ديلانو  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة كيرن، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 13 أبريل، 1915.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لديلانو في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان ديلانو 38,824 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر 8,409 أسرة وعدد العائلات 7,245 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 8,830 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 26.16% من البيض و5.45% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.91% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و15.88% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.06% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و47.07% من الأعراق الأخرى و4.47% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و68.47% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 8,409 أسرة كانت نسبة 63.6% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 60.3% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 18.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 7.5% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 13.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 10.8% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 5.4% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 4.02، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 4.27.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 27.9 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 32.5% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 9.9% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 24.4% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 13.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 7% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 101.6 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 98.8 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المدينة 28,143 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 29,026 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 38,511 دولارًا مقابل 21,509 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمدينة 11,068 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 25.7% من العائلات ونسبة 28.2% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 35.4% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 20.7% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان ديلانو 53,041 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 10,260 أسرة وعدد العائلات 8,951 عائلة مقيمة في المدينة. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 10,713 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمدينة بنسبة 36.39% من البيض و7.90% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.94% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و12.74% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.06% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و38.29% من الأعراق الأخرى و3.68% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و71.48% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 10,260 أسرة كانت نسبة 63.7% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 58.2% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 20.4% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 8.7% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 12.8% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 9.6% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 4.1% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 4.11، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 4.31.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 28.5 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 28.4% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 14.7% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 32.5% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 18.2% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 6.1% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 59.9% ذكور و40.1% إناث.

أعلام
 توماس غيرا
 لويس فالديز
 جون ر. كوين
 ستيف كوكس
 بيتو نافارو

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1873
تأسيسات سنة 1873 في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة كيرن (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

ديلانو (كاليفورنيا)


The Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War, also known as the Ashanti Invasion of the Gold Coast, was the expansion of West African Empire of Ashanti against the alliance of Akyem and Akuapem tribes from 1814 until 1816 for access to the coast. This battle was not a direct war on Akyem states, which were never subdued by any power, but a war to get access to the coasts in which the Akyem along with Akuapem forces allied for.

In 1814 the Ashanti, under the leadership of Asantehene Osei Bonsu, defeated the outnumbered Akim-Akwapim alliance.

After the war and with access to the coast the Ashanti followed up their victory by pillaging the coastal Ga people.

See also
Empire of Ashanti
Ashanti-Fante War
Ga-Fante War
Anglo-Asante Wars
History of Ghana

External links
Sanderson Beck: Asante, British and the Gold Coast

History of Ghana
Wars involving the Ashanti Empire
Conflicts in 1814
Conflicts in 1815
Conflicts in 1816
1814 in Africa
1815 in Africa
1816 in Africa

Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War


Dvojac bez kormilara (2-) je čamac za natjecateljsko veslanje na mirnim vodama čiju posadu čine dva rimen veslača, desni i lijevi, ovisno o tome na kojoj strani čamca se nalazi veslo pojedinog veslača. Čamac u pravilu ima kormilo. Smješteno je na samom kraju, ili uz kobilicu s ciljem smanjenja otpora. Kormilo je sajlama povezano s tenisicom (obućom, cipelom) jednog od veslača, najčešće štrokera. Ta tenisica je pričvršćena za nogar drukčije od ostalih te ju je moguće blago zakretati i na taj način pomicati kormilo. Duljina suvremenog dvojca za elitno veslanje obično je oko 9,5 do 10 m, a masa 27 kg. Građen je od kompozitnih materijala. Stariji čamci građeni su od drveta i osjetno su teži.

Oznaka za dvojac bez kormilara je "2-", pri čemu broj 2 označava ukupan broj veslača u čamcu, a minus označava da u čamcu nema kormilara. U hrvatskom veslačkom žargonu koristi se skraćeni izraz "dvojac" ili "dvojac bez". Izraz "dvojac" može se odnositi na sve discipline s dva veslača, no za dvojac na pariće češće se žargonski koristi naziv "dubl" (od eng. double sculls). Dvojac s kormilarom je u hrvatskom veslanju rijetkost, a sve je rjeđe zastupljen i u svjetskom elitnom veslanju.

Dvojac bez kormilara često se smatra tehnički najzahtjevnijom disciplinom. S obzirom na to da se na svakoj strani čamca nalazi samo jedno rimen veslo, veslači moraju biti vrlo dobro usklađeni u zaveslaju, snazi i izdržljivosti da bi čamac plovio brzo i ravno. Putanja čamca može se nadzirati kormilom, no česta i veća skretanja usporavaju čamac, ruše ravnotežu i remete usredotočenost veslača.

Na Olimpijskim igrama natječu se posade muških (M2-) i ženskih (W2-) dvojaca bez kormilara. Lake posade (LM2- i LW2-) nisu olimpijske kategorije, ali postoje na svjetskom prvenstvu.

Veslačke discipline

Dvojac bez kormilara


Harvard anvendes ofte som en kort form for Harvard University, et universitet i Cambridge i Massachusetts i USA.

Harvard kan også henvise til:

Personer
 Allison Harvard (født 1988), model og tv-kendis
 Jack Harvard (født 1946), amerikansk politiker
 John Harvard (Harvard) (1607–1638), person, som Harvard University er opkaldt efter
 John Harvard (politiker) (1938–2016), tidlige Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba

Boston området
 Harvard College, afdeling ved Harvard University
 Harvard Crimson, Harvard University's atletikprogram
 The Harvard Crimson, studenteravis ved Harvard University
 Harvard Bridge, en bro over Charles River nær Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Harvard (MBTA station), en undergrundsstation

Byer
 Harvard, Illinois, en by i USA
 Harvard, Massachusetts, en by i USA
 Harvard, Nebraska, en by i USA
 Harvard, Idaho, en by i USA

Fly
 North American T-6 Texan, et fly, der særlig i Europa blot blev kaldt Harvard.

Andet
 Harvard 736 (planet), en småplanet i kredsløb om Solen.
 Fender Harvard, en guitarforstærker.

Harvard (flertydig)


Mittelmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Rothenburg ob der Tauber im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Die Einöde liegt an der Schandtauber, die ein linker Nebenfluss der Tauber ist. Ein Anliegerweg führt zur Kreisstraße AN 6 (0,5 km südwestlich), über die man zur Staatsstraße 1022 (1 km nördlich) bzw. nach Bettenfeld (0,7 km südlich) gelangt.

Geschichte
Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Mittelmühle dem Steuerdistrikt Lohr und der Ruralgemeinde Bettenfeld zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Mittelmühle am 1. Mai 1978 nach Rothenburg eingemeindet.

Baudenkmal
 Haus Nr. 27: Ehemalige Wassermühle mit Scheune und Nebengebäude
 Wegbrücke

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Wendel und Hl. Kreuz (Bettenfeld) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Laurentius (Gebsattel) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Rothenburg ob der Tauber
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung

Mittelmühle (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)


Im Reich des Kublai Khan (Alternativtitel Marco Polo's Abenteuer) ist ein international produzierter Historienfilm aus dem Jahr 1965 über die Chinareise des Venezianers Marco Polo mit Horst Buchholz in der Hauptrolle.

Handlung
Die Geschichte handelt von der 1271 begonnenen Expeditionsreise des jungen Marco Polo. Der Vater und der Onkel des jungen venezianischen Studenten Marco bringen von einer Weltreise eine Botschaft des Kublai Khan an den Papst in Rom mit. Darin bittet der mächtige Mongolenherrscher um die Entsendung würdiger Vertreter der abendländischen Kultur an seinen Hof. Der junge, abenteuerlustige Marco soll die Expedition in den Fernen Osten anführen, begleitet von seinem Vater, seinem Onkel und zwei hohen geistlichen Vertretern des Papstes.

Die ungemein beschwerliche und zeitraubende Reise führt die Gruppe nach Jerusalem und nach Syrien, später in die Wüste Gobi und in die endlosen Weiten der mongolischen Steppe. Über den Himalaja stoßen die Reisenden schließlich in das Herz Chinas vor. Marco hat zahllose Gefahren zu bestehen und sich Herausforderungen zu stellen: Da ist der alte Mann in den Bergen, in dessen Hände er fällt und der seinen Begleiter zu Tode foltert. Der kluge und freundliche Emir Alla Hou befreit ihn aus seinem Verlies. Später hat Marco eine kurze aber stürmische Romanze mit einem exotischen, wilden Mädchen mit einer Peitsche, die ihn aus einer bedrohlichen Lage rettet und ihm den rechten Weg weist. Er verliert seine Freunde aus den Augen, nachdem sein Vater und sein Onkel entführt worden sind, und gerät in den Hinterhalt von gedungenen Schergen des Mongolenrebellen Prinz Nayam, dem abtrünnigen und fremdenfeindlichen Sohn des Kublai Khan, denen Marco nur mit knapper Not entkommen kann. Nayams Ziel ist es, einen großen kriegerischen Konflikt zwischen Ost und West zu entfachen. Nur mit Müh und Not kämpft sich Marco durch die Wüste. Halbtot wird er an der chinesischen Grenze von Mönchen gefunden. Die nehmen ihn mit.

In deren buddhistischem Kloster lernt Marco Polo die schöne Prinzessin Gogatine kennen. Auch sie will zu Kublai Khan, ihrem zukünftigen Ehemann, reisen und schließt sich dem Venezianer an. Auf der beschwerlichen Reise dorthin mit einer Dschunke verlieben sich beide ineinander. Schließlich erreicht man den Hof des mächtigen Mongolenherrschers, wo Marco Polo als Erstes eingekerkert wird. Doch Gogatine informiert ihren Ehemann in spe über Marco Polos Ankunft. Dieser zeigt sich dem Fremden sehr aufgeschlossen und erweist sich als eine Art aufgeklärter, jovialer Despot. Anfängliche Befürchtungen Marcos, möglicherweise bei Barbaren gelandet zu sein, erweisen sich als falsch. Marco Polo wird mit jedem Tag am Hofe aufgeschlossener und lernt die fernöstlichen Errungenschaften schätzen. Doch bald braut sich etwas gegen die "Fremden" zusammen. Denn der Khan hat mächtige Gegner, die die Europäer und deren sich ausweitenden Einfluss so schnell wie möglich wieder hinausdrängen wollen – allen voran sein eigener Sohn. Prinz Nayam setzt alles auf eine Karte und versucht seinen Vater mit der eigenen Reiterarmee zu stürzen. Es misslingt, und Nayam stirbt in Kublais Armen.

