Post-Marksizm'in iki ilişkili fakat farklı kullanımı vardır. İlk olarak, Post-Marksizm Doğu Avrupa ve Sovyetler Birliği'nde komünizmin çöküşü sonrasında ortaya çıkan duruma işaret edebilir.

1960'ların sonlarında komünizmin Sovyet paradigmasının zayıflaması, Maocu teorinin yükselişi ve Vietnam ile 1968 öğrenci isyanlarını yayınlayan ticari televizyonların ortaya çıkmasıyla başlamıştır. Devrimin büyük öykülerinin, kitle kültürünün ve komünizmin etkisini yitirmesi birçok teorisyenin çalışmalarını temellendirmek için bu kavramları kullanmasını zorlaştırdı. Bu da Post-Marksizmin ikinci anlamına neden olan düşünce akımını tetikledi. Böylece, Post-Marksizm, teorilerini Karl Marx'ın çalışmaları veya Marksistler üzerine kurmuş, fakat birçok açıdan bu teorilerin sınırlarını aşmış filozoflar ve sosyal teorisyenlerin çalışmalarını nitelendirmeye başladı.

Bu bağlamda Post-Marksizm, başka bir deyişle söylem kuramsal yaklaşım ya da Essex Ekolü'lü olarak da bilinen kuramsal ve felsefi yaklaşımı ifade etmektedir. Ernesto Laclau ve Chantal Mouffe bu eğilimin en önemli temsilcileri ve kurucuları olarak bilinir. İkilinin 1987'de yayınlanan Hegemonya ve Sosyalist Strateji adlı kitabı Post-Marksizmin ortaya konulduğu özgün bir çalışmadır.

Teori olarak Post-Marksizm
Post-Marksizm, Marksizmden ilham alan ya da onu temel ilkeleri noktasında dönüştürerek kullanan, genel olarak dolaysız bir ilişki içinde farklılaştırarak Marksizmi değerlendiren düşünürleri ve teorik/politik tutumları ifade eder. Postmodern felsefe ve düşünce içinde yer alan ve özel bir yapısalcılık sonrası teori konumuna sahip olan post-marksizm özcü, belirlenimci, indirgemeci olmayan bir felsefi/kuramsal konumda durmaya ve yeni bir toplumsal tarihsel perspektif oluşturmaya yönelir. Laclau ve Mouffeu gibi, hem ayrı ayrı hem de ortak çalışmaları bulunan Michael Hardt ve  Antonio Negri'de Post-Marksist teorinin önemli isimlerinden sayılmaktadır. Bu ikilinin İmparatorluk adlı ortak çalışmaları, pek çok entelektüel tarafından Komünist Manifesto'nun değişen dünya koşulları içinde yeniden yazılması olarak görülmüştür.

Post-Marksizmin temel kavramları
Hem kuramsal/felsefi hem de toplumsal önermeleri bakımdan post-marksizm yeni bir takım perspektifler ve kavramsal önermeler ileri sürer. Felsefi olarak aydınlanmacı düşüncenin temel ilkelerine, siyasal olarak da sosyalizme alternatif önerileri söz konusudur. Onların çalışmalarında söylem, hegemonya, toplumsal antagonizma, eklemlenme, agonistik çoğulculuk, karar verilemezlik gibi yeni ya da yeniden içeriklendirilmiş kavramlar öne çıkar. Post-Marksizm'de hem Antonio Gramsci'nin hem de Louis Althusser'in belirleyici bir rolü söz konusudur. Özellikle Gramsci'den hegemonya teorisinin ve  Althusser'den ideoloji anlayışının post-marksist teoride önemli bir yere sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Laclau, özelikle, Althusser'in öğrencisi olarak yapısalcı teoriyi mantıksal sonuçlarına doğru kendine özgü olarak değerlendirir. Althusser'in ideoloji teorisinin onda belirli bir yer tuttuğu görülür. Bunların yanı sıra, postyapısalcı felsefeler, psikanalitik kuram ve Saussaure'cü dilbilim kuramından yararlanmaları söz konusudur. Post-Marksizm, belirli bir şekilde anlaşılan marksizmin temel ilke ve referanslarının, bunlardan hareketle üretilen felsefi ve siyasal kategori ve argümanlarının eleştirisi ve yadsınmasını ortaya koyar.

Söylem kuramı
Post-Marksizmin değerlendirdiği söylem kuramı, genel olarak postmodern felsefedeki söylem kavramından hareket etmekle birlikte daha özel olarak büyük ölçüde ve esas bakımdan Michel Foucault'un söylem anlayışından esinlenir. Buna göre söylem, gerçekliğin üretilip belirlendiği yapıyı ifade etmektedir. Söylem kavramı dilbilimden gelmekle birlikte, Foucault'un kuramsal perspektifinde daha farklı bir bağlama sahiptir. Bilgi/iktidar ilişkisi Foucaultcu söylem teorisinin kaynağında bulunur. Yani, söylem ile belirli bir anlamlar çoğulluğunu üreten kurallar ve ilkelerdir burada kastedilen, ancak bu söylem yalnızca bilginin değil aynı zamanda davranışların, yani eylemin niteliğini de belirler. Böylece, bilginin nesnesini belirleyip üreten, doğru ile yanlışı ayırmayı mümkün kılan bir söylem yapısı söz konusudur diyebiliriz. Ancak söylem yalnızca ifadeleri değil davranışları da kapsar ve dolayısıyla daha geniş bir bağlama sahiptir. Sözel anlamlar ve anlamlı davranışlar söylem ile üretilir. Bilgi ve anlam burada artık dil yoluyla değil dilin kullanımıyla, söylem ile oluşturulur görüşü belirginlik kazanır. Laclau ve Mouffe, buradan hareketle bir söylem kuramı oluşturmaya kalkışırlar ve bu kuramı kullanırlar. Bu anlamda Marksizmdeki bilgi ve ideoloji anlayışında uzaklaşırlar. Böylece, sınıf bağlantılı ideoloji anlayışından da uzaklaşırlar. Önemli olan artık söylem tarafında üretilen özne konumlarında etkileşimin ve mücadelenin sürekliliğidir. Özne ya da yapı, anlamın ve eylemin kökeni, sabit noktası ve kaynağı değildir. Post-Marksizm böylece hem bilgi sürecinde hem de tarih sürecinde öznenin ve özneler arasındaki mücadelenin üretilen/üretilmiş konumlar arasındaki mücadeleler olduğunu ileri sürer.

Semiyoloji ve Söylem
Roland Barthes kitle kültürünün eleştirisine işaret bilimi yoluyla ve belirli bir biçimde modern toplumun Mitolojilerine bakarak başladığında bazı Marksistler dilbilm, semiyotik ve değişkenlikli (discursive) uygulamaların sosyal eleştirisini temellendirme olasılığının arayışındaydılar. Baudrillard, İşaretin Politik İktisadının Bir Eleştirisi İçin  (Pour une critique de l'èconomie politique du signe) adlı eserinde ve Barthes'in çalışmaları etrafında şekillendirdiği diğer çalışmalarında bugünkü Marksizmi kendi söylevi içerisinde  işaret değerine yer vermediği için eleştirmiştir.

Sınıf özcülügünün reddi
Laclau ve Mouffe'ya göre Marksizm kuramsal olarak zorunlu indirgemeci bir yapıya sahiptir. Sınıf teorisi özcüdür ve reddedilmelidir. İşçi sınıfının konumu Laclau ve Mouffe'ya göre, Marksizm'de sabit ve ilkesel olarak değişmeden kalan bir konumdur; dolayısıyla tam da bu nedenle post-marksizm tarafından kabul edilemez olarak görülür. Onlar toplumsal yapıda bir olumsallık ve "radikal belirlenimsizlik" görmektedirler ve bu bakımdan indirgemeci marksizmi temelden reddederler. Çünkü toplumsal ve belirlenimsiz, sürekli değişken özne konumlarının hareketlerine dayalı bir toplumsal  yapıda işçi sınıfının ayrıcalıklı bir konumu olamaz. Çoğul özne konumları arasında eklemlenme ve hegemonya ilişkisine bağlı olarak sürekli bir geçişkenlik söz konusudur, bu nedenle de belirli bir sınıfın ayrıcalıklı/sabit/önceden belirlenmiş bir konumu varsayımı üzerinden siyaset yürütülemez. Burada öne sürülen tartışma, söylemsel olarak üretilmiş olan çoğul ve istikrarsız özne konumlarının bağımlılık ilişkilerine karşı sürekli, sonu gelmez ve bitimsiz mücadelesinin söz konusu olduğudur.

Radikal Demokrasi
Post-Marksizm, böylece Marksizmdeki sınıf siyaseti anlayışına yer bırakmaz. Dolayısıyla bu siyasetin içerdiği program ve hedefleri de yadsır. Laclau ve Mauffe, demokrasinin radikalleştirilmesi, yani istikrarsız özne konumlarının çoğul mücadeleleriyle gelişecek ve gelişmekte olan radikal demokrasi fikrini öne sürerler. Bunu yaparken de, Marksizmde görülen türde bir kapitalizm analiziyle ilgilenmezler. Onların toplumsal projesi, demokrasinin derinleştirilmesi ve radikalleştirilmesidir. Marksizmdeki iktidar odaklı sınıf mücadelesi anlayışı kuramsal olarak özcü olmasının yanı sıra siyasal olarak da zorunlu bir şekilde totaliter bir yapıya sahip olarak görülür.

Önemli Post-Marksistler
 Alain Badiou
 Etienne Balibar
 Paul Hirst
 Barry Hindess
 Boris Kagarlitsky
 Aleksandr Tarasov
 Ernesto Laclau
 Chantal Mouffe
 Moishe Postone
 Slavoj Žižek
 Manuel Castells
 David Harvey

Ayrıca bakınız
 Marksizm
 Yapısalcılık
 Diyalektik Materyalizm
 Hegemonya
 Postyapısalcı felsefe
 Postyapısalcılık

Kaynakça
 Hegemonya ve Sosyalist Strateji, Ernesto Laclau ve Chantal Mouffe, çevirenler: Ahmet Kardam, Doğar Şahiner Birikim yayınları

 Vladislav Bugera: Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker, Stephen Shenfield

Marksizm
Postmodern felsefe

Post-Marksizm


Margaret of Parma (; 5 July 1522 – 18 January 1586) was Governor of the Netherlands from 1559 to 1567 and from 1578 to 1582. She was the illegitimate daughter of the then 22-year-old Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Johanna Maria van der Gheynst. She was a Duchess of Florence and a Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her two marriages.

Biography

Margaret's mother, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst, a servant of Count Charles de Lalaing, Seigneur de Montigny, was a Fleming. Margaret was brought up in Mechelen, under the supervision of two powerful Spanish and Austrian Habsburg Imperial family relatives, her great-aunt, the Archduchess Margaret of Austria, and her aunt Mary of Austria, who were successive governors of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530 and from 1530 to 1555, respectively.

Her early life followed a strict routine set forth by her father, Charles V, who used his daughter as part of his plans to secure his empire.

