Batı Sahra (Arapça: الصحراء الغربية, es-Sahrâu'l-Garbiyye, İspanyolca: Sahara Occidental, Berberice: Taneẓroft Tutrimt), Afrika kıtasının kuzeybatısında yer alan ve 1975 yılında koloni ülkesi İspanya tarafından terk edildikten sonra Fas tarafından hak iddia edilen ve günümüzde de üçte ikisini Fas'ın fiilen yönettiği bölgedir. Bölgenin tümü üzerinde 1976 yılında bağımsızlığı ilan edilen Sahra Demokratik Arap Cumhuriyeti'nin bu ilanı Fas tarafından kabul edilmemektedir. Bölgenin sınır komşusu olarak kuzeyinde Fas, kuzeydoğusunda Cezayir, doğu ve güneyinde Moritanya yer alırken, bölgenin batısında Atlas Okyanusu yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Bölgenin toplamda sahip olduğu 2.049 km sınırın 41 km'si Cezayir, 1.564 km'si Moritanya ve 444 km'si bölgenin üçte ikisini ilhak ederek elinde bulunduran Fas ile oluşurken, ülkenin ayrıca Atlas Okyanusu ile 1.110 km'lik sahil şeridi bulunmaktadır.

Toplamda 266.000 km² bir alana sahip olan Batı Sahra'da kıyı kesiminden iç kesimlere ilerledikçe 400 m'ye çıkan yükseltiler yer almaktadır. Bölgenin en yüksek noktasını 805 m ile Cezayir sınırına yakın konumda yer alan ve herhangi bir ismi bulunmayan nokta oluşturmaktadır.

Nüfus
Batı Sahra bölgesinde 2013 tahmini nüfus sonuçlarına göre 570.866 kişi yaşamaktadır.

Batı Sahra genç bir nüfusa sahip olup, 2015 tahmini verilerine göre nüfusun %57,46'sı 0-24 yaş aralığındadır. Ülkenin sadece %3,75'i 65 yaş ve üzerindedir.

0-14 yaş: %37.83 (erkek 109,147/kadın 106,789)
15-24 yaş: %19.63 (erkek 56,412/kadın 55,624)
25-54 yaş: %33.93 (erkek 95,296/kadın 98,391)
55-64 yaş: %4.87 (erkek 12,974/kadın 14,829)
65 yaş ve üzeri: %3.75 (erkek 9,406/kadın 11,998)

Etnik gruplar
Asıl Batı Sahralılar Sahravi olarak bilinmektedir. Bunun haricinde bölgede Araplar ve Araplaşmış Berberiler yaşamaktadır.

Dil
Bölge genelinde Arapça'nın yanı sıra belli bir kesim tarafından eski koloni ülkesi İspanya'dan miras kalan İspanyolca konuşulmaktadır.

Din
Bölgede yaşayan nüfusun neredeyse tamamı Sünni İslam inancına göre yaşamını sürdürmektedir.

İdari yapılanma

Fas kontrolü altında tuttuğu bölge üzerine kendi idari yapılanmasına uygun bir idari yönetim planlaması yapmaktadır. Buna göre Batı Sahra olarak adlandırılan bölgede Fas'ın on iki idari bölgelerinden olan Guelmim-Oued Noun bölgesinin küçük bir kısmı ile birlikte Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra ve Dakhla-Oued Ed Dahab idari bölgeleri bulunmaktadır.

Fas bölgenin sadece üçte ikisini fiilen elinde tutmasına rağmen bölgenin tamamında hak iddia etmektedir. Bölgenin geri kalan üçte biri üzerinde yönetimi elinde tutan ve bu bölgeleri özgür bölge olarak adlandıran Polisario ise ilan ettiği Sahra Demokratik Arap Cumhuriyeti ile Batı Sahra üzerindeki iddiasını sürdürmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 János Besenyő: Western Sahara, Publikon Publishers, Pécs, 2009.
 János Besenyő: The Occupation of Western Sahara by Morocco and Mauritania, Periodical of the Scientific board of Military Security Office, 2010.
 János Besenyő: Economy of Western Sahara, Periodical of the Scientific board of Military Security Office, 2011.
 János Besenyő: Western Sahara and Migration, AARMS, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2014.

Mağrip ülkeleri
Sahra ülkeleri
Afrika kıtasındaki ülkeler
Afrika'daki tartışmalı bölgeler
Fas'ın toprak anlaşmazlıkları
Eski İspanyol koloniler
Arapça konuşan bölgeler ve ülkeler
İspanyolca konuşan ülkeler

Batı Sahra


Lieråsen tunnel er en norsk jernbanetunnel på Drammenbanen mellem Oslo og Drammen, der går mellem Asker Station i Asker kommune og Lier Station i Lier kommune. Den er 10.723 m lang. Tunnelen blev bygget fra 1963 med gennembrud 13. oktober 1971. Den blev åbnet for trafik 3. juni 1973, to dage efter den officielle indvielse. Den var Norges længste jernbanetunnel, indtil Romeriksporten blev åbnet i 1999. Anlæggelsen kostede 170 mio. NOK i 1971-priser.

Tunnelen betød en betydelig afkortning af Drammenbanen på strækningen mellem Asker og Drammen, der desuden fik dobbeltspor ved samme lejlighed. Rejsetiden mellem Drammen og Oslo blev sat ned fra 50 til 31 minutter. Den gamle enkeltsporede bane gik i en stor kurve via Spikkestad i Røyen kommune og Lierbyen i Lier kommune. Banen mellem Asker og Spikkestad, Spikkestadlinjen, blev bibeholdt til lokaltrafik efter åbningen af Lieråsen tunnel, mens banen mellem Spikkestad og Drammen blev nedlagt. Traceen benyttes nu som cykelsti fra Brakerøya, Lierbyen via Reistad til Gullaugkleiva, og der er planer om at forlængde den videre til Spikkestad ad den gamle trace.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Jernbanetunneler
Jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Asker
Etableret i 1973

Lieråsen tunnel


Reykjanesvirkjun er jarðvarmavirkjun á Reykjanesi rekin af HS Orku. Orkuvinnsla hófst 2006. Sýning um jarðhita var lengi í Reykjanesvirkjun en henni hefur nú verið hætt.

Tilvísanir

Tengill
HS Orka - Nánar um orkuverið á Reykjanesi

Jarðvarmavirkjanir á Íslandi
Reykjanes

Reykjanesvirkjun


Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions. They belong to the domain Archaea and are members of the phylum Euryarchaeota. Methanogens are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and can occur in the digestive tracts of animals including ruminants and humans, where they are responsible for the methane content of belching and flatulence. In marine sediments, the biological production of methane, termed methanogenesis, is generally confined to where sulfates are depleted below the top layers and methanogens play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments. Other methanogens are extremophiles, found in environments such as hot springs and submarine hydrothermal vents as well as in the "solid" rock of Earth's crust, kilometers below the surface.

Physical description

Methanogens are coccoid (spherical shaped) or bacilli (rod shaped). There are over 50 described species of methanogens, which do not form a monophyletic group in the phylum Euryarchaeota.  They are mostly anaerobic organisms that cannot function under aerobic conditions, but recently a species (Candidatus Methanothrix paradoxum) has been identified that can function in anoxic microsites within aerobic environments. They are sensitive to the presence of oxygen even at trace level and cannot usually sustain oxygen stress for a prolonged time. However, Methanosarcina barkeri is exceptional in possessing a superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, and may survive longer than the others in the presence of O2. Some methanogens, called hydrogenotrophic, use carbon dioxide (CO2) as a source of carbon, and hydrogen as a reducing agent.

The reduction of carbon dioxide into methane in the presence of hydrogen can be expressed as follows:

CO2 + 4 H2 → CH4 + 2H2O

Some of the CO2 reacts with the hydrogen to produce methane, which creates an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis. In contrast, plants and algae use water as their reducing agent.

Methanogens lack peptidoglycan, a polymer that is found in the cell walls of Bacteria, as is the case for other archaea. Instead, some methanogens have a cell wall called pseudopeptidoglycan. Other methanogens have a paracrystalline protein array (S-layer) that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

Extreme living areas
Methanogens play a vital ecological role in anaerobic environments of removing excess hydrogen and fermentation products that have been produced by other forms of anaerobic respiration. Methanogens typically thrive in environments in which all electron acceptors other than CO2 (such as oxygen, nitrate, ferric iron (Fe(III)), and sulfate) have been depleted.  In deep basaltic rocks near the mid-ocean ridges, they can obtain their hydrogen from the serpentinization reaction of olivine as observed in the hydrothermal field of Lost City.

The thermal breakdown of water and water radiolysis are other possible sources of hydrogen.

Methanogens are key agents of remineralization of organic carbon in continental margin sediments and other aquatic sediments with high rates of sedimentation and high sediment organic matter.  Under the correct conditions of pressure and temperature, biogenic methane can accumulate in massive deposits of methane clathrates, which account for a significant fraction of organic carbon in continental margin sediments and represent a key reservoir of a potent greenhouse gas.

Methanogens have been found in several extreme environments on Earth – buried under kilometres of ice in Greenland and living in hot, dry desert soil. They are known to be the most common archaebacteria in deep subterranean habitats. Live microbes making methane were found in a glacial ice core sample retrieved from about three kilometres under Greenland by researchers from the University of California, Berkeley. They also found a constant metabolism able to repair macromolecular damage, at temperatures of 145 to –40 °C.

Another study has also discovered methanogens in a harsh environment on Earth. Researchers studied dozens of soil and vapour samples from five different desert environments in Utah, Idaho and California in the United States, and in Canada and Chile. Of these, five soil samples and three vapour samples from the vicinity of the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah were found to have signs of viable methanogens.

Some scientists have proposed that the presence of methane in the Martian atmosphere may be indicative of native methanogens on that planet. In June 2019, NASA's Curiosity rover detected methane, commonly generated by underground microbes such as methanogens, which signals possibility of life on Mars.

Closely related to the methanogens are the anaerobic methane oxidizers, which utilize methane as a substrate in conjunction with the reduction of sulfate and nitrate. Most methanogens are autotrophic producers, but those that oxidize CH3COO− are classed as chemotroph instead.

Comparative genomics and molecular signatures

Comparative proteomic analysis has led to the identification of 31 signature proteins which are specific for methanogens (also known as Methanoarchaeota). Most of these proteins are related to methanogenesis, and they could serve as potential molecular markers for methanogens. Additionally, 10 proteins found in all methanogens which are shared by Archaeoglobus, suggest that these two groups are related. In phylogenetic trees, methanogens are not monophyletic and they are generally split into three clades. Hence, the unique shared presence of large numbers of proteins by all methanogens could be due to lateral gene transfers. Additionally, more recent novel proteins associated with sulfide trafficking have been linked to methanogen archaea. More proteomic analysis is needed to further differentiate specific genera within the methanogen class and reveal novel pathways for methanogenic metabolism.

Modern DNA or RNA sequencing approaches has elucidated several genomic markers specific to several groups of methanogens. One such finding isolated nine methanogens from genus Methanoculleus and found that there were at least 2 trehalose synthases genes that were found in all nine genomes. Thus far, the gene has been observed only in this genus, therefore it can be used as a marker to identify the archaea Methanoculleus. As sequencing techniques progress and databases become populated with an abundance of genomic data, a greater number of strains and traits can be identified, but many genera have remained understudied. For example, halophilic methanogens are potentially important microbes for carbon cycling in coastal wetland ecosystems but seem to be greatly understudied. One recent publication isolated a novel strain from genus Methanohalophilus which resides in sulfide-rich seawater. Interestingly, they have isolated several portions of this strain's genome that are different from other isolated strains of this genus (Methanohalophilus mahii, Methanohalophilus halophilus, Methanohalophilus portucalensis, Methanohalophilus euhalbius). Some differences include a highly conserved genome, sulfur and glycogen metabolisms and viral resistance. Genomic markers consistent with the microbes environment have been observed in many other cases. One such study found that methane producing archaea found in hydraulic fracturing zones had genomes which varied with vertical depth. Subsurface and surface genomes varied along with the constraints found in individual depth zones, though fine-scale diversity was also found in this study. It is important to recognize that genomic markers pointing at environmentally relevant factors are often non-exclusive. A survey of Methanogenic Thermoplasmata has found these organisms in human and animal intestinal tracts. This novel species was also found in other methanogenic environments such as wetland soils, though the group isolated in the wetlands did tend to have a larger number of genes encoding for anti-oxidation enzymes that were not present in the same group isolated in the human and animal intestinal tract. A common issue with identifying and discovering novel species of methanogens is that sometimes the genomic differences can be quite small, yet the research group decides they are different enough to separate into individual species. One study took a group of Methanocellales and ran a comparative genomic study. The three strains were originally considered identical, but a detailed approach to genomic isolation showed differences among their previously considered identical genomes. Differences were seen in gene copy number and there was also metabolic diversity associated with the genomic information.

