M'lumbo es un grupo norteamericano de jazz fusión y world music, fundado en Nueva York a finales de la década de 1980, por Robert Mbotto Ray y Zombie Ron Boggs, como una forma de escapar de la música comercial (estaban en una banda de rock).

Historial
Durante los años siguientes, M'lumbo editó una docena de álbumes y sus temas se incluyeron en un buen número de recopilatorios. La banda está integrada por Rob Ray (teclados), Paul-Alexandre Meurens (saxo tenor, flauta, clarinete bajo y bajo eléctrico), Vin Veloso (saxo alto, flauta, piano), Cecil Young (trompeta, percusión, voz), Jaz Sawyer (batería), Dehran Duckworth (percusión), Josh Ferrazzano y Matt Bass (audiovisuales), Brian O'Neill (guitarra, ingeniero de sonido), Mo O'Connor percusión), Adam Omeljaniuk y James McLean (ingenieros).

La banda desarrolló un gran número de actuaciones, en la Knitting Factory y otros centros de actividad de Nueva York, abriendo sesiones para músicos y grupos como Neotropic, Sean Lennon, Badawi, Mantronix, Jaron Lanier, Jojo Meyers, Nerve, DJ Muttamasik y Duncan Sheik, entre otros.

Su música ha sido definida como "jazz/funk/afro-pop improvisarama" (Richard Gehr, "Village Voice"), aunque con el tiempo evoluconó hacia un sonido más ambient ("Alternative Press") y, finalmente, hacia verdaderos espectáculos audio-visuales (Douglas Wolk, "Village Voice").

Enlaces externos
 http://www.mlumbo.com
 M'lumbo (página de Wikipedia en inglés)
 M'lumbo en Bandcamp
 M'lumbo página de MySpace
 Search for M'lumbo

Este artículo está tomado, en su versión inicial, de Wikipedia en inglés.

Grupos de jazz de Estados Unidos

M'Lumbo


O Castelo da Boa Esperança (em inglêsː Castle of the Good Hope) é um forte construído entre os anos de 1666 e 1679, que está localizado na Cidade do Cabo, na África do Sul. É um Patrimônio Nacional e, atualmente, é a sede do Comando da Província Ocidental e abriga o Museu Militar e o Museu Iziko, que possui em seu acervo a Coleção William Fehr.

História
Em 1652, o comandante Jan van Riebeeck constrói um pequeno forte, de barro e madeira, para servir de posto avançado do Cabo da Boa Esperança para a Companhia Holandesa das Índias Orientais. Este forte foi construído em Table Valley, perto da praia e a leste do rio Fresh.

No ano de 1664, os Países Baixos e Inglaterra ameaçaram iniciar uma guerra marítima entre eles, então, em 1666, a Companhia Holandesa das Índias Orientais iniciou a construção do castelo, substituindo o pequeno forte, para fornecer uma maior proteção ao assentamento. O novo forte foi construído aproximadamente a 223 metros a leste do antigo forte. Em 1667, com o fim da guerra, as obras foram interrompidas, com apenas dois bastiões prontos. Em 1672, deu-se início a um novo conflito entre os dois países, e as obras do forte foram retomadas. No ano de 1674, o antigo forte é desativado e a nova fortificação é ocupada, mesmo com as obras em andamento. E em 26 de abril de 1679, as obras são finalizadas.

Em 1695, o castelo passa a ser a sede do governo holandês e a Companhia Holandesa das Índias Orientais constrói a residência oficial do governador e um salão do conselho.

Em 1795, o castelo passa a servir de quartel-general militar e sede do governo britânico. Em 1811, gradativamente a sede do governo britânico foi sendo transferida e só permanecendo os serviços militares no castelo.

Entre os anos de 1899 e 1902, durante a Segunda Guerra dos Bôeres, as celas e câmaras de torturam do castelo foram usadas pelos britânicos.

Em meados do século XIX, as autoridades britânicas tentam demolir o castelo por diversas vezes, mas cidadãos africâner impediram. Em um dos acontecimentos, a ferrovia da cidade precisava ser ampliada, e para a passagem da ferrovia, Cecil Rhodes queria demolir os bastiões Katzenellenbogen e Buuren, e a bateria Imhoff completa. Marie Koopmans-de Wet, uma mulher proeminente com raízes holandesas, impediu que acontecesse. E somente a bateria Imhoff foi demolida para a passagem da via ferroviária.

No ano de 1907, o castelo passa a pertencer à Força de Defesa da União, a qual pertence até os dias de hoje. Em 17 de abril de 1936, o castelo recebe o título de Patrimônio Provincial, sob o número de gazeta 2346. E em 14 de outubro de 2016, é substituído para Patrimônio Nacional, sob o número de gazeta 40346.

Arquitetura

O castelo foi construído conforme os princípios do antigo sistema de defesa dos Países Baixos do início do século XVII, com paredes inclinadas e mais largas na base, para desviar o impacto de balas de canhão, e em planta pentagonal, para possibilitar atacar os invasores pelos flancos. As obras foram chefiadas pelo engenheiro Peter Dombaer, tendo como carpinteiro Adriaan van Braeckel e mestre de obras Douwe Gerbrandtz Steyn. Escravos eram usados para obter materiais de construção, como pedra, cal queimada de conchas e madeira, e a construção era feita por soldados.

O material usado na construção do castelo veio de diversas regiões. As pedras vieram de uma pedreira de Signal Hill (atual Waterkant); as conchas, usadas na argamassa de cal, vieram das praias de Robben Island, e posteriormente de Baía de Saldanha, devido ao esgotamento do material no primeiro local; e os tijolos vieram da Holanda.

As fundações do forte foram construídas sobre um leito rochoso, com 3 metros de largura e de 3 a 6 metros de profundidade. Foi construído um fosso de 25 metros ao redor do forte. A planta possui formato pentagonal com bastiões em cada canto, denominados Leerdam, Buren, Katzenellenbogen, Nassau e Orange. As paredes que ligam os bastiões possuem 150 metros de comprimento e a lateral de cada bastião possui ângulo reto com a parede adjacente. Havia um depósito de pólvora sob cada bastião. O bastião Buren, ao norte, abrigava os aposentos de alguns dos oficiais e homens. No topo do bastião, foram montados canhões de 12, 18 e 24 pounder. O bastião Katzenellenbogen, ao leste, possuía o mastro da bandeira, abaixo dela estava o "buraco negro" e outras celas. O bastião Nassau, a sudeste, abrigava um grupamento de armazéns e escritórios. O bastião Orange, ao sul, abrigava os alojamentos dos guardas do arsenal; e os aposentos e oficinas dos armeiros. Entre os bastiões Nassau e Katzenellenbogen havia um porto sally com portas de ferro.

A antiga entrada do castelo situava-se entre os bastiões Buren e Katzenellenbogen, posteriormente foi transferida para entre os bastiões Buren e Leerdam. Na entrada há um frontão com o brasão de armas dos Países Baixos, e nas arquitraves os brasões de Amsterdão, Roterdão, Delft, Zelândia, Hoorn e Enkhuizen. Acima da entrada, foi construído um campanário com tijolos klompies e instalado um sino, que foi fundido em Amesterdão no ano de 1697.

Foi construída uma muralha Kat cruzando o pátio, desde o bastão Katzenellenbogen até a parede entre os bastiões Leerdam e Orange. A muralha foi construída com 12 metros de altura e um portão conectando os pátios, e acima do portão há um relógio de sol.

Posteriormente, à direita do portão da muralha Kat foi construída a residência do govenador e o salão do conselho, tendo Thibault como arquiteto e Anreith como escultor. E à esquerda do portão, foi construída a residência do Secunde sobre as adegas de grãos.

Lendas
Há algumas histórias de aparições fantasmagóricas no castelo. A aparição mais proeminente é da Lady Anne Barnard, esposa do Secretário Colonial britânico e moradora do castelo nos anos de 1800. Dizem que em algumas noites, seu espírito ilumina o salão de baile com música e alegria, e rapidamente o ambiente escurece novamente, só deixando um cheiro de perfume no ar. Há relatos de outras aparições, como a Senhora de Cinza, que foi vista pelo menos três vezes, até o ano de 1947; e a aparição de quatro acusados de liderar um motim na época da construção do castelo. É relatado que os espíritos dos quatro líderes são vistos ao redor do bastião  Leerdam. Também há relatos de aparições, pelos corredores do castelo, do espírito do ex-governador Pieter Gijsbert (1727 a 1729), que condenou uma pessoa à morte, e essa pessoa o amaldiçoou; e na mesma tarde o governador morreu.

Turismo
O castelo está aberto ao público todos os dias, com entrada paga. É um dos principais pontos turísticos da cidade. As visitas podem ser guiadas ou feitas por conta própria. No local há uma cafeteria com mesas ao ar livre e uma loja de souvenires.

Ligações externas

 Site oficial do Castelo da Boa Esperança

Construções da Cidade do Cabo
Museus militares
Fortificações
Atrações turísticas da Cidade do Cabo
Museus da Cidade do Cabo

Castelo da Boa Esperança


Erckmann-Chatrian a fost numele folosit de autorii francezi Émile Erckmann (1822-1899) și Alexandre Chatrian (1826-1890), aproape toate lucrările ale acestora au fost scrise împreună.

Istorie
Atât Erckmann, cât și Chatrian s-au născut în departamentul Meurthe (acum Mosela), în regiunea Lorena din nord-estul extrem al Franței. S-au specializat în ficțiune militară și povestiri cu fantome într-un mediu rustic. Prieteni de-a lungul vieții, s-au întâlnit pentru prima dată în primăvara anului 1847, s-au certat la mijlocul anilor 1880, după care nu au mai scris nimic împreună. În 1890 Chatrian a murit, iar Erckmann a mai scris câteva piese folosind numele său.

Multe dintre lucrările lui Erckmann-Chatrian au fost traduse în engleză de Adrian Ross.

Povestirile de groază supranaturală ale duo-ului cunoscute în engleză includ "The Huntsman Wild" (tr. 1871), "The Man-Wolf" (tr. 1876)  și "The Crab Spider". Aceste povestiri au primit laude de la renumitul scriitor englez de povestiri cu fantome, M. R. James, precum și de HP Lovecraft.

Erckmann-Chatrian au scris numeroase romane istorice, dintre care unele au atacat cel de- al doilea imperiu francez în termeni antimonarhici. Parțial ca rezultat al republicanismului lor, ei au fost lăudați de Victor Hugo și de Émile Zola și au fost atacați cu înverșunare în paginile publicației Le Figaro. Câștigând popularitate din 1859 pentru sentimentele lor naționaliste, antimilitariste și anti-germane, au fost autori bine vânduți, dar au avut probleme cu cenzura politică de-a lungul carierei lor. În general, romanele au fost scrise de Erckmann, iar piesele de teatru în mare parte de Chatrian.

Un festival în onoarea lor are loc în fiecare vară în orașul de naștere al lui Erckmann, Phalsbourg (în germană Pfalzburg), care conține și un muzeu militar care prezintă ediții ale lucrărilor lor.

