La Magdalena es un cuadro del pintor Simon Vouet, realizado entre 1614 y 1615, que se encuentra en el Palacio del Quirinal de Roma, Italia.

Representa a María Magdalena, reconocible por uno de sus atributos iconográficos, el vaso de perfumes, que alude al episodio atribuido a ella en el que perfumó a Jesús poco antes de su ejecución.

El personaje bíblico es abundantemente representado en el arte, teniendo el mismo pintor otros cuadros sobre esta discípula de Cristo, como Magdalena penitente del Museo de Arte de Cleveland y la Magdalena arrepentida del Museo de Amiens, Santa María Magdalena (Galería Nacional de Arte Antiguo de Roma, 1627) y las Magdalenas'' de Davron, (1640) y del Museo de Bellas Artes y de Arqueología de Besanzón en Francia

Referencias

Pinturas representando a María Magdalena
Cuadros de los años 1610

Magdalena (Vouet)


Steven Levy (born 1951) is an American journalist and Editor at Large for Wired who has written extensively for publications on computers, technology, cryptography, the internet, cybersecurity, and privacy. He is the author of the 1984 book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, which chronicles the early days of the computer underground. Levy published eight books covering computer hacker culture, artificial intelligence, cryptography, and multi-year exposés of Apple, Google, and Facebook. His most recent book, Facebook: The Inside Story, recounts the history and rise of Facebook from three years of interviews with employees, including Chamath Palihapitiya, Sheryl Sandberg, and Mark Zuckerberg.

Career
In 1978, Steven Levy rediscovered Albert Einstein's brain in the office of the pathologist who removed and preserved it.

In 1984, his book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution was published. He described a "hacker ethic", which became a guideline to understanding how computers have advanced into the machines that we know and use today. He identified this hacker ethic to consist of key points such as that all information is free, and that this information should be used to "change life for the better".

Levy was a contributing editor to Popular Computing and wrote a monthly column in the magazine, initially called "Telecomputing" and later named "Micro Journal"  and "Computer Journal", from April 1983 to the magazine's closure in December 1985.

Levy was a contributor to Stewart Brand's Whole Earth Software Catalog, first published in 1984.

Levy won the "Computer Press Association Award" for a report he co-wrote in 1998 on the Year 2000 problem.

Levy is writer and Editor at Large for Wired. He was previously chief technology writer and a senior editor for Newsweek. Levy has had articles published in Harper's, Macworld, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Premiere, and Rolling Stone. In December 1986, Levy founded the Macworld Game Hall of Fame, which Macworld published annually until 2009.

He is regarded as a prominent and respected critic of Apple Inc. In July 2004, Levy wrote a cover story for Newsweek (which also featured an interview with Apple CEO Steve Jobs) which unveiled the 4th generation of the iPod to the world before Apple had officially done so.

Education and personal life
Levy received his bachelor's degree from Temple University and earned a master's degree in literature from Pennsylvania State University. He lives in New York City with his wife, Pulitzer Prize winner Teresa Carpenter, and son.

Bibliography

Books
 Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (1984)
 The Unicorn's Secret: Murder in the Age of Aquarius (1988)
 Artificial Life: The Quest for a New Creation (1992)
 Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything (1994)
 Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age (2001)
 The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness (2006)
 In The Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives (2011)
 Facebook: The Inside Story (2020)

Essays and reporting

References

External links

 Steven Levy's website

 Lebowski Podcast Episode 27 – Steven Levy's Wish List Interview with Steven Levy about The Big Lebowski and his interview with the Coen Brothers.
 Lebowski Podcast Episode 27a – Steven Levy on Technology  Chalupa and Steven Levy talk about blogging, Twitter, internet security, etc.

 C-SPAN Q&A interview with Levy on The Perfect Thing, December 24, 2006

1951 births
Living people
Jewish American journalists
American male journalists
American bloggers
American technology writers
American science journalists
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Newsweek people
Wired (magazine) people
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male bloggers
21st-century American Jews

Steven Levy


Lake Conestee Nature Park (Conestee Sø Naturpark på dansk) er en offentlig naturpark i Conestee, South Carolina i USA, og er opkaldt efter søen beliggende i den, Lake Conestee. Parken følger floden Reedy River og er ofte brugt af videnskabsmænd til fuglestudier.

Geografi
Lake Conestee Nature Park indeholder 160 hektar jord og indeholder mere end fem mil af stier. Parken også indeholder skove, vådområder, og en stor mangfoldighed af dyr.

Historie
Lake Conestee blev dannet, da Reedy River blev opdæmmet ved Conestee Mill i 1892. Da søen var størst, havde den et areal på omkring 53 ha men mange års vandforurening og vandstand har fyldt omkring 90 % af søen med sediment. I 2000 oprettedes Conestee Foundation, og det grundlagde naturparken. Ifølge fundatsen er organisationen dedikeret til bevaringen og forbedringer af naturparken.

Videnskab
Mere end 190 arter fugle forekommer i Lake Conestee Nature Park, ifølge Greenville County Bird Club. National Audubon Society udpegede parken som et betydningsfuldt fuglereservat.

Turistattraktioner
Conestee Mill, en historisk vandmølle, ligger i Lake Conestee Nature Park. Historien om møllen går tilbage til slutningen af 18. århundrede.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel webside (engelsk)

South Carolina
Beskyttede områder i USA

Lake Conestee Nature Park


Celtic Football Club, İskoçya'nın önde gelen iki futbol takımından biridir. Maçlarını 60,830 kişilik Celtic Park stadında oynayan Celtic, yeşil-beyaz renklere sahiptir.

Glasgow şehrinin takımı olan Celtic ile, şehrin doğusundaki Rangers arasında ezeli bir rekabet bulunmaktadır. Celtic ile Rangers arasındaki ezeli rekabetin altında mezhepsel ve siyasi sebepler yatmaktadır. Celtic taraftarları Katolik, Rangers taraftarları ise Protestan mezheplerine mensuptur. Ayrıca Rangers taraftarları, İskoçya'nın kendi hükûmet ve meclisine sahip olduğu, ancak devlet teşkilatı açısından Birleşik Krallık'a bağlı olduğu mevcut statüsünün devamından yana iken; Celtic taraftarları İskoçya'nın tümüyle bağımsız bir cumhuriyete dönüşmesinden yanadırlar. Bu mezhepsel ve siyasi sebeplerden ötürü, iki kulüp taraftarları arasındaki ayrım çok keskindir ve İskoçya'da, aynı ailenin içinde hem Celtic hem de Rangers taraftarına rastlamak imkânsız gibidir. Taşıdığı mezhepsel ve siyasi anlamlar sebebiyle Celtic-Rangers derbileri bir futbol müsabakasının çok ötesinde algılanır.

Celtic FC, Britanya'ya Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'nı getiren ilk takım olarak da tarihe geçmiştir. Ayrıca Celtic, Britanya'da Manchester United'dan sonra en fazla tribün potansiyeline sahip futbol takımıdır.

Güncel kadro

Birinci-takım kadrosu

Kiralık Giden Oyuncular

Başarıları
Britanya'ya Avrupa Şampiyon Kulüpler Kupası'nı getiren ilk takımdır.

 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi (1): 1967
 UEFA Avrupa Ligi 2. (1): 2003
 Scottish Premiership (53): 1893, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1922, 1926, 1936, 1938, 1954, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023
 Scottish Cup (41): 1892, 1899, 1900, 1904, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1951, 1954, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1995, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023 (rekor)
 Scottish League Cup (21): 1956-57, 1957-58, 1965-66, 1966-67, 1967-68, 1968-69, 1969-70, 1974-75, 1982-83, 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2005-06, 2008-09, 2014-15, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20, 2021-22, 2022-23

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Celtic FC Resmi Sitesi
 BBC Sport - Celtic portal

İskoçya'daki futbol kulüpleri
Glasgow
İskoçya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1888'de Birleşik Krallık'ta kurulan oluşumlar
1888'de kurulan futbol kulüpleri
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi şampiyonları

Celtic FC


Rysy (; ; , ) is a mountain in the crest of the High Tatras, eastern part of the Tatra Mountains, lying on the border between Poland and Slovakia. Rysy has three summits: the middle at ; the north-western at ; and the south-eastern at . The north-western summit is the highest point of Poland and belongs to the Crown of Polish Mountains; the other two summits are on the Slovak side of the border.

Name
Experts assume that the Polish and Slovak name Rysy, meaning "scratches" or "crevices", refers to a series of couloirs, either those on the western slopes of Żabie Ridge or the very prominent  high couloir and numerous smaller on the northern side. A folk explanation on the Slovak side says that the name comes from the plural word rysy meaning "lynxes", although the habitat of the lynx does not extend above the timberline.

The Hungarian name Tengerszem-csúcs and the German name Meeraugspitze mean "eye-of-the-sea peak", from the glacial lake at the northern foot of the mountain, called "eye of the sea" (Morskie Oko in Polish).

History
The first known ascent was made in 1840, by Ede Blásy and his guide Ján Ruman-Driečny Sr. The first winter ascent was completed in 1884, by Theodor Wundt and Jakob Harvey.

Hiking the peak
Rysy is the highest peak in the Tatra Mountains that is accessible on foot without a mountain guide.

It is possible to reach the peak from the Slovak side, starting at Štrbské pleso and passing Chata pod Rysmi, a mountain chalet at an altitude of . Between November 1 and June 15, the trail and chalet on the Slovak side are closed.

The mountain can also be ascended from the Polish side coming from the Morskie Oko lake, which is a more spectacular route, but at the same brings more difficulties and exposure. The trail leads from Morskie Oko to Czarny Staw, and from there first along the northern slope and then the west wall. Due to its location, the trail might have snow cover until the second half of June and winter equipment might be required for the ascent then.

The winter ascent from the Polish side is a serious climb requiring the right equipment (crampons, ice axe) and skills, often with a large avalanche threat. There have been serious avalanche events, including fatal ones. The average slope of the slope above the Czarny Staw is around 30 degrees. In the Rysa couloir, about 40 degrees to its half. In the upper part, the incline reaches up to 44 degrees.

Since the accession of Poland and Slovakia to the Schengen Agreement in 2007, the border between the two countries may be easily crossed at this point like at any other.

See also

 Orla Perć
 Giewont
 Tourism in Poland
 Tourism in Slovakia
 Geography of Poland
 Geography of Slovakia
 Tatra Volunteer Search and Rescue (Poland)
 Mountain Rescue Service (Slovakia)
 List of highest paved roads in Europe
 List of mountain passes

References

External links

 TOPR - Polish Tatra Mountain Rescue Service
 Additional photos
 Rysy at Peakbagger.com
 Chalet below the Rysy peak
 Additional information including some photos

3D Panorama
 Polish summit 2499 m
 Slovak summit 2503 m
 Standard weather on the summit
 Hike to Rysy (from the Polish side)
 Hike to Rysy (from the Slovak side)

Two-thousanders of Poland
Two-thousanders of Slovakia
Mountains of the Western Carpathians
Poland–Slovakia border
International mountains of Europe
High Tatras
Highest points of countries

Rysy


Kvindernes fluevægt i boksning under sommer-OL 2012 i London blev afholdt i perioden 5.-9. august 2012.

Boksning under sommer-OL 2012

Boksning under sommer-OL 2012 – Fluevægt (damer)


Rolles Mølle er en vandmølle i Lunderskov. Rolles Mølle hævdes i en retstvist under Koldinghus Birketing i 1748 at være grundlagt ca. 70 år før, dvs. omkring 1680, formentlig som en konsekvens af afbrænding af Drabæks Mølle i eller omkring 1660 (under Anden Karl Gustav-krig).

