Aurel "Bubi" Socol () a fost un avocat și om politic român, care a fost deputat al Partidului Național-Țărănesc în Parlamentul României.

Biografie

S-a născut la 10 noiembrie 1914 în orașul Cluj, în familia lui Aurel și Margareta Socol. Provenea dintr-o familie de memorandiști ardeleni, cu tradiție în apărarea drepturilor populației românești din Transilvania. Tatăl său, Aurel Socol (1878-1937), a fost avocat, luptător pentru Unirea Transilvaniei cu România și președinte al organizației județene Cluj a Partidului Național-Țărănesc.

A absolvit Facultatea de Drept a Universității "Regele Ferdinand I" din Cluj și s-a manifestat încă din perioada studenției ca un adversar al politicii totalitare. A lucrat după absolvirea studiilor universitare ca avocat și jurnalist. A fost membru al Partidului Național-Țărănesc (secretar al organizației Cluj) în perioada interbelică și a fost ales deputat în Parlamentul României. După Dictatul de la Viena a rămas la Cluj, în Transilvania de Nord, unde i-a ajutat ca avocat pe cei amenințați de poliția și de serviciile de informații ale Ungariei. A fost secretar al Comitetului Național Român din Transilvania de Nord (condus de Emil Hațieganu) și a încercat în această calitate să reprezinte interesele populației românești. În perioada ocupației a făcut gazetărie și a redactat cotidianul românesc Tribuna Ardealului din Cluj. Autoritățile maghiare le-au propus lui Emil Hațieganu și Aurel Socol să creeze un partid românesc, dar aceștia au refuzat, nedorind să fărâmițeze comunitatea românească în funcție de ideologii politice.

În 1944, după înființarea ghetoului din Cluj, Aurel Socol a organizat transportul unor mici grupuri de evrei către granița cu România, cu ajutorul țăranilor români din jurul orașului Cluj, și trecerea acestora în România. În primăvara anului 1944 a contactat călăuze experimentate în trecerea frauduloasă a frontierei și a reușit să convingă grupuri mici de evrei să fugă în România. După ce un grup organizat a fost capturat la frontieră, Aurel Socol a declarat că el este principalul organizator al acțiunii de salvare a evreilor, pentru a-i feri de arestare pe ceilalți oameni implicați. Serviciul de contrainformații al Ungariei (DEF) l-a arestat și l-a internat în lagărul din fața fabricii "Dermata", apoi l-a trimis în stare de arest la închisoarea de pe Dealul Șvab din Budapesta, unde a fost interogat cu brutalitate timp de câteva săptămâni. La începutul lunii octombrie 1944, prin intervenția contelui Béla Teleki, președintele Partidului Ardelean, Aurel Socol și Emil Hațieganu au primit domiciliu obligatoriu în reședința episcopală catolică din Győr, unde au asistat la martiriul episcopului Vilmos Apor.

Aurel Socol a locuit după război la Sibiu. A fost arestat de autoritățile comuniste la 5 iunie 1950 din motive politice (motivul internării de pe fișa matricolă penală este "fost secretar PNȚ") și a fost condamnat la muncă silnică. A fost trimis inițial la închisoarea Pitești, dar, după primele bătăi, a fost anunțat că s-a făcut o greșeală și a fost repartizat la Canalul Dunăre-Marea Neagră, unde a învățat meseria de șofer, pe care a practicat-o ulterior. A fost încarcerat la Colonia de muncă nr. 4 Castelu (din 16 noiembrie 1952), la Colonia Galeșu (din 21 iunie 1953) și la Colonia Peninsula (din 26 septembrie 1953), iar la 23 iunie 1954 a fost predat organelor MAI ale Regiunii Cluj. A fost eliberat din închisoare în 1964, prin decretul nr. 310 din 16 iunie 1964 de grațiere a deținuților politici, și a primit domiciliu obligatoriu în Bărăgan. Pentru a supraviețui a fost nevoit să lucreze ca tâmplar, șofer, salahor, electrician și apoi pictor bisericesc, dar aceste activități degradante nu l-au demobilizat. A devenit liber-cugetător, fiind dezamăgit de lipsa de rezistență la tortură a preoților ortodocși pe care i-a cunoscut la Canal, și a cerut să fie înmormântat fără preot.

După eliberarea din închisoare a lucrat o perioadă ca șofer. S-a îmbolnăvit de scleroză renală și, neavând rude în țară, și-a pregătit propria înmormântare. A fost prieten cu tânărul scriitor Augustin Buzura, pe care-l vizita adesea la redacție și cu care obișnuia să meargă la restaurant sau la cafenea. Scriitorul insista să-i plătească masa, dar fostul avocat nu accepta sub nicio formă, în ciuda faptului că avea o pensie de doar 400 de lei, considerându-l un act de umilință.  Aurel Socol a murit la Brașov și a fost înmormântat la Cluj. A avut o înmormântare religioasă cu preot, în ciuda dorinței sale testamentare, deoarece apropiații săi au aflat că autoritățile permiteau doar două tipuri de înmormântări: o înmormântare religioasă și o înmormântare pentru membrii de partid și că nu era permisă organizarea unei ceremonii pentru liber-cugetători.

Perpetuarea memoriei sale
Memoriile sale, scrise în anii 1960 și intitulate Furtună deasupra Ardealului, au fost publicate abia după prăbușirea regimului comunist în câteva numere ale revistei Tribuna din Cluj-Napoca (condusă de Augustin Buzura) și apoi în 1991 într-un volum din Colecția Mărturii a aceleiași reviste. Sunt relatate acolo, printre altele, activitățile desfășurate de el pentru salvarea vieții evreilor transilvăneni.

Primul text care prezenta biografia avocatului Aurel Socol a fost articolul "Un omagiu de suflet [lui] Aurel Socol" publicat în 1990 în revista clujeană Tribuna de cercetătorul dr. Gheorghe I. Bodea, specializat în istoria contemporană a României, care era interesat de biografiile membrilor mișcării de rezistență românești din perioada ocupației maghiare a nordului Ardealului. Bodea a fost cel care a adus trupul neînsuflețit al lui Aurel Socol de la Brașov și la Cluj și tot el s-a ocupat de publicarea memoriilor.

Experiența lui Aurel Socol a fost prezentată parțial în romanele Orgolii și Drumul cenușii ale lui Augustin Buzura.

Carte
 Furtună deasupra Ardealului, Editura Revistei Tribuna (Colecția Mărturii), Cluj-Napoca, 1991.

Note

Bibliografie
 Augustin Buzura, Teroarea iluziei. Convorbiri cu Crisula Ștefănescu, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2004, pp. 72-82.

 Antonio Faur, Un deceniu din existența evreilor bihoreni (1942-1952). Contribuții istoriografice și documentare, Universitatea din Oradea, Centrul de Cercetare a Istoriei Evreilor "Eva Heyman", Oradea, 2012.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gheorghe I. Bodea, "Un omagiu de suflet [lui] Aurel Socol", în Tribuna, Cluj-Napoca, 1990, nr. 34, p. 8.

Nașteri în 1914
Decese în 1976
Clujeni
Politicieni români
Membri PNȚ
Persecutați de către organele de stat ale României comuniste
Memorialiști români

Aurel Socol


ජෙනරාල් රන්ජන් විජේරත්න (4 අප්‍රේල් 1931 - 2 මාර්තු 1991) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික වැවිලිකරුවෙකු සහ දේශපාලනඥයෙකි. ඔහු ප්‍රේමදාස කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයේ විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසත් පසුව වැවිලි කර්මාන්ත අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙසත් කටයුතු කළේ ආරක්ෂක රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය ධුරය දරමින් සිටියදීය.

ළමා අවධිය
ඩී.එස්.සේනානායක මහතාගේ පළමු ඥාති සොහොයුරියක වන වල්පොල මුදලිගේ ජෝර්ජ් හර්කියුලිස් විජේරත්න සහ රොසලින් මරියා නී සේනානායක යන අයගේ පුත්‍රයා ලෙස රන්ජන් විජේරත්න 1931 අප්‍රේල් 4 වැනිදා උපත ලැබීය. ඔහු ගුරුතලාව ශාන්ත තෝමස් විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ ගල්කිස්ස ශාන්ත තෝමස් විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීය.

වැවිලි වෘත්තිය
විජේරත්න බදුල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ලුණුගල කෙහෙල්වත්ත වතුයායේ කාලයිල් ඩී ක්‍රෙට්සර් යටතේ ආධුනිකයෙකු ලෙස වැවිලිකරුවෙකු ලෙස සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කර පසුව 1950 ඔක්තෝබර් 11 වන දින විටල්ස් වැවිලි සමාගමට සම්බන්ධ විය. විජේරත්නට ඩන්ලොප් රබර් සමාගමෙන් අලුතින් අත්පත් කරගත් ඔවුන්ගේ රබර් දේපල වන බිබිලේ සමූහ ව්‍යාපාරය පිළිබඳව ඩි ක්‍රෙට්සර් ඉගෙනීමට ද දුර්ලභ අවස්ථාව උදා විය. විටාල්ස් හි ඔහුගේ පළමු පත්වීම ලබා ගැනීමට කාර්ලයිල්ගේ පියා හැරිස් මූලික විය. ඔහු 1968 දී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම තේ වගාව වන දෙමෝදර සමූහ ව්‍යාපාරයේ සාමාන්‍යාධිකාරීවරයා ලෙස පත් කිරීම ඇතුළුව තේ වතු අංශයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ තනතුරු දරන්නට විය. ඔහු විටල්ස් වතු සහ ඒජන්සි, ගෝර්ඩන් ෆ්‍රේසර් සහ සමාගම, බොසන්කට් සහ ස්ක්‍රීන් හි අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. ඔහු 1967 සිට 1968 දක්වා වැවිලිකරුවන්ගේ සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයා වූ අතර 1970 සිට 1971 දක්වා ලංකා වැවිලිකරුවන්ගේ සංගමයේ සභාපතිවරයා විය. ඔහු වැවිලිකරුවන්ගේ සංගමයේ නියෝජිතායතන අංශයේ සභාපති, කොළඹ තේ වෙළඳුන්ගේ සංගමයේ සභාපති, ලංකා රෝපණ ආයතනයේ උපසභාපති, ලංකා තේ ප්‍රචාරක මණ්ඩලයේ සහ ලංකා තේ පර්යේෂණායතනයේ සාමාජික වශයෙන් ද කටයුතු කළේය.

රාජ්‍ය අංශය
1977 දී ජනාධිපති ජේ.ආර්.ජයවර්ධන මහතාගේ ආරාධනයෙන් ඔහු ලේක්හවුස් පුවත්පත් සමූහයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ මෙහෙයුම් බවට පත්වෙමින් රාජ්‍ය අංශයට මාරු විය. ඉන්පසුව 1978 දී කෘෂිකර්ම සංවර්ධන හා පර්යේෂණ අමාත්‍යාංශයේ ස්ථිර ලේකම්වරයා ලෙසත් කෘෂිකර්ම සංවර්ධන අධිකාරියේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකා රාජ්‍ය වැවිලි සංස්ථාවේ, ඉඩම් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කොමිසමේ, පැල්වත්ත සීනි සමාගමේ සහ රජරට ආහාර ධාන්‍ය සැකසුම් සමාගමේ සභාපති ලෙසත් පත් කරන ලදී.

හමුදා සේවය
1984 දී විජේරත්න ශ්‍රී ලංකා යුද හමුදා ස්වේච්ඡා බළකායේ ලුතිනන් කර්නල් තනතුරට පත් වූ අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකා රයිෆල් බළකායේ 2 වන බලඇණියේ පළමු අණදෙන නිලධාරියා බවට පත්විය. රයිෆල් බළකාය, මධ්‍යම කඳුකරයේ වතුකරයේ සාමාජිකයින් සිය සාමාජිකයින් ගෙන්වා ගන්නා ලදී.

දේශපාලන ජීවිතය
විජේරත්න 1988 දී එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ සභාපතිවරයා ලෙස පත් වූ විට ක්‍රියාකාරී දේශපාලනයට පිවිසීමත් සමඟ රජයේ සියලුම තනතුරුවලින් සහ කොමිසමෙන් ඉල්ලා අස්විය. පසුව ඔහු පක්‍ෂයේ මහලේකම්වරයා බවට පත් විය. විජේරත්න 1988 ජනාධිපතිවරණයෙන් පසුව 1989 මහ මැතිවරණයේදී පක්ෂයට නායකත්වය දුන්නේය. විජේරත්න මහතා 1989 දී ජාතික ලැයිස්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලද අතර රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස ජනාධිපතිවරයා විසින් විදේශ කටයුතු අමාත්‍ය සහ ආරක්ෂක රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. විජේරත්න ඔහුගේ දැඩි ස්ථාවරය නිසා නොවරදවාම බොහෝ සතුරන් ඇති කළේය.  ඔහු දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි (එල්ටීටීඊ) සහ ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ (ජවිපෙ) සටන්කාමීන් සමඟ කටයුතු කිරීමේදී ද එක සේ උකුසු විය.  ඔපරේෂන් කොම්බයින් (Operation Combine) ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, ඔහු 1989 දී ජවිපෙ පරාජයට පත් වීමට ආසන්න කිරීමේ මහ මොළකරු කළ අතර, එල්ටීටීඊය උදෙසාද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට නියමිතව තිබුණි.

