Santiago de Compostela, İspanya'nın özerk bölgelerinden biri olan Galiçya'nın başkentidir. Kuzeybatıdaki A Coruña ili'ne bağlıdır ve 1997'ye kadar Galiçya bölgesi merkezi A Coruña şehri idi.

Santiago  de Compostela 2000 yılının Avrupa Kültür Başkenti seçilmiştir.

Şehrin katedrali önemli bir Orta Çağ hac yolu olan Camino de Santiago'nun sona erdiği yerdir. Bu yol günümüzde hâlen yürünmeye devam edilmektedir.

Santiago de Compostela'nin Orta Çağ döneminden kalan merkezi (İspanyolca ve Galiçyaca: ciudad vieja) UNESCO Dünya Mirasları İspanya listesine 1985'ten itibaren dâhil edilmiştir.

Şehir

Katedral eski ve iyi korunmuş şehrin ana meydanına bakar. Meydanın karşısında Galiçya Xunta'sı ve belediye binası olan Pazo de Raxoi (Raxoi'nin Sarayı) bulunur, katedral merdivenlerinin sağında ise 1492 yılında Katolik krallar Isabela ve Fernando tarafından hacılara misafirhane olarak yapılmış, şimdi ise otel olarak kullanılmak üzere restore edilmiş bir yapı olan Hostal de Los Reyes Católicos yer alır. Katedralin ünlü cephesi İspanyol euro bozuk paralarından 1 cent, 2 cent ve 5 cent'in (€0.01, €0.02, and €0.05) önyüzüne işlenmiştir.

Satiago'da, şehrin merkezindeki parkta bulunan cumbalardan bakıldığında etraflıca görülebilen University of Santiago de Compostela adlı bir üniversite bulunur. Üniversite gençliği sayesinde dinamik bir gece hayatı oluşmuştur. Eski şehrin etrafını saran dar sokaklarda çok sayıda tarihi bina vardır. Bu sokakları çevreleyen yeni şehir bu karakteristik ruhtan yoksundur, ancak kimi eski inşa edilmiş büyük apartmanları bu sokaklara kadar girebilmiştir.

Santiago adını İspanya'nın dört askeri birliğinin birine vermiştir: Compostela, Calatrava, Alcantara ve Montesa.

Atlantik'ten gelen güçlü rüzgârlar ve onu çevreleyen dağlar ile Santiago de Compostela Avrupa'nın en çok yağış alan yerlerinden biridir. (Yılda yaklaşık olarak 66 inç.)

Compostela isminin etimolojisi

Popüler görüş "Compostela" isminin Latince campus stellae (yıldız tarlası, sahası)'dan geldiği yönündedir, bu da Santiago de Compostela'yı "Yıldızların arasındaki Aziz James" yapar. İnanışa göre Zebedi oğlu Yakup'un (St. James) Ortadoğu'dan getirilen kemikleri İspanya'da bulunmaktadır, bir çoban tarafından yıldızla işaretlenen kabir üzerine bir kilise yapılmış, daha sonra kilisenin yerini Cathedral de Santiago de Compostela almıştır.

Diğer bir görüş Compositum (iyi inşa edilmiş) ya da Composita Tella (gömü yeri) kelimelerinden geldiğidir. Ayrıca "San Jacome Apostol"'den geldiğine dair bir başka teori de mevcuttur.

Demografi

Santiago de Compostela belediye sınırları içinde nüfusu (2010 tahmini itibarıyla) 246.056 kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 6.680,86 kişi/km² olur. Şehrin etrafında şehirleşmiş varoşları ile metropoliten büyük A Coruña nüfusunun 419.800 kişi olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.

Santiago de Compostela belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
de Compostela Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Santiago de Compostela" maddesi

Türbe ve hac yolculuğunun tarihi

Havari Zebedi oğlu Yakup'un mezarı
"Santiago" (Sant Iago, St. James) (Zebedi oğlu) "Yakup" anlamına gelir ve şehir iddiaya göre Yuhanna'ın kardeşi olan Havari Yakup'un son istirahat yeridir. Kemiklerinin katedral'in türbesindeki sunağın altına gömülü olduğu söylenmektedir. Diğer bir teoriye göre kemikler aslında Priscillian'a, İsa'dan sonra 385 yılında Treves, Fransa'da kafirlikle suçlanarak kafası kesilen, ancak günümüzde Galiçya ve Kuzey İspanya'da bir şehit olarak anılarak hürmet gösterilen  Ávila'lı sofuya aittir.

