The Guards Armoured Division was an armoured division of the British Army during the Second World War. The division was created in the United Kingdom on 17 June 1941 during the Second World War from elements of the Guards units, the Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Guards, Irish Guards, Welsh Guards, and the Household Cavalry.

The division remained in the United Kingdom, training, until 13 June 1944, when it landed several armoured command vehicles at Arromanche. It lagered its advanced tactical headquarters in communication with GHQ awaiting the bulk of the armour Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord as part of VIII Corps. Its first major engagement was Operation Goodwood, the attack by three armoured divisions towards Bourguebus Ridge in an attempt to break out of the Normandy beachhead. That was followed by Operation Bluecoat, the advance east of Caen as the Falaise pocket formed. Transferred to XXX Corps, the division liberated Brussels. It led the XXX Corps attack in Operation Market Garden, the ground forces' advance to relieve airborne troops aiming to seize the bridges up to Arnhem, capturing Nijmegen bridge in conjunction with American paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division. The Tac HQ reached Arnhem but was not able to seize the bridge because German anti tank guns were entrenched on the North side and the British airborne had surrendered or were too far away to help. During the Ardennes offensive, it was sent in bitterly cold weather, which forced the tanks to start their engines every hour to prevent the fuel and oil freezing, to the Meuse as a reserve in case the Germans broke through the American lines; some German tanks breaking through were stopped. It endured hard fighting in Operation Veritable, the advance towards the Rhine through the Reichswald, and again in the advance through Germany. The division existed until 12 June 1945, a little over a month after Victory in Europe Day, when it was reorganised as an infantry division, the Guards Division, after almost exactly four years as an armoured division.

History

Brainchild of General Sir Alan Brooke, Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, the Guards Armoured Division, commanded by Major General Oliver Leese, was formed in May 1941 as a result of the shortage of armoured troops in England to face a German invasion. There was opposition to this move, as it was felt by the establishment that the height of the Guards—selected for height, amongst other criteria, as elite soldiers—would make them poor tank crew. The division originally consisted of two armoured brigades, the 5th and the 6th. These consisted of three tank regiments of Covenanter V tanks and a motor infantry battalion. A certain level of common sense was applied to these changes, with the 1st Battalion Grenadier Guards being assigned as the motor battalion, due to the presence of King's Company. This group of men were all at least 6 feet tall and were expected to struggle to fit into tanks. Uniquely the Guards Armoured Division also kept its infantry company structure, with the tanks organised into companies and battalions, rather than squadrons and regiments.

At the end of 1942, the division, now under the command of Major General Allan Adair, was split in line with all armoured divisions at this time, with one armoured brigade replaced with a brigade of lorried infantry. At this point the 6th and 5th Guards Armoured Brigades were separated. During this period the division re-equipped with Crusader III tanks, which were again replaced with Sherman Vs by 1944.

Normandy

The Guards Armoured Division landed in Normandy at the end of June, and went into battle around Carpiquet Airfield soon after, with the infantry of the 32nd Guards Brigade skirmishing with the 12th SS Hitlerjugend. However this was only to last a couple of weeks before the armour arrived and the division was deployed further south to participate in Operation Goodwood.

The aim of this attack has been debated many times, but whether an attempt at a breakout or a more limited effort, it had the effect of drawing most of the German reserves towards Caen, aiding the Cobra offensive. Originally intended as a combined attack, it was changed to an armoured assault as the British Army in France had suffered heavy infantry casualties and were struggling to find replacements. As a result, the attack was changed to one largely of armoured divisions, as lost tanks would be easier to replace.

The Guards Armoured Division joined with the 7th and 11th Armoured Divisions for this attack. The aim was to strike south out of the Orne bridgehead on 18 July. The Guards Armoured Division was to advance south-east to capture Vimont and Argences. Prior to this attack the German defences were heavily bombed by the Royal Air Force. Unfortunately this was less effective than hoped against the dug-in defenders, both in the south of Caen and in Cagny and Emieville. All three of these areas were in the path of the Guards advance. The attack quickly bogged down and losses became heavy, the guards losing 60 tanks to a single battery of four Luftwaffe 88mm AA guns. In addition to this, a group of Tiger I tanks of the 503, which had been completely knocked out in the bombardment, recovered enough over the course of the morning to stiffen the resistance against the Guards. In addition, the Guards were checked by a Schwere Panzerabteilung and a counterattack by the 12 SS Hilterjugend. Novel tactics had to be employed to deal with the more heavily gunned and armoured Tiger, with one being rammed by a Sherman of the Irish Guards.

Whilst taking part in Operation Goodwood east of Cagny, Lt John Gorman who was a Troop Commander in the 2nd Armoured Battalion was probing forward in his Sherman tank Ballyragget when suddenly he found himself broadside to a German Tiger II, the German heavy tank that no-one had yet seen. He fired his 75mm gun but the shot bounced off German tank. He was unable to fire again as the Sherman's gun was jammed. By now, the Tiger Tank was traversing its gun towards Gorman's Sherman so he ordered his driver L/Cpl James Brown to ram the German Tank. The collision disabled the Tiger and caused its crew to bail out. After seeing his own crew to safety, Lt Gorman commandeered a Firefly, Ballymena, whose commander had been killed and continued to fire at the Tiger tank with the Firefly's 17-pounder gun until the Tiger's destruction was complete. For this action Gorman was awarded the Military Cross and his driver, L/Cpl James Brown, was awarded the Military Medal, being the first members of the Allied Expeditionary Forces to knock out a Tiger II. However, the German account is rather different. The Tiger II gunner, Hans-Joachim Thaysen, insisted he never even saw Gorman's Sherman and was instead concentrating on firing ahead of him. Thaysen also said that it was a German anti-tank gun friendly fire incident which was likely trying to fire at Gorman's Sherman that destroyed his Tiger II,  which caused the crew to bail out. The 75mm PaK hit the Tiger II on the left side between the track and running gear. Thaysen said the round penetrated and just missed him under his backside.

The next day enough progress was made to allow the Guards to reach Bourgebus Ridge and support the 7th and 11th Armoured Divisions, German reinforcements started to arrive and the attack ground to a halt. Fighting continued until 20 July, when the gains were consolidated by infantry and the attack died off. The battle, while not a success from the operational point of view, was a battle in which the Guards acquitted themselves satisfactorily. The operation also drew off most of the German mechanised reserves, being convinced that the allies planned to break out from Caen. This left little for reinforcements, when the Americans began Operation Cobra on 25 July.

After Goodwood the Guards Armoured Division was reorganized into unofficial battlegroups. Goodwood had shown the undesirable effects of not having supporting infantry with the tanks. Consequently, the two Grenadier battalions were formed into a battlegroup, with the Coldstream infantry attached to the Irish Guards Tanks and the Coldstream Guards tanks split into two groups and used to support the Irish and Welsh Guards battalions. The units were not organized in any formal way at this point, but rather by who happened to be closest at the time. This organisation was not unique to the Guards, the 11th Armoured also adapted the formation for Bluecoat, apparently on Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor's orders. After this reorganisation, the Guards Armoured Division took part in Operation Bluecoat.

Operation Bluecoat was launched on 30 July in support of the Americans taking part in Operation Cobra. Rather than continue to try to push past Caen where the majority of the German armour had redeployed after Goodwood, this attack switched back towards Villers-Bocage to support the Americans and to capture the road junction at Vire and the high ground at Mont Pincon. While the opposition was initially two weak infantry divisions (276th and 326th), they were well dug in, having prepared minefields and other defences. The terrain was bocage, which also slowed down the speed of the attack. Initially the Guards supported the 11th Armoured Division who were the spearhead of the attack by protecting their flank, however they took over the spearhead duties themselves on 1 August, fighting in the bocage until 15 August against elements of the 276th and 326th Infantry, 21st Panzer and 1st, 9th and 10th SS-Panzer Divisions. This was to prove challenging to the Guards who were not used to short-range combat. The Germans ended up committing their tanks piecemeal, and as a result there was no defensive line as such. Instead common opposition would consist of a small mobile group of infantry supported by a few tanks or self-propelled guns. Snipers and mortars were a particular problem in this terrain, with field modifications added to the tank to try to reduce the damage. Due to the difficulty of completely clearing the enemy from a particular area and of supplying sub-units, the attack ground to a halt on 4 August.

On 7 August the Guards had a short break as the Germans concentrated their forces on a counter-offensive against the Americans at Mortain. On that day the Guards were given the 11th Armoured Divisions area to defend as well, freeing up the 11th Armoured. While not actually trying to launch a major advance, attacks in the local area were fierce, particularly around Chenedolle. Support from other arms was also provided, with the Welsh infantry regiment supported by Churchill tanks of the 6th Guards Tank Brigade and the Household Cavalry deploying as infantry in the line for a brief period.

On the 15th the Germans started to withdraw but were caught in the Falaise pocket, allowing the Guards to recover for a refit. Bluecoat had been a success and the combined arms of the battlegroup concept had been proven. This would be the way the Guards Armoured Division would operate from now on. The division suffered many losses in the operation, though the Allies had enough replacements that they could lose six tanks for every German tank destroyed. Crew were a different matter and a consequence of the operation was the removal of the Crusader AA tanks, possible due to the lack of air opposition; their crews were used to man the replacement Shermans provided to the division.

The Guards were not committed to the fighting in the Falaise pocket, but instead got a chance to rest and regroup. On the 27th they were transferred to XXX Corps under Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks and advanced on the River Seine. Due to the near total collapse of the German Army in France they reached and crossed the river on the 29th. Here some more changes were made to the Guards organization. The use of an Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment had not proved successful, while armoured cars had prove more adept at the role, despite the disadvantage of being more tied to the road network. Consequently, the 2nd Household Cavalry were formally attached as the official division reconnaissance element. This freed up the Welsh Guards tank crews for other duties, and formal battlegroups were formed. These were far more organized than the previous ad hoc affair, with each regiment's battalions being merged to form a battlegroup. The Grenadier battlegroup consisted of the tanks of the 2nd Battalion and the motor infantry of the 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards. This required some rearranging of the division: although occasionally altered, the Grenadier and Irish groups formed the 5th Brigade, and the Coldstream and Welsh groups made the 32nd Brigade. Machine-gun support was provided by the Grenadier Guards for the 5th Brigade and the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers in the 32nd.

Having broken out from Normandy, the terrain change and the countryside became much more open and flowing. The advance was now generally along a road, with the lead elements and Typhoon air support brushing aside most opposition before it could delay the column. The population was grateful for their liberation; the 2nd Household Cavalry, who were generally first into the town, had to keep a sharp eye on stowage and aerials on the exterior of the vehicle lest it be taken as a souvenir. In one town, only the intervention of the police prevented a scout car having its wheels removed. The population were starving, having been deprived of food by the Germans, and supplies and chocolate were dished out to the grateful population. On 3 September Brussels was liberated by the Guards Armoured Division after a high-speed run, the division advancing 75 miles in one day. The division could not rest long however, pushing further into north-east Belgium against stiffening German opposition. After gaining support from the 11th Armoured Division, the Guards reached the border with the Netherlands, the Irish Guards under Joe Vandeleur seizing "Joe's Bridge", a bridge over the Meuse-Escault canal in a surprise assault.

The Netherlands and Germany

The Guards Armoured Division was then withdrawn from the line to prepare for Operation Market Garden. They formed the spearhead of the attacks into the Netherlands, with the Grenadier Guards managing to seize the Nijmegen Bridge with the help of the US 82nd Airborne Division. Following this they spent the winter in the Netherlands and Germany, before being moved into Belgium as a reserve against the Battle of the Bulge. The infantry of the Welsh Guards were also replaced by the 2nd Battalion Scots Guards, due to a severe lack of replacements in the British Army at the time. Following this the division participated in Operation Veritable, the operation to clear the Reichswald forest. Due to the weather and the Germans flooding the area, only the infantry ended up playing an active part. After this the towed batteries of the Royal Artillery anti-tank guns were converted to infantry for the lack of targets. The division then supported the push over the Rhine before breaking into Germany and fighting up towards the Netherlands and along the German coast. Two Victoria Crosses were awarded to the division for the fighting during this period; neither recipient survived the war. They were Guardsman Edward Charlton of the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards and Captain Ian Liddell of the 5th Battalion, Coldstream Guards.

After the German surrender the Guards were mostly involved in mopping up operations and occupation duties. A small detachment was used to test the new Centurion universal tank, six of which had arrived in Germany, too late to be used in the conflict. Eventually the division was selected for conversion back to infantry, and held a "farewell to armour" parade on 9 June 1945; Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery took the final salute.

