Harold Hitz Burton (June 22, 1888 – October 28, 1964) was an American politician and lawyer. He served as the 45th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, as a U.S. Senator from Ohio, and as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Born in Boston, Burton practiced law in Cleveland after graduating from Harvard Law School. After serving in the United States Army during World War I, Burton became active in Republican Party politics and won election to the Ohio House of Representatives. After serving as the mayor of Cleveland, Burton won election to the United States Senate in 1940. After the retirement of Associate Justice Owen J. Roberts, President Harry S. Truman successfully nominated Burton to the Supreme Court. Burton served on the Court until 1958, when he was succeeded by Potter Stewart.

Burton was known as a dispassionate, pragmatic, somewhat plodding jurist who preferred to rule on technical and procedural rather than constitutional grounds. He was also seen as an affable justice who helped ease tension on the court during an extremely acrimonious time. He wrote the majority opinion in Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951) and Lorain Journal Co. v. United States (1951). He also helped shape the Court's unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Early life
Harold Hitz Burton was born in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, the second son of Anna Gertrude (Hitz) and Alfred E. Burton. His older brother was named Felix Arnold Burton. Harold's father was an engineer and the first Dean of Student Affairs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1902-1921), reporting to the president. He taught at MIT before being selected as dean. As a former explorer, Burton had accompanied Robert Peary on several expeditions to the North Pole.

Harold's mother died young. In 1906, his father married Lena Yates, a poet and artist from England who later took the name of Jeanne D'Orge. They met that year on a walking trip in France. Yates published children's books as Lena Dalkeith. The couple had three children: Christine, Virginia (1909-1968), and Alexander Ross Burton. The half siblings developed warm relationships over time. Virginia became an author and illustrator.

Burton attended Bowdoin College, where he was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society, was quarterback of the football team, and graduated summa cum laude. His roommate and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Theta chapter) brother was Owen Brewster, later a U.S. Senator from Maine. Burton went on to Harvard Law School, graduating in 1912.

Felix Arnold Burton became an architect after also attending Bowdoin. The Burton brothers and J. Edgar Hoover were second cousins on their mothers' side. Their common great-grandparents were Johannes (Hans) Hitz, first Swiss Consul General to the United States, and his wife Anna Kohler.

Marriage and family
Burton married Selma Florence Smith in 1912. They had four children: Barbara (Mrs. Charles Weidner), William (who served on the USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413) during WWII, in the Ohio House of Representatives and was a noted trial lawyer), Deborah (Mrs. Wallace Adler), and Robert (a distinguished attorney and counsel to athletes).

Early career
After graduation and marriage, Burton moved with his wife to Cleveland and began the practice of law there. However, in 1914, he joined his wife's uncle as a company attorney for Utah Power and Light Company in Salt Lake City. He later worked for Utah Light and Traction, and then for Idaho Power Company and Boise Valley Traction Company, both in Boise, Idaho.

When the U.S. entered World War I, Burton joined the United States Army, rising to the rank of Captain. He served as an infantry operations officer in the 361st Infantry Regiment, 91st Infantry Division, and saw heavy action in France and Belgium. He received the Belgian Croix de guerre for gallantry in the push from the Lys and an individual citation from General Pershing for "meritorious and conspicuous services" during the Argonne Offensive.  After the war, Burton wrote the official history of his regiment, "600 Days' Service," and joined several veterans' organizations, including the Army and Navy Union, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the American Legion.

Once back in the United States, Burton returned with his family to Cleveland, where he resumed his law practice. He also taught at Western Reserve University Law School.

Politics

In the late 1920s, Burton entered politics as a Republican. He was elected to the East Cleveland Board of Education in 1927 and to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1928. After serving briefly in the Ohio House, he became law director for the City of Cleveland in 1929 before returning to private practice in 1932.

In 1935, Burton was elected mayor of Cleveland. He worked on issues of continuing assimilation of immigrant populations, supporting industry in the city, and dealing with transportation needs. Re-elected twice, he served until entering the U.S. Senate in 1941. For his decorous personal life and opposition to organized crime, he was dubbed "the Boy Scout Mayor."

In 1940, Burton was elected to the U.S. Senate, with 52.3% of the vote, defeating John McSweeney. He served on the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, which monitored the U.S. war effort during World War II. Also on the committee was then-Senator Harry S. Truman.

Supreme Court

Nomination
Justice Owen J. Roberts announced his resignation from the Supreme Court on June 30, 1945, effective July 31, 1945. President Truman decided, as a bipartisan gesture, to appoint a Republican to replace him. He selected Burton as someone whom he knew and respected. Burton's nomination was presented to the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 18, and the Senate unanimously approved it the next day. Burton resigned from the Senate on September 30, 1945, and was sworn in as an associate justice of the Supreme Court on October 1. Burton was the last sitting member of Congress to be appointed to the Court. (Sherman Minton, a former senator, was appointed in 1949.)

Judicial philosophy and working style
According to biographer Eric W. Rise, Burton appeared to lack an overarching judicial philosophy. He favored judicial restraint and most of his decisions were based on narrow procedural grounds rather than the Constitution. His judicial restraint, however, was informed by his political views, not by a legal philosophy, and he tended to defer to legislative and executive branch judgments because he agreed with them personally. This pragmatism won him the respect of his fellow justices, and served as a unifying influence on the Court when the other justices were split on constitutional issues but could come together on technical or procedural grounds.

From 1945 to 1953, Burton was usually in the centrist majority on the court, sometimes finding himself in a slightly more conservative majority on some issues. He was part of the "Vinson bloc", which included Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson and Associate Justices Tom C. Clark, Sherman Minton, and Stanley Forman Reed. These five voted together 75 percent of the time in non-unanimous decisions. However, beginning with the appointment of Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1953, and more so after the appointment of William J. Brennan Jr. in 1956, Burton found himself increasingly in the minority.

Burton biographer Mary Frances Berry has written that Burton knew "he was not brilliant and that writing came hard", and therefore not only worked very hard on his decisions but attempted to show this work by outlining all the precedents he had considered before reaching a conclusion. Burton insisted on having all precedents researched before writing his opinions, wrote the first draft of his opinions himself, and was well known for working long hours in his office. His hard work earned him respect and praise from his colleagues, but his working style also limited his judicial output. Outside the Court, the press and some prominent legal scholars depicted Burton as mediocre, plodding, a weak legal mind, and more concerned with social activities.

Burton was also very well-liked by all his colleagues, and his easy-going nature helped to ease tensions on the Court.

Cold War, loyalty oath, and subversion rulings
The Cold War led state and federal governments to enact a wide variety of laws and regulations aimed at curbing espionage and subversion. Burton consistently showed deference to government restrictions on free speech, voting to uphold government action 27 out of 28 times. He also wrote several important decisions. His basic approach toward these questions was judicial deference, as exemplified in his strong dissent in Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327 U.S. 304 (1946). His first important majority opinion came in Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath, 341 U.S. 123 (1951), where a group had challenged the authority of the U.S. Attorney General to unilaterally declare groups to be Communist. Despite a significant split among the justices, Burton wrote a plurality decision in which he disposed of the case on technical grounds. He argued that the listing was technically legal but that in a court of law the Attorney General had to offer evidence of subversion, which he had not.

Burton also joined the majority in three important Fifth Amendment cases. In Emspak v. United States, 349 U.S. 190 (1955), he voted with the majority to extend the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination to testimony before congressional committees. He also joined the majority in Ullmann v. United States, 350 U.S. 422 (1956), an important decision which upheld the Immunity Act of 1954 (which stripped the right against self-incrimination from persons given immunity from federal prosecution). Burton's narrow procedural approach proved important in Beilan v. Board of Education, 357 U.S. 399 (1958). Two years earlier, six justices had formed a majority in Slochower v. Board of Higher Education of New York City, 350 U.S. 551 (1956), holding it unconstitutional for a school board to fire an employee for exercising their Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination. In Beilan, a teacher was dismissed not for exercising Fifth Amendment rights but for refusing to answer a question at all. Despite the retirement of Sherman Minton (who had joined his dissent in Slochower), Burton's narrow procedural approach in Beilan won over Justices Felix Frankfurter and John Marshall Harlan II and (with the support of new Justice Charles Evans Whittaker), Burton was able form a majority upholding the school district's action.

At times, Burton's pragmatism could lead to important legislative outcomes. He joined the 7-to-1 majority in Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657 (1957), in which the Court reversed the conviction of a labor leader under federal loyalty laws because the defendant was not given permission to view the evidence against him. Burton agreed with the majority, although he added the caveat that such evidence should first be reviewed by a district court judge to ensure that no national security secrets were revealed. Burton's view was subsequently adopted by Congress with passage of the Jencks Act in 1958.

In one of his last opinions in the area, Burton voted to limit the application of the Smith Act in Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957). The majority had overturned the conviction of seven individuals using the "clear and present danger" First Amendment doctrine by concluding they had advocated violent overthrow of the government as an abstract doctrine, not as advocacy to action. Burton wrote an opinion concurring in the outcome, but cast his vote on narrow procedural grounds.

Church and state
Generally, Burton favored a strict separation of church and state. But his pragmatic approach to law sometimes caused him to dissent from majorities favoring a strict separation. For example, in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), Justice Hugo Black's 5-4 majority opinion held that while the Constitution required a strict separation between church and state, it was constitutionally permissible for a school district to reimburse parents when their children rode public school buses to religious schools so long as all such parents and religions were treated equally. Burton initially was predisposed to declare the law constitutional. Heavy lobbying from justices Felix Frankfurter, Robert H. Jackson, and Wiley Blount Rutledge changed his mind. Burton dissented in the case not because he disagreed with Black's emphasis on the strict separation between church and state but because he believed that the state law violated the strict separation doctrine laid out by Black.

The following year, Burton joined Black in the majority in McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948). At issue was a state law which gave students "release time" to attend religious instruction on school grounds during the school day. The majority struck down the law as a violation of the First Amendment. Burton joined the majority only after Black agreed not to extend his ruling to release time programs that involved off-site religious instruction.

Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952), was factually similar to McCollum, although there was no instruction on school grounds. Although Burton's law clerks argued that the school was tacitly instructing children to attend religious classes, Burton disagreed, characterizing the dismissal as akin to excusing a child from school for a doctor's appointment. Burton joined the 6-to-3 majority.

Criminal procedure
Burton was deferential to the state on criminal procedure and law-and-order issues. Beginning with Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), the Supreme Court had ruled in a wide range of cases that except in cases of illiteracy, mental incapacity, or especially complicated cases, defendants did not have an absolute right to be informed of their right to counsel or to have counsel appointed for them by the state. The Court had opportunity to revisit Betts in Bute v. Illinois, 333 U.S. 640 (1948), where a felon appealed his conviction because the trial court had not advised him of his right to counsel and because the plaintiff felt he had been rushed to trial, claims he felt violated constitutional guarantees to a fair trial and due process of law. Burton wrote for a 5-to-4 majority that the Constitution did not require a state to advise a defendant about his rights to counsel, or to provide such counsel, if the crime is not a capital offense. Applying the 14th Amendment to the states in this area "would disregard the basic and historic power of the states to prescribe their own local court procedures," Burton wrote. Yet, Bute was notable for carving out a capital-case exemption to Betts. Much criticized at the time for being inconsistent with Betts, the Bute decision unintentionally established grounds for the Supreme Court to whittle away at Betts, so that by 1962 some legal scholars were already arguing the Court had effectively overruled Betts. Betts and Bute were unanimously overruled in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).

