Christopher Wesson Bosh (born March 24, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. A Texas Mr. Basketball in high school, he played one season of college basketball for Georgia Tech before declaring for the 2003 NBA draft. Bosh was selected fourth overall by the Toronto Raptors.

While at Toronto, Bosh became a five-time NBA All-Star, was named to the All-NBA Second Team once, played for the U.S. national team (with whom he won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics), and supplanted former fan favorite Vince Carter as the face and leader of the Raptors franchise. In the 2006–07 season, Bosh led the Raptors to their first playoff appearance in five years and their first-ever division title. He left Toronto in 2010 as the franchise's all-time leader in points, rebounds, blocks, and minutes played.

In 2010, after seven seasons with the Raptors, Bosh entered into a sign-and-trade deal whereby he was traded to the Miami Heat. In Miami, he joined fellow stars Dwyane Wade and LeBron James; the trio became known as the Big Three. Bosh spent the second half of his career with Miami, appearing in the NBA Finals each year from 2011 to 2014 and winning NBA titles in 2012 and 2013. He made the NBA All-Star team every year during his time in Miami. Bosh's career was cut short by a blood clotting condition that the NBA ruled to be a career-ending illness. He played his final NBA game on February 9, 2016. Notwithstanding the NBA's ruling, Bosh fought to resume his playing career for three years before announcing in February 2019 that he intended to retire. The same year, the Heat retired his No. 1 jersey. In 2021, Bosh was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.

Seeking to promote sports and education amongst youths in Dallas and Toronto, Bosh set up the Chris Bosh Foundation and regularly speaks to youths about the benefits of reading.

Early life
Born to Noel and Freida Bosh in Dallas, Texas, Bosh was raised in Hutchins, a suburb of the city. A family-oriented person, Bosh would often play basketball in the house with his younger brother, Joel. At the early age of four years old, he started learning how to dribble a basketball in the gym where his father played pick-up games. Since Bosh was always tall for his age, he was accustomed to out-rebounding his peers whenever he played; but he only started learning the game of basketball seriously around fourth grade, doing so at a playground near his grandmother's house.

As a child, Bosh participated in karate and gymnastics. He also played baseball up until high school, chiefly as a first baseman according to his preference.

Growing up, Bosh names his parents as the biggest influence on his personality and considers NBA superstar Kevin Garnett as his favorite athlete, after whom he modeled his play. Academically, Bosh always excelled in school as he was a member of the National Honor Society and several student engineering organizations.

Bosh began garnering significant attention from college recruiters after he led Lincoln High School in Dallas to the number one ranking in the country and to the USA Today National Championship with a perfect 40–0 season.

The 6-foot-11 teenager helped Lincoln High capture the Class 4A state title as he delivered 23 points and 17 rebounds to go along with 9 blocks. Bosh was subsequently named High School Player of the Year by Basketball America; Powerade Player of the Year in Texas; a first-team All-American by Parade, McDonald's, and EA Sports; a second-team all-American by USA Today and SLAM Magazine; a first-team all-state player; and "Mr. Basketball" in Texas by the Texas Association of Basketball Coaches. With his combination of grades and basketball skills, Bosh's name was on a number of college recruiting lists. The University of Florida and University of Memphis among them made serious overtures, but it was Paul Hewitt, coach of Georgia Tech, who made the best impression. Bosh felt that Hewitt had his best interests at heart and respected his aspiration to play professionally; moreover, he was sufficiently impressed by what he saw of Georgia Tech's transition offense.

College career
Bosh eventually chose to follow the footsteps of his cousin and aunt and attended Georgia Tech to study graphic design and computer imaging, and subsequently, management. There, he led the Yellow Jackets in averaging 15.6 points, 9.0 rebounds and 2.2 blocks in 31 games, and led the Atlantic Coast Conference in field goal percentage (.560), joining Antawn Jamison as the only freshmen ever to do so. Bosh originally intended to complete his degree, but by the end of the 2002–03 season, his strong performances convinced him that he was ready for the NBA. He left Georgia Tech after his freshman season and entered the 2003 NBA draft. Bosh said in future interviews that although he misses his college days, he believes he made the right decision to pursue a professional career.

Professional career

Toronto Raptors (2003–2010)

Rookie year (2003–2004)
In what is widely regarded as one of the strongest draft classes in NBA history, which included future All-Stars LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, and Dwyane Wade, Bosh was selected fourth overall by the Toronto Raptors in the 2003 NBA draft and was signed on July 8, 2003. Prior to his signing, however, other NBA teams made offers for Bosh as they knew Toronto needed a veteran scorer, and Raptors star Vince Carter himself pressed for a trade. General Manager Glen Grunwald turned everyone down.

In his rookie season, Bosh was forced to play out of position as the Raptors' starting center after Antonio Davis was traded to the Chicago Bulls. Night after night, the teenager with the "slim frame" battled against opponents who had a significant size and strength advantage over him. Bosh—who cited teammate Michael Curry as his mentor—was often praised by his coaches for his heart, and willingness to play through pain and injuries resulting from his lack of body strength compared to some of the league's strong forwards and centers. Bosh's contributions were not unnoticed by teammates either, as he averaged 11.5 points, 7.4 rebounds, 1.4 blocks, and 33.5 minutes in 75 games, leading all rookies in rebounding and blocks, and setting a franchise record for most rebounds in a rookie season with 557. Bosh was rewarded by being selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team for the 2003–04 season.

Heralded as the new hope (2004–2006)

With the departure of the disenchanted franchise face of the team, Vince Carter, in December 2004, Bosh was simultaneously anointed as the new leader around whom Toronto would build. In the remaining games following Carter's departure, the power forward averaged 18.4 points, 9.5 rebounds, 1.6 blocks, and 38.1 minutes per game, improving in every major statistical category. He was awarded his first ever NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played between January 3 and 9, 2005. As the season drew to a close, analysts predicted that Bosh would become an All-Star one day. Bosh ended the 2004–05 season as the leading scorer and leading rebounder for the team on 21 and 46 occasions respectively.

Prior to the 2005–06 season, Bosh was named as one of Toronto's team captains. Bosh continued to work on his game as he consistently chalked up double-doubles, leading the team in scoring, rebounding, and field goal percentage for the first half of the season. On February 9, 2006, for the first time in his career, Bosh was selected to play in the 2006 NBA All-Star Game in Houston, Texas as a reserve forward for the Eastern Conference. He was only the third Raptor to make an All-Star game, after Carter and Antonio Davis. Bosh's selection was just three days after he was named NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the second time in his career. In March 2006, following a season-ending injury to Bosh, the Raptors hit a 1–10 skid. This highlighted Bosh's importance as the centerpiece of the offense, as well as the leader of the team. The Raptors finished the season 27–55 and Bosh averaged 22.5 points, 9.2 rebounds, and 2.6 assists per game.

Leader of the division champions (2006–2007)

Despite a major off-season revamp of the Raptors roster—including the departure of good friends Mike James and Charlie Villanueva—Bosh officially signed a three-year contract extension with a player option for a fourth year on July 14, 2006. The deal was reportedly worth US$65 million over four years. Upon signing the contract, Bosh said "I think the future is very positive for the franchise... change was needed... we have a lot of guys who just want to win and are willing to work hard." During the same press conference, Bosh also announced a donation of $1 million to a Toronto charity, known as Community Legacy Programs.

After a shaky start to the Raptors' 2006–07 campaign, the Raptors managed to surpass the .500 mark as the All-Star break approached. Bosh's play and leadership were pivotal to this run and as an increasing recognition of his abilities, on January 25, 2007, he was named an All-Star starter for the East in the 2007 NBA All-Star Game. Bosh received the second highest number of votes among all Eastern Conference forwards. This was his first All-Star start and second overall All-Star appearance, having averaged over 22 points and 11 rebounds in the first half of the season. On January 31, 2007, in a game against the Washington Wizards, Bosh scored a  buzzer-beating shot to end the third quarter of the game. He shot 15-of-15 after missing his first four shots. Bosh's in-form streak enabled him to be selected Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January 2007. He had averaged 25.4 points and 9.1 rebounds while leading the Raptors to a 10–5 record in that month. On February 7, 2007, Bosh's career-high 41 points prompted the home fans to chant "MVP"—an unprecedented event in the Air Canada Centre. Two days later, Bosh collected 29 points and 11 rebounds against the Los Angeles Lakers, shooting 10-of-10 in the second half.

On March 28, 2007, Bosh became the new franchise record holder for double-doubles in a home win against the Miami Heat. He was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the third time in his career shortly after, having led Toronto to clinch a playoff berth for the first time in five years. Toronto went on to win its first ever division title, and concluded the regular season with a 47–35 record, including a 30–11 home record, both franchise records. As third seed, the Raptors played sixth seed New Jersey Nets in the first round of the 2007 NBA playoffs. The series drew much media attention as Carter, who had left Toronto under acrimonious circumstances, was back at the ACC as a Net. Toronto's inexperience was evident as they struggled offensively throughout the game, to eventually lose 96–91. The Raptors won game 2 at the ACC to tie the series 1–1, as Bosh recorded 25 points and a game-high 13 rebounds. The Nets won Games 3 and 4 to lead 3–1, but Toronto forced game 6 when they narrowly won 98–96 in game 5. The Nets went on to clinch the series with a win in game 6. Bosh averaged a double-double with 22.6 ppg and 10.7 rpg for the regular season, both career-highs, and posted 17.5 ppg and 9.0 rpg for the playoffs. He was named to the All-NBA Second Team at the end of the 2006–07 campaign.

Struggles (2007–2009)

Before the 2007–08 season began, Andrea Bargnani, the number one pick in the 2006 NBA draft, was slated to start at center and Bosh at power forward to form a strong Toronto frontcourt and Jason Kapono, a three-point specialist, was acquired via free agency from the Miami Heat to add offensive firepower; however, as the season unfolded, neither plans materialized as hoped. Bosh himself had a slow start to the season, but as mid-season approached, his form picked up and he was named Player of the Week for the second week of January. On January 31, 2008, he was selected to be on the Eastern Conference team for the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Bosh missed 15 games throughout the season, but the Raptors still managed to conclude the regular season with a 41–41 record, thus clinching the sixth seed in the Eastern Conference for the 2008 NBA playoffs. However, they were defeated by the Orlando Magic in the first round, losing 4–1.

The first-round series against the Magic was touted as the matchup between two of the league's best young big men in Bosh and Dwight Howard. Howard dominated throughout the series, while Bosh had a series-best effort in game 4 with 39 points and 15 rebounds. General Manager Bryan Colangelo said at a press conference after the series, "Whether it's protecting [Bosh] inside the paint, getting a little bit more of a presence in there, to just getting him another scorer that's going to shoulder some of that burden, it's something that's clear we have to get better", hinting that the roster was in need of an overhaul. Bosh said after the loss, "They played a great series, they executed on offence and defense better than we did and when it came to the small things, they did a better job... I can't sit here and bark in protest that the better team didn't win. That's pretty obvious. They beat us pretty good." Unlike the previous campaign, Bosh was not named to any of the All-NBA teams.

To provide Bosh with an experienced frontcourt partner, the Raptors pulled a blockbuster trade prior to the 2008–09 campaign: six-time All-Star Jermaine O'Neal was acquired from the Indiana Pacers. Bosh—who had won an Olympic gold medal with the national team at Beijing 2008—started the season strong. He averaged 26 points, 10 rebounds and 3.7 assists in his first three games and was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for the fifth time in his career. A week later, he became Toronto's all-time leader in offensive rebounds, surpassing Antonio Davis's record. While Bosh and O'Neal formed a formidable partnership in the frontcourt, the Raptors struggled to surpass the .500 mark. The principal deficiency of previous campaigns—wing players—continued to upend Toronto's progress. With the Raptors at 8–9, head coach Sam Mitchell was sacked and replaced by Jay Triano. Despite the move, injuries and weaknesses in the roster meant that the Raptors entered the All-Star break 13 games under .500. On January 29, 2009, Bosh was named an All-Star reserve, but an injury ruled him out of the game. Two weeks later, in a bid to bring in a wing player and create greater salary flexibility, O'Neal and Jamario Moon were traded to Miami for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks. The trade did not improve the team's win–loss record, however, and the Raptors were eliminated from contention with seven games of the regular season remaining. The bright spark in Bosh's campaign was his career-high 22.7 points per game, as well as his being one of two players in the league that season (the other being Dwight Howard) to average a 20/10 in points and rebounds. On April 20, 2009, Colangelo announced that he would offer Bosh a contract extension during the summer, which Bosh later refused to sign.