Referencer

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Kolding Kommune
Vandmøller i Danmark

Rolles Mølle


Edward Walter Gillespie (born August 1, 1961) is an American politician, strategist, and lobbyist who served as the 61st Chair of the Republican National Committee from 2003 to 2005 and was counselor to the President from 2007 to 2009 during the Presidency of George W. Bush. In 2012 Gillespie was a senior member of the Mitt Romney presidential campaign.

Gillespie founded the bipartisan lobbying firm Quinn Gillespie & Associates with Jack Quinn, and founded Ed Gillespie Strategies.

Gillespie ran in the 2014 United States Senate election in Virginia. Gillespie narrowly lost to incumbent Mark Warner by a margin of 0.8%. Gillespie ran for Governor of Virginia in the 2017 election. After winning the Republican primary, he was defeated in the general election by Democratic nominee Ralph Northam; Gillespie received 1.17 million votes (45%) to Northam's 1.40 million (54%) in the election.

In 2020, Gillespie was hired by AT&T to serve as senior executive vice president for external and legislative affairs. Previously, he served as co-chairman of Sard Verbinnen & Co.'s public affairs practice.

Early life
Gillespie was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey, and raised in the Browns Mills section of Pemberton Township, New Jersey. He is the son of Conny (Carroll) and Sean (later John) Patrick Gillespie, an immigrant from Ireland who grew up in North Philadelphia. His parents owned a small grocery store in New Jersey, and Gillespie worked there after school.

He is a graduate of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and Pemberton Township High School. While at CUA he began his career on Capitol Hill as a U.S. Senate parking lot attendant. One of his co-workers there was an intern for Representative Andy Ireland of Florida, and through him, Gillespie got the same job after he graduated from college.

Political career
Gillespie, raised in a Democratic family, began his political career as intern for Andy Ireland, at the time a Democrat from Florida. In 1984, Ireland joined the Republican party with Gillespie following, saying, "I liked President Reagan's approach to governing and it just made sense to me." In his book, Winning Right, Gillespie described himself as someone who "all but had 'Democrat' stamped on his birth certificate," but had become increasingly uncomfortable with the leftward tilt of the national party and believed it wasn't taking the threat of Communism seriously. As he saw it, he and Ireland were classic Reagan Democrats who became Republicans–"a southern conservative and a young northeastern ethnic Catholic who no longer felt comfortable in the party of their heritage."

He worked as telephone solicitor for the Republican National Committee in 1985, and later worked for a decade as a top aide to former House Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX), and was a principal drafter of the GOP's 1994 "Contract With America."

In 1996 he served as communications director for the RNC. In 1999, Gillespie worked as the Press Secretary for the Presidential campaign of John Kasich until his withdrawal from the race and endorsement of George W. Bush.  In 2000, Gillespie served as senior communications advisor for the presidential campaign of Bush, organizing the party convention program in Philadelphia for Bush's nomination and Bush's inauguration ceremony. He played an aggressive role as spokesman for the Bush campaign during the vote recount in Florida. In 2002, he was a strategist for Elizabeth Dole's 2002 Senate campaign.

Lobbyist
In 1997, Gillespie joined the lobbying firm BGR Group (Barbour, Griffith & Rogers), and advised Senate Republicans during the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

In 2000, Gillespie founded the lobbying firm Quinn Gillespie & Associates with Jack Quinn, and within a year had an income of $8.5 million and was 11th on Fortune's list of the most powerful lobbying firms in the US. One of the firm's clients was Enron, which paid it $1,225,000, including $700,000 to lobby the Department of Energy and the Executive Office of the President to resist efforts to re-regulate the western electricity market during the California Electricity Crisis. Gillespie has said that he was unaware of Enron's deceptive accounting practices. By the end of 2002, Quinn Gillespie & Associates had received $27.4 million in lobbying fees.

In 2007, Quinn Gillespie & Associates represented more than 100 clients. The firm lobbied on behalf of AT&T, Bank of America, and Microsoft in the years 2001–2007, earning more than $3.2 million. In 2016, the firm reported $17.2 million in revenue from federal lobbying. The firm pitched to potential clients that Gillespie, due to his involvement with the White House and association with individuals in power, could leverage those relationships to benefit clients.

In 2016, Gillespie lobbied on behalf of the health insurance company Anthem, as the nation's second-largest insurance firm tried to merge with third-largest insurance firm Cigna. A federal judge blocked the mergers, citing insurance regulators who said the merger would raise costs and reduce competition in the health insurance market.

Gillespie shut down his lobbying firm Ed Gillespie Strategies shortly before launching his campaign for governor in January 2017.

The conservative government watchdog Judicial Watch said that Gillespie's ties to corporations may pose a conflict of interest for him as governor, and that this is a "nonpartisan concern". Gillespie's former clients Anthem, AT&T, Microsoft, and Bank of America have ongoing interests in the state of Virginia, and these corporations or their top executives have donated to the Gillespie 2017 campaign. Gillespie voluntarily released the list of his clients, disclosing more than is required by state law.

Chairman of the RNC
In 2003, Gillespie was selected as Chairman of the RNC, serving in that role through the 2004 elections that saw President Bush win re-election and Republicans retain control of the House and Senate.  He did not give up his stake in the lobbying firm when he took that job, which caused controversy. During the campaign, he was regularly referred to as "President Bush's pit bull."  In 2005 Bush appointed Gillespie to lead the process to nominate a successor to Sandra Day O'Connor on the Supreme Court; that process led to the selection and confirmation of Samuel Alito.

His book Winning Right was released in September 2006.

Gillespie served as Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from December 2006 to June 2007. In the 2006 Virginia Senate elections he served as spokesman for defeated Virginia Senator George Allen. He had been tapped by Allen as a political adviser for a possible presidential run in 2008 before that loss. In February 2009, Virginia Attorney General Bob McDonnell announced that Gillespie would serve as general chairman of his campaign for governor. Gillespie has served as an adviser to American Crossroads.

White House counselor

In late June 2007, President Bush brought Gillespie into the White House on a full-time basis, to replace the departing Counselor to the President Dan Bartlett with the mandate to help raise Bush's flagging popularity ratings. When Karl Rove also departed in August, The Washington Post described Gillespie as stepping up to do part of Rove's job in the White House. A later Post article described Gillespie's role orchestrating a PR unit dedicated to "selling the surge to American voters and the media."

Later in 2007, the Washington Post reported that Gillespie had taken a substantial pay cut to become Bush's counselor. "A disclosure form shows he made nearly $1.3 million in salary and bonus in the previous 18 months at his consulting and public affairs firm.... His annual government salary is $168,000. The form, obtained by the Associated Press, reports that Gillespie, ... a former Capitol Hill aide who co-founded his lobbying shop in 2000 ..., has accumulated a fortune estimated to be between $7.86 million and $19.4 million."

Post-White House
In 2009, Gillespie was the chairman of Bob McDonnell's successful campaign for governor of Virginia.

In January 2010, Gillespie was announced in as the national chairman of the Republican State Leadership Committee (RSLC), which helps elect state attorneys general, lieutenant governors, secretaries of state and state house and senate candidates. After Gillespie was announced chairman the RSLC is reported to have laundered $1.5 million from the Poarch Band of Creek Indians to Alabama Speaker Mike Hubbard and a group associated with Jack Abramoff.  From January 2010 to January 2014 the RSLC paid Gilespie $654,000.  Gillespie was not legally listed as the RSLC chairman until February 2011, when the organization filed updated documents with the IRS.

In 2010, together with Republican strategist Karl Rove, Ed Gillespie helped get the Super Pac American Crossroads "off the ground." The organization's goal was to supplement campaign spending for Republicans, independently of the Republican party. '"Obama had $1.1 billion in 2008," says Gillespie.."John McCain and his supporters spent $634 million. That's a sizable gap." American Crossroads, he boasts, will be the place where the real money goes to "play."'

In April 2012, Gillespie became a senior advisor to Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign.

2014 U.S. Senate run

In December 2013, Gillespie told Politico that he was considering a first-time political run in 2014 against Mark Warner, a popular Democratic incumbent U.S. Senator in Virginia.

In January 2014, he officially launched his candidacy. He named Chris Leavitt, campaign manager of Mark Obenshain's 2013 run for Virginia Attorney general, his campaign manager.  On June 7, 2014, he became the Republican nominee after receiving about 60% of the vote at the state party convention.

Although Warner had been consistently leading Gillespie by double-digit margins in polls before October, Gillespie nearly upset Warner on Election Day, losing by a margin of just 0.8% and 17,723 votes, with 37% turnout. Gillespie conceded the race on November 7, 2014.

2017 gubernatorial run

Speculation began immediately after Gillespie's narrow 2014 loss that he would run for Governor of Virginia in 2017. In October 2015, Gillespie confirmed reports that he was preparing to run for governor in 2017. He officially declared his candidacy in November 2016. Gillespie was considered the favorite to win the Republican nomination.

On June 13, 2017, Gillespie narrowly defeated his primary opponent Corey Stewart to win the Republican nomination for governor and was set to face incumbent Lieutenant Governor Ralph Northam, the Democratic nominee, in the November general election.

In the 2017 gubernatorial campaign up to June 2017, Gillespie ran as an establishment Republican and focused on economic issues rather social issues. According to The New York Times in July 2017, Gillespie "sought to strike a delicate balance when pressed about Mr. Trump, who is highly unpopular here. He refused to say Mr. Trump's name, but warned that Mr. Northam, a Democrat, risked hurting Virginia's economy—which relies greatly on the federal government—by attacking the president so fiercely." According to CNN, even though Gillespie has been endorsed by President Donald Trump, the "endorsement isn't mentioned anywhere on Gillespie's campaign website or his social media pages. Gillespie doesn't discuss Trump unless he's prompted to do so. He doesn't criticize the President, but he also doesn't make an effort to embrace him, either." In October 2017, Vice President Mike Pence held a joint rally with Gillespie. According to The New York Times, the Gillespie campaign preferred Pence's involvement in the race over Trump's.

In August 2017, The Washington Post reported that Gillespie hired Jack Morgan, an operative in the Trump 2016 campaign for president. Morgan has made controversial statements, such as saying that the country is on the brink of civil war and that communists are behind efforts to remove confederate monuments. Morgan had earlier in 2017 called Gillespie a "lobbyist" and said that it would be a "disaster" to elect him governor. According to The New York Times, even though the Gillespie campaign distanced itself from Trump the person, it sought to motivate voters with the same "culturally and racially tinged appeals" of the Trump 2016 campaign. Most of Gillespie's ad spending has gone towards commercials on confederate monuments and illegal immigration. In October 2017, former president Barack Obama took what The Washington Post described as "the unusual step" of criticizing Gillespie over his use of ads on Latino gang violence which he said sowed fear and were "as cynical as politics gets".

After the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Gillespie condemned the far-right protestors, saying, "[We] reject the people who came in, largely from outside our Commonwealth, and brought their hate, their white supremacism, their neo-Nazism with them." After Donald Trump's controversial comment that there were "fine people on both sides," Gillespie said there was "no moral comparison between white supremacists and 'those that show up to condemn them for espousing that kind of hate-filled speech.'

Gillespie criticized Northam for casting the deciding "no" vote to stop a Republican bill which would have banned sanctuary cities in Virginia. During the campaign, Gillespie and Trump accused Northam of being responsible for the increased activities of the MS-13 gangs and of being "in favor of sanctuary cities that let dangerous illegal immigrants back on the streets" and that this contributed to the surge in MS-13 violence; a notion that FactCheck.org found to be "misleading". The Washington Post and CNN noted that there are no actual sanctuary cities in Virginia and The Washington Post editorial board condemned the ads in an editorial called "Gillespie's ads are poisonous to Virginia and the nation".  Gillespie himself acknowledged that Virginia did not have sanctuary cities. The Washington Post furthermore noted that there is no evidence that sanctuary cities increase crime or gang activity.

