Süper Baba, 1993-1997 yılları arasında atv'de yayımlanmış olan dram türündeki Türk televizyon dizisidir. Başrollerinde Şevket Altuğ,Jülide Kural,Seray Gözler,Sümer Tilmaç,İsmet Ay,Şevval Sam ve Bennu Yıldırımlar yer almıştır.Toplam   4 sezondan oluşan dizi, 137. bölümü ile sona erdi.

Konusu
Dizide üç çocuklu boşanmış bir baba olan Fikret Aksu namıdiğer Fiko'nun (Şevket Altuğ), çocuklarıyla olan ilişkileri ve aşkları konu alınmıştır. Fiko, Çengelköy'de sabit bir işi olmayan yardımsever bir insandır. İlk aşkı, en yakın arkadaşı Nihat'ın (Sümer Tilmaç) kız kardeşi İpek'tir (Jülide Kural) ve Fiko, hayatındaki en büyük hatayı yaparak Şule adında zengin bir kadınla evlenir. Bu evlilikten 3 çocuğu olan Fiko, İpek'i bir türlü unutamaz ve birkaç yıl sonra boşanır.

Fiko, İpek ile ilgili hislerini yeniden canlandırmaya başlamışken beklenmedik bir kararla İpek, ABD'ye gider. İpek'in bu kararı Fiko için bir yıkım olmuştur ve intihara kadar sürüklemiştir. Sonraki zamanlarda oğlunun okulundaki Fransızca öğretmeni olan Deniz (Şevval Sam) ile bir aşk yaşamaya başlayan Fiko, en yakın arkadaşı Nihat'la bu yüzden kavga bile etmiştir. Sevdiği kadının gerçek adının Deniz değil de Derya olduğunu öğrenen Fiko, sadece isminin değil hayatının da farklı olduğunu görecektir. Deniz'in geçmişte saplantılı bir ilişkisi olmuş ve bu açığa çıkmıştır. Deniz'in saplantılı âşığı ile karşı karşıya gelen Fiko, saplantılı âşığı öldürmek suçundan hapse girer. Daha sonra görülen davalarda suçsuz olduğu anlaşılan Fiko, bu aşkına da kavuşamamıştır.

Hapishanede dertli arkadaşı Celal'in derdine çözüm bulması gerektiğine inanan Fiko'nun bu kararı, kendi hayatını da etkilemiştir. Celal, kızı Zeytin ile kız kardeşi Elif'e göz kulak olmasını istemiştir. Bu konuda elinden gelen her şeyi yapan Fiko'nun Elif (Bennu Yıldırımlar) ile arasında bir çekim başlar. İlk başlarda Fiko, Elif'in yaşı yüzünden bu ilişkiye uzak dursa da zamanla kendisi de bu ilişkiyi kabul etmiştir. Fiko'nun dizi bittiğinde bilinen en son aşkı Elif olmuştur.

Dizi içerisinde, Fiko'nun büyük kızı Zeynep'in özgürlük çabası, oğlu Alim'in aşkı ve Çengelköy semtindeki esnafın dertleri, sohbetleri anlatılmıştır.

Dizi, gösterildiği dönemde büyük ilgi görmüş ve Türk televizyon tarihindeki yerini almıştır.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler

Yayın takvimi

 Dizi, 1. sezonda ilk 4 bölüm cumartesi akşamları 20.00'de yayımlandı. 5. bölüm perşembe akşamı 20.30'da, 6. bölüm ise perşembe akşamı 20.00'de yayımlanan dizi, 7. bölümden 27. bölüme kadar cumartesi günleri 17.00-18.00 civarında haber öncesi kuşağında yayımlandı. 28. bölümden 39. bölüme kadar da cuma akşamları 20.15'te yayımlandı. 2. sezon cuma akşamları, sezonun yarısında 20.00'de, diğer yarısında da 21.00'de yayımlandı. 3. ve 4. sezon cuma akşamları 21.00'de yayımlandı.

Müzikler
Yeni Türkü'nün müziğini yaptığı, Oya Küçümen'in seslendirdiği, dizinin jenerik müziği olan Bana Bir Masal Anlat Baba, Süper Baba'nın sevilmesinde etkili olmuştur. 1995'te çıkarılan, müzikleri Yeni Türkü'ye ait olan Süper Baba - Film Müzikleri albümü, dizide kullanılan müziklerden 5'inin yer aldığı, 18'i enstrümantal olmak üzere 23 parçadan oluştu. Sözleri Yavuz Turgul, Muharrem Buhara, Osman Sınav ve Cengiz Onural'a ait olan 5 şarkının besteleri, Oya Küçümen, Şevval Sam ve Sumru Balıkçıoğlu tarafından seslendirdi.

Yönetmen
 Kartal Tibet (1-13. Bölüm)
 Feyzi Tuna (14-34. Bölüm)
 Funda Aras (35-39. Bölüm)
 Tunca Yönder (40-46. Bölüm)
 Osman Sınav (47-107. Bölüm)
 Orhan Oğuz (108-137. Bölüm)

Senaryo
 Sulhi Dölek
 Yavuz Turgul (Süpervizör)
 Muharrem Buhara (Öykü, tretman -tasarım)
 Nilgün Öneş (tretman -tasarım)
 Güliz Kucur (tretman -tasarım)
 Gökhan Murteza (tretman -tasarım)
 M. Turgut (Öykü)

Yapım
 atv
 Kare Ajans

Ödüller

 En İyi Yerli Dizi (Süper Baba, Altın Kelebek Ödülleri, 1995)
 En İyi Yerli Dizi Erkek Oyuncu (Şevket Altuğ, Süper Baba, Altın Kelebek Ödülleri, 1995)
 En İyi Yerli Dizi (Süper Baba, İletişim 97 Zirvedekiler Ödül Töreni, Marmara Üniversitesi, 1997)
 En İyi Yerli Dizi Erkek Oyuncu (Şevket Altuğ, Süper Baba, İletişim 97 Zirvedekiler Ödül Töreni, Marmara Üniversitesi, 1997)
 En İyi Yerli Dizi Yönetmeni (Orhan Oğuz, Süper Baba, İletişim 97 Zirvedekiler Ödül Töreni, Marmara Üniversitesi, 1997)
 En İyi Yerli Dizi Senaryosu (Sulhi Dölek, Süper Baba, İletişim 97 Zirvedekiler Ödül Töreni, Marmara Üniversitesi, 1997)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Süper Baba Fan Clup Süper Baba
 SinemaTürk'te Süper Baba
 Osman Sınav
 Süper Baba
 Son bölüm final jeneriği ve Şevket Altuğ ile söyleşi 1997

Atv dizileri
1993'te başlayan Türk televizyon dizileri
1997'de sona eren Türk televizyon dizileri
Türk dramatik televizyon dizileri
İstanbul'da çekilmiş televizyon dizileri
1990'larda Türkçe televizyon dizileri

Süper Baba (dizi)


Der BWF Grand Prix 2012 war die sechste Auflage des BWF Grand Prix im Badminton.

Verlauf
Der Grand Prix 2012 startete am 28. Februar 2012 mit den German Open. Es folgten die Swiss Open, die Australian Open, der Malaysia Open Grand Prix Gold, die Thailand Open, die Russia Open, die US Open, die Canada Open, die Vietnam Open, der Indonesia Open Grand Prix Gold, die Chinese Taipei Open, die Dutch Open, Bitburger Open, die Macau Open, der Korea Open Grand Prix und der India Open Grand Prix Gold.

Die Sieger
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
! Veranstaltung
! Herreneinzel
! Dameneinzel
! Herrendoppel
! Damendoppel
! Mixed
|-
| German Open
|  Lin Dan
|  Li Xuerui
|  Hong Wei Shen Ye
|  Xia Huan   Tang Jinhua
|  Thomas Laybourn   Kamilla Rytter Juhl
|-
|Swiss Open
| Chen Jin
| Saina Nehwal
| Naoki Kawamae   Shoji Sato
| Xia Huan   Tang Jinhua
| Tontowi Ahmad   Liliyana Natsir
|-
|Australia Open
| Chen Jin
| Han Li
| Markis Kido   Hendra Setiawan
| Luo Ying   Luo Yu
| Chen Hung-ling   Cheng Wen-hsing
|-
|Malaysia Open GPG
| Lee Chong Wei
| Busanan Ongbumrungpan
| Koo Kien Keat   Tan Boon Heong
| Chin Eei Hui   Wong Pei Tty
| Chan Peng Soon   Goh Liu Ying
|-
|Thailand Open
| Sony Dwi Kuncoro
| Saina Nehwal
| Liu Xiaolong Qiu Zihan
| Lam Narissapat Saralee Thungthongkam
| Tao Jiaming Tang Jinhua
|-
|Russia Open
| Kazumasa Sakai
| Yui Hashimoto
| Vladimir Ivanov Ivan Sozonov
| Valeria Sorokina   Nina Vislova
| Alexandr Nikolaenko   Valeria Sorokina
|-
| US Open
| Vladimir Ivanov
| Pai Hsiao-ma
| Hiroyuki Endo Kenichi Hayakawa
| Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi
| Tony Gunawan Vita Marissa
|-
|Canadian Open
| Chou Tien-chen
| Nozomi Okuhara
| Takeshi Kamura Keigo Sonoda
| Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi
| Ryota Taohata Ayaka Takahashi
|-
|Vietnam Open
| Nguyễn Tiến Minh
| Porntip Buranaprasertsuk
| Bodin Isara Maneepong Jongjit
| Pia Zebadiah Rizki Amelia Pradipta
| Markis Kido Pia Zebadiah
|-
|Indonesia Open GPG
| Sony Dwi Kuncoro
| Han Li
| Kim Gi-jung Kim Sa-rang
| Misaki Matsutomo Ayaka Takahashi
| Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir
|-
|Chinese Taipei Open
| Nguyễn Tiến Minh
| Tai Tzu-ying
| Zakry Abdul Latif Fairuzizuan Tazari
| Pia Zebadiah Rizki Amelia Pradipta
| Muhammad Rizal Debby Susanto
|-
|Dutch Open
| Eric Pang
| Kristína Gavnholt
| Selena Piek   Iris Tabeling
| Alvent Yulianto   Markis Kido
| Mads Pieler Kolding   Kamilla Rytter Juhl
|-
|Bitburger Open
| Chou Tien-chen
| Juliane Schenk
| Ingo Kindervater Johannes Schöttler
| Wang Rong Zhang Zhibo
| Anders Kristiansen Julie Houmann
|-
|Macau Open
| Chen Yuekun
| Sun Yu
| Lee Sheng-mu Tsai Chia-hsin
| Eom Hye-won Chang Ye-na
| Tontowi Ahmad Liliyana Natsir
|-
|Korea Open GP
| Lee Dong-keun
| Sung Ji-hyun
| Ko Sung-hyun Lee Yong-dae
| Eom Hye-won Chang Ye-na
| Shin Baek-cheol Eom Hye-won
|-
| India Open GPG
|  Kashyap Parupalli
|  Lindaweni Fanetri
|  Ko Sung-hyun Lee Yong-dae
|  Savitree Amitrapai Sapsiree Taerattanachai
|  Fran Kurniawan Shendy Puspa Irawati
|}

Weblinks
http://www.alleturniere.de/sport/tournament.aspx?id=596D798E-F45C-45AA-9A03-305480068147

2012

BWF Grand Prix 2012


La sinagoga de Besanzón es una sinagoga consistorial de rito askenazí, situada en el n.º 27 del quai de Estrasburgo, en Besanzón·. Su arquitectura corresponde al arte hispanomusulmán. El edificio es uno de los pocos de Francia que conservaron su mobiliario durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial·.

Véase también
 Cementerio judío de Besanzón
 Judaísmo
 Besanzón

Enlaces externos y notas

Sinagogas de Francia
Arquitectura de Francia del siglo XIX
Arquitectura de 1871
Francia en 1871
Doubs
Edificios y estructuras de Besanzón
Monumentos históricos de Francia clasificados

Sinagoga de Besanzón


داميانو فيرونيتي  (مواليد 1 نوفمبر 1984 في ألبانو لاتسيالي - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى أودينيزي الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الظهير الأيسر .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ألبانو لاتسيالي
لاعبو أودينيزي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بارما
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو جنوى
لاعبو روما
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من لاتسيو
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي تريستينا
لاعبو نادي تيرنانا
مواليد 1984
مواليد في ألبانو لاتسيالي

داميانو فيرونيتي


Melton is a local government district with borough status in north-eastern Leicestershire, England. It is named after its only town, Melton Mowbray. The borough also includes numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. The north of the district includes part of the Vale of Belvoir. Melton is the least populous district of its type and the fourth least populous district in England overall.

The neighbouring districts are Harborough, Charnwood, Rushcliffe, Newark and Sherwood, South Kesteven and Rutland.

History
The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering the area of two former districts, which were both abolished at the same time:
Melton Mowbray Urban District
Melton and Belvoir Rural District

The new district was named Melton after the area's only town, Melton Mowbray. The district was awarded borough status from its creation, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor.

