Cape York Peninsula is a peninsula located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest wilderness in northern Australia. The land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. The relatively undisturbed eucalyptus-wooded savannahs, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognised and preserved for their global environmental significance. Although much of the peninsula remains pristine, with a diverse repertoire of endemic flora and fauna, some of its wildlife may be threatened by industry and overgrazing as well as introduced species and weeds.

The northernmost point of the peninsula is Cape York.
The land has been occupied by a number of Aboriginal Australian peoples for tens of thousands of years. In 1606, Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon on board the Duyfken was the first European to land in Australia, reaching the Cape York Peninsula.

History

European exploration

In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa, on the western shore of Cape York Peninsula. This was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people.

Edmund Kennedy was the first European explorer to attempt an overland expedition of Cape York Peninsula. He had been second-in-command to Thomas Livingstone Mitchell in 1846 when the Barcoo River was encountered. The aim was to establish a route to the tip of the peninsula, where Sydney businessmen were attempting development of a port for trade with the East Indies.

The expedition set out from Rockingham Bay near the present town of Cardwell in May 1848, and it turned out to be one of the great disasters of Australian exploration. Of the thirteen men who set out, only three survived. The others died of fever or starvation, or were speared by hostile Aboriginal people. Kennedy died of spear wounds almost within sight of his destination in December 1848. The only survivor to complete the journey was Jackey Jackey, an Aboriginal man from New South Wales. He led a rescue party to the other two who had been unable to continue.

The tip of the peninsula (Cape York) was finally reached  by Europeans in 1864 when the brothers Francis Lascelles (Frank) and Alexander William Jardine, along with eight companions, drove a mob of cattle from Rockhampton to the new settlement of Somerset (on Cape York) where the Jardines' father was commander. En route they lost most of their horses, many of their stores and fought pitched battles with Aboriginal people, finally arriving in March 1865.

First contact
The first known contact between European and Aboriginal people occurred on the west coast of the peninsula in 1606, but it was not settled by Europeans until the 19th century when fishing communities, then stations and later mining towns were established. European settlement led to the displacement of Aboriginal communities and the arrival of Torres Strait Islanders on the mainland.

Geography and geology

The west coast borders the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast borders the Coral Sea. The peninsula is bordered by water on three sides (north, east and west). There is no clear demarcation to the south, although the official boundary in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland runs along at about 16°S latitude.

At the peninsula's widest point, it is  from the Bloomfield River in the southeast, across to the west coast just south of the aboriginal community of Kowanyama. It is some  from the southern border of Cook Shire, to the tip of Cape York.

At the tip of the peninsula lies Cape York, the northernmost point on the Australian mainland. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook on 21 August 1770 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, a brother of King George III of the United Kingdom, who had died three years earlier:

The tropical landscapes are among the most stable in the world. Long undisturbed by tectonic activity, the peninsula is an extremely eroded, almost level low plain dominated by meandering rivers and vast floodplains, with some very low hills rising to  elevation in the McIlwraith Range on the eastern side around Coen.

The backbone of Cape York Peninsula is the peninsula ridge, part of Australia's Great Dividing Range. This mountain range is made up of ancient (1.5 billion-year-old) Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks. To the east and west of the peninsula ridge lie the Carpentaria and Laura Basins, respectively, themselves made up of ancient Mesozoic sediments. There are several outstanding landforms on the peninsula: the large expanses of undisturbed dunefields at the eastern coast around Shelburne Bay and Cape Bedford-Cape Flattery, the huge piles of black granite boulders at Kalkajaka National Park and Cape Melville, and the limestone karsts around Palmerston in the peninsula's far south.

Soil
The soils are remarkably infertile even compared to other areas of Australia, being almost entirely laterised and in most cases so old and weathered that very little development is apparent today (classified in USDA soil taxonomy as orthents). It is because of this extraordinary soil poverty that the region is so thinly settled: the soils are so unworkable and unresponsive to fertilisers that attempts to grow commercial crops have usually failed.

Climate
The climate on Cape York Peninsula is tropical savanna in the south, with a heavy monsoon season from November to April, during which time the forest becomes almost uninhabitable, and a dry season from May to October. The temperature is warm to hot, with a cooler climate in higher areas. The mean annual temperatures range from  at higher elevations to  on the lowlands in the drier southwest. Temperatures over  and below  are rare.

Annual rainfall is high, ranging from over  in the Iron Range and north of Weipa to about  at the southern border. Almost all this rain falls between November and April, and only on the eastern slopes of the Iron Range is the median rainfall between June and September above . Between January and March, however, the median monthly rainfall ranges from about  in the south to over  in the north and on the Iron Range.

Rivers

The Peninsula Ridge forms the drainage divide between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea. To the west, a series of large, winding river systems including the Mitchell, Staaten, Coleman, Holroyd, Archer, Watson, Wenlock, Ducie and Jardine catchments empty their waters into the Gulf of Carpentaria. During the dry season, those rivers are reduced to a series of waterholes and sandy beds. Yet, with the arrival of torrential rains in the wet season, they swell to mighty waterways, spreading across extensive floodplains and coastal wetlands and giving life to a vast array of freshwater and wetland species.

On the Eastern slopes, the shorter, faster-flowing Jacky Jacky Creek, Olive, Pascoe, Lockhart, Stewart, Jeannie and Endeavour Rivers flow towards the Coral Sea, providing important freshwater and nutrients to the healthiest section of the Great Barrier Reef. On their way, those wild, undisturbed rivers are lined with dense rainforests, sand dunes or mangroves.

The floodplains of the Laura Basin, which are protected in the Rinyirru and Jack River National Parks, are crossed by the Morehead, Hann, North Kennedy, Laura, Jack and Normanby Rivers.

The Peninsula's river catchments are noted for their exceptional hydrological integrity. With little disturbance on both water flows and vegetation cover throughout entire catchments, Cape York Peninsula has been identified as one of the few places where tropical water cycles remain essentially intact. Cape York Peninsula contributes as much as a quarter of Australia's surface runoff. Indeed, with only about 2.7 percent of Australia's land area, it produces more run-off than all of Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Tapping those heavy tropical rainfalls, the peninsula's rivers are also of particular importance for replenishing central Australia's Great Artesian Basin. The Queensland Government is currently poised to protect 13 of Cape York Peninsula's wild rivers under the Wild Rivers Act 2005.

Geological history

The peninsula is formed from the northern part of the Great Dividing Range, folded during the Carboniferous period some 300 million years ago, when Australia collided with what is now parts of South America and New Zealand. The range has experienced significant erosion since.
Around 40 million years ago, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. As it collided with the Pacific Plate on its northward journey, the high mountain ranges of central New Guinea emerged around 5 million years ago. In the lee of this collision zone, the ancient rock formations of what is now Cape York Peninsula remained largely undisturbed.

Throughout the Pleistocene epoch Australia and New Guinea were alternately land-linked and separated by water. During periods of glaciation and resulting low sea levels, Cape York Peninsula provided a low-lying land link. Another link existed between Arnhem Land and New Guinea, at times enclosing an enormous freshwater lake (Lake Carpentaria) in the centre of what is now the Gulf of Carpentaria. Australia and New Guinea remained connected in this way until the shallow Torres Strait was last flooded around 8,000 years ago.

People and culture today
Today the peninsula has a population of only about 18,000, of which a large percentage (~60%) are Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders.

The administrative and commercial centre for much of Cape York Peninsula is Cooktown, located in its far southeastern corner while the peninsula's largest settlement is the mining town Weipa on the Gulf of Carpentaria. The remainder is extremely sparsely populated, with about half the population living in very small settlements and cattle ranches. Along the peninsula developmental road, there are small service centres at Lakeland, Laura and Coen. About  offshore north of the tip of Cape York, there is a sizeable service centre on nearby Thursday Island. Aboriginal communities are at Hopevale, Pormpuraaw, Kowanyama, Aurukun, Lockhart River, Napranum, Mapoon, Injinoo, New Mapoon and Umagico. Torres Strait Islander communities on the mainland are at Bamaga and Seisia. A completely sealed inland road links Cairns and the Atherton Tableland to Lakeland and Cooktown. The road north of Lakeland Downs to the tip of the peninsula is sometimes cut after heavy rains during the wet season (roughly December to May).

The peninsula is a popular tourist destination in the dry season for camping, hiking, bird watching and fishing enthusiasts. Many people make the adventurous, but rewarding, drive to the tip of Cape York, the northernmost point of mainland Australia.

Some of the world's most extensive and ancient Aboriginal rock painting galleries surround the town of Laura, some of which are available for public viewing. There is also a new interpretive centre from which information on the rock art and local culture is available and tours can be arranged.

Indigenous languages and peoples

Over 30 Aboriginal languages are spoken on Cape York Peninsula, including Linngithigh, Umpila, Wik Mungkan, Wik-Me'nh, Wik-Ngathan, Kugu Nganhcara, Guugu Yalandji, Guugu Yimithirr, Kuuk Thaayorre and a multitude of Australian Aboriginal sign languages. Some of these languages are being acquired by children or are spoken by all generations in remote communities. Most Wik languages are being quickly absorbed by Wik-Mungkan, which seems to be the only aboriginal language on the peninsula that is developing very quickly, as it is the second language of the Wikalkan, Wik-Ngathana, and Wikngenchera.

Djagaraga (also known as Yadhaigana, Dyagaraga and Yagulleone) is an Australian Aboriginal language from the tip of Cape York. The language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Northern Peninsula Area Regional Council. Traditionally the language was spoken on Eastern Cape York particularly in the localities of Albany Island and Mount Adolphus Island.

Linngithigh (also known as Winda Winda and Linginiti) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Linngithigh people. The Linngithigh language region includes landscape within the local government boundaries of the Cook Shire Council: Western Cape York, Winda Winda Creek, Mission River, and Archer River.

Luthigh (also known as Lotiga, Tepiti and Uradhi, see also Uradhi related languages) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Luthigh people. The traditional language area for Luthigh includes landscape within the local government boundaries of the Cook Shire: Eastern Cape York, Ducie River, Northern Peninsula, New Mapoon, Injinoo, and Cowal Creek.

Teppathiggi (also known Tepithiki and Teyepathiggi) is an Australian Aboriginal language of Western Cape York, Middle Dulcie River, Lower Batavia River, Ducie River, and Mapoon. The language region includes areas within the local government boundaries of Cook Shire Council.

Thaynakwith (also known as Awngthim, Tainikuit and Winduwinda) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken on Western Cape York in the Weipa area taking in Albatross Bay and Mission River. The language region includes areas within the local government boundaries of Weipa Town Council and Cook Shire.

Uradhi (also known as Anggamudi, Ankamuti, Atampaya, Bawtjathi, and Lotiga) is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Western Cape York Peninsula. The traditional language region includes north of Mapoon and Duyfken Point and east of the coast strip to the north of Port Musgrave (Angkamuthi country) incorporating the mouth of the Ducie River, the lower reaches of the Dulhunty River and the upper reaches of the Skardon River in the north. Following the displacement of Indigenous people by British settlement, it was also spoken in the Northern Peninsula Area Region including the communities of New Mapoon, Injinoo and Cowal Creek.

Yir Yiront (also known as Yiront, Jirjoront, Yir-yiront, and Kokomindjan) is an Australian Aboriginal language. Its traditional language region is in Western Cape York within the local government areas of Aboriginal Shire of Kowanyama and Shire of Cook, in the catchments of the Coleman River and Mitchell River. Following the removal of Aboriginal people from their traditional lands, it is also spoken in Pormpuraaw and Kowanyama.

Kuuku Ya'u (also known as Gugu Yau, Yao, Ya'o, Koko Ya'o and Koka-yao) is an Australian Aboriginal language. The traditional language area of Kuuku Ya'u includes landscape within the local government boundaries of the Cook Shire: Eastern Cape York, Uu'ungun south to Claudie River and hinterland.

Kuuk Thaayorre (also known as Koko-Daiyuri, Kuku Yak, Thayorre, and used as a generic name for several related languages/dialects) is an Australian Aboriginal Language spoken on Western Cape York Peninsula, particularly in the area around Pormpuraaw (Edward River). The Thaayorre language region includes the landscape within Pormpuraaw Community Council and the Cook Shire Council.

Kugu Yi'anh is a language of Cape York. The traditional language area of Kugu Yi'anh includes areas within Cape York.

Kugu Nganhcara (also known as Wik, Wiknantjara, Wik Nganychara, Wik Ngencherr) is a traditional language of the area which includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Cook Shire.

Kugu Muminh (also known as Kuku-Muminh) is one of the traditional languages which includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Cook Shire.

