Ruby Ridge was the site of an 11-day siege of a cabin occupied by the Weaver family in Boundary County, Idaho in August 1992. It began on August 21, when deputies of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) came to arrest Randy Weaver under a bench warrant after his failure to appear on federal firearms charges. During a surveillance operation, officer Art Roderick shot Weaver's dog, leading Weaver's son Sammy to fire at the team. Sammy was then shot and killed, causing an exchange of fire in which Weaver's friend Kevin Harris shot and killed Deputy Marshal William Francis Degan. Weaver, Harris, and members of Weaver's immediate family refused to surrender. The Hostage Rescue Team of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI HRT) became involved as the siege was mounted. In the standoff, FBI sniper Lon Horiuchi shot Weaver's wife Vicki while she was holding her baby daughter – the only casualty of the siege itself. The conflict was ultimately resolved by civilian negotiators. Harris surrendered and was arrested on August 30; Weaver and his three daughters surrendered the next day.

Extensive litigation followed. Initially, Randy Weaver and Harris were tried on a variety of federal criminal charges, including first-degree murder for the death of Degan. In the successful defense, Weaver's attorney Gerry Spence accused the agencies that were involved of criminal wrongdoing, in particular the FBI, the USMS, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), and the United States Attorney's Office (USAO) for Idaho. Harris and Weaver were acquitted of all the siege-related charges, and Weaver was only found guilty of violating his bail terms and of failing to appear for a court hearing, both related to the original federal firearms charges. The Weaver family and Harris both filed civil suits against the federal government in response to the firefight and the siege. In August 1995, the Weavers won a combined out-of-court settlement of $3.1 million; Harris was awarded a $380,000 settlement in September 2000. In 1997, a Boundary County prosecutor indicted Horiuchi for the manslaughter of Vicki, but the county's new prosecutor controversially closed the case, judging that he would be unlikely to secure a conviction.

The behavior of federal agents during these events drew intense scrutiny. At the end of Weaver's trial, the Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility formed the Ruby Ridge Task Force (RRTF) in an attempt to investigate Spence's charges; their report raised questions about all of the participating agencies' conduct and policies. Another inquiry was led by the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Government Information, which held hearings between September 6 and October 19, 1995. It issued a report in which it called for reforms in federal law enforcement in an attempt to prevent a repeat of the losses of life at Ruby Ridge and to restore the public's confidence. Several documentaries and books were produced on the siege. The law enforcement's response at Ruby Ridge and during the Waco siege roughly six months later were both cited by Timothy McVeigh as his motivation to carry out the Oklahoma City bombing with Terry Nichols.

Geography
Ruby Ridge is the southernmost of four ridges that extend east from the Bottleneck/Roman Nose mountain range toward the Kootenai River. Caribou Ridge lies north of it, and the area between them drains into the Ruby Creek. Weaver insisted that his cabin, located north of the creek, was on Caribou Ridge, and that "Ruby Ridge" was a press invention. Both ridge names were in use before the Weavers moved to the area, as in a Forest Service report on the 1967 Sundance Fire. The standoff occurred approximately  from the nearest incorporated city of Bonners Ferry and approximately  south of the border with Canada (British Columbia).

Development

Randy Weaver, a former Iowa factory worker and U.S. Army soldier, moved with his wife and four children to northern Idaho during the 1980s so they could "home-school his children and escape what he and his wife Vicki saw as a corrupted world." In 1978, Vicki, the religious leader of the family, began to have recurrent dreams of living on a mountaintop and believed that the apocalypse was imminent. After the birth of their son, Samuel, the Weavers began selling their belongings and visited the Amish to learn how to live without electricity. They bought  of land on Ruby Ridge in 1983 and began building a cabin; the property was in Boundary County on a hillside on Ruby Creek opposite Caribou Ridge, northwest of nearby Naples.

In 1984, Randy Weaver and his neighbor Terry Kinnison had a dispute over a $3,000 land deal. Kinnison lost the ensuing lawsuit and was ordered to pay Weaver an additional $2,100 in court costs and damages. Kinnison wrote letters to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Secret Service, and the county sheriff in which he alleged that Weaver had threatened to kill Pope John Paul II, President Ronald Reagan, and Idaho Governor John V. Evans.

In January 1985, the FBI and the Secret Service launched an investigation into allegations that Weaver had made threats against Reagan and other government and law enforcement officials. On February 12, Weaver and his wife were interviewed by two FBI agents, two Secret Service agents, and the Boundary County sheriff and his chief investigator. The Secret Service had been told that Weaver was a member of Aryan Nations (an antisemitic, neo-Nazi, white supremacist terrorist organization) and that he had a large weapons cache at his residence. Weaver denied these allegations, and the government filed no charges. On three or four occasions, the Weavers had attended Aryan Nations meetings at Hayden Lake, where there was a compound for government resisters and white supremacists/separatists.

The investigation noted that Weaver associated with Frank Kumnick, who was known to associate with members of Aryan Nations. Weaver told the investigators that neither he nor Kumnick was a member of Aryan Nations but he stated that Kumnick was "associated with The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord." On February 28, Randy and Vicki Weaver filed an affidavit with the county courthouse alleging that their personal enemies were plotting to provoke the FBI into attacking and killing the Weaver family. On May 6, the Weavers sent President Reagan a letter claiming that their enemies may have sent Reagan a threatening letter under a forged signature. No evidence of such a letter surfaced, but in 1992, the prosecutor cited the 1985 letter as an overt act of the Weaver family conspiracy against the federal government.

ATF involvement
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) first became aware of Weaver in July 1986, when he was introduced to a confidential ATF informant at a meeting at the World Aryan Congress. The informant portrayed himself as a weapons dealer working with motorcycle gangs. Weaver had been invited to the meeting by Kumnick, the original target of the ATF investigation. It was Weaver's first time at this Congress. Over the next three years, Weaver and the informant met several times. In July 1989, Weaver invited the informant to his home to discuss forming a group to fight the "Zionist Organized Government", referring to the U.S. government.

In October 1989, the ATF claimed that Weaver sold the informant two sawed-off shotguns, with the overall length of the guns shorter than the limit set by federal law. In November 1989, Weaver accused the ATF informant of being a spy for the police; Weaver later wrote he had been warned by "Rico V." The informant's handler, Herb Byerly, ordered him to have no further contact with Weaver. Eventually, FBI informant Rico Valentino outed the ATF informant to Aryan Nations security.

In June 1990, Byerly attempted to use the sawed-off shotgun charge as leverage to get Weaver to act as an informant for his investigation into Aryan Nations. Weaver refused to become a "snitch", and the ATF filed the gun charges in June 1990. The ATF alleged that Weaver was a bank robber with criminal convictions. (Those claims were false: at that time Weaver had no criminal record. The 1995 Senate investigation found: "Weaver was not a suspect in any bank robberies.") A federal grand jury indicted Weaver in December 1990 for making and possessing, but not for selling, illegal weapons in October 1989.

The ATF concluded it would be too dangerous for agents to arrest Weaver at his property. In January 1991, ATF agents posed as broken-down motorists and arrested Weaver when he and Vicki stopped to assist. Weaver was told of the charges against him, released on bail, and told that his trial would begin on February 19, 1991. On January 22, the judge in the case appointed attorney Everett Hofmeister as Weaver's legal representative. The same day, Weaver called probation officer Karl Richins and told him that he had been instructed to contact Richins on that date. Richins did not have the case file at that time, so he asked Weaver to leave his contact information and said he would contact him when he received the paperwork. According to Richins, Weaver did not give him a telephone number. Hofmeister sent Weaver letters on January 19, January 31, and February 5, asking Weaver to contact him to work on his defense within the federal court system.

On February 5, the trial date was changed from February 19 to 20 to give participants more travel time following a federal holiday. The court clerk sent the parties a letter informing them of the date change, but the notice was not sent directly to Weaver, only to Hofmeister. On February 7, Richins sent Weaver a letter indicating that he had the case file and needed to talk with Weaver. This letter erroneously said that Weaver's trial date was March 20. On February 8, Hofmeister again attempted to contact Weaver by letter informing him that the trial was to begin on February 20 and that Weaver needed to contact him immediately. Hofmeister also made several calls to individuals who knew Weaver, asking them to have Weaver call him. Hofmeister told U.S. District Court Judge Harold Lyman Ryan that he had been unable to reach Weaver before the scheduled court date.

When Weaver did not appear in court on February 20, Ryan issued a bench warrant for failure to appear in court. On February 26, Ken Keller, a reporter for the Kootenai Valley Times, telephoned the U.S. Probation Office and asked whether Weaver did not show in court on February 20 because the letter Richins sent him had an incorrect date. Upon finding a copy of the letter, the Chief Probation Officer, Terrence Hummel, contacted Ryan's clerk and informed them of the incorrect date in the letter. Hummel also contacted the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) and Weaver's attorney, informing them both of the error. Judge Ryan, however, refused to withdraw the bench warrant.

The USMS agreed to put off executing the warrant until after March 20 in order to see whether Weaver would show up in court on that day. If he were to show up on March 20, the Department of Justice claimed that all indications are that the warrant would have been dropped. But instead, the U.S. Attorney's Office (USAO) called a grand jury on March 14. The USAO did not inform the grand jury of Richins's letter and the grand jury issued an indictment for failure to appear.

U.S. Marshals Service involvement
When the Weaver case passed from the ATF to the USMS, no one informed the marshals that the ATF had attempted to solicit Weaver as an informant.

As the law enforcement arm of the federal court, the USMS were responsible to arrest and bring in Weaver, now considered a fugitive. Weaver simply stayed in his remote home, threatening to resist any attempt to take him by force.

Weaver was known to have an intense distrust of government. The erroneous Richins letter is believed to have compounded this sentiment and may have contributed to Weaver's reluctance to appear for trial. He was suspicious of what he thought were inconsistent messages from the government and his lawyer; he began to think there was a conspiracy against him. Weaver came to believe that he would not receive a fair trial if he were to appear in court. His distrust grew even further when Hofmeister erroneously told him that if he lost the trial, he would lose his land, essentially leaving Vicki homeless, and that the government would take away his children.

USMS officers made a series of attempts to have Weaver surrender peacefully, but he refused to leave his cabin. Weaver negotiated with U.S. Marshals Ron Evans, W. Warren Mays, and David Hunt through third parties from March 5 to October 12, 1991, when Assistant U.S. Attorney Ron Howen directed that the negotiations cease. The U.S. Attorney directed that all negotiations go through Hofmeister, but Weaver refused to talk with him. Marshals began preparing plans to capture Weaver to stand trial on the weapons charges and his failure to appear at the correct trial date.

Although marshals stopped the negotiations as ordered, they made other contact. On March 4, 1992, U.S. Marshals Ron Evans and Jack Cluff drove to the Weaver property and spoke with Weaver, posing as real-estate prospects. At a March 27, 1992, meeting at USMS headquarters, Art Roderick code-named the operation "Northern Exposure". Surveillance teams were dispatched and cameras set up to record activity at Weaver's residence. Marshals observed that Weaver and his family responded to vehicles and other visitors by taking up armed positions around the cabin until the visitors were recognized.

Threat source profile
Beginning in February 1991, the USMS developed a Threat Source Profile on Weaver. Agents' failure to integrate new information into that profile was criticized in a 1995 report by a subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee:

The Subcommittee is ... concerned that, as Marshals investigating the Weaver case learned facts that contradicted information they previously had been provided, they did not adequately integrate their updated knowledge into their overall assessment of who Randy Weaver was or what threat he might pose. If the Marshals made any attempt to assess the credibility of the various people who gave them information about Weaver, they never recorded their assessments. Thus, rather than maintaining the Threat Source Profile as a living document, the Marshals added new reports to an ever-expanding file, and their overall assessment never really changed. These problems rendered it difficult for other law enforcement officials to assess the Weaver case accurately without the benefit of first-hand briefings from persons who had continuing involvement with him.

Many of the people the USMS used as third party go-betweens on the Weaver case—Bill and Judy Grider, Alan Jeppeson, and Richard Butler—were assessed by the Marshals as more radical than the Weavers. When Deputy U.S. Marshal (DUSM) Dave Hunt asked Grider, "Why shouldn't I just go up there ... and talk to him?", Grider replied, "Let me put it to you this way. If I was sitting on my property and somebody with a gun comes to do me harm, then I'll probably shoot him."

The Subcommittee said that the profile included "a brief psychological profile completed by a person who had conducted no firsthand interviews and was so unfamiliar with the case that he referred to Weaver as 'Mr. Randall' throughout". A later memo circulated within the Justice Department opined that:

A review of Weaver's DD-214 in an investigation after the events of Ruby Ridge revealed that Weaver had never been a Green Beret or a member of the Special Forces; it was possible he had received some general demolition training as a "combat engineer."