Governance

Melton Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Leicestershire County Council. Much of the borough is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since the 2023 election, being run by a joint administration of Labour and most of the independent councillors, led by Labour councillor Pip Allnatt.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until coming into its powers on 1 April 1974. Since 1974 political control of the council has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Melton. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2010 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election and one subsequent resignation in September 2023, the composition of the council was:

Of the ten independent councillors, nine sit together as the "Independent Group" which forms the council's administration with Labour. A by-election for the vacant seat is due to be held on 2 November 2023. Otherwise, the next election is due in 2027.

Elections

Since the last boundary changes in 2003 the council has comprised 28 councillors representing 16 wards, with each ward electing one, two or three councillors. Elections are held every four years.

The borough is part of the Melton and Rutland parliamentary constituency.

Premises
The council is based at Parkside on Burton Street, adjoining Melton Mowbray railway station. The building was purpose-built for the council and opened in 2011.

When first created in 1974 the council inherited offices at Egerton Lodge on Wilton Road from Melton Mowbray Urban District Council and at Warwick Lodge on Dalby Road from Melton and Belvoir Rural District Council. In 1986 the council moved to a new building called Council Offices on Nottingham Road. The Nottingham Road building burnt down on 30 May 2008. The northern wing of the building was repaired and is now called Phoenix House, but the rest of the building was beyond repair and was demolished. The council instead chose to build new headquarters at Parkside, spending £5.6m on the new building.

East Midlands Councils is based at the Pera Business Park on Nottingham Road, opposite the former Melton borough offices. The former East Midlands Regional Assembly was based at the same site until it was abolished in 2010.

Geography

The district borders South Kesteven, in Lincolnshire, to the east, Rutland to the south, Charnwood to the west (along the A46 Fosse Way), and Rushcliffe and Newark and Sherwood in Nottinghamshire to the north. The north part of the district is known as the Vale of Belvoir.

Parishes
The former Melton Mowbray Urban District is an unparished area. The rest of the borough is divided into civil parishes.

 Ab Kettleby, Asfordby
 Barkestone-le-Vale, Plungar and Redmile, Belvoir, Bottesford, Buckminster
 Broughton and Old Dalby, Branston, Burton and Dalby
 Clawson, Hose and Harby, Croxton Kerrial
 Eaton, Eastwell
 Freeby, Frisby on the Wreake
 Gaddesby, Garthorpe, Grimston, Saxelbye, Shoby
 Goadby Marwood
 Harby
 Hoby with Rotherby
 Kirby Bellars, Knossington and Cold Overton
 Scalford, Somerby, Sproxton, Stathern
 Twyford and Thorpe
 Waltham and Thorpe Arnold, Wymondham

Economy
Farming and food production are the main industries with Pedigree Petfoods in Melton, and its Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition at Waltham on the Wolds. There is a large creamery (Long Clawson Dairy) at Long Clawson. Samworth Brothers are headquartered in Melton. The Royal Army Veterinary Corps and Defence Animal Training Regiment are also in Melton.

The Birmingham to Peterborough Line runs through the borough, and the borough is criss-crossed by the A607 (Leicester-Grantham) and the A606 (Nottingham-Oakham). Both these roads meet in the centre of Melton (outside Melton Brooksby College), with resulting congestion.

Food
The borough is the home of Stilton Cheese and Melton Mowbray Pork Pies.

Education

Until September 2008, the district operated the three-tier education system, whereby there were three middle schools. All these schools fed into the same upper school in Melton from 14-18. At both GCSE and A level, the district's results are above the England average. From age 16 Students can attend either Melton Vale Post 16 Centre for academic sixth form courses, or Brooksby Melton College for vocational courses.

Demography

The Borough of Melton has experienced steady population growth in recent times albeit at a rate lower than the other districts within Leicestershire.

Highest rate of accidental death in England in 2010/11
In March 2012, Melton was identified as having the highest rate of accidental death by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, with statistics over the period from 2010/11 showing an average of 29 deaths for 100,000 people.

Coat of arms

References

External links

 Community profile at Leicestershire County Council
 Council returns to Melton in October 2008
 Council office demolished in June 2008
Stapleford Miniature Railway

Non-metropolitan districts of Leicestershire
Boroughs in England

Borough of Melton


ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, මහාද්වීප හතෙන් කුඩාම එකයි. දක්ෂිණ අර්ධගෝලයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත

 Australian Plate
 List of islands in the Pacific Ocean
 Outline of Australia
 Paleoclimatology

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව (මහාද්වීපය)
මහාද්වීප
ඕෂනියාව
Asia-Pacific
ශාන්තිකර සාගරය
දක්ෂිණ සාගරය
ඉන්දියානු සාගරය

ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව (මහාද්වීපය)


Cascada Gavarnie (în ) este o cascadă situată în satul Gavarnie din departamentul Hautes-Pyrénées al Franței.

Note

Legături externe

Cascada Gavarnie pe Hărți Google

Gavarnie
Hautes-Pyrénées

Cascada Gavarnie


Skipperen er et mindre torv i Aalborg, som er beliggende omkring to kilometer sydvest for Gammeltorv. Torvet er beliggende på hjørnet af Hobrovej og Vestre Alle. Bebyggelsen, der omgiver torvet, er opført i perioden 1953-55 som etageejendomme i fem plan.

Torvet har to dagligvarebutikker, Netto og Coop 365 (tidl. Fakta og før det SuperBrugsen) samt en række andre detailhandelsbutikker, f.eks. en blomsterhandler og en vinbutik.

Referencer

Torve og pladser i Aalborg

Skipperen (Aalborg)


Tiporus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies seleccionadas
Tiporus alastairi	(Watts 1978)
Tiporus centralis	(Watts 1978)
Tiporus collaris	(Hope 1842)
Tiporus denticulatus	(Watts 1978)
Tiporus emmae	Hendrich 2008
Tiporus georginae	Watts 2000
Tiporus giuliani	(Watts 1978)
Tiporus josepheni	(Watts 1978)
Tiporus lachlani	Watts 2000
Tiporus moriartyensis	Watts 2000
Tiporus tambreyi	(Watts 1978)
Tiporus undecimmaculatus	(Clark 1862)

Referencias

  2008: Tiporus emmae nov.sp. from Northern Australia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae). Linzer biologische Beiträge, 40(1): 311-320. abstract only seen
  1985: A faunal assessment of Australian Hydradephaga. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 137(1): 22-28. Google books JSTOR
  2000: Three new species of Tiporus Watts (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) with redescriptions of the other species in the genus. Records of the South Australian Museum, 33(2): 89-99.

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Hydroporini

Tiporus


FK Sever je nogometni klub iz bačkog grada Subotice, AP Vojvodina, Srbija.

Sekcija je Sportskog društva Sever, pri tvornici Sever. Dres je crveno-plavi. Klupska himna je Napred naši Severaši (A. Korać - L. Katić). Himna je objavljena na singlici u izdanju PGP RTB 1979. godine. Na strani B iste singlice je pjesma Na severu (A. Korać). Pjesme izvodi vokalna solistica Ljiljana Petrović s vokalnim i instrumentalnim ansamblom.

Utakmice je igrao na stadionu u sklopu tvornice Sever. Danas taj stadion nosi ime "Nikola Tesla". Sever i Elektrovojvodina su nekad dijelili taj stadion, a promjena je došla nakon gašenja Severa. Dio stadiona preuzeo je NK Subotica. Kapacitet stadiona je oko 1000 gledatelja.

Objekt nije bio u funkciji od rujna 2011. godine. FK Subotica je 14. lipnja 2013. uz razumijevanje i ljubaznost vlasnika i uprave ATB Sever potpisala ugovor po kojem im je kompletni Severov športski objekt dan na korištenje i skrb u dužem vremenskom razdoblju i time je spašen Severov objekt.

Povijest
Nogometni klub su osnovali 1948. godine nogometni entuzijasti koji su već radili u sindikalnim timovima. Među najznačajnije spadaju: Pavle, Čabai, Geza Buljovčić, Antun Balija, Stevan Mezedi, S. Takač, Jovan Febler i Ladislav Kiš.

Klub je bio zapažene uloge u nogometnoj povijesti sjevera Bačke. Od osnivanja natjecao se u općinskoj, subotičkoj, područnoj, bačkoj i vojvođanskoj ligi. Najveći je klupski doseg Vojvođanska liga. Najveći uspjesi bili su prva mjesta u ligama raznih nivoa natjecanja. Bio ih je glas protagonista lijepog nogometa.

Poznati igrači iz ovog kluba su Dezider Marton i Đorđe Palatinus. Poznati treneri u ovom klubu bili su Lajčo Jakovetić i Tihomir Ognjanov.

Gradski nogometni savez Subotice dodijelio je 11. ožujka 2014. Severu plaketu za 65. jubilej, kad je klub već bio pred gašenjem.

Unutarnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice
(srp.) Srbijasport FK Sever

Izvor

Sever
Šport u Subotici

FK Sever Subotica


An Haworthia mutica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrian Hardy Haworth. An Haworthia mutica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haworthia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 H. m. mutica
 H. m. nigra

Mga kasarigan

Haworthia

Haworthia mutica


Chichester Castle var en fæstning i byen af samme navn i West Sussex i England. Kort efter den normanniske erobring af England beordrede Roger de Montgomerie, 1. Jarl af Shrewsbury opførelsen af en fæstning ved Chichester. Den blev en af 11 fæstninger i Sussex før 1100. Chichester rapet, en underafdeling af Sussex, blev administreret fra borgen og blev udskilt fra det større rape Arundel; et rape var en administrativ enhed, der stammer fra saksisk tid, som blev videreført af normannerne. Chichester Castle ligger i det nordøstlige hjørne af byen beskyttet af bymurene. Da det var en borg i en by, der allerede eksisterede, blev flere bygninger revet ned for at gøre plads til fæstningen. Chichester Castle var af træ, og selv om flere træfæstninger blev genopbygget i sten, er der ingen tegn på, at det var tilfældet i Chichester.

Selv om den blev bygget af jarlen af Shrewsbury, ejede jarlen af Sussex fæstningen fra 1154 til 1176, hvorefter den blev overdraget til Kronen. Tidligt i 1200-tallet blev slottet brugt til ret og fængsel. Chichester og Oxford Castle var nogle af de tidligste borge i byer, som blev brugt til det, men gradvist blev flere borge anvendt på samme måde. I 1216 blev Chichester Castle erobret af franskmændene som mange andre borge i Sydengland som Reigate Castle under den første baronernes krig mod Kong John, der regerede fra 1199 til 1216. Slottet blev generobret af englænderne i 1217. Samme år beordrede Henrik 3. slottet ødelagt. Mellem 1222 og 1269 gav Richard, 1. Jarl af Cornwall området til gråbrødrene som kloster.

Resterne af motten kan i dag ses i Priory Park; og den er fredet som Scheduled monument.

Se også
 Noviomagus Reginorum – den romerske by i Chichester; fæstningen lå i den nordlige ende af den romerske bebyggelse

Referencer
Noter

Bibliografi

Eksterne henvisninger

 Heritage Trail
 History of Sussex
 Castle UK.net

Slotte i West Sussex
Borgruiner i Storbritannien
Chichester

Chichester Castle


Eyba ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Saalfeld/Saale im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Geografie
Eyba liegt südlich der Kreisstadt Saalfeld auf der Saalfelder Höhe etwa bei 550 Metern über NN und wird von 170 Bürgern bewohnt. Die landwirtschaftlich bewirtschaftete Hochfläche um den Ort liegt an der Ostabdachung des Thüringer Schiefergebirges am Übergang zum Südostthüringer Schiefergebirge.

Geschichte
Nach der allgemeinen Besiedlungsgeschichte lassen sich Vermutungen, ein Herrensitz habe bereits im 9. oder 10. Jahrhundert existiert, eher verneinen. Die Herren von Könitz, deren Stammsitz die Burg Könitz war, dürften jedoch die Gründer des Siedelhofes und des Dorfes Eyba gewesen sein. Obwohl Mitglieder dieses Geschlechts in Urkunden des 11. bis 13. Jahrhunderts des Öfteren als Beteiligte oder Zeugen auftreten, lassen sich keine Rückschlüsse auf ihre Wohnsitze, zumal auf Eyba, ziehen. Gleichwohl darf man das 12. Jahrhundert als Gründungszeitraum in Betracht ziehen, denn einige Stilelemente der Marienkirche zu Eyba lassen auf Bautätigkeit schon zu dieser Zeit schließen. Als 1719/20 die Kirche neu erbaut wurde, blieben nämlich Teile des alten Kirchleins erhalten, darunter das romanische Rundbogenfenster und die Sakramentsnische im Altarraum. Am 14. Februar 1332 wurde der Ort erstmals urkundlich genannt und archiviert. Eine andere Quelle datiert die erste urkundliche Erwähnung auf 1348: Albrecht von Könitz hat einen Streit mit einem Herrn Rüdiger: "… das ist die Voyteye zu Ywe, das Gut zue Arnoldisgereute zu Wicindorf zu Volcmanstorf unde was von deme vorgenannten Herrn zue Lene geht, das Heinrichs von Beulwitz gewest ist …".

