Vriesea calimaniana é uma espécie de planta do gênero Vriesea e da família Bromeliaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1997 por Walter Till e Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme  a partir de um espécime de Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie epífita, terrícola e herbácea.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada no estado brasileiro de Espírito Santo.  A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Ligações externas
 Vriesea calimaniana no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Vriesea
Plantas descritas em 1997
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Vriesea calimaniana


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Capitol Reef National Park is an American national park in south-central Utah. The park is approximately  long on its northsouth axis and just  wide on average. The park was established in 1971 to preserve  of desert landscape and is open all year, with May through September being the highest visitation months.

Partially in Wayne County, Utah, the area was originally named "Wayne Wonderland" in the 1920s by local boosters Ephraim P. Pectol and Joseph S. Hickman. Capitol Reef National Park was designated a national monument on August 2, 1937, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to protect the area's colorful canyons, ridges, buttes, and monoliths; however, it was not until 1950 that the area officially opened to the public. Road access was improved in 1962 with the construction of State Route 24 through the Fremont River Canyon.

The majority of the nearly  long up-thrust formation called the Waterpocket Folda rocky spine extending from Thousand Lake Mountain to Lake Powellis preserved within the park. Capitol Reef is an especially rugged and spectacular segment of the Waterpocket Fold by the Fremont River. The park was named for its whitish Navajo Sandstone cliffs with dome formationssimilar to the white domes often placed on capitol buildingsthat run from the Fremont River to Pleasant Creek on the Waterpocket Fold. Locally, reef refers to any rocky barrier to land travel, just as ocean reefs are barriers to sea travel.

Geography

Capitol Reef encompasses the Waterpocket Fold, a warp in the Earth's crust that is 65 million years old. It is the largest exposed monocline in North America. In this fold, newer and older layers of earth folded over each other in an S-shape. This warp, probably caused by the same colliding continental plates that created the Rocky Mountains, has weathered and eroded over millennia to expose layers of rock and fossils. The park is filled with brilliantly colored sandstone cliffs, gleaming white domes, and contrasting layers of stone and earth.

The area was named for a line of white domes and cliffs of Navajo Sandstone, each of which looks somewhat like the United States Capitol building, that run from the Fremont River to Pleasant Creek on the Waterpocket Fold.

The fold forms a north-to-south barrier that has barely been breached by roads. Early settlers referred to parallel impassable ridges as "reefs", from which the park gets the second half of its name. The first paved road was constructed through the area in 1962. State Route 24 cuts through the park traveling east and west between Canyonlands National Park and Bryce Canyon National Park, but few other paved roads invade the rugged landscape.

The park is filled with canyons, cliffs, towers, domes, and arches. The Fremont River has cut canyons through parts of the Waterpocket Fold, but most of the park is arid desert. A scenic drive shows park visitors some highlights, but it runs only a few miles from the main highway. Hundreds of miles of trails and unpaved roads lead into the equally scenic backcountry.

History

Native Americans and Mormons

Fremont-culture Native Americans lived near the perennial Fremont River in the northern part of the Capitol Reef Waterpocket Fold around the year 1000. They irrigated crops of maize and squash and stored their grain in stone granaries (in part made from the numerous black basalt boulders that litter the area). In the 13th century, all of the Native American cultures in this area underwent sudden change, likely due to a long drought. The Fremont settlements and fields were abandoned.

Many years after the Fremont left, Paiutes moved into the area. These Numic-speaking people named the Fremont granaries moki huts and thought they were the homes of a race of tiny people or moki.

In 1872 Almon H. Thompson, a geographer attached to United States Army Major John Wesley Powell's expedition, crossed the Waterpocket Fold while exploring the area. Geologist Clarence Dutton later spent several summers studying the area's geology. None of these expeditions explored the Waterpocket Fold to any great extent.

Following the American Civil War, officials of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake City sought to establish missions in the remotest niches of the Intermountain West. In 1866, a quasi-military expedition of Mormons in pursuit of natives penetrated the high valleys to the west. In the 1870s, settlers moved into these valleys, eventually establishing Loa, Fremont, Lyman, Bicknell, and Torrey.

Mormons settled the Fremont River valley in the 1880s and established Junction (later renamed Fruita), Caineville, and Aldridge. Fruita prospered, Caineville barely survived, and Aldridge died. In addition to farming, lime was extracted from local limestone, and uranium was extracted early in the 20th century. In 1904 the first claim to a uranium mine in the area was staked. The resulting Oyler Mine in Grand Wash produced uranium ore.

By 1920 no more than ten families at one time were sustained by the fertile flood plain of the Fremont River and the land changed ownership over the years. The area remained isolated. The community was later abandoned and later still some buildings were restored by the National Park Service. Kilns once used to produce lime are still in Sulphur Creek and near the campgrounds on Scenic Drive.

Early protection efforts

Local Ephraim Portman Pectol organized a "booster club" in Torrey in 1921. Pectol pressed a promotional campaign, furnishing stories to be sent to periodicals and newspapers. In his efforts, he was increasingly aided by his brother-in-law, Joseph S. Hickman, who was the Wayne County High School principal. In 1924, Hickman extended community involvement in the promotional effort by organizing a Wayne County-wide Wayne Wonderland Club. That same year, Hickman was elected to the Utah State Legislature.

In 1933, Pectol was elected to the presidency of the Associated Civics Club of Southern Utah, successor to the Wayne Wonderland Club. The club raised U.S. $150 () to interest a Salt Lake City photographer in taking a series of promotional photographs. For several years, the photographer, J. E. Broaddus, traveled and lectured on "Wayne Wonderland".

In 1933, Pectol was elected to the legislature and almost immediately contacted President Franklin D. Roosevelt and asked for the creation of "Wayne Wonderland National Monument" out of the federal lands comprising the bulk of the Capitol Reef area. Federal agencies began a feasibility study and boundary assessment. Meanwhile, Pectol guided the government investigators on numerous trips and escorted an increasing number of visitors. The lectures of Broaddus were having an effect.

Roosevelt signed a proclamation creating Capitol Reef National Monument on August 2, 1937. In Proclamation 2246, President Roosevelt set aside  of the Capitol Reef area. This comprised an area extending about  north of present State Route 24 and about  south, just past Capitol Gorge. The Great Depression years were lean ones for the National Park Service (NPS), the new administering agency. Funds for the administration of Capitol Reef were nonexistent; it would be a long time before the first rangers would arrive.

Administration of the monument

Administration of the new monument was placed under the control of Zion National Park. A stone ranger cabin and the Sulphur Creek bridge were built and some road work was performed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration. Historian and printer Charles Kelly came to know NPS officials at Zion well and volunteered to watchdog the park for the NPS. Kelly was officially appointed custodian-without-pay in 1943. He worked as a volunteer until 1950, when the NPS offered him a civil-service appointment as the first superintendent.

During the 1950s Kelly was deeply troubled by NPS management acceding to demands of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission that Capitol Reef National Monument be opened to uranium prospecting. He felt that the decision had been a mistake and destructive of the long-term national interest. It turned out that there was not enough ore in the monument to be worth mining.

In 1958 Kelly got additional permanent help in protecting the monument and enforcing regulations; Park Ranger Grant Clark transferred from Zion. The year Clark arrived, fifty-six thousand visitors came to the park, and Charlie Kelly retired for the last time.

During the 1960s (under the program name Mission 66), NPS areas nationwide received new facilities to meet the demand of mushrooming park visitation. At Capitol Reef, a 53-site campground at Fruita, staff rental housing, and a new visitor center were built, the latter opening in 1966.

Visitation climbed dramatically after the paved, all-weather State Route 24 was built in 1962 through the Fremont River canyon near Fruita. State Route 24 replaced the narrow Capitol Gorge wagon road about  to the south that frequently washed out. The old road has since been open only to foot traffic. In 1967, 146,598 persons visited the park. The staff was also growing.

During the 1960s, the NPS purchased private land parcels at Fruita and Pleasant Creek. Almost all private property passed into public ownership on a "willing buyer-willing seller" basis.

Preservationists convinced President Lyndon B. Johnson to set aside an enormous area of public lands in 1968, just before he left office. In Presidential Proclamation 3888 an additional  were placed under NPS control. By 1970, Capitol Reef National Monument comprised  and sprawled southeast from Thousand Lake Mountain almost to the Colorado River. The action was controversial locally, and NPS staffing at the monument was inadequate to properly manage the additional land.

National park status

The vast enlargement of the monument and diversification of the scenic resources soon raised another issue: whether Capitol Reef should be a national park, rather than a monument. Two bills were introduced into the United States Congress.

A House bill (H.R. 17152) introduced by Utah Congressman Laurence J. Burton called for a  national park and an adjunct  national recreation area where multiple use (including grazing) could continue indefinitely. In the United States Senate, meanwhile, Senate bill S. 531 had already passed on July 1, 1970, and provided for a  national park alone. The bill called for a 25-year phase-out of grazing.

In September 1970, United States Department of Interior officials told a house subcommittee session that they preferred about  be set aside as a national park. They also recommended that the grazing phase-out period be 10 years, rather than 25. They did not favor the adjunct recreation area.

It was not until late 1971 that Congressional action was completed. By then, the 92nd United States Congress was in session and S. 531 had languished. A new bill, S. 29, was introduced in the Senate by Senator Frank E. Moss of Utah and was essentially the same as the defunct S. 531 except that it called for an additional  of public lands for a Capitol Reef National Park. In the House, Utah Representative K. Gunn McKay (with Representative Lloyd) had introduced H.R. 9053 to replace the dead H.R. 17152. This time, the House bill dropped the concept of an adjunct Capitol Reef National Recreation Area and adopted the Senate concept of a 25-year limit on continued grazing. The Department of Interior was still recommending a national park of  and a 10-year limit for grazing phase-out.

S. 29 passed the Senate in June and was sent to the House, which dropped its own bill and passed the Senate version with an amendment. Because the Senate was not in agreement with the House amendment, differences were worked out in Conference Committee. The Conference Committee issued its report on November 30, 1971, and the bill passed both houses of Congress. The legislation—'An Act to Establish The Capitol Reef National Park in the State of Utah'—became Public Law 92-207 when it was signed by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, the Capitol Reef Visitor Center has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk).

Geology

The area including the park was once the edge of a shallow sea that invaded the land in the Permian, creating the Cutler Formation. Only the sandstone of the youngest member of the Cutler Formation, the White Rim, is exposed in the park. The deepening sea left carbonate deposits, forming the limestone of the Kaibab Limestone, the same formation that rims the Grand Canyon to the southwest.

During the Triassic, streams deposited reddish-brown silt that later became the siltstone of the Moenkopi Formation. Uplift and erosion followed. Conglomerate, followed by logs, sand, mud, and wind-transported volcanic ash, then formed the uranium-containing Chinle Formation.

The members of the Glen Canyon Group were all laid down in the middle- to late-Triassic during a time of increasing aridity. They include:
 Wingate Sandstone: sand dunes on the shore of an ancient sea
 Kayenta Formation: thin-bedded layers of sand deposited by slow-moving streams in channels and across low plains
 Navajo Sandstone: huge fossilized sand dunes from a massive Sahara-like desert.

The San Rafael Group consists of four Jurassic-period formations, from oldest to youngest:
 Carmel Formation: gypsum, sand, and limey silt laid down in what may have been a graben that was periodically flooded by sea water
 Entrada Sandstone: sandstone from barrier islands/sand bars in a near-shore environment
 Curtis Formation: made from conglomerate, sandstone, and shale
 Summerville Formation: reddish-brown mud and white sand deposited in tidal flats.

Streams once again laid down mud and sand in their channels, on lakebeds, and in swampy plains, creating the Morrison Formation. Early in the Cretaceous, similar nonmarine sediments were laid down and became the Dakota Sandstone. Eventually, the Cretaceous Seaway covered the Dakota, depositing the Mancos Shale.

Only small remnants of the Mesaverde Group are found, capping a few mesas in the park's eastern section.

Near the end of the Cretaceous period, a mountain-building event called the Laramide orogeny started to compact and uplift the region, forming the Rocky Mountains and creating monoclines such as the Waterpocket Fold in the park. Ten to fifteen million years ago, the entire region was uplifted much further by the creation of the Colorado Plateau. This uplift was very even. Igneous activity in the form of volcanism and dike and sill intrusion also occurred during this time.

The drainage system in the area was rearranged and steepened, causing streams to downcut faster and sometimes change course. Wetter times during the ice ages of the Pleistocene increased the rate of erosion.

Visiting the park
The closest town to Capitol Reef is Torrey, about  west of the visitor center on Highway 24, slightly west of its intersection with Highway 12. Its 2020 population is less than 300. Torrey has a few motels and restaurants and functions as a gateway town to Capitol Reef National Park. Highway 12, as well as a partially unpaved scenic backway named the Burr Trail, provide access from the west through the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument and the town of Boulder.