මරණය
1991 මාර්තු 2 වන දින, එල්ටීටීඊ සංවිධානය විසින්  දුරස්ථ පාලක කාර් බෝම්බයක්  භාවිතා කරමින්, හැව්ලොක් පාරේ කොළඹ පිහිටි ඔහුගේ කාර්යාලයට යමින් සිටියදී, අමාත්‍යවරයා සහ ආරක්ෂකයින් 5 දෙනෙකු ඇතුළු පුද්ගලයින් 19 දෙනෙකු ඝාතනය කරන ලදී. සිවිල් වැසියන් 13 දෙනෙක්.   හාස්‍යයට කරුණක් නම්, ඝාතනයට දින දෙකකට පෙර විජේරත්න "ඔවුන්ට වාසනාවන්" කියමින් කොටි තර්ජන ගැන සිනාසුණේය.  ඔහු එල්ටීටීඊය සම්බන්ධයෙන් දැඩි ස්ථාවරයක සිටි අයෙකු බව ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් විය.

විජේරත්න මහතා මරණින් පසු යුද හමුදාවේ ස්වේච්ඡා බළකායේ ජෙනරාල් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලද අතර කොතලාවල ආරක්ෂක ඇකඩමියේ (දැන් කොතලාවල ආරක්ෂක විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය) එහි දෙවන උපාධි ප්‍රදානෝත්සවයේදී ගෞරවනීය නීති ආචාර්ය උපාධිය (LLD) (Honoris Causa) ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදී.

2008 දී දෙමළ කොටි චෝදනා කළේ  1990 සාම ක්‍රියාවලියේදී රන්ජන් විජේරත්න තම නායක වේළුපිල්ලේ ප්‍රභාකරන් ඝාතනය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළ බවටය.

තවදුරටත් කියවීම

මේකත් බලන්න

 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පවුල් ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික වෘත්තීය නොවන ස්ථිර ලේකම්වරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 හැව්ලොක් පාර බෝම්බ හෙලීම, 1991
 ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ ඝාතන ලැයිස්තුව
 එල්ටීටීඊයට ආරෝපණය කළ ප්‍රහාර ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිවිල් යුද්ධය

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 රන්ජන් විජේරත්න පදනම
 එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂයේ නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය
 රන්ජන් විජේරත්න . India Today සමූහය .

1991 මරණ
1931 උපත්

රන්ජන් විජේරත්න


John William Rudd (nacido el  en DeRidder, Louisiana) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó una temporada en la NBA. Con 2,01 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de ala-pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante tres temporadas en los Universidad McNeese St. de la Universidad Estatal de McNeese, en las que promedió 12,4 puntos y 11,6 rebotes por partido. En sus dos últimas temporadas fue incluido en el mejor quinteto de la Southland Conference. Lideró durante sus tres temporadas la conferencia en rebotes, manteniendo hoy en día los récords de rebotes en una temporada y en una carrera completa. Su mejor anotación en un partido fue ante Rice, consiguiendo 26 puntos.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la trigésimo segunda posición del Draft de la NBA de 1978 por New York Knicks, donde jugó una temporada, en la que promedió 3,2 puntos y 2,9 rebotes por partido.

Antes del comienzo de la temporada 1979-80 fue despedido por los Knicks, abandonando entonces el baloncesto profesional.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Baloncestistas de Luisiana
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los McNeese State Cowboys
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks

John Rudd


Russgertorg (Deutsch-Russische Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft, Российско-Германское торговое общество – Росгерторг) war ein von Oktober 1922 bis Januar 1924 bestehendes Handelsunternehmen, das hauptsächlich die Lieferung von Rohren zum Erdöltransport im Kaukasus zum Geschäftszweck hatte.

In Russland wurde die Wichtigkeit des Außenhandelsmonopols von Lenin zwar mit Nachdruck betont, nicht zu überhören waren aber die Stimmen jener Gegner, die eine übermäßige Abschottung ihres Marktes befürchteten. Das Gegenteil musste also bewiesen werden, dass auch privates ausländisches Kapital nennenswert zum Zuge kommen könnte. Die hierfür ins Leben gerufenen gemischten Gesellschaften – die Sowjets sicherten sich jeweils mindestens 50 % des Grundkapitals – erhielten Handelskonzessionen "in Ausnahme aus dem Grundgesetz über das Regierungsmonopol des Außenhandels". Bedeutend unter ihnen war die Deutsch-Russische Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft mit dem Otto-Wolff-Konzern. B. S. Stomonjakow, der Leiter der sowjetischen Handelsvertretung, übernahm die Hälfte der Aktien des Berliner Unternehmens, die Handelsvertretung entsandte drei Personen in den Aufsichtsrat und stellte mit zwei Mitgliedern die Hälfte des Vorstandes. Ausgestattet wurde das Unternehmen mit einem Stammkapital von 175 Millionen Mark, Otto Wolff sorgte für ein Arbeitskapital von 750000 £ und gewährte einen Kredit von 500000 £. Bald wurden US-amerikanische Firmen eingebunden, die nicht direkt Handel mit der Sowjetunion treiben wollten. Geliefert wurden beispielsweise 10-Zoll-Rohre für die Erdöl-Pipelines Baku-Batumi und Grosny-Tuapse mit einem Gesamtgewicht von 51000 Tonnen. Nach der Gründung am 9. Oktober 1922 ließ Lenin gegenüber der deutschen Regierung seine "lebhafte Befriedigung über den Abschluss des Otto-Wolff-Vertrages" zum Ausdruck bringen, doch währte die Freude bei Wolff längstens bis zu dessen Vertragskündigung im Januar 1924 – in kurzer Zeit waren über die Firma ein Fünftel der sowjetischen Importe gelaufen, was nach Meinung der Räte eine zu große Abhängigkeit des Landes mit sich brachte.

Literatur
 Antony C. Sutton: Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development 1917 to 1930. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Stanford 1968, S. 272 f.

Siehe auch
 Deruluft
 Derutra

Fußnoten

Unternehmen (Weimarer Republik)
Organisation (internationaler Handel)
Handel (Sowjetunion)
Ehemaliges Handelsunternehmen (Deutschland)
Gegründet 1922
Aufgelöst 1924
Beziehungen zwischen der Sowjetunion und der Weimarer Republik

Russgertorg


World Demise je četvrti studijski album američkog death metal-sastava Obituary objavljen 6. rujna 1994. godine, a objavila ga je diskografska kuća Roadrunner Records. Tekstovi pjesmama su o kraju svijeta.

Popis pjesama

Zasluge

Obituary

 John Tardy - vokali, slike
 Allen West - glavna gitara
 Trevor Peres - ritam gitara, koncept omota
 Frank Watkins - bas-gitara
 Donald Tardy - bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje

 George Marino - mastering
 Eric Kat - slike
 Scott Burns - inženjer zvuka, mix, produkcija, snimanje
 Dave "Big Shirt" Nicholls - inženjer zvuka, snimanje
 Super Brian - pomoćni inženjer zvuka

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 World Demise na Discogsu

Albumi sastava Obituary
Albumi iz 1994.

World Demise


Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kamirithu, Kenija, 5. siječnja 1938.) - kenijski pisac

Jedno vrijeme je pisao na engleskom, a danas piše na gikuyu jeziku. Njegov opus čine: romani, drame, kratke priče, eseji, akademske studije, kritike i knjige za djecu. Osnivač je i urednik časopisa na jeziku gikuyu "Mutiiri". Ngũgĩ je nakon izlaska iz kenijskog zatvora 1977. otišao u egzil, od tada živi u SAD-u, a godinama je predavao na Yaleu, kao i na Sveučilištu New York i Kalifornijskom sveučilištu Irvine. Njegova kratka priča "The Upright Revolution: Or Why People Walk Upright" prevedena je na stotinjak jezika diljem svijeta i najprevođenija je afrička kratka priča.

Godine 1977. pokrenuo je novi oblik kazališta u svojoj rodnoj Keniji, koji je nastojao osloboditi kazališni proces od onoga što je vidio kao "opći buržoaski obrazovni sustav", potičući spontanost i sudjelovanje publike u izvedbama. Njegov je projekt nastojao "demistificirati" kazališni proces i izbjeći "proces otuđenja [koji] proizvodi galeriju aktivnih zvijezda i nediferenciranu masu zahvalnih obožavatelja" što, prema Ngũgĩ, potiče pasivnost kod "običnih ljudi". Iako je njegova znamenita drama, "Ngahika Ndenda", koju je napisao zajedno s Ngũgĩ wa Miriijem, bila komercijalno uspješna, autoritarni kenijski režim zabranio ju je šest tjedana nakon izlaska.

Ngũgĩ je kasnije bio u zatvoru više od godinu dana. Usvojen kao zatvorenik savjesti od strane Amnesty Internationala, umjetnik je pušten iz zatvora i pobjegao je iz Kenije. Trenutno je u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama uvaženi profesor komparativne književnosti i engleskog jezika na Kalifornijskom sveučilištu u Irvineu. Također je prethodno predavao na Sveučilištu Northwestern, Sveučilištu Yale i Sveučilištu New York. Ngũgĩ je često smatran mogućim kandidatom za Nobelovu nagradu za književnost. Dobitnik je međunarodne nagrade Nonino 2001. u Italiji, te nagrade Park Kyong-ni 2016. godine. Među njegovom djecom su književnici: Mokoma wa Ngugi i Wanjiku wa Ngugi.

Izvori

Književnici
Životopisi, Kenija

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o


Ian Cameron Bruce (born 14 March 1947) is a British Conservative party politician, who represented South Dorset in parliament from 1987 to 2001.

Life and career
He attended Chelmsford Technical High School and studied Electronics at the University of Bradford, then completed an HNC in Electronics at Mid-Essex Technical College. He was a student apprentice at Marconi in Chelmsford from 1965 to 1968, and for the next five years had work study roles at that company, Pye Unicam, Sainsbury's and BEPI (part of the Pye Group). From 1973 to 1975, he was a product manager at Sinclair.

Having stood for the Labour seat of Burnley in 1983, he was narrowly defeated by Labour candidate Peter Pike. He was elected as the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for South Dorset in 1987. In 1997 he won the seat with a slim majority of 77 votes, but was defeated at the 2001 general election by Jim Knight.

In the 2004 European Parliament election, he was the fifth of six in the Conservative Party's list for the Yorkshire and the Humber region, but was not elected.

He married Hazel in 1969. They are both former local councillors on Weymouth and Portland Borough Council and have had four children together.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People from Chelmsford
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
Alumni of the University of Bradford
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England

Ian Bruce (politician)


Agrilus sierrae é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Van Dyke, 1923.

Referências

sierrae

Agrilus sierrae


Q̂ (minuscule : q̂), appelé Q accent circonflexe, est un graphème utilisé dans l'écriture du khinalug. Il s'agit de la lettre Q diacritée d'un accent circonflexe.

Utilisation

Le q̂ est utilisé dans l'alphabet khinalug de 2013.

Représentations informatiques
Le Q accent circonflexe peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode suivants (latin de base, diacritiques) :

Voir aussi
 Accent circonflexe
 Alphabet latin
 Q (lettre)

Lettre Q diacritée
Lettre latine comportant un accent circonflexe

Q̂


Jolmskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Abinsk del krai de Krasnodar en el sur de Rusia. Está situada a orillas del río Jabl, de la cuenca del río Kubán, 18 km al este de Abinsk y 54 km al oeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 17 585 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Jolmskoye, al que pertenecen asimismo Vorobiov, Krávchenko, Krasnoktiabrski, Novosadovi, Novi, Pervomaiski, Sinegorsk, Sosnóvaya Roshcha, Jabl y Erastov.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1863 por cosacos del Azov. Recibió la inmigración de griegos pónticos que emigraron por las persecuciones en el Imperio otomano a finales del  y principios del . En 1910 contaba con unos 9 988 habitantes.

Nacionalidades

De los 17 271 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 85.3 % era de etnia rusa, el 6.1 % era de etnia turca, el 1.9 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 1.2 % era de etnia armenia, el 0.9 % era de etnia tártara, el 0.8 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.5 % de etnia gitana, el 0.4 % era de etnia griega, el 0.3 % de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.1 % de etnia adigué y el 0.1 % de etnia georgiana.

Transporte

Por la localidad pasan la línea de ferrocarril Krasnodar-Krymsk y la autopista A146 Krasnodar-Novorosíisk.