Composition
Although its paper organisation remained one armoured brigade and one mechanised infantry brigade, after Normandy the division generally fought as four combined-arms battle-groups, two under each brigade headquarters.  The organisation of the division at different times included:
 Divisional Headquarters (Battalion)
 Guards Armoured Division Signals, Royal Corps of Signals (Battalion), 18/6/41–11/6/45
 2nd Household Cavalry Regiment (Armoured Reconnaissance), 15/9/41–27/2/43
 2nd Battalion, Welsh Guards (Armoured Reconnaissance), 13/4/43–11/6/45
 1st Independent Machine-Gun Company, 24/3/44–11/6/45
 Guards Armoured Division Field Post, Royal Engineers (Section)
 256 Forward Delivery Company, Royal Armoured Corps (Tank Supply & Transport)
 Guards Armoured Division Field Park, Royal Army Ordnance Corps (Company)
 Guards Armoured Division Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (Battalion) – (minus the LADs to each unit, the divisional REME included:)
 Commander REME
 Armoured Brigade Workshop
 Infantry Brigade Workshop
 Guards Armoured Division Royal Army Medical Corps
 128 Infantry Brigade Field Ambulance (Battalion)
 19 Armoured Brigade Light Field Ambulance (Company)
 8 Field Dressing Station (Company)
 60 Field Hygiene Section
 Guards Armoured Divisional Provost Company, Corps of Military Police

5th Guards Armoured Brigade

 5th Guards Armoured Brigade (15/9/41–11/6/45)
 5th Guards Armoured Brigade Headquarters (Company)
 2nd Armoured Battalion, Grenadier Guards
 1st Armoured Battalion, Coldstream Guards
 2nd Armoured Battalion, Irish Guards
 1st Motor Battalion, Grenadier Guards

6th Guards Armoured Brigade
 6th Guards Armoured Brigade (15/9/41–2/1/43)
 6th Guards Armoured Brigade Headquarters (Company)
 4th Armoured Battalion, Grenadier Guards, 15/9/41–14/1/43 | 2/2/45–16/6/45
 4th Armoured Battalion, Coldstream Guards, 2/2/45–16/6/45
 3rd Armoured Battalion, Scots Guards, 15/9/41–14/1/43 | 2/2/45–16/6/45
 2nd Armoured Battalion, Welsh Guards, 15/9/41–14/1/43
 4th Motor Battalion, Coldstream Guards, 15/9/41–14/1/43

32nd Guards Infantry Brigade
 32nd Guards Infantry Brigade (11/7/44–2/10/44 | 7/10/44–13/2/45 | 30/5/42–
 32nd Guards Infantry Brigade Headquarters (Company)
 Ground Defence Platoon
 5th Battalion, Grenadier Guards, 1/10/41–4/6/42
 5th Battalion, Coldstream Guards, 1/10/41–31/8/45
 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards, 20/2/45–31/8/45
 4th Battalion, Scots Guards, 1/10/41–5/9/43
 3rd Battalion, Irish Guards, 5/9/43–21/2/45 | 29/5/45–31/8/45
 1st Battalion, Welsh Guards, 4/6/42–22/3/45
 2nd Battalion, Welsh Guards, 20/6/45–31/8/45
 32nd Guards Infantry Brigade Support Group (Northumberland Fusiliers), 18/9/43–12/3/44

Guards Support Group
 Guards Support Group (15/9/41–31/5/42)
 Guards Support Group Headquarters Battery
 1st Battalion, Welsh Guards (Mechanised), 15/9/41–31/5/42
 153rd (Leicestershire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 10/10/41–31/5/42
 21st Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 10/10/41–31/5/42
 94th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 10/10/41–31/5/42

Commander, Royal Artillery
 Commander, Royal Artillery
 Headquarters Guards Armoured Divisional Artillery (Company)
 55th (Wessex) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8/6/42–11/6/45
 153rd (Leicestershire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8/6/42–11/6/45
 21st Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 1/6/42–29/5/45
 75th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 1/6/45–11/6/45
 94th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 1/6/42–11/6/45

Commander, Royal Engineers
 Commander, Royal Engineers
 14 Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, 4/8/41–11/6/45
 15 Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, 4/8/41–28/2/43
 615 Field Squadron, Royal Engineers, 1/3/43–11/6/45
 148 Field Park Squadron, Royal Engineers, 4/8/41–11/6/45
 11 Bridging Troop, Royal Engineers, 1/10/43–11/6/45

Commander, Royal Army Service Corps
 Commander, Royal Army Service Corps
 CRASC Headquarters (Company)
 310 Armoured Brigade Motor Transport Company, Royal Army Service Corps
 224 Infantry Brigade Motor Transport Company, Royal Army Service Corps
 535 Divisional Troops Motor Transport Company, Royal Army Service Corps
 648 General Motor Transport Company, Royal Army Service Corps

Higher formations served under

 War Office Control 17 June – 14 September 1941
 Southern Command 15 September 1941 – 17 March 1943
 VIII Corps 17 March 1943 – 19 June 1944
 XII Corps 19–27 June 1944
 Second Army 27 June – 4 July 1944
 XII Corps 4–13 July 1944
 VIII Corps 13–23 July 1944
 II Canadian Corps 24–30 July 1944
 VIII Corps 30 July – 28 August 1944
 XXX Corps 28 August – 12 December 1944
 XII Corps 13–20 December 1944
 XXX Corps 20 December 1944 – 17 January 1945
 First Canadian Army 18–20 January 1945
 XXX Corps 21 January – 7 March 1945
 II Canadian Corps 8–9 March 1945
 XXX Corps 10 March – 15 April 1945
 XII Corps 16–27 April 1945
 XXX Corps 28 April – 11 June 1945

General Officer Commanding

The Guards Armoured Division only had three General Officer Commanding, during its existence:

See also

 List of British divisions in World War II
 British Armoured formations of World War II

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Armoured divisions of the British Army in World War II
British armoured divisions
Guards Division (United Kingdom)
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945

Guards Armoured Division


Peñamellera Baja, İspanya'nın 17 özerk bölgesinden kuzeyde, Cantabrian Denizi'ne kıyısı bulunan, içinde İspanya Krallığı'nın da bulunduğu Asturias Prensliği'ne bağlı belediye. 2002 yılındaki nüfusu; 1,557'dir.

Asturias'ın belediyeleri
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan yerleşim yerleri

Peñamellera Baja


La dénomination (DO) vinaigre de xérès est l'appellation d'origine protégée (AOP) espagnole qui protège légalement le vieillissement et la commercialisation du vinaigre de xérès. Ce vinaigre est le seul au monde à contenir de l'alcool.

Histoire
Le premier enregistrement de l'utilisation commerciale de vins pour le vinaigre remonte à 1945, par Antonio Páez Lobato, chiffre reconnu par l'ensemble du secteur. L'appellation d'origine (DO) a été légalement constituée en 1994 avec son Conseil régulateur pour réglementer le vieillissement et la commercialisation des vinaigres élaborés à partir de vins protégés par l'appellation d'origine Jerez-Xérès-Sherry, le premier vinaigre d'Espagne.

Au niveau des entreprises, il existe l (Asevijerez). Ces dernières années, les ventes de vinaigre n'ont cessé d'augmenter, dépassant les  de litres par an. Cela menace de limiter temporairement la capacité de production.

Particularité unique du vinaigre de xérès

Le vinaigre de xérès est le seul au monde à contenir de l'alcool, à hauteur de 3 % au maximum.

Types de vinaigre
En fonction des périodes de vieillissement auxquelles les vinaigres protégés sont soumis dans des fûts de xérès, on peut distinguer les catégories suivantes :

 Vinaigre de xérès : il s'agit du vinaigre couvert par cette appellation, soumis à une période de vieillissement minimale de six mois.
 Vinaigre de xérès Reserva : vinaigre de Xérès couvert par cette appellation, vieilli pendant au moins deux ans.
 Vinagre de Jerez Gran Reserva : vinaigre protégé par cette appellation, vieilli pendant un minimum de dix ans.

Dulces
C'est une catégorie ajoutée en 2012, qui découle de l'ajout de vin Pedro ximénez ou Moscatel au vinaigre. En 2018, la réglementation des vinaigres balsamiques a commencé, ce qui a été confirmé en 2020.

Notes et références

Vin d'Andalousie
Xérès
Jerez de la Frontera

Vinaigre de xérès


පිහිටීම
වයඹ පළාතේ කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ (වන්නි හත්පත්තුවේ පහළ විසිදෙකේ කෝරළේ) මහව ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයේ මහව නගරයේ සිට සැතපුම් තුනක් පමණ නැගෙනහිර දෙසින් පිහිටා ඇත.

යාපව්ව පර්වතය කඳු වළල්ලකින් වට වූ ස්වාභාවික ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථානයක් බව බැලු බැල්මට වුව ද පෙනේ. පර්වතයට සැතපුමි භාගයක් පමණ බටහිරින් දක්නට ඇත්තේ කයිකාවල මුරපොළයි. ඔත්තු බැලීමට පමණක් නොව සතුරන්ට පහර එල්ල කළ හැකි අයුරින් විශාල ගල් කුට්ටි පරිවතය මත යාන්තමට රඳවා ඇති ආකාරය පහත සිට බලන විට පෙනේ. යාපවිව පර්වතයට නැගෙනහිරින් මොණරගල පර්වතය ඇති අතර, ඒ අවට තැනින් තැන නැගුණු කුඩා කඳුගැට රාශියක් දක්නට ඇත. මෙම පර්වතයට සැතපුම් එකහමාරක් පමණ දුරින් උතුරේ සිට දකුණට බටහිර දෙසින් විහිදෙන කඳු වළල්ලකි. මේ අනුව, බලන විට පෙනෙන්නේ පැරණි ලංකා ඉතිහාසයේ කිසිම රාජධානියකට නොතිබූ අන්දමේ ස්වභාවික ආරක්ෂාවක් යාපව්ව රාජධානිය සතුව පැවැති බවයි. මෙම පර්වතයේ බටහිර කොටස ස්වභාවිකව ම ආරක්ෂා වී ඇත. අහසින් ආවොත් මිස කිසිම සතුරකුට වැදිය නොහැකි ලෙස එම කොටස ප්‍රපාතාකාරව ඇත.

ප්‍රාග් හා මූල ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරැ
යාපවිව පුරා ස්ථානය හා අවට ප්‍රදේශය පිළිබඳ ඉපැරණි පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සාධක ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගය දක්වා විහිදෙයි. මෙම පර්වතය ආශ්‍රිතව හා තදාසන්න ප්‍රදේශවලින් ප්‍රාග් එතිහාසික මානව අවශේෂ හමුවීමෙන් ඒ බව මැනවින් අනාවරණය වේ. පූර්ව ඓතිහාසික හෙවත් මෙගලිතික ජනාවාස පිළිබඳ ව පැහැදිලි සාධක යාපව්ව ආසන්නයේ ඇති ගල් සොහොන් කනත්ත කොණ්ඩදෙණිය නම් ස්ථානයෙන් හමුවී ඇත. විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ ගල්පුවරැ භාවිත කරමින් සුසාන සකස් කිරීම මෙම අවධියේ විශේෂ ලක්‍ෂණයකි. මෙම මහා ශිලා අවධිය පූර්ව ඓතිහාසික යකඩ යුගය වන ක්‍රි: පු: 900ත් ක්‍රි: පු: 600 ත් අතර කාලයට අයත් ය. මූල ඓතිහාසික අවධියේ අග භාගයේ යාපව්ව මුල් කොටගත් ප්‍රධාන සංඝාරාමයක් තිබූ බවට සාධක කටාරම් කොටා සැකසූ ලෙන් අතරින් කීපයක ඇති පූර්ව බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂර සහිත ලිපිවලින් අනාවරණය වේ.

ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම
ලංකාවේ රජරට ශිෂ්ටාචාර යුගය ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ 1215 දී පමණ සිදු වූ මාඝ ආක්‍රමණයක් සමඟම අවසන් වේ. රජරට මාඝගේ ආධිපත්‍යයට යටත් ව පැවති වකවානුවේ දී මායා රටේ සහ රැහුණු රටේ සීමා සහිත ප්‍රදේශයක පාලන බලය හිමිකරගෙන සිටි පාලකයන් කීපදෙනෙකු පිළිබඳ ව වැදගත් තොරතුරැ ස්වල්පයක් මහාවංසයේ සඳහන් වේ. "මේ කාලයෙහි මහා පිණැති බොහෝ ඇතැමි ජන කොටස් ඒ ඒ දුර්ග පර්වතයන්හි සිත්කලුව නගර ග්‍රාමයන් කරවා, ඒ ඒ ස්ථානවල වාසය කරමින් ලෝකය ද ශාසනය ද පාලනය කළහ. එසේ ම සතුරන් විසින් නැගීමට දුෂ්කර වූ යාපවිව මතුයෙහි වෙසමුණි රජුගේ ආලකමන්දාව වැනි නගරයක් කර සුභ සෙනෙවි තෙම එහි වාසය කරමින් ඒ දේශය ද පාලනය කළ බව එහි සඳහන් වේ."