Genomic signatures not only allow one to mark unique methanogens and genes relevant to environmental conditions; it has also led to a better understanding of the evolution of these archaea. Some methanogens must actively mitigate against oxic environments. Functional genes involved with the production of antioxidants have been found in methanogens, and some specific groups tend to have an enrichment of this genomic feature. Methanogens containing a genome with enriched antioxidant properties may provide evidence that this genomic addition may have occurred during the Great Oxygenation Event. In another study, three strains from the lineage Thermoplasmatales isolated from animal gastro-intestinal tracts revealed evolutionary differences. The eukaryotic-like histone gene which is present in most methanogen genomes was not present, eluding to evidence that an ancestral branch was lost within Thermoplasmatales and related lineages. Furthermore, the group Methanomassiliicoccus has a genome which appears to have lost many common genes coding for the first several steps of methanogenesis. These genes appear to have been replaced by genes coding for a novel methylated methogenic pathway. This pathway has been reported in several types of environments, pointing to non-environment specific evolution, and may point to an ancestral deviation.

Metabolism

Methane production
Methanogens are known to produce methane from substrates such as H2/CO2, acetate, formate, methanol and methylamines in a process called methanogenesis. Different methanogenic reactions are catalyzed by unique sets of enzymes and coenzymes. While reaction mechanism and energetics vary between one reaction and another, all of these reactions contribute to net positive energy production by creating ion concentration gradients that are used to drive ATP synthesis. The overall reaction for H2/CO2 methanogenesis is:

CO2 + 4 H2 -> CH4 + 2 H2O (∆G˚' = -134 kJ/mol CH4)

Well-studied organisms that produce methane via H2/CO2 methanogenesis include Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, and Methanobacterium wolfei. These organisms are typically found in anaerobic environments.

In the earliest stage of H2/CO2 methanogenesis, CO2 binds to methanofuran (MF) and is reduced to formyl-MF. This endergonic reductive process (∆G˚'= +16 kJ/mol) is dependent on the availability of H2 and is catalyzed by the enzyme formyl-MF dehydrogenase.

CO2 + H2 + MF -> HCO-MF + H2O

The formyl constituent of formyl-MF is then transferred to the coenzyme tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) and is catalyzed by a soluble enzyme known as formyl transferase.  This results in the formation of formyl-H4MPT.

HCO-MF + H4MPT -> HCO-H4MPT + MF

Formyl-H4MPT is subsequently reduced to methenyl-H4MPT. Methenyl-H4MPT then undergoes a one-step hydrolysis followed by a two-step reduction to methyl-H4MPT. The two-step reversible reduction is assisted by coenzyme F420 whose hydride acceptor spontaneously oxidizes. Once oxidized, F420's electron supply is replenished by accepting electrons from H2. This step is catalyzed by methylene H4MPT dehydrogenase.

HCO-H4MPT + H+ -> CH-H4MPT+ + H2O (Formyl-H4MPT reduction)

CH-H4MPT+ + F420H2 -> CH2=H4MPT  + F420 + H+(Methenyl-H4MPT hydrolysis)

CH2=H4MPT + H2 -> CH3-H4MPT + H+(H4MPT reduction)

Next, the methyl group of methyl-M4MPT is transferred to coenzyme M via a methyltransferase-catalyzed reaction.

CH3-H4MPT + HS-CoM -> CH3-S-CoM + H4MPT

The final step of H2/CO2 methanogenic involves methyl-coenzyme M reductase and two coenzymes: N-7 mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate (HS-HTP) and coenzyme F430. HS-HTP donates electrons to methyl-coenzyme M allowing the formation of methane and mixed disulfide of HS-CoM. F430, on the other hand, serves as a prosthetic group to the reductase. H2 donates electrons to the mixed disulfide of HS-CoM and regenerates coenzyme M.

CH3-S-CoM + HS-HTP -> CH4 + CoM-S-S-HTP (Formation of methane)

CoM-S-S-HTP + H2 -> HS-CoM + HS-HTP (Regeneration of coenzyme M)

Wastewater treatment
Methanogens are widely used in anaerobic digestors to treat wastewater as well as aqueous organic pollutants. Industries have selected methanogens for their ability to perform biomethanation during wastewater decomposition thereby rendering the process sustainable and cost-effective.

Bio-decomposition in the anaerobic digester involves a four-staged cooperative action performed by different microorganisms. The first stage is the hydrolysis of insoluble polymerized organic matter by anaerobes such as Streptococcus and Enterobacterium. In the second stage, acidogens break down dissolved organic pollutants in wastewater to fatty acids. In the third stage, acetogens convert fatty acids to acetates. In the final stage, methanogens metabolize acetates to gaseous methane. The byproduct methane leaves the aqueous layer and serves as an energy source to power wastewater-processing within the digestor, thus generating a self-sustaining mechanism.

Methanogens also effectively decrease the concentration of organic matter in wastewater run-off. For instance, agricultural wastewater, highly rich in organic material, has been a major cause of aquatic ecosystem degradation. The chemical imbalances can lead to severe ramifications such as eutrophication. Through anaerobic digestion, the purification of wastewater can prevent unexpected blooms in water systems as well as trap methanogenesis within digesters. This allocates biomethane for energy production and prevents a potent greenhouse gas, methane, from being released into the atmosphere.

The organic components of wastewater vary vastly. Chemical structures of the organic matter select for specific methanogens to perform anaerobic digestion. An example is the members of Methanosaeta genus dominate the digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and brewery waste. Modernizing wastewater treatment systems to incorporate higher diversity of microorganisms to decrease organic content in treatment is under active research in the field of microbiological and chemical engineering. Current new generations of Staged Multi-Phase Anaerobic reactors and Upflow Sludge Bed reactor systems are designed to have innovated features to counter high loading wastewater input, extreme temperature conditions, and possible inhibitory compounds.

Species
Methanobacterium bryantii
Methanobacterium formicum
Methanobrevibacter arboriphilicus
Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii
Methanobrevibacter ruminantium
Methanobrevibacter smithii
Methanococcus chunghsingensis
Methanococcus burtonii
Methanococcus aeolicus
Methanococcus deltae
Methanococcus jannaschii
Methanococcus maripaludis
Methanococcus vannielii
Methanocorpusculum labreanum
Methanoculleus bourgensis (Methanogenium olentangyi and Methanogenium bourgense)
Methanoculleus marisnigri
Methanoflorens stordalenmirensis
Methanofollis liminatans
Methanogenium cariaci
Methanogenium frigidum
Methanogenium organophilum
Methanogenium wolfei
Methanomicrobium mobile
Methanopyrus kandleri
Methanoregula boonei
Methanosaeta concilii
Methanosaeta thermophila
Methanosarcina acetivorans
Methanosarcina barkeri
Methanosarcina mazei
Methanosphaera stadtmanae
Methanospirillium hungatei
Methanothermobacter defluvii (Methanobacterium defluvii)
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum)
Methanothermobacter thermoflexus (Methanobacterium thermoflexum)
Methanothermobacter wolfei (Methanobacterium wolfei)
Methanothrix soehngenii

See also
Extremophile
Hydrogen cycle
Methane clathrate
Methanogens in digestive tract of ruminants
Methanopyrus
Methanotroph

References

Anaerobic digestion
Gen
Archaea biology
Environmental microbiology

Methanogen


Billy Wright, (7. srpnja 1960. – 27. prosinca 1997.), bio je britanski lojalist, član skupine Ulster Volunteer Force od 1975., a kasnije zapovjednik radikalne skupine Loyalist Volunteer Force.
Prema Royal Ulster Constabulary, Wright je bio umiješan u sektaška ubojstva do 20 irskih katolika, iako nikada nije osuđen ni za jedno od njih. Navodi se da je Wright, isto kao i njegov prethodnik, bio dupli agent specijalnog ogranka Royal Ulster Constabulary.

Wrighta je ubila republikanska paravojna skupina Irish National Liberation Army.

Izvori

Životopisi, Sjeverna Irska
Sjevernoirski sukob
Terorizam u Sjevernoj Irskoj

Billy Wright


El pie de trinchera, también conocido como pie de inmersión, es el nombre con que se conoce a la enfermedad descrita por primera vez durante la Primera Guerra Mundial a los soldados que habían permanecido durante el invierno en trincheras anegadas de agua. Consiste en un edema rojo y doloroso en el pie, acompañado de focos supurados, linfangitis e hiperpulsatilidad arterial.

Patología
El nombre de esta enfermedad se estableció en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Los soldados permanecían sin descanso en trincheras anegadas durante semanas  a temperaturas muy bajas. Los síntomas aparecían cuando los pies se exponían durante periodos prolongados a los efectos de la humedad y el frío. La combinación de frío y humedad ablandaba la piel, causando la herida e infección del tejido. Si no se trataba la enfermedad a tiempo, daba lugar a la gangrena, requiriendo la amputación del miembro. Normalmente, los primeros síntomas son: picazón, piel fría, dolor, entumecimiento y hormigueo. Posteriormente suele hincharse el pie y la piel se vuelve rojiza (eritrosis) o azulada (cianosis), con supuración o sangrado, como consecuencia de un aporte vascular pobre. Los soldados que utilizaban botas impermeables o muy apretadas, estaban expuestos a la enfermedad debido a la acumulación de sudor.

Causas
El pie de trinchera es propiciado por la acumulación de mala nutrición, deshidratación, calzado inapropiado y calcetines mojados. Las personas que sudan mucho son más propicias a contraer esta enfermedad. La forma de combatir el mal es tener a mano calcetines limpios y secos todo el tiempo.

Fases de la enfermedad
Tras cuatro o cinco días de exposición al frío y la humedad, la enfermedad se desarrolla en tres fases. En la primera, existe una vasoconstricción por el frío y la humedad, debido al poco oxígeno que le llegan a las células del pie. Los pies se sienten fríos al tacto, están ligeramente aumentados de volumen y la piel reblandecida, se desarrollan pruritos y uña dolorosa como síntomas principales. Cuando se recalienta el pie, los tejidos dañados se vuelven rojizos y son dolorosos al tacto. El dolor puede durar desde horas hasta días.

En la segunda fase las células resultan dañadas por la falta de circulación sanguínea y cuando los vasos sanguíneos se descongestionan, los tejidos se edematizan y supuran por el exceso de líquidos. El enfermo siente un hormigueo doloroso que no disminuye. Cuando se recalienta  el pie, aparecen ampollas y úlceras que cuando se abren muestran el tejido muerto. En casos severos el resultado es la gangrena.  El sufrimiento puede durar de 2 a 6 semanas.

La tercera fase puede durar semanas o meses. Las ampollas desaparecen y el pie recobra su apariencia normal, aumentando la transpiración en los pies. La sensibilidad al frío se agudiza, los niveles de dolor son variables, se presenta picazón y parestesia. El pie dañado es susceptible de sufrir daños en un futuro a causa del frío.

Tratamiento

El tratamiento a aplicar consiste en secar los pies cuidadosamente, lavarlos si están sucios, remojarlos en agua tibia y secarlos muy bien, mantenerlos elevados por encima del corazón del paciente mientras se recalientan. No se deben frotar ni colocarlos cerca a fuentes de intenso calor, como hogueras o estufas, por ejemplo. No se deben usar cremas ni lociones, ni se deben reventar las ampollas. No se debe masajear o exponerlos a calor intenso. Se deben administrar antibióticos, analgésicos y suero antitetánico, siguiendo las indicaciones del medicamento.

Historia

Los primeros casos de esta enfermedad, fueron vistos en los soldados del ejército de Napoleón Bonaparte en 1812, durante la Retirada de Rusia, los que por su amplia frecuencia fueron observados y descritos por Dominique Jean Larrey.

A pesar de lo anterior, su nombre proviene de lo que sucedía con los soldados de la Primera Guerra Mundial, al estar tanto tiempo en las trincheras y, especialmente, en invierno y en la fase de Guerra de trincheras. Sumado lo anterior, se vieron casos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la Guerra de Vietnam, y una reaparición de la enfermedad entre las tropas inglesas y argentinas durante la Guerra de las Malvinas en 1982, donde sus causas fueron el frío, humedad y el calzado insuficiente para el terreno.
Algunas personas declararon haber desarrollado pie de trinchera en 1998 y 2007 durante  el Glastonbury  Festival, en 2009 en el Leeds Festival y en 2012  en el Download Festival como resultado del constante frío y lo húmedo y fangoso de los terrenos donde ocurrieron los eventos.