Hintergrund
Im Reich des Kublai Khan ist eine französisch-jugoslawisch-italienische Koproduktion in Zusammenarbeit mit Produktionsfirmen in Ägypten (Mounir Rafla) und Afghanistan (Italaf). Der aufwendig gestaltete und mit zahlreichen internationalen Stars prominent besetzte Film entstand seit Dezember 1963 an den Außendrehorten Titograd, Dubrovnik, Alexandria und Nepal. Die Studioaufnahmen wurden in Belgrad abgedreht.

Bereits 1962 wurde mit Dreharbeiten zu dem Vorgängerprojekt unter dem französischen Titel L'échiquier de dieu begonnen, die Dreharbeiten allerdings frühzeitig infolge nicht gesicherter Finanzierung wieder abgebrochen. In dieser unvollendet gebliebenen Produktion waren unter anderem Alain Delon (als Marco Polo) und die farbige US-Amerikanerin Dorothy Dandridge besetzt worden. Regie führte damals Christian-Jaque.

Im Reich des Kublai Khan kostete rund 2,5 Millionen US-Dollar und war damit (aufgrund der kostengünstig arbeitenden jugoslawischen Studios) recht preiswert. Die jugoslawische Staatsfirma Avala steuerte von diesem Betrag rund eine Million Dollar bei, obwohl der Produzent Raoul J. Lévy Avala für die Herstellung der ersten (abgebrochenen) Filmfassung von 1962 noch 200.000 Dollar schuldete. Ein gewichtiger Grund für die niedrigen Gesamtkosten trotz einer enormen Starbesetzung war das Vertragsgeschick Lévys. Mit Ausnahme von Buchholz, der insgesamt fünf Monate unter Vertrag stand, zahlte Lévy stets nur Tagesgagen. Dann ließ er so schnell wie möglich die Szenen mit den Weltstars abdrehen. So kam Elsa Martinelli auf 14 Drehtage, Anthony Quinn auf zehn Tage, Robert Hossein auf eine Woche und Orson Welles auf nur vier Tage.

In Frankreich wurde der Film erstmals am 6. August 1965 gezeigt. Die deutsche Erstaufführung fand am 29. Oktober 1965 statt. Fernsehzuschauer in Deutschland konnten den Film erstmals am 9. Dezember 1972 in der ARD sehen.

Die Bauten zu Im Reich des Kublai Khan wurden von Jacques Saulnier entworfen.

Eine Fülle von zum Teil ungenannt gebliebenen Drehbuchautoren waren am Manuskript beteiligt, da ständig Änderungen vorgenommen wurden. Sahen die frühen Filmfassungen noch die Reise des Marco Polo im Vordergrund der Geschichte, so begann bald das Leben am Hof des Kublai Khan immer mehr an Bedeutung zu gewinnen. Schließlich griffen einige Hauptdarsteller selbst zur Feder und schrieben sich ihre eigenen Dialoge, wie Polo-Darsteller Horst Buchholz in einem Interview zu berichten wusste: "Orson Welles gab den Anstoß. Er schrieb sich seine Dialoge, die ihm zu theatermäßig waren, filmgerecht um. Dann kam Anthony Quinn, der Darsteller des Kublai Khan. Er brachte seinen Hausautor Ted Allan mit. Die beiden schrieben den gesamten Komplex China um. Von ihnen stammt die wesentliche Vertiefung der Story, glaube ich. Quinn hatte die – wie ich glaube – gute Idee, eine historische Parallele anzudeuten und zwar, von damals aus gesehen, eine Parallele in die Zukunft. Er regte an, daß der Kublai Khan in seiner Rückantwort an den Papst Marco Polo das Rezept des Schießpulvers mitgeben sollte, weil er fest daran glaubte, daß ein Gleichgewicht des Schreckens am sichersten den Krieg zwischen Ost und West verhindern würde."

Kritiken
Im Lexikon des Internationalen Films ist zu lesen: "Ein Bilderbuchfilm mit aktuell formulierten Leitartikelsprüchen über Frieden und Koexistenz." Im Onlineauftritt von Cinema heißt es kurz: "Naives Epos mit riesigem Staraufgebot".

Der Evangelische Filmbeobachter kam zu folgendem Schluss: "Breit angelegter und aufwendiger Abenteuerfilm […]. Die Auswahl und Verbindung der Episoden befriedigt nicht durchgehend; dramaturgische Schwächen vermindern die Spannung. Als Unterhaltung ab 12 geeignet."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1965
Italienischer Film
Französischer Film
Jugoslawischer Film
Abenteuerfilm
Marco Polo
Mittelalter im Film
Marco Polo
Kublai Khan

Im Reich des Kublai Khan


Lost inside a dream - the story of Dizzi Mizz Lizzy er en film instrueret af Theis Molin om det danske rockband Dizzi Mizz Lizzy.

Handling
Tænk lige over det: Dizzy Mizz Lizzy slog igennem som teenagere, indspillede to øjeblikkeligt klassiske plader, og førte an i den bølge af nye bands, som i midten af 90'erne skyllede ind over den danske rockscene og gav de trætte rock n' roll-klichéer et skud yderst tiltrængt energi og originalitet. Inden de tre bandmedlemmer altså valgte at gå hver til sit, og følge respektive karrierer som postbud, lastbilchauffør og - rockstjerne. Hverken Tim Christensen, Martin Nielsen eller Søren Friis havde imidlertid drømt om, at evergreens som "Silverflame" og "11:07pm" i den grad havde sat sig fast hos de titusindvis af fans, som i år fik lejlighed til at opleve bandets reunion. Det er der også her, og ikke nok med det: vi får også personlige videoklip og er med til det første møde i øveren efter ti år.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Dizzy Mizz Lizzy


Reine  est un titre attribué soit à la femme du roi soit à la femme qui règne sur un peuple. Certaines reines sont des princesses nées de la lignée royale ou d'autres sont .

Histoire

Références

Afrique

Reines et princesses d'Afrique


USS Savo Island (CVE-78) was the twenty-fourth of fifty s built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named to memorialize the U.S. casualties of the Battle of Savo Island, which was fought as part of the Guadalcanal campaign. The ship was launched in December 1943, commissioned in February 1944, and served as a frontline carrier throughout the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the Philippines campaign. During the Battle of Okinawa, she provided air cover for the replenishment carrier fleet. Postwar, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet, repatriating U.S. servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She was decommissioned in December 1946, when she was mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. Ultimately, she was sold for scrapping in February 1960.

Design and description

Savo Island was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, the most numerous type of aircraft carriers ever built, and designed specifically to be mass-produced using prefabricated sections, in order to replace heavy early war losses. Standardized with her sister ships, she was  long overall, at the waterline, she was  long, she had a beam of , at her widest point, this was , and a draft of . She displaced  standard,  with a full load. She had a  long hangar deck and a  long flight deck. She was powered with two Skinner Unaflow reciprocating steam engines, which drove two shafts, providing , thus enabling her to make . The ship had a cruising range of  at a speed of . Her compact size necessitated the installation of an aircraft catapult at her bow, and there were two aircraft elevators to facilitate movement of aircraft between the flight and hangar deck: one each fore and aft.

One /38 caliber dual-purpose gun was mounted on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by eight Bofors  anti-aircraft guns in single mounts, as well as 12 Oerlikon  cannons, which were mounted around the perimeter of the deck. By the end of the war, Casablanca-class carriers had been modified to carry thirty 20 mm cannons, and the amount of 40 mm guns had been doubled to sixteen, by putting them into twin mounts. These modifications were in response to increasing casualties due to kamikaze attacks. Although Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to function with a crew of 860 and an embarked squadron of 50 to 56, the exigencies of wartime often necessitated the inflation of the crew count. Casablanca-class escort carriers were designed to carry 27 aircraft, but the hangar deck could accommodate more. During the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, she carried 16 FM-2 fighters, and 12 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, for a total of 28 aircraft. During the Battle off Samar, she carried 17 FM-2 fighters and 12 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, for a total of 29 aircraft. During the Battle of Mindoro, she carried 24 FM-2 fighters and 9 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, for a total of 33 aircraft. During the Battle of Lingayen Gulf, she carried 19 FM-2 fighters and 12 TBM-1C torpedo bombers, for a total of 31 aircraft. During the Battle of Okinawa, she carried 20 FM-2 fighters and 12 TBM-3 torpedo bombers, for a total of 32 aircraft.

Construction
Her construction was awarded to Kaiser Shipbuilding Company, Vancouver, Washington under a Maritime Commission contract, on 18 June 1942. The escort carrier was laid down on 27 September 1943 under the name Kaita Bay, as part of a tradition which named escort carriers after bays or sounds in Alaska. She was laid down as MC hull 1115, the twenty-fourth of a series of fifty Casablanca-class escort carriers. She was renamed Savo Island on 6 November 1943, as part of a new naval policy which named subsequent Casablanca-class carriers after naval or land engagements. She was launched on 22 December 1943; sponsored by Miss Margaret Taffinder; transferred to the United States Navy and commissioned on 3 February 1944, with Captain Clarence Eugene Ekstrom in command.

Service history
Upon being commissioned, Savo Island underwent a shakedown cruise down the West Coast to San Diego, where she took on a load of replacement aircraft. Between 15 March 1944 and 2 July, she underwent two transport missions, ferrying aircraft to bases in the Southwest Pacific. On 6 July, she embarked Composite Squadron (VC) 27, which would be her aircraft contingent throughout the Marianas and Palau Islands campaign and the Philippines campaign of 1944–45. After a brief period of training off the waters of San Diego, she sailed west to Pearl Harbor, where similar exercises were conducted. There, on 4 August, she was assigned to Task Group 32.7, the Western Escort Carrier Group, commanded by Rear Admiral William Sample, of the Third Fleet, assigned to support the planned landings on the island of Peleliu, in the Palau Islands. Her aircraft contingent began combat operations on 11 September, strafing and bombarding the island to soften up the defenses for the landings. Following the landing of marines, her aircraft transitioned into providing close air support and patrol missions, up until 30 September.

On 3 October, she was assigned to and joined Task Group 77.4, which was gathering at Manus Island, in the Admiralty Islands, as part of the Seventh Fleet.  She, accompanied by eighteen other escort carriers and their screens of battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, steamed on 12 October for Leyte Gulf, where they were expected to support the landings on Leyte, which marked the beginning of the Philippines campaign. As a part of Task Unit 77.4.2, otherwise known as "Taffy 2", commanded by Rear Admiral Felix Stump, she was positioned to the direct south of "Taffy 3", which was located to the direct east of the San Bernardino Strait. Arriving off the island on 18 October, her aircraft began carrying out naval patrols and strikes against predesignated targets. Once the Sixth Army had landed on 20 October, her aircraft transitioned towards a focus on close air support, supporting the initial advances for the next few days.