In October, the Latino Victory Fund, which supported Northam, released an ad in which a pickup truck, adorned with a Gillespie bumper sticker, a "Don't tread on me" license plate, and a Confederate flag, chases down minority children and corners them in an alley—one of the children in the ad then wakes up, revealing the scene to have been a nightmare. Although Northam and his campaign were not involved with the ad, Northam initially defended it, saying Gillespie's own ads "have promoted fearmongering, hatred, bigotry, racial divisiveness," and adding, "I mean, it's upset a lot of communities, and they have the right to express their views as well." The ad was pulled the following day in the hours after a terrorist attack in New York City, in which a man killed several people by running them over with a truck. Northam then distanced himself from the ad, re-emphasizing that it was not released by his campaign and saying that it is not one that he would have chosen to run. A spokesman for the campaign has said that the Latino Victory Fund's decision to pull the ad was "appropriate and the right thing to do." FOX 5 DC reported that the Northam campaign had accepted $62,000 as an in-kind media contribution from the Latino Victory Fund.

According to the Virginia Public Access Project, as of November 5, Northam had raised $33.8 million to Gillespie's $24.5 million.

In October 2017, National Review posted an analysis of the Gillespie campaign as an important example of whether and how mainstream Republican politics, represented by Gillespie, can produce victories in a purple state in the "era of Trumpism", and said that the outcome would effect Republican strategies in future races.

Gillespie received 1.17 million votes (45%) to Northam's 1.40 million (54%) in the election.

Political positions
The New York Times reported in 2014 that Gillespie had "ties to both Republican grass-roots and establishment wings".

Abortion
In January 2017 he participated in the anti-abortion March for Life. Gillespie said he would support a ban on late-term abortions after 20 weeks in Virginia, with exceptions for cases of rape, incest, or pregnancies that endanger the life of the mother. Gillespie was endorsed by the National Right to Life Committee in his 2017 run for governor.

Gillespie pledged to sign legislation to defund Planned Parenthood;  Governor Terry McAuliffe vetoed such legislation.

Confederate monuments
In August 2017, Gillespie signed a petition opposing the removal of Confederate monuments in Virginia. Gillespie said that removing the monuments was an attempt to erase history. In a September 2017 gubernatorial debate, Gillespie said that the statues were history and could be used to teach people about slavery in the South. He said a better remedy would be to erect statues honoring people like Douglas Wilder, a former Virginia governor who was the nation's first African-American to be elected governor.

Economy

In September 2017 Gillespie called for a 10 percent across-the-board income tax cut.

Education
Gillespie has called for the expansion of publicly funded schools that are operated privately.

Energy and environment
In a debate in 2014, Gillespie was asked by his opponent if he thought there was enough evidence to support climate change.  Gillespie at first dodged the question but when pressed again, answered, "I believe there is ample scientific evidence that contributes to climate change but I'm not entirely dismissive of those who have a different point of view."

In September 2017 Gillespie supported President Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement. Gillespie supported President Trump's decision to repeal the Clean Power Plan, which aimed to reduce emissions from coal-burning power plants. Gillespie opposes efforts at the state level to limit carbon emissions. Gillespie opposes Virginia joining a so-called "state climate alliance" to mitigate the effects of climate change. Gillespie supports offshore drilling.

In 2014 and 2017 he voiced support for the Keystone Pipeline, Atlantic Coast Pipeline, and Mountain Valley Pipeline and criticized federal regulations that "[slow] down the development of energy infrastructure."

Ethics laws
In his 2017 gubernatorial campaign, Gillespie pledged to push a ban on candidates using campaign funds for personal expenses, to require administration officials to wait at least two years before lobbying their prior office, and to require more frequent disclosures of potential conflicts of interest. He also proposed prohibiting candidates from using funds raised for one campaign in a campaign for a different office; prohibiting fundraising during special legislative sessions; and live-streaming certain public cabinet meetings and all agency and board meetings. In response to criticism of his lobbying history, Gillespie's campaign said he and his wife would place their assets in a blind trust and that he would be "an honest, ethical, principled, hard-working, faithful servant-leader worthy of Virginia."

Guns
Gillespie has called for rescinding legislation that banned members of the public from carrying firearms in state government buildings. Gillespie is open to the idea of banning bump stocks, which allow a semi-automatic firearm to fire in rapid succession.

Health care
In 2014, Gillespie said that he was opposed to the 2010 Affordable Care Act (commonly called Obamacare), criticizing it for its "negative impacts" and stating that he would "repeal and replace it." In 2017, Gillespie said that he opposed Medicaid expansion and said that Virginia should create an interstate compact allowing insurance providers to sell health insurance plans across state lines.

Immigration
In July and August 2017, Gillespie said that he opposes "sanctuary cities", which adopt policies designed to not prosecute people solely for being undocumented. In February 2017, he supported a bill that would prohibit localities in Virginia from enacting sanctuary policies. He has campaigned on tougher immigration enforcement.

In September 2017, Gillespie said that he supported Donald Trump's executive order to ban immigration from seven predominantly Muslim countries. That same month, Gillespie, after initially declining to take a stance on Trump's decision to rescind Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)—which gives temporary stay to some unauthorized immigrants who came to the United States as minors—Gillespie said that he did not "believe that children should be punished for decisions that were not their own, but at the same time, it is important for us to enforce our laws".

Shortly after the Trump administration announced that it would rescind Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, Gillespie said that "dreamers" should not be deported.

In his 2006 book, Winning Right, Gillespie wanted to offer temporary work visas to undocumented workers in the US. Asked in 2017 if he still held that view, Gillespie said he did.

LGBT rights
In 2004, as chairman of the RNC, Gillespie opposed same-sex marriage and supported the Republican platform plank in support of constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. In 2014, as a candidate for the U.S. Senate, Gillespie renounced this position, saying he no longer supported such an amendment.

In September 2017 he said he would oppose any legislation that would dictate which bathrooms that transgender individuals could use, such as the controversial North Carolina Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act. Earlier, in January 2017, Gillespie did not take a firm position when the Virginia General Assembly was considering a bathroom bill, opting instead to criticize the Obama administration for mandating that public schools allow transgender students to use the restrooms of their choice while saying that localities should decide on the issue.

Marijuana
Gillespie opposes marijuana decriminalization because it "sends the wrong signal" to young people. Gillespie has called for changing the punishment for marijuana possession so that no criminal charges would be filed on the first two occasions that someone is caught with marijuana, but that the third time should carry criminal charges because by then "you really should know better."

Redistricting
In a 2017 gubernatorial debate with Ralph Northam, in response to a question about redistricting following the 2020 Census, Gillespie said that experience in other states showed that it was "hard to take the politics out of politics."

Restoration of rights
Gillespie favors restoring voting rights to felons "who have paid their debt to society and are living an honest life" but opposes a blanket restoration of rights to all felons. In the final weeks of the 2017 gubernatorial campaign, Gillespie began running an ad criticizing Democrats for restoring voting rights to more than 200,000 felons, including John Bowen, whose rights were restored based on his completing sentence for an earlier conviction while he was awaiting trial on a new charge of possessing one of the largest child pornography collections in Virginia's history.

Personal life
Gillespie met his wife Cathy at a congressional softball game and together they have a son and two daughters.

References

External links

 Official Gubernatorial Campaign Website
 Quinn & Gillespie
 Chris Oakes, "Selling America on Crypto," Wired, March 4, 1998.
 The United States Needs a Clear and Realistic Encryption Policy, Statement of Edward Gillespie, executive director, Americans for Computer Privacy, March 4, 1999.
 Ryan Lizza, "The Insider," New Republic, June 19, 2001.https://web.archive.org/web/20021030041000/http://www.tnr.com/073001/lizza073001_print.html
 A look at the 2004 presidential field, CNN, January 1, 2003: Ed Gillespie joined "Crossfire" hosts James Carville and Tucker Carlson.
 Robert Novak, "Bush on the Hill," Creators Syndicate, May 24, 2003.
 Mike Allen, "Bush Picks Campaign Chief, RNC Chairman", The Washington Post, June 17, 2003.
 Elisabeth Bumiller, "Fierce Defender of president to Lead Campaign for Court", The New York Times, July 6, 2005.
 Thomas B. Edsall, "Lobbyist to Campaign For Bush Court Nominee: Gillespie Choice Marks Bid to Use GOP Muscle", The Washington Post, July 8, 2005.

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1961 births
Living people
American lobbyists
American people of Irish descent
Candidates in the 2017 United States elections
Catholic University of America alumni
Counselors to the President
New Jersey Republicans
People from Mount Holly, New Jersey
People from Pemberton Township, New Jersey
Republican National Committee chairs
Republican Party of Virginia chairs
Virginia Republicans

Ed Gillespie


Acacia koa es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las fabáceas. Es un endemismo de las islas Hawái, donde es el segundo árbol más común.

Descripción
Es un gran árbol, que por lo general alcanza una altura de 15-25 m con una circunferencia de 6 m de longitud, y una extensión de 38 m . Es uno de los árboles de más rápido crecimiento de Hawái, capaz de alcanzar 9 m  en cinco años en un buen sitio. Las hojas son compuestas con 12-24 pares de foliolos. Las flores son de color amarillo pálido en racimos esféricos.

Taxonomía
Acacia koa fue descrita por Asa Gray y publicado en United States Exploring Expedition 1: 480–481, en el año 1854.
Etimología
Ver: Acacia: Etimología

koa: epíteto tomado de la lengua hawaiana, koa que significa "valiente, audaz, valiente, o un guerrero".
Sinonimia
Acacia heterophylla var. latifolia Benth.
Acacia kauaiensis Hillebr.
Acacia koa var. latifolia (Benth.) H. St. John
Acacia koa var. waianaeensis H. St. John
Racosperma kauaiense (Hillebr.) Pedley
Racosperma koa (A. Gray) Pedley

Véase también

 Acacia sensu lato

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Photos of Acacia koa at Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR)
 UCLA botanical garden and home
 Historic photos and descriptions of Acacia koa

koa
Flora de Hawái
Plantas descritas en 1854
Plantas descritas por Asa Gray

Acacia koa


Lad os handle 1-2 er to danske dokumentarfilm fra 2005, der er skrevet og instrueret af Jesper Heldgaard og Bo Illum Jørgensen.

Handling
Globalisering og øget verdenshandel er på én gang en trussel og en mulighed. Det koster arbejdspladser, når produktion må flytte, men alle kan alligevel blive rigere, når varer fremstilles, hvor det kan ske billigst. Programmerne fortæller et par solstrålehistorier fra Afrika: I Burkina Faso fremstiller fattige bønder billig bomuld af høj kvalitet. I Tanzania fremstiller bønderne sukker til lavpris. Men de afrikanske bønder udkonkurreres af store landbrug i den rige verden, der nyder godt af landbrugstilskud. Programmerne besøger bomuldsbønder i Burkina Faso og sukkerbønder i Tanzania og viser, hvordan afsætningen af bomuld og sukker - mere effektivt end udviklingsbistand - kan hive afrikanere ud af fattigdommen. Og bomuldsfarmeren fra Texas og sukkerroeavleren på Lolland fortæller, hvorfor det er svært at komme den udskældte landbrugsstøtte til livs.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2005

Globalisering
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Lad os handle 1-2


Alfred Rust (født 4. juli 1900 i Hamburg, død 14. august 1983 i Ahrensburg) var en tysk forhistorisk arkæolog. Selvom han var selvlært, blev han pioner i studiet af den senpalæolitiske hamburgkultur, især gennem sine udgravninger i Nordtyskland. Rust var meget passioneret og lærte hurtigt om arkæologien. Han er kendt for at have opdaget Ahrensburgkulturen, som før var ukendt. Tanken om mennesker under den glaciale periode var radikal i samtiden og blev derfor ikke accepteret i begyndelsen.