යාපව්ව පිළිබඳ ව අපට අපගේ ප්‍රධාන වංශකථාව වන මහාවංසයේ ප්‍රථම වරට සඳහන් වන අවස්ථාව මෙයයි.

ක්‍රි. ව. 1215 දී මාඝ පොළොන්නරුවේ බලය අල්ලා ගැනීමත් සමඟ මෙතෙක් පොළොන්නරුවේ රජුන් සමඟ රාජ්‍ය කරමින් සිටි සෙන්පතිවරැන් ඈපා, මාපා වැනි රාජක්‍යයෝත් පොළොන්නරුවෙන් පළාගොස් ආරක්ෂක ස්ථානවල ලැගුම් ගන්නට ඇතැයි ඉහත කී මහාවංසයේ සඳහන අනුව අපට සිතාගත හැකි ය. සමහර විට සුභ සෙනවියා ද, මාඝගේ කෲර ක්‍රියාකලාපය නිසා රජරටින් පැන ආ සෙනවියකු විය හැකි ය. මාඝගේ ආක්‍රමණය හේතුවෙන් රජරට සිටි ප්‍රභූන් නිරිත දෙසට සංක්‍රමණය වීමත්, ඒ ඒ ස්ථානවල ඔවුන් විසින් ප්‍රාදේශීය පාලන ඒකකයන් ඇති කරගෙන සිටි ආකාරයත් මහාවංසය, පුජාවලිය, සහ එළු අත්තනගලු වංශය වැනි ඉතිහාස ග්‍රන්ථවලින් මනාව අවබෝධ කොටගත හැකි ය. ඒ අනුව, භීතියෙන් හා අවිනිශ්චිත භාවයෙන් යුක්ත වූ මේ අවධියේ සුභ සේනාධිපති වර්තමාන යාපවිවේ ද රුහුණු

යාපහුව රාජධානිය (යාපව්ව)


The Token, ab 1838 The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, war ein literarischer Almanach, der jährlich zwischen 1828 und 1842 in Boston erschien. Für die amerikanische Literaturgeschichte ist er von Bedeutung, da in ihm zahlreiche der Kurzgeschichten Nathaniel Hawthornes erschienen.

Inhalt
The Token wurde 1828 von Samuel Griswold Goodrich ins Leben gerufen, der zunächst sowohl als Herausgeber als auch als Verleger fungierte. Mit Ausnahme des zweiten Bandes (also des Jahrbuchs 1829), für den Nathaniel Parker Willis verantwortlich zeichnete, gab Goodrich sämtliche Bände bis zum Ende des Token 1842 heraus.

Der Token war eines von zahlreichen "Geschenkbüchern" (gift book oder keepsake), die zu dieser Zeit populär wurden und zu Weihnachten, Neujahr oder zum Geburtstag verschenkt wurden. Sie entstanden nach dem Vorbild der europäischen Musen-Almanache, waren aber vor allem, wenn nicht ausschließlich an ein weibliches Publikum gerichtet. Sie sollten mindestens ebenso dekorativ wie erbaulich sein und verbanden so Gedichte, Essays und Erzählungen mit zumeist sehr lieblich-sentimentalen Illustrationen. Der Token stach unter der Vielzahl derartiger Publikationen durch die hohe literarische Qualität seiner Texte hervor, neben Hawthorne veröffentlichten hier unter anderem Henry Wadsworth Longfellow und Catharine Maria Sedgwick. 1832 fusionierte der Token mit The Atlantic Souvenir, einem seiner Hauptkonkurrenten, und trug ab 1838 den Titel The Token and Atlantic Souvenir. Besonders die späteren Jahrgänge wurden oftmals von Raubdruckern aufgelegt, so dass sich etwa für den 1838er Jahrgang mindestens zehn verschiedene Ausgaben unterscheiden lassen.

Literatur

Jahrgänge
Soweit vorhanden, sind Digitalisate des Internet Archive verlinkt:
 1828: The Token.  A Christmas and New Year's Present. S. G. Goodrich, Boston 1827.
 1829: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present. S. G. Goodrich, Boston 1828.
 1830: The Token, a Christmas and New Year's Present. Carter & Hendee, Boston 1829.
 1831: The Token; A Christmas and New Year's Present. Gray & Bowen, Boston 1830.
 1832: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present. Gray & Bowen, Boston 1831.
 1833: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present. Gray & Bowen, Boston 1832.
 1834: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present. Charles Bowen, Boston 1833.
 1835: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present. Charles Bowen, Boston 1834.
 1836: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present. Charles Bowen, Boston 1835.
 1837: The Token. A Christmas and New Year's Present.  Charles Bowen, Boston 1837.
 1838: The Token, and Atlantic Souvenir, a Christmas and New Year's Present. American Stationers' Co., Boston 1837.
 1839: The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, a Christmas and New Year's Present. Otis, Broaders, & Co., Boston 1838.
 1840: The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, a Christmas and New Year's Present. Otis, Broaders, & Co., Boston 1839.
 1841: The Token and Atlantic Souvenir,  a Christmas and New Year's Present. W. D. Ticknor, Boston 1840.
 1842: The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, an Offering for Christmas and the New Year. David H. Williams, Boston 1842.

Sekundärliteratur
 The Token – Kapitel in Ward, Trent, et al.: The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (Band XVI). G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York und Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1907–1921.
 Kristina Huff: Souvenirs of America: American Gift Books, 1825–1840. Unveröffentlichte Masterarbeit, University of Missouri-Columbia 2006.
 Seymour L. Gross: Hawthorne's Income from 'The Token'. In: Studies in Bibliography 8, 1956. S. 236–238.

Weblinks

 The Token (1828–1842) – private Website von Pat Pflieger, die sich eine umfassende bibliographische Dokumentation des Token zum Ziel gesetzt hat.

Englischsprachiges Jahrbuch
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)
Literatur (19. Jahrhundert)
Erscheinen eingestellt 1842

The Token


is a town located in Itano District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 14,770 in 6794 households and a population density of 1000 persons per km². The total area of the town is . Matsushige is the location of Tokushima Airport, from where domestic flights depart for various other Japanese cities. The town also hosts a Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force base.

Geography
Matsushige is located between Tokushima and Naruto cities, facing the Kii Channel to the east side. It is situated on the delta of the Yoshino River.

Neighbouring municipalities
Tokushima Prefecture
Tokushima
Naruto
Kitajima

Climate
Matsushige has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Matsushige is 16.2 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1637 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.7 °C, and lowest in January, at around 6.3 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Matsushige has been growing steadily since the 1940s.

History
As with all of Tokushima Prefecture, the area of Matsushige was part of ancient Awa Province. It was noted for ocean-borne shipping, especially of timber, from Tosa Province to the Kinai region . During the Edo period, the area was part of the holdings of Tokushima Domain ruled by the Hachisuka clan from their seat at Tokushima Castle. The village of Matsushige was established within Itano District, Tokushima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on October 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on August 1, 1961.

Government
Matsushige has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Matsushige, together with the other municipalities of Itano District, contributes four members to the Tokushima Prefectural Assembly.  In terms of national politics, the town is part of Tokushima 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

The JMSDF Air Training Group Tokushima and the JGSDF 14th Aviation Unit are located in Matsushige.

Economy
Matsushige has a mixed economy based on agriculture, commercial fishing and light manufacturing.

Education
Matsushige has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town does not have a high school.

Transportation

Airports
Tokushima Airport

Railway
Matsushige has no passenger railway service. The closest stations are Kyokaimae Station and Kompiramae Station on the JR Shikoku Naruto Line; however, Tokushima Station is often used for convenience.

Highways
  Tokushima Expressway

Sister city relations
 - Mount Vernon, Washington, United States

References

External links

Matsushige official website

Towns in Tokushima Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan

Matsushige, Tokushima


{{Infoboks håndboldspiller
|             spillernavn = Dominika Müllnerová
|                billede =
|             billedbredde =
|               billedtekst =
|                fuldenavn = Dominika Müllnerová
|              fødselsdato =
|                  fødeby = Ústi and Labem
|                 fødeland = Tjekkiet
|                    højde = 170 cm
|                 position = Målvogter
|                     klub = DHK Baník Most
|              trøjenummer = 31
|                ungdomsår =
|              ungdomshold =
|                     år =
|                  klubber =
|               kampe(mål) =
|            klubopdateret =
|             landsholdsår =
|                landshold =
|  landsholdskampe(mål) = ''45 (1)
|         landsholdsopdateret =
|                 trænerår =
}}Dominika Müllnerová''' (født. 26. marts 1992) er en tjekkist håndboldspiller som spiller for DHK Baník Most og for det Tjekkiske kvindelandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Tjekkiet

Dominika Müllnerová


xXx: Întoarcerea lui Xander Cage (alternativ cunoscut sub numele de xXx: Reactivat și pronunțat "Triplu X") este un film american de acțiune și aventură regizat de D. J. Caruso, produs de Vin Diesel, Neal H. Moritz, Joe Roth, Jeff Kirschenbaum și Samantha Vincent, și scris de F. Scott Frazier și Chad St. John. Are ca rolul principal pe Vin Diesel, Deepika Padukone, Donnie Yen, Samuel L. Jackson, Tony Jaa, Nina Dobrev, Ruby Rose, Rory McCann, Kris Wu și Ariadna Gutierrez. Este cea de-a treia bandă din franciza xXx și, prin urmare, o continuare a ambelor filme din 2002, xXx, și din 2005 xXx: state of the Union, deși mult mai direct a primului film. Spre deosebire de filmele anterioare, ce au fost distribuite de Columbia Pictures, Întoarcerea lui Xander Cage a fost lansat de Paramount Pictures pe 20 ianuarie 2017, în 2D, RealD 3D și IMAX 3D.

Distribuție
 Vin Diesel ca Xander Cage / xXx.
 Donnie Yen ca Xiang
 Ariadna Gutierrez ca Gina Roff
 Tony Jaa ca Talon.
 Samuel L. Jackson ca Agent Augustus Eugene Gibbons de la NSA.
 Nina Dobrev ca Rebecca "Becky" Clearidge.
 Ruby Rose ca Adele Wolff.
 Deepika Padukone ca Serena Unger.
 Rory McCann ca Tennyson «Torța»
 Al Sapienza în calitate de Director al CIA
Ice Cube ca Darius Stone
 Michael Bisping ca Hawk
 Kris Wu ca Harvard "Nicks"
 Hermione Corfield ca Ainsley
 Toni Collette
 Nicky Jam
 Tony Gonzalez
 Neymar
 Andrey Ivchenko ca Red Erik

Note

Filme cu acțiunea în Londra
Filme din 2017
Filme americane
Filme Paramount Pictures
Filme Revolution Studios
Filme de acțiune
Filme în limba spaniolă
Filme în limba engleză
Filme realizate în Toronto
Filme cu acțiunea în avioane

XXX: Return of Xander Cage


Josef Noiret (28. februar 1927 – 17. januar 2012) var en belgisk maler, forfatter og digter. Han var grundlægger af avant-garde-bevægelsen COBRA og Review Phantomas.

Bibliografi
Digte (på fransk)

 L'Aventure dévorante (ill. Pol Bury, 1950)
 Histoires naturelles de la Crevêche (ill. Mogens Balle)
 L'Œil, l'oreille et le lieu (1974)
 L'Espace oblique (ill. Godfried Wiegand, 1986)
 La Mire du temps (ill. Serge Vandercam)
 La Conversation de Bierges avec Serge Vandercam (1992)
 À l'improviste (2001)

Henvisninger

Malere fra Belgien
Forfattere fra Belgien
Digtere fra Belgien

Josef Noiret


El Triunfo de San Rafael de la plaza del Potro es uno de los muchos triunfos existentes en la ciudad de Córdoba (España) dedicados al arcángel San Rafael, ángel custodio de la ciudad. Este triunfo, situado en la plaza del Potro desde el año 1924, es obra del escultor francés Michel de Verdiguier.

Historia
El 2 de mayo de 1768, Michel de Verdiguier solicitó al ayuntamiento el terreno necesario para ubicar su obra, siéndole concedido el 15 del mismo mes en la plaza del Ángel (hoy plaza de San Ignacio de Loyola, junto a la Colegiata de San Hipólito), plaza que él mismo habitaba, en el ángulo donde no tiene salida.

