Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ 3 is a landmark international law case, where the International Court of Justice gave an advisory opinion stating that while the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to international humanitarian law, it cannot be concluded whether or not such a threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful in extreme circumstances where the very survival of a state would be at stake. The Court held that there is no source of international law that explicitly authorises or prohibits the threat or use of nuclear weapons but such threat or use must be in conformity with the UN Charter and principles of international humanitarian law. The Court also concluded that there was a general obligation to pursue nuclear disarmament.

The World Health Organization requested the opinion on 3 September 1993, but it was initially refused because the WHO was acting outside its legal capacity (ultra vires). So the United Nations General Assembly requested another opinion in December 1994, accepted by the Court in January 1995. As well as determining the illegality of nuclear weapon use, the court discussed the proper role of international judicial bodies, the ICJ's advisory function, international humanitarian law (jus in bello), and rules governing the use of force (jus ad bellum). It explored the status of "Lotus approach", and employed the concept of non liquet. There were also strategic questions such as the legality of the practice of nuclear deterrence or the meaning of Article VI of the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

The possibility of threat outlawing use of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict was raised on 30 June 1950, by the Dutch representative to the International Law Commission (ILC), , who suggested this "would in itself be an advance". In addition, the Polish government requested this issue to be examined by the ILC as a crime against the peace of mankind. However, the issue was delayed during the Cold War.

Request of the World Health Organization

An advisory opinion on this issue was originally requested by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 3 September 1993:

The ICJ considered the WHO's request, in a case known as the Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict (General List No. 93), and also known as the WHO Nuclear Weapons case, between 1993 and 1996. The ICJ fixed 10 June 1994 as the time limit for written submissions, but after receiving many written and oral submissions, later extended this date to 20 September 1994. After considering the case the Court refused to give an advisory opinion on the WHO question. On 8 July 1996 it held, by 11 votes to three, that the question did not fall within the scope of WHO's activities, as is required by Article 96(2) of the UN Charter.

Request of the UN General Assembly

On 15 December 1994 the UN General Assembly adopted resolution A/RES/49/75K. This asked the ICJ urgently to render its advisory opinion on the following question:

The resolution, submitted to the Court on 19 December 1994, was adopted by 78 states voting in favour, 43 against, 38 abstaining and 26 not voting.

The General Assembly had considered asking a similar question in the autumn of 1993, at the instigation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which ultimately did not that year push its request. NAM was more willing the following year, in the face of written statements submitted in the WHO proceedings from a number of nuclear-weapon states indicating strong views to the effect that the WHO lacked competence in the matter. The Court subsequently fixed 20 June 1995 as the filing date for written statements.

Altogether 42 states participated in the written phase of the pleadings, the largest number ever to join in proceedings before the Court. Of the five declared nuclear weapon states only the People's Republic of China did not participate. Of the three "threshold" nuclear-weapon states only India participated. Many of the participants were developing states which had not previously contributed to proceedings before the ICJ, a reflection perhaps of the unparalleled interest in this matter and the growing willingness of developing states to engage in international judicial proceedings in the "post-colonial" period.

Oral hearings were held from 30 October to 15 November 1995. Twenty-two states participated: Australia, Egypt, France, Germany, Indonesia, Mexico, Iran, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Qatar, Russian Federation, San Marino, Samoa, Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Costa Rica, United Kingdom, United States, Zimbabwe; as did the WHO. The secretariat of the UN did not appear, but filed with the Court a dossier explaining the history of resolution 49/75K. Each state was allocated 90 minutes to make its statement. On 8 July 1996, nearly eight months after the close of the oral phase, the ICJ rendered its opinion.

Decision of the International Court of Justice

Composition of the Court

The ICJ is composed of fifteen judges elected to nine year terms by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. The court's "advisory opinion" can be requested only by specific United Nations organisations, and is inherently non-binding under the Statute of the court.

The fifteen judges asked to give their advisory opinion regarding the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons were:

Court's analysis

Deterrence and "threat"
The court considered the matter of deterrence, which involves a threat to use nuclear weapons under certain circumstances on a potential enemy or an enemy. Was such a threat illegal? The court decided, with some judges dissenting, that, if a threatened retaliatory strike was consistent with military necessity and proportionality, it would not necessarily be illegal. (Judgement paragraphs 37–50)

The legality of the possession of nuclear weapons
The court then considered the legality of the possession, as opposed to actual use, of nuclear weapons. The Court looked at various treaties, including the UN Charter, and found no treaty language that specifically forbade the possession of nuclear weapons in a categorical way.

The UN Charter was examined in paragraphs 37–50 (paragraph 37: "The Court will now address the question of the legality or illegality of recourse to nuclear weapons in the light of the provisions of the Charter relating to the threat or use of force"). Paragraph 39 mentions: "These provisions [i.e. those of the Charter] do not refer to specific weapons. They apply to any use of force, regardless of the weapons employed. The Charter neither expressly prohibits, nor permits, the use of any specific weapon, including nuclear weapons. A weapon that is already unlawful per se, whether by treaty or custom, does not become lawful by reason of its being used for a legitimate purpose under the Charter."

Treaties were examined in paragraphs 53–63 (paragraph 53: "The Court must therefore now examine whether there is any prohibition of recourse to nuclear weapons as such; it will first ascertain whether there is a conventional prescription to this effect"), as part of the law applicable in situations of armed conflict (paragraph 51, first sentence: "Having dealt with the Charter provisions relating to the threat or use of force, the Court will now turn to the law applicable in situations of armed conflict"). In particular, with respect to "the argument [that] has been advanced that nuclear weapons should be treated in the same way as poisoned weapons", the Court concluded that "it does not seem to the Court that the use of nuclear weapons can be regarded as specifically prohibited on the basis of the [...] provisions of the Second Hague Declaration of 1899, the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention IV of 1907 or the 1925 Protocol" (paragraphs 54 and 56)". It was also argued by some that the Hague Conventions concerning the use of bacteriological or chemical weapons would also apply to nuclear weapons, but the Court was unable to adopt this argument ("The Court does not find any specific prohibition of recourse to nuclear weapons in treaties expressly prohibiting the use of certain weapons of mass destruction", paragraph 57 in fine).

With respect to treaties that "deal [...] exclusively with acquisition, manufacture, possession, deployment and testing of nuclear weapons, without specifically addressing their threat or use," the Court notes that those treaties "certainly point to an increasing concern in the international community with these weapons; the Court concludes from this that these treaties could therefore be seen as foreshadowing a future general prohibition of the use of such weapons, but they do not constitute such a prohibition by themselves" (paragraph 62). Also, regarding regional treaties prohibiting resource, namely those of Tlatelolco (Latin America) and Rarotonga (South Pacific) the Court notes that while those "testify to a growing awareness of the need to liberate the community of States and the international public from the dangers resulting from the existence of nuclear weapons", "[i]t [i.e. the Court] does not, however, view these elements as amounting to a comprehensive and universal conventional prohibition on the use, or the threat of use, of those weapons as such." (paragraph 63).

Customary international law also provided insufficient evidence that the possession of nuclear weapons had come to be universally regarded as illegal.

Ultimately, the court was unable to find an opinio juris (that is, legal consensus) that nuclear weapons are illegal to possess. (paragraph 65) However, in practice, nuclear weapons have not been used in war since 1945 and there have been numerous UN resolutions condemning their use (however, such resolutions are not universally supported—most notably, the nuclear powers object to them).(paragraph 68–73) The ICJ did not find that these facts demonstrated a new and clear customary law absolutely forbidding nuclear weapons.

However, there are many universal humanitarian laws applying to war. For instance, it is illegal for a combatant specifically to target civilians and certain types of weapons that cause indiscriminate damage are categorically outlawed.  All states seem to observe these rules, making them a part of customary international law, so the court ruled that these laws would also apply to the use of nuclear weapons.(paragraph 86) The Court decided not to pronounce on the matter of whether the use of nuclear weapons might possibly be legal, if exercised as a last resort in extreme circumstances (such as if the very existence of the state was in jeopardy).(paragraph 97)

Decision
The court undertook seven separate votes, all of which were passed:

The court decided to comply with the request for an advisory opinion;
The court replied that "There is in neither customary nor conventional international law any specific authorization of the threat or use of nuclear weapons";
The court replied that "There is in neither customary nor conventional international law any comprehensive and universal prohibition of the threat or use of nuclear weapons as such";
The court replied that "A threat or use of force by means of nuclear weapons that is contrary to Article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter and that fails to meet all the requirements of Article 51, is unlawful";
The court replied that "A threat or use of nuclear weapons should also be compatible with the requirements of the international law applicable in armed conflict, particularly those of the principles and rules of humanitarian law, as well as with specific obligations under treaties and other undertakings which expressly deal with nuclear weapons"
The court replied that "the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, and in particular the principles and rules of humanitarian law; However, in view of the current state of international law, and of the elements of fact at its disposal, the Court cannot conclude definitively whether the threat or use of nuclear weapons would be lawful or unlawful in an extreme circumstance of self-defence, in which the very survival of a State would be at stake"
The court replied that "There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control".

The court voted as follows:

Split decision
The only significantly split decision was on the matter of whether "the threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict", not including "in an extreme circumstance of self-defence, in which the very survival of a State would be at stake". However, three of the seven "dissenting" judges (namely, Judge Shahabuddeen of Guyana, Judge Weeramantry of Sri Lanka, and Judge Koroma of Sierra Leone) wrote separate opinions explaining that the reason they were dissenting was their view that there is no exception under any circumstances (including that of ensuring the survival of a State) to the general principle that use of nuclear weapons is illegal. A fourth dissenter, Judge Oda of Japan, dissented largely on the ground that the Court simply should not have taken the case.

Vice President Schwebel remarked in his dissenting opinion that

And Higgins noted that she did not

Nevertheless, the Court's opinion did not conclude definitively and categorically, under the existing state of international law at the time, whether in an extreme circumstance of self-defence in which the very survival of a State would be a stake, the threat or use of nuclear weapons would necessarily be unlawful in all possible cases. However, the court's opinion unanimously clarified that the world's states have a binding duty to negotiate in good faith, and to accomplish, nuclear disarmament.

International reaction

United Kingdom

The Government of the United Kingdom has announced plans to renew Britain's only nuclear weapon, the Trident missile system. They have published a white paper The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent in which they state that the renewal is fully compatible with the United Kingdom's treaty commitments and international law. These arguments are summarised in a question and answer briefing published by UK Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament

The white paper The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent stands in contrast to two legal opinions. The first, commissioned by Peacerights, was given on 19 December 2005 by Rabinder Singh QC and Professor Christine Chinkin of Matrix Chambers. It addressed

Drawing on the International Court of Justice (ICJ) opinion, Singh and Chinkin argued that:

The second legal opinion was commissioned by Greenpeace and given by Philippe Sands QC and Helen Law, also of Matrix Chambers, on 13 November 2006. The opinion addressed

With regards to the jus ad bellum, Sands and Law found that

The phrase "very survival of the state" is a direct quote from paragraph 97 of the ICJ ruling. With regards to international humanitarian law, they found that

Finally, with reference to the NPT, Sands and Law found that

Scots law

In 1999 a legal case was put forward to attempt to use the ICJ's Opinion in establishing the illegality of nuclear weapons.

On 27 September 1999, three Trident Ploughshares activists Ulla Røder from Denmark, Angie Zelter from England, and Ellen Moxley from Scotland, were acquitted of charges of malicious damage at Greenock Sheriff Court. The three women had boarded Maytime, a barge moored in Loch Goil and involved in scientific work connected with the s berthed in the nearby Gareloch, and caused £80,000 worth of damage. As is often the case in trials relating to such actions, the defendants attempted to establish that their actions were necessary, in that they had prevented what they saw as "nuclear crime".

The acquittal of the Trident Three resulted in the High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court in Scots law, considering a Lord Advocate's Reference, and presenting the first detailed analysis of the ICJ Opinion by another judicial body. The High Court was asked to answer four questions:

In a trial under Scottish criminal procedure, is it competent to lead evidence as to the content of customary international law as it applies in the United Kingdom?
Does any rule of customary international law justify a private individual in Scotland in damaging or destroying property in pursuit of his or her objection to the United Kingdom's possession of nuclear weapons, its action in placing such weapons at locations within Scotland or its policies in relation to such weapons?
Does the belief of an accused person that his or her actions are justified in law constitute a defence to a charge of malicious mischief or theft?
Is it a general defence to a criminal charge that the offence was committed in order to prevent or bring to an end the commission of an offence by another person?

