Trent John Alexander-Arnold (Liverpool, 7. listopada 1998.) engleski je nogometaš koji igra na mjestu desnog beka. Trenutačno igra za Liverpool.

Karijera

Klupska karijera

Liverpool

Početci i omladinska kategorije
Alexander-Arnold rođen je u predgrađu Liverpoola, gdje je pohađao katoličku osnovnu školu "Sveti Matej" (engleski: St Matthews Catholic Primary School). Kada je imao šest godina, lokalni nogometni klub, Liverpool, bio je domaćin ljetnog kampa, na koji je pozvana Alexander-Arnoldova škola. Alexander-Arnoldovo ime izvučeno je iz šešira potencijalnih sudionika tog događaja te je on kasnije prisustvovao kampu, gdje ga je primijetio trener akademije Ian Barrigan te mu ponudio priliku da se pridruži klupskoj akademiji. U početku je trenirao dva do tri puta tjedno te je kasnije nosio kapetansku traku uzrasta do 16 i 18 godina. Alexander-Arnold izdvojio se tijekom svog razvoja u akademiji kluba te ga je bivši klupski kapetan Steven Gerrard napomenuo u svojoj biografiji iz 2015. godine, navodeći da je Alexander-Arnold predstavlja budućnost kluba. Alexander-Arnolda u prvu momčad priključio je trener Brendan Rodgers. Pred početak sezone 2015./16., Alexander-Arnold nastupao je u prijateljskoj utakmici protiv Swindon Towna, što je bio njegov neslužbeni debitantski nastup za klub.

Sezona 2016./17.: prve seniorske utakmice
Godine 2016., u sklopu priprema za narednu sezonu, Alexander-Arnold bio je dio prve momčadi na turneji u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Za Liverpool je službeno debitirao protiv Tottenham Hotspura u utakmici Liga kupa odigrane 25. listopada iste godine. Utakmicu je započeo u početnoj postavi te ga je sredinom drugog poluvremena na terenu zamijenio Nathaniel Clyne. Alexander-Arnold tijekom utakmice dobio je žuti karton zbog prekršaja nad Benom Daviesom. Sa suigračem, Danielom Sturridgeom, Alexander-Arnold našao se u momčadi kola ovog natjecanja.

Dana 9. studenog 2016., Liverpool je objavio da je Alexander-Arnold obnovio ugovor te da su isto tada učinili i Ben Woodburn, također polaznik klupske akademije, odnosno Kevin Stewart. Alexander-Arnold kasnije je istog mjeseca započeo i svoju drugu službenu utakmicu u Liga kupu, u kojoj je zabilježio asistenciju Divocku Origiju za prvi pogodak u 2:0 pobjedi nad Leeds Unitedom. Također je bio proglašen igračem utakmice. Alexander-Arnold svoj je debitantski nastup u Premier ligi zabilježio ušavši u igru umjesto Origija u utakmici protiv Middlesbrougha, 14. prosinca 2016. godine, kako bi 15. siječnja naredne godine upisao svoj prvi nastup u ovom natjecanju u početnoj postavi momčadi i to protiv Manchester Uniteda. Dana 9. svibnja 2017. godine, Alexander-Arnold dobio je priznanje za najboljeg mladog igrača Liverpoola. Kasnije, istog mjeseca, bio je nominiran i za najboljeg igrača razvojne lige za rezerviste, ali je nagradu dobio Oli McBurnie iz Swansea Cityja. Tijekom sezone 2016./17., Alexander-Arnold odigrao je ukupno 12 utakmica u svim natjecanjima.

Sezona 2017./18.: finale Lige prvaka
Tijekom priprema za sezonu 2017./18., Alexander-Arnold potpisao je novi višegodišnji ugovor s klubom. Svoj prvi gol u seniorskom nogometu, Alexander-Arnold postigao je u prvoj utakmici doigravanja za ulazak u Ligu prvaka 2017./18. protiv Hoffenheima 15. kolovoza 2017. godine, kada je zabio iz slobodnog udarca. Tako je postao treći nogometaš Liverpoola koji je bio strijelac u svom debitantskom nastupu u nekom europskom natjecanju, nakon Michaela Owena i Davida Fairclougha. Tijekom grupne faze ovog natjecanja, Alexander-Arnold također je bio strijelac na utakmici u gostima protiv Maribora, 17. listopada, koju je Liverpool dobio rezultatom 7:0, što predstavlja najveću pobjedu u gostima u ovom natjecanju. Svoj prvi gol u Premier ligi postigao je dan nakon Božića u 5:0 pobjedi protiv Swanseaja na Anfieldu.

Dana 4. travnja, 2018. godine, Alexander-Arnold postao je najmlađi engleski nogometaš koji je započeo utakmicu četvrtfinala Lige prvaka, odigravši svih 90 minuta utakmice protiv Manchester Cityja. Njegov doprinos ovom rezultatu doveo je do njegovog označavanja igračem utakmice u medijima, zbog načina kojim je neutralizirao napadačke karakteristike protivničkog krilnog igrača, Leroya Sanéa. Alexander-Arnold također je ostvario zapaženu ulogu i u drugoj utakmici protiv istog rivala, doprinijevši plasmanu Liverpoola u polufinale ovog natjecanja nakon 10 godina. Zbog partija koje je prikazao tijekom sezone, Alexander-Arnold po drugi je put proglašen najboljim mladim igračem Liverpoola 10. svibnja 2018. godine. Dana 26. svibnja, Alexander-Arnold postao je najmlađi igrač u povijesti kluba koji se našao u početnoj postavi finalne utakmice Lige prvaka, protiv Reala iz Madrida. Iako je Liverpool izgubio rezultatom 3:1, a Alexander-Arnold na svojoj je strani za direktnog protivnika imao Cristiana Ronalda, igra desnog beka ove momčadi ocijenjena je zadovoljavajućom. Početkom srpnja 2018., Alexander-Arnold našao se u konkurenciji igrača za nagradu "Zlatni dječak", sa suigračem Benom Woodburnom i članom klupske akademije Harryjem Wilsonom.

Sezona 2018./19.: Redoviti starter i Naslov Lige prvaka
Tijekom rane faze ove sezone, Alexander-Arnold upisao je svoj 50. nastup za Liverpool i to u utakmici protiv Tottenhama koju je Liverpool dobio 2:1. Tottenham je bio isti protivnik protiv kojeg je Alexander-Arnold debitirao dvije godine ranije. U listopadu se našao na popisu 10 nominiranih igrača za inauguralni Trofej Kopa, nagradu France Footballa za najboljeg nogometaša mlađeg od 21 godine. Alexander-Arnold završio je 6. u glasovanju te je dobio glasove Michaela Owena, Denisa Lawa i Pavela Nedvěda. Nastavio je poboljšavati svoju rastuću reputaciju tijekom narednih mjeseci te ga je CIES neprestano navodio kao najvrjednijeg bočnog igrača na svijetu iz perspektive tržišne vrijednosti. Dana 27. veljače 2019., kada je imao 20 godina i 143 dana, Alexander-Arnold postao je najmlađi igrač u povijesti Premier lige koji je tri puta asistirao u jednoj utakmici te lige. Na toj utakmicu dvaput je asistirao Sadiju Manéu te jedanput Virgilu van Dijku u 5:0 pobjedi nad Watfordom. Manje od dva mjeseca kasnije, u utakmici protiv Southamptona koju je Liverpool dobio 3:1, Alexander-Arnold postao je 5. najmlađi igrač u povijesti Premier lige koji je odigrao 50 utakmica u toj ligi, iza Michaela Owena, Raheema Sterlinga, Robbieja Fowlera i Stevena Gerrarda. U travnju je bio nominiran za nagradu PFA Mladi igrač godine, no nju je osvojio Raheem Sterling. Alexander-Arnold i njegovi klupski suigrači Virgil van Dijk, Andrew Robertson i Sadio Mané imenovani su članovima PFA Momčadi godine.

Njegova kreativna sposobnost ponovo je došla do izražaja u svibnju kada je u 3:2 pobjedi protiv Newcastle Uniteda dva put asistirao te tako podigao svoj broj asistencija u toj sezoni Premier ligi na 11 te je time izjednačio rekord Premier lige za najviše asistencija koje je postigao neki branič u jednoj sezoni. On i Robertson, koji je također imao 11 asistencija, postali su prvi par braniča iste momčadi koji su imali dvoznamenkasti broj asistencija u jednoj sezoni tog natjecanja. Tri dana kasnije, odigran je drugi susret okršaja između Liverpoola i Barcelone u polufinalu Lige prvaka. U prvom susretu Barcelona je dobila utakmicu s rezultatom 3:0 na Camp Nouu te je stoga Liverpool morao dobiti drugi susret s razlikom od četiri ili više golova. Liverpool je dobio tu utakmici s rezultatom 4:0 te se tako drugi put zaredom našao u finalu Lige prvaka. Na toj je utakmici Alexander-Arnold asistirao dva puta te je među tim asistencijama bila i asistencija za četvrti gol na toj utakmici kojeg je postigao Divock Origi. Na zadnjem danu domaće sezone, Alexander-Arnold asistirao je Manéu u 2:0 pobjedi protiv Wolverhampton Wanderersa te je time postigao 12 asistencija u jednoj sezoni Premier ligi, oborivši rekordni broja asistencija u jednoj sezoni kojeg je postigao neki branič. Taj rekord prije je dijelio s Andyjem Hinchcliffeom, Leightonom Bainesom i Andrewom Robertsonom. Nastupao je i u finalu Lige prvaka u kojem je Liverpool dobio Tottenham s rezultatom 2:0 te je time oborio rekord kojeg je postavio Milanov igrač Christian Panucci 1995. godine za najmlađeg igrača koji je igrao dva uzastopna finala Lige prvaka. Kasnije je imenovan članom Momčadi sezone Lige prvaka te je nominiran za nagradu Braniča sezone.

Sezona 2019./20.: Ballon d'Or nominacija i naslov Premier lige

Alexander-Arnold započeo je sezonu 2019./20. asistirajući Origiju za gol u 4:1 pobjedi nad Norwich Cityjem u utakmici prvog kola Premier lige. Time je postao osmi igrač u povijesti Premier lige te prvi Liverpoolov igrač koji je uspio postignuti barem jednu asistenciju u pet utakmica zaredom. Alexander-Arnold igrao je u narednim utakmicama protiv Southamptona i Arsenala koje su završile s pobjedom Liverpoola te u utakmici Superkupa protiv Chelseaja u kojoj je zabio penal prilikom izvođenja penala. Svoj prvi gol u sezoni 2019./20. zabio je u 2:1 pobjedi protiv Chelseaja te je njegov gol bio nominiran za nagradu Gol mjeseca Premier lige. Idući je mjesec sa šest klupskih suigrača bio nominiran za nagradu Ballon d'Or.

Dana 2. studenog, kada je imao 21 godinu i 26 dana, asistirao je Manéu za pobjednički gol u 2:1 pobjedi protiv Aston Ville te je postao četvrti najmlađi igrač u povijesti Liverpoola koji je odigrao 100 utakmica. Ispred njega nalazili su se Owen, Sterling i Fowler. Točno mjesec dana kasnije, na ceremoniji Ballon d'Ora izglasan je 19. najboljim igračem svijeta te je postigao najbolji rezultat među bočnim igračima. U FIFA Svjetskom klupskom prvenstvu debitirao je 18. prosinca u polufinalnoj utakmici protiv Monterreya koju je Liverpool dobio s rezultatom 2:1. Alexander-Arnold asistirao je Robertu Firminu za pobjednički gol koji je postignut u sudačkoj nadoknadi. Tri dana kasnije, Alexander-Arnold je pomogao Liverpoolu osvojiti prvi naslov Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva, pobijedivši u finalu Flamengo s rezultatom 1:0.