Schloss und Grundherren
Nach den Herren von Könitz sind später mehrere feudale Geschlechter Eigner gewesen. In friedlichen Zeiten war die Handelstraße stets ein Gewinn. Sie wirkte negativ auf das Dorf und Umland, wenn kriegerische Handlungen in Gange waren. Die Herren von Könitz waren Lehensleute der Grafen von Schwarzburg. Auf Eyba saßen 1414 Heinrich von Könitz und seine Gemahlin Käthe. Die wahrscheinlich kinderlosen Eheleute verkauften ihren Besitz 1420/21 an ihre Verwandten, das Brüderpaar Hartmann II. und Jürgen von Könitz zu Kaulsdorf. 1435 teilten diese ihren Besitz, zu dem neben Kaulsdorf und Eyba unter anderem auch Lichtentanne gehörte. Zu dieser Zeit war Eyba eine Wüstung. 1442 saß Jürgen, auch Georg oder Jörg genannt, zu "Ywe", das ihm bei der Teilung zugefallen war. Ihm gehörte nun auch das Vorwerk Wickersdorf, das in dem "Teilungszettel" damit erstmals genannt wird, offenbar aber auch wüst lag. Jürgen dürfte Eyba neu besiedelt haben und kann somit als dessen zweiter Gründer gelten. Nach seinem Tode wurde 1454 sein Sohn Michel von Könitz mit Eyba belehnt und auf diesen folgte 1489 dessen Sohn Hartmann III. Er war wegen seines Besitzes in Saalfelder Stiftsdörfern auch Vasall der Benediktinerabtei Saalfeld, wo er das Amt des Vorsitzenden des Lehengerichtshofes bekleidete. 1499 kaufte er von Ulfrich zu Schweinbach das Dorf Knobelsdorf und gewann dadurch weitere Fronuntertanen für sein Gut. Noch bis 1915 wurde in Eyba das große Sprachrohr aufbewahrt, mit welchem einst die Knobelsdorfer Anspänner 2,5 Kilometer über das Gißratal hinweg von einem Fenster des Schlosses aus zur Frone gerufen wurden. Das kinderlose Ehepaar Harmann III. und Elisabeth stiftete 1513 eine Kapelle an der Franziskanerkirche zu Saalfeld. Als Hartmann III. starb, erbte den Besitz Peter I. zu Lichtentanne, und nach dessen Tod wurde 1552 sein Sohn Peter II. mit Eyba belehnt. Mitbelehner war sein Bruder Hartmann IV.

1553–1555 ließen sie auf den Grundmauern des alten Siedelhofes in Eyba ein neues Schloss erbauen, das in seinen wesentlichen Teilen bis heute besteht.
Peter II. starb 1558. Sein Erbe fiel seinem Bruder Hartmann IV. zu. Damit war nun der gesamte könitzsche Besitz in einer Hand. Um 1569 zog Hartmann IV. nach Eyba und gab das Gut Lichtentanne auf. Er errichtete 1569 in Eyba eine Pfarrstelle. Die Kirche hatte bis dahin als Filial zu Hoheneiche gehört.
Die Eybaer Erbfolge trat 1621, nach dem Tode Veit Ulrichs I., eines Sohnes von Hartmann IV., dessen Sohn Hans Adam an. In die Zeit seiner Herrschaft fällt eines der schrecklichsten Kapitel der Eybaer Geschichte, der Dreißigjährige Krieg. War in friedlichen Zeiten Eybas Lage an der alten Handelsstraße Leipzig-Nürnberg ein Segen, so gereichte sie bei Kriegszeiten dem Dorfe zum Fluch. Kaum ein anderer Ort der Saalfelder Höhe hat so unter Plünderung, Gewalt, Mord und verheerender Seuche gelitten. Die meisten Truppenbewegungen zwischen Saalfeld und Gräfenthal, die uns überliefert sind, führten über Eyba. Freund und Feind unterschieden sich dabei in ihrem rücksichtslosen und brutalen Verhalten nicht.

Im Jahre 1638 wütete in Eyba die Pest, und der weitaus größte Teil der Einwohner fiel ihr zum Opfer. Die Überlieferung, es seien schließlich nur zwei Menschen übrig geblieben, ist zwar durch die Geschichtsforschung widerlegt, jedoch ist die Tatsache des Massensterbens an sich bewiesen und sogar archäologisch nachweisbar. So berichtet die Müller-Steinersche Chronik: "1868 sind zwei Leichen in das alte genannte Pestloch, welches sonst außerdem Kirchhofe war, jetzt im neuen Friedhofe, (begraben worden)" und weiter "da waren doch die Gebeine, die kreuzweis und eine Elle hoch lagen, 1868 noch nicht verfault." Die letztere Feststellung hat sich auch im 20. Jahrhundert beim Ausheben von Gräbern mehrmals bestätigt. Die wenigen Einwohner, die nach dem Erlöschen der Seuche aus ihren Zufluchtsstätten zurückkehrten, waren hier ihrer Lebensgrundlagen weitgehend beraubt. Doch der Wiederaufstieg ging schneller, als man glauben mag. Hans Adams Sohn, Bernhard Alexander, setzte alles daran, freilich auch im ureigensten Interesse, das Dorf wieder zu besiedeln. Schon 1653 waren nur noch zwei Bauerngüter unbesetzt, wie uns der große Fronrezess von 1653 beweist.
Ein Neffe des Bernhard Alexander, Johann Ernst von Könitz, erbte 1681 den Besitz. Er verkaufte den Kaulsdorfer Grundbesitz an seinen dortigen Schwager und erwarb wieder Knobelsdorf, das bei einer Erbteilung seinem Bruder Hans Dietrich zugefallen war. Unter Johann Ernst erlebte Eyba eine gewisse Blütezeit. Er veranlasste 1686, allerdings erst nach etlichen Aufforderungen der gräflichen Behörden, die Errichtung einer Schulstelle, nachdem bereits seit 1665 der Pfarrer Andreas Bock die Kinder "aus freien Stücken" in einer Winterschule unterrichtet hatte. Der edeldenkende Gottesmann tat dies, obwohl die 41 Jahre seines Pastorats von einem fortwährenden Kampf mit seinem Patronatsherren um eine Besserung seiner Besoldung geprägt waren.

Johann Ernst veranlasste 1719/20 auch den Kirchenbau auf den Resten einer Vorgängerkirche. An der nördlichen Seite wurde für die Herrschaft ein neues Erbbegräbnis angebaut, da die Krypta unter der Kirche längst überfüllt war.
Zwei Enkel des Johann Ernst von Könitz teilten 1740 den Besitz. Johann Adam Friedrich übernahm den sächsischen Teil, d. h. in der Hauptsache Wickersdorf, sein Bruder Anton Ludwig Carl bekam den schwarzburgischen, also Eyba und Knobelsdorf. Dieser letzte Herr war an Streitsucht, Adelsstolz und zugleich wirtschaftlicher Untüchtigkeit kaum zu übertreffen. Die Schuldenlast wuchs so, dass das Rittergut Eyba verkauft werden musste. Anton Ludwig Carl starb 1791 zu Saalfeld in kärglichen Verhältnissen. Über die schweren Jahre des Siebenjährigen Krieges (1756–1763) und das, was das Dorf auszustehen hatte, berichtet uns der damalige Eybaer Pfarrer Mahlis mit seiner Niederschrift im Kirchenbuch. Einquartierungen, Plünderungen, Kontributionen und mutwilliges Zerstören trieben die Bauern und Kleinhäusler an den Rand des Ruins. 500, 600, ja sogar bis zu 1000 Mann Kriegsvolk lagerten gleichzeitig tage- und wochenlang in Eyba und mussten verpflegt werden. Zu allem Unglück vernichtete ein Großbrand am 23. April 1762 acht Gehöfte.
1719/20 wurde die Kirche St. Marien neu gebaut. Wann die Vorgängerkirche errichtet wurde, ist auch unbekannt. 1881 erhielt die Kirche eine Orgel aus der Werkstatt von Carl Lösche aus Rudolstadt.
Das Rittergut kaufte 1781 der Sachsen-Hildburghausener Hofmarschall und Geheimrat Carl Friedrich von Stocmeier. Diese Familie war bei ihren Eybaer Untertanen geachtet, ließ sie doch Milde und menschliche Zuwendung walten, sehr zum Unterschied zu den könitzschen Vorgängern. Die Legende von der gütigen Familie, insbesondere der Gemahlin des Geheimrates, Isabell von Stocmeier, und der Tochter Caroline, lebte unter den Eybaern in der mündlichen Überlieferung noch bis ins 20. Jahrhundert fort. Es muss eine beschauliche Zeit gewesen sein, in der die Eybaer die nichtsdestoweniger fortbestehenden Lehns-, Zins- und Fronlasten ohne zu murren ertrugen. Das änderte sich schnell, als 1803 die einzige Tochter der Stocmeiers den aus Liebenstein stammenden Sachsen-Meiningischen Kammerherrn Adolf von Fischern ehelichte. Kompromisslos verstärkte dieser wieder den Druck auf die Dorfleute, die sich aber längst nicht mehr alles gefallen ließen. Inzwischen hatte 1806 Napoleons die Lande mit Krieg überzogen, und auch die Saalfelder Höhe musste wieder schlimme Nöte und Ängste ertragen, ganz zu schweigen von den wirtschaftlichen Folgen. Es machte keinen Unterschied, ob die durchziehenden Truppen auf der Handelsstraße Franzosen oder Preußen, Bayern oder Russen waren. Auch der Schlossherr kam nicht ungeschoren davon, wenn vornehmlich Offiziere sich im Schloss einquartierten. Caroline von Fischern starb 1849, ihr Mann 1861. Um das Erbe des kinderlosen Paares stritt sich jahrelang eine ganze Schar von Verwandten.

Adolf von Fischern bekam bei seinem Hinscheiden in der Müller-Steinerschen Bauernchronik schlechte Noten. Nicht verwunderlich, hatte er sich doch mit seinen ewigen Streitereien und dem Beharren auf Feudalrechten, deren Niedergang er während seiner Regentschaft ziemlich machtlos zusehen musste, genügend Gegner geschaffen. Nachdem bereits 1825 die Anspännerfrone nach Erlegung hoher Ablösesummen durch die Bauern an den Gutsherren gefallen war, musste er unter dem Eindruck der 1848er Ereignisse den entschädigungslosen Wegfall der Handfrone akzeptieren. Schließlich kam es 1856 auch zur Ablösung der Lehen- und Zinsverpflichtungen der Bauern.

1897 hatten die von Fischern auf Eyba abgewirtschaftet. Das Rittergut erwarb der schwarzburg-rudolstädtische Staat. Durch einen großangelegten Grundstückstausch zwischen dem Rittergut und den Bauern des Dorfes gelang es fürstlichen Beamten, zwei zusammenhängende staatliche Waldbezirke zu bilden, den Waldbezirk Schwarzer Berg und den Waldbezirk Mühlberg/Goldberg, eben die Grundstücksflächen, die in den Jahren 1945/46 wieder in den Blickpunkt des Interesses rückten und im Zuge der Bodenreform an landarme und landlose Bauern in Eyba, Arnsgereuth und Reschwitz aufgeteilt wurden. Das Schloss und der Herrengarten gelangten erst 1910 wieder in Privathand. Bis 1918 gehörte der Ort zur Oberherrschaft des Fürstentums Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Er war die westlichste Ecke des Leutenberger Gebiets.

Das Rittergut und das Schloss standen immer im Mittelpunkt der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung, auch 1945/46, als man das Gut und den Wald an Umsiedler und landarme Bauern aufteilte. Diese gingen dann etwas später den Weg der ostdeutschen Landwirtschaft bis in die heutige Zeit.

Fernmeldeturm
In der zweiten Hälfte der 1950er Jahre wurde ca. 1 km nord-nord-ost von Eyba auf der Saalfelder Höhe ein Fernmeldeturm errichtet. Er blieb bis zum Ende der DDR für die im Umkreis lebenden Bürger ein Geheimnis. Streng bewacht von bewaffneten Angehörigen der Deutschen Volkspolizei und betreten von technischem Personal in Zivilkleidung ließ er ein Objekt des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit vermuten. Es war eine bemannte Relaisstation mit der Kennung 10A2 des Richtfunknetzes der Partei im Bezirk Gera. Das Netz wurde in den 1950er Jahren Flächen deckend über die DDR errichtet. Im Netz wurden Fernsprech- und Fernschreibverbindungen betrieben. Der Turm sicherte die Verbindungen vom Zentralkomitee der Partei zu den Bezirks- und Kreisleitungen. Mit dem Eintritt der NVA in das Netz wurden die Bezirkseinsatzleitung des Bezirkes und mehrere Sonderobjekte der NVA versorgt.

Literatur
 Gerhard Werner: Zur Geschichte und Architektur des Schlosses Eyba (Teil 1). In: Rudolstädter Heimathefte. Bd. 53, Heft 11/12, 2007, , S. 300–306.
 Gerhard Werner: Zur Geschichte und Architektur des Schlosses Eyba (Teil 2). In: Rudolstädter Heimathefte. Bd. 54, Heft 1/2, 2008, S. 4–11.