The four collective answers given by Lord Prosser, Lord Kirkwood and Lord Penrose were all negative. This did not have the effect of overturning the acquittals of Roder, Zelter and Moxley (Scots law, like many other jurisdictions, does not allow for an acquittal to be appealed); however, it does have the effect of invalidating the ratio decidendi under which the three women were able to argue for their acquittal, and ensures that similar defences cannot be present in Scots Law.

See also
Global Security Institute
International humanitarian law
List of International Court of Justice cases
Martens Clause
Mutual assured destruction
Nuclear warfare
Nuclear weapons convention
Humanitarian Initiative
Parliamentarians for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Notes

References
 Sands, Philippe; and Law, Helen; The United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent:Current and future issies of legality (PDF) for  Greenpeace.
Singh, Rabinder; and Chinkin, Christine; The Maintenance and Possible Replacement of the Trident Nuclear Missile System Introduction and Summary of Advice for Peacerights
 United Kingdom Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament Britain's Nuclear Deterrent
 United Nations General Assembly A/RES/49/75/K: Request for an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons 90th plenary meeting 15 December 1994.
 Weiss, Peter; Notes on a Misunderstood Decision: The World Court's Near Perfect Advisory Opinion in the Nuclear Weapons Case , website of the Lawyers' Committee on Nuclear Policy (LCNP)  July 22, 1996

ICJ documents
ICJ documents relating to the case
Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons (General List No. 95) 8 July 1996
Summary of the Advisory Opinion
Declarations of individual judges:
Declaration of President Bedjaoui
Declaration of Judge Herczegh
Declaration of Judge Shi
Declaration of Judge Vereshchetin
Declaration of Judge Ferrari Bravo
Separate Opinions of individual judges:
Separate Opinion of Judge Guillaume
Separate Opinion of Judge Ranjeva
Separate Opinion of Judge Fleischhauer
Dissenting Opinions of individual judges:
Dissenting Opinion of Vice-President Schwebel
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Oda
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Weeramantry
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koroma
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Higgins

Further reading
David, Eric; "The Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Use of Nuclear Weapons" (1997) 316 International Review of the Red Cross 21.
Condorelli, Luigi; "Nuclear Weapons: A Weighty Matter for the International Court of Justice" (1997) 316 International Review of the Red Cross 9, 11.
 Ginger, Ann Fagan; "Looking at the United Nations through The Prism of National Peace Law," 36(2) UN Chronicle62 (Summer 1999).
Greenwood, Christopher; "The Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons and the Contribution of the International Court to International Humanitarian Law" (1997) 316 International Review of the Red Cross 65.
Greenwood, Christopher; "Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello in the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion" in Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Phillipe Sands (eds), International Law, the International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons (1999) 247, 249.
Holdstock, Dougaylas; and Waterston, Lis; "Nuclear weapons, a continuing threat to health," 355(9214) The Lancet 1544 (29 April 2000).
Jeutner, Valentin; "Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law: The Concept of a Legal Dilemma" (Oxford University Press 2017), .
McNeill, John; "The International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion in the Nuclear Weapons Cases--A First Appraisal" (1997) 316 International Review of the Red Cross 103, 117.
Mohr, Manfred; "Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Use of Nuclear Weapons Under International Law--A Few Thoughts on its Strengths and Weaknesses" (1997) 316 International Review of the Red Cross 92, 94.
Moore, Mike; "World Court says mostly no to nuclear weapons," 52(5) Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 39 (Sept-October 1996).
Moxley, Charles J.; Nuclear Weapons and International Law in the Post Cold War World (Austin & Winfield 2000), .

Nuclear weapons policy
International Court of Justice cases
1996 in case law
1996 in international relations
Aggression in international law

Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons


Bathycoccaceae, manja porodica zelenih algi iz reda Mamiellales. Sastoji se od dva roda s tri priznate vrste

Rodovi i broj vrsta
 Bathycoccus W.Eikrem & J.Throndsen   1
 Ostreococcus C.Courties & M.-J.Chrétiennot-Dinet 2

Izvori

Mamiellophyceae

Bathycoccaceae


Wiconisco may refer to the following in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:

Wiconisco Canal, in Dauphin County
Wiconisco Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River
Wiconisco Township, Pennsylvania

Wiconisco


Rumer Willis er en amerikansk skuespiller, der er datter af Bruce Willis og Demi Moore.

Filmografi
Film

Tv

Musikvideoer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA

Rumer Willis


La Maison Royale de la Poste (en espagnol : Real Casa de Correos) est un bâtiment du  situé sur la place Puerta del Sol, à Madrid. Il a été construit pour le service postal, mais sert actuellement de bureau au président de la Communauté de Madrid, le chef du gouvernement régional de la Communauté autonome de Madrid. Celui-ci ne doit pas être confondu avec la Mairie de Madrid, qui est installée dans un autre ancien bureau de poste, le Palais Cybèle.

Histoire

Au , il y avait une trentaine de maisons à deux étages dans la partie actuellement occupée par la Maison royale de la Poste. Dans les années 1750, ce secteur a été défriché dans le cadre de l'aménagement de la place Puerta del Sol. Un plan pour un bureau de poste central a été réalisé par l'architecte espagnol Ventura Rodríguez. Cependant, Ventura Rodríguez, qui bénéficiait du patronage de Ferdinand VI, a perdu ses faveurs lorsque Charles III est monté sur le trône en 1760. La Maison de la Poste a été conçue par l'architecte français Jacques Marquet. Les travaux ont commencé à la fin des années 1760.

Pendant un certain temps, une tour sur le toit était le point terminal de l'une des lignes de télégraphie optique d'Espagne.

Le bâtiment était le siège du ministère de l'Intérieur et de la Sécurité de l'État dans l'Espagne franquiste. Les dissidents du régime avaient peur d'être emmenés dans les sous-sols de la DGS (, Direction Générale de la Sécurité), où ils risquaient d'être soumis à la torture.

Tour de l'horloge

Au sommet du bâtiment se trouve une horloge inaugurée en 1866 par la reine Isabelle II. Sa boule horaire et ses cloches marquent traditionnellement la consommation des douze grains de raisin et le début d'une nouvelle année dans la majeure partie de l'Espagne (les îles Canaries sont dans un fuseau horaire différent). Ces célébrations sont diffusées en direct sur les principales chaînes de télévision espagnoles, dont Televisión Española depuis 1962.

Km 0

Une plaque posée au sol devant le bâtiment marque le kilomètre 0 des rues de Madrid et des routes espagnoles.

Références

Liens externes
 Real Casa de Correos

Bureau de poste en Espagne
Espagne franquiste
Gouvernement de la communauté de Madrid
Ancien bureau de poste
Tour horloge en Espagne

Maison royale de la Poste


Anchor Plaza este o clădire de birouri situată în București. Ea are 12 etaje și o suprafață de 33.000 de m2. Acesta oferă spații de birou pentru mai multe companii, inclusiv Adobe și Carrefour.

Referințe

Clădiri și structuri din 2006
Clădiri și structuri din București

Anchor Plaza


The Church Manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts commonly known as the Manual of The Mother Church is the book that establishes the structure and governance of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, also known as The Mother Church, functioning like a constitution. It was written by Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the church. It was first published in 1895 and was revised dozens of times. The final edition, the 89th, was published in 1910.

Background
Writing in September 1895 to Septimus J. Hanna, then an editor of Christian Science periodicals and First Reader of The Mother Church, Eddy described the work of establishing the various by-laws as having been "impelled" by circumstances which made the need for a rule apparent. The impetus was always the future protection of the church, to fortify its structural integrity by preventing battles for personal control and creeping bureaucracy, and to maintain its spiritual integrity by preventing frivolous experimentation and the intrusions of personal opinion that would eventually adulterate the teaching and doctrine of Christian Science. The final revision of the Manual, the 89th edition, was published two weeks after Eddy's death in December 1910, although she had approved and signed the proof sheets of the edition before publication.

Church constitution

The Manual was first published in 1895. Like a constitution, it establishes the framework for the government and operations of the church, as well as its "basic character". Its by-laws are organized into 35 articles that establish the duties and responsibilities of church officers, provide guidelines and rules for Christian Science practitioners and teachers, define the responsibilities of individual members and provide the means of discipline. The "Rule for Motives and Acts" (at right) typifies the nature of these by-laws and is the only by-law that was barely changed through the dozens of revisions.

As a lay church, there is no hierarchy. All members, including church officers, are bound by the rules of the Manual. Under the Manual, the church officers comprising the Board of Directors are charged with administration, and have no authority to govern the church, amend or interpret by-laws or create new ones. Eddy vested the authority for government of the church not in persons, but in the by-laws of the Manual itself.

Branch churches are set up to be democratic and independent, related to but not controlled by The Mother Church. The appendix includes membership applications, the order of the church services, Sunday school and testimony meetings, as well as two deeds related to land conveyance for The Mother Church. As legal documents describing the Board of Directors and setting limits to their authority, they cement the legal foundation for Eddy's intent regarding the Manual as the church's constitution. Adam Dickey, Eddy's last personal secretary, whom she appointed to the Board of Directors shortly before she died, wrote in 1922, "The safety of the Christian Science church does not rest in the Board of Directors; it lies in the integrity of each individual member, and in the determination of the members to obey the By-laws."

Estoppel clauses
There are 32 by-laws with "estoppel clauses" in the Manual, where Eddy's consent is required. A few of her students, including William R. Rathvon and Judge Septimus J. Hanna, concerned about the ramifications of these clauses in the event of her death, urged her to remove them. Henry Moore Baker, a lawyer and politician who was also Eddy's cousin, assured her and others in the church that when she was gone clauses in the Manual which required her involvement would default to the "next in authority", which in this case would be the Board of Directors. However, after Eddy's passing some people both within and without of the church believed that without Eddy's presence the Manual could not function as it had before, with some believing the church should dissolve and others that the Trustees of the Christian Science Publishing Society should function as a separate governing body within the church. This culminated in a period of litigation in 1921 when the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the Baker interpretation that the Board of Directors assumed jurisdiction over the estoppel clauses upon Eddy's death. However, according to Eddy biographer Robert Peel, the estoppel clauses still add "moral force" and make it "morally incumbent upon the [Board of] Directors" to take particular care to fulfill the 'spirit and letter' when considering steps governed by those by-laws.

The 1991 publication of a book by Bliss Knapp again sparked controversy in the church around the estoppel clauses that resulted in another lawsuit. The book, which had previously been refused publication as being incompatible with Eddy's teaching, had been named in two wills with a large bequest to the church if it published the book. Critics accused the Board, then in need of funds to cover losses stemming from The Christian Science Monitors entry into television, of violating the Manuals estoppel clauses in order to receive the funds.

Notes

References

External links
 Read online: Manual of The Mother Church, 89th Edition - Official website
 1st edition of the Manual of the Mother Church - archive.org
 89th (final) edition of the Manual of the Mother Church - archive.org

Christian Science texts
Works by Mary Baker Eddy
1895 non-fiction books
1895 in religion
Religious handbooks and manuals

Manual of The Mother Church


Gustaf Fröding (; 22 August 1860 – 8 February 1911) was a Swedish poet and writer, born in Alster outside Karlstad in Värmland. The family moved to Kristinehamn in the year 1867. He later studied at Uppsala University and worked as a journalist in Karlstad.

Poetry
His poetry combines formal virtuosity with a sympathy for the ordinary, the neglected and the down-trodden, sometimes written in his own regional dialect. It is highly musical and lends itself to musical setting; many of his poems have been set to music and recorded by Swedish singers such as Olle Adolphson, Monica Zetterlund, the Värmland group Sven-Ingvars and the Swedish band Mando Diao.

Fröding wrote openly about his personal problems with alcohol and women and had to face a trial for obscenity.

Sickness

The latter part of his life he spent in different mental institutions and hospitals to cure his mental illness and alcoholism, and eventually diabetes. During the first half of the 1890s he spent a couple of years at the Suttestad institution in Lillehammer, Norway, where he finished his work on his third book of poetry Stänk och flikar, which was published in 1896. He wrote much of the material at a mental institution in Görlitz, Germany. In 1896 he moved back to Sweden. But as the year neared Christmas, his sister Cecilia made the difficult decision to make him stay at a hospital in Uppsala. Under the care of professor Frey Svenson Fröding got away from liquor and women, except one, Ida Bäckman. To this day, people think that Ida Bäckman wanted to marry Fröding and corrupt him in some way. Later she wrote books but they were always judged harshly and never got good reviews. She is about to have her name cleared in Sweden. Fröding never married Ida. She was never asked to stop visiting Fröding by professor Svenson and Cecilia Fröding. Instead Fröding grew fond of a nurse named Signe Trotzig. When he left hospital in Uppsala she stayed with him to the day he died.