Another case decided the same year as Bute illustrates Burton's reliance on personal views as a guide to court action. Gilbert Thiel suffered a mental breakdown and leapt from a moving Southern Pacific Railroad passenger car, severely injuring himself. Thiel argued that railway personnel should have stopped him. The trial court blocked hourly-wage workers from being selected for the jury, which Thiel alleged biased the jury against him. Burton was powerfully motivated by a need to protect the Supreme Court's reputation, which he felt would be sullied if it approved such a distasteful practice. The majority in Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co., 328 U.S. 217 (1946), narrowed its opinion to address only the facts regarding jury selection, and therefore did not decide whether the jury actually was biased against Thiel. This helped to win Burton's approval as well.

Burton's belief that criminal procedure should be left to the states influenced his views in other cases as well. In Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956), a majority held that an indigent criminal defendant could not be denied transcripts of the trial. Burton wrote a dissent, joined by justices Minton, Harlan, and Reed, in which he strongly defended the federal nature of criminal procedure. Burton also wrote a stinging dissent in Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber, 329 U.S. 459 (1947). The state of Louisiana attempted to execute convicted murderer Willie Francis on May 3, 1946, but the employee and assistant were both drunk while setting up the electric chair, and Francis did not die. The state sought to execute him again, but Francis claimed this violated the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment. The state's failure to execute Francis the first time should mark the end of the attempt, Burton wrote. Additional attempts constituted cruel and unusual punishment: "It is unthinkable that any state legislature in modern times would enact a statute expressly authorizing capital punishment by repeated applications of an electric current separated by intervals of days or hours until finally death shall result." It was an opinion that showed "considerable foresight" regarding the Supreme Court's future capital punishment jurisprudence.

Antitrust
Burton's greatest contribution to Supreme Court jurisprudence came in the area of antitrust law. In American Tobacco Co. v. United States, 328 U.S. 781 (1946), Burton wrote for a near-unanimous court (Justice Rutledge had written a separate concurrence) that the Sherman Antitrust Act barred the mere existence of combinations or conspiracies which created monopolistic or oligopolistic market power, regardless of whether that power was actually used. Legal scholar Eugene V. Rostow declared Burton's decision would usher in a new era of swift, effective antitrust enforcement. But Burton's analysis cut both ways. In United States v. Columbia Steel Company, 334 U.S. 495 (1948), the same reasoning was used to allow U.S. Steel to buy out the much smaller Columbia Steel. Even though Columbia Steel was the largest steel manufacturer on the West Coast, Burton joined the majority in holding that the acquisition did not violate the Clayton Antitrust Act because Columbia Steel represented such a small percentage of overall American steel production. The Columbia Steel decision shocked antitrust advocates.

Yet, in Lorain Journal Co. v. United States, 342 U.S. 143 (1951), Burton wrote for a unanimous court that a monopoly could not use its power to retain its monopoly position. In that case, the Lorain Journal newspaper attempted to use its market power to prevent advertisers from placing ads with a new, competing radio station. The case became noted for extending the federal government's antitrust power to local markets. In Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States, 345 U.S. 594 (1953), the majority held that the Times-Picayune newspaper did not violate the Sherman Antitrust Act by forcing advertisers to buy space in both its evening and morning editions. Burton (joined by Black, Douglas, and Minton) strongly dissented. The Sherman Act barred all monopolistic market power, he argued, whether it was used to create or maintain a monopoly, or whether it was used to harm the public (through monopolistic pricing) or users (as in the Times-Picayune "must buy" case).

Burton wrote the lone dissent in Toolson v. New York Yankees, Inc., 346 U.S. 356 (1953). A majority of the justices had disposed of the case in a per curiam decision, citing the ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League, 259 U.S. 200 (1922). Citing extensive statistics about the farm system, broadcasting revenues, and national advertising campaigns, Burton concluded it was unreasonable to claim that major league baseball was not engaged in interstate commerce. He strongly criticized the majority for incorrectly construing Federal Baseball Club, and said the majority was wrong to assume that because the Sherman Antitrust Act did not explicitly cover baseball that baseball was intended to be exempt.

A notable exception to the broad application of antitrust law came in Burton's dissent in United States v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 353 U.S. 586 (1957).  The DuPont chemical company had purchased a substantial bloc of stock in General Motors. Subsequently, General Motors purchased most of its paints and fabrics from DuPont. A majority of the court held that this vertical integration constituted a violation of the Clayton Antitrust Act. Burton, dissenting, was highly skeptical that the Clayton Act applied to vertical integration, and strongly criticized the majority's logic concerning market power. Burton found that DuPont simply didn't have the market power the majority claimed it did. The dissent drew widespread praise from legal scholars.

Racial segregation
Burton's other major contribution to Supreme Court jurisprudence came in the area of racial segregation. Burton had been a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People from 1941 to 1945, and was a dependable vote for civil rights on the high court. One of the exceptions was his first civil rights case on the Court, Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946). Burton was the lone dissenter in the case, which involved the racial segregation of interstate buses with curtains. Burton argued that, in the absence of a federal statute, each state should be free to establish its own laws on racial segregation.

After his vote in Morgan, Court observers believed that Burton could not be counted on to vote to expand or protect civil rights. It surprised legal analysts, then, when Burton joined the unanimous majority in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 US 1 (1948), a landmark case that held courts could not enforce racially-restrictive real estate covenants.

In a string of votes over the next three years, Burton voted to undermine the "separate but equal" doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). He joined the unanimous majority in Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629, in 1950, which held that "separate but equal" professional legal education was unconstitutional. Heman Marion Sweatt, an African American man, was refused admission to the all-white University of Texas School of Law. One of the first cases to find that "separate but equal" was not equal, the case deeply influenced the Court's opinion in Brown v. Board of Education four years later. During the Sweatt deliberations, Burton came to the conclusion that Plessy v. Ferguson should be reversed. He informed the other justices about his conclusion the during post-oral argument conference on Sweatt. The same year, Burton joined the unanimous majority in McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637, which racially desegregated all graduate schools in the United States on essentially the same grounds as Sweatt. Burton subsequently wrote the unanimous majority opinion in Henderson v. United States, 339 U.S. 816 (1950). The case involved interstate travel on a passenger train. Henderson, an African-American federal worker, held a ticket that cost the same and allegedly provided the same level of service as a ticket sold to a white passenger. Nevertheless, Henderson was denied seating in the dining car after attendants seated white passengers at the tables reserved for blacks. Although the Sweatt and McLaurin courts had ruled on constitutional grounds, Burton hesitated to do so if there were procedural or technical grounds available. In Henderson, Burton was able to form a unanimous majority by basing his decision on the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, rather than the 14th Amendment.

By 1953, Burton's thinking on racial segregation had evolved to embrace a constitutional attack on Plessy. That year, the Supreme Court took up Terry v. Adams, 345 U.S. 461, a case in which a whites-only private political club dominated the local Democratic primary election in an electoral district where Republicans were not competitive. This system served to disenfranchise black voters. The federal district and appellate courts had upheld the constitutionality of the system, persuaded that the club was purely private and thus no state action was involved. At the first post-oral argument conference held by the justices, Burton was adamant that the Supreme Court reverse and declare the practice unconstitutional. The justices took a widely varying approach to the case. The opinion of the Court was authored by Hugo Black, and joined only by Burton and Douglas. Frankfurter, personally at odds with Black, authored a separate opinion agreeing with Black's, but which he refused to have listed as "concurring". Clark authored a concurrence, which was joined by Vinson, Reed, and Jackson. Surprisingly, Burton joined Black in declaring the whites-only club in violation of the 15th Amendment. Black won over all but one justice (Minton) by agreeing to remand the case to the district court for a solution, but not specifying what that solution should be.

Role in Brown v. Board of Education
Burton played a crucial role in the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Several cases alleging unconstitutional racial discrimination in elementary and secondary public schools were coming before the court in 1952. In the first sign that Burton was ready to reverse Plessy, on June 7 he voted with Clark and Minton to grant certiorari to both Brown and another case, Briggs v. Elliott, 342 U.S. 350 (1952). The Supreme Court subsequently agreed to also hear Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954), Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, 103 F. Supp. 337 (1952), and Gebhart v. Belton, 91 A.2d 137 (Del. 1952). Oral argument in all five cases was heard in early December 1952. The justices held their first post-oral argument judicial conference on the cases on December 13. Burton, Black, Douglas, and Minton had all come out against racial segregation in the public schools during the conference. Clark seemed unsure, but it appeared that he could be persuaded to join the majority. Burton himself noted in his diary that he felt the court was likely to vote 6-to-3 to bar racial discrimination in schools, but not on constitutional grounds. Other justices were not so sure. William O. Douglas believed that five justices would vote to uphold Plessy: Vinson, Clark, Frankfurter, Jackson and Reed. Among these, Frankfurter and Jackson exhibited the most doubt about Plessy. Douglas even worried that a 5-to-4 decision would be reached in which schools would be given a decade or more to bring unequal African American schools up to par. Vinson was a fence-sitter of a different kind: he was deeply troubled by the effect a desegregation order would have on the nation. It was likely that, even if Vinson joined a majority in barring "separate but equal" in public schools, he would do so only on narrow, technical grounds—leading to a plurality decision, a fragmented court, and a ruling lacking in legal and moral weight. Frankfurter, who personally believed racial segregation to be "odious", argued for the cases to be held over to the next term and reargued. A majority of the court agreed. Some hoped for changes in the political landscape that would make a decision easier, while others worried about the effect a divided opinion would have. On June 8, the Supreme Court issued its order, scheduling reargument for October 12, 1953.

Chief Justice Fred Vinson died unexpectedly of a heart attack on September 8, 1953. On September 30, President Eisenhower nominated Earl Warren, the outgoing Republican governor of California, to replace Vinson as Chief Justice. The news was not unexpected; Warren had declined a fourth term as governor on September 2, and he had long been seen as a favorite for a Supreme Court nomination.  Warren's was a recess appointment, which meant he would have to give up his seat unless the Senate confirmed him before the end of its next session. Warren was sworn in as Chief Justice on October 5. Warren's nomination was sent to the Senate on January 11, 1954. Senator William Langer, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, kept the nomination bottled up for seven weeks in order to hold hearings on unsubstantiated charges that Warren was a Marxist and controlled by the California liquor lobby. Warren's nomination was forwarded to the Senate on February 24 on a favorable 12-to-3 vote, and the Senate confirmed him on March 1 on a voice vote after just eight minutes of discussion.