Weblinks

 Private Webseite zum Ort
 Das Richtfunknetz der Partei und der NVA

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Saalfeld/Saale)
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1997

Eyba


Sarah Caroline Olivia Colman (født 30. januar 1974 i Norwich) er en britisk skuespiller kendt for sine roller i TV-seriene Broadchurch og The Night Manager, samt tv-serien The Crown (tv-serie) og filmen The Favourite.

Hun har vundet fire BAFTA-priser og to Golden Globe-priser. For sin rolle som dronning Anne i The Favourite vandt hun Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle. Hun har også vundet en Golden Globe- og BAFTA-pris for samme rolle.

Filmografi
 Confetti (2006)
 Tyrannosaur (2011)
 Jernladyen (2011)
 Hyde Park On Hudson (2012)
 Locke (2013)
 I Give It A Year (2013)
 Cuban Fury (2014)
 The Lobster (2015)
 The Favourite (2018)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle
Skuespillere fra Storbritannien

Olivia Colman


Giekau Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 32,8 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1.056 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 32 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Manfred Koch tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.amt-luetjenburg.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Giekau


is a Japanese tokusatsu superhero television series based on the Sailor Moon manga created by Naoko Takeuchi. It was produced by Toei Company.

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (commonly referred to as PGSM) was first broadcast by Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting, airing on that station in Nagoya and on the Japan News Network nationwide from October 4, 2003 to September 25, 2004. The series was a retelling of the first Sailor Moon story arc, albeit with considerable plot divergences.

The opening theme, titled , was performed by J-pop singer Nanami Yumihara under the name .

The series lasted 49 episodes (called "Acts") and also included two separate made-for-DVD specials.

Plot
In the Dark Kingdom, an organization of great evil, Queen Beryl, her generalsーthe Four Kings of Heavenー, and an amorphous evil power named Queen Metaria reside. They attempt to steal energy so that Beryl can take over the world.

Standing in their way are the Sailor Guardians, five middle-school-aged girls - perky Usagi Tsukino, genius Ami Mizuno, paranormally gifted shrine maiden Rei Hino, tomboyish Makoto Kino, and J-pop idol Minako Aino - are sworn to protect the Princess of the Moon and defeat the Dark Kingdom. Two beings that appear to be sentient, stuffed toy cats, Luna and Artemis, serve as the girls' mentors. The Guardians also encounter Tuxedo Mask, a jewel thief in search of an immensely powerful, mystical Silver Crystal belonging to the Princess of the Moon.

While searching together for the Princess of the Moon and the Silver Crystal, the initially disparate girls develop a strong bond of friendship. Additionally, Usagi struggles with her feelings for the irksome and mysterious Mamoru Chiba. Later in the series, Metaria and Sailor Moon each get too powerful to be reined in, and the conflict shifts to one in which the Sailor Guardians attempt to postpone the inevitable destruction of the planet Earth.

Alterations to the original story

While the first few episodes of the television series are based directly on the manga and anime storylines, by the time the introduction of Sailor Jupiter was broadcast, the television show began to spin off in its own direction. Many divergences between the television series and the manga and anime were introduced. Overall, the storylines for television were more character-based and character-driven. They focused more on the girls' civilian lives and their connection to the past than on action sequences.

One of the most profound changes in the television version was made to the character of Minako Aino, who, rather than being an ordinary girl among the other Sailor Guardians, was portrayed as a famous pop idol. When introduced, she is fighting crime as "Sailor V", and makes subtle reference to this double life in her music. Her most popular song, , is a Japanese pun:  and  are pronounced nearly identically. Also, for the television series, Minako was given a debilitating head condition that causes her to have headaches, blurry vision, and fainting spells, which plague her through most of the series. She agrees to have an operation, but dies before the operation can be performed. This introduces a major change to the Sailor Guardian makeup as well, although Minako does later return for the final act.

In addition to plot changes, some updating was made to minor elements of the series, bringing them more in line with modern culture. For example, in the original anime and manga, there were scenes involving Ami and a cassette tape. In the new version, the tape is replaced by a MiniDisc. Instead of a transforming pen and communicators, each Guardian is given a bracelet and a magical camera phone. Also, their secret hideout is not hidden in a video arcade, but rather in a magic karaoke room.

With the new adaptation of the series, certain characters were modified to give it freshness and originality. The new characters included Sailor Luna, Dark Sailor Mercury, and Princess Sailor Moon. A new antagonist, Mio Kuroki, was also introduced.

Development

The popularity of the Sailor Moon musicals contributed to the decision to produce another series of Sailor Moon, and Takeuchi was more closely involved in the production than she was for the anime. The new series was first announced on September 27, 2003, after the final episode of Kirby of the Stars.

Episodes

Television

Direct-to-video

DVD specials

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Special Act
A sequel to the series, set four years after the defeat of Dark Kingdom, portrays the wedding of Mamoru Chiba and Usagi Tsukino. Before their nuptials they do battle with Mio Kuroki, who has been resurrected and claims to be the new queen of Dark Kingdom. She kidnaps Mamoru and Usagi and intends to force Mamoru to marry her. The Shitennou are revived, however, and help their master to defeat Mio's monster, Sword and Shield. Meanwhile, the Sailor Guardians, excluding Sailor Mars who is hospitalized with injuries from battling Mio while in her civilian state, use the Moon Sword provided by Queen Serenity to restore their power, enabling them to transform and defeat Mio. The story ends with Usagi and Mamoru's wedding, as well as Motoki and Makoto's engagement.

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: Act Zero
The last special made for the series is a prequel that leads directly to the first episode. Minako Aino meets Artemis and at Christmas becomes Sailor V. She must use her newfound powers to foil a stage magician/jewel thief called Q.T. Kenko and his Killer Girl assistants. Meanwhile, Usagi and her friends decide to dress in their own homemade sailor fuku (Usagi as Sailor Rabbit, Naru as Sailor N, and their other friends, Kanami and Momoko as sailors K and M) in order to scare the thieves away from the jewellery store owned by Naru Osaka's mother, only for Usagi to get kidnapped by Kenko. The actors who portray the Four Kings of Heaven are featured as the inexperienced police officer's group self-dubbed the "Police Four Kings of Heaven" for comic relief. They consist of Captain Kuroi (Kunzite), Officer Akai (Nephrite), Officer Shiroi (Zoisite), and female Officer Hanako (Jadeite). The story ends with Luna burning through the atmosphere to come to Earth and give Usagi her powers.

Mini-episodes
Act Zero also comes with two mini-episodes. Each one is approximately five minutes long and tells a brief short story. "Hina Afterward" shows what happened to Hina after breaking off her engagement to Mamoru Chiba. "Tuxedo Mask's Secret Birth" shows the origin of the Tuxedo Mask persona. It includes a joke-transformation sequence in which, rather than transforming magically, he pulls on his clothes with dramatic flair.

Super Dance Lesson
This is a short video hosted by Luna, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Moon, which instructs the viewer how to perform the dances from different songs from Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon. The dances included are for the songs Romance and . Demonstrations are also given for  and  although no formal instructions are provided for how to dance to them.

Kirari Super Live!
A Special Live Event occurred on May 2, 2004 at Yomiuri Hall. This Special Event was held for the 1,000 winners of the Sailormoon Campaign (a contest held earlier in the year, in which viewers had to send in UPC symbols to enter). The event combined musical performances, in which the cast members sang and danced to songs from the Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon soundtrack, and a dramatic storyline with spoken dialogue, in which the Sailor Guardians had to stop the Four Kings of Heaven from stealing the energy of the audience members. The concert was recorded and released on DVD. It also included bonus behind-the-scenes footage of the performance and interviews with the cast members.

Cast
 Miyuu Sawai as Usagi Tsukino/Sailor Moon/Princess Serenity/Princess Sailor Moon
 Rika Izumi as Ami Mizuno/Sailor Mercury/Dark Mercury
 Keiko Kitagawa as Rei Hino/Sailor Mars
 Mew Azama as Makoto Kino/Sailor Jupiter
 Ayaka Komatsu as Minako Aino/Sailor V/Sailor Venus
 Rina Koike as Sailor Luna
 Keiko Han as Luna (voice, cat form)
 Kappei Yamaguchi as Artemis (voice)
 Jouji Shibue as Mamoru Chiba/Tuxedo Kamen/Prince Endymion
 Aya Sugimoto as Queen Beryl
 Jun Masuo as Jadeite
 Hiroyuki Matsumoto as Nephrite
 Yoshito Endō as Zoisite
 Akira Kubodera as Kunzite
 Alisa Durbrow as Mio Kuroki
 Chieko Ochi as Naru Osaka
 Masaya Kikawada as Motoki Furuhata
 Kaori Moriwaka as Ikuko Tsukino
 Naoki Takeshi as Shingo Tsukino
 Moeko Matsushita as Hina Kusaka
 Narushi Ikeda as Sugao Saitou, Minako's manager
 Katsumi Shiono as Youma

Music
In March and April 2004, singles for each of the five Sailor Guardians were released with image songs on them.
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Original Song Album ~ Dear My Friend was released in June 2004.
A 3-CD box set, Moonlight Real Girl was published in September 2004.

DJ MOON
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon DJ MOON 1
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon DJ MOON 2
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon DJ MOON 3

Koro-chan Packs
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Koro-chan Pack 1
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Koro-chan Pack 2
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Koro-chan Pack 3

Moonlight Real Girl
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Moonlight Real Girl Memorial CD Box: Disc 1 Original Soundtrack "Rare Track Collection": Michiru Ōshima
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Moonlight Real Girl Memorial CD Box: Disc 2 One night limit of the special radio program series DJ Moon
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Moonlight Real Girl Memorial CD Box: Disc 3 Minako Aino's original album I'll Be Here

Other albums
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Original Song Album "Dear My Friend"
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon ~ Complete Song Collection ~

Singles
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Sparkling * Sailor Dream!
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Moon Usagi Tsukino (Miyū Sawai)
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Mercury Ami Mizuno (Rika Izumi)
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Mars Rei Hino (Keiko Kitagawa)
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Jupiter Makoto Kino (Myū Azama)
 Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Character Songs Sailor Venus Minako Aino (Ayaka Komatsu)

Distribution and reception
There are several radio programs called "DJ Moon" based on the show that originated from Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting radio and which were broadcast on other radio networks in Japan. The shows were a combination of a radio drama and promotional tool for the TV series, often foreshadowing upcoming events. These shows were later sold on CD.

In addition to the series, there was also a stage musical performance, Kirari Super Live!, by characters on the show. Some footage from the filming of the stage show was used in the television broadcast. A special limited-edition promotional video, Super Dance Lesson, was available for purchase only through order forms found in the magazines Youchien, Mebae, and Shougaku Ichinensei in July 2004.

Notes

References

See also
 Sailor Moon musicals

External links
 Fly Me to the Sailormoon The Official Toei site
 Sailormoon Channel Official Bandai site
 HICBC Official HICBC Sailor Moon site
Sailor Dream Product and show information
Three-Lights.net Magazine scans of actresses and show

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Review at japanhero.com
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon review at anime news network

Sailor Moon mass media
2003 Japanese television series debuts
2004 Japanese television series endings
Japanese fantasy television series
Japanese television dramas based on manga
Magical girl television series
Superheroine television shows
Television shows written by Yasuko Kobayashi
Toei tokusatsu
Tokusatsu television series

Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003 TV series)


Esta é uma lista de indivíduos que foram, em dado período de tempo, considerados os herdeiros do trono do Reino de Portugal (1139–1910), em caso de abdicação ou morte do monarca incumbente. Os herdeiros (presuntivos ou aparentes) que, de fato, sucederam ao monarca português são representados em negrito.

A lista inclui nobres a partir de 1139, quando o país se tornou um reino independente soberano governado pela Casa de Borgonha. Durante os primeiros séculos da história da monarquia portuguesa, o reino não possuía uma lei sucessória definitiva, permitindo que tanto herdeiros do sexo masculino ou feminino assumissem o trono na eventualidade da morte do antecessor. A partir de 1640, com a ascensão de João IV, o trono português foi restaurado e passou a seguir uma linha sucessória dentro dos nobres da Casa de Bragança que perdurou até o século XX. Entre 1808 e 1822, os herdeiros do trono português foram concomitantemente os herdeiros ao trono brasileiro, condição que se manteve até pelo menos o segundo reinado de Maria II (1837).

Herdeiros ao trono português

Ver também
 Lista de herdeiros ao trono brasileiro
 Lista de herdeiros ao trono espanhol

português

Lista de herdeiros do trono português


Die Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule der Diözese St. Pölten war eine römisch-katholische Hochschule im Alumnat St. Pölten in St. Pölten, Niederösterreich, die seit 1791 bestand. Die Hochschule gilt seit dem 1. Oktober 2022 als "stillgelegt".