Ungdom
Alfred Rust voksede op i en meget beskeden familie uden en far. Som barn elskede Alfred at observere naturen og moserne der omgiver Hamborg. Som ung kom han i lære som elektriker, men lod sig indskrive til aftenundervisning på Hamborgs Arkæologiske Institut (Volkshochschule zur Archäologie). Han var meget målrettet og passioneret angående forhistorisk arkæologi, hvor Alfreds lærere opdagede hans potentiale.

Rejsen til Mellemøsten
I datiden foregik blandt arkæologer, især Gustav Schwantes og professor Meyer i Wien, en diskussion om eksistensen af den såkaldte "Ascalonkultur" i Levanten. Meyer havde i Ascalon i Palæstina fundet en overfladeboplads med forskellige redskaber, blandt hvilke skæftede økser, der i givet fald var ældre end tidligere antaget og muligvis kommet til Europa fra Mellemøsten. Schwantes mente derimod, at skæftede økser var blevet til i Ahrensburgkulturen i Nordeuropa. Fundforholdene tillod ikke en afgørelse af spørgsmålet, da overfladefund kan være sammensat fra flere kulturer.

I begyndelsen af 1930 fortalte Rust sin aftenskolelærer, at han ville rejse til Syrien for at søge efter og udgrave en stenalderboplads med lagdeling for at finde ud af, om Ascalonkulturen var reel eller et konstrueret resultat skruet sammen alene ved overfladefund. Rust valgte at foretage rejsen på cykel og med sine få opsparede penge. Sammen med en kammerat startede rejsen i september. De to nåede lige akkurat at passere Balkan og Tyrkiet inden, at vintervejret satte ind, hvilket ville have forhindret rejsen.

Som følge af den sparsomme kost blev Rust syg og indlagt på det danske hospital i Nebek. Her fik han oplyst, at der fandtes nogle klippely ved Jabrud ikke så langt derfra. Ved at undersøge disse fandt han tre hulebopladser med uforstyrrede stenalderaflejringer. Rust vendte derefter hjem og nåede tilbage til Hamborg i april 1931. Samme efterår rejste han tilbage til Syrien og brugte nu tre år til hver vinter at udgrave hulerne. Han havde fået et tilskud fra museet i Bremen på 1400 kr. Han boede på hospitalet i Nebek og godtgjorde sit ophold ved at medbringe og installere elektrisk udstyr. I 1933 blev han ramt af dysenteri, men da var hans arbejde praktisk talt afsluttet, og han havde påvist 45 beboelseslag, der strakte sig fra slutningen af sidste istid til agerbrugets begyndelse. Intet af disse lag kunne udvise de genstande, som skulle tilhøre "Ascalonkulturen", samlet, og denne kultur måtte derfor afvises som en arkæologisk realitet.

Litteratur
 Geoffrey Bibby: Spadens vidnedsbyrd; Wormanium 1980; ; s. 96-107

Arkæologer fra Tyskland

Alfred Rust


Daniel Morisho (7. veljače 1996.) je rukometaš iz Demokratske Republike Kongo. Nastupa za domaći klub JS Kinshasa i rukometnu reprezentaciju Demokratske Republike Kongo.

Natjecao se na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Egiptu 2021., gdje je reprezentacija DR Konga završila na 28. mjestu.

Izvori

Rukometaši iz Demokratske Republike Kongo

Daniel Morisho


اتفاقية السلام الشامل أو اتفاقية نيفاشا هي الاتفاقية التي أوقفت أطول حرب أهلية في أفريقيا وقد تم توقيعها بواسطة حكومة السودان بقيادة حزب المؤتمر الوطني الذي يتزعمه الرئيس السوداني عمر البشير والطرف الآخر هو الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان بقيادة جون قرنق

تاريخ الحرب الأهلية في السودان

غرق السودان في نزاع مسلح منذ حصوله على الاستقلال في العام 1956م، باستثناء 11 عاماً. نشب النزاع بين الشمال والجنوب في العام 1955م، قبل عام واحد من حصول السودان على استقلاله.

اندلعت الحرب بين حكومة السودان وبين الجيش/ الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان ( SPLM/A ) التي انتهت مؤخراً، في العام 1983م على إثر انهيار اتفاقية أديس أبابا التي وُقعت في 1972م. وتتمثل الأسباب الرئيسية التي أدت إلى اندلاع الحرب في النزاع على الموارد والسلطة ودور الدين في الدولة وتقرير المصير.

أدى النزاع الذي دام 21 عاماً إلى خراب أجزاء كبيرة في أكبر قطر في أفريقيا وحرمان البقية من الاستقرار والنمو والتنمية. دفعت الأمة السودانية جراء هذا النزاع ثمناً باهظاً، حيث قُتل أكثر من مليوني شخص، ونزح أربعة ملايين شخص ولجأ حوالى 600.000 إلى البلاد المجاورة للسودان.

وقد تجاوزت المشكلات، طبيعةً وحجماً، السودان إلى البلاد المجاورة له حيث سببت البؤس وأدت إلى انعدام الأمن في المنطقة.

بذلت أطراف خارجية عديدة محاولات كثيرة خلال سنوات الحرب الطويلة، بما في ذلك دول الجوار، والمانحون المعنيون والدول الأخرى، وطرفا النزاع، لوضع نهاية للنزاع. غير أن التعقيدات الضخمة للحرب وانعدام الإرادة السياسية حالت دون الوصول إلى حل مبكر.

في عام 1993 أصبح رؤساء دول الهيئة الحكومية للتنمية (الإيقاد) طرفاً في المبادرة الأخيرة التي سعت إلى جمع الطرفين. وكانت هذه بداية لعملية طويلة تكللت بتوقيع اتفاقية السلام الشامل في 2005م.

تابعت الأمم المتحدة، تحت رعاية الإيقاد ، مبادرة السلام الإقليمية ودعمتها عن قرب. مثّل المستشار الخاص للأمين العام، السيد محمد سحنون، ومسؤولون كبار آخرون الأممَ المتحدة في اجتماعات قمة دول الإيقاد وأداروا مشاورات مع الحكومات والمنظمات الإقليمية دعماً لعملية السلام. كذلك شاركوا في اجتماعات منبر شركاء الإيقاد الذي يتكون من الدول المانحة والمنظمات التي تدعم علمية السلام تحت رعاية إيقاد وتساعد المنظمة الإقليمية في تحسين قدراتها في مناحٍ عديدة.

الاتفاقيات الست :

وقعت حكومة السودان والجيش/ الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان ستة اتفاقيات بوساطة من الإيقاد.
 بروتوكول مشاكوس: وُقع في مشاكوس، بكينيا، في 20 يوليو 2002م، حيث وافق الطرفان على إطار عام، يضع مبادئ للحكم، والعملية الانتقالية، وهياكل الحكم، بالإضافة إلى الحق في تقرير المصير لشعب جنوب السودان، كما يتناول موضوع الدين والدولة.
 بروتوكل الترتيبات الأمنية: وُقع في نيفاشا، بكينيا، في 25 سبتمبر 2003م.
 بروتوكول تقاسم الثروة: وُقع في نيفاشا، بكينيا، في 7 يناير 2004م.
 برووكول تقاسم السلطة: وُقع في نيفاشا، بكينيا، في 26 مايو 2004م.
 بروتوكول حسم النزاع في جنوب كردفان/ جبال النوبة وولاية النيل الأزرق: وقع في نيفاشا، بكينيا، في 26 مايو 2004م.
 بروتوكول حسم النزاع في أبيي: وُقع في نيفاشا، بكينيا، في 26 مايو 2004م.

كان لابد أن يكتمل العمل في ثلاثة اتفاقيات حتى يتسنى الوصول إلى اتفاقية للسلام الشامل:
 الاتفاقية الأولى: ترتيبات وقف إطلاق النار الدائم،
 الاتفاقية الثانية: بشأن تطبيق كافة البروتوكولات التي تم توقيعها وإبرام الاتفاق الذي تبقى بشأن ترتيبات وقف إطلاق النار الدائم،
 الاتفاقية الثالثة: بشأن الضمانات الدولية/الإقليمية.

توقفت المفاوضات بين الطرفين بشأن بروتوكول وقف إطلاق النار الدائم في جولة المحادثات التي عُقدت بنيفاشا في يوليو 2004م. لم يتمكن الطرفان من الوصول إلى اتفاق بشأن عدد من المواضيع، وأهمها: إعادة نشر القوات في شرق السودان وتمويل الجيش/ الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان.

وافق الطرفان، تحت ضغط من المجتمع الدولي، ومجلس الأمن، والأمين العام للأمم المتحدة وممثله الخاص في السودان، والاتحاد الأفريقي، والإيقاد، على مواصلة محادثات السلام بنيروبي في 7 أكتوبر 2004م.
تواصلت المحادثات بمناقشات على مستواً عالٍ بين النائب الأول للرئيس على عثمان محمد طه ورئيس الجيش/ الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان، جون قرنق .

أصدر القائدان، في 16 أكتوبر، بياناً صحفياً مشتركاً أعلنا فيه أن المواضيع التي تم مناقشتها والوصول لحل بشأنها خلال مفاوضات ترتيبات وقف إطلاق النار الدائم خلال الفترتين قبل الانتقالية والانتقالية تشمل الآتي:
الوحدات المشتركة المدمجة ( JIUs ) في شرق السودان.
تأسيس أسلحة خدمة للوحدات المشتركة المدمجة.
التعاون فيما يتعلق بالتعامل مع المجموعات المسلحة الأخرى.
النواحي الأخرى لوقف إطلاق النار الدائم وتشمل دور بعثة الأمم المتحدة لدعم السلام.

كما اتفق الطرفان على الآتي:

أن تستمر اللجنة الفنية لمفاوضات إطلاق النار في مناقشة أية مواضيع متبقية بما في ذلك تمويل القوات المسلحة ووقت استيعاب وإدماج المجموعات المسلحة الأخرى في الهياكل ذات الصلة في القوات المسلحة السودانية والجيش/ الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان.
تبداً اللجنة الفنية بشأن وسائل التنفيذ والضمانات الدولية/ الإقليمية أعمالها فوراً.
يعود النائب الأول وقائد الجيش/ الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان بعد شهر رمضان لإكمال اتفاقية السلام الشامل في تاريخ يُعلنه الطرفان وسكرتارية إيقاد.

انظر أيضًا
 استفتاء جنوب السودان

مراجع

السودان في 2005
جنوب السودان في 2005
معاهدات أبرمت في 2005
الحرب الأهلية السودانية الثانية
علاقات السودان وجنوب السودان
عملية السلام السودانية
معاهدات جنوب السودان
معاهدات سلام سودانية

اتفاقية السلام الشامل


Before Sunrise er en romantisk dramafilm fra 1995 instrueret af Richard Linklater og skrevet af Linklater og Kim Krizan. Filmen følger Jesse (Ethan Hawke), en ung amerikansk mand, og Céline (Julie Delpy), en ung fransk kvinde, som mødes på toget og står af i Wien, hvor de tilbringer natten sammen med at gå rundt i byen og lærer hinanden at kende.

