The Warlocks are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1998 by the guitarist/singer Bobby Hecksher. The band's music has ranged from psychedelic rock to drone music. There have been many changes in personnel since its formation, with Hecksher the only constant member.

History

Formation and signing to Bomp!
The band was founded in 1998 in Los Angeles by Bobby Hecksher, adopting a name used by both the Velvet Underground and the Grateful Dead in their early days. At the age of fifteen, Hecksher moved to Los Angeles from Florida with his family. Hecksher's first instrument was cello, eventually moving on to bass guitar. Hecksher's grandfather owned a radio station.

In the years before the formation of the band, Hecksher was busy with a number of other projects in Los Angeles, including Charles Brown Superstar, Don Knotts Overdrive (Hecksher left DKO in 1995 and the band eventually changed its name to Head Set due to legal threats from the actual Don Knotts), and Magic Pacer, played bass guitar with Beck on the Stereopathic Soulmanure album and also with The Brian Jonestown Massacre for a brief period.

The Warlocks played their first gig on July 4, 1998. Receiving comparisons with White Light/White Heat-era Velvet Underground and Spacemen 3, the band signed a two-album deal with the renowned indie label Bomp! in October 2000. Supposedly signed in Hecksher's blood, the contract with Bomp! yielded the band's first release in 2000, the mini-album The Warlocks. This was followed by the release of its first full-length record, Rise and Fall, in 2001. Rise and Fall received a four-and-a-half-star review from AllMusic, with Bryan Thomas describing it as a "solid effort". Hecksher worked as a games tester for DreamWorks until at least 2001.

Birdman and Mute contracts
After the release of Rise and Fall the band left Bomp! and signed with Birdman Records. The EP Phoenix was released by Birdman in 2002 and was followed by a full-length album  also called Phoenix, which was also released in 2002, to positive acclaim. Phoenix included a collaboration with Peter Kember (Sonic Boom), of Spacemen 3 and Spectrum, on the song "Hurricane Heart Attack". "Shake the Dope Out" and "Baby Blue" were also released as singles. The group toured the US and overseas with Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, the Raveonettes and Interpol.

Following Phoenix, the Warlocks signed to Mute and released Surgery in 2005, produced by Tom Rothrock. The record represents a departure from their earlier psychedelic sound into dreamier pop territory, while retaining the band's hard-edged brand of rock. The songs on this record are shorter and more structured than some of their previous work. "Come Save Us" was released as a single. Surgery received a mixed reception from critics; A PopMatters review by Stephen Haag rated it at 6 out of 10, while a Pitchfork review gave the album only a 1.7 out of 10 rating, with Nick Sylvester describing the album as "A mopey bunch of trite sap O.D.-type tales almost as unstomachable as the band's former crapothecary hymns." Prefix gave the album 8.0 out of 10, describing it as "far more approachable" than their earlier releases. The album's lack of commercial success led to the end of their deal with Mute.

Later releases
In the years after Surgery, the band toured internationally and sustained changes to the lineup, leading up to the 2007 release of Heavy Deavy Skull Lover on Tee Pee. The album was, according to Hecksher, recorded over a single weekend, with the band members quitting afterwards. The album is considered darker than their previous work, with the band exploring a more experimental direction. A review in Spin described the album as "funereal" and "sluggishly unrealised", while AllMusic called it "uneven". Heavy Deavy Skull Lover was recorded as a four-piece and marks a brief hiatus from the band for founding member John Christian Rees, who later returned before work began on their 2009 album, The Mirror Explodes. The Mirror Explodes was released in 2009 by Tee Pee. Production of the record was assisted by Joey Santiago of the Pixies.

The years following The Mirror Explodes saw two online releases by the band, available through Bandcamp, as well as a reissue of Rise and Fall via Zap Banana/Cargo in October 2010 which included previously unreleased rarities and artwork by Darren Grealish. The first of the online releases, the highly experimental EXP, was released on January 1, 2010. The second, Enter At Your Own Skull: Unreleased Volume One, a compilation of B-sides, demos and outtakes, was released on June 9, 2011. Besides the online releases and Rise and Fall reissue, the years after The Mirror Explodes were filled with intermittent touring and more line-up changes, resulting in the band solidifying as a five-piece.

The band provided another commercial release in 2013 with Skull Worship, also via Zap Banana/Cargo (distribution). Skull Worship was released on November 26, 2013.

The Warlocks' seventh studio album, Songs from the Pale Eclipse, was released on September 2. A single, "Lonesome Bulldog", was released in promotion for the album in June 2016.

The Warlocks' eighth studio album, Mean Machine Music, was released onMay 31, 2019.

The Warlocks' ninth studio album, The Chain, was released on April 3, 2020.

The Warlocks' tenth studio album, In Between Sad was released on September 22, 2023.

Musical style
The band's music has been described as psychedelic rock. In 2008, Hecksher said of the band's sound "...even though it's seemingly chaotic, achieving our sound is a really specific process. We need all these big, hollow-bodied guitars going through old Fender amps with reverb, or it won't work."

In 2007, the bass guitarist Jenny Fraser described the songwriting process: "Hecksher writes the skeleton of the songs and everyone writes their own parts. He always draws the picture and we paint it in."

Hecksher acknowledges influences including The Velvet Underground, Spacemen 3, Spiritualized and The Jesus and Mary Chain.

Personnel

 Current members

 Bobby Hecksher – vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar
 John Christian Rees – guitar, feedback
 Earl V. Miller – guitar, drone machine
 Christopher DiPino – bass guitar
 Jason Anchondo – drums

 Former members

 Ryan McBride – guitar
 Bob Mustachio – drums
 Suzanne Jana Risher – bass guitar
 Mimi Star – bass guitar
 Bobby Martine – bass guitar
 Jenny Fraser – bass guitar
 Corey Lee Granet – guitar, piano
 Jeff Levitz – guitar, lap steel, sitar
 Jen Chiba – bass guitar
 Caleb Sweazy – bass guitar, acoustic guitar
 Laura Grigsby – organ, tambourine
 George Serrano – drums
 Hunter Crowley – drums
 Bobby Tamkin – drums
 Anton Newcombe – drums
 Theresa Saso – drums
 Danny Hole – drums

Discography
Studio albums

Live albums

Online albums and compilations

Mini-albums/EPs

Singles
"Baby Blue" (2003), Mute
"Shake the Dope Out" (2003), Mute
"Hurricane Heart Attack" (2003), City Rockers
"It's Just Like Surgery" (2005), Mute
"Come Save Us" (2005), Mute
"Isolation"/"Red Camera" (2006), Bomp!

References

External links

Psychedelic rock music groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Mute Records artists
Neo-psychedelia groups
American shoegaze musical groups

The Warlocks


Yuki es un personaje de la serie francesa de televisión Galactik Football. Es una chica de pelo naranja y corto, prima de Thran y Ahito.

Yukkio es el personaje principal del anime ao no exorcist (el exorcista azul)

Referencias
 Página oficial
 tv.com: Guía de episodios.  (en inglés)
 página de Alphanim (en inglés)

Galactik Football

Yuki (Galactik Football)


An air embolism, also known as a  gas embolism, is a blood vessel blockage caused by one or more bubbles of air or other gas in the circulatory system. Air can be introduced into the circulation during surgical procedures, lung over-expansion injury, decompression, and a few other causes. In flora, air embolisms may also occur in the xylem of vascular plants, especially when suffering from water stress.

Divers can develop arterial gas embolisms as a consequence of lung over-expansion injuries. Breathing gas introduced into the venous system of the lungs  due to pulmonary barotrauma will not be trapped in the alveolar capillaries, and will consequently be circulated to the rest of the body through the systemic arteries, with a high risk of embolism. Inert gas bubbles arising from decompression are generally formed in the venous side of the systemic circulation, where inert gas concentrations are highest, these bubbles are generally trapped in the capillaries of the lungs where they will usually be eliminated without causing symptoms. If they are shunted to the systemic circulation through a patent foramen ovale they can travel to and lodge in the brain where they can cause stroke, the coronary capillaries where they can cause myocardial ischaemia or other tissues, where the consequences are usually less critical. The first aid treatment is to administer oxygen at the highest practicable concentration, treat for shock and transport to a hospital where therapeutic recompression and hyperbaric oxygen therapy are the definitive treatment.

Signs and symptoms

In surgery
Symptoms include:
Hypotension (abnormally low blood pressure)
Shortness of breath

In divers
Symptoms of arterial gas embolism include:
Loss of consciousness
Cessation of breathing
Vertigo
Convulsions
Tremors
Loss of coordination
Loss of control of bodily functions
Numbness
Paralysis
Extreme fatigue
Weakness in the extremities
Areas of abnormal sensation
Visual abnormalities
Hearing abnormalities
Personality changes
Cognitive impairment
Nausea or vomiting
Bloody sputum
Symptoms of other consequences of lung overexpansion such as pneumothorax, subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema may also be present.

Causes

Interventional procedures
Interventional radiology procedures, cardiac, and neurosurgical procedures can predispose to air embolism. Besides, increasing use of pump injectors for contrast delivery, and percutaneous intervention to the lungs also increases the risk of air embolism.

Decompression illness

Gas embolism is a diving disorder experienced by underwater divers who breathe gases at ambient pressure, and can happen in two distinct ways:
 Pulmonary barotrauma:  Air bubbles can enter the bloodstream as a result of gross trauma to the lining of the lung following a rapid ascent while holding the breath; the air held within the lung expands to the point where the tissues tear (pulmonary barotrauma).  This is easy to do as the lungs give little warning through pain until they do burst.  The diver will usually arrive at the surface in pain and distress and may froth or spit blood.  A pulmonary barotrauma is usually obvious and may present quite differently from decompression sickness.
Decompression sickness: Inert gas bubbles form in the bloodstream if the gas dissolved in the blood under pressure during the dive is not allowed sufficient time to be eliminated in solution on ascent. The symptoms may be subtle and not immediately noticeable, and may develop for some time after surfacing.

Ventilator induced pulmonary barotrauma
Trauma to the lung can also cause an air embolism. This may happen after a patient is placed on a ventilator and air is forced into an injured vein or artery, causing sudden death.  Breath-holding while ascending from scuba diving may also force lung air into pulmonary arteries or veins in a similar manner, due to the pressure difference.

Direct injection
Air can be injected directly into a vein or artery accidentally during clinical procedures. Misuse of a syringe to meticulously remove air from the vascular tubing of a hemodialysis circuit can allow air into the vascular system. Venous air embolism is a rare complication of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures requiring catheterization of a vein or artery. If a significant embolism occurs, the cardiovascular, pulmonary, or central nervous system may be affected. Interventions to remove or mitigate the embolism may include procedures to reduce bubble size, or withdrawal of air from the right atrium.

The lethal dose for humans is considered theoretically between 3 and 5 ml per kg. It is estimated that 300-500 ml of gas introduced at a rate of 100 ml per sec would prove fatal.

Mechanism

Air embolism can occur whenever a blood vessel is open and a pressure gradient exists favoring entry of gas. Because the circulatory pressure in most arteries and veins is greater than atmospheric pressure, an air embolus does not often happen when a blood vessel is injured. In the veins above the heart, such as in the head and neck, the venous pressure may be less than atmospheric and an injury may let air in. This is one reason why surgeons must be particularly careful when operating on the brain, and why the head of the bed is tilted down when inserting or removing a central venous catheter from the jugular or subclavian veins.

When air enters the veins, it travels to the right side of the heart, and then to the lungs. This can cause the vessels of the lung to constrict, raising the pressure in the right side of the heart. If the pressure rises high enough in a patient who is one of the 20% to 30% of the population with a patent foramen ovale, the gas bubble can then travel to the left side of the heart, and on to the brain or coronary arteries.  Such bubbles are responsible for the most serious of gas embolic symptoms.

Venous or pulmonary air embolism occurs when air enters the systemic veins and is transported to the right side of the heart and from there into the pulmonary arteries, where it may lodge, blocking or reducing blood flow. Gas in the venous circulation can cause cardiac problems by obstructing the pulmonary circulation or forming an air-lock which raises central venous pressure and reduces pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures. Experiments on animals show that the amount of gas necessary for this to happen is quite variable. Human case reports suggest that injecting more than 100 mL of air into the venous system at rates greater than 100 mL/s can be fatal. Very large and symptomatic amounts of venous air emboli may also occur in rapid decompression in severe diving or decompression accidents, where they may interfere with circulation in the lungs and result in respiratory distress and hypoxia.