Rivera helicopter incident
Following a flyover by a hired helicopter for Geraldo Rivera's Now It Can Be Told television show on April 18, 1992, the USMS received media reports that Weaver had shot at the helicopter. That day in Idaho, U.S. Marshals were installing surveillance cameras overlooking the Weaver property. The field report for April 18, 1992, filed by Marshal W. Warren Mays, reported seeing a helicopter near the Weaver property, but not that any shots were heard. In an interview with a Coeur D'Alene newspaper, Weaver denied that anyone had fired at the helicopter. When interviewed by the FBI, the helicopter pilot Richard Weiss said that Weaver had not fired on his helicopter. The Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994) said, when the "indictment [of Weaver] was presented to the grand jury, the prosecution had evidence that no shots had been fired at the helicopter."

Media reports that Weaver had fired on the Rivera helicopter became part of the justification later cited by U.S. Marshal Wayne "Duke" Smith and FBI HRT Commander Richard Rogers in drawing up the Ruby Ridge rules of engagement on August 21–22, 1992. Also, in spite of Weiss's repeated denials that shots had been fired at his helicopter, Howen charged that, as Overt Act 32 of the Weavers' Conspiracy Against the Federal Government, Randy, Vicki, and Harris fired two shots at the Rivera helicopter.

Operation "Northern Exposure" was suspended for three months due to the confirmation hearings for United States Marshals Service Director Henry E. Hudson.

Encounter near Weaver's cabin
On August 21, 1992, six Marshals were sent to scout the area to determine suitable places away from the cabin to apprehend and arrest Weaver. The marshals, dressed in military camouflage, were equipped with night-vision goggles and M16 rifles. DUSMs Art Roderick, Larry Cooper, and William F. "Bill" Degan formed the reconnaissance team, while DUSMs David Hunt, Joseph Thomas, and Frank Norris formed an observation post (OP) team on the ridge north of the cabin.

At one point, Roderick threw two rocks at the Weaver cabin to test the dogs' reaction. The action provoked the dogs; Weaver's friend, Kevin Harris, and Weaver's 14-year-old son, Samuel ("Sammy"), emerged and followed the dog "Striker" to investigate. Harris and the younger Weaver said that they were hoping the dog had noticed a game animal as the cabin was out of meat. The recon team (Roderick, Cooper, and Degan) initially retreated through the woods in radio contact with the OP team, but later took up hidden defensive positions.

Later, the OP team and the Weavers claimed the dogs were alerted to the recon team in the woods after neighbors at the foot of the mountain started their pickup truck. The recon team retreated through the woods to a "Y" junction in the trails  west of the cabin, out of sight of the cabin. Sammy and Harris followed Striker on foot through the woods while Randy, also on foot, took a separate logging trail; Vicki, Sara, Rachel, and baby Elisheba remained at the cabin. The OP team were anxious at first, but then relaxed. Randy encountered the Marshals at the "Y"; Roderick claimed to have yelled, "Back off! U.S. Marshal!" upon sighting Weaver, and Cooper said he had shouted, "Stop! U.S. Marshal!" By their account, Sammy and Striker came out of the woods about a minute later. When the Marshals' position was revealed by the dog "Striker", a yellow Labrador Retriever, DUSM Roderick shot the dog dead. Seeing this, Sammy Weaver reportedly said to the Marshals, "You've killed my dog, you son of a bitch!", and then shot in the direction of Roderick. DUSM Cooper then shot towards Sammy Weaver and Kevin Harris, who both sought cover. Harris, once finding cover behind a tree stump, then returned fire with one unaimed shot, which eventually killed DUSM William Francis "Bill" Degan. Sammy Weaver, now retreating up a hill was then shot in the back and killed by DUSM Cooper.

A later ballistics report showed that nineteen rounds were fired during the fight. DUSM Roderick fired one shot from an M16A1 (which killed "Striker", the dog, by entering his body two inches from the dog's anus, and exiting the chest), then Sammy fired three from a .223 Ruger Mini-14 (at Roderick), Degan fired seven from an M16 (at Harris and Weaver, while moving at least ), and Cooper fired six from a 9 mm Colt submachine gun (at Harris and Weaver), Harris then fired two from a .30-06 M1917 Enfield Rifle (striking and killing DUSM Degan). After the federal agents began firing, Sammy was killed by a shot to the back while retreating. Harris fired one unaimed shot and killed DUSM Degan.

The origin of the shot that killed Sammy was of critical concern in all investigations. At the time of the writing of the Ruby Ridge: Report (1996), the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, chaired by Senator Arlen Specter, observed that the government's position at trial was that Cooper had fired the shot. The Subcommittee engaged additional experts and ultimately declined to draw a final conclusion. The Justice Department's Ruby Ridge Task Force (RRTF) report to the Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR, 1994) states:

 It was concluded there was no indication he intended to kill or injure Weaver.

Reporter Jess Walter, in his work Ruby Ridge: The Truth and Tragedy of the Randy Weaver Family concludes that Cooper fired the bullet that killed Sammy Weaver.

In 1997, Boundary County Sheriff Greg Sprungl conducted an independent search of the "Y", and his investigator, Lucien Haag, discovered and confirmed that a bullet found in that search matched DUSM Cooper's 9 mm Colt submachine gun and contained fibers that matched Sammy's shirt, conclusively proving DUSM Cooper shot 14-year-old Sammy Weaver in the back as he retreated.

Harris's and the federal agents' accounts differ as to who fired first. In the 1993 trial over charges in Degan's death, prosecutors alleged that Harris had fired the first shot. Harris asserted self-defense and was acquitted.

On cross-examination by the defense, ballistics experts called by the prosecution testified that the physical evidence contradicted neither the prosecution's nor the defense's theories of the gunfight. Martin Fackler testified that Roderick fired the shot or shots that killed Striker, that Degan fired the shot that hit Sammy in the right elbow, that Harris shot and killed Degan, and that Cooper "probably" shot and killed Sammy.

Roderick and Cooper stated that Striker preceded Harris and Sammy out of the woods. They said Degan challenged Harris, who turned, shot and fatally wounded Degan before he could fire first. They said Roderick shot the dog once, Sammy fired twice at Roderick, and Roderick returned fire. Roderick and Cooper testified that they heard multiple gunshots from the Weaver party. Cooper testified that he fired two three-shot bursts at Harris and saw Harris fall "like a sack of potatoes" with leaves flying up in front of him, presumably from the impact of a round. Cooper sought cover. He testified that he saw Sammy run away and radioed OP team member Dave Hunt that he had wounded or killed Harris.

As described by Randy and Sara Weaver, in their book The Federal Siege (1998), Harris's version of events differed, as follows. Harris told them Striker was followed out of the woods by Sammy and Harris, and that the dog ran up to Cooper. He said the dog ran to Roderick, who shot it in front of Sammy. Sammy yelled, "You shot my dog, you son of a bitch!", and fired a shot at Roderick. Harris said that Degan came out of the woods and shot Sammy in the arm. Harris fired and hit Degan in the chest. According to the Weavers, Harris said that Cooper fired at Harris, who ducked for cover, and Cooper fired again, hitting Sammy in the back, who fell. Harris fired about 6 feet (2 m) in front of Cooper, forcing him to take cover. Only then did he hear Cooper identify himself as a U.S. Marshal. Harris said he checked Sammy and found him dead, and ran to the Weavers' cabin.

After the firefight at the "Y", Hunt and Thomas went to a neighbor's house to call for assistance from the USMS Crisis Center. Norris, Cooper, and Roderick stayed with Degan's body at the "Y". Randy and Vicki went to the "Y" and retrieved Sammy's body. Randy, Vicki and Harris placed the body in a guest cabin near the main cabin. From 11:15 a.m. onward, Hunt reported to the Crisis Center in Washington, D.C., that no further gunfire was heard.

Siege and controversy

In the aftermath of the gunfight on August 21 at 11:20 am PDT, DUSM Hunt requested immediate support from Idaho law enforcement, and he also alerted the FBI by notifying it that a Marshal had been killed. Following Hunt's phone call, the Marshals Service Crisis Center was activated under the direction of Duke Smith, associate director for Operations. The Marshals Service Special Operations Group (SOG) was alerted to deploy. In response to the USMS call, the Boundary County sheriff's office mobilized. Also in response to the USMS request, Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus declared a state of emergency in Boundary County, allowing use of the Idaho National Guard Armory at Bonners Ferry and, after an initial delay, to use National Guard armored personnel carriers (APCs). Soon thereafter, the Idaho State Police arrived at the scene.

FBI Headquarters in Washington, DC, responded by sending the Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) from Quantico to Idaho. Special Agent in Charge (SAC) Eugene Glenn of the Salt Lake City FBI office was appointed Site Commander with responsibility for all active individuals from the FBI, ATF, and USMS. A stand-off ensued for eleven days, as several hundred federal agents surrounded the house, and negotiations for a surrender were attempted.

Special ROE and sniper/observer deployment
By Saturday, August 22, special rules of engagement (ROE) were drafted and approved by FBI Headquarters and the Marshal Service for use on Ruby Ridge. According to the later RRTF report to the DOJ (1994), the Ruby Ridge ROE were as follows:

 "If any adult in the area around the cabin is observed with a weapon after the surrender announcement had been made, deadly force could and should be used to neutralize the individual."
 "If any adult male is observed with a weapon prior to the announcement deadly force can and should be employed if the shot could be taken without endangering any children."
 "If compromised by any dog the dog can be taken out."
 "Any subjects other than Randy Weaver, Vicki Weaver, Kevin Harris presenting threat of death or grievous bodily harm FBI rules of deadly force apply. Deadly force can be utilized to prevent the death or grievous bodily injury to oneself or that of another."

(From the sworn statement of FBI SAC Eugene Glenn).

As noted in a footnote to the report in this crucial section:

The ROE were communicated to agents on site, including communication to HRT sniper/observers prior to deployment, communications that included the change of "adult" to "adult male" to exclude Vicki Weaver. Some deployed FBI agents, in particular the sniper/observers, would later describe the adopted ROE as a "green light" to "shoot on sight".

On Wednesday, August 26, four days after Vicki was killed, the ROE that had been in effect since the arrival of the HRT were revoked. Per Glenn's direction, the FBI's Standard Deadly Force Policy replaced the ROE to guide the law enforcement personnel that were to be deployed to the cabin perimeter. The FBI rules of deadly force in effect in 1992 stated that:

This was in stark contrast to the permissive ROE adopted for the Ruby Ridge stand-off.

Deployment of sniper/observers, ROE understanding
On August 22, the second day of the siege, between 2:30–3:30 pm, the FBI HRT sniper/observer teams were briefed and deployed to the cabin on foot.

According to the RRTF report to the DOJ, there were various views and interpretations taken of these ROEs by members of FBI SWAT teams in action at the Ruby Ridge site. Denver SWAT team leader Gregory Sexton described them as "severe" and "inappropriate." Two members of the Denver SWAT team said they were "strong" and a "departure from the ... standard deadly force policy", "inappropriate", and of a sort one "had never been given" before. The latter of these two members said that "other SWAT team members were taken aback by the Rules and that most of them clung to the FBI's standard deadly force policy." Another team member responded to the briefing on the ROE with "[y]ou've gotta be kidding."

But most of the FBI HRT sniper/observers accepted the ROE as modifying the deadly force policy. According to later interviews, HRT sniper Dale Monroe saw the ROE as a "green light" to shoot armed adult males on sight, and HRT sniper Edward Wenger believed that if he observed armed adults, he could use deadly force, but he was to follow standard deadly force policy for all other individuals. Fred Lanceley, the FBI Hostage Negotiator at Ruby Ridge, was "surprised and shocked" at the ROE, the most severe rules he had heard in more than 300 hostage situations. He later characterized the ROE as being inconsistent with standard policy. The 1996 Senate report criticized the ROE as "virtual shoot-on-sight orders."

Sniper shoots: R. Weaver is wounded, V. Weaver is killed
Before the negotiators arrived at the cabin, FBI sniper Lon Horiuchi, from a position over  north and above the Weaver cabin, shot and wounded Randy Weaver in the back with the bullet exiting his right armpit, while he was lifting the latch on the shed to visit the body of his dead son. (The sniper testified at the later trial that he had put his crosshairs on Weaver's spine, but Weaver moved at the last second.) As Weaver, his 16-year-old daughter Sara, and Harris ran back toward the cabin, Horiuchi fired a second bullet, wounding Harris in the chest. This bullet killed Vicki Weaver, who was standing behind the door of the cabin when Harris entered. Vicki was holding the Weavers' 10-month-old baby Elisheba.