Even before oral reargument, Warren was convinced that Plessy had to be reversed and racial discrimination in public education ended. Warren perceived Burton as a key ally in overturning Plessy. Immediately after his swearing-in ceremony, Warren worked hard to become as friendly as possible with Burton, quietly seeking him out before any of the more senior justices. (Had Warren's actions become widely known, he would have offended court tradition and the other justices.)

Reargument in Brown and the other cases was set for early December 1953. The first post-oral reargument conference was held December 12, at which time Warren made it very clear he would join Black, Burton, Douglas, and Minton in voting to overturn Plessy. Warren believed a unanimous decision in Brown was necessary to win public acceptance for the decision. Stanley Forman Reed appeared to Warren to be the justice most comfortable with segregation and Plessy, but even Reed admitted on December 12 that what was constitutional in 1896 might not be in 1953, due to changing circumstances. Warren went to work on Reed immediately. During the lunch break on December 12, Warren invited Reed to lunch, accompanied by Burton, Black, Minton, and Douglas. The social pressure on Reed continued for the next five days, as he lunched daily with Warren, Burton, Black, and Minton. Burton wholeheartedly supported Warren's attempt to forge a unanimous majority, and Warren accurately judged Burton to be his most valuable ally. Burton not only pushed for pragmatic solutions, which helped win over Reed, but proved to be articulate, passionate, and persuasive—which few on the Court expected. As the justices continued to debate its approach to Brown and the other cases in conferences, in memoranda, and privately among themselves, Burton worked to alleviate fears about implementation by talking freely about his experiences as mayor of Cleveland. Burton had ended racial discrimination in healthcare by hiring African American nurses to work in whites-only hospitals. This had gone relatively smoothly, and black nurses earned widespread respect among white citizens for their professionalism.

The efforts of Warren and Burton paid off. The Supreme Court handed down a unanimous decision in Brown on May 17, 1954. Pragmatically, Warren declined to overturn Plessy, but argued that it did not apply to the field of public education. Implementation of the decision was left up to district courts, at a later date.

During part of his time on the Supreme Court, Burton kept notes on all judicial conferences as well as a diary in which he documented the discussions he had with other justices. Burton's diary has proven to be an invaluable resource in understanding how Earl Warren achieved unanimity on Brown.

Resignation
By June 1957, Burton began suffering from significant shaking in his hands. As the October 1957 term began, his handwriting became difficult to read, and he began taking longer afternoon naps. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. The shaking in his left arm had become so severe by the start of 1958 that he decided to retire from the Supreme Court. He informed President Dwight D. Eisenhower of his decision in March. Worried about other domestic and international events, Eisenhower asked Burton to consider staying one more year, and make no public announcement. Burton agreed. In the meantime, arrangements were made to give Burton's law clerks positions at the United States Department of Justice should Burton retire before the end of the October 1958 Supreme Court term.

Burton's condition worsened, and in June 1958 he was advised by his doctors to retire. Burton informed Chief Justice Earl Warren of his decision, and Warren urged him to stay on the Court at least until September 30. A week later, Attorney General William P. Rogers met with Burton to discuss rumors that Burton was retiring. Once more, Burton reiterated his desire to leave the Court, and Rogers, too, asked him to remain until September 30. Various crises and events conspired to keep Burton from meeting with the president until July 17, at which time Burton privately informed Eisenhower of his intention to resign. (Burton had turned 70 years old on June 22, enabling him to retire at full pay.)

Eisenhower asked Burton to keep the resignation private for a time. In part, this was because Eisenhower wanted time to consider a replacement without public pressure. Additionally, Eisenhower was worried that a resignation now might create unnecessary complications for the Supreme Court, which had agreed to hear Cooper v. Aaron. This case concerned the Little Rock Nine, a group of African American students barred from enrolling at Little Rock Central High School by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. William G. Cooper and other members of the Little Rock school district board of education had alleged they could not implement the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), because of public hostility and the opposition of Governor Faubus and the state legislature. The case was clearly headed for the Supreme Court: A local court had ruled in favor of the school district, and the NAACP had appealed both to an Arkansas circuit court and the U.S. Supreme Court (which, on June 30, declined to hear the appeal until the circuit court had ruled but which also had advised the circuit court to rule swiftly—before the school year began).

The Supreme Court held a special summer session on September 11 and issued its decision on September 29, after which Burton informed his law clerks and the rest of the Supreme Court of his decision to retire.

Burton publicly announced his retirement from the Supreme Court on October 6, 1958. Burton publicly announced that he was suffering from Parkinson's disease. He retired on the advice of physicians, who said the condition might improve without the stress from his Court position. His last day at the Supreme Court was October 13.

Retirement
Following his retirement from the Supreme Court, Burton sat by designation for several years on panels of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.

He died on October 28, 1964, in Washington, D.C., from complications arising from Parkinson's disease, kidney failure, and pulmonary trouble. His remains were interred at Highland Park Cemetery in Cleveland.

Legacy
Cleveland's Main Avenue Bridge was renamed in his honor in 1986.

His papers and other memorabilia are primarily in four collections. Bowdoin College has 750 items including documents concerning 47 judicial opinions. The Hiram College Archives collection holds 69 items. The Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress has 187 ft. (120,000 items) consisting mainly of correspondence and legal files. The Western Reserve Historical Society has 10 linear ft. relating mainly to his tenure as mayor of Cleveland; the collection contains correspondence, reports, speeches, proclamations, and newspaper clippings relating to routine administrative matters and topics of special interest during Burton's mayoralty. Other papers repose at various institutions around the country, as part of other collections.

See also

List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)
List of members of the American Legion
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court
United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court
United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. 3d. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). .
 Cushman, Clare, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies,1789–1995 (2nd ed.)  (Supreme Court Historical Society), (Congressional Quarterly Books, 2001) ; .
 Forrester, Ray. (October 1945) "Mr. Justice Burton and the Supreme Court" New Orleans: Tulane Law Review.
 Frank, John P., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (Chelsea House Publishers: 1995) , .
 Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). .

External links

 Ohio Judicial Center, Harold Hitz Burton.
 Harold Hitz Burton, in Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
 Harold Hitz Burton, Timeline of the Court at

1888 births
1964 deaths
People from Jamaica Plain
Politicians from Boston
Businesspeople from Boston
Republican Party United States senators from Ohio
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
United States federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman
Republican Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Mayors of Cleveland
20th-century American judges
Lawyers from Cleveland
Bowdoin College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Military personnel from Massachusetts
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army officers
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)

Harold H. Burton


Sporobolomyces é um género de fungos, com colocação incerta ao nível da família (incertae sedis), pertencentes à ordem Sporidiobolales. As espécies que integram este género são leveduras anamórficas, sendo que as formas teleomórficas têm sido incluídas no género Sporidiobolus.

Descrição
Entre os sinónimos taxonómicos de Sporobolomyces inclui-se Amphiernia Grüss (1927), Prosporobolomyces E.K.Novák & Zsolt (1961), e Ballistosporomyces Nakase, G.Okada & Sugiy. (1989).

As espécies de Sporobolomyces produzem balistoconídios que apresentam simetria bilateral, sendo espécies que têm a Coenzima Q10 ou Coenzima Q10(H2) como a sua principal ubiquinona. Estas espécies são desprovidas de xilose nos hidrolisatos das células inteiras, e são incapazes de fermentar os açúcares.

Espécies

S. alborubescens
S. bannaensis
S. beijingensis
S. bischofiae
S. clavatus
S. coprosmae
S. coprosmicola
S. corallinus
S. dimmenae
S. dracophylli
S. elongatus
S. gracilis
S. inositophilus
S. johnsonii
S. koalae
S. magnisporus
S. novozealandicus
S. odorus
S. patagonicus
S. productus
S. roseus
S. sasicola
S. salmonicolor
S. shibatanus
S. singularis
S. subbrunneus
S. symmetricus
S. syzygii
S. taupoensis
S. tsugae
S. xanthus
S. yunnanensis

Referências

Ligações externas

Basidiomycota
Sporidiobolales

Sporobolomyces


Robert Marvin Shelton () a fost un vânzător de anvelope și tipograf care a devenit cunoscut la nivel național datorită funcției sale de Imperial Wizard al United Klans of America, un grup asociat organizației Ku Klux Klan.

Cariera
Shelton a lucrat ca muncitor în fabrică și ca vânzător de anvelope. Acesta a fost și proprietarul unei tipografii cu biroul pe Bulevardul Union. Spre finalul anilor '60, Shelton a candidat pentru funcția de comisar de poliție în Tuscaloosa, Alabama. A încheiat examenul pe locul cinci.

Acesta a devenit lider al UKA în 1961, perioada în care numărul membrilor grupului era estimat la 30.000. În 1966, Shelton a fost condamnat la un an de închisoare și a primit o amendă de 1.000$ deoarece a sfidat Congresul Statelor Unite, "pe motiv că a refuzat să elibereze listele cu membri pentru House Un-American Activities Committee".

În 1984, James Knowles, membru United Klans of America al Klavern 900 din Mobile, a fost condamnat pentru uciderea lui Michael Donald din 1981. Knowles a declarat în cadrul procesului că el și Henry Hays l-au ucis pe Donald "pentru a demonstra puterea Klanului în Alabama". În 1987, Southern Poverty Law Center a deschis un caz civil în numele familiei victimei împotriva United Klans of America, considerând organizația ca fiind responsabilă pentru moartea lui Donald, un bărbat de culoare în vârstă de 19 ani. Aceștia au fost obligați de către juriu să-i plătească $7 milioane mamei lui Donald. Neavând o astfel de sumă, proprietatea UKA i-a fost oferită acesteia. În timpul procesului civil, Knowles a menționat că "a respectat ordinele" date de Bennie Jack Hays, tatăl lui Henry Hays și locotenentul lui Shelton.

În 1994, Shelton a declarat că "Klanul este credința mea, religia mea. Însă nu va mai funcționa. Klanul a pierit. Pentru totdeauna."

Moartea
Shelton a murit în urma unui atac de cord pe 17 martie 2003, în Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Note

Legături externe

 United Klans of America
 Endnotes: Biografia lui Robert Shelton
 Fotografii cu Robert Shelton din Colecția Moncrief Photograph din Arhivele Mississippi.

Nașteri în 1929
Decese în 2003
Ku Klux Klan
Membri Ku Klux Klan

Robert Shelton (Ku Klux Klan)


An Paspalum canarae in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jan Frederik Veldkamp. An Paspalum canarae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum canarae


Alt-Arksum-skibet er et vikingeskib af typen knarr, som blev fundet ved landsbyen Arksum (tysk: Archsum, nordfrisisk: Arichsem) på den nordfrisiske ø Sild i det nordvestlige Sydslesvig, som var dansk til 1864. Under en udgravning omkring Arksum i 1969 til 1973 blev resterne af et skib opdaget og hentet for yderligere undersøgelser på Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum i Bremerhaven.

I alt blev der fundet fire stykker fra skibet, og det var mulig at bestemme skibstypen, fordi det var bidder af spanter.

