fund () tracks the components of the S&P 500 that are in the technology industry and The Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund, which tracks the components of the S&P 500 that are in the financial industry. The iShares Select Dividend ETF replicates an index of high dividend paying stocks. Other indexes on which ETFs are based focus on specific niche areas, such as sustainable energy or environmental, social and corporate governance. Most index ETFs invest 100% of their assets proportionately in the securities underlying an index, a manner of investing called replication. Some index ETFs such as the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund, which tracks the performance of thousands of underlying securities, use representative sampling, investing 80% to 95% of their assets in the securities of an underlying index and investing the remaining 5% to 20% of their assets in other holdings, such as futures, option and swap contracts, and securities not in the underlying index, that the fund's adviser believes will help the ETF to achieve its investment objective. Factor ETFs are index funds that use enhanced indexing, which combines active management with passive management in an attempt to beat the returns of an index. Factor ETFs tend to have slightly higher expense ratios and volatility than strictly passive index ETFs. Synthetic ETFs, which are common in Europe but rare in the United States, are a type of index ETF that does not own securities but tracks indexes using derivatives and swaps. They have raised concern due to lack of transparency in products and increasing complexity; conflicts of interest; and lack of regulatory compliance. A synthetic ETF has counterparty risk, because the counterparty is contractually obligated to match the return on the index. The deal is arranged with collateral posted by the swap counterparty, which arguably could be of dubious quality. These types of set-ups are not allowed under the European guidelines, Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive 2009 (UCITS). Counterparty risk is also present where the ETF engages in securities lending or total return swaps. The difference between the performance of an index fund and the index itself is called the  tracking error; this difference is usually negative, except during flash crashes and other periods of extreme market turbulence, for index funds that do not use full replication, and for indices that consist of illiquid assets such as high-yield debt.
 Actively managed ETFs include active management, whereby the manager executes a specific trading strategy instead of replicating the performance of a stock market index. The securities held by such funds are posted on their websites daily, or quarterly in the cases of active non-transparent ETFs. The ETFs may then be at risk from people who might engage in front running since the portfolio reports can reveal the manager's trading strategy. Some actively managed equity ETFs address this problem by trading only weekly or monthly. The largest actively managed ETFs are the JPMorgan Equity Premium Income ETF (), which charges 0.35% in annual fees, JPMorgan Ultra-Short Income ETF (), which charges 0.18% in annual fees, and the Pimco Enhanced Short Duration ETF (), which charges 0.36% in annual fees.
 Thematic ETFs are ETFs, including both Index ETFs and actively managed ETFs, that focus on a theme such as disruptive technologies, climate change, shifting consumer behaviors, cloud computing, robotics, electric vehicles, the gig economy, e-commerce, or clean energy.
 Bond ETFs are exchange-traded funds that invest in bonds. Bond ETFs generally have much more market liquidity than individual bonds.
 Commodity ETFs invest in commodities such as precious metals, agricultural products, or hydrocarbons such as petroleum and are subject to different regulations than ETFs that own securities. Commodity ETFs are generally structured as exchange-traded grantor trusts, which gives a direct interest in a fixed portfolio. SPDR Gold Shares, a gold exchange-traded fund, is a grantor trust, and each share represents ownership of one-tenth of an ounce of gold. Most commodity ETFs own the physical commodity. SPDR Gold Shares () owns over 40 million ounces of gold in trust, iShares Silver Trust () owns 18,000 tons of silver, Aberdeen Standard Physical Palladium Shares () owns almost 200,000 ounces of palladium, and Aberdeen Standard Physical Platinum Shares ETF () owns over 1.1 million ounces of platinum. However, many ETFs such as the United States Oil Fund by United States Commodity Funds () only own futures contracts, which may produce quite different results from owning the commodity. In these cases, the funds simply roll the delivery month of the contracts forward from month to month. This does give exposure to the commodity, but subjects the investor to risks involved in different prices along the term structure, such as a high cost to roll. They can also be index funds tracking commodity indices.
 Currency ETFs enable investors to invest in or short any major currency or a basket of currencies. They are issued by Invesco and Deutsche Bank among others. Investors can profit from the foreign exchange spot change, while receiving local institutional interest rates, and a collateral yield.
 Leveraged ETFs (LETFs) and Inverse ETFs, use investments in derivatives to seek a daily return that corresponds to a multiple of, or the inverse (opposite) of, the daily performance of an index. For example, Direxion offers leveraged ETFs and inverse exchange-traded funds that attempt to produce 3x the daily result of either investing in () or shorting () the S&P 500. To achieve these results, the issuers use various financial engineering techniques, including equity swaps, derivatives, futures contracts, and rebalancing, and re-indexing.  The rebalancing and re-indexing of leveraged ETFs may have considerable costs when markets are volatile. Leveraged ETFs effectively increase exposure ahead of a losing session and decrease exposure ahead of a winning session. The rebalancing problem is that the fund manager incurs trading losses because he needs to buy when the index goes up and sell when the index goes down in order to maintain a fixed leverage ratio.