Overhauling the roster (2009–2010)
To prepare for the 2009–10 season, Bosh worked out under Ken Roberson, looking to add  and bring his weight up to . Following the failure of the 2008–09 campaign, Colangelo knew that he had to shake up the roster to persuade Bosh to stay, and the Raptors were one of the busiest teams in the pre-season market. They opened their season with a win against the heavily favored Cleveland Cavaliers, in which Bosh scored 21 points and pulled down 16 rebounds. Bosh went on a tear, averaging 25.4 points and 11.9 rebounds in the first 16 games, but the Raptors were only able to win seven of those games. The Raptors crossed into 2010 with a 16–17 record, and on January 3, 2010, Bosh overtook Vince Carter as Toronto's all-time leader in total points scored. After pulling together a string of wins, Toronto were .500 after 40 games. Bosh was the league leader in double-doubles at the time, being only one of two players in the league who averaged at least 20 points and 10 rebounds a game. On January 20, 2010, he scored a career-high 44 points in a loss against the Milwaukee Bucks, while collecting his 220th career double-double. That same month, Bosh was named a reserve for the Eastern Conference All-Star team, and was Eastern Conference Player of the Week. After the All-Star break, the Raptors went on several losing streaks and an injury to Bosh exacerbated the situation. As the regular season came to a close, the Raptors went from being the fifth seed before the All-Star break to fighting for the eighth and final playoff spot with the Chicago Bulls. After recording his 44th double-double on March 22, 2010, Bosh became the Raptors' all-time leader in number of double-doubles in a season. On April 5, 2010, he was named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week, winning the honor for the seventh time in his career (tying Carter for the most in franchise history). However, Bosh was unable to play in a pivotal match against the Bulls on April 11, 2010. The blowout loss cost Toronto their tie-breaker and ultimately the eighth seed, as the Bulls finished with 41 wins to Toronto's 40.

Miami Heat (2010–2017)

Joining the Heat and debut season (2010–2011)

After the 2009–10 season was over, there was much speculation over whether coveted free agents such as LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Bosh would sign with new teams for the 2010–11 season. Bosh was active on the social media front, posting his thoughts on Twitter and having a documentary crew record his meetings with the teams interested in signing him. Bosh signed with the Miami Heat on July 10, 2010, through a sign-and-trade deal, which sent two 2011 first-round draft picks to the Raptors (Norris Cole and Jonas Valančiūnas were later selected). Bosh was a part of the first player-created NBA superteam. Bosh's parting message to the Raptors on his website said, "[K]now that this was my toughest decision, mostly because Toronto has been so great to me. I've loved every minute here and I just wanted to thank you from the bottom of my heart..." Not only did Bosh leave Toronto as its all-time leader in virtually all major statistical categories, he was one of only three players in the league who accrued 10,000 points, 4,500 rebounds, and 600 blocks in his seven seasons with the Raptors.

Despite being widely tipped as contenders, the Heat got off to a tentative 9–8 start. The Heat managed to go on to compile a 21–1 record, however, and were jostling with the Boston Celtics and Chicago Bulls for pole position in the Eastern Conference as mid-season approached. Miami finished the regular season with 58 wins and faced Philadelphia in the first round of the playoffs. Miami won the series in five games, and also prevailed in five games in the semi-finals against Boston. In the Conference Finals against Chicago, Bosh was particularly instrumental, averaging 23.2 points in the 4–1 series win. He was slow off the blocks in the Finals against Dallas, shooting below .300 in the first two games, but scored the winning shot in game 3 to give Miami a 2–1 lead. That was the last game Miami won, as Dallas won the next three to win its first-ever championship. Bosh was seen sobbing as he walked to the locker room following the loss.

Consecutive NBA championships (2011–2013)

On January 5, 2012, Bosh led the Heat to a 116–109 triple-overtime win against the Atlanta Hawks, highlighted by a three-point shot he made to force the game into overtime with 0.6 seconds left to play in the fourth quarter. Bosh finished the game with 33 points, 14 rebounds, 5 assists, 2 steals, and 2 blocked shots. By season's end, the Heat had embraced a small-ball strategy that featured Bosh at the center position. In the playoffs, Bosh averaged 14.0 points and 7.8 rebounds a game. In game 1 of the Conference Semi-finals against the Indiana Pacers, he suffered a lower abdominal strain that forced him to miss the rest of the series and the first four games of the Eastern Conference Finals against Boston. Bosh returned in the Conference Finals against the Celtics. He was moved to center for the remainder of the playoffs, while James, who had filled in at power forward during his absence, remained at that position. Boston pushed Miami to seven games, and in the final game, Bosh scored 19 points, including 3-of-4 shooting from three-point range, to help the Heat advance to their second straight NBA Finals, this time against the Oklahoma City Thunder. The Thunder won the first game of the series before Miami rolled to a 4–1 victory, giving Bosh his first NBA championship. Bosh scored 24 points in the deciding game 5 and averaged 14.6 points and 9.4 rebounds in the Finals.

Bosh remained the Heat's starting center during the 2012–13 season. On February 15, 2013, Bosh was picked as an All-Star starter over the injured Rajon Rondo by coach Erik Spoelstra. The Heat achieved the league's best record and swept through the first round of the playoffs against the Milwaukee Bucks before defeating the Chicago Bulls in five games, with Bosh scoring 20 points to go with 19 rebounds in a crucial game 3 win in Chicago. Bosh averaged 12.1 points per game throughout the playoffs, as the Heat advanced to the NBA Finals to face the San Antonio Spurs following a grueling seven-game series against Indiana. The Heat and Spurs split the first two games before the Spurs blew out Miami in game 3 to take a 2–1 series lead. In game 4, Bosh scored 20 points and grabbed 13 rebounds to complement Wade's 32 points and James's 33 points to bolster the Heat's win, tying the series. San Antonio would bounce back in game 5 to force the Heat to win the final two games at home. In the final seconds of game 6, James missed a three-pointer, and Bosh grabbed the offensive rebound and found a wide-open Ray Allen in the corner. Allen hit the shot to tie the game, and in overtime the Heat had a three-point lead with seconds left. San Antonio inbounded the ball to Danny Green, who attempted a corner three, but Green's shot was blocked by Bosh to secure the Heat's victory. Bosh was held scoreless in game 7 by Tim Duncan, but the Heat still won the game and the series to claim their second consecutive NBA championship.

Coming up short (2013–2014)
In the 2013–14 season, Bosh played and started in 79 games, averaging 16.2 points and 6.6 rebounds per game. He also hit a career-high 74 three-point shots on 33 percent shooting from beyond the arc. In the playoffs, Bosh helped the Heat return to the NBA Finals, where they faced the San Antonio Spurs once again. This time, however, the Heat were outclassed by the Spurs, as they lost the series in five games.

Post-Big Three era (2014–2016)
On July 30, 2014, after wide speculation that he would join the Houston Rockets, Bosh re-signed with the Heat to a five-year, $118 million contract after LeBron James announced he was leaving Miami to return to the Cleveland Cavaliers. After averaging 21.6 points, 8.2 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.1 steals over the first 23 games of the 2014–15 season, Bosh was ruled out indefinitely on December 15 with a strained calf. He went on to miss eight games before returning on December 29 against the Orlando Magic. After playing in the 2015 All-Star Game, Bosh was admitted to a Miami hospital for lung tests during the All-Star break. On February 21, 2015, he was ruled out for the remainder of the season due to a blood clot in one of his lungs.

On October 28, 2015, Bosh made his return to the court in the Heat's season opener against the Charlotte Hornets, recording 21 points and 10 rebounds in a 104–94 win. On November 10, 2015, he scored a then season-high 30 points in a 101–88 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 28, 2015, he recorded 24 points and 12 rebounds against the Brooklyn Nets, and hit a career-best 5-of-5 from three-point range. On January 4, 2016, he recorded a season-high 31 points and 11 rebounds in a 103–100 overtime win over the Indiana Pacers. Though he was voted to play in the 2016 NBA All-Star Game, and selected to compete in the Three-Point Contest, due to a calf injury, Bosh was forced to withdraw from both.

A blood clot in his leg again forced Bosh to miss time following the 2016 All-Star break. He faced increasing pressure from physicians and the Heat organization to sit out the rest of the season because of the potential dangers of the recurring medical condition. Following the Heat's February 9 game against San Antonio, Bosh did not play any regular-season or playoff games for Miami in 2016. On May 4, 2016, the Heat announced that Bosh would be held out for the remainder of the playoffs.

Comeback attempts and retirement (2016–2019)
Bosh was initially optimistic about a return to the Heat for the 2016–17 season, and the organization had become increasingly hopeful that he would be cleared for camp. Those hopes quickly faded due to Bosh's continued issues with blood clotting. In September 2016, Bosh failed his physical exam and was not cleared by the team to participate in training camp. On September 26, 2016, Heat president Pat Riley said that the team viewed Bosh's career with the team as over. In May 2017, Bosh and the Heat reportedly reached a unique agreement in which Bosh would leave the Heat without his salary taking up the team's salary cap space for the 2017–18 season.

On June 2, 2017, the NBA ruled that Bosh's blood clotting issues were a career-ending illness, meaning the Heat would be allowed to remove his contract from their salary cap once they officially released him. Two days later, the Heat announced that they had waived Bosh, ending a seven-year stint with the organization. Following Bosh's release, Heat President Pat Riley said, "The number '1' will never be worn by another player and we can't wait to someday hang his jersey in the rafters". In February 2018, Bosh declared himself on the comeback trail, having refused to rule out a return to the NBA.

On February 12, 2019, Bosh announced that he was no longer pursuing his NBA career and that he planned to retire from the NBA when his jersey was retired by the Heat. The Heat retired Bosh's No. 1 jersey on March 26 before a regular season game against the Orlando Magic.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|75||63||33.5||.459||.357||.701||7.4||1.0||.8||1.4||11.5
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|81||81||37.2||.471||.300||.760||8.9||1.9||.9||1.4||16.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|70||70||39.3||.505||.000||.816||9.2||2.6||.7||1.1||22.5
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|69||69||38.5||.496||.343||.785||10.7||2.5||.6||1.3||22.6
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|67||67||36.2||.494||.400||.844||8.7||2.6||.9||1.0||22.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|77||77||38.0||.487||.245||.817||10.0||2.5||.9||1.0||22.7
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|70||70||36.1||.518||.364||.797||10.8||2.4||.6||1.0||24.0
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|77||77||36.3||.496||.240||.815||8.3||1.9||.8||.6||18.7
|-
|style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|57||57||35.2||.487||.286||.821||7.9||1.8||.9||.8||18.0
|-
|style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|†
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|74||74||33.2||.535||.284||.798||6.8||1.7||.9||1.4||16.6
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|79||79||32.0||.516||.339||.820||6.6||1.1||1.0||1.0||16.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|44||44||35.4||.460||.375||.772||7.0||2.2||.9||.6||21.1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|53||53||33.5||.467||.365||.795||7.4||2.4||.7||.6||19.1
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
|893||881||35.8||.494||.335||.799||8.5||2.0||.8||1.0||19.2
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
|9||3||19.4||.524||.333||.533||5.1||1.1||1.0||.2||10.9

Playoffs

|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2007
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|6||6||37.0||.396||.200||.842||9.0||2.5||.8||1.8||17.5
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2008
|style="text-align:left;"|Toronto
|5||5||39.8||.472||.143||.833||9.0||3.6||1.6||.4||24.0
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2011
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|21||21||39.7||.474||.000||.814||8.5||1.1||.7||.9||18.6
|-
|style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2012†
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|14||10||31.4||.493||.538||.827||7.8||.6||.4||1.0||14.0
|-
|style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|2013†
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|23||23||32.7||.458||.405||.733||7.3||1.5||1.0||1.6||12.1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2014
|style="text-align:left;"|Miami
|20||20||34.3||.507||.405||.750||5.6||1.1||.9||1.0||14.9
|- class="sortbottom"
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
|89||85||35.2||.473||.386||.800||7.5||1.3||.8||1.1||15.6

National team career

Bosh's national team career began in 2002 when he was selected as a member of the 2002 USA Basketball Junior World Championship Qualifying Team that finished with a 4–1 record and the bronze medal.

After his NBA career began, Bosh was named in March 2006 to the 2006–2008 United States men's national basketball team program, and helped lead the team to a 5–0 record during its pre-World Championship tour. In August 2006, Bosh was named as a member of the 2006 USA World Championship Team. Together with fellow 2003 draftees Dwyane Wade, LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, and Kirk Hinrich, this team competed in the 2006 FIBA World Championship. The team won the bronze medal, defeating former 2004 Olympic champion Argentina. Bosh was ranked sixth in field goal percentage.