Lucrări

Primele lucrări
Multe din aceste lucrări nu au fost publicate până în anii 1860.
Malédiction; Vin rouge et vin blanc (1849)
L'Alsace en 1814, teatru (1850)
Science et génie, poveste fantastică (1850)
Schinderhannes ou les Brigands des Vosges (1852)
Le Bourgmestre en bouteille (by Erckmann, 1856)
L'Illustre Docteur Mathéus (1856)
Contes fantastiques: Le Requiem du corbeau, Rembrandt et L'Œil invisible (1857)
Gretchen et La Pie (1858)

Din 1859
Les Lunettes de Hans Schnaps (1859)
Le Rêve du cousin Elof (1859)
La Montre du doyen (1859)
Hans Storkus (1859)
Les Trois âmes (1859)
Hugues-le-loup (1859) –  poveste notabilă de licantropie tradusă în engleză ca "The Man-Wolf" (1876)
Contes de la montagne; Contes fantastiques (1860)
Maître Daniel Rock (1861)
Le Fou Yégof (1861)
L'Invasion ou le Fou Yégof (1862)
Les Contes du bord du Rhin (1862)
Confidences d'un joueur de clarinette (1862)
Madame Thérèse (1863)
La Taverne du jambon de Mayence (1863)
Confidences d'un joueur de clarinette (1863)
Les Amoureux de Catherine (1863)
Histoire d'un conscrit de 1813 (1864)
 Istoria unui recrut din 1813, traducere Theodosia Ioachimescu
L'Ami Fritz (1864)
Waterloo (continuare a Conscrit de 1813, 1865)
Histoire d'un homme du peuple (1865)
La Maison forestière (1866)
La Guerre (1866)
Le Blocus (1866)
Contes et romans populaires (1867)
Le Juif polonais,  play (1867)
Histoire d'un paysan (1867)

După războiul franco-prusac
Histoire du plébiscite racontée par un des 7 500 000 oui, eseu (1871)
Lettre d'un électeur à son député, pamflet împotriva reacționarilor (1871)
Les Deux Frères (1871)
Histoire d'un sous-maître (1871)
Une campagne en Kabylie (1873)
Les Années de collège de Maître Nablot (1874)
Le Brigadier Frédéric, histoire d'un Français chassé par les Allemands (1874)
Maître Gaspard Fix, histoire d'un conservateur (1875)
L'Education d'un féodal (1875)
L'Intérêt des paysans, lettre d'un cultivateur aux paysans de France, eseu (1876)
Contes et romans alsaciens (1876)
Souvenirs d'un ancien chef de chantier à l'isthme de Suez (1876)
Les Amoureux de Catherine și L'Ami Fritz, plays (adapted by Chatrian, 1877)
Contes vosgiens (1877)
Alsace ou les fiancés d'Alsace, teatru (adaptare de Chatrian a Histoire du plébiscite, 1880)
Le Grand-père Lebigre (1880)
Les Vieux de la vieille (1880)
Quelques mots sur l'esprit humain, résumé de la philosophie d'Erckmann, eseu (1880)
Le Banni (sequel al Le Brigadier Frédéric, 1881)
La Taverne des Trabans, play (adaptare a La Taverne du jambon de Mayence, 1881)
Les Rantzau, teatru (adaptare a Deux Frères, 1882)
Madame Thérèse, teatru (adaptare de  Chatrian, 1882)
Le Banni (1882)
Le Fou Chopine, teatru (adaptare a Gretchen, 1883)
Époques mémorables de l'Histoire de France: avant '89 (1884)
Myrtille, teatru (1885)
L'Art et les grands idéalistes, eseu (1885)
Pour les enfants, eseu (publicat în 1888)

Traduceri în engleză
The Man-Wolf and Other Tales (1876, rpt 1976)
Strange Stories (1880)
Best Tales of Terror (1980) editor Hugh Lamb

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Benoît-Guyod, G. La Vie et l'Œuvre d'Erckmann-Chatrian. Témoignages et documents. Tome 14, Jean-Jacques Pauvert, Paris, 1963.
 Hinzelin, Émile. Erckmann-Chatrian. Étude biographique et littéraire. J. Ferenczi et fils, Paris, 1922.
 Schoumacker, L. Erckmann-Chatrian. Étude biographique et critique d'après des documents inédits. Les Belles-Lettres, Paris, 1933.

Legături externe
 Erckmann-Chatrian, primul site dedicat în întregime vieților și lucrărilor lui Erckmann-Chatrian (în franceză).

Vezi și
 Listă de scriitori francezi de literatură fantastică

Nașteri în 1826
Decese în 1890
Nașteri în 1822
Decese în 1899
Nuveliști francezi
Fabuliști
Scriitori francezi de literatură științifico-fantastică
Scriitori francezi din secolul al XIX-lea
Scriitori francezi de literatură fantastică
Cupluri

Erckmann-Chatrian


Erdek, Çorum ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Daha önceleri Dutçakallı köyüne bağlı bir mahalle iken, 5 Mayıs 1945'te köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 26 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Çorum merkez belde ve köyleri

Erdek, Çorum


Crapper is slang term for a toilet.

It may also refer to:

 Caganer ( "the crapper"), a figurine depicted in the act of defecation appearing in nativity scenes in Catalonia
 Thomas Crapper, an English plumber and holder of patents on toilets (baptised 28 September 1836; died 27 January 1910)
 Frank Crapper (1911–1991), Australian footballer
 Fred Crapper (1909–1976), Australian footballer
 Harry Crapper (1905–1976), Australian footballer
 Thomas Crapper (1836–1910), British plumber

Crapper


Uršula Tolj (Rijeka, 16. ožujka 1973.) voditeljica je i urednica na HRT-u.

Životopis
U rodnoj Rijeci nakon srednje škole upisala je i završila Filozofski fakultet, smjer Hrvatski jezik i književnost. Već tijekom studija počela je raditi na HRT-u, prvo na Radiju Rijeci, zatim u TV-centru Rijeka. Živi i radi u Zagrebu.

Od 1996. godine, nakon audicije na HRT-u, radi kao voditeljica i novinarka koja, osim ležernijih, glazbenih i filmskih tema, prati i kulturu, turizam, sport… Na Hrvatskom radiju – HR2 vodi emisije Hrvatskih 20 i Glazbeni megaherz. Od sredine devedesetih pa sve do 2000. uglavnom je radila u Zabavnom programu vodeći i suuređujući glazbene emisije i na televiziji i na radiju. Nakon toga, opseg rada povećao joj se te novinarski i voditeljski, a često i suurednički radi u Informativnom, Obrazovnom, Sportskom te, još uvijek, i u Zabavnom programu (emisije: 3 plus, Vidikon, Život je lijep, HNL, Halo, Zagreb, Dan za danom, Ljeto, ljeto, Ljetna slagalica i brojne druge).

Od ožujka 2009. i službeno je urednica u Zabavnom programu gdje uređuje emisije Ritam tjedna, Ususret Porinu, Ususret Eurosongu… kao i prijenose te snimanja brojnih koncerata.

Urednički projekti

 Večer na 8. katu
 Nedjeljom lagano
 Zlatna igla (od 2013. do danas)
 Večernjakova ruža (od 2014. do danas)
 Zlata vrijedan, izbog najboljeg OPG-a
 Uz nas niste sami (od 2015. do 2018.)
 Dani hrvatskog turizma (2016. i 2017.)
 Korak u život, 2016.
 Moj HRT
 Koktel-bar
 Oči u oči
 Pljesak, molim – novogodišnji program
 Predstavljanje jesenske sheme (2018. i 2019.)
 RetrOpatijski festival
 Zatvaranje Europskih sveučilišnih igara (2016.)
 Šušur (2015.)
 Kod nas doma (petkom)
 Dora 2019., 2021.
 Eurosong 2021.
 Zvijezde pjevaju (2019., 2020., 2022.)
 Glazbeni megaherz (HR2)

Voditeljske uloge

1997. - 2000.
 3plus
 Vidikon
 Ritam
 Pretežno vedro
 Dora 1999.

2000. - 2010.
 Ljeto, ljeto
 Note, notice
 Halo, Zagreb
 Ljetna slagalica
 Dan za danom
 Život uživo sa stilom
 Ritam tjedna

2010. - do danas
 Moj HRT
 Uz nas niste sami
 Koktel-bar
 RetrOpatijski festival
 Kod nas doma (petkom)

Karijera i interesi izvan televizije
U nekoliko je navrata bila kolumnistica (časopisi Stil, Regina, Extra), copywriter, lektorica, a objavila je i tri knjige (Prvi put mama: prvo i drugo prošireno izdanje, Šaptalica, Uz kavu i čokoladu).Od 2003. godine objavljuje i kao tekstopisac. Njezine uglazbljene stihove pjevali su Maja Šuput, Minea, Davor Radolfi, Renata Sabljak i Igor Delač te sastavi Kas, Patria, Posegana, Vranac i drugi.

Knjige

 Prvi put mama (2003.)
 Šaptalica (2004.)
 Uz kavu i čokoladu (2009.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Mali ženski razgovori
 Intervju

Voditelji na HTV-u
Životopisi, Rijeka

Uršula Tolj


مسجد جامع و(تلفظ: جاماي)  يُعتبر من أقدم مساجد مدينة سنغافورة فقد بُني عام 1826م في مركز الحي الصيني، يعتبر من أبرز الأماكن في الحي، فقد سميّ الشارع الذي يقع فيه بإسمه: شارع مسجد، كما ويُعرف هذا المسجد بعدة أسماء وهي: مسجد جوليا  ومسجد مايدين  والمسجد الكبير بين الجالية الإسلامية والجالية التاميلية الإسلامية.

المراجع

 National Heritage Board (2002), Singapore's 100 Historic Places, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-23-3

أماكن جذب سياحي في سنغافورة
الحي الصيني (سنغافورة)
تأسيسات سنة 1830 في الإمبراطورية البريطانية
شتات هندي في سنغافورة
مبان دينية اكتملت في 1830
مساجد في سنغافورة
سنغافوريون تاميليون
عمارة القرن 19 في سنغافورة

مسجد جاماي


Riley B. King veya B. B. King (16 Eylül 1925 - 14 Mayıs 2015), Amerikan blues gitaristi ve bestecisi. 'King' lakabını taşıyan üç büyük Blues sanatçısından biridir. B.B takısı; "Beale Street Blues Boy" (Beale Caddesi Bluescu Çocuk) olarak 1948'de kendisine lakap olarak verilmiştir. Daha sonra "Blues Boy King" (Blues'in Çocuk/Genç Kralı) olmuş ve son olarak ise B. B. King şeklinde kısaltılmıştır. Gitar hakimiyeti çok iyi usta bir müzisyendir. Birçok sanatçıyla düeti vardır. En önemlilerinden bazıları Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton ve Gary Moore gibi müzisyenlerdir. Yaşına rağmen uzun süre konserler vermiştir. En ünlü şarkılarından biri The Thrill is Gone'dur. "Lucille" adında Gibson marka gitarıyla çalmakta ve Lucille için "hayatımda uzun süre kalan tek kadın" demektedir.

Blues Brothers 2000 filminin sonunda Eric Clapton ve Louisiana Gator Boys ile "How blue can you get" parçasını seslendirmiştir. Ayrıca Rolling Stone dergisinde yayınlanan bir listeye göre dünyanın en iyi 3. gitaristidir.

Ölümü
Nisan ayında bir süredir yaşadığı diyabet sıkıntıları sebebiyle hastaneye kaldırılan King, 14 Mayıs 2015 tarihinde Las Vegas, Nevada'da öldü.

Diskografi

 Singin' the Blues (1957)
 The Blues (1958)
 B.B. King Wails (1959)
 King of the Blues (1960)
 Sings Spirituals (1960)
 The Great B.B. King (1960)
 My Kind of Blues (1961)
 Blues For Me (1961)
 Blues in My Heart (1962)
 Easy Listening Blues (1962)
 B.B. King (1963)
 Mr. Blues (1963)
 Confessin' the Blues (1966)
 Blues on Top of Blues (1968)
 Lucille (1968)
 Live & Well (1969)
 Completely Well (1969)
 Indianola Mississippi Seeds (1970)
 B.B. King in London (1971)
 L.A. Midnight (1972)
 Guess Who (1972)
 To Know You Is to Love You (1973)
 Lucille Talks Back (1975)
 King Size (1977)
 Midnight Believer (1978)
 Take It Home (1979)
 There Must Be a Better World Somewhere (1981)
 Love Me Tender (1982)
 Blues 'N' Jazz (1983)
 Six Silver Strings (1985)
 King of the Blues: 1989 (1988)
 There Is Always One More Time (1991)
 Blues Summit (1993)
 Lucille & Friends (1995)
 Deuces Wild (1997)
 Blues on the Bayou (1998)
 Let the Good Times Roll (1999)
 Makin' Love Is Good for You (2000)
 Riding with the King (2000, Eric Clapton ile)
 A Christmas Celebration of Hope (2001)
 Reflections (2003)
 B.B. King & Friends: 80 (2005)
 One Kind Favor (2008)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 B.B. King Resmi Web Sitesi

1925 doğumlular
2015 yılında ölenler
Mississippi doğumlular
Amerikalı blues gitaristleri
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
21. yüzyıl Amerikalı bestecileri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikalı soul şarkıcıları
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı şarkıcılar
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B.B. King


La serpiente de coral de América del Sur (Micrurus lemniscatus) es una especie de serpiente venenosa de la familia de los elápidos. Puede alcanzar una longitud de 115 cm. Existen cuatro subespecies que se distribuyen en América del Sur: Bolivia, Brasil (Amazonas, Goias, Rio Grande do Sul), Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana Francesa, Guyana, Suriname, Perú, Argentina,
Trinidad, y Venezuela.