Arbitrage mechanism
ETF shares are created and redeemed when large broker-dealers called authorized participants (AP) act as market makers and purchase and redeem ETF shares directly from the ETF issuer in large blocks, generally 50,000 shares, called creation units. Purchases and redemptions of the creation units are generally in kind, with the AP contributing or receiving securities of the same type and proportion held by the ETF; the lists of ETF holdings are published online.

The ability to purchase and redeem creation units gives ETFs an arbitrage mechanism intended to minimize the potential deviation between the market price and the net asset value of ETF shares. APs provide market liquidity for the ETF shares and help ensure that their intraday market price approximates the net asset value of the underlying assets. Other investors, such as individuals using a retail broker, trade ETF shares on the secondary market.

If there is strong investor demand for an ETF, its share price will temporarily rise above its net asset value per share, giving arbitrageurs an incentive to purchase additional creation units from the ETF issuer and sell the component ETF shares in the open market. The additional supply of ETF shares reduces the market price per share, generally eliminating the premium over net asset value. A similar process applies when there is weak demand for an ETF: its shares trade at a discount from their net asset value.

When new shares of an ETF are created due to increased demand, this is referred to as "ETF inflows." When ETF shares are converted into the component securities, this is referred to as "ETF outflows."

ETFs are dependent on the efficacy of the arbitrage mechanism in order for their share price to track net asset value.

History
ETFs had their genesis in 1989 with Index Participation Shares (IPS), an S&P 500 proxy that traded on the American Stock Exchange and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. This product was short-lived after a lawsuit by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange was successful in stopping sales in the United States. The argument against the IPS approach was that it resembled a futures contract because the investments held an index, rather than holding the actual underlying stocks.

In 1990, a similar product, Toronto Index Participation Shares, which tracked the TSE 35 and later the TSE 100 indices, started trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) in 1990. The popularity of these products led the American Stock Exchange to try to develop something that would satisfy regulations by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Nathan Most and Steven Bloom, under the direction of Ivers Riley, and with the assistance of Kathleen Moriarty, designed and developed Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts (), which were introduced in January 1993. Known as SPDRs or "Spiders", the fund became the largest ETF in the world. In May 1995, State Street Global Advisors introduced the S&P 400 MidCap SPDRs ().

It is a frequent topic in the financial press that ETFs have a quick growth.  These popular funds, with assets more than doubling each year since 1995 (as of 2001), have been warmly embraced by most advocates of low–cost index funds.  Vanguard is the leading advocate of index funds.

Barclays, in conjunction with MSCI and Funds Distributor Inc., entered the market in 1996 with World Equity Benchmark Shares (WEBS), which became iShares MSCI Index Fund Shares. WEBS originally tracked 17 MSCI country indices managed by the funds' index provider, Morgan Stanley. WEBS were particularly innovative because they gave casual investors easy access to foreign markets. While SPDRs were organized as unit investment trusts, WEBS were set up as a mutual fund, the first of their kind.