Yakup'un İber Yarımadası'na geldiği ve burada vaazlar verdiği hikâyesi, İsa'nın Havarileri, onların misyonerlik faaliyetleri ve türbeleri hakkındaki efsanelerden biridir. 1884 Yılında Papa Leo XIII Compostela'da bulunan kutsal kalıntıların orijinalliğini açıkladıysada, Katolik Kilisesi'ne bağlı ilahiyatçılar 19. yüzyıldan beri bu konuda kararsızlık içindeler.

Kudüs'te 44 yılındaki ölümü İncil tarafından tasdik edilen (bknz. İncil, 12:1-2) Yakup'un vücudunun İber Yarımadası'na mucizevi gelişi, geleneksel inanışla ilgili tek problem değildir. Compostela'daki katedralin yetkilileri, kemiklerin Aziz James'e ait olduğu konusunda kesin bir açıklama yapmasalar da hacıların bölgeye gelişini ve bunun sağladığı katkıları desteklemektedirler.

12. Yüzyıldan öncesi takip edilemeyen bir hikâyeye göre, kalıntılar 835 yılında Iria Flavia piskoposu Theodomir tarafından Asturias yakınlarında keşfedildi. Theodomir bölgeye bir yıldız tarafından yönlendirilmişti, böylece "Campus Stellae" (Latince: yıldızlar bölgesi) zamanla bozularak Compostela'ya dönüştü.

Türbenin yapılışı

Daha önce de söylendiği gibi, kimin kemiklerinin, ne zaman ve nasıl bulunduğunun kesinleşmesi imkânsız görünmektedir. Bu aziz ile ilgili Galiçya'ya ait kültün nasıl uluslararası bir külte dönüştüğü ve Hristiyanlık dünyasının uzak köşelerinden hacıları bölgeye çekebildiğini açıklamak için, eldeki zayıf kaynaklarla olayın aydınlatılmaya çalışılmasına gerek yok gibi görünüyor.

Santiago'da bulunan ilk türbeden daha görkemli bir binanın yapımına 868 yılında başlandı. Yapı 997 yılında Morolar tarafından tahrip edildi, ancak kutsal emanetlere saygı gösterildi. Bermudo III of Leon'un şehri yeniden fethetmesi ile birlikte hacıların Kuzey İspanya'dan bölgeye çeken yollar düzeltilmiş ve türbenin ünü yayılmaya başlamıştır.

Santiago de Compostela'ya yapılan hac yolculuğu
Bu bölümün ana maddesi: Zebedi oğlu Yakup'un yolu.

1000 yıldır Santiago de Compostela katedralindeki Zebedi oğlu Yakup'un türbesine yapılan hac yolculuğu, İspanyolca Camino de Santiago olarak anılır. Her yıl 100,000'in üzerinde hacı Avrupa'dan bölgeye gelmektedir.

Hristiyanlık öncesi efsaneler
Sahil şeridinde yer alan en alçak alana kurulu olması, şehrin görünümünü daha dikkat çekici kılar. Kelt mitolojisine ait bazı efsanelere göre şehir, denizin ötesindeki güneşe doğru yola çıkacak olan ölülerin ruhlarının toplandığı yerdir. Ölülerin ülkesine gitmeye layık olmayanlar ise Galiçya'yı Santa Compaña olarak lanetlemişlerdir.

Katedral

Bu bölümün ana maddesi: Santiago de Compostela Katedrali''.

Orijinal Roma tarzı katedralin barok cephesinin önünde, altın bir deniz kabuğu sunağı süsler. Orada sıralanan hacılar, biatın bir işareti olarak kabuğu öpmek için kuyrukta bekler. Katedralin orijinal Romanesque iç tasarımı korunmuştur. Ancak muhtemelen katedralin en güzel yeri, geç barok cephenin arkasında bulunan 12. yüzyıl'da yapılmış "Portico de la Gloria" adlı anıtsal giriş kapısıdır.

Kardeş şehirler

Santiago de Compostela'nin şu kardeş şehirleri bulunmaktadır:

Resimler

Santiago de Compostela

Kaynakça

 İngilizce Vikipedi "Santiago de Compostela" maddesi  (Erişim: 29 Eylül 2006)

Ayrıca bakınız

 Galiçya (İspanya)
 Luar na Lubre

Kitaplar

 Natalino Russo, La via di Santiago, CDA & Vivalda 2006
 Sharpe's Rifles (İngilizce)

Dış bağlantılar

 Santiago de Compostela belediyesi resmî websitesi
  Santiago de Compostela'dan turistler ve turizmle ilgili haberler
 Santiago de Compostela hac için haılık forumu
  Santiago de Compostela'ya hac için Pilgirim-Wiki sitesi
 Santiago de Compostela dahil tüm Galiçya için resmî turizm rehberi
  Santiago Hac Yolu için Rehber

Santiago de Compostela


Charles Roden Buxton ( - ) est un philanthrope anglais et un homme politique radical du Parti libéral britannique qui rejoint plus tard le Parti travailliste. Il survit à une tentative d'assassinat lors d'une mission dans les Balkans en 1914.