Activities
A variety of activities are available to tourists, both ranger-led and self-guided, including auto touring, hiking, backpacking, camping, bicycling (on paved and unpaved roads only; no trails), horseback riding, canyoneering, and rock climbing. The orchards planted by Mormon pioneers are maintained by the National Park Service. From early March to mid-October, various fruit—cherries, apricots, peaches, pears, or apples—can be harvested by visitors for a fee.

Hiking and backpacking
A hiking trail guide is available at the visitor center for both day hikes and backcountry hiking. Backcountry access requires a free permit.

Numerous trails are available for hiking and backpacking in the park, with fifteen in the Fruita District alone. The following trails are some of the most popular in the park:
 Cassidy Arch Trail: a very steep, strenuous  round trip that leads into the Grand Wash to an overlook of the Cassidy Arch.
 Hickman Bridge Trail: a  round trip leading to the natural bridge.
 Frying Pan Trail: an  round trip that passes the Cassidy Arch, Grand Wash, and Cohab Canyon.
 Brimhall Natural Bridge: a popular, though strenuous,  round trip with views of Brimhall Canyon, the Waterpocket Fold, and Brimhall Natural Bridge.
 Halls Creek Narrows:  long and considered strenuous, with many side canyons and creeks; typically hiked as a 2-3 day camping trip.

Auto touring
Visitors may explore several of the main areas of the park by private vehicle:
 Scenic Drive: winds through the middle of the park, passing the major points of interest; the road is accessible from the visitor center to approximately  into the Capitol Gorge.
 Notom-Bullfrog Road: traverses the eastern side of the Waterpocket Fold, along  of paved road, with the remainder unpaved.
 Cathedral Road: an unpaved road through the northern areas of the park, that traverses Cathedral Valley, passing the Temples of the Sun and Moon.

Camping
The primary camping location is the Fruita campground, with 71 campsites (no water, electrical, or sewer hookups), and restrooms without bathing facilities. The campground also has group sites with picnic areas and restrooms. Two primitive free camping areas are also available.

Canyoneering

Canyoneering is growing in popularity in the park. It is a recreational sport that takes one through slot canyons. It involves rappelling and may require swimming and other technical rope work. Day-pass permits are required for canyoneering in the park, and can be obtained for free from the visitor's center or through email. It's key to know that each route requires its own permit. If one is planning on canyoneering for multiple days, passes are required for each day. Overnight camping as part of the canyoneering trip is permitted, but one must request a free backcountry pass from the visitor center.

It is imperative to plan canyoneering trips around the weather. The Colorado Plateau is susceptible to flash flooding during prime rainy months. Because canyoneering takes place through slot canyons, getting caught in a flash flood could be lethal. Take care to consult reliable weather sources. The Weather Atlas shows charts with the monthly average rainfall in inches.

Another risk to be aware of during the summer months is extreme heat. Visitors can find weather warnings on the National Weather Service website. The heat levels are detailed by a color and numerical scale (0-4).

One of the most popular canyoneering routes in Capitol Reef National Park is Cassidy Arch Canyon. A paper by George Huddart, details the park's commitment to working with citizens to maintain the route as well as the vegetation and rocks. The canyon route is approximately 2.3 miles long (0.4 miles of technical work), consisting of 8 different rappels, and takes between 2.5 and 4.5 hours to complete. The first rappel is 140 ft and descends below the famous Cassidy Arch.

See also
 List of national parks of the United States

References

 ''

External links

  of the National Park Service
 Capitol Reef National Park |Utah Office of Tourism
 Capitol Reef Country Wayne County Tourism Services
 Capitol Reef Natural History Association Support historical, cultural, scientific, interpretive and educational activities at Capitol Reef National Park.

Civilian Conservation Corps in Utah
Colorado Plateau
Protected areas established in 1971
Protected areas of Wayne County, Utah
Protected areas of Garfield County, Utah
Protected areas of Sevier County, Utah
Protected areas of Emery County, Utah
Works Progress Administration in Utah
National parks in Utah
1971 establishments in Utah
Badlands of the United States

Capitol Reef National Park


Baskı, en genel anlamda, bireylerin kişisel özgürlüklerini engelleyen, onları kendi iradeleri ve istekleri hilafına düşünmeye ve davranmaya itmeyi hedefleyen bir fiil ve suç unsurudur.

Baskı, fiziksel şiddet içerebilir ya da içermeyebilir, ancak her durumda kişinin rızası dışında ve iradesini kırmak üzere ya da kırarak bir şeyi yapmaya veya yapmamaya zorlanması, bu noktada gücün ya da erkin keyfi olarak uygulanması ve olası bedensel acıların ya da başka tür kayıpların tehdit olarak kullanılması durumu söz konusudur. Baskı, bu anlamda açık ya da gizli olarak şiddetin bir parçası ya da bir biçimidir denilebilir. Ancak itmek, vurmak, tekmelemek, yere yatırmak, sürüklemek, saçlarını yolmak, tehlikeli aletlerle vücuduna darbetmek, temel insani ihtiyaçlardan menetmek gibi fiziksel şiddet durumlarından farklı olarak, baskı uygulaması daha çok bir sonuca varmak amacıyla bireylere ruhsal ve zihinsel zor içerikli ya da doğrudan fiziksel şiddeti içermeyen ama bu şiddeti bir ihtimal ve tehdit olarak kullanan özel bir şiddet biçimidir.

Bu tür bir baskı uygulaması özellikle her tür ikili ilişkilerde, ailede, okullarda, sokaklarda, işyerlerinde ve devletin güvenlik ile ilgili birimlerinde gündeme gelmektedir. Baskı ve şiddet, belirli bir amaçla kişileri belirli şekillerde ve genellikle de kendi çıkarları ya da istekleri aleyhine hareket etmeye ikna etmek ya da iradesini kırmak üzere yapılan uygulamaların birbirini tamamlayan iki ayrı parçasıdır. Şiddet açık bir fiziki hal aldığında bedene yönelirken, örneğin fiziksel şiddetin bir tehdit olarak kullanılması durumunda baskı anlamına gelmektedir. Şiddetin fiziksel olmayan biçimleri daha çok baskı terimi altına girerler; böylelikle baskı uygulaması insan ruhunu ve bilincini örselemekte, iradesini kırmakta ya da zayıflatmakta ve kişinin kendisine rağmen davranmasına ya da kendisine davranılmasına razı olmasına sebep olmaktadır. Devletlerde ve toplumlarda, hiyerarşik düzenlemelerin ve güç ilişkilerinin söz konusu olduğu her tür durumlarda bu tür baskı uygulamalarının gündeme gelmesi söz konusu olmaktadır.

Türkçede birçok farklı anlamlara gelmekle birlikte, bir istismar biçimi olarak, temel hak ve özgürlükleri kısıtlayarak, kişileri zor altında bulundurma ve aleyhlerine zorlama durumu şeklinde tanımlanmakta, özgürlüğü engellemek ya da kısıtlamak olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bir kişiyi zor kullanarak bir şey yapmaya ve yapmamaya zorlamak, iradesi hilafına hareket etmesine sebep olmak olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu anlamıyla baskı, zorlamak ile aynı anlamda ele alınmaktadır. Birine bir şey yaptırmak için zor kullanmak, kişiyi bir şey yapmaya zorlamak anlamında.

Devletlerin polis ve askeriye gibi kurumlarında şiddet ve baskı uygulaması sıklıkla gündeme gelen insan hak ihlallerinin başında yer alan uygulamalardandır. Her yıl dünyanın her yerinde, resmi ya da gayri resmi baskılara maruz kalan insanların yüzlerce vakası kayıt altına alınmaktadır.

Genelde aile olsun, okul, kışla ya da karakol olsun ya da her tür insan ilişkilenme biçimlerinde olsun, bir istismar biçimi olarak baskı uygulaması, otoriteye ve güce sahip konumda olanların kendilerine tabi olanlara ya da olduklarını düşündüklerine ya da olmalarını istediklerine bu amaçla uyguladıkları bir tür şiddet biçimi olarak gündeme gelmektedir. Bu uygulamanın gündeme gelmesinde ekonomik, siyasal, cinsel ya da kişisel bir talep söz konusudur. Kadınlar, çocuklar, yaşlılar, işçiler, siyasal muhalifler, farklı etnik kimlikler ya da cinsel kimlikler açık ve gizli olarak şiddete ve baskıya da maruz kalmaktadırlar.

Kişisel baskı, ekonomik baskı, askeri baskı, siyasal baskı, toplumsal baskı vb. türünde baskı biçimlerini gündelik yaşamlarımızda her gün duymaktayız. Özellikle bireylere ya da insan gruplarına uygulandığında gayri-insani bir uygulama olarak telakki edilmekte, bir istismar biçimi olarak kötü muamele kapsamında görülmektedir.

Psikolojik istismar
Sorgulama teknikleri
Zorbalık
Otorite
Sosyal psikoloji
Sosyoloji kavramları

Baskı


Miguel Ángel Converti "El Ringo" (Banfield, 16 de abril de 1949) es un exfutbolista y director técnico argentino nacionalizado colombiano., Su posición era extremo izquierdo. Su padre Cholo Converti también fue futbolista y entrenador.

Particularidad
Se le atribuye al Ringo ser el futbolista que impuso la moda entre sus colegas del fútbol colombiano de tener tatuajes, perforaciones y cortes peculiares de cabello tiñendoselo de distintos colores en una época en la que el país cafetero tenía una ideología muy conservadora.

Apodo

Fue cuando jugaba para Millonarios de Colombia que comenzó a ser llamado con el apelativo de "El Ringo", siendo el periodista deportivo Jaime Ortiz Alvear quien se lo colocara. Cuenta que fue por su similitud física con un personaje de una película de vaqueros al cual llamaban así.

Trayectoria

Como jugador
Se inició en el Huracán Las Heras donde debutó a sus 15 años. De allí pasaría al Godoy Cruz de Mendoza donde sin siquiera haber debutado fue vendido al Club Atlético Banfield donde estuvo desde 1967 hasta 1970 siendo dirigido por su padre. Para el segundo semestre de 1970 tendría su primera experiencia internacional en el fútbol de México siendo fichado por el Deportivo Toluca, donde fue el titular del extremo izquierdo de los Diablos Rojos pero aparentemente por situaciones de derechos federativos con el Atlético Banfield en cifras diferentes para compra definitiva, no hubo un acuerdo entre las directivas de ambos equipos y Converti salió del equipo.

Entre 1971 y 1972 es comprado por Defensor Lima donde los primeras 7 fechas anotó gol. Si bien durante el transcurrir de la temporada no volvió a convertir. igual era considerado como la figura del club. Para 1973 los nuevos dueños del equipo limeño decidieron no contar más con los extranjeros y el Ringo es cedido a Chacarita Juniors, allí esta dos años figurando con gran nivel. Para finales de 1974 tiene una breve cesión en el Español de Barcelona.

En 1975 recibe el llamado de Millonarios de Colombia. El "Ringo" le dijo sí al equipo embajador sin pensarlo dos veces, por la historia que poseía el clubː cuenta él que sus referentes eran Maravilla Gamboa y Alfredo Di Stéfano. En Millonarios en su primera temporada convirtió 33 goles. Se mantuvo en el club hasta 1977, luego de tres años escribiendo su nombre en las páginas doradas del club, marcando 85 goles oficiales.

También pasó por el fútbol de Venezuela, además de una segunda etapa en México, donde ficha con el Club León, pero sin poder demostrar la calidad que venía precedido con los Panzas Verdes. Para en 1980 regresa al balombié colombiano para jugar con el Junior de Barranquilla donde se consagra campeón jugando 39 partidos y marcando 19 goles. En la siguiente temporada marcó 8 goles con Santa Fe.

Regresa a su natal Argentina en 1982 para jugar en Quilmes, luego en Huracán de Bs As en 1983, una segunda etapa en Banfield, en Primera B, en 1984. En sus últimas experiencias pasa por Atlanta, y Defensa y Justicia, donde se retiró tras 24 años de actividad profesional.

Como entrenador
Dirigió a inicios de los 90's al Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia y al Club Sportivo Dock Sud. Durante nueve años trabajo en la escuela de fútbol del AC Milan en la ciudad de Miami en los Estados Unidos.

Desde 2009 "El Ringo" se radicó en la ciudad de Barranquilla donde tiene su escuela deportiva llamada 'Academia Colombo Argentina', que tiene como principal objetivo alejar a los chicos de los malos hábitos. La fundó desde la década de los 80's y se encuentra distribuida en 5 municipios del Atlántico.

Clubes

Como jugador

Como entrenador

Estadística como jugador
 No se encontraron datos estadísticos con claridad en su paso por: Huracán Las Heras, Godoy Cruz, Club León, Deportivo Toluca y Portuguesa.