Referencias

 El pie de trinchera en Exordio.com Consultado el 12-2-12
 definición del pie de trinchera Consultado el 12-2-12
 Bt.cdc Consultado el 12-2-12
 Pie de trinchera en Danielacarignano Consultado el 12-2-12

Términos médicos
Enfermedades del pie
Guerra de trincheras

Pie de trinchera


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|imagen            =
|texto_imagen      = Edició de 1821
|autor             = Estève Pelabon
|ilustrador        =
|artista_cubierta  =
|país              =  Francia, Tolón
|lengua            = occitano (provenzal)
|serie             =
|tema              =
|género            = Comedia
|editorial         = Bonnet, Aviñón
|fecha_publicación = estrenada en 1789, imprimida 1790
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Manicla o Lo Grolier Bel-Esprit  o Suseta e Tribòrd (según la norma clásica ; Maniclo o Lou Groulié Bèl-Esprit o Suzeto et Tribord en grafía mistraliana) es una comedia en occitano del  del escritor provençal Estève Pelabon.

 Historia y crítica
Fue estrenada en Tolón en 1789 y editada por primera vez el año siguiente. Según estudiosos occitanos como Chrisrtian Anatole y Robert Lafont, en historia de la literatura occitana, o René Merle, en su antología de la literatura del departamento del Var la edición de 1790 llegó al número de 12 000 ejemplares.

Manicla está escrita en alejandrino interrumpidos por canciones ; en la edición de 1901, el escritor provenzal de lengua occitana, el premio Nobel Frederic Mistral, pidió que se incluyeran las partituras de esas arias. Acerca de Manicla, escribió también :  [...] Disculpame, amigo Roumiéu : si te hablo con emoción y ampliamente de esta obra, que, por cierto, es poca cosa y no carece de defectos, pero, más de veinte veces, durante mi infancia, sobre el regazo de mi madre, la he vista representada, en invierno; por la gente de mi lugar; y, hablando sin respeto, ninguna comedia ni tragedia del repertorio de París dejó dentro de mi corazón semejante impresión. A propósito de París, debo decirta antes de acabar, que no hace mucho de ello, en 1855, una compañía de Marsella interpretó Lo Groulier Bèl Esprit, en el teatro del Palais Royal. Me agrada pensar que los compatriotas que tenemos allá tuvieron la buena idea de ir a verla y de aplaudir. Personajes
 Manicla : zapatero (cuyo apellido se refiere al guante con el cual se protegían las manos los artesanos).
 Suseta : hija de Manicla y novia de Tribòrd.
 Trotoir : mercader afortunado y viejo amigo de Manicla que viene a pedir la mano de Suseta.
 Marròta : criada y confidente de Suseta.

 Sinopsis
Manicla , un zapatero de Tulón, tiene prometió la mano de su hija Suseta a su hijo adoptivo Tribòr. Ambos se quieren, crecieron juntos y además la difunta madre de Suseta había dado su beneplácito. Todos se comprometieron para celebrar la boda cuándo Tribòrd vuelva de viaje. El problema es que mientras tanto Maniclo ha sido elegido Síndico de su corporación y un comerciante le viene a pedir la mano de Suseta. Considerando su progreso social, Manicla prefiere casar a su hijo con el mercader y decide hacerle creer que murió Tribòrd. Por suerte Tribòrd volverá, logrará intimidar a Trotroir y a cuidar la suceptibilidad de Manicla.

 Extracto
Acto IIndo, esceno V ; Suseta se lamenta :E! ben, que ne'n diriatz d'aquèu vièlh cascavèu,Me voliá far la cort emé son laid musèu.Aquò s'esposaviatz un òme d'aquel atge !Faudriá dins quatre jorns li faire de potatge,Li ben caufar lo liech quand se vorriá cochar,
E, puei, tota la nuech l'entendre tossejar.
En l'esposant, faudriá li servir de chambrièra...
Ah! s'èra per Tribòrd sariáu pas la darrièra...
Èra encara pichon quand perdèt sei parents :
Nautrei n'agueriam sonh ; eriam totjorn ensems.
Pensatz ren qu'a jugar quand siatz dins lo bas atge ;
E d'abòrd que siatz grand sonjatz lèu au mariatge.
Mai, mon paire, tanben, emé tot son savoir'
Me chausís un marit que n'es la mitat mòrt,
Qu'a pas mai de vigor qu'una pola banhada.
Se voliá me forçar, sariáu ben agantada.
Se vòu ren escotar, puslèu de consentir,
Avans de l'esposar m'aimariáu mielhs morir

Pues, qué diríanme de aquel insensato, / Que cortejarme quería con su morro feo. / Casarse con un hombre de semejante edad ! / Tredría, en plazo de cuatro días, potaje traerle, / Bien caletarle la cama cuando yacer querría, / Y, luego, toda la noche, escucharlo toser. / Al casarme con él, tendría que servile de criada ... / A ! Si por fuera Tribòrd no fuera yo la última... / Era todavía pequeño cuando perdió a sus padres : / Nosotros tuvimos cura de él ; siempre juntos andábamos ; / Pero, mi padre, también, con su "sabiduría" / Me escoge un esposo medio muerto, / Que no tiene más vigor que una gallina bañada . / Si quisiéreme obligar, estaría bien atrapada. / Si no quiere escuchar, mejor que consetir, / Antes de desposarmecon él me agradaría mejor el morir)

Partituras

Bibliografía crítica
 Anatole, Cristian - Lafont, Robert. Nouvelle histoire de la littérature occitane. Paris : P.U.F., 1970.
 Merle, René. Inventaire du tèxte provençal de la région toulonnaise. La Seyne-sur-Mer : G.R.A.I.C.H.S, 1986.
 Merle, René - Tramoni, Antoine - Vovelle, Michel. Toulon, 1789-1790 : Etienne Pelabon et la réunion patriotique. Marseille : Société d'études historiques du texte original, 1988.

Ediciones
 Lou Grulié bel esprit, vo Suzeto et Tribor; Comédie en deux actes, et en vers provençaux mêlée de chants. Aviñón : Bonnet, 1790.
 Lou Groulié bel esprit, vo Suzetto et Tribor : comédie. Aviñón : An XIII (1805).
 Lou groulié bel esprit; vo, Suzeto et Tribor, comedie en deux actes et en vers provencaux. Avigon : Raymond, 1821.
 Lou Groulié bel esprit ou Suzeto et Tribor : comédie en 2 actes et en vers provençaux, mêlée de chants. Marseille : Terrasson, 1826.
 Lou groulié bel esprit, vo Suzeto et Tribor. Marseille, 1839.
 Lou groulié bel esprit. Aviñón : P. Chaittot, 1840.
 Lou groulié bel esprit, vo Suzeto et Tribor; comédie en deux actes et en vers provenaux. Toulon : F. Monge, 1850.
 Maniclo; vo, lou groulié bèl-esprit. Marsiho (Marseille) : P. Ruat, 1901.

Ediciones en línea
  Edición de 1821 (facsimile ; grafía propia del editor).
  Edition de 1901 (grafía mistraliana, editada al formato PDF).

Notas

Literatura en occitano
Literatura de Francia del siglo XVIII

Manicla


Wassergesetz bezeichnet:

aktuelles Recht
 in Deutschland die Wassergesetze der Länder, siehe Landeswassergesetz
 Wassergesetz Baden-Württemberg
 Bayrisches Wassergesetz
 Berliner Wassergesetz
 Brandenburgisches Wassergesetz
 Bremisches Wassergesetz
 Hamburgisches Wassergesetz
 Hessisches Wassergesetz
 Wassergesetz des Landes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Niedersächsisches Wassergesetz
 Landeswassergesetz Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Landeswassergesetz Rheinland-Pfalz
 Saarländisches Wassergesetz
 Sächsisches Wassergesetz
 Wassergesetz für das Land Sachsen-Anhalt
 Landeswassergesetz Schleswig-Holstein
 Thüringer Wassergesetz

historisches Recht
 das Gesetz über den Schutz, die Nutzung und die Instandhaltung der Gewässer und den Schutz vor Hochwassergefahren (Wassergesetz) der DDR vom 17. April 1963, siehe Wassergesetz (DDR)
 das Wassergesetz der DDR vom 	1. Oktober 1982, siehe Wassergesetz (DDR)
 das Preußische Wassergesetz vom 7. April 1913, siehe Preußisches Wassergesetz
 das Mecklenburgische Wassergesetz vom 9. Juli 1928, siehe Mecklenburgisches Wassergesetz
 das Thüringische Wassergesetz vom 21. Dezember 1932, siehe Thüringisches Wassergesetz
 das Gesetz über Wasser- und Bodenverbände (Wasserverbandsgesetz) vom 10. Februar 1937
 die Erste Verordnung über Wasser- und Bodenverbände (Erste Wasserverbandsordnung) vom 3. September 1937

Siehe auch:
 Wasserhaushaltsgesetz
 Wasserrechtsgesetz

Wassergesetz


The fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) or fluctuation–dissipation relation (FDR) is a powerful tool in statistical physics for predicting the behavior of systems that obey detailed balance. Given that a system obeys detailed balance, the theorem is a proof that thermodynamic fluctuations in a physical variable  predict the response quantified by the admittance or impedance (to be intended in their general sense, not only in electromagnetic terms) of the same physical variable (like voltage, temperature difference, etc.), and vice versa. The fluctuation–dissipation theorem applies both to classical and quantum mechanical systems.

The fluctuation–dissipation theorem was proven by Herbert Callen and Theodore Welton in 1951
and expanded by Ryogo Kubo. There are antecedents to the general theorem, including Einstein's explanation of Brownian motion
during his annus mirabilis and Harry Nyquist's explanation in 1928 of Johnson noise in electrical resistors.

Qualitative overview and examples

The fluctuation–dissipation theorem says that when there is a process that dissipates energy, turning it into heat (e.g., friction), there is a reverse process related to thermal fluctuations. This is best understood by considering some examples:

 Drag and Brownian motion
If an object is moving through a fluid, it experiences drag (air resistance or fluid resistance). Drag dissipates kinetic energy, turning it into heat. The corresponding fluctuation is Brownian motion. An object in a fluid does not sit still, but rather moves around with a small and rapidly-changing velocity, as molecules in the fluid bump into it. Brownian motion converts heat energy into kinetic energy—the reverse of drag.
 Resistance and Johnson noise
If electric current is running through a wire loop with a resistor in it, the current will rapidly go to zero because of the resistance. Resistance dissipates electrical energy, turning it into heat (Joule heating). The corresponding fluctuation is Johnson noise. A wire loop with a resistor in it does not actually have zero current, it has a small and rapidly-fluctuating current caused by the thermal fluctuations of the electrons and atoms in the resistor. Johnson noise converts heat energy into electrical energy—the reverse of resistance.
 Light absorption and thermal radiation
When light impinges on an object, some fraction of the light is absorbed, making the object hotter. In this way, light absorption turns light energy into heat. The corresponding fluctuation is thermal radiation (e.g., the glow of a "red hot" object). Thermal radiation turns heat energy into light energy—the reverse of light absorption. Indeed, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation confirms that the more effectively an object absorbs light, the more thermal radiation it emits.

Examples in detail
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem is a general result of statistical thermodynamics that quantifies the relation between the fluctuations in a system that obeys detailed balance and the response of the system to applied perturbations.

Brownian motion
For example, Albert Einstein noted in his 1905 paper on Brownian motion that the same random forces that cause the erratic motion of a particle in Brownian motion would also cause drag if the particle were pulled through the fluid. In other words, the fluctuation of the particle at rest has the same origin as the dissipative frictional force one must do work against, if one tries to perturb the system in a particular direction.

From this observation Einstein was able to use statistical mechanics to derive the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation

which connects the diffusion constant D and the particle mobility μ, the ratio of the particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied force. kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

Thermal noise in a resistor
In 1928, John B. Johnson discovered and Harry Nyquist explained Johnson–Nyquist noise. With no applied current, the mean-square voltage depends on the resistance , , and the bandwidth  over which the voltage is measured:

This observation can be understood through the lens of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Take, for example, a simple circuit consisting of a resistor with a resistance  and a capacitor with a small capacitance . Kirchhoff's law yields

and so the response function for this circuit is

In the low-frequency limit , its imaginary part is simply

which then can be linked to the power spectral density function  of the voltage via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem

The Johnson–Nyquist voltage noise  was observed within a small frequency bandwidth  centered around . Hence

General formulation
The fluctuation–dissipation theorem can be formulated in many ways; one particularly useful form is the following:.