A play by Swedish playwright Gottfrid Grafström, called Sjung vackert om kärlek, about Fröding's time at the mental institution in Uppsala was first performed at Dramaten in 1973 and has had periodic revivals since.

Selected works
Gitarr och dragharmonika (Guitar and concertina) 1891
Nya dikter (New poems) 1893
Räggler å paschaser (Tall tales and adventures) 1895
Stänk och flikar (Splashes and spray) 1896
Nytt och gammalt (New and old) 1897
Gralstänk (Splashes of the grail) 1898
Efterskörd (Gleanings) 1910
Reconvalescentia (Convalescence) 1914
Samlade skrifter 1-16 (Collected works 1-16) 1917–1922
Brev till en ung flicka (Letters to a young girl) 1952
Äventyr i Norge (Adventures in Norway) 1963
Gustaf Frödings brev, 2 vol. (Gustaf Fröding's letters, 2 vol.) 1981-1982
"23 Bojaere"*

His works in English
Poems 1903
Selected Poems 1916
Guitar and Concertina 1925
Gustaf Fröding: His Life and Poetry 1986
Swedes On Love CD 1991
The Selected Poems of Gustaf Fröding 1993
The Complete Poems of Gustaf Fröding 1997-1999
The North! To the North! 2001

References

External links

Swedish

Gustaf Fröding at Open Library.
Gustaf Fröding at Project Runeberg.
Gustaf Fröding at Swedish Wikisource.
Gustaf Fröding at Uppsala University.
Samlade Skrifter at the Internet Archive.
English
Gustaf Fröding at PoemHunter
Three poems by Gustaf Fröding

The uncrowned king of Swedish poetry
Gustaf Fröding at the Encyclopædia Britannica

Translations
Selected Poems by Gustaf Fröding at the Internet Archive.
Guitar and accordion (Gitarr och dragharmonika)
A love song (En kärleksvisa)
A love song and A ghazal (En ghasel)
The old mountain troll (Ett gammalt bergtroll)
Streaming audio
Fröding verse and prose
Räggler å paschaser
Videos

 Song begins at 3:24 of medley.

1860 births
1911 deaths
People from Karlstad Municipality
Writers from Värmland
Swedish-language poets
Uppsala University alumni
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
Swedish male poets
19th-century Swedish poets
19th-century male writers
20th-century Swedish poets
20th-century Swedish male writers

Gustaf Fröding


Los XI Juegos Panafricanos se celebraron en Brazzaville, República del Congo, del 4 al 19 de septiembre de 2015. Esta edición conmemoró el quincuagésimo aniversario de los Juegos, así como su regreso a Brazzaville, que fue sede de la primera edición en 1965.

Elección de la sede
Ghana, Kenia y la República del Congo mostraron interés en la organización de la 11.ª edición de los Juegos Panafricanos. El 14 de septiembre de 2011, el Consejo Superior de Deportes de África otorgó los derechos a Brazzaville, capital de la República del Congo, para ser la sede de este evento multideportivo continental.

Países participantes
En los XI Juegos Panafricanos participaron atletas de 54 países de África:
 Argelia (ALG) (136)

 Egipto (EGY) (298)

 Libia (LBA)

 (anfitrión)

Los atletas de Sahara Occidental, quienes participarían por primera vez, no pudieron competir debido a que el país no estaba afiliado a las federaciones internacionales de los deportes en los que tenía la intención de asistir.

Deportes
El programa de los XI Juegos Panafricanos comprendió 20 deportes convencionales oficiales —18 deportes olímpicos y 2 deportes no olímpicos—, dos deportes paralímpicos y dos deportes de exhibición —tradicionales del Congo—.

 Atletismo
 Bádminton
 Baloncesto
 Balonmano
 Boxeo
 Ciclismo
 Esgrima
 Fútbol
 Gimnasia
 Halterofilia
 Judo
 Karate
 Lucha
 Natación
 Petanca
 Taekwondo
 Tenis
 Tenis de mesa
 Voleibol
 Voleibol de playa
 Atletismo paralímpico
 Potencia paralímpica
 Nzango  (exhibición)
 Sawara o «Boxeo de los Faraones»  (exhibición)

Calendario

Medallero

 El país anfitrión está resaltado en azul.

Véase también

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Juegos Panafricanos de 2015


was a town located in Yamato District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,522 and a density of 209.33 persons per km². The total area was 26.38 km².

On January 29, 2007, Yamakawa, along with the town of Setaka (also from Yamato District), and the town of Takata (from Miike District), was merged to create the city of Miyama.

External links
Miyama official website  (some English content)

Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Populated places disestablished in 2007

Yamakawa, Fukuoka


An Porpax ustulata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni E.C.Parish ngan Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Porpax ustulata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Porpax, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Porpax (Orchidaceae)

Porpax ustulata


Ali Saydam (d. 14 Aralık 1946, Ankara), Türk gazeteci, yazar, iletişim profesyoneli, öğretim görevlisi.

1965 yılında İstanbul Erkek Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. 1965-1974 yılları arasında Bern Üniversitesi'nde kimya öğrenimi gördü. Goethe Enstitüsü'nde Almanca öğretmenliği kurslarına devam etti ve 1978 yılında "Yabancı dil olarak Almanca öğretmenliği" diplomasını aldı.
1978-1982 yıllarında Milliyet gazetesi'nde (Hey Dergisi) muhabir olarak çalışırken aynı dönemde Goethe Enstitüsü'nün İstanbul şubesinde Almanca Öğretmenliği yaptı. 1982-1986 yılları arasında Karacan Yayınları'nda Yönetim Kurulu Üyeliği ile Genel Müdürlük görevlerini üstlendi ve 11 yayının grup editörlüğünü yürüttü. Bravo Dergisi'nden ayrılarak, Aralık 1985'te çıkmaya başlayan Playboy Türkiye Dergisi'nin Genel Yayın Yönetmenliği'ni yaptı. 1986-1988 yılları arasında Sabah Dergi Grubu Genel Müdürü olarak görev yaptı. 1988 yılında Güneş Yayınları'nın kurucu ortağı ve genel müdürü oldu. Her iki yayınevinde de çok sayıda dergi ve kitabın yayınını yönetti.

1998'de kurulan halkla ilişkilerde medya araştırma, değerlendirme ve ölçümleme hizmeti veren PRNET'in kurucularındandır. Halen "Bersay İletişim Danışmanlığı", "Kesişim Yayıncılık ve Tasarım", "Gravital Dijital İletişim Danışmanlığı" ve "Bersay İletişim Enstitüsü"nün oluşturduğu "Bersay İletişim Grubu"nun Yönetim Kurulu Onursal Başkanlığını yürütmektedir.

İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi'nde lisans ve yüksek lisans sınıflarına 10 yıl süresince ders veren Saydam halen Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi'nde son sınıflara Özel Müşteri İlişkileri Yönetimi (Account Management) dersi ve Silahlı Kuvvetler Yüksek Sevk ve İdare Akademisi Komutanlığı'nda Algılama Yönetimi ve Stratejik İletişim dersleri vermektedir. 2003-2006 yılları arasında Sabah Gazetesi'nde reklam ve PR üzerine eleştiri yazıları kaleme aldı. 2005-2007 yılları arasında iş dünyasına yönelik yayınlanan Finans Dünyası Dergisi'nde iş iletişimi üzerine yazılar yazdı. 2006-2012 yılları arasında Akşam Gazetesi'nde yazan Saydam, 11 Eylül 2012'den itibaren Yeni Şafak Gazetesi'nde ve 1 Ocak 2005 tarihinden bu yana Marketing Türkiye Dergisi'nde yazılarına devam etmektedir.

TBV, TÜYİD, TÜHİD, TESEV, İELEV üyesidir. 2005 yılında Algılama Yönetimi, 2010 yılında Eş ve Müşteri Nasıl Kaybedilir?, 2011 yılında Vazgeçmek Özgürlüktür, 2012 yılında İktidar Yalnızlıktır adlı kitapları yayınlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Ali Saydam Resmî sitesi - Ali Saydam

20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Resim aranan yazarlar
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
1946 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Ankara doğumlu gazeteciler
Bern Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Ali Saydam


Hoya pruinosa er fjölær jurt í vaxblómaættkvísl.  Útbreiðslan er á Nýju-Gíneu.

Tilvísanir

Vaxblómaættkvísl

Hoya pruinosa


Mirdza Ķempe (ulterior Naikovska; ) a fost o poetă, traducătoare și lingvistă letonă.

Biografie
Mirdza Ķempe s-a născut într-o familie din clasa muncitoare din Liepāja, Letonia. Potrivit altor surse, tatăl ei era un agent comercial. Din 1914 până în 1926 a locuit în cartierul Tosmare, pe str. Ģen. Baloža nr. 47; mai târziu, ea și familia ei s-au mutat într-o locuință de pe str. Bernatu nr. 41 în Liepāja. A învățat la Școala primară nr. 1 din Liepāja (azi Școala nr. 5 din Liepāja) în perioada 1915-1919, apoi a urmat gimnaziul și liceul la Școala secundară nr. 1 din Liepāja, absolvind în 1925.

A debutat în 1923 cu poezia "Ne jums!", care a fost publicată în ziarul Kurzemes Vārds. În același an ea a tradus în limba letonă piesa de teatru Mozart și Salieri a lui Pușkin. În 1927 a fost admisă la Universitatea din Riga, dar, fiind orfană de tată, a trebuit să-și abandoneze studiile din cauza lipsei de bani, și a început să lucreze din 1928 pe post de crainic la postul Rīgas radiofons. A devenit apoi reporter și șef al secției literare și artistice al postului de radio leton. În 1931 s-a căsătorit cu scriitorul Eriks Ādamsons, dar a divorțat cu puțin timp înaintea începerii celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Fratele ei, Emils, a murit în Războiul Civil din Spania, luptând de partea republicanilor.

A tradus opere literare din limbile rusă, engleză, germană, spaniolă și franceză. În 1941, în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, s-a refugiat din cauza apropierii frontului la Astrahan, Ivanovo și Moscova. A lucrat acolo ca traducătoare pentru ansamblul muzical al RSS Letone și a scris poezii și piese de teatru. Începând din 1942 a fost director literar al Teatrului de Marionete din Moscova.

După ce s-a întors în Letonia a fost director artisti al Teatrului de Marionete din Riga (1944-1947). Apoi a fost consilier la Uniunea Scriitorilor din RSS Letonă. S-a implicat în particular în schimburile culturale între RSS Letonă și Republica India.

I-a fost acordat Premiul de Stat al RSS Letonă (1958), Premiul de Stat al URSS (1967) și Ordinul Steagul Roșu Muncii. În 1971 a primit diploma de doctor honoris causa a Universității Visva-Bharati pentru contribuția sa la popularizarea operelor literare în limba urdu. A murit la Riga în 1974 și a fost înmormântată în cimitirul Līvu din Liepāja.

Memoria Mirdzei Ķempe a fost omagiată prin înălțarea a două monumente: un monument la Liepāja, proiectat de arhitecta Ligita Ulmane și dezvelit în 9 februarie 1989, și un alt monument la Riga. O stradă din cartierul Ezerkrasts din Liepāja a primit numele ei.

Poezie
Mirdza Ķempe a publicat 15 volume de poezii, printre care Rīta vejš (1946), Gaisma akmenī, Ērkšķuroze (1972), Mīlestības krāšņais, Dzintara spogulis (1968), Mirkļu mužiba etc.

Ne jums!

"Ne jums es vaicāšu: kas grēks, kas kauns?
Par velti draudiet man ar tumsas baismu!
Es pati savu dzīvi celšu –
Vienalga man, kur ceļam reiz būs gals…"

Manai Liepājai

"Jūras meita, Zemes māsa.
Mana Liepāja, ko mīlu.
Tavām acīm dzelmes krāsa,
Kurā atspīd debess dzīle."

Opera
 Drauga vārdi (1950)
 Mieram un dzīvībai (1951)
 Dzejas (1955)
 Mīlestība (1957)
 Es nevaru klusēt (1959)
 Skaudrā liesma (1961)
 Mirkļu mūžība (1964)
 Gaisma akmenī (1967)
 Dzintara spogulis (1968)
 Cilvēka ceļš (1969)
 Ērkšķuroze (1973)
 Mīlestības krāšņais koks (1977)
 Izlase (1982)
 Rīta vējš (2013)

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 http://liepajasteatris.lv/25-septembri-roze-bez-erkskiem/

Nașteri în 1907
Decese în 1974
Traducători din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitoare din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori din secolul al XX-lea
Poete sovietice
Poete letone

Mirdza Ķempe


Bruno Bošnjak, hrvatski je daskaš na snijegu, osvajač prvog hrvatskog odličja na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama.