Subespecies
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:
 Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi Roze, 1967
 Micrurus lemniscatus diutius Burger, 1955
 Micrurus lemniscatus helleri Schmidt & Schmidt, 1925
 Micrurus lemniscatus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Referencias

Lemniscatus
Reptiles de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Carlos Linneo
Animales descritos en 1758
Reptiles de Venezuela

Micrurus lemniscatus


The SEAT León (), also spelled Leon in some other languages (named after the city of León, which also means "Lion" in Spanish), is a hatchback compact car built by the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT since October 1999.

The first two León generations used two differing variants of the Volkswagen Group A platform, and shared many components with other Volkswagen Group cars. The third and fourth (current) generation use the Volkswagen Group MQB platform, also used by the Audi A3 Mk3 and Mk4, Volkswagen Golf Mk7 and Mk8 and Škoda Octavia Mk3 and Mk4.

First generation (1M; 1999)

The initial SEAT León (Volkswagen Group Typ 1M), launched in 1999, available only as hatchback, and the related saloon version was known as the SEAT Toledo.  It was based on the Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34) platform and, as such, shared many components in common with other VW Group models such as the Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Bora and Audi A3.  It was mainly produced at SEAT's Martorell plant with a small number of 13,401 cars assembled in 2000 at VW group's plant in Belgium. As SEAT's first C-segment model as part of the VW Group, the León Mk1 was marketed as a sportier and cheaper variant of the Golf.  To reinforce the sporty image, the vehicle had slightly more aggressive looks.  The more expensive versions were equipped with relatively more powerful internal combustion engines, along with firmer suspension to improve handling.  In the interior, the dashboard was derived from that of the first-generation Audi A3.

Available engines were the 1.4-litre 16 valve petrol engine which produced a , a 1.6-litre 8 valve petrol engine  (replaced later with a 16 valve  unit), and included two variants of the Volkswagen Group's 20 valve turbocharged 1.8-litre powerplant, (with some countries also getting the 2.8-litre VR6 engine delivering .

The original "León 20VT" (which later became known as the "Cupra" and then the "FR") had a 1.8-litre Turbo with , and the "León Cupra R" , later becoming . It became first available in only three body paints (red, yellow, black),  picked as an homage to the colors of both Spain's and Germany's national flags referring back to the roots of the joint project the model originally was.

In some countries, there was also a "Cupra 4"; equipped with a 2.8-litre VR6 delivering  and equipped with four-wheel drive (4WD), based on the same Haldex Traction multi-plate clutch as the Volkswagen Golf 4motion.

A range of turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engines was available, including a  version of Volkswagen Group's 1.9 TDI engine, originally sold as a "Cupra 4 TDI", with 4WD, that was sold for one year only, and only in certain countries, then passed to "Evolution" series, then "Top Sport", and later rebranded as the "FR" ('Formula Racing'). In other countries the model was badged "Cupra" and then "FR" before a limited number of cars were fitted with the bodykit from the petrol powered "Cupra R" and named the "FR+". Lesser diesel versions were available with ,  and  outputs.

All engines over  have a standard six-speed manual transmission. Rear suspension was by semi-independent torsion beam for most variants, whilst high-end and 4WD models were fitted with a multi-link independent rear suspension.  All versions came with disc brakes on all four wheels (the front ventilated, and in some cars the rear too).

In Mexico, the León became a very popular car with upper class young people.  The only problem the León has suffered in Mexico is the fact that the sport tuned suspension of the León is not designed to withstand the constant road imperfections such as potholes and speed bumps that abound in Mexican roads.

In Switzerland, there was another official version tuned by Abt Sportsline of the León called "SEAT León Cupra 4 Kompressor".  This version had the same 4WD and 2.8-litre VR6 but with  and  of torque.

Factory production of the Typ 1M ended in May 2006.  However, the appreciation for the SEAT León Cupra R Mk1's appeal remained clear, still up to the 'best hot hatchback of all time' poll, conducted in 2010 by Autocar, in which its readers honoured the Cupra R #7, in the top ten list of hatchbacks of all time in their preferences.

Awards

'Carro do Ano' (Car of the Year) award in 2001, in Portugal
'Most Satisfactory Car of the Year 2007' in Poland, by the Polish magazine Auto Swiat

Engine choices
The Typ 1M SEAT León was available with the following internal combustion engines, with most being shared from other marques of the Volkswagen Group:

Second generation (1P; 2005)

The second generation León, Typ 1P, was released in 2005, with factory production commencing May 2005.  It was based on the Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35) platform, most notably used by the Volkswagen Golf Mk5.  It was built in Spain, and had a sharper exterior look with vertically parked windscreen wipers, and the external rear door handles more integrated, in a similar style to that seen on recent Alfa Romeo models.  Design was handled by Walter de'Silva, and the car used the same design style that started with the SEAT Altea.

The base model offered was the new 16 valve 1.2-litre TSI petrol engine with . In some markets (e.g. Greece, Romania and Italy), the Leon was available with a 1.4-litre MPI engine producing .  The sportier variants began with the  2.0-litre Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) and the popular  2.0-litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) diesel engine.  Both were fitted with a standard six-speed manual transmission, with the six-speed or seven-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) available as an option.  A  variant of the 2.0 TFSI unique to the León was later introduced, but despite a low list price and rapid performance – attracted only minimal attention and average reviews, so this was later discontinued to make way for the sportier FR variants.

The first real sporty León within the new range was the León FR with twin-exhaust pipes to left rear, sport seats and gear stick with FR logo to distinguish it from lesser models, was introduced in June 2006, when it finally received the  2.0 TFSI engine from the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 GTI, as well as a  variant of the 2.0 TDI unit featured in the Golf and Audi A3.  Further standard equipment included climate control air conditioning.

Next in the range was the 2.0 TFSI Cupra model. It features a  engine, and a 0- time of 6.4 seconds.  The Cupra came with standard 18" 5 twin-spoke alloys, red brake calipers, and the standard Cupra oval exhaust, as well as new, unique paint finishes and bolstered sport seats complete with the Cupra logo.  Also standard were drilled-aluminium sports pedals.

At the top of the range was the 2.0 TFSI Cupra R.  This used the same  engine found in the Audi S3, Golf R and Scirocco R.  Capable of 0– in 6.2 seconds and a top speed limited to .

From 2008, the K1 variant of the León Cupra was introduced in the UK, featuring extensively reworked front and rear bumpers, side skirts, a more pronounced tailgate spoiler.  It also gained a unique chrome-tipped, centrally-mounted, oval exhaust.  The K1 was considered to be a limited edition model, only available in the UK market for the year 2008–2009.

In 2009, the SEAT León Cupra was turned into a race car in the SEAT Cupra race mobile game for Apple iPhone/iPod Touch available through the iTunes' App store. In the same year, the Leon range received a facelift.

Awards
'Red dot' award in 2006
'Best Car of the Year 2009' for the import compact car segment in Germany, by the German magazine Auto-motor-und-sport
'Firmenauto des Jahres 2006', by the German magazine Firmenauto
'Car of the Year 2006' in Denmark
'Diesel Car of the Year 2006' in Scotland (for the 170 hp 2.0 TDI León FR)
'Auto 1' of the Year 2006 in Spain, by the magazine Auto Bild
'University Car of the Year 2007' in Spain, by Spanish university students
'Hellenic Car of the Year 2007'
'GTI of the Year 2006–2007' in Greece for the SEAT León Cupra, by the Greek magazine 4-Trohoi

Special editions

Copa Edition

In 2008, SEAT Deutschland announced the production of 55 units of the SEAT León Copa Edition.  This limited edition was powered with 2.0 TFSI engine improved to  of maximum power, and .  Maximum speed is  and 0- time is 5.9 seconds. The suspension was from Eibach derived from the León Supercopa, and the brakes had been improved to cope with the enhanced performance from the uprated engine.  In addition, the car included xenon HID headlights, 18 inch wheels and a spoiler with larger air intakes. The car colour was white with black stripes.

SEAT México announced the production of 100 units of the Copa Edition in orange colour with black stripes in September 2008.  The Mexican version had a sunroof, whilst the European León Copa did not.

Streetcopa and World Champion Edition
At the 2008 Geneva Auto Show, the León Streetcopa limited edition was released.  It was a similar edition of León Copa Edition with some changes, designed for the Swiss market and limited to 200 units.  Lately, after SEAT won World Touring Car Championship, SEAT Schweiz released a facelifted version called Leon World Champion Edition, also limited to 200 units.

Cupra 310 Limited Edition
SEAT Nederland announced the production of León Cupra 310 Limited Edition, with 2.0 TFSI engine upgraded to  of maximum power and .  The production was limited to 100 units.

It came only in Candy white or Infiri black.  The Cupra 310 Limited Edition featured beside the OEM Cupra equipment an engine management remapping by Abt Sportsline, black Orion-alloy wheels, an alarm system, Bluetooth connectivity and special 310 Limited Edition badges on the sides and the rear hatch.  There were also stainless decals inside the front door frames displaying the 310 Ltd logo.  A badge on the dashboard displayed the serial number, and the car was delivered with a key ring to match.  Full factory warranty was retained with the power increase that increased the top speed to .

Cupra Pies Descalzos
In 2007, SEAT prepared a sole car customized by Shakira.  This car was auctioned, and the benefits went to the charity through Pies Descalzos Foundation.  Mechanically, it is the same car as the León Cupra.

León Twin Drive concepts
SEAT produced two versions of the Twin Drive prototype. Initially announced in May 2009 as a diesel/battery hybrid, the León Twin Drive Ecomotive was a series plug-in hybrid, powered by an electric motor, through lithium-ion batteries chargeable at a regular electrical socket, in combination with a diesel-powered internal combustion engine.  The Twin Drive Ecomotive project was a first step towards a 100% electric car and was planned to go into production in 2014.

The Twin Drive Ecomotive as a plug-in hybrid vehicle powered through the combination of both a diesel engine and an electric motor. The vehicle's electric motor had an output of 35 KW and a self-imposed top speed of , and resumed power from Li-ion batteries placed at the rear of the vehicle, giving it a range of about  for short urban circuits, while for longer trips the environmentally friendly tuned combustion engine was used. Quick battery recharging process from the mains through regular power sockets features.

In 2011, a revised version of the Twin Drive was shown to the press, with a 1.4TSI petrol engine producing  in addition to a  generator and an electric motor of , producing a combined limited output of  and emitting a low 39g/km of , with production now estimated in 2015.

Engine specifications
The Typ 1P SEAT León is available with the following internal combustion engines, and like the previous generation, many are shared from other marques of the Volkswagen Group:

A flexible-fuel vehicle model is also on offer under the label "MultiFuel", featuring the 1.6 MPI E85 102 bhp engine.

See also
Driver Steering Recommendation

Third generation (5F; 2012)

The third generation of the León is based on the Volkswagen Group's latest MQB platform, which is shared with the seventh generation Volkswagen Golf.