Following the 2006–07 season, Bosh was named to the team that would compete in the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship. However, he sustained a foot injury and withdrew from the squad. On June 23, 2008, he was named to the team that would compete in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. During the tournament itself, Bosh operated as the main backup to center Dwight Howard as Team USA went unbeaten in all eight games en route to the gold medal, defeating Spain in the final. He averaged 9.1 points per game, and led the team in rebounds with 6.1 a game.

In June 2012, Bosh withdrew his name from consideration for the 2012 Olympics in London to recover from a lower abdominal strain that kept him out of some playoff games.

Player profile

Bosh traditionally played the power forward position, including during his first season with the Miami Heat. However, starting in the 2011–12 season, he began to start at center and played the position during the team's consecutive championships. Listed at  and , Bosh possessed excellent speed, athleticism, and ball handling for a player of his size. He was particularly noted for his ability to drive to the basket and finish strong or get to the free throw line—where he was also proficient, but he was also known for his well-developed jump shot. Indiana Pacers coach Jim O'Brien once commented on the match-up problems Bosh posed for opposing defenders: "We've tried over the years to put big guys on him. It doesn't work. We've tried to put small guys on him. It doesn't seem to work either. I don't know if we have somebody to play Bosh, to tell you the truth." When he was the centerpiece of the Raptors' offense, Bosh was often double teamed, and he was noted to unselfishly pass the ball to teammates who were in better shooting positions. He improved his shooting range when he worked on his three-point shooting during the summer of 2006 and showed improvement in the 2006–07 season. On November 8, 2006, against the Philadelphia 76ers, he hit a game-winning three-point shot with 6.1 seconds left. It was reminiscent of the shot that marked his "arrival" to the NBA in his first season, when he hit a game-tying three-pointer against Houston to send the game to overtime. When the 2006–07 season concluded, Bosh had shot .343 from the three-point arc for the season; he improved to .400 the following season. Despite his ability to hit three-pointers, it was during his tenure with the Miami Heat that he began to be relied upon as one of the team's outside shooters, taking multiple three-pointers throughout the 2012 and 2013 championship runs. During the 2013–14 season, Bosh shot and made more three-pointers than at any point during his career, and continued to make crucial shots during the playoffs.

Bosh was noted for his leadership. When he was the leader of the Raptors, he was not known for being vocal on the court, preferring to maintain his quiet and humble demeanor but expecting his teammates to match his work ethic. However, Bosh was also known to deliver stern rebukes to teammates who made bad calls on the court. Throughout his career, comparisons were made between him and Kevin Garnett due to their similar style of play and physique.

Honors and achievements
NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Month: January 2007
9× NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week: January 3, 2005; January 30, 2006; March 26, 2007; January 7, 2008; October 28, 2008; February 1, 2010; April 5, 2010; December 23, 2013; October 28, 2014
NBA Atlantic Division champion: 2007
4× NBA Southeast Division champion: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 2× NBA champion: 2012, 2013
11× NBA All-Star: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
All-NBA Second Team: 2007
NBA All-Rookie Team: 2004
2× NBA Rookie All-Star Game: 2004, 2005
3× NBA Shooting Stars champion (with Swin Cash and Dominique Wilkins) , ,
Bronze medal winner with Team USA at the 2006 FIBA World Championship
Gold medal winner with Team USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Third-youngest player in NBA history to record 1,000 rebounds
Fourth-youngest player in NBA history to record 20 points and 20 rebounds in a game
Toronto's first player to achieve 10,000 points
Toronto's all-time leader in rebounds
Toronto's all-time leader in defensive rebounds
Toronto's all-time leader in offensive rebounds
Toronto's all-time leader in rebounds per game
Toronto's all-time leader in rebounds per game in a season
Toronto's all-time leader in blocks
Toronto's all-time leader in free throws made
Toronto's all-time leader in free throws made in a season
Toronto's all-time leader in free throws attempted
Toronto's all-time leader in free throws attempted in a season
Toronto's all-time leader in double-doubles
Toronto's all-time leader in double-doubles in a season
NBA Sportsmanship Award (divisional winner): 2007–08
 Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Off the court

Besides his on-the-court exploits, Bosh was a National Honor Society member and graduated with honors from Lincoln. He is also a member of the National Society of Black Engineers and the Dallas Association of Minority Engineers. Following his success in the NBA, Bosh soon had his own YouTube channel, and has since made various TV appearances. In December 2009, First Ink, a DVD featuring comedic digital shorts and a documentary about Bosh, was released. The DVD was filmed during the summer of 2009. A fan of the X-Men television series as a child, Bosh voiced the Marvel Comics character Heimdall in an episode of Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. in 2014. He also made appearances on episodes of Entourage and Parks and Recreation.

In the field of philanthropy, Bosh established the Chris Bosh Foundation in 2004. Remembering the challenges he faced as a youth, Bosh founded the organization to help younger people in academics and athletics. The Foundation, with programs in Toronto and Dallas, has worked closely with organizations such as the Toronto Special Olympics to raise important funding for community projects. Bosh's mother, Freida, has served as CEO of the Foundation. As an avid reader, Bosh also regularly speaks to groups of children about the benefits of reading, and has received the NBA Community Assist Award for his active contributions for the Raptors community development program in Toronto and Dallas during the course of the NBA campaign. In November 2008, Bosh pledged to donate $75,000 to the Boys and Girls Clubs of Canada. He is also an advocate for increased computer literacy in schools, supporting the non-profit code.org.

On April 9, 2011, Bosh married Adrienne Williams. They renewed their vows on July 16, 2011. The couple have five children, three sons and two daughters.

Bosh has dabbled in hip-hop production. In 2017, alongside record producer, songwriter, and singer Rico Love, Bosh co-produced a song titled "Miss My Woe" by Gucci Mane. The song is featured on Gucci's 11th studio album titled, Mr. Davis.

In June 2021, Bosh published his book, Letters to a Young Athlete.

Paternity lawsuit
On March 24, 2009, it was reported that Bosh's former girlfriend, Allison Mathis, was seeking child support and sole custody of their daughter, Trinity (born November 2, 2008). Mathis alleged that when she was seven months pregnant, Bosh stopped supporting her financially and tried to remove her from their home. Three days later, it was reported that the dispute was only over the amount Bosh paid. Mathis' lawyer also told the press, "My client very much wanted this dispute to remain private. Certainly this thing did not get started by anything on our side... She is very distressed that somehow this thing got into the newspapers. She wants Trinity to have a good relationship with her dad, Chris Bosh, and adverse publicity makes that more difficult."

See also

Toronto Raptors accomplishments and records

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
2006 FIBA World Championship players
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Dallas
Centers (basketball)
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's basketball players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Miami Heat players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Power forwards (basketball)
Toronto Raptors draft picks
Toronto Raptors players
United States men's national basketball team players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

Chris Bosh


ජයවර්ධන කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය යනු,   1977 සිට 1989 දක්වා අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය (පසුව ජනාධිපති) ජේ. ආර්. ජයවර්ධන විසින් නායකත්වය සැපයුනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි මධ්‍යම රජය විය. 1977 ජූලි මාසයෙහිදී පැවති පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙන් පසුව පිහිටුවනු ලැබූ එය අවසන් වූයේ  1989 ජනවාරි මාසයෙහිදී ජයවර්ධන මහතාගේ දෙවන ධූර දැරීමේ සීමාව අවසන් වීම සමගිනි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව  පාර්ලිමේන්තු ජනරජයක සිට වර්තමාන විධායක ජනාධිපති ක්‍රමයක් දක්වා  වෙනස්වීම ජයවර්ධන කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය පැවති කාලය තුලදී සිදුවිය.

කැබිනට් අමාත්‍යවරු

කැබිනට්-නොවන අමාත්‍යවරු

නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු

දිස්ත්‍රික් අමාත්‍යවරු

ආශ්‍රිත

ජයවර්ධන කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය


The Republican Party of Minnesota is the state affiliate of the Republican Party in Minnesota and the oldest active political party in the state. Founded in 1855, the party controls four of Minnesota's eight congressional House seats. The last Republican governor of the state was Tim Pawlenty, who served from 2003 to 2011.
The party's headquarters is located in Edina, Minnesota and the current chairman is David Hann. Starting in 2023 and as a result of the 2022 elections, the Republican Party of Minnesota does not have substantial power over the state, holding no statewide executive offices, no U.S. Senate seats, and minorities in the state legislatures.

History

Early history
The Republican Party in Minnesota was the dominant party in the state for approximately the first seventy years of Minnesota's statehood, from 1858 through the 1920s.  In the Civil War, the state supported Abolitionism and the Union.

Republican candidates routinely won the state governorship as well as most other state offices, having 12 out of the first 13.

The 1892 Republican National Convention was held in Minneapolis.  The party was aided by an opposition divided between the Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, which eventually merged in 1944.

Independent-Republican era
The Independent-Republicans of Minnesota (I-R) was the name of the party from November 15, 1975, until September 23, 1995. The name change was made because the "Republican" name was damaged by the Watergate Scandal. Polls conducted in the early-mid-1970s indicated people in Minnesota were more likely to vote for a candidate who identified as an "Independent" versus a "Republican". During that time, the state party became more dependent on grassroots fundraising and eventually went bankrupt. After the national party pumped money into the party, in the early-mid-1980s, their image and base began turning more conservative. During this time the party had both US Senate seats and briefly held control of the state House of Representatives. By 1994, the grassroots had turned socially more conservative and changed the name back in 1995. Attempts to drop the term "Independent" had been defeated in 1989, 1991 and 1993.

2000-2010s
For the 2006 U.S. Senate election, the party endorsed Mark Kennedy for United States Senate, who lost to Amy Klobuchar.

In the 2008 U.S. Senate election, incumbent Republican Senator Norm Coleman was defeated by Democratic-Farmer-Labor candidate Al Franken by 312 votes out of over 2.5 million cast after a long series of dramatic, contentious and expensive re-counts.

The Party of Minnesota was fined $170,000 for violating federal campaign finance regulations from 2003 to 2008. The Chairman of the Minnesota Republican Party Tony Sutton (R) was found guilty of circumventing Finance Laws in the Gubernatorial Election Recount of 2010 and fined $33,000. (2010)

The last Republican Governor of Minnesota was Tim Pawlenty. He was elected in 2002 and after winning re-election in 2006, he served two terms, which is the term limit. With Tom Emmer's defeat in 2010 by Mark Dayton, Republicans held the governorship for eight years. Despite having lost every executive race in the general election of 2010, the party captured both chambers of the Minnesota Legislature for the first time since the 1970s, and defeated 18-term Minnesota US Jim Oberstar by electing Chip Cravaack to Minnesota's 8th district.

2010 gubernatorial race
For the 2010 statewide elections, the party endorsed State Representative Tom Emmer and Metropolitan Council member Annette Meeks for governor and lieutenant governor. State Representative Dan Severson was the endorsed candidate for secretary of state. Attorney and psychologist Chris Barden was the endorsed candidate for attorney general. Patricia Anderson was the endorsed candidate for state auditor. All five executive candidates lost their respective elections.

Following the 2010 gubernatorial recount, the Minnesota GOP was heavily in debt, owing $2 million primarily for the recount of votes.  The GOP had stopped paying rent for its headquarters near the Capitol and the landlord filed an eviction summons once the Party had fallen $111,000 behind in rent. They announced they would move their headquarters to Minneapolis's Seward neighborhood in January 2014. The new headquarters is situated diagonally across from the Seward Community Cafe where it shares a building with a Pizza Luce. Party Chairman Keith Downey said they were moving away from St. Paul "to be closer to the people." The headquarters were later moved to Edina.
Despite this, in 2010, Republicans had taken control of both houses of the State Legislature for the first time in three decades, only to lose both houses in 2012.

Recent history
In 2021, the Minnesota Republican Party became a subject of controversy when donor and strategist Anton Lazzaro was indicted for sex trafficking charges. Minnesota Chairwoman Jennifer Carnahan resigned amidst the controversy.

The party ran Scott Jensen for the 2022 gubernatorial race, who lost to incumbent Tim Walz. The party also lost its majority in the Minnesota Senate, giving the DFL a trifecta, but the party held to the four seats in the US House of Representatives.

Ideology and voter-base
The Minnesota Republicans have a strong voter base in rural and suburban parts of Greater Minnesota.