Osvojio je brončano odličje na Zimskim paraolimpijskim igrama 2018. u južnokorejskom Pyeongchangu, prvo u hrvatskoj paraolimpijskoj povijesti. Ujedno je nastupom na Igrama bio i prvi hrvatski predstavnik u daskanju na snijegu u povijesti ZPI-a.

Sa sedam godina preselio se s obitelji u Austriju. Na skijašku dasku (snowboard) prvi put je stao s 11 godina, a dvije godine kasnije počeo se natjecati u utrkama slaloma i veleslaloma. Nastupio je i na dva juniorska i dva seniorska svjetska prvenstva.

Mjesec dana uoči nastupa na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama u Torinu 2006. zdrobio je peti vratni kralježak te ostao paraliziran. Oporavak je trajao godinu dana. Osam godina kasnije, uoči Zimskih olimpijskih igara 2014. u Sočiju slomio je drugi i treći vratni kralježak, zbog čega je drugi put propustio ZOI.

Uz daskanje na snijegu igra i ragbi u kolicima.

Predsjednica Republike Kolinda Grabar Kitarović odlikovala ga je 2019. Redom Danice hrvatske s likom Franje Bučara.

Izvori

Hrvatski paraolimpijci
Hrvati u Austriji
Nositelji Reda Danice Hrvatske
Snowboarderi

Bruno Bošnjak


Ceața este un film românesc din 1973 regizat de Vladimir Popescu-Doreanu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Toma Dimitriu, Adela Mărculescu, Maria Rotaru.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.583.990 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1973 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1973
Filme cu ilegaliști

Ceața (film din 1973)


කාර්මුඞී යනු අන්තර්ජාල වාහන වෙළෙදපොලකි, එහි දී පාරිබෝගිකයාට නාවීන හෝ භාවිතා කල රථවාහන පෞද්ගලික විඉකුණුම් කරුවන්ගෙන් හෝ රථවාහන වෙළෙන්දන්ගෙන් මිලදී ගැනීමට අවස්ථාව සලසා දෙනු ඇත. බහුජාතික සමාගමක් වන කාර්මුඞී, සිය ව්‍යපාරික කටයුතු මෙක්සිකෝව, බංගලාදේශය, මියන්මාරය, පාකිස්ථානය, පිලිපීනය, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, වියෙට්නාමය, නියිජීරියාව, ගානාව, එක්සත් අරාබී එමීර් රාජ්‍යය, කැමරුන් රාජ්‍යය, සෞදි අරාබිය, කටාර් රාජ්‍යය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, සෙනගාලය සහා අයිවරි කොස්ට් රාජ්‍යය වැනි සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින වෙළෙදපොලවල් හී ක්‍රියාත්මක කෙරේ. කාර්මුඞී විසින් පාරිබෝගිකයාට විකිණීමට තිබෙන නවීන සහ සහතිකලත් පාවිච්චි කරන ලද වාහන දැන්වීම් විශාල ප%මාණයක් සලසනු ලැබේ. ගැනුම්කරුවන්ට වාහන පිළිබද විවේචන, උපදෙස්, සහ ඊට අදාළ මාතෘකා පිළිබද තොරතුරු ලාබාදෙනු ඇත.

ඉතිහාසය
කාර්මුඞී 2013 වර්ෂයේ ජර්මනියේ ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. කාර්මුඞී විසින් කාමිඩෝ (නිජිරියාව), උබිලිස්ටා (මෙෂිකෝව) සහා Motors.com (මියන්මාරය) යන ව්‍යපාර සියල්ල එක්සත් සමාගමක් ලෙස 2013 ඔක්තෝබර් මස පරිවර්තනය කරන ලදී. Motors.com තව දුරටත්, ඒ නමින්ම ව්‍යපාර කටයුතු කරගෙන යනු ලැබේ. කාර්මුඞී සමාගම ස්ටෙෆාන් හෞබෝල්ඩ්, එර්වින් සික්මා, සහා ෆ්‍රිට්ස් සිමොන්ස් ගේ මුලකත්වය යටතේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. මෙම ආයතනය මූලිකව Rocket Internet ආයතනයේ සහයෙන් අනු-ආයතනයක් ලෙස පවත්වාගෙන යනුලැබිණි.

2013 ඔක්තෝබර් මස, කාර්මුඞී විසින් සිය ව්‍යපාර කටයුතු ආසියාවේ, අප්‍රිකාවේ, සහා ලතින් ඇමෙරිකාවේ ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. 2014 වර්ෂයේ දී එය වියෙට්නාමය, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, පිලිපීනය, පකිස්ථානය, කැමරුන් රාජ්‍යය, එක්සත් අරාබී එමීර් රාජ්‍යය, සෞදි අරාබිය, කටාර් රාජ්‍යය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, අයිවරි කොස්ට් රාජ්‍යය සහා සෙනගාලයට ව්‍යාප්ත කරන ලදී. කාර්මුඞී වෙබ් අඩවිය වර්තමානයේ රටවල් 15 කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත.

2014 වර්ෂයේ මාර්තු මස Carmudi විසින් තම ජංගම වෙබ් අඩවිය දියත් කරන ලදී.

සේවාවන්
කාර්මුඞී හරහා පාරිබෝගිකයට රථවාහන, මොටර්සයිකල්, වානිජමය වාහන මිලදී ගැනීමට හෝ විකිණීමට හැකිය. මෙම වෙබ් අඩවියේ සිය දැන්වීම් සදහා වෘතිමය ඡයාරූප, සවිස්තරාත්මක සටහන්, වාර්තාවන් සහ ශ්‍රේණිය පළකරනු ලැබේ.

ජංගම සේවාවන්
2014 ජුලි මස කාර්මුඞී වෙතින් සිය ජංගම දුරකථන මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාප්ත කරනු ලැබුණු අතර, එය Android ජංගම දුරකථන සදහා ලබා ගැනීමට හැකියාව පවති.

විමර්ශන මූලාශ්‍රය

භාහිර සබැදි

E-commerce

කාර්මුඩී


Judith "Judy" O'Bannon Willsey (Downers Grove, 30 de abril de 1935) é a ex-primeira-dama do Estado de Indiana, exercendo essa função de 13 de janeiro de 1997 a 13 de setembro de 2003, durante a administração de seu marido, o governador Frank O'Bannon. Ela tem sido uma líder em desenvolvimento comunitário e de preservação histórica durante grande parte de sua vida, inclusive tendo ajudado a lançar e, em seguida, atuando como presidente do programa Indiana Main Street, e trabalhando nos conselhos da Fundação Indiana Landmarks, do Museu do Estado de Indiana e do National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Ela também é uma apresentadora vencedora do Emmy e produtora da série de televisão pública WFYI-TV Communities Building Community e Judy O'Bannon's Foreign Exchange, bem como vários especiais únicos. Como presidente da O'Bannon Publishing Company, publicou dois jornais semanais, incluindo o premiado The Corydon Democrat.

Vida pessoal e educação
Nascida Judith Asmus em Downers Grove, Illinois, sua família se mudou para Indianápolis quando ela era criança. O'Bannon é graduada pela Shortridge High School em Indianápolis. Ela se formou no Phi Beta Kappa com bacharelado em serviço social pela Universidade de Indiana. Ela foi escolhida como Rockefeller Theological Scholar, e foi a primeira mulher a frequentar o Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Frank e Judy O'Bannon se conheceram em um encontro às cegas enquanto ambos estavam na Universidade de Indiana. Eles se casaram em 18 de agosto de 1957, até sua morte em 13 de setembro de 2003. Eles têm três filhos. Em 29 de novembro de 2013, Judy se casou com o advogado Donald Willsey.

Primeira-dama de Indiana

Communities Building Community

O'Bannon trabalhou como primeira-dama do Estado de Indiana de 13 de janeiro de 1997 até 13 de setembro de 2003. Como primeira-dama, ela liderou iniciativas que resultaram de sua defesa e trabalho ao longo da vida no desenvolvimento comunitário, preservação histórica, educação e artes. Durante o primeiro mandato de seu marido, O'Bannon lançou a iniciativa Hoosier Millennium: Communities Building Community para incentivar os cidadãos de todo o estado a usar a próxima mudança de calendário de um novo milênio como uma oportunidade para fortalecer as comunidades de Indiana, perguntando "Quem somos? De onde viemos? e o que queremos ser no futuro?". O'Bannon entregou as caixas de ferramentas Hoosier Millennium para comunidades e organizações em todo o estado, viajando em um trailer envolto no logotipo da iniciativa, com espaço na parte inferior para que os indivíduos assinassem seus nomes em cada parada.

Cidades, vilas e organizações em todo o estado lançaram programas comunitários como parte da iniciativa Hoosier Millennium, que vão desde a revitalização do centro até apresentações do patrimônio Hoosier, como a produção "Ages of Agriculture" na Universidade Purdue. e o Programa Hoosier Roadside Heritage do Departamento de Transportes de Indiana apresentando flores silvestres e plantas nativas ao longo das rodovias do estado. Com ampla participação de comunidades em todo o estado, em 2001 a iniciativa foi alterada para Indiana 2016 e incentivou os Hoosiers a criar metas para "Onde eles querem estar em 2016", quando o estado comemoraria seu bicentenário.

A "Sala de Estar do Estado"

Acolhendo mais de  visitantes por ano, O'Bannon se referiu à Residência do Governador de Indiana como a "Sala de Estar do Estado" e usou o local de alto nível para chamar a atenção para importantes questões da comunidade, incluindo a ampliação dos programas de educação e leitura que eram a pedra angular da agenda de seu marido no Gabinete do Governador. Em consonância com isso, ela organizou um Dia de Leitura anual na Residência, que emparelhou graduados de programas de alfabetização de adultos com crianças em idade escolar de todo o estado. Ela também fez da Residência do Governador uma vitrine para as artes de Indiana com a criação da Série de Artes da Primeira Dama, apresentando novas exposições a cada trimestre de artistas de Indiana, e o anual Dia com as Artes, co-organizado pela VSA de Indiana, que recebeu mais de 800 crianças com deficiência e voluntários para atividades artísticas e oficinas. O'Bannon, que há muito defendia pessoas com deficiência, levantou mais de 1,2 milhão de dólares em fundos privados para reformar a Residência do Governador para torná-la acessível para pessoas com deficiência.

Construção de uma comunidade globalizada
Como primeira-dama, O'Bannon liderou três delegações internacionais do Programa Embaixador People to People —Rússia em 1999, e África do Sul em 2001 e 2003 — que incluíam líderes de Indiana nas áreas de educação, artes, governo, liderança de fundações, saúde e HIV/AIDS e desenvolvimento comunitário.

Trabalho com outras primeiras-damas

Durante seus anos como primeira-dama, O'Bannon participou ativamente do Programa de Cônjuges da Associação Nacional de Governadores (abreviado do inglês: NGA), incluindo seminários para funcionários dos cônjuges dos governadores. Ela também co-organizou com seu marido a Reunião Anual da NGA de 2003 em Indianápolis. O'Bannon também atuou em iniciativas conjuntas com seus colegas em outros estados, incluindo a promoção da leitura e da educação infantil ao lado da primeira-dama de Ohio, Hope Taft, e da primeira-dama de Kentucky, Judi Patton.

Destaque do Emmy Award como produtora e apresentadora
Trabalhando com a WFYI-TV, O'Bannon ajudou a desenvolver a série de televisão pública Communities Building Community em 2003 como resultado de seu foco em comunidades como primeira-dama. O'Bannon trabalhou como apresentadora, co-produtora e escritora do programa. A série, que foi ao ar por três temporadas, com episódios únicos adicionais sendo exibidos posteriormente, contou com histórias de todo o estado, destacando as muitas maneiras pelas quais os Hoosiers "estão trabalhando para fortalecer suas comunidades". Em 2008, O'Bannon e o co-produtor Gary Harrison ganharam o prêmio Emmy Award, do Lower Great Lakes Chapter, da Academia Nacional de Artes e Ciências Televisivas (abreviado do inglês: NATAS) pelo Programa Regularmente Agendado de Relações Públicas para o episódio 301, intitulado "The Neighborhood". Mais recentemente, O'Bannon apresentou o Foreign Exchange de Judy O'Bannon, que vai ao ar periodicamente na WFYI-TV, oferecendo uma coleção de histórias de vários países focadas em "pessoas que estão encontrando novas maneiras de usar sua mente, corpo e espírito para ajudar mudar seu mundo para melhor." O'Bannon também liderou o desenvolvimento e co-produziu vários programas que incluíram entrevistas de longa duração com indivíduos notáveis e perspectivas sobre questões comunitárias relevantes. Em 2012, O'Bannon foi, mais uma vez, reconhecida com o prêmio Emmy do NATAS Lower Great Lakes Chapter como co-produtora de Self Sacrifice: A Son, A Soldier, A Suicide, que se concentrou na "enormidade do suicídio no militar" e contou a história do chanceler Keesling, um soldado Hoosier que tirou a própria vida em 2009.