Nakon povratka momčadi sa Svjetskog klupskog prvenstva, Liverpool je u utakmici protiv drugoplasiranog Leicester Cityja igrao 4:0 te je Alexander-Arnold zabio jedan gol, asistirao dva i izborio penal kojeg je zabio James Milner. Zbog svoje forme nagrađen je nagradom Igrač mjeseca Premier lige te je tako postao prvi bočni igrač koji je osvojio tu nagradu nakon Micaha Richardsa 2007. godine. Na prijelazu godine proglašen je članom UEFA-ine momčadi godine za 2019. Alexander-Arnold odigrao je važnu ulogu u utakmici protiv Wolverhampton Wanderersa koju je Liverpool dobio s rezultatom 2:1 te je time produljio Liverpoolov niz utakmica bez poraza na 40. Tijekom utakmice asistirao je kapetanu Jordanu Hendersonu za prvi gol na toj utakmici te je time postao prvi branič u povijesti Premier lige koji je uspio postići dvoznamenkasti broj asistencija u dvije sezone tog natjecanja.

Potkraj veljače, nakon 3:2 pobjede nad West Ham Unitedom, izjednačio je svoj rekordni broj asistencija u jednoj sezoni Premier lige te je podigao svoj broj premierligaških asistencija na 25, postavši treći najmlađi igrač u povijesti natjecanja koji je postigao 25 asistencija, iza Cesca Fàbregasa i Waynea Rooneyja. Sezona je privremeno zaustavljena u razdoblju između ožujka i lipnja zbog pandemije COVID-19. Nakon pauze, Alexander-Arnold je s Liverpoolom osigurao prvi ligaški naslov nakon 30 godina. Na pretposljednjem danu sezone, srušio je vlastiti rekord u broju asistencija u jednoj sezoni Premier lige, asistirajući Firminu u 5:3 pobjedi nad Chelseajem. Za svoj doprinos tijekom sezone, osvojio je nagrade Mladi igrač sezone Premier lige i PFA Mladi igrač godine te je imenovan članom PFA Momčadi godine.

Sezona 2020./21.: Daljnje prijelomnice u karijeri
Dana 9. prosinca 2020. godine, postao je najmlađi igrač koji je bio Liverpoolov kapetan u utakmici nekog europskog natjecanja te Liverpoolov treći najmlađi kapetan u nekom natjecanju. Tada je Liverpool igrao 1:1 protiv Midtjyllanda u utakmici grupne faze UEFA Lige prvaka. Kasnije tijekom tog mjeseca, on i njegovi klupski suigrači Alisson Becker, Virgil van Dijk i Thiago Alcântara imenovani su članovima FIFA FIFPro Men's World XI 2020. Dana 28. siječnja 2021., zabio je svoj prvi gol u sezoni i to u utakmici protiv Tottenhama koju je Liverpool dobio 3:1.

Reprezentativna karijera

Omladinske selekcije

Alexander-Arnold bio je član svih omladinskih selekcija Engleske od 2013. godine, dok je s Engleskom do 17 godina sudjelovao na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2015. u Čileu. Godine 2016., na svoj 18. rođendan, Alexander-Arnold postigao je dva pogotka za Englesku do 19 godina u 3:1 pobjedi protiv Hrvatske. Isti učinak ponovio je i u studenom, kada je njegova ekipa pretrpjela 3:2 poraz od Walesa. Njegov prvi pogodak na utakmici kasnije je službeno pripisan Marku Harrisu, kao autogol. Alexander-Arnold također je dva puta bio precizan i u 3:0 pobjedi protiv Španjolske 24. ožujka 2017., kojom se Engleska plasirala na Europsko prvenstvo do 19 godina, iste godine. Na tom natjecanju nije nastupao zbog klupskih obaveza, Engleska je bez njega osvojila trofej, savladavši Portugal u finalnoj utakmici.

Narednog mjeseca, Alexander-Arnold dobio je prvi poziv reprezentacije Engleske do 21 godine i to za kvalifikacijske utakmice protiv Nizozemske i Latvije. Za ovu selekciju debitirao je 5. rujna, našavši se u početnoj postavi utakmice protiv Latvije odigrane u Bournemouthu.

Seniorska momčad
U ožujku 2018., Alexander-Arnold pozvan je na okupljanje A selekcije Engleske za prijateljske utakmice protiv Italije i Nizozemske. Dva mjeseca kasnije, u svibnju iste godine, izbornik Gareth Southgate uvrstio ga je na popis igrača za Svjetsko prvenstvo u Rusiji. Za momčad je debitirao 7. lipnja 2018., u pripremnoj utakmici pred početak natjecanja, našavši se u početnoj postavi Engleske u 2:0 pobjedi protiv Kostarike. Prije početka utakmice, ekipu je posjetio Princ William, vojvoda od Cambridgea, koji je tom prilikom Alexander-Arnoldu uručio dres s brojem 22. Alexander-Arnold prvi se put našao u sastavu za natjecateljsku utakmicu u posljednjoj utakmici grupne faze Svjetskog prvenstva, protiv Belgije, nakon što su obje reprezentacije osigurale prolaz u narednu fazu. Na taj je način postao četvrti igrač u povijesti reprezentacije svoje države, koji je kao adolescent započeo utakmicu na Svjetskom prvenstvu. Kako je Kieran Trippier imao prednost na poziciji desnog beka, to je bio jedini nastup Alexander-Arnolda na ovom natjecanju. Englesku je u polufinalu porazila Hrvatska, a potom i Belgija u utakmici za brončanu medalju, osvojivši tako četvrto mjesto na tom natjecanju.

Dana 15. studenog 2018., u prijateljskoj utakmici održanoj u čast Waynea Rooneyja, Alexander-Arnold zabio je svoj prvi gol za Englesku u 3:0 pobjedi protiv Sjedinjenih Američkih Država na Wembley Stadiumu. Tada je imao 20 godina i 39 dana te je time postao najmlađi igrač Liverpoola koji je zabio za neku reprezentaciju nakon Michaela Owena 1999. godine. Alexander-Arnold bio je član momčadi Engleske koja je osvojila treće mjesto u UEFA Ligi nacija 2018./19.

Pogodci za reprezentaciju
Zadnji put ažurirano 8. siječnja 2020.

Priznanja

Individualna
 Liverpoolov Mladi igrač sezone: 2016./17., 2017./18.
 PFA Momčad godine: 2018./19. (Premier liga), 2019./20. (Premier liga)
 PFA Mladi igrač godine: 2019./20. (Premier liga)
 Zlatni dječak (2. mjesto): 2018.
 Momčad sezone UEFA Lige prvaka: 2018./19.
 Branič sezone UEFA Lige prvaka (3. mjesto): 2018./19.
 FIFA FIFPro World11: 2020., 2019. (6. branič)
 Ballon d'Or (nominiran): 2019.
 Igrač mjeseca Premier lige: prosinac 2019.
 IFFHS-ova muška momčad svijeta: 2019., 2020.
 UEFA-ina momčad godine: 2019.
 ESM Momčad godine: 2019./20.
 Mladi igrač sezone Premier lige: 2019./20.

Klupska
Liverpool
 Premier liga: 2019./20.
 UEFA Liga prvaka: 2018./19. (prvak); 2017./18. (doprvak)
 UEFA Superkup: 2019.
 FIFA Svjetsko klupsko prvenstvo: 2019.

Reprezentativna
Engleska
 UEFA Liga nacija (3. mjesto): 2018./19.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Profil na mrežnim stranicama Liverpoola
 Profil na mrežnim stranicama Engleskog nogometnog saveza

Engleski nogometaši
Nogometaši Liverpoola
Aktivni nogometaši

Trent Alexander-Arnold


Johnny Orlando (født 24. januar 2003) er en sanger fra Canada med mere end tre millioner følgere på Youtube. Han har udgivet en single, der hedder "Let Go" med 14 millioner afspilninger. Han har også udgivet sin egen ep VXIIXI i december 2015 med sangene "You and I", "Right by Your Side", "See the Word" og "VXIIXI". I hans familie er der hans mor, far og hans tre søstre. Han begyndte med at lave musik, da han var 8 år gammel.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Canada
Canadiere i 2000-tallet

Johnny Orlando


Los Madereros de Durango fue un equipo del Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste con sede en Durango, Durango, México.

Historia

Inicios
Los Madereros de Durango (también conocidos localmente como los Leñadores), juegan sus partidos de local en el Auditorio del Pueblo.

2010
Llegaron a Durango durante 2010, para cubrir el hueco que dejaron los Lobos Grises de la UAD, retomando toda la historia y los colores de los ya desaparecidos Leñadores de Durango, equipo muy recordado por la afición en Durango, por haber sido el equipo con más títulos en el Circuito Mexicano de Básquetbol y haber inaugurado la LNBP, durante su primer año mostraron muy buenos resultados y llegaron hasta la final, la cual perdieron, pero debe rescatarse la gran hazaña de un equipo que por el momento estaba en expansión.

2011
Ya desaparecidos los Lobos Grises, la afición en Durango empezó a fijarse más en sus nuevos Madereros, e inclusive les seguían diciendo "Los Leñadores". En solo dos años, los Madereros conseguían su primer campeonato, algo que hizo feliz a la afición duranguense, hasta se escucharon muchos comentarios como "que bueno que regresan los Leñadores". Es así como con su primer campeonato logró que el baloncesto siguiera siendo un deporte tradicional en Durango.

2012
Para 2012 durante su temporada, los Nuevos Leñadores bajaron su nivel y solo consiguieron las semifinales de la CIBANE, las que perdieron contra el equipo de los Cuervos de Pabellón de Arteaga, equipo que posteriormente perdería la final contra los Mineros de Fresnillo.

2013
En marzo de 2013 se dio a conocer que el equipo sí participará en la temporada 2013 del CIBANE. Los Madereros tuvieron una buena temporada regular pero perdieron en semifinales contra los Mineros de Fresnillo quienes disputaron una polémica final contra los Tuzos de la UAZ.

A pesar no se logró el título, para el equipo duranguense fue un buen año en ventas, el Auditorio del Pueblo regularmente tuvo una buena asistencia.

 Desaparición
A pesar de que el equipo si consiguió los patrocinadores suficientes en 2014, la CIBANE desapareció ese año por falta de equipos.

 Afición
El Baloncesto por ser el deporte que más alegrías le ha traído al estado de Durango los Madereros cuentan con un buen número de aficionados. Según sus patrocinadores Contexto de Durango (quienes también se encargan de difundir sus partidos) la gente nacida en Durango pero que vive en otros estados sigue más los partidos de los Madereros por Internet que la gente que reside en Durango, que generalmente van a verlos en vivo o los pueden escuchar por la radio. Los Madereros son vistos en Internet por alrededor de 6 mil personas en todo el país.

En su casa, el Auditorio del Pueblo se ha hecho famosos un personaje llamado Francisco Quiñones Bustamante mejor conocido como Pancholín conocido por convocar a las personas de Durango a alentar a su equipo.

 Rivalidades
Como los Leñadores el equipo tuvo una rivalidad muy importante con los Dorados de Chihuahua, dicha rivalidad llegó a ser considerada el clásico nacional del baloncesto mexicano, incluso este partido llegó a tener desenlaces violentos y una de las porras más recordadas en Durango en esa época fue la de "Villa, hijo de Durango, padre de Chihuahua", grito que siempre despertó enojo en la afición chihuahuense ya que el nombre "Dorados de Chihuahua" se escogió para rendir honor al Gral. Villa.

Actualmente los Madereros tienen una fuerte rivalidad con los Mineros de Fresnillo, equipo con el que ha disputado 2 finales de liga. Este juego tiene intereses políticos añadidos debido a que los zacatecanos consideran a su estado como parte del Medio Septentrional, sin embargo son los mismos duranguenses los que excluyen a Zacatecas como parte del norte de México. A esta rivalidad se le conoce como el Clásico de la CIBANE.