Hochschule
Die Gründung in ihrer Form als Philosophisch-theologische Hochschule erfolgte am 1. September 1971. Vorläufer war nach verschiedenen Seminarien eine philosophisch-theologische Lehranstalt, die am 14. Oktober 1791 von dem Bischof von St. Pölten, Johann Heinrich von Kerens, eingerichtet wurde. Träger der staatlich anerkannten Hochschule ist der bischöfliche Stuhl zu St. Pölten, sie untersteht in allen Belangen unmittelbar der Leitungs- und  Weisungsgewalt des Diözesanbischofs von St. Pölten.

Neben grundständiger fachtheologischer und religionspädagogischer Ausbildung wurden Fortbildungsstudien angeboten zu Themen der Ehe und Familie, Katechese und Kultur des Christentums.

Nach dem von Diözesanbischof Alois Schwarz mit Jahresende 2019 angenommenen Rücktritt von Rektor Josef Kreiml wurde Josef Spindelböck im Januar 2020 mit der Leitung der Hochschule betraut. Mit dem Sommersemesters 2020 wurden die Lehrveranstaltungen der Hochschule beendet. Prüfungen von bereits inskribierten Studierenden wurden noch bis zum Ende des Sommersemesters 2022 abgenommen. Seit 1. Oktober 2022 gilt die Hochschule als "stillgelegt"; als rechtliches Institut ist die Hochschule nicht aufgehoben. Die Bibliothek steht weiterhin zur Verfügung.

Studienrichtungen
Die Studienrichtungen der Hochschule waren:
 Katholische Religionspädagogik (Bachelor of Arts)
 Katholische Religionspädagogik (Master of Education)
 Katholische Fachtheologie (Magister/Magistra der Theologie)

Die akademischen Grade wurden nach Vorliegen aller prüfungsrelevanten Voraussetzungen durch die Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät der Universität Wien verliehen.

Bekannte Dozenten
 Clemens Breuer, Sozialethiker, Moraltheologe
 Gottfried Glassner OSB, Alttestamentler
 Reinhard Knittel, Kirchenrechtler
 Josef Kreiml, Fundamentaltheologe und Ökumeniker
 Veit Neumann, Pastoraltheologe
 Josef Pichler, Neutestamentler
 Josef Spindelböck, Moraltheologe
 Wolfgang Spindler, Sozialethiker
 Michael Stickelbroeck, Dogmatiker

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Stpolten
Stpolten
Bildung in St. Pölten
Organisation (St. Pölten)
Gegründet 1971
Christentum in St. Pölten

Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule St. Pölten


The African wattled lapwing (Vanellus senegallus), also known as the Senegal wattled plover or simply wattled lapwing, is a large lapwing, a group of largish waders in the family Charadriidae. It is a resident breeder in most of sub-Saharan Africa outside the rainforests, although it has seasonal movements.

These are conspicuous and unmistakable birds. They are large brown waders with a black crown, white forehead and large yellow facial wattles. The tail is white, tipped black, and the long legs are yellow.

In flight, the upperwings have black flight feathers and brown coverts separated by a white bar. The underwings are white with black flight feathers. The African wattled lapwing has a loud peep-peep call.

This species is a common breeder in wet lowland habitats, especially damp grassland. It often feeds in drier habitats, such as golf courses, picking insects and other invertebrates from the ground. It lays three or four eggs on a ground scrape.

The African wattled lapwing is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Gallery

References

External links
 Wattled plover - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.

Bibliography
 Shorebirds by Hayman, Marchant and Prater

African wattled lapwing
African wattled lapwing
African wattled lapwing
African wattled lapwing
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

African wattled lapwing


Le cornet nasal supérieur un des cornets nasaux rattaché à l'os ethmoïde. C'est une lame osseuse recourbée sur elle-même implantée sur surface médiale des masses latérales de l'os ethmoïde.

Il est situé au dessus et en arrière de la moitié postérieure du cornet nasal moyen.

C'est la limite médiale du méat nasal supérieur.

Galerie

Notes et références

Crâne

Cornet nasal supérieur


A acidúria combinada malônica e metilmalônica (CMAMMA), também chamada de acidemia malônica e metilmalônica combinada, é uma doença metabólica hereditária caracterizada por níveis elevados de ácido malônico e ácido metilmalônico. Alguns pesquisadores colocaram a hipótese de que o CMAMMA pode ser uma das formas mais comuns de acidemia metilmalônica e possivelmente um dos erros congénitos mais comuns do metabolismo. Devido ao facto de ser diagnosticado com pouca frequência, na maioria das vezes não é detectado.

Sintomas e sinais
Os fenótipos clínicos do CMAMMA são altamente heterogéneos e variam de sintomas assintomáticos, ligeiros a graves. A fisiopatologia subjacente ainda não foi compreendida. Os seguintes sintomas são relatados na literatura:

 acidose metabólica
 coma
 hipoglicemia
 convulsões
 doença gastrointestinal
 atraso no desenvolvimento
 atraso de fala
 incapacidade de prosperar
 doença psiquiátrica
 problemas de memória
 declínio cognitivo
 encefalopatia
 cardiomiopatia
 características dismórficas

Quando os primeiros sintomas aparecem na infância, são mais susceptíveis de serem perturbações metabólicas intermédias, enquanto que nos adultos são geralmente sintomas neurológicos.

Causas
A CMAMMA pode ser dividida por causa em duas distúrbios hereditários separados: um é uma deficiência da enzima mitocondrial acil-CoA sintetase membro da família 3, codificada pelo gene ACSF3 (OMIM#614265); o outro distúrbio é uma deficiência de malonil-CoA descarboxilase codificada pelo gene MLYCD (OMIM#248360).

Diagnóstico
Devido a uma vasta gama de sintomas clínicos e, em grande parte, ao deslizamento através de programas de rastreio de recém-nascidos, pensa-se que o CMAMMA é uma condição subreconhecida.

Programas de rastreio de recém-nascidos
Como o CMAMMA devido ao ACSF3 não resulta na acumulação de metilmalonil-CoA, malonil-CoA, ou propionil-CoA, nem são observadas anomalias no perfil de acilcarnitina, o CMAMMA não é detectado por programas de rastreio padrão de recém-nascidos baseados em sangue.

Um caso especial é a província do Québec, que, para além do exame de sangue, também filtra a urina no 21º dia após o nascimento com o Programa de Rastreio de Sangue e Urina Neonatal do Québec. Isto torna a província do Quebeque interessante para a investigação CMAMMA, uma vez que representa a única coorte de doentes no mundo sem preconceitos de selecção.

Relação entre o ácido malónico e o ácido metilmalónico
Calculando a relação ácido malónico/ácido metilmalónico no plasma, um CMAMMA pode ser claramente distinguido de uma acidemia metilmalónica clássica. Isto é verdade para ambos, respondedores de vitamina B12 e não-respondedores na acidemia metilmalónica. O uso de valores de ácido malónico e valores de ácido metilmalónico da urina não é adequado para o cálculo desta razão.

No CMAMMA devido ao ACSF3, o nível de ácido metilamónico excede o do ácido malónico. Em contraste, o inverso é verdadeiro para o CMAMMA devido à deficiência de Malonil-CoA.

Testes genéticos
O CMAMMA pode ser diagnosticado pela análise dos genes ACSF3 e MLYCD. O rastreio alargado de portadores no decurso do tratamento de fertilidade também pode identificar portadores de mutações no gene ACSF3.

Ligações externas
 Acidemia combinada malônica e metilmalônica na Orphanet

Doenças raras

Acidúria malônica e metilmalônica combinada


بانزر-4 (بالألمانية:Panzer IV) دبابة متوسطة ألمانية من إنتاج شركة كروب، طورت في نهاية عقد الثلاثينات من القرن العشرين، وأستخدمت على نطاق واسع من قبل الجيش الألماني خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية.

جاء تصميم دبابة البانزر-4 كدبابة دعم مشاة ولم يكن ينوى لها في الأصل أن تشتبك مع دروع العدو وهي الوظيفة التي كانت تؤديها دبابة البانزر-3 التي تحمل مدفعا مضادا للدروع، وبالرغم من عيوب عقيدة ما قبل الحرب فقد أصبح محتما أن تتولى البانزر-4 دور دبابة قتال في مواجهة دبابات القتال الروسية تي-34.

دخلت البانزر-4 مرحلة الإنتاج في العام 1936 واستمر إنتاجها حتى عام 1945، وقد بلغ إنتاج البانز-4 بفئاتها المتعددة ما يقارب من 8,800 نسخة وكان الإنتاج قد بلغ ذروته عام 1944 بـ 300 دبابة شهرياً قبل أن يتقلص إلى الشهور الأولى عام 1945 إلى 55 دبابة في الشهر، عدت البانزر-4 أكثر الدبابات الألمانية تصديراً في الحرب العالمية الثانية حيث صدر منها 297 نسخة إلى حلفاء ألمانيا كرومانيا والمجر وفلندا.

التطوير

صممت البانزر-4 لتكون دبابة دعم لقوات المشاة بحيث تستخدم ضد المدافع المضادة للدروع وضد التحصينات وبحسب الأصل فإن كل كتيبة دبابات في فرق البانزر الألمانية تضم 3 سرايا متوسطة من دبابات البانزر-3 وسرية ثقيلة من دبابات البانزر-4.

في 11 يناير 1934 كتب الجيش الألماني الموصفات المطلوبة «لجرار متوسط» وأرسلها لعدد من الشركات الدفاعية، وقد حمل العقد لأسباب تتعلق بالسرية وإلزامية معاهدة فرساي على ألمانية اسما رمزيا للدبابة هو «جرار متوسط»، غُير الاسم في ما بعد ليصبح «مركبة مرافقة».

كانت الموصفات تتلخص في دبابة مساندة لدبابة بانزر-3 والتي سلحت بمدفع مضاد للدروع عيار 37 مليمتر وتقرر أن تحمل الدبابة الجديدة ماسورة قصيرة من عيار 75 مليمتر هاوتزر كتسليح أساسي، والوزن المخصص حدد بـ 24 طن.

صممت كل من شركة مان وكروب وراينميتال نماذجها للمشروع، اختيرت على إثرها شركة كروب.

صمم الهيكل المعدني بـ 6 عجلات، وتألف الطاقم من خمسة أفراد، تم قبول البانزر-4 في الخدمة وبدأ الإنتاج خلال عام 1936 في مصنع كروب بمدينة ماغديبورغ.

الدفعة الأولى

الدفعة الأولى  أي «الكمية A» بدأ في تصنيعها في 1936، إجمالي ما انتج منها 35 دبابة، زودت الدفعة الأولى بمحرك مايباخ من نوع HL 108TR يولد قوة تقدر بـ 250 حصان، ناقل الحركة ذو خمسة سرعات أمامية وواحدة خلفية  يحقق المحرك سرعة قصوى بالطريق تصل إلى 31 كيلو متر بالساعة.

التسليح الأساسي هو مدفع عيار 75 مليمترا صمم أساسا لإطلاق القذائف شديدة الانفجار ضد الأهداف المدرعة كما يمكنه إطلاق قذائف خارقة للدروع بسرعة 430 متر بالثانية بدرجة اختراق تصل لـ 43 مليمتر على زاوية 30 درجة وعلى مدى 700 متر.

سماكة الدرع للبانزر-4 لا تتجاوز 14.5 ملم من الفولاذ لمقدمة الدبابة و 20 ملم للبرج، وكان هذا السمك قادرا فقط على منع شظايا المدفعية ونيران الأسلحة الصغيرة، والمقذوفات الخفيفة المضادة للدروع من اختراق درع المركبة.

الدفعة الثانية

الدفعة الثانية (بالألمانية:Ausf B) بدأ في تصنيع الدفعة الثانية في 1937 وبلغت إجمالي الكمية المصنوعة 42 دبابة، وقد تضمنت تحسينات على المحرك إذ استبدل محركها بمحرك جديد أكثر قوة يولد 300 حصان نوع مايباخ HL 120TR، وناقل حركة جديد بستة سرعات أمامية وواحدة للخلف، السرعة تحسنت بالرغم من زيادة وزنها الذي بلغ 16 طن، السرعة القصوى المحققة تصل إلى 39 كم/س، كما زيد في سماكة الصفيحة العازلة لتصل إلى 30 مليمترا.

الدفعة الثالثة
الدفعة الثالثة 140 دبابة (بالألمانية:Ausf C) في 1938، وزن الدبابة 18.14 طن

الدفعة الرابعة
الدفعة الرابعة (بالألمانية:Ausf D) بدأ في صنعها عام 1939 إجمالي الكمية المنتجى 248 دبابة، زيد في سماكة الدرع، دروع الجوانب بلغت سماكتها 20 مليمتر.

الدفعة الخامسة
الدفعة الخامسة (بالألمانية:Ausf E) دخلت مرحلة الإنتاج في سبتمبر 1940، انتج منها 223 دبابة ما بين سبتمبر 1940 وإبريل 1941.

الدفعة السادسة

الدفعة السادسة (بالألمانية:Ausf F) بدأت مرحلة الإنتاج في أبريل 1941وهي تتميز بدرع صفيحي مفرد للبدن وللبرج بدل الدروع المركبة للنسخ السابقة، كما زيد في الدروع الجانبية، وخلال حملة بارباروسا بروسيا في صيف 1941 أدرك الألمان حاجة دباباتهم إلى مدفع جديد لمواجهة دبابات تي-34 السوفييتية فتم تركيب مدفع من عيار 50 ملم، وقد بلغ إجمالي ما تم إنتاجه من الدفعة السادسة 464 دبابة حتى مارس 1942.