Kunjen (also known as Koko Wanggara, Ngundjan and Olkola) is a language of Western Cape York. The Kunjen language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of Kowanyama Community Council and Cook Shire Council.

Native title claims

The Cape York Land Council, established in 1990 as a land council, has fought for native title rights, and has won such rights over 45% per cent of the region by around 2018.

On 25 November 2021,  of land on the eastern side of the peninsula were handed back to the Kuuku Ya'u and Uutaalnganu peoples, in a native title claim that was lodged seven years prior. The landmark ruling was delivered by Justice Debra Mortimer of the Federal Court of Australia, sitting at the Supreme Court of Queensland in Cairns.

In December 2022 the Federal Court recognised the native title claims for the Kaurareg, Kulkulgal, Kemer Kemer Meriam, Ankamuthi, and Gudang/Yadhaykenu peoples.

Ecology

Flora
Cape York Peninsula supports a complex mosaic of intact tropical rainforests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs, shrublands, heath lands, wetlands, wild rivers and mangrove swamps. The savannah woodlands consist typically of a tall dense grass layer and varying densities of trees, predominantly eucalypt of which the most common is Darwin stringybark (Eucalyptus tetrodonta). These various habitats are home to about 3300 species of flowering plants and almost the entire area of Cape York Peninsula (99.6%) still retains its native vegetation and is little fragmented. Although abundant and fully functioning on the peninsula, tropical savannahs are now rare and highly degraded in other parts of the world. Cape York Peninsula also contains one of the highest rates of endemism in Australia, with more than 260 endemic plant species found so far. Therefore, parts of the peninsula have been noted for their exceptionally high wilderness quality.

The flora of the peninsula includes original Gondwanan species, plants that have emerged since the breakup of Gondwana and species from Indomalaya and from across the Torres Strait in New Guinea with the most variety being found in the rainforest areas. Most of the Cape York Peninsula is drier than nearby New Guinea which limits the rainforest plants of that island from migrating across to Australia.

Tropical rainforests cover an area of , or 5.6 percent of the total land area of Cape York Peninsula. Rainforests depend on some level of rainfall throughout the long dry season, climatic conditions that are mostly found on the eastern slopes of the peninsula's coastal ranges. Being almost exclusively untouched, old-growth forests and supporting a disproportionately high biodiversity including flora of Gondwanan and New Guinean origin, the rainforests are of high conservation significance. The largest contiguous rainforest area on the peninsula occurs in the McIllwraith Range-Iron Range area. The Gondwanan flora of this area includes Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae conifers and Arthrochilus, Corybas, and Calochilus orchids. In all, this rainforest contains at least 1000 different plants, including 100 rare or threatened species, and 16% of Australia's orchid species.

On poor, dry soils tropical heathlands can be found. Northeast Cape York Peninsula supports Australia's largest areas of this highly diverse ecosystem.

The extensive wetlands on Cape York Peninsula are "among the largest, richest and most diverse in Australia". 19 wetlands of national significance have been identified, mostly on the large floodplains and in coastal areas. Important wetlands include the Apudthama Complex, Rinyirru systems and the estuaries of the great rivers of the western plains. Many of these wetlands come into existence only during the wet season and support rare or uncommon plant communities.

The peninsula's coastal areas and river estuaries are lined with mangrove forests of kwila and other trees. Australia's largest mangrove forest can be found at Newcastle Bay.

Fauna
The peninsula harbours an extraordinary biodiversity, with more than 700 vertebrate land animal species of which 40 are endemic. As a result, from its geological history, "the flora and fauna of Cape York Peninsula are a complex mixture of Gondwanan relics, Australian isolationists and Asian or New Guinean invaders" (p. 41). Birds of the peninsula include buff-breasted buttonquail (Turnix olivii), golden-shouldered parrot (Psephotus chrysopterygius), lovely fairywren (Malurus amabilis), white-streaked honeyeater (Trichodere cockerelli), and yellow-spotted honeyeater (Meliphaga notata) while some such as pied oystercatcher are found in other parts of Australia but have important populations on the peninsula. The peninsula is also home to the eastern brown snake, one of the world's most venomous snakes. Mammals include the rodent Cape York melomys, related to the extinct Bramble Cay melomys, which was found only on Bramble Cay in the Torres Strait and confirmed extinct in 2016.

The rainforests of the Kutini-Payamu National Park support species that are also found in New Guinea, including the eclectus parrot and southern common cuscus. Other rainforest fauna includes 200 species of butterfly including 11 endemic butterflies one of which is the huge green birdwing, the green tree python and the northern quoll, a forest marsupial that is now severely depleted from eating the introduced poisonous cane toads.

The riverbanks of the lowlands are home to specific wildlife of their own while the rivers including the Jardine, Jackson, Olive, Holroyd and the Wenlock are rich in fish. The wetlands and coastal mangroves are noted for their importance as a fish nursery and crocodile habitat, providing important drought refuge and finally the Great Barrier Reef lies off the east coast and is an important marine habitat.

Threats and preservation

Cattle station leases occupy about 57% of the total area, mostly located in central and eastern Cape York Peninsula. Indigenous land comprises about 20%, with the entire West coast being held under native title. The remainder is mostly declared as National Park and managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Land uses include broad-acre pastoralism, bauxite and silica sand mining, nature reserves, tourism and fishing.

There are extensive deposits of bauxite along the west or Gulf of Carpentaria coast. Weipa is the centre for mining. Much has been damaged by overgrazing, mining, poorly controlled fires and feral pigs, cane toads, weeds, and other introduced species but Cape York Peninsula remains fairly unspoilt with intact and healthy river systems and no recorded plant or animal extinction since European settlement.

The "Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy" study was commissioned by the Australian government in 1990 to create plans to protect the wilderness and a nomination for World Natural Heritage is currently being considered by the Queensland and Australian Federal governments. Major national parks include the Apudthama National Park in the far north, Oyala Thumotang National Park near Aurukun, and Rinyirru National Park in the southeast of the bioregion.

Transport

There are two roads passing north–south through Cape York Peninsula to Cape York: the Peninsula Developmental Road (PDR) and the Northern Peninsula Road (also called Bamaga Road and Telegraph Road).

Bamaga Road now bypasses the overland telegraph line (OTL) track, which is often referred to as the tele track. The tele track was used for construction and maintenance of the OTL until it was superseded by first microwave relay towers and then by fibre optic cables, and is now used by four-wheel drive vehicle enthusiasts in the dry season. Many crossings, such as the bridge over the Wenlock near Moreton station, have been upgraded; however, many fords remain. The roads are unsealed and in places are difficult to traverse. They are considered suitable for four-wheel-drive vehicles only and also considered only suitable to be driven in the dry season.

In 1986, Cape York became the proposed site of a spaceport, which a consortium of companies, the Cape York Space Agency, promoted with support from the federal government.  In 1992, investor support failed, and in 2017, legal ownership of  of land required was returned to the Wuthathi, Kuku Yau and Northern Kaanju people. The development, which was heavily supported by Queensland premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen, would have included a new town, tourist resorts, an airport and a harbour.

See also

Geology of Australia

Footnotes

References
Holmes, John. 2011. Contesting the Future of Cape York Peninsula. Australian Geographer, Vol, 42, No. 1.
Hough, Richard. 1994. Captain James Cook: a biography. Hodder and Stroughton, London. .
Pike, Glenville. 1979. Queen of the North: A Pictorial History of Cooktown and Cape York Peninsula. G. Pike. .
Moon, Ron & Viv. 2003. Cape York: An Adventurer's Guide. 9th edition. Moon Adventure Publications, Pearcedale, Victoria.
Moore, David R. 1979. Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York: An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O. W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Canberra.  (hbk); 0-85575-082-0 (pbk). USA edition  (hbk); 0-391-00948-6 (pbk).
Pohlner, Peter. 1986. Gangaurru. Hopevale Mission Board, Milton, Queensland.
Trezise, P.J. 1969. Quinkan Country: Adventures in Search of Aboriginal Cave Paintings in Cape York. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Sydney.
Trezise, Percy. 1973. Last Days of a Wilderness. William Collins (Aust) Ltd., Brisbane. .
Trezise, P.J. 1993. Dream Road: A Journey of Discovery. Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, Sydney.
Haviland, John B. with Hart, Roger. 1998. Old Man Fog and the Last Aborigines of Barrow Point. Crawford House Publishing, Bathurst.
Premier's Department (prepared by Connell Wagner). 1989. Cape York Peninsula Resource Analysis. Cairns. (1989). .
Roth, W.E. 1897. The Queensland Aborigines. 3 Vols. Reprint: Facsimile Edition, Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, W.A., 1984.
Ryan, Michelle and Burwell, Colin, eds. 2000. Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland: Cooktown to Mackay. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.  (set of 3 vols).
Scarth-Johnson, Vera. 2000. National Treasures: Flowering plants of Cooktown and Northern Australia. Vera Scarth-Johnson Gallery Association, Cooktown.  (pbk);  Limited Edition - Leather Bound.
Sutton, Peter (ed). Languages of Cape York: Papers presented to a Symposium organised by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. (1976).
Wallace, Lennie. 2000. Nomads of the 19th Century Queensland Goldfields. Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton.
Wallace, Lennie. 2003. Cape York Peninsula: A History of Unlauded Heroes 1845-2003. Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton.
Wynter, Jo and John Hill. 1991. Cape York Peninsula: Pathways to Community Economic Development. The Final Report of The Community Economic Development Projects Cook Shire. Cook Shire Council.

Bibliography
McIvor, Roy (2010). Cockatoo: My Life in Cape York. Stories and Art. Roy McIvor. Magabala Books. Broome, Western Australia. .

External links

 Cape York Peninsula Oral History, State Library of Queensland

Peninsulas of Queensland
IBRA regions
Landforms of Far North Queensland
Arafura Sea
Physiographic provinces
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Extreme points of Australia

Cape York Peninsula


Sklerit yani sklera iltihabı, gözün dış beyaz kısmı olan skleranın enflamasyonudur. Hastalık genellikle diğer hastalıklarla ilgili biçimde gelişir, örneğin Wegner granülomatozu veya romatoid artrit. Ayrıca düzensiz menstruasyon (aybaşı) sonucu da oluşabilir. Bu nedenle genç kadınlarda daha sık görülür. Göz ağrısı, baş ağrısı, bulanık görme ve fotofobi belirtilerindendir. Skleritin üç tipi vardır: diffüz sklerit (en yaygını), nodüler sklerit ve nekrotizan sklerit (en ağırı).

Oftalmolojik enflamasyonlar

Sklerit


A camarilha de Zhili foi um agrupamento informal de militares e políticos chineses de princípios da República da China que controlou temporariamente o governo em luta com outras facções político-militares no que se conhece como Era dos senhores da guerra da China.

Antecedentes
As camarilhas surgiram principalmente das novas unidades militares criadas por encargo imperial por Yuan Shikai em começos do século XX. Depois da morte deste em 1916 passaram ao primeiro plano da política chinesa, criando-se a camarilha de Zhili em torno da figura de Feng Guozhang, um dos "discípulos" de Yuan. Leste, graduado da Academia Militar de Beiyang, tinha dirigido a seção de instrução em Hsiaochan, enquanto seu futuro rival Duan Qirui — fundador da camarilha de Anhui — mandava na seção de artilharia.

Feng, ao contrário de Duan, não tinha seu talento para forjar seguidores, senão simplesmente sócios temporários por um interesse comum passageiro. No entanto, como governador de Jiangsu entre 1913 e 1917 e mais tarde presidente da república (1917-1918), Feng tinha conseguido criar uma base de poder nas províncias do Yanzi e na capital. Esta mistura de civis e militares formou a camarilha.

Características

Fins
A camarilha consistia, como o resto das demais cliques na época, num agrupamento de comandantes militares unidos pela defesa de seus interesses comuns. As diferenças nas relações entre os membros da camarilha e as vantagens obtidas por cada um deles nos diferentes confrontos produziam com frequência dissensões que debilitavam a organização e faziam com que a lealdade ao grupo de alguns deles não fosse sempre segura. Além dos comandantes militares, principal fracção do grupo, existia uma parte civil, menos importante.

O objetivo do agrupamento, como o das demais, era a obtenção e a conservação do máximo poder no país.

Base de poder

A base territorial do agrupamento, cujo nome provinha da província de Zhili onde se encontrava a capital do país, Pequim (), se encontrava nas províncias ao longo do rio Yangtsé. O número de províncias controladas pela camarilha flutuou com o tempo, mas a província da capital se encontrou praticamente durante todo o período sob o seu controle.