Compared to the previous generation, the León Mk3 is shorter by  and lighter by up to ; however, because its wheelbase has been extended by , it has a roomier cabin with greater shoulder room for the front and rear passengers, more rear legroom and  of boot space. The first official information and pictures of the car were released on 16 July 2012, with its public debut at the 2012 Paris Motor Show in September. It is the second car to be based on the MQB platform.

It features new safety equipment, such as driver knee airbag, and a number of new safety systems, including (often as standard) a multi-collision braking system to automatically brake the car after an accident in order to avoid a second collision, a lane-keeping assistant, and driver fatigue detection. The braking system includes a hill-start assistant.

In the interior, there is a driver-oriented centre console hosting a 5.8-inch touch-screen infotainment display with some models featuring a proximity sensor, also used in the Volkswagen Golf, as well as ambient lighting.

A new feature available for the first time in its class are the optional full-LED headlamps combined with a full beam assistant. The full-LED headlamps offer numerous advantages over standard halogen bulbs such as improved illumination, a close to daylight colour temperature, lower energy consumption and an extended service life. The front fog lights can include a cornering feature.

The higher specification also have a new "SEAT Drive Profile" system which allows the driver to choose between four different driving settings: eco, normal, sport, and an individual setting. This system controls the behaviour of the engine, steering, and DSG gearbox. Additionally, the 1.8 TSI 180PS and 2.0 TDI 184PS engine-equipped models will vary their engine sound via a sound actuator, as well as their interior ambient lighting between white (normal, eco and individual) and red (sport).

SEAT announced in early 2012 that the range would include for the first time three-door and estate models in addition to a five-door.

In September 2013, SEAT officially unveiled the León ST (estate model) at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The León ST extends the León's maximum load capacity to 1470 litres and is available in Europe in three different versions and eleven different engine options. On 23 June 2014, SEAT revealed an off-road version of the León ST called the X-PERIENCE.

In August 2018, SEAT discontinued the Léon SC due to lower demands for three-door hatchbacks.

Facelift
In January 2017, the León received a subtle facelift which included a reshaped front bumper with a grille that has been stretched by 40mm and features restyled LED headlights. New engine options available included a 115 bhp 1.0-litre three-cylinder turbo petrol and 115 bhp 1.6-litre diesel. Interior changes included an electric parking brake with Hill Hold Control (HHC) as standard, a larger eight-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay, Android Auto and MirrorLink.

New safety systems included Traffic Sign Recognition, Pedestrian Protection System, and blind-spot warning systems. Also available was Traffic Jam Assist - which allows the León to accelerate and brake automatically in traffic jams up to 37 mph. "Kessy" - SEAT's keyless automatic locking and starting system was another upgrade available. A new flagship XCELLENCE trim level was also introduced.

León Cupra
SEAT León Cupra 265, was produced from 2014 to 2016, fitted with a turbocharged 265 bhp 2 Litre 16v Inline 4 petrol engine, capable of 0-62 mph in 6.2 seconds and with a maximum speed of 155 mph. Available with a 6-speed manual gearbox or 6-speed DSG automatic gearbox.

SEAT León Cupra 280, was manufactured between 2014 and 2015, powered by a turbocharged 276 bhp 2 Litre 16v Inline 4 petrol engine, capable of 0-62 mph in 5.8 seconds and limited to 155 mph. Available with either a 6-speed manual gearbox or 6-speed DSG automatic gearbox. The 280 was fitted with 19-inch alloy wheels and Brembo brakes as standard.

The Sub8 Performance pack was launched in August 2014 for the Cupra 280, it featured side skirts, lightweight 19-inch alloy wheels and 30mm larger ventilated brake discs with Brembo calipers. Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tyres could be ordered at extra cost. Also included is a VAQ electronically controlled limited-slip differential that aids traction. Power remained unchanged at 276 bhp and a 0-60 mph time of 5.7 seconds.

The Ultimate Sub8 pack was launched in February 2015 for the Cupra 280, which included several weight-saving measures including: removing the León's centre armrest, standard climate control system is replaced with a smaller heater, reducing the number of speakers from eight to four, removing the centre console armrest, front storage units, and rear air vents.

SEAT León Cupra 290, was manufactured between 2015 and 2016, as a replacement for Cupra 280 - powered by the same 2Litre engine from the Cupra 280, but with an extra 10 bhp. The Cupra 290 can accelerate 0-62 mph in 5.8 seconds and onto a top speed of 155 mph. Available with either a 6-speed manual gearbox or 6-speed DSG automatic gearbox. The 290 came in three body styles - three-door hatchback (León SC), five-door hatchback (León) and five-door estate (León ST) – and in a higher-specification Black version; which included sports seats, special 19in multi-spoke alloy wheels, and black detailing.

SEAT León Cupra 300, was manufactured between 2017–2018 to replace the Cupra 290, it used the same 2 Litre turbocharged engine from León Cupra 290 but boosted to 296 bhp and capable of 0-62 mph in 5.8 seconds. Available with either a 6-speed manual gearbox or 6-speed DSG automatic gearbox. ST estate version was fitted with a DSG gearbox and all-wheel drive as standard.

In response to new WLTP testing regimes, SEAT announced in 2018 that the León Cupra 300 would be replaced with a new León Cupra 290. Changes to the revised model included the addition of a gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and as the name suggests, gave the 2WD hatchback a 290PS power output. The ST Estate retained its 300 PS power output, but was also fitted with a GPF system.

The León Cupra R is limited to 799 units based on the standard Cupra 300 but with an uprated 306 bhp 2 Litre turbocharged engine; with a 0-62 mph time of 5.8 seconds and a top speed of 155 mph. Cupra Rs were available only with a six-speed manual gearbox in the UK and only 24 Right Hand Drive units have been built. External changes include exclusive 19-inch alloy wheels, reprofiled bumpers with larger front intakes, flared side skirts, and carbon fibre front splitter, side skirts, rear diffuser and roof-mounted spoiler and matt bronzer accent over the externals.

Safety
In 2012, the SEAT León Mk3 was tested for its safety performance under the Euro NCAP assessment scheme and it achieved a 5-star overall rating:

In 2013, the Spanish-made SEAT León Mk3 in its most basic Latin American configuration was tested for its safety performance under the Latin NCAP assessment scheme and it achieved 5 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for toddlers:

In 2015, the Spanish-made SEAT León ST in its most basic Latin American configuration was tested for its safety performance under the Latin NCAP assessment scheme and it achieved 5 stars for adult occupants and 5 stars for toddlers:

Awards
 Euro NCAP advanced reward for SEAT's Multi Collision Brake system
 Euro NCAP advanced reward for SEAT's Lane Assist system

Special Editions

León CONNECT
The SEAT León CONNECT is a special edition model that was released in 2015. It is equipped with SEAT's Full Link Technology and a Samsung Galaxy A3 smartphone. This technology allows the user's phone to be connected to the car's infotainment system and gives the user access to all the features of the SEAT ConnectApp. The SEAT León CONNECT has a range of exterior body colours that allow the mirrors and wheels to be customised. Interior details, including stitching are in Blue.

Limited Editions

799 units of the SEAT León Cupra R were built in a limited production run. Among these units only 24 of them are Right Hand Drive models solely distributed to the United Kingdom Market only. All RHD models are only available in six-speed manual and the LHD models are also available in the six-speed DSG Gearbox.

SEAT León Cupra ST 300 Carbon Edition went on sale in 2018 with only 50 allocated for sale in the United Kingdom. Based on the León ST Cupra 300, the Carbon Edition is fitted with the same 296 bhp 2.0-litre four-cylinder petrol engine mated to a six-speed DSG gearbox and Haldex all-wheel-drive system. Capable of 0-62 mph in 4.9 seconds and a top speed that is limited to 155 mph. Only available in Monsoon Grey paintwork, while other new exterior touches include carbon front and rear diffusers, fibre side blades, and Cupra R 19-inch black and bright silver alloy wheels.

Seat León Cupra R Abt 4Drive ST was produced in 2019 and its 2lt engine power increased from 296 bhp to 345 bhp and 0-62 mph in 4.5 seconds; top speed is limited to 155 mph. The ABT upgrade includes a copper body kit, 19-inch alloy wheels, Brembo brakes, and quad exhausts; the front splitter and rear diffuser, side skirts, and roof-mounted spoiler are all finished in carbon fibre. A seven-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox and four-wheel drive are fitted as standard. To improve cornering speed and handling performance, new uprights have been added that modifies the negative camber to 2 degrees, at the front and back. Only 150 were allocated for sale in the United Kingdom.

Engine specifications

The Typ 5F SEAT León is available with the following internal combustion engines all featuring direct injection and turbocharging, and like the previous generations they are shared with other marques of the Volkswagen Group:

Fourth generation (KL1/KL8; 2020)

A fourth generation of León was presented on 28 January 2020. It shares the MQB platform with the Volkswagen Golf Mk8, Skoda Octavia Mk4 and Audi A3 Mk4. It has an all digital cluster, is full LED-Light equipped and will have a wide range of gasoline, diesel, plug-in hybrid and electric engines.

The fourth-generation León is 16mm narrower and 90mm longer than the previous generation of León. The five-door León boot capacity of 380 litres has remained unchanged, and the Estate's storage is increased by 30 litres to 617 litres compared to the previous generation.

Engine options are two petrol TSI engines – a 1-litre three-cylinder producing 108 bhp and a 1.5-litre four-cylinder with either 128 bhp or 148 bhp. The TDI diesel option is a 2-litre producing either 113 bhp or 148 bhp.

Also available is a (CNG) compressed natural gas 1.5 litre TGI unit that produces 96 kW/130PS of power giving the CNG-powered SEAT León a CNG range of 440 km (273 miles). When CNG tanks are depleted, the engine switches automatically to run on petrol until the next CNG refuelling.

The eTSI mild hybrid has a 48V electric motor and is available with either the 109 bhp 1-litre or 148 bhp 1.5 litre petrol engine. The system allows the León to coast with the engine switched off during some driving scenarios and recover energy under braking which is then stored in a 48V lithium-ion battery.

The Plug-in Hybrid (eHybrid) 1.4-litre TSI petrol engine electric motor with a 13kWh lithium-ion battery to produce 150 kW/204PS of power, switching to petrol only when its battery needs recharging to produce an electric-only 60 km (38 miles) range. Charging is quoted at just 3.5 hours via a 3.6 kW AC socket; it takes 6 hours to charge it from a 230V socket. To date, this is the most powerful SEAT ever produced that does not wear a Cupra badge. It is the only Leon in the range to have rear multilink suspension and, when ordered in FR trim, it forgoes the 15mm lower suspension. As of 2022, the PHEV model production has been suspended due to a worldwide shortage of components, leaving the model to be much sought after on the second hand market.

The engines can be chosen with a six-speed manual, a six-speed DSG (direct-shift gearbox) automatic transmission or 7-speed DSG automatic transmission on smaller engines that have a torque output of up to 250Nm/184 lb ft. The 7-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission's dry clutch technology results in weight savings, reduced fuel consumption and emissions.

Standard equipment include: "KESSY" automatic locking and starting system, electronic parking brake, an eight-inch infotainment system, two USB ports, LED headlights with automatic high beam, electric and heated side mirrors, cloth upholstery, leather steering wheel and gear stick, and SEAT Connect.

The León is available in seven trim levels, starting with: SE with 16" alloy wheels, 8.25" touchscreen media system and rear parking sensors; SE Dynamic adds 17" alloys wheels, digital Cockpit, 10" touchscreen media system and Park assist (including front and rear parking sensor);  FR adds  FR Styling, sports suspension, automatic headlights, and Rain sensing wipers; FR First Edition adds 18" alloy wheels, predictive & adaptive Cruise Control, rear view camera and wireless phone charger; FR Sport adds heated front seats, Lane Assist and rear tinted windows; XCELLENCE adds microsuede upholstery and KESSY Advanced (keyless entry and start); and XCELLENCE Lux adds 18" Aerodynamic Performance alloy wheels, leather upholstery and interior wraparound lighting.