Gas embolism in a systemic artery, termed arterial gas embolism (AGE), is a more serious matter than in a vein, because a gas bubble in an artery may directly stop blood flow to an area fed by the artery. The symptoms of 'AGE' depend on the area of blood flow, and may be those of stroke for a cerebral arterial gas embolism (CAGE) or heart attack if the heart is affected. The amount of arterial gas embolism that causes symptoms depends on location — 2 mL of air in the cerebral circulation can be fatal, while 0.5 mL of air into a coronary artery can cause cardiac arrest.

Prevention and screening
If a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is suspected, an examination by echocardiography may be performed to diagnose the defect. In this test, very fine bubbles are introduced into a patient's vein by agitating saline in a syringe to produce the bubbles, then injecting them into an arm vein. A few seconds later, these bubbles may be clearly seen in the ultrasound image, as they travel through the patient's right atrium and ventricle. At this time, bubbles may be observed directly crossing a septal defect, or else a patent foramen ovale may be opened temporarily by asking the patient to perform the Valsalva maneuver while the bubbles are crossing through the right heart – an action which will open the foramen flap and show bubbles passing into the left heart. Such bubbles are too small to cause harm in the test, but such a diagnosis may alert the patient to possible problems which may occur from larger bubbles, formed during activities like underwater diving, where bubbles may grow during decompression. A PFO test may be recommended for divers intending to expose themselves to relatively high decompression stress in deep technical diving.

Diagnosis
As a general rule, any diver who has breathed gas under pressure at any depth who surfaces unconscious, loses consciousness soon after surfacing, or displays neurological symptoms within about 10 minutes of surfacing should be assumed to be experiencing arterial gas embolism.

Symptoms of arterial gas embolism may be present but masked by environmental effects such as hypothermia, or pain from other obvious causes. Neurological examination is recommended when there is suspicion of lung overexpansion injury. Symptoms of decompression sickness may be very similar to, and confused with, symptoms of arterial gas embolism, however, treatment is basically the same. Discrimination between gas embolism and decompression sickness may be difficult for injured divers, and both may occur simultaneously. Dive history may eliminate decompression sickness in many cases, and the presence of symptoms of other lung overexpansion injury would raise the probability of gas embolism.

Treatment
A large bubble of air in the heart (as can follow certain traumas in which air freely gains access to large veins) will present with a constant "machinery" murmur. It is important to promptly place the patient in Trendelenburg position (head down) and on their left side (left lateral decubitus position). The Trendelendburg position keeps a left-ventricular air bubble away from the coronary artery ostia (which are near the aortic valve) so that air bubbles do not enter and occlude the coronary arteries (which would cause a heart attack). Left lateral decubitus positioning helps to trap air in the non-dependent segment of the right ventricle (where it is more likely to remain instead of progressing into the pulmonary artery and occluding it). The left lateral decubitus position also prevents the air from passing through a potentially patent foramen ovale (present in as many as 30% of adults) and entering the left ventricle, from which it could then embolise to distal arteries (potentially causing occlusive symptoms such as stroke).

Administration of high percentage oxygen is recommended for both venous and arterial air embolism. This is intended to counteract ischaemia and accelerate bubble size reduction.

For venous air embolism the Trendelenburg or left lateral positioning of a patient with an air-lock obstruction of the right ventricle may move the air bubble in the ventricle and allow blood flow under the bubble.

Hyperbaric therapy with 100% oxygen is recommended for patients presenting clinical features of arterial air embolism, as it accelerates removal of nitrogen from the bubbles by solution and improves tissue oxygenation. This is recommended particularly for cases of cardiopulmonary or neurological involvement. Early treatment has greatest benefits, but it can be effective as late as 30 hours after the injury.

Treatment of divers

Oxygen first aid treatment is useful for suspected gas embolism casualties or divers who have made fast ascents or missed decompression stops. Most fully closed-circuit rebreathers can deliver sustained high concentrations of oxygen-rich breathing gas and could be used as an alternative to pure open-circuit oxygen resuscitators. However pure oxygen from an oxygen cylinder through a Non-rebreather mask is the optimal way to deliver oxygen to a decompression illness patient.

Recompression is the most effective, though slow, treatment of gas embolism in divers. Normally this is carried out in a recompression chamber. As pressure increases, the solubility of a gas increases, which reduces bubble size by accelerating absorption of the gas into the surrounding blood and tissues.  Additionally, the volumes of the gas bubbles decrease in inverse proportion to the ambient pressure as described by Boyle's law.  In the hyperbaric chamber the patient may breathe 100% oxygen, at ambient pressures up to a depth equivalent of 18 msw.  Under hyperbaric conditions, oxygen diffuses into the bubbles, displacing the nitrogen from the bubble and into solution in the blood.  Oxygen bubbles are more easily tolerated.  Diffusion of oxygen into the blood and tissues under hyperbaric conditions supports areas of the body which are deprived of blood flow when arteries are blocked by gas bubbles.  This helps to reduce ischemic injury.  The effects of hyperbaric oxygen also counteract the damage that can occur with reperfusion of previously ischemic areas; this damage is mediated by leukocytes (a type of white blood cell).

Complications
High incidence of relapse after hyperbaric oxygen treatment due to delayed cerebral edema.

Epidemiology
In terms of the epidemiology of air embolisms one finds that the intraoperative period to have the highest incidence. For example, VAE (vascular air embolism) in neurological cases ranges up to 80%, and OBGYN surgeries incidence can climb to 97% for VAE. In divers the incidence rate is 7/100,000 per dive.

In society and culture
Direct injection air embolism was one of the methods used by Belgian murderer Ivo Poppe to kill some of his victims (the other method being valium).

William Davis, formerly a nurse in Texas, was convicted in October 2021 of murdering four and injuring two patients by injecting air into their arterial lines following heart surgery. During opening arguments for sentencing, prosecutors told the court that they would present evidence of an additional three murders and three attempted murders.

Dorothy L. Sayers made use of direct injection air embolism as a murder method in her 1927 Lord Peter Wimsey mystery novel Unnatural Death (published in the US in 1928 as The Dawson Pedigree), although her description was subsequently criticised as implausible on account of the injection site and volume.

Air embolism was the method used by an insane nurse to euthanize seven terminally ill patients in the episode "Amazing Grace" of the TV series Shadow Chasers.

Near the end of young adult novel Catching Fire, as well as its film adaptation, protagonist Katniss Everdeen grabs a syringe and fills it with air, with the intention of killing Peeta Mellark quickly via air embolism.

In plants
Air embolisms generally occur in the xylem of vascular plants because a fall in hydraulic pressure results in cavitation. Falling hydraulic pressure occurs as a result of water stress or physical damage.

A number of physiological adaptations serve to prevent cavitation and to recover from it. The cavitation may be prevented from spreading by the narrow pores in the walls between vessel elements. The plant xylem sap may be able to detour around the cavitation through interconnections. Water loss may be reduced by closing off leaf stomata to reduce transpiration, or some plants produce positive xylem pressure from the roots. When xylem pressure increases, the cavitation gases may redissolve.

See also

References

External links
 Arterial Gas Embolism

Diving medicine
Medical emergencies
Early complications of trauma
Articles containing video clips

Air embolism


Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A. Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher in the coolest month, and feature hot temperatures all year-round. Annual precipitation is often abundant in tropical climates, and shows a seasonal rhythm but may have seasonal dryness to varying degrees. There are normally only two seasons in tropical climates, a wet (rainy / monsoon) season and a dry season. The annual temperature range in tropical climates is normally very small. Sunlight is intense in these climates.

There are three basic types of tropical climates within the tropical climate group: tropical rainforest climate (Af), tropical monsoon climate (Am) and tropical wet and dry climate or tropical savannah (Aw for dry winters, and As for dry summers), which are classified and distinguished by the precipitation and the precipitation levels of the driest month in those regions.

Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It defines a tropical climate as a region where the mean temperature of the coldest month is greater than or equal to 18 °C (64.4 °F) and does not fit into the criteria for B-group climates, classifying them as an A-group (tropical climate group). A-group regions are usually found in the tropics, below 23.5 latitude in both the southern and northern hemisphere; they include areas around the Equator, Central America, North-central portions of South America, central Africa, southern portions of Asia and parts of North Australia and the Pacific Ocean islands.

In Group A, there are three types of this climate: the tropical rainforest climate (Af), tropical monsoon climate (Am) and tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Aw or As). All of the three climates are classified by their Pdry (short for precipitation of the driest month). Tropical rainforest climate's Pdry should be greater than or equal 60 mm (2.4 inches). Tropical monsoon climate's Pdry should be in the range from  to 60 mm. Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate's Pdry should be less than .

Tropical climate biome

Tropical climates normally have only two seasons, a wet season and a dry season. Depending on the location of the region, the wet and dry seasons can have varying duration. Annual temperature changes in the tropics are small. Due to the high temperatures and abundant rainfall, much of the plant life grows throughout the year. High temperature and humidity is the most suitable environment for epiphytes to grow. In many tropical climates,  vegetation grow in layers: shrubs under tall trees, bushes under shrubs and grasses under bushes. Tropical plants are rich in resources, including coffee, cocoa and oil palm. Listed below are the types of vegetation unique to each of the three climates that make up the tropical climate biome.

Natural vegetation
Tropical rainforest vegetation including: Bengal bamboo, bougainvillea, curare, coconut tree, durian and banana.

Tropical monsoon vegetation including: teak, deodar, rosewood, sandalwood and bamboo.

Tropical wet and dry or savanna vegetation including: acacia senegal, elephant grass, jarrah tree, gum tree eucalyptus and whistling thorn.

Tropical rainforest climate

The Köppen classification identifies tropical rainforest climates (Zone Af: f = "feucht", German for moist) as usually having north and south latitudinal ranges of just 5-10 degrees from the equator. Tropical rainforest climates have high temperatures: the yearly average temperature is normally between 21 °C and 30 °C ( 70 °F and 85 °F ). The precipitation can reach over 100 inches a year. The seasons are evenly distributed throughout the year, and there is almost no drought period here. Regions that contain  tropical rainforest climate mainly include the upper Amazon basin of South America, the Northern Zaire (Congo) basin of Africa, and the islands of the East Indies.

The tropical rainforest climate differs from other subtypes of tropical climates as it has more kinds of trees due to its precipitation. The large number of trees contribute back to the humidity of the climate because of the transpiration, which is the process of water evaporated from the surface of living plants to the atmosphere. The warmth and abundant precipitation heavily contributes to the diversity and characteristics of vegetations under the tropical rainforest climate. The vegetations develop a vertical stratification and various growth forms to receive enough sunlight, which is unusual under other types of climate.

Tropical monsoon climate

The Köppen classification tool identifies tropical monsoon climate as having small annual temperature ranges, high temperatures, and plentiful precipitation. This climate also has a short dry season which almost always occurs in the winter. The tropical monsoon climate is often found within countries in the south and southeast Asia region between the latitude of 10 degrees north and the Tropic of Cancer. It can also be found in West Africa and South America. The annual temperature of regions under tropical monsoon climate is also stable.

The tropical monsoon climate has the following main characteristic. The average annual temperature is around  and has an average annual temperature range of about 3.6 °C (2 °F). Distinction between wet and drought seasons, the tropical monsoon climate is different from other tropical climates because of its uneven precipitation throughout the year. The precipitation is heavy in the summer, and a short-drought season occurs in the winter. This climate has an annual total precipitation of on average 3409.2mm, and a 3115.9mm summer precipitation and 293.3mm winter precipitation.

There are three main seasons of tropical monsoon climate: the cool dry season is from fall to late winter, the hot dry season is in the spring and the rainy or monsoon season is near or during the summer months.

The tropical monsoon forest mainly consists of three layered structures. The first layer is the surface layer which is a very dense layer of shrubs and grasses. The second layer is the understory layer with trees about 15 meters tall. The top layer is called the canopy tree layer which has trees from 25 to 40 meters tall and those trees grow closely while above is the emergent layer with sporadic trees taller than 35 meters.

Tropical wet and dry or forest climate

Tropical savanna climates are mainly located between the 10° and 25° north-south latitudes, and often occur at the outer margins of the tropics. Typical regions include central Africa, parts of South America, as well as northern and eastern Australia. The temperature range of savanna climate is between 20 °C and 30 °C (68 °F and 86 °F). In summer, the temperature is between 25 °C and 30 °C, while in winter the temperature is between 20 °C and 30 °C, but still stays above an 18 °C mean. The annual precipitation is between 700 and 1000 mm. The driest months are generally in the winter and they have less than 60 mm of rainfall (often much less).