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Distinciones individuales

Referencias

Futbolistas de Lomas de Zamora
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Colombia
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Huracán Las Heras
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Banfield
Futbolistas del Deportivo Toluca Fútbol Club en los años 1970
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Defensor Lima
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Chacarita Juniors
Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo Espanyol en los años 1970
Futbolistas de Millonarios Fútbol Club en los años 1970
Futbolistas del Portuguesa Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club León en los años 1970
Futbolistas del Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
Futbolistas del Junior de Barranquilla
Futbolistas del Independiente Santa Fe
Futbolistas del Quilmes Atlético Club en los años 1980
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Huracán
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Atlanta
Futbolistas del Club Social y Deportivo Defensa y Justicia
Entrenadores del Club Sportivo Independiente Rivadavia
Entrenadores del Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Fútbol Club
Banfileños

Miguel Ángel Converti


Macrocoma bezdeki é uma espécie de escaravelho de folha endémico a Socotra.  Foi descrito por Stefano Zoia em 2012.  Está nomeado após que Jan Bezděk, um colecconista dos especímenes estudados e também um especialista na subfamília de escaravelho da folha Galerucinae.

Referências

bezdeki
Coleópteros da Ásia
Coleópteros descritos em 1872

Macrocoma bezdeki


Las fuerzas de dispersión de London, denominadas así en honor al físico germano-estadounidense Fritz London, son fuerzas intermoleculares débiles que surgen de fuerzas interactivas entre multipolos temporales en moléculas sin momento multipolar permanente. Las fuerzas de dispersión de London también son conocidas como fuerzas de dispersión, fuerzas de London o fuerzas dipolo instantáneo-dipolo inducido.

Las fuerzas de London pueden ser exhibidas por moléculas no polares debido a que la densidad electrónica se mueve alrededor de la molécula de una manera probabilística (ver teoría mecánica cuántica de las fuerzas de dispersión). Hay una gran probabilidad de que la densidad electrónica no esté distribuida por igual en una molécula apolar. Cuando los electrones están desigualmente distribuidos, existe un multipolo temporal. Este multipolo interactuará con otros multipolos cercanos e inducirá a las moléculas, pero solo son una pequeña parte de la fuerza de interacción total.

La densidad electrónica en una molécula puede ser redistribuida por la proximidad de otro multipolo. Los electrones se acumularán en el lado de la molécula que encara a la carga positiva y se retirarán de la carga negativa. Entonces, puede producirse un multipolo transiente por una molécula polar cercana, o incluso por un multipolo transiente en otra molécula apolar.

En el vacío, las fuerzas de London son más débiles que otras fuerzas intermoleculares tales como las interacciones iónicas, el enlace de hidrógeno, o las interacciones permanentes dipolo-dipolo.

Este fenómeno es la única fuerza intermolecular atractiva a grandes distancias, presente entre átomos neutros (vg. un gas noble), y es la principal fuerza atractiva entre moléculas no polares (vg. dinitrógeno o metano). Sin las fuerzas de London, no habría fuerzas atractivas entre los átomos de un gas noble, y no podrían existir en la forma líquida.

Las fuerzas de London se hacen más fuertes a la vez que el átomo o molécula en cuestión se hace más grande. Esto es debido a la polarizabilidad incrementada de moléculas con nubes electrónicas más grandes y dispersas. Este comportamiento puede ejemplificarse por los halógenos (del más pequeño al más grande: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2). El diflúor y el dicloro son gases a temperatura ambiente, el dibromo es un líquido, y el diyodo es un sólido. Las fuerzas de London también se hacen fuertes con grandes cantidades de superficie de contacto. Una mayor área superficial significa que pueden darse más interacciones cercanas entre diferentes moléculas.

Véase también

 Fuerzas de Van der Waals
 Fuerzas intermoleculares
 Interacción dipolo-dipolo
 Geometría molecular

Enlace químico
Fuerzas intermoleculares

Fuerzas de dispersión de London


La Case à Chocs est une salle de concerts fondée en 1991 dans la ville de Neuchâtel, en Suisse.

Histoire et lieux
Fondée en 1991, la Case à Chocs est le fruit du militantisme de l'Association des Musiciens Neuchâtelois revendiquant des locaux de répétitions. Elle tient son nom de son premier logis, l'ancienne chocolaterie Suchard. Depuis 1996, elle est installée dans l'ancienne brasserie Müller.

Le bâtiment
Construite en 1862 sur le cours détourné du Seyon, l'ancienne brasserie est un imposant bâtiment aux allures industrielles. Elle comprend deux salles de concerts, un café-restaurant, un cinéma et 14 locaux de répétitions. Sont aussi installés dans l'ancienne brasserie : un théâtre de marionnettes, un cinéma, la menuiserie des musées de la ville de Neuchâtel et un village d'artisans.

Les lieux
 La Grande Salle de concert a une capacité de 750 personnes.

 Le Queen Kong Club installé dans les anciens silos avec une capacité de 100 personnes, permet des concerts intimistes,

 l'Interlope situé dans les hauteurs du bâtiment dans l'ancien refroidissoir, jouit d'une vue panoramique sur le lac de Neuchâtel et les Alpes. Utilisé comme bar, café, restaurent, salle de conférence,

 la salle l'Eplattenier, ancien salon de dégustation de la brasserie construit en 1934. Cette salle comporte cinq peintures à l'huile réalisée par Charles L'Eplattenier (1874-1946). Cet ensemble exécutée dans le style Art Déco raconte l'histoire de la bière, deux portraits peints des fondateurs de la brasserie, ainsi qu'un vitrail pour une fenêtre.

Programmation
Avec un programmation composée de rock, de reggae et de musiques d'improvisation, la salle a suivi les tendances des musiques actuelles s'ouvrant au hip-hop et aux musiques électroniques.

Accompagnement artistique
La Case à Chocs soutient les artistes régionaux via plusieurs programme d'accompagnements.

Lien externe

Références

Salle de concert en Suisse
Culture dans le canton de Neuchâtel
Neuchâtel

Case à Chocs


An Austrofestuca in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Austrofestuca in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Austrofestuca

Austrofestuca


Campionatul Mondial al Cluburilor 2017 va fi cea de-a 14-a ediție a Campionatului Mondial al Cluburilor FIFA.

Turneul va fi găzduit de Emiratele Arabe Unite.

Echipe calificate
Următoarele șapte echipe s-au calificat pentru turneu.

Stadioane și orașe
Stadioanele competiției sunt Stadionul Sheikh Zayed din Abu Dhabi și Stadionul Hazza Bin Zayed din Al Ain.

Arbitri officiali
Au fost desemnați 6 arbitrii, 12 arbitrii asistenți și 8 arbitrii video pentru acest turneu.

Echipele

Fiecare echipă trebuie să numească o echipă de 23 de persoane (dintre care trei trebuie să fie portari). Înlocuirea prejudiciilor este permisă până la 24 de ore înainte de primul meci al echipei.

Meciurile

Play off pentru sferturi

Sferturi de finală

Semifinale

Meci pentru locul cinci

Meci pentru locul trei

Finala

Marcatori

Clasament final

Premii
Următoarele premii au fost acordate la încheierea turneului.

Drepturi de televizare
 : Rede Globo, SporTV și Fox Sports
 : CCTV-5, PPTV and Youku
 America Espanică: Fox Sports
 : Neo Prime și Neo Sports
 : Nippon TV
 Orientul Mijlociu: beIN Sports
: EBU
 : La 1
 : Fox Sports și Telemundo

Referințe

2017
2017 în fotbal

Campionatul Mondial al Cluburilor FIFA 2017


Rocco Scott LaFaro (April 3, 1936 – July 6, 1961) was an American jazz double bassist known for his work with the Bill Evans Trio. LaFaro broke new ground on the instrument, developing a countermelodic style of accompaniment rather than playing traditional walking basslines, as well as virtuosity that was practically unmatched by any of his contemporaries. Despite his short career, he remains one of the most influential jazz bassists, and was ranked number 16 on Bass Player magazine's top 100 bass players of all time.

Early life
Born in Newark, New Jersey, United States, the son of a big band musician, LaFaro was five when his family moved to Geneva, New York. He started playing piano in elementary school, bass clarinet in middle school, and tenor saxophone when he entered high school. He took up double bass at 18 before entering college because learning a string instrument was required of music education majors. After three months at Ithaca College, he concentrated on bass. He played in groups at the College Spa and Joe's Restaurant on State Street in downtown Ithaca.

Career
Beginning in 1955, he was a member of the Buddy Morrow big band. He left that organization to work in Los Angeles. LaFaro spent most of his days practicing his instrument. He practiced from sheet music for the higher-pitched clarinet to improve his facility with the upper register for bass. Fellow bassist Red Mitchell taught him how to pluck strings with both the index and middle fingers independently. For much of 1958, LaFaro was with pianist/vibraphonist Victor Feldman's band.

In 1959, after working with trumpeter Chet Baker, bandleader Stan Kenton, vibraphonist Cal Tjader, and clarinetist Benny Goodman, LaFaro returned east and joined Bill Evans, who had recently left the Miles Davis Sextet. With Evans and drummer Paul Motian he developed the counter-melodic style that would come to characterize his playing. Evans, LaFaro, and Motian were committed to the idea of three equal voices in the trio, working together for a singular musical idea and often without any musician explicitly keeping time.

By late 1960, LaFaro was in demand as a bassist. He replaced Charlie Haden as Ornette Coleman's bassist in January 1961. For a time, Haden and LaFaro shared an apartment. He also played in Stan Getz's band between jobs with the Bill Evans trio. Around this time he received a greeting card from Miles Davis suggesting that Davis wanted to hire him.

In June 1961, the Bill Evans trio began two weeks of performances at the Village Vanguard in New York City. The trio attracted attention for its style. The last day was recorded for two albums, Sunday at the Village Vanguard and Waltz for Debby.

Death
LaFaro died in an automobile accident on July 6, 1961, in Seneca, New York, on U.S. Route 20 between Geneva and Canandaigua, four days after accompanying Stan Getz at the Newport Jazz Festival. According to Paul Motian, the death of LaFaro left Bill Evans "numb with grief", "in a state of shock", and "like a ghost". Obsessively he played "I Loves You Porgy", a song that had become synonymous with him and LaFaro. Evans stopped performing for several months.

Instruments
LaFaro started his professional career playing a German-made Mittenwald double bass but it was stolen in the spring of 1958.

Shortly after, he acquired a bass made in 1825 in Concord, New Hampshire, by Abraham Prescott. The top of the instrument is a three-piece plate of slab-cut fir; the back is a two-piece plate of moderately flamed maple with an ebony inlay at the center joint; the sides are made of matching maple. It has rolled corners on the bottom and very sloped shoulders on the top, making it easier to get in and out of thumb position. LaFaro continued to play this bass until his death. The bass was badly damaged in the automobile accident that killed him, but was eventually restored and is sporadically used in performance to honor LaFaro.

Bill Evans said of LaFaro's Prescott bass: "It had a marvelous sustaining and resonating quality. He would be playing in the hotel room and hit a quadruple stop that was a harmonious sound, and then set the bass on its side and it seemed the sound just rang and rang for so long."

Posthumously released items
In 1988, Insights label of RVC Corporation in Japan released Memories for Scotty. The album included five tracks recorded in New York City during 1961 with pianist Don Friedman and drummer Pete LaRoca.

In 2009, Resonance Records reissued five tracks from Memories for Scotty on Pieces of Jade, together with twenty-two minutes of LaFaro and Bill Evans practising "My Foolish Heart" during a rehearsal in 1960.
Also in 2009, the University of North Texas Press published Jade Visions, a biography of LaFaro by his sister Helene LaFaro-Fernandez, with an extensive discography.

Honors
On March 5, 2014, the Geneva (New York) City Council approved making April 3 Scott LaFaro Day. On April 4, 2014, a ceremony to rename a downtown street Scott LaFaro Drive took place.

According to Joachim Berendt, LaFaro's innovative approach to the bass caused "emancipation", introducing "so many diverse possibilities as would have been thought impossible for the bass only a short time before".