الدفعة السابعة

الدفعة السابعة (بالألمانية:Ausf G) تم إنتاج الدفعة السابعة ما بين مايو 1942 حتى يونيو 1943 وشملت هذه الدفعة درع محسن زيد في الدروع الجانبية لتصل لـ 30 ملم بدل 20 فيما بلغت سماكة الدرع الأمامي 80 ملم، كما تم تركيب مدفع جديد للبانزر من نوع KwK 40 L/48 من عيار 75 ملم، إجمالي ما إنتاج من هذه الدفعة 1687 دبابة.

الدفعة الثامنة
الدفعة الثامنة (بالألمانية:Ausf H) تم إنتاج الدفعة الثامنة في عام 1943. حيث تم إضافت الدرع الفراغي، وهو عبارة عن صفيحة حديد بسمك 5 ملم توضع على جوانب الهيكل، وصفيحة أخرى توضع على جوانب البرج بسمك 8 ملم. كما تم إضافت دهان تزمايريت. حيث كانت مهمة هذا الدهان حماية الدبابة من القنابل المغناطيسية، مثل هافتهولادونغ. كان يوضع هذا الدهان على الأسطح العامودية حيث كان يمكن تثبيت هذه القنابل. كما تمت إضافة قواذف قنابل دخان إلى هذه الدفعة. تعتبر هذه الدفعة أفضل دفعة من دبابات بانزر 4، لكنها كانت مكلفة. تم إيقاف إنتاج هذه الدفعة في عام 1944 لصالح الدفعة التاسعة الذي كان إنتاجها سهل وسريع وأقل كلفة.

الدفعة التاسعة

الدفعة التاسعة (بالألمانية:Ausf J) في فئة الإنتاج النهائية، تم إنتاجها بسرعة لتعويض الخسائر الألمانية في الجبهة الشرقية ضد السوفييت، بدأ في إنتاجها في 1944 وإجمالي من انتج منها بلغ 1758، تمت إزالة المولد الكهربائي الذي يحرك البرج من هذه الفئة من أجل إضافة خزان وقود بسعة 200 ليتر فتم زيادة مدى الدبابة ليصل إلى 320 كم لكن البرج سيتم تحريكه يدويا كذلك أزيلت فتحات الرؤية وفتحات إطلاق النار من البرج.

الإنتاج
كان عدد العمال في مصنع كروب في أوائل 1940 نحو 1,200 عامل، وكانت دبابة البانزر الواحدة تسغرق مدة تجميع تصل لحوالي 2,000 ساعة عمل، أما مجموع ساعات الإنتاج لكامل قطع الدبابة فيصل لحوالي 15,000 ساعة.

سعر دبابة البانزر الواحدة بدون التسليح يبلغ نحو 103,462 رايخ مارك فيما تبلغ المواد الخام اللازمة لصناعة دبابة البانزر-4 -بدون الأسلحة والبصريات والأسلاك- مايلي:
 الحديد: 39,000 كجم
 المطاط: 116 كجم
 الألمنيوم: 238 كجم
 الرصاص: 63 كجم
 النحاس: 195 كجم
 الزنك: 66 كجم
 القصدير: 1.2 كجم

التصدير

كانت البانزر-4 أكثر الدبابات الألمانية تصديرا خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. في 1942 أرسلت ألمانيا 11 دبابة إلى رومانيا و32 دبابة إلى المجر فقد الكثير منهم في الجبهة الشرقية ضد السوفييت ما بين 1942 وبداية 1943. بلغاريا تسلمت 46 دبابة أو 91 دبابة  الحكومة الإسبانية طلبت 100 دبابة بانزر-4 في مارس 1943 لكن 20 دبابة فقط أرسلت في ديسمبر

في 1944 حصلت فنلندا على 20 دبابة بانزر في 1944 وأرسلت إلى المجر 62  أو 72 دبابة بانزر-4، سورية حصلت على عدد من دبابات البانزر-4 من فرنسا وإسبانيا.

التاريخ القتالي
كانت البانزر-4 الدبابة الألمانية الوحيدة التي بقيت في الإنتاج وفي ساحات المعارك طيلة أعوام الحرب العالمية الثانية، وقد شكلت البانزر-4 30% من قوة الفيرماخت من الدبابات خلال الحرب.

الجبهة الغربية وشمال أفريقيا (1939–1942)

حينما قامت ألمانيا بغزوا بولندا في 1 سبتمبر 1939 كانت الفرق الألمانية تتألف من 1,445 دبابة بانزر-1 و 1,223 بانزر-2 و 98 دبابة بانزر-3 و 211 بانزر-4 الأمر الذي يعني أن الدبابات الأكثر حداثة تشكل أقل من 10% من القوة المدرعة الألمانية.

كانت فرقة البانزر الأولى تحتوي على عدد متساوي تقريبا من طرازات دبابات البانزر، فضمت كل كتيبة من كتائب الفرقة على 17 دبابة بانزر-1 و 18 دبابة بانزر-2 و 28 دبابة بانزر-3 و 14 دبابة بانزر-4. فيما كانت باقي فرق البانزر تضم في غالبتها دبابات البانزر الأقدم إذ احتوت كل كتيبة على 34 دبابة بانزر-1 و 33 دبابة بانزر-2 و 5 دبابات بانزر-3 و 6 دبابات بانزر-4.

وعلى الرغم من أن الجيش البولندي يمتلك أقل من 200 دبابة قادرة على اختراق دروع الدبابات الألمانية الخفيفة، إلا إن المدافع البولندية المضادة للدروع أثبتت تهديدا أكبر، مما عزز من العقيدة الألمانية في قيمة الدعم القريب لدبابات بانزر-4.

وقد ظلت غالبية دبابات الجيش الألماني قبل اجتياح فرنسا في 10 مايو 1940 الأنواع الخفيفة بالرغم مع الإنتاج المتزايد لدبابات بانزر-3 وبانزر-4 المتوسطة، فوفقاً لهاينز جوديريان فقد غزا الجيش الألماني فرنسا بـ 523 دبابة بانزر-1 و 955 بانزر-2 و 349 بانزر-3 و 278 بانزر-4 و، 106 بانزر 35 و 228 بانزر 38.

الجبهة الشرقية (1941–1945)

الجبهة الغربية (1944–1945)
لم تشارك دبابة بانزر-4 الجبهة الغربية كثيرا

المستخدمين
 ألمانيا النازية: تم استخدامها من قبل الجيش الألماني وفافن-إس إس.
 الإتحاد السوفييتي: استخدم الاتحاد السوفييتي دبابات بانزر 4 خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية وبعدها حتى 1954 عندما قرر الجيش السوفييتي استعمال التجهيزات السوفيتية فقط.
 فنلندا
 تركيا
 المجر
 سوريا
 رومانيا
 فرنسا
 بلغاريا
 تشيكوسلوفاكيا

انظر أيضًا
 بانزر-1
 بانزر-2
 بانزر-3
 بانزر 5 بانثر
 بانزر 6 النمر 1
 بانزر 6 النمر 2
 بانزر 8 ماوس

هوامش

المصادر

تاريخ الدبابات
دبابات ألمانيا في الحرب العالمية الثانية
دبابات ألمانية متوسطة
دبابات متوسطة
دبابات متوسطة في الحرب العالمية الثانية
مركبات عسكرية 1930–1939

بانزر-4


An Pseudopentameris macrantha in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Adolph Schrader, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hans Joachim Conert. An Pseudopentameris macrantha in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pseudopentameris, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pseudopentameris

Pseudopentameris macrantha


Idan Ofer (; Haifa - 2 de outubro de 1955) é um empresário bilionário e filantropo israelense, com interesses em navegação, energia, mineração e esportes. Ele é o fundador da Eastern Pacific Shipping e o diretor do Quantum Pacific Group, uma holding. Ele é acionista majoritário da Israel Corporation, listada na Bolsa de Valores de Tel Aviv, bem como da Kenon Holdings, listada na Bolsa de Valores de Tel Aviv e Nova York . Ele também é proprietário da holding israelense Lynav Holdings e da holandesa Ansonia Holdings.

Biografia
Idan Ofer é filho do falecido bilionário israelense Sammy Ofer (originalmente Shmuel Herskovich) e Aviva Ofer. Seu pai era um magnata da navegação israelense que imigrou da Romênia para Israel. Seu irmão mais velho é o empresário israelense Eyal Ofer . Seu tio é Yuli Ofer .

Possui uma participação de 33% no clube de futebol espanhol La Liga, Atlético Madrid, e uma participação de 85% no clube de futebol português FC Famalicão, associação da Primeira Liga .

Em agosto de 2022, seu patrimônio líquido foi estimado em US $ 11,0 bilhões.

Após a morte de seu pai em 2011, ele herdou metade da fortuna e coleção de arte moderna de seu pai. Como resultado, em 2013, ele era o homem mais rico de Israel. De acordo com a Forbes, Ofer tem um patrimônio líquido de $ 11 bilhão.

Em março de 2022, a Israel Corp, controlada por Idan Ofer, vendeu 20,17 milhões de ações a $ 10,90 por ação, totalizando $ 220 milhões.

Esportes
Em 2018, comprou uma participação de 51% através do Quantum Pacific Group no FC Famalicão, clube de futebol da segunda liga portuguesa, que posteriormente aumentou para 85% em 2019. Em 2019, o Famalicão foi promovido à primeira liga de futebol de Portugal, a Primeira Liga .

Também possui uma participação de 33% no clube de futebol espanhol La Liga , Atlético Madrid .

Em 2014, ele supostamente pagou à empresa de espionagem israelense Black Cube para rastrear informações sobre o então ministro das Finanças de Israel, Yair Lapid, e outros funcionários do governo, em uma tentativa de influenciar a política tributária.

Em 2021, foi nomeado empresário com 6 empresas no topo da lista vermelha do Ministério da Proteção Ambiental

Em 2017, Ofer e sua esposa Batia Ofer fizeram contribuições de caridade para o Museu Judaico de Londres .

Referências

Judeus de Israel
Judeus asquenazes
Bilionários de Israel
Empresários de Israel

Idan Ofer


Pierre-Joseph Alary (* 19. März 1689 in Paris; † 15. Dezember 1770) war ein französischer Geistlicher, Philosoph und Literat.

Leben und Wirken

Pierre-Joseph Alary war der Sohn des Apothekers Barthélémy Alary, (maistre apoticaire) aus Grasse in der Provence, bevor jener sich in Paris in der Nähe vom Pont Saint-Michel niederließ.

Louis Du Four de Longuerue, auch Abbé de Longuerue (1652–1733) genannt, förderte und unterrichtete Pierre-Joseph Alary in seiner Jugend. Obgleich ein engagierter Schüler und Student, warf man ihm eine Beteiligung an der Conspiration de Cellamare vor. Philippe II. de Bourbon, duc d'Orléans erlaubte ihm aber, sich gegen die Vorwürfe selbst zu verteidigen.

Später wurde er Prior von Gournay-sur-Marne und sous-précepteur von Ludwig XV., ein (Unter-)Adelserzieher oder Hofmeister des Königs. Er wurde in dieser Position von André-Hercule de Fleury protegiert. Alary frequentierte den Salon von Madame de Lambert.

Am 30. September 1723 wurde er in die Académie française gewählt, deren Vorsitz er von Jean-Antoine de Mesmes (1661–1723) übernahm.

Im Jahre 1724 gründete Abbé Alary zusammen mit Charles Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre den Club de l'Entresol, einen Gesprächskreis nach englischem Vorbild, der bis 1731 zusammentraf. Hier konnten sich samstäglich bis zu zwanzig Teilnehmer in freier Diskussion über politische, philosophische und wirtschaftlichen Fragen austauschen.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Mémoires secrets. Vol. 5, p. 200, 18 décembre 1770 (1784)

Literatur
 Nicolas Clément: L'abbé Alary: 1690–1770. Un homme d'influence au XVIIIe. H. Champion, Paris 2002.
 Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ouvrage rédigé par une société de gens de lettres. Vol. 1, Chez Michaud Frères, Imprin.-Libraires, Paris 1811, S. 382–383.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (Französisch)
Literatur (18. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Académie française
Franzose
Geboren 1689
Gestorben 1770
Mann

Pierre-Joseph Alary


රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍යවල සංකේත යනු රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍යය කෙටි කර දැක්වීම සදහා භාවිතා කරන කෙටි යෙදුම් වේ.සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මේවා ඉංග්‍රිසි අකුරු එකකින් හෝ දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ. අකුරු දෙකක් ඇතිවිට පලමු අකුර කැපිටල් අකුරක් වන අතර දෙවන අකුර සිම්පල් අකුරකි. එක් අකුරක් නම් එය කැපිටල් අකුරකි. තාවකාලික නම් සදහා අකුරු 3ක් ඇත.මෙම සංකේත විශාල ලෙස භාවිතා වන්නේ රසායන විද්‍යාවේදි වන අතර මෙම නාමකරණය අන්තර්ජාතික ශුද්ධ හා ව්‍යවහාරික රසායන විද්‍යා සංගමය මගින් සිදුකරයි International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. සමහරක් පැරණි සංකේත තවදුරටත් භාවිතා නොකරන අවස්ථාද පවතී.