Personalidades

 Anatoli Serdyukov (*1962), ministro de defensa de Rusia.
 Sergéi Treshchov (*1958), cosmonauta.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Холмская.
 Sitio web no oficial .
  .
 Vista del centro en Panoramio
 Biblioteca de Jolmskaya en Panoramio.

Localidades del raión de Abinsk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1863

Jolmskaya


José Padilla Sánchez (* 28. Mai 1889 in Almería; † 25. Oktober 1960 in Madrid), genannt auch Maestro Padilla, war ein spanischer Komponist und Pianist. Bekannt wurde er insbesondere durch sein Lied Valencia.

Leben
Er studierte nach erstem Musikunterricht in seiner Heimatstadt am Königlichen Konservatorium von Madrid und in Italien.

1906 erschien seine erste Zarzuela La Mala Hembra, ein Einakter nach einem Libretto von Ventura de la Vega. Weitere Bühnenwerke folgten. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg hielt er sich viel in Paris auf und schrieb unter anderem für das Moulin Rouge Operetten, Revuen und Lieder, die ihn international bekannt machten. So wurde bereits 1920 sein Lied My Spanish Rose von Jerome Kern für dessen Broadway-Musical The Night Boat verwendet.
Das 1924 entstandene das Pasodoble-Lied Valencia aus der Zarzuela La Bien Amada wurde 1926 in einer Aufnahme von Paul Whiteman & his Orchestra ein großer Hit. Weitere Erfolge waren Ça c'est Paris, El Relicario und La Violetera, das 1931 von Charlie Chaplin als Filmmusik für Lichter der Großstadt verwendet wurde.

1950 hatte er noch einen großen Erfolg mit der Zarzuela La Hechicera en Palacio. 10 Jahre später starb er in Madrid.

Werke

Bühnenwerke
 La Mala Hembra (Zarzuela), T.: Ventura le la Vega, 1906
 Los Veijos Verdes (Zarzuela), T.: Quinito Valverde, 1909
 Luzbel (Zarzuela), T.: Miguel Nieto, 1917
 La Faraona (Oper), T.: Mantilla de los Rios
 La Bien Amada 1924
 Pépète (Operette), 1924
 Symphonie Portugaise (Operette)
 Mucho ciudado con la Lola (Revue) 1935
 La Giralda (Zarzuela), T.: Quintero brothers, 1939
 La Violetera de la Prada (Zarzuela), 1941
 La Hechicera en Palacio (Zarzuela), 1950

Lieder
 El Relicario
 La Violetera
 Valencia
 My Spanish Rose

Filmmusik (Auswahl)
 1948: Der Engel mit der Posaune
 1950: Die Tänzerin von Marrakesch (La danseuse de Marrakech)
 1953: Geliebte um Mitternacht (Les amants de minuit )
 1960: Normandie – Njemen
 1966: Der Star von Champignol (Le caïd de Champignol)
 1972: Die Entführer lassen grüßen (L'aventure, c'est l'aventure)
 1974: Mitgiftjäger (The Fortune)
 1978: Zwei Supertypen in Afrika (Général… nous voilà!)
 1979: Die Damen von der Küste (Les Dames de la côte)
 1983: Sababa – Wer hat mir die Butter vom Brot geklaut? (Sababa)
 1991: Höllenglut (Le brasier)

Nachweise

Weblinks
 Padilla bei zarzuela.net

Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Oper)
Komponist (Operette)
Filmkomponist
Komponist (Spanien)
Spanier
Geboren 1889
Gestorben 1960
Mann

José Padilla Sánchez


HMS Achilles was a  of the Royal Navy. She was built by Yarrow at Glasgow. She was launched on 21 November 1968 and commissioned on 9 July 1970. She was sold to Chile in 1991 and served in the Chilean Navy as Ministro Zenteno. She was washed away from her berth at Talcahuano by a tsunami following the February 2010 Chile earthquake, and ran aground on the coast a few kilometres to the north. She was scuttled the following month by the Chilean Navy as a danger to navigation.

Construction and design
Achilles was one of two Batch 3, "Broad-Beamed" Leander-class frigates ordered from Yarrow Shipbuilders in early 1967, the other being  and . She was laid down on 1 December 1967, launched on 21 November 1968 and completed on 9 July 1970, commissioning on 11 July with the Pennant number F12.

Achilles was  long overall and  at the waterline, with a beam of  and a maximum draught of . Displacement was  standard and  full load. Two oil-fired boilers fed steam at  and  to a pair of double reduction geared steam turbines that in turn drove two propeller shafts, with the machinery rated at , giving a speed of .

A twin 4.5-inch (113 mm) Mark 6 gun mount was fitted forward. A single Sea Cat surface-to-air missile launcher was fitted aft (on the Helicopter hangar roof), while two Oerlikon 20mm cannon provided close-in defence.  A Limbo anti-submarine mortar was fitted aft to provide a short-range anti-submarine capability, while a hangar and helicopter deck allowed a single Westland Wasp helicopter to be operated, for longer range anti-submarine and anti-surface operations.

Achilles was fitted with a large Type 965 long range air search radar on the ship's mainmast, with a Type 993 short range air/surface target indicating radar and Type 978 navigation radar carried on the ship's foremast. An MRS3 fire control system was carried to direct the 4.5-inch guns. The ship had a sonar suite of Type 184 medium range search sonar, Type 162 bottom search and Type 170 attack sonar.

Service history
In 1970, Achilles deployed to the Far East where there was, at that time, a large British naval presence. She escorted a number of larger vessels while there, including the aircraft carrier .

In 1974, Achilles joined the 3rd Frigate Squadron, and later that year deployed to the Far East on a nine-month deployment as part of Task Group 317.2. The task group visited a number of African ports on their way to the Far East and Indian Ocean, including South Africa, a visit that caused some controversy back in the UK at the time. The task group visited a variety of ports in the Far East and took part in a number of exercises. Achilles  was active as a radio relay vessel during the fall of South Vietnam.

Upon the task group's return from the Far East, they made their way around the Cape of Good Hope to South America where a large exercise with the Brazilian Navy took place, which included the aircraft carrier . Achilles returned to the UK in June 1975.

On 12 November 1975, Achilles collided with the Greek tanker Olympic Alliance in heavy fog in the Dover Strait, causing a number of injuries aboard Achilles together with heavy damage to the frigate's bow, while a large oil slick was released from the tanker into the Channel. Achilles was under repair at Devonport Dockyard until March 1976, with her complete bow section needing to be replaced. The following year, Achilles joined the Fishery Protection Squadron during the Third Cod War with Iceland, spending one week on patrol. During that year also, HMS Achilles was covertly deployed to Belize during the Guatemalan emergency.

After her deployment during the Third Cod War, Achilles went on a number of deployments including to the Persian Gulf as well as being involved in a number of naval exercises.

Achilles was intended to be modernised, (probably involving removal of her one 4.5-inch twin gun, which would have been replaced by the Exocet anti-ship missile and Sea Wolf anti-aircraft missiles, but possibly also involving fitting of a towed array sonar), but the modernisation was cancelled due to the 1981 Defence Review by the minister, John Nott, and it was instead planned to dispose of the unmodernised frigate, despite the long life remaining in her hull. In 1982, Achilles deployed to the West Indies as guardship. The following year, she deployed to the Falkland Islands to patrol the area in the aftermath of the Falklands War. Later that year Achilles took part in Exercise Orient Express, which took place in the Indian Ocean. She deployed to the Persian Gulf that same year.

By the late 1980s, Achilles career was coming to an end. In 1989 she joined the Dartmouth Training Squadron, and in a busy year became the first Royal Navy warship to visit East Germany as well as hosting a dinner to mark the 50th anniversary of the Battle of the River Plate.  In January 1990 Achilles decommissioned, ending her career, though only with the Royal Navy. However, the name Achilles lives on as TS Achilles, the Trowbridge branch of the Sea Cadet Corps. Sold to the Chilean Navy in 1991, she served until 2006 with the name Ministro Zenteno. From 2006 until late February 2010 she was in reserve.

Fate
On 27 February 2010 a tsunami associated with the 2010 Chile earthquake washed her several nautical miles from her berth in the Talcahuano naval base, towards the coastal city of Dichato. In March 2010, the Chilean Navy decided to sink the ship to ensure free navigation in the area where the ship had run aground. The mission was performed by the crew of the offshore patrol vessel Piloto Pardo.

References

Publications

External links
 May 1970 Photograph of Achilles
 Colour photograph of Achilles

Leander-class frigates
Cold War frigates of the United Kingdom
Leander-class frigates of the Chilean Navy
1968 ships
Ships of the Fishery Protection Squadron of the United Kingdom

HMS Achilles (F12)


Der NDR Jazzworkshop ist zunächst eine 1958 begründete Veranstaltungsform des Norddeutschen Rundfunks Hörfunk, später auch Fernsehen in Hamburg, bei der Jazzmusiker aus verschiedenen Bands und unterschiedlichen Szenen zusammenarbeiteten und nach mehrtägiger Probentätigkeit ihre Arbeitsergebnisse im Konzert vorstellten. Die gleichnamige Sendereihe des NDR blieb später für die Dokumentation von aufgezeichneten Jazzkonzerten bestehen.

Geschichte
Hans Gertberg entwickelte 1958 auf Anregung Rolf Liebermanns aus der seit 1952 bestehenden Studio-Jazzkonzert-Reihe das Konzept des NDR Jazzworkshops. Die Rundfunkanstalt lud führende Jazzmusiker verschiedener Länder zu sich ein, gab ihnen für eine Woche Räumlichkeiten und die Aufgabe, gemeinsam ein Konzertprogramm zu erarbeiten. So entstand ein Podium für die Jazzmusiker, "ihre Kunst frei von kommerziellem Druck zu entwickeln". In den resultierenden Konzerten, die dann in Radio- und später auch Fernsehsendungen übertragen wurden, hatte das Publikum Gelegenheit, "Jazz von internationalen Musikgrößen, die normalerweise niemals aufeinander getroffen wären", zu erleben. Jährlich dreimal wurden zwischen zehn und 20 Musiker pro Jazzworkshop eingeladen.
Seit 1961 fand mehrere Jahre lang jährlich ein NDR Jazzworkshop außerhalb des Sendegebietes statt – im Rahmen der Ruhrfestspiele. 1962 stellte sich in Recklinghausen eine internationale Bigband um Fatty George vor, für Gertberg ein "kleiner Völkerbund im Zeichen des Jazz".  Wes Montgomery und Johnny Griffin tauschten sich im April 1965 mit Martial Solal, Hans Koller, Ronnie Scott und Ronnie Ross aus. Auch nach Kollers Ausscheiden als Leiter wurden neben ihm österreichische Musiker wie Fritz Pauer oder Erich Kleinschuster bei den internationalen Gipfeltreffen berücksichtigt. Auch um Friedrich Gulda herum fand ein NDR Jazzworkshop statt.
Trotz Kalten Krieges gelang es Gertberg, auch Jazzmusiker aus Osteuropa zu den NDR Jazzworkshops zu holen: Anfang 1967 traf die polnische Band von Andrzej Trzaskowski auf Amerikaner wie Nathan Davis und Dave Pike sowie Palle Mikkelborg, Albert Mangelsdorff und Ronnie Stephenson. Auch sonst war Raum für ungewöhnliche Konstellationen: 1970 erweiterte sich beispielsweise das Dave Pike Set (mit Volker Kriegel, Hans Rettenbacher und Peter Baumeister) für einen NDR Jazzworkshop um Sängerin Karin Krog.

Unter Leitung von Redakteur Michael Naura veränderte sich ab 1971 die Ausrichtung des NDR Jazzworkshops, aber auch seine Frequenz. Immer häufiger wurden reguläre Bands zu Rundfunkkonzerten eingeladen. So trat am 14. Juni 1972 das Trio von Keith Jarrett mit Charlie Haden und Paul Motian (Hamburg '72), am 17. Mai 1973 Soft Machine in der regulären Besetzung auf, nachdem am 26. Januar desselben Jahres Volker Kriegel die Songs seines Albums Missing Link mit verändertem Line-Up (u. a. Zbigniew Seifert, Stan Sulzmann, Peter Warren und Joe Nay) vorstellte. Im 100. NDR Jazzworkshop, der am 18. April 1974 in Hannover stattfand, traf Keith Jarrett auf Jan Garbarek, Jon Christensen und Palle Danielsson, sein späteres europäisches Quartett, nachdem Garbarek bereits im Winter Jarrett besucht und mit ihm Kompositionen festgelegt hatte.  Noch für den 105. Jazzworkshop im November 1974, der als Gemeinschaftsveranstaltung mit der Reihe "das neue werk" durchgeführt werden konnte, wurden aber Manfred Schoof und Alexander von Schlippenbach beauftragt, Kompositionen für das Globe Unity Orchestra zu schreiben (Schlippenbach setzte auch den NDR Chor ein).

