The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba had ended the Stalemate in Southern Palestine. The fighting occurred at the beginning of the Southern Palestine Offensive, and, together with attacks on Hareira and Sheria on 6–7 November and the continuing Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, which had been launched by General Edmund Allenby on 1 November, it eventually broke the Gaza-to-Beersheba line defended by the Yildirim Army Group. Despite having held this line since March 1917, the Ottoman Army was forced to evacuate Gaza and Tel el Khuweilfe during the night of 6–7 November. Only Sheria held out for most of the 7 November before it too was captured.

Following British defeats at the First and Second battles of Gaza in March and April 1917, Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode commanding the EEF's Eastern Force and Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Empire force had each adopted a defensive posture and a stalemate had developed in Southern Palestine. Entrenched defences approximately on the lines held at the end of the second battle were strengthened, and both sides undertook regular mounted reconnaissances into the open eastern flank. In late June, Allenby replaced General Archibald Murray as commander of the EEF, which he quickly reorganised. At about the same time, the Ottoman Fourth Army was also restructured. As the stalemate continued in terrible conditions through the summer, reinforcements began to arrive to replace the large number of casualties suffered by the EEF during the previous fighting for Gaza, while several additional divisions also arrived. The Ottoman defenders were also reinforced at this time, and both sides carried out training while manning the front lines and monitoring the open eastern flank. By mid-October, as the Battle of Passchendaele continued on the Western Front, the last of the British reinforcements arrived as Allenby's preparations to commence a campaign of manoeuvre neared completion.

Prior to the Second Battle of Gaza, the town had been developed into a strong modern fortress, with entrenchments, wire entanglements and a glacis on its south and south–eastern edges. A series of field works, mutually supported by artillery, machine guns and rifles, extended from Gaza eastwards to within  of Beersheba. Beginning on 27 October, the EEF began a heavy and almost continuous bombardment of Gaza. During this time, the EEF's XXI Corps, holding the Gaza section of the line, had been mostly passive until the night of 1/2 November, when a series of determined night-time assaults were mounted against the Gaza defences. Yet these attacks were only partially successful due to the strength of the garrison. The bombardment of Gaza intensified on 6 November and during the night of 6/7 November successful attacks were launched on several trench systems. On the morning of 7 November, Gaza was found to have been evacuated during the night. The Gaza to Beersheba line subsequently collapsed and the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies were forced into retreat. Following several battles during the pursuit, the EEF captured Jerusalem on 9 December 1917.

Background

Gaza was "a strong modern fortress, well entrenched and wired, with good observation and a glacis on its southern and south–eastern face." These defences which were too strong for a daytime attack were extended eastwards by a series of "field works" to  from Beersheba. These fortifications were between  apart, each mutually supported by fire from artillery, machine guns and rifles.

As the troops of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) began to concentrate in preparation for their attacks, they left their camps standing to deceive German and Ottoman aerial reconnaissances. The EEF assumed their opponents thought there were still six infantry divisions in the Gaza area and one in the eastern sector towards Beersheba. However, according to Falls, "[t]here is evidence that the [Yildirim Army Group] were fairly accurately informed of the British dispositions." On 28 October, they knew the camps at Khan Yunis and Rafa  were empty and accurately placed three infantry divisions east of the Wadi Ghuzzee with a fourth, the 10th (Irish) Division approaching the wadi. They estimated more cavalry at Asluj and Khalasa than was actually there.

The loss of Beersheba on 31 October stunned the Yildirim Army Group commander and staff. The Beersheba garrison withdrew either to the Ottoman defences around Tel es Sheria or northwards to Tel el Khuweilfe to defend the Hebron road. Here a considerable force, including all available reserve units, was deployed in the Kuweilfeh area to stop a threatened advance up the Hebron road to Jerusalem about  to the north. According to Powles, " ... the Turkish line had been thrown back on its left, but not broken." The remainder of the Ottoman line stretching westward to the Mediterranean coast continued to be strongly defended, particularly at Hareira, Sharia and Gaza, but the loss of Beersheba had placed EEF mounted units across the Beersheba to Hebron and Jerusalem road, and three Eighth Army infantry battalions were sent by the German General Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein to reinforce the Ottoman troops fighting at Khuweilfe to protect the road. They established a new defensive line north of Beersheba, and the 19th Division was sent from the XXII Corps defending Gaza to reinforce the new line at Ebuhof. However, the objective of the EEF advance north of Beersheba was to separate the Ottoman forces supplied by the roads and railways from Ramleh on the maritime plain from those supplied by the motor road from Jerusalem north of Beersheba. Such an advance would also place the EEF infantry corps in a position to begin to "roll up" the Ottoman flank.

Prelude

The EEF controlled the coastal sea lanes, and the Intelligence Service spread rumours about possible sea landings in the rear of Gaza. Ships were seen taking soundings off the coast and a fleet of small boats was located near Deir el Belah. During the late afternoon of 1 November, an embarkation of members of the Egyptian Labour Corps onto motor launches, trawlers and tugs at Deir el Belah was staged as a feint, giving the appearance of continuing into the night. The next morning, two trawlers appeared off the mouth of the Wadi el Hesi north of Gaza. To add to the confusion, between the Battle of Beersheba on 31 October and the main attacks at the Battle of Hareira and Sheria beginning on 6 November, the Ottoman left flank north of Beersheba was being fiercely contested during the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe for control of the road to Hebron and Jerusalem. According to Wavell, "an assault on a portion of the Gaza defences was to be made by the XXI Corps." The date of this attack, which was primarily a feint, was scheduled for between 24 and 48 hours before the attack on Sheria.

Meanwhile, preparations for the main attacks on the Gaza line at Hareira and Sharia, began on 1 November when the 53rd (Welsh) Division, with the Imperial Camel Brigade on the right, advanced northwards to occupy a line  to the west without opposition. This placed the infantry in a position from which they could cover the right flank of the proposed attack by the XX Corps on Hareira and Sheria.

Defenders

After the second battle for Gaza in April 1917, Kress von Kressenstein  commander of the victorious 3rd, 16th and 53rd Divisionswas reinforced by the 7th and 54th Divisions. The 7th Infantry Division (later part of the Eighth Army) had experienced four months of strategic movement, similar to that of the 54th Division. Having arrived at Jerusalem, in early May the 20th Infantry Regiment began company-level training. After moving to Beersheba where they remained in reserve, they participated in theatre-specific training until late June, when they went into the front line. Training in fortification, reconnaissance, and counter–reconnaissance continued. The 21st Infantry Regiment received similar training, and on 6 August the regimental colours of the 20th and 21st Infantry Regiments were awarded military medals for service in the Gallipoli Campaign. At Beersheba on 28 June, the 7th Infantry Division inactivated the fourth company of each infantry battalion, before activating a machine gun company armed with light machine guns, in every infantry battalion on 10 August. Every Ottoman infantry division in Palestine repeated this reorganisation, with one quarter of their rifle strength being replaced by light machine guns, considerably increasing their fire power and strengthening their offensive and defensive capabilities. Following orders from von Kressenstein commanding the Gaza to Beersheba line defences, assault detachments equivalent to the German Stosstruppen (Stormtroopers) were formed. The 7th Division activated an assault detachment of fifty men on 17 July 1917.

The Yildirim Army Group under the command of Field Marshal Erich von Falkenhayn was responsible for the defence of Palestine. On the western flank the Ottoman Eighth Army was composed of the XXII Corps' 3rd and 53rd Divisions defending Gaza and the XX Corps' 26th and 54th Divisions defending the line stretching to the east of Gaza, under the command of von Kressenstein. The defence of Gaza was the responsibility of XXII Corps, which had two divisions in the front line (53rd, 3rd from west to east) and two in reserve (7th and 19th). The XXII Corps' four regiments had 4,500 rifles, which were reinforced by two divisions to bring the total to 8,000 defenders, deployed thus:
 53rd Division holding from the Mediterranean shore to the eastern side of Gaza (veteran of the Second Battle of Gaza),
 3rd Division on their left (veteran of the First and Second Battles of Gaza), and the
 7th Division in reserve close behind.

These three divisions were supported by the 116 guns of the Ottoman XXII Corps artillery, six large naval guns and several batteries of 150 mm howitzers.

On the left of the XX Corps the Ottoman Seventh Army defended Beersheba, under the command of Fevzi Pasa.

Attackers

The EEF comprised 200,000 men including Arab workers, 46,000 horses, 20,000 camels, more than 15,000 mules and donkeys, and hundreds of artillery pieces. The fighting strength of the EEF was 100,189:
 Desert Mounted Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Harry Chauvel had 745 officers, 17,935 other ranks in the Anzac, Australian and Yeomanry Mounted Divisions;
 XX Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode had 1,435 officers, 44,171 other ranks in the 10th, 53rd, 60th and 74th (Yeomanry) Divisions; and
 XXI Corps commanded by Lieutenant General Edward Bulfin had 1,154 officers and 34,759 other ranks in three infantry divisions. By 30 October there were 35,000 rifles in the XXI Corps deployed to attack Gaza. They were:

52nd (Lowland) Division (veteran of the First and Second Battles of Gaza)
54th (East Anglian) Division (veteran of the First and Second Battles of Gaza)
75th Division
 Composite Force of almost a division, consisting of the 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, a West Indian battalion, the French Détachement français de Palestine and the Italian Distaccamento italiano di Palestina, was camped east of the 75th Division.
Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade 1,000 sabres
XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment, also known as the Composite Regiment, consisted of one squadron each from the Royal Glasgow Yeomanry, the Duke of Lancaster Yeomanry, and the 1/1st Hertfordshire Yeomanry.

The majority of General Edmund Allenby's infantry were Territorial divisions, mobilised at the outbreak of the war. Most had fought the Ottoman Army before. During the Gallipoli Campaign, the 52nd (Lowland) Division fought at Cape Helles, the 53rd (Welsh) Division and the 54th (East Anglian) Division fought at Suvla Bay, while the 60th (London) Division had served on the Western Front and on the Salonika front. The recently formed 74th (Yeomanry) Division was raised from eighteen under-strength yeomanry regiments, all of which had fought dismounted at Gallipoli. The 10th (Irish) Division was a New Army (K1) division, and had also fought at Suvla Bay and at Salonika. All three of the brigades of the Anzac Mounted Division and the two light horse brigades of the Australian Mounted Division had also fought at Gallipoli.

Army Wing aircraft were assigned to carry out strategic reconnaissances, to report on Ottoman reserves well behind their lines, to carry out daily photography, and to conduct air raids. Fighter and bombing squadrons were established for these purposes while the Corps Squadrons were attached to the two infantry corps carried out artillery and contact patrols, along with tactical reconnaissance.

Sherifial Forces
In July, Allenby was hopeful that T. E. Lawrence and the Sherifial Arab force could support a September attack by the EEF, recognising that harvests were being collected before that time, and that after the end of September they normally moved to camel-grazing lands in the Syrian desert. He wrote, "They, naturally, won't and can't do much unless I move; and it is not much use their destroying the Turks' communications unless I take immediate advantage of such destruction ... If I bring them into the fight and do not make progress myself, this will also expose them to retaliationwhich to some tribes, such as the Druzes, S. of Damascus, may mean annihilation." The EEF encouraged the Bedouin to defect:

Battle
Four EEF infantry brigades of 10,000 rifles attacked four Ottoman regiments of 4,500 rifleswhich were reinforced by two divisions to over 8,000. Both sides suffered heavy losses. The attacks were to be carried out by well-prepared troops, with overwhelming artillery support and six Mark IV tanks. These attacks were designed to keep the Gaza garrison of 8,000 riflemen supported by 116 guns in place after the capture of Beersheba and during preparations for the main EEF attacks on Hareira and Sheria.