Jeunesse
Il est né à Londres, le troisième fils de Fowell Buxton (3e baronnet). Son frère aîné Noel Buxton est une figure éminente de la politique britannique, tout comme son cousin Sidney Buxton.

Il grandit sur le domaine familial dans l'Essex et fait ses études au Harrow et au Trinity College de Cambridge, prenant une première en lettres classiques et devenant président de la Cambridge Union . Après avoir quitté l'université, il se rend en Australie-Méridionale, où son père est gouverneur, ainsi que dans d'autres endroits en France, en Extrême-Orient, en Inde et en Amérique.

Il étudie le droit et est admis au barreau en 1902. Il donne des conférences au Morley College et y est directeur de 1902 à 1910. Il écrit des articles sur divers sujets et édite l'Albany Review de 1906 à 1908.

En 1904, il épouse Dorothy Frances Jebb. Les Jebbs, en plus d'être une famille aisée, ont également une forte conscience sociale et un engagement envers le service public. Sa mère, , a fondé la Home Arts and Industries Association, pour promouvoir les arts et l'artisanat auprès des jeunes des zones rurales, sa sœur Louisa aide à fonder la Women's Land Army pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, et Dorothy et sa sœur Eglantyne Jebb cofondent l'organisation caritative et le mouvement international Save the Children.

Les Buxton ont un style de vie frugal - lors de leurs visites à pied dans le sud de l'Angleterre, ils sont parfois confondus avec des clochards - et déménagent à Kennington, un quartier ouvrier de Londres. Ils ont deux enfants et s'installent ensuite dans le quartier plus aisé de Golders Green.

Carrière politique
Il se présente comme candidat libéral à Hertford en 1906 et à Ashburton en 1908. Finalement, il est élu député à Ashburton en 1910, mais perd son siège lors de la deuxième élection de cette année-là. En 1914, avec son frère Noel, il part pour la Bulgarie. Ils s'arrêtent à Bucarest, en Roumanie, en octobre 1914. Là-bas, une tentative d'assassinat est commise contre eux par l'activiste turc Hasan Tahsin. Il reçoit une balle dans le poumon, mais survit. Son frère est également blessé à la mâchoire. Tashsin est capturé et envoyé en prison pendant cinq ans .

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, il fait partie de la minorité qui plaide pour une paix négociée et est membre fondateur de l'Union pour le contrôle démocratique. En 1917, il quitte le Parti libéral et rejoint le Parti travailliste indépendant. En tant que secrétaire de la délégation du Parti travailliste en Union soviétique en 1920, il est très impressionné par ce qu'il voit et écrit un livre à ce sujet, Dans un village russe (1922) . En 1918, il se présente à Accrington pour le Parti travailliste et perd, mais remporte le siège en 1922 et perd à nouveau en 1923. Il remporte le siège d'Elland en 1929, mais est battu en 1931 et 1935.

Buxton a toujours été beaucoup plus efficace dans les coulisses, agissant en tant que conseiller politique sur les questions étrangères et coloniales auprès du Parti travailliste. Il montre un intérêt particulier pour les droits des peuples autochtones d'Afrique et voyage beaucoup sur le continent.

Un autre de ses intérêts est l'espéranto, et il devient président de la société internationale des espérantistes quakers .

Avec Dorothy, il devient membre de la Société des Amis. Ils sont de fervents militants pour la paix et critiquent ce qu'ils perçoivent comme l'injustice envers l'Allemagne du traité de Versailles. Peu de temps avant le déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ils soutiennent encore que la paix peut être atteinte en répondant aux griefs allemands. Le déclenchement de la guerre est une grande déception pour eux deux. Charles prend sa retraite de la politique en 1939 et vit dans la maison de sa fille à Peaslake, Surrey, où il est mort et est enterré en 1942. Bien qu'il ait eu deux enfants, il laisse la majeure partie de sa succession à des œuvres de charité.

Références

 VAB De Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton: un mémoire (1948)
 The Times, nécrologie de Charles Roden Buxton, 17 décembre 1942

Liens externes

Espérantiste anglais
Député du 35e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 32e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 29e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Décès en décembre 1942
Naissance en novembre 1875
Président de Cambridge Union
Étudiant de Trinity College (Cambridge)
Élève de Harrow School
Député du Parti travailliste indépendant
Décès à 67 ans

Charles Roden Buxton


L'Institut d'études politiques (IEP) de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, også kendt som "Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye", er en højere fransk læreanstalt inden for samfundsvidenskab.

Historie
Universitetet er oprettet i 2013 af Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines og Université de Cergy-Pontoise.