La descripción de Ramírez de Arellano nos indica cómo era en su origen:

Aunque debido a su situación lamentable, que ya tenía a mitad del siglo XIX, fue propuesto su traslado a diferentes ubicaciones como la avenida del Gran Capitán, la antigua estación de ferrocarril, los jardines de la Agricultura e incluso, el alcalde Carlos Ramírez de Arellano proyectó situarlo en una fuente monumental que se construyera en el centro del Campo de la Merced, no fue hasta el año 1924 cuando se accedió al traslado.

Su petición definitiva fue llevada a cabo por parte de Enrique Romero de Torres:

Inscripciones

Véase también
 Triunfo de San Rafael
 Anexo:Esculturas en Córdoba (España)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Monumentos de Córdoba (España)
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Córdoba
Escultura urbana en Córdoba (España)
Esculturas urbanas de España del siglo XVIII
Edificios y estructuras reubicados
Arquitectura en Andalucía en el siglo XVIII
Arquitectura de 1768
España en 1768
Monumentos histórico-artísticos de España declarados en 1924

Triunfo de San Rafael (Plaza del Potro)


Croația a participat la Jocurile Olimpice ca țară independentă începând cu ediția din 1992. Codul CIO este CRO.

Medalii după olimpiadă

Medalii la Jocurile de vară

Medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Croația la Comitetul Internațional Olimpic
  Rezultate olimpice ale Croației  pe Sports Reference

Croația la Jocurile Olimpice


I krig & kærlighed er en dansk spillefilm fra 2018 instrueret af Kasper Torsting.

Den danske historiker Kåre Johannessen har været historisk rådgiver på filmen.

Handling
Da Esben fingerer sin egen død, er det for at flygte fra Første verdenskrig og blive forenet med sin elskede kone Kirstine og søn efter 3 år. Men alt er ændret i hans fravær. En charmerende tysk officer har overtaget rollen som familiefar og bejler kraftigt til Kirstines hjerte. I skjul på sit eget loft bliver Esben vidne til dette mareridt og må sætte alt ind for overlevelse, kærligheden og at redde familien.

Filmen er inspireret af romanen Knacker skrevet af Karsten Skov.

I »I krig & Kærlighed - En bog om filmen og 1. Verdenskrig« (Gyldendal, 2018) kan man læse om filmens tilblivelse og den historiske baggrund for filmen. Bogens forfattere er Karsten Skov og Hans Christian Davidsen.

Medvirkende

 Sebastian Jessen, Esben
 Rosalinde Mynster, Kirstine
Tom Wlaschiha, Gerhard
 Morten Brovn, Jes
 Thure Lindhardt, Hansen
 Ulrich Thomsen, Müller
 Natalie Madueño, Marie

Soundtrack
"Sig nærmer tiden, da jeg må væk" blev sunget af Rosalinde Mynster.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Spillefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2018
Dansksprogede film

I krig & kærlighed


جزيرة نافاسا هي جزيرة صغيرة في البحر الكاريبي خالية من السكان، وهي جزيرة متنازع عليها بين الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وهايتي. تبلغ مساحتها حوالي 5.4 كم².

تقع الجزيرة على بعد 166 كم من الجهة الجنوبية للقاعدة البحرية الأمريكية في خليج غوانتانامو، كوبا، وعلى بعد 56 كم غرب شبه جزيرة هايتي الجنوب غربية.

طالع أيضاً

 قانون جزر غوانو

مراجع

أماكن كانت مأهولة في الكاريبي
العلاقات الأمريكية الهايتية
جزر الأنتيل الكبرى
جزر الولايات المتحدة الصغيرة النائية
جزر غير مأهولة في الولايات المتحدة
جزر متنازع عليها
جزر هايتي
مستعمرات طيور مائية
مناطق نزاع في أمريكا الشمالية

جزيرة نافاسا


William Bill Bartlett né en 1943 à Dayton, Ohio en  America  est un guitariste américain connu pour avoir joué avec Ram Jam et The Lemon Pipers.

Biographie
William Bill Bartlett vit au rythme des déplacements de son père engagé dans l'US Air Force. Il fait des études en chimie à Boston puis va à Oxford, Ohio où la musique l'appelle et change radicalement sa vie. Après avoir joué au sein de Tony And The Bandits, il co-fonde The Lemon Pipers, groupe de rock psychédélique.
Bill Bartlett essaie de faire un tube de Black Betty avec son groupe, Starstruck, mais c'est avec Ram Jam créé en 1976 avec de  d'Epic Records qu'il y arrive et en fait un tube mondial. Il atteint ainsi dans le top 10 en Australie, à la dix-huitième place des classements américains durant l'été 1977 et, à l'automne, il atteint respectivement les septième et vingt-cinquième places au Royaume-Uni et en Allemagne, ou encore la quatrième aux Pays-Bas.
Bill Bartlett est toujours actif, il est depuis passé de la guitare au piano et compose toujours.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Guitariste américain de rock

Bill Bartlett


Karolinenhof ist eine Ortslage im Berliner Ortsteil Schmöckwitz des Bezirks Treptow-Köpenick mit rund 2000 Einwohnern.

Lage

Karolinenhof liegt rund fünf Kilometer südöstlich von Grünau zwischen dem Westufer des Langen Sees und der Straße Adlergestell. Im Süden grenzt es an die Ortslage Schmöckwitz. Zwei Inseln, der Große und der Kleine Rohrwall, liegen vor Karolinenhof im Langen See. Während die kleine Rohrwallinsel, wie auch Karolinenhof selbst, zum Ortsteil Schmöckwitz gehört, ist die Große Rohrwallinsel Grünau zugeordnet. Im Wald an der Schappachstraße entspringt die Krumme Lake.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1785 wurde das Bauerngut Karolinenhof von dem Bauern Kersten gegründet. Er benannte das Gut nach seiner Frau Karoline und bewirtschaftete 72 Hektar Land, die er von der Gemeinde Schmöckwitz gepachtet hatte.

In den 1880er Jahren entstand am Ufer des Langen Sees ein Ausflugsgasthof ("Seeschlösschen Carolinenhof") und in der Nachbarschaft eine Wäscherei. Beide Häuser sind an der Rehfeldtstraße erhalten. 1895 gründete der Berliner Bankier Albert Schappach die Terraingesellschaft Carolinenhof und ließ auf der Fläche eine Villenkolonie anlegen. Er ließ seine Villa mit Pferdestall an der Schappachstraße 16 errichten, die bis in die 1990er Jahre als Kindergarten genutzt wurde. Aus dem gleichen Jahr stammt auch das Gebäude Schappachstraße 27. Beide Gebäude sind denkmalgeschützt.

Bereits 1901 existierten 13 Häuser an der heutigen Schappachstraße/Rehfeldtstraße/Vetschauer Allee. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg stieg die Einwohnerzahl stetig. Ab 1902 wurde auch die Schmöckwitz–Grünauer Uferbahn geplant und 1912 realisiert, die Karolinenhof in Grünau an die Berliner Vorortzüge anschloss. Die Uferbahn führte ehemals von Grünau kommend durch die heutige Vetschauer Allee, Schappachstraße durch den Wald parallel zum Karolinenhofweg, direkt hinter den Gärten zum Adlergestell. Da Karolinenhof sich anders als geplant entwickelte, wurde die Straßenbahnstrecke 1925 aus der Schappachstraße heraus in die Vetschauer Allee verlegt. Wassersportvereine siedelten sich entlang des Ufers der Dahme an.

Zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs, im Mai 1945, wurde im Wald südwestlich der Kreuzung Adlergestell/Vetschauer Allee der Waldfriedhof Karolinenhof als Notfriedhof angelegt. Hier fanden bis Ende 1946 etwa 100 Karolinenhofer ihre letzte Ruhe. Da die Keller der Häuser am Karolinenhofweg aufgrund des hohen Grundwasserspiegels und morastigen Bodens oft unter Wasser standen, wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg der Tümpel auf der Fechtwiese an der Rehfeldstraße angelegt.

Im Jahr 1960 lebten in Karolinenhof etwa 2000 Einwohner in 650 Häusern.

Karolinenhof war in den 1980er Jahren ein beliebter Anlegepunkt für Schifffahrten der Regierung der DDR. Am ehemaligen Honeckersteg am westlichen Ortsausgang liegen heute Hausboote. Bis in die 1990er Jahre war Karolinenhof mit drei Lebensmittelgeschäften, einem Obst- und Gemüsehandel, einer Drogerie, Post, Bäcker, Frisören und Kindergarten sowie mehreren Gaststätten versorgt. Heute existiert nur noch ein freier Kindergarten.

Straßenbenennung
Neben den Straßen im historischen Kern, die nach Persönlichkeiten der Ortsgeschichte (Karoline, Schappachstraße und Rehfeldt) benannt sind, und der nach den Inseln benannten Rohrwallallee, heißen die anderen Straßen nach Orten des Spreewaldes, wie etwa Lübbenauer Weg, Vetschauer Allee oder Krugauer Steig.

Verkehr

Karolinenhof ist über die Straßenbahnlinie 68 an den S-Bahnhof Grünau und den S-Bahnhof Köpenick angeschlossen. Im Ort liegen drei Haltestellen: Schappachstraße, Lübbenauer Weg und Vetschauer Allee/Adlergestell. Die Straßenbahn ersetzend verkehrt hier nachts die Nachtbuslinie N68, die den nächsten Bahnhof in Grünau und darüber hinaus den Bahnhof Adlershof anbindet.

Vereinsleben

 Richtershorner Ruderverein e. V.
 Rudergemeinschaft Rotation e. V., ehem. Ruderverein RV Preussen
 SC Segelclub Karolinenhof e. V.
 Segel-Club Rohrwall e. V., auf der Großen Rohrwallinsel gelegen
 WSV Wassersportverein Karolinenhof e. V.
 WSV Wasser-Sportverein 1921 e. V.
 Seesportclub Berlin-Grünau e. V., ehemals SC Dynamo Berlin, Männerbootshaus
 Siedlergemeinschaft Karolinenhof e. V.

Persönlichkeiten aus Karolinenhof
 Werner Schneidratus (1908–2001), Architekt, in Karolinenhof geboren
 Rolf Riekher (1922–2020), Optiker und Erfinder, lebte in Karolinenhof
 Gerhard Beil (1926–2010), Minister für Außenhandel der DDR, lebte in Karolinenhof
 Hansjoachim Tiedge (1937–2011), Agent, lebte in Karolinenhof
 Renate Göritz (1938–2021), Malerin und Grafikerin, lebte in Karolinenhof

Literatur
Der Soziologe und Schriftsteller Horst Bosetzky berichtet im Roman Brennholz für Kartoffelschalen von seinen Kindheitserinnerungen aus den Nachkriegsjahren in Schmöckwitz und Karolinenhof.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Berlin-Schmöckwitz
Ort in Berlin

Karolinenhof (Berlin)


كريم التواتي لاعب كرة قدم تونسي، ولد في ، وهو يشغل حاليًا خطة مدافع بنادي القوافل الرياضية بقفصة.

مسيرته الرياضية
 2004 - 2006: النادي الرياضي البنزرتي ().
 2006 - 2007: الترجي الرياضي التونسي ().
 2007 - 2009: النادي الرياضي البنزرتي ().
 2009 - ...: القوافل الرياضية بقفصة ().

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية تونسيون
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
لاعبو الترجي الرياضي التونسي
لاعبو الرابطة التونسية المحترفة الأولى
لاعبو القوافل الرياضية بقفصة
لاعبو النادي الرياضي البنزرتي
لاعبو كرة قدم تونسيون
مواليد 1405 هـ
مواليد 1415 هـ
مواليد 1985

كريم التواتي


El Jardín botánico de Metz (, también Jardin botanique de la Ville de Metz) es un jardín botánico de 4,4 hectáreas de extensión, ubicado en Montigny-lès-Metz, departamento de MoselaFrancia. Está abierto al público todos los días del año. La entrada es libre.

Se encuentra encuadrado en la agrupación de Jardins sans Limites que comprende jardines de la región de Mosela, Sarre y Luxemburgo.

Historia

El jardín que era conocido inicialmente como « Frescatelly», era una finca de Philippe d'Aubertin de Bionville, cuyo pabellón de verano (edificado en 1719) actualmente alberga la sede del Departamento de Parques.

La finca fue comprada por la ciudad de Metz en 1866 y tranformado en un parque a la inglesa por el arquitecto de la ciudad Demoget.

El parque alberga un conjunto de árboles notables y raros de más de ciento cincuenta años de edad, siendo alguno de ellos fechable a finales del .

Los invernaderos fueron originalmente construidos para la « Exposition universelle de Metz» de 1861, en una explanada propiedad de la ciudad, y desmantelados y trasladados al jardín botánico en 1880.