In 1527, the year she turned five, she became engaged to the nephew of Pope Clement VII, Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, to assist her father's ambition in gaining influence in Italy. The marriage negotiations had been initiated in 1526, and in 1529, the agreement was officially signed by her father and the Pope. In 1529, Margaret was acknowledged by her father and allowed to assume the name Margaret of Austria, and in 1533, the 11-year-old girl was brought to live in Italy and educated in the courts of Florence, Rome, and Parma. There, she was taught skills that helped her grow as an independent woman. As Margaret did not spend much time with her husband, she used this time to become exposed to the surrounding Italian culture. Though she was multi-lingual, she preferred the Italian language for the rest of her life.

On 13 June 1536 in Florence, she married Alessandro, who was assassinated on 6 January 1537. On 4 November 1538 in Rome, the 15-year-old widow married Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, the 14-year-old grandson of Pope Paul III. At first she refused to marry him. Although the union proved an unhappy one, it gave her years of experience in Rome, and produced twin sons, one of whom died in infancy. She would continue her studies of the arts and politics while being married to Ottavio. The couple lived separately for much of their lives, and Margaret maintained her own court and chapel. She was in a somewhat difficult position, as the Pope and the Emperor argued about authority over Parma. In 1555, the Farnese family were acknowledged as rulers of Parma by Spain in exchange for the custody of her son.

In 1555, she left Italy for the Netherlands, where she left her son in the care of her half-brother Philip II. Philip appointed her Governor of the Netherlands when he left in 1559 for Spain. As governor, Margaret faced the rising storm of discontent against the Inquisition and Spanish despotism, and Philip had left her but nominal authority. He was determined to pursue his own arbitrary course, and the result was the revolt of the Netherlands.  Margaret was forced to adjust herself to the advice of Cardinal Granvelle, Philip's choice for her chief councilor, who would grow to be greatly disliked in the Netherlands. After Granvelle's exile from the Netherlands in 1564, Margaret was forced to rely on the grandees in her Council. In 1565, an opposition party was formed from the Dutch nobility. Margaret received its complaints and, having no army to put down the dissenters, promised to stop religious repression. In 1566, Iconoclastic riots took place all over the Netherlands but she managed to quell them, with the help of her stadtholders Philip of Noircarmes (who subjugated the cities of Tournai and Valenciennes) in Hainaut and William of Orange in Holland. The next year, Philip sent her military help led by the Duke of Alba. Margaret warned Philip that actions by Alba would lead to catastrophe, but instead of trying to stop Alba, she resigned when she learned that Alba's power of attorney, granted by Philip, superseded her own.

In 1567, Margaret retired to L'Aquila in Italy. She was appointed Governor of Abruzzo and Viceroy of Naples,where she had inherited a domain from her late husband. She acted as the adviser to her son and to her royal bastard half-brother, John of Austria. In 1578, her son Alexander Farnese was appointed to the office of governor-general of the Netherlands; Philip appointed her his co-regent, intending that they would balance each other. However, they were unable to work together, and Margaret retired to Namur in 1582. She was given permission by Philip to return to Italy in 1583. She died in Ortona in 1586 and was buried in the church of S. Sisto in Piacenza.

Charlie R. Steen describes her as "a woman dedicated to compromise and conciliation in public affairs."

She personally asked to Pope Paul III to authorize the veneration of the Seven Archangels while Antonio del Duca did the same under the protection of the Colonna family.

Issue

Margaret and her second husband Ottavio had:
 Charles Farnese (, , ; 27 August 1545 – September 1545), heir to the Duchy of Parma.
 Alexander Farnese (27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592), 3rd Duke of Parma; married Infanta Maria of Portugal and had issue.

Coat of arms
Margaret of Austria, as Duchess of Florence and Parma, chose for her device a pearl shining from its shell, with the motto, Decus allatura coronae ("About to bring glory to the crown").

Ancestry

See also
 Geuzen

Notes

References

 http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DVN/lemmata/data/Margaretha%20van%20Parma

Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands
House of Farnese
16th-century women rulers
16th-century House of Habsburg
1522 births
1586 deaths
Duchesses of Urbino
Regents of Parma
Italian nobility
Duchesses of Florence
Duchesses of Parma
People from Oudenaarde
Daughters of emperors
Children of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Daughters of kings
Female governors-general
Remarried royal consorts

Margaret of Parma


Pendill (fræðiheiti: Momotus momota) er fugl af ætt tannmeitla.

Heimild

Tannmeitlar

Pendill


Linksys Holdings, Inc., is an American brand of data networking hardware products mainly sold to home users and small businesses. It was founded in 1988 by the couple Victor and Janie Tsao, both Taiwanese immigrants to the United States. Linksys products include Wi-Fi routers, mesh Wi-Fi systems, Wifi extenders, access points, network switches, and Wi-Fi networking. It is headquartered in Irvine, California.

Linksys products are sold direct-to-consumer from its website, through online retailers and marketplaces, as well as off-the-shelf in consumer electronics and big-box retail stores. As of 2020, Linksys products are sold in retail locations and value-added resellers in 64 countries and was the first router company to ship 100 million products.

History

In 1988, spouses Janie and Victor Tsao founded DEW International, later renamed Linksys, in the garage of their Irvine, California home. The Tsaos were immigrants from Taiwan who held second jobs as consultants specializing in pairing American technology vendors with manufacturers in Taiwan. The founders used Taiwanese manufacturing to achieve its early success. The company's first products were printer sharers that connected multiple PCs to printers. The company expanded into Ethernet hubs, network cards, and cords. In 1992, the Tsaos began running Linksys full time and moved the company and its growing staff to a formal office. By 1994, it had grown to 55 employees with annual revenues of $6.5 million.

Linksys received a major boost in 1995, when Microsoft released Windows 95 with built-in networking functions that expanded the market for its products. Linksys established its first U.S. retail channels with Fry's Electronics (1995) and Best Buy (1996). In the late 1990s, Linksys released the first affordable multiport router, popularizing Linksys as a home networking brand. By 2003, when the company was acquired by Cisco, it had 305 employees and revenues of more than $500 million.

Cisco expanded the company's product line, acquiring VoIP maker Sipura Technology in 2005 and selling its products under Linksys Voice System or later Linksys Business Series brands. In July 2008, Cisco acquired Seattle-based Pure Networks, a vendor of home networking-management software.

Cisco announced in January 2013 that it would sell its home networking division and Linksys to Belkin, giving Belkin 30% of the home router market.

In 2018, Belkin and its subsidiaries, including Linksys, were acquired by Foxconn, a Taiwanese multinational electronics firm and the largest provider of electronics manufacturing services, for $866 million.

On June 4, 2021, Harry Dewhirst was appointed as CEO. In September, cybersecurity firm Fortinet made a $75 million investment in Linksys. Their focus is on the security of home networks for remote workplaces. On September 24, 2021, Fortinet invested an additional $85 million in cash for shares of Series A Preferred Stock of Linksys. Mark Sanders became CFO in October.

Products

Linksys initially sold connectors for PCs and printers before newer forms of connecting home and business networks through wired Ethernet and wireless technologies. Its networking products include Gigabit switches, Wi-Fi routers, Intelligent Mesh Wi-Fi systems, Wi-Fi extenders, Wi-Fi access points, and networking components.

Linksys Aware was introduced in 2019 as a first-to-market home monitoring system that alerts users to movement in their home through the Velop Triband system. In 2020, Linksys released Linksys Shield, a parental control subscription service for the Velop AC2200 Triband that allows users to manage or block online content.

The company also announced its Linksys Cloud Manager 2.0, which included a configurable captive portal.

Routers

Linksys released its first Wi-Fi router in 2001 and has maintained early router releases for newer generations of Wi-Fi.

The WRT54G was notable for having firmware based on the Linux operating system. Since version 5, flash memory was reduced from 4 MB to 2 MB, and VxWorks was used instead of Linux. The original Linux model with 4 MB was later available as the WRT54GL.

In 2017, Linksys launched the Velop line, a multi-unit tri-band mesh router system that uses three Wi-Fi radios.

First announced in 2020, Linksys began marketing home-based Linksys smart routers and Velop Mesh Wi-Fi.

In April 2021, launched its first Wi-Fi 6E-certified systems, including Hydra Pro 6E router and the Atlas Max 6E mesh system. In January 2022, Linksys launched Hydra Pro 6, a scaled-back version of the 6E model.

Wi-Fi systems
The Linksys Intelligent Mesh line, Velop, combines Linksys software and hardware to provide higher connection speeds throughout a location by using nodes with dynamic networking capabilities. Linksys in 2019, with the Linksys Aware line, was first to release mesh nodes as motion sensors, utilizing Wi-Fi signals without having to rely on other sensor devices.

Linksys markets Wi-Fi extenders that work with most Wi-Fi and ISP routers, including dual or tri-band units, and plug-in devices that eliminate Wi-Fi dead zones by wirelessly communicating with a router.

In 2018, Linksys released its cloud-based Wi-Fi management for business-class access points, the Linksys Cloud Manager.

Linksys markets mesh Wi-Fi routers built for Wi-Fi 6 capacity, offering four times the speed and capacity of Wi-Fi 5. The mesh Velop Wi-Fi 6, announced in October of 2019.

In 2020, Linksys debuted 5G mobile hotspots, modems, mesh gateways, and outdoor routers.

At CES 2021, Linksys announced a line of Velop mesh systems and routers that support Wi-Fi 6E.

HomeWRK
HomeWRK is a two-node, mesh-enabled Wi-Fi 6 router. The appliance provides separate wireless networks for personal and business traffic. Fortinet's security stack runs on the device, blocking malware, ransomware, and filtering content.

See also
 Broadcom Inc.
 Free Software Foundation, Inc. v. Cisco Systems, Inc.
 Linksys iPhone
 List of router firmware projects
 Marvell Technology Group
 Ralink

References

External links

Networking companies of the United States
Videotelephony
Wireless networking
Manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Technology companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Irvine, California
Computer companies established in 1988
American companies established in 1988
1988 establishments in California
Routers (computing)
Cisco Systems acquisitions
2003 mergers and acquisitions
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Linksys
Computer companies of the United States

Linksys


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 24 Mayıs - Germanicus, Julio-Claudian Hanedanı mensubu Romalı general (ö. 19)

Ölümler

MÖ 15


Le dème de la ville sainte de Missolonghi, en  / Dímos Ierás Póleos Mesologgíou, est un dème du district régional d'Étolie-Acarnanie, en Grèce-Occidentale.

Il comprend les anciens dèmes d'Etolikó, de Missolonghi et d'Œniadæ.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Dème en Grèce-Occidentale
Missolonghi

Dème de la ville sainte de Missolonghi


Allen Coliban ()  un politician român, ales în 2020 primar al municipiului Brașov. A fost sportiv de performanță (schi, curling, adventure racing, orientare), cu rezultate notabile. În 2020, era senator, vicepreședinte al , președinte al Comisiei de Mediu a Senatului, vicepreședinte în Comisia de Transporturi și Infrastructură.

Activitate parlamentară
În calitate de parlamentar, a militat alături de partidul său pentru protejarea independenței justiției în perioada guvernării PSD din 2017–2019 și pentru protecția mediului.

Controversă
Allen Coliban a absolvit Facultatea de Management din cadrul Universității Transilvania din Brașov. În timpul campaniei electorale pentru alegerile locale din 2020, Allen Coliban declarase în CV și absolvirea Facultății de Calculatoare din cadrul Universitatii Politehnica din București - în urma unei declarații a unui prodecan al facultății, s-a aflat faptul că Allen Coliban nu și-a finalizat studiile de licență la aceasta facultate, aspect ce a fost omis în CV. Coliban doar a urmat cursurile Facultatii de Calculatoare, fără licență.