Preliminary raids on Outpost Hill

On 26 October, units of the 75th Division raided Outpost Hill. Then, just hours after the capture of Beersheba, on 1 November, a second raid by five officers and 220 riflemen of the 3/3rd Gurkhas Rifles (233rd Brigade 75th Division) was carried out against Outpost Hill. At 03:00, under cover of an intense bombardment, they entered the Ottoman defences on the hill; two Gurkhas were killed and twenty-three wounded. During the fighting, they killed twenty-eight Ottoman soldiers and captured sixteen, before returning to their lines. The division was to make another attack during the next night, (1/2 November) towards Atawineh Redoubt, on the Gaza to Beersheba road.

Bombardment
On 27 October, the XXI Corps artillery began the bombardment of Gaza, which gradually grew more intense with the support of British and French Navy's guns from 29 October. They included the  guns on HMS Raglan, the Monitors M15  guns, the M29, the M31, and the M32 with  guns, the cruiser Grafton, and the destroyers Staunch and Comet. French vessels included the Requin, Arbalète, Voltigeur, Coutelas, Fauconneau and Hache. There were also two river gunboats Ladybird and Aphis, and three seaplane bombers. This flotilla was in actionalthough not altogether to allow for return to Port Said for refuellinguntil the attack on Gaza was launched. The flotilla was targeted by hostile aircraft, while a shell from an Ottoman shore battery hit the mess deck of the Requin, causing 38 casualties.

The land based artillery of Bulfin's XXI Corps' heavy artillery consisted of 68 medium and heavy guns and howitzers, which were directed on to the Ottoman batteries during the battle. In addition two 6-inch guns made a surprise attack on the Ottoman railhead at Beit Hanun at a range of , supported by balloon observation. Between 27 October and the attack on Gaza, 15,000 rounds were fired by the heavy artillery; three hundred rounds were allocated for the destruction of each Ottoman battery which had been located. The anti–battery bombardments between 29 and 31 October also fired gas shells, which apparently had little or no effect. Together with the corps' three divisional artilleries, the guns produced the heaviest bombardment of World War I outside European theatres. The sixth night's bombardment from onshore and offshore guns produced "an even heavier concentration of fire on a small area than had been put in on the first day of the Battle of the Somme." The six-day bombardment program was arranged "so that the whole of the front of our group is plastered all day and every day."

1/2 November night attacks

The XXI Corps attacks were focused on a  stretch of sandhills stretching from Umbrella Hill about  south-west of Gaza to the Mediterranean Sea. They were timed for the night because the strength of the Ottoman machine guns in defensive positions made day-time attacks impossible. On the right flank, the final objective of the attack was only  behind the Ottoman front line, but on the left it was  away.

The first phase was the attack at Umbrella Hill by the 1/7th Battalion Scottish Rifles with one company of 1/8th Battalion, Scottish Rifles (156th Brigade, 52nd Division). The second phase was the capture on a broad front of El Arish Redoubt to the Sea Post on the shore by the 1/4th Battalion, Royal Scots and one company of 1/8th Battalion, Scottish Rifles (156th Brigade). The third phase was to be conducted by the 161st Brigade (less one battalion) and the 163rd Brigade (54th Division) against Gaza's south-western defences, while the fourth phase by the 162nd Brigade was to capture Gun Hill and Sheikh Hasan  behind the front line at Sheikh Ajlin. On 1 and 2 November, the Ottoman 7th and 53rd Divisions continued to defend most of their front line, carrying out locally successful counterattacks.

Phase one: Umbrella Hill

On 1 November, the assault of Umbrella Hilla sand dune  south–west of Gaza to the west of the Rafa to Gaza road overlooking the main objectiveswas to begin at 23:00. The defending garrison was "assumed to be about 350 strong". However, at 10:50 a preliminary move into No Man's Land was observed by Ottoman soldiers in Fisher's Orchard, who gave the alarm and began firing machine guns and rifles from the Ottoman trenches on Umbrella Hill. At 23:00, an intense EEF bombardment began enabling a tape to be laid, along which the attacking troops formed up to launch their attack ten minutes later. Under cover of the intense ten-minute bombardment, the 1/7th Battalion, Scottish Rifles with one company of 1/8th Battalion, Scottish Rifles (156th Brigade, 52nd (Lowland) Division) attacked Umbrella Hill. After killing many of the defenders, they quickly captured the hill, three officers, fifty-five Ottoman soldiers, three Lewis guns and numerous bombs. The attackers suffered light casualties; however the sand dune was difficult to defend because the Ottoman trencheswithout revetmentshad virtually disappeared during the previous bombardments. The following Ottoman bombardment of Umbrella Hill caused 103 casualties to the 1/7th Battalion Scottish Rifles during the next twenty-four hours. However, with the hill captured by the 52nd (Lowland) Division, the main attack could begin.

Phase two: El Arish redoubt

The second phase began at 03:00 on 2 November when the 156th Brigade of the 52nd (Lowland) Division launched the first attack on the El Arish Redoubt. This attack was aimed at breaking the line of defensive fortifications consisting of three groups of trench complexes and redoubts. These were the El Arish, Rafa, and Cricket redoubts, which were connected by a "series of trench lines several layers thick, and backed by other trenches and strong points" stretching  along the seaward defences to the west of Umbrella Hill. The attack on El Arish redoubt was to be supported by two of the six available tanks of the Palestine Tank Detachment's eight tanks.

The 1/4th Battalion, Royal Scots (156th Brigade) assault on El Arish Redoubt was carried out in waves through the Ottoman trenches, during which six Ottoman mines exploded, causing EEF casualties. The Ottoman artillery, which had become active as a result of the first attack, had stopped shortly before the second attack began at 06:00 with an intense, ten-minute bombardment. At 06:30, a heavy Ottoman counterattack drove back the leading company of Royal Scots, causing a number of casualties. A platoon from another company helped rally the remnants of the leading company, which was reinforced by the 1/4th Battalion Royal Scots and 1/8th Battalion Scottish Rifles when the position was consolidated. Two tanks passed through El Arish Redoubt, but shortly afterwards one was abandoned and the other hit, while a third tank moved along the front line rolling out wire from Sea Post on the coast to Beach Post.

Phase three: coastal defences

When the Royal Scots had entered the eastern section of the El Arish Redoubt during the second phase of the attack, the western half was still held by Ottoman defenders. These defences became the objectives of the attacks by the 161st and 163rd Brigades of the 54th (East Anglian) Division, supported by four tanksincluding the two which had passed through the El Arish redoubt. On the right of the 163rd Brigade's advance, the 1/5th Battalion, The Suffolk Regiment moved towards the Ottoman trenches following a creeping barrage to attack and over–run the western El Arish trenches during hand–to–hand fighting when the 1/5th Battalion, The Suffolk Regiment suffered light casualties. Although they had captured the third line, part of this captured territory had to be abandoned because it was exposed to hostile fire, so they consolidated their position along the second line. Half of the 1/8th Battalion, Hampshire Regiment attacked Burj Trench while the other half attacked Triangle Trench, although it was not their objective. This caused some confusion, and the 1/4th and 1/5th Battalions, The Norfolk Regiment lost direction in the dust and smoke of the cloudy, hazy night. As a result, only small numbers reached Gibraltar and Crested Rock, from where they were quickly forced to withdraw.

On the left, the attacks by the 161st Brigade were similarly weakened by loss of direction when the 1/5th Battalion, The Essex Regiment attacked Rafa Redoubt instead of Zowaiid trench. However, the 1/6th Battalion, The Essex Regiment attacked and captured Beach and Sea Posts before attacking the Rafa Redoubt and trench systems, suffering light casualties. In support, a tank rolled out wire as it drove along the front line from Sea Post to Beach Post. Cricket Redoubt was captured with the help of the tank from Beach Post; although the tank was temporarily disabled in the process. After being repaired, the tank was transporting some engineers' stores to Sheikh Hasan when it was hit and disabled again. Two reserve tanks were ordered forward carrying engineers' storesincluding sandbags which were set on fire by hostile fire.

Phase four: 2 November
On their right, the 1/10th Battalion, London Regiment (161st Brigade) finished capturing and consolidating the Rafa redoubt, which had only been partly captured by the 1/6th Battalion, The Essex Regiment. Without the assistance of tanks which had been put out of action, this battalion lost contact with the barrage and suffered heavy losses. Nevertheless, they captured Gun Hill and by 06:00 on 2 November they were preparing to attack Sheikh Hasan, which they captured fifteen minutes later along with 182 prisoners.

Lion Trench,  north-east of Sheikh Hasan, was attacked at 07:30 by the 1/4th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (162nd Brigade) with the objective of clearing a gap through which the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade could advance. However, 20 minutes after their successful attack, the Northamptonshire without artillery support were almost surrounded and forced to retreat to Sheikh Hasan on the coast. Here a strong counterattack was threatened by two regiments of reinforcements from the Ottoman 7th Division, which were advancing from Deir Sneid to the north and north-east. (See Falls Map 6 Coastal sector) These Ottoman reinforcements were stopped by accurate shelling by the Corps Heavy Artillery, which fired on a  line previously registered and by shelling from the monitors off the coast. A planned repeat of the Lion Trench attack was postponed when the 1/4th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment attacked Yunis Trench instead. Although they captured the trench they were driven back by a counterattack. Throughout the remainder of the day, Ottoman heavy batteries shelled Sheikh Hasan, before the batteries were withdrawn during the night to the north-east of Gaza. During the night of 2/3 November, Ottoman troops strengthened their defences on Turtle Hill, facing Sheikh Hasan.

The Third Battle of Gaza was never intended to capture the town, but to keep the garrison in place after the capture of Beersheba. Only the first line of Ottoman trenches had been the objectives of the XXI Corps, which used new infantry tactics, tanks and massed artillery organised in accordance with Western Front standards. Although all objectives had not been won, the operations had forced two regiments of the Ottoman 7th Division reserve to move away from Hareira and Sheria, forward to strengthen the Ottoman defences between Gaza and the sea. According to the British official historian, "The attack on the western defences of Gaza ... had fulfilled the Commander-in-Chief's object." The EEF had also inflicted severe losses on the Ottoman defenders; more than one thousand of whom the EEF buried in the captured trenches. The EEF captured twenty-eight officers, 418 soldiers, twenty-nine machine guns and seven trench mortars. During the fighting, the corps infantry had advanced about  on a  front, and held their gains against repeated Ottoman counterattacks, although the attempt to create a gap for the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade to ride through was not successful. The front line defensive system on the south–west side of Gaza had been captured and the infantry occupied a position from which they could threaten "Ali Muntar and the rest of the defences in front of the town." The XXI Corps suffered 350 killed, 350 missing and two thousand wounded during this fighting. Many casualties were blamed on loss of direction and crowding in the captured trenches, which were too shallow.

Air raids
Air raids by the EEF were carried out during the night of 1/2 November, with twelve bombs being dropped on Gaza, and on 3 and 4 November, with air raids over the hills north of Beersheba.

Aftermath

3–6 November
During a Khamsin on 3 November while the bombardment of Gaza resumed, the 1/4th Battalion The Essex Regiment (161st Brigade, 54th Division, XXI Corps) attacked and captured Yunis trench at 04:30. However, they were heavily counterattacked and forced to withdraw. The following night, several strong Ottoman counterattacks were made on the 75th Division's position at Sheikh Abbas on the eastern side of Gaza, which were all stopped by machine gun and rifle fire. Meanwhile, the newly won position at Sheikh Hasan on the Ottoman right flank was consolidated.

By 5 November 1917, the Ottoman XXII Corps commander in charge of the defence of Gaza, Colonel Refet Bele, was continuing to maintain the "integrity of the Gaza fortress", despite the Gaza garrison's artillery batteries having only about 300 shells left. These batteries had also been suffering from effective counter-battery fire from the EEF Heavy Artillery Groups. Refet had been warned the day before that evacuation may be necessary because of the loss of Beersheba, so plans were prepared for the complete withdrawal from the town during the night of 6/7 November, to a new defensive line on the Wadi Hesi. Falkenhayn commanding Yildirim Army Group realised that the Ottoman forces could not hold the EEF any longer, and he ordered the Eighth and Seventh Armies to withdraw about . The first indications of the withdrawal were seen by EEF aerial reconnaissance, which reported Ottoman hospitals being moved back towards Mejdel. At midnight on 6/7 November, XXI Corps infantry patrols found Gaza had been evacuated by the Ottoman defenders. Until 6 November, German aircraft had rarely been seen over the Gaza lines, but that afternoon two R.E.8s and two B.E.12.as from No. 1 Squadron AFC patrolling and taking photographs were attacked and badly damaged by four Albatros aircraft.