Estrutura
A camarilha tinha uma estrutura similar ao clã tradicional chinês (), agrupamento familiar típica das famílias acomodadas do centro e do sul da China.

Fundamental na estrutura da camarilha era a possibilidade de ganhar poder e o sistema de recompensas à participação dos membros nos confrontos com os rivais: a maior recompensa e perspectivas de aumentar seu poder, maior era o interesse de um senhor da guerra de participar numa contenda. As recompensas mais procuradas pelos militares da camarilha eram o aumento do território sob seu controle, o cargo de governador militar de uma província () ou certos cargos, escassos, como o de presidente da república ou inspetor de província, que implicavam poder. A obtenção de uma recompensa maior ou menor na camarilha na época de Cao Kun ou Wu Peifu dependia da proximidade pessoal com estes dois. Como a camarilha não alcançou o poder até 1921 e teve um controle parcial deste até 1923, até esta data só os militares mais próximos aos dois dirigentes principais receberam o controle das províncias dirigidas pela camarilha, se complicando a manutenção da lealdade dos membros da periferia da organização, com frequência militares competentes e ambiciosos. O habitual foi atribuir a estes elementos turbulentos as zonas disputadas com outras camarilhas de maneira que se forjassem sua própria base de poder competindo com rivais externos ao grupo, ao mesmo tempo que ampliavam a zona controlada por este.

Apesar de sua semelhança à estrutura hierárquica patriarcal do clã chinês, a organização caracterizou-se principalmente por tratar de uma aliança de conveniência de seus membros, que procuravam o aumento de seu poder. Em caso de conflito de interesses entre os militares a falta de um dirigente indiscutível na camarilha fazia com que a lealdade dos membros à mesma fosse duvidosa ou inclusive lhes fizesse mudar de bando. Isto também fazia com que o potencial militar do grupo fosse mais aparente que real, já que a fidelidade de parte das tropas, dependentes dos membros menos leais à camarilha, nunca se podia assegurar.

História

A camarilha foi fundada em 1918 para defender seus interesses em frente à camarilha rival de Anfu (também conhecida como de Anhui), encabeçada por Duan Qirui.

Depois da morte de Feng em 1919, o fundador, a primazia da camarilha passou a Cao Kun, mais hábil e interessado na política que no lado militar. Cao, no entanto, manteve relações cordiais tanto com Feng como com Duan e só rompeu definitivamente com este em 1920. Wu Peifu, o militar mais poderoso do grupo, era considerado o herdeiro natural de Cao. Ambos dirigiram ao resto dos senhores da guerra da camarilha nos confrontos de começos dos anos vinte.

Entre 1920, quando a camarilha derrotou a Duan e reduziu grandemente o poder de sua camarilha, e 1922 quando conseguiu derrotar o tuchun da Manchúria, Zhang Zuolin, na Primeira Guerra Zhili-Fengtian, a camarilha Zhili compartilhou o controle do norte da China com este último. Entre 1922 e 1924 seu controle do norte do país se consolidou, enviando 19 das 26 divisões do antigo Exército de Beiyang, as melhores unidades militares da nação.

No final de 1922, Cao Kun recebeu o respaldo dos principais senhores da guerra da camarilha para expulsar o governo controlado por Wu Peifu e substituí-lo por um que lhe fosse fiel. No outono de 1923, este apoio permitiu-lhe comprar a presidência do país, apesar da oposição geral, incluída a de Wu. Nessa época a divisão interna entre os partidários de Cao e seus adversários era tão grande que só a ameaça de Zhang Zuolin manteve o grupo unido.

A derrota da camarilha na Segunda Guerra Zhili-Fengtian, por causa da traição de Feng Yuxiang, pôs fim à disputa entre Cao e Wu pelo poder na camarilha, ao mesmo tempo que fragmentava esta em pequenos grupos aliados efêmeros, com acordos flutuantes entre uns senhores da guerra menores e outros, todos incapazes de conseguirem o controle sobre os demais.

A fuga de Wu ao sul depois de sua derrota nas mãos de Zhang e Feng levou-lhe a tentar reunir os exércitos dos senhores da guerra menores da camarilha para realizar um contra-ataque desde o sul. Estes, no entanto, duvidaram em enfrentar aos vencedores da guerra e a princípio se limitaram a acolher Wu, sem lhe prestar apoio militar, reconhecendo a presidência de Duan Qirui como gesto de conciliação para aqueles. Xiao Yaonan (), antigo subordinado, negou-se a dar-lhe asilo ante a ameaça de conflito com o governo. Wu retirou-se para uma montanha enquanto o resto de senhores da guerra da clique de Zhili distanciavam-se dele e tratavam de ganhar o favor do novo governo de Pequim.

O avanço das tropas de Feng em Henan, que tinha por objetivo expulsar aos restos do exército de Wu e estender seu poder, se considerou no sul como uma ameaça que fez mudar de parecer aos senhores da guerra de Zhili: decidiram-se a apoiar a Wu para frear o avanço das tropas de Feng em direção ao sul. Em fevereiro de 1925 alguns dos senhores da guerra das províncias do sul lhe convidaram a sair de seu retiro e em março tomou a direção de uma nova aliança de províncias, ao começo débil.

Notas e referências

Bibliografia

História da China
Era dos Senhores da Guerra

Camarilha de Zhili


Elizabeth Maruma Mrema est une avocate tanzanienne engagée pour la biodiversité, actuellement basée à Montréal, au Canada, et nommée secrétaire exécutive de la Convention sur la diversité biologique des Nations unies (CDB) en 2020. Elle est la première femme africaine à occuper ce poste. Elle a précédemment occupé de nombreux postes de direction au sein du Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement.

Éducation
Mrema a obtenu un baccalauréat en droit de l'université de Dar es Salam en Tanzanie, suivi d'une maîtrise en droit de l'université Dalhousie à Halifax, au Canada et d'un diplôme de troisième cycle en relations internationales et diplomatie du Centre des relations étrangères et de la diplomatie de Dar es Salam, Tanzanie.

Carrière
Avant de commencer à travailler avec le Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement (PNUE), Mrema a travaillé pour le ministère tanzanien des affaires étrangères et de la coopération internationale, en tant que conseiller juridique principal. Elle a également enseigné le droit international public et la diplomatie de conférence au Centre tanzanien des relations étrangères et de la diplomatie.

De 2009 à 2012, elle a travaillé dans des organisations basées à Bonn, en Allemagne. En 2009, elle a été nommée Secrétaire exécutive par intérim du PNUE/ASCOBANS (Accord sur la conservation des petits cétacés de la mer Baltique, de l'Atlantique du Nord-Est, d'Irlande et du Nord), Secrétaire exécutive du PNUE/Secrétariat de la Convention sur la conservation des Espèces migratrices d'animaux sauvages (CMS) et Secrétaire exécutive par intérim de l'Accord PNUE/Gorilles.

Depuis 2012, elle occupe le poste de directrice adjointe de la Division des écosystèmes au Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement. À ce poste, elle était chargée de superviser la coordination, les opérations et la prestation des programmes de l'organisation. Elle a ensuite été nommée directrice de la division juridique du PNUE en juin 2014. En 2018, elle a également occupé le poste de directrice par intérim de la division des services corporatifs. En novembre 2019, Mrema a occupé un poste intérimaire en tant que responsable du secrétariat de la CDB. À partir de décembre 2019, elle a occupé le poste de secrétaire exécutive par intérim du secrétariat de la Convention sur la diversité biologique des Nations Unies (CDB). En juillet 2020, il a été annoncé qu'elle serait nommée secrétaire exécutive.

Elizabeth Maruma Mrema était directrice de la Division juridique et travaille avec le PNUE depuis plus de deux décennies.

Autre travail professionnel
En plus des rôles de leadership, Mrema est conférencière pro bono à l'université de Nairobi - Faculté de droit, et a précédemment donné des cours pro bono à l'Organisation internationale de droit du développement (IDLO), Rome, Italie .

Elle a publié de nombreux articles sur le droit international de l'environnement et élaboré des manuels et des lignes directrices influents pour les accords multilatéraux sur l'environnement ainsi que sur d'autres sujets liés au droit de l'environnement.

Honneurs et récompenses
En 2007, elle a reçu le tout premier prix du meilleur gestionnaire de l'année à l'échelle du PNUE (le prix du personnel baobab du PNUE) "pour ses performances exceptionnelles et son dévouement à la réalisation des objectifs du PNUE".

En 2021, la Commission mondiale du droit de l'environnement de l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN / WCEL), en collaboration avec le Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement (PNUE), a décerné à Elizabeth le prix Nicholas Robinson pour l'excellence en droit de l'environnement.

Références

Liens externes

Fonctionnaire des Nations unies
Personnalité féminine tanzanienne
Avocate tanzanienne
Étudiant de l'université de Dar es Salaam
Étudiant de l'Université Dalhousie
Naissance en janvier 1957
Naissance en Tanzanie
Militant tanzanien

Elizabeth Mrema


33. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 33. nordlige breddekreds
 33. sydlige breddekreds

33. breddegrad


Ayla Erduran (d. 22 Eylül 1934, İstanbul), Türk keman sanatçısı.

Türkiye'de ve dünyanın birçok yerinde verdiği başarılı konserler ile dünyaca tanınmış bir keman virtüözüdür. 1971'de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvânına lâyık görüldü. 1973'ten 1990'lara kadar İsviçre'deki Conservatoire Populaire'de ve Lozan Konservatuvarı ustalık sınıfında öğretmenlik yaptı.

Hayatı
1934 yılında İstanbul'da doğdu. Babası, üroloji alanında Türkiye'nin öncü doktorlarından Behçet Sabit Erduran, annesi Kadriye Erduran'dır.

Dört yaşında Karl Berger'in öğrencisi olarak kemana başladı. İlk resitalini on yaşında, Ferdi Ştatzer eşliğinde Saray Sineması'nda verdi.

1946-1951 yılları arasında Paris Konservatuvarı'nda eğitim görerek keman bölümünden birincilikle mezun oldu. 1951 - 1955 yılları arasında ABD'de, 20'inci yüzyılın en önemli keman hocası Ermeni İvan Galamyan ve keman virtüözü Zino Francescatti ile özel olarak çalıştı. ABD'deki ilk konserini Newark'ta, Thomas Schermann yönetimindeki orkestrayla verdi.

Avrupa'daki konser kariyerine Polonya'da, Varşova Filarmoni Orkestrası eşliğinde çaldığı Glazunov'un keman konçertosuyla başladı.

1957 - 1958 yılları arasında Moskova Konservatuvarı'nda David Oistrakh ile çalıştı. 1957 Wieniawski yarışmasında yüz yirmi kemancı arasında ilk altıya girerek ödül kazandı. Bu ödülle birlikte meslek yaşamında yükselmeye başladı. 1958'de Ulvi Cemal Erkin'in keman konçertosunun ilk seslendirişini, Brüksel'de bestecisi yönetiminde Belçika Kraliçesi Elizabeth'in de izlediği bir konserde gerçekleştirdi.

Avrupa'nın çeşitli kentlerinde, Güney Amerika'da ve ABD, Kanada, Orta Doğu, Hindistan, Afrika, Rusya, Azerbaycan ve Türkiye'nin pek çok köşesinde turneler yaptı. 1963'te Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası ile Orta Doğu turnesine çıktı ve Anadolu'nun çeşitli köşelerinde konserler verdi.

1964'te Mithat Fenmen eşliğinde Londra'da verdiği ilk resitalinde Harriet Cohen-Olga Verney ödülünü kazandı. 1965'te yine Londra'da Albert Hall'de şef Rojdestvenski yönetiminde Brahms'ın keman konçertosunu seslendirdiği konser BBC tarafından naklen yayınlandı.  1968'de Verda Erman ile birlikte Afrika turnesine çıktı.

1970'te Hollanda'da Beethoven Ödülü'nü kazandı. 1971'de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvânı aldı.

1985'te Paita yönetiminde Londra Filarmoni Orkestrası ile Brahms konçertosunu plağa aldı. Jean Sibelius'un 100. yılında Ansermet yönetiminde Suisse Romande Orkestrası ile bestecinin keman konçertosunu çaldı.

1973'ten 1990'lara kadar İsviçre'deki Conservatoire Populaire'de ve Lozan Konservatuvarı ustalık sınıfında öğretmenlik yaptı.

Uzun süre 1710 yapımı Stradivarius bir keman çalan sanatçı, 1994  yılında  Guarnerius 1720 yapımı bir keman kullanmaya başladı. Erduran, ikili konçertolarda Menuhin, Szeryng, Navarra, Iogor Oistrakh, Valery Oistrakh, Pikaizen, Fallot, Collins gibi sanatçılarla çaldı.