Let  be an observable of a dynamical system with Hamiltonian  subject to thermal fluctuations.
The observable  will fluctuate around its mean value
with fluctuations characterized by a power spectrum .
Suppose that we can switch on a time-varying, spatially constant field  which alters the Hamiltonian
to .
The response of the observable  to a time-dependent field  is
characterized to first order by the susceptibility or linear response function
 of the system

where the perturbation is adiabatically (very slowly) switched on at .

The fluctuation–dissipation theorem relates the two-sided power spectrum (i.e. both positive and negative frequencies) of  to the imaginary part of the Fourier transform  of the susceptibility :

Which holds under the Fourier transform convention . The left-hand side describes fluctuations in , the right-hand side is closely related to the energy dissipated by the system when pumped by an oscillatory field .

This is the classical form of the theorem; quantum fluctuations are taken into account by replacing  with  (whose limit for  is ). A proof can be found by means of the LSZ reduction, an identity from quantum field theory.

The fluctuation–dissipation theorem can be generalized in a straightforward way to the case of space-dependent fields, to the case of several variables or to a quantum-mechanics setting. A special case in which the fluctuating quantity is the energy itself is the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the frequency-dependent specific heat.

Derivation

Classical version
We derive the fluctuation–dissipation theorem in the form given above, using the same notation.
Consider the following test case: the field f has been on for infinite time and is switched off at t=0

where  is the Heaviside function.
We can express the expectation value of  by the probability distribution W(x,0) and the transition probability

The probability distribution function W(x,0) is an equilibrium distribution and hence
given by the Boltzmann distribution for the Hamiltonian

where .
For a weak field , we can expand the right-hand side

here  is the equilibrium distribution in the absence of a field.
Plugging this approximation in the formula for  yields

where A(t) is the auto-correlation function of x in the absence of a field:

Note that in the absence of a field the system is invariant under time-shifts.
We can rewrite  using the susceptibility
of the system and hence find with the above equation (*)

Consequently,

To make a statement about frequency dependence, it is necessary to take the Fourier transform of equation (**). By integrating by parts, it is possible to show that

Since  is real and symmetric, it follows that

Finally, for stationary processes, the Wiener–Khinchin theorem states that the two-sided spectral density is equal to the Fourier transform of the auto-correlation function:

Therefore, it follows that

Quantum version

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem relates  the correlation function of the observable of interest  (a measure of fluctuation) to the imaginary part of the response function  in the frequency domain (a measure of dissipation).  A link between these quantities can be found through the so-called Kubo formula

which follows, under the assumptions of the linear response theory, from the time evolution of the ensemble average of the observable  in the presence of a perturbing source. Once Fourier transformed, the Kubo formula allows writing the imaginary part of the response function as

In the canonical ensemble, the second term can be re-expressed as

where in the second equality we re-positioned  using the cyclic property of trace. Next, in the third equality, we inserted  next to the trace and interpreted  as a time evolution operator   with imaginary time interval . The imaginary time shift turns into a  factor after Fourier transform

and thus the expression for  can be easily rewritten as the quantum fluctuation-dissipation relation

where the power spectral density  is the Fourier transform of the auto-correlation  and  is the Bose-Einstein distribution function. The same calculation also yields

thus, differently from what obtained in the classical case, the power spectral density is not exactly frequency-symmetric in the quantum limit. Consistently,  has an imaginary part originating from the commutation rules of operators. The additional "" term in the expression of  at positive frequencies can also be thought of as linked to spontaneous emission. An often cited result is also the symmetrized power spectral density

The "" can be thought of as linked to quantum fluctuations, or to zero-point motion of the observable . At high enough temperatures, , i.e. the quantum contribution is negligible, and we recover the classical version.

Violations in glassy systems
While the fluctuation–dissipation theorem provides a general relation between the response of systems obeying detailed balance, when detailed balance is violated comparison of fluctuations to dissipation is more complex. Below the so called glass temperature , glassy systems are  not equilibrated, and slowly approach their equilibrium state. This slow approach to equilibrium is synonymous with the violation of detailed balance. Thus these systems require large time-scales to be studied while they slowly move toward equilibrium.

To study the violation of the fluctuation-dissipation relation in glassy systems, particularly spin glasses, Ref. performed numerical simulations of macroscopic systems (i.e. large compared to their correlation lengths) described by the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson model using supercomputers. In their simulations, the system is initially prepared at a high temperature, rapidly cooled to a temperature  below the glass temperature , and left to equilibrate for a very long time  under a magnetic field . Then, at a later time , two dynamical observables are probed, namely the response function

and the spin-temporal correlation function

where  is the spin living on the node  of the cubic lattice of volume , and  is the magnetization density. The fluctuation-dissipation relation in this system can be written in terms of these observables as

Their results confirm the expectation that as the system is left to equilibrate for longer times, the fluctuation-dissipation relation is closer to be satisfied.

In the mid-1990s, in the study of dynamics of spin glass models, a generalization of the fluctuation–dissipation theorem was discovered  that holds for asymptotic non-stationary states, where the temperature appearing in the equilibrium relation is substituted by an effective temperature with a non-trivial dependence on the time scales.
This relation is proposed to hold in glassy systems beyond the models for which it was initially found.

See also
 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
 Green–Kubo relations
 Onsager reciprocal relations
 Equipartition theorem
 Boltzmann distribution
 Dissipative system

Notes

References

Further reading
 Audio recording of a lecture by Prof. E. W. Carlson of Purdue University
 Kubo's famous text: Fluctuation-dissipation theorem

Statistical mechanics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Physics theorems
Statistical mechanics theorems

Fluctuation-dissipation theorem


Et fleksiv er i grammatik et morfem, der fungerer som bøjningsendelse.

Eksempler
 I købte er køb ordstammen, og te er fleksiv, bøjningsendelsen for datid. (Han købte et nyt skab).
 I skabe er skab stammen, og e er bøjningsendelsen for flertal, hvis det er et substantiv, og e er bøjningsendelsen for infinitiv (navnemåde), hvis det er et verbum. (Deres skabe var af egetræ. De ville skabe god kunst.)

Grammatik

Fleksiv


Apieae, tribus štitarki. Sastoji se od 13 rodova. Monotipski Canaria, sinonim je za Rutheopsis A.Hansen & Kunkel

Tribus je opisan 2004.

Rodovi i broj vrsta
 Stoibrax Raf. (3 spp.)
 Modesciadium P. Vargas & Jim. Mejías (1 sp.)
 Diplolophium Turcz. (7 spp.)
 Visnaga Gaertn. (2 spp.)
 Ammi L. (4 spp.)
 Petroselinum Hill (1 sp.)
 Sclerosciadium W. D. J. Koch (1 sp.)
 Rutheopsis A. Hansen & Kunkel (2 spp.)
 Billburttia Magee & B.-E. van Wyk (2 spp.)
 Deverra DC. (9 spp.)
 Apium L. (11 spp.)
 Anethum L. (6 spp.)
 Foeniculum Hill (2 spp.)

Izvori

Apieae

Apieae


Brooks İngiltere, Smethwick, Birmingham, İngiltere'de bulunan, dünyaca ünlü bir deri bisiklet selesi üreticisidir. Şirket, 1866'de Hockley, Birmingham'da kuruluduğundan beri aktiftir.

B-17 modeli şirketin en sık görülen ve en çok satılan modeliyken, yüzyıldan fazla süredir üretilen B-66 modeli en çok satılan yaylı modelidir. Son yıllarda tek raylı selelerin tercih edilmeye başlaması üzerine, çift raylı B-66'ya alternatif olarak B-67 modeli üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Şirketin ürünlerinde yaptığı yeniliklerden birisi de çelik ve alüminyum yerine titanyum borular kullanan modeller çıkararak bisiklet parçalarında hafifliğe önem verenlere hitap eden parçalarla ürün yelpazelerini geliştirmesidir.

2000 yılında, Brooks'un sahibi olan Sturmey-Archer şirketi batınca, Brooks'un geleceği de tehlikeye girdi. Selle Royal isimli İtalyan sele üreticisi Brooks'u 2003'te satın alarak, Brooks hayranlarının korkularına son verdi.

Brooks selelerin en önemli özellikleri, kullanıldıkları süre boyunca sahibinin kalçasınının (özellikle, vücut ağırlığını oturma esnasında taşıyan ischial tuberositelerin) şeklini alması, bu sayede standart selelerle karşılaştırılamayacak rahatlık sağlamasıdır. Brooksların bir diğer özelliği ise doğal sığır derisinden üretilmeleri sayesinde gözeneklere sahip olmaları ve gene sentetik malzemelerden üretilmiş selelerde mümkün olmayan tabii havalandırmaya sahip olmalarıdır.

Dış bağlantılar

 Brooks Seleleri Anasayfası

Kaynakça
27/01/2007 tarihli Wikipedia Maddesi
aloooooo

Bisiklet (ulaşım aracı)
İngiltere merkezli şirketler
1866'da kurulan oluşumlar

Brooks İngiltere


Oddments je četvrti studijski album australskog rock-sastava King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard. Diskografska kuća Flightless objavila ga je 7. ožujka 2014. Dosegao je 13. mjesto na australskoj ljestvici albuma nakon što je u studenome 2018. objavljen na gramofonskoj ploči. "Work This Time" najslušanija je pjesma skupine na Spotifyu, a do danas je preslušana više od 35 milijuna puta.

Pozadina i snimanje
Oddments je najavljen 14. siječnja 2014., a istog je dana kao singl s tog albuma objavljena pjesma "Vegemite". Pjevač Stu Mackenzie izjavio je da je to "vjerojatno najdoslovnija pjesma koju [je] ikad napisao". Oddments sadrži prethodno neobjavljene pjesme snimljene tijekom rada na prijašnjim albumima, pa album u tom smislu funkcionira kao kompilacija i, za razliku od prethodnih uradaka, ne oslanja se na samo jedan zvuk ili tematiku; album je dobio ime upravo zbog toga što ga čine "ostatci s prijašnjih uradaka". Uvodna skladba "Alluda Majaka" odnosi se na istoimeni indijski film i semplira ga. Tijekom rada na albumu netko je ukrao Mackenzijev laptop na kojem su se nalazile glavne snimke za nekoliko pjesama na albumu i većina pjesama s Loopholesa, debitantskog albuma grupe The Murlocs; zbog toga su oba sastava bila prisiljena ponovno snimati izgubljene pjesme.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije
Budući da je Oddments četvrti album skupine objavljen u 18 mjeseci, određeni su recenzenti istaknuli da je na kvalitetu pjesama vrlo vjerojatno negativno utjecalo to što ih je skupina oblikovala u žurbi. Recenzenti su, uzevši u obzir cjelokupnu diskografiju sastava, također primijetili da je Oddments stilski neusklađen i nepovezan, što nije odlika nijednog prijašnjeg ni naknadnog albuma grupe, no određeni su kritičari spomenuli da se određene pjesme odlikuju utjecajem pop-glazbe.

Tim Sendra dao mu je tri i pol zvjezdice od njih pet u recenziji za AllMusic i zaključio je: "Ovom uratku jedino nedostaje bolja produkcija, no ni taj nedostatak neće pokvariti užitak u glazbi; ovo je najzanimljiviji od ranih albuma sastava."

Zasluge

King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
 King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard – aranžmani, glazbala
 Michael Cavanagh
 Cook Craig
 Ambrose Kenny-Smith
 Stu Mackenzie – produkcija (osim na pjesmi "ABABCD")
 Eric Moore
 Lucas Skinner
 Joe Walker – produkcija (na 2., 5. i 6. pjesmi)

Dodatni glazbenici
Monty Hartnett – bubnjevi (na pjesmama "Crying" i "Pipe-Dream")
Ostalo osoblje
 Joe Carra – mastering
 Jason Galea – omot albuma, naslovnica
 Jarrad Brown – pomoć pri snimanju (pjesme "Sleepwalker")

Izvori

Albumi iz 2014.
Albumi King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizarda

Oddments


Boksör aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Boks sporuyla uğraşan kişi.
 Boxer, bekçi köpeği ırkı

Boksör


Faxehus Efterskole er en efterskole beliggende i Faxe Ladeplads, Faxe Kommune. Der går ca. 100 elever på skolen. Skolen tilbyder musik, teater, vandsport, friluftsliv og kunst som valgfag. På skolen er der to studieretningslinjer: den internationale og den naturfaglige retning.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Efterskolens hjemmeside

Efterskoler
Faxe Kommune

Faxehus Efterskole


En bremse er en teknisk anordning, som hæmmer bevægelse ved at absorbere bevægelsesenergi fra et legeme i bevægelse.