2022 Party Platform
In the party's 2022 platform, the party opposed abortion access, calling for the overturning of Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, which subsequently happened, and the Minnesota Doe v. Gomez, which is still standing. It also opposes legal recognition of same-sex marriage. They also "support the prohibition of Ranked Choice Voting in Minnesota." On gun policy, the statement says that citizens who follow the law should "have the right to purchase and possess firearms, free from any gun registration system." For education, the platform also opposes "any element of Critical Race Theory or associated curricula and programs."

Current elected officials
The Minnesota Republican Party holds none of the five statewide elected offices, neither United States Senate seat, and four of the state's eight United States House of Representatives seats. It holds a minority in both the Minnesota Senate and the Minnesota House of Representatives.

Members of Congress

U.S. Senate
 None

Both of Minnesota's U.S. Senate seats have been held by Democrats since 2008. Norm Coleman was the last Republican to represent Minnesota in the U.S. Senate. First elected in 2002, Coleman lost his bid for a second term in 2008 to Al Franken.

U.S. House of Representatives
Out of the 8 seats Minnesota is apportioned in the U.S. House of Representatives, 4 are held by Republicans:

Statewide offices
 None

Minnesota has not elected any GOP candidates to statewide office since 2006, when Tim Pawlenty was narrowly re-elected as governor.  In 2010, Pawlenty opted not to seek re-election to a third term. State representative Tom Emmer ran as the Republican nominee in the 2010 election and was subsequently defeated by Democratic challenger Mark Dayton.

State legislature
 Senate Minority Leader: Mark Johnson
House Minority Leader: Lisa Demuth

List of Chairs

 Ron Eibensteiner (1999–2005)
 Ron Carey (2005–2009)
 Tony Sutton (2009–2011)
 Pat Shortridge (2011–2013)
 Keith Downey (2013–2017)
 Jennifer Carnahan (2017–2021)
 David Hann (2021–present)

See also

 Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
 Politics of Minnesota
 List of political parties in Minnesota

References

External links

Minnesota
Political parties in Minnesota

Republican Party of Minnesota


Kruščica (lat. Orthilia), biljni rod iz porodice vrjesovki, smješten u tribus Pyroloideae. Postoje jedna ili dvije vrste rasprostranjesne po Euroaziji i Sjevernoj Americi. U Hrvatskoj je predstavnik jednostrana ili kimajuća kruščica, Orthilia secunda

Orthilia secunda je miksotrof.

Vrste
 Orthilia kareliniana (A.K.Skvortsov) Holub
 Orthilia secunda (L.) House

Sionimi
 Ramischia Opiz

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Kruščičevke

Kruščica (biljni rod)


Bishnupur es una localidad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Bishnupur, en el estado de Manipur.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 811  a 30 km de la capital estatal, Imfal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 12 399 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Manipur

Bishnupur (Manipur)


Lacul lebedelor (titlul original: în ) este un film sovietic de balet,
realizat în 1957 de regizoarea Zoe Tulubieva, pe muzica compozitorului Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski, protagoniști fiind balerinii Maia Plisețkaia, Nikolai Fadeecev.

Conținut

Distribuție
 Maia Plisețkaia – Odette / Odilia
 Nikolai Fadeecev – Prințul Siegfried
 Viktor Homiakov – Rotbart
 Viktor Levașev – Bufonul

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Legături externe

Filme din 1957
Filme-balet
Filme în limba rusă
Filme regizate de Zoe Tulubieva

Lacul lebedelor (film-balet din 1957)


La Silva o A Silva puede referirse a:
 La Silva (León), localidad del municipio de Villagatón, provincia de León, España.
La Silva (La Coruña), lugar de la parroquia de San Cristovo das Viñas, concello de La Coruña, provincia de La Coruña.
La Silva (Asturias), lugar de la parroquia de Santianes, concello de Tineo, Asturias.

A Silva (Cerceda), lugar de la parroquia de Rodís, municipio de Cerceda.
A Silva (Coles), lugar de la parroquia de Santo Eusebio da Peroxa, municipio de Coles.
A Silva (Culleredo), lugar de la parroquia de Almeiras, municipio de Culleredo.
A Silva (Nigoi), lugar de la parroquia de Nigoi, municipio de La Estrada.
A Silva (San Miguel de Castro), lugar de la parroquia de San Miguel de Castro, municipio de La Estrada.
A Silva (Lousame), lugar de la parroquia de Lousame, municipio de Lousame.
A Silva (Lugo), lugar de la parroquia de San Xoán do Campo, municipio de Lugo.
A Costa da Silva, lugar de la parroquia de Santa María de Neda, municipio de Neda.
A Silva (Neda), lugar de la parroquia de Santa María de Neda, municipio de Neda.
A Silva (Puebla del Caramiñal), lugar de la parroquia de O Xobre ou O Maño, municipio de Puebla del Caramiñal.
A Silva (Puenteareas), lugar de la parroquia de San Mateo de Oliveira, municipio de Puenteareas.
A Silva (Puerto del Son), lugar de la parroquia de Goiáns, municipio de Puerto del Son.
A Silva (Puertomarín), lugar de la parroquia de San Mamede do Río, municipio de Puertomarín.
A Silva (Ramiranes), lugar de la parroquia de Paizás, municipio de Ramiranes.
A Silva (Riós), lugar de la parroquia de Castrelo de Abajo, municipio de Riós.
A Silva (Santiso), lugar de la parroquia de A Ponte Arcediago, municipio de Santiso.
A Silva (Sarria), lugar de la parroquia de Corvelle, municipio de Sarria.
A Silva (Teo), lugar de la parroquia de Lampai, municipio de Teo.
A Silva (Touro), lugar de la parroquia de Bama, municipio de Touro.
A Silva (Germade), lugar de la parroquia de Germade, municipio de Germade.

La Silva


Pelle Haleløs og den store skattejagt (svensk: Pelle Svanslös och den stora skattjakten)  er en animeret spillefilm fra 2000 instrueret af Mikael Ekman.

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Sverige
Svenske film fra 2000

Pelle Haleløs og den store skattejagt


Los conteos dinámicos son un método estadístico y computacional que sirve para dar tendencias electorales el mismo día de la elección a pocas horas de cerradas las urnas electorales y mucho antes del recuento del total de los votos emitidos en la elección.

Características
Los Conteos Dinámicos son una innovación tecnológica desarrollada por el Instituto Politécnico Nacional, que fueron implementados por primera vez en la elección local de la Ciudad de México del 5 de julio de 2009. Consisten en un conjunto de procedimientos matemáticos para obtener estimaciones estadísticas representativas, confiables y oportunas, sobre el porcentaje de votos que cada partido político obtendrá al término de las Elecciones con base en información parcial del Programa de Resultados Electorales Preliminares o Parciales (que por sus características, en las primeras horas no necesariamente es estadísticamente representativo). Estos procedimientos implican la selección de un subconjunto de datos que se distribuyen uniformemente en cada ámbito electoral con base en la valoración de criterios estadísticos. La selección de los datos se realiza mediante procesos aleatorios iterativos, hasta conformar por lo menos 30 muestras estadísticas representativas, a partir de información dispersa y usualmente no representativa.

El proyecto de los Conteos Dinámicos es producto de una investigación científico-tecnológica desarrollada por los Doctores Alexander Balankin y Miguel Ángel Martínez Cruz.

Véase también
 Instituto Federal Electoral (México)
 Programa de Resultados Electorales Preliminares
 Conteo rápido
 Sondeo de opinión
 Elecciones del Distrito Federal de México de 2009

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página del Instituto Federal Electoral.
 Metodología de los conteos dinámicos.
 Página del Instituto Electoral del Distrito Federal.

Política de México
Elecciones
Estadística

Conteos dinámicos


DAC kısaltmasının açılımları şu şekilde olabilir:

 DAC (ülke), Demokratik Almanya Cumhuriyeti (Alman Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, Doğu Almanya)
 D.A.C (macera), macera ve doğa topluluğu.

DAC


Tek toynaklılar ya da tek parmaklılar (), memeliler (Mammalia) sınıfından otobur hayvanları barındıran bir takımdır. Ayaklarında genelde tek sayıda toynağı bulunan bu takımdaki hayvanlar büyük ve çok büyük hayvanlar olarak nitelenebilir. Çift toynaklılar takımının geviş getiren hayvanlarının aksine tek toynaklılar bitki selülozunu midede değil bağırsaklarda sindirir. Atgiller, gergedanlar ve tapirler mevcut tek toynaklılardır.

Özellikler

Farklı habitatlara ve yaşam tarzlarına uyum sağlamak için, tek  toynaklılar, fiziksel olarak belirgin farklılıklar geliştirmiştir. Ayakların ve dişlerin yapısında ortak özellikler vardır. Tüm canlılar ve soyu tükenmiş türlerin büyük çoğunluğu oldukça büyük hayvanlardır. Fillerden sonra karada yaşayan en büyük ikinci memeli olan gergedanlar bu gruba dahildir. Oligosen'den boynuzsuz, gergedanla ilgili bir hayvan olan soyu tükenmiş Paraceratherium, tüm zamanların en büyük kara memelisi olarak kabul edilir. İlkel at Hyracotherium gibi grubun bazı bazal temsilcileri, sadece 20 cm omuz yüksekliği ile oldukça küçüktü. Yerli atların ve evcil eşeklerin cüce ırkları dışında, günümüzün tek toynaklıları 180 ila 420 santimetre baş vücut uzunluğuna ve 150 ila 3500 kilogram ağırlığa ulaşmaktadır. Gergedanlar sadece seyrek tüylü ve kalın bir epidermise sahipken, tapirler ve atların kalın, kısa kılları vardır. Çoğu türün rengi gri veya kahverengidir, ancak zebralar tipik bir çizgili elbise giyer ve genç tapirlerin beyaz dikey çizgileri vardır.

Yaşam şekli
Tek toynaklılar, farklı yaşam tarzlarına neden olan bir dizi farklı habitatlarda yaşarlar. Tapirler yalnızdır ve çoğunlukla tropik yağmur ormanlarında yaşar. Gergedanlar oldukça kuru savanlarda ve Asya'da ıslak bataklık veya ormanlık alanlarda yalnız yaşama eğilimindedir. Atlar, çayırlar, bozkırlar veya yarı çöller gibi açık alanlarda yaşar ve gruplar halinde birlikte yaşar. Tek toynaklılar yalnızca otçullardır ve değişen derecelerde otlar, yapraklar ve diğer bitki kısımlarıyla beslenirler. Çoğunlukla çimlerle beslenenler (beyaz gergedanlar, atlar) ve yapraklarla beslenenler (tapirler, diğer gergedanlar) arasında bir ayrım yapılır.

Evrim

Çift toynaklılarla ilişkisi

Mart 2015'te yayınlanan araştırmalara göre, tek  toynaklılar en azından bazı  Meridiungulatlar ile yakın bir aile ilişkisi içindedir. Bunlardan bazıları paleocoğrafik dağılımlarına göre sınıflandırıldı. Bununla birlikte, protein dizilimi ve Meridiungulata'nın filogenetik olarak genç üyelerinin (özellikle Litopterna'dan Macrauchenia ve Notoungulata'dan Toxodon) kalıntılarından elde edilen fosil kollajen ile karşılaştırma yoluyla tek toynaklılar ile yakın bir ilişki kurulabilir. Her iki akraba grup, tek toynaklılar ve Litopterna-Notoungulata, şimdi Panperissodactyla'nın daha yüksek seviyeli taksonundadır. Bu akrabalık grubu, çift  toynaklıları ve balinaları (Artiodactyla) da içeren Euungulata'ya dahildir. Litopterna-Notoungulata grubunun tek toynaklılardan ayrılması muhtemelen Kretase-Paleojen yok olma olayından önce gerçekleşti. "Condylarthlar" muhtemelen iki grubun gelişimi için başlangıç noktası olarak kabul edilebilir, çünkü bunlar esas olarak Paleojen'de kuzey yarımkürede yaşayan heterojen bir ilkel toynaklılar grubunu temsil eder.

Çağdaş üyeler
Tek parmaklı toynaklılar (Perissodactyla), yaklaşık 17 türe sahip üç yaşayan aileden oluşur  Gergedanlar ve tapirler birbirleriyle atlardan daha yakın akrabadır. Atların diğer tek toynaklılardan ayrılması moleküler genetik analize göre yaklaşık 56 milyon yıl önce (Paleosen sonu) gerçekleşti, gergedanlar ve tapirlerin ataları ise yaklaşık 47 milyon yıl önce (Eosen) ayrıldılar.