Regions under the savanna climate usually have lands covered with flat grassland vegetation with areas of woodlands. Those grassland biomes cover almost 20% of the Earth's surface. The grassland vegetation types include Rhodes grass, red oats grass, star grass and lemongrass.

See also

 Tropics
 Subtropics
 Humid subtropical
 Megathermal
 Tropical rainforest climate
 Tropical monsoon climate
 Tropical savannah climate
 Köppen climate classification

References

Climate

Tropical climate


Slægten lampepudsergræs (Pennisetum) er forholdsvis stor (med 80-140 arter). De er udbredt i tropiske og subtropiske egne i Afrika, Asien, Australien og Latinamerika. Nogle af arterne er forvildede i Europa og Nordamerika En del af arterne høstes som korn, og nogle få bruges som prydplanter.
Det er én- eller flerårige græsser, hvis maksimale højde kan være alt fra ganske få cm til 8 m. De blomstrende aks er meget tætte og danner kompakte toppe, som er forsynet med stive avner og småtorne. Avnerne er besat med fjeragtige hår.

 Lampepudsergræs (Pennisetum alopecuroides)
 Kikuyugræs (Pennisetum clandestinum)
 Perlehirse (Pennisetum glaucum)
 Afrikansk elefantgræs (Pennisetum purpureum)
 Rød lampepudsergræs (Pennisetum setaceum)

Græs-familien

Lampepudsergræs-slægten


الغَسْلُ هو طريقة من طرق التنظيف، ويستخدم فيها الماء بوجه أساسي إضافة إلى أحد أنواع الصابون أو المنظفات. و يعد الغسل جزءاً أساسياً من علم الصحة (النظافة). ويستخدم الناس في كثير من الأحيان الصابون والمنظفات التي تساعد في استحلاب الزيوت وجزيئات الأوساخ بحيث يمكن للماء غسلها بسهولة.

ويعد غسل اليدين الأكثر شيوعًا، وقد جعل له يوم عالمي سمي باليوم العالمي لغسل اليدين. وتغسل اليدان قبل وبعد إعداد الطعام والأكل، وبعد استعمال المرحاض، وبعد التعامل مع القاذورات، إلخ. ويعتبر غسل اليدين هام في الحد من انتشار الجراثيم. ويعد تنظيف الأسنان بالفرشاة أيضًا أحد أنواع الغسل.

ويشير أيضا الغسل إلى غسل الملابس، وغالباً ما يعلق الغسيل على حبال الغسيل.

ملاحظة: يطلق على عملية الغَسل خطأ اسم الغسيل. فالغسيل معناه المغسول، فيقول: ثوب غسيل، وملحفة غسيل أو غسيلة.

الغسل في الصناعات النسيجية
الغسل هو عملية تزال فيها الأوساخ الخفيفة أو الكثيرة بحيث تنتقل إلى الوسط المائي بشكل محلول أو مستعلق. والغسل ينظف السطوح نتيجة عدة عمليات فيزيائية وكيميائية. يمكن تصنيف عمليات الغسل الصناعية إلى غسل في المحلول، أو غسل في المستعلق، أو غسل تفاعلي.
 غسل في المحلول: في هذا الصنف من الغسل تكون المادة المزالة من الألياف ذوابة في محلول الغسل. وكأمثلة على هذا الصنف من الغسل يمكن ذكر غسل الأملاح والمواد الكيميائية الباقية من عملية التبييض و عمليات تجهيز النسيج (التبويش).

المراجع

اقرأ أيضا
 تجفيف النسيج
 غسل

صناعة النسيج
نظافة

غسل


සුළං මෝලක් යනු සුළගේ පවතින චාලක ශක්තිය, යාන්ත්‍රික ශක්තිය බවට පරිවර්ථනය කරන භ්‍රමනය වන යන්ත්‍රයකි. මෙම යාන්ත්‍රික ශක්තිය ජලය පොම්ප කිරීම, ගල් කුඩු කිරීම වැනි යාන්ත්‍රික කාර්යය සඳහා ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගන්නා විට එය සුළං මෝලක් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. නමුත් මෙම යාන්ත්‍රික ශක්තිය විද්‍යුතය ජනනය කිරීමට යොදාගත් විට එය සුළං විද්‍යුත් ජනක‍ය, සුළං ටර්බයිනය, සුළං ශක්ති ඒකකය (WPU) හෝ සුළං ශක්ති පරිවර්තකය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සුළං ටර්බයින, ක්‍රියා කාරීත්ත්වය අතර තුර හරිතාගාර වායු කිසිවක් විමෝචනය නොකරන පිරිසිදු ශක්ති ප්‍රභවයක් වෙයි.

මෙම ලිපිය විද්‍යුත් ශක්තිය ජනනය කරන යාන්ත්‍රණයක් විස්තර කරයි. සුළං මෝල පිළිබඳ ලිපිය, ධාන්‍ය පිටි කිරීම, ජලය පොම්ප කිරීම ආදී යාන්ත්‍රණ පැහැදිලි කරනු ලබයි. සුළං බලය යන ලිපිය ටර්බයින් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම, ආර්ථිකය, පොදු ව්‍යාපෘති මතභේද ආදිය ගැන සලකා බලනු ලබයි. එම ලිපියේම සුළං ශක්තිය කොටස කාලයක් පුරා සුළං ශක්තියේ ව්‍යාප්ත වීම  සහ එය ටර්බයින නිර්මාණයේ දී බලපාන ආකාරය විස්තර කරයි.

පිහිටි ස්ථාන

ලංකාවේ සුළං විදුලි බලාගාර පිහිටා ඇති තැන් නම්,

1.කොළඹ

2.කන්කස්තුරේ

3.ත්‍රීකුණාමලය

4.අනුරාධපුරය

5.මඩකලපුව

6.පුත්තලම

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

 Wind turbine design
 Compact wind acceleration turbine
 Éolienne Bollée
IEC 61400
 Renewable energy
 Tidal stream generator
 Unconventional wind turbines
 Wind lens
 Windbelt
 Windpump

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Global Wind Energy Council
 World's Largest Wind Turbine
 Harvesting the Wind (45 lectures about wind turbines by professor Magdi Ragheb

Aerodynamics
Bright green environmentalism
Electric power
Electrical generators
Electromechanical engineering
Energy conversion
සුළං විදුලි බල උද්‍යාන

සුළං ටර්බයිනය


Belleville se poate referi la:

Localități

Canada
 Belleville, oraș în provincia Ontario
 , localitate în provincia Noua Scoție

Coasta de Fildeș
 , localitate în

Franța
 , localitate în departamentul Meurthe-et-Moselle
 Belleville, localitate în departamentul Rhône
 Belleville, localitate în departamentul Deux-Sèvres
 , localitate în departamentul Rhône
 Belleville-en-Caux, localitate în departamentul Seine-Maritime
 Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar, localitate în departamentul Ardennes
 Belleville-sur-Loire, localitate în departamentul Cher
 Belleville-sur-Mer, localitate în departamentul Seine-Maritime
 Belleville-sur-Meuse, localitate în departamentul Meuse
 Belleville-sur-Vie, localitate în departamentul Vendée
 Le Plessis-Belleville, localitate în departamentul Oise
 , localitate în departamentul Savoie
 Prunay-Belleville, localitate în departamentul Aube
 Saint-Jean-de-Belleville, localitate în departamentul Savoie
 Saint-Martin-de-Belleville, localitate în departamentul Savoie
 Saint-Pierre-de-Belleville, localitate în departamentul Savoie

Statele Unite
 , oraș în statul Arkansas
 , fost oraș în statul California
 , fostă comunitate neîncorporată în statul Dakota de Nord
 Belleville, oraș în statul Illinois
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul Indiana
 , oraș în statul Kansas
 , oraș în statul Michigan
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul Missouri
 , fost oraș în statul Nevada
 , localitate în statul New Jersey
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul New York
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul Pennsylvania
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul Tennessee
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul Virginia
 , comunitate neîncorporată în statul Virginia de Vest
 , sat în statul Wisconsin

Oameni
  (1855-1923), actor american de origine belgiană
  (cca. 1300-1359), femeie-pirat franceză
  (1823-1896), inginer francez
 , model francez, Miss France în 1996
 Henri Legrand, cunoscut ca Belleville sau  (1587-1637), actor francez

Filme și seriale
 , film de animație din 2003
 , serial din 2009
 , film din 2011

Altele
 , fost fabricant de automobile
 , stație a Metroului din Paris

Belleville


كرس كلاين  ممثل أمريكي من مواليد 14 مارس 1979.

مراجع

مواقع خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بروكفيلد (إلينوي)
أشخاص من هينديل (إلينوي)
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
خريجو الجامعة المسيحية في تكساس
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون ذكور من أصل أيرلندي
ممثلون من أصل ألماني
ممثلون من أوماها (نبراسكا)
ممثلون من ولاية إلينوي
مواليد 1979
مواليد في هينديل (إلينوي)

كرس كلاين


Durağan Rastgele Erişimli Bellek (İngilizce: Static Random Access Memory), yarı-iletken bir bellek türüdür.

Durağan ("static") kelimesi, sürekli tazelenmesi gereken devingen RAM'in (DRAM) aksine, belleğe güç verildiği sürece belleğin içeriğini koruduğunu belirtir (Bununla beraber, SRAM, salt okunur bellek ROM ve flaş bellek ile karıştırılmamalıdır).

Rastgele Erişim ("Random access") hafızanın içerdiği konumlara, daha önce erişilmiş olan konumlara bakılmaksızın erişilebileceğini yani yazılıp okunabileceğini belirtir.

SRAM içindeki her bit; her biri, iki adet çapraz eşlenmiş tersleyici(inverter) oluşturan transistörlerden dört tanesi üzerine kurulmuştur. Bu hafıza hücresi(bit), genelde "1" ve "0" ifade etmek için kullanılan iki durağan duruma sahiptir. İki adet fazladan erişim (access) transistörü, okuma ve yazma işlemleri sırasında hafıza hücresine erişimi denetlemek üzere hizmet verirler. Bir hafıza hücresini (bit) saklamak için özellikle altı adet MOSFET
(Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor) gerekmektedir. (4: okuma-yazma 2: erişim)

Bakışımlı (simetrik) devre yapısı bir hafıza konumdaki değerin DRAM'e göre çok daha hızlı okunmasına olanak tanır. SRAM'in daha hızlı olmasını sağlayan, DRAM'le arasındaki bir başka fark ise tüm adres bitlerini bir kerede alan özel çiplerdir. Buna karşılık DRAM'lerin sahip olduğu yarar iki yarım parça halinde çoklanmış adresler kullanmasıdır. İki parça halinde çoklanması demek aynı paket içerisindeki pinler üzerinde, boyutları ve maliyeti düşürmek üzere küçük değerli bitlerin yüksek değerli bitleri izlemesi demektir.

SRAM, synchronous (zamanuyumlu) DRAM anlamında olan SDRAM ile karıştırılmamalıdır. SDRAM tamamen SRAM'den farklıdır. Ayrıca pseudostatic (pseudo: yalancı static: durağan) RAM (PSRAM) denen, kendini SRAM'miş gibi maskeleyen DRAM'le karıştırılmamalıdır.

Tasarım

Random Access; son erişilen bellek yeri önemsenmeksizin, bellek içindeki yerlerin herhangi bir sırada yazılabilmesi veya okunabilmesi demektir.

Rastgele erişimli bellek içindeki her depo hücresi, her biri iki transistörden oluşan iki çapraz bağlı evirici ile gerçeklenebilir. Bu depo hücresi, 0 ve 1'i göstermek için kullanılan iki kararlı duruma sahiptir.

İki ek erişimsel transistör, okuma ve yazma işlemleri boyunca depo hücresinde erişimi kontrol etmeye yardımcı olur. Bu yüzden tek bir parça bellek depolamak için tipik olarak 6 tane MOSFET alır. Hücreye erişim, [BL] ve BL, iki line-bit'e bağlanıp bağlanmaması gerekmediğini içe doğru kontrol eden M5 ve M6, iki erişim transistorünü kontrol eden (örnek WL) word-line tarafından sağlanır. Bunlar hem okuma hem de yazma işlermleri için bilgi transferinde kullanılırlar. İki line-bit'e katı bir biçimde sahip olması gerekli değilken hem işareti hem de ters sonucu, noise margins'i (gürültü tolerans payı) geliştirdiğinden, tipik olarak sağlanır.