Bremsen anvendes til at sløve eller stoppe (bremse) et legeme i bevægelse i forhold til omgivelser. Et legeme kan fx være et fartøj, hjul, aksel.

Man kan kategorisere bremser efter typen af bremseeffekt:
 Omsætter hovedsageligt bevægelsesenergi til varme:
 Mekanisk friktion:
 Friktionsbremse - bremser som anvende mekanisk friktion (bremsebakker). Disse kaldes friktionsbremser.
 Tromlebremse
 Skivebremse
 Aerodynamisk friktion
 Faldskærm
 Luftbremse - sidder typisk på vinger, og aktiveres for nedsætte flyets hastighed i luften og under landingen.
 Bremsning via elektromagnetisme:
 Hvirvelstrømsbremse anvender magnetiske felter til at omsætte kinetisk energi til elektrisk strøm i bremsedisken, finner - eller togskinnerne, som så her omsættes til varme grundet de ohmske tab.
 Bevægelsesenergien gemmes; regenerativ bremsning:
 trykluft
 til rotation i svinghjul
 til elektricitet via elektrisk generator

Kilder/referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

How Stuff Works - Brakes

Transducere
Køretøjsteknologi
Cykeldele

Bremse (mekanik)


إقناع  لجاين أوستن، هي آخر رواية نشرتها أوستن. بدأت بكتابة الرواية بعدما انتهت كتابة رواية إيما، حيث انهتها في أغسطس 1816. ماتت اوستن في 1817 عن عمر ينازه 41. ولكن لم تنشر هذه الرواية حتى العام 1818.

رواية الإقناع مرتبطة برواية أخرى لجاين وهي مرتبطة بروايتها دير نورثانجر، ليس لأنهما في الأصل نشرا معاً في كتاب واحد ولكن أيضاً تدور قصة الروايتين في باث، حيث قطنت هناك اوستن من 1801 إلى 1805.

ملخص الرواية

آن اليوت هي ابنة السير والتر اليوت، بارون يعطي أهمية كبيرة لوسامته ومكانته بالمجتمع ويصرف كميات هائلة من أمواله. أم آن الحنونة ماتت قبل مدة. وأختها اليزابيث تشبه أباها في العديد من الطرق. أخت آن الصغيرة ماري هي امرأة متذمرة ومعتمدة كثيرا على غيرها، متزوجة من تشارلز ماسجروف الوريث لقاضي محترم. لا أحد من عائلتها، يمكن أن يعطي آن الرفقة التي تريدها، التي في ال27 من عمرها والغير متزوجة، في طريقها إلى العنوسة.
بعد أن طلب يدها وينتورث وهي في ال19 من عمرها، يتم إقناع آن بالعدول عن هذا الالتزام من قبل صديقة أمها المقربة الأرملة لايدي راسل. لايدي راسل تشكك بحكمة آن من الزواج بوينتورث، الملازم البحري الفقير بلا عائلة أو أي صلات جيدة.

يرجع وينتورث في حياة آن بعد غياب طويل، عندما يضطر أبو آن لبيع بيته إلى زوج أخت وينتورث، الأميرال كروفت. نجاح وينتورث في الحرب النابولية يكسبه ترقية ويُعطى وينتورث مبلغ مالي قدره 25,000£، كجائزة لقبضه على أعداء في الحرب. آل ماسجروف يرحبون بوينتورث وآل كروفت بحرارة للحي. اثنان من بنات ماسجروف يعجبان بوينتورث كثيرا بالرغم من أن إحداهما، هينريتا، مخطوبة من ابن عمها. بالرغم من ذلك يظل آل ماسجروف يخمنون أي من البنتين سيتزوج وينتورث.

زيارة كابتين وينتورث لصديق مقرب له، تنتج رحلة إلى المكان الذي يعيش فيه صديقه. وخلال هذه الرحلة إلى البحر تقع لويزا، إحدى بنات ماسجروف، وتصبح في خطر شديد. وهنا تصرفات آن للعناية بلويزا تجعل وينتورث يعجب بها من جديد.
تحسن حالة لويزا يكون بطيء وثقتها بنفسها تهتز بشدة. لذا حالتها هذه تستوجب من صديق وينتورث، الحزين على موت خطيبته، العناية بها. وهكذا تتم الخطبة بينهما.

في هذا الوقت، السير والتر واليزابيث يذهبان للعيش في باث. ويأملان العيش في طريقة ملائمة لبارون وعائلته مع نفقة أقل إلى أن تصبح أوضاعهما المادية مستقرة. ابن أخ السير والتر، وليام اليوت، الذي أهان السير والتر من قبل، يظهر ويريد التصالح مع عمه. اليزابيث تشك بأنه معجب بها ولكن اللايدي راسل تعرف أنه معجب في الحقيقة بآن.
بالرغم من أن وليام اليوت يبدو بأنه رجل محترم إلا أن آن لا تثق به، وتجد أن شخصيته غامضة. تظهر لها الحقيقة صديقة قديمة وتخبرها بأن وليام اليوت جاء لمجرد الورثة وأن هذا سبب رغبته في الزواج منها.
يأتي آل ماسجروف إلى باث لشراء ملابس الزفاف لابنتهم لويزا. وكابتين وينتورث وصديقه يرافقاهم. وفي مشهد يناقش كل من آن وصديق وينتورث العلاقات ويسمعمهما وينتورث ويكتب رسالة مؤثرة إلى آن يخبرها بمشاعره اتجاهها ويطلب يدها مرة أخرى للزواج وبذلك يخطب وينتورث آن من جديد. وبالتالي تعترف لايدي راسل بخطئها اتجاه الكابتن وتبقى هي وآن أصدقاء.

الشخصيات
 السير والتر اليوت—شخصية معقدة وبارون راضي بنفسه كثيرا، موت زوجته أدى إلى وضع العائلة في أوضاع مادية حرجة. لذا يترك بيته للأميرال كروفت ليسكن في سكن اقتصادي أكثر في باث.
 اليزابيث اليوت—البنت الأجمل والبكر للسير والتر، التي تشجع أباها على بذخه وإسرافه. هي وأباها يضعان مصالحهما دائماً أمام مصالح آن.
 آن اليوت—الابنة الثانية للسير والتر البالغة من العمر 27 سنة وهي غير متزوجة. هي ذكية جدا وكانت جميلة لكنها فقدت سحرها عندما فسخت خطبتها بالكابتن وينتورث. بسبب إقناع لايدي راسل لها بالعدول عن الخطبة.
 ماري ماسجروف—الابنة الأصغر للسير والتر، متزوجة لتشارلز ماسجروف. تسعى دائماً للحصول على الانتباه، وتدعي كثيرا بأنها مريضة عندما تكون منزعجة. ماري لا توافق على خطبة هينريتا من ابن عمها حيث تظن ماري بأنه أقل منها شأنا في المجتمع.
 تشارلز ماسجروف—زوج ماري ووريث آل ماسجروف. أراد الزواج من آن ولكن استقر مع ماري عندما رفضته آن بسبب حبها المستمر لوينتورث.
 لايدي راسل—صديقة لآل اليوت وخصوصاً لآن، التي هي بالنسبة لها: عرابتها. هي التي أقنعت آن بفسخ خطبتها من وينتورث. بالرغم من أن لديها حكمة أكثر من السير والتر إلا أن لديها نفس الاهتمام بالمكانة بالمنجتمع والصلات الجيدة.
 السيدة كلاي—أرملة فقيرة وابنة محامي السير والتر، والصديقة المقربة من اليزابيث. ترغب في الزواج من السير والتر.
 الكابتن وينتورث—ملازم بحري، كان مخطوب لفترة قصيرة من آن اليوت. في ذلك الوقت لم يكن لديه أي ثروة ولكن بسبب انتصاره في الحرب النابولية، أوضاع المادية تتحسن بشكل كبير.
 الأميرال كروفت—شخصية محبوبة، وهو زوج أخت الكابتن.
 صوفيا كروفت—أخت وينتورث وزوجة الأميرال. تعطي آن قدوة المرأة التي تتزوج من أجل الحب لا للمال.
 لويزا ماسجروف—الأخت الثانية لتشارلز ماسجروف، عمرها 19 سنة. لويزا شابة مفعمة بالحياة وهي قد عادت لتوها من المدرسة مع أختها الأخرى. يعجب بها الكابتن بسبب إصرارها على الأمور بعكس آن وفقدها لذلك. وبالنهاية تُخطب لصديق وينتورث، كابتن بينويك.
 هينريتا ماسجروف—الأخت الكبيرة لتشارلز ماسجروف، عمرها 20 سنة. هي مخطوبة من قبل لابن عمها تشارلز هايتر، ولكنها بالرغم من ذلك تعجب بشخصية وينتورث.
 كابتن جايمس بينويك—صديق كابتن وينتورث، فقدانه لخطيبته جعله يحب الشعر. حبه للقراءة يجعله من القليل الذين يجدون رفقة مع آن وذكائها. وفي النهاية يُخطب للويزا
 السيد وليام اليوت—قريب ووريث السير والتر، يبتعد عن العائلة بسبب زواجه، لامرأة أقل منه شأنا، لمالها. عندما تموت زوجته يظهر في حياة آل اليوت من جديد، ويظهر اهتمام خاص بآن ويرغب بزواجها. وبذلك تنتشر إشاعات عن خطبته هو وآن.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453099/Persuasion

برامج تلفزيون مستندة على روايات
روايات بريطانية أنتجت سينمائيا
روايات بريطانية حولت إلى عروض تلفزيونية
روايات بريطانية حولت إلى مسرحيات
روايات بريطانية في 1817
روايات بريطانية في 1818
روايات تجري أحداثها في المملكة المتحدة
روايات تقع أحداثها في سومرست
روايات تقع أحداثها في عقد 1810
روايات جاين أوستن
روايات جين أوستن
روايات عن نبلاء
روايات متلفزة
روايات نشرت بعد موت مؤلفها
قصص غرام
كتب عن الإقناع

إقناع (رواية)


اتحاد شرق آسيا لكرة القدم (EAFF) هو اتحاد تأسس في 28 مايو 2002 لتنظيم رياضة كرة القدم في منطقة شرق آسيا. أعضاء الاتحاد هم الصين، تايبة الصينية، وجوام، وهونغ كونغ، واليابان، وكوريا الشمالية، وكوريا الجنوبية، وماكاو، ومنغوليا، بالإضافة إلى جزر ماريانا الشمالية (عضوية مؤقتة). يدير الاتحاد بطولة كأس شرق آسيا كل ثلاثة أعوام، للرجال وللنساء وللشباب.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 2002 في آسيا
كرة القدم في شرق آسيا
منظمات رياضية أسست في 2002
هيئات تنظيم كرة قدم في آسيا

اتحاد شرق آسيا لكرة القدم


Ivan Marijan Marjanović (1904. – 6. ožujka 1983.) bio je hrvatski nogometaš i nogometni reprezentativac.

Reprezentativna karijera
Za nogometnu reprezentaciju Kraljevine Jugoslavije odigrao je 6 utakmica.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometaši
Jugoslavenski nogometni reprezentativci

Ivan Marijan Marjanović


Keşlik, Kayseri ilinin Yeşilhisar ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe

Coğrafya
Kayseri iline 67 km, Yeşilhisar ilçesine 4 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yeşilhisar'ın mahalleleri

Keşlik, Yeşilhisar


ATSC-M/H (Advanced Television Systems Committee - Mobile / Handheld o A/153) es un estándar que permite la difusión IP de la Televisión digital orientado a receptores portátiles o móviles. Este sistema utiliza tan solo una porción de unos ~19.39 Mbps del ancho de banda disponible (6 MHz) en el sistema ATSC (A/53). Al ser una adaptación del sistema A/53, está modulado como el mismo, es decir, según el método 8-VSB (8 Level Vestigial Side Band). Este estándar, aprobado el 15 de octubre de 2009 y revisado el 1 de junio de 2011, es utilizado en Norte América y Corea, mientras que en otros países predominan estándares tales como DVB-H (Europa), ISDB-T (Japón), CMMB (China) y One seg (América latina). El sistema ATSC-M/H, y por lo tanto el ATSC, está optimizado para utilizar la misma banda que el sistema NTSC que se utiliza actualmente en EE. UU.