Skibet var formodentlig en knarr af samme størrelse som Klåstadskibet, der blev fundet i Norge. Dvs. en længde på 16-22 meter og en bredde på 4,2-5,0 meter. Skibet blev dateret til 900-tallet.

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Skepp & Fynd, backup

Skibe fra vikingetiden
Sild (ø)
Skibe fra Tyskland

Alt-Arksum-skibet


Meokrnje je planina u Bosni i Hercegovini, na prostoru središnje Bosne. Smještena je između Teslića i Zenice. Najveći vrh nalazi se na 1425 metara nadmorske visine

.

Izvori

Planine u Bosni i Hercegovini

Meokrnje


An Stanhopea napoensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson. An Stanhopea napoensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stanhopea, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Stanhopea

Stanhopea napoensis


Institutul de Calcul "Tiberiu Popoviciu" este un institut de cercetare al Academiei Române, aflat în Cluj-Napoca, având profil matematic.

Institutul este coordonat de secția de Științe Matematice și aflat în subordinea Filialei din Cluj-Napoca a Academiei Române.

Institutul se ocupă de cercetare fundamentală,în principal în domeniul analizei numerice.

Istoric, realizări
A fost înființat în 1951, ca Secție de Matematică a Filialei din Cluj-Napoca, fiind condus de acad. Tiberiu Popoviciu, și având (până în 2003) sediul pe str. Republicii nr. 37.

La Institut au fost construite în anii '50-'60 unele din primele calculatoare electronice din România (pentru detalii se mai poate consulta istoria informaticii în România):
 MARICA, în 1959 ("Mașina Automată cu Relee a Institutului de Calcul al Academiei") - un prim calculator, experimental, cu relee electromagnetice;
 DACICC-1, în 1963 (Dispozitiv Automat de Calcul al Institutului de Calcul din Cluj); acesta este socotit al treilea calculator construit în țară, dar este primul calculator românesc cu tranzistori (nefiind complet tranzistorizat) și totodată primul cu memorie internă și regiștri din ferite. Prin DACICC-1, România a fost în 1963 a 11-a țară din lume care a construit un calculator cu tranzistori;
 DACICC-200, în 1968; acesta a fost primul calculator românesc cu sistem de operare și compilator, precum și cu instrucțiuni aritmetice cablate hard. El a avut cele mai performante caracteristici dintre calculatoarele românești, înainte de fabricarea la începutul anilor '70 a calculatoarelor sub licență; unele caracteristici au fost superioare chiar și primelor calculatoare sub licență: 200.000 op./sec (seria de calculatoare Felix M, construite între 1975-1981 efectuau 250.000 op/sec), funcționarea paralelă a dispozitivelor componente (a blocurilor de memorie, a perifericelor), numere în virgulă flotantă reprezentate pe 48 biți (față de 32 biți la calculatoarele IRIS).
Aceste calculatoare au constituit baza formării a
 profesorilor de informatică de la Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai" (de ex. prof. dr. Dimitrie D. Stancu, prof. dr. Grigor Moldovan, ș.a.), care s-au instruit pe acest calculator iar apoi au predat cursuri la facultate, Clujul începând astfel să genereze absolvenți în domeniul IT;
 specialiștilor în informatică (hardware și software) care au constituit, prin transfer de aici, Institutul de Tehnică de Calcul (ITC) Cluj, în 1968, și Centrul Teritorial de Calcul Cluj, în 1970; alți ingineri s-au transferat la Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca;
 numeroși matematicieni de la Institut, de la Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai" și de la Universitatea Tehnică Cluj-Napoca ca specialiști în analiză numerică; aici s-a format ceea ce e cunoscută în țară și peste hotare ca "Școala Clujeană de Analiză Numerică și Teoria Aproximării".
Institutul de Calcul poate fi așadar considerat ca "leagănul informaticii clujene", precum și un important jalon în istoria informaticii românești și mondiale.

Institutul are de asemenea un rol recunoscut în dezvoltarea analizei numerice românești.

Distincții, premii obținute de membrii Institutului
In perioada de maximă dezvoltare, membri ai Institutului au obținut premii ale Academiei Române:
 Oleg Aramă (premiul "Gh. Țițeica" al Academiei Române, 1965)
 Ion Păvăloiu (premiul "Gh. Lazăr" al Academiei Române, 1974)
 Elena Popoviciu (premiul "Gh. Țițeica" al Academiei Române, 1974)
 Ladislau Németi (premiul "Gh. Lazăr" al Academiei Române, 1974)
Tiberiu Popoviciu primise distincția de "Om de știință emerit", precum și alte distincții și medalii.

Și în perioada recentă, după 1990, unii membri ai Institutului au obținut premii și distincții:
 C.-I. Gheorghiu (1990, premiul "S. Stoilow" al Academiei Române),
 C. Vamoș (2010, Diploma de excelență, din partea Academiei Române Filiala Cluj-Napoca),
 I. Păvăloiu (2010, Diploma de excelență pentru rezultate remarcabile în matematică, din partea Academiei Române, Filiala din Cluj-Napoca, 2009, Distincția de excelență din partea Universității de Nord Baia-Mare),
 E. Cătinaș (2015, Diploma Distincția Culturală a Academiei Române, pentru importante contribuții științifice în analiza numerică),
 M. Crăciun (2016, Diploma de excelentă Gh. Barițiu a Academiei Române Filiala Cluj-Napoca).
Ca o recunoaștere a meritelor specialiștilor de la Cluj, Mircea Bocu, Gheorghe Farkas și Emil Muntean (alături de alți câțiva pionieri ai informaticii românești) au fost recompensați în anul 2003 de către președinția României cu Ordinul Național Serviciul Credincios în grad de Cavaler.

Note

Vezi și
 Tiberiu Popoviciu

Legături externe
 Site oficial

Institute de cercetări din România
Institute ale Academiei Române
Fondări în 1951

Institutul de Calcul „Tiberiu Popoviciu”


යටියන්තොට යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සබරගමුව පළාත තුල කෑගල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා තිබෙන නගරයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සබරගමුව පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

යටියන්තොට


Sophie la Girafe er blevet et verdenskendt baby legetøj og blev første gang solgt helt tilbage i 1961 i Paris. Det er produceret af Mr. Rampeau, en specialist i at transformere latex gummi fra hevea træet. Navnet Sophie kommer sig af, at den første gang blev solgt på Saint Sohpie's dag i Frankrig.

På trods af, at det er et meget enkelt stykke bidelegetøj, er den blevet en verdensomspændende succes og Sophie la Girafe sælges til over 70 forskellige lande - herunder også Danmark.

Det er i dag virksomheden Vulli der står bag brandet Sophie la Girafe og de har base i Rumilly i Haute-Savoie, Frankrig.

Vulli har efterfølgende udvidet sortimentet, til også at indeholde bamser og bideringe.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Sophie la girafe's officielle hjemmeside

References

Legetøjsproducenter fra Frankrig
Etableret i 1961

Sophie la girafe


Carangiformes je red zrakoperki koji se sastoji od 6 porodica.

Taksonomija
 Nematistiidae Gill 1862.
 Coryphaenidae Rafinesque, 1815
 Rachycentridae Gill 1896.
 Echeneididae Rafinesque, 1815.
 Carangidae Rafinesque, 1815.
 Menidae Fitzinger, 1873.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Carangiformes


බලපාඩුවඩුගේ මනුකුලසූරිය ලක්ෂ්මන් මෙන්ඩිස් (උපත 1955 මැයි 19), හෙවත් ලක්ෂ්මන් මෙන්ඩිස්, යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිනමාවේ, වේදිකාවේ සහ රූපවාහිනියේ නළුවෙකි.

පෞද්ගලික ජීවිතය
ඔහු 1955 මැයි 19 වන දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ දී උපත ලැබීය. ඔහුගේ පියා රෙජී මෙන්ඩිස් ලංකා සමසමාජ පක්ෂයේ හිටපු මධ්‍යම කාරක සභිකයෙකි. මොරටුව ප්‍රදේශයේ උපන් රෙජී කුඩා කාලයේ පල්ලියේ ලිපිකරුවෙකි. රෙජී අතීතයේ පැරණි ලංකා සමසමාජ පක්ෂයේ අධ්‍යාපන මණ්ඩලයේ ලේකම්වරයා වූ අතර තම පාක්ෂිකයන් දැනුවත් කිරීමේ තීරණාත්මක කාර්ය භාරය සැලකුවේ අද මාක්ස්වාදය පිළිබඳ පුහුණුවක් හා පළපුරුද්දක් ලබා ගැනීමටය. 1940 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී ඔහු බොල්ෂෙවික් ලෙනින්වාදී පක්ෂයට සම්බන්ධ විය. මේ අතර බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රජය රෙජීට වෙඩි තැබීමට නියෝගයක් නිකුත් කර තිබුණා. 1952 රට පුරා පැවැති හර්තාල් යුද්ධයේදී පිටකොටුව පෙදෙසේ ඔහුගේ නායකත්වය කැපී පෙනුණි. ලංකා සමසමාජ පක්ෂ නායකයින් 1955 රැලියේදී නගර ශාලාවෙන් බැස එන විට එක් චීවරධාරියෙක් බෝම්බයක් පුපුරුවා හැරියේය. රෙජීගේ කොල්වින් ආර්. ද සිල්වා ආරක්‍ෂාව සඳහා ඉදිරියට එන බෝම්බයකට හසුව මැණික් කටුව අසලින් අත කැඩී ගියේය. රෙජී මිය ගියේ 2014 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේදීය.

ලක්ෂ්මන් රාජකීය විද්‍යාලය, කොළඹ අධ්‍යාපනය සම්පූර්ණ කළේය. මුල් කාලයේ ඔහු ඇඹිලිපිටිය කඩදාසි කම්හලේ ලිපිකරුවෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. නමුත් දේශපාලන හේතූන් මත ඔහු නෙරපා හරින ලදී. ඉන්පසුව තම පියාගේ මිතුරෙකුගේ මඟපෙන්වීම යටතේ මෙන්ඩිස් මැණික් විද්‍යාව හදාරා වසර 11ක් මැණික් ව්‍යාපාරය කරගෙන ගියේය. පසුව ඔහු කහවත්තේ සාර්ථක මැණික් ව්‍යාපාරිකයෙක් විය.

ඔහු විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ බලංගොඩ ප්‍රදේශයේ ගීතා ශ්‍යාමලී සමඟයි. මෙම යුවළට එක් පුතෙකු සහ එක් දියණියක් සිටී. ඔහුගේ පුතා මොරටුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ මැණික් විද්‍යාව හදාරන අතර මැණික් ව්‍යාපාරයේ යෙදී සිටී. දුව එංගලන්තයේ කේම්බ්‍රිජ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ මනෝවිද්‍යාව හදාරනවා.

වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
වයස අවුරුදු 29 දී ලක්ෂමන් සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ 1985 දී ඔහුගේ මිත්‍ර ආචාර්ය ධර්මසේන පතිරාජ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද ගඟුලෙන් එගොඩට වාර්තා ටෙලි නාට්‍යයේ රඟපාමිනි. 1995 දී මෙන්ඩිස් නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරුවෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළ පතිරාජ ''නදුනන පුත්තු'' නමින් ටෙලි නාට්‍යයක් නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඒ කතා මාලාවෙන් ආභාෂය ලබමින් සුදත් මහදිවුල්වැව දළුලන ගිනි නමින් එවැනිම ටෙලිනාට්‍යයක් කළා. තාත්තාගේ චරිතය නොලැබුණත් මේ කතා මාලාවේ 'රෙන්ගනාදන්' නම් සහාය චරිතය මෙන්ඩිස්ට ලැබුණි. 1996 දී, ඔහු දිනේෂ් ප්‍රියසාද් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද "දෙමෝදර පාලම" චිත්‍රපටයේ 'බ්‍රයන්' ලෙස රගපෑ චරිතයෙන් විචාරකයන්ගේ පැසසුමට ලක්විය. එහිදී ඔහු පසුව 24 වැනි සරසවියේදී හොඳම නැගීඑන නළුවා සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය. 2007 දී, අංජලිකා චිත්‍රපටයේ චරිතය වෙනුවෙන් ඔහු 32 වැනි සරසවිය උළෙලේ හොඳම රංගනය සඳහා කුසලතා සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය.

2012 දී ඔහු ලක්මාල් දර්මරත්න විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද කූඹියෝ දේශපාලන ත්‍රාසජනක චිත්‍රපටයේ රඟපෑවේය. මෙම කතාමාලාව 2016 දී ස්වාධීන රූපවාහිනියේ හි විකාශය වූ අතර එය අයි.එම්.ඩී.බී දත්ත සමුදායේ 9.9/10 ලකුණු ලබා ගනිමින් ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් සහිත අපරාධ රූපවාහිනී නාට්‍යය බවට පත් වූ අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස වැඩි ඡන්ද 10/10 ක් ලැබිණි. 2016 දී, සුනෙත් මාලිංග ලොකුහේවා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද නිදහසේ පියා ඩී.එස් චරිතාපදාන චිත්‍රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිතය රඟපෑමට ඔහුට ආරාධනා කරන ලදී. අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා මෙන්ඩිස්ගේ චරිතාපදානය ගැන දැන්වූ විට ඔහු මෙන්ඩියාට දේශපාලනික වශයෙන් ප්‍රශ්නයක් වූ වාමාංශිකයෙකු බැවින් ඔහු තරමක් ව්‍යාකූල විය. මේ ප්‍රශ්නයට පිළිතුරක් සොයාගත නොහැකි වූ විට මෙන්ඩිස් පතිරාජ හමුවී මේ ගැන විමසුවේය. චිත්‍රපට කණ්ඩායමේ ධනාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාරයෙන් පසු මෙන්ඩිස් එම චරිතය භාර ගැනීමට කැමැත්ත පළ කළේය. චිත්‍රපටය පසුව 2018 දී තිරගත වූ අතර ඔහුගේ චරිතය සඳහා ධනාත්මක ප්‍රතිචාර ලැබුණි. එම වසරේම ජයලත් මනෝරත්න නිෂ්පාදනය කළ හඳ නිහඬ වේදිකා නාට්‍යයට සම්බන්ධ විය.

2017 දී ලක්ෂ්මන් සුමිත් රත්නායක අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ ''මද්දහන'' නාට්‍ය මාලාවේ රඟපෑවා. මෙම චරිතය සඳහා ඔහු රයිගම් ටෙල්ස් සහ සුමති සම්මාන දෙකේදීම හොඳම සහය නළුවාට හිමි සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය. 2019 දී ඔහු සුදර්ශි ලෙස පොදුවේ හඳුන්වන සිංහල සංස්කෘතික ආයතනයේ ලේකම්වරයා ලෙස තේරී පත් විය. 2020 දී, ඔහු රූපවාහිනී කතා මාලා දෙකක පෙනී සිටියේය: අහන්න කෙනක් නෑ සහ සුදු ඇඳගෙන කළු ඇවිත්, දෙකම දේශීය උත්සවවලදී සම්මාන කිහිපයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ලක්ෂ්මන් මෙන්ඩිස්


Porto Riko Çukuru, Porto Riko'nun kuzey açıklarında, Milwaukee Derinliği'nde 8648 metre derinliğe ulaşan Atlas Okyanusu'nun en derin çukurluğu.

 bir

Yitim zonları
Atlas Okyanusu'ndaki okyanus çukurları
Çukuru
Karayipler' de doğa tarihi
Karayipler jeolojisi

Porto Riko Çukuru


الفيروسات الهربسية أو الفيروسات الحلئية  هي عائلة واسعة من فيروسات الدنا والتي تسبب أمراض لدى الحيوان والاٍنسان. اٍسم العائلة مشتق من الكلمة اليونانية herpein والتي تعني زحف.

يمكن للفيروسات الهربسية أن تسبب اٍصابات كامنة أو حالة.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 فيروسات هربسية
 tdv;shj فيروسات الحيوانات
 فيروسات الهربس
 إدارة المنتدى الدولي للهربس
 المركز الوطني للمصادر حول الفيروسات
 نظرة عامة

أسباب معدية للسرطان
أمراض فيروسية
عائلات فيروسية
علم الفيروسات الحيوانية

فيروسات هربسية


Arifegazili, Çorum ilinin Sungurlu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. 29 Şubat 1972 tarihinde belediye statüsü alarak beldeye çevrilen yerleşimin belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 52 km, Sungurlu ilçe merkezine 16 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sungurlu belde ve köyleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Arifegazili, Sungurlu


Hele Østdelen af Læsø, et strand-, klit- og hedeareal på den østligste del af Læsø blev fredet i 1963, i alt 266 hektar. Bortset fra nogle få sommerhuse har naturen her fået lov til at råde. Området er en del af Natura 2000-område nr. 9 Strandenge på Læsø og havet syd herfor

Landskabet
Ved nordkysten ligger Danzigmand Klit, der er den højeste af klitterne, som kanter det fredede områdes nordkyst. Herfra er der en fin udsigt mod syd over hele Syrsig, som er et stort, fladt mose- og hedeområde med en del småvander.

Syrodde udgør det nordøstligste punkt på Læsø, og syd herfor ligger halvøen Bløden Hale og barriereøerne Store Knot, Lille Knot og Knogen, der repræsenterer det alleryngste af øen, idet disse områder er lagt til af havet i løbet af de sidste få århundreder. Mens nordkysten af Læsø over store stræk eroderes af havstrømmene, bliver der ved Bløden aflejret sand og grus i et strandvoldsmønster, som de fleste steder let kan erkendes i landskabet. Strandvoldene, som udgør den "tynde" og sydligste del af Bløden Hale, er ikke mere end 50-60 år gamle. Mod syd dukker der mange steder sand- eller stengrunde op, som ikke figurerer på kortene. Nogle af dem vil snart forsvinde igen, de fleste bliver i længere tid.

Plantelivet

Vegetationen i hede-mosearealerne følger det kendte mønster: på rimmerne (de gamle strandvolde) domineres plantevæksten af hedelyng, revling og krybende pil. I de fugtigere mellemliggende arealer (dobber) vokser mosepors, klokkelyng og græsarten blåtop. Benbræk og plettet gøgeurt findes også her.

På Bløden Hale går vegetationen over i strandeng. Her vokser bl.a. tætblomstret hindebæger, strandmalurt, strandtusindgylden og sandkryb. Der er hegnet for kvæg på en del af strandengene, som herved holdes lysåbne. På de ikke-græssede arealer kommer bl.a. bevoksninger af strandkogleaks .

Dyrelivet
De udstrakte lavvandede havflader med store sten og småholme er et godt spisekammer for en mængde vandfuglearter. Derfor er havet syd og vest for Knotterne og hele Bovet Bugt udlagt som vildtreservat for at give fuglene fred til både rast og yngel.
Knotterne rummer Danmarks eneste større koloni af svartbag. Andre ynglefugle er (nogle kun sporadisk) edderfugl, gråand, gravand, strandskade, stor præstekrave, toppet skallesluger, rødben, sølvmåge, stormmåge, sandterne, havterne, dværgterne, splitterne, knopsvane, stor regnspove.

Fra toppen af Danzigmand kan man gøre gode iagttagelser. Herfra ses sælhunderevet mod nordvest med mulighed for at se sæler. Danzigmand har sit navn efter et skib fra Danzig, som strandede her i 1741. I hele området ses også rigtig mange fuglearter under forårsfugletrækket, også mange småfugle.

Litteratur
 Knud Dahl: Fredede områder og statsskove. Jylland; København 1987;  (opslag 37: "Østenden af Læsø", s. 28-29)
 Tommy Dybbro: De danske ynglefugles udbredelse; København 1976;
 Lorenz Ferdinand: "Fuglene i landskabet" (Større danske fuglelokaliteter Bind II); Dansk Ornitologisk Forening, København 1980;

Eksterne henvisninger
 Om fredningen på fredninger.dk
 Naturplanen for Natura 2000-område nr. 9 2016-2021

Fredede arealer i Danmark
Vildtreservater i Danmark
Læsøs geografi

Østdelen af Læsø


Founders Fund ist ein US-amerikanisches Risikokapitalunternehmen mit Sitz in San Francisco, Kalifornien.

Geschichte

Fonds I
Der Fonds wurde 2005 von Peter Thiel, unter Beteiligung von Ken Howery und Luke Nosek (alle drei Mitbegründer von PayPal), eingerichtet. Mit einem Volumen von 50 Millionen US-Dollar lag der Fokus zunächst auf Start- und Early-Stage-Finanzierungen von Internet-Unternehmen.  2006 holte Thiel den Napster Mitbegründer und Gründungspräsidenten von Facebook, Sean Parker als vierten Partner mit an Bord. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt hatte das Unternehmen in rund ein Dutzend Startups investiert.

Fonds II
Im Jahr darauf kündigte Founders Fund an, einen zweiten Fonds einzurichten, diesmal mit einem Volumen von 220 Millionen US-Dollar. Während die erste Runde noch von privaten Investoren getragen wurde, zielten Thiel und seine Partner diesmal auch auf Einlagen von Einrichtungen wie Universitäten und Stiftungen ab.

Fonds III
2010 eröffnete das Unternehmen einen dritten Fonds in Höhe von 250 Millionen US-Dollar, mit dem Ziel, ihr Portfolio um Unternehmen zu erweitern, die an Lösungen für bedeutende wissenschaftliche und technische Problemstellungen arbeiten.

Fonds IV
Die vierte Runde schloss das Unternehmen 2011 mit 625 Millionen US-Dollar, um von nun an vor allem in langfristige und nachhaltige Ideen zu investieren.

Fonds V
Drei Jahre später, 2014, wurde der fünfte Fonds gestartet. Dabei wurde 1 Mrd. US-Dollar investiert.