Fakulteter
Skolen har 5 fakulteter:

 Økonomi
 Historie
 Samfundsvidenskab
 Sociologi
 Jura

Ekstern henvisning
 Hjemmeside for Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Kilder

Universiteter i Frankrig

Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye


Frank Renger (* 1968 in Gelsenkirchen) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Hooligan. Internationale Bekanntheit erlangte er durch den Angriff auf den französischen Polizisten Daniel Nivel während der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1998, an dem er beteiligt war.

Der Polizist trug schwerste Verletzungen davon. Bis heute leidet er unter Gehirnschäden und ist auf einem Auge blind. Renger wurde wegen des Angriffs zu fünf Jahren Haft wegen gefährlicher Körperverletzung verurteilt, von denen er bis zu seiner Entlassung 4 Jahre, 1 Monat und 10 Tage absaß.

Renger ist Fan des FC Schalke 04. Seit 2009, nach dem Ablauf seiner durch den DFB verhängten Platzsperre, ist er ehrenamtlicher Betreuer beim Amateurverein TuRa 1886 Essen. Er sprach einige Jahre offen über seine Vergangenheit und war in Fernseh- und Radioreportagen sowie in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften zu sehen. Im Jahr 2017 beendete er plötzlich öffentliche Auftritte und zog in eine andere Stadt, um die Vergangenheit hinter sich zu lassen.

Sein Spitzname als Hooligan, den er bis heute nach eigenen Angaben mit Stolz führt, ist Samurai.

Einzelnachweise

Deutscher
Hooliganismus
Geboren 1968
Mann

Frank Renger


The Liberator, presse de brique de terre compressée ;
 Libertador (en anglais The Liberator), film vénézuélien de 2013 ;
 The Liberator, mini-série animée produite par Netflix ;
 The Liberator, ancien hebdomadaire américain de Boston ;
 The Liberator, ancien magazine américain.

The Liberator (homonymie)


Turbatrix aceti ou vermes do vinagre e Anguillula aceti são nematóides,  de 1 mm a 2 mm de comprimento, que se alimentam da cultura microbiana, chamada mãe de vinagre. Eles foram descobertos por Pierre Borel em 1656. Esses vermes são encontrados em barris de vinagre não pasteurizado, alimentando-se de acetobacter. Turbatrix aceti como muitos pássaros ou peixes, esses vermes viajam em enxames sincronizados.

Nematoda
Animais descritos em 1783
Cultivos celulares

Turbatrix aceti


El 89.º Batallón Antiaéreo Ligero (mot.) (89. leichte Flak-Abteilung (mot.)) fue una unidad militar de la Luftwaffe durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Historia
Formado en julio de 1941 en el XII Comando Administrativo Aéreo con:

Plana Mayor/89.º Batallón Antiaéreo Ligero desde la Plana Mayor/311.º Batallón de Reserva de Fortificación Antiaérea
1.º Bat./89.º Batallón Antiaéreo Ligero desde la 4.º Bat./69.º Regimiento Antiaéreo
2.º Bat./89.º Batallón Antiaéreo Ligero desde la 5.º Bat./69.º Regimiento Antiaéreo
3.º Bat./89.º Batallón Antiaéreo Ligero desde la 4.º Bat./79.º Regimiento Antiaéreo

Servicios
1941-1944: en el Sur de Rusia
Mayo de 1942: bajo la 17.º División Antiaérea (42.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
Marzo de 1943: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (42.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de noviembre de 1943: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de enero de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de febrero de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de marzo de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de abril de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de mayo de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de junio de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de julio de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de agosto de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de septiembre de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de octubre de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de noviembre de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (27.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1 de diciembre de 1944: bajo la 9.º División Antiaérea (86.º Regimiento Antiaéreo)
1944 - 1945: Eifel, Saarpfalz (XIV Comando Administrativo Aéreo)

Referencias
 WW2 - 89. leichte Flak-Abteilung (mot.)

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Batallones alemanes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

89.º Batallón Antiaéreo Ligero (mot.)


Abner Louis Notkins (* 8. Mai 1932 in New Haven, Connecticut) ist ein US-amerikanischer Immunologe und Virologe.

Notkins studierte an der Yale University (Bachelor-Abschluss 1953) und machte seinen M.D.-Abschluss als Mediziner 1958 an der New York University. Seine Facharztausbildung (Internship, Residency) absolvierte er am Johns Hopkins Hospital und forschte 1960/61 am National Cancer Institute der National Institutes of Health (NIH). Danach forschte er am Labor für Mikrobiologie des National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) des NIH. 1967 bis 1973 leitete er dort die Virologie und 1973 bis 1997 das Laboratory of Oral Medicine. Ab 1997 leitete er die Abteilung Experimentelle Medizin am National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) der NIH.