Estructura
Las especificaciones oficiales del estándar móvil ATSC-M/H están separadas en 9 partes individuales:

 Parte 1 "ATSC Mobile DTV System" es un repaso general del estándar A/153 y las partes que lo conforman.
 Parte 2 "RF/Transmission System Characteristics" esta parte incluye detalles específicos sobre la capa física de transmisión del sistema. También se incluyen marcos para futuras mejoras o cambios.
 Parte 3 "Service Multiplex and Transport Subsystem Characteristics" cubre las características del subsistema de multiplexado y de transporte.
 Parte 4 "Announcement" declara los mecanismos de formato y reparto que acostumbran a anunciar el contenido y los servicios que se dan en el M/H.
 Parte 5 "Application Framework" en esta parte se describe el marco interactivo del sistema ATSC-M/H.
 Parte 6 "Service Protection" especifica como el servicio de protección ha de ser decodificado y emitido.
 Parte 7 "AVC and SVC Video System Characteristics" explica las restricciones de la codificación y compresión de vídeo. Además también define como se forman los paquetes de vídeo de la corriente elemental (PES).
 Parte 8 "HE AAC Audio System Characteristics" describe las limitaciones en HE AAC. Además también define como se forman los paquetes de audio de la corriente elemental (PES).
 Parte 9 "Scalable Full Channel Mobile Mode" incluye detalles específicos del "Scalable Full Channel Mobile Mode physical layer transmission system and management layer".

Características del sistema

Sistema de transmisión

El sistema M/H es un sistema que comparte el mismo canal de radiofrecuencia que el estándar ATSC, es decir, por un lado el servicio ATSC multiplexa para los servicios de televisión digital tales como HD y SD, por el otro lado multiplexa la banda móvil usando un ancho de banda de ~19.39 Mbps. La función del sistema de transmisión es combinar estos dos tipos de flujos en un solo paquete MPEG para procesar y modular.

El sistema ATSC-M/H está separado en unidades funcionales lógicas correspondientes con la pila de protocolo ilustrada en la imagen.

El estándar define un flujo fijo de transporte, basado en tramas de M/H, que establecen la localización del contenido en las tramas de VSB y permite un procesado más fácil para el receptor móvil. Esto es una diferencia con el sistema ATSC dado que en el A/53 no existe una estructura fija relativa a las tramas VSB.

Una trama transmitida mediante el estándar M/H es equivalente a 20 tramas de VSB, tiene un desfase de 37 paquetes de flujo de transporte y una duración de 968 ms. Cada trama de M/H está dividida en 5 subtramas y cada una de ellas en 16 ranuras. Cada ranura es la cantidad de tiempo necesaria para transmitir 156 paquetes de flujo de transporte. Una ranura puede contener todo el contenido de los datos (A/53) o puede estar dividido en 118 paquetes de datos en M/H y 38 paquetes de datos principales. Los 118 paquetes transmitidos se llaman un grupo M/H. Cada paquete de los 118 están encapsulados en un paquete especial conocido como MHE.

Cada formación de M/H es una colección de grupos que pueden llevar uno o dos conjuntos. Cada uno contiene uno o más servicios. Cada conjunto usa una estructura de corrección de errores distinta (FEC). Cada conjunto puede ser codificado a distintos niveles de corrección según la finalidad del mismo.

El estándar ATSC-M/H, como el DVB-H, consta de una técnica llamada Time-slicing que se basa en la multiplexación temporal de la transmisión de diferentes servicios, es decir cuando el receptor no está recibiendo la ráfaga de datos, el sintonizador está inactivo y por lo tanto está utilizando menos capacidad de batería y gracias a este sistema no pierde tanta carga.

Protección de errores
El estándar combina varios mecanismos de protección contra errores para dar mejores resultados, tales como:
 Un código Reed-Solomon (RS) que corrige los Bytes equivocados después de decodificar el código convolucional en el receptor.
 Un CRC checksum que mejora la detección de errores dado que los Bytes pueden ser marcados como erróneos antes de la decodificación.

El RS puede representar los siguientes pares de símbolos: 24, 36 48. Los símbolos y el checksum conforman los elementos exteriores de la matriz de datos del conjunto M/H. En la matriz el número de líneas es fijo pero las columnas varían según cuantas columnas por subtrama haya ocupadas.

Para compatibilizar con los receptores A/53 se utiliza un codificador modificado de Trellis.

Señalizado
El señalizado de este estándar está definido en tres capas distintas.
 La capa de transmisión es la de nivel más bajo. Esta capa provee al receptor la información necesaria para decodificar la señal.
 La capa de transporte usa dos tipos de canales: el canal de información rápido y el canal de señalizado del servicio. El primero reparte la información esencial para permitir la rápida adquisición del servicio por el receptor. El segundo provee de la información básica, la estructura lógica de los servicios transmitidos y los parámetros de decodificación del audio y del vídeo.
 La capa de anuncio/Electronic Service Guide es la capa más alta. Usa OMA BCAST Electronic Service Guide (ESG). El ESG consiste en varias secciones de código XML.

Comparación DVB-H vs ATSC-M/H
En esta tabla podemos ver una comparación de los rasgos generales de cada estándar.

Enlaces externos
 ATSC

 Open mobile video
 Demo ATSC-M/H

Televisión digital
ATSC

ja:ATSC#ATSC-M/H

ATSC-M/H


The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF) was the part of the British Army during World War I  that commanded all Allied forces at Gallipoli and Salonika. It was formed in March 1915, under the command of General Sir Ian Hamilton, at the beginning of the Gallipoli campaign of the First World War.

History
The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force included the initial naval operation to force the straits of the Dardanelles.  Its headquarters was formed in March 1915. The MEF was originally commanded by General Sir Ian Hamilton until he was dismissed due to the failure of the 29th Division at Gallipoli.  Command briefly passed to General William Birdwood, commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, but for the duration of the Gallipoli campaign it was General Sir Charles Monro who led the MEF.

While the Gallipoli theatre was the only active Mediterranean theatre, the MEF was used to refer to the forces at Gallipoli. With the opening of the Salonika front in October 1915, the forces at Gallipoli were referred to as the Dardanelles Army and the Salonika contingent became the Salonika Army on the Macedonian front (World War I).

Once Salonika became the sole Mediterranean theatre the MEF was commanded by General Archibald Murray who was based in Egypt and whose command also involved defence of the Suez Canal from Turkish attacks.  As the importance of the Sinai front grew, a separate headquarters called the Egyptian Expeditionary Force was formed (in March 1916).

Supposedly when the British Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener, was preparing the Mediterranean expedition he intended to name the headquarters the Constantinople Expeditionary Force but Hamilton suggested this might be a bit of a giveaway, and also noted in his diary, "I begged him to alter this to avert Fate's evil eye."

See also
 Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign
 Gallipoli campaign
 Dardanelles Army

References

External links
  Parliamentary debates of 19 October 1915  in Hansard

Expeditionary units and formations
Commands of the British Army
Field armies of the United Kingdom
Field armies of the United Kingdom in World War I
Military units and formations of the British Army in World War I
Egypt in World War I
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
World War I orders of battle
Military units and formations established in 1915
Military units and formations disestablished in 1916

Mediterranean Expeditionary Force


كاماريلو  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة فينتورا، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 22 أكتوبر، 1964.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لكاماريلو:

أعلام

 هانك بيني
 توم لينك
 جيسيكا مندوزا
 إريك كوماتسو
 جايسون ويد
 أد وولجاست
 بوبي كيمبل
 لو بوش
 جون هوبارد
 بيجي موران

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1898
مدن كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1898 في كاليفورنيا

مدن في مقاطعة فينتورا (كاليفورنيا)

كاماريلو (كاليفورنيا)

كاماريلو (كاليفورنيا)


Heroes of the Storm (prescurtat ca HotS) (cu sensul de Eroii furtunii) este un joc video MOBA dezvoltat și publicat de Blizzard Entertainment pentru Microsoft Windows și macOS. Jocul conține eroi din mai multe francize Blizzard cum ar fi Warcraft, Diablo, StarCraft, The Lost Vikings sau Overwatch. Jocul folosește metode de plată free-to-play sau freemium pentru cumpărarea unor eroi sau a unor caracteristici diferite ale acestora. Blizzard nu caracterizează jocul ca fiind "multiplayer online battle arena" sau "action real-time strategy" deoarece consideră că este ceva diferit; cei de la Blizzard se referă la Heroes of the Storm ca fiind un joc online "hero brawler".

Jocul a fost lansat la 2 iunie 2015.

La sfârșitul lunii iunie 2015, a fost adăugată o "expansiune" a jocului, Eternal Conflit, aceasta se bazează pe războiul dintre îngeri și demoni din universul Diablo III. Au fost adăugate două hărți noi și patru noi eroi din lumea Diablo.

La începutul lunii septembrie 2016, a fost adăugată o nouă "expansiune" a jocului, Machine of War. Aceasta a fost inspirată de Starcraft 2 și conține două hărți noi și doi eroi.

De la începutul anului 2017, jocul a devenit complet gratuit pentru toți utilizatorii Battle.net.

Referințe și note

Legături externe

Jocuri video din 2015
Warcraft
Blizzard

Heroes of the Storm


279P/La Sagra, komet Jupiterove obitelji. Otkriven na pregledačkom projektu zvjezdarnice La Sagre.

Izvori

Kometi

279P/La Sagra


Neto, de nombre real Ernesto García del Castillo (n. en Cangas del Narcea, Asturias, España en 1960) es un humorista gráfico español.

Colabora con una tira cómica diaria en el diario La Voz de Asturias desde 1986 hasta el cierre del periódico en 2012, después de una breve experiencia en La Nueva España.  Trabaja o ha trabajado asimismo para varias publicaciones de ámbito nacional y regional, tales como La Codorniz, Cuadernos de Humor, El Siglo, La Golondriz, El Periódico de Cataluña, Oviedo Diario, Les Noticies, El Norte Económico, El Correo, Creando Futuro, Tapón, El Gomeru o Consumo.

En 2000 fue galardonado con uno de los premios de periodismo de UNICEF; en 2002 con el Premio Haxtur por su obra Nuestros paisanos, en la que trazaba de manera humorística la vida de los más destacados personajes de la historia de Asturias; en 2008 con el Premio Mingote por una viñeta sobre la crisis económica, y en 2011 con un nuevo Premio Haxtur por su labor en La Voz de Asturias. En 2018, su libro El vino de Cangas, publicado junto a Carolina Pelaz por Velasco Ediciones para el Ayuntamiento de Cangas del Narcea (con colaboración de la DOP Cangas), fue galardonado en dos categorías de los Gourmand World Cookbook Awards. El jurado, reunido en Yantai (China), le otorgó el segundo premio en la categoría de ilustraciones, y el tercero en la de mejor libro sobre vino europeo (excepto Francia), ex aequo, en este último caso, con Slovak Wine Guide, de Vladimir Hronský (Slovart). Tras otro breve paso por La Nueva España, desde febrero de 2014 colabora en el diario El Comercio. En 2019 dibujó el anexo cartográfico de la segunda edición de la novela de José Francisco Rodil Lombardía La noche de las luminarias, publicada por Velasco Ediciones.

Referencias

Nacidos en Cangas del Narcea
Historietistas de España
Dibujantes de España

Neto (dibujante)


Buttervej  ofte benævnt ON eller Ring N er en ringvej der løber igennem det vestlige Skagen.

Buttervej skal sammen med Kattegatvej og Bøjlevejen være med til at få den voksende ferietrafik, der skal op til Grenen, uden om centrum, så byen bliver aflastet for gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen starter i Frederikshavnvej og passerer Skagavej og Bøjlevejen som forsætter nord om Skagen. Vejen ender i et  erhvervsområde i det nordlige Skagen.

Vejen er med til at fordele trafikken ud til indfaldsvejen Frederikshavnvej (rute 40) der går mod Frederikshavn og Skagen Centrum. .