Constitutionality of the second shot
The RRTF report to the DOJ's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) of June 1994 stated unequivocally in conclusion (in its executive summary) that the rules that allowed the second shot to have been made did not satisfy constitutional standards for legal use of deadly force. The 1996 report of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, Arlen Specter [R-PA], chair, concurred, with Senator Dianne Feinstein [D-CA] dissenting. The DOJ's RRTF report said that the lack of a request for surrender before Agent Horiuchi's second shot was "inexcusable", as Harris and the Weavers were running for cover at the time and did not pose an imminent threat.

The later Justice task force criticized Horiuchi for firing through the door, when he did not know if anyone was on the other side of it. While there is a dispute as to who approved the rules of engagement which Horiuchi followed, the task force condemned the rules of engagement that allowed shots to be fired without a request for surrender.

Situational reevaluation, ROE is suspended, the siege ends
The FBI's HQ and the Site Commanders in Idaho both re-evaluated the situation based on information about what had happened on August 21 which they were receiving from U.S. Marshals Hunt, Cooper and Roderick. On August 23, repeated attempts to negotiate with Weaver via a bullhorn failed; there was no response from the cabin.

On about Monday, August 24, the fourth day of the siege, FBI Deputy Assistant Director Danny Coulson, who did not know that Vicki Weaver had been killed, wrote a memo with the following content:

The stand-off was ultimately resolved by civilian negotiators including Bo Gritz, to whom Weaver agreed to speak. Through Gritz's mediation, Harris, who had earlier urged Weaver to end his suffering, surrendered on August 30 (Sunday). He was removed via stretcher, and then he was flown by an Air Force medical evacuation helicopter to Sacred Heart Medical Center in Spokane. Weaver allowed the removal of his wife's body, which Gritz oversaw.

The FBI HRT Commander gave Gritz a deadline to get the remaining Weavers to surrender, and if they did not surrender on the day of the deadline, he said he would resolve the standoff by launching a tactical assault. Weaver and his daughters surrendered the next day; both Harris and Weaver were arrested. Harris was in serious condition at Sacred Heart, but U.S. Marshals did not allow his parents to see him (or talk by telephone) until Monday evening, after a federal court order was issued. Weaver's daughters were released to the custody of relatives. Federal officials considered charging Sara, who was 16, as an adult.

Weaver was transferred by military helicopter to the airport at Sandpoint and from there he was flown by USMS jet to Boise. There he was given a brief medical examination at St. Luke's Medical Center. He was held at the Ada County jail and arraigned in federal court the following day, Tuesday, September 1.

Trials of Weaver and Harris
Weaver and Harris were charged with a variety of offenses; their trial in U.S. District Court in Boise began in April 1993, and it was presided over by Judge Edward Lodge. In mid-June, Weaver's defense attorney, Gerry Spence, rested his case without calling any witnesses for the defense. Instead, he sought to convince the jury through cross-examination which was aimed at discrediting the government's evidence and witnesses. In July, Weaver was ultimately acquitted of all of the charges except the charge which he incurred after he missed his original court date and the charge of violating his bail conditions, for which he was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment and fined $10,000 in October. Credited with time served and good behavior, Weaver served less than 16 months and he was released from the Canyon County jail in Caldwell in mid-December.

Harris was defended by attorney David Nevin and he was acquitted of all of the charges. Exactly five years after the incident (August 21, 1997), he was indicted for the first-degree murder of DUSM Bill Degan by Boundary County prosecutor Denise Woodbury, but the charge was dismissed in early October on grounds of double jeopardy, because he had been acquitted of the same charge in the federal criminal trial in 1993.

Federal investigations of law enforcement

Defense counsels for Weaver and Harris alleged throughout their 1993 trial that agents of the ATF, USMS, and FBI were themselves guilty of serious wrongdoing. The Department of Justice (DOJ) created the Ruby Ridge Task Force (RRTF) to investigate events. It delivered a 542-page report on June 10, 1994, to the DOJ Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR). (This RRTF report, originally available in a highly redacted form, later became available in a much more complete form.)

Questions persisted about Ruby Ridge and the subsequent Waco siege, which involved the same agencies and many of the same officials. The Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information held fourteen days of hearings on these incidents and allegations of misconduct, ending on October 19, 1995. The hearings were televised on C-SPAN. The internal 1994 Ruby Ridge Task Force Report and the public 1995 Senate subcommittee report on Ruby Ridge both criticized the rules of engagement by claiming that they were unconstitutional.

A 1995 GAO investigation was conducted on the policies regarding use of force by federal law enforcement agencies. Its report said: "In October 1995, Treasury and Justice adopted use of deadly force policies to standardize the various policies their component agencies had adopted over the years." The major change was that agencies required a law enforcement agent to have reasonable belief of an "imminent" danger of death or serious physical injury in order to use deadly force. This brought all federal LEA deadly force policies in line with the U.S. Supreme Court rulings Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 18 (1985) and Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989), which applied to state and local law enforcement agencies.

In 1997, Michael Kahoe, the chief of the FBI's violent crimes section, pled guilty to obstruction of justice for destroying a report which was critical of the agency's role at Ruby Ridge. He was sentenced to 18 months and a $4,000 fine.

Civil suits
Randy Weaver and his daughters filed a wrongful death suit for $200 million which was related to the killing of his wife and son. In an out-of-court settlement in August 1995, the federal government awarded Randy Weaver $100,000 and it also awarded $1 million to each of his three daughters. The government did not admit that it had committed any wrongdoing in relation to the deaths of Sammy and Vicki. On the condition of anonymity, a DOJ official told The Washington Post that he believed that the Weavers would have probably won the full amount if the case had gone to trial.

The attorney for Harris pressed Harris's civil suit for damages, but federal officials vowed that they would never pay someone who had killed a U.S. Marshal. In September 2000, Harris was awarded a $380,000 settlement by the government.

State criminal charges
In 1997, Boundary County prosecutor Denise Woodbury indicted FBI HRT sniper Lon Horiuchi for manslaughter on state charges, just before the statute of limitations for this crime expired. She appointed a special prosecutor to conduct the case. But in 1998 the trial was removed to federal court because Horiuchi had been acting in the line of duty as a federal law enforcement officer. Judge Lodge quickly dismissed the case on grounds of sovereign immunity.

The decision to dismiss charges was reversed (6–5) in 2001 by an en banc panel of the Ninth Circuit, which held that enough uncertainty about the facts of the case existed for Horiuchi to stand trial on state manslaughter charges. Boundary County prosecutor Brett Benson, who had defeated Woodbury in the May 2000 primary and won the November election, decided to drop the case. He said he believed that it was unlikely the state could prove the criminal charges, and too much time had passed. He also believed his decision would enable the process of healing in the county. Attorney Stephen Yagman, who had been appointed as the special prosecutor, said that he vehemently disagreed with the decision. He suggested that the case could still be prosecuted if the Boundary County prosecutor later changed again.

Later life of the Weavers
Randy Weaver and his daughter, Sara, wrote The Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge (1998), about the incident, which was published in paperback.

The Weaver family, including Randy, later moved to Kalispell, Montana. Sara and the other two Weaver daughters are employed there. In 2012, after she became a born again Christian, Sara Weaver said that she forgives the federal agents who killed her mother and brother.

Randy Weaver died on May 11, 2022, at the age of 74.

Domestic terrorism

American domestic terrorists Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols claimed that their desire for revenge for the federal government's poor handling of the Ruby Ridge and Waco sieges motivated them to perpetrate the Oklahoma City bombing. On April 19, 1995, the second anniversary of the fire that ended the Waco siege, they detonated a truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building during business hours. 168 people were killed and 680 people were injured, mostly US government employees. 19 of the victims were babies and children, many in the building's day-care center. The effects of the blast were equivalent to over 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) of TNT, and could be heard and felt up to 55 miles (89 km) away; over a third of the building was destroyed.

In popular culture
A CBS miniseries about the Ruby Ridge incident, titled Ruby Ridge: An American Tragedy, aired on May 19 and 21, 1996. It was based on the book Every Knee Shall Bow by reporter Jess Walter. It starred Laura Dern as Vicki, Kirsten Dunst as Sara, and Randy Quaid as Randy. Later that year the television series was adapted as a full-length TV movie, The Siege at Ruby Ridge.

In 1999, bluegrass musician Peter Rowan addressed the events at Ruby Ridge in his song "The Ballad of Ruby Ridge".

Ruby Ridge was the subject of Criminal Minds, Season Three, episode 7, "Identity" (2007). Agent David Rossi says that he was at Ruby Ridge during the siege.

In 2017, it was the focus of the 323rd episode of American Experience, the 5th episode of its 29th season.

The standoff, including the shooting of Vicki Weaver, is featured in the first episode of the Paramount Network television miniseries Waco (2018).

Tara Westover, in her memoir Educated (2018), referred to this incident, noting her own family's preparations to defend their isolated home against a potential siege by "the Feds".

The Ruby Ridge incident was the subject of the first season of the narrative podcast series Slate Presents. The four-episode season, titled Standoff: What Happened at Ruby Ridge? ran as a stand-alone miniseries hosted by journalist Ruth Graham.

In 2020, the incident was featured in a season of Fox Nation's Scandalous.

See also

 2003 standoff in Abbeville, South Carolina
 American militia movement
 Branch Davidians
 Christian Identity
 Christian Patriot movement
 Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG)
 Leonard Peltier
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
 Michigan Militia
 Militia of Montana
 Montana Freemen
 Oklahoma City bombing, inspired by Ruby Ridge
 Rainbow Farm
 Bundy standoff
 Sagebrush Rebellion
 Shannon Street massacre
 Singer-Swapp Standoff (1988)
 Waco siege

Bibliography

Primary sources

 Ridge Task Force (November 9, 2006 rel.) [June 10, 1994].Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force to the Office of Professional Responsibility [OPR] of Investigation of Allegations of Improper Governmental Conduct in the Investigation, Apprehension and Prosecution of Randall C. Weaver and Kevin L. Harris [OPR legacy, highly redacted version]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

  Reproduced in published book form by Diane Publishing, Collingdale, PA, .

Secondary sources

References and notes

Further reading and viewing

Further sources

 .

Other books

Other reports
 [primary source] Note, the author and date of publication do not appear on the title page or mast head of the document, but are inferred from other sources.

Other articles
  Relates Ruby Ridge to the 1985 MOVE bombing by the Philadelphia police, causing fire, the deaths of eleven occupants, and destruction of 65 houses in the West Philadelphia neighborhood. See also

Other documentaries
Randy Weaver and the Siege at Ruby Ridge have been the focus of numerous documentaries, including:
 "Ruby Ridge Investigation", by Nightline 1995, ABC News;
 Atrocities at Ruby Ridge: the Randy Weaver Story, Produced by KPOC-TV 1995; VHS tape distributed by The FOREND Times, Inc.
 "American Standoff," Retro Report / New York Times, October 26, 2014.
 A&E Network American Justice series, episode 047 – "Deadly Force": A look at controversial law enforcement policy. Features the police bombing of the MOVE headquarters in Philadelphia, which killed 11, and the shootings of Randy Weaver's wife and son at Ruby Ridge. Bill Kurtis hosts.
 PBS American Experience: "Ruby Ridge", episode S29E07, February 14, 2017. (This episode is also available on Netflix .)
 Season 1, Episode 1: "The Legend of Ruby Ridge" of the documentary series Secret Rulers of the World. – April 2001

External links
 G. Spence, From Freedom to Slavery, excerpts from Chapter 2, about the trial of Randy Weaver , (Spence was his defense attorney)
 Famous Trials: R. Weaver, U Missouri-Kansas City Law
 CBS News August 10, 2001, "New Ruby Ridge Probe"
 CBS News 60 Mins, May 11, 2001, with T. McVeigh
 CBS News November 25, 2002, "FBI Whistleblower Harassed"
 "Idaho vs Randy Weaver" (2006), CourtTV Crime Library
 Ruby Ridge , American Patriot Friends Network

1992 in American politics
1992 controversies in the United States
Anti-Federalism
Armed standoffs in the United States
Conflicts in 1992
+Ruby
Animals shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
American police officers killed in the line of duty
Gun politics in the United States
Federal Bureau of Investigation controversies
Law enforcement controversies in the United States
Law enforcement operations in the United States
Boundary County, Idaho
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
1992 in Idaho
August 1992 events in the United States
Sieges involving the United States
Neo-Nazism in the United States
Apocalypticism

Ruby Ridge


Brašnjak, (trokutnolisna loboda, brašnjenka, lat. Blitum bonus-henricus, sin. Chenopodium bonus-henricus), je samonikla jestiva biljka iz potporodice lobodovki (Chenopodioideae), porodica štirovke. Raste u većini zemalja srednje i južne Europe, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Nekada se brašnjak uzgajao kao povrće dok ga se danas više smatra za običan korov. U Hrvatskoj je najčešći u blizini starih torova i staja.