Wirkung
Die Konzert- und Sendereihe galt als innovativ und trug entscheidend dazu bei, die neuen Entwicklungen im Jazz im Gebiet des Senders bekannt zu machen. Unter dem Titel "Notizen aus der Jazzwerkstatt" wurde von Mitte 1961 an gelegentlich im Fernsehen über die Probenarbeit im NDR-Studio 10 berichtet; später wurden die Konzerte im NDR Fernsehen dokumentiert. Einige Konzerte wurden auch von Sendern in anderen europäischen Staaten übernommen: Zum Beispiel wurde der NDR Jazzworkshop vom 28. März 1969, bei dem Charles Tolliver, Herb Geller, Albert Mangelsdorff, Gilbert Dall'Anese, Wolfgang Schlüter und Ralf Hübner auf Juhani Aaltonen, Eero Koivistoinen, Eero Ojanen und Pekka Sarmanto trafen, auch vom finnischen Rundfunk übertragen; vier weitere Workshops entstanden in Kooperation mit dem tschechischen und polnischen Rundfunk.

Diskographische Hinweise
 Hans Koller Jazz Workshop Concert: Ruhrfest Spiele (mit Rolf Ericson, Rob Pronk, Ron Simmonds, Ack van Rooyen, Bengt-Arne Wallin, Erich Kleinschuster, Willi Meerwald, Nat Peck, Rolf Schneebiegl, Robert Politzer, Arne Domnérus, Herb Geller, Friedrich Gulda, Ronnie Ross, Fatty George, Toots Thielemans, Georg Riedel, Egil Johansen; Columbia 1962)
 Wes Montgomery: The NDR Hamburg Studio Recordings (Jazzline Classics rec. 1965, ed. 2021)
 John Surman Flashpoint: NDR Jazz Workshop – April '69 (mit Kenny Wheeler, Malcolm Griffiths, Erich Kleinschuster, Mike Osborne, Alan Skidmore, Ronnie Scott, Fritz Pauer, Harry Miller, Alan Jackson; Cuneiform Rune rec. 1969, ed. 2011)
 Oscar Peterson & Ben Webster During This Time (mit Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Tony Inzalaco; MIG rec. 1972, ed. 2014)

Weblinks
 Auflistung der NDR Jazzworkshops (Michael Frohne)

Einzelnachweise

Hörfunksendung (Deutschland)
Fernsehserie (Deutschland)
Jazzworkshop
Jazz-Sendung (Hörfunk)
Jazz-Sendung (Fernsehen)
Jazz (Deutschland)

NDR Jazzworkshop


Roy Asberry Cooper III (born June 13, 1957) is an American attorney and politician, serving as the 75th governor of North Carolina since 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 49th attorney general of North Carolina from 2001 to 2017 and in the North Carolina General Assembly in both the House of Representatives and Senate between 1987 and 2001.

Cooper defeated Republican incumbent Pat McCrory for the governorship in a close race in the 2016 election. On December 5, McCrory conceded the election, making Cooper the first challenger to defeat a sitting governor in the state's history. Cooper took office on January 1, 2017. The Republican-dominated legislature passed bills in a special session before he took office to reduce the power of the governor's office. The legislature has overridden several of his vetoes of legislation. Cooper was reelected in 2020, defeating Republican nominee and Lieutenant Governor Dan Forest.

Early life and education
Roy Asberry Cooper III was born on June 13, 1957, in Nashville, North Carolina to Beverly Batchelor and Roy Asberry Cooper II. His mother was a teacher and his father a lawyer. Cooper attended public school and worked on his parents' tobacco farm during summer. He graduated from Northern Nash High School in 1975. He received the Morehead Scholarship at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for his undergraduate studies. As an undergraduate at UNC, he was a member of Chi Psi Fraternity. He was elected president of the university's Young Democrats. He earned a Juris Doctor degree from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1982.

State legislature

Cooper was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1986, defeating longtime incumbent Allen Barbee in the Democratic primary. He drew little attention to himself during his first term aside from resolving a school merger dispute in Nash County. He continued to practice law while serving in the legislature. In 1989, Cooper joined Republicans and dissident Democrats to unseat Speaker Liston B. Ramsey. That year he also voted alongside all House Republicans and 15 Democrats in favor of an unsuccessful attempt to amend the constitution to grant the governor veto power over legislation.

Cooper was appointed to the North Carolina Senate in 1991 to serve the remainder of Senator Jim Ezzell's term after Ezzell's death in a motor vehicle accident. In 1995 Republicans secured a majority of the seats in the House of Representatives. He then negotiated a compromise bill to schedule a referendum to amend the constitution and grant the governor veto power. In 1997, Cooper was elected majority leader of the State Senate. He continued to practice law as the managing partner of Fields & Cooper in Rocky Mount and Nashville, North Carolina.

North Carolina Attorney General

Elections
Cooper was elected North Carolina attorney general in November 2000, defeating Republican lawyer Dan Boyce and Reform Party candidate Margaret Palms. He took office on January 6, 2001; he was reelected in 2004. Cooper was mentioned as a possible Democratic candidate for governor in 2008, but decided to run for reelection as attorney general instead. He was easily reelected, defeating Republican Bob Crumley and garnering more votes than any other statewide candidate in the 2008 attorney general election.

Both state and national Democrats attempted to recruit him to run against Republican U.S. Senator Richard Burr in 2010, but he declined. In 2012, politicians suggested him as a possible candidate for governor of North Carolina after incumbent Governor Bev Perdue announced her retirement, but Cooper declined to run. His political consultant announced in 2011 that Cooper would seek a fourth term in 2012. He was unopposed in both the Democratic primary and the general election. In the November 2012 elections, Cooper received 2,828,941 votes.

Tenure

In January 2007, when Durham District Attorney Mike Nifong asked to be recused from dealing with the Duke lacrosse case, Cooper's office assumed responsibility for the case. On April 11, 2007, after revelations of Nifong's withholding of evidence, fabrications, and other ethics violations, Cooper dismissed the case against the Duke lacrosse team players, taking the extraordinary step of declaring them "innocent" and victims of a "tragic rush to accuse". The decision won him bipartisan praise. Two days after the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting, he created the Campus Safety Task Force to analyze school shootings and make policy recommendations to help the government prevent and respond to them. The committee delivered its report to him in January 2008. After the release of the task force's findings, Cooper assisted members of the North Carolina General Assembly in passing a law that required court clerks to record involuntary commitments in a national gun permit database.

After a 2010 decision by a three-judge panel to exonerate Gregory Taylor, who had served nearly 17 years for the first-degree murder of Jaquetta Thomas, Cooper ordered an audit after it was learned that officials at the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation forensic lab had withheld information. This suppression of evidence had contributed to Taylor's conviction for murder. The audit was released in 2010; it found that it had been common practice for two decades for a select group of agents at the State Bureau of Investigation to withhold information. In addition, they did not keep up with scientific standards and the latest tests. The two investigators, Chris Swecker and Micheal Fox, cited almost 230 cases that were tainted by these actions. Three people convicted in such cases had been executed; 80 defendants convicted were still in prison. A massive state effort was undertaken to follow up on their cases.

In 2011 Cooper argued his first case before the United States Supreme Court, J. D. B. v. North Carolina, a case related to Miranda rights in juvenile cases. The Court ruled 5–4 against North Carolina.

Governor of North Carolina

Elections

2016

Cooper ran for governor of North Carolina in the 2016 election against incumbent Republican Pat McCrory. In March 2016, the North Carolina General Assembly passed the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act—commonly known as "House Bill 2"—which McCrory signed into law. Numerous corporations began boycotting the state in protest of the law, cancelling job investment and expansion plans. Cooper denounced the law as unconstitutional and refused to defend it in court in his capacity as attorney general.

As a result of the economic damage the law caused, McCrory's approval rating fell dramatically in the months before the election. When initial election results showed Cooper leading, McCrory claimed without evidence that the election had been manipulated by voter fraud. Recounts resulted in slightly higher margins of victory for Cooper, and after an extended legal battle, McCrory conceded the election on December 5. Out of 4.7 million total ballots, Cooper won by 10,227 votes.

2020

On December 5, 2019, Cooper announced his candidacy for reelection. He won the November 3 election, defeating Republican nominee Lieutenant Governor Dan Forest by 4.4 points.

Transition
Dismayed by Cooper's win, in late 2016 the General Assembly passed special legislation before he was inaugurated to reduce the power of the governor's office. In what The New York Times described as a "surprise special session", Republican legislators moved to strip Cooper's powers before he assumed the governorship. Throughout December, Cooper oversaw an attempt to repeal the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act. The repeal attempt failed after a deal between state Republican and Democratic lawmakers and Charlotte officials fell apart.

Tenure

Cooper was sworn in as governor on January 1, 2017, in a small ceremony. His planned public inauguration was canceled due to a snowstorm.

After taking office, as of January 6, 2017, Cooper requested federal approval for Medicaid coverage expansion in North Carolina. Effective January 15, a federal judge halted Cooper's request, an order that expired on January 29. In his first months in office, Cooper focused on repealing the Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act. After long negotiations with Republican state legislators, Cooper agreed in late March to sign a law prohibiting North Carolina cities from passing local ordinances pertaining to public accommodations or employment practices for three years in exchange for the reversal of the facilities act. On May 9, 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Cooper to a commission tasked with reducing opioid addiction.

After the Supreme Court of the United States declared North Carolina's legislative maps unconstitutional, Cooper called for a special redistricting session on June 7, 2017, but the House and Senate canceled the session, calling it unconstitutional. On June 29, Cooper signed the STOP Act, an overhaul of the prescribing and dispensing regulations of opioids.

On July 1, Cooper signed a bill to allow alcohol sales after 10 AM on Sundays, nicknamed the "Brunch Bill". On July 11, he signed "Britny's Law", which states a homicide is first-degree murder if the killing was committed with malice and the defendant has been convicted of domestic violence or stalking the victim. He also signed two bills to allow domestic violence protective orders granted by a judge to fully go into effect even when they are under appeal and to expand the state's "revenge porn" law from cases involving former lovers to those involving strangers. On July 12, Cooper signed a bill that would add lessons on what to do when pulled over by law enforcement to the state's driver's education curriculum. The bill passed both chambers unanimously.

On July 26, 2017, Cooper signed a bill to mount cameras on school buses in order to reduce drivers who illegally pass stopped school buses. On August 31, 2017, he declared a state of emergency due to plummeting gas supply, which was rescinded on September 18.

Cooper's fellow Appalachian governors elected him co-chair of the Appalachian Regional Commission for 2019, making him the first North Carolina governor to co-chair the ARC since Jim Hunt in 1978. In the 2018 elections, the Republican Party lost seats in the General Assembly, ending its supermajorities in both houses and rendering it unable to override gubernatorial vetoes. On March 6, 2019, Cooper proposed a $25.2 billion budget for the year. It included salary increases for public school teachers and state workers, expansion of Medicaid, and a $3.9 billion bond (subject to a referendum) to help fund school construction and local infrastructure projects. Cooper said that he was confident he could get the legislature, without enough Republican members to override a veto, to implement some of his ideas.

On March 10, 2020, Cooper declared a state of emergency in North Carolina due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Four days later, he issued an executive order banning gatherings of over 100 people, and closed all K-12 schools for two weeks.

On March 27, 2023, Cooper signed into law landmark legislation expanding Medicaid after the Republican-controlled General Assembly passed the bill through both houses, despite almost a decade of GOP opposition. It is estimated that over 600,000 low-income North Carolinians will become eligible for the state's Medicaid program.

Vetoes
During his first two years in office, Cooper faced a Republican supermajority in the General Assembly capable of overriding his vetoes, thereby limiting his legislative influence. His first veto as governor was of a bill that would make elections to the North Carolina Superior Court and to the District Court partisan, after being conducted on a nonpartisan basis for many years. The House overrode the veto on March 22, 2017. The Senate followed suit on March 23, resulting in the bill becoming law over Cooper's objection.

Cooper vetoed a bill on April 21, 2017, to reduce the size of the North Carolina Court of Appeals by three judges. The veto was overridden on April 26. He also vetoed a bill on April 21, 2017, that would create a new State Board of Elections (and new county boards of elections) split evenly between the Republicans and the Democrats. It would replace the longstanding system that gave the governor's party a majority on the board. Both houses of the legislature voted to override the veto on April 24 and 25.

Cooper also vetoed a bill that would limit individuals' ability to sue hog farms. This veto was also overridden by the legislature. On June 27, Cooper vetoed the proposed state budget, which he had called "irresponsible" the day before. In his veto message, Cooper cited the budget's income tax cuts and argued it "lacks structural integrity by failing to account for population growth, inflation and looming federal reductions, by using one-time revenue for recurring expenses, and by adopting a tax plan that will cause the state to fail to fund promised teacher salary increases in future years" and the proposed bill included "provisions that infringe upon the governor's ability to faithfully execute the laws, including the administration of this Act, as required by the Constitution, and violating the separation of powers". The legislature overrode his veto the next day.