Noter

Transport i Skagen
Ringveje i Danmark

Buttervej (Skagen)


අලීෂා ඩික්සන් 1978 ඔක්තෝබර් 07 දින උපන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය ගායිකාවකි.ගායන වෘත්තීයට අමතරව ඇය නර්තන ශිල්පිනියක්, රැප් ගායිකාවක්, නිරූපන ශිල්පිනියක්, සහ  බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය වෙල්වින් ගාඩ්න් නගරයේ රූපවාහිනී ඉදිරිපත් කිරීම් කරන්නියක් ලෙස ජනප්‍රිය වී ඇත. ඇය තම ජනප්‍රියත්වය ආර් ඇන්ඩ් බී/යූ කේ ගරාජ් ඔස්සේ මිස්-ටීක් නම් චරිත ත්‍රිත්වය ඔස්සේ උපයා ගත්තාය. 2005දී මිස්-ටීක් කණ්ඩායම බිඳ වැටෙන අතර  අලීෂා තම වෘත්තීය ඒකල ගායිකාවක් ලෙස පොලිඩෝර් රෙකෝඩ්ස් සමග එකතුව සිදුකිරීමට ආරම්භ කලාය. ඇය ෆයර්ඩ් අප් නම් තම මංගල ගීත ඇල්බමය 2006දී නිකුත් කලාය.එනමුත් ඇයගේ පලමු ඒකල ගායන යුගලය වන "ලිප්ස්ටික්" සහ "නොක්ඩවුන්" හට ලැබුනු අඩු විකුනුම් වාර්තා හේතුවෙන් ඇයව පොලිඩෝර් රෙකෝඩ්ස් ආයතනය විසින් ප්‍රතිකේෂ්ප කරන ලදි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

අලීෂා ඩික්සන්


كورفو وذكرها الإادريسي باسم قُرفس   جزيرة يونانية تقع في البحر الأيوني في شمال غرب اليونان بالقرب من سواحل ألبانيا حيث يفصلها عن ألبانيا كيلومترين، تبلغ مساحة الجزيرة 592 كم مربع، وعدد سكانها 107,879 نسمة (حسب 2001) وعاصمة الجزيرة مدينة كورفو، وتعد الجزيرة من أكثر جزر البحر المتوسط اكتظاظا بالسكان بكثافه 193 نسمة للكيلومتر الواحد.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لكورفو:

توأمة
لكورفو اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 فيرونا
 اللاذقية
 لا بول إسكوبلاك
 غولد كوست
 مايسن
 ترويسدورف
 باري
 برينديزي

أعلام

 أنطونيو بياتو
 صوفيا ألبيرتي
 جوزيف هنري بانكس
 الكسندرا جورجيفنا دوقة روسيا
 ألبرت كوهن
 جون كونورز
 كارل لودفيغ سبرنغر
 سيدريك هويل

معرض صور

المراجع

أقاليم جمهورية البندقية
أماكن مأهولة في كورفو (مقاطعة)
بلدات ومدن مرفئية متوسطية في اليونان
جزر اليونان
كورفو (مقاطعة)
مجتمعات يهودية إيطالية
مواقع ميثولوجية في اليونان

كورفو


Zübük ya da tam adıyla Zübük - Kağnı Gölgesindeki İt, Aziz Nesin'in romanlarından biridir.

1980 yılında Kemal Sunal'ın başrolde oynadığı Zübük filminin senaryosu bu kitaptan uyarlanmıştır.

Roman, 1992 yılında الدغري adıyla Suriye'de baş rolünü komedyen Dureyd Lahham'ın oynadığı 20 bölümlük bir televizyon dizisine çevrilmiştir.

Özü itibarıyla, Türkiye'de siyasetin ve siyasetçilerin yükseliş öyküleri yoğun bir karamizah diliyle anlatılmıştır. Zübükzâde İbraam'ın halkı kandırmasına rağmen önce belediye başkanı, sonra milletvekili seçilmesi, hiçbir vaadini tutmamasına karşın desteklenen adam olması kitabın konusudur.

Kaynakça

Aziz Nesin romanları
1961 romanları
Türkçe romanlar
Sinemaya uyarlanmış Türk romanları

Zübük


Trochodendraceae, biljna porodica, jedina u redu Trochodendrales, kojoj pripadaju dva roda s dvije vrste, to su Tetracentron s vrstom  Tetracentron sinense i Trochodendron s Trochodendron aralioides.

Tetracentron je Monotipski rod listopadnog drveća iz Butana, države Kachin u Burmi, Sikkima, Arunachal Pradesha, Nepala i jugozapadne i središnje Kine. Drugi rod i vrsta po koja je dala ime porodici i redu, Trochodendron aralioides, je vazdazeleno drvo (do 20 metara visine) ili veliki grm koji raste na japaskim otocima Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, otocima Ryukyu i na Tajvanu.

Jedina je porodica i red  u nadredu Trochodendranae.

Sinonimi
 Tetracentraceae A.C. Sm.

Izvori

Dvosupnice
Biljne porodice
Biljni redovi

Trochodendraceae


Biosinteza proteina je jedan od glavnih bioloških procesa unutar stanica kojim se stvaraju bjelančevine.

Prokariotske i eukatiotske stanice imaju sintetiziraju proteine na sličan način uz neke razlike:

 Prokarioti vrše transkripciju i translaciju u citoplazmi, dok se u eukariota transkripcija vrši u jezgri, a translacija u citoplazmi

Postupak sinteze može se podijeliti u dvije faze: transkripciju i translaciju.

Postupak biosinteze proteina poštuje središnju dogmu molekularne biologije.

Nukleinske kiseline (molekule DNA i RNA) i proteini po prirodi su heteropolimeri, građeni su od više podjedinica. U nukleinskim kiselinama, podjedinice (monomeri) su nukleotidi, dok su proteinske podjedinice aminokiseline, koje tvore peptidni lanac koji postaje protein. Slijed nukleotida u dijelu molekule DNA određuje slijed aminokiselina u polipeptidu.

Nukleotid je građen od pet-ugljičnog šećera pentoze za koji su vezane fosfatna skupina i dušikova baza. Šećer može biti D-riboza (kod RNA) ili D-deoksiriboza (kod DNA). Fosfat je fosfoesterskom vezom spojen s 5'-ugljikom u šećeru, dok je baza vezana za 1'-ugljik. Baza može biti purinska ili pirimidinska. DNA sadrži purine adenin (A) i gvanin (G), te pirimidine citozin (C) i timin (T). RNA također sadrži adenin, gvanin i citozin, dok timin zamjenjuje pirimidinskom bazom uracil (U).

Molekula DNA sadrži dva komplementarna nukleotidna lanca. Svaki nukleotid jednog lanca uvijek je uparen sa svojim komplementom u drugom lancu: A-T i C-G (povezuje ih vodikova veza). Nukleotidi u jednome lancu međusobno su povezani kovalentnom fosfodiesterskom vezom koja se stvara između hidroksilne skupine na 3' ugljiku jednog nukleotida i fosfatnom skupinom na 5' ugljiku drugog nukleotida. Svaki nukleotidni lanac stoga ima dva kraja: 3' kraj i 5' kraj. Komplemementarni lanci u DNA molekuli povezani su na način da je 5' kraj jednog lanca povezan uz 3' kraj njemu komplementarnog lanca.

Molekula RNA razlikuje se u tome što je građena od samo jednog nukleotidnog lanca. Uracil se može komplementarno spariti s adeninom (A-U).

Gen je dio molekule DNA koji nosi uputu za pojedini protein.

Eksoni su nizovi nukleotida koji sadrže informaciju koja se može prevesti u niz aminokiselina odnosno polipeptid. Suprotno tome, introni su dijelovi gena koji se ne prevode u protein.

Transkripcija

Tijekom transkripcije, dio DNA (gen) koji kodira protein, kopira se na molekulu mRNA. Transkripciju iz DNA u mRNA vrše enzimi RNA polimeraze u staničnoj jezgri. U prokariotskim stanicama ovaj se proces odvija u citoplazmi.

Postupak započinje nakon što enzim helikaza prekine vodikove veze između komplementarnih nukleotida u genu. Time se efektivno dio DNA privremeno raspliće u dva komplementarna lanca koja više nisu međusobno povezana.

Transkripcija započinje nakon što se enzim RNA polimeraze veže na promotorsko mjesto. Lanac koji se prepisuje uvijek je orijentiran u smjeru 3' -> 5', a naziva se lanac kalup, (-) lanac, nekodirajuća DNA ili transkribirajuća DNA, dok se drugi lanac naziva (+) lanac, kodirajuća DNA ili netranskribirajuća DNA. RNA polimeraza čita nukleotide u lancu i sintetizira lanac pre-mRNA (20 nukleotida po sekundi). Komplementarni lanci (koje je helikaza rasplela) iza polimeraze obnavljaju vodikove veze i ponovno se spajaju na način da je najviše 12 nukleotida raspleteno odjednom. Transkripcija završava nakon što RNA polimeraza naiđe na STOP kodon u kalup lancu.

Prekursorska-mRNA (pre-mRNA) koja nastaje postupkom transkripcije komplementarna je lancu kalupu (na mjestu adenina u kalup-lancu, na mRNA stajat će uracil, i slično).

Prilagodbe nakon transkripcije
Molekula pre-mRNA koja nastaje transkripcijom (primarni transkript) treba proći tri koraka prilagodbe kako bi postala mRNA:

- na 5' kraj novostvorene molekule dodaje se 7-metilgvanozinska kapa (5' kapa) koja sadrži modificirani guanin. Dodavanje kape je reakcija koju omogućavaju tri enzima: jedan pomiče jedan fosfat s 5' nastajuće RNA, jedan dodaje GMP u obrnutom smjeru, a treći dodaje metilnu skupinu na G bazu i na ribazu jednog ili dva nukleotida na 5' kraj RNA lanca. Zato što se sva tri enzima vežu za fosforizirani rep polimeraze II, oni mogu modificirati 5' kraj nastajućeg transkripta čim se on odvoji od polimeraze.

- na 3' kraj dodaje se poli-A-rep (poli-A kapa) reakcijom poliadenacije (obično se dodaje 100-200 adeninskih baza).

- iz molekule se pomoću spliceosoma uklanjaju introni (nekodirajući dijelovi molekule), a krajevi eksona se povezuju

mRNA molekula se zatim prenosi u citoplazmu stanice. Dolaskom do ribosoma započinje sljedeći korak.

Translacija

Tijekom translacije, ribosomi iz mRNA sintetiziraju polipeptidni lanac.

Ribosom se vezuje za mRNA na mjestu START kodona (AUG) u smjeru 5'->3' i time počinje translacija.

Niz nukleotida na mRNA čita se u tripletima, odn. slijed od tri nukleotida (kodon) nosi informaciju o jednoj aminokiselini. Ribosom sadrži mnoštvo tRNA (transport RNA) molekula. Svaka tRNA ima na sebi slijed od tri nukleotida (antikodon) i nosi molekulu odgovarajuće aminokiseline. Ribosom čita jedan po jedan triplet, na svaki triplet se veže tRNA s odgovarajućim antikodonom. tRNA otpušta aminoskiselinu koju nosi, koju ribosom zatim veže uz prijašnju aminokiselinu pomoću enzima peptidil transferaze koji katalizira stvaranje kovalentnih veza između dvaju aminokiselina, čime se tvori polipeptidni lanac.

Npr. za slučaj START kodona (AUG), tRNA s komplementarnim slijedom nukleotida (UAC; nosi aminokiselinu metionin) veže se za mRNA. Ribosom zatim prelazi na idući kodon i veže iduću aminokiselinu iz odgovarajuće tRNA u lanac. Prelaskom na treći kodon prva se tRNA otpušta iz ribosoma, a nova se aminokiselina veže za rastući lanac (brzinom od oko 15 aminokiselina po sekundi).

Iza prvog ribosoma, još do 50 drugih ribosoma (zajedno tvore polisom ili ergosom) može istovremeno sintetizirati polipeptidni lanac iz iste molekule mRNA.

Proces translacije staje kad ribosom dođe do STOP-kodona (UAA, UAG ili UGA).

Popis RNA kodona i antikodona dan je niže:

Standardna tablica RNA kodona

Inverzna tablica RNA kodona

Izvori

Stanični procesi

Biosinteza proteina


إسمنت النفيضة هي شركة تونسية لصناعة الإسمنت. يقع مصنعها قرب مدينة النفيضة بولاية سوسة.

شركات تونسية منتجة للإسمنت

إسمنت النفيضة


Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti (9 July 1918 – 22 March 2007) was a philosopher who questioned the state of spiritual enlightenment. Having pursued a religious path in his youth and eventually rejecting it, U.G. claimed to have experienced a devastating biological transformation on his 49th birthday, an event he refers to as "the calamity".  He emphasized that this transformation back to "the natural state" is a rare, acausal, biological occurrence with no religious context. Because of this, he discouraged people from pursuing the "natural state" as a spiritual goal.

He rejected the very basis of thought and in doing so negated all systems of thought and knowledge. Hence he explained his assertions were experiential and not speculative – "Tell them that there is nothing to understand."

He was unrelated to his contemporary Jiddu Krishnamurti, although the two men had a number of meetings because of their association with the Theosophical Society and U.G. has, at times, referred to him as "[his] teacher" in spite of having ultimately rejected said teachings as well as the idea that anything could or should be taught in any spiritual context.