Bassist Charlie Haden recalled:

Discography

As co-leader
 1960 with Steve Kuhn, Pete La Roca (PJL, 2005) – recorded in 1960

As sideman
With Ornette Coleman
 Free Jazz: A Collective Improvisation (Atlantic, 1961)
 Ornette! (Atlantic, 1962)
 The Art of the Improvisers (Atlantic, 1970) – recorded in 1959-60
 Twins (Atlantic, 1971) – recorded in 1959-61

With Bill Evans
 Portrait in Jazz (Riverside, 1960)
 Explorations (Riverside, 1961)
 Sunday at the Village Vanguard (Riverside, 1961)
 Waltz for Debby (Riverside, 1962) – recorded in 1961
 The Complete Village Vanguard Recordings, 1961 (Riverside, 2005) – recorded in 1961
 The 1960 Birdland Sessions (Fresh Sound, 2005) – recorded in 1960

With Victor Feldman
 The Arrival of Victor Feldman (Contemporary, 1958)
Latinsville! (Contemporary, 1960)

With Don Friedman
 Memories for Scotty (Insights, 1988) – five tracks reissued on Pieces of Jade (Resonance, 2009)

With Stan Getz and Cal Tjader
 Cal Tjader-Stan Getz Sextet (Fantasy, 1958)

With Hampton Hawes
 For Real! (Contemporary, 1961) – recorded in 1958

With Booker Little
 Booker Little  (Time, 1961)

With Pat Moran McCoy
 This Is Pat Moran (Audio Fidelity, 1958) – recorded in 1957

With Marty Paich
 The Broadway Bit (Warner Bros., 1959)

With Gunther Schuller
Jazz Abstractions (Atlantic, 1960)

With Tony Scott
 Sung Heroes (Sunnyside, 1959)

References

Further reading
 LaFaro-Fernandez, Helene; Ralston, Chuck; Campbell, Jeffrey R.; Palombi, Phil (2009). Jade Visions : The Life and Music of Scott LaFaro. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press. .

External links

A biography at Jazz Improv magazine with recommended recordings
Discography
Learning from Scott LaFaro
Helene La Faro Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (January 18, 2007)

1936 births
1961 deaths
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American people of Italian descent
Road incident deaths in New York (state)
20th-century American musicians
Bebop double-bassists
Cool jazz double-bassists
Modal jazz musicians
Free jazz double-bassists

Scott LaFaro


Semestene (sardisk: Semèstene) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 405 meters højde og har 157 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 39,58 km² og grænser til kommunerne Bonorva, Cossoine, Macomer, Pozzomaggiore og Sindia.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Semestene


Mariah Bell est une patineuse artistique américaine née le  à Tulsa, dans l'Oklahoma.

Biographie

Carrière sportive
Née le  à Tulsa, dans l'Oklahoma, Mariah Bell est la fille d'Andy et de Kendra Bell. Mariah commence à patiner à l'âge de trois ans ; sa sœur aînée Morgan est également patineuse et travaille pour les spectacles de Disney on Ice.

Mariah Bell commence la compétition en 2008, participants à des concours régionaux. À partir de 2010, elle participe à des compétitions nationales, et à partir de 2014, au niveau international. À cette date, elle déménage pour s'entraîner à Monument, dans le Colorado.

En 2022, en remportant la médaille d'or des championnats des États-Unis de patinage artistique à l'âge de 25 ans, Mariah Bell devient la championne américaine la plus âgée depuis Beatrix Loughran, 95 ans auparavant.

Elle participe en 2022 aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de Pékin, où elle termine en dixième place.

Vie privée
Entre 2016 et 2021, elle était en couple avec le patineur français Romain Ponsart.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Patineuse artistique américaine
Naissance à Tulsa
Naissance en avril 1996

Mariah Bell


Yaşın ilerlemesine bağlı olarak lensin esnekliği yitirmesi ve bunun sonucunda yakın görmenin bozulmasıdır. 35–40 yaşlarında başlar ve 60 yaşına dek sürekli ilerler. Her iki senede periyodik olarak göz kontrollerinden geçmelerinde fayda vardır. Belli yaşın üzerinde ilaç firmalarının üretmiş oldukları doktorlarının önerdikleri vitaminleri kullanmakta fayda vardır.

Prespiyopi için gözlük kullanımının yanı sıra kontak lensler de seçenek olabilir.

Göz hastalıkları

Presbiyopi


Les Triplettes de Belleville es una película de animación de 2003, escrita y dirigida por Sylvain Chomet. Narra el secuestro de un ciclista, Champion, durante el Tour de Francia por parte de la Mafia francesa, y cómo su abuela, Madame Souza, y su perro Bruno emprenden su búsqueda, con la ayuda de tres viejas estrellas del music-hall conocidas como «las trillizas de Belleville». Michèle Caucheteux, Jean-Claude Donda, Michel Robin y Monica Viegas ponen las voces en la versión original, no obstante, en la película apenas hay diálogo ya que la mayor parte de la historia se cuenta a través de canciones y pantomimas.

Se estrenó, fuera de concurso, en el Festival de Cannes el 18 de mayo de 2003. Obtuvo dos nominaciones a los Premios Oscar: mejor largometraje de animación y mejor canción original.

Curiosidades
Belleville es un municipio ubicado en el condado de Essex en Nueva Jersey, pero es una caricatura de varias ciudades, sobre todo, el Nueva York de los años 1920, en tiempos de la mafia.
En una escena se puede apreciar la «Estatua de La Libertad» (representada como la estatua una mujer obesa sosteniendo una hamburguesa). En varias escenas se explota el estereotipo del hombre americano obeso, flojo, mezquino, rodeado de apatía, lujos burgueses y comida chatarra. La crítica social se hace presente en varias ocasiones, incluyendo la representación de las distintas etapas de la vida adulta y de la vejez, el consumismo, lo que significa el empeño, la verdadera felicidad, la fama, la hipocresía de muchos que se inclinan ante el más influyente, la avaricia, la riqueza de pocos y la pobreza junto con los cambios sociales de todos, así como la miseria en que viven los mendigos, los desamparados e incluso las que fueron celebridades.

Cuando Madame Souza observa la foto del mecánico de la mafia francesa, éste se encuentra en Hollyfood (parodia de Hollywood), luego da la vuelta a otra foto en la que está en Disneyworld con las orejas de Mickey Mouse, siendo irónico por la forma de ratón con la que es caricaturizado. En otra escena, unos proyectiles explotan junto a los mafiosos que caen del puente, y por breves instantes se hace sarcástica referencia al logo de Disneyworld.

La película hace múltiples referencias al mundo del cine y de la música. En la primera parte, en blanco y negro, uno de los músicos es el famoso guitarrista belga de origen gitano Django Reinhardt, de quien se destacan sus dos únicos dedos hábiles de la mano izquierda. Aparece un cartel de Las vacaciones del Sr. Hulot, una película de Jacques Tati, y en un momento dado se hace una referencia a su película Playtime. En una escena, las trillizas  tienen en la mesa junto a un afiche de sus espectáculos y fotos, tres premios Óscar de forma obesa, así como también, en los cortes informativos, aparece el pianista Glenn Gould. Parte de la música incidental utiliza el inconfundible estilo de Astor Piazzolla.

Referencias

Películas sobre secuestros
Películas sobre la tercera edad
Películas de animación de Francia
Películas de animación tradicional en dos dimensiones
Películas de animación independiente

Les Triplettes de Belleville


14372 Paulgerhardt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
14372 Paulgerhardt este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,00 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 9,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 14001-15000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

14372 Paulgerhardt


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Miloslavov enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Miloslavov im Okres Senec.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

!
Miloslavov


Oblívio eterno (também referido como não existência ou o nada) é um conceito filosófico ou religioso em que a consciência deixa de existir para sempre após a morte. Este conceito é mais associado com o ceticismo a religião, humanismo secular e o ateísmo. De acordo com com teorias mais modernas da neurociência sobre a consciência, o cérebro é a base da experiência subjetiva, agência, autoconsciência e consciência de todo o mundo natural envolta. Quando o cérebro morre, todas as funções cerebrais cessam.

Muitos neurocientistas e neurofilósofos, como Daniel Dennett, acreditam que a consciência depende das atividades do cérebro e a morte cessa toda a consciência. Estudos científicos descobriram que algumas áreas do cérebro,  como formação reticular ou o tálamo, parecem ser necessárias para a consciência, já que uma disfunção nessas áreas ou dano nessas estruturas causam a perda de consciência.

Através de uma análise naturalista da mente (uma visão adotada por muitos filósofos da mente e neurocientistas), ela é considerada ser dependente do cérebro, como demonstrado em vários efeitos de um cérebro danificado.

Na filosofia
Na Apologia de Sócrates (escrita por Platão), após Sócrates ser sentenciado a morte, ele se apresentou a corte. Ele ponderou a natureza da morte, e definiu que existem duas visões básicas sobre essa questão. A primeira é que a alma ou a consciência migra sua existência para outra, e que todas as almas das pessoas já mortas também estão nesse lugar. Isso entusiasmou Sócrates, porque seria possível que ele guiasse seus inquéritos dialéticos para todos os heróis gregos e pensadores antigos. A outra opinião sobre a morte é que ela conduz ao oblívio, o fim completo da consciência, não somente impossibilitado de sentir algo como também se categorizando como uma falta de consciência, semelhante a um sono extremamente profundo e sem sonhos. Sócrates diz que esse oblívio não o aterrorizava muito, pois mesmo que não estivesse consciente, ele estaria livre de toda a dor e sofrimento. De fato, diz Sócrates, nem sequer o Grande Rei da Pérsia poderia descansar tão profundamente e em paz como ele em um sono sem sonhos.

Cícero, escrevendo três séculos depois em seu tratado Cato Maior de Senectute, reverberando a opinião de Catão, o Velho, discute de maneira similar as perspectivas da morte, frequentemente se referindo aos trabalhos dos escritores gregos antigos. Cícero também concluiu que a morte ou é a continuação da consciência ou seu término, e se a consciência continua de alguma forma, não há razão para temer a morte; enquanto que se o destino for de fato o oblívio eterno, o indivíduo se tornará livre de todos os mistérios mundanos, logo neste caso também não há motivo para ter medo da morte.

Um pensamento similar sobre a morte foi expressado pelo poeta e filósofo romano Lucrécio em seu poema no primeiro século a.C. De rerum natura e pelo filósofo da Grécia antiga Epicuro em uma carta, o qual ele escreveu:

 "Adquira o costume em acreditar para si mesmo que a morte não é nada para nós, pois sentir o bem e o mal passa pela capacidade de sensação, e a morte é a privação de toda a senciência; portanto, um entendimento correto da morte é que a mortalidade que torna a vida agradável, e não o conceito de adicionar um temo ilimitado para a vida, mas sim tirando o anseio pela imortalidade. A vida não tem horrores para ele porque entendeu que não há horrores para si ao cessar a vida. Tolo, portanto, é o homem que diz que teme a morte, não somente porque pensa que irá vir a dor quando ela vier, mas porque irá ter sofrimento em sua expectativa. O que quer que não cause aborrecimento quando está presente, causa apenas uma dor infundada em sua expectativa. A morte, portanto, a mais horrível das maldades, não é nada para nós, vendo que, quando somos, a morte não é, e quando a morte vem, nós não somos. Não passa de nada, então, tanto para o vivo quanto para o morto, pois para o vivo não é nada e para o morto não é mais."

Parafraseando o filósofo Paul Edwards, Keith Augustine nota que quanto maior o dano no cérebro, maior o dano para a mente. A extrapolação natural desse fato é claro – destruir o cérebro por completo significa que todas as funções cerebrais irão cessar.

Os cientistas contemporâneos Steven Pinker e Sean Carroll argumentam que a morte é igual ao oblívio eterno, já que a ciência não encontrou nenhum mecanismo para prolongar a consciência depois da morte.

Oblívio e subjetividade
Thomas W. Clark, fundador do Centro para o Naturalismo, escreveu um paper intitulado "Morte, o Nada e a Subjetividade". Ele criticou o que vê como uma definição errada do oblívio eterno como uma "imersão para o nada". Quando alguns imaginam a sua morte (incluindo pessoas não religiosas), eles projetam a si mesmos em um self eterno e silencioso. Isso seria errado pois sem a consciência não existiria algo consciente que conseguiria ter noção do espaço e não teria também noção do tempo. Para Clark, no oblívio existe uma falta de experiência, porque apenas podemos falar dela quando uma subjetividade do self existe.

Ver também
 Aniquilacionismo
 Anatta
 Mortalismo cristão
 Consciência após a morte
 Morte teórica de informação
 Correlato neural da consciência
 Nirvana

Leitura adicional
Martin, Michael; Augustine, Keith. (2015). The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death. Rowman & Littlefield.

Morte
Vida após a morte

Oblívio eterno


Lagarteira ist ein Ort und eine ehemalige Gemeinde in Zentralportugal. Lagarteira gehört zum Kreis Ansião im Distrikt Leiria. Die Gemeinde hatte eine Fläche von 7,5 km² und 505 Einwohner (Stand 30. Juni 2011).

Der Ort liegt etwa sechs Kilometer nördlich der Kreisstadt Ansião. Das Gemeindegebiet umfasst zwei Exklaven. Geprägt wird das Dorf überwiegend durch Landwirtschaft und Viehzucht. Ortspatron ist der heilige Dominikus, dessen Fest jährlich zwischen dem letzten Sonntag im Juli und dem ersten Sonntag im August gefeiert wird.

Am 29. September 2013 wurden die Gemeinden Lagarteira und Torre de Vale de Todos in die Gemeinde Ansião eingegliedert.