Editora O'Bannon
De 2003 a 2022, O'Bannon atuou como presidente da O'Bannon Publishing Company, editora de dois jornais semanais no sul de Indiana, The Corydon Democrat do condado de Harrison e Clarion News do condado de Crawford. O avô de Frank O'Bannon, Lew O'Bannon, comprou o Corydon Democrat em 1907. Durante o tempo de sua liderança, The Corydon Democrat foi reconhecido como um jornal semanal Blue Ribbon pela Hoosier State Press Association. A coluna de O'Bannon, "Community Conversations", apareceu regularmente no The Corydon Democrat . Em 30 de junho de 2022, O'Bannon anunciou a venda do The Corydon Democrat e do Clarion News para o Paxton Media Group.

Participação em campanhas políticas
Membro do Partido Democrata, O'Bannon foi ativa em todas as campanhas de seu marido ao longo de sua carreira no Senado do Estado de Indiana, vice-governador de Indiana e governador de Indiana. Ela permaneceu ativa na política local, estadual e nacional. Em 2008, ela trabalhou como co-presidente de Indiana para Hillary Clinton e fez campanha para ela nas primárias do estado, viajando pelo estado frequentemente com o ex- presidente Bill Clinton. Ela endossou e fez campanha para Barack Obama nas eleições gerais daquele ano, quando ele venceu Indiana, o primeiro candidato presidencial democrata a fazê-lo desde 1964. Em 2016, ela apoiou e fez campanha para Hillary Clinton para presidente e para a chapa democrata estadual de Indiana, incluindo o candidato ao governador John R. Gregg, que atuou como presidente da Câmara durante o tempo de Frank O'Bannon como governador, e a candidata a vice-governadora Christina Hale, que havia servido na equipe do Gabinete do Governador de Frank O'Bannon.

Homenagens e reconhecimentos
Em maio de 2015, o Museu Estadual de Indiana reconheceu O'Bannon com o Heritage Keeper Award por suas muitas contribuições ao museu e ao estado de Indiana. Além disso, o museu renomeou seu salão principal como Frank and Judy O'Bannon Great Hall, reconhecimento, em parte, pela defesa e apoio que ambos O'Bannons forneceram ao museu por mais de três décadas (Judy O'Bannon foi um membro de longa data do Conselho de Administração do museu, e Frank O'Bannon liderou os esforços na legislatura e, em seguida, como vice-governador e governador para financiar e, finalmente, construir o novo edifício do museu estadual como a pedra angular do White River State Park).

Em 2013, o NUVO newsweekly homenageou as contribuições de O'Bannon para a comunidade, as artes e a cultura com seu "Prêmio Cultural Vision: reconhecimento de realizações ao longo da vida", destacando que "(...) O'Bannon. Mas ela prefere chutar os calcanhares - e isso é, quase literalmente, o que ela continua a fazer como estadista e ativista comunitária: viajar pelo estado e pelo mundo, fazer discursos, fazer perguntas e descobrir maneiras de resolver problemas globais com soluções locais."

O Frank and Judy O'Bannon Old Northside Soccer Park foi alterado em 2004 pela cidade de Indianápolis para reconhecer as contribuições dos O'Bannons para a revitalização do Old Northside Historic District, onde viveram durante os oito anos em que trabalhou como vice-governador. A Girls, Inc. of Greater Indianapolis homenageou O'Bannon em 2008 com o Touchstone Award por suas realizações pessoais e profissionais que servem para "inspirar as meninas a serem fortes, inteligentes e ousadas". Como parte de seu O'Bannon Institute for Community Service, em homenagem a Frank O'Bannon, IvyTech Community College of Indiana (o sistema de faculdades comunitárias que ele defendeu e assinou em lei) criou o Judy O'Bannon Youth Leadership Academy "para envolver jovens líderes de diversas origens e experiências em um programa inovador e criativo projetado para promover o compromisso e o engajamento cívico".

Em 16 de novembro de 2016, O'Bannon foi homenageada pela Associação Indiana para o Desenvolvimento Econômico Comunitário por "uma vida inteira de avanços nas comunidades", enfatizando que "Judy é uma defensora em tempo integral dos bairros e do desenvolvimento comunitário. Sem orçamento para viagens, sem experiência profissional específica e sem mandato exigindo que ela faça isso, Judy viaja pelo estado pregando a importância da cooperação do bairro e da revitalização da comunidade. Ela preside o Indiana Main Street Council desde 1986, é ativa em programas locais e desempenha um papel importante, mas não visto, em manter o desenvolvimento comunitário e a legislação relacionada vivos na Assembleia Geral de Indiana."

Reconhecendo seus mais de 50 anos de trabalho pessoal e advocacia pública, foi anunciado em 23 de junho de 2020, que O'Bannon receberia o Prêmio Williamson Indiana Landmarks 2020 por "excelente liderança em preservação histórica" em sua reunião anual virtual em 12 de setembro de 2020. Com o anúncio, a Indiana Landmarks, a destaco: "Por cinco décadas, a ex-primeira-dama de Indiana tem sido uma líder relacionável, preservadora prática e defensora do valor dos lugares históricos. Ela ajudou a lançar o programa Indiana Main Street, desempenhou um papel fundamental em salvar estruturas individuais significativas, engajou inúmeros Hoosiers nos esforços de preservação e produziu uma série de TV premiada demonstrando o impacto que a preservação pode ter nas comunidades."

Democratas da Indiana
Pessoas vivas
Editores dos Estados Unidos
Alunos da Universidade de Indiana
Nascidos em 1935
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Judy O'Bannon


În chimie, termenul de randament face referire la cantitatea de substanță dintr-un anumit produs care se obține în urma unei reacții chimice. De obicei, randamentul este exprimat în unități procentuale (randament relativ), fiind un indicator adesea folosit pentru exprimarea eficacității unui proces chimic.

Calcul
Randamentul procentual se calculează prin împărțirea cantității obținute de produs (denumită și cantitate practică) la cantitatea teoretică din acel produs, care s-ar fi obținut dacă randamentul era de 100% (denumită și cantitate teoretică):

Altfel spus, cantitatea teoretică este acea cantitate care se determină prin calcule stoechiometrice, pe baza numărului de moli din fiecare compus care participă la reacție. Un astfel de calcul este realizat pentru cazul în care are loc doar o reacție iar reactantul se consumă complet până la finalul reacției.

Valoare
În practică, randamentul are în aproape toate cazurile o valoare mai mică decât 100nbsp;%, din diverse motive:
 Majoritatea reacțiilor sunt incomplete, astfel că reactanții nu se obțin în cantitatea totală în urma procesului. Dacă are loc o reacție inversă, atunci în etapa finală a procesului se regăsesc atât reactanți, cât și produși, într-o stare de echilibru chimic.
 Două sau mai multe reacții pot avea loc simultan, astfel că o parte din reactant poate fi transformat în produși secundari nedoriți.
 Au loc pierderi cantitative de produs în urma proceselor de separare și purificare din amestecul de reacție.
 În materialul precursor, există o anumită cantitate de impurități, care nu vor duce la obținerea de produs.

Referințe

Stoechiometrie

Randament (chimie)


Kamera (isim) sinema, televizyon, fotoğrafçılık (Latince/Fransızca: caméra obscura: karanlık oda)
 Fotoğraf makinesi: Durağan görüntü kaydetmek (fotoğraf çekmek) için kullanılan aygıt
 Film kamerası: Hareket ediyormuş sanısı uyandıran görüntüler kaydetmek için kullanılan aygıt
 Webcam: Bilgisayar üzerinden görüntü yollamaya yarayan bilgisayar donanımı
 Araç tampon kamerası: Park ederken sürücünün göremediği yerleri gösteren gereç
 Araç içi kamera: Park halindeyken veya seyahat sırasında önde, arkada, ve kabinde olanları kaydeden
 IP kamera: Konutlarda, işyerlerinde ve başka alanları uzaktan gözetim altında tutmaya yarayan aygıt
 güvenlik kamerası: birçok IP kamera görüntüsünü kaydedip bir süre saklayan düzenek
 Örümcek kamera: Film veya televizyon kameralarının önceden belirlenmiş yatay veya dikey harekette film çekmelerine yarayan çözüm
 Termal kamera: Kızıl ötesi ışınlar sayesinde ısı kaynaklarını, ve soğuğun girdiği yerleri görüntüleyip kaydedebilen aygıt
 Gizli kamera:
 Camera lucida: 45 derece açıda yarı geçirgen bir ayna sayesinde resmedilen sahneyi çizileceği kağıt üzerinde imiş gibi görmeye yarayan alet.

Ayrıca kamerayla görüntüleyip işlem yapmaya yarayan ama adı kamera olmayan aletler de vardır
 Laparoskopi: küçük bir kesikten sokularak karın içi organlarının görüntülenip ameliyat edilmesine yarayan alet
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Kamera (anlam ayrımı)


Der er flere personer ved navn Søren Peter Kristensen:
 Søren Peter Kristensen (modstandsmand)
 Søren Peter Kristensen (gymnast)

Søren Peter Kristensen


Woranso-Mille (auch: Woranso-Mille study area) ist ein paläontologisches Grabungsgebiet im westlichen Zentrum der Afar-Region in Äthiopien, ungefähr 360 Kilometer nordöstlich von Addis Abeba. Das Gebiet ist seit den 1970er-Jahren als fossilienführend bekannt, wird aber erst ab 2003 unter Leitung von Yohannes Haile-Selassie genauer erkundet.

Aus der Grabungsstätte Burtele 2 stammt der 2012 wissenschaftlich beschriebene Burtele-Fuß, der möglicherweise zu einer bis dahin unbekannten Art der Hominini gehört. Ferner wurden die Fragmente mehrerer Kiefer im Jahr 2015 der durch sie etablierten Art Australopithecus deyiremeda zugeordnet.

Historischer Hintergrund
Woranso-Mille liegt südlich der Straße von Bati nach Mille und nördlich der Straße von Mille nach Chiffra, 35 bis 40 Kilometer westlich der Stadt Mille. Anfang der 1970er-Jahre begann ein Team von jungen Geologen und Paläontologen, darunter Yves Coppens, Donald Johanson, Jon Kalb und Maurice Taieb, die Badlands im Afar-Dreieck zu kartieren und dabei potentielle Fundstellen von Fossilien zu erfassen. Ergebnis dieser Erkundungen durch diese International Afar Research Expedition war unter anderem die Lokalisierung der Fossilienfundstätten Hadar und Gona. Auch im heute Woranso-Mille genannten Gebiet wurden bereits 1971 und 1973 mehrere hundert Wirbeltier-Fossilien aufgesammelt; sorgfältig dokumentiert und publiziert wurden jedoch nur Funde von Meerkatzenverwandten, die ungefähr ein Viertel der – im damals noch Ahmado genannten Gebiet – geborgenen Knochen ausmachten.

Erst nachdem Yohannes Haile-Selassie im Herbst 2002 vom äthiopischen Kultusministerium eine Grabungslizenz zugesprochen worden war, wurden ab dem Jahr 2003 weitere Studien in diesem Gebiet begonnen (Woranso-Mille Paleontological Research Project, WORMILPRP). Potentiell ertragreiche Örtlichkeiten wurden anhand von Luftbildfotografien und Satellitenfotografien vorab eingegrenzt.

Funde
Schon während der ersten Grabungsperiode 2003/04 wurden unter anderem ein hominines Oberarmknochen-Fragment und – zwei Meter von diesem entfernt – ein mutmaßlich ebenfalls homininer oberer Schneidezahn entdeckt. 2005 wurden weitere hominine Knochen geborgen – darunter das 2010 erstmals beschriebenes Teilskelett KSD-VP-1/1 von Australopithecus afarensis – sowie mehr als 600 weitere Fossilien von überwiegend landlebenden Wirbeltieren, darunter Großkatzen, Schleichkatzen und Bären, Hornträger, Schweine, Riedböcke, Pferde und Giraffenartige sowie Schlank- und Stummelaffen und einige Überreste von Karpfenfischen (Barbus). Das Teilskelett – wegen seiner auf fast zwei Meter geschätzten Größe Kadanuumuu ("Big Man") genannt – gilt als besonders aufschlussreicher Fund, weil Schulterblatt sowie Teile des Beckens und eines Beins erhalten geblieben sind; aus deren Bau konnte abgeleitet werden, dass "Big Man" zu Lebzeiten fast wie ein anatomisch moderner Mensch (Homo sapiens) aufrecht gehen konnte. Für die infolge Bodenerosion an der Oberfläche zu Tage tretenden Fossilien wurde mit Hilfe der 40Ar-39Ar-Methode ein Alter von mindestens 3,5 Millionen und durch biostratigraphische Analysen ein Alter von ungefähr 3,8 bis 3,6 Millionen Jahren bestimmt.