 Jugadores

 Roster actual Temporada 2013'''

Véase también
 Auditorio del Pueblo.
 Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste.
 Federación Mexicana de Baloncesto.
 Asociación Deportiva Mexicana de Básquetbol.
 Campeonato de Clubes Campeones de Centroamérica.
 Durango.
 Estado de Durango.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de los Madereros de Durango
 Sitio Oficial del Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste
 Sitio Oficial de la Federación Mexicana de Baloncesto
 Sitio Oficial de la Asociación Deportiva Mexicana de Básquetbol

Equipos del Circuito de Básquetbol del Noreste
Deporte en Victoria de Durango
Deporte en México en 2010
Baloncesto en 2010

Madereros de Durango


NCSC eller ncsc har flere betydninger:

Organisationer
 Nordic Council of Shopping Centers - nordisk brancheforening; butikscenterbranchen i de nordiske lande.
 National Children's Science Congress
 National Commission for Scheduled Castes, Indien
 National Cyber Security Centre (Irland)
 National Cyber Security Centre (Storbritannien)
 National Cyber Security Centre (New Zealand)

USA
 National Computer Security Center, del af National Security Agency i USA
 National Counterintelligence and Security Center
 National Cybersecurity Center

Se også
 National Cyber Security Centre - flertydig

NCSC


An Isachne trachycaula in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Isachne trachycaula in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isachne

Isachne trachycaula


Großenbehringen eine ehemalige Gemeinde in Thüringen, die heute den westlichen Teil des Ortsteiles Behringen der Gemeinde Hörselberg-Hainich im Wartburgkreis bildet.

Lage
Die Gemarkung befindet sich am Südostrand des Thüringer Beckens, im Westen an das Großenbehringer Holz grenzend. Nördlich und westlich liegt der Nationalpark Hainich. Östlich schließt sich Oesterbehringen an; beide Siedlungskerne sind miteinander verwachsen. Die Bundesstraße 84 führt durch den Ortsteil und bietet etwa 5 Kilometer südlich des Ortes Anschluss an die Bundesautobahn 4. Im Westen der Gemarkung liegt der Ortsteil Hütscheroda.

Geschichte
Am 1. Juni 932 wurde Großenbehringen erstmals urkundlich genannt.

Seit dem Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts, bis nach dem Abschluss der Säkularisation der Klostergüter im 16. Jahrhundert, kam es unter den Wettinern zur Schaffung einer Landesverwaltung und Einrichtung von Amtsbezirken. Hierbei gingen die Behringen-Orte nördlich der Nesse an das Amt Gotha, sie gelangten zugleich mehrheitlich als Adelsorte in die direkte Verwaltung der Landadelsfamilie von Wangenheim (Wangenheimsches Gericht).

Am 1. Mai 1890 erhielt Großenbehringen Anschluss an das Eisenbahnnetz und wurde Endpunkt der Nessetalbahn. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die Strecke am 15. September 1947 stillgelegt und als Reparationsleistung abgebaut. Am 1. Juli 1950 schlossen sich Großenbehringen, Oesterbehringen und Wolfsbehringen zur Gemeinde Behringen zusammen.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Schloss Behringen
 Heimatmuseum
 Schlosspark mit Weymouthskiefer; ein Wahrzeichen des Ortes Behringen.

Persönlichkeiten
 Ernst Wilhelm Wolf (1735–1792), Hofkapellmeister, Pianist und Komponist
 Carl Christian Friedrich Langheld (1751–1823), Gerichtshalter und Amtmann

Weblinks
 http://www.behringen.de/

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Wartburgkreis
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Wartburgkreis)
Ortsteil von Hörselberg-Hainich
Ersterwähnung 932
Gemeindeauflösung 1950

Großenbehringen


Newark est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Caledonia, dans le Vermont. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de  habitants.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Town au Vermont
Comté de Caledonia

Newark (Vermont)


Cartersville ist der Name verschiedener Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Cartersville (Georgia)
 Cartersville (Iowa)
 Cartersville (Kentucky)
 Cartersville (Montana)
 Cartersville (North Carolina)
 Cartersville (Oklahoma)
 Cartersville (South Carolina)
 Cartersville (Tennessee)
 Cartersville (Virginia)

im NRHP gelistete Objekte:
 Cartersville Bridge, in Cartersville, Virginia, ID-Nr. 72001390
 Cartersville Historic District, in Cartersville, Virginia, ID-Nr. 93000505

Cartersville (Begriffsklärung)


Akgüney, Samsun ilinin Alaçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahalle, 1485 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır. Akgüney; daha önceleri bir köy iken, 12 Kasım 2012'de TBMM'de kabul edilen 6360 sayılı kanun ile mahalle oldu.

Coğrafya
Mahalle, Samsun il merkezine 60 km, Alaçam ilçe merkezine 19 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Alaçam'ın mahalleleri

Akgüney, Alaçam


Războiul Fotbalului (spaniolă: La guerra del fútbol) a fost un război de scurtă durată, ce a avut loc între state El Salvador și Honduras în anul 1969

El Salvador și Honduras sunt două state din America Centrală cu capitalele la San Salvador, respectiv Tegucigalpa, cu economii în curs de dezvoltare, agricultura având încă o pondere însemnată în veniturile anuale ale țărilor. La sfârșitul anilor '60, cele două țări au șocat o lume întreagă: în urma unor meciuri ale echipelor reprezentative de fotbal ce contau pentru calificarea la cupa mondială din 1970, anumite tensiuni politice și sociale au escaladat și au dat naștere la războiul fotbalului sau războiul de 100 de ore. Deși a fost denumit așa, o minimă analiză a acestui conflict, ne conduce la ideea fără echivoc că acele meciuri disputate în vara anului 1969 au fost practic factorul declanșator (pe fondul unor tensiuni preexistente) al confruntărilor armate dintre cele două state.

În anul 1965, El Salvador avea o populație de aproximativ 3,3 milioane de locuitori și un produs intern brut estimat la 887,7 milioane de USD (date furnizate de Banca Mondială). Suprafața  țării este de aproximativ 21.041 kmp. Făcând un calcul simplu, produsul intern brut pe cap de locuitor era de circa 273 USD. Pe de altă parte, Hondurasul, la nivelul anului 1965, avea o populație de 2,4 milioane locuitori, suprafață țării de 5 ori mai mare ca cea a statului vecin (112.492 kmp), un produs intern brut de 508,6 milioane de USD și produsul intern brut pe cap de locuitor era de circa 217 USD.
Ținând cont de faptul că principala ocupație a populațiilor celor două țări era agricultura (cafea, trestie de zahăr, banană, bumbac) și analizând doar aceste cifre pur statistice, vom fi direcționați pe o cale greșită pentru înțelegerea cauzelor care au stat la baza războiului  de 100 de ore (venitul pe locuitor era mai mare în El Salvador). El Salvador era o țară mică (de fapt, cea mai mică din America Centrală) suprapopulată, cu o repartizare defectuoasă a pământurilor. Deși a câștigat independența față de guvernul spaniol colonial din anul 1821, a păstrat o tradiția feudală și existau, practic, 14 familii proeminente care dețineau o mare parte din terenuri, lăsând majoritatea țăranilor fără pământ și, în consecință, fără mijloace de subzistență. Pe de altă parte, Hondurasul a fost una dintre cele mai sărace și mai puțin dezvoltate din țările din America Centrală, dar a extirpat influența colonială, pentru a asigura o răspândire mai echitabilă a bogăției și a pământului.

Starea de normalitate
Cu speranța unei vieți mai bune, mulți țărani salvadorieni, peste 300.000, au emigrat de-a lungul anilor '60 în Hondurasul vecin, mai mare ca suprafață și cu o densitate a populației mult mai relaxată. Cei mai încântați de această plecare au fost marii fermieri salvadorieni care voiau să evite cu orice chip o reformă agrară. În Honduras era nevoie de mână de lucru pentru culturile de banane, existau unii politicieni care sperau să unifice într-o singură națiune popoarele latino-americane din zonă. Deci, rezumând, faza inițială a exodului salvadorienilor nu a generat neplăceri sau nemulțumiri în rândul populației din Honduras.

Inițierea
Treptat  însă, acest exod a început să creeze tensiuni, populația crescând peste limite, ceea ce a dus la suprapopularea pământurilor în anumite regiuni și în Honduras. Nemulțumiți, agricultorii hondurieni s-au grupat într-o organizație (numită FENAGH) prin care au încercat să-și apere drepturile în fața imigranților salvadorieni. Astfel, sub această presiune, reforma agrară care a avut loc în 1968 n-a fost îndreptată împotriva marilor fermieri localnici, ci doar a imigranților salvadorieni. Pe lângă aceste probleme, au fost destui politicieni care au ațâțat elementele naționaliste, pentru a se folosi de ele.

Tensiunea
La 1 iunie 1969, 500 de familii salvadoriene au fost practic izgonite din țară după ce în prealabil (în aprilie 1969) guvernul a anunțat expulzarea tuturor persoanelor care au dobândit proprietatea fără a îndeplini cerințele legale. Au urmat apoi și altele, ceea ce a făcut să apară o mare ură în sânul salvadorienilor. Tensiunile au crescut și mai mult când guvernul a propus o lege prin care a confiscat terenurile deținute de salvadorieni și le-a înapoiat celor născuți în Honduras. Rămași fără case și pământuri, o parte din salvadorieni au fost nevoiți să se întoarcă în El Salvador. Cum tensiunile dintre cele doua țări au crescut, El Salvador a început să afirme că terenurile care le-au fost luate imigranților salvadorieni sunt de fapt ale țării.
Cele două reprezentative de fotbal au ajuns să se confrunte între ele în semifinalele preliminariilor, într-o dublă dispută tur-retur. În două partide tensionate, ambele și-au materializat terenul propriu. Mai întâi, la 8 iunie, la Tegucigalpa, hondurienii au câștigat cu 1-0, printr-un gol marcat în ultimul minut. Meciul retur de la 15 iunie a fost pus sub supravegherea armatei salvadoriene. Acest lucru însă nu i-a împiedicat pe hondurieni să se trezească cu hotelul din San Salvador în care locuiau incendiat, fiind nevoiți să se mute în altul. Asta nu a însemnat că au scăpat de probleme, pentru că în fața acestuia s-au postat o sumedenie de localnici care au făcut gălăgie toată noaptea, pentru a nu-i lăsa să doarmă. Epuizată, a doua zi reprezentativa Hondurasului a pierdut cu 0-3. Suporterii oaspeților care au avut curajul să se deplaseze la meci au fost molestați, lăsându-se apoi cu numeroase lupte de stradă, cu geamuri sparte, mașini incendiate etc, două persoane pierzându-și viața. Ca răzbunare, imediat hondurienii i-au atacat în țara lor pe imigranții salvadorieni, rezultând morți și răniți. Autoritățile locale n-au făcut nimic pentru a împiedica aceste violențe, abia după două zile intervenind pentru că Tegucigalpa ajunsese paralizată .

Escaladarea
Pe 26 iunie, cu o zi înaintea meciului din play-off (regulamentul prevedea cel de-al treilea meci – câștigat cu 3-2 de El Salvador), El Salvador a anunțat încetarea relațiilor diplomatice cu Honduras. Și-au justificat această măsură spunând că Honduras nu a făcut nimic pentru a-i pedepsi pe cei responsabili de torturarea imigranților salvadorieni.
Armata terestră salvadoriană era superioară (8.000 combatanți față de doar 2.500) și ca număr și ca armament (puști germane moderne, piese de artilerie de 105 mm față de puști vechi americane). Fiind sub embargo impus de Statele Unite și neavând voie să își cumpere direct armament și muniție, cele două țări au căutat soluții de urgență și au achiziționat avioane din Al Doilea Război Mondial, precum F4U Corsair si P-51 Mustang, aviația honduriană la acest capitol fiind superioară.

Confruntarea propriu-zisă
Pe 14 iulie, un avion militar salvadorian a trimis o bombă peste Tegucigalpa, declanșând astfel războiul. A fost și o invazie terestră pe drumul principal care lega cele două țări. Trupele salvadoriene au atacat și câteva insule aparținând Honduras, în Golfo de Fonseca. Fără prea multe eforturi, El Salvador a reușit să treacă de micuța armată a celor din Honduras și au ocupat orașul Nueva Ocotepeque. Hondurienii și-au revenit însă rapid și au început să bombardeze orașe, fabrici și rafinării din El Salvador și să contraatace la sol. Războiul a durat 4 zile (de-aici și numele de 100 de ore) și de aceea unii istorici consideră că a fost un scurt război de frontieră  mediat cu succes de Organizația Statelor Americane .
Sub presiunea externă și a OSA, la 19 iulie, salvadorienii și-au retras trupele. Războiul a avut o intensitate și un nivel al violenței ridicat ceea ce a determinat o durată redusă datorată impactului major asupra comunității internaționale și a intervenției acesteia pentru aplanarea conflictului dar și a pierderilor umane semnificative (anumite surse susțin că ambele armate râmaseră și fără muniție, teorie care pare a fi plauzibilă având în vedere intensitatea conflictului și dotarea precare a ambelor armate). Astfel bilanțul înfruntării este de aproape 3.000 de morți, 15.000 de răniți. Și distrugerile materiale au fost însemnate – peste 40.000 de persoane și-au pierdut locuințele.