Carlos Paita yönetimindeki Londra Filarmoni Orkestrası'yla çaldığı Brahms'ın keman konçertosunu kaydetti. Ayşegül Sarıca ile seslendirdiği Franck, Debussy ve Grieg'in keman-piyano sonatları UPR Classics olarak, Richard Beck ve Armin Jordan yönetiminde Suisse Romande Orkestrası'yla seslendirdiği Brahms ve Bruch Konçertoları Gallo CD'si olarak piyasaya sunuldu. Erduran, Edward Elgar'ın Keman Konçertosu'nun Türkiye'deki ilk seslendirisini gerçekleştirdi.

Yaşamı 2002 yılında Evin İlyasoğlu tarafından "Ayla'yı Dinler misiniz?" adıyla biyografik roman olarak kaleme alındı.

2006 yılında Sevda - Cenap And Müzik Vakfı tarafından onur ödülü altın madalyası ile onurlandırılan bu madalyayı almasından sonra sanatçının müzikle ve kemanla ilişkisi Erhan Karaesmen tarafından  "Evrenimizi İç Işıklarıyla Aydınlatanlar Ayla Erduran Müzik Ve Keman" (2007) adıyla kitaplaştırıldı.

2012'de merkezi Paris'te bulunan 'Société d'Encouragement au Progrés' tarafından "meslekleriyle iz bırakan ve fark yaratan" kişilere sunulan ve Fransız Senatosu ile birlikte verilen "Médallie D'honneur – Médaille de Vermeil" ile onurlandırıldı.

Ödüller
 1971: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Sanatçısı unvanı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 1957 Uluslararası Henryk Wieniawski Keman Yarışması kaydı (Ernest Chusson, Poem)

1934 doğumlular
Türk kemancılar
Devlet Sanatçıları
İstanbul doğumlu müzisyenler
Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası sanatçıları
Devlet Senfoni Orkestrası sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar

Ayla Erduran


Embu das Artes es un municipio del estado de São Paulo, en Brasil. Su historia le proporcionó una "especialización" contemporánea imprevista: ser una ciudad especialmente apta para acoger artistas, lo cual, la ha convertido en un lugar turístico.

Geografía

Límites
Situado al occidente del Gran São Paulo, el municipio tiene los siguientes límites: lsudoeste, oeste y norte, con Cotia; al noroeste con Taboão da Serra; al sur con  Itapecerica da Serra y el barrio paulistano de Capão Redondo.

Hidrografía
El sistema hidrográfico está constituido por tres cuencas principales, todas afluentes del Rio Tietê:

 Rio Embu-Mirim (40,80 km²);
 Rio Cotia (16,70 km²);
 Rio Pirajussara (12,50 km²).

Se estima que el 59% del territorio se encuentra sobre el área de protección de manantiales, siendo el río Embu-Mirim, una de las principales fuentes de la represa de Guarapiranga.

Carreteras y transportes
Embu das Artes tiene el servicio de redes de carreteras, que la unen con la capital del estado y con los otros municipios de la región. La principal de esas vías es la BR-116 - Rodovia Régis Bittencourt, que cruza el territorio municipal de nordeste a sudoeste por 9,2 km.

 Rodovia Régis Bittencourt
 Rodoanel Mário Covas
 Rodovia Prefeito Bentinho

Clima
Clima tipo "C", según la Clasificación de Köppen, subtropical o mesotérmico de latitudes medías y con gran cantidad de lluvias en el verano. El índice pluviométrico anual alcanza cerca de 1300 mm. La temperatura media es de 18Cº; en julio el mes más frío es de 14°C y en febrero el más caliente es de 22°C.

Historia
La región era habitada antiguamente por los indígenas guaraníes. En 1554 un grupo de jesuitas fundó la aldea de Bohi, después llamada M'Boy mirin, en la mitad del camino entre el mar y el sertão paulista. Como las demás misiones jesuitas de entonces, tenía el objetivo de catequizar a los indígenas locales, aprovechándolos también como fuerza de trabajo para las haciendas de la región.

En 1607 las tierras de la aldea pasaron a manos de Fernão Dias (tío del bandeirante Fernão Dias, cazador de esmeraldas)pero pocos años después, en 1624, fueron donadas a la Compañía de Jesús. En 1690, el Padre Belchior de Pontes inició la construcción de la Iglesia del Rosario, transfiriendo al mesmo tiempo el núcleo de la aldea original. En el , entre 1730 y 1734, los jesuitas construyeron su residencia anexa a la iglesia, formando un conjunto arquitectónico continuo de líneas rectas y sobrias.

A mediados del , la aldea era habitada por 261 indígenas. Además de yuca, trigo y legumbres, producía algodón, que era hilado y tejido allí mismo por las indígenas. Existen registros de las ventas para Río de Janeiro y Bahia en 1757. Embu contaba además con una banda de música respetada regionalmente y conformada por guaraníes, que dedicaban dos horas en la mañana y dos en la tarde a los ensayos, para tocar en de misas y procesiones y presentarse en los poblados vecinos. En 1760, por orden de la Corona Portuguesa, los jesuitas fueron expulsados de Brasil.

A comienzos del , la aldea estaba en franca decadencia. Permaneció ignorada hasta 1920, cuando Duarte Leopoldo e Silva determinó la primera restauración de la iglesia. En 1939 y 1940 el conjunto de la Iglesia del Rosario y la residencia jesuita, fue considerado Patrimonio Nacional.

Embu fue elevado a la categoría de municipio en 1959, cuando se separó de Itapecerica da Serra.

Artistas

La vocación artística de la ciudad comenzó a proyectarse en 1937, cuando Cássio M'Boy, santero de Embu, ganó el Primer Gran Premio en la Exposición Internacional de Artes Técnicas em París. Desde antes Cássio había sido profesor de varios artistas y recebía en su casa exponentes del Movimiento Modernista de 1922 y de las artes de São Paulo, incluidos Anita Malfatti, Tarsila do Amaral, Oswald de Andrade, Menotti Del Picchia, Alfredo Volpi y Yoshiya Takaoka.

Luego, Sakai de Embu, discípulo de Cássio, llegó a ser reconocido internacionalmente como un de los grandes ceramistas-escultores brasileros. Sakai formó un grupo de artistas plásticos, al cual perteneció Solano Trindade. Este llegó a Embu en 1962 y llevó consigo la cultura negra, congregando un grupo de artistas ea su alrededor, e introdujo la tradición de los orishás.

La tradición artística de la ciudad se institucionalizó y ganó proyección dentro y fuera de Brasil en 1964, con el Primer Salón de las Artes. Paralelamente, a partir de finales de los años 60, la ciudad fue polo de atracción para los ''hippies', que exponían sus trabajos artesanales los fines de semana, dando así origen a la Feria de Artes e Artesanías, que se realiza todos los fines de semana desde 1969 y que es actualmente uno de los principales motores de la proyección turística de la ciudad.

Nuevo nombre
Por solicitud del prefecto y otras autoridades de la ciudad, se realizó un plebiscito el 1 de mayo de 2011, en el cual 66,48% de los ciudadanos del municipio de Embu, optaron por darle el nombre de Embu das Artes. El 6 de septiembre de 2011 fue sancionada la Ley Estadual n.º 14.537/11 que oficialmente pasó a denominar el municipio como Embu das Artes

Patrimonio histórico y cultural

Conjunto Nossa Senhora do Rosário
Es formado por la iglesia y por la antigua residencia de los jesuitas, conjugadas en una misma edificación. Se trata- de una de las más importantes construcciones jesuitas en São Paulo, caracterizada por la simplicidad de las líneas rectas.

Comenzó a ser construida hacia 1700 pr el padre Belchior de Pontes. La intención era a de que tuviera capacidad para que los indígenas y los demás vecinos pudieran observar cómodamente los preceptos a los que estaban obligados.

Capilla de São Lázaro
Su origen está ligado a la imagen de Lázaro de Betania esculpida en madera por el artista Cássio M'Boy en la década de 1920. Esta imagen atrajo gran número de devotos y en 1934 fue construida una capilla para abrigarla. En 1969, la capilla fue restaurada, aproximándola a las líneas de la arquitectura jesuita de la Iglesia del Rosario.

Museo de Arte Sacro
Su arquitectura presenta características del estilo barroco paulista y es rico em imágenes de ángeles, santos e personajes bíblicos, casi todos tallados en madera, modelados en [arcilla o en moldes de piedra, producidos entre los siglos XVII y XIX.

La principal obra del museo es el "Señor Muerto", esculpido en un pedazo de madera; otras son las imágenes de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores y de Santa Ceia, em piedra, de autoría de Padre Macaré. Las demás obras fueron esculpidas por los jesuitas y los [indígenas.

Centro Histórico
En el Centro Histórico se encuentra gran cantidad de galerías de arte, muebles rústicos y tiendas de artesanías. Además se puede disfrutar de una gran variedad de comida típica brasilera y culinaria internacional.

Centro Cultural Mestre Assis do Embu
El Centro Cultural Mestre Assis do Embu ofrece gratuitamente, acceso al arte, la cultura y el conocimiento. Ocupa el histórico predio de la prefectura. Tiene tres salas para exposiciones abiertas al público y el auditorio Cássio M'Boy, con capacidad para 150 personas, destinado a conferencias, recitales, espectáculos musicales y teatro.

Instalada en frente al Centro, está la carpa "Embu das Artes ao Vivo", donde los artistas del municipio montaron una extensión de sus talleres, posibilitando al público acompañar, en tiempo real, todo el proceso creativo de pintores, escultores, ceramistas y forjadores locales.

Museu do Índio
Museo diseñado por el artista plástico, investigador de la cultura indígena y escritor, Walde-Mar de Andrade e Silva. Allí se debaten e investigan temas relacionados con los pueblos indígenas, grupos étnicos, costumbres, hábitos alimenticios, arte (plástica, musical, danza, oratoria e ornamentación), idiomas, creencias, rituales, vida comunitaria y relaciones con la naturaleza y el medio ambiente.

Referencias

Municipios de São Paulo

Embu das Artes


An Carex borbonica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. An Carex borbonica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex borbonica


Europamesterskaberne i banecykling 2015 var den sjette udgaven af elite-EM i banecykling og fandt sted i Velodrome Suisse i Grenchen, Schweiz, mellem 14. og 18. oktober.

Deltagende lande
255 cykelryttere (98 kvinder, 157 mænd) fra 27 nationer deltog i mesterskaberne. Antal deltagere per nation er vist i parenteser.

  (3: 3 ♂)
  (2: 1 ♂, 1 ♀)
  (9: 6 ♂, 3 ♀)
  (15: 10 ♂, 5 ♀)
  (3: 3 ♂)
  (13: 11 ♂, 2 ♀)
  (7: 6 ♂, 1 ♀)
  (14: 8 ♂, 6 ♀)
  (4: 2 ♂, 2 ♀)
  (17: 10 ♂, 7 ♀)
  (20: 12 ♂, 8 ♀)
  (1: 1 ♂)
  (20: 12 ♂, 8 ♀)
  (4: 3 ♂, 1 ♀)
  (2: 2 ♂)
  (13: 6 ♂, 7 ♀)
  (16: 8 ♂, 8 ♀)
  (8: 2 ♂, 6 ♀)
  (12: 9 ♂, 3 ♀)
  (3: 2 ♂, 1 ♀)
  (17: 8 ♂, 9 ♀)
  (2: 2 ♂)
  (22: 12 ♂, 10 ♀)
  (10: 8 ♂, 2 ♀) (vært)
  (1: 1 ♀)
  (2: 2 ♂)
  (15: 8 ♂, 7 ♀)

Konkurrencer

 konkurrencer der vises i en mørkere grå nuance er ikke-olympiske discipliner

Medaljeoversigt

Se også
 EM i banecykling 2015 (under-23 & junior) – det europæiske mesterskab for unge under 23 og juniorer i banecykling blev afholdt i Athen, Grækenland fra 14. til 19. juli 2015.

Referencer

2015
Cykelløb i 2015

EM i banecykling 2015


Hero Elementary er bandarískur og kanadískur teiknaður sjónvarpsþáttur, búinn til og framleiddur af Twin Cities PBS og Portfolio Entertainment fyrir PBS Kids. Það var frumsýnt 1. júní 2020.