On 23 October, the Battle of Leyte Gulf began. Almost the entirety of Japan's remaining surface fleet had been concentrated into a counterattack against the U.S. forces in the vicinity of the Philippines, which had threatened to cut off Japan's vital oil supply from Southeast Asia. Split into three groups, the Southern Force was defeated in the Battle of Surigao Strait, whilst Vice Admiral William Halsey Jr. sent the Third Fleet in an attack against the diversionary Northern Force. Therefore, the escort carriers which continued providing ground support had no capital ship screening, even as Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force drove through the San Bernardino Strait during the night. On the early morning of 25 October, the Center Force emerged into the waters of Leyte Gulf, catching Taffy 3, some  north of Savo Island, by surprise.

As the American command came to an understanding of the severity of the situation, with the Center Force consisting of four battleships, six cruisers, and a large destroyer screen, the entirety of Taffy 2's aircraft were recalled to join the defense. Savo Islands fighters and torpedo bombers were not equipped to attack surface ships, with most of her bombers being loaded with incendiary bombs and missiles for ground attacks. Nonetheless, aircraft from Savo Islands VC-27 were amongst Taffy 2's first wave of strikes, launched at 7:37 in the morning. Some of the destroyers within Taffy 2's screen wandered north, before being confronted with some Japanese naval gunfire and being ordered to withdraw towards the escort carriers. Overall, Savo Island launched six strikes against the Japanese forces, with her aircraft notably landing a torpedo hit on a Japanese battleship and shooting down an Aichi E13A reconnaissance seaplane caught in the middle of the action.

Discouraged by the stiff resistance his Center Force had faced, including the loss of three cruisers, Kurita issued orders to withdraw in the late morning, sparing Taffy 3 from further destruction. As the Japanese forces withdrew, fighters from Savo Island took the opportunity to down four more Japanese planes. Nonetheless, the escort carriers underwent concentrated Japanese attack again in the afternoon, this time from the air, including some of the first usage of kamikaze suicide attacks. The carrier continued supporting ground operations until 30 October, when Taffy 2 was reorganized into Task Unit 77.4.4, and ordered to withdraw back to Manus Island to rearm and replenish. She sortied from Manus on 19 November, providing cover for convoys proceeding to Leyte Gulf from 22 November to 27 November, accompanied by two other escort carriers. Upon completing this task, she replenished at Kossol Roads, Palau, before she left on 10 December, this time in support of the landings on the island of Mindoro. Her aircraft provided air cover as the landing craft unloaded their troops, and provided close air support as they advanced. They also targeted air fields, from which kamikaze aircraft were beginning to make regular forays. The escort carriers were relieved by Army aircraft on 15 December, but she stayed offshore until 17 December because of indications of a Japanese surface raid, which never materialized. On 17 December, she steamed back to Manus Island.

At Manus Island, Savo Island was assigned to Task Unit 77.4.2., the San Fabian Carrier Group. On 27 December, the carriers, escorted by a large surface fleet, left Manus bound for Lingayen Gulf, to the west of Luzon. There, the carriers would support the 6th Army landings on Luzon. As a part of Task Unit 77.4.2., Savo Island would provide air support and cover for the I Army Corps, which would land around the San Fabian area. Pausing at San Pedro Bay, the carriers entered the Sulu Sea on 3 January 1945, where they began being harried by aircraft, circling around on radar. Japanese planes continued appearing around the periphery of the American forces throughout 4 January, but it was not until 17:00 in the evening that the Japanese forces coalesced into a kamikaze strike, attacking at 17:12, achieving complete surprise, and sinking Savo Islands sister .

The following day, on 5 January, the kamikazes returned. At 17:43 in the evening, the battleship  reported planes approaching from her starboard bow, and shortly afterwards, Savo Islands sister  had been hit by two kamikazes, heavily damaging the ship. A few minutes after the attack on Manila Bay, a Nakajima Ki-43 kamikaze dove towards Savo Island. Engaged by several anti-aircraft batteries, the plane began trailing smoke some  away from the carrier. As a reaction, Savo Island turned hard to starboard, whilst its  searchlight was pointed at the aircraft to try to blind the pilot. The plane, moving erratically, passed between the carrier's mast and the whip antenna, shearing off the carrier's radar antenna, before diving into the sea.

On 6 January, the carriers proceeded into Lingayen Gulf, and started a heavy bombardment of Japanese defenses, flying 5,971 sorties in eleven days. On 9 January, the 6th Army moved onshore, encountering little resistance. Savo Island remained on station until 17 January, when the United States Air Force took over air operations on Luzon.  She then proceeded south to operate to the northwest of Mindoro, to guard against any counterattacks on the American garrisons situated throughout the Northern Philippines, staying on station from 17 January until 29 January. During this period, on 19 January, Captain William Donald Anderson took command of the ship. Upon completing her patrols, she then provided cover for landings near Subic Bay on 29 and 30 January, before retiring to Ulithi, in the Caroline Islands, for repairs and replenishment. There, her aircraft contingent, Composite Squadron 27, was replaced with Composite Squadron 91, which had previously served upon Savo Islands sister . Upon receiving replacement pilots, she began a brief period of training exercises, before being assigned to Task Unit 52.1.1, in preparation for the Battle of Okinawa.

Transiting via Leyte, her aircraft provided air cover and patrols en route. On 26 March, along with two other escort carriers, she supported the 77th Infantry Division as it occupied the Kerama Islands. On 27 March, she began bombing the main island of Okinawa, with her fighters flying antiaircraft and antisubmarine patrols. On 7 April, the carrier left Task Unit 52.1.1., trading places with , part of Task Group 50.8, the Logistics Support Group. Therefore, from 7 to 16 April, she screened a replenishment convoy proceeding to the east of Okinawa. Upon the completion of that task, she continued providing close air support for American forces advancing down Okinawa. On 27 April, her aircraft bombed Sakishima Gunto, an island situated halfway between Okinawa and Formosa. On 29 April, Savo Island, along with her sisters  and , were discharged from their task group, all sailing for overhaul in San Diego. Savo Islands aircraft contingent, Composite Squadron 91, was traded for her sister 's Composite Squadron (VC) 84.

After finishing overhaul, Savo Island began a transport mission from San Diego to Pearl Harbor, before transiting back to Alameda, California, on the West Coast. On 6 August, she departed for the Aleutian Islands, arriving on 15 August, right as the Surrender of Japan was announced. On 31 August, she headed, along with six other escort carriers, to support the occupation of Japan in northern Honshū and Hokkaidō. After finishing her duties, she returned to Pearl Harbor on 25 September, where she was assigned to the "Magic Carpet" fleet, which repatriated servicemen from throughout the Pacific. She first loaded occupation troops bound for Japan at San Francisco, before heading west. Savo Island made a total of three "Magic Carpet" voyages, repatriating troops from Guam, Pearl Harbor, and Okinawa, respectively. Upon arriving at Seattle on 14 January 1946, and finishing her final voyage, she transited to the Eastern seaboard, entering Boston Harbor on 16 March for inactivation.

Savo Island was decommissioned on 12 December, and mothballed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, as part of its Boston group. Docked at the South Boston Naval Annex, she was reclassified as a helicopter escort carrier (CVHE-78) on 12 June 1955. She was then further reclassified as an aviation transport (AKV-28) on 7 May 1959. She was struck from the Navy list on 1 September 1959, and she was sold on 29 February 1960 to Comarket Inc., which broke her up in Hong Kong throughout June 1960. Savo Island received 4 battle stars for her World War II service. In addition, she received a Presidential Unit Citation for her service in the Western Carolines, the Philippines, and Okinawa from 6 September 1944 to 29 April 1945.
Clarence Ekstrom, the carrier's commander during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, later received the Navy Cross for his leadership and courage in the action.

In popular culture
While the Savo Island spent the Korean War in mothballs as part of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet, author James Michener fictionally had it in commission (as an Essex-class fleet carrier) and participating in that war as the primary setting for his novella The Bridges at Toko-ri. The 1954 movie version was filmed aboard the fleet carriers  and  with Oriskany still displaying its hull symbol of CV-34, but the ship was still referred to as the Savo Island.

References

Sources

Online sources

Bibliography

External links

Casablanca-class escort carriers
World War II escort aircraft carriers of the United States
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1943 ships
S4-S2-BB3 ships

USS Savo Island


Sumaklı, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Andırın ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Bağlı olduğu Kahramanmaraş iline  115 km, Andırın İlçesine ise 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Andırın'ın mahalleleri

Sumaklı, Andırın


قوة الدفاع الذاتي البحرية اليابانية هي سلاح البحرية في قوات الدفاع الذاتي اليابانية مسئولة عن الدفاع البحري في اليابان. أنشأت عقب تفكك البحرية الإمبراطورية اليابانية بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية.

تمتلك قوات الدفاع الذاتي أسطولا كبيرا، يتشكل معظمه من مدمرات. كما لها قدرات محددة على تنفيذ عمليات الإبحار العميق. أسلحة القوات البحرية توصف بأنها أسلحة دفاعية، حيث تفتقد القوات البحرية حاليا لأنواع الأسلحة الهجومية التي تمتلكها قوات بحرية لها نفس الحجم من الأساطيل البحرية. حيث أن مهمة قوات الدفاع الذاتي البحرية الحالية تتمثل في التحكم والسيطرة على سواحل البلاد والقيام بدوريات في المياه الإقليمية.

معرض صور

اقرأ أيضا
 البحرية الإمبراطورية اليابانية
 قوات الدفاع الذاتي اليابانية
 تكتيكات الصدم والفر

مراجع

تاريخ اليابان البحري

قوة الدفاع الذاتي البحرية اليابانية


Kám é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Vas. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 395 habitantes.

Localidades de Vas (Hungria)

Kám


Arthur Somervell (født 5. juni 1863 i Windermere, Westmorland, død 2. maj 1937) var en engelsk musiker.