Opis
Zeljasta biljka visine oko 60 cm.

Lišće s dugim peteljkama, 5 – 10 cm u dužinu, u donjem dijelu biljke trokutastog-kopljastog oblika, u gornjem dijelu jajasti i kopljasti.

Cvjetovi su mali, s promjerom od 3 – 5 mm, zeleni s pet latica.

Sjeme je crvenkasto-zeleno, promjera 2 – 3 mm.

Ljekovitost
Biljka je nekad korištena u narodnoj medicini za liječenje bolesti kože, sadrži željezo i vitamin C te saponine.

Dodatna literatura
Grlić, Lj. Samoniklo jestivo bilje, Zagreb 1980.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Anserineae
Samoniklo jestivo bilje

Brašnjak


Viscount Falmouth is a title that has been created twice, first in the Peerage of England, and then in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first creation came in the Peerage of England in 1674 for George FitzRoy, an illegitimate son of King Charles II by Barbara Villiers. He was created Earl of Northumberland at the same time and in 1683 he was made Duke of Northumberland. However, he left no heirs, so the titles became extinct at his death in 1716.

The second creation came in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1720 for Hugh Boscawen (c.1680-1734). He was made Baron Boscawen-Rose at the same time, also in the Peerage of Great Britain. Boscawen had earlier represented Tregony, Cornwall, Truro and Penryn in Parliament and notably served as Comptroller of the Household and Vice-Treasurer of Ireland. His son, the second Viscount, was a General in the Army and also sat as a Member of Parliament for Truro. He later served as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. His nephew, the third Viscount, held office as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners from 1797 to 1799. His son, the fourth Viscount, represented Truro in the House of Commons. In 1821 he was created Earl of Falmouth, in the County of Cornwall, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl. He briefly represented Cornwall West in the House of Commons.

On his death in 1852 the earldom became extinct while he was succeeded in the other titles by his first cousin, the sixth Viscount. He was the son of Reverend John Evelyn Boscawen, second son of the third Viscount. Lord Falmouth married in 1845 Mary Frances Elizabeth Boscawen, 17th Baroness le Despencer (see the Baron le Despencer). In 1872 Viscount Falmouth was listed as one of the top ten landowners in Cornwall, with an estate of  or 3.41% of the total area of Cornwall. They were both succeeded by their son, the seventh Viscount and eighteenth Baron, who was a Major-General in the Army. He was allegedly the father of Lady Randolph Churchill's second son, John (1880–1947). Since 1889 the ancient barony of Le Despencer has been a subsidiary title of the viscountcy of Falmouth.  the titles are held by his great-grandson, the tenth Viscount, who succeeded his 102-year-old father in March of that year.

The Conservative politician Robert Boscawen was the younger brother of the ninth Viscount.

The family seat is Tregothnan, near Truro, Cornwall.

Viscount Falmouth, first creation (1674)
George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (1665–1716)

Viscount Falmouth, second creation (1720)
Hugh Boscawen, 1st Viscount Falmouth (c. 1680 – 1734)
Hugh Boscawen, 2nd Viscount Falmouth (1707–1782)
George Evelyn Boscawen, 3rd Viscount Falmouth (1758–1808)
Edward Boscawen, 4th Viscount Falmouth (1787–1841) (created Earl of Falmouth in 1821)

Earl of Falmouth (1821)
Edward Boscawen, 1st Earl of Falmouth (1787–1841)
George Henry Boscawen, 2nd Earl of Falmouth (1811–1852)

Viscount Falmouth (1720; reverted)
Evelyn Boscawen, 6th Viscount Falmouth (1819–1889)
Evelyn Edward Thomas Boscawen, 7th Viscount Falmouth (1847–1918)
Evelyn Hugh John Boscawen, 8th Viscount Falmouth (1887–1962)
George Hugh Boscawen, 9th Viscount Falmouth (1919–2022)
Evelyn Arthur Hugh Boscawen, 10th Viscount Falmouth (born 1955)

The heir apparent is his son, Hon. Evelyn George William Boscawen (born 1979).
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, Evelyn Ralph Constantine Boscawen (born 2015).

Male-line family tree

See also

Baron le Despencer
Earl of Falmouth

References

Sources

Kidd, Charles & Williamson, David, eds. (1990) Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage, 1990 edition. New York: St Martin's Press,

External links

Viscountcies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Cornish nobility
Falmouth, Cornwall
Boscawen family
Extinct viscountcies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1674
Noble titles created in 1720

Viscount Falmouth


'المعهد العالي للفنون والحرف بتطاوين  هو إحدى المؤسسات العليا التابعة لجامعة قابس، والوحيدة بولاية تطاوين بالجنوب التونسي.

أرقام
طبقا لأرقام السنة الدراسية 2007-2008 يدرس بها 169 طالبا من بينهم 134 طالبة.

الإدارة
 المدير: رياض بن عاشور
 كاتب المؤسسة: بوبكر هلة

الشراكة والتعاون
تم إبرام عدة إتفاقيات تعاون مع الهياكل الوطنية والجهوية:
 الديوان الوطني للصناعات التقليدية.
 الوكالة الوطنية للتشغيل والعمل المستقل.
 الجمعية التونسية للوقاية من حوادث طرقات.
 المندوبية الجهوية للشباب والرياضة والتربية البدنية بتطاوين.
 معمل الطين بالقصور.

مقالات ذات صلة
 جامعة قابس

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمعهد.

التعليم في تونس
جامعة قابس

المعهد العالي للفنون والحرف بتطاوين


Antisepsi, dezenfektan maddelerin fazla sulandırılarak insan veya hayvan vücuduna uygulanmasına denir. Bu işlemde kullanılan maddelere de antiseptik maddeler adı verilir.
Çok eski çağlardan beri başvurulan bir yöntemdir. Mikroplardan korunma; asepsi, ameliyatlarla doğum öncesi yapılan dezenfeksiyon, antisepsi ve antibiyotik tedavisiyle elde edilir.

Antisepsi, ilk kez İngiltere'de Lister, Fransa'da ise Lucas Champonniére tarafından cerrahide başarıyla kullanıldı. Alet, eşya ve elbiselerin antisepsisinde ısı kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca büyük alanların antisepsisinde ya da iç organlarda etki için ultraviyole ve X ışınlarından yararlanılmaktadır. Derinin dıştan temizliği için lokal antiseptik maddelerden yararlanılır. Ses ötesi sterilizasyonda da çağdaş bir antisepsi yöntemidir. Bu yöntemle bakteriler çok yüksek titreşimli ses dalgalarıyla parçalanmaktadır.

İç bağlantılar

Asepsis

Antisepsi


In dieser Liste sind die Träger des Order of Nova Scotia chronologisch aufgeführt.

2002
 Myra Freeman (als Vizegouverneurin von Nova Scotia)
 Carrie M. Best (postum) († 2001)
 John H. Boudreau
 Shirley R. Chernin
 Lorne O. Clarke
 Edith H. Cromwell
 Marie B. Elwood
 James A. Kehoe
 Anne Murray
 Daniel N. Paul
 John P. Savage

2003
 Robert Arnold Burden, M.D.C.M., L.M.C.C.
 David Alexander Colville, P.C., C.C.
 Shirley Burnham Elliott, M.A., S.B., D.C.L., LL.D.
 Hugh Allan (Buddy) MacMaster, C.M., LL.D.
 Schwester Dorothy Moore, C.M., M.Ed, L.L.D., C.S.M., B.Ed., B.A.

2004
 Anne Marie Comeau, M.B.A.T.D., M.C.D.T.A.
 Donald Michael Julien
 Marial M. Mosher, C.D.
 Oscar Shiu-Yuet Wong, M.D., F.R.C.P.(C)
 Sherman Zwicker, B.A.

2005
 Constance R. Glube, Q.C.
 Rita MacNeil, C.M.
 Theresa Helen McNeil
 Michael Joseph Cyril Reddy (postum)
 Jack Yazer, C.M.

2006
 Mayann Francis (als Vizegouverneurin von Nova Scotia)
 George Elliott Clarke, BA, MA, Ph.D.
 Joan Dillon, L.L.D.
 Ian Simon Fraser, O.M.M., C.D., D.C.L., B.A.
 Alida (Cora) de Jong Greenaway, C.M., D.F.A., D.Hum.L., F.R.S.A.(U.K.)
 Ronald Daniel Stewart, O.C., BA, B.Sc, M.D., F.A.C.E.P., F.R.C.P.C., D.Sc (hon)

2007
 Joyce Carman Barkhouse
 Peter Stephen Clarke
 Thomas De Vany Forrestall, C.M., R.C.A., LL.D.
 Flora Isabel MacDonald, P.C., C.C., O.Ont., LL.D.
 William D. Stanish, M.D., F.R.C.S.(C), F.A.C.S.

2008
 Nora Madeline Bernard (postum)
 Sidney Patrick Crosby
 Ruth Miriam Goldbloom, O.C.
 Michael Dan MacNeil
 Thomas John "Jock" Murray, O.C., M.D., F.R.C.P.
 Mahmood Ali Naqvi, M.B.B.S., F.R.C.S.(C), F.A.C.S.

2009
 Michael Gilbert Baker, Q.C. (postum)
 Melvin James Boutilier, C.M.
 Muriel Helena Duckworth, C.M., D.Hum.L.
 Philip Riteman, LL.D., D.Litt.
 Viola Marie Robinson, LL.B., LL.D.

2010
 J. Chalmers Doane, C.M., B. Mus. D.F.A.
 James "Jim" Herbert Leonard Hill
 Burnley "Rocky" Allan Jones, LL.B., LL.D. (Hon.)
 Eva June Landry, C.M.
 William Robert (Bill) Pope

2011
 F. Wayne Adams, C.M., D.C.L., C.C., E.C.N.S.
 Sir (Judson) Graham Day, J.D., LL.D.
 Bruce MacKinnon, D.Litt.
 Joseph Benjamin Marshall, LL.B.
 Budge Wilson, C.M., LL.D.

2012
 Silver Donald Cameron, C.M.
 Graham W. Dennis, C.M. (postum)
 Alexa Ann McDonough, O.C.
 Robert James Morgan (postum)
 Bridglal Pachai, C.M.

2013
 Eldon Thomas George
 Fred George
 Cecil Edwin Kinley
 Hetty (Hendrika) Margaretha van Gurp
 Raylene Marguerite Rankin (Anderson) (postum)

2014
 Walter Marven Borden
 Richard Ballon Goldbloom
 Stanley Paul Kutcher
 Wanda Elaine Thomas Bernard
 Ruth Holmes Whitehead

2015
 Margaret Macdonald Casey, C.M.
 Louis E. Deveau, O.C.
 Martin Rudy Haase
 Sharon Hope Irwin
 Alistair MacLeod, O.C. (postum)

2016
 Françoise Elvina Baylis
 Freeman Douglas Knockwood
 Arthur Bruce McDonald
 James Leonard Morrow
 Donald R. Reid

2017
 Bradford J. Barton
 Geraldine Marjorie Browning
 R. Irene d'Entremont
 Raymond Edmund Ivany
 Peter J. M. Nicholson

2018
 Ellie Black
 John L. Bragg
 Clotilda Douglas-Yakimchuk
 Janet F. Kitz
 Patti Ann Melanson
 Wade Holly Smith (postum)