Plottet er minimalistisk, da der ikke sker meget bortset fra at de går og snakker. De to karakterers ideer og perspektiver på livet og kærlighed er detaljeret. Jesse er en romantiker forklædt som kyniker, og Céline er tilsyneladende en romantiker, omend med nogen tvivl. Filmen finder sted over én nat, og den begrænsede tid sammen får dem til at afsløre mere om dem selv end de normalt ville gøre, fordi ingen af dem regner med at de ser hinanden igen.

Jesse og Céline var kort med i Linklaters film Waking Life fra 2001. I fortsættelsen, Before Sunset fra 2004, samler historien op ni år efter begivenhederne i den første film og efterfølgeren, Before Midnight, fortsætter 18 år senere.

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger

Romantiske film fra USA
Dramafilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1995

Before Sunrise


Meriç, Marmara Bölgesinin Trakya kesiminde, Edirne iline bağlı ilçe ve ilçe merkezi kasaba. Meriç ilçesi doğu ve güneydoğuda Uzunköprü, güneyde İpsala ilçeleri, batı ve kuzeyde de 56 km'lik bir sınırla Yunanistan ile çevrilidir. İlçe, adını Meriç nehrinden almakta ve 2 belde ile 21 köyden oluşmaktadır.

Coğrafya
İlçenin doğal sınırlarını güneydoğu ve güneyde Ergene Irmağı, batı ve kuzeyde de Meriç nehri çizer. İlçe toprakları bu akarsular arasındaki dalgalı düzlükler ve ovalardan oluşur. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği, ortalama 34 metre'dir. En yüksek noktası 133 m'dir.

Tarih
Bugünkü ilçe toprakları, 1361'de Osmanlıların eline geçti. Balkan Savaşları'na (1912-1913) kadar bugünkü ilçe topraklarının bir kısmı Sofulu'ya (Yunanca; Souflion), diğer bir kısmı da Uzunköprü'ye bağlıydı. Sofulu'nun elden çıkmasından sonra, bölge 1913'te Kavaklı adıyla ilçe yapıldı, 1919'da da Uzunköprü kazasına bağlandı. 25 Kasım 1935'e kadar Kavaklı adıyla anılan ve bu tarihte Meriç adını alan yerleşim, 1920'den 1922'ye değin Yunan işgalinde kaldı.

1936'da Büyük Doğanca köyü ilçe merkezi oldu. Meriç Belediyesi 1930'da kuruldu.

Ekonomi
İlçe halkı geçimini tarımdan sağlar.Yetiştirilen başlıca tarımsal ürünler pirinç, buğday, ayçiçeği, şeker pancarı ve baklagillerdir. Az miktarda elma, üzüm, armut, susam ve arpa yetiştirilen ilçede hayvancılık da yapılır. İlçede çeltik atölyeleri ile peynir imalathaneleri vardır. İlçe halkının geleneksel el sanatı sepetçiliktir.

Az gelişmiş, sürekli olarak göç veren ve küçük bir sınır yerleşmesi olan Meriç kasabası, il merkezi Edirne'ye 89 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Meriç, Edirne


El término Bang Bang o Bang Bang Bang puede hacer referencia a:
 Bang Bang, canal de televisión albanés.
 Bang Bang (2005), telenovela brasileña.
 Bang Bang (2011), película de Byron Q.
 Bang Bang (2014), película de Siddharth Anand.
En la música:
 El álbum '¡Bang! ¡Bang!... Estás liquidado (1989), de Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota, y su gira musical Bang! Bang! Tour.

 «Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)» (1966), canción de Cher.
 «Bang Bang» (1981), canción de Iggy Pop.
 «Bang Bang» (2013), canción de Will.i.am.
 «Bang Bang» (2014), canción de Jessie J, Ariana Grande y Nicki Minaj.
 «Bang Bang» (2016), canción de Green Day.
 «Bang Bang Bang» (2010), canción de Mark Ronson.
 «Bang Bang Bang» (2011), canción de Selena Gomez & the Scene.

Bang Bang


Den tremastede bark Thorvaldsen var et dansk handelsskib, bygget i Sverige i 1867. Fra 1871 til 1928 tilhørte skibet Den kongelige Grønlandske Handel. Derefter blev det solgt til et rederi i Finland og under den finske vinterkrig blev det beslaglagt af Sovjetunionen.

Konstruktion
Thorvaldsen var bygget af træ, og var et traditionelt sejlskib. Det blev konstrueret på H. Olsens værft i landsbyen Kolboda, der i 1971 blev en del af Kalmar kommune. Besætningen talte typisk 15 mand: Kaptajnen, to styrmænd, bådsmanden, tømmermanden, kokken, to jungmænd, en dæksdreng og seks matroser. Skibet blev leveret i 1867 til et partrederi i København og blev senere solgt til grosserer H.S. Hansen. Der kan ses lidt varierende angivelser af dets dimensioner og lasteevne, for det blev ommålt nogle gange. I 1871 rådede rederiet H.S. Hansen over seks sejlskibe, og Thorvaldsen blev dette år for første gang sendt til Grønland for den kongelige Grønlandske Handel. KGH må have været tilfredse med Thorvaldsen, for i december samme år købte KGH skibet af Hansen.

Tjeneste i KGH
Barken foretog adskillige rejser til Grønland, typisk med varer til Handelens butikker den ene vej, og med grønlandske produkter, især tran, på hjemturen til Danmark. I begge retninger medtog man også flyttegods for udstationerede danskere, og skibet havde plads til fire-seks passagerer. Når skibe som Thorvaldsen ankom til bygderne, blev de liggende på reden, og varerne blev lastet om i jagter og galeaser og fragtet det sidste stykke til land. Indtil 1896 havde besætningsmedlemmerne lov til at tage saltede hellefisk med hjem for egen regning, men fra det år blev trafikken forbudt. Resterne af fiskene fik den øvrige last til at stinke, og når Handelens skibe ankom til en bygd, var det signal til, at alle mænd drog på havet for at fange hellefisk til besætningen, så der ikke var mandskab til at losse skibene. Thorvaldsen blev regnet som et af handelens kønneste skibe, og forblev i drift frem til 1920'erne. I 1928 blev skibet solgt til et finsk rederi, og under den finske vinterkrig i 1939-1940 blev det beslaglagt af Sovjetunionen. Derefter fortaber dets historie sig.

Museet for Søfart har fotografi(er) af Thorvaldsen og geologen Andreas Nicolaus Kornerup tegnede skibet i Egedesminde (Aasiaat) i august 1879. Marinemaleren Vilhelm Arnesen forevigede det - med dansk splitflag - ud for Kronborg i 1932, selv om skibet på det tidspunkt havde sejlet under finsk flag i fire år.

Skibsførere
 1871: A. Berg
 1873: C.T. Amondsen
 1891: P.J. Jensen
 1907: O.T. Jensen
 1909: L. Jørgensen
 1913: O. Jensen
 1916: K. Stoklund
 1917: O. Jensen
 1918: N. Sørensen
 1921: H. Hansen
 1926: N.C. Vestmar
 1927: Ingen nævnt

Noter

Skibe fra Danmark

Thorvaldsen (skib, 1867)


Jonathan Stenbäcken (født 7. januar 1988 i Vårgårda, Sverige) er en svensk håndboldspiller, der spiller for IK Sävehof og Sveriges håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Sverige

Jonathan Stenbäcken


La Industria Licorera de Caldas es una empresa dedicada a la fabricación de licores con sede en la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia.

La ILC empresa Industrial y Comercial  del departamento de Caldas, por consiguiente es socia de todo el pueblo Caldense.

La Industria Licorera de Caldas, siendo la más antigua del país, lleva 118 años de experiencia en la elaboración de licores para los mercados nacionales e internacionales, mejorando cada día más sus técnicas y avanzando tecnológicamente para la creación de licores de la más alta calidad-Precio.

Historia
Fue construida la "Real Fábrica de Aguardiente" , mientras que el primer telar tuvo origen en 1.790.

1870 – 1880: Don Pantaleón González, Don Francisco Jaramillo Ochoa, Don Justiniano, entre otros, cultivaron la caña y fundaron ingenios de azúcar para destilar guarapo, fabricar alcohol y vincularse al remate de la venta de licores.

1905: Se dio el monopolio de licores al estado. Al crearse el departamento de Caldas, Manzanares queda bajo su control. En este municipio se produjo unos de los mejores aguardientes, el "Aguardiente de Manzanares", formulado por don Juan de Dios Echeverri, administrador del zacatín de esta localidad.

1909: La Nación entrega al departamento, el dominio sobre las rentas y fabricación de licores.

1911: Según ordenanza No 36, La Asamblea del Departamento de Caldas, organiza la renta de licores.

1919: La ley 18 ordena a los departamentos, explotar directamente, sin concesiones, la producción alcohólica. Es así como Caldas, instala una fábrica de licores en la ciudad de Pereira a través de la gerencia de Rentas Departamentales e instala zacatines, destilerías de tipo artesanal, en Armenia, Riosucio, Salamina y Manzanares, en donde se elabora "el roncito", licor rudimentario con que se inició la producción de licores.

1923: El presupuesto departamental de 1923 en dos millones novecientos cincuenta y dos mil novecientos dieciséis pesos ($2.952.916). Las exclusivas rentas de tabaco, licores y degüello de ganado mayor, produjeron en el primer trimestre, un millón trescientos ochenta y seis mil ochocientos diez pesos ($1.386.810). La renta anual de licores en Caldas se calculó en un millón de pesos oro (1.000.000). Produjo en 6 meses ochocientos sesenta y dos mil quinientos diez pesos ($862.500)

1926: Siendo Gobernador de Caldas el doctor Gerardo Arias Mejía y Secretario de Hacienda el doctor Juan Pinzón, nombran a don Joaquín Vieira Gaviria, como Gerente de Rentas Departamentales de Caldas, en Pereira. Vieira contra los servicios del técnico cubano de origen Catalán, Ramón Badía y se compromete a pagarle seis mil pesos ($6.000) de los fondos destinados para gastos de producción de licores. Si alguna de las partes faltare a los compromisos contraídos, incurrirá en una multa de mil pesos ($1.000).

1928: La fórmula del Ron Viejo fue creación del cubano de origen catalán, Ramón Badía, quien se desempañaba como técnico de la industria licorera de Caldas en esa época.

1929: El Departamento de Caldas, adquiere tierras de don Pantaleón González, con calificados lotes de pasto y caña, ubicados en la antigua estación del ferrocarril, hoy Universidad Autónoma, avaluados en cien pesos. Allí se ubicó el "Zacatín nuevo", para distinguirlos de los Zacatines de Bellavista y Hoyo Frío. Don Juan de la Cruz Gómez Murillo, se encarga de la producción de ron. Se instala la fábrica de vinos en los sótanos de la Gobernación de Caldas.

1943: Mediante ordenanza No. 13 de 1.943, aclarada y corregida con la No 6 de 1944, se crea la Industria Licorera de Caldas, como una entidad autónoma, para darle a la venta de licores la organización comercial indispensable para su mayor prosperidad y rendimiento económico. Sería dirigida por el señor Gobernador y el Secretario de Hacienda Departamental, como miembro permanente. Hasta este año, la División de Rentas de la Secretaría de Hacienda regía la producción de licores en Caldas.