Somervell, der var elev af Stanford og Berlins Hochschule, koncertdirigent og musikinspektør i Skotland, var kendt som en af Englands mest yndede sangkomponister (cyklusen: James Lee's Wife og Maud, den populære The Shepherds Cradle Song med mere); men har også for øvrigt en stor produktion, omfattende en symfoni og andre symfoniske værker, koncerter, suiter, korværker, kirkelige korstykker, operetter, pædagogiske arbejder med mere.

Udvalgte værker

 Symphony (i D-dur) "Thalassa" (Hav) (1912) - for orkester
 Violinkoncert (1930) - for violin og orkester
 Klaverkoncert "Højland" (1920) - for klaver og orkester
 "En brudt bue" (1923) - sangcyklus

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Komponister fra England
Dirigenter fra England
Briter i 1800-tallet
Briter i 1900-tallet

Arthur Somervell


Bradley de Nooijer ()

Note

Fundași
Neerlandezi expatriați în România
Oameni în viață
Fotbaliști neerlandezi
Fotbaliști ai FC Viitorul
Nașteri în 1997

Bradley de Nooijer


O lampă fluorescentă compactă, denumită acum și lumină fluorescentă compactă, sau lumină de economisire a energiei și tub fluorescent compact, este o lampă fluorescentă proiectată să înlocuiască un bec cu incandescență, iar unele tipuri se potrivesc în corpurile de iluminat proiectate pentru becurile incandescente.

Lămpile folosesc un tub curbat sau pliat pentru a se încadra în spațiul unui bec incandescent și un balast electronic compact în baza lămpii.

Principiul funcționării rămâne același ca și în cazul altor iluminări fluorescente: electronii care sunt legați de atomii de mercur sunt excitați în stările în care vor radia lumina ultravioletă, întrucât revin la un nivel de energie mai mic; această lumină ultravioletă emisă este transformată în lumină vizibilă, deoarece lovește acoperirea fluorescentă (precum și în căldură când este absorbită de alte materiale, cum ar fi sticla).

Lămpile cu LED-uri albe concurează acum cu CFL-uri pentru iluminare de înaltă eficiență, iar General Electric încetează producerea de lămpi CFL interne în favoarea LED-urilor.

Istorie
Principalul adept luminii fluorescente moderne a fost inventat la sfârșitul anilor 1890 de Peter Cooper Hewitt. Lămpile Cooper Hewitt au fost utilizate pentru studiouri și industrii fotografice.

Edmund Germer, Friedrich Meyer și Hans Spanner au brevetat o lampă cu vapori de înaltă presiune în 1927. George Inman a făcut mai târziu echipă cu General Electric pentru a crea o lampă fluorescentă practică, vândută în 1938 și patentată în 1941. Lămpi circulare și în formă de U au fost concepute pentru reduce lungimea luminilor fluorescente. Primul bec fluorescent și corpul de iluminat au fost afișate publicului larg la târgul mondial din New York din 1939.

În 1980, Philips a introdus modelul său SL, care a fost o lampă cu șuruburi sau cu o baionetă cu balast magnetic integral. Lampa a folosit un tub T4 pliat, fosfori tri-culori stabili și un amalgam de mercur. Aceasta a fost prima înlocuire cu succes în șurub pentru o lampă incandescentă. În 1985, Osram a început să-și vândă lampa model EL, care a fost primul CFL care a inclus un balast electronic.

Referințe

Vezi și
 Lampă cu LED

Legături externe

 CFL Bulb and Base Reference Guide
 Plug-In Plug-in CFL (PL Type) Lamps / Non-integrated Bulbs  - cross reference listing of non-integrated CFL bulbs
 A technical description of a typical CFL circuit

Tipuri de lămpi
Iluminat
Surse de lumină

Lampă fluorescentă compactă


Maria Cristina De Sales Viana Serôdio Sernadas () é uma lógica matemática portuguesa, cujos temas de investigação incluem linguagens de especificação orientadas a objectos e lógicas para sistemas de informação, e o uso da teoria das categorias na combinação ("fibrição") de vários tipos de lógica. É professora de lógica e computação no Departamento de Matemática da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

Formação e carreira
Sernadas estudou matemática na Universidade de Lisboa, com graduação em 1973 e obteve um doutorado em matemática em 1980 pela Universidade de Londres. Sua tese de doutorado, Multivariate Branching Processes, tratou de processos de ramificação na teoria das probabilidades, sendo orientada por David John Bartholomew.

Em 1988 completou a habilitação (agregação) na Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, tornando-se professora plena em 1993.

Livros
Os livros de Sernadas incluem:
Introdução à Teoria da Computação (Introduction to the Theory of Computing, Editorial Presença, 1993)
Introdução à Programação em Mathematica (Introduction to Programming in Mathematica, com J. Carmo, A. Sernadas, F. M. Dionísio e C. Caleiro, IST Press, 1999; 2nd ed., 2004; 3rd ed., 2014)
Foundations of Logic and Theory of Computation (com A. Sernadas, College Publications, 2008; 2nd ed., 2012)
Analysis and Synthesis of Logics: How To Cut And Paste Reasoning Systems (com W. A. Carnielli, M. E. Coniglio, D. Gabbay e P. Gouveia, Springer, 2008)
A Mathematical Primer on Computability (com A. Sernadas, J. Rasga e J. Ramos, College Publications, 2018)
A Mathematical Primer on Linear Optimization (com D. Gomes, A. Sernadas, J. Rasga e P. Mateus, College Publications, 2019)
Decidability of Logical Theories and Their Combination (com J. Rasga, Springer, 2020)

Referências

Ligações externas

Especialistas em lógica matemática
Professores da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa
Matemáticas
Matemáticos de Portugal
Alumni da Universidade de Lisboa
Alunos da Universidade de Londres
Pessoas vivas

Cristina Sernadas


Vera er en dansk kortfilm fra 1984 instrueret af Jens Christian Grøndal efter eget manuskript.

Medvirkende

 Jesper Christensen
 Birgitte Federspiel
 Solbjørg Højfeldt
 Lars Lunøe
 Anne Nøjgaard

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1984

Vera (film fra 1984)


Earl of Darnley is a hereditary title that has been created three times, twice in the Peerage of Scotland and once in the Peerage of Ireland.

The first creation in the Scots Peerage came in 1580 in favour of Esme Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox, who was created Duke of Lennox at the same time. The title of Lord Darnley had previously been held by John Stewart, head of the house of Stewart of Darnley and first Earl of Lennox (1488). The second creation in the Peerage of Scotland came in 1675 in favour of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond. He was made Duke of Lennox at the same time. For more information on this creation, see the Duke of Richmond.

The only creation in the Peerage of Ireland was in 1725 to John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley, descended from a prominent Devon family via a cadet branch which had settled in County Meath, Ireland; he was the son of the Rt Hon Thomas Bligh who was in turn the son of John Bligh, of Plymouth, a Commissioner of Customs and Excise despatched to Ireland in search of forfeited estates, and in turn his father was William Bligh, a prosperous Plymouth merchant.

John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley, married Theodosia Hyde, 10th Baroness Clifton (of Leighton Bromswold), great-granddaughter of Lord George Stuart, younger son of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox, also 3rd Earl of Darnley (see the Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold and the Duke of Lennox for earlier history of these titles). He represented Athboy in the Irish House of Commons from 1709 to 1721. In 1721 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Clifton of Rathmore, in the County of Meath. In 1723 the Darnley title held by his wife's ancestors (which had become extinct on the death of Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox and 6th Earl of Darnley in 1672) was revived when he was created Viscount Darnley, of Athboy in the County of Meath, in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1725 Bligh was further honoured when he was advanced as Earl of Darnley, in the County of Meath, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He had already succeeded his mother in 1722 as eleventh Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold in the Peerage of England. Lord Darnley served as a Lord of the Bedchamber to Frederick, Prince of Wales, but died unmarried in 1747, aged 31.

He was succeeded by his younger brother, the third Earl. He had earlier represented Athboy in the Irish House of Commons and Maidstone in the British House of Commons. On his death the titles passed to his eldest son, the fourth Earl. In 1828 he presented a claim as heir-general to the dukedom of Lennox, challenged by the Countess Nugent, but the House of Lords did not come to any decision on the matter. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the fifth Earl. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Canterbury and served as Lord Lieutenant of County Meath. On the death of his grandson, the seventh Earl (who had succeeded his father in 1896), the barony of Clifford of Leighton Bromswold separated from the Irish titles when it devolved upon the late Earl's daughter and only child, the ten-month-old Lady Elizabeth Bligh, who became the seventeenth holder of the barony by writ of summons. Lord Darnley was succeeded in the Irish titles by his younger brother, the eighth Earl. A talented and successful cricketer who captained MCC, he sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1905 to 1927. On his death the titles passed to his only son, the ninth Earl. In 1937 he succeeded his first cousin The Lady Clifton (who died unmarried) in her ancient English barony by writ of summons being her heir-general, as eighteenth Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold. He was by his only son from his third marriage with Rosemary, Dowager Countess of Darnley (née Potter, died 2005), the eleventh Earl, who succeeded his half-brother (the only son from the first marriage of the ninth Earl), in 1980. As of 2017 the title is held by his only son, the twelfth earl, who succeeded his father in that year.

Several other members of the Bligh family have also attained distinction. Thomas Bligh (1654–1710), father of the first Earl, represented County Meath as its MP in the Irish Parliament and was sworn of the Irish Privy Council. Thomas Bligh, younger brother of the first Earl, was a general in the British Army and represented Athboy in the Irish House of Commons for sixty years. The Very Reverend Robert Bligh (c. 1704–1778), another brother of the first Earl, was an Anglican clergyman who became Dean of Elphin. General the Hon. Edward Bligh (1769–1840), second son of the third Earl, was a general in the British Army. The Hon. William Bligh (1775–1845), third son of the third Earl, was a colonel in the Army. The Hon. Sir John Bligh (1798–1872), fourth son of the fourth Earl, was a diplomat and served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Hanover. Susan Bligh, Countess of Darnley, the eleventh Earl's wife was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Herefordshire in 2008.

The family seat is Netherwood Manor at Thornbury, Herefordshire, near Tenbury Wells, Worcestershire. The former was Cobham Hall, near Gravesend, Kent, from the 18th century until 1957, and the family still retains some property in the village.