Early life
U.G. was born on 9 July 1918 in Machilipatnam, a town in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India, and raised in the nearby town of Gudivada. His mother died seven days after he was born, and he was brought up by his maternal grandfather, a wealthy Brahmin lawyer, who was also involved in the Theosophical Society. U.G. also became a member of the Theosophical Society during his teenage years and mentions having "inherited" his association with the Theosophical Society from his grandfather. South Indian actresses Gautami and Soumya Bollapragada are his very close relatives.

During the same period of his life, U.G. reportedly practised various austerities and apparently sought moksha or spiritual enlightenment. To that end, between the ages of 14 and 21, he undertook a variety of spiritual exercises, determined to find out whether moksha was possible. Wanting to achieve that state, he had also resolved to prove that if there were people who have thus "realized" themselves, they could not be hypocritical. As part of this endeavour, he searched for a person who was an embodiment of such "realization".

He spent seven summers in the Himalayas with Swami Sivananda studying yoga and practising meditation. During his 20s, U.G. began attending the University of Madras, studying psychology, philosophy, mysticism, and the sciences. He dropped out of the Master's program with the idea that the answers of the West – to what he considered were essential questions – were no better than those of the East.

Quest
In 1939, at age 21, U.G. met with renowned spiritual teacher Ramana Maharshi. U.G. related that he asked Ramana, "This thing called moksha, can you give it to me?" – to which Ramana Maharshi purportedly replied, "I can give it, but can you take it?". This answer completely altered U.G.'s perceptions of the "spiritual path" and its practitioners. Later, U.G. would say that Maharshi's answer – which he perceived as "arrogant" – put him "back on track".

In 1941, he began working for the Theosophical Society, in C.W. Leadbeater's library. Shortly after, he began an international lecture tour on behalf of the Society, visiting Norway, Belgium, Germany and the United States. Returning to India, he married a Brahmin woman named Kusuma Kumari in 1943, at age 25.

From 1947 to 1953, U.G. regularly attended talks given by Jiddu Krishnamurti in Madras, India, eventually beginning a direct dialogue with him in 1953. U.G. related that the two had almost daily discussions for a while, which he asserted were not providing satisfactory answers to his questions. Finally, their meetings came to a halt. He described part of the final discussion:

After the break-up with Jiddu Krishnamurti, U.G. continued travelling, still lecturing. At about the same time he claims to have been "puzzled" by the continuing appearance of certain psychic powers. In 1955, U.G. and his family went to the United States to seek medical treatment for his eldest son, and stayed there for five years.:1

London period
He ultimately separated from his family and went to live in London. While sitting one day in Hyde Park, he was confronted by a police officer who threatened to lock him up if he didn't leave the park. Down to his last five pence, he made his way to the Ramakrishna Mission of London where the residing Swami gave him money for a hotel room for the night. The following day, U.G. began working for the Ramakrishna Mission, an arrangement that lasted for three months. Before leaving the mission he left a letter for the residing Swamiji telling him that he had become a new man.:2

About this time, Jiddu Krishnamurti was in London and the two Krishnamurtis renewed their acquaintance. Jiddu tried to advise U.G. on his recent marital troubles, but U.G. didn't want his help. Jiddu eventually persuaded him to attend a few talks he was giving in London, which U.G. did, but found himself bored listening to him.:3

In 1961, U.G. put an end to his relationship with his wife. Their marriage had been a largely unhappy affair, and by that time he described himself as being "detached" from his family, emotionally as well as physically. He then left London and spent three months living in Paris, using funds he had obtained by selling his unused return ticket to India, during which time he ate a different variety of cheese each day. Down to his last 150 francs, he decided to go to Switzerland where he still had a small bank account. By mistake he went by train to Geneva, rather than Zurich, where the bank account was.

Early Swiss period
After two weeks in Geneva, U.G. was unable to pay his hotel bill and sought refuge at the Indian Consulate. He was listless, without hope, and described himself as "finished" – he requested that he be sent back to India, which the consular authorities refused to do at the state's expense. A consulate employee in her 60s named Valentine de Kerven offered U.G. shelter. Valentine and U.G. became good friends, and she provided him with a home in Switzerland.

For the next few years, the questions regarding the subject of enlightenment – or anything else – did not interest him, and he did nothing to further his enquiry. But by 1967, U.G. was again concerned with the subject of enlightenment, wanting to know what that state was, which sages such as Siddhārtha Gautama purportedly attained. Hearing that Jiddu Krishnamurti was giving a talk in Saanen, U.G. decided to attend. During the talk, Jiddu was describing the state and U.G. thought that it referred to himself. He explained it as follows:

He continues:

Calamity
The next day U.G. was again pondering the question "How do I know I am in that state?" with no answer forthcoming. He later recounted that on suddenly realising the question had no answer, there was an unexpected physical, as well as psychological, reaction. It seemed to him like "a sudden 'explosion' inside, blasting, as it were, every cell, every nerve and every gland in my body." Afterwards, he started experiencing what he called "the calamity", a series of bizarre physiological transformations that took place over the course of a week, affecting each one of his senses, and finally resulting in a deathlike experience. He described it this way:

Upon the eighth day:

U.G. could not, and did not, explain the provenance of the calamity experiences. In response to questions, he maintained that it happened "in spite of" his pre-occupation with – and search for – enlightenment. He also maintained that the calamity had nothing to do with his life up to that point, or with his upbringing. Several times he described the calamity happening to him as a matter of chance, and he insisted that he could not possibly, in any way, impart that experience to anybody else.

Post-calamity
According to U.G., his life-story can be separated into the pre- and post-calamity parts. Describing his post-calamity life, he claimed to be functioning permanently in what he called "the natural state": A state of spontaneous, purely physical, sensory existence, characterised by discontinuity – though not absence – of thought. U.G. also maintained that upon finding himself in the "natural state", he had lost all acquired knowledge and memories, and had to re-learn everything, as if "...the slate had been wiped clean".

After his calamity experience, U.G. often traveled to countries around the world, declining to hold formal discussions yet talking freely to visitors and those that sought him out. He gave his only formal post-calamity public talk in India, in 1972.

His unorthodox non-message philosophy and the often uncompromising, direct style of its presentation, generated a measure of notoriety and sharply-divided opinions. At the extremes, some people considered him enlightened, while others considered him nothing more than a charlatan. The clamour increased as books and articles about U.G. and his newly expounded philosophy continued appearing.

Several of his group discussions and interviews have been published in books, or are carried verbatim on various websites. There is also a variety of audio and video documents available online.

Health
U.G. was known for his unusual health and diet preferences. Carrying with him a "portable kitchen" in a tiny suitcase throughout his travels, he consumed a great deal of salt and cream, and stated "no meal should take longer than a few minutes to prepare." After 1949, U.G. never saw a doctor or took medication, believing the body would take care of itself. Often complimented for good looks in his old age, U.G. would respond "that's because I don't eat healthy food, I don't take vitamins, and I don't exercise!"

Death
On 22 March 2007, U.G. died at Vallecrosia in Italy. He had slipped and injured himself and was bedridden for seven weeks before his death. Three friends, including long-time devotee Mahesh Bhatt, were in the city with him when he died. However, Mahesh Bhatt himself clarifies in his biography of U.G., "U.G. Krishnamurti, A Life", that U.G. died alone after Mahesh and those present went out for a brief walk with the specific intention of allowing U.G. some moments of solitude to die in peace. In February 2007, he had dictated his final speech, "My Swan Song".

U.G. had asked that no rituals or funeral rites be conducted upon his death; also, he did not leave instructions on how to dispose of his body. His body was cremated by Bhatt the next day. True to his own philosophy, U.G. did not want to be remembered after his death.

Philosophy

U.G. emphasised the impossibility and non-necessity of any human change, radical or mundane. These assertions, he stated, cannot be considered as a "teaching", that is, something intended to be used to bring about a change. He insisted that the body and its actions are already perfect, and he considered attempts to change or mould the body as violations of the peace and the harmony that is already there. The psyche or self or mind, an entity which he denied as having any being, is composed of nothing but the "demand" to bring about change in the world, in itself, or in both. Furthermore, human self-consciousness is not a thing, but a movement, one characterised by "perpetual malcontent" and a "fascist insistence" on its own importance and survival.

U.G. denied the existence of an individual mind. However, he accepted the concept of a world mind, which according to him contained the accumulation of the totality of man's knowledge and experience. He also used "thought sphere" (atmosphere of thoughts) synonymously with the term "world mind". He stated that human beings inhabit this thought realm or thought sphere and that the human brain acts like an antenna, picking and choosing thoughts according to its needs. U.G. held all human experience to be the result of this process of thought. The self-consciousness or "I" in human beings is born out of the need to give oneself continuity through the constant utilisation of thought. When this continuity is broken, even for a split second, its hold on the body is broken and the body falls into its natural rhythm. Thought also falls into its natural place – then it can no longer interfere or influence the working of the human body. In the absence of any continuity, the arising thoughts combust.

In its natural state, the senses of the body take on independent existences (uncoordinated by any "inner self") and the ductless glands (that correspond to the locations of the Hindu chakras) become reactivated. U.G. described how it is the pineal gland, or the Ajna Chakra, that takes over the functioning of the body in the natural state, as opposed to thought.

U.G. also maintained that the reason people came to him (and to gurus) was to find solutions for their everyday real problems, and/or for solutions to a fabricated problem, namely, the search for spirituality and enlightenment. He insisted that this search is caused by the cultural environment, which demands conformity of individuals as it simultaneously places within them the desire to be special – the achievement of enlightenment thus viewed as a crowning expression of an individual's "specialness" and uniqueness. Consequently, the desire for enlightenment is exploited by gurus, spiritual teachers, and other "sellers of shoddy goods", who pretend to offer various ways to reach that goal. According to U.G., all these facilitators never deliver, and cannot ever deliver, since the goal itself (i.e. enlightenment), is unreachable.

According to U.G., "The so called self-realization is the discovery for yourself and by yourself that there is no self to discover. That will be a very shocking thing because it's going to blast every nerve, every cell, even the cells in the marrow of your bones."

Popular culture
The Raging Sage webcomic features a sage-like character loosely inspired by U.G.

The character GJ from Top of the Lake is based on U.G.

See also
 Myth of Progress
 Nihilism
 Skepticism

Notes

References

Further reading
 Nicolas C. Grey, James Farley, This Dog Barking: The Strange Story of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2017, Harper Element. Graphic Novel. .
 Mukunda Rao, The Biology of Enlightenment: Unpublished Conversations of U.G. Krishnamurti After He Came into The Natural State (1967–71), 2011, HarperCollins India.
 Louis Brawley, No More Questions. The final travels of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2011. Penguin Books. .
 Shanta Kelker, The Sage And the Housewife, 2005, Smriti Books. .
 Mukunda Rao, The Other Side of Belief: Interpreting U.G. Krishnamurti, 2005, Penguin Books. .
 K. Chandrasekhar, J. S. R. L. Narayana Moorty, Stopped in Our Tracks: Stories of UG in India, 2005, Smriti Books. .
 Mahesh Bhatt, U.G. Krishnamurti: A Life, 1992, Viking. .
 The Courage to Stand Alone: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2001, Smriti Books. .
 The Mystique of Enlightenment: The Radical Ideas of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2002, Sentient Publications. . Also published as The Mystique of Enlightenment: The Unrational ideas of a man called U.G., 2005, Smriti Books. .
 Thought is Your Enemy: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2002, Smriti Books. .
 The Little Book of Questions, 2003, Penguin Books. .
 Mind Is a Myth: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2003, Smriti Books. .
 No Way Out: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2005, Smriti Books. .
 The Natural State, In the words of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2005, Smriti Books. .
 The Penguin U.G. Krishnamurti Reader, 2007, Penguin Books. . (Mukunda Rao, Editor)
 Thought Is Dead: Moving Beyond Spiritual Materialism, 2010, . (Includes partial transcript of dialogue with David Bohm)
 The Anti Guru: A Selection of His Greatest Talks, 2010, .

External links

 Krishnamurti, U. G. (Uppaluri Gopala) Books and Interviews Online
  U.G. Krishnamurti.net Most of the published works by, and about, U.G. can be found here and read freely on- or offline in their entirety.

1918 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Indian philosophers
Indian spiritual writers
Indian spiritual teachers
People from Machilipatnam
People from Krishna district
Writers from Andhra Pradesh

U. G. Krishnamurti


Nataša Janković (født 27. august 1991) er en kroatisk håndboldspiller, som spiller i Molde HK og Kroatiens kvindehåndboldlandshold.

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Nataša Janković