Detensionarea
A urmat o perioadă lungă de acalmie în care ambele țări au avut probleme grave interne de natură economică. Imigranții salvadorieni s-au întors în țara lor unde, gravele probleme economice au dus la conflicte masive, chiar și la război civil. În Honduras, unde guvernul era de regulă militar, s-au creat partide de opoziție reale, iar sprijinul popular pentru guvernele de acest tip s-a diminuat. Astfel, anii '70 pentru Honduras, au adus începutul unei reforme și o revigorare a statului . Evident și aici au fost perioade de recesiune și greutăți economice.

Bilanțul
În anul 1980 a fost semnat un tratat de pace între cele două țări. Ca urmare directă a conflictului dintre cele două țări, 130.000 de salvadorieni s-au întors acasă. În anii '80, în Honduras se scrie o nouă constituție, în care este prevăzut expres ca armată să fie condusă de un om politic civil. În aceeași perioadă, în El Salvador nu se fac progrese din punct de vedere politic, conducerea statului fiind asigurată de un guvern mixt de oameni politici și ofițeri, lucrurile continuând a se degrada, cu grave efecte asupra nivelului de trai al populației.

În concluzie, un conflict finalizat, fără efecte pozitive palpabile, cu efecte grave (pierderi de vieți omenești și însemnate pagube materiale) și cu umbrirea rolului unificator și de acceptare multiculturală, rasială, etnică, religioasă etc. al fotbalului, în special, și al sportului, în general. La finalul analizei acestui conflict, am identificat, grafic, etapele acestei crize, pentru a întări afirmația de la început, prin care susțineam că această confruntare a fost una clasică, care se supune abordărilor teoretice ale specialiștilor în domeniu. De asemenea, trebuie făcută mențiunea că delimitarea etapelor nu este întotdeauna fixă, ci este interpretativă cu un pronunțat caracter subiectiv.

Note

Conflicte în 1969
Istoria Americii Centrale
Istoria fotbalului

Războiul Fotbalului


Ny-Friesland ist eine Landschaft im Nordosten von Spitzbergen, Svalbard.

Geografie
Die Landzunge erstreckt sich bis über den 80. Längengrad. Verlegenhuken am Nordende von Ny-Friesland ist gleichzeitig der nördlichste Punkt der ganzen Insel – nicht aber von ganz Svalbard. Im Osten wird Ny-Friesland von der Hinlopenstraße begrenzt, auf deren gegenüberliegender Seite sich die Insel Nordaustlandet befindet. Im Süden wird Ny-Friesland durch eine Linie vom Vaigattbogen (Bucht in der Hinlopenstraße) über Oslobreen und Kvitbreen, dann südlich zum Keplerbreen und Lomonosovfonna und schließlich vom Mittag-Lefflerbreen begrenzt. Die westliche Grenze bildet der Wijdefjorden.

Im Südosten liegt Olav-V-Land, im Süden Bünsow-Land, und im Südwesten, jenseits der Meerenge über den Mittag-Lefflerbreen, Dickson-Land.

Im Süden von Ny-Friesland liegen die beiden höchsten Berge Svalbards, der Newtontoppen (1713 m) und der Perriertoppen (1712 m). Dort ist das Gelände sehr zerklüftet und steile Felswände machen die Eiswüste schwer durchquerbar. Im Norden befinden sich mit dem Åsgardfonna und dem Valhallfonna zwei große Gletscher.

Es gibt keine Siedlungen in Ny-Friesland, Expeditionen hierher müssen dem Sysselmann (Gouverneur) gemeldet werden. Der östliche Küstenstreifen gegen die Hinlopenstraße gehört zum Nordost-Svalbard-Naturreservat. Die Küstengebiete auf beiden Seiten der innersten Bucht des Wijdefjorden bilden den Indre Wijdefjorden-Nationalpark.

Arve Staxrud (1881–1933) war der Erste, der Ny-Friesland durchquerte, als er 1913 den Überlebenden der Deutschen Arktischen Expedition unter Leitung von Herbert Schröder-Stranz im Sorgfjorden zu Hilfe kam.

Etymologie
Ny-Friesland hat seinen Namen von Friesland in den Niederlanden.

Einzelnachweise

Quellen

Geographie (Spitzbergen, Insel)

Ny-Friesland


Sonic the Comic was a British children's comic published by Fleetway Editions between 1993 and 2002. It was the UK's Sega comic, featuring stories about its mascot Sonic the Hedgehog and related characters, as well as comic strips based on other Sega video games, along with news, reviews, and tips for games released for Sega systems.

Format and publication history
The original price for Sonic the Comic was 95 pence, but it incrementally increased over the comic's lifespan, until the price had reached £1.50 by the final issue. The comic generally contained four comic strip stories, each usually following different storylines and being written and drawn by different writers and artists. The first was always a seven-page story about Sonic himself (except for #148 which began with the Tails strip), and in the earliest issues, the remaining three would involve a different Sega game character (see list below). Later, the Sega backup strips were supplanted by stories focusing on supporting Sonic characters such as Tails, Knuckles, Amy and the Chaotix. The anthology "Sonic's World" featured a variety of events in the STC world not covered by the main character strips.

The different strips could at times contrast heavily with each other, with different strips aimed at different age groups or with a different balance between comedy and drama: the humour-based Decap Attack strip could appear alongside the darker and more violent Streets of Rage strip. Lew Stringer has stated that the majority of readers were aged between five and ten and many strips were written with this in mind: "That doesn't mean that older readers can't appreciate the stories and artwork of course but it's worth bearing in mind that if the stories sometimes seem juvenile, it's because they are. Having said that, it doesn't mean we can be sloppy because we're 'just' writing for kids".

Aside from the comic strips, for its first few years STC regularly featured content related to Sega videogaming. Fitting in with the Sonic convention of calling levels "Zones", these sections were given such titles as the "Q-Zone" (which featured videogame tips and cheats), the "News Zone" and the "Review Zone". Readers' artwork was printed in the "Graphic Zone", and letters were featured in "Speedlines".

Megadroid

The mascot of the comic was a robot named Megadroid, composed of parts of a Sega Genesis/Mega Drive. Megadroid was the persona used by the editors of Sonic the Comic to answer letters and provide story recaps and general magazine news (much like Tharg in 2000AD, and in fact created by former Tharg Richard Burton). He acted as a liaison between the readers (whom he called "boomers," deriving from the term "sonic boom") and the "humes who think they're in charge".

Megadroid had two one-off strips; the first (#41) was a tour of the STC offices for the Christmas issue, and a second (#83) in which he ran away from the STC offices to a seaside town only to return from his harrowing experience to attend to the needs of the boomers.

Megadroid was dropped from the comic in 1998, and with him the "Speedlines" letter page vanished. Speedlines returned in 2000, though it was no longer a regular feature and instead of Megadroid, the letters were supposedly answered by Sonic himself (actually editor Andy Diggle and later Steve MacManus).

Staff
The bulk of the work in the comic was written by either Nigel Kitching or Lew Stringer, while art was provided by Richard Elson, Nigel Dobbyn, Carl Flint, Woodrow Phoenix, Roberto Corona, Mike McMahon, Kitching himself and many others. The first editor was Richard Burton.

Several of the comic's contributors have found success elsewhere in comics. Mark Millar, who wrote the first Streets of Rage storyline and some Sonic strips, has since written major titles for DC and Marvel Comics such as Wanted and Civil War; editor Andy Diggle has since become a comics writer; and Road to Perdition illustrator Richard Rayner contributed to Decap Attack scripts.

Demise
The demise of STC began when budget cuts at the comic led to the number of pages being cut from 36 to 32 beginning with issue 95 in 1997 and as a result, the loss of the news, game review and game tips sections (though the slow phasing out of these sections had already been ongoing since early 1995). Despite being one of Fleetway's biggest selling comics in 1998, from issue 133, published that July, one strip an issue was given over to reprints to save money as part of Fleetway's policy of five-year reader cycles (issue 133 was published shortly after the comic's fifth birthday). Later in the year, the mascot Megadroid was removed, along with the "Speedlines" letters page. Two further strips were replaced by reprints in issues 155 and 157, leaving just the main Sonic strip and the cover as the only new material in each issue. With the lack of new supporting character strips, Nigel Kitching was asked to share the main strip with Lew Stringer, causing the plans for the "Shanazar" story arc to be heavily altered.

During this time, the main strip's stories came under the "Time Zone" banner, mostly being set on Shanazar and then later involving dimensional portals leading to other dimensions and Earth's history (identical to the previous Amy and Tekno stories) due to editorial preference. Neither Mobius nor any of the main characters bar Sonic and Amy featured, and the lack of ancillary strips meant no other stories could be told. Following issue 157, Lew Stringer replaced Nigel Kitching as the comic's sole writer.

After Andy Diggle became the comic's editor, Stringer's run concluded with an apocalyptic final storyline, and Kitching returned with issue 175 for a ten-part adaptation of the videogame Sonic Adventure. From issue 185, the comic became fully reprint, aside from new covers drawn by Richard Elson. This happened at short notice – even Kitching was not aware that issue 184 would be his last until he requested an extension for the ten-issue storyline he was in the middle of writing, having apparently already made plans for future stories that would follow it. He revealed the cancellation to fans on the unofficial STC Yahoo! Groups mailing list on 19 April 2000, a little over two months before the last issue was published and only a few weeks after he himself had been made aware of the fact. As a result, the final story ended with a handful of loose ends from earlier stories left untied.

Fully reprint issues continued to be published until issue 223, which reprinted the four-part storyline "The Evil Empire" and featured an article by Nigel Kitching about his time working on the comic, an abridged version of which was posted to the STC Mailing List.

Sonic the Hedgehog comic strips
Sonic the Comic began its run with a series of fairly inconsequential one-shot stories, and only established its identity and ongoing storyline and setting with the new team of writer Nigel Kitching and artist Richard Elson for the issue 7 story "Super Sonic" and issue 8's "The Origin of Sonic". The comic adopted a version of the "Kintobor origin" of Sonic and Doctor Robotnik, which had originally been featured in a promotional comic for the first Sonic game printed in Disney Adventures and had been elaborated upon in Mike Pattenden's book Stay Sonic. Like other UK Sonic publications, STC used the Stay Sonic version as its basis. This origin story established that Sonic was originally a normal brown hedgehog on the planet Mobius, who burrowed his way into the underground laboratory of Dr. Ovi Kintobor, a scientist who wished to rid the planet of all evil through the use of powerful gems called the Chaos Emeralds. In addition, he helped Sonic increase his running speed with the gift of red shoes designed to handle the incredible friction he generated, until the hedgehog eventually broke the sound barrier with a sonic boom which turned him blue. However, an accident involving the unstable Chaos Emeralds and a rotten egg transformed Kintobor into the evil Dr Ivo Robotnik, leading to the events of the games Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2.

"The Origin of Sonic" led into a storyline in which Sonic, Tails and their friends were sent forward in time six months. During their absence, Doctor Robotnik had successfully conquered the entire planet of Mobius, and Sonic and co. were forced underground, operating as "freedom fighters" attempting to bring down Robotnik's rule of the planet. This situation remained until issue 100 (1997), when Robotnik was deposed.

In the comic's early issues, three of the four strips in each edition were based on popular Sega video games. As time went on, these strips dwindled and were phased out entirely in favour of other stories about Sonic and related characters. The first of these was a Tails solo series which saw him return to his home in the Nameless Zone, where it was believed that he, not Sonic, was the great hero of Mobius. In addition to Tails and Sonic, other members of the Freedom Fighters included Johnny Lightfoot and Porker Lewis, characters based upon the generic rabbit and pig sprites freed from Badniks in the video games. The team soon added the "Kintobor computer" to their ranks - an artificial intelligence based on the brain patterns of Doctor Robotnik's former self - and were later joined by Amy Rose, a female hedgehog infatuated with Sonic, whose lies about being his girlfriend had made her a target for Robotnik's forces. Robotnik himself was later redesigned to match the appearance of his counterpart in the animated series Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog; and he gained a close ally in the green-skinned scientist Grimer, the comic's equivalent of Snively from the cartoon Sonic the Hedgehog. Grimer was instrumental in creating Metallix, the Metal Sonic, an enemy that featured prominently in Sonic the Comic's first major multi-part Sonic story, an adaptation of the video game Sonic CD entitled "The Sonic Terminator".