Safety
Standard equipment include: Blind Spot Detection, Exit Assist (alerts driver to any approaching vehicles visually and acoustically; stopping the car if necessary), Collision Assist (if an imminent collision is detected, sensors prepare the vehicle and its occupants by pre-tensioning seat belts and closing windows), Emergency Assist (if the driver seems inactive behind the wheel, it will activate the hazard lights, keep the car in its lane and then will apply the brakes until the car is brought to a gentle stop) and Predictive Adaptive Cruise Control.

Seven airbags, including a new standard front-central airbag that prevents possible head injuries between the driver and front passenger in the event of a side collision, are now standard.

In 2020, the SEAT León Mk4 was tested for its safety performance under the Euro NCAP assessment scheme and it achieved a 5-star overall rating:

Technology
The León features digital cockpit on all but the basic model; Full Link technology with MirrorLink, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay - compatible with most smartphones on the market. The standard Infotainment system boasts an 8.25" screen, whilst higher spec models have the larger 10" screen Navi system that offers 3D connected navigation and voice control as well as gesture recognition. The optional Connectivity Box allows wireless phone charging. Two USB type C ports are fitted as standard in the front cabin, with higher trim models having an additional two ports in the rear cabin. eSIM which features eCall service as standard will contact the emergency services directly in case of a serious accident.

Optional equipment
Optional features (some of which are standard on higher models) include Rear View Camera, BeatsAudio 9-speaker sound system, Park Assist, leather sport seats, and LED exterior lighting with automatic headlight adjustment.

Optional equipment could be ordered individually or combined into packages were also available at extra cost.

The 'Winter Pack' includes Heated front seats, wash water and steering wheel.

The 'Convenience Pack' includes Rain and auto-dimming light sensor with Coming and Leaving Home, windshield wiper intermittent control and breakaway interior rearview mirror.

The 'Safe Pack' includes Forward collision warning with braking reaction to vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians. It includes multi-functional camera, speed limiter, lane keeping system and driver alert system.

Cupra León

The León is also produced under SEAT's sister brand, Cupra and is available in 242 bhp or 296 bhp 2.0-litre turbocharged petrol engines. For a lower centre of gravity, the Cupra León sits 25mm lower at the front and 20mm lower at the rear compared to the regular Seat León.

Top of the range is the estate-only 306 bhp Cupra ST 4Drive, with four-wheel-drive system and a DSG 'box. Performance figures for this Cupra ST 4Drive are rated at 4.8sec to 62mph, while top speed is limited to 155mph.

The Cupra León (PHEV) e-Hybrid's powertrain comprises a 242bhp turbocharged 1.4-litre four-cylinder petrol engine, an 113 horsepower electric motor, and a 13kWh lithium battery pack. The system produces 400Nm of torque, reaching 0–62mph in 6.7 seconds. Seat claim it has a pure electric range of 32 miles, 217.3mpg and a 30g/km of  emissions figure.

Both 242bhp versions are fitted with 18-inch alloy wheels as standard, while the higher-output models are fitted with 19-inch alloy wheels and 370mm front discs with Brembo calipers.

The Cupra León 300TSI went on sale in early 2021 and features a turbocharged 2.0-litre four-cylinder petrol engine which produces 296bhp and 400Nm of torque; 0-62mph time of 5.7 seconds and a top speed of 155mph. Available in two versions: The entry-level VZ2 variant features 19-inch alloy wheels, black brake calipers, a quad exhaust system, and copper-coloured exterior detailing. VZ3 model gets a different set of 19-inch alloys, a wireless phone charger, heated leather seats, and a heated steering wheel.

Awards
The fourth generation León has won several awards including: Golden Steering Wheel Award for the SEAT León 1.5 eTSI model in the "Best price/product ratio up to 35,000 euros" category. In December 2020, The new SEAT León was voted "AUTOBEST 2021", the European accolade for the "Best Buy Car of Europe 2021". In January 2021, the Seat Leon 1.5 TSI 130 Evo FR was named Family Car of the Year by What Car? magazine. What Car? awarded the León five stars out of five in its review of the car.

SEAT León in motorsport

The first generation SEAT León Cupra R was the basis of a one-make trophy, the SEAT Leon Supercopa.  It operated in Spain, UK, Germany and Turkey from 2003.  The car was developed by SEAT Sport and power was raised to .  An "International Masters" final, featuring the best four drivers from each national series, was introduced in October 2005, as a support race for the Spanish GT Championship's final round at Montmeló.  A TDI-powered version has raced in the ECTS, an Italian-based endurance series for touring cars.

In 2006, the Supercopa León was replaced by the new shape León.  The car is potentially faster than the WTCC version, as it features a turbocharged 2.0-litre engine, with over , increased torque, the DSG gearbox, better aerodynamics (it includes the WTCC car's front and rear spoilers, plus a venturi tunnel under the car, instead of a flat bottom), and 18 inch wheels, instead of the mandatory 17 inch wheels from the WTCC.

For 2007, the SEAT Cupra Championship in the UK (part of the TOCA Package) will run both 'New León' Cupra Race cars with , as well as the Mk1 León Cupra R race car with .

The SEAT Leon Eurocup began in 2008 as a support series for the World Touring Car Championship.

The car came top in Class D in the 2014 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour.

SEAT León Super 2000 car
During 2005, SEAT introduced the second generation León into the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) to replace the Toledo Cupra which it had raced in the early rounds of the title.  The car featured several modifications, including a racing engine that developed over , a Hewland sequential-shift gearbox (unrelated to the DSG), and an aerodynamic package for increased downforce (with its hatchback shape, the León was disadvantaged against conventional three-box saloons).  Minimum weight is  with driver.  SEAT Sport, in partnership with Oreca, ran six cars in the WTCC.  Two other cars were run by SEAT Sport UK (Northern South) based in Northampton, UK in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC).  A further two cars were run by SEAT Sport Italia in the Italia Superturismo Championship.

In mid-2007 SEAT introduced the León TDI to combat BMW's dominance by utilizing 2.0-liter Volkswagen EA189 TDI inline-4 turbodiesel engine. The car did show promise with Yvan Muller behind the wheel and the team was set to score championship win in Macau, but reliability issues caused Muller an retirement in Race 1 and the engine problems weren't solved in time thus not starting in Race 2 and handing the title to Andy Priaulx with BMW 320si.

In 2008, Muller won the FIA World Touring Car Championship for Drivers at the wheel of a León TDI, and SEAT won the Manufacturers' title. León TDI was also fielded by SEAT UK in the British Touring Car Championship with Jason Plato being the lead driver. Plato finished second behind Fabrizio Giovanardi with Vauxhall in the drivers' championship. At the end of the season SEAT UK withdrew from the series and subsequently this was the only season where León TDI competed in the BTCC.

In 2009, Gabriele Tarquini became the Drivers' Champion with the León TDI, and SEAT won the Manufacturers' title for a second consecutive year. At the end of the season SEAT Sport officially ended their manufacturer support. León TDI cars were entered by Sunred Engineering for the following season and despite not having official manufacturer support from SEAT, in the manufacturers' championship the entity was named SEAT Customers Technology. Tarquini finished second in the drivers' standings behind Yvan Muller with Chevrolet.

For 2011, new rules were introduced in WTCC, incorporating a new engine formula - 1.6 turbocharged engines, similar to those used in the World Rally Championship. In line with the changes Sunred created the SUNRED SR León 1.6T, using the then León TDI as base. The cars, however, were not ready for the start of the season, and Sunred drivers used the older León TDI, which was still eligible to enter thanks to the Jay Ten Trophy, introduced by the series promoter Eurosport for 2010-spec cars.

In 2012, SEAT Sport unofficially returned to the series introducing the SEAT León WTCC, effectively replacing the SR León from Sunred, to privateer entries. Some drivers like Tom Boardman and Tiago Monteiro started the season using the old León TDI. The TDI version was still eligible in the European Touring Car Cup where Fernando Monje won the 2012 championship. For the following season León TDI was banned from ETC Cup and with everyone now upgraded to the León WTCC 2012 marked the last time diesel car was entered in WTCC and ETCC. The Léon WTCC continued to be eligible until the introduction of TC1 in 2014 (although León WTCC was able to be entered in the TC2 class in the same year as TC1's introduction).

León Cup Racer and León TCR

In 2013 SEAT Sport introduced a concept car, based on the third generation of León. Initially it was thought that this would be the car in which SEAT Sport would return to the series with full manufacturer team under the new TC1 regulations. However SEAT Sport announced that the car would be part of the revived León Eurocup for 2014.

The León Cup Racer then formed the base for the newly formed TCR International Series. The TCR regulations use this car as a template for the aerodynamic portions of the cars. In 2016 SEAT Sport introduced a TCR-spec version of the León with the original Cup Racer still being eligible in the International Series as well as national and regional championship utilising the TCR regulations.

León (NGTC)

Team HARD Racing built and ran four new Cupra León cars for the 2021 season. The drivers were announced to be Glynn Geddie, Jack Goff, Nicolas Hamilton and Árón Taylor-Smith. As of Brands Hatch race 3, the car has scored points in every race as well as a podium, courtesy of Goff.

León e-Racer (ETCR)

The Cupra e-Racer is an electric car touring car. It competed in the e-TCR electric touring car racing series, against competitors from Hyundai and Alfa Romeo, securing the manufacturer's championship following the inaugural season in 2021 and the second season in 2022.

Summary

Sales and production figures
Since its launch in 1999, more than 2 million SEAT León cars have been produced and sold in its three generations up to the present, made in SEAT's Martorell plant and other Volkswagen Group's factories.

In the year 2011, the total annual retail sales number of SEAT León cars was 77,075 vehicles, while the annual production of vehicles came up to 80,736 units.

The total production per year of SEAT León cars, manufactured in SEAT and other Volkswagen Group's plants, is shown below :

References

External links

 SEAT Leon – official SEAT UK website
 SEAT Leon in movies and TV series
 SEATCupra.Net UK's #1 SEAT Community
 LeonOC.com León Owners Club
 SEAT Leon ST First Look
 SEAT Leon ST X-perience dimensions
 eHybrid Cupra Leon

León
León
Compact cars
Euro NCAP small family cars
Latin NCAP small family cars
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars powered by VR engines
Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Cars introduced in 1998
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Touring cars
Station wagons
Cars of Spain

SEAT León


En militærbase er et område som er opprettet for at huse militært udstyr, soldater og andre personer som arbejder for et militærvæsen. Baserne kan have et eller flere formål, som eksempelvis fæstningsværk, lager, militær skibsbygning, militær uddannelse, militær administration og strategisk ledelse. Rene administrations- eller skoleinstitutioner vil normalt ikke betegnes som militær base. Historisk har militære baser alt efter formålet, blevet lagt på strategisk vigtige steder, eller omvendt på godt beskyttede steder langt inde på eget territorium for at undgå fjendtlig overtagelse.

Historisk har oversøiske militærbaser ofte haft som opgave at stationere tropper som kontrollerer en koloni. I krigstid eller fredsbevarende operationer kan der etableres midlertidige militære baser. Eksempler fra Afghanistan er Ghormach-basen og Marmal-lejren, Bhagram-basen og Eglin Air Force Base.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Oversigt over flymilitære baser globalt - BaseOps.net. Besøgt 2. august 2016.
 Historisk oversigt over britiske baser - Royal Engineers Museum. Besøgt 2. august 2016.
 Oversigt over baser i USA - Forsvarsdepartementet (USA). Besøgt 2. august 2016.
 Det tyske forsvars tjenestesteder - Forsvarsdepartementet (Tyskland). Besøgt 2. august 2016.

Militære anlæg

Militærbase


An Arundinella leptochloa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Arundinella leptochloa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arundinella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arundinella

Arundinella leptochloa


Hospital  es una película boliviana  dirigida por Germán Monje y producida por Juan Pablo Piñeiro, autor de la novela "Cuando Sara Chura despierte" y guionista de la película Sena/Quina, la inmortalidad del cangrejo (2005) de Paolo Agazzi.