Er befasste sich mit Autoimmunerkrankungen, speziell dem Diabetes mellitus vom Typ 1 und den dabei beteiligten Auto-Antigenen (wie IA-2). Er forschte an Möglichkeiten, über spezifische Antikörper Autoimmunkrankheiten vor dem eigentlichen Ausbruch der Krankheit im Blut nachweisen zu können.

1986 erhielt er den Paul-Ehrlich-und-Ludwig-Darmstaedter-Preis. Er ist Mitglied der American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Weblinks
 Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Immunologe
Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Träger des Paul-Ehrlich-und-Ludwig-Darmstaedter-Preises
Fellow der American Association for the Advancement of Science
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1932
Mann

Abner Louis Notkins


الدفاع المدني الأردني هو جهاز حكومي شبه عسكري تابع لوزارة الداخلية. أصبح جزءا من مديرية الأمن العام بإرادة ملكية صدرت في 16 ديسمبر 2019. تقوم وظيفته الرئيسية على حماية وإنقاذ الأرواح والممتلكات الخاصة والعامة سواء كانت للمواطنين أو المقيمين في الأردن.

مهام الدفاع المدني الأردني تتمثل بالتدخل لتقديم المساعدة والإسعاف للأشخاص في حالة وقوع حوادث وكوارث، كما تعمل على حماية الممتلكات من الأخطار بتحصين المباني احتياطاً لتجنب وقوع حوادث ما مثل الحرائق والغرق وحوادث السير والانهيارات وحالات التسمم والظروف الجوية القاهرة.

التاريخ
دعت الحاجة لوجود دفاع مدني لانشاء جماعات مدنية صغيرة في إمارة شرق الأردن، وكانت تابعة للبلديات. وبسبب زيادة عدد الحروب والاضطرابات في المنطقة بعد سنة 1948، زادت الحاجة لانشاء جهة مختصة تدير الدفاع المدني، فتم تأسيس هيئة للدفاع المدني في المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية. وأخيراً تم تأسيس جهاز الدفاع المدني وسن قانون مؤقت له سنة 1956، وذلك بعد العدوان الثلاثي على مصر. ثم تم سن قانون دائم للدفاع المدني سنة 1959 والذي كان تابعاً لجهاز الأمن العام حتى انفصاله عنها سنة 1970، ثم الانفصال المالي عنها سنة 1978. ليصدر قانون جديد للدفاع المدني سنة 1999، والذي جاء لمواكبة التطورات التي طرأت على الدولة.

مديرو الدفاع المدني
استلم قيادة الدفاع المدني الأردني منذ انفصاله عن الأمن العام عام 1970 عدة قيادات بفترات مختلفة ودون وجود مدة محددة لهم، يقوم بتعيينهم بشكل مباشر مجلس رئاسة الوزراء بعد موافقة الملك عليه، وهم:

انظر أيضا
 رجال الإطفاء في السودان
 رجال الإطفاء في السعودية

مراجع ومصادر

إسعاف أولي
دفاع مدني
السلامة
عسكرية الأردن

المديرية العامة للدفاع المدني (الأردن)


Harperocallis flava, jedina sjevernoamerička vrsta iz roda Harperocallis, porodica tofildijevki. Endem je amerilke države Floride, gdje je nazivaju Harper's beauty (harperova ljepota). Prvi puta opisana je 1968. godine, a njezino jedino stanište je u Nacionalnoj šumi Apalachicola u Floridi.

Višegodišnja je biljka uspravne stabljike i žutog cvijeta koja voli vlažna staništa. Naraste od 22–55 cm visine. Cvate u travnju i svibnju.

Izvori

Tofildijevke

Harperocallis flava


Michaël Rancourt est un imitateur, humoriste québécois, né à Charny (Lévis) en 1963.

Biographie
Michaël est le cinquième d'une famille de six enfants. Au début des années 80, il était musicien et chansonnier et se produisait dans les brasseries et bars de la région de la ville de Québec.

Carrière
S'étant fait connaître au début des années 90, il s'est fait remarquer en étant le premier imitateur masculin à reproduire des voix féminines. En 1994, on le retrouvait en nomination au gala de l'Adisq dans la catégorie « Découverte de l'année ».

Après Les 3 ténors de l'humour en 2001,  le  spectacle Les 3 ténors de l'humour – la suite! présenté dans tout le Québec jusqu'à la fin de 2003. Le trio récolte une nomination pour ce spectacle au gala de l'Adisq 2002, et six autres pour le gala Les Olivier, édition 2003.