Knuckles the Echidna and the Floating Island soon made their debuts as Sonic the Hedgehog 3 and Sonic & Knuckles were adapted, and Knuckles subsequently featured in his own storylines in which he attempted to learn more about his lost race of Echidnas and their relationship with the Floating Island and the Chaos Emeralds. The comic also introduced original characters such as the sky pirate Captain Plunder, rebellious super-Badnik Shortfuse the Cybernik and engineering genius Tekno the Canary, who occasionally featured in their own dedicated strips. The comic's incorporation of characters from Knuckles' Chaotix established the alternate dimension called the Special Zone as a major location, and also introduced the Brotherhood of Metallix, an army of Metal Sonic robots who rebelled against Robotnik and embarked on a plan to alter the timeline and take over Mobius.

One element of Sonic the Comic that was distinct from other Sonic fiction was its depiction of Sonic's powered-up form, Super Sonic or known to fans as "Fleetway Super Sonic". In STC, Super Sonic was a monstrous, inhibitionless alter-ego, the Mr. Hyde to Sonic's Doctor Jekyll, into which Sonic transformed in times of stress or exposure to the Chaos Emeralds. The appearances of Super Sonic were few and far between in the first eighty or so issues of the comic, although he became a prominent threat during the build-up to issue 100. Following a storyline in which the Chaos Emeralds' energy was transferred out of Sonic and into the Special Zone, Super Sonic continued to exist as a separate entity, forcing Sonic to pursue him. After Super Sonic was defeated by being frozen in time within the time-travelling, dimension-jumping Omni-Viewer, Sonic was left isolated in the Special Zone; on Mobius, Shortfuse joined the Freedom Fighters, and Knuckles ended a long quest back to the Floating Island. Super Sonic's subsequent escape from the Omni-Viewer triggered a planet-wide electromagnetic pulse that the Omni-Viewer shunted to Mobius, deactivating all of Robotnik's robots and computer systems. With no technology or troops to protect him, Robotnik was finally deposed as Mobius' ruler in the comic's 100th issue.

After establishing the new state of play on Mobius—including the now-amnesiac Super Sonic's befriending of magician Ebony and psychic Pyjamas—the next major move for STC was its adaptation of Sonic 3D Blast, which proved to be the last game adaptation for a prolonged period of time. Although it ultimately amounted to little more than use of the different elements from the game (Flickies Island, the birds used for Badniks and dimensional travel via Mobius Rings), with the added introduction of a new Metallix villain (with its design based on Knuckles this time), it was a key stepping stone in shaping the direction of Sonic stories right up until the conclusion of the series. The story introduced the interdimensional alien race known as the Drakon Empire (spun out of a dangling plot point from nearly one hundred issues prior), who allied themselves with Doctor Robotnik in an attempt to acquire the Chaos Emeralds, revealing their previous ownership of the gems ages prior. Alliances, betrayals and double-crosses culminated in Robotnik's successful capture of the Emeralds and a 4-issue epic in which he had god-like powers & reshaped Mobius entirely, but when his body was drained of Chaos Energy, he vanished into a sub-atomic dimension.

A series of dimension-hopping adventures by Amy and Tekno resulted in Mobius being briefly invaded by Earth military forces, after which Sonic pursued Grimer and Nack the Weasel in their quest to recover Robotnik. Trapped on the sub-atomic world of Shanazar, Sonic found it hard to adapt to the local culture, and when Amy's adventures led her to join him on the planet, the two explored the world's numerous vastly different zones, combating myriad threats. Robotnik had his own plans, however, using the dimensional technology that brought Sonic, Grimer and Nack to Shanazar to enlarge the world, fusing it with Mobius in a Crisis on Infinite Earths-style event. Shanazar's zones could now be accessed from portals on Mobius, and various doorways had also opened to various points in Earth's history. Infuriated with yet another failure, however, Robotnik decided to bring his long war with Sonic to an end by destroying Mobius once and for all. Entering into a partnership with the living plastic alien hive-mind, The Plax, Robotnik used their technology to absorb elemental energy from both Mobius and Earth, forcing both worlds into total ecological collapse. His scheme was again foiled, however, by Shortfuse, who wired his armour into Robotnik's machine, undoing the damage and draining the energy from the villain, with the added bonus of the feedback finally liberating him from his armour.

This proved to be one defeat too many for Robotnik; retreating physically and mentally, he languished in darkness until Grimer, desperate to snap his master out of his depression, initiated the events of the comic's final storyline, the adaptation of Sonic Adventure (although in practice, this would prove to be the loosest game adaptation yet, as the game's wildly different approach was largely incompatible with the STC universe). Discovering a canister containing a creature of living chaos energy, Grimer unleashed the fear-inducing "Chaos" upon the Freedom Fighters, leading to the death of Johnny Lightfoot. Rampaging out of Grimer's control, Chaos then attacked the Floating Island, intending to absorb the Chaos Emeralds; however, Knuckles jettisoned the emeralds before he could absorb more than one, causing the island itself to plunge into the ocean. While Robotnik then set about gathering the emeralds to lure all the players to his fortress that they might all die together, Sonic was transported into the ancient past of Mobius by Tikal and Pachacamac, two of the planet's race of echidnas, where he witnessed the beginning of the war between the Echidnas and the Drakon Empire, the origins of the Chaos Emeralds, and the creation of Chaos, who proved to be a Drakon prosecutor mutated by exposure to the emeralds. Returning to the present, Sonic arrived just as Chaos absorbed the remaining emeralds and became Perfect Chaos. Robotnik's suicide plan was thwarted, however, by the unexpected appearance of Super Sonic, dying due to depletion of his own chaos energy. Absorbing Chaos's energy, reverting him back to his Drakon form, Super Sonic became his old evil self again and turned on the Freedom Fighters, until Ebony used her magics to fuse Sonic and Super Sonic back together again.

The original stories in Sonic the Comic came to an end at this point with issue #184, but the comic continued until #223 with reprinted material from throughout the magazine's life.

Characters

Sonic the Hedgehog
As the central protagonist and main character of the comic, Sonic's personality differed slightly from his typical portrayals in other Sonic fiction; a flawed hero, he can act arrogant, rude and somewhat self-centred, being condescending towards Tails in particular (often referring to him as "pixel brain"). Despite his flaws, Sonic will always rescue the innocent from danger when the situation arises. After Johnny Lightfoot's death at the hands of Chaos, Sonic blames himself and disappears for a short while, returning from his self-imposed exile with a less egocentric attitude and a stronger will. Sonic's origin was first used in 1991 in a Disney comic then now put into Sonic the Comic. Sonic was once a brown hedgehog, he then one day met the scientist Dr. Kintobor who invented a machine powered by the mysterious power of the Chaos Emeralds. Dr. Kintobor also invented Sonic's trademark speed shoes to help amplify Sonic's speed. While testing Dr. Kintobor's invention, Sonic broke the sound barrier, giving him his looks and speed. The adaptation of Sonic Adventure led to Sonic's redesign to match his modern incarnation.

When Sonic is required to do some undercover work, he adopts the persona of "Bob Beaky", a heavily wrapped-up bird.

Miles "Tails" Prower
Tails is Sonic's best friend as well as sidekick. Tails is commonly insulted by Sonic, who often calls him "Pixel Brain". Despite this, Tails still looks up to him. Tails was born in the Nameless Zone. Similar to Tails' backstory in the Canon games, he used to get picked on due to his twin tails. Tails eventually ran off and was found by Sonic in the Swamp Zone. This depiction of Tails does not have the genius-level intelligence of his video game counterpart, but is capable of flying the Tornado on his own, and coming up with cunning schemes to triumph over his enemies.

Knuckles the Echidna
Knuckles is the guardian of the Master Emerald, which gives the Chaos Emeralds their power as well as the secret to the Floating Island's levitation powers. Following the adaptation of Sonic Adventure, Knuckles is also in possession of one of the Chaos Emeralds. In this media depiction, Knuckles is not too fond of Sonic's character, and is notably less gullible than his video game counterpart.

Amy Rose
Amy first appeared in a two-part story where she was arrested by Dr. Robotnik's Trooper Badniks for the criminal offense of association with Sonic; she had been saying she was his girlfriend. While annoyed at the fact she had been lying about them being an "item", Sonic still had a duty to rescue her and did so, but to his horror realised that she was now a fugitive and would have to stay with the Freedom Fighters.

Amy's character swiftly matured as the comic went on and became one of the most valuable members of the Freedom Fighters, especially due to her expert marksmanship with her crossbow (as opposed to wielding the Piko Piko Hammer), which she created herself. The notion of a love interest in Sonic was, for the most part, underplayed and one of the comic's writers, Nigel Kitching, revealed he saw it partly as Amy just trying to annoy Sonic. Several times, Sonic would be left exasperated by either civilians assuming the two were dating, which Amy would play along with or her playing up the crush. Because of this, when trapped on the Miracle Planet with her, he faked being lost for two days.

She appeared often in strips, with a few solo stories by Lew Stringer where she saved the day without the others noticing. She constantly showed self-righteousness, pragmatism and quick thinking: in the story "Plasma" in #78, she both worked out how to defeat the villain and let Sonic believe he had as she knew that, as a symbol of hope for Mobius, "it's important that they think it's him who saves the day!". She also took a second-in-command role, taking full control when Sonic was absent or transformed into Super Sonic. When Sonic was lost in the Special Zone, she led the Freedom Fighters until he returned in #100. At a later part of the comic's life, Amy would be mostly written by Lew Stringer as a straightforward adventurer and had a long series of back-up strips teamed up with her best friend Tekno.

Nigel Kitching originally planned for Amy to be more of an irritant for Sonic, influenced by 1930s and 40s "Hollywood screwball comedies" like It's a Wonderful World, but while still being a capable fighter. However, Deborah Tate wanted the character to be of a role model for girls, as she was the only female regular character at the time, and dictated that she be more sensible and mature.

The Chaotix Crew
The Chaotix characters – Vector, Mighty, Espio, and Charmy – were written into Sonic the Comic as protectors of the Special Zone. The storyline had them framed without losing Sonic's trust. Along with Knuckles, this ensemble has been developed through many adventures as some of Sonic's best friends, always willing to help out.

Lists of heroes and villains

Heroes

Sonic the Hedgehog
Miles "Tails" Prower
Knuckles the Echidna
Amy Rose
Johnny Lightfoot
Porker Lewis
Shortfuse the Cybernik
Tekno the Canary
The Chaotix Crew
The Omni-Viewer
Doctor Ovi Kintobor
Tikal the Echidna
Morain Blackthorn
Ebony the Cat
Norris Wimple
Fabian Vane
Eternity Ring
Big the Cat
Police Chief Bodger
The Ultimax
Pyjamas
Blockhead Bill
Sally and Tufftee Acorn
Queen Bee

Villains

Doctor Robotnik
Grimer
Super Sonic
Doctor Zachary
Commander Brutus
Captain Plunder
The Drakon Empire
Metallix, the Metal Sonic and the Brotherhood of Metallix
Nack the Weasel
Megatox
Nutzan Bolt
Chaos
The Plax
Trogg
Lord Sidewinder
Max Gamble
Vermin the Cybernik
D.R.A.T.
Metamorphia
Marxio Brothers
Death-Trap
Colonel Percy Granite
Windy Wallis
Cam and Bert
Vichama
The Family
Percival Kane
Ryan Baggit
Spice Maidens
Ms Alpha, Mr Beta, Mr Gamma and Mr Delta

Non-Sonic comic strips
When STC started out, three of the four strips in each issue originated from games other than Sonic. After a while, they were gradually replaced by Sonic spin-offs.