In July 2017, Cooper vetoed a bill to authorize nonprofit organizations to operate "game nights", saying it would unintentionally create a new opportunity for the video poker industry.

In December 2018, the North Carolina General Assembly passed a bill that would require new primary elections if a do-over election was called in the 9th district election. Cooper vetoed the bill due to a provision that made campaign finance investigations less public, but the General Assembly overrode his veto. In total, during his first two years in office, Cooper vetoed 28 bills, 23 of which were overridden by the legislature. As a result of the 2018 legislative elections, the Republicans lost their supermajority in the General Assembly, thus giving Cooper and legislative Democrats more leverage in legislative negotiations.

In May 2019, Cooper vetoed a bill that proposed punishments in the form of prison time and fines against physicians and nurses who do not resuscitate newborns that survive an abortion. He said that the "bill is an unnecessary interference between doctors and their patients" and that laws "already protect newborn babies".

Personal life

Roy Cooper is married to Kristin Cooper (née Bernhardt), who worked as a guardian ad litem for foster children in Wake County. They have three daughters, who all graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. They reside in the Executive Mansion. Cooper has taught Sunday school classes, serving as a deacon and elder at White Memorial Presbyterian Church, and is an avid fan of the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes.

Electoral history

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References

Works cited

External links

Governor Roy Cooper official government website
Roy Cooper for Governor campaign website

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1957 births
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians
American Presbyterians
Christians from North Carolina
Democratic Party governors of North Carolina
Living people
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina Attorneys General
North Carolina lawyers
Democratic Party North Carolina state senators
People from Nashville, North Carolina
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni

Roy Cooper


In baseball and softball, the curveball is a type of pitch thrown with a characteristic grip and hand movement that imparts forward spin to the ball, causing it to dive as it approaches the plate. Varieties of curveball include the 12–6 curveball, power curveball, and the knuckle curve. Its close relatives are the slider and the slurve. The "curve" of the ball varies from pitcher to pitcher.

The expression "to throw a curveball" essentially translates to introducing a significant deviation to a preceding concept.

Grip and action

The curveball is gripped much like a cup or drinking glass is held. The pitcher places the middle finger on and parallel to one of the long seams, and the thumb just behind the seam on the opposite side of the ball such that if looking from the top down, the hand should form a "C shape" with the horseshoe pointing in towards the palm following the contour of the thumb. The index finger is placed alongside the middle finger, and the other two extraneous fingers are folded in towards the palm with the knuckle of the ring finger touching the leather. Occasionally some pitchers will flare out these two fingers straight and away from the ball to keep them clear of the throwing motion. The curveball and slider share nearly identical grips and throwing motion.

The delivery of a curveball is entirely different from that of most other pitches. The pitcher at the top of the throwing arc will snap the arm and wrist in a downward motion. The ball first leaves contact with the thumb and tumbles over the index finger thus imparting the forward or "top-spin" characteristic of a curveball. The result is the exact opposite pitch of the four-seam fastball's backspin, but with all four seams rotating in the direction of the flight path with forward-spin, with the axis of rotation perpendicular to the intended flight path, much like a reel mower or a bowling ball.

The amount of break on the ball depends on how hard the pitcher can snap the throw off, or how much forward spin can be put on the ball. The harder the snap, the more the pitch will break. Curveballs primarily break downwards, but can also break toward the pitcher's off hand to varying degrees. Unlike the fastball, the apex of the ball's flight path arc does not necessarily need to occur at the pitcher's release point, and often peaks shortly afterwards. Curveballs are thrown with considerably less velocity than fastballs, because of both the unnatural delivery of the ball and the general rule that pitches thrown with less velocity will break more.  A typical curveball in the major collegiate level and above will average between 65 and 80 mph, with the average MLB curve at 77 mph.

From a hitter's perspective, the curveball will start in one location (usually high or at the top of the strike zone) and then dive rapidly as it approaches the plate. The most effective curveballs will start breaking at the apex of the arc of the ball flight, and continue to break more and more rapidly as they approach and cross through the strike zone. A curveball that a pitcher fails to put enough spin on will not break much and is colloquially called a "hanging curve". Hanging curves are usually disastrous for a pitcher because the low velocity, non-breaking pitch arrives high in the zone where hitters can wait on it and drive it for power.

The curveball is a popular and effective pitch in professional baseball, but it is not particularly widespread in leagues with players younger than college level. This is with regard for the safety of the pitcher – not because of its difficulty – though the pitch is widely considered difficult to learn as it requires some degree of mastery and the ability to pinpoint the thrown ball's location. There is generally a greater chance of throwing wild pitches when throwing the curveball.

When thrown correctly, it could have a break from seven to as much as 20 inches in comparison to the same pitcher's fastball.

Safety
Due to the unnatural motion required to throw it, the curveball is considered a more advanced pitch and poses inherent risk of injury to a pitcher's elbow and shoulder. There has been a controversy, as reported in The New York Times, March 12, 2012, about whether curveballs alone are responsible for injuries in young pitchers or whether the number of pitches thrown is the predisposing factor. In theory, allowing time for the cartilage and tendons of the arm to fully develop would protect against injuries. While acquisition of proper form might be protective, physician James Andrews is quoted in the article as stating that in many children, insufficient neuromuscular control, lack of proper mechanics, and fatigue make maintenance of proper form unlikely.

The parts of the arm most commonly injured by the curveball are the ligaments in the elbow, the biceps, and the forearm muscles. Major elbow injury requires repair through elbow ligament reconstruction, or Tommy John surgery.

Variations

Curveballs have a variety of trajectories and breaks among pitchers. This chiefly has to do with the arm slot and release point of a given pitcher, which is in turn governed by how comfortable the pitcher is throwing the overhand curveball.

Pitchers who can throw a curveball completely overhanded with the arm slot more or less vertical will have a curveball that will break straight downwards. This is called a 12–6 curveball as the break of the pitch is on a straight path downwards like the hands of a clock at 12 and 6. The axis of rotation of a 12–6 curve is parallel with the level ground and perpendicular to its flight path.

Pitchers throwing their curveballs with the arm slot at an angle will throw a curveball that breaks down and toward the pitcher's off-hand. In the most extreme cases, the curve will break very wide laterally. Because the slider and the curveball share nearly the same grip and have the same unique throwing motions, this curveball breaks much like a slider, and is colloquially termed a "slurve". The axis of rotation on a slurve will still be more or less perpendicular to the flight path of the ball; the latter, however, will not be parallel to the ground. With some pitchers, the difference between curveball and other pitches such as slider and slurve may be difficult to detect or even describe. A less common term for this type of curveball is a 1–7 (outdrop, outcurve, dropping roundhouse) or 2–8 (sweeping roundhouse curveball).

A curveball spinning on a vertical axis completely perpendicular to its flight path and thus with complete side spin that is either 3–9 for a right handed pitcher or 9–3 for a left handed pitcher is called a sweeping curveball, flat curveball, or frisbee curveball. The flat curveball will still drop because of gravity, but due to the lack of top spin the drop is only a small amount compared to the 12–6, 1–7/11–5, or 2–8/10–4 curveballs. Most often this side spin happens due to a pitcher having an arm angle that is either side arm or at a very low 3/4 arm angle. However, sometimes complete side spin happens for a pitcher who has a higher arm slot due to the person throwing the pitch with a twisting motion causing the fingers to move around the side of the ball instead of over the top of the ball. Using this twisting motion around the ball is said to cause injury to the arm near the elbow. A slider's spin axis is almost parallel to the ball's flight path similar to a football or bullet, but tilted slightly upwards pointing to 12 o'clock. When a slider's spin axis points to 1 o'clock or 2 o'clock, then the pitch becomes a slurve. This slurve tends to happen when a pitcher uses too much force on the curveball and less finesse. This happens because the pitcher may lazily pronate slightly at the release point instead of following through with complete supination at the end of the throw for the curve. At other times the slurve will happen due to the pitcher supinating a little too much at the release point when throwing a slider, which may be called a slurvy slider. A slurvy slider with the same velocity of a power slider (5–8 mph slower than a fastball) may impart a greater break.

Physics
Generally the Magnus effect describes the laws of physics that make a curveball curve. A fastball travels through the air with backspin, which creates a higher pressure zone in the air ahead of and under the baseball. The baseball's raised seams augment the ball's ability to develop a boundary layer and therefore a greater differential of pressure between the upper and lower zones. The effect of gravity is partially counteracted as the ball rides on and into increased pressure. Thus the fastball falls less than a ball thrown without spin (neglecting knuckleball effects) during the 60 feet 6 inches it travels to home plate.

On the other hand, a curveball, thrown with topspin, creates a higher pressure zone on top of the ball, which deflects the ball downward in flight. Instead of counteracting gravity, the curveball adds additional downward force, thereby giving the ball an exaggerated drop in flight.

Real or illusion?
There was once a debate on whether a curveball actually curves or is an optical illusion. In 1949, Ralph B. Lightfoot, an aeronautical engineer at Sikorsky Aircraft, used wind tunnel tests to prove that a curveball curves. On whether a curveball is caused by an illusion, Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Dizzy Dean has been quoted in a number of variations on this basic premise: "Stand behind a tree 60 feet away, and I will whomp you with an optical illusion!"

However, optical illusion caused by the ball's spinning may play an important part in what makes curveballs difficult to hit. The curveball's trajectory is smooth, but the batter perceives a sudden, dramatic change in the ball's direction. When an object that is spinning and moving through space is viewed directly, the overall motion is interpreted correctly by the brain. However, as it enters the peripheral vision, the internal spinning motion distorts how the overall motion is perceived. A curveball's trajectory begins in the center of the batter's vision, but overlaps with peripheral vision as it approaches the plate, which may explain the suddenness of the break perceived by the batter. A peer-reviewed article on this hypothesis was published in 2010.

Nicknames
Popular nicknames for the curveball include "the bender" and "the hook" (both describing the trajectory of the pitch), as well as "the yakker" and "Uncle Charlie". New York Mets pitcher Dwight Gooden threw a curve so deadly that it was nicknamed "Lord Charles" and the great hitter Bill Madlock called it "the yellow hammer"—apparently because it came down like a hammer and was too yellow to get hit by a bat. Because catchers frequently use two fingers to signal for a curve, the pitch is also referred to as "the deuce" or "number two".

History
Candy Cummings, a star pitcher in the 1860s and 1870s, is widely credited with inventing the curveball. In his biography of Cummings, Stephen Katz provides proof.  Several other pitchers of Cummings' era claimed to have invented the curveball. One was Fred Goldsmith. Goldsmith maintained that he gave a demonstration of the pitch on August 16, 1870, at the Capitoline Grounds in Brooklyn, New York, and that renown sportswriter Henry Chadwick had covered it in the Brooklyn Eagle on August 17, 1870. However, Stephen Katz, in his biography of Cummings, shows that Goldsmith's claim was not credible, and that Goldsmith's reference to an article by Chadwick in the Brooklyn Eagle was likely fabricated. Other claimants to invention of the curveball are shown by Katz to have gotten the curveball only after Cummings, or not to have been pitching curveballs. In 1876, the first known collegiate baseball player to perfect the curveball was Clarence Emir Allen of Western Reserve College, now known as Case Western Reserve University, where he never lost a game.  Both Allen, and teammate pitcher John P. Barden, became famous for employing the curve in the late 1870s.  In the early 1880s, Clinton Scollard (1860–1932), a pitcher from Hamilton College in New York, became famous for his curve ball and later earned fame as a prolific American poet. In 1885, St. Nicholas, a children's magazine, featured a story entitled, "How Science Won the Game". It told of how a boy pitcher mastered the curveball to defeat the opposing batters.

The New York Clipper reported, of a September 26, 1863, game at Princeton University (then the College of New Jersey), that F. P. Henry's "slow pitching with a great twist to the ball achieved a victory over fast pitching." However, Katz, in his biography of Cummings, explains that Henry was not actually pitching curveballs.

Harvard president Charles Eliot was among those opposed to the curve, claiming it was a dishonest practice unworthy of Harvard students. At an athletics conference at Yale University in 1884 a speaker (thought to be from Harvard, likely Charles Eliot Norton, a cousin of the Harvard president) was reported to have stated: "For the pitcher, instead of delivering the ball to the batter in an honest, straightforward way, that the latter may exert his strength to the best advantage in knocking it, now uses every effort to deceive him by curving—I think that is the word—the ball. And this is looked upon as the last triumph of athletic science and skill. I tell you it is time to call halt! when the boasted progress in athletics is in the direction of fraud and deceit."

In the past, major league pitchers Tommy Bridges, Bob Feller, Virgil Trucks, Herb Score, Camilo Pascual, Sandy Koufax, and Bert Blyleven were regarded as having outstanding curveballs.