Vezi și
 Legislatura 2016-2020 (Senat)
 Parlamentul României

Note

Legături externe
 Activitatea parlamentară

Primari ai Brașovului
Politicieni români în viață
Senatori români 2016-2020
Membri ai Uniunii Salvați România

Allen Coliban


Bükse, Çorum ilinin Mecitözü ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1946 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 50 km, Mecitözü ilçe merkezine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Mecitözü belde ve köyleri

Bükse, Mecitözü


A análise de padrão de vida é um método de vigilância usado especificamente para documentar ou compreender os hábitos de uma pessoa. Esta forma de observação é geralmente feita sem o consentimento do sujeito, com motivos incluindo, mas não se limitando a segurança, lucro, pesquisa científica, censos regulares e análise de tráfego.

A análise de padrão de vida não se limita a um meio e pode abranger qualquer coisa na vida de um indivíduo (ou sistema de indivíduos): desde seus hábitos de navegação na Internet até um registro de instâncias de escolhas feitas para determinar um "favorito" estatístico.

Essas informações podem então ser potencialmente usadas para prever ações futuras do(s) sujeito(s) sendo observado(s).

Exemplos notáveis

Uso do ArcGIS pelo instituto de pesquisa de sistemas ambientais (Esri)
O instituto de pesquisa de sistemas ambientais (Esri) é um fornecedor internacional de software de sistemas de informações geográficas (GIS), sistemas de informações geográficas (GIS) web e aplicativos de gerenciamento de base de dados geográficos (geodatabase). O instituto de pesquisa de sistemas ambientais (Esri) usa o nome ArcGIS para se referir ao seu conjunto de produtos de software de sistemas de informações geográficas (GIS), que operam em plataformas de área de trabalho, servidores e móveis. O termo sistemas de informações geográficas (GIS) descreve qualquer sistema de informação que integra, armazena, edita, analisa, compartilha e exibe informações geográficas para informar uma tomada de decisão. Com essa tecnologia, o objetivo da empresa é unificar as informações dos hábitos de vida de um sujeito e sua localização geográfica com estatísticas relacionadas à vítimas de artefatos explosivos improvisados (IED), em um esforço para prever e prevenir a ocorrência de outro incidente com artefatos explosivos improvisados (IED). Em uma apresentação usada em uma conferência de usuários federais do instituto de pesquisa de sistemas ambientais (Esri), ela afirma: "A exploração  de uma rede celular permite que um comandante com as ferramentas certas "saia do boom (explosão)" antes que um artefato explosivo improvisado (IED) ou uma bomba detone".

Marina

O Marina é um banco de dados da agência de segurança nacional (NSA) e um conjunto de ferramentas de análise para metadados interceptados da Internet (inteligência de rede digital (DNI) na terminologia da agência de segurança nacional (NSA)). O banco de dados armazena metadados por até um ano. De acordo com documentos que vazaram por Edward Snowden: "O aplicativo de metadados do Marina rastreia a experiência do navegador do usuário, coleta informações/conteúdo de contato e desenvolve resumos de destino" e "de(os) recursos mais distintos, o Marina tem a capacidade de olhar para trás os últimos 365 dias de metadados vistos pelo sistema de coleta da inteligência de sinais (Sigint) na inteligência de rede digital (DNI), independentemente de ter sido ou não encarregado da coleta." [Ênfase no documento original da agência de segurança nacional (NSA).] Os metadados armazenados são usados principalmente para análise de padrão de vida. Os americanos não estão isentos porque os metadados não são considerados dados pela lei dos Estados unidos da américa (seção 702 da lei de emendas da lei de vigilância de inteligência estrangeira (FISA)).

A contraparte do Marina, na telefonia, é o [[MAINWAY|Mainway]].

Imagens de movimento de área ampla

As imagens de movimento de área ampla (WAMI) geram imagens de alta resolução para permitir o rastreamento e registro dos movimentos de veículos e pedestres em áreas do tamanho de uma cidade. O padrão de vida (POL) ou padrão de comportamento descreve uma forma recorrente (normalidade, por exemplo) do agir de um indivíduo ou grupo em relação a um determinado objeto ou uma determinada situação. Normalmente, se tem um padrão de vida (POL) específico e, este padrão de vida (POL), é repetível. Vídeos de movimento completo ou dados de imagens de movimento de área ampla (WAMI) com trilhas extraídas podem ser usados para análise do padrão de vida (POL'').

Referências

Ver também

 Análise de redes sociais
 Análise de tráfego
 Banco de dados
 Privacidade digital
 Vigilância em massa

Informação

Análise de padrão de vida


Yusuf Ziya Göksu, (d.1945, Diyarbakır) Türk bürokrat

1968 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'ni bitirdikten sonra kaymakamlık sınavını kazanarak, Kastamonu Maiyet Memurluğu görevine başladı. Sırasıyla Karaisalı ve Eleşkirt kaymakamlıkları yaptı.

1978 yılında İçişleri Bakanlığı Personel Genel Müdürlüğüne Şube Müdürü olarak atandı. İçişleri Bakanlığında daha sonra Mülkiye Müfettişi ve Teftiş Kurulu Başkanlığı görevlerinde bulundu.

Şubat 1988- Ağustos 1989 tarihleri arasında İçişleri Bakanlığında Sivil Savunma Genel Müdürü olarak görev yaptıktan sonra 7 Ağustos 1989-16 Şubat 1992 tarihleri arasında Isparta Valisi olarak görev yaptı. Şubat 1992-Nisan 1996 yılları arasında Merkez Valiliği görevinde bulundu.

17 Nisan 1996 tarihinden sonra Denizli Valisi olarak görev yaptı. 30 Ocak 2003 tarihli Kararname ile İzmir Valisi olarak atandı.

Valiliği esnasında İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Başkanı Ahmet Piriştina ile birlikte iyi bir ekip oluşturdular. Universiade Oyunları'nın İzmir'e getirilmesinde ve bölge için başka icraatlarda büyük başarı gösterdiler. Temmuz 2005'te bir İngiltere seyahati için hemşerisi Diyarbakırlı iş insanı Halis Toprak'ın uçuş puanlarını kullanması basında eleştiri konusu oldu. Bu ortamda 16 Temmuz 2005 tarihinde emekliye ayrıldı.

1945 doğumlular
Diyarbakır doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
İzmir valileri
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

Yusuf Ziya Göksu


Omurilik soğanı veya medulla oblongata, ya da basitçe medulla beyin sapının ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Beyin sapının alt segmenti olarak konumlanmış olup, beyinciğin önünde ve biraz altında yer alır. Koni şeklindeki bu nöron kümesi, çeşitli otonom (istemsiz) bedensel işlevler için çok önemlidir. Bunlar kusma, hapşırma ve daha fazlası gibi refleks eylemleri içerir.

Dahili olarak medulla, kalp merkezi (kalp atış hızını düzenleyen), solunum merkezi (nefes almayı denetleyen), kusma merkezi ve vazomotor merkezi (kan basıncını düzenleyen) gibi hayati merkezleri barındırır. Dahası, uyku-uyanıklık döngüsünün yönetilmesinde çok önemli bir rol oynar ve vücudun dinlenme ile aktivite arasında sorunsuz geçişini sağlar.

Embriyonik gelişim sürecinde, medulla oblongata miyelensefalondan ortaya çıkar. Miyelensefalonun kendisi, genellikle arka beyin olarak adlandırılan rhombensefalonun olgunlaşma sürecinin bir ürünüdür.

Tarihsel olarak "bulb" terimi medulla oblongata'yı ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bu terim artık geçerliliğini yitirmiş olsa da, türevi olan "bulbar" çağdaş tıp terminolojisinde yerini korumaktadır. Örneğin, "bulbar palsi" medulla oblongata ile ilişkili bir durumu ifade eder. Ayrıca, "bulbar" tanımlaması medulla ile doğrudan bağlantısı olan sinirlere ve yollara da uygulanabilir. Buna ek olarak, dil, farinks ve larinks de dahil olmak üzere bu yollar tarafından innerve edilen kaslarla da ilişkilidir.

Anatomi

Beyin sapının bir parçası olan medulla iki ayrı bölüme ayrılabilir:

1. Üst Kısım : Bu bölge, sırt yüzeyinin beyinde sıvı dolu bir boşluk olan dördüncü ventrikülün varlığıyla şekillendiği medullanın üst kısmını oluşturur.

2. Alt Bölüm : Bu bölümde dördüncü ventrikül, medullanın kaudalinde (kuyruğa doğru) yer alan obeks adı verilen bir noktada daralır. Burada, beyin içindeki bir diğer sıvı dolu kanal olan merkezi kanalın bir kısmını çevreler.

Dış Yüzeyler:
Medullanın anterior median fissürü, uzunluğu boyunca uzanan ve pia mater adı verilen bir doku kıvrımı içeren bir oluktur. Ponsun alt sınırında sonlanır ve foramen çekum olarak bilinen küçük üçgen bir alan oluşturur. Bu fissürün her iki yanında medüller piramitler adı verilen yükseltilmiş alanlar bulunur. Bu piramitler sinir sisteminin kortikospinal ve kortikobulber yolları gibi önemli sinir yollarını barındırır. Medullanın kaudal (alt) kısmına doğru, bu nöral yollar piramitlerin dekussasyonu adı verilen ve bu noktada fissürü gizleyen bir yapıda kesişir. Ek olarak, piramitlerin dekussasyonunun üzerindeki anterior median fissürden kaynaklanan ve pons yüzeyi boyunca lateral olarak uzanan başka lifler de vardır; bunlar anterior eksternal arkuat lifler olarak bilinir.

Medullanın üst kısmına, anterolateral ve posterolateral sulkuslar (oluklar) arasına doğru ilerlediğinizde, olivary cisimler veya zeytinler olarak adlandırılan bir çift şişlik vardır. Bunlar, olivary cisimcikler içindeki inferior olivary çekirdekler olarak bilinen en büyük çekirdeklerden kaynaklanır.

Medullanın arka kısmında, posterior median sulkus ile posterolateral sulkus arasında, omuriliğin posterior funikulusundan giren yollar vardır. Bu yollar gracile fasciculus (medialde bulunur) ve cuneate fasciculus'u (lateralde bulunur) içerir. Bu fasiküller, grasil çekirdek ve kuneat çekirdek olarak bilinen gri madde kütlelerinin neden olduğu grasil ve kuneat tüberküller olarak bilinen yuvarlak yükseltiler ile sonlanır. Bu çekirdeklerdeki nöronlar arka kolon-medial lemniskus yolunun bir parçasıdır ve iç kavisli lifler veya fasiküller olarak bilinen aksonları medullanın bir tarafından diğer tarafına geçerek medial lemniskusu oluşturur.

Bu tüberküllerin hemen üzerinde, medullanın arka tarafında, dördüncü ventrikül tabanının alt kısmını oluşturan üçgen bir fossa bulunur. Bu fossa, medullayı serebelluma bağlayan inferior serebellar pedinkül tarafından her iki taraftan kuşatılmıştır.