Shinobi (3 series)
Streets of Rage (3 series)
Kid Chameleon (2 series)
Eternal Champions (2 series)
Golden Axe (2 series)
Decap Attack (3 series)
"Pirate STC" (1 series)
Marko's Magic Football (1 series)
Ecco the Dolphin (2 series)
Wonder Boy (2 series)
Sparkster (1 series)
Mutant League Football (1 series)
Shining Force (1 series)
"Megadroid" (2 series)

Of these, "Pirate STC" and the "Megadroid" strips was the only ones not to be based on an existing video game; "Pirate STC" was based on a series of adverts for the Sega Mega Drive and Mega-CD, while the "Megadroid" strips were based on the host robot of Sonic the Comic.

Decap Attack
Decap Attack was an adaptation of a Genesis/Mega Drive game. The strip outlasted all the other non-Sonic strips, seemingly becoming Nigel Kitching's pet project. Richard Piers Rayner co-wrote some episodes and Mike McMahon drew several.

The strip contained a very absurdist and manic sense of black humour, dealing with the daily life of Chuck, Head (the talking skull who, to Head's annoyance, gets thrown at enemies), the evil-minded Igor (who is constantly trying to kill Chuck) and the stereotypical mad scientist Professor Frank N. Stein, who is actually putting on his German accent and really comes from Cardiff. The game's adversary Max D. Cap only appeared twice, along with his accountant sidekick Rupert, who is constantly encouraging Max to be more stereotypically evil in his mannerisms. In the first story, he was chased away by the horror of Stein's newest creation, a creature cloned with half a brain ("...a Blockbusters contestant!"); in the second, he was in charge of the train to Hell ("now boarding for Hell, Damnation and Milton Keynes") that transported new damned souls.

Streets of Rage
Three comic strip series based on the Streets of Rage Genesis/Mega Drive games were published in Sonic the Comic. The strip first appeared in issue 7 of STC and was written by Mark Millar, and the last Streets of Rage story ran from STC 41-46 and was written by Nigel Kitching. All three series featured artwork by Peter Richardson.

The strip was set in a city ruled by Mr. X and his organised crime group The Syndicate, who were opposed by the video games' player characters Axel, Blaze, Max and later Skate. In the first story, Axel, Blaze and Max quit the police force and become vigilantes. Streets of Rage was darker and more violent than STC's other strips, and the stories were relatively long for the comic, being told over six parts.

Related publications

In addition to Sonic the Comic, nine issues of Sonic the Poster Mag were published. This comic consisted of an A1-sized poster, on the reverse of which was printed a comic strip in A4-sized sections. The poster was folded to match the pages of the comic. Most of the stories were based around Sonic, but one was devoted to Shinobi and another to Streets of Rage. Issues 1 & 2 were not strips. Issue 1 contained information on the two cartoon series (Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog and "SatAM") and the second featured game tips for Sonic Chaos.

In 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1999 Sonic Summer Specials were published. The 1995 issue consisted mainly of reprinted material from Sonic the Poster Mag, and the 1999 edition was entirely reprints. In addition, in 1996 the Knuckles Knock-Out Special was printed, containing material devoted to Sonic's "friendly rival".

Collected editions

Four 32-page compilation books were released by Ravette Publishing in 1994. Early Sonic stories were reprinted in Sonic the Hedgehog Beats the Badniks (issues 1–4) and Sonic the Hedgehog: Spin Attack (issues 6 & 8–10), while Shinobi: The Fear Pavilion (issues 1–6) and Streets of Rage: Bad City Fighters (issues 7–12) each collected the complete first story from their respective series.

Twenty-five copies of each book were given away as competition prizes in issues 23 (Beats the Badniks and Spin Attack) and 24 (Shinobi and Streets of Rage), although in each competition the winners were unable to choose which of the two books to receive as a prize.

Virgin Books

In 1993, Virgin Publishing released four Sonic novels, written by James Wallis, Carl Sargent and Marc Gascoigne under the collective pseudonym "Martin Adams". These were based on the origin established in Stay Sonic and shared many similarities with early STC, including the origin of Robotnik and the early cast (Johnny, Porker, Sally Acorn, Joe Sushi et al.). The second title, Sonic the Hedgehog in the Fourth Dimension, involved a time-travelling Sonic being forced to ensure Kintobor became Robotnik, in order to save Mobius - several years before STC featured a similar plot element.

GamesTM feature on STC
In its 87th issue, the British video games magazine GamesTM featured a four-page article on "Sonic The Comic," entitled "Paper With Attitude," which included observations by various people who worked on the comic such as Nigel Kitching, scans of the comic, a production sketch of Captain Plunder, and the history of STC. Amongst the points raised in the article included the following:

• Unlike a number of other comics (such as those made by Marvel) any artwork was drawn only after STC was written as a full script.

• Halfway during Robert Corona's tenure, a new licensing agency came up with new guidelines for drawing Sonic, which included the position, orientation, and the number of his spikes varying from each angle, the fact that Sonic's pupils "always had to be touching some part of the outside of his eyes," and the fact that they could never show Sonic's teeth.

• There were restrictions on the amount of violence allowed. A lynching scene in the "Knuckles" series, for instance, was redrawn to place the noose around his body rather than his neck, while in a "Sonic" story a gun was redrawn to have it fire a sucker dart. There was, however, more freedom in regards to other Sega franchises, as characterised by the "Decap Attack" series, where Kitching (in his own words) "got away with murder" and in terms of the story where the brain of the detective was physically removed to erase his memories, Kitching was "absurdly proud of this for some reason."

• The Megadroid mascot was the creation of Richard Burton.

• Nigel Kitching decided to have Robotnik overthrown in the 100th issue because he felt that the fact that Robotnik remaining dictator of Mobius despite the number of times Sonic defeated him sent out a negative message: that evil "can never actually be defeated."

• The news, game, and review sections were removed later on during the comic's run due to budgetary reasons.

• Positive comments were made about the unofficial continuation of STC, STC Online. Nigel Kitching noted that the people at STC Online "are producing rather good continuations of the STC strips." Robert Corona noted that he couldn't say "how impressed I am at the dedication and talent that goes into STC Online," feeling that it was great that "those guys refused to accept the end just because the publisher decided to pull the plug." Andy Diggle was also pleased about STC finding a new home, noting that "It's nice to see that STC actually HAS an online presence."

References

1993 comics debuts
Children's magazines published in the United Kingdom
British comic strips
Comics magazines published in the United Kingdom
Online magazines published in the United Kingdom
Video game magazines published in the United Kingdom
Comics based on Sonic the Hedgehog
Defunct British comics
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Fantasy comics
Fleetway and IPC Comics titles
Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1993
Magazines disestablished in 2002
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Magazines about comics
Comics set on fictional planets

Sonic the Comic


Aceasta este o listă de actori algerieni.

A
Hadj Abderrahmane
 Sid Ahmed Agoumi

B
 Yahia Benmabrouk
M'hamed Benguettaf
 Biyouna
Mohamed Bouchaïb

C
Mohamed Chouikh

E
 Hassan El Hassani

F
 Fellag

H
 Abderahmane Hadj
Hassan El-Hassani
Jean Hébey
 Mohamed Hilmi

K
 Sid Ali Kouiret

L
Sara Lalama

M
Moussa Maaskri

R
 Rouiched

S
 Farida Saboundji
Lyes Salem

Z
Larbi Zekkal
Soria Zeroual

Note

Vezi și

 Listă de regizori algerieni

algerieni
Actori
 Listă
Cinematografia algeriană

Listă de actori algerieni


Didžiosios Kabiškės er en landsby i Litauen. Landsbyen har en befolkning på 757 indbyggere.

Geografi
Landsbyen ligger 24 km mod nordøst på Vilnius, hovedstaden i Litauen.

Kilder

Byer i Vilnius apskritis

Didžiosios Kabiškės


Carchemish (  or  ), also spelled Karkemish (), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria. At times during its history the city was independent, but it was also part of the Mitanni, Hittite and Neo-Assyrian Empires. Today it is on the frontier between Turkey and Syria.

It was the location of an important battle, about 605 BC, between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible (Jer. 46:2). Modern neighbouring cities are Karkamış in Turkey and Jarabulus in Syria (also Djerablus, Jerablus, Jarablos, Jarâblos).

Geography of the site

Carchemish is now an extensive set of ruins (90 hectares, of which 55 lie in Turkey and 35 in Syria), located on the West bank of Euphrates River, about  southeast of Gaziantep, Turkey, and  northeast of Aleppo, Syria. The site is crossed by the Baghdad Railway that now forms the Turco-Syrian border. The site includes an acropolis along the river, an Inner Town encircled by earthen ramparts and an Outer Town (most of which lies in Syrian territory). A Turkish military base has been established at the site and access but only the acropolis is presently of restricted access.

History of research

Carchemish has always been well known to scholars because of several references to it in the Bible (Jer. 46:2; 2 Chr. 35:20; Isa. 10:9) and in Egyptian and Assyrian texts. In 1874, James H. Skene, British Consul at Aleppo proposed its identification. This was confirmed in 1876 by George Smith. Carchemish had been previously identified, incorrectly, with the Classical city of Circesium, at the confluence of the Khabur River and the Euphrates.

Between 1878 and 1881 soundings were conducted by Consul Patrick Henderson on behalf of the British Museum. Between 1911 and 1914 full excavations were conducted under the direction of D. G. Hogarth. In 1911 on the field there were D. G. Hogarth himself, R. C. Thompson, and T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), from 1912 to 1914 C. L. Woolley and T. E. Lawrence, while a last campaign took place in 1920 with C. L. Woolley and Philip Langstaffe Ord Guy. Excavations were interrupted in 1914 by World War I and then ended in 1920 with the Turkish War of Independence. These expeditions uncovered substantial remains of the Assyrian and Neo-Hittite periods, including defensive structures, temples, palaces, and numerous basalt statues and reliefs with Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions. Between 1956 and 1998, the whole site had been mined by the Turkish Land Forces.

With the completion in February 2011 of mine clearing operations on the Turkish portion of the site, archaeological work was resumed in September 2011. Excavations in the Inner and Outer Towns were carried out by a joint Turco-Italian team from the Universities of Bologna, Gaziantep, and University of Istanbul under the direction of Prof. Dr. Nicolò Marchetti.

The second season, from August to November 2012, brought several new art findings and archaeological discoveries, the most remarkable of which is Katuwa's Palace (c. 900 BC) to the east of the Processional Entry.

The third season, from May to October 2013, extended the exposure of Katuwa's palace, retrieving a cuneiform tablet with an exorcism in the name of the god Marduk, as well as the ruins of Lawrence's excavation house in the Inner Town, from which literally hundreds of fragments of sculptures and hieroglyphic inscriptions have been retrieved.

The fourth season started in May 2014 and continued through October 2014: in Katuwa's palace several orthostats exquisitely carved with a procession of gazelle-bearers have been found, some of them in situ, next to a courtyard paved with squared slabs. In the Neo Assyrian period that courtyard was covered by a mosaic floor made of river pebbles forming squares alternating in black and white color. Lawrence's excavation house was completely excavated.

During the fifth season, April to October 2015, more significant discoveries have been made in the palace area, both for Late Hittite sculptures, and Neo Assyrian refurbishments, with tens of items—including two fragments of clay prismatical cylinders inscribed with a unique cuneiform text by Sargon, intended for display, telling how he captured and reorganized the city of Karkemish—retrieved in a 14-m-deep well, sealed in 605 BC at the time of the Late Babylonian takeover.

The sixth season, May to July 2016, saw a number of excavation areas opened also near the border, due to the added security represented by the construction of the wall (see below). Thus, in 2016 a complete stratigraphic record was obtained also for peripheral areas, greatly adding to our understanding of urban development between LB II and the Achaemenid period.

In the seventh season, from 7 May to 18 July 2017, the major breakthroughs were the beginning of the excavations on the north-western end of the acropolis and the discovery in the eastern Lower Palace area of a monumental building dating from the LB II. Among the finds, in addition to new sculpted complete artworks from the Iron Age, fragments of Imperial Hittite clay cuneiform tablets and c. 250 inscribed bullae should be mentioned.