Earls of Darnley (First creation)
see the Duke of Lennox (1581 creation)

Earls of Darnley (Second creation)
see the Duke of Richmond (1675 creation)

Earls of Darnley (Third Creation)

John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley (1687–1728)
John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley (1687–1728), who married, in 1713, Lady Theodosia Hyde. He was descended from a prominent Devon family via a cadet branch which had settled in County Meath, Ireland. Following his marriage in 1713 to Theodosia Hyde, 10th Baroness Clifton (of Leighton Bromswold), a descendant of Esmé Stewart, 3rd Duke of Lennox, also 3rd Earl of Darnley, he was in 1725 created Earl of Darnley (a reference to his ancestors the Stewarts of Darnley of Cobham) in the Peerage of Ireland. He was the son of Thomas Bligh, the son of John Bligh of Plymouth (son of William Bligh, a prosperous Plymouth merchant), a Commissioner of Customs and Excise despatched to Ireland in search of forfeited estates. He represented Athboy in the Irish House of Commons from 1709 to 1721. In 1721 he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Clifton of Rathmore, in the County of Meath. In 1723 the Darnley title held by his wife's ancestors (which had become extinct on the death of Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox and 6th Earl of Darnley in 1672) was revived when he was created Viscount Darnley, of Athboy in the County of Meath, in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1725 Bligh was further honoured when he was advanced as Earl of Darnley, in the County of Meath, also in the Peerage of Ireland. He died in 1728 and was buried with his wife in the "Hyde Vault" in Westminster Abbey, in the north ambulatory, near the steps up to Henry VII's chapel.

Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley (1715–1747)
Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley (1715–1747); second, and eldest surviving son of the 1st Earl. He had already succeeded his mother in 1722 as eleventh Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold in the Peerage of England. He served as a Lord of the Bedchamber to Frederick, Prince of Wales, but died unmarried in 1747, aged 31.

John Bligh, 3rd Earl of Darnley (1719–1781)

John Bligh, 3rd Earl of Darnley (1719–1781); third son of the 1st Earl. He served as a Member of Parliament for Maidstone and in the Irish House of Commons for Athboy. He carried out various building works at Cobham, between 1768 and 1770 he added an extra floor to the west front, to the design of Sir William Chambers. Between 1771 and 1773 he added a 2-storey corridor to the north side of the central block and began building the east court (or "kitchen court") to match the two Tudor wings. He redecorated several rooms in the classical style. By his will he left instructions for the building of the Darnley Mausoluem within the deer park, to house the embalmed corpses of his descendants, the "Hyde Vault" in Westminster Abbey (in the north ambulatory, near the steps leading up to Henry VII's Lady Chapel) having become full. He required it to be in the form of a square building with a "prominent pyramid" and surrounded by a dry moat, possibly having been inspired by the Pyramid of Cestius (12 BC) in Rome which he would have seen on his grand tour during his youth. Although the work was duly completed in 1786, to the design of the architect James Wyatt, it never received the approval of the local Bishop of Rochester to become a consecrated building and thus was never used for its intended purpose.

John Bligh, 4th Earl of Darnley (1767–1831)
John Bligh, 4th Earl of Darnley (1767–1831); eldest son of the 3rd Earl. In 1828 he presented a claim as heir-general to the dukedom of Lennox, but the House of Lords did not come to any decision on the matter. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the fifth Earl. He built a bridge connecting the north front to the terrace forming an entrance under a porte-cochere, to the design of James Wyatt. He added some Gothic details to the interior and added decorative detail to the hall. In 1817–18 he employed George and John Repton to effect some Tudor-style alterations.

Edward Bligh, 5th Earl of Darnley (1795–1835)
Edward Bligh, 5th Earl of Darnley (1795–1835); second, and eldest surviving son of the 4th Earl, who served as a Member of Parliament for Canterbury and served as Lord Lieutenant of County Meath. His daughter Lady Elizabeth Bligh (1830-1914) (wife of Sir Reginald Cust and mother of the courtier Sir Lionel Cust) was  a historian and genealogist, who (as "Lady Elizabeth Cust") was the author of Some Account of the Stuarts of Aubigny, in France, London, 1891, dedicated by permission to  Queen Victoria and intended "to preserve from oblivion the gallant deeds of the Stewarts of Aubigny who commanded the Scots Guards and Scots Men-at-Arms in the great wars of France from the time of Charles VII to that of Henri IV". She also wrote  Records of the Cust family  of Pinchbeck, Stamford and Belton in Lincolnshire, 1479-1700, 3 vols, 1898. He died aged 39 of lockjaw after an axe injury when felling timber on the Cobham Hall estate and was buried at Cobham.

John Bligh, 6th Earl of Darnley (1827–1896)
John Stuart Bligh, 6th Earl of Darnley (1827–1896); eldest son of the 5th Earl, who in about 1840 altered the dining room, the last significant alteration until the house was converted into a school. In 1875 he paid for the restoration of the magnificent monument in Westminster Abbey of Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond (1574–1624), Seigneur d'Aubigny, the childless uncle of James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox, the first Stewart owner of Cobham Hall. He served as a deputy lieutenant of Kent from 1847 and in 1848 was commissioned a Captain in the  Cobham Troop of the West Kent Yeomanry.
He was an administrator, then president of Kent MCC, playing one match for the 'Gentlemen of Kent' but starting a family association with the club.

Edward Bligh, 7th Earl of Darnley (1851–1900)
Edward Henry Stuart Bligh, 7th Earl of Darnley (1851–1900); eldest son of the 6th Earl. As "Lord Clifton" he played first-class cricket for Kent 1871-9 and "spent money like water", greatly reducing the wealth of his family. On his death without male issue the barony of Clifford of Leighton Bromswold separated from the Irish titles when it devolved upon his only child and sole heiress, the ten-month-old Lady Elizabeth Bligh, who became the seventeenth holder of the barony by writ of summons. He was succeeded in the Irish titles by his younger brother the 8th Earl.

Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley (1859–1927)
Ivo Francis Walter Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley (1859–1927), younger brother of 7th Earl. A talented and successful cricketer who captained the English Test team, he met his Australian wife Florence Morphy when touring Australia with the English team in 1882–83. During the First World War he and his wife set aside the state apartments of Cobham Hall to accommodate 50 Australian officers. After the War in the 1920s he let Cobham Hall and in 1925 sold the collection of paintings and the outlying estate and converted the eastern deer park into a golf course.
He sat in the House of Lords as an Irish Representative Peer from 1905 to 1927. On his death in 1927 the titles passed to his only son, the ninth Earl.

Esme Bligh, 9th Earl of Darnley (1886–1955)
Esme Ivo Bligh, 9th Earl of Darnley (1886–1955), eldest son of the 8th Earl. In 1937 he succeeded his first cousin Baroness Clifton of Leighton Bromswold (who died unmarried) in her ancient English barony, being her heir-general, as 18th Baron Clifton of Leighton Bromswold.

Peter Bligh, 10th Earl of Darnley (1915–1980)
Peter Stuart Bligh, 10th Earl of Darnley (1915–1980) eldest son of the 9th Earl. In 1959 following the death of his father and facing heavy inheritance tax demands, he sold the house, gardens and part of the park to the "Land Fund", which sold them on in 1963 to the Westwood Educational Trust Limited (a charity in the form of a private company limited by guarantee without share capital, formed in 1961) which established and operates the school which still occupies the site today. In 1968 the 10th Earl resided nearby at Puckle Hill, Shorne, near Gravesend, Kent, "a large, robust Arts and Crafts house constructed  in  1923".

Adam Bligh, 11th Earl of Darnley (1941–2017)
Adam Bligh, 11th Earl of Darnley (1941–2017), half-brother and heir of the 10th Earl (2nd son of the 9th Earl by his 3rd wife). In 1968 he resided at Meadow House in Cobham. In 1985 he founded the "Cobham Hall Heritage Trust" with the aim of "protecting the gardens, grounds and garden buildings of the Cobham Hall estate and to educating the public in their historical significance". From 1991 he served as vice-chairman of the governors of Cobham Hall School, where his sister Lady Harriet was educated. He moved to Herefordshire with his family in October 1984 to farm the Netherwood Estate. He was chairman of the Herefordshire Historic Churches Trust, the Hereford Cathedral Perpetual Trust, as well as chair of Governors of Hereford Cathedral School.

Ivo Bligh, 12th Earl of Darnley (1968–)
Ivo Donald Bligh, 12th Earl of Darnley (born 17 April 1968) is the son of the 11th Earl and his wife Susan Elaine Anderson. Formally styled as Lord Clifton of Rathmore from 1980, he was educated at Marlborough College and the University of Edinburgh.

On 18 June 2017 he succeeded as Baron Clifton (E., 1608), Earl of Darnley (I., 1725), Viscount Darnley of Athboy (I., 1723), and Baron Clifton of Rathmore (I., 1721).

On 13 September 1997, he married Peta Martine Beard, daughter of A. Robert Beard, and they have three sons. The heir apparent is their eldest son Harry Robert Stuart Bligh, Lord Clifton (b. 1999).

References

External links

 www.burkespeerage.com

Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Irish landowners
Earl of Darnley
Earldoms in the Peerage of Scotland
Noble titles created in 1580
Noble titles created in 1675
Noble titles created in 1725

Earl of Darnley


Korakou (en grec Kopákov) est un site archéologique de Grèce situé près de Corinthe. Il a donné son nom à une période de l'âge du bronze, correspondant dans la chronologie de la région à l'Helladique ancien IIA, qui a duré d'environ 2650 à environ 2200 av. J.-C..

La culture de Korakou
Dans la chronologie helladique, elle a été précédée par la culture Eutresis de v. 3200 à env. 2650 av. J.-C. (également appelé Helladique ancien I) et suivie par la culture de Tirynthe (2200–2000 av. J.-C.) ou Helladique ancien III. Dans certaines parties de la Grèce, une culture Lefkandí, ou Helladique ancien IIB, suit la culture Korakou ; ailleurs, elle passe directement dans la culture Tirynthe.

Des vestiges de la culture ont été largement fouillés dans le sud et le centre de la Grèce continentale, dans le Péloponnèse, l'Attique, l'Eubée, la Béotie, la Phocide et la Locride. Des exemples de poterie Korakou ont été trouvés encore plus largement, jusqu'à Knossos en Crète, Lefkas à l'ouest en Thessalie ou encore Ios et Keos dans les Cyclades.

De nombreux sites côtiers ont été fortifiés, et dans plusieurs régions la période se termine par une destruction par incendie ; certaines sites sont réoccupées par la culture de Tirynthe, tandis que beaucoup restent inoccupées jusqu'à la période mycénienne.