1944: Se lanza el Ron Viejo de Caldas a mercados fuera de Caldas, empezando por la costa atlántica. Con Darío Álvarez Caldense, se formalizó un contrato para vender en ese lugar 1.000 botellas anualmente a través de toda la costa (corrían los años 1944-1945). Vendió las botellitas en tres meses procediendo luego a constituir una sociedad con $20.000 de capital. Duró el comercio en manos del mismo distribuidor hasta 1969 cuando el contrato era de un 1.000.000 de botellas año y se había cubierto la totalidad de la costa norte, tan popularizado que cubría el 80% del consumo de licores y se había lanzado "la media botella".

1950: Nace la fórmula del Aguardiente Cristal.

1952: El Aguardiente Cristal sale al mercado con el nombre de "Aguardiente Blanco", botella larga, tapa roja y etiqueta blanca. Su formula inicial tenía entre 38% y 42% de alcohol. Posteriormente el químico Jorge Mejía Isaza, director técnico de la empresa en aquel momento, progresivamente bajo su graduación alcohólica a 32% Vol. De alcohol. Actualmente, es producida a 29% Vol.

1955: La ILC vendía 35.000 botellas/mes.

1956: Se le da el nombre de Aguardiente Cristal.

1957: El Aguardiente Cristal sobrepasa en ventas a los aguardientes amarillos.

1960: Se inicia la producción de Brandy Tourell, el único Brandy que se produce en Colombia con auténticos productos franceses.

1961: Se cierran los zacatines de Armenia y Manzanares. Los alambiques se traen para Manizales.

1963: Contratación para el anteproyecto general de la "Nueva Planta de Saboya".

1967: Al producirse la desmembración política del Viejo Caldas, se traslada la Fábrica de Licores de Pereira a Manizales.

1968: El 8 de agosto el doctor José Ocampo Avendaño lidera la inauguración de la nueva planta en presencia del presidente Carlos Lleras Restrepo. Pasa la producción 4.000 a 20.000 litros de alcohol diarios.

1974: Lanzamiento al mercado del Vodka Sabolynaya.

1978: Contratación de la ampliación de la Planta de Saboya. En este período se adquirió en Estados Unidos el equipo de envasado "Planta No.1", línea automática, la de mayor velocidad en el mundo en este momento: 400 botellas por minuto.

1981: Inauguración de la "Nueva Planta".

1982: Se inicia la exportación de productos a Estados Unidos a Través de la Shaw Ross Internacional Importers Inc, compañía particular que se constituyó en el Estado de Florida el 12 de agosto de 1969.

1984: Se lanza al mercado la crema de café Kaldí.

1987: Gracias a los beneficios tributarios originados por la tragedia del volcán Arenas del Nevado del Ruiz, se importaron equipos para aumentar la capacidad de envasado, "Línea No. 4", equipos de laboratorio, destilería y montacargas.

1990: Se privatizan las ventas de licores en Caldas. Se suspenden los estancos, suprimiendo sus costos de sostenimiento. A partir de la fecha se venden a través de distribuciones.

1991: Se gestiona con éxito que la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, no permitiera que las empresas azucareras del país produjeran alcoholes.

1993: Nace el grupo ecológico de la Industria Licorera de Caldas.

1997: La ILC recibe el Premio Internacional versión 1997 de la Feria de Anuga en Colonia, Alemania.

2008: iTQi Superior Taste AWARD 2008, Bruselas Bélgica. El International Taste & Quality Institute de Bruselas, otorgó las siguientes calificaciones al ron Viejo de Caldas en sus 3 versiones y al Aguardiente Cristal tradicional y sin azúcar así:
 Aguardiente sin azúcar 89,2 sobre 100 puntos (calificado como un sabor superior de 2 estrellas).
 Aguardiente tradicional calificación 83,9 sobre 100 puntos (calificado como un sabor superior de 2 estrellas).
 Ron Viejo de Caldas 3 años tradicional 81,1 sobre 100 puntos (calificado como un sabor superior de 2 estrellas).
 Ron Viejo de Caldas 5 años Juan de la Cruz, calificado con 84,6 sobre 100 puntos (calificado como un sabor superior de 2 estrellas).

2010: Lanzamiento Aguardiente Cristal tapa azul.

iTQi Superior Taste AWARD 2010, Bruselas Bélgica. El International Taste & Quality Institute de Bruselas, otorgó las siguientes calificaciones al ron Viejo de Caldas en sus 3 versiones y al Aguardiente Cristal sin azúcar así:
Se le otorgó Dos Estrellas Doradas a Ron Viejo de Caldas Tradicional y a Ron Viejo de Caldas Juan de la Cruz. Igualmente, se le otorgó Tres Estrellas Doradas a Ron Viejo de Caldas Carta de Oro, y Dos Estrellas Doradas a Aguardiente Cristal Sin Azúcar.

2012: Ron Viejo de Caldas Gran Reserva Especial

iTQi Superior Taste AWARD 2012, Bruselas Bélgica. El International Taste & Quality Institute de Bruselas, otorgó las siguientes calificaciones al ron Viejo de Caldas en sus 3 versiones y al Aguardiente Cristal sin Azúcar TapaAzul así:
Se le otorgó Dos Estrellas Doradas a Ron Viejo de Caldas Tradicional y a Ron Viejo de Caldas Juan de la Cruz. Igualmente, se le otorgó Tres Estrellas Doradas a Ron Viejo de Caldas Carta de Oro, y Dos Estrellas Doradas a Aguardiente Cristal sin Azúcar Tapa Azul.

2013: La ILC ofrece a la principal feria de América escenarios que no se presentaban en años anteriores, es el caso de la Experiencia Ronera ubicada en el tradicional sector del Cable, el bulevar del Ron en el Monumento de Los Colonizadores y la historia de la imagen y marca de la Industria Licorera de Caldas en Expoferias, actividades que permiten posicionar las marcas de los productos y generar pertenencia por la industria caldense.

2014: La Industria Licorera de Caldas continúa recibiendo buenas noticias y reconocimientos para sus productos por la buena calidad de sus licores a nivel nacional. En esta oportunidad el Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (Icontec) otorgó los certificados de conformidad Sello de Calidad, para los productos de la familia de Rones, Aguardientes y Cremas, producidos por la Industria Licorera de Caldas.

2016: Una de las metas planteadas por el gerente general de la ILC, Luis Roberto Rivas Montoya para el 2016 era la venta de 22 millones de botellas durante el año, meta que se cumplió con la comercialización de 25 millones 200 botellas, de las cuales el 34% corresponden a marcas propias Ron Viejo de Caldas con un crecimiento del 37%  y Aguardiente Cristal con un crecimiento del 11%;  durante el 2015 en estas marcas la ILC vendió 15.923.846 botellas y en el 2016 21.384.989.

La Industria licorera de Caldas este año también le apostó a la modernización tecnológica, por eso con una inversión cercana a los 12 mil millones de pesos que se hace entre el año 2016 y 2017 se logrará la automatización de los procesos en la elaboración de licores, la modernización de línea 1 y 4, la adquisición de maquinaria de envasado TetraPak y la modernización tecnológica de la Subestación eléctrica."Estos resultados se alcanzaron gracias a su esfuerzo y al proceso de transformación que pusimos en marcha este año con equipo gerencial altamente especializado en las diferentes áreas, a la recuperación de mercados en varias zonas del país, a la optimización financiera y a la nueva estrategia de mercadeo y de distribución enfocadas en los canales de consumo, -tienda a tienda, hoteles, restaurantes y bares en donde se concentra el mayor potencial de venta de licores"

La Industria Licorera de Caldas, fue elegida por la productora de cine chilena, Clavija Producciones, como la única licorera de Colombia para participar dentro del documental "Caballos, Vinos y Destilados" que será emitido en el mes de agosto dentro de la cadena Fox en su programación de los canales documentales como son NatGeo y Discovery.

2017: La Industria Licorera de Caldas recibió como "Favorable y sin Observaciones"  la certificación en BPM, Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura, de conformidad con lo establecido en la legislación sanitaria vigente: Ley 09 de 1979, Decreto 1686 de 2012 y Decreto 1506 de 2014, otorgada por el INVIMA

El jueves 30 de noviembre la Industria Licorera de Caldas presentó su nuevo Ron Viejo de Caldas 21 años que llevará como nombre León Dormido, el cual le rinde un homenaje al volcán Nevado del Ruíz.

La Industria Licorera de Caldas fue premiada como Mejor Empresa Productora de Ron certificada por el IRC 2016 (International Rum Conference) dentro del VI Congreso Internacional del Ron que se llevó a cabo en Madrid, España del 29 de mayo al 1 de junio. Este reconocimiento se dio luego de la reciente llegada del Ron Viejo de Caldas al país vasco.

Productos

Aguardiente
Aguardiente Cristal
Aguardiente Cristal sin azúcar
Aguardiente Cristal Tapa Azul
Aguardiente Cristal XS
Aguardiente Amarillo de Manzanares

Ron
Ron Viejo de caldas 5 años
Ron viejo de caldas 8 años
Ron Viejo de Caldas 15 años
Ron Viejo de Caldas 21 años

Cremas
Crema de ron cheers
Crema de Café Kaldi

Premios y reconocimientos
 Superior Taste Award 2010 con 2 estrellas doradas a Aguardiente Cristal sin Azúcar, Crema de Ron Viejo de Caldas, Ron Viejo de Caldas 3 Años y Ron Viejo de Caldas Añejo 5 Años; y con 3 estrellas doradas a Ron Viejo de Caldas Añejo 8 Años, galardonado por el International Taste & Quality Institute de Bruselas.
 Superior Taste Award 2012 con 2 estrellas doradas a Licor de Ron Viejo de Caldas 4 Años, Crema de Ron Viejo de Caldas Cheers, Ron Viejo de Caldas Juan de la Cruz 5 Años, Aguardiente Cristal sin Azúcar Tapazul y Ron Viejo de Caldas Tradicional 3 Años; y con 3 estrellas doradas a Ron Viejo de Caldas Carta de Oro 8 Años, otorgado por el International Taste & Quality Institute de Bruselas.
 Mejor Empresa Productora de Ron certificada por el IRC 2016. (International Rum Conference).

Notas y referencias

Destilerías
Empresas estatales de Colombia
Empresas fundadas en 1905

Industria Licorera de Caldas


La route régionale 576 ()  est une route régionale allant de Siilinjärvi jusqu'à Lapinlahti à  Varpaisjärvi en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 576 est une route régionale de Savonie du Nord.

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

576

Transport à Siilinjärvi
Transport à Lapinlahti
Varpaisjärvi

Seututie 576


EBV proteína latente de la membrana 2 (LMP-2) se refiere a dos proteínas virales asociadas con el virus de Epstein-Barr.

LMP-2A/LMP-2B son proteínas transmembranales que actúan para bloquear la   señalización de tirosina quinasa. Se cree que actúan para inhibir la activación del ciclo lítico viral. Se desconoce si  LMP-2B se requiere para la transformación mediada por el crecimiento de VEB, mientras que diferentes grupos han informado de que la alternativa es LMP-2A , o no es necesario para la transformación.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Proteína viral

Proteína latente de la membrana 2 del virus Epstein–Barr


Florentinus Sului Hajang Hau MSF (* 11. Dezember 1948 in Tering; † 18. Juli 2013 in Jakarta) war ein indonesischer Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Erzbischof von Samarinda.

Leben
Florentinus Sului Hajang Hau trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Missionare von der Heiligen Familie bei und empfing am 16. Februar 1976 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 5. April 1993 zum Bischof von Samarinda. Der Bischof von Palangkaraya, Yulius Aloysius Husin MSF, weihte ihn am 21. November desselben Jahres zum Bischof; Mitkonsekratoren waren Hieronymus Herculanus Bumbun OFMCap, Erzbischof von Pontianak, und Wilhelmus Joannes Demarteau MSF, Altbischof von Banjarmasin.