Bauwerke
Das Ortsbild wird bestimmt von der Pfarrkirche, davor eine etwa 700 Jahre Esche.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ansião
Ort in der Região Centro
Ehemalige Freguesia in Portugal

Lagarteira


Juan Bravo Lasprilla (Burgos, c. 1603 - Cartagena, 17 de agosto de 1663) fue un eclesiástico español.

Biografía
Estudió artes y teología en la Universidad de Alcalá, pasando después a la Universidad de Santa Catalina en Burgo de Osma, de la que también fue rector; fue canónigo magistral de la catedral de Burgos, de donde salió como becado en el Colegio Mayor del Arzobispo de la universidad de Salamanca, en el que fue rector y catedrático de Durando.

Habiendo rechazado la administración del Real Hospital de Villafranca Montes de Oca y el obispado de Aquila en el reino de Nápoles, fue nombrado obispo de Lugo en 1652, de León en 1659 y de Cartagena en 1662.

Referencias

Alumnado de la Universidad de Alcalá (histórica)
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XVII
Catedráticos de la Universidad de Salamanca
Colegiales del Colegio Mayor de Santiago el Zebedeo
Obispos de Cartagena
Obispos de España del siglo XVII
Obispos de León
Obispos de Lugo

Juan Bravo Lasprilla


An Temochloa liliana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Dransfield. An Temochloa liliana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Temochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Temochloa

Temochloa liliana


Gyaltsenglossus est un genre basal d'hémichordés qui vivait il y a  et qui a été identifié dans les schistes de Burgess. L'unique espèce représentée est Gyaltsenglossus senis.

Systématique
Le genre Gyaltsenglossus et l'espèce Gyaltsenglossus senis ont été décrits en 2020 par ,  et .

Description
Gyaltsenglossus senis a une apparence vermiforme et une longueur comprise entre . Le corps se compose d'une trompe ovoïde allongée, d'une couronne de six bras nourriciers, d'un tronc cylindrique et d'une structure postérieure ronde. Chacun des bras nourriciers, d'environ  de long, porte une quinzaine de paires de tentacules symétriques. Ils lui permettaient de se nourrir en filtrant l'eau de mer alors qu'avec sa trompe ou proboscis (d'environ  de long) il aspirait des particules organiques déposées sur le fond marin. L'intestin est droit, l'anus se termine immédiatement avant la partie postérieure.

Phylogénie

Publication originale

Notes et références

Liens externes

Hemichordata
Taxon fossile non connu en Paleobiology Database
Taxon fossile décrit en 2020
Paléontologie au Canada

Gyaltsenglossus


En vred mand er en dansk kortfilm fra 2015, der er instrueret af Jannik Dahl Pedersen efter manuskript af ham selv og Mie Skjoldemose Jakobsen.

Handling
Et selvhjælpsbånd leder den vattede Lars ud på en køretur med sin far. Deres forhold har altid været anstrengt, og det bliver ikke bedre, da de undervejs bliver konfronteret med både stærke kvinder, en selvudråbt guru og deres fortrængte fortid. Båndet fører Lars på afveje, hvor han aldrig før har været, men hvordan holder man fatning og retning på livets uransaglige landeveje, når man er vant til at være den, der bliver kørt over?

Medvirkende
 Sune Geertsen, Lars
 Henrik Larsen, Poul
 Peder Holm Johansen, Guru Søren
 Louise Davidsen, Kvinde på rasteplads
 Pernille Højmark, Kromutter
 Jytte Kvinesdal, Susanne

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2015

En vred mand


العَقِبِيّ أو العَظْم العَقِبِيّ أو عَظْم العَقِب   هو أكبر عظام الرُصُغ يقع في القسم الخلفي من القدم، ويطلق عليه أيضاً عظم الكعب حيث أنه العظم من طرسوس في القدم والتي تشكل الكعب. في بعض الحيوانات الأخرى، هو نقطة العرقوب.

لا بد هنا من التمييز بين عدة تسميات مختلفة يتم الخلط بينها أحياناً:

 عظم العقب: يسمى بالعامية أو اللغة الدارجة الكعب.
 عظم القعب: يسمى بالعامية أو اللغة الدارجة الكاحل.

البناء
في البشر، يعد العقدة أكبر عظام رصغ وأكبر عظم في القدم. يعتبر عظم الكاحل، والعقدة، والعظم الزاحفي الصف القريب من عظام الكاحل. في العقدة، يمكن تمييز العديد من الهياكل المهمة:

نصف العظم الأقرب إلى الكعب هو الحدبة العقبية. على حافته السفلية على كلا الجانبين توجد عملياته الجانبية والوسطى (عضلة مبعدة لخنصر القدم). بحيث يتم إدخال وتر العرقوب في منطقة خشنة على جانبه العلوي، ويتمفصل العظم المكعب (عظم نردي) مع جانبه الأمامي، وعلى جانبه العلوي توجد ثلاثة أسطح مفصلية للتعبير مع عظم الكاحل . بين هذه المفاصل المتفوقة والمكافئات على الكاحل هو الجيب الرصغي (القناة التي يشغلها الرباط الكعباني بين العظام). في الجزء العلوي ومقدم من السطح الإنسي للعقبي، دون وجه تالار الأوسط، هناك سماحة الأفقية والجرف تالار (أيضا معلاق الكاحل)، الذي يعطي مرفق إلى (الربيع) الرباط الأخمصي العقبي، الظنبوبي العقبي الرباط، والرباط الكعباني الإنسي. هذه هي سماحة مقعر أعلاه، وينطق مع السطح المفصلي العقبي الأوسط من الكاحل . أدناه، هو مخدد لوتر العضلة المثنية الطويلة ؛ يعطي الهامش الأمامي التعلق بالرباط العقدي الأخمصي، وحافته الإنسيّة إلى جزء من الرباط الدالي لمفصل الكاحل .

على الجانب الجانبي عادة ما تكون درنة تسمى الحدبة العظمية (أو عملية البكر). هذا نتوء مرتفع يقع بين أوتار الشظية الطويلة والقصيرة. يفصل بين الأخاديد المائلة للسطح الجانبي للعقدة (لأوتار العضلات الشظوية).

أهميتها التشريحية الرئيسية هي كنقطة تباعد في المسار المشترك سابقًا الذي تشترك فيه الأوتار البعيدة من العضلة الشظوية طويلة (peroneus longus) والعضلة الشظوية القصيرة (peroneus brevis) في طريقهما إلى مواقع التعلق الخاصة بكل منهما.

والعقب هو جزء من اثنين من المفاصل: المفاصل بين عظام الرسغ الداني والمفصل الكاحلي العقبي. يتم تغطية نقطة العقدة بواسطة الجراب العكسي.

في العقدة يتطور مركز تعظم خلال الأسبوع الرابع إلى السابع من نمو الجنين.

التشريح
تتألف عظام القدم تشريحياً من عظام الرصغ والأمشاط والسلاميات، وتتألف عظام الرصغ من سبعة عظام صغيرة تتمفصل مع بعضها البعض ومع عظمي الساق وهي: العقب والقعب والعظم النردي والعظم الزورقي والعظم الإسفيني الأنسي والعظم الإسفيني الأوسط والعظم الإسفيني الوحشي.

يعد عظم العقب أكبر عظام الرصغ. يتمفصل في الأعلى مع عظم القعب ويتمفصل في الأمام مع العظم النردي، وله ستة وجوه:

• الوجه الأمامي: يتمفصل مع العظم النردي.

• الوجه الخلفي: يتميز بوجود البارزة الخلفية للقدم التي يرتكز عليها وتر العقب.

• الوجه الوحشي: يوجد عليه بروز يُسمى الحدبة الشظوية التي يرتكز عليها وترا العضلة الشظوية القصيرة والعضلة الشظوية الطويلة.

• الوجه الأنسي: يبرز منه ناتئ له شكل الرف يُدعى بمعلاق القعب لأنه يساهم في دعم عظم القعب.

• الوجه العلوي: يتميز بوجود سطحين مفصليين يتمفصل عظم العقب من خلالها مع عظم القعب وينفصلان عن بعضهما بالثلم العقبي.

• الوجه السفلي: يتميز بوجود ثلاث حدبات، حدبة أمامية وحدبة أنسية كبيرة وحدبة وحشية صغيرة.

الوظيفة
يتم إدراج ثلاث عضلات على العقدة: عضلة الساق والنعل والأخمص . هذه العضلات جزء من الحجرة الخلفية للساق وتساعد في المشي والجري والقفز وتشمل وظائفها المحددة ثني أخمصي القدم، وثني الركبة، وثبات الساق على الكاحل أثناء الوقوف. تعمل العقدة أيضًا كمصدر للعديد من العضلات القصيرة التي تمتد على طول باطن القدم وتتحكم في أصابع القدم.

تتوزع قوى الضغط المطبقة على القدم على خمسة محاور، ثلاثة متوسطة واثنان جانبيان. تمتد المحاور الجانبية فوق العظم القعبي إلى عظم العقب والعظام الإسفينية الثلاثة والعظم الزورقي. يتمفصل عظم القعب فوق عظم العقب ولذلك تكون المحاور متجاورة وتتجه نحو أصابع القدم وتُشكل أقواس القدم التي تعمل على توزيع قوى الضغط عند المشي أو الوقوف على تضاريس غير مستوية. ولذلك يُشكل العقب النقطة الخلفية للدعم التي تتحمل العبء الأكبر لحمل وزن الجسم.

يُغلف أسفل القدم بطبقة سميكة من النسيج الضام يصل سمكا لأكثر من 2 سم بهدف توزيع القوى الضاغطة على العقب أثناء المشي، وخاصة في مرحلة الوقوف عندما يلامس العقب الأرض. يحتوي هذا النسيج على نوع من حجرات الضغط التي تعمل لامتصاص الصدمات وتثبيت القدم. تحتوي كل حجرة على نسيج ليفي مغطى بطبقة من النسيج الضام المصنوع من ألياف الكولاجين. تعتبر منطقة أسفل القدم واحدة من أكثر مناطق الجسم توعية دموية.

دوره كمرتكز لعضلات الساق
تُقسم عضلات المسكن الخلفي للساق إلى مجموعة سطحية تضم العضلة مثلثة الرؤوس (الساقية والنعلية) والعضلة الأخمصية، والمجموعة العميقة التي تضم العضلة المأبضية والعضلة الظنبوبية الخلفية والعضلة قابضة الإبهام الطويلة والعضلة قابضة الأصابع الطويلة.

يرتكز وتر أخيل على عظم العقب وهو عبارة عن وتر مشترك لثلاث عضلات هي العضلات النعلية والساقية والأخمصية التي تشكل عضلات المسكن الخلفي للساق. إن الوظيفة الرئيسية لهذه العضلات الثلاثة هي الثني الأخمصي للقدم.
 تنشأ العضلة الساقية برأسين من الوجه الوحشي والأنسي للفخذ ثم يتقارب الرأسان ويلتحمان مع وتر العضلة النعلية لتشكيل وتر العقب الذي يرتكز على الوجه الخلفي للعقب وتتعصب هذه العضلة بالعصب الظنبوبي.
 تنشأ العضلة النعلية فتنشأ من الوجه الخلفي لعظم الشظية ومن القوس الوترية لعظم الظنبوب وترتكز على الوجه الخلفي للعقب وتتعصب بالعصب الظنبوبي أيضاً.
 تنشأ العضلة الأخمصية من الوجه الوحشي للفخذ وترتكز على الحافة الأنسية للوتر العقبي وتتعصب كذلك بالعصب الظنبوبي.

الأهمية السريرية

عادةً ما يكون عظم الساق عموديًا فوق العقدة (pes rectus). إذا تم تدوير المحور العظمي بين هاتين العظمتين في الوسط، تكون القدم في وضع مقلوب (pes valgus)، وإذا تم تدويرها جانبًا، تكون القدم في وضع مقلوب (pes varus).

 كسر عظم العظم، المعروف أيضًا باسم كسر العاشق وكسر دون جوان.

أمراض

متلازمة نفق عظم الكعب

تُعْرف بأنها اعتلال عصبي يتولَّد نتيجة الضغط على عصب قصبة الساق أثناء مروره في نفق عظم الكعب ويؤدي إلى حالة من الألم في القدم. ويمتدّ هذا النفق على طول الساق الداخلية خلف الكَعْبُ الإِنْسِيّ، الكعب الإنسي هو البروز الظاهر من الكاحل، بالتالي فإن نفق عظم الكعب يتموضع على الكاحل من الداخل. ويقوم كل من شريان قصبة الساق الخلفي، وعصب قصبة الساق، وأوتار عضلة قصبة الساق الخلفية، والعَضَلةُ الطّويلَةُ قابِضةُ إبهام القَدَم، والعَضَلَةُ الطَويلَةُ المُثْنِيَةُ للأَصَابِعِ، بعبور نفق عظم الكعب على شكل حزمة. أما داخل النفق، فينقسم عصب قصبة الساق إلى ثلاثة أعصاب: واحد منها يكمل طريقه نحو العَقِب وهو العصب العَقِبِيّ (calcaneal nerve)، أما العَصَبان الآخران فيكملان طريقهما إلى أسفل القدم، وهما: العصب الأَخْمَصِيُّ الإِنْسِيّ (medial plantar nerve) والعصب الأَخْمَصِيُّ الوَحْشِي (lateral plantar nerve). ويُحَاط نفق عظم الكعب بالعَظْم من الداخل، وبقَيدِ مُثْنِيات القَدَم (flexor retinaculum) من الخارج.