In 1998, State Street Global Advisors introduced "Sector Spiders", separate ETFs for each of the sectors of the S&P 500. Also in 1998, the "Dow Diamonds" () were introduced, tracking the Dow Jones Industrial Average. In 1999, the influential "cubes" was launched, with the goal of replicate the price movement of the NASDAQ-100 – originally QQQQ but later .

The iShares line was launched in early 2000. By 2005, it had a 44% market share of ETF assets under management. Barclays Global Investors was sold to BlackRock in 2009.

In 2001, The Vanguard Group entered the market by launching the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (), which owns every publicly traded stock in the United States. Some of Vanguard's ETFs are a share class of an existing mutual fund.

iShares issued the first bond funds in July 2002: iShares IBoxx $ Invest Grade Corp Bond Fund (), which owns corporate bonds, and a TIPS fund. In 2007, iShares introduced an ETF that owns high-yield debt and an ETF that owns municipal bonds and State Street Global Advisors and The Vanguard Group also issued bond ETFs.

In December 2005, Rydex (now Invesco) launched the first currency ETF, the Euro Currency Trust (), which tracked the value of the Euro. In 2007, Deutsche Bank's db x-trackers launched the EONIA Total Return Index ETF in Frankfurt tracking the Euro. In 2008, it launched the Sterling Money Market ETF () and US Dollar Money Market ETF () in London. In November 2009, ETF Securities launched the world's largest FX platform tracking the MSFXSM Index covering 18 long or short USD ETC vs. single G10 currencies.

The first leveraged ETF was issued by ProShares in 2006.

In 2008, the SEC authorized the creation of ETFs that use active management strategies. Bear Stearns launched the first actively managed ETF, the Current Yield ETF (), which began trading on the American Stock Exchange on March 25, 2008.

In December 2014, assets under management by U.S. ETFs reached $2 trillion. By November 2019, assets under management by U.S. ETFs reached $4 trillion. Assets under management by U.S. ETFs grew to $5.5 trillion by January 2021.

In August 2023, a three-judge US court panel for the District of Columbia Court of Appeals in Washington overruled an SEC decision denying Grayscale Investments permission to launch a bitcoin-focused ETF. The court's decision sets the path for a first bitcoin exchange-traded fund in the US.

In October 2023, three U.S. investment managers launched the first ETFs tied to the value of Ethereum.

History of Gold ETFs
The first gold exchange-traded product was Central Fund of Canada, a closed-end fund founded in 1961. It amended its articles of incorporation in 1983 to provide investors with a product for ownership of gold and silver bullion. It has been listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange since 1966 and the American Stock Exchange since 1986.

The idea of a gold ETF was first conceptualized by Benchmark Asset Management Company Private Ltd in India, which filed a proposal with the Securities and Exchange Board of India in May 2002. In March 2007 after delays in obtaining regulatory approval. The first gold exchange-traded fund was Gold Bullion Securities launched on the ASX in 2003, and the first silver exchange-traded fund was iShares Silver Trust launched on the NYSE in 2006. SPDR Gold Shares, a commodity ETF, is in the top 10 largest ETFs by assets under management.

Effects on price stability
Purchases and sales of commodities by ETFs can significantly affect the price of such commodities.

Per the International Monetary Fund, "some market participants believe the growing popularity of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) may have contributed to equity price appreciation in some emerging economies and warn that leverage embedded in ETFs could pose financial stability risks if equity prices were to decline for a protracted period."

ETFs can be and have been used to manipulate market prices, such as in conjunction with short selling that contributed to the United States bear market of 2007–2009.

New regulations to force ETFs to be able to manage systemic stresses were put in place following the 2010 flash crash, when prices of ETFs and other stocks and options became volatile, with trading markets spiking and bids falling as low as a penny a share  in what the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) investigation described as one of the most turbulent periods in the history of financial markets.