2019
 Elizabeth Cromwell (postum)
 Francis Dorrington
 Noni MacDonald
 Ann MacLean
 David M. McKeage (postum)

2020
 Linda Best
 Stella Bowles
 David Glenn Fountain
 Natalie MacMaster
 Donald Oliver
 Shawna Y. Paris-Hoyte

Weblinks
 Ordensträger

Kanada

Liste der Träger des Order of Nova Scotia


පෞද්ගලිකත්වයේ නීතිය පුද්ගලයෙකු සතු පෞද්ගලිකත්ව අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම ට අවධානය යොමු කරනු ලබන නීතිය යි. බොහෝ රටවල් පෞද්ගලිකත්වය තනි පුද්ගල අයිතිවාසිමක් මිස ආයතනික අයිතිවාසිකමක් ලෙස නොසලකන බව අර්ථ දැක්වීවෙන් ම පෙනී යයි. රජයන් සහ වෙනත් සංවිධාන විවිධ අරමුණු සඳහා පුද්ගල තොරතුරු රැස්කර තබා ගනී. පෞද්ගලිකත්ව නීතිය මඟින් එම ආයතන විසින් මෙවැනි තොරතුරු එක්රැස් කිරීමට සහ භාවිතා කිරීමට සීමාවන් පනවයි. මූලික පෞද්ගලිකත්ව මූලධර්මයන් ලොව පුරා බොහෝ පෞද්ගලිකත්ව නීති සඳහා පදනම් වී ඇත්තේ සාධාරණ ලෙස තොරතුරු භාවිත කිරීමේ මූලධර්මයන වේ. එම මූලධර්මයන් වන්නේ විවෘතභාවය පෙද්ගලික තොරතුරු භාවිතයන් සහ මූලධර්මයන් ගේ විවෘතභාවය පිළිබඳ මූලික ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් තිබිය යුතුය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පෞද්ගලිකත්ව මූලධර්මයන් ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කිරීම මෙහි ප්‍රතිථලයයි. තොරතුරු එකරැස් කිරීම සීමා කිරීම පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු රැස්කර ගත හැකි වන්නේ සඳහන් කරන ලද අරමුණක් සඳහා නෛතික සහ සාධාරණ අන්දමින් සහ දැනුවත්බවකින් සහ ඒ සඳහා කැමැත්ත ඇතුවය. මෙම මූලධර්මය අනුව පුද්ගලයෙකුට ඒ සඳහා එකඟ වීම සහ එකඟ නොවීම තීරණය කල හැකිය. විශේෂිත අරමුණ පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු එක රැස්කර ගන්නා අවස්ථාවේදී ම එහි අරමුණ කුමකි ද යන්න පැහැදිලි කල යුතුය. එ මඟින් එම තොරතුරු ඒ අරමුණු වලින් පරිබාහිර ව තව දුරටත් භාවිතය සීමාකෙරේ. උදා. වෙළඳ හවුල්කරුවන් සමඟ ගනුදෙනු වල දී හෝ පුවත් පත්‍රිකා හෝ අමතර නිෂ්පාදන තොරතුරු යැවීම අවස්ථා වල දී එකඟත්වය පල කල විට ඒ සඳහා සඳහන් කරන ලද අරමුණ දැක්විය යුතුය. භාවිතයේ සීමා පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු දක්වන ලද අරමුණ හැරෙන්න ට වෙනත් අරමුණු සඳහා එම තැනැත්තාගේ අවසරය සහ නීතියේ අවසරය ඇතිව පමණක් යොදා ගත යුතුය. පුවත් පත්‍රිකාවක් යැවීම සඳහා ලබාගත් විද්්‍යුත් ලිපිනය අමතර නිෂ්පාදන තොරතරු යැවීම එම තැනැත්තාගේ අවසරය නොමැති ව නොකල යුතුය. තොරතුරු වල තත්වය පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු නිවැරදි, සම්පූර්ණ, කාලානුරූපී සහ එවා භාවිතයේ අරමුණ සඳහා අදාළ විය යුතුය. මෙය සෞඛ්‍යාරක්ෂක තීරණ සහ මූල්‍යයමය තීරණ වැනි තීරණාත්මක තීන්දු ගන්නා ක්ෂේත්‍ර සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඉතා වැදගත් මුලධර්මයක් වන අතර විශ්වාස කළ හැකි තොරතුරු පමණක් එම අරමුණු සඳහා භාවිතා කළ යුතුය. තනි පුද්ගල සහභාගීත්වය සෑම තොරතුරක් මඟින් ම ඉතා වැදගත් තීරණ වලට එළඹෙන නිසා තම පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු පරීක්ෂා කිරීම සහ ඒවා නිවැරදි කිරීම ට සෑම පුද්ගලයෙකුටම අයිතියක් ඇත.  පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු නැති වීම, බලය නොලත් ප්‍රවේශය, විනාශ කිරීම, වෙනස් කිරීම සහ හෙළි කිරීම වැනි අවධානම් වලින් ආරක්ෂා කර ගත යුතුවේ.  ආයතනයේ පුද්ගලික ප්‍රතිපත්ති වලට අනුකූලව ආයතනයේ කවුරුන් හෝ මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වග කිව යුතුය.

සටහන්

නීතිය

පෞද්ගලිකත්වයේ නීතිය


Editorial Caminho ist ein portugiesischer Buchverlag aus Alfragide bei Lissabon.

Geschichte
Der Verlag gründete sich 1975 in Portugal, nach der Nelkenrevolution. Er wurde vor allem bekannt durch die Veröffentlichungen von Autorinnen wie Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen oder Maria Isabel Barreno, und Autoren wie Gonçalo M. Tavares oder Manuel da Fonseca. Von besonderer Bedeutung für den Verlag war die Vergabe des Nobelpreises für Literatur 1998 an den bei Caminho verlegten Autor José Saramago.

Caminho ist Gründungsmitglied der 2008 gegründeten Verlags-Holding LeYa (lautmalerisch für: "Lesen Sie!").

Programm
Der Verlag ist vor allem für seine Belletristik bekannt, jedoch erstreckt sich sein Programm auch auf andere Bereiche. So werden auch Lehrbücher der portugiesischen Sprache, Kinder- und Jugendbücher, thematische Nachschlagewerke und andere Sachbücher, vor allem aus den Bereichen Kunst, Pädagogik, und Geschichte verlegt.

Ein Augenmerk liegt bei Caminho auch auf der afrikanischen Literatur. So werden hier auch Autoren wie Mia Couto, Ondjaki oder Germano Almeida veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus hat Caminho eigene Verlage in Mosambik (Editorial Ndjira) und Angola (Editorial Ndzila) gegründet.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Buchverlag (Portugal)
Literatur (Portugiesisch)
Unternehmen (Amadora)
Alfragide
Gegründet 1975

Editorial Caminho


Nikolaus Heidelbach, né le  à Lahnstein, est un artiste peintre, illustrateur et auteur d'ouvrages jeunesse allemand.

Biographie
Nikolaus Heidelbach est le fils du peintre  (1923-1993), qui a été soldat durant la Première Guerre Mondiale. Nikolaus Heidelbach précise :  En 2000, il évoque ainsi sa jeunesse :

Il suit des études de littérature allemande à Berlin, d'histoire de l'art et de théâtre.

Il a reçu de nombreux prix, dont le Prix BolognaRagazzi de la Foire du livre de jeunesse de Bologne en 1995 pour l'album Au Théâtre des filles, qu'il a écrit et illustré.

Il est fortement influencé et admiratif des travaux de Edward Gorey, Wilhelm Busch, Jean-Marc Reiser ou Roland Topor. Il indique :

Son premier ouvrage jeunesse Das Elefantentreffen est publié en 1982. En France, ses premières publications datent de 1993 .

Il a illustré des contes des Frères Grimm : ils paraissent en 2003 en France, neuf années après la publication allemande.  lui a demandé  un travail de  Il illustre ensuite des contes de Hans Christian Andersen.

, selon Jean-Noël Blanc dans le catalogue de l'exposition de la rétrospective de 1997.

Il réalise deux abécédaires,  : Au théâtre des filles, puis Que font les petits garçons ?. Toutefois, à propos de ces deux albums, il précise :  Pour le journal Le Temps, dans le second abécédaire, l'auteur-illustrateur

Nikolaus Heidelbach déclare en 2000 :  En effet, son travail . Selon Sophie Van der Linden, dans le catalogue de la Biennale des illustrateurs de Moulins (Allier) 2019, où Nikolaus Heidelbach était invité et exposait ses originaux, il . Pour exemple, en 2000 est traduit en France son album Que font les petits garçons ?. L'ouvrage est recommandé par l'Académie de Nantes du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale en 2006, qui  Les réseaux sociaux s'emparent de l'affaire, qui suscite , et l'Académie supprime ses commentaires sur l'ouvrage. L'album connaîtra  avec la publication de Que font les petits garçons aujourd'hui ? en 2014.

La Reine Gisèle est publié en 2006. Pour le site Ricochet, dans son avis de lecture, c'est

En 2011, l'album L'Enfant-Phoque est, selon l'avis de lecture de La revue des livres pour enfants,  En 2011 en France, deux albums publiés dans les années 1990 Tout petits déjà et Papa-Maman sont réédités dans le recueil L'Avenir de la famille.

Pour l'année 2023, il est sélectionné pour la cinquième année d'affilée (depuis 2019) pour le prestigieux prix suédois, le Prix commémoratif Astrid-Lindgren.

En 2022, il est également l'illustrateur allemand sélectionné au Prix Hans-Christian-Andersen dans la catégorie Illustration, prix international danois, prix pour lequel il était déjà sélectionné pour les deux prix précédents, en 2018 et 2020 (prix biennal).

Ouvrages traduits en français

Auteur et illustrateur
 Au théâtre des filles (Was machen die Mädchen ?), trad. de l'allemand par Joseph Jacquet, le Sourire qui mord, 1993
 La Chambre du poisson, Le Sourire qui mord, 1993
 Papa ; Maman, le Sourire qui mord, 1994
 Tout-petits déjà, le Sourire qui mord, 1994
 Un livre pour Élie (Ein Buch für Bruno), Seuil jeunesse, 1997
 Que font les petits garçons ? (Was machen die Jungs ?), Seuil jeunesse, 2000
 La treizième fée : un conte pour les maîtresses (Die dreizehnte Fee), Seuil jeunesse, 2003
 La reine Gisèle (Königin Gisela), traduit de l'allemand par Brigitte Déchin, Éditions du Panama, 2006
 L'avenir de la famille, traduit de l'allemand par Nicola Engert et Bernard Dérue, Il était deux fois, 2010
 L'Enfant-Phoque (Wenn ich gross bin, werde ich Seehund), les Grandes personnes, 2011
 Que font les petites filles aujourd'hui ? (Was machen die Mädchen heute ?), traduit de l'allemand par Marc Porée, les Grandes personnes, 2014
 Que font les petits garçons aujourd'hui (Was machen die Jungs heute ?), traduit de l'allemand par Marc Porée, les Grandes personnes, 2014

Illustrateur
 Le Nouveau Pinocchio : nouvelle version des aventures de Pinocchio, texte de Christine Nöstlinger, d'après l'œuvre de Carlo Collodi, trad. de l'allemand par Ghislaine Lagarde-Sailer, Souffles, 1989
 Série Contes de Grimm, texte des Frères Grimm, Seuil
 Tome 1, 2003
 Tome 2, 2004
 Le grand nain : et autres histoires, texte de Franz Hohler, Joie de lire, 2004
 Contes, texte de Hans Christian Andersen, Seuil, 2005
 Contes abracadabrants (Das grosse Buch, Geschichten für Kinder), texte de Franz Hohler, traduit de l'allemand par Genia Català, la Joie de lire, 2011

Prix et distinctions

 1982 :  pour Das Elefantentreffen
 1984 :  pour Eine Nacht mit Wilhelm
 1986 :  pour Der Ball
 1988 :  pour Vorsicht Kinder!
 1993 :  pour Alfred Fafner fast allein
 1995 :  Prix BolognaRagazzi de la Foire du livre de jeunesse de Bologne, catégorie Fiction, pour Au théâtre des filles (Was machen die Mädchen ?)
 1998 :  pour Un livre pour Élie (Ein Buch für Bruno)
 2000 : Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, pour l'ensemble de son œuvre
 2001 :  pour  Mit Katz und Hund auf Du und Du  qu'il a illustré, sur un texte de Monika Lange
 2007 :  pour l'ensemble de son œuvre
 2007 : Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis catégorie Livre illustré, pour La reine Gisèle (Königin Gisela)
 2012 :  pour L'Enfant-Phoque (Wenn ich gross bin, werde ich Seehund)
 2014 : (international) « Honour List » de l' IBBY, catégorie Illustration, pour L'Enfant-Phoque (Wenn ich gross bin, werde ich Seehund)
 2018 :  pour l'ensemble de son œuvre
 2018, 2020, 2022 :  Sélections pour le Prix Hans-Christian-Andersen dans la catégorie Illustration (durant trois prix biennaux d'affilée)
 2019 à 2023 :  Sélections pour le Prix commémoratif Astrid-Lindgren (durant cinq années d'affilée)

Quelques expositions

 1997 : (France) « Nikolaus Heidelbach : Rétrospective », Bibliothèque municipale, Ville de Bagnolet, en collaboration avec le Centre de promotion du livre de jeunesse, Seine-Saint-Denis
 2010 : (France) « Côté filles, côté garçons », médiathèque de Noisy-le-Sec
 2011 (Italie) : « Quasi solo. Disegni per tutti / Almost alone. Drawings for Everyone », Bologne
 2019 : (France) Biennale des illustrateurs de Moulins, organisée par le Musée de l'illustration jeunesse de Moulins (Allier)
 2019 : (France) Dessins originaux, Chez les Libraires Associés, Paris

Bibliographie
 Jean-Noël Blanc, Nikolaus Heidelbach : exposition, Ville de Bagnolet, Bibliothèque municipale, et le Centre de promotion du livre de jeunesse, Seine-Saint-Denis, 1997
 Collectif (dont Sophie Van der Linden), Almost Alone. Drawings for Everyone, Nikolaus Heidelbach, Catalogue, Hamelin Associazione Culturale, Éditrice Compositori, Bologna, 2011
 Dominique Petre, « Le monde a besoin de Nikolaus Heidelbach et le jeune public mérite ses improbables albums », Ricochet, 25 novembre 2019

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre allemand du XXe siècle
Peintre allemand du XXIe siècle
Illustrateur allemand
Illustrateur de livres d'enfance et de jeunesse
Auteur allemand de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse
Naissance en décembre 1955
Naissance à Lahnstein

Nikolaus Heidelbach


The Senne () or Zenne () is a small river that flows through Brussels, Belgium. Its source is in the village of Naast near the municipality of Soignies. It is an indirect tributary of the Scheldt, through the Dyle and the Rupel. It joins the Dyle at Zennegat in Battel, north of the municipality of Mechelen, only a few hundred metres before the Dyle itself joins the Rupel.