Son olarak, kuneat fasikülün hemen yanında yer alan medullanın alt kısmında tüberkülum sinereum olarak bilinen uzunlamasına bir yükselti bulunur. Bu yükselti, trigeminal sinirin spinal yolunu oluşturan sinir lifleri tabakasıyla kaplı, spinal trigeminal çekirdek olarak bilinen altta yatan gri madde koleksiyonundan kaynaklanır. Medullanın tabanı, omurilikte aynı taraftan beyin sapında karşı tarafa geçen komissural lifler tarafından sınırlandırılır ve omurilik bu bölgenin altında yer alır.

Kan temini
Medulla oblongata kan kaynağını birkaç arterden alır.

 Anterior Spinal Arter: Bu arter medulla oblongata'nın tüm iç kısmına kan sağlar.
 Posterior İnferior Serebellar Arter: Vertebral arterin önemli bir dalı olan bu arter, önemli duyusal yolların bulunduğu medullanın arka ve yan kısımlarını besler. Ayrıca beyinciğin bir kısmına da hizmet eder.
 Vertebral Arterin Doğrudan Dalları: Vertebral arter, anterior spinal ve posterior inferior serebellar arterler arasında yer alan bir bölgeyi besler. Bu bölge soliter çekirdeği ve diğer duyusal çekirdekleri ve lifleri içerir.
 Posterior Spinal Arter: Bu arter kapalı medulla içindeki fasciculus gracilis, gracile nucleus, fasciculus cuneatus ve cuneate nucleus'u içeren dorsal kolonu besler.

Gelişim
Medulla oblongata fetal gelişim sırasında miyelensefalon adı verilen bir bölgeden köken alır. Medullanın belirgin özellikleri gebeliğin 20. haftası civarında belirginleşir.

Bu seviyede nöral tüpün alar plakasındaki özelleşmiş hücreler olan nöroblastlar, medullanın duyusal çekirdeklerini meydana getirir. Bu arada, bazal plakadaki nöroblastlar motor çekirdekleri meydana getirir.

Alar plakadaki nöroblastlar şunlara yol açar:

 Tat dahil genel visseral duyudan sorumlu lifleri içeren soliter çekirdek ve özel visseral duyu kolonu.
 Genel somatik duyusal fonksiyonları barındıran spinal trigeminal sinir çekirdekleri.
 Özel somatik duyulardan sorumlu koklear ve vestibüler çekirdekler.
 Sinyalleri beyinciğe ileten inferior olivary çekirdek.
 Gracile ve cuneate çekirdeklerini barındıran dorsal kolon çekirdekleri.

Bazal plakadaki nöroblastlar şunlara yol açar:

 Hipoglossal çekirdek, genel somatik motor fonksiyonlardan sorumludur.
 Nucleus ambiguus, özel visseral motor fonksiyonlarla ilgilidir.
 Vagus sinirinin dorsal çekirdeği ve her ikisi de genel visseral motor fonksiyonlara hizmet eden inferior tükürük çekirdeği.

Fonksiyon
Medulla oblongata, yüksek beyin bölgeleri ile omurilik arasında kritik bir köprü görevi görür ve otonom sinir sistemi içindeki çeşitli işlevleri denetler. Bu işlevler şunları kapsar:

1. Solunum Kontrolü: Medulla oblongata, öncelikle karotis ve aortik kemoreseptörler aracılığıyla kanın asiditesindeki kimyasal değişiklikleri izleyerek solunumu düzenler. Kanın asitliği değiştiğinde, medulla oblongata göğüs kafesi (interkostal) ve diyaframı (frenik) çevreleyen kaslar gibi kaslara elektrik sinyalleri gönderir. Bu sinyal, bu kasların daha sık kasılmasını sağlayarak kanın oksijenlenmesini artırır. Bu sürece dahil olan kilit nöronal gruplar arasında ventral solunum grubu, dorsal solunum grubu ve pre-Bötzinger kompleksi bulunur.

2. Kardiyovasküler Düzenleme: Medulla oblongata, sinir sisteminin hem sempatik hem de parasempatik dallarını yöneterek kardiyovasküler sistemin kontrolünde çok önemli bir rol oynar. Bu kontrol merkezi, kan basıncındaki değişiklikleri tespit eden baroreseptörlerden gelen girdilere yanıt verir.

3. Refleks Merkezleri: Medulla oblongata kusma, öksürme, hapşırma ve yutma gibi temel bedensel eylemleri düzenleyen refleks merkezlerini barındırır. Faringeal refleks, yutma refleksi (damak refleksi olarak da adlandırılır) ve masseter refleksi dahil olmak üzere bu refleksler topluca bulber refleksler olarak adlandırılır.

Klinik önem
Beyin sapının önemli bir parçası olan medulla oblongata, çeşitli tıbbi durumlara dahil olması nedeniyle klinik öneme sahiptir. İnmede olduğu gibi bir kan damarı tıkandığında, piramidal yol, medial lemniskus ve hipoglossal çekirdek dahil olmak üzere medulla oblongata içindeki önemli yapılarda hasara neden olabilir. Bu durum "medial medüller sendrom" olarak bilinen özel bir tıbbi duruma yol açar.

"Lateral medüller sendrom" olarak bilinen bir başka durum da posterior inferior serebellar arter veya vertebral arterlerde tıkanıklık olduğunda gelişebilir.

Ayrıca, yutma ve konuşma gibi işlevlerden sorumlu bulber kasları besleyen sinirleri etkileyen "ilerleyici bulber palsi (PBP)" adı verilen bir hastalık vardır. Çocuklarda bu durum "infantil progresif bulber palsi" olarak adlandırılır. Bu koşullar, medulla oblongata'nın çeşitli nörolojik bozukluklardaki kritik rolünü vurgulamaktadır.

Diğer hayvanlar
Hem lampreyler hem de hagfish, tamamen gelişmiş bir medulla oblongata'ya sahiptir. Bunlar, erken agnathanlar'a çok benzer olduğundan, medullanın bu erken balıklarda, yaklaşık 505 milyon yıl önce evrimleştiği öne sürülmüştür. Medullanın, timsah, aligator ve monitor kertenkele gibi modern sürüngenlerdeki orantısız büyüklüğüyle ilkel sürüngen beyninin bir parçası olarak statüsü teyit edilmiştir.

Ek görseller

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Nöroanatomi

Omurilik soğanı


El cantón Cevallos está ubicado en el sector centro-sur de la provincia de Tungurahua (Ecuador) y al sur-oriente de la ciudad de Ambato. El nombre del cantón rinde homenaje al historiador ambateño Don Pedro Fermín Cevallos.

La superficie del cantón Cevallos es de 19 km² en los que viven 8 163 habitantes. Cevallos es el cantón más pequeño del Ecuador y su superficie contrasta con la del cantón Pastaza (Puyo) en la provincia Pastaza que tiene más de 19.000 km². Es también el décimo tercer cantón más densamente poblado del país con 429,63 hab/km².

Su alcalde actual es el economista Luis Barona, electo para el período 2019-2023.

Historia
El Cantón Cevallos fue llamado en la antigüedad Capote Bajo y fue asiento de la cultura Panzaleo. De esta cultura se han hallado objetos arqueológicos de cerámica en la zona de Andignato-Pachanlica.

El 29 de abril de 1892 por Acuerdo del Concejo Municipal de Ambato se crea la parroquia de Cevallos en el sector que antes pertenecía a la parroquia Tisaleo.

Cevallos fue cantonizado el 13 de mayo de 1986.

Límites
 Al norte con el Cantón Ambato
 Al sur con los cantones Mocha y Quero
 Al este con el Cantón Pelileo
 Al oeste con cantones Mocha y Tisaleo

División política
Cevallos tiene solamente una parroquia urbana en la cual se identifican varios barrios.  Los barrios más importantes son: Bellavista, Santa Rosa, San Pedro, La Floresta, La Florida, Jesús del Gran Poder, El Belén, El Mirador, Santo Domingo, Tambo, Tamboloma, Andignato, Aire Libre, Vinces y Agua Santa, El Rosario,La Unión.

Enlaces externos

 Municipio de Cevallos

Cevallos

Cantón Cevallos


Gordura visceral, também chamada de gordura intra-abdominal, é a expressão usada como nome ao tecido adiposo localizado próximo e fazendo parte das vísceras. A medição de sua quantidade pode ser feita por diferentes métodos como o DEXA. Uma pessoa pode ter concomitantemente uma quantidade de gordura visceral acima da média da população e uma quantidade de gordura subcutânea abaixo da média.

Há evidências robustas publicadas em artigos científicos de que quanto maior é a quantidade de gordura visceral e menor é a massa muscular de uma pessoa (estimada principalmente pela massa magra), maior tende a ser o risco de ela desenvolver resistência à insulina, diabetes do tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares. Apesar disto, ainda não há estudo publicado que tenha investigado a associação (grau de correlação) entre o parâmetro razão gordura visceral:massa muscular com resistência à insulina, nível de LDL e de outros lipídios sanguíneos ou mortalidade.

Gordura visceral


Aninoasa () es una ciudad de Rumania en el distrito de Hunedoara.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 638  a 319 km de la capital, Bucarest.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 5 816 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades del distrito de Hunedoara

Aninoasa


بريكأواي جيمز  هي شركة أمريكية لتطوير الألعاب، أنشأت في عام 1998، بداية من 1998 تشاركت الشركة مع العديد من شركات تطوير الألعاب في العالم مثل إلكترونيك آرتس وهاسبرو وشركة والت ديزني، وتفوقت الشركة في العديد من مجالات الألعاب وخاصه الألعاب الاستراتيجية. من أبرز ألعابها معركة أوسترليتز.

روابط أخرى
 الموقع الرسمى للشركة

مراجع

شركات ألعاب فيديو أسست سنة 1998
شركات ألعاب فيديو أمريكية
شركات ألعاب فيديو في ماريلند
شركات أمريكية
شركات تطوير ألعاب فيديو

بريكأواي جيمز


Agrilus sausai é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Jendek, 2001.

Referências

sausai

Agrilus sausai


An Calamagrostis nagarum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Norman Loftus Bor, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gurcharan Singh. An Calamagrostis nagarum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Assam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis nagarum


خشب الصندل هو خشب استوائي عطري وخاصة خشب شجرة مستديمة الخضرة نصف متطفلة اسمها العلمي سانتالوم البوم (santalum album) من الهند. يقطع الخشب إلى شرائح رقيقة ويستعمل زينة في صناعة العطور. وهناك أنواع من خشب الصندل حسب الجودة وتستخدم أيضا في البخور كما تدخل في صناعة العطور وكذلك بعض قطع الأثاث الثمينة والغالية الثمن، كما تدخل في صناعة المسابح.

التسمية
تسمية وتصنيف الجنس مشتق من الاستخدام التاريخي والواسع النطاق لهذا النوع. اشتقاق أصله من اللغة السنسكريتية चन्दनं Chandana (čandana)، وخشب الصندل من شبه جزيرة الملايو، ويعني «خشب حرق البخور» ويتعلق بالكاندر، «اللامع، المتوهج» واللاتينية كاندير، للتألق أو التوهج. وصلت باللغة الإنجليزية عن طريق اليونانية المتأخرة لاتينية العصور الوسطى واللغة الفرنسية القديمة في القرن الرابع عشر أو الخامس عشر.