The eighth season lasted from 4 May to 20 July 2019 and revealed a massive palace on the top of the acropolis dating from Late Bronze II, exposed more architecture and finds from the LB II administrative building in area C East (which seems to be the Hittite E2.KIŠIB) and more of the Iron I storage facility in area S.

Archaeological investigations on the Syrian side have been conducted as part of the Land of Carchemish project: investigations of the Outer Town of Carchemish were undertaken in conjunction with the DGAM in Damascus and with the funding and sponsorship of the Council for British Research in the Levant and of the British Academy, under the direction of the late Professors T. J. Wilkinson and E. Peltenburg.

Current Status
Conservation and presentation works have now been completed and the archaeological park at the site is finally open since 13 July 2019, thanks to the support also of Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality and Gaziantep Province: the site may be visited between 9 am and one hour before sunset through guided tours every two hours for security reasons. Financial support has been received by the three Universities mentioned above, by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Sanko Holding, with the technical support also of Şahinbey Municipality and Inta A.Ş.

The Outer Town area lying in Syria has been designated, already before the Syrian Civil War, an endangered cultural heritage site and labelled "at risk" by the Global Heritage Fund, due to the agricultural expansion and, especially, the urban encroachment. The field assessment of the Syrian part of the Outer Town documented that parts of the modern border town of Jerablus encroached upon the Outer Town. In July 2019, a scientific visit to the outer town in Syria by the Turco-Italian Archaeological Expedition at Karkemish, entailed the protection of the area from further encroachment by the sprawling town of Jerablus and by the facilities for trucks which were being built to the South of the border: the City Council of Jerablus declared all the area enclosed by the Iron Age city walls a "first degree protected site", meaning the complete ban of any activity on it.

In February 2016, a prefabricated security wall (thus with no foundations that could have damaged the ancient site) was completed by the Turkish Army to the south of the railway, stretching between the Euphrates bridge and the train station of Karkamış.

History

The site has been occupied since the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods (pot burials).

Early Bronze
Cist tombs from ca. 2400 BC (Early Bronze Age). The city is mentioned in documents found in the Ebla archives of the 3rd millennium BC.

Middle Bronze
According to documents from the archives of Mari and Alalakh, dated from c. 1800 BC, Carchemish was then ruled by a king named Aplahanda, followed by his don Iatar-ami (a contemporary of Mari ruler Zimri-Lim) and was an important center of timber trade. It had treaty relationships with Ugarit and Mitanni (Hanilgalbat). Another ruler of Carchemish in that period was Iahdun-Lim. In ancient times, the city commanded the main ford in the region across the Euphrates, a situation which must have contributed greatly to its historical and strategic importance. After about 1745 BC, and the reign of Yahdul-Lim, not much is further known about Carchemish.

Yamhad influence
Little is known until the 1620s, when the city is mentioned in connection with the siege of Urshu (Ursha) by the Hittite king Hattusili I. At that time, Carchemish was allied with the kingdom of Yamhad, centered in Aleppo, in supporting Urshu, but their efforts were unsuccessful, and the city fell, along with many other Syrian cities. Hattusili and his successor Mursili I campaigned several years against Yamhad.

Late Bronze

Egyptian influence
Pharaoh Thutmose I of the Eighteenth Dynasty  erected a stele near Carchemish to celebrate his conquest of Syria and other lands beyond the Euphrates.

Mitanni influence
Under the Mitanni Empire, the city was a stronghold of Tushratta of Mitanni until its siege and conquest by Suppiluliuma I (c. 1345 BC).

Hittite influence
Around the end of the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten, Carchemish was captured by king Šuppiluliuma I of the Hittites (c. 14th century BC), who made it into a kingdom ruled by his son Piyassili.

Piyassili (Šarri-Kušuḫ) was followed by his son Shakhurunuwa (:fr:Sahurunuwa), about whom relatively little is known. He participated in the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BC). He was followed by Ini-Teššub.

Iron Age
The city became one of the most important centres in the Hittite Empire, during the Late Bronze Age, and reached its apogee around the 13th century BC.  While the Hittite empire fell to the Sea Peoples during the Bronze Age collapse, Carchemish survived the Sea Peoples' attacks to continue to be  the capital of an important Neo-Hittite kingdom in the Iron Age, and a trading center.

Although Ramesses III states in an inscription dating to his 8th Year from his Medinet Habu mortuary temple that Carchemish was destroyed by the Sea Peoples, the city evidently survived the onslaught.

Kuzi-Teshub I
King Kuzi-Teshub (Kuzi-Tesup) is attested in power here and was the son of Talmi-Teshub who was a contemporary of the last Hittite king, Šuppiluliuma II. He and his successors ruled a "mini-empire" stretching from Southeast Asia Minor to Northern Syria and the West bend of the Euphrates under the title "Great King". This suggests that Kuzi-Tesub saw himself as the true heir of the line of the great Šuppiluliuma I and that the central dynasty at Hattusa was now defunct. This powerful polity lasted from  to 975 BC when it began losing control of its farther possessions and became gradually a more local city state centered around Carchemish.

After Kuzi-Teshub, some of the kings of Carchemish, such as Tuthaliya I, Sapaziti, and Ura-Tarhunza, continued to use the title 'Great King' in order to advance their power interests.

House of Suhi

Suhi I was the first known ruler of the dynasty of Carchemish that followed. He ruled in early 10th century BC, and was followed by Astuwalamanza.

Katuwa, son of Suhi II, is the best known ruler of this dynasty as known in the Hieroglyphic Luwian sources. He reigned around 880 BC.

Relations with Assyria
In the mid-13th century BC, after the fall of the Mitanni, Shalmaneser I visited Carchemish together with Prince Tukultī-Ninurta.

In the 9th century BC, King Sangara (870-848 BC), the last member of the dynasty, paid tribute to Kings Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III of Assyria.

Sangara already appeared in the Balawat Bronze Bands of Ashurnasirpal II as a tributary probably at some time before 868 BC. According to the archaeologist Shigeo Yamada, Karkamish may have been known during this period as 'Sazabê', "a fortified city of Sangara the Karkamishean". Nevertheless, Sangara failed to leave any inscriptions at the city of Karkamish itself as far as is known. Still, in 2015 his name was identified in Hieroglyphic Luwian for the first time in a local inscription.

Following this period, Karkamish does not appear in Assyrian sources until the mid-8th century BC. The only exception was a brief mention by Samši-Adad V (824–811 BC). Nevertheless, only 20 km downstream the Euphrates river, at the city of Til-Barsip (modern Tell Ahmar), the Assyrians established an important provincial capital. They renamed their new city as 'Kar-Shalmaneser', yet the old name was also used.

Stele of Kubaba
In 2015, for the first time, the name of Sangara has been documented in a hieroglyphic Luwian inscription originally erected in Carchemish, itself. The six extant pieces of the basalt stele of the goddess Kubaba from Karkemish, currently housed in three different museums, have finally been all discovered and assembled together. This stele was made by king Kamani of Karkemish around 790 BC. The top part of this stele was drawn in 1876 by George Smith and transported in 1881 to the British Museum.

In 1876, this was the longest hieroglyphic Luwian inscription known until then. Based on it, Smith was the first to link the site with the Hittites as mentioned in the Bible, and also to identify it as Carchemish.

The House of Suhi are known for their extensive building program. They left a prominent set of monuments, with sculptures and inscriptions. Among the monuments they left, there are portal lions, inscriptions, relief orthostats and freestanding statues.

House of Astiruwa

The House of Astiruwa was the last known dynasty of rulers of Carchemish, and king Astiruwa (ca 848-790 BC) was the founder of this dynasty. Then came kings Yariri, Kamani, and Sastura.

King Yariri started to reign after 790 BC. He was a great scholar, and left extensive records of his time.

Carchemish was conquered  by Sargon II in 717 BC in the reign of King Pisiri, the last ruler of the House of Astiruwa.

Battle of Carchemish
In the summer of 605 BC, the Battle of Carchemish was fought there by the Babylonian army of Nebuchadnezzar II and that of Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt and the remnants of the Assyrian army (Jer. 46:2). The aim of Necho's campaign was to contain the Westward advance of the Babylonian Empire and cut off its trade route across the Euphrates. However, the Egyptians were defeated by the unexpected attack of the Babylonians and were eventually expelled from Syria.

After a brief Neo-Babylonian occupation, the Turco-Italian excavations found evidence for three phases of Achaemenid occupation, a significant reconstruction in Hellenistic times, a monumental phase from the Late Roman period, an Early Byzantine and three Abbasid phases before the final abandonment of the site until the early 1900s.

Kings of Carchemish

Goddess Kubaba

The patron goddess of Carchemish was Kubaba, a deity of apparently Hurrian origins. She was represented as a dignified woman wearing a long robe, standing or seated, and holding a mirror. The main male deity of the town was Karhuha, akin to the Hittite stag-god Kurunta.

Kubaba was also the goddess of Alalakh, located in the coastal Amik Valley.

In 2015, a basalt stele of Kubaba, originally from Karkemish, was assembled back together from six separate broken pieces currently housed in three different museums around the world. This stele was originally made by king Kamani of Karkemish around 790 BC. The Luwian hieroglyphic inscription on this stele can now be read more fully, and it carries some important information about Karkemish history.

Kubaba appears to be one of the three main deities worshipped in Carchemish during the Middle Bronze Age. The other two were Nergal and Nubandag. The chief god was the Mesopotamian-influenced Nergal, who was the city-god of Carchemish. He was also called Il-Karkamis, "God of Karkemish", as is evidenced on an Old Babylonian hematite cylinder seal in the British Museum collections (BM 89172).

The warrior god Nubandag has Hurrian roots. According to the Mari texts, he was worshipped at Carchemish in the Old Babylonian period along with Nergal.

Later, beginning in the mid-14th century BC, the city-god of Carchemish became the warrior god Karhuha, similar to Kurunta (god). He was seen as a Stag-god, and his cult was probably introduced to Carchemish under the Mitannian influence.

These deities clearly reflect the geographical position of Carchemish at the crossing of important trade routes; because of this, the city became a mixed cultural and religious centre.

Material Culture
Among the many artefacts recovered at Karkemish, typical of this territory are the Handmade Syrian Horses and Riders and the Syrian Pillar Figurines. These are clay figurines dating from mid-8th-7th centuries BCE that have been found in several hundreds in the town. These terracottas were manufactured during the Neo-Assyrian phase of Karkemish and it is currently believed they might have represented male and female characters performing distinguished public roles.