Colecciones

Actualmente el jardín botánico contiene especies y variedades de plantas de todo el mundo, incluyendo:

 Rosaleda con 80 variedades de rosas,
 Jardín de las fragrancias,
 Colección de plantas de porte herbáceo, sobre todo Gramineae y Poaceae.
 Lechos de flores, con plantas anuales, bisanuales y bulbosas.
 Rocalla,
 Arboretum de árboles maduros incluyendo Aesculus flava, Taxodium distichum, Diospyros virginiana, Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia, ginkgo, Melia azedarach, una sequoia de 140 años de edad, y Sophora japonica,
 Un bosquete del bambú resistente a bajas temperaturas Phyllostachys aurea.
 Invernaderos con 1,000 m² contiene unas 4,500 plantas representando a 80 familias botánicas, incluyendo orquídeas, cactus, y palmas.
 3 Charcas y numerosas sendas de paseo.

Además alberga una estatua de bronce de un águila de 1866 obra del escultor animalista de Metz Christopher Fratin, y un tren de ferrocarril de juguete que circula a través del recinto.

Referencias

 CDT Moselle, « Jardins sans Limites 2011» sur www.moselle-tourisme.com, CDT Moselle, 2011. Consultado 6 de junio de 2011

Enlaces externos

 Jardin botanique de Metz
 Capmetz57 blog (fotografías)
 Chibislife blog (fotografías)
 Entrada en la página de "Parcs et Jardins" (Francés)
 Entrada en la página de "Conservatoire des Jardins et Paysages" (Francés)
 Entrada en la página de "1001 Fleurs" (Francés)
  Entrada en la página de "Je Decouvre La France" (Francés)

Bibliografía
 Dufour, Lasaulce, Félix Maréchal, « Rapport sur le jardin botanique lu au conseil municipal dans sa séance du 11 janvier 1851 », S. Lamort, Metz, 1851, 26 p.
 Ville de Metz. Jardin botanique. Catalogue des graines récoltées en 1931, s.l.n.d., 4 feuilles.

Metz
Metz
Metz
Metz
Metz
Metz
Francia en 1866
Metz
Mosela

Jardín botánico de Metz


Arabisk trappe (Ardeotis arabs) er en fugleart, der lever i Sahel og den sydvestlige del af den Arabiske Halvø.

Noter
 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Fugle fra Arabien
Sahelfugle
Trappefugle

Arabisk trappe


Brunold est un nom notamment porté par :

 Florence Brunold, actrice française ;
 Paul Brunold (1875-1948), musicien et musicologue français.

Brunold


Konrad von Marburg (sometimes anglicised as Conrad of Marburg) (1180 – 30 July 1233) was a medieval German priest and nobleman.

Life
Konrad's early life is not well known, he may be of aristocratic descent, and he was described by contemporary church sources as well educated and highly knowledgeable. His contemporaries called him Magister, a proof that he had finished the course of studies at some university, perhaps Paris or Bologna. He was noted for his strong asceticism and his oppressive zeal in defending the church.

Much of his early work within the church was related to the suppression of heresy, and he took an active part in the Albigensian Crusade in southern France.  Pope Innocent III, who championed the Medieval Inquisition, was one of Konrad's early supporters. Eventually, however, Konrad returned to Germany, the land of his birth. In particular, Konrad was employed by Louis' wife, Elizabeth of Hungary, to whom Konrad acted as spiritual director.

After receiving a commission from the Archbishop of Mainz, Siegfried II, Konrad set to work seeking out heresy in both Thuringia and Hesse, and quickly gained a reputation for being unreasonable and unjust. According to most accounts, Konrad accepted almost any accusation as true, and regarded suspects as guilty until proven innocent. Those accused of being heretics were quickly sought out by Konrad's mobs, and told to repent or else be burnt at the stake. Those accused of heresy were also encouraged to denounce others, with the implication that their own lives might be spared if they did so. Konrad included commoners, nobles and priests in his inquisition: Heinrich Minnike, Provost of Goslar, was one of Konrad's first targets, and was burnt at the stake. In one instance, he treated his penitent with extreme harshness, tricking a widow into some unwitting disobedience and then had her and her maids flogged.

In 1231, Pope Gregory IX granted him permission to ignore standard church procedure for the investigation of heresy. The pope also issued the papal bull Vox in Rama in response to Konrad's allegations, condemning Luciferian. Konrad teamed up with Conrad Dorso and John the One-Eyed in the Upper Rhineland, burning many heretics with barely the semblance of a trial.

In 1233, Konrad accused Henry II, Count of Sayn, of taking part in "Satanic orgies". Henry, however, appealed to an assembly of bishops in Mainz where they decided to postpone a verdict to the discontent of both parties.

Death

Konrad refused to accept the decision and demanded that a verdict be reached, but eventually gave up and left Mainz to return to Marburg. On the road, he was attacked by several knights, who killed both Konrad and his assistant, a Franciscan friar named Gerhard Lutzelkolb.

After Konrad's death, Pope Gregory declared Konrad to have been an upholder of the Christian faith and ordered his killers punished. Perceptions in the German Empire however, were markedly less favorable, and the memory of Konrad was enough to turn opinion against the Italian Inquisition for many years. The reputation he amassed in the course of his years as an inquisitor, gradually spread throughout Europe, overcoming the local boundaries of his original area of activity; and was that of an overly harsh judge. He left an Epistola ad papam de miraculis Sanctae Elisabethae, which was first published at Cologne in 1653.

The place where Konrad was killed, Hof Kapelle near Marburg, is marked with a stone (within the premises of a private farm); it was locally long believed to be haunted and is allegedly today, on certain days, the site of black rites.

Popular culture

 Konrad appears in a work by the English novelist Charles Kingsley, who wrote his Saint's Tragedy about Elisabeth.
 Konrad von Marburg is pictured as the main character in the French comic strip "The Third Testament" by Xavier Dorison and Alex Alice.  After hiding for 20 years after being sentenced to death by an Inquisition Tribunal framed by Henry of Sayn, a mellowed and weary Konrad again faces the mysterious Count of Sayn in a race to find a legendary document, the "Third Testament".  The story is a 4-part suite published by Glénat.
 Konrad von Marburg appears as an antagonist in the anime series Radiant.

References

1195 births
1233 deaths
People from Marburg
13th-century German Roman Catholic priests
Inquisitors
People of the Albigensian Crusade
Burials at St. Elizabeth's Church, Marburg

Konrad von Marburg


La estación de Perpiñán, (en francés: Gare de Perpignan; en catalán: Estació de Perpinyà), es la principal estación ferroviaria de la ciudad francesa de Perpiñán.

Por ella transitan un gran número de trenes de alta velocidad, así como de grandes líneas y regionales. La ciudad dispone de varios enlaces con España, a través de trenes de alta velocidad operados por Renfe-SNCF en Cooperación (Elipsos), que une Barcelona con las principales ciudades francesas.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se sitúa en nudo ferroviario que abarca las siguientes líneas férreas:
 Línea férrea Narbona - Portbou. Importante trazado que tiene su origen en Narbona y une la red ferroviaria francesa con España.
 Línea de alta velocidad Perpiñán-Figueras. Línea internacional de alta velocidad que conecta Francia con España superando los Pirineos gracias a un túnel de 8,3 kilómetros.
 Línea férrea Perpiñán - Villafranca - Vernet-les-Bains. Línea transversal que conecta Perpiñán con el sur de la región.
 Línea férrea Perpiñán - Thuir. Pequeña línea de 15 kilómetros cerrada al tráfico en 1994 y desmantelada tres años después.

Historia

La llegada del tren a Perpiñán se produjo en 1858 con la llegada de la línea Narbona-Perpiñán que luego continuaría hasta la frontera con España. Los primeros trenes se detenían en una estación provisional situada en Le Vernet hasta que se concluyó la construcción de un puente sobre el río Têt.

Servicios ferroviarios

Alta velocidad
Un elevado número de trenes de alta velocidad transitan por la estación:

 Línea Barcelona-Sants ↔ París. Tren TGV.
 Línea Barcelona-Sants ↔ Toulouse. Tren AVE.
 Línea Barcelona-Sants ↔ Lyon. Tren AVE.
 Línea Madrid-Atocha ↔ Barcelona-Sants ↔ Marsella. Tren AVE.

Grandes líneas
Los siguientes trenes de grandes líneas transitan por la estación:

 Línea Cerbère ↔ París. Tren Intercités de Nuit.

Regionales
Los siguientes trenes regionales transitan por la estación:

 Línea Cerbère / Portbou ↔ Narbona / Nimes / Aviñón.
 Línea Cerbère / Portbou ↔ Toulouse.
 Línea Villefranche - Vernet-les-Bain ↔ Perpiñán.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Estaciones de ferrocarril de Francia inauguradas en 1858
Estaciones de ferrocarril de la región de Occitania
Estaciones de ferrocarril del departamento de Pirineos Orientales
Edificios y estructuras de Perpiñán
Edificios y estructuras de Pirineos Orientales

Estación de Perpiñán


El cucarachero de Nicéforo, cucarachero del Chicamocha o ratona de Nicéforo (Thryophilus nicefori) es una especie de ave de la familia Troglodytidae, endémica de Colombia.

Hábitat
Vive en el bosque seco y plantaciones con sombrío, entre los 1.100 y 1850 m de altitud. Registrada en matorrales xerofíticos dominados por Acacia y bosques riparios de los municipios de San Gil, Barichara y Galán (Santander).

Descripción
Mide 14,5 cm de longitud. El plumaje de las partes superiores es rufo; presenta superciliar blanco, mejillas y cuello blancos con rayas negras; las partes inferiores son blancuzcas, con matices de color castaño en los lados y los flancos y barras negras en el crísum.

Reproducción
Construye un nido de forma alargada, en algún lugar vecino a un nido de avispas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 BirdLife Species Factsheet.
 Fundación Conserva Project Chicamocha
 Project Chicamocha: Threatened Avifauna of the Chicamocha's Dry Forest Valley, Colombia
 Project Chicamocha II: Saving threatened dry forest biodiversity
 Eco-Index: Project Chicamocha

Aves endémicas de Colombia
Aves de América del Sur
Thryophilus
Taxones descritos por Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee

Thryophilus nicefori


L'ambassade du Canada au Pérou est la représentation diplomatique du Canada au Pérou et en Bolivie. Ses bureaux sont situés dans la capitale péruvienne, Lima.

Mission

Cette ambassade est responsable des relations entre le Canada et le Pérou et offre des services aux Canadiens en sol péruvien.

L'ambassade dessert également la Bolivie, où elle possède un bureau à La Paz.

Histoire

Les relations diplomatiques entre le Pérou et le Canada sont établies le . L'ambassade du Canada est établie le .

Ambassadeurs
Cette représentation diplomatique canadienne est dirigée par un chef de mission qui porte le titre d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Ambassade du Pérou au Canada
 Relations entre le Canada et le Pérou
 Représentations diplomatiques du Canada

Liens externes
 Site officiel de l'ambassade du Canada au Pérou

Références

Pérou
Canada

Ambassade du Canada au Pérou


El Barón Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (Oldenburg, 18 de mayo de 1862 – Múnich, 12 de febrero de 1929) fue un médico y psiquiatra alemán, pionero en las disciplinas de la psicoterapia y la parapsicología.

Biografía

Nació en una antigua familia aristocrática de Múnich, los Schrenck von Notzing. Era hijo del mayor Walter von Schrenck-Notzing y su esposa Meta Abbes. Estudió Medicina en Múnich y se graduó en 1888. En el año siguiente se estableció en esa misma ciudad como médico y se dedicó a la Psicología médica; fue el primer psicoterapeuta de Alemania. Se casó con Gary Siegle, hija del industrial Gustav Siegle. Con ella tuvo dos hijos, Leopold (*1894) y Gustav (*1896). El publicitario Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing fue uno de sus nietos.

Sus experiencias con la hipnosis le hicieron conocido. En 1886 fundó con el filósofo Carl du Prel la Sociedad Psicológica de Múnich (Psychologische Gesellschaft), que trataba asuntos hoy son asociados con la Parapsicología. Escribió muchas monografías sobre sus investigaciones, algunas de las cuales fueron publicadas en Zeitschrift für Parapsychologie. Son notables sus relaciones con el escritor Thomas Mann y sus experimentos con la médium Rudi Schneider al comienzo de la década de 1920. Schrenck-Notzing estaba particularmente interesado en el potencial terapêutico de la hipnosis. Como psicoterapeuta, desarrolló nuevos métodos para el tratamiento de la disfunción sexual y la neurastenia.