مراجع

أشجار مقدسة في الهندوسية
خشب
صندل (شجر)
مكونات العطور
مواد البخور
نباتات في الهندوسية
نباتات مهددة بالانقراض

خشب الصندل


La lagartija ibérica de San Sebastián o lagartija de la isla de Santa Clara (Podarcis hispanicus sebastiani) es una subespecie endémica que difiere de la lagartija ibérica común (Podarcis hispanicus) y únicamente se localiza en la isla de Santa Clara, y en el monte Urgull, en la ciudad de San Sebastián. Esto hace que sea una subespecie única y la convierten en el único vertebrado exclusivo del País Vasco.
El aislamiento geográfico y  la ausencia de otros saurios competidores ha propiciado el desarrollo de ciertas diferencias con la lagartija ibérica. La más visible es su tamaño mayor. Además tiene un número diferente de escamas gulares y dorsales, así como de poros femorales y lamelas subdigitales. En su diseño, presenta diversos rasgos poco frecuentes como puntos dispuestos de manera irregular por toda su región gular y posee ocelos irregulares en sus escamas ventrales exteriores.

Descripción
La mayoría de lagartijas presentan un color de fondo críptico con el hábitat rocoso oscuro que ocupan. El dorso de los ejemplares adultos es pardo o verde oscuro, repleto de manchas tanto reticulares como en hileras generalmente discontinuas.
Las hembras se caracterizan por tener los flancos dibujados con bandas lisas o con algunas manchas oscuras y dos series de franjas en tonos más claros.

El colorido de la sección ventral es más intenso. La mayoría de machos adultos presentan un color rojizo con punteados visibles en la garganta mientras que en las hembras manifiestan un punteado gular y un color beige.

Hábitat
Ocupa zonas rocosas, áreas de arbusto de zarzamora (Rubus sp.), zonas de césped (Brachypodium sp.), tapias o construcciones humanas.
La flora de la isla de Santa Clara y del monte Urgull es muy variada y se puede encontrar esta especie en cualquier lugar de los mismos.

Amenazas
A pesar de no padecer amenazas concretas, se dan las derivadas por la vulnerabilidad de su restringida área así como el incremento año tras año de visitantes, especialmente y en verano, a la isla de Santa Clara.
En el caso de la población de Urgull, compite con la lagartija de las Pitiusas (Podarcis_pityusensis sp.) que fue introducida hace años.

Medidas de conservación y protección
Tiene la protección del hábitat, por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
Además, los enclaves en los que se encuentra son espacios naturales protegidos.

Referencias

Bibliografía

s

Podarcis hispanicus sebastiani


Federación Colombiana de Fútbol de Salón o Fecolfutsalón  (sigla: FCFS), es una entidad que rige y promueve en Colombia el deporte de fútbol de salón o futsal (microfútbol / futsalón); de acuerdo a las reglas oficiales de la Asociación Mundial de Futsal (AMF), así como esta encargada de organizar las respectivas selecciones nacionales en masculino y femenino para los diversos torneos internacionales donde participa. De igual manera está a cargo, por medio de la División Nacional de Fútbol de Salón, de organizar los respectivos torneos profesionales de microfútbol en masculino y femenino.

Fue fundada el 8 de noviembre de 1974. Reconocida por el Comité Olímpico Colombiano, cuenta también con el reconocimiento oficial de Coldeportes mediante Resolución 01619 del 3 de septiembre de 1976.

Luego de ser fundada, se afilió a la Confederación Sudamericana de Futsal y organizó la primera Selección Colombia para el Sudamericano de 1977. También es miembro fundador de la Confederación Panamericana de Futsal y la Asociación Mundial de Futsal, durante el lapso en que Jaime Arroyave fue presidente, lapso que duró 38 años.

Desde hace varios años la federación se afilió, como miembro fundador, de la recién creada CONCACFUTSAL que regirá este deporte para Norte, Centroamérica y el Caribe y se espera próximamente que se consoliden torneos en esta confederación tanto a nivel de selecciones como de clubes.

Ligas

Torneos internacionales organizados en Colombia
 Campeonato Mundial de futsal de la AMF: 2011
 Juegos Mundiales: 2013
 Campeonato Mundial Femenino de futsal de la AMF: 2013 y 2022
 Campeonato Mundial Sub-20 de futsal de la AMF:2018
 Campeonato Panamericano de futsal: 1990 y 1996
 Campeonato Sudamericano de Futsal 1979 y 2014

Afiliados
Estas son las ligas e instituciones que organizan torneos de fútbol de salón en Colombia a nivel departamental afiliadas a la Federación Colombiana de Fútbol de Salón:

Véase también
 Fútbol de salón en Colombia
 Copa Profesional de Microfútbol (Colombia)
 Copa Profesional de Microfútbol Femenina (Colombia)
 Selección de fútbol de salón de Colombia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Federación Colombiana de Fútbol de Salón (Página anterior)
 Federación Colombiana de Fútbol de Salón (Colombia - Comité Olímpico)
 Federación Colombiana de Fútbol de Salón (Comisión Nacional de Juzgamiento)

Futsal
Colombia
Fútbol de salón en Colombia


هو جبل يبعد عن مدينة بوسعادة بـ66 كم ويبعد عن مدينة مسعد ولاية الجلفة ب 20 كم جرت بهذا الجبل معارك مع الاحتلال الفرنسي

هو جبل من سلسلة جبال أولاد نائل يبعد عن مدينة بوسعادة ب55 كم تحده من الجنوب الغربي جبال القعدة بالاغواط ومن الشمال الشرقي جبال الزعفران (منطقة الزعفرانية) وصولا إلى جبال الاوراس يتميز جبل بوكحيل بالمسالك الوعرة والمغاراة المختبئة حيث شهد معارك كبيرة ابان حرب التحرير الكبرى من أهمها معركة عين الكرمة ومعركة جبل ثامر.

رمزية تاريخية
كان ملجأ للمجاهدين أيام الثورة التحريرية فهو يحتوي على مغارات وكهوف مذهلة البناء.

المعارك

 05 و 06 ماي 1956: معركة قزران بجبل بوكحيل بقيادة لخضر الرويني ومحمد بن الهادي،
 02 جويلية 1957: معركة دلاج بجبل تفارة الواقع ضمن سلسلة جبل بوكحيل والموقع هضبة جرداء، وتقع منطقة دلاج بين قمتي جبلين متوسطي الإرتفاع إلى الشمال بـ 15 كلم من بلدية عين الإبل ولاية الجلفة.
 10 أوت 1959: معركة منطقة مراح العجرم ببوكحيل بقيادة الملازم مخلوف بن قسيم،ة
 03 أكتوبر 1960: معركة العلق بمسعد قرب قمرة جبل بوكحيل،
 17 و18 سبتمبر 1961: معركة الكرمة والجريبيع بقيادة العقيد محمد شعباني قائد الولاية السادسة نشبت أولا بالمكان المسمى «الكرمة» بجبل بوكحيل

جبال الجزائر

جبل بوكحيل


Oshae Jones (Toledo, 1 de março de 1998) é uma boxeadora estadunidense, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Jones conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após confronto na semifinal contra a chinesa Gu Hong na categoria peso meio-médio.

Pugilistas olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Pugilistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Oshae Jones


Kevin Nealon (født 18. november 1953 i St. Louis, Missouri) er en amerikansk komiker og skuespiller, der er bedst kendt for Saturday Night Live (1986-1995) og sin rolle som Doug Wilson i TV-serien Weeds.

Nealon optrådte som roommaten Gary i sex-industri-komedien Bucky Larson: Born to Be a Star, en film produceret af Adam Sandler, der er også var medforfatter af manuskriptet.

Eksterne henvisninger

Komikere fra USA
Filmskuespillere fra USA
Skuespillere fra Connecticut

Kevin Nealon


Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠, Xiang Chinese: ; Wade-Giles spelling: Tso Tsung-t'ang; November 10, 1812 – September 5, 1885), sometimes referred to as General Tso, was a statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.

Born in Xiangyin County, Hunan Province, Zuo sat for the imperial examination in his youth but obtained only a juren degree. He then spent his time studying agriculture, geography and military strategy. In 1851, he started his career in the Qing military by participating in the campaign against the Taiping Rebellion. In 1862, he was recommended by Zeng Guofan to serve as the provincial governor of Zhejiang Province. During his term, he coordinated Qing forces to attack the Taiping rebels with support from British and French forces. For this success, he was promoted to Viceroy of Min-Zhe. After capturing Hangzhou from the Taiping rebels in 1864, he was enfeoffed as a first class count. In 1866, as part of the Qing government's Self-Strengthening Movement, Zuo oversaw the construction of the Fuzhou Arsenal and naval academy. That same year, he was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Shaan-Gan, where he oversaw industrialization in Gansu Province. In 1867, he was appointed as an Imperial Commissioner in charge of military affairs in Gansu.

During his term as Imperial Commissioner in Gansu, he participated in the suppression of the Nian Rebellion. In 1875, he was appointed Imperial Commissioner again to supervise military action against the Dungan Revolt. By the late 1870s, he had crushed the Dungan Revolt and recaptured Xinjiang Province from rebel forces. In 1875, the Guangxu Emperor made an extraordinary exception by awarding Zuo a jinshi degree – even though Zuo never achieved this in the imperial examination – and appointing him to the Hanlin Academy. In 1878, in recognition of his achievements, Zuo was promoted from a first class count to a second class marquis. He was reassigned to serve as the Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1881 and appointed to the Grand Council in 1884, before being made an Imperial Commissioner again to oversee naval affairs. He died in 1885 in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, and was given the posthumous name Wenxiang.

While Zuo is best known outside China for his military exploits, he also made contributions to Chinese agricultural science and education. In particular, he promoted cotton cultivation to northwestern China as a replacement for cash crop opium and established a large-scale modern press in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces which published Confucian classics and newer works on agricultural science.

The dish General Tso's chicken in American Chinese cuisine was named after Zuo, though there is no recorded connection between him and the meal.

Names
Zuo Zongtang's family name was Zuo and his given name was Zongtang. His courtesy name was Jigao () or Cun (). His art name (or pseudonym) was Xiangshang Nongren (), which means "peasant from Xiang". He often signed off by the name Jinliang (), which means "(Zhuge) Liang of today", since he liked to compare himself with Zhuge Liang.

The titles of nobility he held were First Class Count Kejing () from 1864 to 1878, and Second Class Marquis Kejing () from 1878 to his death in 1885. Zuo's posthumous name, granted by the Qing imperial court, was Wenxiang ().

Zuo was nicknamed "Zuo Luozi" () ("Zuo the mule") for his stubbornness.

Biography

Early life
Zuo was born in 1812 in a land-holding family in Xiangyin County, Hunan Province. His family paid for him to attend a local private school starting from the age of five, where he mastered the Confucian classics. At the age of 20, he qualified to attend the Imperial Academy.

Zuo's career got an inauspicious start when, in his youth, he failed the imperial examination seven times (ca. 1822–1835). He decided to abandon his plans to become an official and returned to his home by the Xiang River to farm silkworms, read, and drink tea. It was during this period that he first directed his attention to the study of Western sciences, in the early days of the eastward spread of Western learning.