Meanwhile, the heavy EEF bombardment of the Ottoman line in the XXI Corps area at Gaza, which had resumed on 3 November, grew in intensity with the naval guns joining in on 5 and 6 November, and it reached its maximum intensity on 6 November. During the night of 6/7 November the XXI Corps was to launch an attack on Outpost Hill and the Yunus and Belah trench systems, after the main EEF attack on Hareira and Sheria began. This attack on the Wadi esh Sheria was to be "carried out in the most favourable circumstances" against only two Ottoman regiments holding the  line.

After launching the successful attack on 6 November against Hareira, the Sheria trenches were also attacked late in the day. These attacks were supported by renewed attacks in the Tel el Khuweilfe area at the eastern extremity of the Ottoman front line. During these attacks, the whole of the Kawukah trenches and part of the Rushdi system which protected Hareira Redoubt, were captured and the Ottoman defenders were forced to withdraw to the Hareira Redoubt. Late in the day a large part of the Sheria defences were also captured after Hareira was bypassed. Only Tel esh Sheria blocked the British advance and Allenby ordered the next day's attacks to continue on Tel esh Sheria, and to be renewed at Gaza. While these attacks took place on 6 November, EEF aircraft bombed Gaza, the main Ottoman positions behind the Kauwukah defences near Um Ameidat, and positions west of Sheria. Three air combats were also fought against three hostile aircraft during the day. Mejdel was also bombed by EEF aircraft. Allenby wrote:

7 November

Occupation of Gaza

The EEF's occupation of Gaza, which had a pre-war population of approximately 40,000, was not strongly resisted and a general advance during the morning of 7 November found the town abandoned.  Orders for an attack at 04:50 by the 75th Division on Outpost Hill on the eastern side of Gaza had been issued; these were expanded to include Middlesex Hill and a 54th (East Anglian) Division attack on the Belah and Yunis trenches, and Turtle Hill in the coastal sector. However, by 04:35, two battalions each from the 161st and the 162nd Brigades (54th Division) supported by artillery had already advanced to occupy Lion and Tiger Trenches and Sheikh Redwan in the coastal sector to the north-north-west of Gaza. The advance by the 162nd Brigade took them through "the gardens and fields of Gaza to the main road northwards", when patrols sent into the city found it deserted; EEF artillery bombardments of Gaza had severely damaged or destroyed the majority of the city's housing. The 54th (East Anglian) Division subsequently took up a line stretching from the Jaffa road north of Sheikh Redwan to the Mediterranean sea.

When the Ottoman withdrawal became apparent on 7 November, the Royal Flying Corpswhich had been mainly involved in strategic reconnaissance for the 40th (Army) Wing, artillery registration and tactical photography for the 5th (Corps) Wingbegan bombing and machine gun air raids. For seven days, they also made numerous air attacks on Ottoman infrastructure including aerodromes, transport, artillery, and retreating columns.

Mounted breakthrough

The 75th Division (XXI Corps) with the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade attached had been ordered to attack Outpost Hill on the eastern side of Gaza, and exploit any potential breakthrough. By 01:00 on 7 November, the 233rd Brigade (75th Division) had already occupied Outpost Hill, and as the brigade moved forward to occupy Green Hill and the Labyrinth at 05:00, they were only opposed by individual riflemen. By 07:00, the 233rd Brigade had patrols on Ali Muntar ridge, while on their right, the 234th Brigade found that the Beer trenches and Road Redoubt defending the Gaza to Beersheba road were still held in strength with machine guns. Throughout the day the Ottoman rearguards in Tank and Atawineh Redoubts continued to fire their artillery at the increasing numbers of EEF troops advancing behind both these Ottoman rearguard's flanks. However, by nightfall, the Beer trenches, and the Road and Tank Redoubts had been captured.

The Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, which had been carrying out patrolling duties based at Tel el Jemmi, was ready to exploit a breakthrough at Gaza, and the Anzac and Australian Mounted Divisions were also prepared for a pursuit through a breach in the line at Sheria. At 09:00, the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade rode through the ruins of Gaza to reach Beit Hanun at 13:00, where they encountered part of the Gaza garrison defending a strong rearguard position on a ridge  south-east of Beit Hanun.

The Hyderabad and Mysore Lancers had advanced through Jebaliya to link with the Glasgow, Lancashire, and Hertfordshire squadrons of the XXI Corps Cavalry Regiment, holding the high ground at Beit Lahl  north of Gaza, where they threatened the Ottoman flank. While the Corps Cavalry Regiment captured Beit Lahia, the Hyderabad Lancers advanced at 15:00 to capture the ridge west of Beit Hanun at Sheikh Munam, but the village was strongly defended by numerous Ottoman machine gun detachments. Early in the afternoon, a regiment of the 4th Light Horse Brigade rode across to the north-west to link with the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade, which had been out of contact with the XX Corps and the Desert Mounted Corps. The 12th Light Horse Regiment (4th Light Horse Brigade) met up with the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade  east of Beit Hanun at 14:45. Here they delivered orders for the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade to attack the Ottoman rearguard on the Wadi el Hesi near Tumra to the north of Beit Hanun. (See sketch map showing the advance by the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade and the 52nd (Lowland) Division on 7 November 1917). By 16:55, the rearguard was reported to still be holding Beit Hanun, with concentrations of Ottoman forces at Al Majdal (also known as el Mejdel and Ashkelon) and Beit Duras.

The lancers advanced from the east onto the ridge overlooking Beit Hanun, and despite meeting considerable resistance, captured the position. In the process, they secured twenty-three prisoners, some artillery pieces and a large quantity of ammunition. They also captured the town's water pumping machinery intact, but were forced to withdraw back to Jebaliye for water as the equipment ran on gas made from charcoal, which had to be converted before it could be used.

Infantry pursuit

While the 52nd (Lowland) Division was ordered by the XXI Corps to take up a line from the Jaffa road north of Sheikh Radwan to the sea on the northern outskirts of Gaza, the 157th Brigade (52nd Division) began the infantry pursuit by advancing along the shore, reaching Sheikh Hasan by 12:15. By 16:00, these troops were seen marching along the coast towards the mouth of the Wadi Hesithe nearest likely defensive line north of Gaza. By dusk, the 157th Brigade had reached and crossed the Wadi el Hesi near its mouth  north of Gaza while the remainder of the XXI Corps occupied Gaza. Although dumps of rations, ammunition and engineer stores had been formed in concealed positions in the XXI Corps area before the battle, the corps was not in a position to move any distance. Almost all of their transport except ammunition tractors had been transferred to the XX Corps and the Desert Mounted Corps for their attack at the Battle of Beersheba.

8 November
By the evening of 8 November, all the Ottoman positions of the Gaza to Beersheba line had been captured and the Eighth Army was in full retreat. In conjunction with the captures in the centre of the line at Sheria, the occupation of Gaza enabled a swift direct advance northwards, preventing a strong consolidation of the Wadi Hesi rearguard position. However, the Ottoman XXII Corps was not defeated at Gaza, but conducted a skillful, tactical retreat from the town, demonstrating both operational and tactical mobility. Late in the afternoon of 8 November, twenty-eight British and Australian aircraft flew over Huj, the headquarters of the Ottoman force, targeting German and Ottoman aerodromes, railway junctions, dumps, and troops in close formation with bombs and machine guns. Arak el Menshiye was raided twice during the day with two hundred bombs dropped, forty-eight hit ten hostile aircraft still on the ground. The next day, Et Tine was bombed, with at least nine hostile aircraft damaged. Virtually continual aerial attacks were made on railway stations, troops on the march and transport, while a German aircraft was shot down in flames near the Wadi Hesi.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

Conflicts in 1917
1917 in the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving Australia
Battles of World War I involving New Zealand
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving Italy
Battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign
Battles of World War I involving Indian Princely States
November 1917 events
History of Gaza City

Third Battle of Gaza


Agrilus abhayi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Baudon, 1965.

Referências

abhayi
Coleópteros descritos em 1965

Agrilus abhayi


Keyla Sobral (nome completo: Keyla Cristina Tikka Sobral), Belém, 1975, é uma artista visual, editora e comunicóloga brasileira. Sua produção artística abrange aspectos poucos visíveis da cultura amazônica, e nos últimos anos tem se dividido também entre curadoria e pesquisa acadêmica.

Biografia
Nascida em Belém do Pará, sua participação na vida cultural da cidade começou a partir dos anos 2000; desde então, tem apresentado seus trabalhos em mostras individuais e coletivas, no Brasil e no exterior. Mestre em Artes pela Universidade Federal do Pará, atua ainda como curadora-adjunta da Coleção Amazoniana de Arte da UFPA, idealizada pelo professor Orlando Maneschy.

Em 2008, fundou a revista eletrônica Não-Lugar, ao lado das artistas plásticas Danielle Fonseca e Roberta Carvalho. Embora a iniciativa tenha durado apenas três edições e sido encerrada em 2010, a página ainda registra colaborações de anos posteriores, registrando o ano de 2019 como última atualização.

Principais exposições coletivas
 22º Salão Arte Pará (2003)
 XI Mostra de Arte Primeiros Passos do CCBEU (2003, PA) - Menção Honrosa
 24º Salão Arte Pará (2005) - 2º Grande Prêmio
 XI Salão Unama de Pequenos Formatos (2005, Galeria Graça Landeira, PA) - Prêmio Aquisição
 Fronteiras Entrecruzadas (2006, Casa das 11 Janelas, PA)
 Sequestros, a Imagem na Arte Contemporânea Paraense (2007, 59ª SBPC, Casa das 11 Janelas)
 Contigüidades: dos anos 1970 aos anos 2000 (2008, Museu Histórico do Estado do Pará)
 26º Salão Arte Pará (2007)
 Cartografias Contemporâneas (2009, Sesc Santana, SP)
 30º Salão Arte Pará (2011) - Prêmio Aquisição

Principais mostras individuais
 Mínimo. Múltiplo. Incomum. (2010, Museu da Universidade Federal do Pará)
 Lá Fora É Bem Melhor Do Que Aqui Dentro (2011, Casa das 11 Janelas, PA)
 Eu, mesmo sem farol, segui (2023, Espaço Cultural Silveira e Athias, PA)

Ligações externas
Não Lugar - revista eletrônica

Nascidos em 1975
Naturais de Belém (Pará)
Alunos da Universidade Federal do Pará
Artistas plásticos do Pará

Keyla Sobral


Helgi Hermann Eiríksson (f. 3. maí 1890, dáinn 10. október 1974) var íslenskur verkfræðingur, skólastjóri og fyrsti bankastjóri Iðnaðarbankans.

Ævi og störf
Helgi Hermann fæddist að Tungu í Örlygshöfn í Patreksfirði. Hann lauk stúdentsprófi frá Menntaskólanum í Reykjavík árið 1913. Hann hélt náms í Kaupmannahöfn og Glasgow í Skotlandi, þaðan sem hann útskrifaðist með próf í námuverkfræði árið 1919.

Metnaður Helga stóð til þess að byggja upp hvers kyns námu- og jarðefnaiðnað á Íslandi og voru ýmis störf hans eftir að heim var komið á því sviði. Hann sinnti ýmsum rannsóknum við silfurbergsnámuna á Helgustöðum við Reyðarfjörð, bergrannsóknum víða um land og hafði eftirlit með gerð hitaveitu Reykajvíkur á árum seinni heimsstyrjaldar.