Detalles de la película
El guion de 'Hospital  fue escrito por Germán Monje y Juan Pablo Piñeiro, basado en una idea de Miguel Valverde;
la Fotografía del film estuvo a cargo de Daniela Cajías.

Hospital  se estrenó en la Cinemateca Boliviana en la ciudad de La Paz el 2 de julio de 2009. Es la primera película boliviana contemporánea filmada en blanco y negro. Su trama se desarrolla en los pasillos del Hospital Obrero de la ciudad de La Paz, en una habitación donde se encuentran diferentes personajes, caracterizados en su mayoría por actores sin experiencia. Fue nombrada como la "Película del Bicentanario" por el Gobierno Municipal de La Paz.

El personaje central, Pedro Dionicio Murillo (Omar Duranboger), un bohemio algo "pajpaku" (charlatán) es internado debido a su afición por las bebidas espirituosas y la vida alegre. La trama gira en torno a la personalidad peculiar de este personaje y su interacción con los otros internos y el desarrollo de su relación.

Comparten la habitación con Pedro D. Murillo otros personajes: el "camba", Carmelo Suárez (Martín Jofré); el "Profe" Serafín Aguilera (Carlos Andrade), un exjugador de fútbol con cáncer; Humberto el "gordo" (Carlos Barrios) que sufre de diabetes; Wálter Paco (Antonio Mendieta), el "burócrata" que tiene problemas matrimoniales y un indígena, Gregorio (Mauro Alwa) que tiene más fe en la medicina tradicional que en los medicaméntos que le dan (o no) en el hospital.

La mayoría de los personajes principales, excepto Gregorio, son ancianos que luchan por vivir y comparten, quizá sus últimos momentos con los compañeros de habitación en el hospital, surgiendo así entre ellos los sentimientos de amistad y solidaridad, en especial entre Pedro el "pajpaku" y Carmelo, el "camba", logrando así llevar adelante sus aflicciones y sobrellevar sus problemas, a pesar de sus diferencias .

Sinopsis
Pedro Murillo, un viejo bohemio, se interna de emergencia en el Hospital , el más popular de la ciudad, donde debe compartir habitación con diferentes personajes: un hombre del oriente cuya hija no reconocida trabaja en ese recinto, un exjugador de fútbol (el "Profe") que padece un cáncer avanzado, un diabético obeso que pasa largas temporadas internado (Humberto), un burócrata (Wálter Paco) que tiene problemas en su matrimonio y un indígena (Gregorio) que se cura con plantas medicinales. La mayoría son ancianos que se encuentran en la etapa final de su vida, luchando contra el dolor y la enfermedad. En este difícil trance nace en cada uno el sentimiento de solidaridad que da pie a una amistad conmovedora, principalmente entre Pedro y el "Camba", Carmelo Suárez. El poder sanador de esta amistad permite a ambos reconciliarse con la vida y aceptar finalmente el enigma de su destino personal.

Personajes
 Pedro D. Murillo, el "pajpaku", personaje central de la trama, interpretado por Omar Duranboger, artista plástico, pintor y profesor de artes.
 Carmelo Suárez. el "camba", personaje que sufre de chagas y se interna en el hospital tratando de reencontrarse con su hija, una enfermera que trabaja ahí, interpretada por Soledad Ardaya, actriz de teatro y cine participó también en las películas Sena/Quina y Di buen día a papá.
 Walter Paco, el "burócrata", personaje que además de los problemas de salud que comparten los protagonistas, tiene también problemas en su matrimonio, interpretado por Antonio Mendieta un jubilado bancario que es también el actor del elenco con más experiencia ya que participó antes en dos películas.
 Serafín Aguilera, el "profe", es un exjugador y entrenador de fútbol que padece de un cáncer terminal, interpretado por Carlos Andrade Viscafé, taxista.
 Humberto Foronda, el "gordo", enfermo de diabetes, es el paciente a cargo de la habitación, debido a que se interna con frecuencia a causa de su enfermedad, conoce a todos y se encarga de presentar a los nuevos internos. Interpretado por Carlos Barrios, operador de radiotaxi.
 Gregorio Mamani, el "kallawaya", interpretado por Mauro Alwa, es un personaje que es internado debido a un accidente que sufre en la carretera a los yungas y que logra sanarse gracias a sus conocimientos de la medicina tradicional y las facultades curativas de diferentes hierbas. Mauro Alwa además de escribir poesía es estibador.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Tráiler de la película en YouTube

 Artículo publicado en Los Tiempos el 27 de junio de 2009

 Entrevista a Juan Pablo Piñeiro, productor y coguionista del film

 Reseña en La Mala Palabra

Películas de Bolivia
Películas de 2009
Películas dramáticas
Películas rodadas en Bolivia

Hospital Obrero (película)


Cobham ()  is a village and civil parish in the borough of Gravesham in Kent, England. The village is located  south-east of Gravesend, and just south of Watling Street, the Roman road from Dover to London. The parish, which includes the hamlet of Sole Street, covers an area of  and had a population of 1,469 at the 2011 Census, increasing from 1,328 at the 2001 Census.

Since 1970 the village has been in a conservation area which aims to preserve the historic character and appearance of the area.

History
Cobham parish has had several manors; one of which, Henhurst, was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and in the Textus Roffensis as being part of the Rochester Bridge charter of c.975, so there has been a settlement in the parish since at least the 10th century. The largest and most notable of the manors was Cobham or Cobham Hall, which mainly consisted of the manor house, Cobham Hall, and the private park or demesne attached to the house; there is no record of any manorial courts being held before the 16th century, and the lands under rent to the lord of the manor were not significant so at least one court was shared with the other manors within the parish.  The parish of Cobham was originally within the ancient hundred of Shamwell. In 1132, Henry I gave Cobham church, which was then an annex of the church at Shorne, to Bermondsey Priory (later to become Bermondsey Abbey).

The Cobham family was established here before the reign of King John (who reigned from 1199).

The lords of the manor of Cobham were Hereditary High Stewards of nearby Gravesend; in 1692 the custom was stopped that Gravesend paid to the lords of Cobham a yearly sum (a pontage) for the use of the landing stage on the River Thames.

Notable buildings
Cobham Hall was the former home of the Earls of Darnley: its gardens were designed by Humphry Repton. The surviving grade I listed manor house is one of the largest and most important houses in Kent. Today the building houses Cobham Hall School, a private boarding school for girls with a co-educational sixth form, which retains  of the ancient estate. In the former deer park of Cobham Hall is the Darnley Mausoleum, a pyramid-topped structure built in 1786 as ordered by the will of the 3rd Earl of Darnley.

A 15th century hall house in Sole Street, that was threatened with demolition in 1970, has been dismantled and re-erected at the Weald and Downland Living Museum.

The parish church is 13th century and is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. It contains monumental brasses, of which William Belcher in his Kentish Brasses (1905) stated: "No church in the world possesses such a splendid series as the nineteen brasses in Cobham Church, ranging in date between 1298 and 1529." Thirteen of the brasses belong to the years 1320–1529 and commemorate members of the Brooke and Cobham families. The Brooke Tomb contains alabaster effigies of George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham (1497–1558) and his wife Ann Bray.

To the immediate south of the church is the building known as Cobham College, now an almshouse, which originally housed the five priests employed by the chantry founded in 1362 by John Cobham, 3rd Baron Cobham.

Another church in the ecclesiastical parish, in Luddesdown, is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

Schools
The Earls of Darnley left Cobham Hall in 1957; since 1962 it has been Cobham Hall School, a private boarding school for girls; it opens to the public on some occasions in the year.

In addition to Cobham Hall School, there is a local primary school, Cobham Primary School.

Other features
There are two areas of open space in the parish: Cobham Park, which includes extensive woodlands; and Jeskyns, a one-time farm of 360 acres (147 ha), which has been turned into a greenspace area by the Forestry Commission.

The village was also linked to its namesake , a  which was an active Royal Navy vessel between 1953 and 1966.

Cobham is served by Sole Street railway station, on the Chatham Main Line which runs from Gillingham to London Victoria via Bromley South.

People

Cobham has associations with Charles Dickens, who used to walk out to the village: he set part of The Pickwick Papers in The Leather Bottle pub. Other people connected with Cobham include Sir Joseph Williamson, who bought Cobham Hall in 1696, and the insane artist Richard Dadd, who, while recuperating in Cobham, murdered his father in 1843. The Hon Ivo Bligh, the first English cricket captain to attempt to recover The Ashes from Australia, became the 8th Earl of Darnley in 1900, taking over the family home of Cobham Hall.

References

External links

Villages in Kent
Gravesham
Civil parishes in Kent

Cobham, Kent


19156 Heco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
19156 Heco este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Geisei de Tsutomu Seki. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,70 ua, o excentricitate de 0,01 și o înclinație de 1,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 19001-20000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

19156 Heco


ميغيل مونيوز  هو مدرب كرة قدم إسباني.

ميغيل مونوز احرز مع ريال مدريد بطولة الدوري 9 مرات من بينها 5 مرات متتالية كاول فريق يفعلها، دوري الأبطال مرتين، وبطولة الكأس مرتين، وكأس العالم مرة واحدة، واعاد بناء فريق ريال مدريد بعد أن اعتزل الاساطير ولم يغيب فيها الفريق كثيرا عن الساحة، بالفعل.
انه أسطورة التدريب في ريال مدريد، ففي الـ 14 من يناير لعام 1974 تقدم مونوز إلى الرئيس سنتياغو برنابيو بطلب اعفاء من تدريب الفريق، وبعد مشاورات مع المدرب وافق سنتياغو على طلبه.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

رياضيون من مدريد
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو راسينغ سانتاندير
لاعبو ريال مدريد
لاعبو سلتا فيغو
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم من مدريد
لاعبو كرة قدم من منطقة مدريد
لاعبو لوغرونيس
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم الرديف للرجال
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبون فازوا بدوري أبطال أوروبا
مدربو الدوري الإسباني
مدربو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
مدربو ريال مدريد
مدربو ريال مدريد كاستيا
مدربو كأس العالم 1986
مدربو كرة قدم إسبان
مدربو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي إشبيلية
مدربو نادي غرناطة
مدربو نادي لاس بالماس
مدربون فائزون بدوري أبطال أوروبا
مواليد 1922
مواليد في شريش
وفيات 1990
وفيات في مدريد

ميغيل مونيوز


El Campeonato de Wimbledon de 1877 fue un torneo de tenis masculino celebrado en el All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) de Wimbledon, Londres. Fue el primer torneo oficial de tenis y, más tarde, fue reconocido como el primer torneo de Grand Slam. El AELTC fue creado en julio de 1868, como el All England Croquet Club. El tenis fue introducido en febrero de 1875 para compensar el decreciente interés en el croquet. En junio de 1877, el club decidió organizar un torneo de tenis para costear las reparaciones del rodillo que utilizaban para el mantenimiento de las canchas. Para el evento se establecieron un grupo de reglas, derivadas de las primeras reglas estandarizadas de tenis establecidas por el Marylebone Cricket Club en mayo de 1875.

La competición de caballeros, el único evento del campeonato, fue disputada en pistas de césped por 22 jugadores, que pagaron una guinea para participar. El torneo comenzó en el 9 de julio de 1877 y la final, retrasada tres días por las lluvias y que tuvo una duración de 48 minutos, se llevó a cabo el día 19 del mismo mes frente a un público de 200 personas. El costo de entrada a la final fue de un chelín. El ganador recibió doce guineas y una copa de plata, valorada en 25 guineas, donada por la revista deportiva The Field. Spencer Gore se convirtió en el primer ganador de Wimbledon al vencer a William Marshall en tres sets corridos. Con el torneo, el club obtuvo unas ganancias de diez libras y el rodillo fue reparado. Un análisis efectuado después del campeonato llevó a realizar algunas modificaciones a las reglas correspondientes a las dimensiones de las canchas.