Okuma erişimi boyunca, line-bit'ler RAM hücresi içinde tersleyiciler tarafından aktif olarak yüksek ve alçak olarak sürdürülür. Bu işlem, DRAM'lere nazaran SRAM hızını arttırır. Line-bit'ler depo kapasitecileriyle bağlanır ve şarj paylaşımı, line-bit'lerinin aşağı yukarı sallanmasına neden olur. SRAM'lerin simetrik yapısı, ayrıca daha kolay incelenebilen küçük voltaj oluşturan, farklı işaretlemelere izin verir. m yolu ve n data-line ile bir SRAM'ın boyutu, 2m words ya da 2m ×n bit'dir.

SRAM işleyişi
Bir SRAM, üç ayrı durumda incelenir: yedek(devre işlemiyorsa), okuma (bilgilerin istendiği), yazma(içeriği güncelliyorken). Bu 3 durumu şu şekilde gerçekleştirir:

 Beklemede
Eğer word-line öne sürülmüyorsa, erişim transistorleri M5 ve M6 bit-line'lardan hücreye bağlanmaz. M1-M4 tarafından şekillenen 2 cross-couplet tersleyicilerin dış dünyayla bağlantısı kesildiğinde de, birbirlerini desteklemeye devam edeceklerdir.

 Okumada
Sanılır ki; bellek içeriği Q'da depolanan 1'dir. Okunan devre şarjetme öncesi her iki bit-line tarafından başlatılır. Değerler Q'da depolandığında, 2. adım gerçekleşir. [Q], BL ayrılarak bit-line'a transfer edilir. BL tarafında, M4 ve M6 transistörleri, bit-line'ı, VDD'ye çeker. Eğer bellek içeriği sıfır olursa, tam tersi yaşanır ve [BL], 1'e doğru çekilir.

 eleman 1
 eleman 2
 eleman 3 (DRAM'den biraz daha pahalıdır; fakat daha hızlı ve oldukça az güce ihtiyaç duyar. Bu yüzden, hız, güç ve her ikisi açısından tercih edilir. Ayrıca SRAM'i kontrol etmek daha kolaydır ve genellikle diğer modern DRAM türlerinden, daha doğru bir random access'e ulaştırır. Daha karmaşık bir iç yapıya sahip olduğundan SRAM, DRAM'den daha az yoğundur ve bunun için kişisel bilgisayarların ana belleğindeki gibi düşük maliyetli uygulamalar, yüksek kapasite için kullanılmaz.)

Uygulamalar ve kullanımları

Saat hızı ve gücü
SRAM'ın güç tüketimi ne sıklıkta erişildiğine bağlı olarak bir çeşitlilik gösterir; sıkça kullanıldığında ve bazı IC'ler full hızda birçok watt harcadığında, dinamik RAM kadar güce ihtiyacı olabilir. Diğer bir yandan RAM daha yavaş bir tempoda kullanılır (tıpkı mikro işlemcilerde yapılan uygulamalardaki gibi).

Statik RAM öncelikle;
 Genel amaç ürünüdür.
 Asynchronous olanlar (28 pin 32k×chips ve 16m bitlik benzer ürünlerdir.)
 Synchronous olanlar (genellikle caches ve burst transferi gerektiren diğer uygulamalar için kullanılır.) (18m bit[256k×72])
 Chip'e entegre edilenler.
 Mikrocontroller'daki cache veya RAM hafızası gibi (genellikle yaklaşık 32 bytes'tan 128 kilobytes'a kadar olanlar)
 Mikro işlemcilerin içindeki ilk cacheler gibi (×86 grubu ve diğerleri)(8k2'dan birkaç megabyte'a kadar)
 Belirli bir IC ve ASIC uygulamalarında (genellikle kilobyte sırasıyla)
 FPGA ve CPLD'de (genellikle birkaç veya daha az kilobyte sırasıyla)

Yerleştirilmiş kullanımı
Endüstriyel ve bilimin alt sistemlerinin bazı kategorileri, otomative elektronik ve benzer sistemler static RAM içerir. Bazı miktarlar (kilobyte ve daha az) oyuncaklarda da pratik olarak kullanılır. Birkaç megabyte, cep telefonları, dijital kameralar…vb karmaşık yapıdaki ürünlerde de kullanılabilir.

Bilgisayarlarda
SRAM ayrıca kişisel bilgisyarlar, workstationlar, routerlar ve çevresel ekipmanlarda (iç CPU cache ve dış burst mode SRAM caches, hard disk tamponlar, router tamponlar..vb) Ayrıca LCD ekranlar ve yazıcılarda da gösterilen imgeyi tutan static RAM'ler kullanılır. Küçük SRAM tamponları CDROM'larda ve CDRW sürücülerinde bulunur. (genellikle 256k bytes veya daha fazlası, tek bir değer yerine blokları transfer eden track data kullanılır. Aynısını modem kablolarına ve bilgisayara bağlı benzer ekipmanlara uygular. CMOS-RAM olarak da adlandırılır. Fakat günümüzde daha sık EEPROM veya flaş bellek kullanımlarına uygulanır.)

Hobi olarak ilgilenenler
Hobi olarak ilgilenenler sıklıkla SRAM'i tercih eder. Güncellemeye gerek olmadığından, kullanımı DRAM'lerden çok daha basittir. Ayrıca SRAM genellikle 3 konrole gerek duyar: Chip Enable (Ce), Write Enable(WE) and Output Enable(OE).

SRAM Türleri

Transistör olarak
 İki kutup bağlantılı (Bipolar Junction Transistör) (TTL ve ECL 'de kullanılır) — Oldukça hızlıdır ama çok güç harcar.
 (Metal Oksit Yarıiletkenli Alan Etkili Transistör) (CMOS'da kullanılır) — Düşük enerjili ve günümüzde yaygın olan bir türdür.

Fonksiyon olarak
 Eşzamansız (Asychronous) — zamandan bağımsızdır; bilgi içi ve dışı geçiş (transition) tarafında kontrol edilir.
 Eşzamanlı (Synchronous) — her an zamana göre çalışır. Bilgi ve diğer kontrol sinyalleri zaman sinyalleri ile beraber çalışır.

Özellik olarak
 ZBT (sıfır veriyolu dönüşü) — zaman miktarı zaman devre sayısı kadardır.yazma-okuma ve okuma-yazma işlemlerinden SRAM'e ulaşımının değimesi kadar bir zaman alır.
 syncBurst (senkron atış) — (syncBurst sram ya da synchoronous –burst SRAM)

Kaynakça

RAM çeşitleri
Bilgisayar belleği

SRAM


Le  (« droit du glaive ») est, en latin, le droit qu'avait le représentant de Rome, dans les territoires conquis, de prononcer la peine de mort et de la faire exécuter.

Sous la République
Outre l'autorité judiciaire, le jus gladii faisait partie du pouvoir exécutif d'un proconsul, qui lui était conféré à l'époque de la République en tant que gouverneur et donc en tant que représentant de Rome dans la province qu'il administrait SPQR - « au nom du sénat et du peuple de Rome ».

Sous l'Empire
Le droit du glaive a perduré dans l'Empire à partir du règne d'Auguste. Cependant, il était explicitement accordé par l'empereur, en tant que juge suprême et souverain, à un eques gouverneur. Le Préfet d'Égypte disposait légalement du jus gladii. Le gouverneur sénatorial a continué d'avoir le droit du glaive comme sous la République, de sorte qu'aucune confirmation impériale supplémentaire n'était requise. Les instances subordonnées, qui n'avaient pas reçu le jus gladii, devaient transmettre les affaires judiciaires correspondantes à l'instance supérieure de Rome, peut-être même à l'empereur, pour décision.

Pour des raisons d'organisation, Dioclétien a accordé le jus gladii à chaque gouverneur, quel que soit son statut.

Limites d'exercice du ius gladii
Alors que la peine de mort s'exerçait sans restriction sur les personnes sans citoyenneté romaine, l'appel était fondamentalement possible pour les citoyens romains, ce qui pouvait nécessiter une décision finale à obtenir de l'empereur. Un transfert à l'empereur était courant pour les membres de la classe supérieure d'une province de citoyenneté romaine et en particulier pour les militaires qui détenaient au moins le grade de centurion. Il n'était possible de s'écarter de cette maxime qu'en temps de crise, lorsqu'il était nécessaire d'éviter tout retard.

Références

Articles connexes
 Droit de vie et de mort
 Droit de la guerre
 Éthique militaire
 Esclavage dans l'Antiquité
 Terra nullius
 Trouble comportemental de guerre

Droit romain
Histoire du droit
Histoire militaire

Jus gladii


Rijeka Neb  je jedna od glavnih rijeka na otoku Man. Izvire u brdima Michael, teče JZ kroz Glen Helen (gdje se spaja s rijekom Blaber) do St John'sa, gdje se spaja s glavnom pritokom, rijekom Foxdale, a zatim teče SZ do Irskog mora u gradu od Peela na zapadnoj obali. U rijeci se u jesen obilno lovi pastrva.

Ušće rijeke bilo je prvo poznato mjesto ljudskog naseljavanja otoka, koje datira prije 9000 godina.

Izvori

Rijeke na Manu

Neb


වෙනස්කම් කිරීම යනු ජාතිය, ජනවර්ගය, කුලය, සමාජ තත්වය, සමාජ පන්තිය, ආගම, දේශපාලනික මතවාදය, ආබාධිතභාවය, වයස, ලිංගික අනන්‍යතාව, ලිංගික දිශානතිය,  වැනි ප්‍රවර්ග මත පදනම්ව පුද්ගලයින්ව අසාධාරණ ලෙස පූර්ව විනිශ්චය කිරීම සහ ඔවුන්ට අනෙක් අයට වඩා වෙනස් කොට සැළකීමයි. එක් පුද්ගල කණ්ඩායමක් සතු වරප්‍රසාදයන් වෙනත් පුද්ගල කණ්ඩායමකට අහිමි කිරීම වෙනස්කම් කිරීමට අයත් වේ. මෙලෙස ඇතැම් පුද්ගල කණ්ඩායම් වලට වෙනස්කම් කිරීම සඳහා නිර්මාණය වූ සම්ප්‍රදායන්, ප්‍රතිපත්ති, මතවාද, සහ නීතී ලෝකය පුරා රටවල් බොහොමයක පවතී.

සටහන්

වෙනස්කම් කිරීම


"Das Model" (napisana kao "Das Modell" sve do reizdanja 2009.; engleski naziv: "The Model") je pjesma njemačkog elektroničko glazbenog sastava Kraftwerk, objavljena 1978. godine kao drugi singl sa sedmog studijskog albuma The Man-Machine. Napisali su je Ralf Hütter i Karl Bartos, a s tekstom im je pomogao umjetnik Emil Schult.

Pjesma je jedna od Kraftwerkovih najpoznatijih pjesama te se redovno svira na koncertima, najčešće na engleskom.

Osoblje
Kraftwerk
Ralf Hütter — vokali, vokoder, sintisajzer, klavijature, orkestron, elektronika
Florian Schneider — vokoder, votrax, sintisajzer, elektronika
Karl Bartos — elektronički bubnjevi
Wolfgang Flür — elektronički bubnjevi

Izvori

Singlovi 1970-ih
Njemačke skladbe

Das Model


Santa Cruz da Vitória es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2010 era de 6.673 habitantes.

Referencias

Localidades de Bahía

Santa Cruz da Vitória


Köroğlu, Bolu'da yaşamış bir Türk halk ozanıdır. Bu isimle yazılmış Köroğlu Destanı da vardır.

Yaşamı
Köroğlu (16. yüzyıl) halk şairleri içerisinde kavganın, özgürlüğün sembolüdür. Doğum, ölüm tarihleri bilinmeyen, bir eski efsane kahramanı olan Köroğlu'nun adını alan bir şairidir. Bu şairin, III. Murat zamanında (1574-1595) Osmanlı ordusuyla İran savaşlarına katıldığı (1578-1584) bilinmektedir. Bolu Beyinden babasının intikamını almak üzere dağlara çıkan, yiğitlik ve iyilikseverliği destanlaşan isyancı Köroğlu ile şair Köroğlu halk zihninde kaynaşmış durumdadır. Aslında çok daha eski bir efsanedir.

Şiirlerinde coşkun bir seslenişle yiğitlik, dostluk, aşk, doğa sevgisi çok sade bir dille anlatılır. Bu şiirler, hikâyeci âşıkların nesirle anlatılan hikâyeleri arasına serpiştirilmiştir. 24'ü bulan bu hikâyeler, Türklük dünyasına yayılan bir Köroğlu destanının doğuşunu hazırlamıştır. Bazı öykücüler kitaplara yazdıklarını filme de aktarmışlardır.