Taiping Rebellion
When the Taiping Rebellion broke out in 1850, Zuo, then 38 years old, was hired as an advisor to Zeng Guofan, the governor of Hunan. In 1856, he was formally offered a position in the provincial government of Hunan. In 1860, Zuo was given command of a force of 5,000 volunteers, the Xiang Army (later known as "Chu Army"), and by September of that year, he drove the Taiping rebels out of Hunan and Guangxi provinces, into coastal Zhejiang Province. Zuo captured the city of Shaoxing and, from there, pushed south into Fujian and Guangdong provinces, where the revolt had first begun. In 1863, Zuo was appointed Provincial Governor of Zhejiang and an Undersecretary of War.

In August 1864, Zuo, together with Zeng Guofan, dethroned the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's teenage ruler, Hong Tianguifu, and brought an end to the rebellion. He was created "First Class Count Kejing" for his part in suppressing the rebellion. He, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang were called Zeng, Zuo, Li, the leaders in suppressing the rebellion.

In 1865, Zuo was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang. As Commissioner of Naval Industries, Zuo founded China's first modern shipyard and naval academy in Fuzhou the following year.

Success and appointments

Zuo's successes continued. In 1867, he became Viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and Imperial Commissioner of the armed forces in Shaanxi. In 1884, his fellow Xiang Army officer, Liu Jintang, was appointed as the first governor of Xinjiang Province. The Governor of Xinjiang was the subordinate to the Viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu.

In these capacities, Zuo succeeded in putting down another uprising, the Nian Rebellion, in 1868.

After this military success, Zuo marched west with his army of 120,000, winning many victories with advanced Western weapons in the Dungan Revolt in northwestern China (Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang provinces) in the 1870s.

Several Hui Muslim generals, such as Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Anliang, Ma Qianling, Dong Fuxiang, and Ma Haiyan from Hezhou, who had defected to Zuo's army, helped him crush the "Muslim rebels". Zuo rewarded them by relocating the Han Chinese from the suburbs of Hezhou to another place and allowing their troops to stay in the Hezhou suburbs as long as they did not live in the city itself.

In 1878, Zuo successfully suppressed Yakub Beg's uprising and helped to negotiate an end to Russian occupation of the border city of Ili. He was vocal in the debate at the Qing imperial court over what to do with the Xinjiang situation, advocating for Xinjiang to become a province, in opposition to Li Hongzhang, who wanted to abandon what he called "useless Xinjiang" and concentrate on defending China's coastal areas. However, Zuo won the debate, Xinjiang was made a province, and many administrative functions were staffed by his Hunan officers.

Zuo was outspoken in calling for war against the Russian Empire, hoping to settle the matter by attacking Russian forces in Xinjiang with his Xiang Army. In 1878, when tension increased in Xinjiang, Zuo massed Qing forces toward the Russian-occupied Kuldja. The Canadian Spectator stated in 1878, "News from Turkestan says the Chinese are concentrating against Kuldja, a post in Kashgar occupied by the Russians... It is reported that a Russian expedition from Yart Vernaic has been fired upon by Chinese troops and forced to return." The Russians were afraid of the Qing forces, thousands of whom were armed with modern weapons and trained by European officers. Because the Russian forces near the Qing Empire's border were under-manned and under-equipped, they agreed to negotiate.

Zuo's troops were armed with modern German Dreyse needle rifles and Krupp artillery as well as experimental weapons.

For his contributions to his nation and monarch, Zuo was appointed a Grand Secretary to the Grand Secretariat in 1874 and elevated to "Second Class Marquis Kejing" in 1878.

Later life and death
Zuo was appointed to the Grand Council, the cabinet of the Qing Empire at the time, in 1880. Uneasy with bureaucratic politics, Zuo asked to be relieved of his duties and was appointed Viceroy of Liangjiang in 1881. In 1884, upon the outbreak of the Sino-French War, Zuo received his fourth and last commission as commander-in-chief and Imperial Commissioner of the military and Inspector-General overseeing coastal defences in Fujian Province.

Legacy

Zuo was admired by many generals who came after him. During the Republican era, the Kuomintang general Bai Chongxi wanted to reconquer Xinjiang for the Nationalist government, in Zuo's style, and expelled Russian influence from the area. Zuo was also referred to by Kuomintang general Ma Zhongying (a descendant of a Salar noble) as one of his models, as Ma led the National Revolutionary Army's 36th Division to reconquer Xinjiang for the Nationalist government from the pro-Soviet governor Jin Shuren during the Kumul Rebellion.

While Zuo is best known for his military acumen, he believed that the key to peace and stability lay in an educated, prosperous citizenry. He sometimes referred to himself by his art name, "peasant from Xiang", and was keenly interested in agriculture. He advocated the scientific reform of commercial agriculture both as a way to strengthen China's economic self-sufficiency and also as a way to manage civilian populations by improving their standard of living and controlling the kinds of crops they grew. During the 12 years he spent in northwestern China, he undertook extensive agricultural research on different crops and methods. Comparing the benefits and indications of two ancient agricultural methods, the more established long field, crop rotation method () and the less common intensive, small-field method (), Zuo believed that the latter method, cultivating small fields of densely-planted monocultures, was more suitable to the dry, extreme climate of the northwest region. To promote this method, he authored two pamphlets explaining the method which were then distributed freely to local farming communities. Zuo also recognised the threat of opium to the nation's stability and economic health and advocated replacing opium poppies with cotton as the major cash crop in Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. He authorised the large scale distribution of cotton seeds and published pamphlets on its cultivation and processing. In 1878, he also oversaw the establishment of a large weaving factory in present-day Mulan County, Gansu Province, with the aim of creating a new textile industry in the region and providing socially-acceptable employment to women.

In addition to managing the peasantry by improving their economic circumstances, Zuo also believed that increasing access to traditional Chinese philosophy would help to pacify areas experiencing unrest and ultimately create a more contented and unified populace. To this end, Zuo set up a printing press in northwestern China which printed Chinese classics, as well as agricultural pamphlets. When Zuo first arrived in the region, a decade of constant warfare had virtually stopped all publishing in the region. Zuo prioritised reestablishing the printing industry a priority and thousands of copies of the publications he authorised were distributed in Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi and Xinjiang. Printing appears to have stopped when Zuo returned to Beijing, but the endeavour is credited with inspiring later printing presses.

Family

Zuo's great-grandparents were Zuo Fengsheng () and Madam Jiang (). His grandparents were Zuo Renjin () and Madam Yang (). His parents were Zuo Guanlan (; 1778–1830) and Madam Yu (; 1775–1827).

Zuo had two elder brothers: Zuo Zongyu (; 1799–1823) and Zuo Zongzhi (; 1804–1872).

In 1832, Zuo married Zhou Yiduan (; 1812–1870), a woman from Paitou Township, Xiangtan County in Hunan Province. Zhou's courtesy name was "Junxin" (). They had four daughters and four sons as follows:
 Zuo Xiaoyu (; 1833–?), courtesy name Shenjuan (), Zuo's first daughter. She married Tao Zhu's son, Tao Guang (). She wrote Shi Shiwu Shicao ().
 Zuo Xiaoqi (; 1834–1873), courtesy name Jingzhai (), Zuo's second daughter. She wrote Yilan Shi Shicao ().
 Zuo Xiaolin (; 1837–?), courtesy name Xiangju (), Zuo's third daughter. She married Li Fuchang () from Xiangtan County. She wrote Qionghua Ge Shicao ().
 Zuo Xiaobin (; 1837–?), courtesy name Shaohua (), Zuo's fourth daughter. She married Zhou Yibiao () from Xiangtan County. She wrote Dan Ru Zhai Yishi ().
 Zuo Xiaowei (; 1846–1873), courtesy name Zizhong (), Zuo's first son.
 Zuo Xiaokuan (; 1847–?), Zuo's second son.
 Zuo Xiaoxun (; 1853–?), Zuo's third son.
 Zuo Xiaotong (; 1857–1924), courtesy name Ziyi (), Zuo's fourth son.

General Tso's chicken

The dish General Tso's chicken in American Chinese cuisine was introduced in Taiwan and then in America in the 1970s, inspired by a dish originally prepared by Peng Chang-kuei, a Taiwanese chef specialising in Hunan cuisine. Peng named the dish in honour of Zuo Zongtang.

One apocryphal story, for which no evidence is offered, credits the Chinese and Southeast Asian stuffed pancake Apam balik to the general. He is said to have invented it as a way to use local products and save his men from more expensive ingredients.

See also

 Tomb of Zuo Zongtang
 Taiping Rebellion
 Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
 Xinjiang under Qing rule
 Qing reconquest of Xinjiang

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1812 births
1885 deaths
Generals from Hunan
Grand Councillors of the Qing dynasty
Grand Secretaries of the Qing dynasty
Assistant Grand Secretaries
Politicians from Yueyang
Political office-holders in Fujian
Political office-holders in Jiangsu
Political office-holders in Shaanxi
Political office-holders in Zhejiang
Qing dynasty generals
Burials in Changsha
Chinese nobility
Viceroys of Min-Zhe
Viceroys of Shaan-Gan
Viceroys of Liangjiang
Xiang Army personnel
Naval history of China
Ministers of Zongli Yamen

Zuo Zongtang


Demo je skraćenica od demonstracijska snimka. Sadrži prvi zvučni zapis skladbe koju izvode glazbenici. Demosastav je skupina glazbenika koja samostalno snima svoj glazbeni uradak. Demoskupina nema objavljeni album preko diskografske kuće. Demosnimka služi sastavu ili kantautoru kako bi mogao sačuvati i predočiti autorske skladbe drugoj strani. Služi glazbenicima za zvučno bilježenje osnovne melodije i temeljne glazbene ideje. Ovaj zapis i služi sastavu kako bi predočio svoj uradak izdavačkoj kući ili drugim glazbenicima. Neke demoskladbe obično budu objavljene na prvom službenom albumu, nakon što ih sastav ponovo izvede u studiju. Uvjeti sa snimanje i izvođenje su mnogo bolji u studiju, pa kvaliteta zvuka studijskog albuma nadmašuje kvalitetu demosnimke. Ako se radi o snimci koncerta koju prave glazbenici ili sami obožavatelji na koncertu, tada se radi o bootleg zapisu.

U suvremeno vrijeme lako dostupnih i relativno kvalitetnih tehničkih alata, kada se pjesme mogu jednostavno zabilježiti i postavljati na internet, demosnimke su izravno dostupne i publici.

Vidi
 Hrvatski demo sastavi

Izvori

Glazba

Demo (glazba)


මලයාළම් භාෂාව (മലയാളം), ද්‍රවිඩ භාෂා පවුලට අයත් භාෂාවකි. ඉන්දියාවේ කේරළය ප්‍රාන්තයේ රාජ්‍ය  භාෂාව යි. 36,000,000කගේ පමණ මව් බසයි.

භාෂා
ඉන්දියාව

මලයාලම් භාෂාව


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1994.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was China Airlines Flight 140, a Airbus A300 which crashed on landing in Nagoya, Japan on 26 April, killing 264 of the 271 people on board. This accident marked the deadliest single-aircraft crash in the 1990s.

Events
 OceanAir – the future Azores Airlines – suspends operations. It will resume flight operations in April 1998 as SATA International.