See also

References

External links

 Version 1: Candy Cummings was the inventor of the curveball
 Version 2: Fred Goldsmith: co-inventor of the curveball or pitcher who gave first recorded demonstration of the curveball?
 Aerodynamics of a Curveball in Navier-Stokes Flow
 Trajectory of a Moving Curveball in Viscid Flow
 How to Throw a Curveball – wikiHow page outlining technique

Aerodynamics
Baseball pitches
Baseball plays

Curveball


Rokautskyia pseudoglazioui é uma espécie de planta do gênero Rokautskyia e da família Bromeliaceae.

Taxonomia

O seguinte sinônimo já foi catalogado:
 Cryptanthus pseudoglaziovii  Leme

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola e herbácea.

Descrição
Planta caulescente com colmo de 30-40 centímetros de comprimento, totalmente coberto por folhas flexíveis.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada no estado brasileiro de Espírito Santo.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Maciel, J.R. Rokautskyia  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Rokautskyia pseudoglazioui no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Rokautskyia
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Rokautskyia pseudoglazioui


Lennusadam () i Tallinn er en del af Estlands maritime museum og udstillingerne blev åbnet for publikum i 2012. Museet holder til i de gamle vandflyverhangarer, påbegyndte i 1916 og oprindelig færdigbyggede i 1917. Samlingerne er en del af Estlands maritime museum og har fået støtte fra EU som et led i renoveringen af dele af Tallinns havneområde.

Baggrund

Under 1. verdenskrig ønskede Rusland, som da herskede over Estland, at etablere en vandflyverbase i Tallinn, det var et af flere led i forsvaret af det russiske imperiums hovedstad Sankt Petersborg.

Der blev afholdt en konkurrence, der endte med, at det danske entreprenørfirma Christiani & Nielsen fik opgaven, baseret på et forslag, som de fremlagde med et byggeri i beton med en fritstående konstruktion. Byggeriet begyndte i 1916, og hangarerne var færdige året efter, i 1917, de var da de første af deres slags i verden.

Ved Estlands selvstændighed fra Rusland i 1918 overtog det estiske forsvar vandflyverhangarerne og benyttede dem til vandfly i mellemkrigstiden. Efter 2. verdenskrig og Sovjets okkupation af Estland blev bygningerne benyttet af de sovjetiske styrker.

Efter, at Sovjets okkupation af Estland ophørte i 1991, blev de gamle hangarer ved vandflyvepladsen ulovligt overført til et privat firma, og de retslige processer ført af den estiske stat knyttede til dette blev først afsluttet i 2006, hvor overdragelsen blev annulleret og området tilkendt staten.

Restaurering og ombygning til museum

Estlands maritime museum havde i lang tid haft behov for mere plads, og de overtog gradvis området ved vandflyvepladsen, det første fartøj, isbryderen "Suur Tõll" blev bragt dertil i januar 2004. Ved udgangen af 2004 var alle museets skibe overflyttet til vandflyvepladsen.

En plan for området blev klar i 2007 og restaurering og ombygning af vandflyverhangarerne begyndte i 2010, projektet blev støttet af Den europæiske unions strukturfond med samlet 130 millioner kroon (omkring 60 millioner danske kroner).

De historiske vandflyverhangarer og området var meget nedslidte og prægede af årtiers manglende vedligeholdelse, der måtte derfor gennemføres et omfattende arbejde med sikring og restaurering af de unikke betonkonstruktioner, inden lokalerne kunne indrettes som museum.

De gamle vandflyverhangarer var færdigrestaurerede, ombyggede og indrettede i 2012 og blev officielt åbnede den 11. maj. Hovedattraktioner er den gamle estiske ubåd "Lembit" og "Suur Tõll", men museet har også en række andre større og mindre udstillingsobjekter.

Tematisk er udstillingen delt i tre, oven vande, på vandet og under vandet. Lys og lyd benyttes i udstrakt grad for at gøre udstillingen så interessant som mulig. Udstillingen understøttes af en mængde oplysningsmontre med multimedia og tekst på flere sprog.

Museet har også en række større og mindre fartøjer udenfor de gamle vandflyverhangarer, dels på land og ved kaj. Det forhenværende norske Storm-klasse MTBen KNM "Arg" er placeret på land, mens den gamle dampdrevne estiske isbryder "Suur Tõll" ligger ved kajen.

Museet sigter mod at blive et af de tre mest besøgte i Estland inden 2016.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officielt netsted for Vandflyhavnen
 Estonian Maritime Museum
 Videopræsentation af projektet på YouTube

Museer i Estland
Tallinn
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Estland

Lennusadam


ගිනි අවියක් යනු තනි පුද්ගලයෙකුට රැගෙන යා හැකි ලෙස නිර්මාණය කර ඇති ඕනෑම තුවක්කුවකි. එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ගිනි අවි පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමෙහි ඇති නිර්වචනයට අනුව "ගිනි අවියක්" යනු පිපිරීමක් මගින් උණ්ඩයක් හෝ පතරොමක් පිටතට ප්‍රචාලනය කරන, කළ හැකි ලෙස නිර්මාණය කර ඇති හෝ පහසුවෙන් එසේ කළ හැකි ලෙස සකස් කරගත හැකි අතේ ගෙන යා හැකි බැරලයක් සහිත ආයුධයකි.

ලොව පළමු ගිනි අවි නිර්මාණය වූයේ 10 වෙනි ශතවර්ෂයේ චීනයේදීය. උණ බට කැබැල්ලකට වෙඩි බෙහෙත් සහ මූනිස්සම් පුරවා එය හෙල්ලයකට සවි කිරීමෙන් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද එම ආයුධය, එක් පුද්ගලයෙකුට ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ හැකි වූ අතර, 1132 චීනයේ පැවති ඩීන් සටනේදි මෙය සාර්ථක ප්‍රතිඵල ලබා දුනි. 13 වෙනි ශතවර්ෂයේදී මෙම ආයුධයේ ලී බැරලය (උණ බටය) වෙනුවට ලෝහ බැරල යොදා නිර්මාණය කෙරුණි. 14 වෙනි ශතවර්ෂය තුලදී මෙම තාක්ෂණය යුරේෂියාව පුරා ක්‍රමයෙන් පැතිර ගියේය. පැරණි ගිනිඅවි දුම් නිපදවෙන කලු පැහැති වෙඩිබෙහෙත් යොදාගත් නමුත් නවීන ගිනි අවි දුම් රහිත වෙඩිබෙහෙත් හෝ වෙනත් ඉන්ධනයන් යොදාගනී. බොහෝ නවීන ගිනි අවි වල බැරලයේ සර්පිලාකාර කට්ටයන් යොදා ඇත්තේ උණ්ඩය භ්‍රමණයට ලක් කිරීමෙන් එහි පියාසැරිය ස්ථායි කිරීම සඳහා ය.

පිස්තෝල වල නිරවද්‍යතාවය ඇත්තේ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මීටර 100 ක පමණ දුරකට පමණි. රයිෆල වලට මීටර 500 ක් පමණ දුරක් නිරවද්‍යව වෙඩි තැබිය හැක. (උපරිම නිරවද්‍යතාව පවතින දුරට වැඩි දුරක් ගමන් කළද වෙඩි උණ්ඩයට මරණීය තුවාල සිදු කළ හැක.) ස්නයිපර් රයිෆල සහ ප්‍රති-ද්‍රව්‍ය රයිෆල වලට මීටර 2000 ක දුරකට වුවද අතිශය නිරවද්‍යාතාවකින් යුතුව වෙඩි ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කළ හැක.

ගිනි අවි


An Masdevallia recurvata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Stig Dalström. An Masdevallia recurvata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Masdevallia

Masdevallia recurvata


එහි දීප්තිමත්ම කලාව එනම් පුර සඳ අවස්ථාවේ දී සඳට -12.6ක පමණ දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වයක් ඇත. සන්සන්දනාත්මකව සූර්යාට -26.8ක පමණ දෘශ්‍ය විශාලත්වයක් ඇත. චන්ද්‍රයා අව කලාවේ ඇති විට එහි දීප්තිමත් බව පුර සඳෙන් භාගයක් නොවේ. එය එයින් 1/10ක් පමණ වේ. මෙසේ වන්නේ චන්ද්‍ර මතුපිට පරිපූර්ණ ලැම්බර්ටියන් පරාවර්තකයක් නොවන හෙයිනි. සඳ සම්පූර්ණව ඇති විට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ ආචරණය එය වඩාත් දීප්තිමත්ව දක්වයි. නමුත් පූර්ණව නැති විට මතුපිටට ප්‍රක්ෂේපිත සෙවණැලි පරාවර්තිත ආලෝක ප්‍රමාණය අවම කරයි.

ක්ෂිතිජයට ආසන්නයේ දී සඳ වඩා විශාල සේ පෙනේ. මෙය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මනෝමය ආචරණයකි. සඳ ඉහල අහසේ ඇති විට ක්ෂිතිජය අසල දී පෙනෙණ ප්‍රමාණයට වඩා 1.5%ක් පමණ කුඩා වේ. (එසේ වන්නේ එය එක් පෘථිවි අරයකටත් වඩා එපිටින් ඇති හෙයිනි.)

එයට පවතින්නේ අඩු ඇල්බිඩෝවක් වුවත් සඳ අහසෙහි සාපේක්ෂව දීප්තිමත් වස්තුව සේ පෙනේ. චන්ද්‍රයා සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයේ දුර්වලතම පරාවර්තකයා වන අතර එමඟින් පරාවර්තනය කෙරෙන්නේ එය මත පතිත වන ආලෝකයෙන් 7%ක් පමණි. (ගල් අඟුරු කොටසක් මඟින් එවැනිම ආලෝක කොටසක් පරාවර්තනය වේ.) දෘශ්‍ය පද්ධතිවල වර්ණ ධ්‍රැවත්වය වස්තුවක වර්ණය හා එහි වටපිටාව අතර සම්බන්ධය දක්වන අතර වටපිටාවෙහි වූ අහස සන්සන්දනාත්මකව අඳුරු නිසා චන්ද්‍රයා වඩා දීප්තිමත් වස්තුවක් ලෙස පෙනේ.

චන්ද්‍රයා වටා වූ හේලෝවක්

දවසක් තුළ දී සඳෙහි වැඩිම උන්නතාංශය වෙනස් වන අතර ආසන්න වශයෙන් සූර්යයාට සමාන සීමා ඇත. එය පෘථිවි සෘතු හා චන්ද්‍ර කලාව මත ද රඳා පැවතේ. තවදුරටත් වසර 18.6 ක මංසල් චක්‍රය ද බලපෑමක් ඇති කරයි. චන්ද්‍ර කක්ෂයේ ඉහල නැ‍ඟෙන මංසල වසන්ත විෂුවයේ ඇති විට එක් එක් මාසයේ දී චන්ද්‍ර ඇල වීම 280 පමණ දුරට යා හැක. (මෑතක දී මෙය සිදු වූයේ 2006 දීය) මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වන්නේ සඳට 280ක් දක්වා වූ අක්ෂාංශවලට ඉහලින් යාමට හැකි වීමයි. (ෆොරීඩා, කැනරි දූපත් හෝ දකුණු අර්ධ ගෝලයේ බ්‍රිස්බෙන්) වසර 9කට පමණ පසු ඇල වීම එක් මසකට 180 N හෝ S පමණ වේ. අඩ සඳෙහි පිහිටීම ද නිරීක්ෂණ ස්ථානයේ අක්ෂාංශ මත පදනම් වූ සමකයට ආසන්නයේ සිටි නිරීක්ෂකයකුට බෝට්ටුවක් ආකාරයේ සඳක් දැක ගත හැක.

සූර්යා මෙන්ම චන්ද්‍රයාට ද, 220 හේලෝ වලල්ලක් හා කුඩා කිරීටක වළලු ඇතුළත් වායු‍ගෝලීය ආචරණ ඇති කළ හැක. චන්ද්‍රයා පෘථිවි අහසෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ කෙසේද යන්න පිළිබඳ වැඩි විස්තර සඳහා චන්ද්‍ර කලාව බලන්න.

චන්ද්‍රයා - නිරීක්ෂණය


Louis Rasminsky,  (February 1, 1908 – September 15, 1998) was the third Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1961 to 1973, succeeding James Coyne. He was succeeded by Gerald Bouey.

Born in Montreal, he was raised in Toronto, graduated at Harbord Collegiate Institute, educated at the University of Toronto and the London School of Economics. In 1930, he started at the Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations as a specialist in monetary and banking issues. He joined the Bank of Canada in 1940, becoming executive assistant to the Governors of the Bank from 1943 to 1954 and Deputy Governor in 1955.

He served as Canada's executive director at the International Monetary Fund from 1946 until 1962. He was also executive director at the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1950 to 1962.

In 1968, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour, "for his services to Canada and a life-long career in the fields of international economic affairs and central banking". In 1968, he was awarded the Outstanding Achievement Award, the highest honour in the Public Service of Canada. He was the first Canadian to receive an honorary degree from Yeshiva University. He also received honorary degrees from Carleton University, Trent University, the University of British Columbia and Concordia University (1975).