Köroğlu Destanı

Köroğlu aslında eski bir asker ve sonradan dağa çıkan bir Celali eşkiyasıdır. Bu adı (belki de bir mahlas olarak) eski Türk destanlarındaki bir kahramandan almıştır. Asıl adı Ruşen'dir. Köroğlu; yiğit, adaletli, inançla dolu ideal bir insan profilidir. Azerbaycan'da çok yaygın olan "Koroğlu Efsanesi" ("Kor", Azeri dilinde kör demektir) ile büyük oranda benzeşir.

Bu destana göre Köroğlu'nun asıl adı Ruşen Ali'dir. Babası Yusuf, Bolu Beyi'nin seyisidir. At meraklısı olan Bolu Beyi, seyisi Yusuf'u cins bir at almaya gönderir; fakat Yusuf'un getirdiği tayı beğenmez, adamın gözlerine mil çektirir. Yusuf tayı ve oğlunu alıp memleketten çıkar. Ruşen Ali, babasının tarif ettiği tarzda, tayı karanlık bir ahırda besler. Tay, belli bir zaman sonra kanatlanır, eşsiz bir küheylan olur. Yusuf ile Ruşen Ali, Aras ırmağına gider, orada Bingöl'den inecek olan üç sihirli köpüğü beklerler. Yusuf, köpükleri içince, tekrar görmeye başlayacak, gençleşecek ve Bolu Beyi'nden intikamını alacaktır. Fakat, Ruşen Ali köpükleri kendisi içer, babasına köpüksüz su verir. Yusuf buna bir yandan üzülür, bir yandan da, oğlu intikamını alacak bir yiğit olacağı için sevinir.

Bu sihirli üç köpükten biri Köroğlu'na ebedi hayat, biri yiğitlik, biri de şairlik sağlar. Yusuf, oğluna intikamını almasını tavsiye ettikten sonra ölür. Ruşen Ali Kır-Atı ile birlikte dağa çıkar. Köroğlu diye ün alır, bir derebeyi gibi yaşamaya başlar, her savaşta üstün gelir; tüccarlardan, beylerden, paşalardan aldıklarını yoksullara dağıtır. Delikli demir (tüfek) icat olunup da eski yiğitlik gelenekleri bozulunca, arkadaşlarına dağılmalarını tavsiye eder, "sır olur", kırklara karışır.

Bu destan Yaşar Kemal'in Üç Anadolu Efsanesi yapıtında günümüz edebiyatına aktarılmıştır.

Örnek Türküler
Aşağıdaki tanınmış dizeleri yazmıştır:
Benden selâm olsun Bolu Beyi'ne
Çıkıp şu dağlara yaslanmalıdır
At kişnemesinden, kalkan sesinden
Dağlar seda verip seslenmelidir

Düşman geldi tabur tabur dizildi
Alnımıza kara yazı yazıldı
Tüfek icat oldu mertlik bozuldu
Eğri kılıç kında paslanmalıdır

Köroğlu düşer mi eski şanından
Ayırır çoğunu er meydanından
Kırat köpüğünden düşman kanından
Çevrem dolup şalvar ıslanmalıdır

Bir efsaneye göre Köroğlu'nu tek Yenebilen kişi Kiziroğlu Mustafa Bey'dir. Bunun üzerine aşağıdaki türküyü yazar.
Bir atı var Ala Paça
Peh peh peh
Mecal vermez Kırat kaça
Hey hey hey
Az kaldı ortamdan biçe

Ağam kim,
Paşam kim,
Nigar kim,
Hanım kim,
Kiziroğlu Mustafa Bey
Bir beyin oğlu
Zor beyin oğlu

Bahsedilen Filmler
Köroğlu isimli film, Atif Yılmaz'ın yönettiği Cüneyt Arkın ve Fatma Girik'in başrollüğünü yaptığı Köroğlu, 1968 yapımı bir tarih ve macera tarzı Türk filmidir. Senaryosunu Ayşe Şasa'nın yazdığı bir kara komedi tarzındadır. Görüntülerini Gani Turanlı'nın çektiği filmin müzikleri Yücel Paşmakçı'ya aittir. Yapım şirketi Uğur Film, yapımcı Memduh Ün'dür.

Kaynakça
 Koroğlu. (tərtib edəni M.H.Təhmasib). Bakı: Gənclik, 1975, 364 s.
 Koroğlu. (V.Xuluflu nəşri), Bakı: Elm, 1999, 200 s.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Köroğlu Destanı
 Köroğlu (film, 1960)
 Köroğlu (film)
 Üç Anadolu Efsanesi
 MEB 100 Türk Edebiyatçısı

Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
Ölüm tarihi bilinmeyenler
Türk halk şairleri
Türk mitolojisi
Halk kahramanları
Kurgusal Türkler
Edebiyat karakterleri
Türk masal karakterleri
Masal karakterleri
Kurgusal şamanlar
Türk mitolojisi kahramanları
Sosyal kabadayılık

Köroğlu


إدارة المرافق هي مجال متعدد التخصصات مهتم بعملية تنسيق الأعمال بين المباني والأفراد والبنى الأساسية وخدمات الطاقة والمياه والتصريف من أجل تناغم الخدمات المتداخلة وإطالة العمر الافتراضي للموجودات والخدمات المعنية. من أهم خدمات إدارة المرافق صيانة المباني التجارية والعامة مثل الفنادق والمنتجعات والمدارس ومجمعات المكاتب والساحات الرياضية ومراكز المؤتمرات والمستشفيات والمطارات. ويمكن أن تشمل المهمات بالعناية بتكييف الهواء والطاقة الكهربائية والسباكة ونظم الإضاءة والنظافة العامة والديكور ورعاية الأرضيات وخدمات الأمن والسلامة ويمكن لبعض أو كل هذه المهمات أن تتم بمساعده . كما يمكن أن تعتبر هذه الواجبات غير أساسية أو خدمات دعم لأنها ليست الأعمال الأولية (بالمعنى الواسع للكلمة) للمنظمة المالكة.

هذا هو الدور الوظيفي الذي تضطلع به إدارة المرافق (سواء كانت إدارة مستقلة أو فريق صغير) للتنسيق والإشراف على العمليات السليمة بيئيا والآمنة والحفاظ على هذه الأصول بطريقة فعالة وغير مكلفة تهدف إلى تحقيق الحفظ طويل الأجل لقيمة الموجودات. وفي تلك الحالات التي ينطوي فيها تشغيل المرافق بصورة مباشرة على شاغلي و/ أو عملاء المنظمة المالكة، يعتبر التسليم المرضي لمرافق الخدمات ذات الصلة لهؤلاء الناس مهم جدا، وبالتالي، يستخدم مصطلح «رضا المستخدم النهائي» غالبا باعتباره هدفا ومقياسا للأداء.

يتشابه مصطلح إدارة المرافق مع إدارة الممتلكات، ولكنهما ليسا متماثلان. حيث أن كلا منهما يقوم بإدارة العمليات اليومية للمنشأة، فإن لمدير الملكية دورا موسعا يشمل أنشطة التأجير والتسويق في حين ان لمدير المرافق دورا يركز على المستأجرين الحاليين الذين يكونون عادة مقيمين. وهناك سمة هامة لإدارة المرافق هي أنها تأخذ في الاعتبار الاحتياجات الإنسانية لاستخدام المباني والمرافق المشيدة. وتكمل هذه العوامل اللينة العوامل الأكثر صلابة المرتبطة بالصيانة والرعاية لتركيبات الخدمات الهندسية.

وفقا لآتكن وبروكس، فهناك مفهوم هام في مجال إدارة المرافق هو الاستعانة بمصادر خارجية، حيث يقوم المالك بالترتيب مع منظمات خارجية لتوفير خدمة أو أكثر بدلا من تواجده يقدم من خلال ترتيبات داخلية. ويمكن أن تختلف أسباب هذا الإجراء، من نقص في الموارد الداخلية، لقلة الخبرة والضغوط لخفض التكاليف. وللأسف، يمكن التشتت بسبب وجود ارتباط وثيق بين إدارة المرافق والاستعانة بمصادر خارجية. فالمفهومان ليسا مترادفان، حيث تُعد الاستعانة بمصادر خارجية وسيلة لتوفير خدمات المرافق للمنظمة المالكة.

تتم إدارة المرافق خلال المرحلة التشغيلية من دورة حياة المبنى، والتي عادة ما تمتد لعقود عديدة. وعلى هذا النحو، فإنها تمثل عملية مستمرة لتقديم الخدمات لدعم الأعمال الأساسية للمالك، حيث تكون التحسينات مطلوبة باستمرار. فمن الضروري أن تتم عملية صنع القرار في مراحل التصميم والبناء السابقة، على نحو يناسب الاحتياجات التشغيلية إذا كان يقوم المرفق بتوفير الدعم الأمثل للمنظمة المالكة. وفي هذا الصدد، يمكن أن يُنظر إلى إدارة المرافق على أنها جزءا لا يتجزأ من عمليات التصميم والهندسة والبناء والتشغيل المؤداة بتنسيق وتحكم. فعندما يتم توفير المنشأة على أساس التسليم الجاهز، على سبيل المثال التصميم والبناء والتمويل والتشغيل (DBFO)، سيتحتم على الاتحاد المسؤول عن تسليم الأصول المادية ومن ثم تشغيل الخدمات الأساسية، أن يكون لديه الفهم الضمني للمطالب اليومية لإدارة هذا المرفق. وبموجب هذه الترتيبات - يجب على الشراكات بين القطاعين العام والخاص - أو بين المالك والمشغل أن تتكامل من حيث التفكير التنفيذي في اتخاذ القرارات الخاصة بالتصميم الأولي.

الدور
تطوَر الانضباط في إدارة المرافق ولاسيما دور مديري المرافق، إلى درجة جعلت العديد من المديرين يعملون على مستويين: الاستراتيجي التخطيطي والتنفيذي. ففي الحالة السابقة، يحتاج الملاك الحصول على معلومات حول التأثير المحتمل لقراراتهم على توفير المكان والخدمات. أما في الأخيرة، فيكون دور مدير المنشأة ضمان التشغيل السليم لجميع جوانب المبنى، لتهيئة بيئة مثلى للمقيمين. ويتم هذا عن طريق إدارة بعض الأنشطة التالية.

الصحة والسلامة البيئية
 نظافة المبنى
 التخلص من النفايات
 لوائح أوشا (الصحة والسلامة المهنية) يمكن أن تكون منظمة مختلفة اعتمادا على
نوع المبنى. مثل المستشفى)
 الامتثال (للمواد الخطرة)

الأنظمة الميكانيكية
- معدات التكييف / (التدفئة والتهوية وتكييف الهواء والتبريد)
 نوعية الهواء بالداخل
 التحكم في درجة الحرارة
- الصيانة الوقائية (الصيانة المجدولة لمنع الأعطال)
- الصيانة التنبؤية (استخدام المعدات أو الاختبارات للتنبؤ بموعد الحاجة للصيانة)
- صيانة المصاعد

أنظمة الطاقة
- الطاقة العادية
 محطات كهربائية
 مفاتيح
نظم الطاقة الكهربائية في حالات الطوارئ
 إمدادات الطاقة غير المنقطعة نظم (يو بي إس)
 المولدات الاحتياطية

أنظمة المبنى
-أنظمة المبنى الأوتوماتيكية
-أنظمة مراقبة المبنى
-الأمن، والأقفال

أنظمة الحياة/السلامة
- نظم سقاية
- أنظمة كشف الحريق
- طفايات الحريق
 طفايات الغاز
 إف إم-200
 إف إي-25
 الهالون
-اللافتات
- خطط الإخلاء

إدارة المكان
- تخطيط مساحة المكاتب
- أنطمة وتنصيب الأثاث

تعريفات
هناك تعريف مقدم من المؤسسة الدولية لإدارة المرافق (IFMA) هو:

«المهنة التي تضم تخصصات متعددة، لضمان الأداء الوظيفي للبيئة المبنية من خلال تكامل الناس، المكان، العمليات، والتكنولوجيا.»

تعريف آخر أشمل مُقدم أيضا من IFMA هو: «ممارسة أو تنسيق العمل الفعلي مع أشخاص وعمل المنظمة؛ والتي تدمج مبادئ إدارة الأعمال، الهندسة المعمارية، والعلوم الهندسية والسلوكية».