Antecedentes

Orígenes del tenis sobre césped

El origen del tenis se remonta a los claustros monásticos de la Francia del , en donde se jugaba el jeu de paume, un juego que consistía en golpear una pelota con la palma de la mano. En el , se introdujeron las raquetas. La versión original del tenis, ahora llamada «tenis real», se jugaba mayoritariamente en interior y era popular entre la realeza y la alta burguesía, mientras que el pueblo jugaba una versión en exterior denominada longue paume. La prominencia del juego decayó durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, aunque hubo menciones esporádicas de una versión llamada long tennis o field tennis durante la segunda mitad del .

Entre 1858 y 1873 varias personas de la Inglaterria victoriana experimentaron con una versión en césped del tenis. Harry Gem y Augurio Perera demostraron su juego de pelota y, en 1872, crearon el primer club de tenis sobre césped del mundo en el Leamington Spa. En febrero de 1874, Walter Clopton Wingfield introdujo su versión del tenis, denominada Sphairistikè. En su solicitud de patente, la describió como una «Nueva y Mejorada Cancha para Jugar el Antiguo Juego del Tenis» y sus reglas fueron publicadas en un folleto de ocho páginas. Wingfield es reconocido por popularizar el nuevo juego por medio de sus enérgicos esfuerzos promocionales. La cancha de Sphairistikè tenía forma de reloj de arena, más ancha en la línea de fondo que en la red. En noviembre de 1874, publicó una segunda edición de The Book of the Game, que contenía doce reglas y presentaba una cancha más larga y una red un poco más baja.

All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club

El 23 de julio de 1868, en las oficinas de The Field, una revista deportiva semanal, seis hombres fundaron el All England Croquet Club. Tras un año de buscar un terreno apropiado, encontraron un prado de cuatro acres localizdo entre el London and South Western Railway y Worple Road, en Wimbledon, un suburbio de Londres. El 24 de septiembre de 1869, el comité del club decidió rentar el terreno por 50 libras por el primer año, cuota que incrementó a 75 y 100 libras en los siguientes dos años. La creciente renta, sumada al menguante interés en el croquet, ocasionó problemas económicos al club. En febrero de 1875, se introdujo el tenis sobre césped con el fin de capitalizar el cada vez mayor interés en el deporte y generar ingresos adicionales.

La propuesta la realizó Henry Jones, un escritor deportivo que publicaba constantemente en The Field bajo el sobrenombre de «Cavendish» y que se había unido al club en 1869. La introducción del tenis se aprobó en la reunión anual y la cuota de membresía del club se estableció en dos guineas para cubrir ambos deportes. A un costo de 25 libras, se convirtió una cancha de croquet en una de tenis. Poco después, el 25 de febrero de 1875, una docena de nuevos miembros se unió al club. En 1876, se crearon cuatro nuevas canchas, que ocuparon un tercio del terreno, para enfrentar el incremento de nuevos miembros. George Nicol, un miembro del comité, fue nombrado para encargarse exclusivamente de los temas relacionados con el tenis. El deporte llegó a una popularidad tal que, el 14 de abril de 1877, el club fue renombrado, a sugerencia del miembro fundador John H. Hale, como el All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club (AEC&LTC).

Reglas del tenis

El 3 de marzo de 1875, el Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), en su capacidad de federación deportiva, convocó una reunión en el Lord's Cricket Ground para probar varias versiones del tenis con el objetivo de normalizar las reglas del juego. Wingfield estaba presente para demostrar el Sphairistikè, así como John H. Hale, quien presentó su versión llamada «Germains Lawn Tennis». No existe registro de que Gem o Perera estuvieran presentes para exhibir su juego de pelota. Tras la reunión, al Comité de Tenis del MCC se le encargó redactar las reglas. El 28 de mayo, el MMC emitió Laws of Lawn Tennis, las primeras reglas unificadas para el tenis, que fueron adoptadas por el club el 24 de junio. Se basaron considerablemente en la reglas introducidas por Wingfield en febrero del año anterior y publicadas en su folleto llamado Sphairistikè or Lawn Tennis. El MMC adoptó la forma de reloj de arena para las canchas y el método de puntaje de raquetas, en el que el primer jugador que alcanzara quince puntos ganaba el juego y solo el jugador con el saque (hand-in) podía marcar. Se estableció un altura de la red de cinco pies (1.52 metros) en los postes y cuatro pies (1.22 metros) en el centro. Varios aspectos de estas reglas, como la forma de la cancha y el método de puntaje, estuvieron sujetos a un prolongado debate en la prensa. Además, no fueron acatadas por todos y otros clubes, como el Prince's Club en Londres, mantuvieron las canchas rectangulares.

Torneo
El 2 de junio de 1877, a sugerencia del secretario y miembro fundador del club, John H. Walsh, el comité decidió organizar un torneo de tenis para jugadores amateur, compuesto por un único evento individual masculino, con el que esperaban obtener fondos suficientes para reparar el rodillo que utilizaban para el mantenimiento de las canchas. El campeonato se convirtió en el primer torneo oficial de tenis y el primero de los que más tarde serían conocidos como torneos de Grand Slam. El comité acordó realizar el torneo con la condición de que no arriesgara los limitados fondos del club. Para asegurarse de ello, Henry Jones convenció a 20 miembros y amigos del club para que garantizaran una parte de los requisitos económicos del torneo y se hizo responsable de aportar la suma restante. Jones investigó las potenciales localizaciones del torneo en Londres y sus alrededores, pero llegó a la conclusión de que ninguna otra área era más apropiada que las instalaciones de Worple Road en Wimbledon. En consecuencia, las canchas de críquet restantes fueron transformadas en pistas de tenis.

Anuncio
El 9 de junio de 1877, se realizó el primer anuncio público del torneo en la revista The Field bajo el encabezado Lawn Tennis Championship:

Los jugadores debieron encargarse de sus raquetas y vestir zapatos sin tacos. El anuncio también señalaba que un programa sería proporcionado a la brevedad con más detalles, como las reglas que serían aplicadas en el torneo. También se enviaron invitaciones a potenciales participantes. A los posibles visitantes que llegaran en caballo o carruaje se les informó que debían ingresar por la entrada de Worple Road, mientras que quienes planearan llegar a pie debían utilizar el camino de la vía férrea. Luego de pagar la cuota de entrada, a los participantes se les permitió practicar previo al campeonato en doce canchas disponibles con la provisión de que, en sábados y en la semana de campeonato de críquet, que se celebró una semana antes que el torneo de tenis, los jugadores de críquet tenían prioridad al momento de escoger la cancha. El jardinero del club proporcionó pelotas de práctica, similares a las utilizadas en el torneo, a un costo de 12 chelines por docena. John H. Walsh convenció a un empleado para que donara una copa con un valor de 25 guineas para el ganador. La Field Cup, compuesta de plata esterlina, tenía la inscripción: The All England Lawn Challenge Cup – Presented by the Proprietors of The Field – For competition by Amateurs – Wimbledon July 1877 (La Copa Challenge All England Lawn – Presentada por los Propietarios de The Field – Para la competición de Amateurs – Wimbledon Julio de 1877). El 6 de julio de 1877, tres días antes del inicio del torneo, The Times publicó una noticia al respecto:

Reglas

El comité del club no estaba satisfecho con ciertos aspectos de las reglas del MCC de 1875. Para abordar las deficiencias, el 2 de junio de 1877 se estableció un subcomité conformado por Charles Gilbert Heathcote, Julian Marshall y Henry Jones para diseñar las reglas que serían aplicadas en el torneo. El 7 de junio siguiente anunciaron las nuevas reglas, derivadas considerablemente de las publicadas por el MCC. Sin embargo, para no ofender a ese club, las declararon «provisionales» y válidas únicamente para el campeonato:

La cancha debía tener una forma rectangular con un perímetro de 78 por 27 pies (23.8 por 8.2 metros).
La red debía colocarse a una altura de tres pies y tres pulgadas (0.99 metros) en el centro.
La pelota debía tener un diámetro de 21/2 a 25/8 pulgadas (6.4 a 6.7 centímetros) y un peso de 13/4 onzas (50 gramos).
Se adoptaría el método de puntaje de quinces del tenis real (15, 30, 40).
El primer jugador en alcanzar seis juegos ganaría el set. Se realizaría una «muerte súbita» en caso de empate a cinco juegos con excepción de la final, en la que sería necesaria una ventaja de dos juegos en cada set.
Los jugadores cambiarían de lado al final de cada set a menos que el juez indicara algo diferente.
El jugador con el servicio tendría dos oportunidades para servir correctamente y debía hacerlo sin que su pie tocara la línea de fondo.

Con el tiempo, las reglas establecidas para el torneo fueron adoptadas para el deporte y, salvo ligeras modificaciones, aún son utilizadas. Todos los partidos del torneo se jugaron a cinco sets.

Desarrollo

De acuerdo con el All England Regulations for the Management of Prize Meetings, el sorteo de los 22 inscritos se realizó el sábado 7 de julio de 1877 a las 3:30 p.m. en el pabellón del club. H.T. Gillson tuvo la distinción de ser el primer jugador en la historia moderna del tenis en ser sorteado en un torneo. Jefferies & Co. de Woolwich proporcionó los postes, las redes y las pelotas de caucho de la India, cosidas a mano y cubiertas de franela. Por su parte, las raquetas se adaptaron de las utilizadas en el tenis real, con una cabeza pequeña y ligeramente torcida. Se emplearon un total de 180 pelotas en el torneo. Los jueces que se ocuparon de los partidos se sentaron en asientos elevados 18 pulgadas para proporcionarles una mejor vista de la cancha.

La primera ronda, conformada por diez partidos, se llevó a cabo en un soleado lunes 9 de julio a partir de las 3:30 p.m. Los programas diarios se vendieron a un precio de seis peniques y los puntajes se publicaron en un tablón de noticias ubicado al interior del pabellón. A F. N. Langham, un azul de tenis de Oxford, se le dio un walkover cuando C. F. Buller, alumno del Eton College y famoso jugador de raquetas, no se presentó. Julian Marshall venció al capitán Grimston y se convirtió en el primer ganador de un partido a cinco sets. Por su parte, Spencer Gore, un jugador de raquetas de 27 años originario de Wandsworth y que en ese momento se desempeñaba como agente de tierras y agrimensor, ganó el primero de sus encuentros en sets corridos frente a Henry Thomas Gillson. La segunda ronda se realizó al día siguiente y con clima favorable. Charles Gilbert Heathcote recibió una exención y J. Lambert se convirtió en el primer jugador en retirarse de un campeonato de Wimbledon, permitiendo a L. R. Erskine pasar a la siguiente ronda. Marshall venció a F. W. Oliver y Gore derrotó a Montague Hankey en cuatro sets.

El miércoles 11 de julio se jugaron los cuartos de final ante una asistencia más numerosa en comparación con los encuentros anteriores. Los fuertes vientos de ese día ocasionaron el retraso de los partidos. Gore derrotó a Langham en cuatro sets, William Marshall hizo lo propio frente a Erskine, también en cuatro sets, y Julian Marshall, lesionado de la rodilla por una caída en su encuentro previo, perdió ante Heathcote en sets corridos. Los cuartos de final dejaron tres jugadores, en lugar de cuatro, en el cuadro de semifinales programado para el día siguiente. Para resolver la situación a William Marshall se le dio una exención y, en consecuencia, un pase directo a la final. Su oponente, Gore, derrotó a Heathcote en sets corridos, en la única semifinal disputada.