Les termes de noms de lieux pour toutes ces cultures ont été proposés par Colin Renfrew en 1972 en remplacement des périodisations « Helladique ancien » mais les deux terminologies sont restés en usage.

La  de Lerne dans le Péloponnèse était une structure inhabituellement grande, d'environ 25 x 12 mètres, et est le plus connu des vestiges architecturaux de la culture de Korakou. Elle a été construite en brique crue sur un socle en pierre, avec beaucoup de bois et d'argile pour les sols et comme stuc pour les murs.

Le rez-de-chaussée avait deux halls, deux pièces plus petites et des couloirs de chaque côté, avec des bancs à l'extérieur. Le toit était couvert de tuiles en terre cuite, avec du schiste cristallin le long des avant-toits. Comme de nombreux bâtiments de la culture, il semble avoir été détruit par un incendie à la fin de la période, peut-être avant qu'il ne soit terminé. La formation d'un tumulus a permis sa conservation.

La Maison des Tuiles fait partie d'un groupe de grands bâtiments fortifiés dont la fonction a été longuement discutée. Leurs plans similaires sont désormais regroupés sous le terme de maison couloir ou corridor house car les séries de grandes pièces (hall) sont reliées par des couloirs. Ils ont généralement deux étages reliés par un escalier intérieur. On ne sait toujours pas s'il s'agissait des résidences d'un chef local ou d'une sorte de bien communautaire, peut-être utilisé pour stocker des produits.

La période a vu une forte augmentation de l'utilisation du métal, survivant principalement dans de petits objets provenant de tombes. Ceux-ci sont en cuivre et en bronze, avec des poignards et des pincettes communs, et les bijoux comprennent des pièces en or. Il y a quelques vases d'or et d'argent.

De nombreux tessons de poterie cassés ont survécu, qui ont été divisés en deux types de marchandises « fines », principalement avec une barbotine, souvent brunie, et certains avec une décoration peinte. Il existe également des marchandises grossières plus simples, certaines avec une simple décoration imprimée. Il existe également des figures animales en terre cuite, certaines avec le ventre fendu. Des sceaux ont été trouvés dans la pierre, le plomb et la terre cuite. Certaines urnes et foyers pithos en argile ont été décorés grâce à l'utilisation de sceaux cylindriques.

Il n'y a pas de type standard d'inhumation à travers la culture, les fouilles révélant jusqu'à présent un certain nombre de types, variant selon l'emplacement. Des sépultures dans des fosses, des cistes et des urnes pithos ont été découverts, ainsi que des restes d'incinération, des sépultures de groupe et des sépultures secondaires où les restes ont été placés à leur emplacement final quelque temps après la mort.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Carl Blegen, Korakou: A Prehistoric Settlement Near Corinth, 1921
 Charles K. Williams, Nancy Bookidis, Corinth, the Centenary, 1896-1996, 2003,

Liens externes

Culture de l'âge du bronze en Europe
Préhistoire de la Grèce

Korakou


Birinci Çin-Japon Savaşı (Çince: 甲午戰爭 / 甲午战争; Pinyin: jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng, Japonca: 日清戦争; Nisshin Sensō, 1 Ağustos 1894 – Nisan 1895), Çin Çing Hanedanı ile Meiji dönemi Japon İmparatorluğu arasında, Kore'nin hakimiyeti üzerine gerçekleşmiştir. Çin-Japon Savaşı'nın sonucunda Japon zaferi Çing Hanedanının yozlaşıp zayıf düşmesini sembolize edecekti ve Meiji Restorasyonu'ndan itibaren Japonya'nın batılaşıp modernleştiğini gösterecekti. Savaşın en önemli sonucu Asya'daki bölgesel hakimiyetin Çin'den Japonya'ya geçmesine neden olması ve hem Çing Hanedanının hem de klasik Çin geleneklerinin meşruluğunu kaybetmesidir. Daha sonra bu gelişmeler 1911 Devrimine neden olacaktı.

Alt yapısı ve nedenleri
Japonya Rus İmparatorluğu'nun Kuzey Çin ve Kore'de genişlemesinden korkuyordu ve batılı danışmanları ile beraber emperyalizm koşullarının rekabetinde yabancı istilaları araştırmıştı. Korenin Japon adalarının karşısındaki stratejik konumu ve doğal kaynaklarındaki kömür ve demir cevherleri Japonya'nın ilgisini de çekmişti. 1875 yılında Japonya, Kore'ye Ganghwa Antlaşması'nı zorla kabul ettirdi ve Kore'nin kendisini Japon ticaretine açmasını ve yabancı ilişkileri ile Çin'den ayrılarak bağımsızlığını ilanına zorladı.

Joseon Hanedanı hükümdarlığındaki Kore, Çing Hanedanı'na vergi ödemekteydi. Reformcular Japonya ve Batılı devletlerle ilişkileri sağlamlaştırmak ve modernleşmek isterken, muhafazakârlar Çin'le olan geleneksel  ilişkilerini kaybetmemek istiyorlardı ve halkın görüşü ikiye ayrılmıştı. Bununla beraber Çin kraliyet ailesindeki muhafazakârlar üzerindeki etkisini sürdürüyordu.

1884 yılında bir grup Japon yanlısı reformcu Kore hükûmetini devirmeye çalıştı fakat General Yüan Shih-k'ai yönetimindeki Çin birlikleri İmparatoru kurtardı ve bazı Japon Elçiliği muhafızlarını öldürdü. Japonya ve Çin arasındaki savaş, 1885'deki Tientsin Toplantısı ile kıl payı engellendi. Her iki taraf şu hususlar üzerinde anlaştı:
 Her iki taraf da Kore'deki güçlerini eş zamanlı bir şekilde çekecek
 Kore ordusunu eğitmek üzere eğitmen gönderilmeyecek
 Herhangi bir taraf Kore'ye askeri birlik göndermeden önce diğer tarafı haberdar edecek

Savaşın Başlangıcı
1893 yılında Japon asıllı Koreli devrimci Kim Ok-kyun, (muhtemelen Yuan Shikai ajanları tarafından) Şangay'da bir suikast ile öldürüldü. Daha sonra cesedi bir Çin zırhlısının güvertesine asılıp diğer devrimcilere ibret olması anlamında yaşadığı yer olan Kore'ye götürüldü. Japon hükûmeti bunu direkt bir hakaret olarak aldı. O yılın sonunda, Kore kralı Donghak Köylü Devrimi'ni bastırması isteğiyle Çin destek kuvvetleri gönderdi. Çin hükûmeti, Japon hükûmetini bilgilendirdi ve General Yuan Shikai yönetiminde 2,800 askerini gönderdi. Japonya bu hareketin Tienstsin Antlaşması'na aykırı olacağı cevabını vererek kendi 8,000 kişilik Oshima Karma Birliğini gönderdi. Japon kuvvetleri 8 Haziranda Seul'deki kral ve kraliyet sarayını ele geçirerek yerine Japon yanlısı bir hükûmet geçirdi. Yeni hükûmet Japon birliklerinden Çin birliklerini kovmasını istedi. Çin hükûmetinin yeni Kore hükûmetini tanımaması ile durum gittikçe gerildi.

Savaş sırasındaki olaylar

Savaş bazı çarpışmalar halihazırda yaşanmışken 1 Ağustos 1894 tarihinde ilan edildi. 16 Eylül 1894 günü Pyongyang savaşında İmparatorluk Ordusu, hazırlıksız Çin Beiyang Ordusu'nu yendi ve Kuzey Mançurya içlerine kadar ilerledi. Japon İmparatorluk Donanması ise 17 Eylül günü Yalu Nehri ağzında Çin Beiyang Filosu'nun 12 gemisinden sekizini yok etti. Çin filosu Weihaiwei mevzilerinin arkasına çekildi. Bununla beraber Liman savunmasını arkadan vuran Japon kara güçlerince basıldılar.

21 Kasım 1894 günü Japonya Lüshünkou (daha sonra Port Arthur olarak ismi değişmiştir) şehrini aldı. Japon ordusunun daha sonra Port Arthur Katliamı olarak anılcağı şekilde şehirdeki Çinli yerleşimciler üzerinde katliam yaptıkları iddia edilir.

Weihaiwei savaşının 2 Şubat 1895 tarihinde düşmesinden sonra Japon birlikleri güney Mançurya içlerine doğru ilerleyerek Kuzey Çin sınırlarına kadar geldiler. Mart 1895 Japonlar Pekin'e hakim deniz mevkilerinde kaleler istihkam ettiler.

Savaşın sonu
Yenilgi ile yüzleşen Çin Shimonoseki Antlaşması'nı 17 Nisan 1895 tarihinde imzaladı. Anlaşma Kore'nin tam bağımsızlığını içermekteydi ve Çin, Fengtian'ın doğusundaki Liaodong Yarımadası'nı, Mançurya'yı (bugünkü Liaoning Bölgesi, Çin), Tayvan ve Pescadores adaları'nı Japonya'ya "daimi olarak" devredecekti. Ek olarak tazminat olarak 200 milyon Kuping (o zaman için İngiliz veya Alman yapımı modern bir savaş gemisi için ödenecek fiyata denk miktarda para) ödenmesi, Japon gemilerinin Yangtze Nehri'nde çalışması ve ticari limanlarda üretim fabrikaları işletmesini içeren ticari bir anlaşma imzalanmasını da içeriyordu. Bu "Japon Emperyalizmi"nin doğuşunu sembolize ediyordu. Bu zafer ayrıca Japonya'nın Batılı devletlerle aynı zeminde ve Asya'da etkili bir güç olduğunu kanıtladı. Endüstriyel ve politik gelişmelerin hızı sıkça 1860'lardaki Japonya'nın politik gelişmesiyle aynı zamanlara denk gelen Almanya'nın gelişimi ile eşit olarak kıyaslanıyordu.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Joseon Krallığı
 Beiyang Ordusu
 Beiyang Filosu
 Çin tarihi
 Japonya tarihi
 Kore tarihi
 Japon İmparatorluk Deniz Kuvvetleri
 Japon İmparatorluk Kara Kuvvetleri
 Port Arthur Katliamı
 İkinci Çin-Japon Savaşı

Birinci Çin-Japon Savaşı


Franck Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet (n. 2 aprilie 1961, Makokou, Gabon – d. 11 iunie 2020, Libreville, Gabon) a fost un diplomat și om de stat gabonez.