In the 1960s, the distinguished Rideau Club in Ottawa declined to admit Rasminsky on account of the fact that he was Jewish. It succumbed to pressure from Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, among others.

Canadian historian Bruce Muirhead received the Joseph and Fay Tanenbaum Award for Canadian Jewish History for his biography of Rasminsky, Against the Odds: The Public Life and Times of Louis Rasminsky (University of Toronto Press, 1999).

His daughter, Lola Rasminsky, is the Founder and Director of the Avenue Road Arts School in Toronto. His son, Dr. Michael Rasminsky, practices neurology at the Montreal General Hospital.

References

External links
 Order of Canada Citation
 Louis Rasminsky at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1908 births
1998 deaths
People from Montreal
Canadian Jews
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Governors of the Bank of Canada
Companions of the Order of Canada
University of Toronto alumni

Louis Rasminsky


مدينة حبوبة الأثرية هي مدينة أثرية في سوريا تقع عل ضفاف بحيرة الأسد على نهر الفرات،

أهمية الموقع
تبرز أهمية موقع حبوبة من الدلائل التي قدمها موقع هذه المدينة عن أنظمة العمارة والأسوار الدفاعية في منتصف الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد 4500 عام قبل الميلاد، وألقت النتائج التي توصل إليها علماء الآثار عن المستوى الحضاري والمعماري العالي والمستوى الذي وصلت إليه المدينة خلال هذه الفترة من تاريخ سوريا القديم.

التنقيب
أظهر التنقيبات أن مساحة المدينة تبلغ نحو 18 هكتارا كانت كلها مشغولة بالأحياء السكنية للمدينة وقُدّر عدد سكان المدينة بحدود تتراوح ما بين 7 آلاف إلى 10 آلاف نسمة، وتشير أسوار المدينة التي تصل سماكتها إلى ثلاثة أمتار إلى تنظيم متقن وأسلوب دفاعي متميز.
للمدينة عدة بوابات ويتم الدخول إليها من البوابة الضخمة، تميزت مساكن حبوبة بالاتساع ووجد في موقع المدينة الكثير من المكتشفات الأثرية والأواني.

مصادر

أماكن مأهولة أسست في الألفية الرابعة قبل الميلاد
أماكن مأهولة سابقا في سوريا
اكتشافات أثرية في 1969
مدن أثرية سورية
مواقع أثرية
مواقع أثرية في محافظة حلب

حبوبة (مدينة أثرية)


Luciano Federico "Lucho" Acosta (nascido em 31 de maio de 1994) é um futebolista profissional argentino que joga como meia-atacante do FC Cincinnati, clube da Major League Soccer .

Carreira

Boca Juniors
Acosta fez sua estreia profissional pelo Boca Juniors em 9 de fevereiro de 2014, quando o Boca empatou com o Newell's Old Boys, substituindo Juan Manuel Martínez na final de 2014 . Acosta apareceu no Xeneizes como titular durante o Torneo Final de 2014.

Estudiantes (empréstimo)
No dia 24 de janeiro de 2015, o jogador foi cedido por empréstimo ao Estudiantes. O contrato foi até o fim da temporada com opção de compra do time por 50% do passe do jogador.

Pelo time de La Plata, o jogador fez 35 aparições, participando da campanha que deixaria o Estudiantes nas oitavas de final da Libertadores de 2015, onde marcou 1 gol, e também esteve no plantel que fez o clube ficar em 7º colocado no Campeonato Argentino de 2015, garantindo vaga para a Pré-Libertadores de 2016. O jogador também marcou 1 gol nessa competição

Ao todo, o jogador fez 35 jogos, 2 gols e 4 assistências.

DC United (empréstimo e compra)
Em 2016, Acosta foi emprestado por uma temporada ao DC United da Major League Soccer . Acosta fez sua estreia competitiva em uma partida das quartas de final da Liga dos Campeões da CONCACAF contra o Queretaro . Ele marcou seu primeiro gol pelo DC United aos 86 minutos de um jogo da liga contra o New England Revolution em 23 de abril.

Após a temporada de 2016, o DC United comprou o contrato de Acosta por uma taxa recorde do clube. Ele marcou seu primeiro hat-trick profissional em 13 de agosto de 2018, quando jogava pelo DC United contra o Orlando City e a partida terminou em 3–2 a favor do DC United. Em 21 de outubro de 2018, Acosta deu uma assistência para Wayne Rooney após um drible excelente e também marcou para si mesmo na vitória por 3 a 1 sobre o New York City FC, que garantiu uma vaga no play-off na MLS Cup para o DC United.

Desde a chegada de Wayne Rooney ao DC United, Luciano e Wayne desenvolveram uma boa química em campo e trocaram gols e assistências. A química fez com que fossem considerados uma das melhores duplas de toda a MLS.  Os fãs do DC United apelidaram sua dupla de "Luchoroo".

Antes da temporada de 2019, Acosta estava muito perto de assinar com o Paris Saint-Germain FC . Fontes disseram que a oferta ao DC United era inferior a 10 milhões de dólares e Acosta estava programado para chegar a Paris para o exame médico. Na temporada 2019 da MLS, a forma de Acosta estava em declínio,  e estava começando a ser expulso do primeiro time. Após a temporada de 2019, o contrato de Acosta com o DC United terminou. Ele jogou sua última partida pelo DC em 19 de outubro de 2019, em uma partida do playoff da MLS contra o Toronto FC . Em 12 de novembro de 2019, Acosta disse a um canal de rádio argentino, 'La Mano de Dios', que o ex-companheiro de DC Wayne Rooney disse a ele que queria trazê-lo para Derby County, onde Rooney se tornaria jogador-treinador em 2020. Acosta deixou o DC United no final da temporada de 2019, quando seu contrato expirou.

Atlas
Em 19 de dezembro de 2019, foi anunciado que Acosta se juntaria ao Atlas da Liga MX em 1º de janeiro de 2020. Acosta marcou seu primeiro gol pelo Atlas contra o Tijuana em 31 de janeiro de 2020.

FC Cincinnati
Em 17 de março de 2021, Acosta voltou à Major League Soccer, juntando-se ao FC Cincinnati em um contrato de três anos como jogador designado . O FC Cincinnati adquiriu seus direitos da MLS do DC United em troca de $ 250.000 em dinheiro de alocação geral, mais possíveis incentivos futuros. Ele fez sua estreia pelo clube em 17 de abril de 2021, na estreia contra o Nashville SC. Ele marcou no 8º minuto quando o FC Cincinnati empatou em 2–2 fora de casa.

Pela equipe estadunidense, Luciano se consolidou como capitão da equipe, e assinou uma extensão de contrato em setembro de 2023, após quase mudar de equipe no começo do ano. Nesse mesmo ano, o jogador conquistou a MLS Supporters' Shield, seu primeiro título jogando nos Estados Unidos.

Prêmios
Cincinnati

 MLS Supporters' Shield: 2023

Individual

 MLS 11 Melhores: 2018, 2022
 MLS All-Star: 2022

Vida Pessoal
Acosta possui um green card nos Estados Unidos, o que o qualifica como um jogador para fins de escalação da MLS.

Referências

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1994
Pessoas vivas
Naturais de Rosário (Argentina)
Futebolistas da Argentina
Futebolistas do Club Atlético Boca Juniors
Futebolistas do Club Estudiantes de La Plata
Futebolistas do D.C. United
Futebolistas do Football Club Cincinnati
Futebolistas do Atlas Fútbol Club
Argentinos expatriados nos Estados Unidos
Argentinos expatriados no México

Luciano Acosta


Irving may refer to:

People
Irving (name), including a list of people with the name

Fictional characters
 Irving, the main character's love interest in Cathy (comic strip)
 Lloyd Irving, the main protagonist in the Tales of Symphonia video game

Places

Canada
 Irving Nature Park, a park in Saint John, N.B.

United States
Irving, California, former name of Irvington, California
Irving, Illinois
Irving, Iowa
Irving (Duluth), Minnesota
Irving, New York
Irving, Texas
Irving, Wisconsin, a town
Irving (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Irving Park, Chicago, Illinois
 Irving Township, Montgomery County, Illinois
 Irving Township, Michigan
 Irving Township, Minnesota
 Lake Irving, a lake in Minnesota

Companies
 Irving Group of Companies, Canadian conglomerate based in Saint John, New Brunswick, controlled by the Irving family, including:
 J. D. Irving, a conglomerate with holdings in forestry, pulp and paper, tissue, newsprint, building supplies, frozen food, transportation, shipping lines, and ship building, including
Irving Tissue
Irving Shipbuilding
Irving Equipment
Irving Oil
Irving Oil Refinery
 Irving Trust, formerly a large New York bank, merged into Bank of New York in 1988
 Irving (talent agency), talent agency based in Tokyo, Japan

Other uses
 Irving (band), an American indie rock band
 "Irving", World War II Allied code-name for the Japanese Nakajima J1N aircraft
 Operation Irving, a military operation that took place in Vietnam in October 1966
 "Irving", designation for Gekko in the video game Metal Gear Solid 4
 Irving, a magic sword belonging to Joe the Barbarian in Jack Chalker's Dancing Gods series of fantasy novels
"Irving (Jaggered Sixteenths)", the B-side instrumental jazz tune accompanying The Crystals' 1964 A-side hit "All Grown Up"

See also

Erving (disambiguation)
Irvine (disambiguation)
Irve (disambiguation)
IRV (disambiguation)

Irving


Le siège d'Agadir est une opération militaire lancée en 1540 par les Saadiens afin de prendre la forteresse d'Agadir, sous contrôle portugais depuis 1505. Les Marocains s'emparent de la ville après un long siège meurtrier.

Contexte
Profitant de l'état d'anarchie qui régnait au Maroc, les Portugais élèvent de nombreuses forteresses dans la côte atlantique du Maroc. En effet, entre 1505 et 1519, les Portugais occupent ainsi Safi, Anfa, Azemmour, Mazagan, Aguz, Mogador, Agadir et éphémèrement Maâmora, qui est évacuée dans la catastrophe après une attaque menée par les Wattassides, où plus de  y perdent la vie.

C'est donc en 1505 que les Portugais s'installent à Agadir par l'intermédiaire du gentilhomme João Lopes de Sequeira. Celui-ci fait bâtir un fortin, connue sous le nom de Santa-Cruz do Cabo de Gué, dont l'enceinte englobe une source d'eau. L'emplacement choisie est cependant assez défavorable aux Portugais. Outre un mouillage fort mauvais, la forteresse se trouve au pied d'une hauteur qui domine dangereusement l'emplacement. Des tentatives espagnoles d'établissement menées quelques années auparavant notamment en 1504, sont déjouées par les habitants de la région de Massa, plus favorable aux Portugais. C'est ce qui explique peut-être la construction de cette forteresse. En 1511, proclamée chef du djihad par les tribus du Souss, le chérif saadien Abou Abdallah al-Qaim tente de s'en emparer, en vain. En 1513, le roi de Portugal Manuel Ier rachète l'établissement d'Agadir au nom de la Couronne.

Constamment harcelée par la tribu Ksima, les hostilités semblent cesser vers 1513 grâce à l'aide des habitants de Massa, avec qui les Portugais ont de bonnes relations. La forteresse commence alors à être ravitaillée depuis l'extérieur. De plus, de nombreuses razzias fructueuses sont menées par les Portugais dans la région. Toutefois, la montée en puissance des Saadiens dans le Souss met définitivement fin à cette période plutôt prospère. En effet, les Saadiens parviennent à contrôler toutes les routes de la région, et à isoler les Portugais dans leur forteresse. Dès 1516 par exemple, les relations entre les Portugais et les gens de Massa sont rompues, dues aux pressions des chérifs saadiens.

En 1525, une expédition saadienne est menée contre la place. Les Marocains sont mis en déroute. Après plusieurs années d'affrontement entre Saadiens et Wattassides, le traité de Tadla est signé en 1527. Celui-ci donne aux Saadiens le contrôle du Sud du pays et de Marrakech, tandis que le reste du pays, avec la capitale Fès, reste aux Wattassides. Cet arrêt des hostilités va permettre aux Saadiens de concentrer leurs forces pour le djihad contre les Portugais. Ainsi dès 1531, Mohammed ech-Cheikh gouverneur du Souss et frère du sultan saadien Ahmed al-Araj, mène une première tentative de siège déjouée grâce à des renforts venus de Madère. En 1533, une autre tentative est sur le point de réussir mais finalement repoussée. En 1536, Mohammed ech-Cheikh assiège à nouveau en vain la forteresse portugaise. L'année suivante, une trêve de trois ans est signée entre les Portugais et Saadiens.