En septembre 2004, Michaël présente un nouveau spectacle de variétés intitulé Les Duplicatas avec Claire Bienvenue et mis en scène par Édith Cochrane. Les Duplicatas sont nominé dans 4 catégories à la 7e  édition du Gala des Oliviers (février 2005) et remportent celui du « metteure en scène de l'année ».

En février 2022 Michaël annonce un nouveau spectacle «Les Inoubliables» qui rend hommage aux grandes voix d'artistes disparus telles que; Charles Aznavour, Gerry Boulet, Gilbert Bécaud, Michel Louvain, Joe Dassin, Félix Leclerc, Dalida et plusieurs autres.

Spectacles
 1994 "one man shows", 100 voix en l'air
 1997 Rancourt Circuit
 2001 Les 3 ténors de l'humour
 2001 Porte-parole provincial / télévision, radio et journaux PUBLICITÉ
 2004 Les Duplicatas avec Claire Bienvenue et mis en scène par Édith Cochrane.
 2000 Comédien, chanteur, humoriste / Les 3 ténors de l'humour ! / Octant VARIÉTÉS
 2004 Émission du matin / Radio de Granby (M-105) RADIO
 2010 La voix des  autres!
 2017 Les années Juke Box de Piaf à Sinatra VARIÉTÉS
 2015 Les drôles de ténors ! / Productions Diamant VARIÉTÉS
 2011 Comédien pour Mesmer le fascinateur à Montréal et Paris / Production Entourage VARIÉTÉS
 2013 Plusieurs voix / Proxim, Institut Laser Michel Pop, St-Hubert PUBLICITÉ
 2010 Comédien, voix de personnage / Peut contenir des Rachid / TVA TÉLÉVISION
 2008 Voix / Punch / Télétoon TÉLÉVISION
 2022 Les Inoubliables

Notes et références

Imitateur québécois
Naissance à Lévis
Naissance en septembre 1963
Humoriste québécois

Michaël Rancourt


Brațele spirale sunt regiuni de formare ale stelelor care se întind din centrul spiralei și al barei a galaxiilor spirale.

Sunt regiuni lungi și subțiri care se aseamănă cu o spirală, ceea ce le-a dat numele galaxiilor spirale.

La început, existența acestor brațe spirale i-a lăsat perplecși pe oamenii de știință întrucât stelele care se găsesc la extremitatea galaxiei s-ar roti mai repede decât acelea care sunt situate în centru (dacă galaxia este în rotație). În realitate, brațele spirale nu sunt rezultatul mișcării unei galaxii, ci a unei unde de densitate care conduce la formarea stelelor. De aceea brațele apar mai strălucitoare pentru că aici se află stele tinere și nu pentru că galaxia sau stelele se mișcă încât să producă brațe.

În Calea Lactee există patru spirale majore, în principal Brațul Perseu, Brațul Scutul-Crucea, apoi Brațul Carena-Săgetător precum și Brațul Echerul, mai rarefiat. Brațul Orion, unde se află situate Sistemul Solar și, implicit, Soarele și Pământul, este un braț spiral minor al Căii Lactee.

Structură
Brațele spirale pot consta din mai multe componente distincte:
 Disc plat, rotativ de stele și mediu interstelar
 Bulb stelar central a stelelor mai în vârstă, care seamănă cu o galaxie eliptică
 Distribuția în formă de bară a stelelor
 Gaură neagră supermasivă în centrul bulbului central

Vezi și
  Les bras spiraux des galaxies (în română: "Brațele spirale ale galaxiilor")
 Galaxie spirală
 Galaxie spirală barată
 Halou galactic

Galaxii
Galaxii spirale

en:Spiral arm

Braț spiral


Selleris ist ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Nobitz im Landkreis Altenburger Land in Thüringen.

Lage
Der Ortsteil liegt am rechten Unterhang des Pleißetals 6 Kilometer von Altenburg und nordwestlich von der Kerngemeinde entfernt. Die nahe der Sprotte an der Straße nach Saara gelegenen Häuser werden "Kleinselleris" genannt. Die Sprotte mündet östlich des Orts in die Pleiße.

Geschichte
Der Ortsteil wurde 1181–1214 als "Zeldors" im Zehntenregister des Klosters Bosau erstmals erwähnt. Selleris gehörte zum wettinischen Amt Altenburg, welches ab dem 16. Jahrhundert aufgrund mehrerer Teilungen im Lauf seines Bestehens unter der Hoheit folgender Ernestinischer Herzogtümer stand: Herzogtum Sachsen (1554 bis 1572), Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar (1572 bis 1603), Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg (1603 bis 1672), Herzogtum Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg (1672 bis 1826). Bei der Neuordnung der Ernestinischen Herzogtümer im Jahr 1826 kam der Ort wiederum zum Herzogtum Sachsen-Altenburg.
Nach der Verwaltungsreform im Herzogtum gehörte er bezüglich der Verwaltung zum Ostkreis (bis 1900) bzw. zum Landratsamt Altenburg (ab 1900). Das Dorf gehörte ab 1918 zum Freistaat Sachsen-Altenburg, der 1920 im Land Thüringen aufging. 1922 kam es zum Landkreis Altenburg.