Yfirlit
Í seríunni eru fjölbreyttir nemendur "Sparks' Crew "- Lucita Sky, AJ Gadgets, Sara Snap og Benny Bubbles, sem eru þjálfaðir í ofurhetjum af fyndnum og áhugasömum kennara sínum, Mr. Sparks. Saman vinna nemendurnir sem teymi og nota sín sérstæðu stórveldi sem og "Ofurveldin vísindin" til að hjálpa fólki, leysa vandamál og reyna að gera heiminn að betri stað. Flokkurinn er nú framleiddur fyrir 40 hálftíma þætti, sem hver þeirra inniheldur tvö hluti hver.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir teiknaðir sjónvarpsþættir

Hero Elementary


Tam sayılar, doğal sayılar (0, 1, 2, 3, …) ile bunların negatif değerlerinden (…, -3, -2, -1) oluşan sayı kümesi. Kesirsiz ve ondalıksız sayıların tamamı tam sayılardır.  "-0" sayısı "+0" sayısına eşit olduğundan ayrı bir tam sayı değildir. Matematikte tam sayılar kümesi Z şeklinde gösterilir. Z harfi Almanca zahlen (sayılar) sözcüğünden gelir.

Pozitif tam sayılar "0"dan uzaklaştıkça büyür. Negatif tam sayılar ise "0"dan uzaklaştıkça küçülür. En büyük negatif tam sayı -1'dir. En küçük pozitif tam sayı ise +1'dir.

Pozitif tam sayılar Z+ şeklinde, negatif tam sayılar ise Z- şeklinde gösterilir. Tam sayılar kümesi şu şekilde ifade edilir:

Z+ + Z- + {0}

Sıfır (0) sayısı ne pozitif ne de negatiftir, yani nötrdür.

Mutlak değer, sayının başlangıç noktasına uzaklığını ifade eder. Başlangıç noktasına eşit uzaklıktaki sayılar mutlak değere eşittir. Mutlak değer içindeki her sayı, mutlak değer dışına pozitif olarak çıkar.

Tam sayılar, doğal sayıların bir genişlemesidir. Her doğal sayının "-1" denen yeni bir ögeyle çarpılarak kümeye katılması olarak düşünülebilir. Tabi daha ayrıntılı olarak, doğal sayılar kümesinin kartezyen çarpımı üzerine tanımlanacak ve bir önceki cümlenin işlevini görecek bir denklik bağıntısı bize tam sayıları inşâ edecek.

 kümesinden seçtiğimiz (a, b) ve (c, d) ögeleri için "~" (tilda) bağıntısı,

şeklinde tanımlansın (a+d=b+c dememizin nedeni sezgisel olarak a-b=c-d durumunu oluşturmaktır). Bu bağıntının denklik bağıntısı olduğu kolaylıkla görülebilir. Bu durumda bu bağıntının denklik sınıfları bizim tam sayılar diyeceğimiz ögeler olarak düşünülecektir. Her bir denklik sınıfı temsilcisini,

olarak tanımlamış oluruz. Aslında [a, b] diye temsil ettiğimiz öge

şeklindedir. Aşağıda toplama ve çarpmayı işlerken bu, daha iyi anlaşılabilecektir.

Bu noktada; bizim normalde, a ve b doğal sayı olmak üzere a-b diye bildiğimiz tam sayı, aslında [a, b] kümesi olduğu görülebilir.

Yâni bu bağıntının bize "eksi" (negatif) kavramını ifade ettiği söylenebilir. O halde, tam sayılar kümesi aşağıdaki bölüm kümesidir:

Öyle ki  kümesi bir halka oluşturur.

İşlem Önceliği

Çarpma ve bölme, toplama ve çıkarmadan önce yapılır.
Parantez varsa da önce parantez içindeki işlem yapılır. Eğer parantez yoksa başta olan bölme ya da çarpma yapılır

 a:b.c=a/b.c
 a.c:b=a.c/b

Tam sayılarla toplama ve çıkarma işlemleri yaparken sayıların işaretlerine göre hareket edeceğiz. Aynı işaretli tam sayılar toplanırken çoğalır yani fazlalaşır işaretleri aynı kalır.

(-25)+(-12)=-25-12=-37 buradaki işaret değişmedi.

(+25)+(+12)=+25+12=+37 buradaki işaret değişmedi.

Farklı  işaretli tam sayılar toplanırken büyük sayıdan küçük sayı çıkarılır. Mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti sonucun işareti olur.

(-25)+(+12)=-25+12=-13  burada mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti geldi.

(+25)+(-12)=+25-12=+13 burada mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti geldi.

Aynı işaretli tam sayılar çıkarılırken birinci sayıyı aynen yazıyoruz ikinci sayının işaretini değiştiriyoruz. Bu iki sayı birbirinden çıkartılıp işaret ise mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti olur.

(-25)-(-12)=-25+12=-13  burada mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti geldi.

(+25)-(+12)=+25-12=+13 burada mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti geldi.

(+2)-(+4)=+2-4=-2 burada mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti geldi.

(-18)-(-58)=-18+58=+40 burada mutlak değerce büyük sayının işareti geldi.

Farklı işaretli tam sayılar çıkarılırken birinci sayıyı aynen yazıyoruz ikinci sayının işaretini değiştiriyoruz. Bu iki sayıyı birbiri ile topluyoruz işaret ise aynı işaret oluyor.

 (-25)-(+12)= -25-12=-37  buradaki işaret değişmedi.

 (+25)-(-12)= +25+12=+37  buradaki işaret değişmedi.

(-30)-(+40)= -30-40=-70 buradaki işaret değişmedi.

(+11)-(-12)= +11+12=+23 buradaki işaret değişmedi.

Tam sayılarla çarpma işlemi yaparken:

Aynı işaretli sayıların çarpılması aynen çarpılır ve işaretleri hep pozitif olur.

(-25)x(-4)=+100

(+25)x(+4)=+100

Farklı işaretli sayıların çarpılması aynen çarpılır ve işaretleri hep negatif olur.

(-25)x(+4)=-100

(+25)x(-4)=-100

Tam sayılarla bölme işlemi yaparken:

Aynı işaretli sayıların bölünmesi aynen bölünür ve işaretleri hep pozitif olur.

(-20):(-4)=+5

(+20):(+4)=+5

Farklı işaretli sayıların bölünmesi aynen bölünür ve işaretleri hep negatif olur.

(-20):(+4)=-5

(+20):(-4)=-5

Tam sayılarda işlemlerin sayı doğrusunda gösterilmesi

Eklenen sayı pozitifse sağa doğru, eklenen sayı negatifse sola doğru ilerlenir.
(-15) + (+8) = -7

Örnek: Aşağıdaki sayı doğrusunda verilen işlemin matematik cümlesini yazıp açıklayınız.

Doğru cevap B şıkkıdır.

Örnek: Aşağıdaki sayı doğrusunda verilen işlemin matematik cümlesini yazıp açıklayınız.

Çıkarma işlemi olduğu için çıkan sayı pozitifse sola ilerlenir, çıkan sayı negatifse sağa ilerlenir.
(+6)-(+3)=+3

Örnek: Aşağıdaki sayı doğrusunda verilen işlemin matematik cümlesini yazıp açıklayınız.

Çıkarma işlemi olduğu için çıkan sayı pozitifse sola ilerlenir, çıkan sayı negatifse sağa ilerlenir.
(-6)-(-10)=+4

Örnek:

(-12)+(-4)-(-8)+(+5)+(-1)

=(-12)+(-4)+(+8)+(+5)+(-1)

=(-17)+(+13)

=(-4)

Çarpma

Tam sayılarda çarpma işlemi yapılırken aynı işaretli sayıların çarpımı pozitif, zıt işaretli sayıların çarpımı ise negatiftir. Bölme işleminde de aynı çarpma kuralı uygulanır ve sayı aynı doğal sayılarda olduğu gibi bölünür. Aynı işaretli iki tam sayı birbirine bölündüğünde sonuç pozitif, zıt işaretli iki tam sayı birbirine bölündüğünde ise sonuç negatiftir. Tam sayıların sıfıra bölümü tanımsızdır. Sıfırın tam sayılara bölümünde elde edilen sonuç ise sıfırdır.

Tam sayılarda çarpma işlemi doğal sayılardaki çarpmayla aynı özellikleri gösterir. Çarpma işlemi, "" imiyle gösterilir, ancak  yazmak yerine doğrudan ab yazmak daha doğrudur. Bu maddede de öyle yapacağız.

Herhangi a, b, c tam sayıları için,
 a1=a (birim öge)
 ab=ba (değişme)
 ''a(bc)=(ab)c (birleşme)
özellikleri sağlanır. Tam sayılarda çarpmaya göre ters öğe yoktur.

Ayrıca toplama ile çarpmanın birbirleriyle olan ilişkisini gösteren dağılma özelliği de vardır:
 a(b+c)=ab+ac (çarpmanın toplama üzerine dağılma ya da kısaca soldan dağılma özelliği)
 (a+b)c=ac+bc (toplamanın çarpma üzerine dağılma ya da kısaca sağdan dağılma özelliği)
Toplamayla birlikte bu iki işlem tam sayıları değişmeli halka yapar.

Bölme
Bölme özünde çarpmanın tersidir. Tam sayılarda bölme, her sayı için tanımlanmamıştır. Bu yüzden bölüm her zaman tam sayılar kümesinin bir ögesi olmayabilir.

Örnek: (+15):(-3)=(-5),  (-5) Z elemanıdır
  (+7):(-3)=(-7/3), (-7/3)  Z elemanı değildir

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

Tam sayı


Urtica fissa é uma erva perene ereta nativa de córregos e florestas tropicais da China.

É monóica, possui ambos os órgãos sexuais e raramente possui um órgão sexual (dioica).

Crescimento
As folhas de urtiga geralmente são triangulares e opostas, e longas, , com margens serrilhadas e pêlos urticantes.

Referências

Flora da China
Urtica

Urtica fissa


Svijet

Natjecanja

Svjetska natjecanja
 Od 11. do 30. srpnja – Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu u Engleskoj: prvak Engleska

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 20. do 27. kolovoza – Europsko prvenstvo u vaterpolu u Utrechtu u Nizozemskoj: prvak SSSR

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1966.


An Lymania in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Lymania in nahilalakip ha familia nga Bromeliaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Lymania

Lymania


La trastienda es una película española de 1975, dirigida por Jorge Grau, con guion de Alfonso Jiménez y José Frade, basada en un relato del mismo Frade y de Grau. Está protagonizada por María José Cantudo, Frederick Stafford y Rosanna Schiaffino.

La película es recordada especialmente por recoger el primer desnudo integral del cine de la Transición Española, después de que el Ministerio de Información y Turismo suavizara en febrero de ese mismo año la prohibición de la desnudez en las películas, permitiéndola «según las necesidades» del realizador, en lo que son considerados los comienzos del «destape», término asociado en este periodo a películas de alto contenido erótico.
Además del erótico, la película contaba con el reclamo de presentar la fiesta de los Sanfermines de Pamplona y la crítica al Opus Dei.

Argumento
La trastienda narra la fuerte atracción mutua que sienten un conocido médico, el doctor Navarro, y su enfermera, Juana. El doctor se mantiene fiel a su esposa y para evitar que su relación con su enfermera traspase los límites profesionales ordena que sea destinada a otro hospital, lo que lleva a Juana a tomar la iniciativa provocándole.

Referencias

Películas eróticas

La trastienda (película)


O Palácio dos Condes da Ponte, também designado de Palácio de São Joaquim, está situado na freguesia de Alcântara, em Lisboa, albergando actualmente o Museu da Carris.

É frequentemente confundido com outra edificação com a mesma designação, sita na Rua da Junqueira, que serviu de sede à administração do Porto de Lisboa.

História

No século XVIII era conhecido como as Casas de São Joaquim, na quinta designada de Santo Amaro ou dos Álamos, na então Rua de São Joaquim ou Rua Direita do Calvário, hoje Rua 1.º de Maio, no "sítio de São Joaquim", entre Santo Amaro e o Calvário, na freguesia de Alcântara.

Pertenceu ao Conde de Vila Nova de Portimão e foi residência dos Condes da Ponte. Em Dezembro de 1786 o palácio era a residência de Teodósio Gonçalves da Silva, rico comerciante radicado no Brasil, sendo objecto de uma disputa movida pelo Conde de Santiago de Beduído.

Em 1874 foi adquirido pela Companhia Carris de Ferro de Lisboa, albergando hoje o Museu da Carris, inaugurado em 12 de Janeiro de 1999.