Taksonomi
Tek toynaklılar takımının günümüzde yaşayan üyeleri iki alt takımda sınıflandırılır:
 Hippomorpha her ayağında tek toynağı olan, uzun bacaklı ve hızlı koşan hayvanlardan oluşur ve günümüzde soyunu sürdüren tek familya atgiller (Equidae) ve bu familya içindeki tek cins olan Equustur. Bu cins içinde at, zebra, eşek ve diğer türler bulunur.
 Ceratomorpha birkaç işlevsel toynağı olan ve Hippomorpha türlerinden daha ağır ve daha yavaş hareket eden tek toynaklıların oluşturduğu alt takımdır. Bu alt takımın içinde soyunu sürdüren iki familya bulunur: Tapirgiller (Tapiridae) ve gergedangiller (Rhinocerotidae).

Tek toynaklıların soyunu sürdüren üç familyası aşağıdaki gibi sınıflandırılır:

 Takım Perissodactyla - Tek toynaklılar
 Alt takım Hippomorpha
 Familya Equidae - Atgiller: Atlar ve benzerleri, tek cins içinde 9 tür
 Equus caballus - At
 Equus gmelini - Tarpan(Avrupa Yaban Atı)
 Equus przewalskii - Przewalski atı,
 Equus asinus - Afrika yaban eşeği,
 Equus hemionus - Asya yaban eşeği,
 Equus burchellii - Ova zebrası,
 Equus zebra - Dağ zebrası,
 Equus grevyi - Grevy zebrası,
 Alt takım Ceratomorpha
 Familya Tapiridae - Tapirgiller: Tapirler, tek cins içinde 4 tür
 Tapirus terrestris - Brezilya tapiri,
 Tapirus pinchaque - Dağ tapiri,
 Tapirus bairdii - Baird tapiri,
 Tapirus indicus - Hint tapiri,
 Familya Rhinocerotidae - Gergedangiller: Gergedanlar, 4 cins içinde 5 tür
 Diceros bicornis - Kara gergedan,
 Ceratotherium simum - Beyaz gergedan,
 Rhinoceros unicornis - Hint gergedanı,
 Rhinoceros sondaicus - Java gergedanı,
 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis - Sumatra gergedanı.

Kaynakça

Kitap
 Martin S. Fischer: Mesaxonia (Perissodactyla), Unpaarhufer. In: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger (Hrsg.): Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 2: Wirbel- oder Schädeltiere. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg und Berlin 2004, S. 646–655, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3.
 Thomas S. Kemp: The Origin & Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005. ISBN 0-19-850761-5.
 A. H. Müller: Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie, Band III: Vertebraten, Teil 3: Mammalia. 2. Auflage. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena und Stuttgart 1989. ISBN 3-334-00223-3.
 Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. 3. Ausgabe. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Memeliler takımları
Richard Owen tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Tek toynaklılar


Manuel de Adalid fue un músico hondureño. Su obra es romántica y pintoresquista.

Datos personales
Manuel de Adalid y Gamero. Nació en Danlí, departamento de El Paraíso, el 8 de febrero de 1872 y falleció en Tegucigalpa, el 29 de marzo de 1947. Era hijo del Doctor Manuel Gamero Idiáquez y de Camila Moncada Lazo de Gamero, de niño mostró grandes aptitudes para la música y la medicina. Realizó sus estudios primarios terminaron en el colegio "La Enseñanza", después los continuó en el Instituto Nacional Central para Varones de la república de Guatemala, país donde sus padres emigraron.

Obras

Obras musicales
 Suite tropical.
 Una noche en Honduras.
 "vals danlinense".

Textos
 El arte de dirigir (1921).
 La música en Honduras.

Bibliografía

Compositores de Honduras
Músicos de Honduras
Paraisinos

Manuel de Adalid


Bayramiç ist eine Stadt und ein Landkreis in der nordwest-türkischen Provinz Çanakkale.

Die Stadt liegt etwa 45 Kilometer südöstlich der Provinzhauptstadt Çanakkale. Die Kreisstadt beherbergt etwa 53 Prozent der Kreisbevölkerung.

Der Landkreis liegt im Süden der Provinz. Er grenzt im Süden an den Kreis Ayvacık und die Provinz Balıkesir (Kreis Edremit), im Westen an den Kreis Ezine und an den zentralen Landkreis sowie im Osten an die Kreise Çan und Yenice. Bayramiç liegt im Tal des Karamenderes Çayı, des antiken Skamandros, der östlich der Stadt zum Stausee Bayramiç Barajı aufgestaut ist.

Neben der Kreisstadt besteht der Landkreis aus 75 Dörfern (Köy)  mit durchschnittlich 182 Bewohnern. Ein Dorf hat über 1000 Einwohner: Evciler (1372 Einw.)

Literatur
 G. Ozatesler, Gül Özatesler: Gypsy Stigma and Exclusion in Turkey, 1970. The Social Dynamics of Exclusionary Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2014, ISBN 978-1137386618

Einzelnachweise

Landkreis in der Provinz Çanakkale
Ort in Asien

Bayramiç


An Zingeria verticillata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pierre Edmond Boissier ngan Bal., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jindřich Chrtek. An Zingeria verticillata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Zingeria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Zingeria

Zingeria verticillata


El núcleo ventral posterior del tálamo constituye una agrupación específica de núcleos cerebrales en el aspecto más posterior del lado lateral del tálamo cerebral. Tradicionalmente se incluyen tres núcleos en la zona posterior ventral del territorio lateral del tálamo. El resto son núcleos de asociación dentro del territorio anterior del tálamo que reciben fibras principalmente del hipotálamo y de la circunvolución del cíngulo. De los núcleos laterales parten fibras de vuelta en dirección de la circunvolución del cíngulo y otras estructuras del sistema límbico como parte del sistema que transmite la sensación de sentir el tacto y el dolor (somatosensorial).

Divisiones
La masa nuclear lateral del tálamo suele dividirse en una porción ventral y otra dorsal, cada uno con su secuencia de núcleos de asociación.

Los núcleos ventrales incluyen:
 núcleo ventral anterior (VA)
 núcleo ventral lateral (VL)
 núcleo ventral posterior (VP) que, a su vez, se divide en dos:
 ventral posteromedial (VPM), que transmite información relacionada con la sensación del rostro
 ventral intermedio, mal definido, se encuentra más o menos por debajo de los núcleos VPM y VPL, de allí su nombre
 ventral posterolateral (VPL)
Los núcleos posteriores de la región lateral del tálamo son:
 pulvinar
 núcleo lateral posterior
 núcleo lateral dorsal

Función
La información que arriba al NVP provienen de diferentes vías (todas sensoriales) que se originan en la piel, las articulaciones y las membranas mucosas y luego se ejecutar al ser transferidos a través de la médula espinal y el tallo cerebral.

El tracto espino talámico lateral dirige la información principalmente el dolor y el sentido de la temperatura del torso y las extremidades. Mientras que la espino tálamico anterior lleva información proveniente de la médula espinal de tacto grueso. El lemnisco medial (fascículo gracilis y cuneatus) transmite el tacto fino y la sensación relacionada con la posición conjunta del tronco y las extremidades (propiocepción). Estas tres vías sensorias guardan en común su destino: El núcleo ventral posterior en su parte más lateral, conocido como núcleo ventral postero lateral (VPL).

El núcleo ventral posteromedial (VPM) conecta con las fibras que llevan información sensorial originada en el tallo cerebral. Por lo tanto le llegan los axones del nervio trigémino, el cual transmite información sobre el dolor, el sentido de temperatura, el tacto y la propiocepción de la cara.

En esencia, la información aferente o entrante puede viajar por diversos caminos en dirección a la corteza cerebral, llevando en particular, la percepción consciente del dolor, el tacto y la temperatura. Estos estímulos pueden ser bloqueados, una acción de terapia que desempeña un papel en la inhibición del dolor endógeno.

Véase también
 Anexo:Lista de núcleos del tálamo...

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Búsqueda NIF - "Anterior Nuclear Group"  dentro del Neuroscience Information Framework

Tálamo

Núcleo ventral posterior


Kim Kay (doğum adıyla: Kim Van Hee; d. 27 Şubat 1978, Dendermonde, Flandders, Belçika) Belçikalı şarkıcıdır.
1998 yılında çıkan Lilali isimli şarkısıyla tanınmıştır. 1997'da Lilali adıyla bir albüm çıkarmıştır. 2002'de Eurosong isimli bir yarışmaya The Sun Shines (Güneş Parlıyor) adlı şarkıyla katılmış ama yarışmayı İspanyalı Sergio kazanmıştır.
2004 yılında kanser teşhisi konmuştur. Steve Van Hee isimli yönetmen bir kuzeni ve Pala adında bir oğlu vardır.
Şarkıcı Wichelen, Belçika'da ailesiyle yaşamını sürdürmektedir.

Diskografi

Albümleri
 La Vie En Lilali (1998)
 1. Lilali
 2. Bam Bam
 3. Le Banana Split
 4. Iniminimanimo
 5. Donne-Moi
 6. Oui Oh Oui
 7. Tout Simplement
 8. Amoureux Solitaire
 9. A Nous
 10. 99 Luftballons
 11. Je Danse
 12. Poupée De Cire, Poupée De Son (Remiks)
 13. Lilali (Speedgarage Miks)
 Hits! (2000)
 1. Les Sucettes
 2. Bam Bam
 3. Hula Hop
 4. Poupée De Cire, Poupée De Son
 5. Les Vacances D'été
 6. Touche à Tout
 7. Ça Plane Pour Moi
 8. Oui Oh Oui
 9. Le Banana Split
 10. La Dah-Li-Danse
 11. Iniminimanimo
 12. Lilali

Tekli

 Lilali (1998)
 Oui oh oui (1998)
 Poupée de cire, poupée de son (1998)
 Bam bam (1998)
 Iniminimanimo (1998)
 La dah-li-danse (2000)
 Les vacances d'été (2000)
 Ça plane pour moi (2000
 Les sucettes (2000
 Open your heart (2001)
 Direction le Soleil / The sun shines (2002)
 Abracadabrant (2003)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Unofficial website

EMI Records sanatçıları
Dans müzisyenleri
Belçikalı kadın şarkıcılar
1990'ların şarkıcıları
Belçikalı pop şarkıcıları
2000'lerin şarkıcıları
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
2010'ların şarkıcıları
Yaşayan insanlar

Kim Kay


سولا سكريبتورا (باللاتينية: Sola scriptura) وتعني أي بالكتاب فقط؛ وهي فكرة التأكيد أن الكتاب المقدس كلمة الله وأنه يبرهن نفسه بنفسه وأنه واضح للقارئ المنطقي يفسر نفسه ويكفي وحده لإعطاء العقيدة المسيحية.

هذه العقيدة هي أساس الإصلاح البروتستانتي ومبدأ رسمي للبروتستانتية اليوم، بينما تؤمن الكنائس الكاثوليكية والأرثوذكسية أن الكتاب المقدس بالرغم من قدسيته لكنه ليس المصدر الوحيد.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 إصلاح بروتستانتي
 القضايا الخمس والتسعون

الخمسة سولا
الهرطقة في المسيحية
ثيولوجيا لوثرية
عبارات مسيحية
لاهوت الكتاب المقدس

سولا سكريبتورا


Skátafélga Akraness á skálann Skálafell í Skorradal

Heimildaskrá

Skátafélög á Íslandi

Skátafélag Akraness


Geodetski satelit je umjetni satelit u putanji (orbiti) oko Zemlje koji služe za određivanje veličine i oblika Zemlje, koordinata promatranih točaka na njezinoj površini, mjerenje Zemljina gravitacijskog polja, praćenje kretanja Zemljinih tektonskih ploča, motrenje seizmički (potresnih) aktivnih područja, mjerenje položaja Zemljine osi rotacije, precizno određivanje trajanja jednoga zemaljskog dana i drugo. Mjerenja se uglavnom provode iz opažačkih postaja na Zemlji utvrđivanjem trenutnoga položaja ili orbite satelita. Precizni podatci o gibanju umjetnih satelita osnovica su daljnjih proračuna za određivanje traženih vrijednosti (satelitska geodezija).

Za potrebe geodetskih mjerenja često služe i druge vrste satelita (na primjer navigacijski sateliti) i satelitskih sustava, od kojih je u posljednje doba značajan globalni položajni sustav (GPS).