Am 1. Juli 1950 wurde Selleris nach Lehndorf eingemeindet. Bei der zweiten Kreisreform in der DDR wurden 1952 die bestehenden Länder aufgelöst und die Landkreise neu zugeschnitten. Somit kam Selleris als Ortsteil von Lehndorf mit dem Kreis Altenburg an den Bezirk Leipzig, der seit 1990 als Landkreis Altenburg zu Thüringen gehörte und 1994 im Landkreis Altenburger Land aufging. Mit dem Aufgehen der Gemeinde Lehndorf in der Einheitsgemeinde Saara wurde Selleris am 1. Januar 1996 ein Ortsteil dieser Gemeinde, bis diese wiederum am 31. Dezember 2012 zu Nobitz kam. 2012 wohnen 100 Personen im Ort. 1880 gab es 24 Häuser, davon drei Bauerngüter und eine Mühle. Fachwerkhäuser und Einfamilienhäuser bestimmen das Dorfbild von heute. 2010 wurde ein weiteres Neubaugebiet geplant.

Weblinks

 Selleris auf der Webseite der Gemeinde Nobitz

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Nobitz)
Ort im Landkreis Altenburger Land
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Altenburger Land)
Ersterwähnung im 12. Jahrhundert
Gemeindeauflösung 1950
Deutscher Ortsname slawischer Herkunft

Selleris


Secole: Secolul al VI-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al V-lea î.Hr. - Secolul al IV-lea î.Hr.

Decenii: Anii 470 î.Hr. | Anii 460 î.Hr. | Anii 450 î.Hr. | Anii 440 î.Hr. | Anii 430 î.Hr. - Anii 420 î.Hr. - Anii 410 î.Hr. | Anii 400 î.Hr. | Anii 390 î.Hr. | Anii 380 î.Hr. | Anii 370 î.Hr.

Ani: 429 î.Hr. | 428 î.Hr. | 427 î.Hr. | 426 î.Hr. | 425 î.Hr. - 424 î.Hr. - 423  î.Hr. -| 422 î.Hr. | 421 î.Hr. | 420 î.Hr. | 419 î.Hr.

Evenimente

Arte, științe, literatură și filozofie

Nașteri

Decese

 Artaxerxes I, al șaselea rege din dinastia Ahemenizilor (n. ?)

Legături externe

424 î.Hr.

424 î.Hr.


Anamaria Vartolomei () este o actriță franco-română cunoscută pentru rolul Violettei Giurgiu din filmul Mica mea prințesă (2011).

Biografie
S-a născut în Bacău dar a copilărit în satul bunicilor, Plopu, din orașul Dărmănești până la vârsta de 6 ani. Părinții acesteia au plecat în Franța când Anamaria Vartolomei avea doi ani.

Și-a început cariera în film la vârsta de zece ani și jumătate, fiind aleasă dintre 500 de candidați pentru a interpreta unul din cele două roluri principale din Mica mea prințesă (2011), alături de Isabelle Huppert. Caracterul său puternic este inspirat de copilăria regizoarei Eva Ionesco. Acest prim rol a fost bine primit de criticii de film, aducându-i o nominalizare la premiul Lumières pentru cea mai promițătoare actriță. La Festivalul de la Cannes din următorul an, Anamaria Vartolomei este aleasă să apară pe afișul secțiunii Semaine de la critique.

A mai jucat în filme precum Jacky în regatul femeilor (2014) sau L'Idéal (2016). În 2017, ea a jucat unul dintre rolurile principale din L'Échange des princesses.

În 2022 Vartolomei devine prima actriță de origine română care câștigă un Premiu César.

Filmografie
 Mica mea prințesă (2011) - Violetta Giurgiu
 Jacky în regatul femeilor (2014) - Zonia
 Ma révolution (2016) - Sygrid
 L'Idéal (2016) - Lena
 Eternitate (2016)
 Le semeur (2017) - Joséphine
 L'Échange des princesses (2017) - Louise Elisabeth
 L'évènement (2021) - Anne

Distincții

 Festivalul internațional de film de la Mumbai 2011: cea mai bună actriță, cu Isabelle Huppert pentru Mica mea prințesă
 Premiul Lumières 2012: nominalizată la categoria cea mai promițătoare actriță pentru Mica mea prințesă
 Festivalul filmului francofon de La Ciotat 2012: Premiul pentru cea mai bună interpretare feminină pentru Mica mea prințesă
 Premiul Lumières 2022: cea mai bună actriță pentru L'Événement
 Premiul César pentru cea mai bună tânără speranță feminină

Note

Bibliografie
 Kate Ince, The Body and the Screen: Female Subjectivities in Contemporary Women's Cinema, ISBN 1623566266

Legături externe
 Anamaria Vartolomei la CineMagia

Nașteri în 1999
Actrițe franceze
Actrițe române
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de teatru române
Băcăuani

Anamaria Vartolomei


Vagn Walfrid Ekman (3 May 1874 – 9 March 1954) was a Swedish oceanographer.