Consagró mucho tiempo al estudio de los fenómenos paranormales, los médiums, el hipnotismo y la telepatía. Recurrió para ello a espiritistas y médiums como Willi Schneider, Rudi Schneider, Valentine Dencausse o Marthe Beráud, más conocida como Eva C.

Obras publicadas
 "Ein Beitrag zur therapeutischen Verwertung des Hypnotismus" (1888, ensayo)
 "Der Kampf um die Materialisations Phänomene" (1914)
 "Die Phänomene des Medium Linda Gazerra". (1917)
 "Physikalische Phänomene des Mediumismus" (1920)
 "Experimente der Fernbewegung (Telekinese) im psychologischen Institut der Münchener Universität" (1924)
 "Die physikalischen Phanomene der grossen Medien" (1926)
 "Grundfragen der Parapsychologie" (1929)
 "Entwicklung des Okkultismus zur Parapsychologie in Deutschland" (1932)
 "Die PhĚnomene des Medium Rudi Schneider" (1933)
Phenomena of Materialisation, 1920
Therapeautic Suggestion in Psychopathia Sexualis With Special Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct, 1898 (con Charles Gilbert Chaddock)

Referencias

Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, biografía en inglés

Bibliografía
Helene Pleasants. Albert von Schrenck-Notzing. From Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology with Directory and Glossary 1946-1996 (NY: Garrett Publications, 1964).
Peter Underwood. Dictionary of the Supernatural (Harrap, 1978). ISBN 0-245-52784-2
Andreas Fischer. In the Darkroom of a Medium Researcher: Albert von Schrenck-Notzing. From The Message. Art and Occultism. With an Essay by André Breton (Ed. by Claudia Dichter, Hans Günter Golinski, Michael Krajewski, Susanne Zander. Pub. by Kunstmusem Bochum. Walther König: Köln 2007) p. 137-142. ISBN 978-3-86560-342-5.

Enlaces externos
El Barón Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, investigador psíquico pionero alemán

Parapsicólogos de Alemania
Médicos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Psiquiatras de Alemania del siglo XIX
Sexólogos de Alemania
Nacidos en Oldemburgo
Fallecidos en Múnich
Médicos de Alemania del siglo XX

Albert von Schrenk-Notzing


Palatul El Badi  (uneori scris palatul El Badiî sau El Badia, care înseamnă "palatul incomparabilului") este un complex arhitectural construit la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea și situat în Marrakech, Maroc. Palatul vechi a fost construit de sultanul Ahmed al-Mansur pentru a sărbători victoria asupra armatei portugheze din 1578 în bătălia celor Trei Regi. Astăzi, nu a rămas decât o imensă esplanadă cu grădini de portocali și înconjurat de ziduri înalte. De fapt, în 1696, sultanul Moulai Ismaïl a luat tot ceea ce era mai bogat din acest palat pentru a construi orașul imperial Meknès.
Din 2011, palatul El Badi este utilizat ca scenă pentru festivalul Râsului din Marrakech organizat de Jamel Debbouze.

Istoria
Clădirea a fost ridicată în colțul de nord-est al Kasbah, în apropiere de apartamente particulare ale sultanului Ahmed al-Mansur Dhahbi. Construirea palatului a avut loc în perioada 1578-1594, unele lucrări continuând până în 1603, data morții sultanului. Simbol al puterii, complexul palatului a exprimat fastul suveranului atât în fața supușilor cât și a ambasadelor străine: era locul unde se desfășurau audiențele și petrecerile. Considerat o bijuterie a artei islamice, construcția sa a fost influențată de Alhambra din Granada (Spania).

Puține urme din splendoarea palatului au rămas până azi. În 1696 sultanul Moulai Ismaïl a ordonat demolarea sa, lucru care a durat zece ani. O mare parte din materiale au fost refolosite în  Meknès, oraș desemnat drept capitala imperiului său în 1672.

În 1953, au fost efectuate săpături arheologice. Pe lângă fragmente de materiale, săpăturile au identificat structura generală a palatului. Rămășițele complexul palatului, unde numeroase berze își fac cuibul, sunt acum deschise publicului și pot găzdui în fiecare an festivalul de folclor marocan.

Descriere
Intrarea principală a palatului se făcea prin sud-vest, prin ușa "Bab Al-Rokham" (ușa din marmură). Planul este realizat în jurul unei curți rectangulare mari de 135 de metri pe 110 metri. Centrul a fost completat cu o piscină de 90 de metri pe 20 de metri, care avea în centrul său o fântână monumentală. În jurul curții centrale mari, pe laturile estică și vestică, era două pavilioane situate față în față: "pavilionul de cristal" și "pavilionul audiențelor", acestea fiind aproape identice. Pe laturile nordică și sudică se aflau "pavilionul verde" și cel "heliotrop", care avea două galerii deschise. Complexul număra 360 de camere.

Galerie foto

Referințe

Maroc
Monumente din Maroc
Palate din Maroc

Palatul El Badi


Christine Fernandes Alves (Chicago, 1 de marzo de 1968) es una actriz estadounidense-brasileña.

Biografía

Nacida en Chicago, Illinois, de padres brasileños. A los cuatro años de edad, sus padres se mudaron al Brasil. A los trece años comenzó a jugar voleibol, llegando a ser federada pero pronto se inició en el modelaje. A los 17, regresó a EE. UU. para asistir a la High School, en California. Cuando cumplió los 18 años, se trasladó a Japón, y vivió en Tokio durante dos años trabajando como modelo de fotografía.

Cuando nuevamente retornó a Brasil, fue contratada para actuar en una telenovela, iniciándose así su carrera de actuación. Se casó con su colega brasileño Floriano Peixoto.

Filmografía

Televisión

Cine

Teatro

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Blog personal

Actrices de Brasil
Actrices de Estados Unidos
Actrices de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Actrices de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI
Modelos femeninas de Brasil
Emigrantes estadounidenses hacia Brasil
Nacidos en Chicago

Christine Fernandes


Crassiphycus, rod crvenih algi iz porodice Gracilariaceae, dio je tribusa Gracilarieae. Postoji 11 priznatih vrsta koje su se nekada vodile pod rodom Crassa. Tipična je morska vrsta C. corneus Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018

Vrste
 Crassiphycus birdiae (E.Plastino & E.C.Oliveira) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus caudatus (J.Agardh) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus changii (B.-M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus corneus (J.Agardh) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq - tip
 Crassiphycus crassissimus (P.Crouan & H.Crouan) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus firmus (C.F.Chang & B.-M.Xia) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus proliferus (Harvey) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus punctatus (Okamura) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus secundatus (Harvey) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus secundus (Gurgel & Fredericq) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq
 Crassiphycus usneoides (C.Agardh) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq

Izvori

Gracilariales

Crassiphycus


Red Flag Linux () is a Linux distribution developed by Red Flag Software. , the executive president of Red Flag Software is Jia Dong ().

Beside specialised solutions, Red Flag Linux had the following products:
 Red Flag Asianux Server 8.0
 Red Flag HA Cluster 7.0
 Red Flag Desktop 10 ()
 Red Flag Desktop 11 ()

The internal structure of Red Flag Linux is very similar to Red Hat Linux, using a similar installer.

History
Red Flag Linux first appeared in August 1999, when it was created by the Institute of Software Research at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Financial help came from government-owned Shanghai NewMargin Venture Capital. In March 2001, Bloomberg News reported that CCIDNET Investment, a venture capital arm of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, had become Red Flag's second largest shareholder.

During a brief standoff with Microsoft in January 2000, in a year-long series of increasing tensions believed to have been tied to Microsoft's perceived mismanagement of its Microsoft Venus venture, Chinese government ministries were ordered to uninstall Windows 2000 from their computers in favor of Red Flag Linux.

In January 2006, Red Flag Linux joined the Open Source Development Labs.

An Equation Group leak from  2017 included tools that targeted Red Flag Linux.

2014 Closure/Restructuring
On 10 February 2014, Red Flag Software terminated all employment contracts and closed down. The direct cause of the closure was cited as being the failure of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Software Research Institute to pay a 40 million yuan subsidy. The institute cited Red Flag's failure to complete a specific project, and general mismanagement, as reasons for not paying the subsidy.

According to a research manager with IDC in Beijing, its downfall resulted from a lack of brand awareness and sustained investments, coupled with the rise of rivals.

Nanchang Internet cafes
As of 3 December 2008, it has been reported that Internet cafes in Nanchang, since November 2008, have been required to install the Red Flag Linux as a replacement for pirated versions of the popular Microsoft Windows operating system, or switch to legitimate copies of Microsoft Windows. Radio Free Asia (which is funded by the U.S. government) claimed that Chinese internet cafes were being required to switch to Red Flag Linux even if they were using genuine copies of the Windows OS. This system is provided with a non-expiring support contract at the cost of 5000 yuan (~ US$850, February 2014) for all machines in the cafe.

An official spokesperson for Red Flag Linux clarified by stating that the announcement were targeted to the server-side and not the gaming-intensive (and therefore Windows demanding) client-side computers, and that in the original announcement, Microsoft Windows and Red Flag Linux were simply recommended platforms as they have been tested by the Bureau of Culture.

See also

 Asianux
 China Software Industry Association
 Software industry in China
 Ubuntu Kylin
 Astra Linux – a similar project by the Russian government
 Unity Operating System
 Canaima (operating system) – a similar project by the Venezuelan computer manufacturer VIT, C.A. and Chinese information technology company Inspur
 GendBuntu – a similar project used by Gendarmerie in France
 LiMux – a similar project of the city council of Munich
 Nova (operating system) – a similar project by the Cuban government
 Red Star OS – a similar project by the North Korean government

References

External links

 Raising the Red Flag (Linux Journal)
 Harvard Business School study of Red Flag Software

Chinese-language Linux distributions
Discontinued Linux distributions
KDE
State-sponsored Linux distributions
X86-64 Linux distributions
Linux distributions

Red Flag Linux


Guéimanovskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Tbilískaya del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situada en las tierras bajas de Kubán-Azov, en la orilla izquierda del río Zelenchuk Vtorói, afluente del Kubán, 10 km al sur de Tbilískaya y 99 km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 1 695 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio rural Guéimanovskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Dalni, Dubovikov y Sovetski.

Personalidades

 Aleksandr Gueiman (1866-1959), militar soviético.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Геймановская.
El municipio en el sitio web del raión
Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net
 en Panoramio

Localidades del raión de Tbilískaya del krai de Krasnodar

Guéimanovskaya


Die Internationale Marianische Päpstliche Akademie (lat.: Pontificia Academia Mariana Internationalis PAMI) ist eine Päpstliche Akademie mit Sitz in der Vatikanstadt zur Koordination von Wissenschaftlern und Studenten der Mariologie.

Geschichte
Die Akademie wurde im Juli 1946 vom Orden der Minoriten mit der Aufgabe der Organisation der wissenschaftlichen Debatten und Konferenzen sowie Sorge für die Veröffentlichung der Bibliotheca Mariana gegründet. Im Dezember 1959 gab Johannes XXIII. ihr die Erlaubnis den Titel Päpstliche Akademie zu tragen.

Aufgaben
Die Akademie vereint eine Reihe von Experten der großen christlichen Konfessionen (orthodoxe Christen, Protestanten und Katholiken) sowie Muslime. Sie koordiniert die verschiedenen nationalen Mariologischen Gesellschaften und soll Wachsamkeit gegen jeden marianischen Exzess oder Minimalismus üben. Alle vier Jahre organisiert sie den Internationalen Mariologischen Kongress.

Mitglieder
Der Präsident und der Sekretär werden vom Papst für fünf Jahre ernannt. Die ordentlichen Mitglieder werden für denselben Zeitraum ernannt.

Vorsitz
 Stefano M. Cecchin OFM (Präsident)
 Marco Antonio Mendoza Martínez OFM (Sekretär)

Ordentliche Mitglieder (51)

Mitglieder ad honorem (213)

Verstorbene Mitglieder (174)

Korrespondierende Mitglieder (180)

Weblinks
 Liste der Mitglieder
 Website (italienisch, englisch, spanisch, französisch und deutsch)
 Eintrag auf gcatholic.org (englisch)
 Eintrag auf kathpedia.com

Einzelnachweise

Mariologie
!
Gegründet 1946
Mariologie


Die Lütke Beeke ist ein elf Kilometer langer Zufluss des Eltingmühlenbachs, der seinerseits über Glane und Ems zur Nordsee entwässert.

Geographie
Die Lütke Beeke entspringt zwischen Ladbergen und Kattenvenne im Kattmanns Kamp. Sie bildet auf drei Kilometer Länge die Grenze zwischen Ladbergen und Ostbevern und auf rund zwei Kilometern Fließstrecke die Grenze zwischen Ladbergen und Greven. Sie unterläuft den Dortmund-Ems-Kanal und umrundet Schmedehausen, bis sie in den Kolk der Eltingmühle und damit in den Eltingmühlenbach mündet.