الأعراض
هذه بعض من الأعراض التي يتعرض لها المصاب بالمتلازمة:

 ألم وتنميل داخل الكاحل وحوله وفي أصابع القدم في بعض الأحيان.
 تَوَرُّم الأقدام.
 حرق مؤلم، وتنميل، وخَدَر أسفل القدم، ويزيد الألم سوءًا وانتشارًا في حالة الوقوف لفترة طويلة، فهو يزداد كلما زاد نشاطك ويقل بإراحة القدم.
 الإحساس بصدمات كهربائية.
 ألم ينتشر إلى الأعلى نحو الساق، وإلى الأسفل نحو تَقَوُّس القدم، والعَقِب، وأصابع القدم.
 الإحساس بالبرودة أو السخونة في القدم.
 إحساس بأن القدم فارغة.
 ألم عند قيادة السيارة.
 ألم على طول مسار عصب قصبة الساق الخلفي.
 شعور بالحرق أسفل القدم، ويمتد نحو الركبة.
 الشعور «بالإِبَر والدبابيس» تنقر على الأقدام، حيث يكون هذا الشعور متزايدًا عند المصابين بالمتلازمة.
 علامة تينل موجبة.

تُمَثِّل علامة تينل الإحساس بصدمة كهربائية عند النقر على عصبٍ مصاب، فإن حصل ذلك الإحساس عند النقر نقول بأن لدينا علامة تينل موجبة. ينتقل هذا الإحساس عادةً إلى داخل القدم فيشعر به المصاب في تلك المنطقة، ولكن يمكنه أيضًا الانتقال إلى الأعلى إلى الساق الداخلية.

العلاج
عادة يُكتفى بالعلاج الفيزيائي إذا ما كانت الأعراض التي يشعر بها المريض خفيفة وغير مؤلمة بشكل مبرح لكن إذا استمر الاعتلال والألم أو ما إذا كانت الحالة حرجة من البداية فحينها يتم اللجوء للعلاج الجراحي.

حالة شهيرة للإصابة بمتلازمة نفق عظم الكعب
وِفْقًا لخدمة الاستخبارات الوطنية في كوريا الشمالية، فقد خضع الزعيم الكوري كيم جونغ أون لعملية جراحية لعلاج متلازمة نفق عظم الكعب في كاحله الأيمن، وكانت هذه المتلازمة سببًا في أن الرئيس كان يعرج في مِشْيته. واختفى الزعيم عن العامّة لمدة ستة أسابيع بعد إجراء العملية التي شكّ العالم في ماهيَّتها، مما ولَّد تساؤلًا عالميًّا حول مستقبل الزعيم كيم جونغ أون وكوريا الشمالية.

معرض صور

انظر أيضًا
 ناتئ.
 كلكار.
 زاوية بوهلر.
 تصنيف ساندرز.

ملاحظات

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

  ()
 نموذج Calcaneus ثلاثي الأبعاد قابل للطباعة، تنزيل مجاني بتنسيق STL (Embodi3D.com)

تشريح الفقاريات
عظام
عظام الطرف السفلي
قدم
كاحل

عقبي


Kureyş Suresi (Arapça: سورة قريش), Kur'an'ın 106. suresidir. Sure 4 ayetten oluşur.

Sure ilk ayetinde geçen ve peygamberin kabilesini ifade eden kureyş kelimesinden ismini alır. Kur'an'ın 30. cüzünde yer alır. Kureyş, Muhammed'in kabilesidir. Kureyş'e İslam öncesi dönemde verilen bazı imtiyazlardan bahsettiği için bu adı almıştır. Tîn sûresinden sonra Mekke'de indirildiğine inanılmaktadır. İslam inançlarına göre bu sûre Kureyş ve Allah'ın minneti hakkında inmiştir. Kureyş kabilesi, Araplarca kutsal sayılan Kâbe'nin bakımını ve gözetimini üstlendikleri için diğer Arap kabileleri onlara saygı gösterirlerdi. Özellikle Kâbe'yi yıkmaya gelen fil ordusunun inanılmaz şekilde felakete maruz kalarak Kâbe'yi yıkma çabalarının başarısızlıkla sonuçlanması üzerine Kureyşliler kabileler arasında saygınlıklarını artırmışlardır. Kureyş suresinde Allah'ın onlara lütfettiği imkanlar hatırlatılmıştır ve Kâbe'ye vurgu yapılarak "Şu evin (Kabe'nin) Rabbine kulluk etsinler" buyrulmuştur.

Bazı İslam araştırmacıları, Kur'anın 105 ve 106. surelerini birlikte ele alıyor ve Kureyş'i Muhammedin mensubu olduğu kabilenin adı ve Ebabil'i bir kırlangıç türü gösteren geleneksel açıklamaları tatmin edici bulmuyorlar. Buna göre Kur'anın 105. suresi olan "Fil suresi" Babil sürgününü; "Kureyş suresi" ise İran'da Ahameniş İmparatorluğu'nu kuran, Yahudileri bu sürgünden kurtararak onların Kudüs'e dönmesine izin veren, böylece Yahudiler arasında büyük bir kurtarıcı (veya mesih) olarak saygı kazanan Büyük Kiros'u işaret etmekteydi. (Kiros'un İbranice telaffuzu Quraish idi)  (Ayrıca bakınız; Revizyonist İslam Araştırmaları Okulu)

Kaynakça

Sureler

Kureyş Suresi


The Questor Tapes este un film SF dramatic de televiziune din 1974 regizat de Richard A. Colla după un scenariu de Gene Roddenberry și Gene L. Coon.  A fost nominalizat la Premiul Hugo pentru cea mai bună prezentare dramatică. Robert Foxworth interpretează rolul unui android care, având memoria incompletă, își caută creatorul și scopul său.

Distribuție
 Robert Foxworth - Questor
 Mike Farrell - Jerry Robinson
 John Vernon - Geoffrey Darrow
 Lew Ayres - Dr. Emil Vaslovik, Ph.D.
 James Shigeta - Dr. Chen
Robert Douglas - Dr. Michaels
Dana Wynter - Lady Helena Trimble
Ellen Weston - Allison Sample
Majel Barrett - Dr. Bradley
Walter Koenig - Administrative Assistant

Note

Filme din 1974
Filme SF din anii 1970

The Questor Tapes


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Zastave Miroslava Krleže

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1969.


Le fort (de) Saint-Antoine, appelé également fort Lucotte, est un fort militaire construit au . Il fait partie du système Séré de Rivières. Érigé  sur la commune française de Saint-Antoine (département du Doubs, région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté), il se situe sur une crête séparant le lac Saint-Point de la station de ski de Métabief. Il s'agit d'un fort d'arrêt qui  avait pour mission d'interdire le contournement de la Cluse de Pontarlier par le sud, l'accès à la route venant de Lausanne et les itinéraires permettant de rejoindre Salins et Champagnole via le défilé de Bonnevaux.

Nom Boulanger
Par le décret du , le ministre de la Guerre Georges Boulanger renomme tous les forts, batteries et casernes avec les noms d'anciens chefs militaires. Pour le fort de Saint-Antoine, son « nom Boulanger » est celui du général de division Edme Aimé Lucotte. Le nouveau nom est gravé au fronton de l'entrée.

Défense du Jura
Le fort Lucotte fait partie de l'ensemble défensif de Pontarlier comprenant également :
 le fort Malher du Larmont inférieur
 le fort de Joux (dit château de Joux),
 le fort Catinat du Larmont supérieur

Plus au sud, se trouvent :
 le fort du Risoux
le fort des Rousses
le fort l'Écluse

Construction
Les ingénieurs militaires ont construit ce fort polygonal Séré de Rivières, suivant le modèle dit "1874-1875" , en optant pour le type "à massif central et batterie basse".

L'emplacement choisi est situé à 1104 m d'altitude, sur une crête, orientée S.SO-N.NE, à 1300 m au nord du bourg de Saint-Antoine.

Le fort, destiné à recevoir une garnison de 420 hommes, est construit en maçonnerie sur 3 ha. 600 tailleurs de pierre et 600 maçons ont travaillé à sa construction, assistés de 3200 hommes de troupe pour le creusement des fossés et les manutentions. Joseph Joffre, alors capitaine du Génie, fait partie de l'encadrement.

Au printemps 1884, 194 arbres, sur 3 rangs en quinconce, sont plantés sur le glacis. Un chemin stratégique (la route du fort) est aménagé sur 4,5 km depuis Saint-Point.

Histoire

Extérieur
Les fossés, de 6,5 à 7 m de profondeur pour 9 m de largeur, ont la forme d'un hexagone presque régulier de 3 ha de superficie. Leur défense est assurée par 3 caponnières doubles aux angles N-E, O et S (chaque caponnière flanque les 2 fossés adjacents). Les différentes casemates : casernements, magasins à poudre et munitions, locaux de stockage de la nourriture... sont voûtés et recouverts d'une couche de 7 à 8 m de cailloux et terre, assurant un bon amortissement des explosions des obus chargés alors (jusqu'au début des années 1880) de poudre noire, un explosif déflagrant. Les eaux de pluie, pénétrant jusqu'aux voûtes, à travers la couche de protection, sont dirigées vers des citernes. Un pont-levis à basculement, précédé d'un pont dormant, dont l'entrée était protégée par un ravelin, constituent le seul accès au fort. Les 2 parties du casernement occupent l'épicentre, séparées par la "cour d'honneur". Partant de la cour d'entrée et faisant le tour du massif central (casernement), une "rue du rempart" à ciel ouvert, passant en tunnel sous 5 grandes traverses de protection latérale, dessert une quinzaine de plates-formes d'artillerie à ciel ouvert, séparées par des traverses-abris.,

Des couloirs voûtés mènent aux 3 caponnières ; celui de la caponnière ouest permet également de descendre, via un escalier en colimaçon, aux abris "temps de guerre".

Une caserne "temps de paix", dont les ruines des 2 bâtiments sont encore visibles depuis l'entrée, a  été construite à l'extérieur.

Casemates
Pour l'hébergement des hommes, 8 chambrées de 44 et 52 lits sont aménagées dans le casernement. Les officiers et sous-officiers se logent dans 7 chambres. Le fort dispose d'une infirmerie, d'une cuisine avec four à pain, d'une forge, d'une écurie, et bien sur, de magasins (vivres, huile, habillement, poudre, gargousses, projectiles). Des citernes, récupèrent les eaux de pluie.

Près de l'entrée se trouve le local du télégraphiste : Le fort était doté d'un poste optique, à signaux Morse, placé au sommet du talus de l'escarpe du front de gorge, et accessible par l'escalier en colimaçon débutant à proximité du local. Il était ainsi possible de communiquer avec le fort du Larmont supérieur, distant de 12 km, lui-même relié à la place de Besançon (fort de Montfaucon).

Aménagements ultérieurs
En 1885, la mise au point de l'obus-torpille chargé d'un explosif brisant, la mélinite, fait craindre une trop grande faiblesse de tous les forts Séré de Rivières construits jusque là. Aussi, des abris et magasins à poudre sont creusés sous la partie nord-ouest en 1888-1889, tandis que la partie supérieure de certaines casemates est bétonnée en 1891. En 1908 sont réalisés des tests de tir au canon qui infirmèrent quelque peu les résultats catastrophiques constatés au fort de la Malmaison 22 ans auparavant. Les experts estimèrent que le fort pouvait résister jusqu'à 15 jours au feu de l'artillerie de campagne. Les dégâts causés par les tirs seront réparés et le fort restera opérationnel jusqu'à la première Guerre mondiale.

Seconde guerre mondiale
Si la place de Pontarlier n'a pas été mise en défense en août 1914, en 1939, le fort de Saint-Antoine, tout comme ceux de Joux, du Larmont et du Risoux, est réoccupé, sans renforcements particuliers, assurant un soutien (comme position d'artillerie préparée) au secteur fortifié du Jura de la ligne Maginot. Seul le fort du Larmont supérieur sera attaqué par l'armée allemande en juin 1940.

Armement
Au début des années 1880, Il devait être comparable à celui des autres forts Séré de Rivières avec, notamment, le canon de 120 mm de Bange comme pièce de place, et le canon à balle (canon revolver Hotchkiss) pour assurer le flanquement des fossés.