පවත්නා සංකේත

{|class="wikitable sortable" border="2" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
!width="75"|සංකේතය
!width="150"|නම
!width="150" class="unsortable"|සංකේතයෙහි නිරුක්තිය
!width="75"|පරමාණුක ක්‍රමාංකය
!width="110"|සාපේක්ෂ පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධය
!width="50"|කාණ්ඩය
!width="50"|ආවර්තය
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Ac||Actinium||from Greek aktinos||89||&227[227]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Ag||Silver||Latin argentum||47||&107.86822107.8682(2)||11||5
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|Al||Aluminium (Aluminum)||Latin alumen||13||&026.9815386826.9815386(8)||13||3
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Am||Americium||the Americas||95||&243[243]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#c0ffff"
|Ar||Argon||Greek argon||18||&039.948139.948(1)||18||3|}</onlyinclude>
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|As||Arsenic||Greek arsenikos||33||&074.92160274.92160(2)||15||4
|-style="background-color:#ffff99"
|At||Astatine||Greek astatos||85||&210[210]||17||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Au||Gold||Latin aurum||79||&196.9665694196.966569(4)||11||6
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|B||Boron||borax||5||&010.811710.811(7)||13||2
|-style="background-color:#ffdead"
|Ba||Barium||Greek barys||56||&137.3277137.327(7)||2||6
|-style="background-color:#ffdead"
|Be||Beryllium||beryl||4||&009.01218239.012182(3)||2||2
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Bh||Bohrium||Niels Bohr||107||&264[264]||7||7
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|Bi||Bismuth|| from German wissmuth, becoming bismuth in English||83||&208.980401208.98040(1)||15||6
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Bk||Berkelium||Berkeley, California||97||&247[247]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffff99"
|Br||Bromine||Greek bromos||35||&079.904179.904(1)||17||4
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|C||Carbon||Latin carbo||6||&012.0107812.0107(8)||14||2
|-style="background-color:#ffdead"
|Ca||කැල්සියම්||Latin calx||20||&040.078440.078(4)||2||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Cd||Cadmium||from Greek kadmia||48||&112.4118112.411(8)||12||5
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Ce||Cerium||Ceres||58||&140.1161140.116(1)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Cf||Californium||State and University of California||98||&251[251]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffff99"
|Cl||Chlorine||Greek chloros||17||&035.453235.453(2)||17||3
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Cm||Curium||Pierre and Marie Curie and the traditional -um ending||96||&247[247]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Cn||Copernicium||Nicolaus Copernicus ||112||&285[285]||12||7
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Co||Cobalt||from German kobold||27||&058.933195558.933195(5)||9||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Cr||Chromium||Greek chroma||24||&051.9961651.9961(6)||6||4
|-style="background-color:#ff6666"
|Cs||Caesium (Cesium)||Latin caesius||55||&132.90545192132.9054519(2)||1||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Cu||තඹ||Latin Cuprum||29||&063.546363.546(3)||11||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Db||Dubnium||Dubna, රුසියාව||105||&262[262]||5||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Ds||Darmstadtium||Darmstadt, ජර්මනිය||110||&271[271]||10||7
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Dy||Dysprosium||Greek dysprositos||66||&162.5001162.500(1)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Er||Erbium||Ytterby, Sweden||68||&167.2593167.259(3)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Es||Einsteinium||Albert Einstein||99||&252[252]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Eu||Europium||Europe||63||&151.9641151.964(1)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ffff99"
|F||Fluorine||Latin fluo||9||&018.9984032518.9984032(5)||17||2
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Fe||Iron||Latin ferrum||26||&055.845255.845(2)||8||4
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Fm||Fermium||Enrico Fermi||100||&257[257]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ff6666"
|Fr||Francium||France||87||&223[223]||1||7
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|Ga||Gallium||Latin Gallia||31||&069.723169.723(1)||13||4
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Gd||Gadolinium||gadolinite||64||&157.253157.25(3)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|Ge||Germanium||Germany||32||&072.64172.64(1)||14||4
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|H||Hydrogen||Greek [[water forming|hydrogenes]]||1||&001.0079471.00794(7)||1||1
|-style="background-color:#c0ffff"
|He||Helium||Greek helios||2||&004.00260224.002602(2)||18||1
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Hf||Hafnium||Latin Hafnia||72||&178.492178.49(2)||4||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Hg||Mercury||Latin hydrargyrum||80||&200.592200.59(2)||12||6
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Ho||Holmium||Latin Holmia||67||&164.930322164.930 32(2)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Hs||Hassium||Hesse, ජර්මනිය||108||&277[277]||8||7
|-style="background-color:#ffff99"
|I||Iodine||Greek ioeides||53||&126.904473126.904 47(3)||17||5
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|In||Indium||indigo blue||49||&114.8183114.818(3)||13||5
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Ir||Iridium||Greek iris||77||&192.2173192.217(3)||9||6
|-style="background-color:#ff6666"
|K||Potassium (Kalium)||Latin kalium||19||&039.0983139.0983(1)||1||4
|-style="background-color:#c0ffff"
|Kr||Krypton||Greek kryptos||36||&083.798283.798(2)||18||4
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|La||Lanthanum||Greek lanthanien||57||&138.905477138.90547(7)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ff6666"
|Li||Lithium||Greek lithos||3||&006.94126.941(2)The atomic weight of commercial Lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.||1||2
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Lr||Lawrencium||Ernest O. Lawrence||103||&262[262]||3||7
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Lu||Lutetium||Latin Lutetia||71||&174.9671174.967(1)||3||6
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Md||Mendelevium||Dmitri Mendeleyev||101||&258[258]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffdead"
|Mg||Magnesium||Magnesia, Greece||12||&024.3050624.3050(6)||2||3
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Mn||Manganese||Latin magnes||25||&054.938045554.938045(5)||7||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Mo||Molybdenum||Greek molybdos||42||&095.94295.94(2)||6||5
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Mt||Meitnerium||Lise Meitner||109||&268[268]||9||7
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|N||Nitrogen||Greek nitron||7||&014.0067214.0067(2)||15||2
|-style="background-color:#ff6666"
|Na||සෝඩියම්||Latin natrium||11||&022.98976928222.98976928(2)||1||3
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Nb||Niobium||Niobe||41||&092.90638292.906 38(2)||5||5
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Nd||Neodymium||Greek neos didymos||60||&144.2423144.242(3)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#c0ffff"
|Ne||Neon||Greek neos||10||&020.1797620.1797(6)||18||2
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Ni||Nickel||German kupfernickel||28||&058.6934258.6934(2)||10||4
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|No||Nobelium||Alfred Nobel||102||&259[259]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Np||Neptunium||Neptune||93||&237[237]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|O||Oxygen||Greek oxys||8||&015.9994315.9994(3)||16||2
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Os||Osmium||Greek osme||76||&190.233190.23(3)||8||6
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|P||Phosphorus||Greek phosphoros||15||&030.973762230.973762(2)||15||3
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Pa||Protactinium||Greek protos and actinium||91||&231.035882231.03588(2)|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|Pb||Lead||Latin plumbum||82||&207.21207.2(1)||14||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Pd||Palladium||Pallas (genitive Pallados)||46||&106.421106.42(1)||10||5
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Pm||Promethium||Prometheus||61||&145[145]|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|Po||Polonium||Poland||84||&210[210]||16||6
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Pr||Praseodymium||Greek prasios||59||&140.907652140.90765(2)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Pt||Platinum||Greek platina||78||&195.0849195.084(9)||10||6
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Pu||Plutonium||Pluto||94||&244[244]|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffdead"
|Ra||Radium||Latin radius||88||&226[226]||2||7
|-style="background-color:#ff6666"
|Rb||Rubidium||Latin rubidus||37||&085.4678385.4678(3)||1||5
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Re||Rhenium||German Rheinprovinz||75||&186.2071186.207(1)||7||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Rf||Rutherfordium||Ernest Rutherford||104||&261261||4||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Rg||Roentgenium||Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen||111||&272[272]||11||7
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Rh||Rhodium||Greek rhodon||45||&102.905502102.905 50(2)||9||5
|-style="background-color:#c0ffff"
|Rn||Radon||radium and emanation||86||&220[220]||18||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Ru||Ruthenium||Latin Ruthenia||44||&101.072101.07(2)||8||5
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|S||Sulfur (Sulphur)||Latin sulfur||16||&032.065532.065(5)||16||3
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|Sb||Antimony||Latin stibium||51||&121.7601121.760(1)||15||5
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Sc||Scandium||Scandinavia||21||&044.955912644.955912(6)||3||4
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0"
|Se||Selenium||Greek selene||34||&078.96378.96(3)||16||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Sg||Seaborgium||Glenn T. Seaborg||106||&266[266]||6||7
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|Si||Silicon||Latin silex||14||&028.0855328.0855(3)||14||3
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Sm||Samarium||samarskite||62||&150.362150.36(2)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|Sn||Tin||Latin stannum||50||&118.7101118.710(7)||14||5
|-style="background-color:#ffdead"
|Sr||Strontium||Gaelic Strontian||38||&087.62187.62(1)||2||5
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Ta||Tantalum||King Tantalus||73||&180.947882180.94788(2)||5||6
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Tb||Terbium||Ytterby, Sweden||65||&158.925352158.92535(2)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Tc||Technetium||Greek technetos||43||&098[98]||7||5
|-style="background-color:#cccc99"
|Te||Tellurium||Greek tellus||52||&127.603127.60(3)||16||5
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|Th||Thorium||Thor||90||&232.038062232.03806(2)|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Ti||Titanium||the Titans||22||&047.867147.867(1)||4||4
|-style="background-color:#cccccc"
|Tl||Thallium||Greek thallos||81||&204.38332204.3833(2)||13||6
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Tm||Thulium||Thule and the traditional -ium ending||69||&168.934212168.93421(2)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ff99cc"
|U||Uranium||Uranus||92||&238.028913238.02891(3)|| ||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Uuh||Ununhexium||Latin uni, uni, and Greek hex||116||&292[292]||16||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Uuo||Ununoctium||Latin uni, uni, and oct||118||&294[294]||18||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Uup||Ununpentium||Latin uni, uni, and Greek pent||115||&288[288]||15||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Uuq||Ununquadium||Latin uni, uni, and quadr||114||&289[289]||14||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Uus||Ununseptium||Latin uni, uni, and Greek sept||117||&295[295]||17||7
|-style="background-color:#e8e8e8"
|Uut||Ununtrium||Latin uni, uni, and Greek tri||113||&284[284]||13||7
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|V||Vanadium||Vanadis||23||&050.9415150.9415(1)||5||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|W||Tungsten||German wolfram||74||&183.841183.84(1)||6||6
|-style="background-color:#c0ffff"
|Xe||Xenon||Greek xenos||54||&131.2936131.293(6)||18||5
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Y||Yttrium||Ytterby, Sweden||39||&088.90585288.90585(2)||3||5
|-style="background-color:#ffbfff"
|Yb||Ytterbium||Ytterby, Sweden||70||&173.043173.04(3)|| ||6
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Zn||Zinc||German zink||30||&065.409465.409(4)||12||4
|-style="background-color:#ffc0c0"
|Zr||Zirconium||zircon||40||&091.224291.224(2)||4||5
|}

Symbols not currently used
The following is a list of names formerly used or suggested for use in naming the elements listed above.  Also included in this list are placeholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.  Names which retain local use (as with aluminum and jod, for aluminium and iodine respectively) are not included in this table.

Pictographic symbols
The following is a list of pictographic symbols employed to symbolize elements known since ancient times (for example to the alchemists).  Not included in this list are symbolic representations of substances previously called elements (such as certain rare earth mineral blends and the classical elements fire and water of ancient philosophy) which are known today to be multi-atomic.  Also not included are symbolic representations currently used for elements in other languages such as the Traditional Chinese elements.  Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

Symbols for named isotopes
The following is a list of isotopes of elements given in the previous tables which have been designated unique symbols.  By this it is meant that a comprehensive list of current systematic symbols (in the uAtom form) are not included in the list and can instead be found in the Index to isotope pages chart.  Some of the following symbols are no longer in use within the scientific community, however others (most notably some of the named isotopes of hydrogen) continue to be used today.  Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of radiochemistry, and several isotopes (namely those in the actinium decay family, the radium decay family, and the thorium decay family) bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford.  Although it is not an isotope, this is perhaps the most useful place to mention that H is the proposed symbol for the only created anti-element, antihydrogen.