Weblinks
 Verlauf auf OpenStreetMap

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Ostbevern)

Lütke Beeke


Physostemon guianense est une espèce d'herbacée, appartenant à la famille des Cleomaceae (anciennement des Capparaceae).

On l'appelle Hierba pino au Venezuela.

Statut
Physostemon guianense est une espèce déterminante ZNIEFF en Guyane.

Description
Physostemon guianense est une plante herbacée annuelle, éphémère, élancée, glabre, délicate, haute de , généralement non ramifiée à la base, à tiges anguleuses et sillonnées, avec de nombreuses branches fines, presque aussi longues.

Les feuilles sessiles, linéaires-filiformes, mucronulées, sont toujours 1-foliolées, généralement longues de  pour à peine  de large.

Les fleurs sont jaunes, minuscules, solitaires à l'aisselle des feuilles supérieures.
Les sépales lancéolés, acuminés, mesurent  de long.
Les pétales sont 2 à 3 fois plus longs que les sépales.
On compte 4 étamines fertiles et 4 apophyses stériles (les filets renflés près ou à la base des anthères).
Ovaire et étamines sont sessiles et le style très court.

Le fruit est une silique linéaire, longue de  pour  de large, finement pubérulente, devenant noire au sèchage. Les graines sont recouvertes de courtes pointes rugueuses.

Répartition
Physostemon guianense est présent du Mexique au Brésil, en passant par l'Amérique centrale, Cuba, la Colombie, le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname et la Guyane.

Écologie
On rencontre Physostemon guianense dans les endroits ensoleillés, sablonneux et rocheux le long des rivières, savanes, entre  d'altitude.

Diagnose
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Capparaceae (Cronquist)
Espèce de Cleomaceae (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet
Plante à fleurs d'Amérique
Plante à fleurs du Brésil

Physostemon guianense


Unteroffizier este un grad militar în Bundeswehr și în forțele armate (Heer și Luftwaffe) ale țărilor vorbitoare de limba germană. Gradul echivalent în forțele armate anglofone este cel de sergent sau sergent major. Cu toate acestea, Unteroffizier este, de asemenea, numele colectiv folosit pentru toți subofițerii.

Germania

În Germania, Unteroffizier ("ofițer subordonat") este atât un grad militar, cât și un termen generic pentru orice subofițer, care a existat începând din secolul al XVII-lea.

În perioada nazistă, gradul de unteroffizier era un grad inferior atât în Luftwaffe, cât și în Heer (armată), echivalent cu cel de caporal în țările vorbitoare de limba engleză.

Gradul continuă să fie utilizat în Bundeswehr-ul german.

Există două clase de subofițeri:
 Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee, care cuprinde:
 Unteroffizier și Fahnenjunker
 Stabsunteroffizier
 Unteroffiziere mit Portepee, care cuprinde:
 Feldwebel și Fähnrich
 Oberfeldwebel (Oberbootsmann)
 Hauptfeldwebel și Oberfähnrich
 Stabsfeldwebel
 Oberstabsfeldwebel
În mod informal, corpul subofițerilor "mit Portepee" este adesea numit corpul Feldwebel-ilor, ceea ce creează confuzie cu termenul colectiv Unteroffizier care există deja. Termenul Unteroffizier are la rândul său un al treilea sens și anume: subofițer ohne Portepee, spre deosebire de corpul Feldwebel-ilor.

Unteroffizier se traduce ca "subofițer" și, cu sensul de grad specific, este echivalent în perioada contemporană cu gradul de sergent în forțele NATO. Gradul Unteroffizier a fost considerat, în plan istoric, similar gradului de caporal și, astfel, cu atribuții similare unui caporal din Armata Britanică. În timp de pace un Unteroffizier era un soldat de carieră care instruia militari în termen sau conducea grupe și plutoane. El putea avansa în grad, devenind un Unteroffizier mit Portepee, adică un Feldwebel, care era cel mai înalt grad la care putea ajunge un soldat de carieră. Era aproape imposibil ca un subofițer să intre în corpul ofițerilor, cu excepția perioadelor de război.

Unteroffizierskorps era format din soldați profesioniști care formau coloana vertebrală a armatelor germane. Această tradiție nu a fost schimbat de către Bundeswehr în care toate gradele de Unteroffizier și gradele superioare sunt acordate numai soldaților profesioniști care semnează un contract pentru un stagiu militar prelungit.

Unteroffizier este unul dintre puținele grade militare germane ale cărui însemne au rămas neschimbate în ultima o sută de ani. Epoleții unui Unteroffizier modern sunt relativ similari modelelor din Primul Război Mondial și din cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Un Unteroffizier din actualul Bundeswehr comandă deobicei formațiuni militare de mărimea grupelor sau acționează ca adjuncți ai comandanților de pluton. Gradul este, de asemenea, folosit în Aviația Germană. În Bundeswehr gradul de Stabsunteroffizier (grad inferior de subofițer) se află între gradele Unteroffizier și Feldwebel.

Austria
Unteroffizier(e) (en: subofițer(i)) este numele colectiv folosit pentru toți subofițerii de rang inferior din forțele moderne austriece Bundesheer. El cuprinde grupele M BUO 2 (subofițer profesionist 2; de: Berufsunteroffizier 2), cu gradul Oberwachtmeister (OR6), și M ZUO 2 (subofițer pe perioadă determinată 2; de: Zeitunteroffizier 2), cu gradul Wachtmeister (OR5).

Educarea și instruirea militarilor din corpul Unteroffizier a fost reformată în 1995 și introdusă treptat până în 2000 în cadrul tuturor forțelor armate. Primii care au urmat această pregătire au fost subofițerii profesioniști din grupul M BUO 1 (Stabsunteroffiziere, subofițeri de stat major), urmați de cei din grupul M BUO 2 (Unteroffiziere, subofițeri).

În urma examinării pozitive, aspiranții la cariera militară urmau cursuri de pregătire ca subofițeri la Heeresunteroffiziersakademie (HUAk) din Enns. Absolvenții cursurilor sunt avansați la gradul de Unteroffizier și numiți în mod obișnuit în funcțiile de comandant de grupă (de: Gruppenkommandant) sau primesc diferite misiuni în unități militare sau în statele majore.

Note

Referințe

Grade militare

Unteroffizier


Pokolj u Berku, velikosrpski ratni zločin nad Hrvatima u selu Berku. Za početak agonije Berka uzima se 2. rujna 1991., kad su srpsko-crnogorski osvajači pobili 5 Berčana, a druge odveli u logore u kojima su mnogi ubijeni. Mnogo Berčana pronađeno je u masovnim grobnicama i mnogi se i 30 godina poslije vode kao nestale osobe. 2. rujna i idućih tjedana i mjeseci velikosrpski su agresori ubijali, silovali, zarobljavali i maltretirale nedužne ljude, a samo zato što su bili Hrvati (rimokatolici i grkokatolici). Mnogi su odvedeni iz logora u Berku listopada 1991. i još danas se vode kao nestali.

Počinitelji su četnici, domaći iz Slavonije i uvezeni iz Srbije, koji su danas rehabiltirani u Srbiji kao antifašisti i nacionalni junaci. Mještane Berke pobili su na ulici, po kućama, bacani u bunare, te mučili u logoru koji je uspostavljen nakon okupacije sela. Za vrijeme okupacije hrvatskog Podunavlja mjesnu crkvu Mučeništva sv. Ivana Krstitelja velikosrpski agresori pretvorili su u diskoteku za zabavu i opijanje koju je vodio jedan od pripadnika zloglasnih Škorpiona.

Ukupno je za vrijeme Domovinskog rata, 56 Berčana Hrvata je bilo žrtvom ratnog zločina kojeg su počinili domaći Srbi i crnogorski četnici (prema svjedočenjima preživjelih svjedoka). 96 Berčana su srpski agresori zatočili od listopada 1991. godine. U zatočeništvu su proveli tri i pol mjeseca, a 56 ih se nije živo vratilo iz zatočeništva. Brojne žene su bile silovane. Žrtve su nađene na groblju Berak 25. ožujka 1998., masovnim grobnicama u Šarvizu 7. lipnja 1999., u bunaru 10. lipnja 1999., u Negoslavcima iza pruge 7. srpnja 999. doli i u ritu pored Negoslavaca 28. studenoga 2003. godine.

Izvori

Ratni zločini nad Hrvatima u Domovinskom ratu

Pokolj u Berku 2. rujna 1991.


Iosif Tarția (n. 4 februarie 1819, Pintic – d. 9 mai 1866, Blaj) a fost un teolog român unit, profesor de dogmatică la Blaj.

A fost descendentul unei familii originare din Săcălășeni (Maramureș). Familia lui Iosif Tarția a dat în secolul al XVI-lea numeroși bărbați cu demnități importante, mai târziu o dată cu trecerea la calvinism, familia a sărăcit, ajungând să trăiască o viață modestă în Pintic. După unirea cu Biserica Romei familiei Tarția i s-au deschis noi posibilități de emancipare.

Iosif Tarția a urmat cursurile școlare la Dej, Târgu Mureș și Blaj, terminând studiile superioare în teologie și filozofie. La numai 22 de ani, după absolvire, în urma meritelor școlare a fost numit institutor la Gimnaziul din Blaj. În Blaj și-a desfășurat activitatea didactică până la moartea sa, profesând teologia dogmatică și la Seminarul din localitate. A lăsat posterității un curs inedit de teologie dogmatică. Deși era mai degrabă un om retras, a luat parte activă la mișcările eclesiastice și politice din anul 1850 din Transilvania. Pare sigur că la moartea sa a lăsat o sumă de bani pentru un fond de ajutorare a studenților săraci (cu prioritate pentru rudele din neamul său), acest fapt fiind menționat în anul 1917, în gazeta bisericească-politică Unirea din Blaj.

A murit în urma unei afecțiuni hepatice.

Note

Nașteri în 1819
Decese în 1866
Teologi români
Români greco-catolici

Iosif Tarția


Olaylar
 636 - Yarmuk Savaşı: Halid bin Velid komutasındaki Arap güçleri, Suriye ve Filistin'in kontrolünü Bizans İmparatorluğu'ndan aldılar.
 917 - Achelous Muharebesi: Bulgar Çarı I. Simeon, Trakya'yı Bizanslılardan aldı.
 1648 - Lens Savaşı: Otuz Yıl Savaşları'nın sonu.
 1833 - ABD'de köleler, Nat Turner'in liderliğinde ayaklandı.
 1866 - ABD Başkanı Andrew Johnson, Amerikan İç Savaşı'nın bittiğini resmen ilan etti.
 1914 - I. Dünya Savaşı: Alman Birlikleri, Brüksel'i işgal etti.
 1940 - Sürgündeki Rus devrimci Leon Troçki, Meksiko'da saldırıya uğradı ve ertesi gün öldü.
 1941 - Yahudiler için Drancy toplama kampının oluşturulması.
 1946 - Erzurum'da meydana gelen depremde 330 kişi hayatını kaybetti
 1949 - Macaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti ilan edildi.
 1953 - SSCB, hidrojen bombası denediğini resmen açıkladı.
 1960 - Senegal, Mali Federasyonu'ndan ayrıldı ve bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1962 - Doğu Berlin'li bir genç Berlin Duvarı'nı geçmek isterken öldürüldü. 5 bin Batı Berlin'li eylem yaparak olayı protesto etti.
 1964 - Türkiye ile Fransa arasında, "İnsan Gücünde İşbirliği Antlaşması", Ankara'da imzalandı. Antlaşmaya göre; ilk etapta 10 bin Türk işçisinin kuzeydeki kömür ocaklarında çalışmak üzere Fransa'ya gönderileceği açıklandı.
 1968 - Çekoslovakya, Sovyetler Birliği ve Varşova Paktı ülkelerince işgal edildi. Aleksandr Dubçek ve öteki liberalleşme yanlısı komünist liderler tutuklandı. Sovyet tankları, Prag sokaklarında halkın direnişiyle karşılaştı.
 1975 - NASA, Viking 1 adlı uzay aracını Mars'a doğru yola çıkardı.
 1977 - NASA, Voyager 2'yi fırlattı.
 1982 - 2 ay 27 günlük kesinleşmiş cezası ertelenmeyen Bülent Ecevit,Ankara Merkez Kapalı Cezaevi'ne konuldu.
 1988 - Sekiz yıl süren İran-Irak Savaşı ateşkesle sona erdi.
 1991 - Estonya, SSCB'den ayrılıp bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1993 - Oslo'da gizli pazarlıklardan sonra, İsrailliler ve Filistinliler arasında antlaşma imzalandı.
 2009 - Usain Bolt, 2009 Dünya Atletizm Şampiyonası'nda 200 metrede, 19.19 ile dünya rekorunu yeniledi.
 2016 - Gaziantep'te IŞİD tarafından gerçekleştirildiği iddia edilen bombalı saldırıda 59 kişi hayatını kaybetti, 90'dan fazla kişi yaralandı.