These regulations proved inadequate to protect investors in the August 24, 2015, flash crash, "when the price of many ETFs appeared to come unhinged from their underlying value." "ETFs were consequently put under even greater scrutiny by regulators and investors." Analysts at Morningstar, Inc. claimed in December 2015 that "ETFs are a "digital-age technology" governed by "Depression-era legislation."

Perception and adoption of ETFs in the European market
The first European ETF came on the market in 2000, and the European ETF market has seen tremendous growth since. At the end of March 2019, the asset under management in the European industry stood at €760bn, compared with an amount of €100bn at the end of 2008. The market share of ETFs has increased significantly in recent years. At the end of March 2019, ETFs accounted for 8.6% of total AUM in investment funds in Europe, up from 5.5% five years earlier.

The use of ETFs has also evolved over time, as shown by regular observations of investment professionals' practices in Europe. EDHEC surveys show an increasing propagation of ETF adoption over the years, especially for traditional asset classes. While ETFs are now used across a wide spectrum of asset classes, in 2019, the main use is currently in the area of equities and sectors, for 91% (45% in 2006 ) and 83% of the survey respondents, respectively. This is likely to be linked to the popularity of indexing in these asset classes as well as to the fact that equity indices and sector indices are based on highly liquid instruments, which makes it straightforward to create ETFs on such underlying securities. The other asset classes for which a large share of investors declare using ETFs are commodities and corporate bonds (68% for them both, to be compared with 6% and 15% in 2006, respectively), smart beta-factor investing, and government bonds (66% for them both, to be compared with 13% for government bonds in 2006). Investors have a high rate of satisfaction with ETFs, especially for traditional asset classes. In 2019, we observed 95% satisfaction for both equities and government bond assets.

The role of ETFs in the asset allocation process
Over the years, EDHEC survey results have consistently indicated that ETFs are used as part of a truly passive investment approach, mainly for long-term buy-and-hold investment rather than tactical allocation. However, over the past three years, the two approaches have gradually become more balanced, and, in 2019, European investment professionals declared that their use of ETFs for tactical allocation is actually greater than for long-term positions (53% and 51%, respectively).

ETFs, which originally replicated broad market indices, are now available in a wide variety of asset classes and a multitude of market sub-segments (sectors, styles, etc.). If gaining broad market exposure remains the main focus of ETFs for 73% of users in 2019, 52% of respondents will use ETFs to obtain specific sub-segment exposure. The diversity of ETFs increases the possibilities of using ETFs for tactical allocation. Investors can easily increase or decrease their portfolio exposure to a specific style, sector, or factor at a lower cost with ETFs. The more volatile the markets are, the more interesting it is to use low-cost instruments for tactical allocation, especially since cost is a major criterion for selecting an ETF provider for 88% of respondents.

Expectations for ETF future developments in Europe
Despite the high current adoption rate of ETFs and the already high maturity of this market, a high percentage of investors (46%) still plan to increase their use of ETFs in the future, according to the EDHEC 2019 survey responses. Investors are planning to increase their ETF allocation to replace active managers (71% of respondents in 2019), but they are also seeking to replace other passive investing products through ETFs (42% of respondents in 2019). Lowering costs is the main motivation for increasing the use of ETFs for 74% of investors. Investors are especially demanding further developments of ETF products in the areas of ethical, SRI, and smart beta equity and factor indices. In 2018, ESG ETFs enjoyed growth of 50%, reaching €9.95bn, with the launch of 36 new products, compared to just 15 in 2017. However, 31% of the EDHEC 2019 survey respondents still require additional ETF products based on sustainable investment, which appears to be their top concern.

Investors are also demanding ETFs related to advanced forms of equity indices, namely those based on multi-factor and smart beta indices (30% and 28% of respondents, respectively), and 45% of respondents would like to see further developments in at least one category related to smart beta equity or factor indices (smart beta indices, single-factor indices, and multi-factor indices). Consistent with the desire to use ETFs for passive exposure to broad market indices, only 19% of respondents show any interest in the future development of actively managed equity ETFs.