Samhliða almennum verkfræðistörfum hóf Helgi Hermann að gegna kennslu. Bæði við Kvennaskólann í Reykjavík en einkum þó við Iðnskólann í Reykjavík þar sem hann var kennari og skólastjóri um þriggja áratuga skeið.

Iðnaðarbanki Íslands var stofnaður árið 1953 og var Helgi Hermann ráðinn fyrsti bankastjóri hans. Gegndi hann því embætti út starfsævina.

Helgi Hermann var virkur í félagsmálum. Var bæjarfulltrúi í Reykjavík um átta ára skeið fyrir hönd Sjálfstæðisflokksins, var fyrsti forseti Golfsambandsins og varaformaður Ólympíunefndar Íslands. Auk þess gegndi hann alls kyns trúnaðarstörfum fyrir ýmis félög á sviði iðnaðar- og tæknimála.

Tilvísanir

Íslenskir verkfræðingar
Íslenskir bankastjórar
Íslenskir stjórnmálamenn

Helgi Hermann Eiríksson


Die 9. Badminton-Weltmeisterschaft fand in Lausanne, Schweiz, vom 22. bis zum 28. Mai 1995 im Patinoire de Malley statt. Folgend die Ergebnisse im Mixed.

Qualifikation
Zum Erreichen des Hauptfeldes mussten 10 Doppel in die Qualifikation.

 Grant Walker / Tammy Jenkins –  Nedelcho Kessov / Dobrinka Smilianova: 15:10, 15:4
 Mike Beres / Robbyn Hermitage –  Ernesto García / Esther Sanz: 15:11, 15:11
 Robbert de Kock / Santi Wibowo –  Pavel Uvarov / Nadezhda Chervyakova: 14:18, 15:13, 15:11
 Sandiarto / Sri Untari –  Mikhail Korshuk / Vlada Chernyavskaya: 18:14, 15:8
 Ian Pearson / Joanne Davies –  José Antonio Iturriaga / Lorena Blanco: 15:9, 15:8

Hauptrunde

Sektion 1

Sektion 2

Sektion 3

Sektion 4

Sektion 5

Sektion 6

Sektion 7

Sektion 8

Endrunde

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=5EA93ACA-DA23-411C-884A-BAF62783F0F4

1995 Mixed
Weltmeisterschaft 1995
Weltmeisterschaft 1995/Mixed

Badminton-Weltmeisterschaft 1995/Mixed


Glenea flavicapilla é uma espécie de escaravelho da família Cerambycidae.  Foi descrito por Chevrolat em 1858.  É conhecida a sua existência no Gabão, a Costa do Marfim, Camarões, Gana, e Quénia.

Referências

flavicapilla
Coleópteros descritos em 1858

Glenea flavicapilla


Arnim Regenbogen (* 2. Februar 1939 in Berlin) ist ein deutscher Philosoph und außerplanmäßiger Professor im Ruhestand an der Universität Osnabrück.

Leben
Regenbogen studierte von 1958 bis 1966 Philosophie, Soziologie und Geschichte in Berlin und Tübingen. Er promovierte 1968 an der Freien Universität Berlin und war anschließend Assistent im Fach Philosophie an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Osnabrück. Als die Hochschule in die Universität Osnabrück überging, wurde Regenbogen 1974 Akademischer Rat, 1978 Akademischer Oberrat. Nach der Habilitation 1993 in Osnabrück erhielt er dort im Folgejahr eine Hochschuldozentur und wurde 1995 zum außerplanmäßigen Professor ernannt. Die Universität Osnabrück wählte ihn 1997 zum Vizepräsidenten.

Regenbogen hat unter anderem über philosophische Gerechtigkeit, sozialwissenschaftliche Werte und Didaktik des Ethikunterrichts geforscht. Er gehört der Interdisziplinären Forschungsstelle Werte-Bildung an. Regenbogen war langjähriges Mitglied der Redaktion der Europäischen Enzyklopädie zu Philosophie und Wissenschaften. Auch nach der Pensionierung ist er in Lehre und Forschung an der Universität Osnabrück aktiv.

Varia

Heinz Rudolf Kunze schreibt in seiner Autobiographie, dass er von seinem Philosophie-Dozenten Armin Regenbogen 1981 das Angebot zu einer Doktorarbeit über Spinoza erhalten hat.

Veröffentlichungen
 Sartres Theorie der Intersubjektivität. (Dissertation, FU Berlin, 1968).
 Sozialisation in den 90er Jahren. Lebensziele, Wertmaßstäbe und politische Ideale bei Jugendlichen. Leske und Budrich, Opladen 1998, ISBN 3-8100-1896-1 (Habilitationsschrift, Universität Osnabrück, 1993).
 Wörterbuch der philosophischen Begriffe. Begründet von Friedrich Kirchner und Carl Michaëlis, fortgesetzt von Johannes Hoffmeister, vollständig neu herausgegeben von Arnim Regenbogen und Uwe Meyer. Meiner, Hamburg 1998.
 Chronik der philosophischen Werke. Von der Erfindung des Buchdrucks bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Meiner, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-7873-2146-9.

Literatur
 Reinhold Mokrosch, Elk Franke (Hrsg.): Wertethik und Werterziehung. Festschrift für Arnim Regenbogen. V & R unipress, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89971-138-6.

Weblinks

 Personalprofil Arnim Regenbogen auf der Homepage der Universität Osnabrück

Einzelnachweise

Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Osnabrück)
Deutscher
Geboren 1939
Mann

Arnim Regenbogen


الجزيرة المنبسطة أو الواطية هي إحدى الجزر الصغيرة التي تقع قبالة الساحل الشمالي للبلاد التونسية. وهي امتداد لرأس سيدي علي المكي، تبعد عنه بـ 4 كم. وتبعد بخمسة كيلومترات عن الرفراف. وهي تابعة إلى ولاية بنزرت. سميت بالمنبسطة أو الواطية (كلمة عامية تونسية معناها المنخفضة) لأنها عبارة عن هضبة مسطحة ترتفع بثمانية أمتار فقط على سطح البحر، وبها ناظور يبلغ ارتفاعه 11 مترا.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
  الجزيرة المنبسطة على موقع مواسم تونسية.

جزر تونس
منارات اكتملت في 1888
منارات في تونس

الجزيرة المنبسطة


Luka Ploče pomorska je luka u blizini ušća rijeke Neretve u Neretvanski kanal, u gradu Pločama.

Zemljopisni položaj
Nalazi se uz Jadransku magistralu, a brzom je cestom povezana s autocestom A1. Dio je Koridora Vc koji spaja Jadran i srednju Europu, cestovnim putem te željezničkom prugom Sarajevo – Ploče i dalje prema Bosanskom Šamcu, Osijeku i Budimpešti, što je dio petog Paneuropskog koridora.

Povijest

Okupacijom Bosne i Hercegovine, Dalmacija se s Bosnom i Hercegovinom nalazila u zajedničkoj državi. Izgradnja puteva i željezničke mreže bio je osnovni uvjet za izvoz dobara iz Bosne i Hercegovine, što je najprije zadovoljavala luka u Metkoviću na obali Neretve koja datira od 1716. U vremenu od 1857. do 1860. luka u Metkoviću je bila vodeća među dalmatinskim lukama. Povezivanjem Metkovića i Mostara željezničkom prugom, luka je bila na drugom mjestu po prometu među jadranskim lukama, odmah iza Rijeke. Neodržavanjem plovnog puta, te gradnjom većih i bržih plovila koja nisu mogla doploviti do Metkovića punog tereta, početkom 20. stoljeća promet luke u Metkoviću počinje stagnirati. Postojala je ideja o proširenju luke u Metkoviću, ali je odbačena zbog nemogućnosti uplovljavanja plovila dubljeg gaza.

Produljenje pruge do ušća Neretve postaje aktualno 1920-ih u sklopu projekta povezivanja Beograda preko Sarajeva s novom lukom na moru. Postojali su prijedlozi da ta luka bude u Kleku ili Neumu, ali je na kraju prihvaćeno mišljenje da to bude buduća luka u Pločama. Tehnički elaborat bio je završen 1936., ali tek nakon prihvaćanja projekta luke u Pločama 1938. počinju radovi na svim dionicama. Do kraja 1940. bilo je gotovo 80% zemljanih radova, bez mostova i željezničkih postaja. Napadom Njemačke i Italije na Kraljevinu, obustavljaju se svi radovi. Talijani 1942. dovršavaju izgradnju pruge, a nakon njene kapitulacije, Njemačka obnavlja djelomično oštećenu prugu. Završetkom Drugog svjetskog rata, pruga oštećena povlačenjem Njemačke obnavlja se, te se 15. srpnja 1945. pušta u promet cijela dužina pruge od luke u Pločama do Sarajeva.

Izgradnja luke u Pločama započinje 1939. gradnjom 300 metara prve obale koja je trebala omogućiti pristajanje najvećih prekooceanskih brodova. Drugi svjetski rat usporava i zaustavlja radove. Radove ipak nastavljaju njemačke organizacije, a intenzivnu gradnju nastavljaju Talijani u drugoj polovini 1942. Do polovine 1943. sagradili su 410 metara obale i postavili jednu dizalicu. Porušeni kapaciteti obnavljaju se završetkom rata, a luka i željeznica nastavljaju s radom 15. srpnja 1945. što se uzima kao početak rada luke. Prvih godina rada preko luke se ponajviše uvozilo žito i ugljen, te izvozio boksit i drvo, a 1946. promet luke iznosio je 150.000 tona. Izgradnja željezničke pruge normalnog kolosijeka počinje 1958., a završava se njenom elektrifikacijom 1969. čime su se stekli uvjeti za tranzitni promet prema Mađarskoj, Austriji, Poljskoj te tadašnjoj Čehoslovačkoj. Integracijom poduzeća Luka Ploče i ŽTP Sarajevo 1969. dolazi do znatnog povećanja prometa. Te je godine promet iznosio 1.078.000 tona, a 1977. iznosio je 2.950.000 tona. Tolikom povećanju prometa ponajviše je doprinio razvitak industrije Bosne i Hercegovine, ponajprije Željezare u Zenici, KHK Lukavac te mostarskog Aluminija, uz konstantni razvoj kapaciteta. Najveći zabilježeni promet prije Domovinskog rata 1988. iznosio je više od 4.500.000 tona. Za vrijeme Domovinskog rata luka je radila s 5-10% kapaciteta.

Kapaciteti Luke Ploče

Luka Ploče prostire se na ukupno 230 hektara površine, a podijeljena je prema razvojnim područjima (ha):
 rasuti tereti –  9,35 ha,
 generalni i sipki tereti – 11,42 ha,
 skladišna površina za drvo – 8,64 ha,
 hladnjača – 0,20 ha,
 posebni tereti – 20,00 ha,
 tekući tereti – 17,38 ha,
 održavanje i servis – 2,24 ha,
 putnički terminal – 1,50 ha,
 upravna zgrada – 1,44 ha,
 garaže za opremu i vozila – 2,96 ha,
 neupotrijebljeno područje – 7,29 ha,
 budući razvoj luke – 147,58 ha.

Luka raspolaže kompletnim lučkim prekrcajnim, skladišnim i svim pratećim lučkim uslugama za pružanje pretovara: generalnih tereta, kontejnerskog tereta, RO-RO prometa, suhog rasutog tereta i tekućih tereta. Raspolaže i kapacitetima za prihvat putničkih plovila, za lokalni promet prema poluotoku Pelješcu te međunarodni promet, posebno s Italijom. Lučko područje u nadležnosti Lučke uprave Ploče sastoji se od bazena Ploče i bazena Metković u kojem je moguć prihvat manjih brodova, posebno za prijevoz cementa čije je skladištenje i daljnje otpremanje omogućeno u silosu u Metkoviću.