Bibliografia

Alcântara (Lisboa)
Condes da Ponte

Palácio dos Condes da Ponte


Das Deutsche Buchhändlerhaus in Leipzig war der Sitz des Börsenvereins der Deutschen Buchhändler zu Leipzig. Es wurde 1888 eingeweiht. Sein Bau war nötig geworden, da das alte Domizil, die Buchhändlerbörse in der Ritterstraße, für den gewachsenen Verein zu klein geworden war. 1943 wurde das Haus bei den Luftangriffen des Zweiten Weltkriegs komplett zerstört. In der Ruine des Hauses gründete sich 1946 die Leipziger Kommissions- und Großbuchhandelsgesellschaft (LKG), die später ins LKG-Karree im Seeburgviertel an der Prager Straße umzog.

Erbaut wurde das prächtige Gebäude im Neorenaissance-Stil zwischen 1886 und 1888 vom Berliner Büro Kayser & von Großheim, das einen Architektenwettbewerb gewonnen hatte. Das Grundstück im Graphischen Viertel an der Hospitalstraße (heute Prager Straße) stellte die Stadt Leipzig unentgeltlich zur Verfügung. Auffällig waren die steilen Schrägdächer, die überkuppelten Türme und Erker.

Im Inneren war der Festsaal mit Stuck, Wandmalereien von Woldemar Friedrich (1846–1910) und großen Bleiglasfenstern geschmückt, darunter ein Glasgemälde mit dem Titel "Leipzig als Mittelpunkt des deutschen Buchhandels".

Das Haus beherbergte unter anderem Deutschlands erste Blindenbücherei.

An der Stelle des alten Buchhändlerhauses wurde 1996 als Neubau das Haus des Buches eröffnet. Dieses beherbergt das Literaturhaus Leipzig.

Literatur
 Die Einweihung des neuen Buchhändler-Hauses in Leipzig, sowie Das neue Leipziger Buchhändler-Haus und seine Ostermess-Ausstellung, in: Österreichisch-ungarische Buchdrucker-Zeitung, Jahrgang 1888, S. 189f., 239f., 251f.; Google-Books
 Edgard Haider: Verlorene Pracht. Geschichten von zerstören Bauten. Gerstenberg Verlag, Hildesheim 2006, ISBN 3-8067-2949-2, S. 113–115.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk des Historismus in Leipzig
Abgegangenes Bauwerk in Leipzig
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Geschichte des Buchhandels
Bauwerk von Kayser & von Großheim
Handel (Leipzig)
Zerstört im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Zerstört in den 1940er Jahren

Deutsches Buchhändlerhaus


Jean-François Da Ré, né le  à Vic-Fezensac et mort le  à Toulouse, est un joueur de rugby à XIII évoluant au poste de centre, d'ailier ou d'arrière dans les années 1970 et 1980. Son décès à l'âge de 32 ans au cours d'une rencontre du Championnat de France en janvier 1987 à la suite d'un fait de jeu du joueur catalan Thierry Naudo créé un émoi dans le monde du rugby.

Il joue à la fin des années 1970 et dans les années 1980 dans le club de Carcassonne qui joue le haut du tableau du Championnat de France, mais c'est dans la compétition de la Coupe de France que Da Ré dispute de nombreuses finales. Après quatre finales perdues ou annulées en 1979, 1980, 1981 et 1982, lui et Carcassonne remporte la Coupe de France en 1983.

Dans la vie civile, Jean-François Da Ré est employé municipal de la ville de Carcassonne.

Biographie

Jean-François Da Ré naît le  à Vic-Fezensac. Il découvre le rugby à XIII par le biais du rugby corporatif sur le tard en tant que distraction dominicale. Persuadé par ses camarades en lien avec l'AS Carcassonne XIII de rejoindre la réserve du club, il s'y engage à ses vingt ans, puis à 22 ans l'entraîneur Jean Cabrol décide de le convoquer en équipe première en déclarant  en sachant que la patience soit de mise pour que Da Ré puisse rattraper son retard, lui qui n'avait pas pratiqué le XIII dans sa jeunesse. Lors de la saison 1986-1987, l'entraîneur de Carcassonne Jacques Franc l'installe à l'aile, mais Da Ré préfère le poste de centre pour . C'est à ce poste qu'il dispute la rencontre du  face au XIII Catalan.

4 janvier 1987 : Décès tragique

Âgé de 32 ans et marié, Jean-François Da Ré dispute le  au stade Albert-Domec une rencontre rude entre deux équipes jouant le haut du tableau pour le compte du Championnat de France avec son club de Carcassonne alors  face au club de Perpignan du XIII Catalan occupant la  place. A la  minute de cette rencontre, Da Ré marque un essai portant le score à l'avantage de Carcassonne 10-7. A trois minutes de la fin de la rencontre, une nouvelle action se déroule sur son côté où cette fois il n'échappe pas au placage du joueur catalan Thierry Naudo, l'action se poursuit avant que l'arbitre, Gilles Carrière, s'aperçoit que Da Ré est resté au sol et ne se relève pas. Les secours interviennent et constatent le coma profond dans lequel est désormais le joueur puis le transportent au service de neuro-traumatologie de l'hôpital de Rangueil de Toulouse. Jean-François Da Ré y décède le lundi .

Réactions et conséquences

Ce décès fait suite à deux autres incidents intervenus quelques mois auparavant lié au club de rugby à XV l'US Carcassonne avec le décès de Jean-Claude Mazet le  ainsi que la condamnation à vie de rester en fauteuil roulant de Michel Cortal. Ces antécédents incitent pour la première fois la justice, par l'intermédiaire de son procureur de la République, M. Henri Cabrol, d'ouvrir une information pour . Le procureur explique agir au regard des précédents en rugby. Le club de Carcassonne, de son côté, déclare ne plus vouloir rencontrer le XIII Catalan et si aucune sanction n'est prise à l'égard des Catalans, le club boycottera le Championnat. Le club audois réclame également la présence de secours sur les stades et annonce ne pas disputer la rencontre programmée le week-end suivant contre l'AS Saint-Estève, à l'instar de la rencontre Carpentras-XIII Catalan sur demande de ces derniers. La Fédération française prend la décision d'observer une minute de silence avant chaque rencontre disputée le week-end du 11-12 janvier 1987 et son Président Jacques Soppelsa y déclare .

Parallèlement, Da Ré qui avait manifesté son intention de faire don de ses organes avant son décès permet la transplantation de son cœur effectuée par les services du Professeur Pierre Puel au profit de M. Jean Battista, forain propriétaire d'un centre de tir.

Les déclarations dans le monde du rugby à XIII sont houleuses à l'égard des Catalans. Le Président de Villeneuve-sur-Lot sur fond de fronde à l'égard de la Fédération déclare  et revient également sur les déroutes de l'équipe de France contre l'Australie. Cela se concrétise lors de l'assemblée générale de la Fédération en février 1987 où quatre raisons sont avancées pour voter une motion de défiance à l'égard du président de la fédération M. Soppelsa, à savoir la déroute face à l'Australie, le décès de Da Ré, la défaite cinglante fin janvier 1987 contre la Grande-Bretagne 4-52 et le déficit d'environ  francs dans la trésorerie de la Fédération.

Finalement, le Président Soppelsa finit par déposer sa démission, Jean-Paul Verdaguer est élu à sa succession le  et la Fédération sanctionne Thierry Naudo de quelques matchs de suspension avant de remporter un nouveau titre de Championnat de France avec le XIII Catalan, Carcassonne terminant de son côté loin des premières places dont l'élan fut coupé à la suite du décès de Da Ré et le retrait l'équipe durant le mois de janvier 1987 n'y disputant pas de match. Quelques années plus tard, en l'hommage de Da Ré, la ville de Carcassonne nomme un stade situé dans le hameau de Grèzes-Herminie  construit en 1990.

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de France : 1983 (Carcassonne).
 Finaliste de la Coupe de France : 1979, 1980, 1981 et 1982 (Carcassonne).

En club

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur français de rugby à XIII
Joueur de l'AS Carcassonne XIII
Naissance en avril 1954
Décès en janvier 1987
Naissance à Vic-Fezensac
Décès à 32 ans
Décès à Toulouse
Sportif dont la mort est liée à la pratique de son sport

Jean-François Da Ré


Geneviève Chastenet (née Geneviève Denise Gisèle Marie Françoise Riche le  à Paris où elle est morte le ) est une historienne et biographe française.

Biographie

Fille de l'avocat Charles-Émile Riche et de l'historienne Marie-Louise Paul-Dubois, Geneviève Riche épouse le fonctionnaire européen Antoine Chastenet de Castaing, rédacteur en chef de la publication Les Communautés européennes (fils de Jacques Chastenet).

Licenciée d'histoire, elle sort diplômée de l'École du Louvre.

Publications

 Marie-Louise d'Autriche (1995)
 Lucrèce Borgia - prix Monseigneur-Marcel 1993
 Pauline Bonaparte, la fidèle infidèle, éditions Jean-Claude Lattès (1986)
 Marie-Louise, l'impératrice oubliée (1983) - prix Thérouanne

Références

Liens externes

Écrivain français du XXe siècle
Biographe française
Historien français du XXe siècle
Historienne française
Élève de l'École du Louvre
Lauréat du prix Thérouanne
Naissance en juin 1927
Naissance dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en septembre 2015
Décès dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 88 ans

Geneviève Chastenet


Channel Express era uma companhia aérea com sede em Dorset, Inglaterra, Reino Unido. Sua base principal era o Aeroporto de Bournemouth.

História
A companhia aérea foi fundada em janeiro de 1978 e iniciou suas operações em 1978. A companhia aérea adotou o nome Channel Express em 1983. Em 2002, a Channel Express estabeleceu sua marca de baixo custo Jet2, cujo nome adotou em janeiro de 2006.

Destinos

Frota
A frota da Channel Express consistia nas seguintes aeronaves:

Ver também

 Lista de companhias aéreas fora de operação

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial

Empresas aéreas extintas em 2002
Empresas aéreas fundadas em 1978
Empresas aéreas extintas do Reino Unido

Channel Express


Amalocalyx, biljni rod iz porodice zimzelenovki smješten u podtribus Ichnocarpinae, dio tribusa Apocyneae. Jedina vrsta je lijana A. microlobus iz južne Kine i Indokine, koja se javlja na visinama od od 800–1000 metara (2.600–3.300 stopa)

Rod je opisan 1898.

Kineski joj je naziv 毛车藤 mao che teng.

Sinonimi
 Amalocalyx burmanicus Chatterjee
 Amalocalyx yunnanensis Tsiang

Izvori

Apocyneae
Flora Yunnana
Flora Laosa
Flora Mjanmara
Flora Tajlanda
Flora Vijetnama

Amalocalyx


Jacinto Nicolás Álvarez fue un médico y político argentino del  que alcanzó la gobernación de la provincia de Mendoza.

Biografía
Jacinto Álvarez nació el 15 de julio de 1857 en la ciudad de Mendoza, hijo del comerciante Nicolás Álvarez Coria y de Matilde Suárez. Era hermano gemelo del doctor Agustín Álvarez.

Cuando contaba con sólo cuatro años de edad, la noche del 20 de marzo de 1861 el terremoto de Mendoza, el de mayor intensidad registrado en la historia del país y el más desastroso de ese siglo, mató a sus padres y a sus hermanos con excepción de su gemelo. Ambos se salvaron gracias a una criada que se refugió con ellos debajo del dintel de una puerta y aunque quedaron sepultados fueron rescatados al siguiente día por un jarillero.

Los hermanos fueron criados por sus tíos y abuelos y efectuaron sus estudios preparatorios en el Colegio Nacional de Mendoza, mientras Jacinto trabajaba ocasionalmente en la propiedad de un tío en Godoy Cruz. En el último año encabezó una protesta reclamando mejoras en la enseñanza y la abolición de los castigos corporales.

Una vez recibido viajó con su hermano a la ciudad de Buenos Aires donde ingresó a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Mientras trabajaba en la Aduana llevó adelante sus estudios y se doctoró en 1885 con una tesis titulada Contribución al estudio de la coqueluche.

De regreso a Mendoza le tocó enfrentar la epidemia de cólera que azotó la provincia en 1886.
Fue luego designado médico de la Policía. Integró la Cruz Roja mendocina y ocupó cargos directivos en varios hospitales provinciales, continuando el ejercicio de su profesión hasta su muerte.

A fines de 1889 los hermanos Álvarez ingresaron a la política, Jacinto como partidario de Miguel Juárez Celman y su hermano como opositor.