Mit der Erhebung zum Erzbistum am 29. Februar 2003 wurde er zum Erzbischof von Samarinda ernannt.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Missionar von der Heiligen Familie
Indonesier
Geboren 1948
Gestorben 2013
Mann
Person (Samarinda)
Erzbischof
Person des Christentums (Indonesien)
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Indonesien

Florentinus Sului Hajang Hau


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Josef Albers, (d. 19 Mart 1888, Bottrop - ö. 25 Mart 1976, New Haven, Connecticut), Alman asıllı Amerikalı sanatçı ve öğretmen.

Hayatı

1888'de Almanya Vestfalya bölgesinde Bottrpop küçük şehrinde  bir Katolik sanatkar ailesinin oğlu olarak doğdu. 1908 - 1913 döneminde doğum şehrinde bulunan bir öğretmen okulunda eğitim görerek Ruhr bölgesinde ilkokul öğretmeni oldu. 25 yaşına geldiğinden okulundan izin alarak Berlin Kraliyet Sanat Akademisinde iki yıl okuduktan sonra bitirme sınavlarını verip sanat öğretmenliği için gerekli sertifikayı aldı. 1916'dan başlayarak üç yıl Essen'de bulunan "Kunstgewerbschule" sanat okulundan gravurcukluk ve sanat hocalıgi yaptı. 1918'de ikk sanat eseri siparis olak Essen'de bulunan bir kilise icin "osa mystica ora pro nobis" adli bir vitray pencere hazirladi. 1919'da Münih'e taşındı ve burada Franz von Stuck'un resim öğrencisi oldu.

1920'de Weimar'da Bauhaus Tasarım Okuluna yazılarak 32 yaşında okulun en yaşlı öğrencisi oldu. Burada malzemelerini çöplerden sağlayarak ilk defa soyut cam resimlerle deneysel çalışmalara girişti; 1922'de cam atölyesini yeniden organize etti. 1925'te Bauhaus ile Dessau'a taşınan Albers, burada profesörlüğe getirildi. Aynı yıl içinde dokuma sanatları bölümündeki öğrencilerden Anni Fleischaman ile evlendi. 1933'te Nazi'lerin baskısı dolayısı ile Dessau'da bulunan Bauhasuus okulu kapatılınca ve Albers ve karısı ABD'ye göçtüler.

1933'te ABD'de Albers Black Mountain College'e atandi. Bu kurumda Albers 16 yıllık hocalığı esnasında pek çok genç sanatçıyı bu okula çekti. 1939'da Amerikan vatandaşlığına geçen Albers ilk kez değişmeyen bir biçimi renklerle çeşitlendirdi.

1950'de geçtiği Yale Üniversitesi sanat bölümünde mimarlık ve tasarım bölümlerini yönetti. 1958'de emekli olduktan sonra iki yıl daha konuk profesörlük yaptı.

Başyapıtı olan Kareye Saygıyı 1950'den sonra çalıştı. Burada Albers'in renk deneylerinin özü gösterilmekte ve Op-art, kinetik sanat, renklerin yan yana uygulandığı resimlerde ve Yeni Soyut çalışmaların gelişmesi üzerinde önemli bir etken olan algılama teorisine ilişkin düşüncelerini açıkladı. Değişmeyen geometrik bir tramı esas alarak renk etkisinin durum, çevre, ışık sayısı ve yoğunluğu gibi faktörlere bağlılığını gösterdi.

1961 yılında Amsterdam'da Stedelijik Müzesinde ilk retrospektif Albers sergisi açıldı. İki yıl sonra Renklerin Etkileşimi adı altında bilgilerini bir araya toplayan bir tür görmenin okulu olan kuramsal yazısı çıktı.

14 tane şeref doktoru unvanına sahiptir.

Albers 25 Mart 1976'da Amerika'da öldü.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar
 Albers, Josef (1975) Interaction of Color New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11595-6.
 Weber, Nicholas Fox; Fred Licht (1988).Josef Albers: A Retrospective  New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications. ISBN 978-0-8109-1876-4. Sergi katalogu
 Weber, Nicholas Fox; Fred Licht, Brenda Danilowitz (1994). Josef Albers: Glass, Color, and Light ( New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications. ISBN 978-0-8109-6864-6. Venedik Peggy Guggenheim Koleksiyonu Sergi katalogu

Dış bağlantılar

 Josef-Albers-Museum Quadrat, Bottrop
  Josef ve Anni Albers Vakfi, ABD
 Josef Albers eserleri

Modern ressamlar
1888 doğumlular
1976 yılında ölenler
American Academy of Arts and Letters üyeleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki Alman göçmenler

Josef Albers


The Ford Probe is a liftback coupé produced by Ford, introduced in 1988 and produced until 1997. The Probe was the result of Ford's collaboration with its longtime Japanese partner Mazda, and both generations of Probe were derived from the front-wheel drive Mazda G platform that underpinned the Mazda Capella.

The Probe succeeded the Ford EXP, and the instrument cluster of the first-generation Probe and pop-up headlight mechanisms were borrowed from the FC Series RX-7.

Based on the Mazda MX-6 as a sport compact coupe, the Probe was intended to fill the market niche formerly occupied by the Capri in Europe, and it was originally intended to be the fourth generation Ford Mustang in the North American market as a direct competitor with the Acura Integra, Isuzu Piazza, Nissan 200SX, and the Toyota Celica. During that time, Ford's marketing team had deemed that a front-wheel drive platform (borrowed Mazda GD and GE platforms) would have lower costs for production, and also because the platform had been gaining popularity with consumers.

Mustang fans objected to the front-wheel drive configuration, Japanese engineering, and lack of a V8, so Ford began work on a new design for the Mustang instead. On March 17, 1997, Ford announced the discontinuation of the Probe.

Background
Starting in the late 1970s, Ford and Ghia started exploring a series of futuristic designs with the "Probe" series of concept vehicles. The Probe I, first shown in 1979, was a wedge-shaped design that incorporated a number of drag-reducing features like covered rear wheels and pop-up headlights. This was followed the next year by a much more conventional looking Probe II, whose hatchback styling was also reminiscent of the pony cars. The 1981 Probe III was an advanced demonstrator with covered wheels, but its bodywork evolved into the more conventional Ford Sierra (or Merkur XR4Ti) and styling notes that were used on the Ford Taurus. The 1983 Probe IV was a more radical concept car with a low Cd (drag coefficient), and evolved into the equally radical 1985 Probe V.

After the 1979 energy crisis, the economic slump initiated by high fuel prices prompted Ford to give the Ford Mustang a major redesign. The new design would be based on a totally new platform introduced to Ford by Japanese automaker Mazda, who had been partnering with Ford since 1971, and whom Ford had owned a 25% stake in since 1979. Toshi Saito, a North American-based designer working for Ford, took the lead in envisioning styling directions for the front-wheel drive Mustang, and a design by Saito was chosen and finalized in early 1984. The project was then transferred to Mazda in Hiroshima, Japan and in internal Ford parlance, was referred to by the codename "ST-16". It was intended to gradually phase out the RWD Fox platform Mustang under the name "Mustang Classic" and have it eventually supplanted by the ST-16 as the "Mustang."

By 1985, Mazda acquired the former Ford Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Michigan, and intended to commence production of the two Mazda-badged GD platform cars for North America, the 626 along with the MX-6, and the ST-16, contracted by Ford, in 1987.

Christopher Sawyer, writing for AutoWeek magazine, in their issue for April 13, 1987, was the first to publicly reveal the existence of the ST-16 Mustang in a sensational report that featured an artist rendering on the issue's cover of a vehicle nearly identical to what would be released as the 1989 Ford Probe GT stating "Exclusive: The '89 Mustang," along with detailed technical reports about its Mazda origins and switch to front-wheel drive. The public outcry was immediate, with many Mustang fans and pony car purists detesting the ST-16's Japanese engineering, front-wheel drive platform and lack of a V8 engine, which were anathema to traditional Mustang buyers and enthusiasts. Ford Motor Company executives, along with many car magazines received strongly-worded letters of criticism decrying the decision.

Neil Ressler, the then-chief of small car engineering at Ford, spoke about the internal cultural differences at Ford Motor Company which led to a strong disagreement between two factions that had radically different notions about what the Mustang should be:

By 1987, Alex Trotman, the newly appointed vice president in charge of Ford's North American operations, with strong urging from Ford Marketing vice president Bob Rewey, a dedicated performance enthusiast, decided that in the light of consumer outrage, the ST-16 would not make a suitable Mustang. At this point, somewhat ironically, Mustang sales, which were lackluster, grew substantially after the article's publication, out of fear that it would be the last opportunity to purchase a traditional RWD V8 Mustang. While Trotman approved the development of a RWD successor, there were many difficulties, notably that the engineering budget for the Mustang was spent on the ST-16 and Ford was still recovering from a financial crisis of the early 1980s that brought the company close to bankruptcy until the Taurus arrived.

John Coletti, Ford's small-car engineering manager and a vociferous opponent of the ST-16 Mustang, said of the project, "I would rather have seen the Mustang name die than put the Mustang name on the Probe ...".

Ken Dabrowski, Ford's small-car line manager, tapped Coletti to lead a skunkworks team that would develop a RWD Mustang successor with the understanding there would not be a full budget to create an entirely new car. Coletti's team heavily revised the 1979 Fox platform for the new car, which eventually became the fourth-generation Ford Mustang released for the 1994 model year.

However, production for the ST-16 was about to commence, meaning Ford had to put it on sale or lose its development budget along with further potential financial headaches if Ford would break its production contract with Mazda. It was decided that the ST-16 would be released as the Ford Probe in 1988, taking the name from Ford's line of futuristic concept vehicles, and be sold alongside the Mustang, which would continue production in its then-current form with minor refreshing. Instead of being aimed as a successor to the Mustang or as a rival to its traditional competitors, the Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird, Ford would aim the Probe against popular imported sports coupes of the era such as the Toyota Celica and Honda Prelude.

Both generations of the Probe were sold in Japan as Fords, at Ford/Mazda sales channels called Autorama. Japanese models were not in compliance with Japanese Government regulations concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement, resulting in Japanese buyers being held liable for additional taxes as a result.

The Probe was a sales success in its first model year, owing to its futuristic styling and enjoyable driving experience. In fact, demand exceeded supply in 1988, enough that buyers were paying list price or higher for a Probe, and Jim Mateja, the automotive columnist for the Chicago Tribune, urged potential Probe buyers who couldn't find a Probe to consider its sibling, the Mazda MX-6. Sales of the first-generation Probe were successful enough that Ford partnered with Mazda again, with further Ford engineering from the beginning of the project, to create a second-generation Probe for the 1993 model year developed alongside a second-generation Mazda MX-6. A proposed third-generation Probe, which would have been based on the Ford Mondeo instead of being Mazda-derived, was eventually released as the 1999 Mercury Cougar in the North American market to strengthen the Mercury brand. After disappointing sales of the Cougar and the waning popularity of front-wheel drive sport coupes in the late 1990s in favor of sport utility vehicles, Ford left the market segment with the 2002 discontinuation of the Cougar, and the 2003 discontinuation of the ZX2.