Povijest
Prvi geodetski satelit bio je ANNA 1 B (eng. Army-Navy-NASA-Air-Force), američki aktivni satelit opremljen ksenonskim izvorom svjetlosti. Tri satelita serije GEOS (eng. Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) imaju izvor svjetlosnih impulsa, optički laserski reflektor te druge geodetske mjerne sustave, a energiju im osiguravaju sunčane baterije. Američki pasivni geodetski satelit PAGEOS (eng. Passive Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) balon je oblika kugle s metaliziranom površinom, a u njegovu je opažanju svojedobno sudjelovalo više od 40 opažačkih postaja na Zemlji. Pasivni sateliti kuglasta oblika također su i francuski Starlette, obložen s 60 prizmatičnih laserskih reflektora, te dva satelita LAGEOS (eng. Laser Geodynamic Satellite), svaki s po 426 laserskih reflektora. LEGOS-2 lansiran je uz pomoć američkog raketoplana Discovery, s kojega je posebnim raketnim modulom izbačen u predviđenu orbitu, a izradila ga je talijanska svemirska agencija ASI u suradnji s američkom agencijom NASA. Njemački pasivni geodetski satelit GFZ 1 (njem. Geoforschungszentrum), sa 60 reflektora, izrađen je u suradnji s Rusijom. Lansiran je ruskim bespilotnim svemirskim brodom Progres M-27, koji se zatim spojio s ruskom svemirskom postajom Mir s koje je satelit izbačen u orbitu. Bivši SSSR lansirao je dva pasivna satelita serije Etalon, opremljena s po 306 laserskih reflektora. Početkom 1980-ih SSSR je započeo s lansiranjima aktivnih geodetskih satelita druge generacije, Geo-IK.

Podjela

Pasivni geodetski sateliti
Pasivni geodetski sateliti nemaju posebnih mjernih instrumenata, već je njihovo opažanje omogućeno reflektirajućim površinama obasjanima Sunčevom svjetlošću ili laserskim impulsom odaslanim sa Zemlje.

Aktivni geodetski sateliti
Aktivni geodetski sateliti nose snažan izvor svjetlosti ili drugih elektromagnetskih valova, što omogućuje vrlo precizno mjerenje njihova položaja. U novije su doba geodetski sateliti opremljeni i uređajima koji autonomno provode mjerenja, kao što su laserski ili radarski daljinomjeri, gravimetri i tako dalje. Tako se na primjer mjerna oprema satelita Geo-IK sastoji od Dopplerova uređaja (točnost izmjere do 3 centimetra), odašiljača radiovalova i radarskoga visinomjera (točnost do 5 metara), laserskih reflektora te izvora svjetlosti.

Satelitska geodezija
Satelitska geodezija je geodetska grana (disciplina) koja se bavi geodetskim mjerenjima s pomoću umjetnih satelita. Isprva je služila samo za rješavanje globalnih zadaća (određivanje oblika i veličine Zemlje, srednjega Zemljina elipsoida (geoid), Zemljina polja sile teže i slično), a danas se koristi i za lokalne zadaće u području praktične geodezije, za koje su razvijeni rutinski postupci određivanja položaja predmeta na Zemljinoj površini. Ponajprije se svodi na mjerenja uz pomoć geodetskih satelita, ali sve veću praktičnu ulogu imaju i mjerenja provedena uz pomoć navigacijskih satelita, to jest globalnoga položajnoga sustava (GPS-a).

Snimanje Zemljine površine s pomoću satelita ubraja se u područje daljinskih istraživanja. U satelitskoj geodeziji mjerenja se provode različitim postupcima i metodama, o čem ovisi i mjerni instrumenti kojima su sateliti opremljeni. Geometrijska metoda svodi se na primjenu satelita kao udaljenih ciljeva vidljivih iz različitih položaja na Zemlji. Njezin je osnovni cilj uspostavljanje svjetskoga trodimenzionalnog homogenog polja točaka. Dinamička metoda zasniva se na promatranju putanje satelita i njezinih promjena, iz čega se izvode zaključci o Zemljinu polju sile teže. Pri laserskom određivanju raspona, globalna mreža postaja za opažanje mjeri vrijeme potrebno svjetlosnoj zraci da prevali put do satelita opremljenoga reflektorima i natrag. To omogućava mjerenje raspona s milimetarskom preciznošću, što se može upotrijebiti za vrlo točno određivanje orbite, precizno umjeravanje (kalibriranje) radarskih altimetara (visinomjer) i drugo. Interferometrija radarom sa sintetičkim otvorom, koji ima vrlo uzak učinkovit snop zraka, ima mnoge primjene u daljinskim istraživanjima i kartografiji. Osim navedenih, u satelitskoj geodeziji služe i postupci radarske i laserske altimetrije, gradiometrija (mjerenje gradijenta sile teže iz orbite) i drugo.

Izvori

Umjetni sateliti
Geodezija

Geodetski satelit


Krishnarajapura es una ciudad de la Nueva Vietnam en el cual hubo una conquista con la muerte de la mayoría de los habitantes por inanición, se la considera patrimonio cultural

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 878  a 17 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 216 892 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Krishnarajapura


Le  est un plat typique de la province d'Ávila, en Espagne. Il est obtenu à partir d'une côte de bœuf, de vache ou de veau de la race Avileña-Negra Iberica, originaire de Castille. Il s'agit d'une grande escalope de veau préparée sur le gril et généralement servie saignante, le mode de préparation le plus traditionnel dans la région.

Caractéristiques
Il s'agit d'un steak qui est généralement rôti et qui peut peser plus d'un kilo. Le  est fabriqué à partir de bœuf Avileña, une race autochtone de bovins noirs. La renommée de cette race a dépassé les frontières de la province et on la trouve dans d'autres régions d'Espagne. Il est généralement préparé avec peu de condiments, parfois accompagné de pommes de terre, de laitue et de fleur de thym. Il est généralement servi sur une planche en bois, car sa grande taille ne lui permet pas de tenir dans une assiette.

Notes et références

Gastronomie de la province d'Ávila
Découpe du bœuf

Chuletón de Ávila


فيلهلم شيكارد  (22 أبريل 1592 - 23 أكتوبر 1635) هو عالم رياضيات ألماني، ويعد مخترع الآلة الحسابية الميكانيكية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

آلات حاسبة ميكانيكية
أشخاص من هيرنبرغ
خريجو جامعة توبنجن
رياضياتيون ألمان
علماء حاسوب ألمان
علماء مسيحيون
فلكيون ألمان
فلكيون ألمان في القرن 17
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور ألمان
مخترعون ألمان
مخترعون ألمان في القرن 17
مستعبرون ألمان
مستعبرون مسيحيون
مواليد 1592
وفيات 1635

فيلهلم شيكارد


Cobitis je rod slatkovodnih riba koji pripada porodici Cobitidae.

Opis
Pripadnici ovog roda malene su ribe izduženog tijela prilagođenog ukopavanju u supstrat. Duguljasto tijelo, ne dulje od 12 cm, bojom je prilagođeno podlozi. Žućkaste su boje s pravilno raspoređenim linijama  i točkama duž tijela (Gambetta zone). Oči pripadnika ovog roda nalaze se na vrhu glave, a usta s donje strane glave. Oko usta nalaze se tri para brčića. Peraje su pravilno raspoređene duž tijela. Prsne peraje mužjaka značajno su dulje nego one ženki.

Pripadnici ovog roda ispod očiju imaju podočnu bodlju, što je koštana struktura prekrivena kožnim naborom, koju jedinke izbacuju u slučaju opasnosti ili u drugim nepovoljnim uvjetima.

Način života
Pripadnici ovog roda su se s duguljastim tijelom prilagodili načinu života uz sitni sediment u plitkim stajaćicama i sporim tekućicama. Način hranjenja također je prilagođen podlozi, na način da vijuni prosijavaju supstrat aparatom za filtraciju u ždrijelonoj šupljini. Prehranu vijuna čine beskralježnjaci poput račića i ličinki kukaca, organska tvar i jednostanične alge.

Razmnožavanje
Vijuni žive između pet i šest godina. Ženke žive nešto duže, ali i kasnije dostižu spolnu zrelost. Razmnožavaju se na način da se mužjak obavije oko ženke. Juvenilne jedinke za razliku od odraslih obitavaju u gustoj vegetaciji zbog manjka antipredatorskih struktura i ponašanja. Razvojem, jedinke pozitivnom fototaksijom počinju izlaziti iz vegetacije prema svjetlijem dijelu gdje se počinju hraniti kao i odrasle jedinke.

Vrste
Priznato je 96 vrsta:
 Cobitis amphilekta Vasiljeva & Vasiljev, 2012.
 Cobitis arachthosensis Economidis & Nalbant, 1996.
 Cobitis arenae S. Y. Lin, 1934.
 Cobitis australis Y. X. Chen, Y. F. Chen & D. K. He, 2013.
 Cobitis avicennae Mousavi-Sabet, Vatandoust, Esmaeili, Geiger & Freyhof, 2015.
 Cobitis baishagensis Y. X. Chen, X. Y. Sui, N. Liang & Y. F. Chen, 2015.
 Cobitis battalgili Băcescu, 1962.
 Cobitis bilineata Canestrini, 1865.
 Cobitis bilseli Battalgil, 1942.
 Cobitis biwae D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901.
 Cobitis brevifasciata I. S. Kim & W. O. Lee, 1995.)
 Cobitis calderoni  Băcescu, 1962.
 Cobitis choii I. S. Kim & Y. M. Son, 1984.
 Cobitis crassicauda Y. X. Chen & Y. F. Chen, 2013.
 Cobitis dalmatina S. L. Karaman, 1928.
 Cobitis damlae Erk' Akan & Özdemir, 2014.
 Cobitis delicata Niwa, 1937.
 Cobitis dolichorhynchus Nichols, 1918.
 Cobitis dorademiri Erk' Akan, Özdemir & Özeren, 2017.
 Cobitis elazigensis Coad & Sarıeyyüpoglu, 1988.
 Cobitis elongata Heckel & Kner, 1857.
 Cobitis elongatoides Băcescu & R. F. Mayer, 1969.
 Cobitis evreni Erk' Akan, Özeren & Nalbant, 2008.
 Cobitis fahireae Erk' Akan, Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998.
 Cobitis faridpaki Mousavi-Sabet, Vasiljeva, Vatandoust & Vasiljev, 2011.
 Cobitis fasciola Y. X. Chen & Y. F. Chen, 2013.
 Cobitis gracilis Y. X. Chen & Y. F. Chen, 2016.
 Cobitis guttatus V. H. Nguyễn, 2005.)
 Cobitis hankugensis I. S. Kim, J. Y. Park, Y. M. Son & Nalbant, 2003.
 Cobitis hellenica Economidis & Nalbant, 1996.
 Cobitis hereromacula Y. X. Chen, X. Y. Sui, N. Liang & Y. F. Chen, 2015.
 Cobitis herzegoviniensis Buj & Šanda, 2014.
 Cobitis hugowolfeldi Nalbant, 1993.)
 Cobitis illyrica Freyhof & Stelbrink, 2007.
 Cobitis jadovaensis Mustafić & Mrakovčić, 2008.
 Cobitis kaibarai Nakajima, 2012.
 Cobitis kellei Erk' Akan, Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998.
 Cobitis koreensis I. S. Kim, 1975.
 Cobitis laoensis Sauvage, 1878.)
 Cobitis laterimaculata J. P. Yan & M. L. Zheng, 1984.
 Cobitis lebedevi Vasiljeva & Vasiljev, 1985.
 Cobitis levantina Krupp & Moubayed-Breil, 1992.
 Cobitis linea Heckel, 1847.)
 Cobitis longibarba Y. F. Chen & Y. X. Chen, 2005.
 Cobitis longicorpus I. S. Kim, K. C. Choi & Nalbant, 1976.
 Cobitis lutheri Rendahl, 1935.
 Cobitis macrostigma Dabry de Thiersant, 1872.
 Cobitis magnostriata Nakajima, 2012.
 Cobitis maroccana Pellegrin, 1929
 Cobitis matsubarai Okada & Ikeda, 1939.
 Cobitis megaspila Nalbant, 1993.
 Cobitis melanoleuca Nichols, 1925.
 Cobitis meridionalis S. L. Karaman, 1924.
 Cobitis microcephala Y. X. Chen & Y. F. Chen, 2011.
 Cobitis minamorii Nakajima, 2012.
 Cobitis minhi S. V. Ngô, 2008.
 Cobitis multifasciata Wakiya & T. Mori, 1929.
 Cobitis multimaculata Y. X. Chen & Y. F. Chen, 2011.
 Cobitis nalbanti Vasiljeva, D. M. Kim, Vasiljev, M. H. Ko & Y. J. Won, 2016.
 Cobitis narentana S. L. Karaman, 1928.
 Cobitis ohridana S. L. Karaman, 1928.
 Cobitis pacifica I. S. Kim, J. Y. Park & Nalbant, 1999.
 Cobitis paludica F. de Buen, 1930.)
 Cobitis phrygica Battalgazi, 1944.
 Cobitis pontica Vasiljeva & Vasiljev, 2006.
 Cobitis pumila I. S. Kim & W. O. Lee, 1987.
 Cobitis puncticulata Erk' Akan, Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998.
 Cobitis punctilineata	Economidis & Nalbant, 1996.
 Cobitis rara J. X. Chen, 1981.
 Cobitis sakahoko Nakajima & Suzawa, 2015.
 Cobitis saniae Eagderi, Jouladeh-Roudbar, Jalili, Sayyadzadeh & Esmaeili, 2017.
 Cobitis satunini Gladkov, 1935.
 Cobitis shikokuensis Suzawa, 2006.
 Cobitis sibirica Gladkov, 1935.
 Cobitis simplicispina Hankó, 1925.
 Cobitis sinensis Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874.
 Cobitis sipahilerae Erk' Akan, Özdemir & Özeren, 2017.
 Cobitis splendens Erk' Akan, Ekmekçi & Nalbant, 1998.
 Cobitis stenocauda Y. X. Chen & Y. F. Chen, 2013.
 Cobitis stephanidisi Economidis, 1992.
 Cobitis striata Ikeda, 1936.
 Cobitis strumicae S. L. Karaman, 1955.
 Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758.
 Cobitis takatsuensis Mizuno, 1970.
 Cobitis takenoi Nakajima, 2016.
 Cobitis tanaitica Băcescu & R. F. Mayer, 1969.
 Cobitis taurica Vasil'eva, Vasiljev, Janko, Ráb & Rábová, 2005.
 Cobitis tetralineata I. S. Kim, J. Y. Park & Nalbant, 1999.
 Cobitis trichonica Stephanidis, 1974.
 Cobitis turcica Hankó, 1925.
 Cobitis vardarensis S. L. Karaman, 1928.
 Cobitis vettonica Doadrio & Perdices, 1997.
 Cobitis xinjiangensis Y. F. Chen & Y. X. Chen, 2005.)
 Cobitis ylengensis S. V. Ngô, 2003.
 Cobitis yongdokensis I. S. Kim & J. Y. Park, 1997.)
 Cobitis zanandreai Cavicchioli, 1965.
 Cobitis zhejiangensis Y. M. Son & S. P. He, 2005.