Zu den bedeutendsten Funden zählt ferner der im Februar 2016 entdeckte Schädel MRD-VP-1/1 von Australopithecus anamensis mit teilweise erhaltenem Oberkiefer, dem ein Alter von rund 3,8 Millionen Jahre zugeschrieben wurde.

Das frühpliozäne Forschungsgebiet Woranso-Mille gilt insofern als bedeutend, als aufgrund anderer Grabungen vermutet wird, dass sich in der Zeit zwischen rund 3,8 und 3,5 Millionen Jahren vor heute der evolutive Übergang von Australopithecus anamensis zu Australopithecus afarensis ereignet hat, der fossil aber bislang kaum belegt ist.

Sollte der Burtele-Fuß – wie von seinen Entdeckern vermutet – zu einer bislang unbenannten homininen Art gehören, würde er als erstes bisher entdecktes Fossil belegen, dass vor 3,4 Millionen Jahren neben Australopithecus afarensis noch eine zweite Art der Hominini in Ostafrika existierte, und sollte Australopithecus deyiremeda als eigenständige Art Bestand haben, sogar eine dritte Art.

Paläoökologie
In einer Anfang 2022 publizierte paläoökologische Studie kamen Denise F. Su und Yohannes Haile-Selassie zu dem Ergebnis, dass es während des Pliozäns im Gebiet des heutigen Woranso-Mille ein Mosaik aus unterschiedlichen Habitaten gab. Hierzu gehörten Auwälder und zeitweise überflutetes Grasland entlang von Flüssen, die in einen See mündeten, aber auch weniger feuchte Biotope wie Wälder, Buschland und offene Savannen. Die augenscheinlich hohe Heterogenität der Vegetation könnte den beiden Autoren zufolge Spezialisierungen bei der Ernährung unterschiedlicher Arten von Australopithecus und so die Herausbildung unterschiedlicher ökologischer Nischen ermöglicht haben, was wiederum die Koexistenz mehrerer Australopithecus-Arten in Woranso-Mille begünstigt haben könnte.

Literatur
 Jon Kalb: Adventures in the Bone Trade. The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia's Afar Depression. Copernicus Books, New York 2001, ISBN 0-387-98742-8.
 Stephanie M. Melillo et al.: New Pliocene hominin remains from the Leado Dido'a area of Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia. In: Journal of Human Evolution. Band 153, 102956, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102956.

Belege

Region in Afrika
Geographie (Äthiopien)
Fundstätte homininer Fossilien in Afrika
Afar (Region)

Woranso-Mille


Cailiti (Kailiti) bezeichnet in Osttimor:

 einen Ort und Aldeia im Suco Hatugau, siehe Hatugau
 einen Ort und Aldeia im Suco Goulolo, siehe Goulolo (Letefoho)

Cailiti


Bartolomeo Dotti, né vers  à Brescia et mort le  à Venise, est un poète italien.

Biographie
Né vers  à Brescia, de parents opulents, il joignit bientôt aux talents qu'il avait reçus de la nature tous les avantages d'une éducation soignée ; mais les sages avis de ses maîtres ne purent corriger son malheureux penchant à n'envisager le monde que sous le côté ridicule. Obligé d'aller à Milan, après la mort de son père, pour régler les affaires de sa succession, il y demeura quelque temps. On ne sait si ce fut à cette époque ou plus tard qu'il composa des vers satiriques sur une aventure galante qui avait causé dans cette ville un grand scandale. Ces vers, pleins de traits injurieux pour les familles les plus considérables de Milan, furent brûlés par la main du bourreau : et l'auteur, enfermé dans le château de Tortone, eut tout le loisir de déplorer sa faute. Mais ce châtiment, peut-être trop sévère, l'aigrit encore, et dans sa prison même il composa contre ses juges des satires plus mordantes que celles qui l'avaient fait condamner. S'étant échappé de sa prison, il s'enfuit à Venise, prit du service sur les galères de la seigneurie ; et, dans quelques rencontres, ayant signalé sa valeur contre les Turcs, fut fait chevalier de Saint-Marc. Le crédit dont il jouissait à Venise le fit choisir par ses compatriotes pour leur agent près de la seigneurie. Admis dans les sociétés les plus distinguées, membre de toutes les Académies, recherché des personnes qui savaient apprécier le charme d'une conversation vive, brillante et spirituelle, Dotti pouvait passer une vie tranquille ; mais il fallait qu'il fit des vers, et tous ceux qui lui échappaient portaient l'empreinte de sa causticité naturelle. Quoique ses satires ne circulassent que manuscrites, et par conséquent qu'elles n'eussent qu'une demi-publicité, elles lui attirèrent de nombreux désagréments ; mais rien ne pouvait dompter son penchant ; et ni le rang, ni le sexe, ni l'âge ne mettaient à l'abri de ses traits. Enfin au mois de janvier 1712, après avoir, suivant son habitude, passé la soirée dans un casino, Dotti regagnait seul son quartier, lorsqu'il tomba percé de coups de stylet par un assassin, qu'avait aposté sans doute un de ses ennemis. Ses restes furent déposés sans pompe dans l'église San Vidal.

Œuvres
Dotti n'a publié qu'un recueil de vers: Rime e Sonetti, Venise, 1689, in-12, où l'on trouve ses satires contre le gouverneur et les magistrats de Milan. Ce petit volume est très-rare. Ses satires inédites, dont il existait à Venise de nombreuses copies, ont été publiées près de cinquante ans après sa mort par G. Conti, Paris, sous la rubrique de Genève, 1757, 2 parties en un volume in-16. Elles contiennent 52 pièces, désignées toutes par le nom de satires, quoiqu'il y ait plusieurs sonnets. Dotti, dans ses compositions, se ressent un peu du goût de son temps pour les pointes et les jeux de mots ; mais il a une facilité, une verve, qui font regretter qu'il n'ait pas su mieux employer son talent. Les plus remarquables de ses satires sont : Il Cameroto (le Cachot) ; la Quaresima, il Carnovale, i Novellisti et i Manipoli. Le Journal étranger, février, 1758, en contient d'assez bonnes analyses avec la traduction des morceaux les plus piquants.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Brescia
Décès à Venise
Décès en janvier 1713
Écrivain italien du XVIIe siècle
Poète baroque
Membre de l'Académie d'Arcadie

Bartolomeo Dotti


دائرة بومرداس هي دائرة في ولاية بومرداس وعاصمتها هي بومرداس.

وهي بدورها تضم 3 بلديات:
 بومرداس
 تيجلابين
 كورسو
عدد السكان 60652 نسمة

الوديان

يتضمن إقليم هذه الدائرة العديد من الوديان منها:

شخصيات
 محمد بويسري
 سالم موحمو

مواضيع ذات صلة
 دوائر ولاية بومرداس
 بلديات ولاية بومرداس

مصادر

دوائر ولاية بومرداس

دائرة بومرداس


La División-A de Tuvalu () o The NPF (National Provident Fund) Championship League es la máxima división futbolística del país, por encima de las divisiones B y C, aunque no existen descensos. La liga se fundó en el 2001 cuando el FC Niutao se coronó campeón, desde entonces se han disputado 20 torneos, siendo el más ganador el Nauti FC, con 13 títulos. La OFC determinó que A partir de 2021 equipos de países pertenecientes a la confederación podrían enviar un equipo a la fase previa de la Liga de Campeones de la OFC.

Se disputa aproximadamente entre los meses de febrero y abril en el Estadio Deportivo de Tuvalu, el único estadio del país.

Equipos temporada 2021

Palmarés

Títulos por equipo

Véase también
 Copa NBT
 Copa Navidad
 Copa Independencia
 Juegos de Tuvalu
 División-B
 División-C

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio Web oficial del TNFA
Tuvalu - List of Champions

División-A de Tuvalu


L'Ancien cimetière Saint-Jean est le cimetière le plus ancien de la ville de Leipzig en Allemagne.

Histoire

Le cimetière est fondé en 1278 comme cimetière de l'hôpital Saint-Jean (Johannishospital) pour lépreux. Il a ensuite été rattaché à l' qui a été construite au  et détruite pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En 1476, le cimetière est agrandi, car désormais, sur les instructions de l'électeur, les défunts de Leipzig sans citoyenneté doivent y être enterrées. En 1536, le duc Georges de Saxe ordonne que ce cimetière devienne le lieu de sépulture principal de la ville. Il est agrandi au cours du  et du  et un camposanto est aménagé.

Les sections III et IV sont aménagées en 1680 et en 1805, puis la section V de 1827 à 1863.

Dans son histoire, le cimetière a été à plusieurs reprises le théâtre d'événements de guerre. Pendant la Guerre de Trente Ans, les troupes suédoises s'y sont retranchées et l'ont partiellement détruit. En septembre 1813, l'endroit devient un lieu de cantonnement pour les prisonniers et les blessés, les hôpitaux militaires de la ville n'étant plus suffisants. Les soldats vivaient dans les tombes et utilisaient le bois des cercueils comme bois de chauffage. Cela a été témoigné par le fossoyeur Johann Daniel Ahlemann. Dans la section IV, il y a des fosses communes (non marquées) avec des victimes de la Guerre de Sept Ans et de la Bataille des Nations.

En 1883, la section I et la section II ont été nivelées et réaménagées en espace vert; seule la tombe de Christian Fürchtegott Gellert est restée intacte. La veille de Noël de la même année eurent lieu les funérailles du Dr. Emil Breiter. On compte entre 1484 et 1834 un nombre de 257.275 inhumations. Quelques Suisses, Français, Russes, Italiens, Anglais et Écossais y ont également trouvé leur dernière demeure.

Lorsqu'il a été décidé de remplacer la nef de la Johanniskirche à partir de 1585 par un nouveau bâtiment plus grand, les ossements de Jean-Sébastien Bach ont été retrouvés en octobre 1894, qui avaient été enterrés le 31 juillet 1750 dans le Johannisfriedhof. En 1900, les ossements de Bach et ceux de Gellert reposent temporairement dans une crypte sous le chœur de l'église.

XXe siècle

Dans les années 1925 à 1929, le nouveau  a été construit sur une zone qui comprenait la majeure partie de l'ancienne section I et toute la section II, ainsi que les terrains de l'hôpital Saint-Jean.

Dans la suite du , le cimetière a continué à diminuer en taille en raison de l'élargissement des rues adjacentes et de la construction de l'école Gutenberg sur la zone de la section V. À la suite de ces travaux de construction, de nombreuses tombes ont perdu leur emplacement d'origine. Des chapelles funéraires encore abondantes dans les années 1920, seule celle de la famille Baumgärtner subsiste aujourd'hui. Le 4 décembre 1943, l'église Saint-Jean (Johanniskirche) est détruite par un bombardement allié. Le clocher qui subsistait a été démoli en 1963.

En 1981, le cimetière a été fermé et entièrement rénové au cours des quatorze années suivantes. En 1991, 58 tombes du  ont été érigées dans la partie sud-est de l'Ancien cimetière Saint-Jean. Le cimetière est à nouveau ouvert au public depuis 1995 et est devenu un parc-musée inscrit au patrimoine historique.