Déroulement
À l'expiation de la trêve, Mohammed ech-Cheikh rassemble une grande armée soutenue par une importante artillerie saisie notamment aux Wattassides lors des conflits précédents le traité de 1527. Dès septembre 1540, Mohammed ech-Cheikh débute le blocus d'Agadir et ordonne les travaux de siège autour de la ville. Il donne le commandement du siège à Moumen ben Yahya ben el-Ilj, puis confie à son fils Moulay Mohamed El Harrane, la tâche de bâtir en moins de deux mois un bourg fortifié avec une tour importante, au sommet de la colline surplombant la forteresse portugaise. Moulay Mohamed El Harrane  y installe 40 à 50 pièces d'artillerie, renforcées par cinq grosses bombardes. De plus, une autre partie de l'artillerie est installée non loin des murailles de Santa-Cruz. Les Saadiens établissent également un camp du côté de la pointe d'Anza, d'où ils sont à l'abri du feu de la place portugaise.

Les Saadiens qui disposent alors de trois bastions pleins d'artillerie et de nombreuses grosses bombardes, harcèlent quotidiennement la ville en menant plusieurs attaques par jour, contraignant la garnison portugaise à s'enfermer dans la place. L'attaque générale débute à partir du . Menée par l'un des fils de Mohammed ech-Cheikh, Moulay Abdelkader, les Marocains bombardent pendant 22 jours sans arrêt la ville. L'artillerie marocaine cause des dégâts énormes aux défenses de la place. Toutes les pièces portugaises sont ainsi neutralisées à l'exception de celle du bastion de Tamraght et de la tour de la Vigie. Le , une explosion interne cause d'importantes pertes aux assiégés.

Après six mois de siège meurtrier, les Marocains lancent l'assaut final le . Ils s'emparent par escalade de la plate-forme du donjon de la citadelle. Les Portugais tentent alors de placer au-dessous de la plate-forme un baril de poudre. Après un premier échec, les Portugais réussissent à placer un autre baril sur la plate-forme, et à y déclencher une explosion tuant les Marocains dessus. Cependant, la brèche faite par cette explosion permet aux Marocains de s'infiltrer dans la citadelle, et de s'en emparer après un dernier combat acharné contre la garnison portugaise.

La forteresse est entièrement rasée, et le bourg entièrement brulé. Sur les  de la place, plus de  sont tués,  capturés et emmenés comme esclaves à Taroudant. Le gouverneur Gutierre de Monroy est capturé avec sa fille. D'après une lettre datée du , de W. Southampton et J. Russel à destination du roi anglais Henri VIII, les  de la garnison auraient mis à mort leurs femmes et enfants pour leur éviter les supplices de l'esclavage. Le bilan reste cependant lourd pour les Saadiens également, qui déplorent d'importantes pertes.

Conséquences
La prise d'Agadir accroit considérablement le prestige des chérifs saadiens et de Mohammed ech-Cheikh, confortant grandement sa position dans le Sud marocain, lui permettant de vaincre plus tard son frère Ahmed al-Araj après une dispute concernant le partage du butin d'Agadir. Il accède ainsi au pouvoir en 1544. La chute d'Agadir provoque également un séisme au Portugal, où est décidé par le roi Jean III, l'évacuation d'Azemmour et Safi en décembre 1541, pour mieux concentrer la défense sur Mazagan. Assilah et Ksar Sghir sont ensuite abandonnées en 1550. Les Portugais ne conservant plus que Tanger, Ceuta, Anfa et Mazagan.

Le port d'Agadir se révèlera important pour les Saadiens d'un point de vue économique, car ils pourront ainsi y acquérir des armes et écouler du sucre, grande richesse de la région du Souss. D'autres produits locaux comme les cuirs et peaux, le miel et de l'or venant du Soudan y seront également exportés.

Sources

Notes

Sources bibliographiques

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Francophone

Agadir (1540-1541)
Agadir (1540-1541)
Agadir (1540)
Agadir (1541)

Siège d'Agadir (1540-1541)


هرم الهرمل هو موقع أثري لبناني. يقع بحوالي عشرة كلم جنوب مدينة هرمل. وهو عبارة عن هرم يرتفع 27مترا. نصب على قمة تلة في المنطقة مما يمكن مشاهدته عن بعد أميال من كل ناحية.
يرتفع الهرم حوالي 26 مترًا عن سطح الأرض، وهو كتلة واحدة لا يوجد فيها أي باب أو نافذة، ويتكون من قاعدة يبلغ ارتفاعها 1.40 مترًا، ويتكون من ثلاث طبقات من الرخام الأسود، وترتفع فوقه ثلاثة طوابق: قاع مربع ارتفاعه 7.80 متر مزين بنقوش، كل جانب محاط بأعمدة، وارتفاع مركزي مربع الشكل يبلغ 7.20 مترًا، كل جانب مزين بأربعة أعمدة متناظرة ارتفاعها 0.60 متر، والهرم العلوي بارتفاع 9.60 متر، مزين برسومات محفورة على جدرانه، وبعض النقوش التي تمثل صور ووجوه بعض الملوك ، كما يرمز بعضها إلى مشاهد صيد الخنازير البرية والغزلان، مع وجود دببة تقوم بحماية صغارها. والمشترك بين كل المشاهد المنقوشة على الهرم أنها خالية من أي آثار للصيادين، حيث تم استبدالها بمعدات الصيد كالرماح والأقواس والعصي الحديدية، وغيرها من الأشياء التي يصعب تحديد هويتها، بالإضافة إلى الكلاب التي لم يجد علماء الآثار أي تفسير لها حتى الآن، مثل حل هذا الهرم.

المراجع

آثار لبنان
السياحة في لبنان
معالم لبنانية

هرم الهرمل


Thomas Kjer Olsen (født 24. april 1997 i Sønderborg) er en professionel dansk motocrosskører. Der, siden hans VM debut i 2017 har kørt for fabriksteamet Rockstar Energy Factory Husqvarna Racing i VM MX2-klassen. I de 3 sæsoner han har kørt VM er det blevet til to bronzemedaljer i hhv. 2017 og 2018. I 2019 lykkedes det ham at sikre sølvmedaljen med 2 afdelinger tilbage.

Til sæson 2021 lykkes det at skrive en 2-årig kontrakt med Ice One Husqvarna Factory Racing, som derved sikrede oprykning til kongeklassen MXGP. Samme år gjorde Thomas sig særligt bemærket, da han som første dansker nogensinde vinder et heat til Motocross of Nations i Italien.

Resultater

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Sønderborg
Motocrosskørere

Thomas Kjer Olsen


Mastín americano es una raza de perro tipo moloso originaria de Estados Unidos y creada por Fredericka Wagner del criadero "Flying W Farms" mediante el cruce de un mastín inglés y un pastor de Anatolia. En 2000, el Continental Kennel Club lo reconoce como pura raza.

Apariencia
 Altura: hembras: 28-34 pulgadas; machos: 32-36 pulgadas.
 Peso: hembras: 140-180 libras; machos: 160-200 libras.

Condiciones de vida
Al contrario que otras razas grandes, este mastín encaja perfectamente en la vida en un apartamento, siempre y cuando se ejercite diariamente, bien con un paseo o con una carrera corta cada día. Un patio trasero pequeño también le es suficiente.

Véase también
 Bullmastiff
 Dogo de Burdeos
 Dogo del Tíbet
 Mastín español
 Mastín inglés
 Mastín napolitano
 Molosos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 American Mastiff Breeders Council.
 Continental Kennel Club.

Molosos
Razas de perro de Estados Unidos

Mastín americano


Prodidomus purpurascens est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Cap-Occidental en Afrique du Sud.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure .

La femelle décrite par Cooke en 1964 mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Purcell en 1904.

Publication originale
 Purcell, 1904 : « Descriptions of new genera and species of South African spiders. » Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society, , , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Afrique du Sud

Prodidomus purpurascens


Betakoronavirusi (β-CoV ili Beta-CoV) jedan su od četiri roda koronavirusa u poddružini Orthocoronavirinae u obitelji Coronaviridae, reda Nidovirales. Oni su zamotani, jednolančani RNK virusi zoonotskog, pozitivnog smisla. Koronavirusni rodovi sastoje se od različitih virusnih rodova s rodom betakoronavirusa koji sadrži četiri takve vrste. U starijoj literaturi ovaj je rod poznat i kao koronavirusi grupe 2.

Virologija
Alpha i betakoronavirusi uglavnom zaraze šišmiše, ali također zaraze i druge vrste poput ljudi, deva i zečeva. Beta-CoV koji su uzrokovali epidemije kod ljudi uglavnom izazivaju vrućicu i respiratorne simptome. Oni uključuju:

 SARS-CoV | Epidemija SARS-a 2002. – 2004.
 MERS-CoV | MERS
 SARS-CoV-2 | Pandemija COVID-19

Morfologija
Virusi roda A razlikuju se od svih ostalih u rodu po tome što imaju dodatni kraći protein u obliku šiljka koji se zove hemaglutinin esteraza (HE) (P15776). Smatra se da je stečen od virusa gripe C.

Naziv Koronavirus potječe od latinskog corona, što znači 'kruna' ili 'halo', a odnosi se na njihovu sliku pod elektronskom mikroskopijom krunastih krojeva na njihovoj površini sličnih solarnoj koroni. Ovu morfologiju stvaraju virusni špic (S) peplomeri, proteini koji naseljavaju površinu virusa i određuju tropizam domaćina. Red Nidovirales nazvan je latinskim nidusom, što znači 'gnijezdo'. Odnosi se na proizvodnju ovog reda 3'-koterminalnog ugniježđenog skupa subgenomskih mRNA tijekom infekcije.

Riješeno je nekoliko struktura proteina šiljaka. Domena vezivanja receptora u Alpha i Betacoronavirus spič proteinu katalogizirana je kao InterPro: IPR018548. Šiljak protein, stroj za fuziju tipa 1, sastavlja se u trimer (PDB: 3jcl, 6acg); njegova jezgra struktura nalikuje proteini paramiksovirusa F (fuzija). Upotreba receptora nije jako očuvana; na primjer, među Sarbecovirusima, samo pod-linija koja sadrži SARS dijeli ACE2 receptor.

Galerija

Izvori

Betakoronavirus


Hutular, Burundi ve Ruanda'da yaşayan Bantulardan bir halk. Ruanda nüfusunun %84'ü ve Burundi nüfusunun %85'i Hutu kökenlidir. Bununla birlikte, Hutuları tam olarak bir etnik grup görmek pek doğru değildir, zira Hutu ayrımı etnisiteden çok sosyal sınıf ayrımından köken bulmaktadır ve Hutular ile bölgedeki diğer etnik gruplar, özellikle de Tutsiler arasında herhangi bir belirli dilsel, fizikî veya kültürel farklılık yoktur. Tarihi açıdan bu gruplar boy ortalaması ve fiziksel görünüş açısından farklılıklar barındırmış, fakat bugün bu farklılıklar belirsizleşmiştir. Bazı araştırmacılar bu grupların oluşumunda Belçikalı kolonicilerin rolünün de önemli olduğunu belirtmektedir.

Hutular Afrika'nın Büyük Göller Bölgesi'ne 2. yüzyıl dolaylarında gelmiş ve Twaların yerini alarak 15. yüzyıla kadar bir dizi küçük krallık ile bölgede hâkim konumda kalmışlardır. Bu dönemde (15. yüzyıl dolayları) ise Tutsilerin Etiyopya tarafından bölgeye geldikleri ve Hutuları yendikleri düşünülmektedir; fakat bu fikirler tartışmalıdır. 1950'lerdeki kolonyal dönemin sonuna kadar Tutsi monarşisi egemenliğini sürdürmüştür; kolonyal dönemde Belçikalı yöneticiler etnik ayrışmayı kendi otoritelerini korumak için kullanmıştır. Kolonyal dönemin sonunda, Tutsi monarşisi kısa sürede yıkılmış ve bölge 1962'de Ruanda ve Burundi olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Bununla birlikte Tutsiler Burundi'de dominant taraf olarak kalmışken, Ruanda'da 1994 yılına kadar Hutular daha yetkin taraf olmuşlardır. Bugün sayılarının yaklaşık olarak 5-5,9 milyon dolaylarında olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ruanda Katliamı

Burundi'deki etnik gruplar
Ruanda'daki etnik gruplar
Ruanda Soykırımı
Bantu
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Hutular


Talas (Kırgızca: Талас областы) Kırgızistan'da Oblast olarak adlandırılan illerinden biri.

İlçeler
 Bakay-Ata
 Karabuura
 Manas
 Talas

Dış bağlantılar
 Talas Bölgesinin köy meclis hizmeti

Kırgızistan'ın illeri

Talas (il)


Ernst von Brandenburg ist der Name folgender Personen:

 Ernst (Brandenburg) (1583–1613), Statthalter von Jülich-Kleve-Berg
 Ernst (Brandenburg-Jägerndorf) (1617–1642), Titularherzog von Jägerndorf

Ernst von Brandenburg