Izvori

Šarani

Cobitis


Yacine Benchekor (en ), né en 1971, est un nageur algérien.

Biographie

Carrière
Yacine Benchekor remporte la médaille d'argent sur 400 mètres quatre nages ainsi que sur les relais 4 x 100 mètres nage libre et 4 x 200 mètres nage libre, et la médaille de bronze sur 200 mètres quatre nages aux Jeux africains de 1991 au Caire.

Famille
Yacine Benchekor est l'oncle de l'escrimeuse Naïla Benchekor et le frère des nageurs Abdallah Benchekor et Sofiane Benchekor.

Notes et références

Nageur algérien
Nageur de quatre nages
Naissance en 1971

Yacine Benchekor


O pușcă cu acțiune la pompă este un tip de pușcă de vânătoare, aproape întotdeauna cu țeava lisă, care utilizează un mecanism numit "sistem de alunecare" (sau pompare) pentru a încărca un nou cartuș.
Pentru a activa mecanismul de resetare, a scoate cartușul deja explodat și a introduce noua muniție mânerul din față trebuie din tras înapoi. Unele modele particulare, cum ar fi Rys-K-ul rusesc produs de KBP instruments și Neostead-ul produs de Truvelo, funcționează cu o așa-numită pompă inversată, deoarece mișcarea de rearmare se face împingând mânerul spre față. Acest tip de armă este mult mai rapid decât o pușcă tip bolt-action și de asemenea decât una cu levier, deoarece nu necesită scoaterea mâinii utilizatorului de pe trăgaci în timpul reîncărcării.

Istoria
Primul brevet unei puști cu acțiune la pompă a fost eliberat lui Alexander Bain în Marea Britanie în anul 1854.

Modelele mai vechi acestui tip de pușcă sunt adesea mai rapide decât cele semi-automate moderne, deoarece de cele mai multe ori nu siguranța și sunt capabile să tragă o nouă rundă odată ce arma a fost ciclată, cu trăgaciul ținut în mod continuu. Această tehnică este cunoscută sub numele englez "slamfire" și a fost adesea folosită cu M1897-ul în luptele de tranșee al primului război mondial.

Modelele moderne de puști cu acțiune la pompă sunt un pic mai lente decât puștile de vânătoare semi-automate, dar cele cu acțiune la pompă pot trage o gamă mai mare de muniții, permițând utilizatorului să amestece diferite tipuri de cartușe. În schimb puștile automate trebuie să fie încărcate cu muniții puternice pentru a circula în mod fiabil. Puștile cu acțiune la pompă n-au această limitare. În plus, la fel ca toate armele de acționare manuală, puștile cu acțiune la pompă sunt mai fiabile decât armele semi-automate în condiții nefavorabile, cum ar fi expunerea la murdărie, nisip sau la factorii climatici. Astfel, până în perioada recentă, puștile de vânătoare utilizate de militari erau aproape exclusiv cu acționare la pompă.

Note

Arme de poliție
Puști

Pușcă cu acțiune la pompă


Axelle Kabou (Duala, 1955) é uma jornalista, escritora, socióloga e especialista em comunicação estratégica. Nascida em Camarões, de nacionalidade francesa e senegalesa e não camaronesa, é especialista em desenvolvimento, consultora de estratégia e ex-funcionária pública sênior.

Vida pessoal e formação
Estudou economia geral e comunicação e possui diploma da Câmara de Comércio e Indústria de Paris, mestrado em ensino de inglês e Master of Advanced Studies (MAS) em ideologia e mídia de massa.

Discussão de suas ideias
Seu livro, de 1991, "Et si l'Afrique refusait le développement ?" (E se a África negar o desenvolvimento?) é bem conhecido e discutido. Ele examinou a falta de vontade e a incapacidade dos africanos e das elites africanas de tomar o desenvolvimento do continente em suas próprias mãos sem depender de ajuda externa.

Atualmente, vários intelectuais africanos como Roger Tagri, George Ayittey, Andrew Mwenda, James Shikwati e Chika Onyeani concordam com sua análise, sendo Robert Mugabe um dos exemplos mais proeminentes de crítica. O livro também foi traduzido para o alemão. Acentuou a crítica contundente de Brigitte Erler contra os conceitos clássicos alemães de ajuda externa.

Publicações
 1991:   – L'Harmattan –
 2010:   – L'Harmattan –

Naturais de Duala
Jornalistas dos Camarões
Escritoras dos Camarões
Mulheres africanas
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)
Sociólogas

Axelle Kabou


Dollerup, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 13,08 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1066 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Peter-Wilhelm Jacobsen tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.langballig.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Dollerup


Prvenstvo Nogometnog saveza općine Split u sezoni 1982./83. je predstavljalo ligu 6. ranga nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 10 klubova, a ligu je osvojio Borac iz Glavica.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezultat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 9. kolo), odnosno prva utakmica između klubova
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (10. – 18. kolo), odnosno druga utakmica između klubova
rezultat nakošen - nije vidljiv redoslijed odigravanja međusobnih utakmica iz dostupnih izvora
rezultat smanjen i nakošen * - nije vidljiv redoslijed odigravanja međusobnih utakmica iz dostupnih izvora
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

 Izvori:

Poveznice
 Međuopćinska nogometna liga Split – Makarska 1982./83.

Izvori

 Jurica Gizdić: NK Dugopolje 1952. – 2002. : 50 godina nogometa u Dugopolju, Dugopolje, 2002., , str. 68-69
 nk-oskotok.bloger.index.hr, NK OSK Otok - Sezone OSK-a kroz povijest (SFRJ) , objavljeno 9. lipnja 2011., pristupljeno 29. listopada 2017.

1982-83
Split
1982-83 Split

Prvenstvo Nogometnog saveza općine Split 1982./83.


Clarence Miller ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Clarence B. Miller (1872–1922), amerikanischer Politiker
 Clarence E. Miller (1917–2011), amerikanischer Politiker

Clarence Miller


Der Audi A3 (interne Typbezeichnung "8P") ist die zweite Baureihe des Kompaktklassefahrzeugs Audi A3. Er war nach dem VW Touran I das zweite Fahrzeug innerhalb des VW-Konzerns, das auf der A-Plattform des Golf V (interner Code PQ35) aufbaute. Die offizielle Präsentation der dreitürigen Variante fand auf dem Genfer Auto-Salon 2003 statt, die des fünftürigen A3 Sportback im Jahr 2004 auf dem Norisring im Rahmen des dort ausgetragenen DTM-Rennens.

Optisch blieb der 8P der Silhouette seines Vorgängers weitgehend treu, geriet dabei jedoch kantiger und nahm – bis zum ersten Facelift im Frühsommer 2005 – als letzte Modellreihe den Audi-Doubleframe-Kühlergrill als zentrales Designelement der Fahrzeugfront auf.

Produziert wurden der A3 sowie der S3 im Stammwerk Ingolstadt. Eine kleine Charge wurde von 2009 bis 2010 im Werk Brüssel endmontiert. Sie diente als Übergangsmodell, bis dort ab Mitte 2010 der Audi A1 8X vom Band lief. Die Karosserien des A3 Cabrio und des RS3 Sportback wurden in Ingolstadt gefertigt und lackiert sowie in Győr bei Audi Hungaria Motor Kft. endmontiert.

Veränderungen gegenüber dem Vorgänger
 neue Motoren (1.6 FSI, 2.0 FSI, 3.2 und 2.0 TDI, später auch 1.2 TFSI, 1.4 TFSI, 1.8 TFSI, 2.0 TFSI und 1.6 TDI) TFSI mit 6-Gang oder Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (S tronic), TDI mit 5-Gang oder Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (S tronic) beim 1.6 TDI alle anderen TDI mit 6-Gang oder Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (S tronic).
 Direktschaltgetriebe DSG erhältlich, ab Modelljahr 2006 bei Audi S tronic genannt beim 3.2 V6 seit Beginn.
 diverse technische Verbesserungen wie elektromechanische Lenkung, Einzelradaufhängung an Hinterachse, Zwei-Zonen-Komfortklimaautomatik

Karosserievarianten
Der Audi A3 8P war wie sein Vorgänger 8L als Dreitürer (8P) und als Fünftürer (8PA) erhältlich. Die fünftürige Variante, deren Produktion etwa anderthalb Jahre nach dem Dreitürer begann, wurde unter der Bezeichnung A3 Sportback geführt, welche sich gegenüber dem Dreitürer hauptsächlich durch geänderte Heckleuchten und die um 72 mm längere Karosserie unterschied.

Der Verkauf des A3 Cabriolet startete in Deutschland ab Mitte Januar 2008. Fünf Motorenvarianten standen zur Verfügung, darunter drei Ottomotoren mit 75 kW (102 PS), 118 kW (160 PS) und 147 kW (200 PS) sowie zwei Dieselmotoren mit 77 und 103 kW (105 bzw. 140 PS).
Entgegen dem allgemeinen Trend setzte Audi – wie auch beim A4 Cabriolet – auf ein klassisches Stoffverdeck statt einem klappbaren Blechdach.

Bauzeit
 Dreitürer (8P): März 2003 bis Mai 2012
 Fünftürer (Sportback, 8PA): September 2004 bis Oktober 2012
 Cabriolet: Januar 2008 bis März 2013

Antrieb
Der Audi A3 8P ist serienmäßig mit Frontantrieb ausgestattet. Die Modelle mit Vierradantrieb (Quattro-Antrieb) verfügen über eine elektronisch gesteuerte Lamellenkupplung (Haldex-Kupplung), die durch ihre variable Sperrwirkung ein Durchdrehen der Vorderräder verringert, indem Kraft bei Bedarf auf die Hinterräder geleitet wird. Bei der Motorisierung mit dem 3,2-l-Motor und bei den Modellvarianten S3 und RS3 ist der Allradantrieb serienmäßig. Bei der vom Werk eingestellten Steuerung der Haldex-Kupplung werden nur bei mangelnder Traktion der Vorderräder mehr als zehn Prozent des Drehmoments auf die Hinterräder übertragen. Tuner können diese Charakteristik verändern.