Osnivanjem Lučke uprave Ploče 1997. kao kao vlasnika lučkoga područja i infrastrukture počinje obnova i povećanje lučkih kapaciteta. Godine 1999. luka u Pločama povezana je prvom kontejnerskom linijom s lukama na Sredozemlju. Najveći do sada zabilježeni promet iznosio je 5.100.000 tona (2008.). Po prometu je druga luka u Hrvatskoj, iza Luke Rijeka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Stranice Lučke uprave Ploče

Ploče
Građevine u Pločama

Luka Ploče


33027 Brouillac este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
33027 Brouillac este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Castres de Alain Klotz. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,30 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 6,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 33001-34000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi
Asteroizi cu nume de oameni

33027 Brouillac


Zvonimir Vrkljan' (Vukovar, 26. srpnja 1902. – Zagreb, 8. veljače 1999.) bio je hrvatski arhitekt.

Životopis
Arhitekturu je završio u Zagrebu 1924. na tadašnjoj Tehničkoj visokoj školi, a studirao je u Beču i Firenci. Od 1926. radio je s Ignjatom Fischerom, od 1931. godine imao je i svoj ured, a od 1941. godine do umirovljena bio je redoviti profesor na Arhitektonskom fakultetu. Od 1988. godine do smrti bio je redoviti član JAZU-a (danas HAZU), 1969. dobio je nagradu Viktor Kovaćić za životno djelo, a 1977. nagradu Vladimir Nazor.

Realizacije
 Trgovačka akademija (danas zgrada Ministarstva obrane)
 Zgrada Učiteljskoga fakilteta
 Zgrada Veterinarskoga fakulteta

Izvori

Hrvatski arhitekti
Životopisi, Vukovar
Životopisi, Zagreb
Dobitnici nagrade Vladimir Nazor

Zvonimir Vrkljan


Ucraina Mare (; Velyka Ukrayina) sau Ucraina Unită (; Soborna Ukrayina) se referă la un concept irendentist al teritoriilor revendicate de către grupuri naționaliste ucrainene, care sunt considerate parte din patria națională a Ucrainei, bazată pe prezența actuală sau istorică ucraineană în acele zone.

Zonele revendicate
Deoarece  ideea de Statul Independent Ucrainean Unit ( Ukrainska Samosiyna Soborna Derzhava) a fost o cheie naționalistă slogan, mulți ar argumenta că "unificarea" (соборність sobornist') teritoriilor ucrainene a fost completată parțial în 1939-45.

Astăzi iredentismul ucrainean este concentrat, în est, pe teritoriul care este acum parte a  Federației Ruse:

 Regiunea Starodub  nord de Cernigău
 părți sud-estice din Voronej
 Regiunile Belgorod, Kursk și Rostov
 Regiunea Kuban
 : regiunea Prešov
 sud-est : Zakerzonia (Chełm și Przemyśl)
Posibilitatea de a Ucrainei a face serioase pretenții teritoriale față de vecinii săi pot fi reduse.

Kuban

Ucrainenii s-au stabilit prima dată în Kuban în 1792 și până la mijlocul secolului al xx-lea majoritatea populației nu s-au identificat ca ruși mici sau Ucraineni. Datorită politicilor naționale sovietice, inclusiv Holodomor, majoritatea populației a adoptat o auto-identificare rusă și procentul celor care s-au identificat ca Ucraineni a scăzut de la un procentaj oficial de 55% (1926) la 0,9% (2002).

Vezi și
 România Mare
 Rusia Kieveană
 Republica Populară Ucraineană
 Iredentism
 Republica Sovietică Socialistă Ucraineană

Referințe

Politica Ucrainei
Naționalism ucrainean
Iredentism

Ucraina Mare


Sarcosphaera coronaria (Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, 1778 ex Joseph Schröter, 1893) din încrengătura Ascomycota, în familia Pezizaceae și de genul Sarcosphaera este o ciupercă saprofită,  comestibilă, dar consumată crud sau nu bine fiartă foarte otrăvitoare, fiind denumită în popor coroniță violetă. În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord nu apare prea des, dar acolo unde crește, se găsește în număr mare, adesea în tufe, în mod predominant pe soluri argiloase și calcaroase de marnă. Se dezvoltă prin păduri de conifere sub rășinoase, dar, de asemenea, în cele mixte, ocazional sub fagi, nu rar de-a lungul marginea drumurilor și ale spațiilor deschise. Timpul apariției este din (aprilie) mai până în iunie (iulie), în special de la deal la munte.

Taxonomie

Specia a fost descrisă pentru prima dată ca Peziza coronaria de renumitul botanist, chimist și medic austriac de origine franceză Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, în volumul 1 al operei sale Miscellanea austriaca ad botanicam, chemiam, et historiam naturalem spectantia din 1778.

Apoi, micologul german Joseph Schröter a transferat specia la genul Sarcosphaera, nou creată de abia cu câțiva ani înainte (1859) de compatriotul său Bernhard Auerswald (1818-1870), păstrând epitetul, de verificat în volumul 3 a cărții Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien din 1893.

Cele multe alte încercări de redenumire sunt cu toate acceptate sinonim, dar sunt mai mult sau mai puțin nefolosite. Denumirea identică Sarcosphaera coronaria a lui Émile Boudier, deja din anul 1885, nu este valabilă în prezent (2019), deci mai veche și pare să fie chiar neacceptată. A fost însa folosită mult în trecut, de exemplu și de Giacomo Bresadola.

Descriere

 Corpul fructifer: are un diametru 3-15 cm și o înălțime de până la 5 cm, fiind cărnos și sfărâmicios. Apotecile se dezvoltă subteran sub forma unei sfere albicioase, care străpunge solul la maturitate și crapă apoi la vârf într-o formă de stea în 5-8 petale, ce se încovoaie către exterior dând o alură de coroană ciupercii și expunând stratul fructifer. Suprafață inferioară (superioară), cea fertilă (adică cea căptușită cu stratul himenal care va produce sporii), este netedă, uscată și lucioasă, de culoare inițial albicioasă, apoi variabilă de la violet sau violet puternic până la liliaceu și lila-maroniu, devenind spre bătrânețe din ce în ce mai brună, suprafața exterioară sterilă fiind tărâțată până slab pâsloasă, de un colorit gri-albicios murdar și adesea plină de particule de pământ. Marginile petalelor se prezintă în culoarea cărnii.
 Piciorul: este absent sau foarte rudimentar, albicios, arătând doar o abordare miceliană.
 Carnea: alb-cenușie este cărnoasă (poate ajunge chiar la 5 mm grosime), suculentă, sfărâmicioasă și fragilă. Mirosul este la exemplare tinere imperceptibil, iar la cele bătrâne amintește de revent, gustul fiind blând.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori mari, elipsoidali, netezi, hialini (translucizi), cu două picături uleioase in alveole (bi-gutulați) în interior, măsurând 15-18 × 8-10 microni. Pulberea lor est albă. Ascele cu 8 spori sunt cilindrice foarte alungite de 300-350 x 20-25 microni și pedicelate (structură în formă de pedunculi), parafizele organele sterile între asce) fiind colorate viu în brun de scorțișoară, filiforme, septate, adesea ramificate și bifurcate cu o grosime de 6-8 microni.
 Reacții chimice: pentru ciupercă (aspect exterior) nu sunt cunoscute. Vârfurile ascelor se colorează într-o soluție de iod iodurat violet.

Confuzii
Specia poate fi confundată de exemplu cu: Aleuria aurantia (comestibilă), Discina ancilis sin. Discina perlata (comestibilă), Disciotis venosa (comestibilă), Geoporia sumneriana sin. Sepultura sumneriana (probabil comestibilă), Peziza badia (comestibilă), Peziza praetervisa (fără valoare culinară), Peziza vesiculosa (comestibilă) sau Sarcoscypha coccinea (comestibilă).

Specii de ciuperci asemănătoare

Valorificare
Coronița violetă este consumată crud extrem de otrăvitoare pentru că conține giromitrină ca de exemplu multe specii ale genului Helvella și a cauzat deja multe otrăviri serioase, una, comentată în 1920 din regiunea Munțiilor Jura, chiar și letală. Bine fiartă este comestibilă, dar de valoare gastronomică scăzută. Cel mai bine se prepară ca adăugare la alte soiuri comestibile din încrengătura ascomicetelor. Opăriți cel puțin mereu ciupercile înainte de a le prăjii sau fierbe bine. Dacă le fierbeți, vărsați prima apă de fiert. Odată uscată și-a pierdut toxina. Mai departe, ciuperca acumulează un derivat al arsenului (acidul monometilarsonic) în doze destul de mari. Buretele însă nu prezintă doar aspecte negative, el este și o sursă importantă de vanadiu, necesară organismului; după cum sa arătat într-un alt studiu din 2007, el prezintă o concentrație de vanadiu de până 0,142 mg/kg de ciupercă în formă uscată.

Aveți și în vedere că specia este înregistrată în Lista Roșie pentru macro-fungii României ca NT=probabil să devină pe cale de dispariție în viitorul apropiat.

Căutătorul cu responsabilitate nu va culege specia și va admira doar frumusețea ei, cauzat de asemenea  faptului, că ciuperca este de valoare culinară scăzută.

Note

Bibiliografie
 Bruno Cetto, "I funghi dal vero", vol. 1-7
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, p. 526, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau: "Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger: Eine Einführung in das Studium der blütenlosen Gewächse für Studierende und Liebhaber", vol. 2, Editura Julius Springer, Berlin 1922
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze – vol. II a.: "Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten", Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1963

Legături externe

 Sarcosphaera coronaria, film în limba franceză cu text englez
 Sarcosphaera coronaria, film 2

Pezizaceae
Ciuperci comestibile
Ciuperci otrăvitoare
Ciuperci saprofite
1778 în știință

Sarcosphaera coronaria


Alfred Stock (født 16. juli 1876, død 12. august 1946) var en tysk kemiker indenfor uorganisk kemi. Han var pioner indenfor forskning i bor og siliciums hydrider, koordinationskemi, kviksølv og kviksølvforgiftning. Det tyske kemikerselskabs "Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize" er opkaldt efter ham.

Kemikere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Alfred Stock


Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), or abrineurin, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical nerve growth factor (NGF), a family which also includes NT-3 and NT-4/NT-5. Neurotrophic factors are found in the brain and the periphery. BDNF was first isolated from a pig brain in 1982 by Yves-Alain Barde and Hans Thoenen.

BDNF activates the TrkB tyrosine kinase receptor.

Function

BDNF acts on certain neurons of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system expressing TrkB, helping to support survival of existing neurons, and encouraging growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses.  In the brain it is active in the hippocampus, cortex, and basal forebrain—areas vital to learning, memory, and higher thinking. BDNF is also expressed in the retina, kidneys, prostate, motor neurons, and skeletal muscle, and is also found in saliva.

BDNF itself is important for long-term memory.
Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells in a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are proteins that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis, BDNF being one of the most active.  Mice born without the ability to make BDNF have developmental defects in the brain and sensory nervous system, and usually die soon after birth, suggesting that BDNF plays an important role in normal neural development. Other important neurotrophins structurally related to BDNF include NT-3, NT-4, and NGF.

BDNF is made in the endoplasmic reticulum and secreted from dense-core vesicles. It binds carboxypeptidase E (CPE), and disruption of this binding has been proposed to cause the loss of sorting BDNF into dense-core vesicles. The phenotype for BDNF knockout mice can be severe, including postnatal lethality. Other traits include sensory neuron losses that affect coordination, balance, hearing, taste, and breathing. Knockout mice also exhibit cerebellar abnormalities and an increase in the number of sympathetic neurons.

Certain types of physical exercise have been shown to markedly (threefold) increase BDNF synthesis in the human brain, a phenomenon which is partly responsible for exercise-induced neurogenesis and improvements in cognitive function. Niacin appears to upregulate BDNF and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression as well.