Jacinto Álvarez integró la Legislatura provincial y la presidió en 1892. En ejercicio de ese mandato, en 1890 fue nombrado ministro de Hacienda y Gobierno en el gobierno colegiado y ese mismo año le tocó asumir como gobernador interino en momentos en que la provincia atravesaba una difícil situación. Durante ese mandato llegó a un acuerdo respecto de la deuda pública de la provincia. Fue también el redactor y responsable de la aprobación de la ley que para la realización de las obras de las tomas de Tunuyan.

La reforma de la Constitución de Mendoza de 1895 incorporó la figura del vicegobernador, quien remplazaba al gobernador en caso de acefalía o ausencia temporal y presidía con voz pero sin voto (salvo en caso de empate) la cámara de senadores, que también creaba la constitución reformada.

Jacinto Álvarez integró la fórmula triunfante encabezada por Emilio Civit para el período 1898 a 1901, convirtiéndose en el primer vicegobernador de la provincia de Mendoza.

El 14 de octubre de 1898 Civit renunció a la gobernación para sumarse al gabinete del presidente Julio Argentino Roca y Álvarez asumió la gobernación interina que desempeñó durante la mayor parte del período «realizando una administración prudente y honesta».
Con un tesoro agotado aplicó inicialmente ajustes en los gastos públicos y creó nuevos impuestos. Fue responsable de obras para proveer agua potable a la ciudad y dio fuerte impulso a las obras del parque General San Martín. Otorgó a Carlos Fader el derecho de aprovechar como fuerza motriz el río Mendoza y a Justo López de Gómara la explotación del cáñamo y otras plantas textiles en la provincia.
En 1899 creó el Boletín Oficial y en 1900 dispuso la constitución de una comisión para la reforma de la Ley Orgánica de Tribunales y de Municipalidades.
Impulsó también una Ley de Elecciones que reorganizó la provincia en 15 distritos electorales.

El 6 de marzo de 1901 fue sucedido por Elías Villanueva.
Al dejar el puesto fue elegido senador nacional y finalizado su mandato se retiró de la política.
Fue el primer director del hospital El Carmen y complementó el ejercicio de su profesión con el cuidado de la bodega que construyó en 1901 en un predio de 100 hectáreas en las actuales calles Terrada y Aráoz al 1600, Mayor Drummond, Luján de Cuyo, donde tenía su mansión de verano, "Villa Elina".

Falleció en su ciudad natal el 3 de julio de 1933.

Estaba casado con María Elina Calderón de la Barca, con quien tuvo tres hijas y un hijo.

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
 Vicente Osvaldo Cutolo, Nuevo diccionario biográfico argentino (1750-1930), Editorial Elche, 1968

Enlaces externos
 El sillón de Jacinto Álvarez
 Jacinto Álvarez Suárez

Mendocinos (capital)
Médicos de Mendoza
Médicos de Argentina del siglo XIX
Gobernadores de Mendoza
Diputados provinciales de Argentina (Mendoza)
Senadores nacionales de Argentina por Mendoza
Vicegobernadores de Mendoza
Nacidos en Mendoza (Argentina)
Sepultados en el Cementerio de la Ciudad de Mendoza

Jacinto Álvarez


7655 Adamries este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7655 Adamries este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,42 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 4,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1991
Centura de asteroizi

7655 Adamries


Bradata pljuskavica (bradata trava sv. Ivana; lat. Hypericum barbatum je zeljasta biljka iz porodice goračevke (kantarionovke), pripada rodu pljuskavica ili travi sv. Ivana.

Raširena je po jugoistočnoj Europi (Grčka, Bugarska, Makedonija, Albanija, Srbija, Crna Gora), jugu Italije, te u Hrvatskoj i Austriji.

Trajnica žutih cvjetova s 5 latica.

Sinonimi:
 Hypericum barbatum subsp. calabricum (Spreng.) Peruzzi & N.G.Passal.
 Hypericum calabricum Spreng.
 Hypericum heufleri R.Keller
 Hypericum ilicianum Formánek
 Hypericum macedonicum Boiss. & Orph.
 Hypericum richeri Rochel
 Hypericum trichanthum Boiss. & Spruner

Sestrinski projekti

Izvori

Goračevke

Bradata pljuskavica


Soul Boy  es una película del año 2010.

Sinopsis
Nairobi, Kenia. Abila, un chico de 14 años, vive con sus padres en Kibera, uno de los barrios de chabolas más grandes de África Oriental. Una mañana, ve que su padre está enfermo, delira. "Alguien me ha robado el alma", consigue articular el padre. Abila no entiende nada, pero quiere ayudar a su padre y decide buscar la cura adecuada. Con el apoyo de su novia Shiku, se embarca en una aventura que le llevará al corazón del microcosmos en el que vive. Esta película ha sido realizada por un taller de jóvenes entusiastas de Nairobi, guiados por el realizador alemán Tom Tykwer.

Premios
 Festival Internacional de Cine de Róterdam 2009.

Referencias

Películas ambientadas en Kenia
Películas ambientadas en África

Soul Boy


Gara Ezeriș este o stație de cale ferată care deservește comuna Ezeriș, județul Caraș-Severin, România.

Ezeriș

Gara Ezeriș


Onthophagus kyleensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1975 por Frey.

Referências

Ligações externas

kyleensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1975

Onthophagus kyleensis


A shotgun wedding is a wedding arranged in response to pregnancy resulting from premarital sex. The phrase is a primarily U.S. colloquialism, termed as such based on a stereotypical scenario in which the father of the pregnant bride-to-be threatens the reluctant groom with a shotgun in order to ensure that he follows through with the wedding.

Rationale
One purpose of such a wedding can be to get recourse from the man for the act of impregnation; another reason is trying to ensure that the child is raised by both parents. In some cases, as in early U.S. and in the Middle East, a major objective was restoring the social honor of the mother. The practice is a loophole method of preventing the birth of illegitimate children, or if the marriage occurs early enough in the gestation period, to conceal the fact that conception had already occurred prior to marriage.

In some societies, the stigma attached to pregnancy out of wedlock can be enormous, and coercive means (in spite of the legal defense of undue influence) for gaining recourse are often seen as the prospective father-in-law's "right". Often, a couple will arrange a shotgun wedding without explicit outside encouragement, and some religious groups consider it a moral imperative to marry in that situation.

By culture

Middle East

Premarital sexual relations remain taboo across all social strata throughout the Arab world. In many cases, fornication is illegal and even a criminal offence under Sharia law. Even when it is not, the social response can be extreme, especially against women who have lost their virginity prior to marriage.

In Arabic culture, shotgun weddings serve to obscure the fact that a baby was conceived prior to marriage. When that proves impossible, the social standing of the couple involved is irreparably damaged. Nevertheless, shotgun weddings help prevent the individuals involved, especially the women, from becoming social pariahs.

Apart from instances of regional slang, there is no universal, specific term for "shotgun weddings" in Arabic. This is because they are not recognised as a regular social phenomenon and because a successfully conducted Middle Eastern shotgun wedding is generally unknown to the guests. In some Persian Gulf nations, the term "police station marriage" (Arabic: زواج مخفر) may be the closest colloquial analogue for the concept of a "shotgun wedding".

East Asia

In Japan, the slang term , or  for short, emerged in the late 1990s. The term can literally be translated as "oops-we-did-it-marriage", implying an unintended pregnancy. Notable celebrities with these marriages include Namie Amuro, Takako Uehara, Yōko Oginome, Hitomi Furuya, Ami Suzuki, Kaori Iida, Nozomi Tsuji, Anna Tsuchiya, Meisa Kuroki, Leah Dizon, Melody Miyuki Ishikawa, Riisa Naka, Rie Miyazawa and Emi Takei. A quarter of all Japanese brides are pregnant at the time of their wedding, according to the Health Labor and Welfare Ministry, and pregnancy is one of the most common motivations for marriage. The prevalence and celebrity profile of dekichatta-kon has inspired Japan's wedding industry to introduce an even more benign phrase, .
In China, the term 奉子成婚 () means that the couple married because conception occurred outside of marriage. It is a pun on the phrase 奉旨成婚, pronounced Fengzhichenghun and implying that a wedding is approved by imperial edict. It is becoming increasingly common among China's youngest generation.  However, in the same age group, there is objection and criticism to such a practice.
In Korea, the slang term 속도위반 (RR: Sokdowiban; literally: "speeding over the limit") refers to the situation in which the pregnancy preceded the marriage.
In Vietnam, the term "Bác sĩ bảo cưới" (literally meaning "because [the] doctor said so") is often used with humorous intention.

Southeast Asia

The Philippines has a shotgun wedding tradition (Tagalog: pikot) where a man is forced to marry a woman for various reasons. Although the most common ground is impregnation, another variant of this practise include the woman's parents forcing marriage on the man to their daughter due to his social status or wealth, rather than his desire to marry her for love; this occurs even if the former did not penetrate the latter. Weapons may or may not be used in coercion, but other means include litigation, particularly when the woman's family threatens to file rape and lascivious acts charges against the man.
Indonesia has a similar condition with the Philippines; this is usually called "married by accident".

Europe
Because of the sexual revolution beginning in the 1960s, the concepts of love, sexuality, procreation and marriage began to separate after being intimately entangled in social consciousness for centuries. However, sexual practice had not always followed social convention, resulting in shotgun or Knobstick weddings.

In the United Kingdom, one source reports that almost 40% of all brides were pregnant in 1850.
In Denmark, a 1963 study found that 50% of all brides were pregnant.
In the Netherlands and Belgium, the Dutch term moetje was a commonly used euphemism for marriage resulting from unintended pregnancy. The noun is formed from imperative of the verb moeten ("must", "to have to") with the added suffix -je, indicating a diminutive. Thus, it might be translated as a "little must" or a "little you-have-to", i.e. one is compelled to marry to avoid the shame of giving birth out of wedlock.Moetjes were a common occurrence in Belgium and the Netherlands during the first half of the 20th century. In the early 1960s, about a quarter of all marriages in the Netherlands were shotgun marriages; however, in some areas, up to 90% of the brides were pregnant. By the late 2000s, the practice had become so rare that the term was growing obsolete. According to a 2013 by the Centrum voor Leesonderzoek, the word moetje was recognised by 82.5% of the Dutch and 43.1% of the Flemish.
In Spain shotgun weddings are called casarse de penalty (marry by penalty)
In Italy they are known as matrimonio riparatore (mending marriage)

North America
In the United States and Canada, the use of duress or violent coercion to marry is no longer common, although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such coercion in 18th- and 19th-century America and Canada. Pressure to marry immediately due to pregnancy has become less common as the stigma associated with out-of-wedlock births has declined and the number of such births has increased.  As a result, the typical, voluntary wedding during pregnancy might be more neutrally termed a mid-pregnancy marriage.  Mid-pregnancy weddings are common enough that many suppliers of both bridal gowns and maternity clothing sell wedding dresses that fit during the later stages of pregnancy.

While a 2016 study suggests that couples who wed while pregnant do not necessarily have an increased risk of subsequent divorce, another study by Duke University from that same year demonstrated that, among whites, divorce rates increased from 19% for non-pregnant brides to 30%.

In popular culture

Films
Acht Mädels im Boot (1932), German musical film
Eight Girls in a Boat (1934), American feature film, refilming of Acht Mädels im Boot
Nightmare Alley (1947), American carnival noir
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
Jenny, first Dutch fullcolour feature film, refilming of Acht Mädels im Boot
A Kind of Loving (1962), British feature film
Girl with Green Eyes (1964), Irish feature film
Ride with the Devil (1999) Confederate Bushwaker film.
Shotgun Wedding (2023), American feature film

Books
The Lonely Girl (1962), Irish novel on which Girl with Green Eyes is based

TV shows
The Simpsons, where Homer married Marge when she was pregnant with Bart.
King of the Hill, where Lucky Kleinschmidt married Luanne Platter when she was pregnant with Gracie.
Fated to Love You, a Taiwanese (ROC) 2008 TV Series where a poor secretary gets pregnant with an heir of a toiletries company. A Korean (ROK) remake of this drama with the name You Are My Destiny was also made.
The Amazing World of Gumball, it is revealed in the episode "The Choices", after learning that Nicole was pregnant with Gumball, she and Richard married.
Parks and Recreation, in the episode "London", Ron Swanson and Diane Lewis become married immediately following Diane's reveal that she is pregnant.
Modern Family, in the episode "And One to Grow On", it is revealed that when Phil and Claire got married, Claire was pregnant with Haley.
Bridgerton, Simon marries Daphne after a kiss in a garden
The Secret Life of the American Teenager, Ben marries Adrian because she is pregnant

See also
 Cohabitation
 Forced marriage
 Knobstick wedding
 Marry-your-rapist law
 Premarital sex
 Oklahoma!, a play where one character, Ali Hakim, is forcibly coerced towards marriage on two occasions.
 Marriage of convenience

References

Forced marriage
Weddings in the United States
Weddings in Canada

Shotgun wedding


Frederik Ibsen (født 28. marts 1997) er en dansk professionel fodboldspiller, der spiller som målmand for den danske fodboldklub FC Helsingør,

Han har tidligere spillet for  superligaklubben F.C. København, hvor han opnåede en enkelt førsteholdskamp og for  Lyngby BK.