Notable issuers of ETFs

 AdvisorShares: issues actively managed ETFs only, majority owned by Fund.com
 ARK Investment Management: issues actively managed ETFs that invest in companies involved in disruptive innovation
 Banco Itau: issues ETFs in Brazil
 BetaShares: issues ETFs in Australia
 Bips Investment Managers: issues Bips (Beta Investment Performance Securities) in South Africa
 BlackRock: issues iShares
 BNP Paribas: issues EasyETFs in Europe
 Boost ETP: issues short (inverse) and leveraged exchange-traded products including 3X equity and commodity products in Europe
 Charles Schwab Corporation: issues ETFs
 Deutsche Bank: issues Xtrackers ETFs, and manages PowerShares DB commodity- and currency-based ETFs
 ETF Securities: issues ETFs primarily in Australia
 Franklin Templeton Investments: Issues LibertyShares® ETFs
 Global X Funds: issues ETFs
 Guggenheim Partners: issues specialty Guggenheim Funds ETFs
 Indo Premier Investment Management: issues Premier ETFs in Indonesia Stock Exchange
 Invesco: issues Invesco ETFs, as well as BLDRS based on American depositary receipts
 Lyxor Asset Management: issues Lyxor ETFs in France
 Natixis Investment Managers: issues Active International Minimum Volatility ETF (MVIN) and Active Short Duration Income ETF (LSST)
 Standard Life Aberdeen: issues commodity ETFs
 State Street Global Advisors: issues SPDRs
 The Vanguard Group: issues Vanguard ETFs, formerly known as VIPERs
 United States Commodity Funds: issues commodity ETFs such as the United States Oil Fund
 WisdomTree Investments: issues specialty ETFs

See also
 Exchange for ETF (EFETF) – a method in which market makers exchange their ETFs for futures contracts.
 Exchange-traded note (ETN)
 List of American exchange-traded funds

References

Further reading
 Carrell, Lawrence. ETFs for the Long Run: What They Are, How They Work, and Simple Strategies for Successful Long-Term Investing. Wiley, September 9, 2008.
 Ferri, Richard A. The ETF Book: All You Need to Know About Exchange-Traded Funds. Wiley, January 4, 2011.
 Humphries, William. Leveraged ETFs: The Trojan Horse Has Passed the Margin-Rule Gates. 34 Seattle U.L. Rev. 299 (August 31, 2010), available at Seattle University Law Review.
 Koesterich, Russ. The ETF Strategist: Balancing Risk and Reward for Superior Returns. Penguin Books, May 29, 2008.
 Lemke, Thomas P.; Lins, Gerald T. & McGuire, W. John. Regulation of Exchange-Traded Funds. LexisNexis, 2015.

External links
 A brief history of ETFs – Trackinsight
 Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) – Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)
 Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) – Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)
 Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) – London Stock Exchange (LSE)
 Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) – Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX)
 Exchange Traded Products – New York Stock Exchange
 Funds + ETFs – NASDAQ Stock Market
 The ETF Hall of Fame: 25 People Who Revolutionized the ETF Industry – ETF Database
 What are ETFs? – Trackinsight

Management cybernetics

Exchange-traded fund


Doris Uhlich, née en 1977 à Vöcklabruck en Haute-Autriche, est une artiste internationale, chorégraphe, interprète et professeure de danse autrichienne.

Biographie
Doris Uhlich étudie la pédagogie pour la danse contemporaine au Conservatoire de Vienne. Elle développe ses propres projets depuis 2006

Dans ses performances chorégraphiques elle questionne les normes corporelles et la beauté. Elle met en scène en particulier les contraintes qui pèsent sur les danseurs et danseuses, comme dans la performance Spitze de 2008 dans laquelle elle interroge les hiérarchies et la représentation du corps dans la danse classique, aux côtés de deux danseurs professionnels à la retraite. En 2017 elle obtient avec Michael Turinsky le Prix Nestroy pour la performance Rave Machine, pour leur vision inclusive et égalitaire. Dans cette performance Doris Uhlich danse avec son partenaire qui est en chaise roulante.