Team

Zu Beginn des Jahres 2012 hatte das Unternehmen die folgenden sechs Partner:

 Peter Thiel – Mitbegründer von PayPal (1998), Gründer von Clarium Capital Management (2002) und Vorsitzender von Palantir Technologies (2004)
 Ken Howery – Mitbegründer von PayPal
 Luke Nosek – Mitbegründer von PayPal
 Bruce Gibney
 Brian Singerman – Gründer des iGoogle-Teams (2004)
 Sean Parker – Mitbegründer von Napster (1999), Mitbegründer von Plaxo (2001), Gründungspräsident von Facebook (2004), Mitbegründer von Causes (2007) und Mitbegründer von Airtime (2010)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Internetpräsenz

Einzelnachweise

Venture-Capital-Gesellschaft
Unternehmen (San Francisco)
Finanzdienstleister (Vereinigte Staaten)

Founders Fund


'''ජේසුස් වහන්සේ මෙසේ පැවසු සේක.' --- <big>වෙහෙස වැන්න උද බර උසුලන්නා උද සියල්ලනි ම වෙතට එන්න. ම නුබලට සහනය දෙන්නෙමි.-</big>- කියා.. ඔහු පැවසු එය සතයක් වී තිබේ.

ජේසුස් ගේ වටිනා කියමන්


Clasamentul pe medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1896 este o listă a Comitetelor Olimpice Naționale aranjate după numărul de medalii obținute în timpul Olimpiadei de vară din 1896—primele Jocuri Olimpice din epoca modernă—desfășurată la Atena, Grecia, în perioada 6-15 aprilie 1896. Un total de 241 de sportivi din 14 națiuni au participat în 43 de probe sportive în cadrul a nouă sporturi.

Zece din cele paisprezece națiuni participante au obținut medalii, pe lângă cele trei medalii obținute de echipele mixte (echipe formate din sportivi din mai multe națiuni). Statele Unite au obținut cele mai multe medalii de aur (11), în timp ce țara gazdă, Grecia, a obținut cel mai mare număr de medalii în total (46) precum și cele mai multe medalii de argint (17) și bronz (19), având cu o medalie de aur mai puțin decât Statele Unite.

În Jocurile Olimpice timpurii, câteva probe sportive pe echipe au fost contestate de sportivi din mai multe țări. Retroactiv, CIO a creat noțiunea de "echipă mixtă" (cu codul de țară ZZX) pentru a face referire la acei sportivi. Unii sportivi au obținut medalii atât individual cât și făcând parte a unei echipe mixte. Acele medalii sunt tabulate sub diferite națiuni la numărătorile oficiale. Dionysios Kasdaglis, un sportiv cu origini elene, trăind în Alexandria, Egipt, a fost listat de CIO ca făcând parte din delegația greacă în competiția de tenis simplu dar Kasdaglis și partenerul său de dublu, sunt trecuți ca echipă mixtă.

În timpul acestor Jocuri inaugurale, câștigătorilor li s-a acordat o medalie de argint și o ramură de măslin, în timp ce sportivii de pe locul doi au primit o medalie din cupru și o ramură de laur. CIO a acordat retroactiv medalii de aur, argint și bronz sportivilor clasați pe primele trei locuri, pentru a fi în concordanță cu tradițiile mai recente. Trei rezultate de egalitate au rezultat în medalii împărțite între diferiți sportivi, numărul de medalii al unor națiuni crescând. Aceste egalități sunt: între Francis Lane (Statele Unite ale Americii) și Alajos Szokolyi (Ungaria), pe al treilea loc în proba de 100 metri; între Evangelos Damaskos și Ioannis Theodoropoulos (Grecia) la săritura cu prăjina; și între Konstantinos Paspatis (Grecia) și Momcsilló Tapavicza (Ungaria) la tenis simplu. În plus, unele medalii de bronz nu s-au acordat la probele în care nu a fost niciun sportiv pe locul trei.

Clasamentul pe medalii

Acesta este tabelul complet al numărului de medalii de la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1896, bazat pe datele oferite de Comitetul Internațional Olimpic (CIO). Ordonarea se face în funcție de numărul de medalii de aur. Apoi se ia în considerare numărul de medalii de argint și apoi numărul de medalii de bronz. Dacă după ordonarea anterior enunțată, țările se află tot la egalitate, li se acordă un loc egal și sunt ordonate alfabetic. Informațiile sunt oferite de CIO, deși CIO nu recunoaște sau susține niciun sistem de ordonare.

Pentru a sorta acest tabel după o anumită coloană, apăsați pe iconița  de lângă titlul coloanei.
Legendă
 Țara gazdă

Note

 Sunt surse, inclusiv Comitetul Internațional Olimpic (CIO), care afișează variații în totalul de medalii, dar fiind organismul de conducere al Jocurilor Olimpice, CIO este considerat cea mai oficială sursă pentru scopurile acestui articol.

Note

Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1896
1896


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 4. ožujka – Fran Krsto Frankapan, hrvatski plemić, vojskovođa i pjesnik († 1671.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1643.


Annalissa Firth, connue sous le nom d'Anna Firth, (née en juin 1966) est une femme politique britannique qui est députée pour Southend West après avoir remporté l'élection partielle provoquée par le meurtre de Sir David Amess. Elle est membre du Parti conservateur.

Jeunesse
Firth est originaire de Leigh-on-Sea, fillle d'un ingénieur et d'une enseignante . Elle obtient un diplôme en droit de l'Université de Durham et travaille pendant un certain temps comme avocate .

Carrière politique
Firth est conseillère de district au conseil de district de Sevenoaks pour la zone couvrant Brasted, Chevening, Sundridge et Ide Hill de mai 2011 à sa démission le 7 janvier 2022 .

Lors des élections générales de 2015, Firth se présente pour le Parti conservateur dans la circonscription parlementaire d'Erith et Thamesmead et arrive deuxième derrière Teresa Pearce du parti travailliste qui a une majorité de 9 525 voix . Aux élections générales de 2019, elle se présente de nouveau à Cantorbéry arrivant en deuxième position derrière Rosie Duffield du Labour, qui a une majorité de 1836 voix .

Elle est élue pour la première fois au parlement lors de l'élection partielle de 2022 qui s'est tenue à la suite du meurtre de David Amess dans sa circonscription de Southend West. À la suite du précédent établi en 2016 après le meurtre de Jo Cox et l'élection partielle qui a suivi à Batley et Spen, aucun autre grand parti ne présente de candidat pour le siège . Firth remporte l'élection avec 12 792 voix et une majorité de 12 220, avec un taux de participation de 24,0 % et 1 084 bulletins nuls .

Références

Liens externes

Député du 58e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Étudiant de l'université de Durham
Naissance en juin 1966

Anna Firth


An Stelis hispida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Alexander Charles Hirtz. An Stelis hispida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis hispida


ඈස් අ(ර්)බව්, සෝ බිලෝව් යනු 2014 වසරේ නිදහස් කරන ලද ඇමරිකානු ව්‍යාජ-වාර්තා වැඩසටහන් ආකාරයේ ත්‍රාසජනක චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ජෝන් එරික් ඩව්ඩල් සහ ඔහුගේ සොයුරු ඩ්රූ විසින් රචනා කරන ලදුව, ජෝන් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද්දකි. මෙය ලෙජන්ඩරි පික්චර්ස් ආයතනය විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කර ඇති අතර යුනිවර්සල් පික්චර්ස් විසින් බෙදාහරින ලදී. මෙම ආයතන දෙක එකට එක්ව කටයුතු කල පළමු චිත්‍රපටය මෙය වේ. 2014 අගෝස්තු 22 දින සිට තෝරාගත් සිනමාහල් වලදී පළමුවරට ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරනු ලැබූ අතර, අගෝස්තු 29 සිට ලොවපුරා ප්‍රදර්ශනය කෙරිණි.

ඈස් අ(ර්)බව්, සෝ බිලෝව් (චිත්‍රපටය)


7317 Cabot este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7317 Cabot este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Konkoly de György Kulin. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,33 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 4,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1940
Centura de asteroizi

7317 Cabot


An Scleria cuyabensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Scleria cuyabensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria cuyabensis


Peter Sallis (n. 1 de febrero de 1921 - 2 de junio  2017) fue un actor inglés conocido por su trabajo en televisión británica. Aunque nació y creció en Londres, sus dos papeles más notables le obligaron a adoptar el acento y los modales de un hombre del norte.

Sallis fue más conocido por su papel como personaje principal, Norman Clegg, en la comedia televisiva de larga duración británica Last of the Summer Wine, ambientada en la ciudad de Yorkshire. Fue el miembro del reparto más duradero ya que apareció en la totalidad de los 295 episodios, y cuando la serie llegó a su fin era el único sobreviviente de un primer episodio del programa en 1973. También apareció en 13 episodios de su precuela, la serie First of the Summer Wine. También es famoso por proporcionar la voz de Wallace en la serie y películas de Wallace y Gromit, de nuevo con un acento norteño.

Biografía

Primeros años de vida
Sallis nació el 1 de febrero de 1921 en Twickenham (Middlesex entonces, ahora Londres), Inglaterra, Sallis fue hijo único. Después de asistir a la Minchenden Grammar School al norte de Londres, Sallis se fue a trabajar a un banco. Tras el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se unió a la Royal Air Force. No pudo llegar a formar parte de una tripulación porque tenía una enfermedad de albúmina de suero y se le dijo que no podría llevar a cabo tareas a gran altura. Se convirtió en un mecánico inalámbrico y se dedicó a enseñar los procedimientos de radio en la RAF Cranwell.

Sallis comenzó como un actor aficionado durante sus cuatro años con la Royal Air Force, cuando uno de sus estudiantes le ofreció el liderazgo en la producción de un papel. Su éxito en el papel lo llevó a convertirse en actor después de la guerra, y así se formó en la Real Academia de Arte Dramático, haciendo su primera aparición profesional en los escenarios londinenses en 1946.

Carrera
Sallis se convirtió en un notable actor de carácter en los escenarios londinenses en los años 1950 y 1960, apareciendo junto a leyendas del teatro como Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Orson Welles, Judi Dench y Patrick McGoohan. También interpretó algunos papeles de carácter en películas británicas de la época, entre ellas algunas de la Hammer. En 1968, fue elegido como el Coker buenas intenciones en una adaptación radiofónica de la BBC de la novela de John Wyndham El día de los trífidos.

Su primer papel de televisión destacado fue como Samuel Pepys en la serie de la BBC del mismo nombre en 1958. En 1961, apareció como Gordon en "Find and Destroy", un episodio de la serie de televisión Danger Man . En 1967 también apareció en el episodio del Doctor Who "Los guerreros del hielo" interpretando al científico renegado Elric Penley. Y en 1983 se debió a jugar el papel de delantero en otra historia de Doctor Who, "Ilustración", pero tuvo que retirarse. En 1967 fue el doctor Watson para el Sherlock Holmes interpretado por Fritz Weaver en el musical de Broadway Baker Steet. Él introdujo lo que los críticos consideran el show es el mejor número musical: un hombre casado.