See also

Cities of the ancient Near East
Short chronology timeline
Jerablus Tahtani
Karkamış
 Carchemish Phoenician inscription

Notes

References

BRITISH MUSEUM EXPEDITION

  Hogarth D.G., Carchemish I: Introductory, The British Museum Press, London 1914, repr. 1969.
  Woolley C.L., Carchemish II: Town Defences: Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on Behalf of the British Museum, British Museum Press, London 1921, repr. 1969, . Carchemish II
  Woolley C.L. & Barnett R.D., Carchemish III: Excavations in the Inner Town: Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on Behalf of the British Museum, British Museum Press, London 1952, repr. 1978, . Carchemish III

TURCO-ITALIAN EXPEDITION
 Bitelli G., Girardi F.,  Girelli V.A., Digital enhancement of the 3D scan of Suhi I's stele from Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 154–161.
 Bolognani B.,The Iron Age Figurines from Karkemish (2011–2015 Campaigns) and the Coroplastic Art of the Syro-Anatolian Region, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bologna, Bologna (2017). amsdottorato.unibo.it/8222/7/Bolognani_Barbara_tesi.pdf
 Bolognani B., "The Iron Age Female Figurines from Karkemish and the Middle Euphrates Valley. Preliminary Notes on Some Syrian Pillar Figurines", in Donnat S., Hunziker-Rodewald R., Weygand I. (eds), Figurines féminines nues : Proche-Orient, Égypte, Nubie, Méditerranée, Asie centrale (VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C.  - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.), Proceedings of the International Conference "Figurines féminines nues. Proche-Orient, Egypte, Nubie, Méditerranée, Asie centrale", June 25th-26th 2015, MISHA, Strasbourg, Études d'archéologie et d'histoire ancienne (EAHA), De Boccard, Paris, pp. 209–223 (2020a). Bolognani 2020a
 Bolognani, B., "Figurines as Social Markers: The Neo-Assyrian Impact on the Northern Levant as Seen from the Material Culture", in Gavagnin K., Palermo R. (eds), Imperial Connections. Interactions and Expansions from Assyria to the Roman Period. Proceedings of the 5th "Broadening Horizons" Conference, 5–8 June 2017, Udine(West & East Monografie 2), University of Udine, Udine, pp. 43–57 (2020b).Bolognani 2020b
 Dinçol A., Dinçol B., Hawkins J.D., Marchetti N., Peker H., A Stele by Suhi I from Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 143–153.
 Dinçol A., Dinçol B., Peker H., An Anatolian Hieroglyphic Cylinder Seal from the Hilani at Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 162–165.
 Marchesi G., Epigraphic Materials of Karkemish from the Middle Bronze Age, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 166–181.
 Marchesi G., A Bilingual Literary Text from Karmenish Featuring Marduk (with contributions by W.R. Mayer and S.V. Panayotov), in Orientalia 83/4 (2014), pp. 333–340.
 Marchetti N., "The 2011 Joint Turco-Italian Excavations at Karkemish", in 34. kazı sonuçları toplantısı, 28 Mayıs-1 Haziran 2012, Çorum. 1. cilt, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Ankara (2013), pp. 349–364. kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/Eklenti/7332,34kazi1.pdf?0
 Marchetti N., The 2012 Joint Turco-Italian Excavations at Karkemish, in 35. kazı sonuçları toplantısı, 27–31 Mayıs 2013, Muğla. 3. cilt, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Ankara (2014), pp. 233–248. kulturvarliklari.gov.tr/Eklenti/27148,35kazi3.pdf?0
Marchetti N., Karkemish. An Ancient Capital on the Euphrates (OrientLab 2), Ante Quem, Bologna (2014). free download orientlab.net/pubs (free download)
 Marchetti N., Bronze Statuettes from the Temples of Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/3 (2014), pp. 305–320.
 Marchetti N., Karkemish. New Discoveries in the Last Hittite Capital, in Current World Archaeology 70 (2015), pp 18–24. world-archaeology.com/issue-70/cwa-70.htm
 Marchetti N., Les programmes publics de communication visuelle à Karkemish entre la fin du IIe millénaire et le début du Ier millénaire avant J.-C., in V. Blanchard (ed.), Royaumes oubliés. De l'Empire hittite aux Araméens, Louvre éditions, Paris, (2019), pp. 154–161.
 Marchetti N. et al., Karkemish on the Euphrates: Excavating a City's History, in Near Eastern Archaeology 75/3 (2012), pp. 132–147.jstor.org/stable/10.5615/neareastarch.75.issue-3
 Marchetti N., Peker H., A Stele from Gürçay near Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 182–188.
Peker, Hasan, "A New Funerary Stele from Karkemish and New Values for Some Anatolian Hieroglyphic Signs", Belleten 87.309, pp. 357-383, 2023
 Peker H., A Funerary Stele from Yunus, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 189–193.
 Peker H., Texts from Karkemish I. Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from the 2011-2015 Excavations (OrientLab Series Maior 1), Ante Quem, Bologna (2016).
 Pizzimenti S., Three Glyptic Documents from Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 194–201.
 Zaina F. (ed.), Excavations at Karkemish I. The Stratigraphic Sequence of Area G (OrientLab Series Maior 3), Ante Quem, Bologna, (2019).
 Zecchi M., A Note on Two Egyptian Seal Impressions from Karkemish, in Orientalia 83/2 (2014), pp. 202–206.

OTHER REFERENCES
 GüterbockH.G., Carchemish, in Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13/2 (1954), pp. 102–114.
 Hayes Ward W.M., Unpublished or Imperfectly Published Hittite Monuments. III. Reliefs at Carchemish=Jerablûs, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, vol. 4, pp. 172–174, (1988).*
 Hawkins J.D.,"Kargamiš.", Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (1980).
 Hawkins J.D., Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions I. Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (2000), .
 Hutter M., "Aspects of Luwian Religion", in H.C. Melchert (ed.), The Luwians, Brill, (2003).
 Peltenburg E., Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC, Oxbow Books, (2007).
 Wilson D.M., The British Museum. A history. The British Museum Press, London, 2002.
 Woolley, C. Leonard, "The Prehistoric Pottery of Carchemish", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 146–62, 1934

External links

Official website of the Turco-Italian Archaeological Expedition to Karkemish
Land of Carchemish Project, Syria
Activities of the joint Turkish-Italian Archaeological Mission (in Italian)
Carchemish images

Ancient Assyrian cities
Syro-Hittite states
Archaeological sites in Aleppo Governorate
Archaeological sites in Southeastern Anatolia
Former populated places in Syria
Roman towns and cities in Syria
History of Gaziantep Province

Carchemish


Carlos Joseph Condit (født 26. april 1984 i Albuquerque i New Mexico, USA) er en amerikansk MMA-udøver, som siden 2009 har konkurreret i organisationen Ultimate Fighting Championship. Han er i Danmark mest kendt for sine 2 UFC-kampe mod danske Martin Kampmann.

Tidlige liv
Condit er af østrigsk, tysk, indfødt amerikansk and mexicansk afstamning. Condits far, Brian, var tidligere New Mexico guvernør og demokratisk præsident kandidat Bill Richardson. Condit gik på Cibola High School i Albuquerques vestlige del. Han begyndte til brydning i en alder af ni og gik til det gennem high school og startede med at træne Gaidojutsu ved Greg Jackson som 15-årig.

MMA

Tidlige karriere
Condit blev professionel som 18-årig, hvor det tog ham mindre end 1 minut at submitte Nick Roscorta med rear-naked choke i sin debutkamp i Juárez i Mexico den 6. september, 2002.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2009–nu)
Condit startede i UFC efter at have konkurreret i WEC. Han fik sin debut den 1. april, 2009, ved UFC Fight Night 18 hvor han mødte Martin Kampmann. Condit tabte kampen via split decision.

Herefter skulle han have mødt Chris Lytle den 16. september, 2009, på UFC Fight Night 19, men Lytle droppede fra på grund af en knæskade. UFC-nykommeren Jake Ellenberger trådte til og erstattede Lytle. Condit besejre Ellenberger via split decision og fik dermed sin første UFC-sejr.

Condit måtte senere droppe ud af en planlagt kamp på UFC 108 mod Paul Daley på grund af en håndskade.

Condit mødte Georges St-Pierre den 17, november 17, 2012, på UFC 154. Condit blev den anden mand nogensinde, der havde slået St. Pierre ned i UFC, da han ramte ham med et hovedspark tidligt i tredje omgang og overfaldt ham, men uden at stand til at færdiggøre ham. Han tabte kampen via en enstemmig afgørelse i en tæt kamp hvor bege kæmpere modtog Fight of the Night-prisen for deres indsats. Efter kampen påstod St-Pierre at Condit var den bedste kæmper han nogensinde havde været oppe mod.

Condit skulle have mødt Rory MacDonald i en rematch den 16. marts, 2013, på UFC 158. Men, MacDonald meldte afbud på grund af en skade og blev erstattet af Johny Hendricks. Mens Condit var i stand til at udbokse Hendricks i store dele af kampen, var Hendricks i stand til at score adskillige takedowns i hver omgang, hvilket gav Hendricks sejren via enstemmig afgørelse. Deres optræden gav begge kæmpere Fight of the Night-prisen.

Condit mødte Martin Kampmann i en rematch den 28. august, 2013, på UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann 2. Efter 1. omgang hvor Kampmann havde kontrolleret med sin brydning var Condit i stand til at anvende sit mere varierede arsenlal af slag og spark i resten af kampen hvilket resulterede i et TKO fjerde omgang via en serie af slag og spark, og revancherede dermed sit tidligere nederlag. Kampen gav ligeledes Condit hans tredje (og fjerede i alt) Fight of the Night bonuspris i træk.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Carlos Condit – UFC.com

MMA-udøvere fra USA
Kampsportsudøvere
Personer fra Albuquerque, New Mexico

Carlos Condit


Jadon Malik Sancho (født 25. marts 2000) er en engelsk professionel fodboldspiller, som spiller for Premier League-klubben Manchester United F.C. og Englands landshold.

Baggrund
Sancho er født i det sydlige London i England. Begge hans forældre kommer fra Trinidad og Tobago.

Klubkarriere

Borussia Dortmund
Sancho kom igennem Manchester Citys ungdomsakademi, men skiftede til Borussia Dortmund i august 2017, før han spillede en kamp for Citys førstehold.  Han blev hos Dortmund med samme en del af førsteholdet, hvor han imponerende. Han blev i 2018-19 sæsonen inkluderet på årets hold i Bundesligaen.

Han blev igen inkluderet i årets hold i 2019-20 sæsonen. Han scorede to mål i DFB-pokal finalen imod RB Leipzig i 2021, da Dortmund vandt tuneringen.

Manchester United
Sancho skiftede i juli 2021 til Manchester United.

Landsholdskarriere

Ungdomslandshold
Sancho har repræsenteret England på flere ungdomsniveauer. Han var del af Englands trup som vandt U/17 VM i 2017.

Seniorlandshold
Sancho debuterede for seniorlandsholdet den 12. oktober 2021. Han var del af Englands trup til EM 2020.

England nåede til finalen ved EM 2020, hvor at de tabte på straffespark til Italien. Sancho missede her sit straffespark, og han, sammen med holdkammerater Marcus Rashford og Bukayo Saka, som også havde misset deres straffespark, blev efter kampen udsat for store mængder af racistiske kommentarer online.

Titler
Borussia Dortmund
 DFB-Pokal: 1 (2020-21)
 DFL-Supercup: 1 (2019)

England U/17

 U/17 Verdensmesterskabet: 1 (2017)

Individuelle

 U/17 Verdensmesterskabet Tuneringens spiller: 1 (2017)
 U/17 Europamesterskabet Tuneringens hold: 1 (2017)
 Bundesliga Månedens spiller: 3 (Oktober 2018, Februar 2020, Februar 2021)
 Bundesliga Sæsonens hold: 2 (2018-19, 2019-20)
 kicker Bundesliga Sæsonens hold: 2 (2018-19, 2019-20)
 VDV Sæsonens hold: 2 (2018-19, 2019-20)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra London
Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Borussia Dortmund
Fodboldspillere fra Manchester United F.C.
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2020

Jadon Sancho


Synonycha est un genre d'insectes coléoptères de la famille des coccinelles.

Systématique
Le genre Synonycha a été créé en 1837 par l'entomologiste français Auguste Chevrolat (1799-1884).

Liste d'espèces
Selon ,  et  :
 Synonycha grandis (Thunberg, 1781)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Genre de Coléoptères (nom scientifique)
Coccinellidae
Taxon décrit en 1837

Synonycha


Döhlen ist ein Ortsteil von Probstzella im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Geografie
Döhlen liegt nördlich von Probstzella und westlich einen Kilometer von der Bundesstraße 85 entfernt. Das Dorf erreicht man über die Kreisstraße 159. Die Gemarkung des Ortes mit 194 ha befindet sich auf Flächen der Thüringer Schiefergebirges. Die Flur des Weilers ist kupiert und mit Wald durchsetzt. Das Dorf befindet sich in einem Seitental der Loquitz. In ihm fließt der Dorfbach. Die mittlere Höhenlage beträgt 340 Meter über NN.

Geschichte
Die urkundliche Ersterwähnung fand am 5. Januar 1380 statt. Im 12. Jahrhundert begann in diesem Gebiet die Urbarmachung. Das angelegte Dorf gehörte den Grafen zu Schwarzburg-Leutenberg, später übernahmen es die Herren von Lengefeld mit Sitz in Schweinebach. 1747 erwarb die fürstliche Kammer von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt zwei Güter in Laasen und Döhlen von der Familie Lengefeld für 12.000 Gulden. Am Hang des Kirchberges steht eine kleine Kirche. 1863 wohnten im Dorf acht Bauernfamilien. Der Ort im Leutenberger Gebiet gehörte 1918 zur Oberherrschaft des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Heute leben 66 Personen in Döhlen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Geographie (Probstzella)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1380
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1960

Döhlen (Probstzella)