In total, the Senne is  long. The Woluwe and the Maalbeek are some of its tributaries.

Covering and treatment

In Brussels, the Senne had become a serious health hazard by the second half of the 19th century, and from 1867 to 1871, under the tenure of the city's then-mayor, Jules Anspach, its entire course through the urban area was completely covered over. This allowed urban renewal and the construction of modern buildings of Haussmann-esque style along grand central boulevards, characteristic of downtown Brussels today. The river is still visible in the outskirts of Brussels and outside the urban area, though within the city, it now runs mostly underneath the Small Ring (Brussels' inner ring road).

The Senne was notorious for being one of Belgium's worst polluted rivers, despite work done to the sewers and spillways in the Brussels–Charleroi Canal, since all effluents from the Brussels-Capital Region emptied into it without treatment. The drainage into the canal was not able to completely stop the floods that regularly affected certain outer areas of the city. In March 2007, the completion of new sewage treatment plants began to remediate this problem. However, in December 2009, the Brussels-North treatment plant of Aquiris was temporarily and abruptly shut down, creating a political and ecological crisis.

Cultural impact
The yellow iris became used as the emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region due to its habitat in the marshy plains around the river and a stylised version is featured on its official flag. The unique seasonal wild yeasts of the Senne river valley are used in the production of the regional lambic style of beer. The Brasserie de la Senne is a recently opened brewery named for the river.

Despite the covering of the Senne resulting in the river being all but invisible in central Brussels, it has had a cultural impact on the city. A nickname for residents of the city, zinneke, meaning "mutt" or "bastard" in Brusselian dialect, is taken from the stray dogs that hung around the streets by the Lesser Senne (a tangent canal of the river) until the end of the 19th century. The name was revived at the start of the 21st century with the creation of the Zinneke Parade, a multicultural biennial event in Brussels, as well as Het Zinneke, sometimes called Zinneke Pis, a bronze sculpture depicting an urinating dog.

Gallery

See also

 List of rivers of Belgium

References

Notes

Bibliography

Rivers of Belgium
Rivers of Antwerp Province
Rivers of Brussels
Rivers of Flemish Brabant
Rivers of Hainaut (province)
Rivers of Walloon Brabant
Subterranean rivers

Senne (river)


Ævar Þór Benediktsson (f. 1984) er íslenskur leikari og rithöfundur sem einkum hefur skapað efni fyrir börn, meðal annars fræðsluþættina Grallarin 77 sem sýndir voru á RÚV. Ævar hefur ritað barnabækur, meðal annars bókaflokkana Bernskubrek Ævars vísindamanns og Þín eigin-bækurnar en þær síðarnefndu eru leikbækur þar sem lesendur velja sér leið í gegnum textann. Hann er einnig höfundur leikrita með sama sniði þar sem áhorfendur hafa áhrif á framrás sögunnar.

Fyrsta sjónvarpshlutverk Ævars var Óðinn, ástmaður Georgs Bjarnfreðarsonar í Dagvaktinni. Hann hefur leikið hlutverk í íslenskri talsetningu ýmissa teiknimynda.

Árin 2014–2019 stóð Ævar fyrir lestrarátaki Ævars vísindamanns. Árið 2020 tók hann við stöðu sendiherra barnahjálpar Sameinuðu þjóðanna, UNICEF. Í því starfi vinnur hann að réttindum barna til menntunar.

Verk

Leikverk

 Þitt eigið leikrit: Goðsaga (2019)

 Þitt eigið leikrit II: Tímaferðalag (2020)
 Forspil að framtíð

Þín eigin-bækurnar

 Þín eigin þjóðsaga (2014)
 Þín eigin goðsaga (2015)
 Þín eigin hrollvekja (2016)
 Þitt eigið ævintýri (2017)
 Þitt eigið tímaferðalag (2018)
 Þinn eigin tölvuleikur (2019)
 Þín eigin undirdjúp (2020)
 Þín eigin ráðgáta (2021)

Þín eigin-léttlestrarbækurnar

 Þín eigin saga 1: Búkolla (2018)
 Þín eigin saga 2: Börn Loka (2018)
 Þín eigin saga 3: Draugagangur (2019)
 Þín eigin saga 4: Piparkökuhúsið (2019)
 Þín eigin saga 5: Risaeðlur (2020)
 Þín eigin saga 6: Knúsípons (2020)
 Þín eigin saga 7: Rauðhetta (2021)
 Þín eigin saga 8: Sæskrímsli (2022)
 Þín eigin saga 9: Veiðiferðin (2023)

Bernskubrek Ævars vísindamanns

 Risaeðlur í Reykjavík (2015)
 Vélmennaárásin (2016)
 Gestir utan úr geimnum (2017)
 Ofurhetjuvíddin (2018)
 Óvænt endalok (2019)

Aðrar bækur

 Glósubók Ævars vísindamanns (2011)
 Umhverfis Ísland í 30 tilraunum (2014)
 Sleipnir og stórhættulega fjölskyldutréð (2019)
 Stórhættulega stafrófið (2019)
 Hryllilega stuttar hrollvekjur (2020)
 Fleiri Hryllilega stuttar hrollvekjur" (2021)
 Skólaslit (2022)
 Drengurinn með ljáinn (2022)
 Stranded! A mostly true story from Iceland (2023)
 Strandaglópar! Næstum því sönn saga frá Íslandi (2023)* "Skólaslit 2: Dauð viðvörun" (2023)''

Tilvísanir

Íslenskir rithöfundar
Íslenskir leikarar
Íslenskir barnabókahöfundar

Ævar Þór Benediktsson


Les réserves stratégiques d'uranium font référence aux stocks d'uranium détenus par le gouvernement d'un pays particulier, ainsi que par l'industrie privée, dans le but d'assurer la sécurité économique et nationale pendant une crise énergétique.

Amérique du Nord
Au début des années 1990, les États-Unis ont créé une réserve stratégique temporaire d'uranium. L'autorisation de cette réserve a expiré en 1998 :

Il est établi par la présente la réserve stratégique nationale d'uranium sous la direction et le contrôle du secrétaire. La réserve se compose d'uranium naturel et d'équivalents d'uranium contenus dans des stocks ou des inventaires actuellement détenus par les États-Unis à des fins de défense. À compter du 24 octobre 1992 et pendant 6 ans par la suite, l'utilisation de la réserve sera limitée à des fins militaires et à la recherche gouvernementale. L'utilisation du stock de résidus d'enrichissement du ministère de l'Énergie existant le 24 octobre 1992 sera limitée à des fins militaires pendant 6 ans par la suite.

En 2007, en raison de l'augmentation du prix de l'uranium, le ministère de l'Énergie a envisagé la création d'une réserve stratégique permanente d'uranium sur le modèle de la réserve stratégique de pétrole américaine.

Asie
La Chine a annoncé la création d'une réserve stratégique d'uranium pour compléter ses réserves stratégiques de pétrole.

Le Japon a également manifesté son intérêt pour la création de sa propre réserve stratégique d'uranium.

France
La France affirme disposer de réserves d'uranium nécessaire à la production de son parc de centrales nucléaires pour plusieurs années. Cette durée s'élèverait à 4 années: 2 années pour l'uranium enrichi et deux années supplémentaires pour l'uranium naturel. De plus, la France possède d'importants stocks d'uranium appauvri, mais pratiquement non exploitable. Le projet de réacteur à neutrons rapides (RNR) destiné à utiliser l'uranium appauvri est actuellement abandonné.

Notes

Références

Voir aussi
 Énergie nucléaire
 Réserve stratégique de pétrole
 Listes de mines d'uranium
 Réserve d'uranium
 Extraction de l'uranium

Politique énergétique
Uranium

Réserves stratégiques d'uranium


siva) (zona - prostor suvremene i medijske umjetnosti prezentacijski je i produkcijski prostor aktivan od 2006. i istoimena udruga registrirana 2007. godine u Korčuli.
Udruga provodi međunarodni galerijsko-izložbeni program u gradu Korčuli i na drugim lokacijama, te se bavi umjetničkim i znanstvenim istraživačkim projektima.

O udruzi
Osnivač i trenutni predsjednik udruge je Darko Fritz, a članovi su – Lea Vene, Edita Pecotić, Ivan Ramljak, Manja Ristić, Sani Sardelić i Marija Borovičkić.

Rad sive) (zone posvećen je kulturi u proširenom smislu, uključujući i svakodnevne prakse, kulturnu i umjetničku produkciju sagledane u širem društvenom i političkom kontekstu. Osnovni sadržaj djelatnosti je podupiranje i promicanje urbane kulture te one s perifernih kulturnih pozicija, poglavito u Mediteranskoj regiji. Program udruge ukjučuje prezentaciju domaćih i međunarodnih programa likovne i medijske umjetnosti s fokusom na održivost, ekonomiju i kontekst.

Djelovanje
U svom galerijskom prostoru siva) (zona organizira izložbe samostalno i u suradnji s gostima-kustosima. Uz tradicionale medije predstavlja radove iz sfere audio-vizualne umjetnosti i drugih umjetničkih formi, ukjučujući galerijske performanse. Osim galerijskog, udruga serijom instalacija djeluje i u javnom prostoru.

Djelovanje sive) (zone uključuje i interdisciplinarne, istraživačke i umjetničke projekte te predavanja o povijesti suvremenosti na otoku Korčuli i šire. Neka vlastita istraživanja su: Međunarodni likovni susreti Vela Luka 1968. – 1972., Mapiranje kinematografije jadranskih otoka i Industrijska baština otoka Korčule. Udruga je ostvarila i nekoliko međunarodnih suradnji i izložbi izvan Korčule.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Službene stranice

Clubture.org

Zaklada Kultura Nova

Culturenet.hr siva) (zona - prostor suvremene i medijske umjetnosti – program 2010.

Stare službene stranice

Korčula (grad)
Hrvatske udruge

Siva) (zona – prostor suvremene i medijske umjetnosti


Le constitutionnalisme numérique est un concept utilisé dans le contexte de la recherche dédiée à l'impact de la technologie numérique sur les valeurs et les principes constitutionnels. Pour ce qui concerne la notion de constitutionnalisme, le concept n'a pas reçu une définition univoque, étant utilisé pour indiquer un mouvement, un ensemble d'instruments et une idéologie. La notion de constitutionnalisme digital apparu dans le contexte de la révolution numérique caractérisant les premières décennies du vingt-et-unième siècle. A ce moment, la recherche est conduite par des chercheurs de disciplines différentes, comme la jurisprudence, les sciences de la communication, la philosophie et la science politique. Ces études sont principalement concentrés sur les instruments et les acteurs qui soutiennent les valeurs et les principes constitutionnels adéquats à l'ère numérique.

Définitions
Dans sa théorie du constitutionnalisme numérique, Celeste soutient qui la littérature courante "n'offre pas d'image unitaire du concept". En particulier, il y a un manque de consensus sur l'objectif et la portée du constitutionnalisme numérique.

Mouvement
Gill, Redeker et Gasser définissent le "constitutionnalisme numérique" comme un large ensemble d'initiatives provenant d'une pluralité d'acteurs qui ont essayé d'articuler un ensemble de "droits politiques, normes gouvernementales et limitations de l'exercice du pouvoir sur internet". Ils reconnaissent aussi que ces articles manquent de la caractéristique traditionnelle des constitutions, parce qu'ils n'occupent pas une "position fondamentale dans la hiérarchie des sources légales", même s'ils ont des "dimensions" du constitutionnalisme, comme la centralité de la matière constitutionnelle, une communauté politique et une aspiration à la reconnaissance officielle.