Personnalités inhumées
  (1805-1841), orientaliste
 Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (1772-1823), éditeur
 Georg Curtius (1820-1885), philologue
 Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer (1801-1888), orientaliste
  (1801-1880), négociant et mécène
 Johann Adam Hiller (1728-1804), compositeur (NE)
 Franz von Holstein (1826-1878), compositeur (V). Enterré au Neuer Johannisfriedhof, sa stèle funéraire a été transférée ici
 Wilhelm Traugott Krug (1770-1842), philosophe (V)
  (1736-1792), philologue et théologien luthérien (NE)
  (1717-1799), peintre (NE)
 Johann Friedrich Rochlitz (1769-1842), dramaturge
 Johann Georg Rosenmüller (1736-1815), surintendant de l'église Saint-Thomas de Leipzig (V)
 Johann Schelle (1648-1701), maître de chapelle (NE)
 Veit Hans Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1764-1841), peintre (NE)
 Ludwig Schuncke (1810-1834), compositeur
 Christian Theodor Weinlig (1780-1842), compositeur
 Christian Felix Weiße (1726-1804), poète
 Johann Heinrich Zedler (1706-1751), (NE)
 Wilhelmine  (1780-1852), épouse de Wilhelm Traugott Krug, fiancée de Heinrich von Kleist (V)
 Georg Joachim Zollikofer (1730-1788), pasteur (NE)

NE = Séplture disparue, V = Sépulture disparue, mais pierre tombale préservée au lapidarium

Galerie

Bibliographie

 : Der Alte Johannisfriedhof in Leipzig. Ein Beitrag zur Stadtgeschichte. Hermann Adolf Haessel Verlag, Leipzig 1922 (die ausführlichste Dokumentation mit zahlreichen Fotos zu den nicht mehr vorhandenen Gräbern des Alten Johannisfriedhofs; enthält einen Plan des Friedhofs)
 Frank Reichert: Das Ende der Kirchenbegräbnisse und der Bau der Hospitalgruft zu St. Johannis. In: Stadtgeschichte. Mitteilungen des Leipziger Geschichtsvereins e. V., Jg. 2006, , S. 55–66 (online).
 Erich Schmidt: Der alte Johannisfriedhof in Leipzig. in: Mitteilungen des Landesvereins Sächsischer Heimatschutz 4(1914)5, Dresden 1914,  (lire en ligne)
 Stadtverwaltung Leipzig/Grünflächenamt (éd.): Der Alte Johannisfriedhof. (Faltblatt), Leipzig 1995
  Petra Friedrich; Stefan Voerkel (Landesverein Sächsischer Heimatschutz e.V.), Museumsfriedhof oder Friedhofspark − Anmerkungen zum Alten Johannisfriedhof in Leipzig, éd. Mitteilungen des Landesvereins Sächsischer Heimatschutz e.V., 2/2014, Dresde, 2014, ,

Références

Liens externes

 Geschichte des Alten Johannisfriedhofs bei Leipzig.de
 Der Friedhof zu Leipzig in seiner jetzigen Gestalt oder Vollständige Sammlung aller Inschriften auf den ältesten und neuesten Denkmälern daselbst, Heinrich Heinlein, Leipzig 1844

Leipzig
Cimetière en Saxe
Fondation en 1278

Ancien cimetière Saint-Jean


Stine Schjermer Ring Hansen (født 4. august 1968 i Roskilde) er en dansk billedhugger.

Baggrund og uddannelse
Stine Ring Hansen er datter af konservator og maler Erik Ring Hansen og tekstilkunstner Vibeke Schjermer Nielsen. Med vejledning af sin far tegnede og malede hun fra 11-års alderen. Efter studentereksamen arbejdede hun nogle år som faderens medhjælper ved restaurering af kirker for Nationalmuseet, og lærte derved forskelligt håndværk og fattede interesse for billedkunst. I 1989 var hun elev på Thorstedlund Kunsthøjskole, Frederikssund. Interessen for at arbejde med bronzeskulpturer opstod, da hun mødte sin mand, billedhuggeren Steffen Lüttge, tidl. formand for Billedkunstnernes Forbund (BKF) og grundlægger af Raadvad Bronzeværksted, hvor hun i 1992 blev medejer.

Værk
Stine Ring Hansen udformede i 2006 den bronzeskulptur af Den Grimme Ælling, der ledsager Hans Christian Andersen Litteraturprisen. Hun har gjort sig bemærket med buster af bl.a. Haldor Topsøe, Morten Grunwald, Benny Andersen og Lise Nørgaard. Sidstnævnte buste er udstillet på Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot.

Andet
Stine Ring Hansen er aktiv i Fonden Raadvad Fabrik, der har sikret bevaringen af Raadvad Gl. Knivfabrik som fungerende værksted for kunstnere, designere og bevaringsværdige håndværk, samt Center for Bygningsbevaring, Naturskolen m.m. Et nyt H.C. Andersen Art Center er under etablering på Lerchenborg Gods ved Kalundborg med værker og inspiration fra Stine Ring Hansen. Kunstneren er medlem af bestyrelsen for Lyngby Kunstforening.

Privat
Stine Ring Hansen blev 28. maj 1994 gift i Taarbæk med billedhugger Steffen Lüttge (1945-2016). Sammen har de to døtre.

Værker og udsmykninger
Stine Ring Hansen har udført en række offentlige udsmykninger, mindesmærker, hæders- og jubilæumspriser, danske og internationale prisopgaver samt portrætbuster.

Portrætbuster:

 2021 Buste af digteren, forfatteren Benny Andersen for Historisk-Topgrafisk Selskab i Lyngby-Taarbæk, opstillet ved Sophienholm, Kgs. Lyngby .
 2019 Buste af skuespiller og teaterinstruktør Morten Grunwald opstillet på Teater Østre Gasværk.
 2017 Buste af journalist og forfatter Lise Nørgaard, skabt på eget initiativ, tilhører Portrætsamlingen i Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot.
 2012 Buste af erhvervsmanden Haldor Topsøe, repræsenteret internationalt på virksomhedens udenlandske filialer.

Udsmykninger og priser:

 2021 Snøvsen, bronzeskulptur af Benny Andersens populære børnebogsfigur, ved Stadsbiblioteket i Lyngby
 2021 Highlights, hyldest til revyskuespilleren Ulf Pilgaard, skænket af Torben Træsko, Dyrehavsbakken.
 2021 Hyldest til Dyrehaven for Naturstyrelsen Hovedstaden, Boveskovgård, Klampenborg
 2018 Verdensnavlen ved landsbyerne Reerslev og Stærkende, skænket af Kulturelt Samråd Høje Tåstrup Kommune.
 2017 Fællesskab, skulpturudsmykning til Reerslev Landsby, udført i samarbejde med Reerslev Skole, Høje Taastrup
 2013 Krone Taburetten, udførelse af 25 taburetter, som blev dekoreret af medlemmerne i LTKunst. Taburetterne kan ses på Tingstedet på Stades Krog, Kgs. Lyngby.
 2011 Svanen, mindeskulptur for kunstneren Axel Lind, Grenen Kunstmuseum, Skagen.
 2008 Kærestefolkene, TopToy ved BRLegetøjs hovedsæde, Tune.
 2007 Den Grimme Ælling bronzefigur til international Hans Christian Andersen Litteraturpris . Prismodtagere: Karl Ove Knausgård, A. S. Byatt, Haruki Murakami, Salman Rushdie, Isabel Allende, J. K. Rowling, Paulo Coelho. Uddelt første gang i 2007.
 2006 Livets Lys til 100 års jubilæet på Svendborg Søfartsskole
 2006 Konen med Æggene, Henriksdal Plejecenter, Taastrup, skænket 2007 af Juliana Drivhuse, Odense.
 2005 Rambukprisen for Dansk Markedsføring, der årligt belønner kommunikations- og kampagneløsninger med prisstatuetter i bronze.
 1998 Hildegard af Bingen, Slagelse Sygeplejeskole, skænket af Slagelse Forskønnelsesselskab.
 1998 Fugleflugt - 5 store bronzefugle, placeret ned gennem Havnegade, Rødbyhavn, udført 1996-1998.
 1990 Kong Frederik IX's hæderspris for fortjenstfuldt eksportarbejde - som blev givet til E. Pihl & Søn A.S.

Udstillinger - udvalgte
 2022 Gruppeudstilling på Galleri Grenen - Grenen Kunstmuseum. Samlingen indeholder værker af Axel Lind, museets initiativtager i 1977, født i Raadvad.
 2021 Kunst i Kirker, Gentofte - præsentation i Messiaskirken, Maglegårds Sogn, Charlottenlund.
 2018 Stine Ring Hansens 25 års Jubilæumsudstilling Hvad hænder skabte - 2018 Hvor går vi hen, Fortunfortet, 2018
 2017 Hørsholm Kunstforening Fuglsanghus, 2017 - skulpturen Øjet, der ser - edition-serie udført for kunstforeningen.
 2016 Furesø Kunstforening, Farum Kulturhus,
 2015 Birkegårdens Haver, Ruds Vedby - Havarthigaarden Holte - Filosoffen Odense - Alterkors Det Evige Liv på Kirkeskibet Jeppe.
 2014 Cobrarummet Sophienholm - Ågalleriet - Frederiksværk Kunstforening - Tuse Næs Kunsthåndværk Holbæk.
 2013 Galleri Nord Frederikshavn - Tre generationer Hans Egede Kirke - Galleri 22, Bredgade, København.
 2012 Grenen Kunstmuseum Skagen - Galleri Hornbæk.
 2009 Raadvad Kro - permanent udstilling af skiftende værker udsmykker restaurantens borde, siden 2009.
 2008 Art Herning Kunstmesse ( 2008, 2005, 2000) - SAK Svendborg - Valdemars Slot, Tåsinge - HCA Børnehospitalet Odense.
 2007 Art Copenhagen med Gallerie Gerly. Samme 2006. Samarbejder med galleriet fra 2001-2008.
 2006 H.C. Andersen skulpturudstilling Den grimme Ælling, Festsalen, Odense Rådhus - Bispegården Kalundborg - Maison d´Art Scandinave, Nice.
 2005 Udenrigsministeriet København - Langes Magasin Frederikssund - Jægerspris Slot - Elværket Frederikssund - Marienlyst Slot Helsingør - Bruuns Galleri Aarhus.
 2004 Listastevna, Galleri Oyggin i fb. m. Nordens Hus, Færøerne - Jyllands Posten, Kgs. Nytorv København,
 2003 Marziart International Galerie Hamburg Tyskland - Galerie Lærken Hazerswoude Holland
 2002 Oglethorpe Museum of Art Atlanta USA - Langes Magasin Frederikssund.
 1999 Seoul International Sculpture Exhibition, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Seoul.
 1998 Gammelgaard Herlev
 1996 Kulturårets Skulpturpark - Forskningscentret, Hørsholm 1996 - Skulpturbiennale Kgs. Have København
 1995 Grenen Kunstmuseum, Skagen 1995 (s.m. Steffen Lüttge) - , Roskilde.

Årlige udstillinger
 Jul i Raadvad - åbne værksteder i Raadvad Fabrik, medarrangør siden 2013
 Sommer i Raadvad - åbne værksteder i Raadvad Fabrik, medarrangør
 Åbne Døre Lyngby-Taarbæk, 2012 - 2013
 Haveudstillinger, forår - efterår Raadvad i perioden 2008 - 2003

Værkliste - udvalgte
 2021 Snøvsen - To serier af Benny Andersens børnebogsfigur blev solgt i forbindelse med finansiering af portrætbusten af Benny Andersen.
 2018 Jubilæumstræet til udstillingen på Fortunfortet, De Hundrede Mænd, Fortunfortet 2018, Heksemaske, Kgs. Lyngby 2018.
 2012 Springvand til Kai Dige Bach. 2010 Håbet Birkholm Kapel Herlev.
 2009 Udsmykning Tommelise Børnehospitalet, Odense. Den Grimme Ælling, H.C.A. Airport Odense. Udsmykning Hørren og Grantræet til Elselskabet NEF Kerteminde.
 2007 Blixen.
 2005 Fugl Fønix relief til Konserveringscentret i Vejle.
 2003 Multiply til Pharmacon Hillerød.
 1999 Trio Ballerup Centret. - 1998 Lyngby Politi Sorgenfri - 1997 Vækstdyr. -
 1996 Vidne fra Shetland, Reerslev Kirkegård. - 1995 De 10 Bud og Jakobstigen, relieffer, Reerslev Kirke.
 1995 Svalen, Grenen Kunstmuseum.
 1991 Lille gås, Blomstring 1992, Moderfuglen 1993, Styrke, statuette 1994, Rytme 1998. m.fl - se flere på kunstnerens hjemmeside

Prisstatuetter- og skulpturer
 Nordea Erhvervspris: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009.
 Rambuk Prisen, Rambuk Grand Prix og Rambuk Jubilæumspris for Huset Markedsføring A/S, Dansk Markedsføring 2005 - 2022.
 Haldor Topsøe, Topsøe Spirit Award, 2015.
 Lille Hildegard, årlig hæderspris fra Slagelse Sygeplejeskole 2001-11.
 Beskæftigelsespris for Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune 2010 tildelt Scandic Hotel Eremitage, Kgs. Lyngby.
 HCA-Open Golfpris til fordel for Børnehospitalet, Odense.
 Olsenprisen for Storstrøms Amt, 2006. Initiativprisen Dansk Industri 1999.