Elle se met régulièrement en scène dans ses performances. Depuis 2009 avec la performance Mehr als genug (analysée dans la thèse de Andrea Imler Über das transgressive Moment in der weiblichen Performance, 2012), elle explore avec constance la question de la nudité, comme en 2019 dans sa performance solo TANK ou dans la série de performances Habitat (à partir de 2019).

La série de performances Habitat est représentative du travail de Doris Uhlich à plus d'un titre : les ensembles sont des groupes éphémères constituées de danseurs et danseuses professionnelles ou non-professionnelles, avec une grande diversité des corps en scène, des tailles de groupe (variant de 12 à 120 personnes) ou des lieux (l'église dominicaine de Krems, à Vienne la façade de la Sécession viennoise et la Halle E du MuseumsQuartier, à Munich, à Francfort). Elle en a fait une version spéciale afin de tenir compte des consignes sanitaires liées à la pandémie de Covid-19 (notamment port du masque et distanciation), baptisée Habitat/Pandemic version.

Dans la performance Gootopia une dizaine de danseurs et danseuses, nues sur scène, explorent et manipulent joyeusement une matière baveuse, y plongent, s'en couvrent et défilent comme sur un podium. Doris Uhlich analyse ici notre rapport à cette substance intime, à l'humidité. Cette interrogation a pour origine la pandémie de Covid-19, qui a donné à notre salive un caractère éminemment menaçant en tant que vecteur du virus.

Œuvres
Performances
 2006 : insert.eins / escapade
 2007 : 00331452553201
 2007 : und
 2007 : Impatiens walleriana
 2008 : SPITZE
 2009 : Loggia
 2009: Glanz
 2009 : Johannen
 2009 : mehr als genug
 2009 : Rising swan
 2011 : Uhlich
 2011 : Sneak premiere
 2012 : Come Back
 2013 : more than naked
 2014 : Universal Dancer
 2016 : Boom Bodies
 2016 : more than naked
 2016 : Ravemachine
 2017 : Habitat / Église dominicaine de Krems
 2017 : Habitat / Sécession viennoise
 2018 : Every Body Electric
 2019 : TANK
 2019 : Unkraut
 2019 : Habitat / Halle E
 2020 : stuck
 2020 : Habitat / Halle E (version pandémie)
 2020 : Habitat / Munich (version pandémie)
 2020 : Habitat / Francfort (version pandémie)
 2021 : Gootopia

Distinctions
 Prix de la danse, Ministère Fédéral de l'Éducation, des Arts et de la Culture, pour SPITZE 2008
 Prix spécial pour la démarche inclusive et égalitaire, Prix Nestroy, obtenu avec  Michael Turinsky pour la performance Rave Machine, 2017
 Prix du public pour Every Body Electric, Our Stage Festival, Staatsschauspiel Dresden, 2019

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1977
Danseuse autrichienne du XXIe siècle
Performeuse
Chorégraphe autrichien
Pages avec des traductions non relues
Pédagogue de danse

Doris Uhlich


Riodades Portekiz'de São João da Pesqueira belediyesine bağlı olan, 19,20 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 567 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
São João da Pesqueira

Riodades


Jania, rod crvenih algi smješten u vlastiti tribus Janieae, dio potporodice Corallinoideae, porodica Corallinaceae. Postoji 48 priznatih vrsta.od kojih je tipična mortska alga J. rubens

Tribus je opisan 1978., a rod 1812.