Mechanism of action

BDNF binds at least two receptors on the surface of cells that are capable of responding to this growth factor, TrkB (pronounced "Track B") and the LNGFR (for low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, also known as p75). It may also modulate the activity of various neurotransmitter receptors, including the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor. BDNF has also been shown to interact with the reelin signaling chain. The expression of reelin by Cajal–Retzius cells goes down during development under the influence of BDNF. The latter also decreases reelin expression in neuronal culture.

TrkB

The TrkB receptor is encoded by the NTRK2 gene and is member of a receptor family of tyrosine kinases that includes TrkA and TrkC.  TrkB autophosphorylation is dependent upon its ligand-specific association with BDNF, a widely expressed activity-dependent neurotrophic factor that regulates plasticity and is dysregulated following hypoxic injury. The activation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway is important in the development of short-term memory and the growth of neurons.

LNGFR

The role of the other BDNF receptor, p75, is less clear. While the TrkB receptor interacts with BDNF in a ligand-specific manner, all neurotrophins can interact with the p75 receptor.  When the p75 receptor is activated, it leads to activation of NFkB receptor.  Thus, neurotrophic signaling may trigger apoptosis rather than survival pathways in cells expressing the p75 receptor in the absence of Trk receptors.  Recent studies have revealed a truncated isoform of the TrkB receptor (t-TrkB) may act as a dominant negative to the p75 neurotrophin receptor, inhibiting the activity of p75, and preventing BDNF-mediated cell death.

Expression

The BDNF protein is encoded by a gene that is also called BDNF, found in humans on chromosome 11.  Structurally, BDNF transcription is controlled by eight different promoters, each leading to different transcripts containing one of eight untranslated 5' exons (I to VIII) spliced to the 3' encoding exon.  Promoter IV activity, leading to the translation of exon IV-containing mRNA, is strongly stimulated by calcium and is primarily under the control of a Cre regulatory component, suggesting a putative role for the transcription factor CREB and the source of BDNF's activity-dependent effects .
There are multiple mechanisms through neuronal activity that can increase BDNF exon IV specific expression.  Stimulus-mediated neuronal excitation can lead to NMDA receptor activation, triggering a calcium influx.  Through a protein signaling cascade requiring Erk, CaM KII/IV, PI3K, and PLC, NMDA receptor activation is capable of triggering BDNF exon IV transcription. BDNF exon IV expression also seems capable of further stimulating its own expression through TrkB activation.  BDNF is released from the post-synaptic membrane in an activity-dependent manner, allowing it to act on local TrkB receptors and mediate effects that can leading to signaling cascades also involving Erk and CaM KII/IV.  Both of these pathways probably involve calcium-mediated phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133, thus allowing it to interact with BDNF's Cre regulatory domain and upregulate transcription.  However, NMDA-mediated receptor signaling is probably necessary to trigger the upregulation of BDNF exon IV expression because normally CREB interaction with CRE and the subsequent translation of the BDNF transcript is blocked by of the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor protein 2 (BHLHB2).  NMDA receptor activation triggers the release of the regulatory inhibitor, allowing for BDNF exon IV upregulation to take place in response to the activity-initiated calcium influx. Activation of dopamine receptor D5 also promotes expression of BDNF in prefrontal cortex neurons.

Common SNPs in BDNF gene
BDNF has several known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), including, but not limited to, rs6265, C270T, rs7103411, rs2030324, rs2203877, rs2049045 and rs7124442.  As of 2008, rs6265 is the most investigated SNP of the BDNF gene

Val66Met
A common SNP in the BDNF gene is rs6265.  This point mutation in the coding sequence, a guanine to adenine switch at position 196, results in an amino acid switch: valine to methionine exchange at codon 66, Val66Met, which is in the prodomain of BDNF. Val66Met is unique to humans.

The mutation interferes with normal translation and intracellular trafficking of BDNF mRNA, as it destabilizes the mRNA and renders it prone to degradation.  The proteins resulting from mRNA that does get translated, are not trafficked and secreted normally, as the amino acid change occurs on the portion of the prodomain where sortilin binds; and sortilin is essential for normal trafficking.

The Val66Met mutation results in a reduction of hippocampal tissue and has since been reported in a high number of individuals with learning and memory disorders, anxiety disorders, major depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

A meta-analysis indicates that the BDNF Val66Met variant is not associated with serum BDNF.

Role in synaptic transmission

Glutamatergic signaling

Glutamate is the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter and its release can trigger the depolarization of postsynaptic neurons. AMPA and NMDA receptors are two ionotropic glutamate receptors involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission and essential to learning and memory via long-term potentiation.  While AMPA receptor activation leads to depolarization via sodium influx, NMDA receptor activation by rapid successive firing allows calcium influx in addition to sodium.  The calcium influx triggered through NMDA receptors can lead to expression of BDNF, as well as other genes thought to be involved in LTP, dendritogenesis, and synaptic stabilization.

NMDA receptor activity

NMDA receptor activation is essential to producing the activity-dependent molecular changes involved in the formation of new memories.  Following exposure to an enriched environment, BDNF and NR1 phosphorylation levels are upregulated simultaneously, probably because BDNF is capable of phosphorylating NR1 subunits, in addition to its many other effects. One of the primary ways BDNF can modulate NMDA receptor activity is through phosphorylation and activation of the NMDA receptor one subunit, particularly at the PKC Ser-897 site. The mechanism underlying this activity is dependent upon both ERK and PKC signaling pathways, each acting individually, and all NR1 phosphorylation activity is lost if the TrKB receptor is blocked. PI3 kinase and Akt are also essential in BDNF-induced potentiation of NMDA receptor function and inhibition of either molecule eliminated receptor BDNF can also increase NMDA receptor activity through phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit.  BDNF signaling leads to the autophosphorylation of the intracellular domain of the TrkB receptor (ICD-TrkB).  Upon autophosphorylation, Fyn associates with the pICD-TrkB through its Src homology domain 2 (SH2) and is phosphorylated at its Y416 site. Once activated, Fyn can bind to NR2B through its SH2 domain and mediate phosphorylation of its Tyr-1472 site.  Similar studies have suggested Fyn is also capable of activating NR2A although this was not found in the hippocampus. Thus, BDNF can increase NMDA receptor activity through Fyn activation.  This has been shown to be important for processes such as spatial memory in the hippocampus, demonstrating the therapeutic and functional relevance of BDNF-mediated NMDA receptor activation.

Synapse stability

In addition to mediating transient effects on NMDAR activation to promote memory-related molecular changes, BDNF should also initiate more stable effects that could be maintained in its absence and not depend on its expression for long term synaptic support.
It was previously mentioned that AMPA receptor expression is essential to learning and memory formation, as these are the components of the synapse that will communicate regularly and maintain the synapse structure and function long after the initial activation of NMDA channels.  BDNF is capable of increasing the mRNA expression of GluR1 and GluR2 through its interaction with the TrkB receptor and promoting the synaptic localization of GluR1 via PKC- and CaMKII-mediated Ser-831 phosphorylation.  It also appears that BDNF is able to influence Gl1 activity through its effects on NMDA receptor activity.  BDNF significantly enhanced the activation of GluR1 through phosphorylation of tyrosine830, an effect that was abolished in either the presence of a specific NR2B antagonist or a trk receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Thus, it appears BDNF can upregulate the expression and synaptic localization of AMPA receptors, as well as enhance their activity through its postsynaptic interactions with the NR2B subunit.  This suggests BDNF is not only capable of initiating synapse formation through its effects on NMDA receptor activity, but it can also support the regular every-day signaling necessary for stable memory function.

GABAergic signaling

One mechanism through which BDNF appears to maintain elevated levels of neuronal excitation is through preventing GABAergic signaling activities.  While glutamate is the brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter and phosphorylation normally activates receptors, GABA is the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and phosphorylation of GABAA receptors tend to reduce their activity. Blockading BDNF signaling with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or a PKC inhibitor in wild type mice produced significant reductions in spontaneous action potential frequencies that were mediated by an increase in the amplitude of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSC).  Similar effects could be obtained in BDNF knockout mice, but these effects were reversed by local application of BDNF.
This suggests BDNF increases excitatory synaptic signaling partly through the post-synaptic suppression of GABAergic signaling by activating PKC through its association with TrkB.  Once activated, PKC can reduce the amplitude of IPSCs through to GABAA receptor phosphorylation and inhibition.  In support of this putative mechanism, activation of PKCε leads to phosphorylation of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) at serine 460 and threonine 461, increasing its ATPase activity which downregulates GABAA receptor surface expression and subsequently attenuates inhibitory currents.

Synaptogenesis

BDNF also enhances synaptogenesis. Synaptogenesis is dependent upon the assembly of new synapses and the disassembly of old synapses by β-adducin. Adducins are membrane-skeletal proteins that cap the growing ends of actin filaments and promote their association with spectrin, another cytoskeletal protein, to create stable and integrated cytoskeletal networks.  Actins have a variety of roles in synaptic functioning.  In pre-synaptic neurons, actins are involved in synaptic vesicle recruitment and vesicle recovery following neurotransmitter release.  In post-synaptic neurons they can influence dendritic spine formation and retraction as well as AMPA receptor insertion and removal. At their C-terminus, adducins possess a myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) domain which regulates their capping activity.  BDNF can reduce capping activities by upregulating PKC, which can bind to the adducing MRCKS domain, inhibit capping activity, and promote synaptogenesis through dendritic spine growth and disassembly and other activities.

Dendritogenesis

Local interaction of BDNF with the TrkB receptor on a single dendritic segment is able to stimulate an increase in PSD-95 trafficking to other separate dendrites as well as to the synapses of locally stimulated neurons. PSD-95 localizes the actin-remodeling GTPases, Rac and Rho, to synapses through the binding of its PDZ domain to kalirin, increasing the number and size of spines. Thus, BDNF-induced trafficking of PSD-95 to dendrites stimulates actin remodeling and causes dendritic growth in response to BDNF.

Neurogenesis

Laboratory studies indicate that BDNF may play a role in neurogenesis. BDNF can promote protective pathways and inhibit damaging pathways in the NSCs and NPCs that contribute to the brain's neurogenic response by enhancing cell survival.  This becomes especially evident following suppression of TrkB activity.  TrkB inhibition results in a 2–3 fold increase in cortical precursors displaying EGFP-positive condensed apoptotic nuclei and a 2–4 fold increase in cortical precursors that stained immunopositive for cleaved caspase-3.  BDNF can also promote NSC and NPC proliferation through Akt activation and PTEN inactivation. Some studies suggest that BDNF may promote neuronal differentiation.

Research
Preliminary research has focused on the possible links between BDNF and clinical conditions, such as depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.

Schizophrenia

Preliminary studies have assessed a possible relationship between schizophrenia and BDNF. It has been shown that BDNF mRNA levels are decreased in cortical layers IV and V of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients, an area associated with working memory.

Depression

The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression states that depression is associated with a decrease in the levels of BDNF.

Epilepsy
Levels of both BDNF mRNA and BDNF protein are known to be up-regulated in epilepsy.

See also
 Epigenetics of depression § Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
 Epigenetics of schizophrenia § Methylation of BDNF
 Tropomyosin receptor kinase B § Agonists

References

External links

Neurotrophic factors
Peptide hormones
Growth factors
Developmental neuroscience
TrkB agonists

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor


The Del-Lords é uma banda americana de rock and roll formada em Nova Iorque em 1982, fundada pelo guitarrista dos Dictators, Scott Kempner. A banda combinou elementos do rock de garagem dos anos 60 com influências country, blues e folk para se tornar um dos primeiros criadores do rock urbano de raiz. Os membros da banda eram, originalmente, Scott Kempner, Manny Caiati, Eric Ambel e Frank Funaro.

História
Modelado em bandas britânicas da década de 1960 que usaram vários cantores - The Kinks, Beatles, The Who - a visão de Kempner era criar um ato com quatro cantores, que alguns diziam ser como os "Beach Boys da Costa Leste".