Les fantassins disposaient à cette époque du fusil Gras, modèle 1874, remplacé ensuite par le Lebel modèle1886.

Seconde affectation
Désaffecté, sans avoir connu l'épreuve du feu, le fort est cédé par l'armée à la commune, en 1965, et loué au fromager Marcel Petite, en 1966, pour y être transformé en caves d'affinage de comté. Celui-ci investit dans un premier temps le casernement et les gaines souterraines, puis construit une première salle d'affinage au-dessus de la cour d'entée, et enfin, entre 2008 et 2011, la "cave des remparts" au-dessus de la cour d'honneur. L'ensemble couvre 5000 m2, soit 1/6e de la surface totale du fort. Les conditions sont idéales pour un affinage lent, avec une température oscillant entre 6 et 9°C et une hygrométrie importante, de 94 à 98%.

Ce sont aujourd'hui (2022), 100 000 meules qui sont stockées, pour une durée de 10 à 20 mois, dans les 2 caves. En 50 ans, plus d'un million de meules ont été affinées dans le fort.

Galerie

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Robert Dutriez et al., Vauban et ses successeurs en Franche-Comté : trois siècles d'architecture militaire, Besançon, C.R.D.P., 1981, 248 p. (BNF 34664251).

 Guy Le Hallé, Histoire des fortifications en Franche-Comté et pays de l'Ain, Amiens, Martelle, 1991, 223 p. .

 Guy Le Hallé, Le système Séré de Rivières ou le Témoignage des pierres : La France et Verdun, Louviers, Ysec éd., 2001, 224 p. .

 Philippe Truttmann, La Barrière de Fer : l'architecture des forts du général Séré de Rivières, 1872-1914, Thionville, Gérard Klopp, 2000, 542 p. .

Liens externes

 Photographies de 1980
 Fort en élévation et coupe
 Lucotte sur un forum

Notes et références

Lucotte
Lucotte
Pontarlier
Fortification de montagne

Fort Lucotte de Saint-Antoine


FreeRTOS pek çok mikrokontrolöre taşınabilen gömülü cihazlar için tasarlanmış gerçek zamanlı işletim sistemidir. GPL lisansının değiştirilmiş bir şekli altında dağıtılmaktadır. Bu lisans kullanıcıya ait kodların kapalı kalmasını bunun yanında kernel'in açık kaynak olarak kullanılmasına izin vermektedir bu da FreeRTOS'un ticari kullanımını kolaylaştırmaktadır. FreeRTOS' ücretsiz olarak indirilip kullanılabilmektedir. Desteklediği mimariler;

 ARM Cortex-M3
 ARM architecture ARM7
 AVR
 x86
 PIC mikrokontrolör PIC18/24/MX32
 Renesas H8/S
 MSP430
 HCS12
 8052
 MicroBlaze

Kurulum işlemi her türlü mimari için önceden hazırlanmış konfigurasyon işlemi ile gerçeklştirilebilir. FreeRTOS işdüzenleyicisi küçük ve basit olacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. FreeRTOS CORTEX-M3 mikrokontrolörleri için tasarlanmış gerçek zamanlı bir kernel' e sahip ilk işletim sistemi olmuştur.

Dış bağlantılar

 FreeRTOS Resmi Sitesi

Gömülü işletim sistemleri
ARM işletim sistemleri
Mikro çekirdek tabanlı işletim sistemleri

FreeRTOS


Gustavo de Jesús Gaviria Rivero (født 25. december 1949, død 11. august 1990) var Pablo Escobars fætter og højre hånd, Medellínkartellets økonomiske hoved og organisationens hjerne. Han og Escobar havde samarbejdet siden begyndelsen af 1970'erne. Selvom Gustavo Gaviria var ejer af en formue, der kunne sammenlignes med Escobars, var Gustavo ikke så kendt, da han holdt lav profil.

Kildeangivelser

Personer fra Colombia
Narkoforbrydere

Gustavo Gaviria


Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire,  (6 May 17604 February 1816), styled Lord Hobart from 1793 to 1804, was a British Tory politician.

Life
Buckinghamshire was born at Hampden House, the son of George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire and Albinia, daughter of Lord Vere Bertie, younger son of Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. He was educated at Westminster School, London and later served in the American Revolutionary War.

Political career
Buckinghamshire was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the Irish House of Commons for Portarlington from 1784 to 1790 and thereafter for Armagh Borough from 1790 to 1797. He sat also in the British House of Commons for the rotten borough of Bramber in 1788, a seat he held until 1790, and then for Lincoln from 1790 to 1796. He acted as aide-de-camp to successive Lord Lieutenants of Ireland from 1784 onwards, and from 1789 to 1793 he was chief secretary to the Lord Lieutenant, exerting his influence in this country to prevent any concessions to Roman Catholics.

In 1793 he was invested a member of the Privy Council, and appointed Governor of Madras. In 1798 he was recalled to England by the President of the Board of Control responsible for Indian affairs, Henry Dundas and summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Hobart. In the Lords, he favoured the union between England and Ireland. He was the leader of the House of Lords from March to October 1801. He later served as Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1801 to 1804 when it was said he had "a better grasp of the local or colonial conditions, and a more active spirit than did some of his successors." He was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1805 and again in 1812, Postmaster General from 1806 to 1807 and President of the Board of Control, a post for which his time in India suited him, from 1812 to 1816. Hobart, the capital of Tasmania, is named after Lord Buckinghamshire.

Family

Lord Buckinghamshire married firstly Margaretta, daughter of Edmund Bourke, in 1792. They had one son (who died in infancy) and a daughter, Lady Sarah, who married Prime Minister Lord Goderich and was the mother of George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon. After Margaretta's death in 1796, he married secondly the Hon. Eleanor  Eden, daughter of William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland, in 1799. Two years earlier William Pitt the Younger  had broken off what was generally believed to be an informal engagement to Eleanor. There were no children from this marriage. Lord Buckinghamshire died in February 1816 at the age of 55, after a fall from his horse. He was succeeded in the earldom by his nephew, George. Lady Buckinghamshire died in October 1851, aged 74.

References

External links

1760 births
1816 deaths
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British Secretaries of State
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
4
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Hobart, Robert
Hobart, Robert
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Politics of Lincoln, England
United Kingdom Postmasters General
Robert
Commissioners of the Treasury for Ireland
Chief Secretaries for Ireland
Deaths by horse-riding accident in England
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for Portarlington
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Armagh constituencies
Leaders of the House of Lords
Presidents of the Board of Control
Governors of Madras


O iPhone 13 e o iPhone 13 Mini são smartphones projetados, desenvolvidos, comercializados e vendidos pela Apple Inc. Eles são a décima quinta geração de iPhones (sucedendo ao iPhone 12 e iPhone 12 Mini). Eles foram apresentados em um evento da Apple no Apple Park em Cupertino, Califórnia, em 14 de setembro de 2021, juntamente com os carros-chefe iPhone 13 Pro e iPhone 13 Pro Max com preços mais altos. As pré-encomendas para o iPhone 13 e iPhone 13 Mini começaram em 17 de setembro de 2021. Eles foram lançados oficialmente em 24 de setembro de 2021.

Design
O iPhone 13 e 13 Mini estão disponíveis em seis cores: Midnight, Starlight, Product Red, Blue, Pink e Green.

Em 8 de março de 2022, no evento especial da Apple "Peek Performance", a Apple revelou uma nova opção de cor verde, que ficou disponível em 18 de março.

Especificações

Hardware
O iPhone 13 e o iPhone 13 Mini usam um sistema A15 Bionic projetado pela Apple em um chip. O iPhone 13 e 13 Mini apresentam uma CPU de 6 núcleos, GPU de 4 núcleos e Neural Engine de 16 núcleos, enquanto o iPhone 13 Pro e 13 Pro Max apresentam uma GPU de 5 núcleos.

Display
O iPhone 13 possui uma  com tecnologia Super Retina XDR OLED com resolução de 2532×1170 pixels e densidade de pixels de cerca de 460 PPI com taxa de atualização de 60Hz. O iPhone 13 Mini possui uma  com a mesma tecnologia com resolução de 2340×1080 pixels e densidade de pixels de cerca de 476 PPI.

Câmeras
Os iPhone 13 e 13 Mini contam com o mesmo sistema de câmeras com três câmeras: uma frontal (12MP f/2.2) e duas traseiras: uma ampla (12MP f/1.6) e uma ultra grande angular (12MP f/2.4). As câmeras traseiras contêm sensores maiores para mais coleta de luz com a nova estabilização óptica de imagem (OIS) de deslocamento do sensor na câmera principal. O módulo da câmera na parte traseira é disposto diagonalmente em vez de verticalmente para projetar os sensores maiores.

As câmeras usam o mais recente mecanismo de fotografia computacional da Apple, chamado Smart HDR 4. Os usuários também podem escolher entre uma variedade de estilos fotográficos durante a captura, incluindo contraste rico, vibrante, quente e frio. A Apple esclarece que isso é diferente de um filtro, porque funciona de forma inteligente com o algoritmo de processamento de imagem durante a captura para aplicar ajustes locais a uma imagem e os efeitos serão incorporados às fotos, ao contrário dos filtros que podem ser removidos após a aplicação.

O aplicativo da câmera contém um novo modo chamado Cinematic Mode, que permite aos usuários focar entre os assuntos e criar profundidade de campo rasa usando algoritmos de software. É compatível com as câmeras amplas e frontais em 1080p a 30 fps.

Software
O iPhone 13 e o iPhone 13 Mini foram enviados com o iOS 15 no lançamento.

Reparabilidade
Algumas peças do iPhone 13 estão emparelhadas com a placa-mãe. O usuário é avisado se um componente emparelhado (por exemplo, tela, bateria) for substituído por oficinas independentes. Os sensores Face ID param completamente de funcionar após a substituição de terceiros, embora em versões posteriores do iOS a Apple tenha revertido essa limitação. Os técnicos da Apple têm uma ferramenta de software proprietária para emparelhar componentes.

Ver também

 iPhone 13 Pro
 Apple A16
 História do iPhone
 Lista de dispositivos iOS

Ligações externas

  – site oficial

IOS
IPhone
Apple

IPhone 13


Karlstrup Skov er et 238 hektar stort område der rummer Karlstrup Kalkgrav, Firemileskoven og Karlslunde Mose i Solrød og Greve Kommune.

Firemileskoven
I 1982 begyndte Københavns Skovdistrikt mellem Køge Bugt Motorvejen og Sydmotorvejen at tilplante et landbrugsareal på 85 hektar. Dette er nu blevet en åben løvskov med mange buske og frugttræer.

Karlslunde Mose
Her findes et 123 hektar stort fredet moseområde med forskellige naturtyper som pileskove, rør- og sivsumpe. I mange år er græsområderne i moserne blevet afgræsset af køer, heste og får. Uden græsning ville mosen gro til med krat, og derfor har Københavns Skovdistrikt genindført husdyrgræsning.
 Se også den fredede Karlstrup Mose.

Karlstrup Kalkgrav
Karlstrup Kalkgrav er et rekreativt område mellem Karlstrup og Solrød Strand. På grund af den kalkrige jord er plantelivet meget karakteristisk for kalkelskende planter. Her findes også Sjællands klareste sø, hvor bunden kan ses 14 meter nede i vandet.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Karlstrup Skov hos Naturstyrelsen
 Karlslunde Mose  hos visitgreve.dk
 Karlstrup Skov hos Den Store Danske

Skove i Danmark
Solrød Kommunes geografi
Greve Kommunes geografi

Karlstrup Skov


Tetrahymena er en slægt af fritlevende ciliater. Det er mikrober som kan skifte mellem levemåderne kommensal og patogen. Tetrahymena er almindelig i ferskvandsdamme og er 30-60 mikrometer store. De arter af Tetrahymena, der anvendes som modelorganismer i biomedicinsk forskning, er Tetrahymena thermophila og Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Tetrahymena thermophila

Tetrahymena thermophila har to cellekerner. Tetrahymena thermophila eksisterer i syv forskellige køn, som kan reproducere i 21 forskellige kombinationer - og en enkelt Tetrahymena thermophila kan ikke reproducere sig seksuelt med sig selv.

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Tetrahymena Stock Center at Cornell University
ASSET: Advancing Secondary Science Education thru Tetrahymena
Tetrahymena Genome Database
Biogeography and Biodiversity of Tetrahymena

Ciliophora
Protozoer

Tetrahymena


Sharīf 'Alī ibn 'Ajlān ibn Rumaithah ibn Muḥammad (arábico: الـشـريـف عـلي ابـن عـجـلان ابـن رمـيـثـة ابـن مـحـمـد) (also known as Barkat Ali or Blessed Ali) foi o terceiro sultão do Brunei. Ele também era um estudioso de ascendência árabe, originário de Ta'if no Hejaz.