În 2009 a fost numit ministru al Energiei, Resurselor hidraulice și al Noilor energii, apoi ministru al Relațiilor cu Parlamentul și cu Instituțiile Constituționale. În 2011 a fost numit ministru al Bugetului, al Conturilor publice, însărcinat cu reforma statului, iar începând din 2012 a fost ministru al Afacerilor Externe, al Francofoniei și Integrării regionale..

La data de 28 septembrie 2016, el a fost numit prim-ministru de către președintele Ali Bongo, nou reales. La 2 octombrie, și-a format guvernul.

Viața personală și alte activități
În anul 2008, Issoze-Ngondet s-a căsătorit și a avut cinci copii. A scris în limba franceză un roman, Un ascet în curte (titlul original, în franceză: Un Ascète dans la cour), publicat la editura L'Harmattan la 14 februarie 2007. Ca diplomat a folosit limba franceză și limba engleză.

Note

Nașteri în 1961
Nașteri pe 2 aprilie
Decese în 2020
Decese pe 11 iunie
Prim-miniștri gabonezi
Miniștri gabonezi ai Afacerilor Externe
Scriitori de limbă franceză
Scriitori gabonezi
Africani din secolul al XX-lea
Africani din secolul al XXI-lea
Politicieni africani din secolul al XXI-lea

Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet


An Schoenus scheuchzeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Georg Brügger. An Schoenus scheuchzeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schoenus

Schoenus scheuchzeri


Sphyranthera, rod mlječikovki smješten u vlastiti tribus Sphyranthereae, dio je potporodice Acalyphoideae. Postoje svega dvije vrste koje rastu po Andamanskim i Nikobarskim otocima

Vrste
 Sphyranthera airyshawii Chakrab. & Vasudeva Rao
 Sphyranthera lutescens (Kurz) Pax & K.Hoffm.

Izvori

Acalyphoideae

Sphyranthera


Turborider é o quinto álbum da banda de rock finlandesa Reckless Love, lançado em 25 de março de 2022 pela AFM Records e produzido por Joonas Parkkonen. Ele foi originalmente programado para ser lançado em 25 de fevereiro, mas foi adiado devido a limitações impostas pela pandemia do COVID-19 que os impediram de distribuir as cópias físicas do álbum.

Foi lançado como CD, LP e uma caixa especial que inclui um videogame portátil.

O primeiro single e clipe (dirigido por Pete Voutilainen Regie), "Outrun", foi lançado em 10 de setembro de 2021. O segundo single, "Eyes of a Maniac", foi lançado em 19 de novembro de 2021. A faixa-título foi lançada como terceiro single em 21 de janeiro de 2022, com um vídeo vindo dez dias depois. O cover deles de "Bark at the Moon" de Ozzy Osbourne foi lançado como o quarto single em 4 de março de 2022.

Faixas

Recepção

Nick Balazs, do Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles, admitiu que Turborider seria "um lançamento divisor". Ele ficou feliz que o guitarrista Pepe, embora "em segundo plano", ainda conseguisse "mostrar suas habilidades e florescer ritmicamente e em solos altos e orgulhosos". Ele elogiou a banda por "criar essa mistura de synth-pop metal mantendo as faixas curtas e diretas" e terminou sua crítica dizendo que "Turborider explode o passado em direção ao futuro e sua direção ousada é digna de aplausos. [...] se alguma banda foi capaz de fazer uma mudança de sucesso como essa, são os meninos do Reckless Love.

Na Tuonela Magazine, Andrea C. disse que "é justo dizer que as escolhas estéticas e musicais de 'Turborider' podem não ser a praia de todos, mas você pelo menos tem que respeitar a coragem da banda por manter sua visão". Ele não gostou do cover de "Bark at the Moon" de Ozzy Osbourne e comentou que "os sintetizadores e as batidas dançantes são divertidos e agradáveis, mas o fato de quase todas as músicas terem essa camada computadorizada adicionada aos vocais paga seu preço no ouvido depois de um tempo". Ele admitiu que o álbum é "um pouco para ouvintes específicos, pois não atende ao gosto de todos. [... ] RECKLESS LOVE assumiu um grande risco ao sair de seu sono de 5 anos com tal trabalho e só o tempo pode dizer se sua aposta valeu a pena ou não."

Em uma crítica mista para Angry Metal Guy, El Cuervo disse que a primeira versão do álbum "foi muito divertida", mas a partir da segunda ele notou que "o álbum é tão pequeno, tão superproduzido, tão liricamente-superficial que quase parecia fabricado". Ele concluiu que a banda é "econômica acima de tudo, escrevendo com exatamente quantas pontes sólidas, refrãos e solos forem necessários", mas criticou a produção por ser "toda barulhenta, estéril e indiscutivelmente desagradável".

Mape Ollila, do Soundi, comparou o Turborider ao Turbo do Judas Priest, pois é "um passo ousado e grande, mas também vagamente questionável, de uma fórmula bem percebida". Ele reconheceu a capacidade da banda de ainda escrever músicas pesadas, mas também achou que o cover de Ozzy Osbourne era "desnecessário".

Na edição alemã da Metal Hammer, Matthias Mineur descreveu o álbum como uma mistura de "Duran Duran e ABBA com citações recorrentes de Def Leppard da era Hysteria e grooves estóicos de música disco". Ele achou que era "lógico que o Reckless Love desse ao seu novo disco um som estéril, quase plástico".

Créditos
Conforme Tuonela Magazine:
 Olli Herman – vocais
 Pepe Reckless – guitarra solo
 Hessu Maxx – bateria
 Jalle Verne – baixo
 Joonas Parkkonen – produção
 Svante Forsbäck – masterização

Paradas

Álbuns de 2022
Álbuns de Reckless Love

Turborider


زيغمونت الثالث فاسا أو سييسموند فاسا (بالبولدنية: Zygmunt III ، بالسويدية Sigismund) (غريبسهولم، 20 يونيو 1566 - وارسو، 30 أبريل 1632) ملك السويد بين عامي 1592 - 1599 ، وملك بولندا بين عامي 1587 - 1632.

ينتمي إلى عائلة فاسا المالكة في السويد ، وهو ابن يوهان الثالث ملك السويد والأميرة البولندية كاثرين ججلون شقيقة زغمونت الثاني أوغست ملك بولندا.

حياة مبكرة

طفولة وانتخاب
وُلد سييسموند في 20 يونيو عام 1566 لكاثرين ججلون والدوق الأكبر لفنلندا يوهان في قلعة غريبشولم. كان والديه، في ذلك الوقت، سجناء من قبل الملك إريك الرابع عشر، ولكن على الرغم من السيطرة البروتستانتية على السويد، نشأ الشاب سييسموند كروماني كاثوليكي. كانت والدته كاثرين ابنة الملك البولندي زغمونت الأول والملكة الإيطالية بونا سفورزا. في عام 1567 أُطلق سراح سييسموند ووالديه من السجن. بعد ذلك بعام، في عام 1568، خُلع إريك الرابع عشر واعتلى والد سييسموند عرش السويد وسُمي بالملك جون الثالث. منذ عام 1568 فصاعدًا أصبح سييسموند ولي عهد السويد.

في عام 1587 ترشح سييسموند لانتخابات العرش البولندي بعد وفاة الملك ستيفن باتثوري. دعمته عمته الملكة آنا وهيتمان جان زامويسك والنبلاء المخلصين لأسرة زبورفسكي. مع هذا الدعم القوي من عائلات النخبة والأشخاص ذوي النفوذ، اُنتخب في حينه حاكمًا للكومنولث البولندي الليتواني في 19 أغسطس عام 1587 بمباركة زعيم بولندا ستانيسواو كارنكوفسكي. منذ ذلك الوقت أصبح اسمه الرسمي ولقبه: «بفضل من الله، ملك بولندا، دوق ليتوانيا الكبير، حاكم روثينيا وبروسيا ومازوفيا وساموجيتيا وليفونيا وأيضاً الملك الوراثي للسويديين والقوطيين والويندين»؛ الألقاب اللاحقة هي إشارة إلى حقيقة أنه كان بالفعل ولي عهد السويد، وبالتالي سينجح بشكل قانوني في الاستيلاء على عرش السويد عند وفاة والده.

معارضة اعتلاءه العرش
كانت نتيجة الانتخابات محل نزاع قوي من قبل فصائل النبلاء البولنديين الذين دعموا ترشيح ماكسيليان الثالث أرشيدوق النمسا، الذي غزا البلاد لفترة وجيزة. عند سماع انتخابه، تسلل الملك سييسموند عبر براثن البروتستانتية في السويد ونزل في بولندا في 7 أكتوبر، وافق فورًا على منح العديد من الامتيازات الملكية للسيم على أمل الفوز على بعض خصومه وتسوية الانتخابات المتنازع عليها. أعلنه أمين الخزانة البروسية الصغرى جان دولسكي كملك بالنيابة عن المارشال أندرزي أوباليسكي، وبعد وصوله إلى مدينة العاصمة الملكية في كراكوف، تُوج في 27 ديسمبر في كاتدرائية فافل.

في نهاية المطاف، هزم هيتمان جان زامويسك ماكسيميليان في معركة بيشينا وسجنه. ومع ذلك، بناءً على طلب البابا سيكتوس الخامس، أطلق الملك سييسموند سراح ماكسيميليان، الذي استسلم لمطالبته ببولندا في عام 1589. حاول الملك سييسموند أيضًا الحفاظ على السلام مع جاره القوي من خلال الزواج من الأرشيدوقة آن من النمسا في عام 1592. كانت نيته دائمًا الحفاظ على تحالف مع النمسا الكاثوليكية ضد القوات البروتستانتية.

عندما توفي والده طلب الملك سييسموند من السيم أن يُسمح له بالمطالبة بميراثه كملك شرعي للسويد. لم يكن هناك اعتراض من قبل البولنديين. عندما وعد باحترام اللوثرية كدين رسمي للسويد، وافق السويديون أيضًا. تُوج سييسموند ملكًا للسويد في عام 1594. عين عمه، كارل التاسع، وصيًا على العرش ليحكم نيابة عنه في السويد بينما بقي في بولندا، حيث كانت السويد والكومنولث في اتحاد شخصي فقط، ولم يتحدوا في دولة واحدة. ومع ذلك، نمت التوترات بسرعة في السويد، على الرغم من تعهده، كان الملك سييسموند كاثوليكيًا متدينًا، مما جعل السويديين يشكون في حاكمهم الجديد. حذر مثيرو القلاقل اللوثريون من أن الهدف الرئيسي لسييسموند هو جعل السويد كاثوليكية مرة أخرى. كدليل على ذلك، أشاروا إلى اتحاد برست الذي أُنشئ في عام 1596، والذي نقل الشعب الأرثوذكسي الشرقي في روثينيا إلى الجماعة الكاثوليكية وأدى إلى الكنيسة الأوكرانية الكاثوليكية الحديثة. عبّر الاتحاد أيضًا عن صداقته مع النمسا الكاثوليكية ودعمه للإصلاح الكاثوليكي، وخاصة اليسوعيين، الذين انتشروا لدحض البروتستانتية واستعادة الأرض الروحية المفقودة لروما.