January
 January 20 – Qatar Airways begins operations.

February
 February 1 – The Government of Colombia's Administrative Department of Civil Aeronautics is abolished. Simultaneously, the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics begins operations, taking over the former department's role as Colombia′s national civil aviation authority.
 February 6 – In the wake of the Markale massacre the previous day in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali formally requests that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) confirm that it would carry out air strikes against Army of Republika Srpska positions around Sarajevo immediately.
 February 9 – NATO authorizes the Commander of Allied Forces Southern Europe, United States Navy Admiral Jeremy Boorda, to launch air strikes against Army of Republika Srpska artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) determined were responsible for attacks against civilian targets.
 February 28 – In an incident near Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the first combat operation in the history of NATO takes place when two United States Air Force F-16C Fighting Falcons operating in NATOs Operation Deny Flight – enforcement of a no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina – engage six Republika Srpska Air Force J-21 Jastreb light attack aircraft which had just bombed Novi Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, shooting down four of them.

March
 Alaska Airlines retires its last Boeing 727.
 March 7 – The Japanese Nihon Aero Student Groups Yuri I makes the second human-powered helicopter flight in history and the first since December 1989, setting an endurance record of 19.46 seconds at Nihon University.
 March 12 – The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) makes its first request for NATO close air support in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a number of delays associated with the approval process prevent NATO aircraft from carrying out a strike.
 March 17 – Armenian forces shoot down an Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force C-130E Hercules carrying Iranian embassy personnel from Tehran to Moscow near Ballıca in the Armenian-occupied Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan, killing all 32 people on board.
 March 23
Aeroflot Flight 593, an Airbus A310-304, is flying with unauthorized people – the pilots 16-year-old son and 12-year-old daughter – in the cockpit when the 16-year-old unintentionally disengages the autopilot without the pilots knowledge, causing the plane to bank steeply, go into an unexpected nearly vertical dive, and crash into a hillside in the Kuznetsk Alatau mountain range 20 km (12 miles) east of Mezhdurechensk, Russia. All 75 people on board die.
Two United States Air Force aircraft – a C-130E Hercules and an F-16D Fighting Falcon – collide at low altitude over Pope Air Force Base in North Carolina. The C-130E later lands safely, but the two men aboard the F-16D are forced to eject as the fighter begins to disintegrate. The unmanned F-16D continues in afterburner and punctures the fuel tanks of a parked U.S. Air Force C-141 Starlifter, creating a fireball which, along with the F-16Ds wreckage, strikes a large group of United States Army 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers. The crash kills 24 and injures over 80 paratroopers in the divisions greatest loss of life since the end of World War II in 1945.
 Despondent over allegations in the news media of an extramarital affair, American meteorologist Bob Richards, a weatherman at KDSK-TV in St. Louis, Missouri, takes off from Spirit of St. Louis Airport in Chesterfield, Missouri, in a Piper PA-23-180 and apparently commits suicide by deliberately diving it vertically into the ground. He had attempted suicide twice previously.
 March 25 – Aerosvit Airlines is founded. It will begin flight operations in April.

April
 Aerosvit Airlines begins flight operations, offering service from Kyiv, Ukraine, to Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece; Larnaca, Cyprus; Odesa, Ukraine; and Tel Aviv, Israel, in co-operation with Air Ukraine.
 April 1 – In the United Kingdom, the Women's Royal Air Force merges into the Royal Air Force (RAF), marking the full integration of women into the RAF.
 April 3 – Returning from a skiing trip in Nevada's Ruby Mountains, president of the Walt Disney Company Frank Wells and climber and documentary filmmaker Beverly Johnson die along with two other people when their Bell 206B-2 helicopter flames out during takeoff due to snow accumulation in its engine and crashes in Thorpe Creek Canyon, 5 miles (8 km) south of Lamoille, Nevada. One person survives the crash.
 April 4 – KLM Cityhopper Flight 433, a Saab 340, crashes on landing at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, killing three of the 21 people on board and seriously injuring nine of the 18 survivors.
 April 6 – A surface-to-air missile shoots down the presidential jet of Rwanda, a Dassault Falcon 50, as it prepares to land at Kigali International Airport at Kigali, Rwanda, killing all 12 aboard, including President of Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana and President of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira. Their assassination will spark the 1994 Rwandan genocide.
 April 7 – Flying as a passenger, Federal Express employee Auburn Calloway attempts to hijack Federal Express Flight 705, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30, by using claw hammers, sledgehammers, and a speargun to murder the crew, planning to crash the plane during a cargo flight from Memphis, Tennessee, to San Jose, California, killing himself so that his family could collect his $2,500,000 FedEx employee life insurance. Although badly injured, the three-man crew manages to restrain Calloway in a struggle during which the DC-10 reaches transonic speeds and flies inverted, then makes an emergency landing at Memphis International Airport.
April 10–11 – The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) calls in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and two U.S. Air Force General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons respond, bombing a Bosnian Serb military command post near Goražde. It is the first time in NATOs history that its aircraft have carried out an air strike.
 April 14 – United States Air Force F-15 Eagles enforcing the no-fly zone over northern Iraq in Operation Provide Comfort II shoot down two United States Army UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters, misidentifying them as Iraqi Mil Mi-25s (NATO reporting name "Hind D"). All 26 people aboard the two helicopters die.
 April 16 – A Bosnian Serb Strela 2 (NATO reporting name "SA-7 Grail") surface-to-air missile shoots down a Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Sea Harrier over Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The pilot later is rescued.
 April 24 – A Douglas DC-3 registered VH-EDC of South Pacific Airmotive suffers an engine malfunction shortly after take-off from Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia, for a charter flight to Norfolk Island and ditches in Botany Bay. All 25 people on board – four crew members and 21 passengers – safely evacuate the aircraft.
 April 26 – An Airbus A300 operating as China Airlines Flight 140 crashes just before landing at Nagoya International Airport in Japan, killing 264 of the 271 people on board.

June
 June 2 – In the Royal Air Forces worst peacetime aviation disaster, an RAF Boeing Chinook helicopter crashes on the Mull of Kintyre in Scotland, klling all 29 people on board. Among the dead are almost all of the United Kingdoms senior Northern Ireland intelligence experts.
 June 6 – In what remains the People's Republic of Chinas deadliest air disaster, the autopilot aboard China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303, a Tupolev Tu-154M, malfunctions, causing the airliner to shake violently, break apart in flight, and crash south of Xi'an, China, killing all 160 people on board.
 June 9 –  An Antonov An-124 Ruslan carries a 109-tonne IE 201 Class locomotive from London, Ontario, Canada, to Dublin, Ireland.
 June 24 – A U.S. Air Force B-52H Stratofortress crashes at Fairchild Air Force Base outside Spokane, Washington, when its pilot banks it too steeply during a go-around, killing the entire crew of four.
 June 30 – An Airbus A330-300 on a test flight crashes at Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in Toulouse, France, killing all seven people on board. It is the first fatal accident involving an A330 and will remain the only one until 2009; it also is the first hull-loss of an A330.

July
 July 2 – USAir Flight 1016, a Douglas DC-9-31 on approach in heavy rain to Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, crashes, the victim of a microburst. Thirty-seven of the 57 people aboard die, and 15 of the 20 survivors are injured.
 July 12 – A Royal Air Force C-130 Hercules flies the 10,000th United Nations relief flight into Sarajevo, Yugoslavia.
 July 19 – Alas Chiricanas Flight 00901, an Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante, explodes shortly after departing Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport in Colón, Panama, killing all 21 people on board. Investigators determine that a suicide bomber probably brought the plane down, perhaps to kill 12 Jews who were aboard. A group named Ansar Allah ("Followers of God") claims responsibility, but is later found not to exist, and the bombing remains unsolved.

August
 Flight Lieutenant Jo Salter is posted to the Royal Air Forces No. 617 Squadron, which operates Tornado GR1Bs. She is the RAF's first female fast jet pilot.
 Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela (LAV) ceases operations as part of a Venezuelan government effort to reduce expenditures. The airline will not resume operations until January 1998.
 August 5 – In response to a request to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), two U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt IIs attack and destroy a Serbian anti-tank vehicle near Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 August 17 – President of the United States Bill Clinton signs the General Aviation Revitalization Act into law. It generally shields most manufacturers of aircraft that carry fewer than 20 passengers and aircraft parts from liability for most accidents involving their products, including those which cause injuries or fatalities, if the products are 18 years old or older at the time of the accident, even if manufacturer negligence was a cause of the accident.
 August 21 – Royal Air Maroc Flight 630, an ATR 42-312, crashes at Douar Izounine, Morocco, in the Atlas Mountains 10 minutes after takeoff from Al Massira Airport, in Agadir, Morocco, killing all 44 people on board, including a Kuwaiti prince and his wife. An investigation concludes that the pilot disconnected the autopilot and crashed the plane deliberately, although a flight union disputes the finding. At the time, it is the deadliest accident involving an ATR 42.
 August 30 – Lockheed and Martin Marietta announce their intention to merge. They will form Lockheed-Martin the following year.

September
 September 24 - L-100-30 PK-PLV of HeavyLift crashed into water on take-off from Kai Tak Airport, Hong Kong, overspeed on number four propeller. This was the second and last Hercules accident at this airport.
 September 8 – USAir Flight 427, a Boeing 737-300, crashes into a hillside near Aliquippa in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, while on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing all 132 people aboard; among the dead is noted neuroethologist Walter Heiligenberg. The ensuring accident investigation lasts 4½ years – still the longest in aviation history.
 September 12 – Distraught over breaking up with his third wife, wanting to gain notoriety, and under the influence of alcohol and cocaine, Frank Corder steals a Cessna 150 from Aldino Airport near Baltimore, Maryland, and crashes it onto the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, D.C., killing himself. The plane is undetected until seen over the White House lawn, prompting a change in security procedures at the White House.
 September 18 – After aborting four landing attempts at Tamanrasset Airport in bad weather and circling the airport for 90 minutes, an Oriental Airlines BAC One-Eleven (registration 5N-IMO) runs out of fuel and crashes near Tamanrasset, Algeria, killing five of the 39 people on board. Nigerian football (soccer) player Omalie Aimuanmwosari is among the dead.
 September 22 – In response to a request to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), two Royal Air Force SEPECAT Jaguars and a U.S. Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II attack and destroy a Bosnian Serb T-55 tank in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 September 25 – In Denver, Colorado, the new Denver International Airport hosts a fly-in that attracts several hundred general aviation aircraft, giving their pilots a chance to see the new airport's facilities. However, Denver International will not open to traffic until February 28, 1995.

October
 In Denver, Colorado, Continental Airlines closes its pilot and flight attendant bases in at Stapleton International Airport.
 October 1 – United Airlines creates a new airline named United Shuttle.
 October 25 – U.S. Navy Lieutenant Kara Hultgreen, history's first female aircraft carrier-based fighter pilot, is killed off San Diego, California, in the crash into the Pacific Ocean of an F-14 Tomcat fighter she is piloting on final approach to the aircraft carrier . Her radar intercept officer ejects and survives.
 October 31 – An ATR 72 operating as American Eagle Airlines Flight 4184 crashes in Roselawn, Indiana, after a flaw in the ATR 72's deicing system leads to a buildup of ice on its wings. All 68 people on board die.