Reinado
Sharif Ali subiu ao trono em 1425, após a morte de sultão Ahmad morreu sem deixar descendentes do sexo masculino. No entanto, a posse de Sharif 'Ali não veio apenas da família real do sultão Ahmad. Tanto os cidadãos de Brunei quanto os conselheiros reais concordaram que Sharif Ali fosse o sultão, por causa de seu profundo conhecimento do Islã. Seu mérito em difundir o Islã estava relacionado à sua posição como 'ālim real (árabe: عَـالِـم, 'estudioso') em Brunei, durante o reinado do sultão Ahmad. Por essa razão, seu casamento com Puteri Ratna Kesuma, filha do sultão Ahmad, visava fortalecer sua posição como sultão e estudioso. Ele foi o primeiro sultão de Brunei sem relação genealógica com os antigos sultões do Reino.

Sharif Ali governou Brunei de acordo com os princípios islâmicos e, portanto, foi considerado um governante muito piedoso. Devido à sua popularidade, ele foi apelidado de "Sultan Berkat". Ele foi o primeiro sultão a construir uma mesquita e fortificou a defesa de Brunei ordenando que seu povo construísse uma fortaleza e uma cidade de pedra, que é Kota Batu. Após sua morte em 1432, ele foi sucedido por seu filho Sulaiman.

Ver também

 Lista de sultões do Brunei
 História do Brunei

Referências
Brunei
Sultões de Brunei
Mortos em 1432

Sharif Ali do Brunei


The Avalon Peninsula () is a large peninsula that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland. It is  in size.

The peninsula is home to 270,348 people, about 52% of Newfoundland's population, according to the 2016 Canadian census. The peninsula is the location of St. John's, the provincial capital and largest city. It is connected to the main section of the island by the  wide Isthmus of Avalon. The peninsula protrudes into the rich fishing zones near the Grand Banks. Its four major bays (Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay and Placentia Bay) have long been the centre of Newfoundland's fishing industry.

Geography and geology

The Avalon Peninsula is pinched into smaller peninsulas formed by St. Mary's Bay and Conception Bay. St. John's is located in the northeast of the peninsula.

The Avalon Peninsula is a noted region for Precambrian fossils, and many Lagerstätten of the diverse Ediacaran biota are found on the peninsula. Mistaken Point is the original location of the first documented Ediacaran, Aspidella terranovica (which gets its specific name from Newfoundland). The peninsula gives its name to the ancient micro-continent Avalonia of which it was part.

History

In 1497, explorer John Cabot led an expedition from England in an attempt to reach the Spice Islands in the East Indies. He is said to have reached what is now known as Bonavista. The English established their first permanent settlement at Cuper's Cove in 1610.

Sir George Calvert was later given a large land holding on the peninsula. The initial colony of Ferryland grew to a population of 100, becoming the first successful permanent settlement on Newfoundland island. In 1623 Calvert was given a royal charter extending the royal lands and granting them the name Province of Avalon "in imitation of Old Avalon in Somersetshire wherein Glassenbury stands, the first fruits of Christianity in Britain as the other was in that party of America". Calvert wished to make the colony a refuge for Roman Catholics facing persecution in England. In 1625, Calvert was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as the 1st Baron Baltimore.

A series of crises and calamities led Lord Baltimore to quit the colony in 1629 for "some other warmer climate of this new world", which turned out to be Maryland, in the Chesapeake Bay Colony. His family maintained agents to govern Avalon until 1637, when the entire island of Newfoundland was granted by charter to Sir David Kirke and the 3rd Marquess of Hamilton.

In 1696, during King William's War, the French destroyed many English villages in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They had settled along the St. Lawrence River and from the Atlantic coast to Quebec and Montreal.

During Queen Anne's War, Commodore John Leake of the Royal Navy led an expedition aimed at capturing French ships around the peninsula and burning French settlements. The expedition was largely successful. During this same conflict, the French attempted to besiege the fortified English port of St. John's, but were unsuccessful. They later returned and captured the town, burning it to the ground.

In the late eighteenth century, the longstanding rivalry between Great Britain and France erupted again in the Seven Years' War. It was fought in the North American colonies as well, where it was known to British colonists as the French and Indian War. The Battle of Signal Hill was fought on the peninsula in 1762. In this engagement, British soldiers and artillery under the command of William Amherst drove the French occupants of St. John's from Signal Hill and into the town's fort, where they soon surrendered.

See also
 Avalon explosion
 British colonization of the Americas
 New Cambriol

References

External links
Heritage of Newfoundland - Colony of Avalon

Peninsulas of Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland (island)

Avalon Peninsula


කා‍ටුන් ආකාර සහ තාත්වික ආකාර කතා කරන හිස් යුගලක්

පරිගණක භාවිතයෙන් මුහුණු සජිවිකරණය පිලිබද ක්ෂේත්‍රය පරිගණකමය රූප නිර්මාණ ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් වන අතර එයට මානව හිසේ සහ මුහුණේ ආකෘති නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ සහ ඒවා සජීවිකරණය කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදයක් අයත් වෙයි. මෙහි විශය පථය සහ නිර්මාණ වර්ගය අනුව එය තවත් බොහෝ විද්‍යාත්මක සහ කලාත්මක ක්ෂේත්‍රයන් ගණනාවකට සම්බන්ධ වන අතර ඒවා අතරට මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ සිට සාම්ප්‍රදායික සජිවිකරණය දක්වා වු ක්ෂේත්‍ර අයත් වෙයි. වාචික සහ වාචික නොවන සංන්නිවේදනය සදහා මුහුණෙහි ඇති වැදගත් කමත් පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග සහ පරිගණක රූ නිර්මාණ දෘඩාංග වල වැඩි දියුණුවක් හේතුවෙන් පරිගණක භාවිතයෙන් මුහුණු සජිවිකරණ ක්ෂේත්‍රය වෙත විද්‍යාත්මක තාක්ෂණික සහ කලාත්මක වශයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු අවධානයක් යොමුව ඇත.

මුහුණු සජීවිකරණය සදහා පරිගණක රූ නිර්මාණ ක්‍රම සකස් කිරීම 1970 දශකයේ මුල භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වු නමුත් මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය විශාල දියුණුවකට පාත්‍රවීම වඩාත් නූතන සිදුවුවක් වන අතර එය 1980 දශකයේ අග භාගයේ පටන් ආරම්භ වුණි යැයි සැලකිය හැක.

පරිගණක භාවිතයෙන් මුහුණු සජිවිකරණය සදහා රූප නිර්මාණයේ පටන් ත්‍රිමාන ආකෘති නිර්මාණය සහ විදැහුම් කරණය දක්වා ක්‍රමවේද රැසක් පැවැත්වෙයි. මෙම තාක්ෂණය වෘතාන්ත චිත්‍රපට  සහ පරිගණක ක්‍රිඩා ඔස්සේ ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්ව ඇති නමුත් සන්නිවේදනය, අධ්‍යාපනය, විද්‍යාත්මක අනුරූපණ නිර්මාණය සහ නියෝජිතයන් මත පදනම් වු පද්ධති (උදාහරණයක් ලෙස අන්තර් ජාලය හරහා ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පාරිභෝගික සේවා නියෝජිතයන් පෙන්වා දිය හැක) ආදි ක්ෂේත්‍ර සදහා ද මෙය ප්‍රයෝජනවත් වෙයි.

2D සජීවීකරණ

ද්විමාන මුහුණු පිළිබඳ සජීවීකරණය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පදනම් වෙන්නේ රූප පරිවර්තනය කිරීම මතයි. මෙම රූපවලට නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප හා වීඩියෝ අනුක්‍රම ඇතුළත් වේ. රූප මෝර්ප් කිරීම යනු ඉලක්ක කරන ලද නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප 2ක් අතර හෝ වීඩියෝ අනුක්‍රමයක රාමු 2ක් අතර සංක්‍රාමී ඡායාරූප නිපදවීමට ඉඩ ලබා දෙන තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමයකි. මෙම මෝර්ප් කිරීමේ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සමන්විත වන්නේ ජ්‍යාමිතික විරූපණ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමවල සංයුක්තයකිනි. එමඟින් එම ඉලක්කගත රූප නිවැරදි ලෙස සකසන අතර රූප වයනයේ මෘදු සංක්‍රාමණයක් ඇති කරන ක්‍රොස් ෆේඩ් කිරීමක් ද සිදු කරයි. රූප මෝර්ප් කිරීමේ මුල් කාලීන උදාරහණයක් මයිකල් ජැක්සන්ගේ "Black or White" වී‍ඩියෝවෙහි දැකගත හැක. 1997 දී ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක හා පරිගණක අධ්‍යයන MIT මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සේවය කරන එසාට් හා පොගියෝඩ් විසින් කතා කරන සජීවීකරණ නිර්මාණය සඳහා විසෙම්ස් (Visemes) නිරූපණය කරන රූප යතුරුරාමු අතර මෝර්ප් වන MikeTalk නමින් හඳුන්වන පද්ධතියක් නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී.

රූපවලින් වූ සජීවීකරණවල තවත් ආකාරයක් වීඩියෝ පටයකින් ග්‍රහණය කරන ලද අනුක්‍රම එකට ඈඳීමකින් සමන්විත වේ. 1997 දී Bregler et al. විසින් වීඩියෝ නැවත ලිවීම ලෙස හැඳින්වූ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමයක් විස්තර කරන ලදී. එහිදී නිරූපණය කරන්නෙකුගේ අඩියාව ශබ්දය පිළිබඳ වූ ඒකකවලට අනුරූපව කොටස්වලට වෙන්කරන අතර ඉන්පසු ඒවා එකට මිශ්‍ර කර කථකයාගේ නව සජීවීකරණ නිර්මාණය කරනු ලබයි. වීඩියෝ නැවත ලිවීම වීඩියෝවල වූ තොල් චලනයන් ස්වයංක්‍රීයව ග්‍රහණය කර ගැනීමට පරිගණක දෘශ්‍ය තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම භාවිතා කරන අතර මෙම අංග වෙන් කර ගන්නා ලද ශබ්දය පිළිබඳ වූ ඒකක සකස් කිරීමේ දී හා මිශ්‍ර කිරීමේ දී යොදා ගනී. මෙම සජීවීකරණ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමය මඟින් නිර්මාණය වනු ලබන්නේ, මුහුණෙහි පහළ කොටසේ සජීවීකරණ පමණි. ඉන්පසු මේවා නිරූපණය කරන්නාගේ වීඩියෝ සමඟ එකට සම්බන්ධ කර අවසාන සජීවීකරණය නිෂ්පාදනය කරනු ලබයි.

මුහුණු සජීවිකරණ භාෂා

බොහෝ මුහුණු සජිවීකරණ භාෂා  මුහුණු සජිවි කරණයෙහි අන්තර්ගතය විස්තර කිරීමට භාවිතා කෙරෙයි. ඒවා එම භාෂා   සදහා අනුකූල වන දාවක මෘදුකාංග භාවිතය අදාල චලනයන් ජනනය සදහා භාවිතා කළ හැක. මුහුණු සජිවීකරණ භාෂා SMIL සහ VRML වැනි අනෙකුත් බහු මාධ්‍ය භාෂාවන් හා සමීප සම්බන්ධතාවක් දක්වයි. දත්ත නිරූපණ ක්‍රම‍වේදයක් ලෙස XML හි ඇති සාධනත්වය සහ ප්‍රචලිත භාවය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ මුහුණු සජීවිකරණ භාෂා XML මත පදනම් වේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස පහත දක්වා ඇති Virtual Human Markup Language (VHML) භාෂාවේ නියැදිය බලන්න.

      First I speak with an angry voice and look very angry,
          but suddenly I change to look more surprised.

වඩාත් සංකිර්ණ භාෂා භාවිතයේදී තිරණ ගැනීම, අවස්ථාවන්ට මුහුණ දීම සහ සමාන්තර සහ අනුක්‍රමික ක්‍රියාවලීන් සදහා ද ඉඩකඩ ලැබේ. පහත දක්වා ඇත්තේ Face Modeling Language (FML) භාෂා නියැදියකි.

පරිගණක භාවිතයෙන් මුහුණු සජිවිකරණය


Nota: Esta é a Lista de editores e ilustradores das composições de Cécile Chaminade ordenada por título, editor, data de publicação, e ilustrador, e não ordenada por número opus/W (Opus até 171, e W até 392), ilustração (algumas foram produzidas pelas próprias editoras) ou notas.

Notas explicativas

Referências
 Citron, Marcia J.: Cécile Chaminade: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press, 1988. ISBN 9780313253195

Ver também
 Lista de composições de Cécile Chaminade
 Lista de libretistas e dedicados das composições de Cécile Chaminade

Ligacões externas
 Catálogo de obras de Cécile Chaminade na Biblioteca Nacional da França
 Catágolo de obras de Cécile Chamindade na HathiTrust Foundation

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Compositores da França
Compositores românticos
Cécile Chaminade