Stipendier og udmærkelser
 2022 - Eva og Kai Dige Bachs lille Fond - Hæderspris 2022 tildeles Stine Ring Hansen for hendes mere end 30-årige virke som billedhugger i Bronzeværkstedet på Raadvad Fabrik, hvor hun har skabt en produktion af værker og stålsat taget kampen op for bevarelsen af Raadvad, som et levende miljø for håndværkets fag. Uddelt 23. november 2022
 1997 - Hielmstierne-Rosencroneske legat, 1997.
 1995 - Axel Linds Nordiske Kulturpris, Grenen Kunstmuseum, Skagen 1995

Referencer

Litteratur
Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon, 1994-2000. Kat., Kunst og borger, Det gule Palæ, Roskilde 1995; Skagen Avis 1.6.1995; 6.6.1995; Fr.borg Amts Avis 29.6.1995; Roskilde Dagbl. 13.7.1995; Loll.-F. Folketid. 16.12.1996; 11.3.1997; 14.7.1997; 6.7.1998. Gal. 11, DR TV jan. 1995 (Stig Krabbe Barfoed); Kultur fredag, DR 2, 13.2.1998, Stedsans på P1 4.2.2013.

Eksterne henvisninger

Billedhuggere fra Danmark
Personer fra Roskilde

Stine Ring Hansen


Frænkel Land er en halvø i det nordøstlige Grønland beliggende i Grønlands Nationalpark, afgrænset af de indre dele af Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord og Isfjord.

Historie
Navnet Frænkels Halfö skyldes A.G. Nathorst på hans 1899 ekspedition efter Knut Frænkel, den svenske ingeniør og meteorolog på Andrée's ballon-ekspedition til Nordpolen. Nathorst's ekspedition søgte efter spor efter den forulykkede Andrée-ekspedition.

I den sydvestligste del af Frænkel Land på  ligger Petermann Bjerg et 2.940 m højt bjerg. Det fik navnet under den Anden tyske Nordpolsekspedition 1869–70 og blev kaldt Petermanns Spitze til ære for initiatoren af ekspeditionen, August Heinrich Petermann.

Noter

Grønlands geografi
Halvøer i Grønland

Frænkel Land


Fred J. Foster (nacido el  en Springfield, Ohio y fallecido el ) fue un jugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó ocho temporadas en la NBA. Con 1,96 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de alero.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas con los RedHawks de la Universidad de Miami (Ohio), en las que promedió 18,8 puntos y 8,9 rebotes por partido. En sus dos últimas temporadas fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Mid-American Conference, y la última de ellas elegido Jugador del Año de la MAC.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la vigésimo octava posición del Draft de la NBA de 1968 por Cincinnati Royals, y también por los Kentucky Colonels en el Draft de la ABA, fichando por los primeros. Allí jugó dos temporadas, destacando sobre todo en la segunda de ellas, en la que promedió 14,8 puntos y 4,2 rebotes por partido.

En  fue traspasado junto con Connie Dierking a los Sixers a cambio de Darrall Imhoff. En los Sixers jugó 2 temporadas, siendo la más destacada la segunda de ellas, la mejor de su carrera a nivel estadístico, promediando 11,9 puntos y 3,7 rebotes por partido.

Antes del comienzo de la temporada 1972-73 es traspasado a Portland Trail Blazers a cambio de una futura segunda ronda del draft, quienes a su vez lo enviaron a Detroit Pistons a cambio de Terry Dischinger. En los Pistons jugó una temporada, en la que promedió 8,7 puntos y 2,9 rebotes.

Al año siguiente es despedido, fichando como agente libre por los Cleveland Cavaliers. En los Cavs jugó dos temporadas, siendo la más destacada la segunda, en la que promedió 6,9 puntos y 1,5 rebotes por encuentro. en  ficha por Chicago Bulls, siendo descartado antes del comienzo de la competición, pasando un año en blanco hasta que en la temporada siguiente ficha por los Buffalo Braves, donde jugaría su última temporada como profesional, retirándose al término de la misma.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Fred Foster en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Ohio
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Miami RedHawks
Baloncestistas de los Cincinnati Royals
Baloncestistas de los Philadelphia 76ers
Baloncestistas de los Detroit Pistons
Baloncestistas de los Cleveland Cavaliers
Baloncestistas de los Buffalo Braves
Nacidos en Springfield (Ohio)

Fred Foster


නියපොතු කපනය ("නියපොතු සිඳිනය" ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන) යනු  අතැඟිලිනියපොතු සහ පාඟිලිනියපොතු අගින් සිඳීම සඳහා භාවිතා කෙරෙන හස්තීය මෙවලමකි.

නිර්මාණය

නියපොතු කපනයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් නිමැවෙන්නේ  ලෝහයෙන් වුවද ඒවා ප්ලාස්ටික් වලින්ද නිමැවිය හැක.  අඬු වර්ගය සහ  සංයුක්ත ලීවර වර්ගය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් භාවිත වන ප්‍රධාන වර්ග දෙකවෙති. මෑතදී, ඔබන-බොත්තම වර්ගයෙහි තුන්වන වර්ගයක්ද වෙළෙඳපොලට නිකුත් කෙරණි. සියල්ල සාමාන්‍ය ගෙදරදොර භාණ්ඩය. බොහෝ නියපොතු කපනයන්, නියපොතු වෙතින් කුණු ශුද්ධ පවිත්‍ර කිරීම සඳහා භාවිතා කල හැකි තවද මෙවලමක් සහිතව එළිදකිති. නිය සිඳිනයකට සමහරවිටෙක, නියපොතුවල රළු අග සීරුවෙන් කැපුමට උපකාරී වන සිඟිති පීරක් සවිකර තිබෙයි. කඩතොලු සහිත හෝ කැපීමේදී අත්හැරුනු හෝ අමතර නියපොතු ඉවත් කිරීමට නිය-පීර අවකාශ සලසයි. නියපොතු කපනයන් සමහරවිටෙක  කුඩා (සාක්කු) පිහියක් හෝ නිය අල්වනයක් (කපන නියපොතු අලවා ගන්නා ආම්පන්නයක්) සහිත වෙයි. නිය සිඳිනයක් උත්තල හෝ අවතල හිසක් සහිත වෙයි. අවතල සිඳුම් අග සහිත විශේෂිත නිය සිඳිනයන් භාවිත වන්නේ පයැඟිලි නියපොතු සිඳලීම සඳහා වන අතර, උත්තල සිඳුම් අග සහිත ඒවා අතැඟිලි නියපොතු සඳහා වෙති. කපනයෙහි  ප්‍රධාන අක්ෂයට  සමාන්තර හෝ ලම්භක හෝ වන පරිදි එය පිහිටන අයුරින් කැපුම් හිස නිෂ්පාදනය කල හැක. පයඟිලි නියපොතු කැපීමේදී නිය වෙත ප්‍රවේශ්‍ය වීමේ දුෂ්කරතාවය පිළිබඳ ගැටළුව වෙත අවධානය යොමු කිරීමක් ලෙසින් ප්‍රධාන අක්ෂයට සමාන්තර ලෙසින් තැනුනු කැපුම් හිස් දැක්වීය හැකිය.

ඉතිහාසය

නියපොතු කපනයෙහි නිමැවුම්කරු හරියාකාරයෙන් නොදන්නා නමුත්, නියපොතු සිඳිනය වැඩිදියුණුව සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපද පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක්  1875 දී වැලන්ටයින් ෆොජර්ටි විසින් ඉල්ලා ඇති බවක් (එවන් උපකරණ එවිට පැවැති බවක් මෙනයින් ගම්‍ය වේ) පෙනේ. නියපොතු කපනයන් වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමට ඉල්ලා තිබූ අනෙකුත් පේටන්ට් නම් 1876 දී, විලියම් සී. එඩ්ජ්, සහ, 1878දී, ජෝන් එච්. හෝල්මන්. සම්පූර්ණ නියපොතු කපනයන් සඳහා (වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම් පමණක් නොවේ) ඉල්ලුම්කිරීම අතර, 1881දී, ඉයුජින් හෙයිම් සහ සෙලෙස්ටින් මාට්ස්, 1885දී, ජෝර්ජ් එච්. කෝට්ස් (නියපොතු කපනයක් සඳහා), සහ, 1905දී, චැපල් එස්. කාටර් ( කනෙක්ටිකට් බැප්ටිස්ට් සභාවේදේවගැතිවරයාගේ පුත්‍රයා) නියපොතු සිඳිනයක් සඳහා පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් ලබා ගති

 පසුව 1922දී තවත් පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් සමගින්. 1913දී, ඇන්සෝනියා, කනෙක්ටිකට් හි එච්. සී. කුක් සමාගමෙහි ලේකම් වශයෙන්  කාටර් ක්‍රියා කල අතර  මෙම සමාගම  1903 දී  හෙන්රි සී. කුක්, ලුවිස් අයි. කුක්, සහ චැපල් එස්. කාටර් විසින් එච්. ටී. කුක් යන්ත්‍ර සමාගම ලෙසින් සංස්ථාපනය කෙරිණි. 1928 දී පමණ, සමාගමෙහි සභාපති ලෙසට කාටර් පත්වූ අතර, එවිට ඔහු හිමිකම් පෑවේ, 1896දී පමණ, "ජෙම්"-ලකුණ අතැඟිලි නියපොතු කපනය එළිදැකි බවයි.

1906දී, එල්.ටී. ස්නෝ සමාගම නියපොතු කපනයන් නිෂ්පාදනය කලෝය. 1908දී පමණ (හෝ 1911දී), නිව්යෝර්ක් හි කිං කිල්ප් සමාගම  නියපොතු කපනයන් නිෂ්පාදනය කලහ.

ආශ්‍රිත

නියපොතු කපනය


Baron Rendlesham, of Rendlesham, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1806 for the businessman Peter Thellusson, who also represented Midhurst, Malmesbury and Bossiney in Parliament. The Thellusson (pronounced "Tellusson") family were of French Protestant origin, but settled in Geneva, Switzerland, after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572.

A later member of the family, Peter Thellusson, emigrated to England in 1762 where he established a successful London business. From the wealth acquired, he purchased several estates around the country, notably Brodsworth Hall in South Yorkshire. After his death his estate was embroiled in the Thellusson Will Case.

His eldest son was the aforementioned Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham, who took over the family business. Lord Rendlesham's younger son, the fourth Baron (who succeeded his twin brother), sat as a Member of Parliament for Suffolk East. His only son, the fifth Baron, also represented this constituency (as a Conservative).  the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the ninth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999.

Baron Rendlesham (1806)

Line of succession

  Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham (1761–1808)
  John Thellusson, 2nd Baron Rendlesham (1785–1832)
  William Thellusson, 3rd Baron Rendlesham (1798–1839)
  Frederick Thellusson, 4th Baron Rendlesham (1798–1852)
  Frederick William Brook Thellusson, 5th Baron Rendlesham (1840–1911)
  Frederick Archibald Charles Thellusson, 6th Baron Rendlesham (1868–1938)
  Percy Edward Thellusson, 7th Baron Rendlesham (1874–1943)
 Hon. Hugh Edmund Thellusson (1876–1926)
  Charles Anthony Hugh Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham (1915–1999)
  Charles William Brooke Thellusson, 9th Baron Rendlesham (born 1954)
 Hon. Peter Robert Thellusson (1920–2007)
 (1) James Hugh Thellusson (born 1961)
 (2) Benjamin Peter Thellusson (born 2002)
 (3) Peter Richard Thellussson (born 1962)

The heir presumptive is present holder's first cousin, James Hugh Thelluson (born 1961).
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Benjamin Peter Thelluson (born 2002).

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1806
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Baron Rendlesham


Salto Aponwao (también escrito Salto Aponguao,  Salto Chinak-Merú o bien en pemón: Chinak-merú) es una caída de agua o cascada localizada en el Parque nacional Canaima, fluyendo con aguas del río Aponwao, en territorio del Municipio Gran Sabana, del Estado Bolívar, al sureste de Venezuela.
Tiene una caída que alcanza una altura de 108 metros aproximadamente y se localiza en las coordenadas geográficas  El nombre Chinak significa en español "liana" que en Venezuela también se puede llamar "Bejuco", una especie de plantas trepadoras.

Véase también
Geografía de Venezuela
Geografía de América del Sur

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Vista de la cascada en Youtube
 Galería del Salto en Flickr

Cascadas de Venezuela
Parque nacional Canaima

Salto Aponwao


Mallsoft (também conhecido como Mallwave) é um subgênero do Vaporwave. O mallsoft é caracterizado por conter imagens de shoppings retrô com ênfase em imagens selecionadas que parecem ter sido tiradas das décadas de 1980 e 1990. Os visuais muitas vezes podem invocar uma sensação de solidão junto com a natureza fria de vagar por ambientes mercantis excessivamente corporativos. O mallsoft destina-se a evocar imagens de shoppings, mercearias, saguões e outros locais de comércio público.

Estética
Vaporwave

Mallsoft