November
 Aero Trasporti Italiani (ATI), a subsidiary of Alitalia, ceases operations after 30 years of service and merges back into Alitalia.
 November 3 –  Haris Keč, a Bosnian, hijacks a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating as Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 en route from Bardufoss Airport to Bodø Airport in Norway with 128 people on board, and makes demands that the Norwegian government take action to stop humanitarian suffering in Bosnia and Herzegovina. No one is injured in the incident.
 November 6 – During the Angolan Civil War, a surface-to-air missile fired by UNITA forces shoots down an Angolan Air Force Sukhoi Su-22 (NATO reporting name "Fitter") during an air raid against Huambo, Angola. The pilot ejects safely.
 November 13 – Ukraine International Airlines begins cargo operations. Its first cargo flight is to London and Amsterdam, using a Boeing 737-200.
 November 22 – During its takeoff roll at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport in Bridgeton, Missouri, Transworld Airlines Flight 427, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 with 140 people on board, strikes a Cessna 441 Conquest II. There are no injuries aboard the MD-82, but both people on the Cessna die.
 November 28 – KLM Flight 1673, a Boeing 737-406 with 146 people on board, suffers a landing gear failure during its takeoff roll at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, veers off the runway, and crashes.  All on board survive, but the aircraft is written off.

December
 December 11 –  A bomb planted by terrorist Ramzi Yousef explodes aboard Philippine Airlines Flight 434, a Boeing 747-200 with 293 people on board, over Minami Daito Island, killing one passenger and injuring 10 other people. The aircraft lands at Okinawa without further incident.
 December 12 – Alliance Air, a multinational airline based in Uganda, is founded. It will begin flight operations in July 1995.
 December 13 – After a suspected engine flameout, the pilot of an American Eagle British Aerospace Jetstream 3201 (registration N918AE) attempts a go-around at Morrisville, North Carolina, but the plane stalls and crashes, killing 15 of the 20 people on board. Bass Masters Classic fishing champion Bryan Kerchalt is among the dead.
 December 21 – Air Algérie Flight 702P, the Boeing 737-2D6C Oasis leased by Phoenix Aviation, crashes in bad weather on landing at Coventry Airport in Coventry, England, killing all five people on board.
 December 24–26 – The Armed Islamic Group (GIA) hijacks Air France Flight 8969 at Algiers, Algeria, killing three passengers. Intending to crash the plane into the Eiffel Tower, the hijackers allow it to fly to Marseille, France, where the French Gendarmeries GIGN unit storms it and kills all four hijackers.
 December 29 – The Turkish Airlines Boeing 737-4Y0 Mersin, operating as Flight 278, crashes in driving snow while on approach to Van Ferit Melen Airport in Van, Turkey, killing 57 of the 76 people on board.

First flights

February
 February 15 – Eurocopter EC135 — first preproduction prototype.

March
 March 27 – Eurofighter Typhoon 98+29

May
 May 13 – 21st Century Airships SPAS 13 C-FRLM
 May 17 – Ilyushin Il-103

June
 June 12 – Boeing 777 N7771
 June 23 — Antonov An-38

September
 September 13 – Airbus Beluga

October
 October 25 – Bell 430 C-GBLL

November
 November 22 — McDonnell Douglas MD 600N
 November 29 — Stoddard-Hamilton GlaStar

December
 December 7 — ROS-Aeroprogress T-101 Grach
 December 16 – Antonov An-70, first aircraft to take flight powered only by propfan engines

Entered service
 December – Tupolev Tu-204

Retirements
 Lockheed P-2 Neptune by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 March 30 – Westland Scout
 June 24 – Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB-320 Hansa Jet

References

Aviation by year

1994 in aviation


The Edisonian approach to invention is characterized by trial and error discovery rather than a systematic theoretical approach. An often quoted example of the Edisonian approach is the successful but protracted process Thomas Edison is reported to have used to develop a practical incandescent light bulb.  Inventor Nikola Tesla is quoted as saying "[Edison's] method was inefficient in the extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation would have saved him 90 percent of the labour" (Wills I. (2019) The Edisonian Method: Trial and Error. In: Thomas Edison: Success and Innovation through Failure. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science).

Trial and error (hunt and try)
Based on detailed study of his notebooks a number of scholars have pointed out that Edison generally resorted to trial and error in the absence of, or lack of awareness of, adequate theories. For example, in developing the carbon microphone (or carbon grain transmitter) that became the basis of telephones of the next hundred years, Edison and his co-workers tried hundreds of substances, finally settling on lamp black as the variable resistance medium. Edison could not use theory to solve this problem because, as Gorman and Carlson note, at the time "no one had yet developed a chemical theory that Edison could have used to identify a form of carbon with the electrical properties he wanted" (Gorman and Carlson, 1990).

Edison was not alone in using trial and error (more accurately termed by Hughes as "hunt and try") because he, like others, was working at the edges of contemporary theory. Thomas Midgley (who held a PhD and was the inventor of tetraethyl lead and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants) said of trial and error, "the trick is to turn a wild goose chase into a fox hunt" (quoted in Hughes 2004).

Edison used a "bottom-up theoretical approach" when developing electric lighting, undertaking detailed analysis of the whole electric lighting system based on Joule's and Ohm's laws. This led him to conclude that to be economically successful he had to produce a high resistance lamp (around 100 ohms). (Friedel and Israel 1987) Once he had established the need for a high resistance lamp he was faced with a lack of optical emission theories to describe the behaviour of materials when heated to incandescence. It was then that he embarked on a systematic search for a suitable material and for the techniques to manufacture it in economic volumes.

Edison's method
Historian Thomas Hughes (1977) describes the features of Edison's method. In summary, they are:

Hughes says, "In formulating problem-solving ideas, he was inventing; in developing inventions, his approach was akin to engineering; and in looking after financing and manufacturing and other post-invention and development activities, he was innovating."
Edison "Adroitly chose" problems that made use of what he already knew.
Edison's method was to invent systems rather than components of systems. Edison did not just invent a light bulb, he invented an economically viable system of lighting including its generators, cables, metering and so on.
Edison invented by repeatedly trying devices in more complex environments to progressively approximate their final use conditions.
Edison blended invention with economics. His electric lighting system was designed to be an economic competitor with gas lighting.
Edison assembled and organized the resources that would lead to successful inventions:
Men with skills that would aid the task.
Equipment – machines, instruments, chemicals etc.
Literature on the subject. He started a project with a thorough literature review.
An environment where the purpose was invention not something else like manufacturing.
Edison was a charismatic leader who drew on the ideas of those who worked with him.
Edison was obsessive in his pursuit of outcomes, not allowing things like a lack of sleep, or cost, to deter him.
Contrary to common opinion Edison made use of the scientific method but in a way that was limited to the task at hand and did not seek to develop generalized theories.
A key to Edison's intellectual approach was to always doubt and never take things for granted.
Edison made effective use of metaphors when picturing his inventions.
He had a significant ability to grasp quantitative relationships despite his limited mathematical training.
He worked by conceiving an idea and working towards achieving it.
Edison (And his co-workers) possessed excellent manual dexterity.
Edison was also very effective at sketching, enabling him to conceive and manipulate his ideas on paper.
Edison did use hunt and try extensively but only when no theory existed and in a systematic rather than random manner.
Edison was distinguished by his ability to deal with complex change.

Edison on literature reviews
Edison is quoted as saying, "When I want to discover something, I begin by reading up everything that has been done along that line in the past - that's what all these books in the library are for. I see what has been accomplished at great labor and expense in the past. I gather data of many thousands of experiments as a starting point, and then I make thousands more."

See also
 Creativity techniques
 The heroic theory of invention and scientific development

References
The Edison Papers Project

Friedel, Robert, and Paul Israel. 1987. Edison's electric light: biography of an invention. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Hughes, Thomas P. 1977. Edison's method. In Technology at the Turning Point, edited by W. B. Pickett. San Francisco: San Francisco Press Inc., 5-22.

Hughes, Thomas P. 2004. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870-1970. 2nd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Gorman, Michael E., and W. Bernard Carlson. 1990. Interpreting invention as a cognitive process : the case of Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison and the telephone. Science, Technology and Human Values 15 (2):131-164.

Thomas Edison

Edisonian approach


Miorița este un cartier rezidențial al Municipiului Făgăraș din județul Brașov, Transilvania, România.

Cartiere din Făgăraș

Cartierul Miorița, Făgăraș


إن علم رومانيا مكون من 3 ألوان موضوعة بشكل عمودي : أحمر, أصفر, أزرق. نسبة الطول\العرض = 2:3 حسب نص الدستور الروماني عام 1994 مع أن استعمال هذه الألوان يعود من أواسط القرن الثامن عشر. العلم يشابه لحد كبير علم كلا من أندورا ,تشاد ومولدوفا لكن نسبة الألوان والتوزيع تختلف من علم لآخر.

بشكل عام ترمز الألوان إلى:
 الأزرق للحرية (زرقة السماء)
 الأصفر للعدالة (رمز لأرض المعركة حيث يقاتل الجنود من أجل الحق والعدالة)
 الأحمر للأخوة (أحمر قانئ للدم)

مراجع

أعلام استحدثت في 1848
أعلام استحدثت في 1867
أعلام استحدثت في 1989
رومانيا
أعلام رومانيا
أعلام وطنية
ثقافة رومانية

علم رومانيا


Die Lynnville Township ist eine von 24 Townships im Ogle County im Norden des US-amerikanischen Bundesstaates Illinois.

Geografie
Die Lynnville Township liegt im Norden von Illinois rund 120 km westlich von Chicago. Die Grenze zu Wisconsin liegt rund 55 km nördlich; der Mississippi, der die Grenze zu Iowa bildet, befindet sich rund 100 km westlich.

Die Lynnville Township liegt auf 42°01′15″ nördlicher Breite und 89°00′08″ westlicher Länge und erstreckt sich über 90,4 km².

Die Lynnville Township liegt im Osten des Ogle County und grenzt im Osten an das DeKalb County, das bereits zur Metropolregion Chicago gehört. Innerhalb des Ogle County grenzt die Lynnville Township im Süden an die Dement Township, im Südwesten an die Flagg Township, im Westen an die White Rock Township, im Nordwesten an die Scott Township und im Norden an die Monroe Township.

Verkehr
Durch die Lynnville Township verläuft in Nord-Süd-Richtung die Interstate 39, die hier mit dem U.S. Highway 51 über die gleiche Strecke führt. Im südwestlichen Zentrum kreuzt die Illinois State Route 64. Alle weiteren Straßen sind County Highways sowie weiter untergeordnete und zum Teil unbefestigte Fahrwege.

Der nächstgelegene Flugplatz ist der rund 15 km südwestlich der Township gelegene Rochelle Municipal Airport; der nächstgelegene größere Flughafen ist der rund 30 km nordnordwestlich gelegene Chicago Rockford International Airport am südlichen Stadtrand von Rockford.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte die Township 642 Einwohner. Der größte Teil der Bevölkerung lebt in der gemeindefreien Siedlung Lindenwood im Norden der Township.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 www.city-data.com - Lynnville Townschip
 Histopolis - Lynnville Township
 Midwest Government Info - Lynnville Township

Lynnville Township