First generation (1988–1992)

The first generation Ford Probe was based on the Mazda GD platform, and was powered by a 2.2 L SOHC 12-valve 4-cylinder Mazda F2 engine. It debuted in 1988 for the 1989 model year and was produced until 1992 in the United States in Flat Rock, Michigan. The Probe was available in several trim levels that differ depending on the market in which the vehicle was sold. In the United States, the Probe was available in GL, LX, and GT trim levels:
 The GL was the base model with the / F2 2.2 L 4-cylinder engine and few options. Most Probes sold in the United States were equipped with air conditioning.
 The LX added options for power locks, power windows, electrically adjusted exterior mirrors, a storage tray underneath the front passenger seat, as well as an optional flip-up moon roof. Starting in 1990, the LX was available with the 3.0 L "Vulcan" V6 engine, that was also used in the Ford Taurus, Ford Ranger, Ford Tempo, and Ford Aerostar. The LX package offered optional equipment, such as a single-disc CD player, and a digital instrument cluster coupled with a fuel economy computer installed in a hidden compartment on top of the center dashboard air conditioning vents.
 The GT included all the equipment of the LX, but featured the F2T 2.2 L turbocharged, intercooled 4-cylinder engine that produced  and  of torque. It came with an IHI RHB5-VJ11 turbocharger and an intercooler to the intake tract, as well as a knock sensor and electronic boost controller to the engine-control system. The boost pressure was  in the vicinity of 2,500 rpm. The GT version also came with 4-wheel disc brakes with ABS, a 3-way adjustable suspension utilizing variable damping shocks, and a speed-sensitive variable-assist power steering (VAP). The Probe GT's suspension system was based on a Mazda design, but its tuning was different and included nitrogen-gas pressurized front and rear struts, with stabilizer bars.

The 1991 Probe was given a 4-star crash rating in collision tests conducted by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Engine specifications

Production figures

Second generation (1993–1997)

The Ford and Mazda design teams merged once again to give the Ford Probe a complete redesign for the 1993 model year. As before, the Probe was to share its under-structure with Mazda's MX-6 and 626. Mazda engineered the engine, transmission, and chassis, while Ford engineered the body and interior. Technically, the second generation Probe is 60% Mazda and 40% Ford. Despite the car being extended and widened  it was  lighter than the first generation Probe. The second generation Probe was introduced in August 1992 as a 1993 model. As first planned during 1992, it finally went on sale in Europe in the spring of 1994, filling the gap left there by Ford in that market sector since the demise of the Capri seven years earlier. The Capri had regularly been one of Britain's 10 best selling cars throughout the 1970s, but its popularity declined in the early 1980s as Ford launched high performance versions of the Fiesta, Escort and Sierra hatchbacks. Such was the falling demand for this type of car that by 1986, when the end of Capri production was announced, Ford decided against launching a direct replacement.

The second-generation Probe was designed by a team led by Mimi Vandermolen, who led the interior design of the 1986 Ford Taurus. In 1987, Vandermolen became the first female designer to be the design executive of small cars for an automobile manufacturer, and Vandermolen designed the Probe to improve the driving experience for women, stating "If I can solve all the problems inherent in operating a vehicle for a woman, that'll make it that much easier for a man to use."

However, the late 1980s and early 1990s saw the sales of affordable sports cars recover, first with a rising demand for Japanese built models like the Honda Prelude, Nissan Silvia, Mitsubishi Eclipse, and Toyota Celica, and then with the Volkswagen Corrado and the Vauxhall/Opel Calibra from Ford's direct competitor General Motors. By 1992, Ford had decided that there was now justifiable demand in Europe for a new affordable sports coupe to be launched.

Ford had been hoping to sell around 20,000 Probes each year in Britain as the car market recovered from the effects of the recession from 1992, but in the three years it was sold there, a total of just over 15,000 were sold - around a quarter of the projected figure for that length of time. Imports ceased during 1997, and its Cougar successor - launched a year later - was even less successful, being imported to Europe for just two years.

By February 2016, just 718 examples of the Probe were still in use in Britain.

The base model started at just over US$13,000 and came standard with the 2.0 L Mazda FS 16-valve 4-cylinder engine, performance instrument cluster with tachometer and full gauge complement, and an electronic AM/FM stereo. The sportier GT model started at $15,504 and came standard with the 2.5 L Mazda K engine KL-DE 24-valve V6, low profile P225/50VR16 91V Goodyear VR50 Gatorback tires, 4-wheel disc brakes, unique front and rear fascias, fog lights, 5-spoke aluminum wheels, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and driver-seat power lumbar/seat back side bolster adjustment. Both engines featured dual overhead cam designs with the choice of a 5-speed manual transmission or a 4-speed automatic transmission.

Two automatic transmissions were available in the Probe. At first both engines shared the same automatic transmission, the Ford F-4EAT transmission, but from 1994 onwards this changed.  The V6 engine continued to use the 4EAT, but the 2.0 L I4 engine used a different automatic transmission, the Ford CD4E transmission. It was sourced by Ford, and manufactured at Ford's Batavia Transmission plant in Batavia, Ohio.

A new SE (Sport Edition) trim level was available for 1995 and 1996. It included the GT front fascia (without fog lamps), unique  aluminum wheels, P205/55R15 BSW and Sport Edition "SE" nomenclature.

In a coast to coast road test by Automobile Magazine in search of the best cars in the world, the Probe GT scored third place, behind an $80,000 Mercedes-Benz and an $80,000 BMW. In the article, the Probe listed at about $15,000.

Special editions
For 1993 and 1994, Ford offered a "SE" appearance package on the base model Probe. The package offered 3 spoke swirl-style alloy wheels, the GT model's ground effects, and the GT model's front bumper. Unlike the base model, buyers were able to opt for power windows and mirrors on the SE package. Appearance wise, the only noticeable differences from the GT model were the wheels, "SE" nomenclature, rear bumper w/o air slot and lack of fog lights. "SE" was an appearance package and not an actual model or trim level. "SE" became a trim level in 1995 and was the middle-grade model in the Probe lineup between base and GT models.

In 1994, Ford released a limited edition of the Probe, marketed as the Probe "Feature Car", but officially called the "GT Plus" package. This special package is better known to the general public and enthusiast community as the Probe "Wild Orchid Edition". Included on this limited appearance package was Wild Orchid exterior paint, "PROBE" badge on floor mats outlined in Wild Orchid, black cloth bucket seats with unique Wild Orchid inserts, and the "PROBE" badge on the rear outlined in Wild Orchid. This package was offered in 1994 only, and was exclusive to GT models. After dropping the Probe Feature Car after only a year of production, Ford carried over the Wild Orchid exterior color for the 1995 model year which was available on all Probe models.

In 1997, a "GTS" package was offered on the Probe GT. It was essentially nothing more than an appearance package, as performance was identical to the GT, but differences with the exterior were distinct. Dual racing stripes available in either white or black started at the top edge of the front bumper and continued on to the back lip of the hatch, terminating just below the center light reflector on the rear bumper. A chrome plated version of the GT's directional "swirlie" wheels and a spoiler were also included in the package, as well as having a "blank" center reflector which lacked "GT" lettering as the regular GT models have. The "GTS" was an appearance package and not an actual model or trim level. Very few Probes were produced with the GTS package and are considered today to be extremely rare.

Models/trim levels
 Base • 1993–1995; 1997
 SE • 1995–1996
 GT • 1993–1997

In most other markets outside North America, trim levels were labeled as simply 16v (I4) and 24v (V6).

Appearance packages
 SE • 1993–1994
 GT Plus (Wild Orchid Edition) • 1994
 GTS • 1997

Engine specifications

Year to year changes

1994
The 1994 Ford Probe becomes one of the first production cars to have dual airbags as standard equipment
The dashboard gets a major overhaul. It now used completely different materials, and the right side is redesigned to house a passenger airbag
Ford introduces the Probe in the European market
Foglights are slightly redesigned and now made by a different company
The stripe on the dashboard is gone, but remains on the interior panels
The stripe color on Probe GT's door panels are changed from red to the color of the car's interior
New Ford CD4E automatic transaxle for base and SE models
"V6 DOHC 24 VALVE" emblem on engine intake manifold is no longer indented into the manifold and is now raised
The button to raise the pop up headlights is removed but the wiring remained,the button could be added to restore function
Fog light button on GT's is slightly redesigned

1995
Redesigned tail lights; the base/SE models are outlined in black, the GT's are outlined in red
SE becomes a trim level/model
The wiring to raise the headlights without turning them on is removed
SE model no longer has the GT's ground effects/side skirts
Distributors are redesigned for better reliability
New alloy wheels for SE and GT (3-spoke 15-inch directional for SE, 5-spoke 16-inch directional "swirlies" for GT)
Two interior colors are dropped, Red and blue
Interior panels no longer have a stripe on them
Door panels are redesigned and are now a one piece design. GT models get a cloth or leather insert on the door panels.
Cloth seats are redesigned and are given a unique "spider web" pattern
GT models get the option of tan/saddle leather interior
Cup holders are slightly redesigned
GT models receive red center reflector with 'GT' logo between tail lights. License plate indent moved down onto bumper.
GT decal on rear bumper replaced with metal '24v' badge
Rear bumper is redesigned
Exterior mirrors are redesigned
Heated exterior mirrors option is dropped
Graphic equalizer is dropped

1996
"PROBE" badge stamped on rear windows is gone
Door ding guards no longer are extended onto the fenders
Base model dropped; SE is now the standard model
Probe GT gets the 1995 base/SE's black outlined tail lights
Illuminated exterior door locks are dropped
Tan/saddle color interiors are now available in cloth
Spoilers are redesigned
Floor lighting is dropped
"GT" center reflector above bumper on GT models is now outlined in black
Probe GT gets more refined suspension to improve ride. Ride height is now higher and handling is different as a result.
Cloth seats are redesigned again and get new fabric
Probe GT now has spoilers standard
Front seats are redesigned again
Rear seats are redesigned
Probe GT steering wheel's leather is no longer perforated
New seat belts with automatic locking retractors
Rear ashtray and map pocket on the passenger door of GT models are dropped
Rear windshield wiper dropped as an option
OBD-II compliant

1997
SE model is dropped ; base model returns and has the GT's front bumper
Cloth/leather inserts on GT door panels are removed
Base models get wheel covers from the Mazda 626, with 15-inch 3-spoke directional alloys from 95 and 96 Probe SE optional
Or optional 16-inch 5-spoke directional rims "swirlies"
Rear windshield wiper returns as an option
ABS is no longer standard on GT models and is now an option
GT logos behind the front wheel wells have new letter styling
Probe GT no longer has "24v" badge beside the "PROBE" badge
Side door intrusion beams redesigned to meet 1997 Federal Side Impact Standards
GTS appearance package added to the GT's option list
Last year for the Probe, with the last Probe being manufactured on June 20, 1997

Production figures

Proposed third generation
The last Probe was built on June 20, 1997. A third-generation model, using the same platform as the Ford Contour, was under development intended for release in mid-1998 as a 1999 model. When Ford decided to discontinue the Probe, this new design became the next-generation Mercury Cougar. The name change was intended to attract younger buyers into Mercury showrooms, but this proved unsuccessful. The Escort ZX2, released shortly after the discontinuation of the Probe, was considered the Probe's successor. In June 1998, Ford released what would have been the new Probe as the 1999 Mercury Cougar.

Awards
The Probe GT was Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year for 1993. It also made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1989, 1993, and 1994.

The NASCAR Dash Series version of a 1990 Ford Probe driven by Jeffrey Collier set a new track record at Daytona International Speedway on February 13, 1990, with a speed of 166.553 mph. That record still stands as the fastest closed course lap for a non-turbo four-cylinder powered car.

References

External links

 Ford Probe 24v – Information, documents, pictures, about Ford Probe 24v of 1993

1990s cars
Cars discontinued in 1997
Cars introduced in 1988
Compact cars
Probe
Front-wheel-drive sports cars
Hatchbacks
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Sport compact cars

Ford Probe