La final se suspendió hasta el lunes 16 de julio para evitar que coincidiera con el popular encuentro de críquet entre el Eton College y la Harrow School, que se realizó el viernes y sábado siguientes. Nuevamente, por las lluvias, la final fue reprogramada hasta el jueves 19 de julio a las 3:30 p.m. Ese día, lluvioso también, el encuentro se retrasó una hora más. El partido inició en una cancha muerta y resbaladiza frente a 200 espectadores. En un lado de la pista se montó una plataforma de tres tablones para dar asiento a cerca de treinta personas. Marshall ganó el volado y decidió tirar primero e inmediatamente Gore le quebró el servicio. Luego de ganar Gore el primer set, comenzó a llover por un cuarto de hora, por lo que el terreno se reblandeció y afectó la calidad del juego. La final tuvo una duración de 48 minutos, al cabo de los cuales Spencer Gore se convirtió en el campeón inaugural en tres sets seguidos de 15, 13 y 20 minutos, respectivamente. En su carrera al título, Gore, especialista en la volea en un momento en el que algunas personas la consideraban antideportiva, ganó 15 sets y perdió dos, además logró 99 juegos frente a 46 que perdió. Al finalizar el campeonato se buscó proscribir la volea y en The Field se desarrolló una discusión durante semanas. El partido de desempate para el segundo lugar entre Marshall y Heathcote se realizó inmediatamente después. Por acuerdo el enfrentamiento se redujo a tres sets. Marshall, en su segundo encuentro en el día, derrotó a Heathcote en sets corridos, frente a una reducida audiencia, y se alzó con el premio de plata de siete guineas.

Repercusión
El 20 de julio de 1877, el reporte de The Morning Post rezó:

Por su parte, The Field reportó: «El resultado fue una victoria más fácil de los esperado para el Sr. Spencer Gore». Heathcote declaró que Gore fue el mejor jugador del año y que tenía un servicio variado con mucho giro. Además, aseguró que era un tenista con la capacidad para muchos juegos, un gran alcance y una muñeca flexible. En ese momento, su estilo de volea era innovador, un tiro contundente en lugar de un simple golpe para que la pelota pasara la red. Al ser todos sus oponentes jugadores de tenis real, se consideró una victoria del estilo de juego de las raquetas frente al del tenis real y del estilo ofensivo del jugador en volea (que sube a la red para forzar el punto) frente el jugador en la línea de fondo (que juega con un tiro de fondo en un intento por mantener la pelota en juego). Su juego de volea también fue exitoso por la altura de la red (1.52 metros, en contraste con los 1.07 actuales). Gore indicó que los jugadores del tenis real tendían a lanzar tiros de esquina a esquina por la mitad de la red, por lo tanto, a esa altura, la red facilitaba la volea.

Pese a su histórico título, Gore no fue un entusiasta del tenis sobre césped. En 1890, trece años después del campeonato, escribió: «es la falta de variedad lo que evitará que el tenis sobre césped, en su presente forma, supere a nuestros grandes juegos [...] Es extremadamente dudoso que alguna persona que juegue realmente bien al críquet, tenis [real] o incluso a raquetas, preste su atención seriamente al tenis sobre césped, más allá de mostrarse como un jugador prometedor; con toda probabilidad, la monotonía del juego, en comparación con otros, asfixiará a esa persona antes de que tenga tiempo de destacarse». Gore compitió en el campeonato de 1878 por challenge round, pero perdió ante Frank Hadow. Fue su última aparición en Wimbledon.

Análisis y cambios en las reglas
El torneo generó ingresos por 10 libras, suficientes para reparar el rodillo. Al finalizar, Henry Jones analizó los puntajes de todos los partidos y encontró que de 601 juegos, 376 los ganaron los jugadores con el servicio y 255 quienes recibían. En un momento en el que el saque se realizaba con un lanzamiento bajo o a la altura del hombro, lo anterior se interpretó como un dominio del servicio y ocasionó modificaciones a las reglas del torneo de 1878. El largo de la cancha se redujo de 26 a 22 pies (7.92 a 6.71 metros), al igual que la altura de la red, que pasó a cuatro pies y nueve pulgadas (1.45 metros) en los postes y tres pies (0.91 metros) en el centro. Estas reglas fueron publicadas conjuntamente por el AEC&LTC y el MCC, lo que dio al primero el carácter de autoridad oficial encargada de las reglas del deporte y, por lo tanto, sancionó retroactivamente sus propias reglas de 1877. Este momento marcó el instante en el que el AEC&LTC usurpó eficazmente el rol de encargado de las reglas del MCC, club que ratificó los cambios en las normas hasta 1882. En ese año, en reconocimiento de la importancia y popularidad del tenis, el club cambió su nombre a All England Lawn Tennis Club (AELTC).

Placa conmemorativa
El 18 de junio de 2012, se reveló una placa conmemorativa en la antigua sede del All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, en Worple Road, Wimbledon, para celebrar el primer campeonato y el evento de tenis de los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 1908. En la ceremonia estuvieron presentes Heather Hanbury, maestra principal de la Wimbledon High School, Philip Brook, presidente del All England Club y David T. Williams, alcalde de Merton.

Invididual masculino

Final
 Spencer Gore venció a  William Marshall por 6-1, 6-2, 6-4.

Segundo puesto
 William Marshall venció a  Charles Gilbert Heathcote por 6-4, 6-4.

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Sitio oficial del Campeonato de Wimbledon.

Campeonato de Wimbledon 1877

Campeonato de Wimbledon 1877


Liudmila Ivánovna Chernyj (en ucraniano: Людмила Іванівна Черних y en ruso: Людмила Ивановна Черных, nacida el 13 de junio de 1935 en Shuya, Óblast de Ivánovo) fue una astrónoma rusa.

En 1959 se graduó en la Universidad Pedagógica Estatal de Irkutsk. Entre 1959 y 1963 trabajó en el Laboratorio de Tiempo y Frecuencia del Instituto de Investigación de Mediciones Físico-Técnicas y Radiotécnicas de Irkutsk, donde realizó observaciones astrométricas. Entre 1964 y 1998 trabajó en el Instituto de Astronomía Teórica de la Academia de las Ciencias de la URSS, nombre que tras la disolución de la Unión Soviética en 1991, fue rebautizado por Academia de las Ciencias de Rusia. Desde 1998 ha trabajado en el Observatorio Astrofísico de Crimea en Naúchni, Ucrania.

Durante muchos años trabajó con su colega y esposo, el también astrónomo Nikolái Chernyj, fallecido en 2004. El asteroide (2325) Chernykh, descubierto por el checo Antonín Mrkos en 1979, fue nombrado en su honor.

Asteroides descubiertos
A lo largo de su carrera, Liudmila Chernyj ha descubierto un total de 267 asteroides.

Referencias

Astrónomas
Descubridores de asteroides
Astrónomos de Rusia del siglo XX
Astrónomos de Ucrania
Astrónomos de la Unión Soviética
Científicas de Rusia
Científicas de Ucrania
Ucranianas del siglo XX

Liudmila Chernyj


Mufesir je osoba koja se bavi tefsirom, tumačenjem Kurana. Za njega su izvori tefsira Kuran, hadis, riječi ashaba i tabiina. Najvažniji uvjeti za mufesira su:
 drži se ispravnog islamskog vjerovanja,
 ispravan nijjet,
 prvi izvor tefsira bude Kuran, tj. ajete tumači ajetima,
 izbori tefsira su mu hadis, zatim riječi ashaba i tabiina,
 dobro poznavanje arapskog
 dobro poznavanje islamskih nauka poput akaida, fikha, hadisa itd., a posebno kuranske nauke: kiraet, povode objave, derogacija itd.,
 urođeni dar ili naklonost za tumačenje Kurana,
 uzorno ponašanje, praksa u skladu sa znanjem
 oštroumnost
 vjerodostojnost i preciznost u znanosti

Izvori

Islam

Mufesir


فيركنيايا تويما  هي مدينة في مقاطعة أوبلاست أرخانغلسك في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3736 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة أرخانغلسك

فيرخنيايا تويما


París er einnig borg og íslenskt kvenmannsnafn
París er vinsæll barnaleikur er gengur út á að steini eða öðrum litlum hlut er kastað í einn reitanna sem teiknaður hefur verið á yfirborð og þátttakandinn á að hoppa á reitina og ná í hlutinn. Algengt er að reitirnir séu teiknaðir með krít en einnig geta þeir verið merktir með varanlegri hætti.

Reglur
Fjölmörg afbrigði eru af reglunum og því hægt að álykta að ríkjandi reglur hvers leiks séu þær sem séu algengar á hverjum stað eða umsamdar milli þátttakenda. Algeng útfærsla er að þátttakandinn standi á sérstökum byrjunarreit og hendir þaðan litlum hlut í fyrsta reitinn (venjulega merktur með tölustafnum '1'). Viðkomandi hoppar síðan í gegnum alla reitina fram og til baka á byrjunarreitinn, fyrir utan "merkta" reitinn, með þeim hætti að eingöngu má einn fótur vera niðri í einu, að því undanskildu að heimilt er að vera með báða fætur niðri á sama tíma til að snerta tvo samliggjandi reiti (nr. 4 og 5 í myndadæminu), og einnig er heimilt að snerta ótölusettu reitina með báðum fótum í einu. Á leiðinni til baka á þátttakandinn stoppa á næsta reit við merkta reitinn, beygja sig niður, taka upp hlutinn, og halda síðan áfram. Ef þátttakandinn fer út fyrir parísinn, sleppir reit eða snertir línurnar, þarf viðkomandi að endurtaka umferðina (en hleypa næsta þátttakanda að á undan séu fleiri að spila). Ef umferðin heppnast má þátttakandinn hefja strax næstu umferð með því að merkja næsta númeraða reit, og svo framvegis. Sigurvegarinn er þátttakandinn sem klárar fyrst seinustu umferðina.

Barnaleikir

París (leikur)


An Masdevallia pteroglossa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Masdevallia pteroglossa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Masdevallia

Masdevallia pteroglossa


كأس أوروبا 1974-75 هو الموسم العشرون من بطولة دوري أبطال أوروبا. فاز فريق بايرن ميونيخ بهذه البطولة بعد أن تغلب على فريق ليدز يونايتد بنتيجة 2-0. أقيمت المبارة النهائية بين الفريقين في مدينة باريس بتاريخ 28 مايو من عام 1975.

الرسم البياني

الدور الأول (دور الـ 32)

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1 انسحب نادي أمونيا من البطولة بسبب الأوضاع السياسية في قبرص.

مباريات الذهاب

مباريات الإياب

ريش شوروزو فاز 2–1 في المجموع.

فنربخشة فاز 5–2 في المجموع.

هايدوك سبليت فاز 9–1 في المجموع.

سانت ايتيان فاز 3–1 في المجموع.

أرارات يريفان فاز 6–2 في المجموع.

أوبست فاز 7–1 في المجموع.

ليدز فاز 5–3 في المجموع.

فاز أندرلخت 5-5 في المجموع بفضل قانون الأهداف خارج الديار.

أولمبياكوس فاز 3–1 في المجموع.

فينورد فاز 11–1 في المجموع.

برشلونة فاز 5–0 في المجموع.

هلسنكي فاز 4–2 في المجموع.

أتفدابيرجس فاز 4–3 في المجموع.

الدور الثاني (دور الـ 16)

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مباريات الذهاب

مباريات الإياب

رتش شوروزو فاز 4–1 في المجموع.

سانت إتيان فاز 6–5 في المجموع.

بايرن ميونخ فاز 5–3 في المجموع.

أرارات يريفان فاز 7–1 في المجموع.

ليدز يونايتد فاز 5–1 في المجموع.

أندرلخت فاز 5–4 في المجموع.

برشلونة فاز 3–0 في المجموع.

أتفدابيرجس فاز 4–0 في المجموع.

ربع النهائي

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مباريات الذهاب

مباريات الإياب

سانت إتيان فاز 4–3 في المجموع.

بايرن ميونخ فاز 2–1 في املجموع.

ليدز يونايتد فاز 4–0 في المجموع.

برشلونة فاز 5–0 في المجموع.

نصف النهائي

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مباريات الذهاب

مباريات الإياب

بايرن ميونخ فاز 2–0 في المجموع.

ليدز يونايتد فاز 3–2 في المجموع.

النهائي

قائمة الهدافين

مصادر

كرة القدم الأوروبية في 1974–75
مواسم كأس أوروبا

كأس أوروبا 1974–75