Technische Daten

Ottomotoren

(9) nicht mit 6-Gang-S tronic

Dieselmotoren

Modellvarianten
 Audi S3
 Audi RS3

Modellpflege

Allgemein
 Juni 2005: S line Exterieurpaket bestellbar (Stoßfänger vorn und hinten in sportlich markantem Design, Kühlergrill in S-line-Optik, S-line-Schriftzüge im Kühlergrill und auf den Seitenschutzleisten hinten, Einstiegsleisten mit S-line-Schriftzug, S-line-Dachkantenspoiler, Nebelscheinwerfer, doppeltes Auspuffendrohr auch beim Modell 1.6)
 September 2005: Einführung Xenon-Plus (Bi-Xenon-Scheinwerfer mit Tagfahrlicht)
 Herbst 2006: Umstellung aller Radioanlagen auf Doppel-DIN-Format und Einführung eines CD-Radios mit MP3-Abspielfunktion.
 März 2007: Einführung des 1,9 TDI e. Durch Maßnahmen wie längere Übersetzung der Gänge 3 bis 5, Schaltanzeige im Kombiinstrument, geänderte Motorelektronik, diversen Aerodynamikmaßnahmen (z. B. Sportfahrwerk serienmäßig für geringeren Luftwiderstand) und Leichtlaufreifen wird der Kraftstoffverbrauch auf 4,5 l/100 km und der CO2-Ausstoß auf 119 g/km gesenkt.
 November 2007 (angekündigt): Einführung eines optionalen Adapters für die Freisprecheinrichtung mit Unterstützung des SIM Access Profiles.
 April 2008: Audi hat eine umfangreiche Modellpflege für beide Varianten vorgestellt. Diese beinhaltet Veränderungen an Motorhaube, Kotflügel, Singleframe-Grill und den vorderen Stoßfängern. Die Scheinwerfer tragen neue Zierblenden. Tagfahrleuchten sind jetzt Serie und in die Scheinwerfer integriert – bei Bi-Xenon-Licht kommt ein LED-Tagfahrlicht zum Einsatz. Die seitlichen Blinker sind in den Seitenspiegel integriert, die Türgriffe wurden neu gestaltet. Am Heck fallen neue Stoßfänger, neu gezeichnete Rückleuchten und eine minimale Veränderung an der Heckklappe auf. Im Innenraum wurden der Lichtschalter, die Lüftungsdüsen und die Mittelkonsole mit einer Aluminiumoptik aufgewertet. Weiterhin erhielt das Kombiinstrument ein neues Design.
 Mai 2009: Der 3,2-Liter-VR6-Motor wurde ersatzlos aus dem Programm genommen.
 Sommer 2010: Leichte Detailänderungen für Drei- sowie Fünftürer: neue Alufelgen verfügbar, in die Frontschürze eine Alustrebe integriert, Türgriffe mit Chromstreifen versehen, veränderte Form der Außenspiegel, Heckdiffusor mit leicht verändertem Design, Kombiinstrument jetzt grau hinterlegt

Dreitürer (8P)
Beim Dreitürer wurde die Modellpflege im Juni 2005 mit Beginn des Modelljahres 2006 durchgeführt. Eindeutiges Erkennungsmerkmal ist der Singleframe-Kühlergrill und das Lenkrad im Singleframe-Design. Mit dem Facelift wurde unter anderem das Design dem A3 Sportback und somit auch dem konzerneinheitlichen Erscheinungsbild angepasst.

Im Frühjahr 2008 gab es ein erneutes Facelift, das u. a. serienmäßiges Tagfahrlicht beinhaltete. Im Sommer 2010 wurden weitere Detailverbesserungen durchgeführt, wie andere Aluräder oder eine in die Frontschürze integrierte Alustrebe.

Fünftürer (8PA)
Der Sportback genannte Fünftürer hatte seit Produktionsbeginn (und damit vor dem Facelift des 8P) den Singleframe-Grill und das Lenkrad im Singleframe-Design.

Im Frühjahr 2008 gab es ein erstes Facelift für den Sportback, wobei er serienmäßiges Tagfahrlicht erhielt. Im Sommer 2010 wurden weitere Detailveränderungen durchgeführt, wie Türgriffe mit Chromstrebe oder eine in die Frontschürze integrierte Aluminiumleiste.

Auszeichnungen
 2009: Top Safety Pick 2010

Ausstattungsvarianten
Die verfügbaren Ausstattungslinien orientieren sich sowohl hinsichtlich des Namens als auch bezüglich der jeweiligen Merkmale am Vorgängermodell. So gibt es wiederum ein Basismodell namens Attraction, eine sportlichere Ausstattungsvariante Ambition, ein Komfortmodell Ambiente und eine sportbetonte S line, die nur in Kombination mit Ambition möglich ist.

Attraction
Das Basismodell hat 6,5J x 16″-Stahlräder. Lenkrad umschäumt im 4-Speichen-Design, normale Sitze mit Sitzbezügen in Stoff.

Ambition
Bei Ambition sind 225 mm breite Reifen auf 7,5J x 17″-Aluminiumrädern im 5-Arm-Design montiert, die Karosserie ist um 15 mm tiefergelegt. Ferner enthält diese Ausstattung sportliche Accessoires im Innenraum wie Sportsitze vorn, 3-Speichen-Sportlenkrad mit Schalthebelknauf, Manschette und Handbremsgriff in Leder sowie Einstiegsleisten mit Aluminiumeinlagen.

Ambiente
Die Variante Ambiente hat 6,5J x 16″-Aluminiumräder im 7-Arm-Design und ist mit Lederlenkrad im 4-Speichen-Design, Wurzelholz-Einlagen im Armaturenbrett, diversen zusätzlichen Ablagen, Licht-/Regensensor sowie Tempomat ausgestattet.

S line
Die Ausstattung S line gibt es in zwei Varianten:
Im S line Sportpaket Plus sind enthalten Ledersitze, spezielle Aluräder, ein schwarzer Dachhimmel und ein härteres Fahrwerk, mit um 25 mm statt 15 mm tiefergelegter Karosserie. Außerdem ist der Schriftzug "S line" an Lenkrad, Seitenschutzleisten, Einstiegsleiste und Kühlergrill (bis zum Facelift im April 2008) angebracht.
Das S line Exterieurpaket sieht lediglich sportlich aus, was sich vor allem durch entsprechende Schriftzüge "S line" und verschiedene Spoiler am Wagen ausdrückt.

Kindersicherheit
Hinten ist für zwei Kindersitze genügend Platz vorhanden. Isofix-Halterungen auf den Außensitzen der Rückbank gehören zur Serienausstattung. Für den Beifahrersitz kosten Isofix-Halterung und abschaltbarer Airbag Aufpreis.

Neuzulassungen
Neuzulassungen in Deutschland einschließlich Audi S3 und Audi RS3:

Montage außerhalb Europas
Außerhalb Europas wurde der A3 Sportback von Audi Senna in Curitiba endmontiert. Dort wurden von Dezember 2012 bis März 2013 die letzten Einheiten via CKD-Bausätze aus deutscher Produktion zusammengebaut. Die Einheiten waren für die Märkte Argentinien, Brasilien und China bestimmt, wo die alte Generation noch eine hohe Nachfrage erfuhr.

Von Shanghai Volkswagen wurde der A3 technisch überarbeitet. Während die ersten Fahrzeuge im Spätjahr 2012 als Škoda Sportback auf den chinesischen Straßen getestet wurden, ging das Modell nach einer optischen Auffrischung im Mai 2013 unter dem Namen VW Gran Lavida in Serienproduktion. Er sollte jedoch nicht mit dem gewöhnlichen VW Lavida verwechselt werden, der selbst dem VW Jetta VI entspricht.

Literatur
 Der neue Audi A3. Sonderausgabe von ATZ und MTZ, Wiesbaden, April 2003
 Peter T Gill: Audi A3 Jun 2003 to Mar 2008 Haynes Owners Workshop Manual. © Haynes Publishing 2010, ISBN 978-1-84425-884-0 (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website

Kombilimousine
Cabriolet

Audi A3 8P


Marcos Antonio García Nascimento (født 21. oktober 1979) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Marcos Antonio García Nascimento


සාහිත්‍ය විචාරය  යනු සාහිත්‍යයෙහි අධ්‍යයනය, ඇගැයුම සහ අර්ථකථනයයි.

එය එකිනෙකාගේ කැමැත්ත හා අකමැත්ත අනුව සිදු වේ.

සාහිත්‍ය විචාරය


Le conseil général de l'île Norfolk () est  l'organe d'administration locale de l'île Norfolk, territoire australien situé dans l'océan Pacifique et rattaché administrativement à l'État de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud.

Histoire
De 1979 à 2015, l'île Norfolk dispose d'un statut d'autonomie limitée dans lequel le pouvoir est détenu par l'Assemblée législative. Afin de régler la situation de faillite du territoire, le gouvernement australien fait adopter une loi abolissant le statut d'autonomie qui entre en vigueur le . La perte de l'autonomie entraine la dissolution de l'assemblée législative, et l'île est placée sous l'autorité administrative de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Le conseil régional est institué le .

Le conseil est dissous le  et ses fonctions sont exercées par un administrateur, nommé par la ministre adjointe pour le Développement régional et les territoires du gouvernement australien.

Composition
Le conseil est formé de cinq membres élus pour quatre ans qui à leur tour élisent le maire.

Liste des maires

Références

Liens externes

Norfolk

Conseil régional de l'île Norfolk


Ribeirão Bonito es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 22º04'00" sur y a una longitud 48º10'34" oeste, estando a una altitud de 590 metros. Su población estimada en 2006 era de 11.924 habitantes.

Geografía
 Posee un área de 471,498 km² y está situada junto a la Sierra de Dourado, cuya altitud es estimada en 1.100m (punto máximo).
 El municipio posee un distrito: Guarapiranga.

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2000

Población total: 11.246
 Urbana: 9.959
 Rural: 1.287
 Hombres: 5.692
 Mujeres: 5.554
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 23,85

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 14,46

Expectativa de vida (años): 71,99

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,65

Tasa de alfabetización: 87,67%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,781
 IDH-M Salario: 0,705
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,783
 IDH-M Educación: 0,856
(Fuente: IPEAFecha)

Hidrografía
 Río Jacaré Guaçu
 Río Boa Esperança
 Ribeirão Bonito

Carreteras
 SP-215 - Carretera Luís Augusto de Oliveira

Administración
 Prefecto: Paulo Antonio Gobato Veiga (2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Antonio Ângelo Fabri
 Presidente de la cámara: Eduardo Doimo(2011–2012)

Iglesia Católica
El municipio pertenece a la Diócesis de São Carlos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Ribeirão Bonito


Onthophagus mpassa é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente por Walter em 1982.

Referências

Ligações externas

mpassa
Coleópteros descritos em 1982

Onthophagus mpassa


sudo (اختصاراً لـ substitute user do) هو برنامج للأنظمة الشبيهة بيونكس يسمح للمستخدمين بتشغيل البرامج مع وجود امتيازات الأمن الخاصة بمستخدمين آخرين (عادة ما يكون مدير النظام root). افتراضياً، يقوم sudo بالسؤال عن كلمة مرور المستخدم لكن من الممكن تعديله لكي يسأل عن كلمة مرور مدير النظام أو لا يسأل عن أي كلمات مرور على الإطلاق. من الممكن لـ sudo أن يقوم بتسجيل كل أمر تشغيل، وفي بعض الحالات يحل محل عملية دخول مدير النظام للقيام بالعمليات الإدارية كليةً، وأبرزها في لينكس أوبونتو وأبل ماك أو إس عشرة.

يتكون sudo من ثلاثة أجزاء :
 * sudo : و هو الأمر في حد ذاته المستعمل من طرف المستخدمين.
 * "/etc/sudoers" : و هو ملف الإعدادات.
 * visudo: محرر خاص بملف إعدادات sudo يتيح العمل بأمان وكشف الأخطاء.

الاستخدام

 ثم الامر sudo

 للبرامج الرسومية

 ثم اسم البرنامج gksudo

 في واجهة كيدي kde (للبرامج الرسومية)

 ثم اسم البرنامج kdesudo

اعدادات

فتح ملف الاعداد، والتعديل عليه

 visudo

مراجع

http://wiki.debian.org/ar/sudo

إدارة النظم
برمجيات أمن الحاسوب
برمجيات يونكس

سودو