التراجع والموت
حاول الملك سييسموند طوال هذه الحروب تحقيق الاستقرار وتنظيم حكومة الكومنولث. خلقت الملكية الانتخابية في بولندا طبقة من النبلاء تتمتع بسلطات واسعة وقدرًا كبيرًا من الانقسام. عمل سييسموند على اكتساب المزيد من السلطة للملك بالإضافة إلى السماح لأعمال الحكومة بالمرور بأغلبية أصوات البرلمان بدلًا من الإجماع، الأمر الذي كان من الصعب للغاية تحقيقه وكان يعني أن الأشياء لم تُنجز في كثير من الأحيان. أدت كل هذه الإجراءات إلى تمرد، لكن الملك كان منتصرًا في نهاية المطاف، وعلى الرغم من نقد المؤرخ باوي جاسينيكا، كان عهده فترة عظيمة في التاريخ البولندي.

جعل سييسموند الكومنولث القوة المهيمنة في أوروبا الوسطى والشرقية وضمن بقاء بولندا دولة كاثوليكية قوية في مواجهة الغزو البروتستانتي. يُعتبر ملكًا جريئًا ومثقفًا بصفات رجل عصر النهضة، كما يتضح من إيمانه الورع وموهبته الفنية. كان سييسموند فنانًا موهوبًا ورسامًا وصائغ مشغولات ذهبية. نجت واحدة فقط من لوحاته الثلاث - واحدة ترجع لقرون نُسبت بالخطأ إلى تينتوريتو. من ورشته الشخصية، جاء الجزء الرئيسي من النعش الفضي الشهير للقديس أدلبرت من براغ في الكاتدرائية في غنيزنو. كان سييسموند أيضًا شغوفًا جدًا بالخيمياء والأساليب القديمة لتحويل المعادن إلى ذهب. تعاون غالبًا مع الخيميائي والفيلسوف الشهير ميخال سيدزيفوي.

في نهاية عهده، انسحب سييسموند تمامًا من السياسة وكرس نفسه على وجه الحصر لقضايا الأسرة واهتماماته في الفنون الأدائية. بعد وقت قصير من الوفاة المفاجئة لزوجته الثانية، كونستانس من النمسا، أصيب سييسموند بمرض خطير وتعرض لمشاكل عقلية ونفسية شديدة. أصبح طريح الفراش بسبب النقرس وآلام المفاصل، وهو مرض ورثه من المحتمل من جده زغمونت الأول. توفي الملك في النهاية بسكتة دماغية في 30 أبريل عام 1632 عن عمر يناهز 65 عامًا في القلعة الملكية في وارسو. دُفنت جثته داخل كاتدرائية فافل في كراكوف وخلفه ابنه فواديسواف الرابع فاسا.

حياة شخصية
بصرف النظر عن كونه كاثوليكيًا متدينًا ورسامًا ولديه اهتمام بالكيمياء، كان سييسموند رياضيًا نهمًا أيضًا. شارك في المسابقات، استمتع بالتزلج على الجليد ولعب كرة القدم. غالبًا ما وضع الملك أنشطة ممتعة وترفيهية فوق تلك المتعلقة بشؤون الدولة. بسبب الملل من السياسة والدبلوماسية المكثفة، كان ممانعًا المشاركة في المؤتمرات مع أقطاب أو ممثلي السيم. على سبيل المثال، خلال اجتماع واحد مع المستشار ورئيس الأساقفة، قرر سييسموند رسم بومة في دفتر الملاحظات الذي قُدم لتدوين نصائح مهمة. ومع ذلك، هناك شك حول ما إذا كان هذا قد حدث في أي وقت مضى. كما استمتع الملك بتوجيه ونصح المهندسين المعماريين والتأكيد على عدم كفاءتهم. أثناء زيارة إلى كنيسة بيرناردين في لفيف (لافيف لاحقًا) في عام 1621، أنب كبير المهندسين المعماريين لجعل المعبد يبدو غير متناسب.

طوال فترة حكمه، كان سييسموند معروفًا بأدبه وأخلاقه. من ناحية أخرى، استضاف الحفلات الراقصة وعقد حفلات تنكرية التي كان يرقص خلالها مع الخدم المستأجرين ويرتدي زي مهرج النكات. لُوحظ هذا بشكل سلبي من قبل أعضاء البلاط الملكي، الذين وجدوا هذا السلوك 'غير لائق' ولا يستحق أن يكون ملكًا. لُوحظت مهارات الملك أيضًا في الرقص وأداء الرقصات الشعبية البولندية بالإضافة إلى الرقصات الإيطالية، مثل: سالتاريلو وباسامزو. عند الزواج من زوجته الأولى، آن من النمسا، في 25 نوفمبر عام 1592، نظم حفلة تنكرية تحت عنوان ميدان كراكوف الرئيسي، لرعاياه الزنادقة ورقص «أربع عشرة مرة» للجمهور. في وقت لاحق من حياته، أصبح رجلًا منعزلًا يفضل قضاء الوقت مع أفراد العائلة والمستشارين.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مدفونون في كاتدرائية فافل
آل فاسا
أشخاص في الحرب ضد سييسموند
بولنديون من أصل إيطالي
بولنديون من أصل سويدي
حكام فنلندا
دوقات ليتوانيا الكبار
رومان كاثوليك بولنديون
رومان كاثوليك سويديون
سويديون من أصل إيطالي
سويديون من أصل بولندي
فرسان الصوف الذهبي
ملكيون بولنديون في القرن 16
ملكيون بولنديون في القرن 17
ملكيون سويديون في القرن 16
ملوك السويد
ملوك القرن 16 في أوروبا
ملوك القرن 17 في أوروبا
ملوك بولندا
ملوك كاثوليك
مواليد 1566
وفيات 1632

سييسموند فاسا


L'Autoportrait au miroir sphérique aussi appelé Mains tenant un miroir sphérique est une estampe de l'artiste néerlandais Maurits Cornelis Escher.

Historique de l'œuvre

Parue en janvier 1935 l'œuvre est l'une des 448 lithographies produites par Escher. Elle fait partie des productions de la première partie des réalisations de l'artiste, celles produites avant 1937 où l'artiste s'adonnait à des représentations concrètes. Il cherchait à limiter l'action de son imagination sur sa reproduction du réel.

Description

Le miroir constitue le cœur de l'œuvre et est au centre de la lithographie. En son sein se trouve l'artiste et le décor déformés par la surface sphérique. Le miroir est tenu par une main qui n'est pas déformée, le tout sur un fond gris à teintes progressives.

Analyse

Choix du sujet

Escher a toujours eu un attrait particulier pour la matière miroir. Il a commencé en travaillant les reflets et leurs déformations dès 1917 avec Still Life et continuera après avec Trois sphères II en 1946 notamment. L'autoportrait au miroir sphérique ne fait pas exception à la règle. Elle est considérée comme la plus importante des œuvres à déformation par le miroir de l'artiste. Ici il semble se concentrer bien plus sur le décor autour de lui et les déformations que le miroir sphérique provoque.

Réalisation de l'œuvre

Esthétique

Postérité

Dans Katsuhiro Otomo Anthology, le mangaka parodie la Main tenant un miroir sphérique pour la couverture de sa nouvelle Fireball.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
  J. L. Locher, The Magic of M. C. Escher, Harry N. Abrams, 2000 .

Articles connexes
 Maurits Cornelis Escher
 Mains dessinant

Liens externes
 https://lepetitjournal.com/milan/a-voir-a-faire/art-escher-le-maitre-de-lillusion-milan-32327
 https://mcescher.com/gallery/most-popular/#iLightbox%5Bgallery_image_1%5D/4
 Fonctionnement des miroirs courbes : https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/physique/les-miroirs-courbes-p1044
 Explication des reflets dans l'œuvre : https://mceschermps2e.weebly.com/oeuvre-etudieacutee.html

Gravure de Maurits Cornelis Escher
Lithographie

Autoportrait au miroir sphérique


Die Shawnee Township ist eine von 10 Townships im Cape Girardeau County im Südosten des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Missouri.

Geografie
Die Shawnee Township liegt am Westufer des Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Illinois bildet. Die Mündung des Ohio bei Cairo an der Schnittstelle der Bundesstaaten Missouri, Illinois und Kentucky befindet sich rund 90 km südöstlich.

Die Shawnee Township liegt auf 37°30′54″ nördlicher Breite und 89°36′51″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 239,21 km², die sich auf 234,05 km² Land- und 5,16 km² Wasserfläche verteilen.

Im Südosten der Shawnee Township befindet sich der Trail of Tears State Park, dessen südliche Hälfte bereits in der Randol Township liegt.

Die Shawnee Township grenzt innerhalb des Cape Girardeau County im Süden an die Randol Township, im Südwesten an die Byrd Township und im Westen an die Apple Creek Township. Im Norden grenzt die Township an das Perry County; im Osten bildet der Mississippi die Grenze zum Union County in Illinois.

Verkehr
Durch den Südwesten der Township verläuft die Interstate 55, die die kürzeste Verbindung von St. Louis nach Memphis bildet. Parallel dazu verläuft der U.S. Highway 61, von dem die Missouri State Route 177 in östlicher Richtung abzweigt.

Durch die Shawnee Township verläuft eine Eisenbahnlinie der BNSF Railway, die entlang des gesamten Laufs des Mississippi führt.

Der nächstgelegene Flughafen ist der rund 35 km südlich der Township gelegene Cape Girardeau Regional Airport.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 3910 Einwohner. Neben Streubesiedlung existieren innerhalb der Shawnee Township folgende Siedlungen:

Village
 Pocahontas

Unincorporated Communities

1- zu einem kleinen Teil in der Byrd Township

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Shawnee Township
  Histopolis -  Shawnee Township

Shawnee Township (Cape Girardeau County, Missouri)