En 1970, fue elegido para la serie cómica de la BBC The Culture Vultures, donde interpretó al profesor George Hobbes en tres episodios. Durante la producción, Phillips fue llevado de urgencia al hospital con una hemorragia interna y debido a ello sólo se rodaron cinco episodios.

En 1971 Sallis participó, junto a Roger Moore y Tony Curtis, en el episodio de Los persuasores "The Long Goodbye". Aparecía hacia el final del episodio como David Piper, un exempleado de una empresa que fue elevado a una posición sustancialmente más alto y el salario como recompensa por haber instalado en un avión un artefacto explosivo que mató a su piloto. El piloto era un notable científico cuyas investigaciones desaparecieron causando grandes perjuicios a la empresa que empleaba a Piper.

Sallis fue elegido para el episodio de Comedy Playhouse titulado "Of Funerals and Fish" (1973), que se convirtió en último de los vinos de verano, como el amante discreto de una vida tranquila, Norman Clegg. Sallis ya había trabajado con Michael Bates, quien jugó oficial cabecilla Blamire en las dos primeras series, en el escenario. El piloto fue un éxito y la BBC encargó una serie. Sallis interpretó el papel de Clegg desde 1973 hasta 2010, y fue el único miembro del reparto que apareció en cada episodio. En 1988 interpretó al señor Clegg en First of the Summer Wine, una precuela de Last of the Summer Wine, cuya acción que transcurría en 1939.

En 1974 interpretó al Sr. Bonteen en la miniserie The Pallisers, un drama de época de la BBC. Entre 1976 y 1978 apareció en la serie infantil The Ghosts of Motley Hall, donde interpretaba al señor Gudgin, un agente inmobiliario que no quiere ver cómo la mansión del título cae en manos equivocadas. En 1977 interpretó a Rodney Gloss en la serie criminal de la BBC Murder Most English: A Flaxborough Chronicle.

En 1978, protagonizó junto a Norte el actor cómico David Roper en la serie de ITV Leave It to Charlie como el jefe pesimista de Charlie. El programa duró cuatro series, que termina en 1980. También en 1978, desempeñó el papel de la huésped fantasma cazador de Milton en la miniserie infantil de lo paranormal The Clifton House Mystery.

En 1983, fue el narrador de Rocky Hollow una serie producida por Bumper Films para S4C. Entre 1984 y 1990, alternó con Ian Carmichael como la voz de la rata en la serie de televisión británica El viento en los sauces, basada en la novela homónima de Kenneth Grahame. Junto a él aparecieron Michael Hordern como Badger, David Jason como Toad y Richard Pearson como Mole. La serie fue animada en stop motion, prefigurando así sus posteriores trabajos con Aardman Animations. En 1992 apareció en "Rumpole on Trial", el último episodio de Rumpole of the Bailey en 1992, y más tarde protagonizó junto a Brenda Blethyn, Kevin Whately y Anna Massey en el 2004 de una sola vez ITV1 drama de "pertenencia".

Sallis ha logrado un gran éxito cuando, en 1989, fue la voz de Wallace, el inventor excéntrico, en el primer corto de Wallace y Gromit, A Grand Day Out («Un Día de Campo en la Luna»). Esta película ganó un premio BAFTA y fue seguida por las películas ganadoras de un Oscar, The Wrong Trousers («Los Pantalones Equivocados») en 1993 y A Close Shave («Un Esquilado Apurado») en 1995. Aunque los personajes se retiraron temporalmente en 1996, Sallis ha vuelto a ser la voz de Wallace en varios cortometrajes y en la película ganadora del Oscar 2005 Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit («Wallace & Gromit: La Batalla de los Vegetales»), por la que ganó un premio Annie a la mejor voz en una producción de animación. Más recientemente, Sallis protagonizó una nueva aventura de Wallace & Gromit, A Matter of Loaf and Death («Un Asunto de Pan o Muerte»), en 2008. En 2010, interpretó nuevamente a su personaje en la serie Wallace & Gromit's World of Invention.

Sallis fue galardonado con el OBE en la lista de cumpleaños de la reina con honores en 2007 de los servicios de Drama. El 17 de mayo 2009 ha aparecido en la BBC Radio 4 Island Discs programa del Desierto.
Peter Sallis falleció el 2 de junio de 2017 a los 96 años de edad.

Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de teatro de Inglaterra
Actores de televisión de Inglaterra
Actores de voz de Inglaterra
Alumnado de la Real Academia de Arte Dramático
Oficiales de la Orden del Imperio Británico

Peter Sallis


වස්තු සමූහ (පුරා විද්‍යාව)

පුරා විද්‍යාවේ වස්තු සමූහයක් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙනුයේ සමූහ වශයෙන් වරින් වර හමුවන එකිනෙකට වෙනස් මානව කෘතින් කාණ්ඩ වේ. මේවා බොහෝ විට එකම ආකාරයට හමු වීම සිදු වේ. යම් හෙයකින් කිසියම් ප්‍රදේශයක නිශ්චිත කාල සීමාවකට අදාලව එකිනෙකට සමාන වස්තු සමූහ නැවත නැවතත් හමුවේ නම් ඒවා මඟින් සංස්කෘතියක් නිරූපණය වේ යැයි කියනු ලැබේ. යම් හෙයකින් මෙවැනි වස්තු සමූහයක් කිසියම් නිශ්චිත තනි නිර්මාණයකට අදාල වේ නම් එවැනි විටක මේවා සඳහා වඩාත් නිවැරදි යෙදුම වන්නේ කර්මාන්තයක් යන්නයි.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblage_%28archaeology%29

වස්තු සමූහ (පුරා විද්‍යාව)


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 22 Şubat - III. İnnocentius, papa (ö. 1216)
 20 Eylül - İmparator Takakura, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 80. imparatoru (ö. 1181)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 IV. Baudouin, Kudüs Kralı (ö. 1185)
 Wincenty Kadłubek, Krakow psikoposu ve Polonya tarihçisi (ö. 1223)

Ölümler
 14 Haziran - İmparator Qinzong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın dokuzuncu imparatoru (d. 1100)
 11 Eylül - Melisende, Kudüs Krallığı Hükümdar Kraliçesi (d. 1105)

1161


غزيلة قد تشير إلى:

 غزيلة قرية سورية في منطقة المخرّم في محافظة حمص.
 غزيلة (حمص) قرية سورية في ناحية خربة تين نور في منطقة حمص.
 غزيلة (إدلب) قرية سورية في منطقة معرة النعمان في محافظة حماة.
 الغزيلة قرية في قضاء عكار.

غزيلة (توضيح)


Stellasaurus (que significa "lagarto estrela"; tanto em referência à forma de sua ornamentação de cabeça quanto como uma homenagem à música "Starman" de David Bowie) é um gênero de dinossauro ceratopsídeo do clado Centrosaurinae que viveu em Montana durante o Cretáceo Superior. O tipo e única espécie é Stellasaurus ancellae. Seus restos foram encontrados na Formação Two Medicine do estágio Campaniano tardio, a mesma unidade geológica na qual seus parentes Rubeosaurus (agora visto como sinônimo de Styracosaurus), Einiosaurus e Achelousaurus foram descobertos.

Originalmente proposto como um táxon distinto em 1992, os espécimes foram posteriormente atribuídos ao Rubeosaurus. Em 2020 uma reavaliação questionou a referência e a nomeou como espécie distinta em um novo gênero. Os descritores o viram como uma forma de transição entre Styracosaurus albertensis e Einiosaurus em uma única linha evolutiva que levou a Achelousaurus e Pachyrhinosaurus.

Descrição

Como outros dinossauros ceratopsídeos, o Stellasaurus teria uma ornamentação craniana complexa. Em particular, ele compartilhava anatomia semelhante a outros eucentrossauros derivados e foi descrito como tendo uma anatomia intermediária entre a do Styracosaurus albertensis e o Einiosaurus, seu suposto ancestral e descendente. Como o primeiro, possuía um chifre nasal muito longo, maior do que o encontrado no Centrosaurus. Este chifre é ereto e recurvado (apontado para dentro, ao contrário do próprio chifre procurvado do Einiosaurus que aponta na direção oposta) e comprimido, lateralmente. A condição supraorbital também era muito semelhante ao Styracosaurus albertensis, com um pequeno remanescente de um horncore. Sua anatomia parietal é muito mais semelhante ao Einiosaurus, com terceiros espinhos parietais longos e retos, quarto espinhos parietais igualmente retos com menos da metade do tamanho destes, e do quinto ao sétimo não alongados. Semelhante ao Einiosaurus e Achelousaurus, nenhum epiparietal ou episquamosal, no sentido de "ossificações de babados" separados, foi encontrado, indicando que os três gêneros podem não ter eles.

Wilson e Ryan diferem de outros pesquisadores em sua interpretação do fóssil. Jack Horner acreditava em 2010 que o lado direito do escudo do pescoço estava preservado; de acordo com o artigo de 2020 de Wilson et al., Horner erroneamente inverteu a borda do escudo. Wilson também acreditava que poderia ter determinado a posição correta do terceiro parietal ("P3"), mais ou menos paralelo na direção longitudinal da cabeça, enquanto Horner acreditava que essa projeção era mais para dentro do que no Styracosaurus (Rubeosaurus?) holótipo ovatus. Outro ponto de discórdia é a contagem da epiparietalia. De acordo com Andrew McDonald a geada é epiparietal o P8, mas de acordo com Wilson & Ryan é o P7. Aliás, eles não chamam as protuberâncias de "epiparietalia" porque isso pressupõe que elas tenham crescido juntas osteodermas, ossificações cutâneas separadas. Eles não consideram que isso tenha sido demonstrado em Styracosaurus, Stellasaurus e Einiosaurus. Em vez disso, envolveria excrescências da perna da parede. Da mesma forma, eles não falam de episquamosalia.

Classificação

Stellasaurus é colocado dentro da família Ceratopsidae na subfamília Centrosaurinae. Os descritores vêem a espécie como um intermediário entre Styracosaurus albertensis e Einiosaurus, e não intimamente relacionado com Rubeosaurus ovatus (que os descritores consideram uma espécie de Styracosaurus). Os autores descartam uma interpretação da evolução dos ceratopsídeos nessas formações como uma sucessão de divisões. Eles consideraram isso como uma violação da exigência de parcimônia. Afinal, toda cisão pressupõe a existência de um último ancestral comum, um mecanismo de cisão, um segundo ramo que não deixou fósseis e a extinção desse ramo. Em comparação, um modelo de ancestralidade direta seria muito mais simples. Costuma-se objetar a essa linha de raciocínio que, dada a existência de um segundo ramo, o ancestral e a extinção já estão implícitos e, portanto, não o tornam mais improvável. Além disso, há uma infinidade de divisões possíveis. De fato, o modelo sem divisão é mais provável do que qualquer um dos modelos divididos, mas isso não quer dizer que seja mais provável do que o total desses modelos. Isso dependeria da probabilidade a priori de uma divisão, algo sobre o qual poucos dados estão disponíveis.