Idéologie
Selon Celeste, le constitutionalisme numérique est une idéologie qui essaye à créer un cadre normatif pour la protection des droits fondamentaux et le balancement du pouvoir dans la société numérique. Il souligne que le terme 'idéologie' est utilisé de manière neutral pour identifier une structure définie des valeurs et idéaux. L'idée de constitutionalisme numérique exige un élargissement de la perspective qu'on utilise pour parler de constitutionalisme, de telle sorte qu'on peut reconnaître l'existence du pouvoir des acteurs privés, à côté du pouvoir exercé par les acteurs publiques. Celeste considère que prochainement plusieurs acteurs devraient commencer l'analyse et la comparaison des différents modalités avec lesquelles le processus de constitutionalisation de l'environnement numérique se forme. En particulier, pour pouvoir mieux comprendre les raisons par lesquelles les réponses constitutionnelles sont en train de se matérialiser dans des contextes non-traditionnels aux dehors de la dimension centrée sur l'état.

Contexte historique

Révolution numérique
Comme dans le cas de chaque révolution importante du passé, comme par exemple la Révolution française, la révolution numérique qui est en train de se réaliser demande une radicale modification du droit actuellement en vigueur. Par l'analyse de différentes écoles de pensée juridique qui sont émergées pendant les années (par exemple: théorie du droit sociologique) on peut comprendre que chaque système légal est étroitement liés à des changements sociaux et aux besoins des communautés.

Le rôle de la constitution est ceux de guider tous systèmes légaux aussi dans la direction du respect des droits de l'homme que dans le balancement des pouvoirs. Le secteur technologique est placé dans une trajectoire de développement continu, laquelle a "manifestement élargi" la possibilité pour les individus d'exercer leurs droits fondamentaux, comme la liberté d'expression et les libre-échanges des informations, mais au même temps il a créé de nouvelles possibilités pour leurs violations. D'un autre côté, ce développement influence le balancement des pouvoirs. En particulier, avec l'affirmation des entreprises privées comme acteurs principaux à côté des acteurs étatiques qui traditionnellement détiennent le pouvoir. Comme la technologie numérique a engendré des changements dans l'équilibre constitutionnel, il est de plus en plus nécessaire de la modifier pour répondre aux nouveaux défis.

Instruments

Chartes des droits pour l'internet
Redeker, Gill et Gasser définissent le constitutionnalisme numérique comme un "terme parapluie" pour relier un ensemble de documents cherchant à établir une Charte des droits pour l'Internet. Ces Chartes des droits pour l'Internet ne sont pas des constitutions dans le sens classique, mais plutôt elles sont associées avec des constitutions en tant qu'elles partagent les aspects fondamentaux du constitutionnalisme, comme ses valeurs, ses problèmes et ses principes, aussi que sa fonction de limiter les pouvoirs de l'État et d'habiliter les institutions au sein de la société.

Droit privé
La théorie de Suzor frappe un terrain plus intermédiaire entre les approches public-vs-privé vers le constitutionnalisme numérique vu chez les autres théoriciens. Dans sa théorie, la constitution légale joue un rôle important dans l'orientation du développement de a) le droit contractuel, et b) pour détailler les limites du pouvoir privé dans la sphère numérique - cependant, il appartient au droit privé et aux entités privées elles-mêmes le pouvoir de mettre en place et d'appliquer ces principes.

Théorie multiniveau
Celeste propose une théorie à plusieurs niveaux qui voit l'émergence simultanée d'une pluralité de réponses normatives qui cherchent à relever les défis que la révolution numérique génère dans l'écosystème constitutionnel. Ces contre-actions constitutionnelles émergent à de multiples niveaux: à l'intérieur et au-delà de l'État.

Domaines de recherche

Gouvernance de la plateforme
Une question clé du constitutionnalisme numérique c'est le rôle des acteurs privés dans cette forme de gouvernement, surtout à travers l'habilitation ou la désactivation des droits de l'utilisateur. Ce pouvoir permet aux entités non-étatiques d'effectuer des fonctions publiques précédemment effectuées seulement par l'état. La théorie de Suzor sur le constitutionnalisme numérique essaie d'identifier des méthodes de gouvernement positives et de limiter le pouvoir en ligne de l'état ainsi que des acteurs privés. Selon Suzor, l'utilisation des valeurs comme la primauté du droit peut être appliquée à la protection des droits individuels comme la liberté d'expression et la confidentialité dans les espaces numériques. Suzor applique cette structure aux différentes plateformes de médias sociaux pour contextualiser sa théorie et la légitimité des documents contractuels en ligne.

Voir aussi

 Intégrité numérique

Notes et références

Droit constitutionnel
Théorie du droit

Constitutionnalisme numérique


Otava Oy ou Otava-konserni (en ) est un groupe spécialisé dans l'édition de livres et de magazines.
Le groupe est basé en Finlande.

Historique
Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava Oy est fondée en 1890.
Otava a commencé son activité d'impression en 1908 et ses publications de magazines avec Suomen Kuvalehti en 1916.

Otava a fondé Yhtyneitä Kuvalehti (aujourd'hui Otavamedia) en 1934 et Suuri Suomalainen Kirjakerho en 1969.

Depuis 1998, les entreprises du groupe sont détenues à 100 % par le groupe.
Kynämies, qui édite des magazines, a rejoint le Groupe en 2000.
En 2006, Otava-Kuvalehdet a acquis Sonera Plaza (aujourd'hui Plaza.fi) et Mach1 Oy (aujourd'hui NettiX Oy).

En 2011, Otava a acheté Suomalainen Kirjakauppa à Sanoma.

Structure du groupe
La société mère du groupe est Otava Oy et les domaines d'activité sont l'édition de livres (Livres), la librairie (Commerce), l'édition de magazines (Médias) et les marchés (Otava Marketplaces).
Le groupe Otava est le plus grand éditeur de livres en Finlande.

Édition de livres
 Éditions Otava
 Éditions Like (2006)
 Moreeni (2014)
 F-Kustannus (2015)
 Nemo (2016)
 Finn Lectura (2018)
 Satukustannus (2019)
 Karisto (2020)
 Atena Kustannus Oy (2020)
 Otavan Kirjapaino Oy

Librairies
 Suomalainen Kirjakauppa Oy
 Jamera Oy (2018)

Édition de revues
 Otavamedia Oy
 Ühinenud Ajakirjad AS

Places de marché Otava
 Otava Markkinapaikat Oy (Société mère)
 SL-Mediat Oy

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Entreprise des médias ayant son siège en Finlande
Entreprise fondée en 1890
Groupe Otava
Holding finlandaise
Punavuori

Groupe Otava


وادي الحمام قرية فلسطينية تقع في منطقة الجليل وتطل على بحيرة طبريا. سمي الوادي بهذا الاسم لاشتهاره بكثرة الحمام واليمام.

القرية قبل عام 1948
كانت القرية تقع على الضفة الشمالية لواد يسمى بالاسم نفسه، وادي الحمام وتبعد ثلاثة كيلومترات إلى الغرب من شاطئ بحيرة طبرية وكانت طرق ترابية تربطها بطريق عام يؤدي إلى قرية المجدل على شاطئ البحيرة وكان في جوار القرية حصن صغير يعرف بقلعة الحمام أو قلعة بني معني. في سنة 1737 زار الرحالة الإنكليزي رنتشارد بوكوك الوادي كما زار بوركهارت بعد نحو قرن من الزمان وقال الاثنان أنهما شاهدا القلعة لكن من دون أن يأتيا إلى ذكر القرية. غير أن مصادر أتت لاحقا أفادت أن بدو المنطقة استقروا بالقرب من الوادي.

القرية اليوم
لم يبق من القرية إلا حطام المنازل وبقايا الحيطان المنهارة ويغلب على الموقع الحشائش البرية والأشواك وشجرات متفرقة. وقد أنشا الإسرائيليون في جوار الموقع قرية جديدة سميت باسم القرية الأصلية وأسكنوا فيها (اللاجئين الفلسطينيين الداخلين) من قرى منطقة الحولة ولا يملكون شيئا من الأراضي التي تحيط بالقرية والتي تزرع بعضها ويستخدم بعضها الأخر مرعى للمواشي.

تحوي أحد مقابر الأرقام
مقبرة «شحيطة» وتقع في قرية وادي الحمام وهي أحد مقابر الأرقام التي تحوي جثامين الشهداء العرب وتحتجزها إسرائيل.

مراجع

مجلس البطوف الإقليمي
أماكن مأهولة في المنطقة الشمالية (إسرائيل)
قرى عربية
قرى عربية في إسرائيل
قرى فلسطين

وادي الحمام


A eleição presidencial venezuelana de 1968 foi realizada em  e a disputa eleitoral foi marcada pela postulação de quatro candidaturas bastante competitivas: a do candidato oficial da governista Ação Democrática (AD), Gonzalo Barrios, apoiado pelo presidente em exercício Raúl Leoni, o candidato oficial do oposicionista Comitê de Organização Política Eleitoral Independente (COPEI), Rafael Caldera e dos candidatos considerados independentes Miguel Ángel Burelli, da União Republicana Democrática (URD), e Luis Beltrán Prieto, do Movimento Eleitoral do Povo (MEP).

Com uma participação do eleitorado venezuelano no pleito alcançando 96.73%, o candidato oposicionista Rafael Caldera sagrou-se vencedor da disputa após 29.13% dos votos válidos, e derrotar o candidato governista Gonzalo Barrios, que por sua vez, 28.24% dos votos válidos. Miguel Ángel Burelli, da União Republicana Democrática (URD), ficou na 3.ª colocação do pleito após conquistar 22.22% dos votos válidos, enquanto Luis Beltrán Prieto terminou a disputa na 4.ª colocação, obtendo 19.34% dos votos válidos.

Resultados eleitorais

Eleições na Venezuela
Venezuela
Eleição

Eleição presidencial na Venezuela em 1968


An Anthurium yungasense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat ngan Acebey. An Anthurium yungasense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium yungasense


O Centro de Cultura Social de São Paulo (CCS-SP) é uma instituição fundada 1933 por militantes libertários e anarquistas que funciona até hoje, apesar dos intervalos em que foi fechado pela repressão estatal, funcionando clandestinamente. A trajetória do CSS é expressiva da história do anarquismo no Brasil, e seu funcionamento a partir da redemocratização é relevante para o retomada contemporânea do anarquismo.

História

Até 1937
O Centro de Cultura Social foi fundado em São Paulo em 1933, por militantes do sindicalismo revolucionário e do anarquismo. Sua sede inicial foi em um sobrado na rua Quintino Bocaiúva, n. 80, no bairro do Brás. Dividiu o espaço com o períodico A Plebe, que divulgava continuamente as atividades do Centro. Durante a década de 1930, nesse mesmo espaço, funcionou também a sede da Federação Operária de São Paulo (FOSP), organização sindicalista revolucionária filiada à Confederação Operária Brasileira. Esses três núcleos estabeleciam a dinâmica do espaço até 1937, sempre em mútua colaboração. A FOSP organizava frequentemente reuniões sindicais, enquanto que o CSS organizava palestras, cursos, festivais e uma diversidade de atividades educativas e culturais, já a Plebe divulgava esses eventos e organizava suas próprias atividades de arrecação financeira. A dinâmmica do espaço e de cada um de seus núcleos seguia o mesmo princípios libertário da autogestão, formando comissões a partir de suas Assembléias rotineiras, que também faziam decisões e intervenções nos trabalhos das comissões.

O que o CCS organizou com mais frequência nesse período foram as palestras e conferências, eventos gratuitos que visavam a propaganda libertária como também a educação em geral. Analisando a divulgação feita pelo Plebe se vê os temas preferidos dessas atividades, como - "O perigo espiritualista" , as "Escolas proletárias", "Sindicalismo", "Insurreição espanhola" , "Abaixo o fascismo" , "Religião e fascismo", "Pela emancipação da mulher", "Os problemas sociais" e a "Nova sociedade" - mas não apenas esses. As palestras tinham como temas também acontecimentos específicos da história libertária, como a Comuna de Paris, os Mártires de Chicago, entre outros. Existiam eventos sobre "assuntos da atualidade e científicos", em que se lia e estudava textos da teória anarquista, como Malatesta, como também do Marxismo e das ciências sociais em geral.

Os festivais visavam na maioria das vezes arrecadar fundos para o períodico, que não fazia publicidade comercial, e vendia à preços baixos os exemplares, para que tivessem a máxima circulação. Eram frequentes as apresentações do Grupo Teatral do Centro de Cultura, formado por militantes, como também orquestras, canto, espetáculos de mágica e leitura de poesias. Eram organizadas também manifestações públicas, como em memória do Tratado de Latrão, que os anarquistas denunciavam veementemente. Esse protesto aconteceu em 11 de fevereiro de 1933, e teve oradores como Florentino de Carvalho, associado ao Centro.