أما في المملكة المتحدة وغيرها من البلدان الأوروبية، فهناك تعريف أشمل لإدارة المرافق من مجرد إدارة المباني والخدمات. والتعريف المقدم من اللجنة الأوروبية للتقييس والذي صادق عليه مكتب المعايير البريطانية هو:

«إدارة المرافق هي تحقيق التكامل بين العمليات الجارية داخل منظمة لصيانة وتطوير الخدمات المتفق عليها والتي تدعم وتحسن فعالية أنشطتها الأساسية».

وقد اعتمد المعهد البريطاني لإدارة المرافق رسميا تعريف لجنة التقييس ولكنه يقدم أيضا وصفا أبسط قليلا:

«إدارة المرافق هي تحقيق التكامل بين الأنشطة متعددة التخصصات بداخل البيئة المبنية، وإدارة تأثيرها على الأشخاص وأماكن العمل».

وفي أستراليا، قد حل مصطلح الخدمات التجارية محل إدارة المرافق في بعض المنظمات. حيث يمكن أن تطلق الخدمات التجارية على خدمات أخرى عدا العناية بالمرافق، مثل الأمن ووقوف السيارات، التخلص من النفايات، خدمات المرافق والتخطيط الاستراتيجي.

يطلق على المبنى أو عدة مباني التي تقع على قطعة واحدة من الأرض وصف «الموقع». ويطلق على المواقع المتعددة التي تقع في منطقة حاضرية واحدة، ولكنها تستخدم من قبل الكيان القانوني نفسه، اسم «الحرم الجامعي.» وقد يكون قسم إدارة المرافق مسؤولا عن موقع أو حرم أو منطقة إقليمية تحتوي على مواقع أو مجمعات متعددة والتي قد تكون مزيجا من المرافق المملوكة والمستأجرة. وسيتواجد قسم إدارة المرافق عادة، لإدارة الأصول المادية لشركة، المشغولة من قبل المالك، في حين أن تواجد قسم إدارة الممتلكات عادة ما يمثل فقط المساحات المستأجرة. ويركز قسم إدارة المرافق على الفعالية من حيث التكلفة، الانتفاع طويل الأجل، والحفاظ على قيمة الأصول التي تملكها في حين يركز قسم إدارة الممتلكات عادة على عوائد الاستئجار قصير الأجل.

تقنية أنظمة المبانى

التدبير الإداري مقابل التدبير الفني
يُعرف دعم إدارة المرافق التنظيمي من قبل تكنولوجيا المعلومات بإدارة المرافق بمساعدة الحاسوب (CAFM)، نظم إدارة المرافق، أو نظم إدارة الصيانة المحوسبة.

تُعرف مجموعة أجهزة المراقبة والإشراف، نظم المراقبة والتنظيم، مرافق / آليات الإدارة والتحسين في المباني التي بها إدارة مرافق فنية بأتمتة المبنى. والهدف منها هو إنجاز العمليات الوظيفية في الصناعة عموما بشكل مستقل (تلقائي)، وفقا لمرحلة ما قبل تعديل القيم (معلمات) أو لتبسيط عملياتها ورصدها. فتترابط جميع أجهزة الاستشعار، والمشغلات، وعناصر التحكم والمستخدمين وغيرها من الأجهزة التقنية في المبنى، لتكوين شبكة. ويمكن تلخيص سير العمل / المتواليات في سيناريوهات. والسمة المميزة هي الهيكل اللامركزي لوحدات التحكم، وكذلك الشبكات المتكاملة من خلال نظام نقل (عادة ما يكون EIB/KNX أو الإضاءة (DALI))

تحولت بعض الصناعات سريعا للإدارة التقنية، في حين أن صناعات أخرى لا تزال تعتمد على النهج الإداري العتيق. وعادة ما تكون الصناعات التي بها هياكل أكثر خطية أكثر ميلا لتنفيذ النظم التقنية لأن الإدارة المستمرة لهذه النظم يمكن الحفاظ عليها عن طريق الهيكل التنظيمي الرأسي من أعلى إلى أسفل. أما الصناعات غير الخطية فتميل إلى التبني البطيء للإدارة التقنية بسبب الاعتقاد بأن النظام لا يمكن تنفيذه أو الإبقاء عليه بفعالية. أما الصناعات مثل المكاتب التجارية والتجزئة فتميل في كثير من الأحيان إلى امتلاك أكبر التحديات في مجال تنفيذ وصيانة النظم التقنية لأن منظماتهم تعكس قدرا كبيرا من التنوع مع أصحابها، والسماسرة، والمديرين، والمستأجرين وعادة ما تكون من منظمات مختلفة ذات مصالح وأولويات متباينة. وقد أظهرت الاتجاهات الأخيرة زيادة كبيرة في استخدام الإدارة الفنية إلى حد كبير بسبب الابحاث التي اظهرت وفورات هائلة في التكاليف للتحويل إلى النهج التقني. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن مقدمي الإدارة التقنية القادرين على مطابقة عمليات المنظمة، والعملاء، وتوفير الإعداد والدعم الشامل والصيانة طوال حياة النظام من خلال تقديم مزايا كبيرة وخفض عدد حالات الإنهاء المبكر.

قد تشمل مكونات النظم الأفضل ما يلي:

 شهادة التأمين
 تعقب الحادث
 إدارة المشروع
 الصيانة الوقائية
 وسائل الاتصالات الأوتوماتيكية
 وصول الزوار
 الحماية
 النار وسلامة الحياة
 المحاسبة

طرق الكتابة
في الولايات المتحدة يستخدم كلا من 'إدارة المرفق' و'إدارة المرافق' على نطاق واسع، في حين أن 'إدارة المرافق' هو المفضل في المملكة المتحدة وكندا وأستراليا والشركات المتوسطة الإنجليزية في عدة بلدان أوروبية.
في الولايات المتحدة يطلق على 'إدارة المرفق' العامة أو الحكومية مصطلح '(اسم الولاية / المقاطعة / المدينة) قسم إدارة المرافق، في حين إذا كانت 'إدارة المرافق' جزء من كيان خاص فتسمى 'قسم إدارة المرافق (مؤسسة / شركة / ذ م م / الخ ايه بي سي.)

انظر أيضا
 EuroFM
 CAFM
 نظام إدارة الصيانة المحوسبة
 1:5:200
 إدارة المرافق بناء على المجتمع
 أتمتة المباني
 إدارة الممتلكات

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 رابطة مالكي ومديري الأبنية
 مؤسسة إدارة المرافق
 المؤسسة الدولية لإدارة المرافق
 المعهد البريطاني لإدارة المرافق
 المعهد الدولي لمالكي ومديري الأبنية
 جمعية المرافق
 معهد هونغ كونغ لإدارة المرافق

إدارة الأعمال
إدارة الممتلكات
علم الإدارة
فن السوقيات
مهن خدمية

إدارة المرافق


Brésil foi o primeiro balão esférico desenvolvido por Alberto Santos Dumont, onde, aos 25 anos, apresentou diversas inovações na área da aeronáutica e realizou mais de 200 voos.

História

Origem

Após sete anos vivendo em Paris e já tendo realizado diversas ascensões em outros balões, Santos Dumont resolveu desenvolver uma aeronave própria para ganhar experiência, pois seria economicamente mais viável em comparação com alugar balões de outros construtores. Com isto, aos 25 anos, ele encomendou ao construtor Henri Lachambre, da firma Lachambre & Machuron o que ele visou ser o menor balão livre já construído, com uma câmara de 113 m3 de hidrogênio, 6 metros de diâmetro e um peso total de 27,5 kg.

Antes de voar no Brésil, a equipe de Henri Lachambre deixou que Santos Dumont realizasse ascensões tanto na França e na Bélgica como forma de ir adquirindo experiência. De acordo com Godin da Fonseca, Santos Dumont teria sido influenciado a construir seu primeiro balão ao acompanhar a corrida de automóveis Paris-Amsterdam em 1897.

Desenvolvimento
Uma das principais inovações de Santos Dumont nesta aeronave foi o uso da seda japonesa no envólucro: a seda japonesa, apesar de possuir 70% da resistência por unidade de área da seda chinesa, ainda assim tinha uma resistência 70% maior que a necessária. Porém, os demais balonistas temiam que a delicadeza do material causasse rasgos em voo e Santos Dumont só passou a confiar no material após diversos testes em laboratório. Para manter a estabilidade, Santos Dumont empregou um maior comprimento de corda, como mostrado no esquema acima, onde a primeira figura representa um balão tradicional e a segunda representa o Brésil.

Tudo envolvido foi diminuído ao máximo possível, mesmo com a inexistência de experiência com um balão tão diminuto. Porém, Santos Dumont teve de estudar tudo o que já havia sido realizado até o momento para ter confiança no projeto. A rede da câmara foi reduzida para meros 2 kg, enquanto a nacele foi reduzida de 20 para 6 kg. Em vez de uma âncora, utilizou-se de um pequeno arpão de três quilos. Seus críticos diziam que o balão não teria estabilidade, nem sucesso.

Uso e legado
Seu primeiro voo ocorreu em 4 de julho de 1898, no Jardin d´Acclimatation. Santos Dumont descreveu que o balão "...O Brasil era muito manobrável no ar e muito ágil." e que não estaria errado dizer que ele o carregava em sua maleta. O aeronauta também descreveu que o balão era "...lindo na sua transparência, como uma grande bola de sabão".

Seu uso em mais de 200 voos tornou Santos Dumont um dos melhores aeronautas da França e proporcionou-lhe a devida experiência de voo que resultou no desenvolvimento de outros balões e dos seus dirigíveis, além de ter atraído atenção de outros inventores e da imprensa europeia. O desempenho de seus dois primeiros modelos, Brésil e Amérique, impressionou balonistas experientes. Seu primeiro dirigível, o Nº1, teve seu primeiro teste realizado no dia 18 de setembro de 1898, três meses e meio após o primeiro voo do Brésil.

 descreveu que devido às inovações realizadas ao desenvolver um balão de tamanho e custo reduzido, Santos Dumont "...teria dado uma grande contribuição à aeronáutica." mesmo se só houvesse realizado o Brésil.

Ver também
Lista de aeronaves de Santos Dumont

Bibliografia

Leitura adicional

História da aerostação
1898 na França
Aeronaves de Santos-Dumont
Veículos movidos a hidrogênio

Brésil (balão esférico)


Jupiterova atmosfera najveća je planetarna atmosfera u Sunčevom sustavu. Uglavnom se sastoji od molekularnog vodika i helija u približno solarnim omjerima; ostali kemijski spojevi prisutni su samo u malim količinama i uključuju metan, amonijak, sumporovodik i vodu. Iako se smatra da voda boravi duboko u atmosferi, njena izravno izmjerena koncentracija je vrlo niska. Obilje dušika, sumpora i plemenitih plinova u Jupiterovoj atmosferi premašuju solarne vrijednosti za oko tri.

Atmosferi Jupitera nedostaje jasna donja granica i postepeno prelazi u tekuću unutrašnjost planeta. Od najnižih do najviših, atmosferski slojevi su troposfera, stratosfera, termosfera i egzosfera. Svaki sloj ima karakteristične gradijente temperature. Najniži sloj, troposfera, ima kompliciran sustav oblaka i izmaglica, koji sadrži slojeve amonijaka, amonijevog hidrosulfida i vode. Gornji amonijski oblaci vidljivi na površini Jupitera organizirani su u desetak zonskih pruga paralelnih s ekvatorom i omeđeni su snažnim zonskim atmosferskim protocima (vjetrovima) poznatim kao mlazovi. Pruge se izmjenjuju u boji: tamni se nazivaju pojasi, dok se svijetli nazivaju zonama. Zone, koje su hladnije od pojasâ, odgovaraju gornjim dijelovima, dok pojasi označavaju silazni plin. Smatra se da je svjetlija boja zona proizvedena iz amonijskog leda; ono što daje pojasima njihove tamnije boje je nepoznato. Podrijetlo prugaste strukture i mlazeva nije dovoljno razjašnjeno, iako postoje tzv. "plitki model" i "duboki model".

Jupiterova atmosfera pokazuje širok raspon aktivnih pojava, uključujući nestabilnost pojasa, vrtloge (ciklone i anticiklone), oluje i munje. Vrtlozi se otkrivaju kao velike crvene, bijele ili smeđe pjege (ovali). Najveće dvije točke su Velika crvena pjega i Oval BA, koja je također crvena. Ove dvije i većina ostalih velikih pjega su anticiklonske. Manje anticiklone imaju tendenciju bijele boje. Smatra se da su vrtlozi relativno plitke građevine s dubinom koja ne prelazi nekoliko stotina kilometara. Smještena na južnoj hemisferi, Velika pjega je najveći poznati vrtlog Sunčevog sustava. Mogla bi progutati dvije ili tri Zemlje te postoji najmanje tristo godina. Oval BA, južno od Velike crvene pjege, crvena je pjega trećine veličine Velike crvene pjege koja je nastala 2000. godine spajanjem triju bijelih ovala.