Doğumlar
 1377 - Şahruh, Timur İmparatorluğu üçüncü hükümdarı (ö. 1447)
 1561 - Jacopo Peri, İtalyan besteci ve şarkıcı (ö. 1633)
 1664 - János Pálffy, Macar İmparatorluk Mareşali (ö. 1751)
 1778 - Bernardo O'Higgins, Şilili asker, siyasetçi ve Şili'nin bağımsızlık savaşçısı (ö. 1842)
 1779 - Jöns Jakob Berzelius, İsveçli kimyacı (ö. 1848)
 1789 - Abbas Mirza, İran'da hüküm süren Kaçar Hanedanı'nın veliahtı (ö. 1833)
 1833 - Benjamin Harrison, ABD'nin 23. Başkanı (ö. 1901)
 1856 - Jakub Bart Cisinski, Alman yazar (ö. 1909)
 1858 - Ömer Muhtar, Libyalı devrimci ve İtalyanlara karşı yürütülen direniş hareketinin önderi (ö. 1931)
 1860 - Raymond Poincaré, Fransız devlet adamı (ö. 1934)
 1873 - Eliel Saarinen, Finlandiya kökenli Amerikalı mimar (ö. 1950)
 1885 - Dino Campana, İtalyan şair (ö. 1932)
 1886 - Onni Okkonen, Fin sanat tarihçisi (ö. 1962)
 1890 - Howard Phillips Lovecraft, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 1937)
 1901 - Salvatore Quasimodo, İtalyan yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1968)
 1910 - Eero Saarinen, Finlandiya kökenli Amerikalı mimar (ö. 1961)
 1913 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, Amerikalı nöropsikolog ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1994)
 1919 - Thomas G. Morris, Amerikalı politikacı (ö. 2016)
 1929 - Hüseyin Mükerrem Hiç, Türk iktisat profesörü ve siyasetçi (ö. 2012)
 1930 - Hüseyin Kutman, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (ö. 1988)
 1930 - Toron Karacaoğlu, Türk yönetmen, tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2018)
 1935 - Gürdal Duyar, Türk heykeltıraş (ö. 2004)
 1941 - Slobodan Milošević, Sırp siyasetçi ve Sırbistan Devlet Başkanı (ö. 2006)
 1942 - Isaac Hayes, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve oyuncu (ö. 2008)
 1942 - Kuzey Vargın, Türk oyuncu (ö. 2017)
 1944 - Rajiv Gandhi, Hint siyasetçi ve Hindistan Başbakanı (ö. 1991)
 1948 - Robert Plant, İngiliz müzisyen (Led Zeppelin)
 1949 - Nikolas Asimos, Yunan besteci (ö. 1988)
 1951 - Aydın Ayaydın, Türk bürokrat, akademisyen ve siyasetçi
 1953 - Ümit Efekan, Türk yönetmen, senaryo yazarı ve yapımcı
 1953 - Peter Horton, Amerikalı oyuncu ve televizyon yönetmeni
 1962 - James Marsters, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1965 - Alparslan Kuytul, Türk yazar ve Furkan Eğitim ve Hizmet Vakfı'nın kurucusu
 1965 - KRS-One, New Yorklu rapper
 1965 - İlker İnanoğlu, Türk oyuncu
 1966 - Darrell Lance Abbott, Amerikalı gitarist ve Pantera grubunun kurucusu (ö. 2004)
 1966 - Enrico Letta, Demokratik Parti başkan yardımcılığı yapmış, İtalya eski Başbakanı
 1968 - Klas Ingesson, İsveçli eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2014)
 1969 - Billy Gardell, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1970 - Els Callens, profesyonel Belçikalı tenis oyuncusudur
 1970 - Fred Durst, Amerikalı müzisyen, yönetmen ve aktör
 1970 - Berna Laçin, Türk sinema, dizi oyuncusu ve sunucu
 1971 - David Walliams, İngiliz komedyen, oyuncu, yazar ve televizyon sunucusudur
 1971 - Ke Huy Quan, Amerikalı oyuncu, dublör ve En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi
 1973 - Alban Bushi, Arnavut millî futbolcudur
 1973 - Alexandre Finazzi, Brezilyalı eski futbolcudur
 1973 - Elif İnci, Türk oyuncu
 1974 - Amy Adams, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1974 - Misha Collins, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1974 - Big Moe, Amerikalı siyahi rap müzisyeni ve şarkıcısı (ö. 2007)
 1974 - Maksim Vengerov, Rus asıllı İsrailli kemancı, viyola ve orkestra şefidir
 1974 - Metin Yıldız, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1976 - Cornel Frăsineanu, Rumen futbolcudur
 1977 - Paolo Bianco, İtalyan futbolcu ve teknik direktördür
 1978 - Emir el-Mukaddemi, Tunuslu millî futbolcudur
 1980 - Rosalba Pippa (Arisa), İtalyan şarkıcı
 1981 - Ben Barnes, İngiliz oyuncu
 1981 - Bernard Mendy, Fransız eski futbolcudur
 1983 - Andrew Garfield, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1985 - Álvaro Negredo, İspanyol millî futbolcu
 1985 - Bogdan Karyukin, Rus futbolcu
 1987 - Gunther (güreşçi), Avusturyalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1988 - Jerryd Bayless, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1992 - Demi Lovato, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı
 1992 - Neslihan Atagül, Türk oyuncu
 1993 - Marie Davidsen, Norveçli hentbolcu
 1994 - Berat Aydoğdu, Türk futbolcu
 1995
Mehmet Yılmaz, Türk oyuncu
Magnus Landin Jacobsen, Danimarkalı hentbolcu
 1996 - Sella Sharlin, İsrailli manken

Ölümler
 14 - Agrippa Postumus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ve Yaşlı Julia'nın oğlu (d. MÖ 12)
 984 - XIV. İoannes (doğum adı Pietro Canepanova) Aralık 983'ten ölümüne kadar Papalık yapmıştır (d. ?)
 1085 - Cüveynî, İranlı fıkıhçı ve kelamcı (d. 1028)
 1153 - Clairvauxlu Bernard - Sistersiyen tarikatının kurucularından başkeşiş (d. 1090)
 1268 - Nasıralı Beatris, Flaman Sistersiyen rahibe ve mistik (d. 1200)
 1384 - Geert Groote, Hollandalı vaiz (d. 1340)
 1639 - Martin Opitz von Boberfeld, Alman şair (d. 1597)
 1651 - Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, Polonya-Litvanya Birliği'nin aristokrasisinin ve gelecekteki Polonya kralı I. Michael'in babası ve Wi memberniowiec Prensi (d. 1612)
 1785 - Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, Fransız heykeltıraş (d. 1714)
 1821 - Dorothea von Medem, Kurlandiya Düşesi (d. 1761)
 1823 - VII. Pius, asıl adı Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramont, 14 Mart 1800'den 1823'teki ölümüne dek papalık yapmış din adamı (d. 1742)
 1848 - Keisai Eisen, Japon ukiyo-e sanatçısı (d. 1790)
 1854 - Friedrich Schelling, Alman İdealist düşünür (d. 1775)
 1886 - Ann S. Stephens, Amerikalı romancı ve dergi editörü (d. 1810)
 1873 - Hermann Hankel, Alman matematikçi (d. 1839)
 1915 - Carlos Finlay, Kübalı bilim insanı (sarıhumma araştırmalarının öncüsü olarak kabul edilen) (d. 1833)
 1915 - Paul Ehrlich, Alman bilim insanı ve Nobel Fizyoloji veya Tıp Ödülü sahibi (d. 1854)
 1917 - Adolf von Baeyer, Alman kimyacı ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1835)
 1933 - Halil Kemal Efendi, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı yıllarında Kütahya'nın Gediz ilçesi Müftüsü, icazet verme yetkisine sahip, müderris ve İstiklal Savaşı gazisi (d. 1870/1871)
 1951 - İzzettin Çalışlar, Türk siyasetçi ve asker (d. 1882)
 1957 - Halil Kut, Türk asker (d. 1882)
 1963 - Benjamin Jones, Britanyalı bisikletçi (d. 1882)
 1961 - Percy Williams Bridgman, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (d. 1882)
 1979 - Ömer Faruk Toprak, Türk toplumcu-gerçekçi şair, romancı ve öykü yazarı (d. 1920)
 1980 - Joe Dassin, Amerikalı şarkıcı (d. 1938)
 1981 - Mustafa Özenç, Türk sol görüşlü militan (d. 1959)
 1990 - Ayla Dikmen, Türk pop müzik şarkıcısı (d. 1944)
 1991 - Nadir Nadi Abalıoğlu, Türk gazeteci ve Cumhuriyet gazetesi Başyazarı (d. 1908)
 2006 - Tuncer Necmioğlu, Türk oyuncu, senarist ve tiyatro eleştirmeni (d. 1936)
 2008 - Hua Guofeng, Çin Komünist Partisi Başkanı ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı olarak görev yapan Çinli politikacı (d. 1921)
 2011 - Reza Badiyi, İran asıllı Amerikalı film yönetmeni (d. 1929)
 2012 - Phyllis Diller, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1917)
 2012 - Meles Zenawi, Etiyopyalı siyasetçi (d. 1955)
 2013 - Elmore Leonard, Amerikalı romancı ve senaryo yazarı (d. 1925)
 2013 - Ted Post, Amerikalı Tv ve film yönetmeni (d. 1918)
 2015 - María de los Ángeles López Segovia bilinen adıyla: Lina Morgan, İspanyol, Tv, dizi ve sinema oyuncusu şovmen (d. 1937)
 2016 - Daniela Dessì, İtalyan opera şarkıcısı ve soprano (d. 1957)
 2016 - Ignacio Padilla, Meksikalı yazar (d. 1968)
 2017 - Velichko Cholakov, Bulgar Olimpiyat haltercisi (d. 1982)
 2017 - Margot Hielscher, Alman şarkıcı (d. 1919)
 2017 - Jerry Lewis, Amerikalı aktör, komedyen ve şarkıcı (d. 1926)
 2017 - Colin Meads, Yeni Zelandalı eski ragbi oyuncusu, çalıştırıcı ve menajer (d. 1936)
 2018 - Uri Avnery, İsrailli yazar siyasetçi ve aktivist (d. 1923)
 2019 - Rudolf Hundstorfer, Avusturyalı Sosyal Demokrat siyasetçi (d. 1951)
 2019 - Alexandra Nazarova, Sovyet-Rus kadın tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1940)
 2020 - Frank Cullotta, Amerikalı suç örgütü üyesi, tur rehberi ve yazar (d. 1938)
 2020 - Branko Kostić, eski Yugoslav politikacı, iş insanı ve üniversite profesörüydü (d. 1939)
 2020 - Piotr Szczepanik, Polonyalı şarkıcı ve aktör (d. 1942)
 2021 - The Ian Carey Project, Amerikalı DJ, söz yazarı ve prodüktör (d. 1975)
 2021 - Paolo Saviane, İtalyan siyasetçi ve iş adamı (d. 1962)
 2021 - Gaia Servadio, İtalyan yazar (d. 1938)
 2021 - Igor Vovkovinskiy, Ukraynalı-Amerikalı dublör ve aktör (d. 1982)
 2021 - Brent Yonts, Amerikalı eski asker ve siyasetçi (d. 1949)
 2022 - Samar Banerjee, Hint profesyonel futbolcu (d. 1930)
 2022 - Barry Boehm, Amerikalı bir yazılım mühendisi, bilgisayar bilimi, endüstri ve sistem mühendisliği alanında seçkin profesör (d. 1935)
 2022 - Theodore Bugas, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve iş insanı (d. 1924)
 2022 - Civan Canova, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu, oyun yazarı, senarist ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1955)
 2022 - Audun Heimdal, Norveçli bir kayak oryantiring yarışmacısıydı (d. 1997)
 2022 - Osthathios Pathros, Hint Süryani Ortodoks piskopos (d. 1963)
 2022 - Leon Vitali, İngiliz aktör (d. 1948)
 2023 - Daniel Cohen, Fransız ekonomist ve akademisyen (d. 1953)
 2023 - Isabel Crook, Kanadalı-İngiliz antropolog ve akademisyen (d. 1915)

Tatiller ve özel günler

Kaynakça

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