O nome da banda vem de Del Lord, diretor de muitos curtas antigos dos Três Patetas. Os quatro álbuns de estúdio dos Del-Lords, lançados entre 1984 e 1990 – Frontier Days, Johnny Comes Marching Home, Based on a True Story, e Lovers Who Wander – foram lançados em CD em 2008 pelo selo American Beat.

Vinte e seis anos depois de terem começado, os Del-Lords começaram a trabalhar em novas gravações. Eles lançaram seu trabalho em andamento, Under Construction EP de mixagens brutas em seu site em 9 de março de 2010. Seus primeiros quatro álbuns foram relançados pela Collector's Choice-American Beat com faixas bônus e notas de capa expandidas.

Em fevereiro de 2010, o The Del-Lords fez seus primeiros shows ao vivo em 20 anos, começando com dois shows não anunciados no nordeste dos Estados Unidos. Eles fizeram um show em Rhode Island e um show no Lakeside Lounge em Nova York, antes de embarcar em uma turnê por sete cidades na Espanha.

Em 14 de maio de 2013, Elvis Club, um novo álbum, foi lançado pela gravadora Megaforce.

Discografia

Álbuns de Estúdio

 Frontier Days (1984, EMI America)
 Johnny Comes Marching Home (1986, EMI America)
 Based on a True Story (1988, Enigma)
 Lovers Who Wander (1990, Enigma)
 Elvis Club (2013, GB Music)

EPs

 Under Construction (2010)

Álbuns de Compilação

 Get Tough: The Best of the Del-Lords (1999, Restless)

Álbuns Ao Vivo

 Howlin' at the Halloween Moon (1989, Restless)

Singles

 "Get Tough" / "Pledge of Love" (1985, EMI America)
 "How Can a Poor Man Stand Such Times and Live" (1985, EMI America)
 "Get Tough" (1986, EMI America)
 "True Love" (1986, EMI America)
 "Soldier's Home" (1986, EMI America)
 "Heaven" (1986, EMI America)
 "Cheyenne" (1989, Enigma)
 "Poem of the River" (1989, Enigma)

Referências

Links Externos

Bandas de rock and roll
Bandas de Nova Iorque

The Del-Lords


විශාඛා බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය සපුගස්කන්ද
වර්ෂ 1991 මාර්තු 25 දින අරඹන ලද, වර්ෂ 2008 දී ඵලදායීතා ජාතික සම්මාන පළමු ස්ථානයෙන් පිදුම් ලද පාසලකි.

www.vishaka.sch.lk

විශාඛා විද්‍යාලය, සපුගස්කන්ද


Le tournoi Motor City Open 2022 est l'édition 2022 du tournoi de squash Motor City Open qui se déroule du 26 au  à Bloomfield Hills. Le tournoi fait partie de la catégorie PSA World Tour Silver et il est doté de  de prix.

Le tableau est composé de 24 participants dont huit têtes de série.

Dotation et points
En 2022, la dotation est de . Les points sont répartis suivant le tableau suivant.

Têtes de série

Tableau final

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Motor City Open
 Saison 2021-2022 de la PSA

Liens externes
 Page PSA

2022
Sport aux États-Unis en janvier 2022
Squash en 2022

Motor City Open 2022


Yoji Sasaki (født 2. juli 1992) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Kataller Toyama.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yoji Sasaki


Wingspan é um jogo eletrônico de estratégia lançado em 2020, baseado no jogo de tabuleiro Wingspan.

Ele foi recebido positivamente pela crítica e teve um bom desempenho comercial.

Lançamento
Uma versão digital inicial do jogo de tabuleiro foi lançada em janeiro de 2019, no simulador de jogos de tabuleiro Tabletopia. O jogo foi posteriormente lançado para PC e Switch em setembro de 2020 e dezembro de 2020. Em 2021, versões para Android e iOS também foram lançadas.

Recebimento
O jogo recebeu críticas favoráveis de acordo com o site agregador de críticas Metacritic. O site PC Gamer avaliou o jogo em 9/10, elogiando as mecânicas e a ilustração de forma positiva em comparação com o jogo de tabuleiro original. O site Gamezebo, entretanto, preferiu a versão em tabuleiro. A adaptação foi comercialmente bem sucedida, com 125.000 cópias ao todo sendo vendidas na Steam, no Nintendo Switch, Xbox e também no iOS.

Referências

Wingspan (jogo eletrônico)


La Liga Militar fue una organización de militares griegos que controló indirectamente la política del país entre 1909 y 1910, forzando varios cambios de gobierno y la aprobación de numerosa legislación que consideraba renovadora. Su llamamiento a Eleftherios Venizelos para participar en la política nacional cambió la misma hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Antecedentes

Una década de estancamiento, crisis económica, descontento social y nula expansión territorial siguió a la derrota militar de Grecia en la guerra contra el Imperio otomano de 1897. En el Ejército surgieron sociedades secretas críticas con la actuación del Gobierno, a menudo encabezado por Georgios Theotokis, y de la dirección de los asuntos militares por el príncipe heredero Constantino, jefe del Estado Mayor.

Las primeras reuniones informales de militares para evaluar la situación se dieron a finales de 1908, pero las actividades de estos grupos se aceleraron solamente a finales de la primavera de 1909. El objetivo principal de los oficiales en estos primeros meses fue aumentar el número de conspiradores, que creció a comienzos de 1909. Estos oficiales se inspiraron en parte en la reciente revuelta de los Jóvenes Turcos en el Imperio otomano y en las recientes actividades de las sociedades secretas en Serbia (1903) y en Portugal (1908), que habían logrado cambiar los gobiernos nacionales respectivos.

Un grupo de tenientes entre los que se contaba Theodoros Pangalos se reunió en mayo de 1909 para criticar la falta de intromisión del rey en la política nacional y su control de la exterior, la conducta del diádoco como jefe del Estado Mayor y los mandos militares de otros príncipes de la familia real. Su postura era en general antidinástica y chovinista. Otro grupo, esta vez de capitanes, se reunió por su parte a comienzos de junio para censurar también la situación del país, pero mucho más moderadamente, defendiendo la aprobación de leyes que reforzasen las fuerzas armadas. Un tercer grupo de suboficiales formó una tercera sociedad. Los tres grupos coexistieron independientemente al comienzo.

Las organizaciones de tenientes y capitanes se reunieron el  para tratar su posible unión. Tras un comienzo infructuoso, la presencia de un coronel enviado por el Gobierno para acabar con la reunión hizo que los dos grupos aprobasen la unión y se formase oficialmente la Liga Militar (, Stratiotikos Syndesmos). Dos días más tarde, aprobaban la creación de un comité que debía defender sus exigencias. La principal de ellas era el reforzamiento de las fuerzas armadas, que el Gobierno debía llevar a cabo inmediatamente, incluso si para ello era necesario amenazarlo con el uso de la fuerza por los conjurados.

Pronto los militares consiguieron en el apoyo de ciertos periódicos, que comenzaron a defender en sus editoriales las demandas de los conspiradores.

Los opositores a la Liga no contaban con la unidad ni con la fuerza suficiente para oponerse a ella. La Liga controlaba tanto el Ejército de Tierra como la Armada, cimientos de la monarquía. Los partidos políticos, que la prensa vituperaba por su corrupción, no lograron el respaldo suficiente de sus bases para oponerse a la Liga. La mayoría de los dirigentes del Parlamento consideraron que una postura moderada hacia los militares era la mejor para evitar una posible guerra civil.

El pronunciamiento de Goudi

Las guarniciones de la capital se amotinaron el  y, ante la incapacidad del Gobierno de sofocar la revuelta y de lograr el apoyo de otras unidades, consiguieron el cambio de gabinete y la aceptación por el nuevo primer ministro, Kiriakulis Mavromichalis, de las exigencias que Dimitrios Rallis había rechazado. Pronto la Liga se hizo con el control de las fuerzas armadas, purgando a los oficiales sospechosos de hostilidad a ella.

Una gran manifestación se celebró en la capital el ; la habían convocado los gremios de la ciudad para mostrar su apoyo a la Liga y tratar de desbaratar cualquier oposición a ella en el Parlamento. La marcha fue un éxito e incluso logró un apoyo aparente del monarca.

El nuevo Gobierno de Kiriakulis Mavromichalis, minoritario en las Cortes griegas, se apresuró a aprobar las medidas exigidas por la Liga, que cumplió su amenaza de intervención militar ante cualquier intento de obstrucción en el Parlamento. Theotokis se mantuvo como jefe del principal partido en el Parlamento, opuesto a la Liga, pero consciente de su poder y finalmente cooperó con el Gobierno para aprobar las medidas impuestas por los militares.

Control del gobierno

La Liga hubo de reconocer la falta de cambios en el país a pesar de la numerosa legislación aprobada por el Parlamento en la segunda mitad de 1909 y comienzos de 1910: la mudanza no podía darse simplemente por la aprobación de leyes. Los militares eran incapaces de lograr un apoyo sincero de los políticos griegos, por lo que  llamaron a Eleftherios Venizelos de Creta para solicitar su consejo. Venizelos los convenció para que solicitasen la convocatoria de una Asamblea Nacional que modificase ciertos artículos de la Constitución y asegurase la continuación de la renovación política y militar del país, a cambio de la disolución de la Liga Militar.

La Liga expuso sus condiciones para su disolución el : se debía formar un nuevo Gobierno con la confianza de la Liga que aprobase las últimas medidas legislativas antes de convocar una Asamblea Nacional para revisar parcialmente la Constitución. La Liga consintió en disolverse antes de que el rey convocase a la Asamblea () tras largas negociaciones entre ella, el monarca y los dirigentes políticos, en algunas de las cuales participó Venizelos, . El soberano convocó formalmente la Asamblea al día siguiente, según el acuerdo pactado, y los militares se retiraron de la vida política del país.

Valoración
La intervención de la Liga en la política griega en 1909-1910 a menudo se califica de «revolución» en los textos griegos. Los objetivos de la Liga, sin embargo, no eran un cambio radical de la política o la sociedad griegas, y su programa era reformista, no revolucionario. Su ambición principal era un reforzamiento de las fuerzas armadas para poder llevar a cabo el ideal chovinista de la Megali Idea. Las reformas políticas o económicas que exigían buscaban facilitar el objetivo militar principal.

Su intervención política fue esencialmente coercitiva, amenazando a la posible oposición política a las medidas que exigían con una intervención armada. Sus acciones, sin embargo, fueron en general moderadas, dado el control de la facción más moderada de la organización. Aun así, la Liga sí llevó a cabo una serie de acciones contrarias a la dinastía reinante, que mostró su hostilidad al movimiento de los militares.

Finalmente la Liga tuvo que aceptar, como los Gobiernos parlamentarios anteriores a su intervención política, la debilidad económica del país para costear las ambiciosas medidas militares necesarias para lograr sus objetivos de expansión territorial. La situación diplomática de la nación tampoco permitía asegurar la consecución de las ambiciones territoriales. Grecia permanecía dependiente de la benevolencia de las grandes potencias y de su financiación mediante la concesión de créditos.

El golpe de Estado del  llevó a un periodo de control militar de la política griega en el que se llevó a cabo una reforma moderada, pero no una revolución.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía

Historia de Grecia moderna

Liga Militar (Grecia)


Srinagar najveći je grad i ljetna prijestolnica indijske savezne države Jammu i Kašmir. Leži u dolini Kašmira na obalama rijeke Jhelum, pritoke Inda, te jezera Dal i Anchar. Grad je poznat po svom prirodnom okruženju, vrtovima, rivama i brodovima, na kojima se živi. Poznat je i po tradicionalnim kašmirskim rukotvorinama poput kašmirskog šala i suhog voća. To je najsjeverniji grad Indije s preko milijun ljudi.

Srinagar se nalazi s obje strane rijeke Jhelum, koja se u Kašmiru zove Vyath. Rijeka prolazi kroz grad i vijuga dolinom, krećući se dalje i produbljujući se u jezeru Wular. Grad je poznat po svojih devet starih mostova, koji povezuju dva dijela grada.