Jupiter ima snažne oluje, često praćene udarima munja. Oluje su rezultat vlažne konvekcije u atmosferi koja je povezana s isparavanjem i kondenzacijom vode. To su mjesta jakog gibanja zraka prema gore, što dovodi do stvaranja svijetlih i gustih oblaka. Oluje se formiraju uglavnom u područjima pojasa. Udarci munje na Jupiteru stotinama su puta snažniji od onih koji se vide na Zemlji, a pretpostavlja se da su povezani s vodenim oblacima.

Kemijski sastav
Sastav Jupiterove atmosfere sličan je sastavu Jupitera u cjelini. Jupiterova atmosfera najopsežnije istražena od atmosfera svih plinovitih divova, jer ju je izravno istraživala atmosferska sonda Galileo prilikom ulaska u Jupiterovu atmosferu 7. prosinca 1995. godine. Ostali izvori podataka o sastavu atmosfere Jupiter uključuju Infracrveni svemirski opservatorij (ISO), orbiteri Galileo i Cassini, i opažanja sa Zemlje.

Dva glavna sastojka jovijanske atmosfere su molekularni vodik (H2) i helij. Obilje helija je  u odnosu na molekularni vodik prema broju molekula, a njegov maseni udio je , što je nešto niže od primordijalne vrijednosti Sunčevog sustava. Razlog ovako malog obilja helija nije u potpunosti poznat, ali neki se helij možda kondenzirao u Jupiterovu jezgru. Ova kondenzacija vjerojatno će biti u obliku helijeve kiše: vodik se pretvara u metalni vodik na dubinama većim od 10 000 km, helij se odvaja od njega tvoreći kapljice koje se, gušće od metalnog vodika, spuštaju prema jezgri. To također može objasniti snažno iscrpljivanje neona, elementa koji se lako otapa u kapljicama helija i koji bi se u njima transportiran prema jezgri.

Atmosfera sadrži razne jednostavne spojeve kao što su voda, metan (CH4), sumporovodik (H2S) amonijak (NH3) i fosfin (PH3) Njihovo obilje u dubokoj troposferi podrazumijeva da je atmosfera Jupitera obogaćena ugljikom, dušikom, sumporom i eventualno kisikom. Plemeniti plinovi argon, kripton i ksenon također se pojavljuju u izobilju u odnosu na solarne razine, dok je neon oskudniji. Drugi kemijski spojevi kao što su arsin (AsH3) i german (GeH4) su prisutni samo u tragovima. Gornja Jupiterova atmosfera sadrži male količine jednostavnih ugljikovodika poput etana, acetilena i dijacetilena koji nastaju iz metana pod utjecajem sunčevog ultraljubičastog zračenja i nabijenih čestica koje dolaze iz Jupiterove magnetosfere. Smatra se da ugljični dioksid, ugljični monoksid i voda prisutni u gornjoj atmosferi potječu od kometa koji utječu na udar, poput kometa Shoemaker-Levy 9.

Zone, pojasi i mlazevi

Postoje dvije vrste pruga na Jupiteru: svijetlo obojene zone i relativno tamni pojasi. Šira ekvatorijalna zona (EZ) prostire se između jovigrafskih širina od oko 7° J do 7° S. Iznad i ispod EZ, sjeverni i južni ekvatorski pojas (SEP i JEP) protežu se do 18° J i 18° S. Dalje od ekvatora leže sjeverne i južne tropske zone (StrZ i JTrZ). Naizmjenični uzorak pojasâ i zonâ nastavlja se sve do polarnih područja na približno 50 stupnjeva jovigrafske širine, gdje njihov vidljivi izgled postaje pomalo prigušen. Osnovna struktura zona i pojasa vjerojatno se proteže prema polovima, dosežući barem do 80° sjeverno ili južno.

Razlika u izgledu između zona i pojasa uzrokovana je razlikama u neprozirnosti oblaka. Koncentracija amonijaka je viša u zonama, što dovodi do pojave gušćih oblaka amonijaka na većim nadmorskim visinama, što zauzvrat dovodi do njihove svjetlije boje. S druge strane, u pojasima su oblaci tanji i nalaze se na nižim visinama. Gornja troposfera hladnija je u zonama, a toplija u pojasima.

Jovijanski pojasi omeđeni su zonskim atmosferskim tokovima (vjetrovima), zvanim mlazevi. Progradni mlazevi gibaju se prema istoku te se nalaze na prijelazu iz zona u pojase (udaljavaju se od ekvatora), dok se retrogradni mlazevi gibaju prema zapadu te označavaju prijelaz s pojasa u zone. Takvi obrasci brzine protoka znače da se zonski vjetrovi smanjuju u pojasima i povećavaju zone od ekvatora do pola. Stoga je smicanje vjetra u pojasima ciklonalno, dok je u zonama anticiklonalno. EZ je iznimka od ovog pravila; ona pokazuje jak progradni mlaz istoka i ima lokalni minimum brzine vjetra točno na ekvatoru. Brzine mlaza su na Jupiteru velike i dostižu više od 100 m/s. Ove brzine odgovaraju oblacima amonijaka koji se nalaze u rasponu tlaka od 0,7 do 1 bar. Progradni mlazevi općenito su snažniji od retrogradnih mlazeva.

Izvori

Jupiter

Jupiterova atmosfera


Herningvej  er en to sporet omfartsvej der går vest om Skive, Vejen er en del af primærrute 26 der går mellem Aarhus og Hanstholm, og er med til at lede trafikken vest om Skive Centrum, så byen ikke bliver belastet af så meget gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen forbinder Herningvej i syd med Vestre Boulevard i nord, og har forbindelse til Folmentoftvej, og Holstebrovej.

Kilder

Gader i Skive
Transport i Skive
Omfartsveje i Danmark

Herningvej (Skive)


Agrilus dorbignyi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Saunders, 1871.

Referências

dorbignyi

Agrilus dorbignyi


HMS Ajax was a  of the Royal Navy. She was built by the famous Cammell Laird company of Birkenhead. Ajax was launched on 16 August 1962 and commissioned on 10 December 1963. She was originally intended to be named , and laid down as a , but instead became part of Batch 1 of the Leander class.

Construction
Ajax was built by Cammell Laird of Birkenhead. She was laid down, with the yard number 1285, as a  to be called Fowey on 19 October 1959, but in 1960 it was decided to complete the ship as one of the new Leander class, with the new name Ajax. Ajax was launched on 16 August 1962 and was commissioned on 11 December 1963. Total construction cost was £4,800,000

The ship was  long overall and  at the waterline, with a beam of  and a maximum draught of . Displacement was  standard and  full load. Two oil-fired boilers fed steam at  and  to a pair of double reduction geared steam turbines that in turn drove two propeller shafts, with the machinery rated at , giving a speed of .

A twin  Mark 6 gun mount was fitted forward. While the Leander class was planned to be fitted with the Sea Cat surface-to-air missile, Ajax was completed with two Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns as a temporary substitute until Sea Cat could be fitted. A Limbo anti-submarine mortar was fitted aft to provide a short-range anti-submarine capability, while a hangar and helicopter deck allowed a single Westland Wasp helicopter to be operated, for longer range anti-submarine and anti-surface operations.

As built, Ajax was fitted with a large Type 965 long range air search radar on the ship's mainmast, with a Type 993 short range air/surface target indicating radar and Type 974 navigation radar carried on the ship's foremast. An MRS3 fire control system was carried to direct the 4.5-inch guns. The ship had a sonar suite of Type 177 medium range search sonar, Type 162 bottom search and Type 170 attack sonar, while the ship was designed to carry a Type 199 variable depth sonar (VDS), this was not installed on Ajax.

Service history
In 1964, Ajax deployed to the Far East, becoming the leader of the 24th Escort Group. It was a long deployment, and she did not return to the UK until 1968. Activities included taking part in the Beira Patrol, covering the withdrawal of British forces from operations off Aden, and acting as guardship for Hong Kong. In 1970, Ajax became the Gibraltar guard ship, a required deployment at that time due to the tense fears of invasion by General Franco.

In September 1970, Ajax began a modernisation at Devonport Dockyard that lasted until 1973, having her 4.5-inch gun turret replaced by an Ikara anti-submarine missile system. A pair of quadruple GWS22 SeaCat launchers were fitted aft while the two Bofors guns were retained but moved forward to abreast the ship's mainmast. The Limbo anti-submarine mortar and Wasp helicopter were retained. The long-range Type 965 radar was removed, with improved navigation and target indicating radars fitted, and the ADAWS 5 computer-aided combat direction system added to direct Ikara operations, while the Type 199 VDS was restored.

Following her conversion she became leader of the 8th Frigate Squadron. In 1974, she assisted in the evacuation of British citizens after the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. In 1976, while on a visit to Canada, Ajax visited the town of Ajax, Ontario, which had been named in honour of her predecessor, the Leander-class cruiser Ajax made famous by the Battle of the River Plate during the Second World War. The 'new' Ajax was granted the freedom of the city.

In 1977, Ajax underwent a refit at Devonport Dockyard, deploying in 1979 to the Mediterranean. In 1980, she underwent a refit at Gibraltar which was completed in 1981. That year, Ajax became the leader of the 1st Frigate Squadron. She did not take part in the 1982 Falklands War, but was deployed as Persian Gulf guard ship; she later completed a four-month deployment around the Falklands as part of the South Atlantic Protection Force in 1984. She participated in further deployments that culminated in the highlight of her final year in 1985 when she escorted , which took a number of the Royal Family on a tour of Italy.

Fate
She was decommissioned 31 May 1985, then replaced  as a static training ship at Devonport. On 3 August 1988, Ajax arrived at Millom, Cumbria to be broken up.

Her anchor is now located at the local Royal Canadian Legion Branch (Hunt Street) and bell hangs in the Ajax Town Council Chamber in Ajax, Ontario.

Commanding officers

References

Publications

Leander-class frigates
Ships built on the River Mersey
1962 ships

HMS Ajax (F114)


Wassim Michael Haddad est un scientifique et un ingénieur américain, spécialisé dans la recherche sur les systèmes dynamiques et l'automatique. Ses recherches conduisent à des percées fondamentales en mathématiques appliquées, en thermodynamique, en théorie de la stabilité, en contrôle robuste, en théorie des systèmes dynamiques et en neurosciences. Il est membre de la faculté de l'école d'ingénierie aérospatiale du Georgia Institute of Technology, où il occupe le rang de professeur et enseigne la discipline de la mécanique du vol et du contrôle. Il est membre de l'Academy of Nonlinear Sciences en reconnaissance de ses contributions exceptionnelles aux domaines de la théorie de la stabilité non linéaire, des systèmes dynamiques non linéaires et du contrôle non linéaire. Il est également membre de l'IEEE pour ses contributions aux systèmes de contrôle robustes, non linéaires et hybrides.

Travaux Scientifiques

Contrôle des structures fixes
Dans une série d'articles
avec D. S. Bernstein et D. C. Hyland au milieu des années 1980 sur le sujet du "contrôle par projection optimale pour structures fixes", Haddad a résolu plusieurs problèmes importants concernant la conception de compensateurs et d'estimateurs d'ordre réduit optimaux pour les systèmes multivariables. Le cadre de contrôle à structure fixe de Haddad permet d'effectuer simultanément de multiples compromis de conception pour les systèmes multivariables par rapport à des contraintes concurrentes telles que le bruit du capteur, l'effort de contrôle, l'ordre du contrôleur, la robustesse, le rejet des perturbations, l'erreur quadratique moyenne, le taux d'échantillonnage et l'architecture du contrôleur. Cette approche fournit les fondements théoriques de la conception de contrôleurs "standard" qui englobent entièrement les objectifs de conception classiques de la théorie du contrôle multivariable. Ce travail a servi de base à de nombreux chercheurs dans les années 1990 pour aborder le probleme du contrôle pour les structures fixes par le biais des inégalités matricielles linéaires (LMI).