Spillerkarriere
Frederik Ibsen spillede ungdomsfodbold i F.C. København og spillede en række kampe i reserveligaen for klubben. Han stod på mål, da FCK U/19-hold spillede UEFA Youth League mod FC Portos U/19-hold den 14. september 2016.

Efter opholdet i FCK skiftede Ibsen i juli 2017 til Vendsyssel FF, der på daværende tidspunkt spillede i den næstbedste række, NordicBet-Ligaen. Han opnåede ikke spilletid i NordicBet-Ligaen, men var anden målmand. Efter Vendsyssels oprykning til Superligaen var Ibsen fortsat andenmålmand i klubben, men opnåede ikke spilletid i Superligaen. Han spillede i 2017 tre kampe for Vendsyssel i DBU Pokalen.

Den 31. august 2018 blev det offentliggjort, at Ibsens vendte tilbage til F.C. København på en to-årig kontrakt. Ibsen fik sin eneste kamp for F.C. Københavns førstehold i 3-4 nederlaget til Esbjerg fB den 19. maj 2019.

I januar 2020 skiftede han til  Kolding IF.

I sommerpausen 2021 skiftede Frederik Ibsen til Lyngby BK. Efter to år i Lyngby skiftede Ibsen i juni 2023 til FC Helsingør.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Vendsyssel F.F.
Fodboldspillere fra FC København
Fodboldspillere fra Kolding IF

Frederik Ibsen


Emilija Kokić (Zadar, 10. svibnja 1968.), hrvatska je pjevačica. Bila je pjevačica zadarske grupe Riva s kojom je pobijedila na Euroviziji u švicarskoj  Lausanni s pjesmom "Rock Me" s ukupno 137 bodova.

Diskografija

 1989.: Rock Me (s grupom Riva)
 1994.: Emilia
 1995.: 100 % Emilia
 1996.: Ostavi trag
 1999.: S moje strane svemira
 2001.: Ja sam tu
 2004.: Halo
 2008.: Čime sam te zaslužila

Privatni život

Emilija je udana za poznatog TV voditelja Miljenka Kokota.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zadar
Hrvatski pjevači

Emilija Kokić


السيف اليماني في نحر الاصفهاني هو كتاب لنقد كتاب الأغاني، وهو من تأليف المؤرخ الشاعر وليد الأعظمي، ولقد أحتوى أربعة فصول، تناول في الفصل الأول ترجمة أبي الفرج الأصفهاني، وأقوال العلماء فيه، مع تعريف بكتاب الأغاني وآراء الأدباء والنقاد فيه، مع نبذة يسيرة عن العهد البويهي وسبب تأليف الكتاب، ولمن ألفه الأصفهاني.

أما في الفصل الثاني فقد أحتوى اخباراً وحكايات أوردها الأصفهاني عن آل البيت النبوي وهي أخبار تسيء إليهم، وتجرح سيرتهم، وتشوه سلوكهم، وتوهن أمرهم، بما يوافق هوى الأصفهاني ثم ناقش المؤلف هذه الأخبار وبين زيفها وعلق على كل حكاية بما يناسبها.

وفي الفصل الثالث فقد ضم حكايات شنيعة وأخباراً فظيعة أوردها الأصفهاني عن الأمويين نفس فيها عن حقدهِ الدفين وضغينتهِ على العرب، وهو يزعم إنه أموي النسب، وعلق عليها بما يناسب مقامها.

وجعل الفصل الأخير لحكايات متنوعة وأخبار متفرقة، والتي طعن فيها الأصفهاني بعقائد المسلمين ولعن دين الإسلام، مع الكفر البواح، والاستخفاف بالصلاة والحج ويوم القيامة، مع دفاع عن البرامكة وطعون مختلفة بأعلام المسلمين، وناقش المؤلف هذه الأخبار وفندها الواحد تلو الآخر.

وهو يعتبر من الكتب المتميزة في الرد على كتاب الأغاني وبيان خطره الدفين على الأمة الإسلامية.

يقول المؤلف وليد الأعظمي:
(كان أبو الفرج الأصفهاني، من الكتاب الموسوعيين في مؤلفاتهم، وقد جمع في كتابهِ «الأغاني» أخباراً شتى، في الأدب والشعر والغناء، من الجاهلية إلى صدر الإسلام، ثم العهد الأموي، والعباسي، وتناول أغراضاً شتى في التفسير والحديث والسيرة والفقه واللغة، وأخبار الفتوح، وأحوال الخلفاء والأمراء والوزراء والعلماء والأدباء، وسروات الناس.
ووقف في كل ذلك إلى عهد الخليفة العباسي المعتضد بالله، المتوفى سنة 289 هجرية، ولم يرد في «الأغاني» بعد ذلك العهد شيء عن الخلفاء أو الأمراء أو الوزراء أو العلماء.
وكان كتاب الأغاني متداولاً في نطاق ضيق، ولم ينتشر كغيره من الكتب وذلك لسعتهِ، وعظم حجمهِ، وصعوبة نسخهِ، وإنما كانت منهُ بضع نسخ لدى الأمراء والوزراء وبعض الأدباء.
وقد تولت دار الكتب المصرية طبعه – بعد الطبعة الاستشراقية – وأخرجته في أربعة وعشرين مجلداً كبيراً، وحشدت لهُ جمعا من العلماء والأدباء لتحقيقه فكيف بهِ حين كان مخطوطاً !؟).

وأختتم المؤلف كتابهِ بقولهِ:
(بعد هذه الجولة الواسعة في كتاب الأغاني لأبي الفرج الأصفهاني، والوقوف عند أخباره ومناقشتها والتعليق عليها أرجو أن يكون القارئ الكريم قد تبين مقاصد هذا الشعوبي الحاقد اللئيم، وقد غضضت النظر وصرفت القلم عن أخبار فظيعة وحكايات شنيعة لا يكتبها أشد الناس عداوة وبغضاً للعرب والمسلمين، فقد أتهم كثيراً من أعلامهم باللواطة ورمى بعضهم بالأبنة، وكريمات نسائهم بالسحاق، وألصق بهم السخائم من ذميم الخصال، وقبيح الفعال، متستراً بظلال الأدب والسمر، والمذاكرة والمؤانسة كأن ذلك لا يحصل إلا بشتم سلف هذه الأمة المجيدة، في تأريخها وخلقها وقد تم هذا الكتاب على يد جامعه والمؤلف بين أخباره الخطاط وليد بن عبد الكريم بن ملا إبراهيم كاكا بن مهدي بن صالح بن صافي العبيدي الأعظمي، ووقع الفراغ منه ضحى يوم الجمعة غرة شهر صفر الخير سنة 1405هـ، الموافق للثامن والعشرين من تشرين الأول سنة 1984م، والحمـد لله رب العالمين).

عدد الطبعات
طبع الكتاب في أربعة طبعات وهي:
 الطبعة الأولى - القاهرة - 1988.
 الطبعة الثانية - القاهرة - 1990.
 الطبعة الثالثة - الجزائر - 1993.
 الطبعة الرابعة - بغداد - 2000.

مصادر

كتب 1984
كتب إسلامية
كتب نقد عربية

السيف اليماني في نحر الأصفهاني صاحب الأغاني (كتاب)


La gare d'Acquigny est une gare ferroviaire, fermée, des lignes de Saint-Georges-Motel à Grand-Quevilly et d'Évreux-Embranchement à Acquigny, située sur le territoire de la commune d'Acquigny, dans le département de l'Eure en région Normandie.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare d'Acquigny était située au point kilométrique (PK) 64,900 de la ligne de Saint-Georges-Motel à Grand-Quevilly, entre les gares d'Heudreville et de Louviers ; elle était aussi le terminus de la ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Acquigny, située au point kilométrique (PK) 22,100, après la halte d'Amfreville.

Elle disposait de trois voies et de deux quais ; seule une voie subsiste de nos jours.

Histoire
La gare d'Acquigny est mise en service le , avec les ouvertures simultanées de la ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Acquigny (déclarée d'intérêt public préalablement le ), et de la section de Louviers à Acquigny de la ligne de Saint-Georges-Motel à Grand-Quevilly (déclarée d'utilité publique le ). La section entre Saint-Georges-Motel et Acquigny est ouverte le , mais il faut attendre le  pour qu'Acquigny soit reliée à la gare de Rouen-Orléans

Le service voyageurs est supprimé le  entre Évreux et Acquigny, et le  entre Bueil, Acquigny et Louviers. Les voies n'ont jamais été déclassées si bien qu'elles subsistent à Acquigny.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment voyageurs d'origine est toujours présent, réaffecté, il accueille désormais une entreprise d'informatique.

Dans la culture

Cinéma
La spectaculaire scène de télescopage entre deux trains, du film Le Train (The Train) (film américain de John Frankenheimer avec Burt Lancaster, Paul Scofield, Michel Simon, Jeanne Moreau) fut tournée en 1964 à l'aide de sept caméras, en gare d'Acquigny.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en France
 Ligne de Saint-Georges-Motel à Grand-Quevilly
 Ligne d'Évreux-Embranchement à Acquigny

Liens externes

Gare mise en service en 1872
Gare fermée dans l'Eure

Gare d'Acquigny


A Liga dos Campeões da CAF de 2021–22 foi a 58ª edição da maior competição de clubes da África e a 26ª edição sobre o atual formato de competição.

Alocação das vagas
Todos os 56 membros da CAF podem entrar na Liga dos Campeões da CAF, com os 12 melhores ranqueados de acordo com o Ranking de 5 anos da CAF podendo inscrever duas equipes na competição. O campeão da edição da passada da competição também tem direito a uma vaga.

Para a edição de 2021–22, a CAF usou o ranking entre 2017 e 2021, que calcula pontos para cada associação participante com base na performance dos clubes através destes 5 anos na Liga dos Campeões da CAF e na Copa das Confederações da CAF. Os critérios para os pontos são os seguintes:

Os pontos são multiplicados por um coeficiente de acordo com o ano do seguinte modo:
2020–21 – 5
2019–20 – 4
2018–19 – 3
2018 – 2
2017 – 1

Equipes classificadas
As seguintes 54 equipes de 42 associações entraram na competição.
Equipes (em negrito) se classificaram diretamente a segunda fase.
As outras equipes entraram na primeira fase.
As associações abaixo são mostradas de acordo com o seu ranking entre 2017 e 2021.

Calendário

Fases de qualificação
O sorteio para a primeira e a segunda fase foi realizado em 13 de agosto de 2021, na sede da CAF, no Cairo, Egito.

Nesta fase, cada vaga foi disputada em partidas de ida e volta. Caso o placar agregado esteja empatado no final da partida de volta a regra do gol fora de casa foi aplicada. Caso o empate ainda persista o vencedor foi definido pela disputa por pênaltis.

Primeira fase

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Segunda fase

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Fase de grupos

O sorteio para a fase de grupos foi realizado em 28 de dezembro de 2021 na sede da CAF no Cairo, Egito. Os 16 vencedores da segunda fase foram sorteados em quatro grupos contendo quatro equipes cada.

As equipes foram divididas nos potes pelo ranking da CAF (em parênteses).

Grupo A

Grupo B

Grupo C

Grupo D

Fase final

O mecanismo de sorteio de cada fase é o seguinte:
No sorteio das quartas de final, os quatro vencedores dos grupos serão colocados em um pote, enquantos os quatro segundo colocados serão colocados em outro. As equipes que finalizaram em primeiro lugar na fase de grupos (pote 1 no sorteio) enfrentarão as equipes que finalizaram em segundo lugar (pote 2). As equipes do mesmo grupo não podem ser sorteadas entre si, podendo ser sorteadas equipes de um mesmo país.
No sorteio das semifinais não existe cabeça de chave e equipes do mesmo grupo (fase de grupos) e do mesmo país podem ser sorteadas.

Equipes classificadas

Chaveamento

Quartas de final

Semifinais

Final

Ligações externas
 Total CAF Champions League

Liga dos Campeões da CAF
2021 no futebol
2022 no futebol
Desporto na África em 2021
Desporto na África em 2022

Liga dos Campeões da CAF de 2021–22