Grad je jedno od nekoliko mjesta koja su nazvana "Venecija Istoka". Jezera oko grada uključuju jezero Dal - poznato po brodovima za stanovanje i jezero Nigeen. Osim jezera Dal i Nigeen, sjeverno od Srinagara leže i jezero Wular i jezero Manasbal. Jezero Wular jedno je od najvećih slatkovodnih jezera u Aziji.

U gradu i oko njega postoji niz jezera i močvara. Tu spadaju: Dal, Nigeen, Anchar, Khushal Sar, Gil Sar i Hokersar.

Hokersar je močvara smještena u blizini Srinagara. Tisuće ptica selica dolaze u Hokersar iz Sibira i drugih regija u zimskoj sezoni. Ptice selice iz Sibira i Srednje Azije koriste močvare u Kašmiru kao prolazne kampove između rujna i listopada i opet oko proljeća. Te močvare igraju vitalnu ulogu u održavanju velike populacije zimovanja, staziranja i uzgoja ptica.

Hokersar je 14 km sjeverno od Srinagara, a močvara je svjetske važnosti i prostire se na 13,75 km2, uključujući jezero i močvarno područje. To je najpristupačnije i najpoznatije močvarno područje Kašmira koje uključuje Hygam, Shalibug i Mirgund. Posljednjih je godina Hokersar posjetio rekordan broj ptica selica.

Srinagar ima vlažnu suptropsku klimu (Köppen Cfa). Dolinu sa svih strana okružuju Himalaje. Zime su prohladne, dnevna temperatura u prosjeku iznosi 2,5 °C, a noću se spušta ispod točke smrzavanja.

Galerija

Izvori

Gradovi u Indiji

Srinagar


An Ochlandra in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Ochlandra in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ochlandra

Ochlandra


ميلفن غلوفر  يلقب ب«ميلي ميل» وأسمه الفني(Grandmaster Mele Mel) ولد في 15 مايو 1961 هو مغني راب وأحد رواد المدرسة القديمة للهيب هوب، كان عضو في مجموعة Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five وبسبب أسلوبة المبتكر في التلاعب بالكلمات والمعاني والتعرض للقضايا الاجتماعية أدى إلى انتشار الراب وثقافة الهيب هوب خارج نيويورك إلى كل أنحاء أمريكا. فيعتبر ميلي ميل هو من حدد الطريق لمستقبل مغنو الراب خلال المحتوى الاجتماعي والسياسي والإبداعي .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من البرونكس
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 20
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 21
حائزون على جائزة غرامي
رجال أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 20
رجال أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 21
مغنو راب أفارقة أمريكيون
مغنو راب أمريكيون في القرن 21
مغنو راب من ذا برونكس
مغنون ذكور أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 20
مواليد 1961
مواليد في نيويورك
موسيقيون أفارقة أمريكيون
موسيقيون أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 21
موسيقيون ذكور أمريكيون في القرن 21

ميلي ميل


Ulica Mirka Bogovića (kolokvijalno Bogovićeva) je ravna pješačka ulica u centru grada Zagreba, južno od Ilice i s njom paralelna. Dugačka je 170 m i proteže se od Ulice Ljudevita Gaja do Trga Petra Preradovića, a s Ilicom je sa sjeverne strane povezuje Petrićeva ulica. Ime je dobila po hrvatskom prozaistu, pjesniku, dramatičaru i političaru Mirku Bogoviću. Jedna je od najpoznatijih ulica zagrebačkog Donjeg grada te središta društvenog života. Osim u Zagrebu Bogovićeve ulice se nalaze i u Križevcima, Bjelovaru, Varaždinu, Karlovcu te u Peščenici (Sisačko-moslavačka županija).

Povijest
Današnji izgled ulice, koji slijedi logiku i ukus uređenja Trga Bana Josipa Jelačića, možemo zahvaliti projektu arhitekta i urbanista Mihajla Kranjca i koautora  Branka Silađina i Berislava Šerbetića iz  1991.

Kao i većina ulica u Donjem gradu i Bogovićeva nastaje kao kontinuitet urbanog razvitka grada Zagreba iz 19 stoljeća. Prvo razdoblje tog razvitka obuhvaća razdoblje historicizma kao pravca u umjetnosti koji se u punom zamahu iskazuje na zgradama užeg središta Donjega grada koje su sagrađene u 19. stoljeću. Javni život koji se na području Donjega grada razvijao i odvijao u drugoj polovini 19. stoljeća je "postupno preuzimao sve važne sadržaje za koje već odavno nije bilo mjesta na Gornjem gradu: upravne i poslovne, prosvjetne, kulturne i društvene…" ustvrđuje Snješka Knežević.

Donji grad počeo se razvijati oko Manduševca, odnosno  Harmice te  Radićeve ulice i početka Ilice gdje je 1794. godine sagrađena velika Zakladna bolnica (obuhvaćala je potez koji danas uokviruju Gajeva, Bogovićeva, Petrićeva i Ilica 1 i 1a) (prema Špoljarić, 2008). U ravnici južno od Harmice i Ilice pa sve do Frankopanske ulice postojali su vrtovi, pašnjaci te oranice i gospodarske zgrade za stoku. Taj je poljoprivredni zemljišni kompleks bio prošaran mrežom poljskih i makadamskih puteva preko kojih se moglo prići gospodarstvima i oranicama. Danas neke od tih puteva predstavljaju Draškovićeva, Gajeva, Preradovićeva, Frankopanska i Savska ulica (Knežević, 2010).
Između dva svjetska rata praznine na mjestu nekadašnjih zgrada popunjavane su novim modernim objektima, primjerice blok na Trgu bana Josipa Jelačića između Gajeve, Bogovićeve i Petrićeve ulice izgrađen je 1935. (Knežević, 2010).

Pješačka zona Donjega grada počela se uređivati već 1987. godine i to u tri faze, prema Ričkoviću (1998): prva je faza obuhvaćala uređenje Trga bana Josipa Jelačića (prije Trga Republike) i Gajevu ulicu, prvo do Bogovićeve ulice pa onda do Tesline, zatim Petrinjsku ulicu do Amruševe i Bakačevu do Vlaške; druga faza obuhvaćala je uređenje Bogovićeve i Petrićeve ulice te uređenje Preradovićeve ulice do križanja s Masarykovom, dio Varšavske do Gundulićeve ulice i cijelu Margaretsku ulicu, a treća faza uređenja pješačke zone označavala je funkcionalnost povezanu s humanizacijom prostora u središtu grada (Ričković, 1998).

Funkcije pješačke zone višestruke su te se u njoj obavljaju djelatnosti poput trgovačke, ugostiteljske i poslovne. Koncentracija ugostiteljskih djelatnosti gotovo je najveća u gradu Zagrebu, pa one razlikuju pješačku zonu od ostatka gradskog središta. Najpoznatiji trg pješačke zone Donjega grada, osim Jelačićeva, Trg Petra Preradovića, u ovoj je fazi modernizacije uređen te je uspio zadržati namjenu trga kao mjesta prodaje cvijeća i središta društvenog života grada zajedno s Bogovićevom, Gajevom, Teslinom i Preradovićevom. U popularnom žargonu zvan Cvjetni trg sve je do 1995. godine bio tipičan donjogradski trg, popularan i atraktivan i turistima i stanovnicima grada, no nakon tog uređenja postao je pravi simbol od nacionalnog, ideološkog i komercijalnog značenja, osim svog primarnog urbanog značenja (Podnar, 2009).

Nakon drugog uređenja Preradovićeva trga i Bogovićeve ulice uže središte grada je u potpunosti, zahvaljujući uređenim pješačkim zonama, parkiralištima za motore i bicikle postalo područje intenzivnog poslovnog, trgovačkog, turističkog, kulturnog i stambenog interesa.

Galerija

Zanimljivosti
Ulica je donedavno bila prepuna prepoznatljivih dućana raznih namjena kultnih kafića i slastičarni, a danas je pretežno ulica suvremenih i često tipskih kafića i restorana. Tako se u zgradi Napredka, na uglu Gajeve i Bogovićeve nalazio kultni dućan za modelare slovenske  Aviomehanike, na broju 1b prodavaonica ploča beogradske radio televizije PGP, a na broju 5 nalazila se prodavaonica ploča "Jugoton" (danas Croatia records) odnedavno preseljena u Gundulićevu 3.

U njoj se također nalazi slavna skulptura Gorgonaša Ivana Kožarića Prizemljeno sunce koja je kasnije postala okidač jedne druge zanimljive skulpturalne, likovne i konceptualne instalacije Prizemljeni Sunčev sustav koju čine Kožarićeva skulptura i djelo Devet pogleda Davora Preisa.

Literatura
 Javni prostori Grada Zagreba - iz arhiva arhitekta Mihajla Kranjca, Grad Zagreb, Gradski ured za planiranje i razvoj grada Zagreba, ZGforum, 2013.
 Marko Smiljić, Cvjetni trg i okolica: mali intimni pojmovnik, H-alter mrežna stranica, 26.02.2010.
 Knežević, Snješka (1995). Trg Petra Svačića i trg Petra Preradovića u Zagrebu: Geneza dvaju donjogradski trgova. Godišnjak zaštite spomenika kulture Hrvatske 20-21: (1994/1995.) str. 109-141.
 Knežević, Snješka (2011). Zagreb: grad, memorija, art. Zagreb: Meandarmedia.
 Podnar, I. (2009). Zagrebački trgovi kao urbani identitetski sustavi. Prostor. 2: 38. str. 358-371.
 Ričković, D. (1998). Pješačka zona Zagreba. Geografski glasnik, 60: 105-122.
 Klara Rožman, Kraj jedne ere: Nakon 57 godina gasi se kultna trgovina u centru Zagreba, Jutarnji list, mrežno izdanje, 01. veljača 2021.
 Špoljarić, B. (2008). Stari Zagreb od vugla do vugla. Zagreb: AGM
 Tea Štefek, Fenomen zagrebačke subotnje špice kao dio javnog života u očima korisnika prostora Bogovićeve ulice, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Filozofski Fakultet, Odsjek za sociologiju, diplomski rad, Zagreb, svibanj, 2014.

Izvori

Ulice u Zagrebu
U izradi

Ulica Mirka Bogovića (Zagreb)


Rahîm (Arapça الرحيم), İslam'da bir kavram olan ve Kur'an'da geçen Allah'ın 99 adından biridir.

Anlamı
Bağışlayıcı, sevdiklerine ve müminlere merhamet eden,onlara nimet veren, onları koruyan, onlara acıyan demektir.

Etimoloji
Rahman ve Rahim kelimelerinin kaynağını aldığı RHM kökü Akadca gibi antik diller başta olmak üzere birçok Ortadoğu, İran ve Hint dillerinde ortak kullanımlara sahiptir. Kelimenin hangi dilden kaynaklandığı ve diğer dillere geçtiği konusunda dillerin gelişim evreleri, tarih ve kronoloji bilimlerinden faydalanılabilir. Rahman, rahim ve ibrahim gibi kelimelerin kökenleri konusunda ilahiyatçı yazar İhsan Eliaçık'ın açıklamaları: "Bu kökten gelen kelimelerin eski dünya dillerinde meşhur ve yaygın olduğunu görüyoruz; Akadcada dölyatağı, rahîm (remu), merhamet eden tanrı (remânu), Aramice rahîm, merhamet (rhm), İbranîce rahîm, merhamet (raham), Hindçe iyilik tanrısı (Brahma) hep aynı kökten… Sevginin ve merhametin babası anlamına gelen Eb-Raham'ın bütün Sami dillerinde ve hatta Hindçede bile kullanıldığını görüyoruz. Buralardan evrilerek Arapçaya İbrahim olarak geldiği anlaşılıyor." Bu yaklaşım diğer kaynaklarca da desteklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

Allah'ın 99 ismi

Rahîm