Thermodynamique

L'ouvrage de Haddad, Thermodynamics : A Dynamical Systems Approach, Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 2005,  développe un cadre théorique systémique nouveau et unique de la thermodynamique. La thermodynamique est l'une des disciplines fondamentales de la physique et de l'ingénierie, mais ses fondements ont manqué de rigueur et de clarté, comme l'a souligné avec beaucoup d'éloquence le mathématicien et philosophe naturel américain Clifford Truesdell. Au fil des ans, les chercheurs de la communauté des systèmes et du contrôle ont reconnu la nécessité de développer des bases solides pour la thermodynamique. Le livre de Haddad rassemble un vaste éventail d'idées et d'outils pour construire un cadre solide pour la thermodynamique. Il utilise la théorie de la dissipativité, les idées de stabilité de Liapounov et la théorie des systèmes positifs dans son travail. Son cadre reprend toutes les idées clés de la thermodynamique, y compris ses lois fondamentales, et permet d'harmoniser la thermodynamique classique avec la mécanique classique.
Selon Gérard Maugin, le livre de Haddad apporte une contribution fondamentale au domaine de la thermodynamique.

Contrôle Robuste

Son travail est le premier à traiter de manière satisfaisante le problème alors ouvert sur la stabilité robuste et les problèmes de performance pour l'incertitude constante des paramètres réels dans la littérature via les fonctions de Lyapunov avec paramètres. Ce travail fournit une généralisation fondamentale de l'analyse et de la synthèse "mixte-μ" en termes de fonctions de Lyapunov et d'équations de Riccati. Cette recherche produit des percées théoriques avancées soutenant directement la pratique de l'ingénierie.

Contrôle adaptif pour la pharmacologie clinique
Les travaux de Haddad dans ce domaine permettent de s'attaquer à l'un des problèmes les plus difficiles de la pharmacologie clinique. Il développe notamment des algorithmes de contrôle adaptatif et de réseaux de neurones pour l'anesthésie automatisée et la médecine des unités de soins intensifs. Ses algorithmes de contrôle adaptatif s'adaptent à la variabilité pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamique interpatient et intrapatient et ont considérablement amélioré les résultats de l'administration de médicaments. Cette recherche sur le contrôle actif de la pharmacologie clinique est passée à la pratique clinique et améliore les soins médicaux, les soins de santé et la fiabilité des équipements de dosage des médicaments, et a un réel potentiel de réduction des coûts des soins de santé. Les réalisations de Haddad dans ce domaine ont une grande influence dans le domaine du génie biomédical. Ses résultats en pharmacologie clinique sont documentés dans

Bibliographie
 A. Leonessa, W. M. Haddad, and V. Chellaboina, Hierarchical Nonlinear Switching Control Design with Application to Propulsion Systems. London, UK: Springer-Verlag, 2000.
 W. M. Haddad, V. Chellaboina, and S. G. Nersesov, Thermodynamics: A Dynamical Systems Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
 W. M. Haddad, V. Chellaboina, and S. G. Nersesov, Impulsive and Hybrid Dynamical Systems: Stability, Dissipativity, and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
 W. M. Haddad and V. Chellaboina, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Control: A Lyapunov-Based Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Erratum
 W. M. Haddad, V. Chellaboina, and Q. Hui, Nonnegative and Compartmental Dynamical Systems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.
 W. M. Haddad and S. G. Nersesov, Stability and Control of Large-Scale Dynamical Systems: A Vector Dissipative Systems Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.

Liens externes

 Wassim M. Haddad's homepage

Références

Mathématicien américain du XXIe siècle
Naissance en juillet 1961

Wassim Michael Haddad


La bibliothèque Jacqueline-De Repentigny est l'une des deux bibliothèques publiques de l'arrondissement Verdun, la seconde étant située à l'Île des Sœurs. Aussi connue sous le nom de Centre culturel de Verdun, elle fait partie du réseau Bibliothèques de Montréal.

Histoire
Presque 4 000 Verdunois s'abonnent à la bibliothèque de Verdun dans la première année qui suit son ouverture le 9 mai 1944. La bibliothèque déménage par la suite au sein de l'édifice actuel du Centre culturel de Verdun, inauguré le 3 mai 1967.

Programme du Centenaire de la Confédération canadienne
La bibliothèque Jacqueline-De Repentigny est construite dans le cadre du programme du Centenaire de la Confédération canadienne.

Les célébrations  du centenaire ont duré tout au long de 1967 et visaient à renforcer l'unité du Canada ainsi qu'à articuler sa nouvelle identité, qui avait évolué au cours des décennies des années 1950 et 1960. Afin de superviser ces célébrations, la commission du Centenaire est créée à Ottawa en 1963 et elle met en place le programme de subvention du Centenaire dans le but de réaliser des projets à grande échelle dans l'ensemble du pays. Au Québec, un service du Centenaire est créé en 1964.

Ainsi, la bibliothèque Jacqueline-De Repentigny est parmi l'une des 400 propositions soumises au service du Centenaire. De toutes ces propositions, 77 sont acceptées et 68 d'entre elles sont finalement réalisées. Les trois palliers de gouvernement (fédéral, provincial et municipal) contribuent au financement de la bibliothèque de Verdun.

Changement de nom
La bibliothèque de Verdun est renommée en 2017 en honneur de Jacqueline de Repentigny (1917-2014), une Verdunoise impliquée dans les milieux éducatif et communautaire de Verdun. Ce changement de nom se fait sous l'initiative de  Toponym'Elles, qui vise à augmenter la représentation des femmes dans la toponymie montréalaise en offrant une première banque toponymique féminine dans le cadre du 375e anniversaire de Montréal.

Bâtiment

Emplacement
La bibliothèque Jacqueline-De Repentigny est située au 5955 rue Bannantyne à Verdun. Elle se trouve plus précisément au sein du parc Wilson, un lieu pour se détendre, profiter de la nature ou pratiquer des activités en plein-air et qui comprend des jeux d'eau, des modules de jeu pour enfants ainsi qu'un terrain de tennis. Elle se trouve dans un secteur résidentiel de duplex construit dans l'entre-deux-guerres, localisé à peu près au centre de l'arrondissement Verdun.

Architecte
L'architecte de la bibliothèque de Verdun est Joseph-Armand Dutrisac. Il est né en 1906 et a gradué de l'école des Beaux-Arts de Montréal en 1932.

Sculpture

Une statue en acier découpé et soudé haute de 380 centimètres se trouve devant la bibliothèque Jacqueline-De Repentigny. Elle a été créée en 1993 par Claude Milette, un sculpteur né à Saint-Hyacinthe qui fait sa formation à l'École de sculpture de Saint-Jean-Port-Joli ainsi qu'auprès des artistes Robert Poulin et Jordi Bonet. Ses œuvres sont collectionnées notamment par le Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, le Musée d'art de Joliette ainsi que le Musée du Bas-Saint-Laurent.

Services

 Emprunt de livre et de plusieurs autres documents
 Prêt d'instruments de musique
 Multitude d'activités

Références

Bibliothèques de Montréal
Verdun (Montréal)
Centenaire du Canada
Bâtiment de Joseph-Armand Dutrisac
Architecture moderniste au Canada
Édifice construit en 1967

Bibliothèque Jacqueline-De Repentigny


My Name Is Skrillex (pronunciado  en inglés estadounidense) es el primer extended play del productor y disc-jockey estadounidense Skrillex, lanzado el 7 de junio de 2010 de manera gratuita e independiente. Este posee 5 canciones originales, entre ellas una colaboración con la rapera neoyorquina Sirah en la canción «WEEKENDS!!!», y una remezcla por parte de €€ Cooper —siendo esta la primera y última vez que el artista realizó un lanzamiento oficial— para la canción «Fucking Die 1», cual recibió el nombre de «Fucking Die 2».

My Name Is Skrillex es el primer EP de Moore bajo el Skrillex. Anteriormente en 2009, lanzó el extended play Gypsyhook con el nombre artístico Sonny. Este fue el primer extended play de Skrillex lanzado en 2010. Unos 4 meses más tarde, el 22 de octubre lanzó su segundo y último extended play de ese año, titulado Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites —ganador a mejor álbum de dance/electrónica en los Premios Grammy de 2012—.

Historia

Antecedentes y lanzamiento
En 2009, Sonny Moore comenzó a lanzar remixes bajo el nombre Skrillex, siendo «No Mercy, Only Violence» —canción original de The Library— el primero de estos. El 7 de abril de ese año y utilizando el nombre artístico Sonny, publicó el extended play Gypsyhook bajo el sello discográfico Atlantic Records. Unos 2 meses antes del lanzamiento de My Name Is Skrillex, el 6 de abril de 2010, Skrillex lanzó una remezcla oficial de la canción «Rock That Body», original del grupo Black Eyed Peas.

Un día antes del lanzamiento del extended play My Name Is Skrillex, el 6 de junio fue publicado en YouTube un vídeo teaser de este realizado por el español David de Juan Navarro —más conocido como Roboto—. El 7 de junio es publicado el EP, siendo este lanzado de forma gratuita e independiente. My Name Is Skrillex contó con la participación del ingeniero de masterización Nilesh Patel —fallecido en 2011—. En YouTube, Skrillex colocó enlaces en las descripiciones de las canciones, que conducían al sitio web Blood Company. En dicha web, era posible obtener el extended play de forma gratuita —también con opción de donación vía PayPal— y se pedía que "agregases un banner o video de Skrillex a tu sitio, para ayudar a promover el extended play". Unos días más tarde, el 25 de junio publicó su remezcla de su canción «My Name Is Skrillex», versión que superó las 9 000 000 de visitas en poco menos de 29 meses. La canción «WEEKENDS!!!» se posicionó en el 93.° lugar de la lista Billboard Canadian Hot 100, además de lograr ingresar a la lista Offiziellen Deutschen Charts —principal chart de música en Alemania—, donde se colocó en 100.° lugar. El 25 de octubre de ese año, la canción «WEEKENDS!!!» fue lanzada como sencillo junto a una remezcla realizada por el productor y disc-jockey ruso-alemán Zedd.

Recepción

Comentarios de la crítica

My Name Is Skrillex recibió reseñas mixtas por parte de los oyentes. En el sitio web Rate Your Music, el extended play tiene 2 estrellas sobre 5 sobre la base de 911 reseñas de usuarios. En el sitio Album of The Year , My Name Is Skrillex tiene una calificación de 46 sobre 100 sobre la base de 25 reseñas de usuarios. En el sitio web Sputnikmusic, el reseñador Varuny le dio un 2,5 sobre 5. En Discogs, el extended play tiene un 2,74 estrellas sobre 5 sobre la base de 82 reseñas de usuarios. Kat Bein, escritora para la revista Billboard, comentó lo siguiente:

La revista AFTERCLUV señaló que My Name Is Skrillex fue el mejor extended play de Skrillex. Moreno, escritor para la revista All Music Spain, comentó lo siguiente: «Temas como «WEEKENDS!!!» o su gran joya «With You, Friends» son algunos de los tracks que componen este extended play, uno de sus mejores trabajos. Para muchos de sus fanáticos, este fue su mejor años, cuando por el momento no era una grand estrella como en la actualidad».

Ventas y certificaciones

«WEEKENDS!!!»

El 10 de abril de 2012, la canción «WEEKENDS!!!» en colaboración con Sirah consiguió certificación MC —Music Canada— oro por 40 000 ventas. El 9 de agosto de 2017, recibió la certificación RIAA —abreviatura de Recording Industry Association of America— de oro por superar las 500 000 ventas.

Listado de canciones

Véase también

 Anexo:Discografía de Skrillex

Referencias

Álbumes de música electrónica
Álbumes de 2010
Álbumes de Skrillex
EP de 2010
Álbumes en inglés

My Name Is Skrillex


was a village located  in Aida District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,399 and a density of 49.95 persons per km2. The total area was 28.01 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Higashiawakura, along with the towns of Mimasaka (former), Aida, Ōhara and Sakutō (all from Aida District), and the town of Katsuta (from Katsuta District), was merged to create the city of Mimasaka.

Geography
Mountains: Mount Ushiro (The highest mountain in Okayama Prefecture)

Adjoining municipalities
Okayama Prefecture
Ōhara
Nishiawakura
Hyōgo Prefecture
Sayō
Chikusa

Education
Higashiawakura Elementary School
Ōhara Junior High School (Ōhara)

Transportation

Road
National highways:
Route 429
Prefectural roads:
Okayama Prefectural Route 556 (Ushiroyama-Kamiishii)

External links
Official website of Mimasaka in Japanese

Dissolved municipalities of Okayama Prefecture
Mimasaka, Okayama

Higashiawakura, Okayama