Sindicatos filiados à FOSP se reunião no local - União dos Operários em Fábricas de Tecidos de São Paulo, Liga Operária da Construção Civil, União dos Artífices em Calçados e Classes Anexas, Sindicato dos Manipuladores de Pão e Anexos, União dos Operários Metalúrgicos - entre outros. Nesse período o movimento sindical libertário sofria muitas dificuldades na sua inserção social, dado a disputa com o sindicalismo conservador e social-democrata da época, e a intensificação da repressão policial. Em 1935 a FOSP mudou de sede, dado o clima de perseguição, e mesmo assim sofreu uma invasão policial em sua nova sede.

Nesse contexto estabelece-se o Estado Novo, um período de forte repressão do movimento dos trabalhadores, e que foi marcado pelo fechamento das atividades públicas do CCS.

1947-1968

O Centro de Cultura Social e o periodico A Plebe retornaram em 1937, em uma nova sede na rua José Bonifácio, n. 386. A FOSP havia se desarticulado, e isso afetou significativamente a inserção social do Centro. As atividades se tornaram menos diversas, e mais reclusas ao Centro, focando em evento de conferências e educacionais em geral, mas mantendo também apresentações teatrais.

Com base nas divulgações do Plebe, quem mais fez palestras nesse período foi o filósofo Mário Ferreira dos Santos, sobre os mais variados assuntos do anarquismo e da atualidade. Como disse Jaime Cubero, secretário do Centro a partir da reabertura:

Outros palestrantes frequentes eram Pedro Dantas, Luca Gabriel, Maria Lacerda de Moura, José Oiticica, Liberto Reis, Dra. Anita Carrijo, Osvaldo Salgueiro, Freitas Nobre e Edgard Leuenroth - pessoas que tinham desde formações universitárias até trabalhadores autodidatas.

Nesse periodo o CCS organizou sistematicamente curso, que visavam fornecer acessos ao saber para os operários frequentadores do Centro, criando um espaço de pedagogias libertárias paralelo à educação institucional e sua estrutura de privilégios. Para isso o CSS colaborou com outras organizações de educação popular, como a Universidade Popular Presidente Roosevelt e o Centro de Estudos Franco da Rocha. Tiveram enfase o curso de Esperanto e Higiene Mental, esse primeiro estava alinhado com a recepção geral que o anarquismo fez da lingua, promovendo sua massificação como via de fortalecer a ética e política do internacionalismo fundamental à filosofia libertária. O Centro nesse período também abordou o cooperativismo, a ascensão do fascismo, a prevênção de doenças como a sífilis, e frequentemente o planejamento familiar valorizado pelo movimento libertário do período.

Após a década de 1950, o anarquismo sofreu um enfraquecimento geral, e se esforçou para se sustentar em espaços localizados, como o CCS. Ainda assim os anarquistas reiventaram suas linguagens em meio aos acontecimentos da época, com a ascensão de novas dimensões de conflito social, e buscaram formar uma nova geração de militantes, como no movimento estudantil. Formou-se o Movimento Estudantil Libertário, que buscou levar ao crescente espaço estudantil secundarista e universitário uma politização libertária. A iniciativa foi breve, pois com o fortalecimento da repressão os militantes passaram à sofrer a pressão militar, e sua sede chegou à ser invadida por militares da aeronautica, que prenderam mais de dez militantes, que sofreram com torturas. O CCS fecha suas portas nesses período, em 21 de abril de 1969, e passa à sobreviver por redes de pequenos grupos, que mantém a memória libertária privadamente.

1985 ao presente

O CCS retomou mais uma vez suas atividades em 14 de abril de 1985, durante o processo de redemocratização do país. Seu retorno foi objeto de reportagem na mídia. Passou à organizar atividades em sua sede novamente, e também em outros espaços, como em universidades e centros culturais municipais. Membros do CCS organizaram cursos livres e palestras sobre anarquismo na PUC-SP, na Escola de Sociologia e Política de São Paulo, no Departamento de Geográfia da USP, como também no Instituto de Filosofia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

Referências

História do anarquismo

Anarquismo

Socialismo libertário

Anarquismo no Brasil

Centro de Cultura Social de São Paulo


Karizma, hrvatski kršćanski sastav duhovne glazbe.

Povijest
Djelovanje počinje s dolaskom Slavka Nedića u Zagreb. Dolaskom u Zagreb 1980. godine nastavlja se Nedić aktivnije baviti glazbom, posebice duhovnom glazbom protkanom novijim glazbenim oblicima. Na festivalu duhovne glazbe Uskrs festu nastupa od 1981. do 1989. godine. Uskoro je osnovan sastav Karizma.
Prvi album Pobjednici smrti sadrži nekoliko kompozicija koje su osvojile nagrade na Uskrsfestu: Gospodine hvala (Uskrsfest 1981.), Pobjednici smrti (Uskrsfest 1983.), Gospodin je (1. mjesto, Uskrsfest 1983.), Nemoj me ubit majko (Uskrsfest 1983., nagrada publike) na kojoj vokalne dionice pjevaju Lidija Delhusa i Silvana Nikpolj. Na prvom se albumu trebala naći skladba Božić na snijegu, skladana na stihove Rajmunda Kuparea, no zbog nečije odluke kod glazbenog nakladnika skladba nije uvrštena. Skladba Nemoj me ubit majko, prevedena je na engleski, talijanski i njemački. Božić na snijegu ipak je uvršten na album kršćanske grupe Alfe. Skladbe Karizme skladao je najviše Slavko Nedić, pa Renato D'Andrea i Ivanka Ratkajec. Tekstove su pisali Marica Gamulin, Marinko Barbiš, A. Maraus, Anto Stojić, Ivan Golub, Nenad Mirko Novaković i Slavko Nedić. Glazbu su aranžirali Davor Rocco (svirao u grupama Spektar, Veseli kojoti, glazbenici s kojima je surađivao su Drago Mlinarec, Grupa 220, Darko Rundek, Neca Falk, Agape, The Bambi Molesters...) i Slavko Nedić. Nedić i Rocco su producirali albume. S Karizmom je na izradi albuma surađivali su poznati glazbenici, pored ostalih Bruno Kovačić, Silvestar Dragoje (Neki to vole vruće), Mario Mavrin (BP Trio), Enio Vučeta (Legija) i dr. Album Pobjednici smrti snimili su u Zagrebu u studiju SIM. Album Ako sam već rijeka snimili su u zagrebačkom studiju Oktava 1987. godine.
Obje kazete sadrže skladbe duhovne tematike glazbeno protkane kombinacijom tradicionalnih crkvenih glazbenih oblika (crkvena polifonija) te novijim glazbenim stilovima (pop i simfo rock, šansona i new age).

Diskografija
Pobjednici smrti, studijski album, Glas Koncila, 1984.
Ako sam već rijeka, studijski album, Dominikanski provincijalat, 1987.

Članovi

Na albumu Pobjednici smrti
 glasovi: Snježana Katanec, Lili Potočnjak, Enio Vučeta
 flauta i glas: Gordana Toplak
 klavijature: Nenad Rožić
 gitara: Dražen Šabijan

Na albumu Ako sam već rijeka
 klavijature: Nenad Rožić
 bas-gitara: Miljenko Vuić
 bubnjevi: Tomislav Vlašić
 saksofon: Miroslav Kadoić
 gitara, klavijature: Slavko Nedić O.P.
 vokali: Ivanka Ratkajec, Angela Gaši, Lidija Mađerčić, Bruno Kovačić, Božidar Tkalec, Dagna Blašković, Branko Požgajec, Slavko Nedić i zbor Raspjevani anđeli

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Discogs Karizma
Discogs Slavko Nedić

Kršćanski glazbeni sastavi
Hrvatski glazbeni sastavi

Karizma (glazbeni sastav)


Minkowski Eşitsizliği, sonlu sayıda, hepsi sıfır olmayan , , i=1,2,...,n pozitif sayılarında, p>1 için aşağıdaki eşitsizliğe denir:

Hölder Eşitsizliğinden türetilebilen, uygulamada oldukça yararlı bu eşitsizliği Alman matematikçi Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909) elde etmiştir.

üçgen'de, Minkowski eşitsizliği Lp uzayı normlu vektör uzayı' belirlemesidir. diyelimki S bir ölçüm uzayı olsun,ve diyelimki 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞  ve diyelimki  Lp(S) ögeleri f  ve  g olsun. ise  Lp(S) içindeki f + gdir,  ve  bizim üçgen eşitsizliği'miz var

için eşitliği ile 1 < p <∞ eğer  ve  yalnızca eğerf  ve  g pozitifliği doğrusal bağımlılık,
yani burada bazı  ≥ 0.için f =  g aşağıdaki norm ile verilir:

Eğer p < ∞, veya p = ∞ durumu içinde zorunlu üstünlük ile

Minkowski eşitsizliği Lp(S) içinde üçgen eşitsizliğidir,aslında bu durumun daha genel durumu var,

bunun sağ-el tarafta üçgen eşitsizliğinin tatmin edici olduğunu görmek kolay

Hölder eşitsizliği gibi,Minkowski eşitsizliği dizisi özelleştirilebilir ve sayarak ölçülen vektörler tarafından kullanılıyor:

için tümgerçel (veya karmaşık)  x1, ..., xn, y1, ..., yn sayıları için ve burada n ;S'in kardinalite'sidir. (S'in ögelerinin sayısı).

 Kanıt
İlk, kanıtı f+g sonludur p-norm eğer f  ve  g ikilisi olarak, bunlar ile aşağıda

Nitekim, aslında burada  konveks üzerinde  ( birden büyük için)  ve  yine, konveksite tanımı ile,

Bunun anlamı

Şimdi, yasal olarak konuşabiliriz . Sıfır ise, Minkowski eşitsizliği tutar.Şimdi varsayalım ki  sıfır değildir.Hölder's eşitsizliği kullanılıyor.

Biz elde  Minkowski'nin  eşitsizliği ile  her iki taraf çarparız
 Minkowski integral eşitsizliği
Varsayalımki (S1,μ1)  ve  (S2,μ2) are iki ölçüm uzayıs  ve  F : S1×S2 → R''' ölçülebilirdir.  ise Minkowski's integral eşitsizliği is dir, :

durumunda belirgin değişiklikler p = ∞.  eğer p > 1,  ve  her iki taraf sonlu, ise eşitlikle örtüşür eğer |F(x,y)| = φ(x)ψ(y) a.e.bazı negatif ölçülebilir fonksiyonlar φ  ve  ψ için.

Eğer μ1 iki nokta kümesi sayma ölçüsüS1 = {1,2}, ise Minkowski eşitsizliği bir özel durum olarak verir: için  ƒi(y) = F(i,y) yapıştırma için i'' = 1,2, integral eşitsizliğini verir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Mahler eşitsizliği
Hölder eşitsizliği

Kaynakça

 .
 .

Kanıt içeren maddeler

Eşitsizlikler

Minkowski eşitsizliği


Sprite har flere betydninger:
 Sprite (computergrafik) – et engelsk udtryk indenfor programmering af computerspil
 Sprite (sodavand) – en læskedrik med citron- og limesmag, produceret af The Coca Cola Company
 Sprite (manga) – en mangaserie af den japanske tegner Yūgo Ishikawa

Sprite


Givenich () ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Rosport-Mompach im Kanton Echternach in Luxemburg.

Lage
Der Ort liegt etwa ein Kilometer westlich der Grenze zu Rheinland-Pfalz und damit zu Deutschland. Nachbarorte sind im Westen Mompach und im Osten Moersdorf.

Geschichte
Der Name Givenich ist auf das gallorömische Gaviniacus (="der Besitz von Gavinius") zurückzuführen. Zwischen 1840 und 1946 wurden Gräber gefunden, die auf eine hier befindliche Siedlung der Merowinger oder Karolinger hindeuten. Nachdem sich in Givenich noch im 12. Jahrhundert neben einer Kirche dreizehn Höfe befanden, starb der Ort durch die Folgen von Pest oder Kriegen im darauffolgenden Jahrhundert aus. Erst im 16. Jahrhundert entstand an der Stelle wieder ein Hof, der 1830 in den Besitz einer Familie übergang und 1892 an den luxemburgischen Staat fiel. Dort befindet sich seit 1939 eine Strafvollzugsanstalt.

Givenich gehörte bis zum 31. Dezember 2017 zur Gemeinde Mompach und seit dem 1. Januar 2018 zur neuen Gemeinde Rosport-Mompach, die aus der Fusion der beiden Gemeinden Rosport und Mompach entstanden ist.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Überblick über die Ortschaft Givenich auf der Website der Gemeinde Rosport-Mompach
 Seite der Strafvollzugsanstalt Givenich

Ort in Luxemburg
Rosport-Mompach

Givenich