O cladograma abaixo mostra a posição filogenética de Stellasaurus, segundo proposto por Wilson e colegas em 2020.

Ver também
 Outros dinossauros
 Taxonomia dos dinossauros

Ligações externas

Ceratopsidae
Dinossauros do Cretáceo
Dinossauros da América do Norte
Espécies fósseis descritas em 2020

Stellasaurus


An Hypolytrum glomerulatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni M.Alves ngan William Wayt Thomas. An Hypolytrum glomerulatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hypolytrum, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hypolytrum

Hypolytrum glomerulatum


Prunus subcorymbosa es un árbol sudamericano perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae y nativo de bosques montanos desde Costa Rica y Venezuela hasta el norte de Perú.

Sinónimos
Prunus carolinae García-Barr.

Referencias

subcorymbosa

Árboles de Sudamérica occidental

Árboles del norte de Sudamérica
Árboles de América del Sur continental

Árboles de América Central

Prunus subcorymbosa


Imagined Corners er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1999 instrueret af Charles Moulton efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En historie om 3 individers indre oplevelse af det afgørende øjeblik i deres forvandlingsproces. Alle 3 individer har på deres egen måde en karakteristisk tankegang, som er med til at fremme den personlige ændring.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1999

Imagined Corners


El Real Club de Tenis de Oviedo es un club deportivo privado de la ciudad de Oviedo en el Principado de Asturias (España). Cuenta con 2.200 socios titulares más sus familias.

Sus instalaciones consisten en cuatro pistas de tenis de tierra batida, dos pistas de pádel acristaladas, una cancha de frontón y un gimnasio. Organiza importantes torneos y campeonatos de tenis en diversas modalidades, como la Copa Masaveu, o el torneo internacional Copa Real Club de Tenis de Oviedo, que en 2011 repartió 11.100 euros en premios. Además del tenis, el club realiza otras actividades como gimnasia de mantenimiento o montañismo. Fernando Fernández-Ladreda Aguirre es su electo presidente.

Historia
Fue fundado el 14 de septiembre de 1950 bajo la presidencia de honor de José María Fernández-Ladreda y con Luis Botas Rodríguez como primer presidente de la sociedad. Uno de sus socios-fundadores fue el empresario y alcalde, Félix Serrano González-Solares.

En 1950 y 1976 organizó el Campeonato de España de Tenis.

El 29 de mayo de 1985 el rey Juan Carlos I concedió al club la denominación de Real. En octubre de ese mismo año, la junta directiva del club nombró al Príncipe de Asturias Felipe de Borbón presidente de honor de la sociedad. Cuatro años después el Príncipe visitó el club y sus instalaciones.

Enlaces externos
 Página web del club

Referencias

Deporte en Oviedo
Oviedo
Clubes de tenis de España
Clubes deportivos de Asturias
Tenis en Asturias

Real Club de Tenis de Oviedo


Limón () is one of seven provinces in Costa Rica. The province covers an area of 9,189 km2, and has a population of 386,862.

The majority of its territory is situated in the country's Caribbean lowlands, though the southwestern portion houses part of an extensive mountain range known as the Cordillera de Talamanca.  The province shares its northern border with Nicaragua via the Río San Juan, its western borders with the provinces of Heredia, Cartago, and Puntarenas, and its southern border with Panama via the Río Sixaola.  Within the province there are six cantons, or counties, which include Pococí, Guácimo, Siquirres, Matina, Limón, and Talamanca.  Each cantón has several local districts.

Limón is one of the most culturally diverse of Costa Rica's provinces, housing a significant Afro-Caribbean and indigenous population.  Several languages (Spanish, Limón Creole) are spoken, and due mainly to its cultural ties to the Caribbean islands, dishes like rice and beans are ubiquitous throughout the province, along with reggae, calypso, and soca music (see "Demographics").

The capital is Puerto Limón, and other important cities include Siquirres, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, and Guápiles.

Locals refer to themselves as limonenses.

History

Columbus was the first European to visit Limón during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas in 1502, setting anchor near Isla Uvita, just off the shore of present-day Puerto Limón.  Due mainly to the region's hot and inhospitable weather and fervent resistance from indigenous groups, the Spanish tried but eventually gave up the idea of colonizing the Caribbean lowlands and instead opted to exploit the central valley and Pacific regions.

Starting in the early 19th century, Afro-Caribbeans from Bocas del Toro (Panama), San Andrés (Colombia), and Nicaragua visited what is now Tortuguero to hunt turtles from May through September.  As years passed, these populations eventually settled along the coast and founded the towns of Cahuita (named after the sangrillo or cawa tree), Old Harbour (Puerto Viejo), Grape Point (Punta Uva), and Manzanillo (named after the manchineel tree).  The Afro-Caribbean population established an amicable trading relationship with the region's indigenous populations, and this cohesive existence laid the foundation for these two groups to eventually become the most populous in the province.

Limón became accessible to large-scale economic activity and settlement after the government decided to build a railroad from San José to present-day Puerto Limón (or, as the locals call it, Limón).  Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez proposed the project in 1870, shortly after his successful coup, as a more efficient means to ship to Europe.  Although he secured two English bank loans in 1871 and got the American Henry Meiggs to take on the project, work stopped in 1873 due to financial, logistical, and labor issues.  The railroad sat unfinished until the presidency of Próspero Fernández.  In 1884, thanks to the effort of the Minister of Public Works, Bernardo Soto, Costa Rica hired Meiggs' nephew, Minor Keith, to renegotiate Costa Rica's debt and complete the project.

Native Costa-Ricans comprised the bulk of the labor force as the railroad began construction, though small proportions of Afro-Caribbeans and Chinese were also hired.  When the project entered the Caribbean lowlands, however, many workers died from exhaustion and malaria, which prompted Keith to aggressively recruit outside the country, bringing in large numbers of Jamaicans, Chinese, and even Italians to finish the job.  Seeking to minimize fixed costs, Keith planted banana crops along the lines as a cheap source of food for his work force.  After finishing the project, but losing money due to low passenger numbers, Keith placed bananas in the empty cars and shipped them to the United States as a (subsequently successful) business experiment.This railroad was built as an export railroad, not a passenger railroad.   Combined with the  of Caribbean land the Costa Rican government gave him and the success of the banana sales, Keith eventually founded and grew the enormously lucrative United Fruit Company.

Several town names in Limón (mainly in Talamanca) trace their origin to Keith and his associates: Penhurst (just above Cahuita, and actually marked as Penshurt in street signs and local maps), Fields, Olivia, and Margarita (all three lying east of Bribrí, off of route 32).

Ever since major development occurred in Limón, an undercurrent of political resentment has been felt between limonenses and the central government.  This is especially true for the Afro-Caribbean population, who, until 1948, had to obtain legal permission to leave Limón province, and were not recognized as citizens.  Roads and electricity were slow to come to most of the province (the latter did not arrive to Cahuita until late 1976), and the traditional disparity of resources – along with racism – created resentment among some of the Limón population.  Recent major investment initiatives are a break with the past, and may help to improve relations between the Caribbean district and the central valley (see "Economy").

Geography

The majority of Limón's land lies at sea level, though its western border sees an increase in altitude due largely to the Cordillera de Talamanca.  The province's indigenous populations largely reside in reserves that occupy much of the cantón of Talamanca.

Climate

Unlike the rest of the country, Limón does not adhere to the dry-wet season cycle.  It rains throughout the year, though the driest months tend to occur in September and October.

Demographics

Limón is home to the country's largest concentration of Chinese, Afro-Caribbean and indigenous groups (mainly the Bribri, Kéköldi and Cabécar).  According to the 2000 census, 16% of Limón's population is Afro-Caribbean, 7% is indigenous, less than 1% is Chinese, and nearly 75% consider themselves a mix of Afro-Caribbean, indigenous, Chinese, and/or mestizo blood.  Spoken languages include Spanish, an English creole called Limonese Creole, Chinese, English, and the indigenous languages of the province's three main groups (the Bribri, KéköLdi, and Babécar).

Due mainly to the surge in tourism starting around the 1970s, Limón is home to a host of foreign expatriates.  Among the most common are Americans, Canadians, Nicaraguans, South Americans (mainly Colombian and Ecuadorian), and Europeans (Spanish, Dutch, German, Swiss, and Italian).

Economy, education, health

The United Fruit Company laid the foundation of what keeps the limonense economy going.  Although the fruit conglomerate has long been dismantled, banana and plantain exports remain one of the region's top sources of income, as well as the ports of Limón and Moín (administered by the government's Junta de Administración Portuaria y de Desarrollo Económico de la Vertiente Atlántica [Japdeva]), and tourism.

Although Limón province ranks third in overall poverty statistics, Talamanca ranks as one of the poorest counties in the country, with a significant portion of its mainly indigenous population of nearly 26,000 residents having spotty access to potable water, electricity, and roads.  Two major tourist sites – Cahuita and Puerto Viejo/Manzanillo – exist in Talamanca, and taxes collected from and investment due to tourism help keep the municipality afloat.  However, local leaders hope to benefit from the government's recent major investment initiatives in the province.

Access to education – especially in Talamanca – is a problem that the government has tried to tackle.  Whereas about 45% of limonenses possess a high-school degree (about the national average), only about 22% of talamanqueños (those from Talamanca) have achieved the same qualification.  Recognizing the tie between education and poverty, the government recently launched the avancemos education initiative, in which poor and at-risk high-school students are eligible for a national scholarship to help pay for school and therefore reduce the chances of dropping out.  As of 2009, about 150,000 students receive a stipend (about 47% of the total public-high-school population).  Though not officially linked, the government has reported lower drop-out rates over the past few years.

Health care is provided for the province by Hospital Dr. Tony Facio Castro.

Cultural events

Every second week of October, Puerto Limón hosts a festival called carnaval.  The event's start is credited to local community leader and activist, Alfred Josiah Henry Smith (known as "Mister King"), who helped organize the first carnaval in October 1949.  The event coincides with Columbus Day (known locally as Día de la Raza) on October 12, and traditionally lasts for a little over a week (to include two weekends).  Activities include parades, food, music, dancing, and, on the last night, a concert headed by a major Latino/Caribbean music act in the Parque Vargas.  Previous headliners have included Eddy Herrera (2002), Damian Marley (2003), El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico (2005), and T.O.K. (2006).

The festival goes on rain or shine, though at times it is susceptible to local emergencies: Event planners cancelled carnaval in 2007 due to a major dengue outbreak that afflicted all of Limón, and again in 2008 due to an epidemic trash-removal problem that has since been resolved.

On August 31, Día del Negro ("day of the black person") is held to showcase the black people in Limón. Everyone wears African garments, and the children and adults play music and dance in the middle of the street to traditional music.

Political divisions

See also
 Jaguar Rescue Center, in Puerto Viejo de Talamanca

References

External links

Ticotimes.net: Exploring Costa Rica information

Provinces of Costa Rica

Limón Province