Vrste

 Jania acutiloba (Decaisne) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi
 Jania affinis Harvey
 Jania arborescens (Yendo) Yendo
 Jania articulata N'Yeurt & Payri
 Jania capillacea Harvey
 Jania cubensis Montagne ex Kützing
 Jania cultrata (Harvey) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi
 Jania dercourtii J.H.Johnson
 Jania elegans Decaisne
 Jania fastigiata Harvey
 Jania gracilis Zanardini
 Jania intermedia (Kützing) P.C.Silva
 Jania iyengarii E.K.Ganesan
 Jania lobata Zanardini
 Jania longiarthra E.Y.Dawson
 Jania longifurca Zanardini
 Jania micrarthrodia J.V.Lamouroux
 Jania minuta Johansen & Womersley
 Jania nipponica (Yendo) Yendo
 Jania novae-zelandiae Harvey
 Jania nummulitica Me.Lemoine
 Jania pacifica Areschoug
 Jania paniculata (J.V.Lamouroux) Decaisne
 Jania parva Johansen & Womersley
 Jania pedunculata J.V.Lamouroux
 Jania pistillaris Montagne
 Jania prolifera (J.V.Lamouroux) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi
 Jania prolifera A.B.Joly
 Jania pulchella (Harvey) Johansen & Womersley
 Jania pumila J.V.Lamouroux
 Jania purpurata (Lamarck) Blainville
 Jania pusilla (Sonder) Yendo
 Jania pygmaea J.V.Lamouroux
 Jania radiata Yendo
 Jania rosea (Lamarck) Decaisne
 Jania rubens (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux - tipična
 Jania sagittata (J.V.Lamouroux) Blainville
 Jania sanctae-marthae Schnetter
 Jania spectabilis (Harvey ex Grunow) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi
 Jania sphaeroramosa Twist, J.E.Sutherland & W.A.Nelson
 Jania squamata (Linnaeus) J.H.Kim, Guiry & H.-G.Choi
 Jania subpinnata E.Y.Dawson
 Jania subulata (Ellis & Solander) Sonder
 Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow
 Jania ucrainica Maslov
 Jania ungulata (Yendo) Yendo
 Jania virgata (Zanardini) Montagne
 Jania yenoshimensis (Yendo) Yendo

Sinonimi
 Haliptilon (Decaisne) Lindley, 1846

Izvori

Koralinske alge

Jania


126749 Johnjones este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
126749 Johnjones este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Desert Moon de Berton L. Stevens. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,52 ua, o excentricitate de 0,30 și o înclinație de 15,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 126001-127000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

126749 Johnjones


An Sobralia margaritae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Guido Frederico João Pabst. An Sobralia margaritae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sobralia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sobralia

Sobralia margaritae


مارتن Martin مدينة في شمال سلوفاكيا، تقع على نهر توريتس في سفح جبال فاترا الصغرى قرب مدينة جيلينا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 59 ألف نسمة، وهي ثامن أكبر مدينة في سلوفاكيا. وهي مركز إقليم توريتس ومقاطعة مارتن.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لمارتن:

توأمة
لمارتن (سلوفاكيا) اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 كاليش
 غوتا
 باتشكي بيتروفاتس
 بالاشيكا (10 سبتمبر 2016 - )
 يتشين
 بيكيسكسابا

أعلام

 إلينا ماروثي سولتيسوفا
 لوكاس كوزاك
 فيرديناند تشاتلوش
 جوليوس كوروستليف
 فلاديمير دفوراك

مراجع

مدن سلوفاكيا

مارتن (سلوفاكيا)


Stine Knudsen (født 27. april 1992) er en dansk venstre fløj, der spiller for København Håndbold. Hun har tidligere spillet for SønderjyskE Håndbold.

Hun har 49 U-landsholdskampe på CV'et.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Spillerinfo på kbhbold.dk
 Stine Knudsen: Jeg flyver fra reden
 Louise og Stine kan nå langt (artikel fra 2008)

Håndboldspillere fra Danmark
Håndboldspillere fra København Håndbold
Håndboldspillere fra SønderjyskE Håndbold

Stine Knudsen


Den arabisksprogede wikipedia blev lanceret i september 2001. Den arabisksprogede Wikipedia var i 2011 den 25. største version af Wikipedia, regnet efter antal artikler. I november 2016 er den arabisksprogede wikipedia den 20. største udgave af Wikipedia.