Other symbols that look like element symbols
General:
E: any element
M: metal - any metal atom
Mu: muonium
Ps: positronium
X: halogen - any halogen atom

From organic chemistry:
Ac: acetyl - (also used for the element actinium: see above)
Ar: aryl - (also used for the element argon: see above)
Bn: benzyl
Bu: butyl
Bz: benzoyl or benzyl - (also used for berzelium, an old suggested name for praseodymium).
Cp: cyclopentadienyl
Cy: cyclohexyl
Et: ethyl
Me: methyl
Ms: mesyl (methylsulfonyl)
Ph: phenyl
Pr: propyl - (also used for the element praseodymium: see above)
R: radical - some unspecified element or radical
Tf: triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
Tr: trityl (triphenylmethyl)
Ts: tosyl

From inorganic chemistry:
Ab: albite
Di: didymium - Rare earth metal that proved to be a mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium.
Dp: decipium - Rare earth metal that proved to be a mixture of the elements samarium, neodymium and praseodymium.
Pp: philippium - rare earth metal that proved to be a mixture of the elements holmium and samarium.

 Notes

 References
Element name etymologies. Retrieved July 15, 2005.
Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107-1122, 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2005.  Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers from 1-109 taken from this source.
IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised  (2005).
WebElements Periodic Table. Retrieved June 30, 2005.  Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 110-116 taken from this source.
Lapp, Ralph E.  Matter.  Life Science Library.  New York: Time Incorporated.  1963.
Leighton, Robert B.  Principles of Modern Physics''.  New York: McGraw-Hill.  1959.

External links
Berzelius' List of Elements
History of IUPAC Atomic Weight Values (1883 to 1997)

Lists of chemical elements
Lists of symbols

සංකේතය (රසායනික මූලද්‍රව්‍යය)


Beni (), sometimes El Beni, is a northeastern department of Bolivia, in the lowlands region of the country. It is the second-largest department in the country (after Santa Cruz), covering 213,564 square kilometers (82,458 sq mi), and it was created by supreme decree on November 18, 1842, during the administration of General José Ballivián. Its capital is Trinidad.

Population

With a population of 420,000 (2006 census), Beni is the second least-populated of the nine departments of Bolivia, after Pando.

Although Beni is rich in natural resources, the poverty level of its inhabitants is high, mainly as a result of centuries of exploitation of native populations by European-descended elites. The main economic activities are agriculture, timber, and cattle. In addition, an underground economy linked to illegal narcotics activities flourished in the area during the last decades of the 20th century, with many cocaine laboratories hidden behind the façade of remote cattle ranches.

The Beni region is wide and flat, featuring many large mounds connected by straight earthen causeways, which are believed by researchers to have been built by ancient inhabitants. The earthwork mounds provide raised living areas and enable the growth of trees that could not survive otherwise in the frequently flooded lowland area. In the 21st century, archeologists and anthropologists such as Americans Clark Erickson and William Balée, respectively, believe these earthwork structures are evidence of a large and sophisticated indigenous civilization that flourished for thousands of years before European colonization.

The first European settlers in this area were Spanish Jesuit missionaries during the 18th century, sent to convert the native inhabitants, chiefly in the southern half of the department. The religious origins of many of the Beni's towns can be attested to by the centrality of the local church in most of the communities, and in the very names of the towns: Trinidad, Santa Ana, San Borja, Reyes, etc. Today, the Beni region is the seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of El Beni.

The importance of cattle ranching is prominent in the regional culture. Cowboys, or "vaqueros", still play an important role in Beni society, comprising a large portion of the working class. Other industries significant to the region include logging, small-scale fishing and hunting, farming, and in recent years, eco-tourism.

Though the Beni lies in the southern reaches of the Amazon Basin, an area renowned for tropical disease, the population has fewer health problems than in the Andes Region, especially those related to malnutrition.

The inhabitants (Benianos) are mostly descendants of Cruceños (people from Santa Cruz) who streamed north following the course of navigable rivers, and native peoples.

The Beniano diet consists largely of rice, bananas, beef, and fish. Some popular dishes include Majao, Masaco, and others, many featuring cured/salted meats.

The majority of the population in Beni is mestizo. The white/mestizo Benianos have traditionally been mistrustful, and often somewhat contemptuous, of Andean culture. They identify as being lighter skinned and of more Spanish ancestry than the Quechua and Aymara-speaking populations of the highlands. Considerable resentment existed against the central government, which allegedly did very little to build roads or integrate the Beni into the economy and political life of Bolivia. These attitudes persisted although Beni residents benefited greatly by the Agrarian Reform instituted following the 1952 Revolution, with many citizens gaining ownership of significant tracts of land. Most of these turned to cattle ranching. The absence of a reliable road linking the department to the main centers of power in the country (owing to the difficult terrain) continued to contribute to the Benianos' perception of isolation, as did a downturn in the cattle industry. As a result, both the white/mestizo population and departmental authorities supported the Santa Cruz-led effort to federalize the country and devolve powers to the departments at the expense of the central government. Considerable social unrest took place in 2007 and 2008, leading some to consider separatism as plausible.

History

Beni was a very important center of a pre-Columbian civilization known as the hydraulic culture of Las Lomas (the hills), a culture that constructed over 20,000 man-made artificial hills, all interconnected by thousands of square kilometers of aqueducts, channels, embankments, artificial lakes and lagoons, as well as terraces. Between about 4000 BC (and probably earlier as this date is taken from ceramics that have been carbon dated) and the 13th century AD this region was settled by sophisticated and organized groups of human societies. Their civil structures were based, both environmentally and economically, on the use of specific environmental characteristics (such as the use of aquatic plants as fertilizer, and enormous fishing systems they constructed). Miles of these channels and man-made earthworks are visible from the air when flying over Beni.

When the Spanish arrived, the region had already been in decline for about three hundred years. However, this is where many products that are now used worldwide originated in native cultivation: among them tobacco, peanuts, cotton, cassava (manioc), vanilla and sweet potatoes. The Spanish initially were intensely interested in this area. During the first century of colonization, they believed the mythical city of El Dorado (also known as Paititi) could be found in this region. However, they never found this legendary city of gold and they soon lost interest in the area, which would remain marginalized for several centuries after.

Between the 19th and 20th centuries northern Beni became Bolivia's rubber capital. The abundance of rubber trees attracted many people to the region, many of them adventurers and workers (many of whom were indigenous) to work in the huge rubber plantations that arose. The worldwide demand for rubber rose with industrialization and the use of automotive vehicles. For decades this was one of the most active, dynamic regions of Bolivia. Cachuela Esperanza was an important center for rubber exports as it is located along the shores of the Beni River. As a measure of its success, it had one of the best-equipped hospitals in Bolivia at the end of the 19th century. But these enormous rubber plantations all but disappeared by the end of the Second World War, as developers had been cultivating rubber introduced to plantations of Southeast Asia and Africa. Today many of the properties have been converted to cattle ranches. Only some small rubber producers still use the river to transport their production.

Government

Executive offices
The chief executive office of Bolivia departments (since May 2010) is the governor, who is elected to office; until then, the office was called the prefect. Until 2006 the prefect was appointed by the president of Bolivia. As of 2011 Beni had an interim governor, Haysen Ribera Leigue, who was selected by the Departmental Legislative Assembly on 16 December 2011. Governor Ernesto Suárez Sattori, who was elected on 4 April 2010, was suspended following his indictment for irregular expenditures related to a power plant in San Borja, Beni, in compliance with a Bolivian legal mandate that indicted officials may not continue to serve. As a replacement for the governor Carmelo Lens was elected in the special election on 20 January 2013. The current governor, Alejandro Unzueta of the MTS was elected on 7 March 2021.

Legislative Assembly
Under the 2009 Constitution, each Bolivian department has an elected Departmental Legislative Assembly. The first elections were held 4 April 2010. The leading party in the twenty-eight member assembly is Beni First, with 11 seats. The Movement towards Socialism (MAS-IPSP) holds 10 seats, and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) holds 3 seats. Two seats each were selected by indigenous people and by peasants through usos y costumbres. In alliance with the indigenous and peasant representatives, the MAS-IPSP controls the presidency of the Assembly. The three MNR representatives and their alternates were derecognized by the national party in 2010 when they backed MAS-IPSP policies and leadership.

The December 2011 suspension of Governor Ernesto Suarez was backed by 15 votes, including the MAS and MNR delegations, and two indigenous or campesino representatives. Two members of the assembly were also indicted simultaneously and replaced by their alternates: Sonia Suárez Araúz (MNR) was replaced by Juan Carlos Herrera; and  Carlos Navia Ribera (MAS-IPSP) was replaced by Tatiana Paniagua Zabala. The interim governor was also a member of the Assembly.

National Congress
In the National Congress of Bolivia Beni elects nine out of 130 members of the Cámara de Diputados (Chamber of Deputies), and four members of the Cámara de Senadores (Chamber of Senators).

Senators
 Freddy Bersatti Tudela (MAS-IPSP)
 Zonia Guardia Melgar (MAS-IPSP)
 Carlos Alberto Sonnenschein Antelo (PPB)
 Jeanine Áñez Chávez (PPB)

Geography

Beni's weather is tropical and humid, with a prevalence of warm to hot temperatures.

Beni borders upon Brazil to the northeast, and the departments of Santa Cruz to the southeast, La Paz to the west, Pando to the northwest, and Cochabamba to the south. Beni's territory is mainly covered by rainforest (particularly the northern and eastern portions of the department) and pampa (notably the grassland Moxos Plain to the south, closer to the Andean reaches).
Much of Beni is at about 155 meters above sea level. Although most of the department is flat, along the border with La Paz there are two sierra chains called Eva Eva and Pelado. Beni is criss-crossed by numerous rivers, all of which are Amazon tributaries. The largest of these are the Iténez (also known as Guaporé), Mamoré, Madre de Dios, Madera, Yata, Ivón, Machupo, Itonama, Baures, San Martín, San Miguel, San Simón, Negro, Sécure, Yacuma, Maniquí, Ibare and Apere, all of which are navigable.
Beni also has numerous lakes and lagoons. The most important of these are: Laguna Suárez, Rogagua, Rogaguado, San Luis, San Pablo, Huachi, Huatunas, Yusala, Huachuna, Agua Clara, Ginebra, La Dichosa, Bolivia, Navidad, Las Abras, Larga, Maracaibo and Aquiles Lake.

Flora and fauna

In the region's many rivers over 400 species of fish have been found. Trinidad has an entire museum, the Museo Ictícola, dedicated to Beni's fish fauna which is the third largest of its type in South America. The most commonly fished and consumed species are pacú, tambaquí, surubí, palometa (a type of piranha), sábalo, bagre (catfish), and blanquillo. Alligators are also hunted for their leather and meat, which is considered a delicacy and is a common part of meals in Beni. Beni now also exports huge amounts of lumber, although over the past 20 years the government of Bolivia has worked with numerous international entities and NGOs to certify its lumber concessions and all lumber exported must be accompanied by certificates of origin.

Climate
Beni is hot and humid during most of the year with an annual rainfall average between . It is one of the wettest regions in Bolivia, with more wetlands than the better-known Pantanal. During the winter (June and July) the weather can be cool and winds blowing northward from the South Pole and Argentina's Patagonia region can cause temperatures to drop quite drastically very quickly.

Agriculture and livestock
Because of its climate and rich soils, the department is Bolivia's second largest agricultural center after Santa Cruz. There are extensive fields of corn, yucca (manioc), sunflowers, rice, and many tropical fruits such as cacao (from which chocolate is made), Brazil nuts (one of the regions main crops and exports), soybeans, bananas, maracuya, guayaba, papaya, and many other citrus fruits. Coffee is also grown extensively. Beni is also the second Bolivia's largest cattle-ranching region. Official estimates calculate there are anywhere between 2 and 2.5 million heads of cattle throughout the year. Most of these are turned out to pasture and thus are naturally fed.

Provinces of Beni
The department is divided into 8 provinces which are further subdivided into municipalities and 48 cantons.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Province
!Population  (2012 census)
!Area (km2)
!Capital
!Map
|-
|Cercado
|111,624
|12,276
|San Javier
| rowspan=8|
|-
|Vaca Díez
|130,778
|22,434
|Riberalta
|-
|José Ballivián
|82,700
|40,444
|Santos Reyes
|-
|Yacuma
|23,430
|34,686
|Santa Ana del Yacuma
|-
|Moxos
|22,163
|33,316
|San Ignacio de Moxos
|-
|Marban
|16,331
|15,126
|Loreto
|-
|Mamoré
|12,817
|18,706
|San Joaquín
|-
|Iténez
|21,353
|36,576
|Magdalena
|-
|}

Languages
The dominant language in the department is Spanish. The following table shows the number of those belonging to the recognized group of speakers.

Places of interest
 Beni Biological Station Biosphere Reserve
 Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory
 Cachuela Esperanza
 Pilón Lajas Biosphere Reserve and Communal Lands

Notes

See also

References

Gonzalez Moscoso, Rene. 1984. Enciclopedia Boliviana: Diccionario Geográfico Boliviano. Editorial "Los Amigos del Libro", La Paz. 278pp.

External links

 Weather in Beni
 Bolivian Music and Web Varieties
 Departmental Government of Beni
 Beni Department
 Full information of Beni Department

Departments of Bolivia
States and territories established in 1842

Beni Department