Den arabiske wikipediaudgaves layout adskiller sig noget fra andre Wikipediaer. Mest bemærkelsesværdigt skriftretning, der er fra  højre til venstre på arabisk, placeringen af links er et spejlbillede af de Wikipediaer hvor skriftretningen venstre mod højre. Forud for Wikipedias opdatering til MediaWiki 1,16, havde arabisk Wikipedia en standardside inspireret af arabisk/islamisk stil. Ved skift fra MediaWikis nye Vector standardlayout til det oprindelige MonoBook-layout kan genoprette denne sideudformning.

Milepæle
 Artikel nummer 10 000 var نكاف (kusma).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikipedia efter sprog
Etableret i 2001
Wikipedia

Arabisk Wikipedia


HMS Turbulent is a retired  of the Royal Navy and the second vessel of her class. Turbulent was the fifth vessel, and second submarine, of the Royal Navy to bear this name. She was built by Vickers Shipbuilding, Barrow-in-Furness, and based at HMNB Devonport. She was commissioned in 1984 and decommissioned in July 2012. She was stripped of equipment and now awaits dismantling in number 3 Basin at Devonport.

Originally intended to hunt down Soviet missile submarines, after the end of the Cold War Turbulent spent more time on intelligence gathering missions and landing commando units, as well as firing Tomahawk missiles during the 2003 Iraq war.

Operational history
Turbulent undertook a modernisation program and first nuclear refuelling in 1997.

2003 War in Iraq
Turbulent took part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, firing thirty Tomahawk cruise missiles during the campaign. On 16 April 2003 she was the first Royal Navy vessel to return home from the war. Turbulent arrived in Plymouth flying the Jolly Roger, a tradition in the Royal Navy signifying having fired weapons in anger.

2011 Military Intervention in Libya
Turbulent left Devonport in February 2011 for a 268-day deployment East of Suez, which was due to be her final before decommissioning. The deployment saw her operating in the Gulf of Sidra relieving HMS Triumph as part of the British contribution to the Libya intervention. She was then herself relieved by Triumph, before heading through the Suez Canal in June to take up patrol in the Indian Ocean. The boat called into the port of Fujairah, where she rendezvoused with the support ship RFA Diligence. Turbulent returned to Devonport on 14 December 2011, having spent 190 days of her 267-day deployment underwater and travelling more than 38,000 miles A documentary called Royal Navy Submarine Mission on Channel 5 featured Turbulent during this 2011 deployment.

During this deployment, just after sailing from Fujairah on 26 May, Turbulent suffered a catastrophic failure of her air-conditioning systems, while on the surface. Internal temperatures quickly rose to 60 °C with 100% humidity, and caused 26 casualties, mainly from heat exhaustion, eight of which were life-threatening. With ambient temperatures in the Indian Ocean at 42 °C, surface ventilation was ineffective and the submarine was only effectively cooled by diving to 200 metres.  The cause was later found to be blockage of water inlet pipes by barnacles during an extended stay at Fujairah. The incident was only made public in 2014.

2012 South Atlantic deployment
Turbulent was scheduled to be decommissioned at the end of 2011. In February 2012 it was reported that either Turbulent or HMS Tireless was being deployed to the Falkland Islands amid increasing tension between Argentina and the United Kingdom over sovereignty of the islands. Commander Nick Wheeler took command in December 2011 until decommissioning on 14 July 2012. She is now being stripped of equipment and will await dismantling in 3 Basin at Devonport Dockyard, Plymouth.

References

Bibliography

External links

Royal Navy HMS Turbulent (archive) (royalnavy.mod.uk)
MaritimeQuest HMS Turbulent pages (maritimequest.com)

Trafalgar-class submarines
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1982 ships
Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom

HMS Turbulent (S87)