Born in Stockholm to Fredrik Laurentz Ekman, himself an oceanographer, he became committed to oceanography while studying physics at the University of Uppsala and, in particular, on hearing Vilhelm Bjerknes lecture on fluid dynamics.

During the expedition of the Fram, Fridtjof Nansen had observed that icebergs tend to drift not in the direction of the prevailing wind but at an angle of 20°-40° to the right. Bjerknes invited Ekman, still a student, to investigate the problem. Later, in 1905, Ekman published his theory of the Ekman spiral which explains the phenomenon in terms of the balance between frictional effects in the ocean and the Coriolis force, which arises from moving objects in a rotating environment, like planetary rotation.

On completing his doctorate in Uppsala in 1902, Ekman joined the International Laboratory for Oceanographic Research, Oslo where he worked for seven years, not only extending his theoretical work but also developing experimental techniques and instruments such as the Ekman current meter and Ekman water bottle.

From 1910 to 1939 he continued his theoretical and experimental work at the University of Lund, where he was professor of mechanics and mathematical physics. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1935.

A gifted amateur bass singer, pianist, and composer, he continued working right up to his death in Gostad, near Stockaryd, Sweden.

References

External links

1874 births
1954 deaths
Swedish oceanographers
Uppsala University alumni
Fluid dynamicists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Vagn Walfrid Ekman


Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 212 (VMFA-212) was a United States Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornet squadron. Most recently known as the "Lancers", the squadron was last based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni, Japan and fell under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 12 (MAG-12) and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW). VMFA-212 has an extensive combat history having participated in combat operations during World War II, the Korean War, Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and Operation Enduring Freedom. Due to a re-organization within Marine aviation, the squadron was deactivated in 2008.

Past mission as VMFA

Support the Marine Air-Ground Task Force commander by destroying surface targets and enemy aircraft, day or night under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint or combined operations.
 Conduct sea and air deployment operations.
 Conduct fire support.
 Conduct close air support.
 Conduct interdiction operations.
 Conduct joint suppression of enemy air defenses.
 Conduct air-to-air operations.
 Coordinate battle space maneuver and integrate with firepower.

History

World War II

Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 212 was activated as Marine Fighting Squadron 212 (VMF-212), the "Hell Hounds", at Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Hawaii on 1 March 1942. Deploying in May to the South Pacific in their Grumman F4F Wildcats, the squadron was stationed at Tontouta on the island of New Caledonia, and later moved up to the Quoin Hill Airfield on the island of Efate.  As preparations for the invasion of Guadalcanal increased, the squadron operated a detachment at Turtle Bay Airfield on Espiritu Santo until the arrival of VMO-251 ensured that the island was provided with adequate aerial defense.  During the early part of the Guadalcanal campaign, VMF-212 sent detachments to operate with Cactus Air Force squadrons deployed to Henderson Field until the entire squadron was committed to the battle in mid-October.

On June 27, 1942, a Wildcat of the squadron attacked a Royal Australian Air Force Catalina flying boat of No. 11 Squadron, having mistaken it for a Japanese aircraft. This led to the RAAF removing the red dot from the center of its roundel for the duration of the war in the Pacific in order to prevent confusion with the all-red hinomaru used as a roundel by Japanese aircraft.

The squadron acquired an enviable record by destroying 64½ enemy planes including that of Toshio Ohta, a Japanese ace. Of this number, LtCol Harold "Indian Joe" Bauer, the squadron's first Commanding Officer, was credited with 11 kills and posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his valor.

The squadron returned to the United States in November 1942 and remained on the West Coast until June 1943 when they sailed for Midway Atoll.  The squadron remained on Midway for two months and then returned to Espiritu Santo.  By August 1943, VMF-212 was back in the Solomon Islands where they participated in the campaigns to retake Vella Lavella and Bougainville.  From 20 October through 27 November 1943 the squadron was based out of Barakoma Airfield and supported operations in the Treasury Islands, Choiseul and Bougainville.  By December 1943 they moved to Torokina Airfield and remained there until they moved again on 20 January 1944 this time to Piva Airfield.  Another move came on 20 March when they transited to Green Island and later back to Vella Lavella.  VMF-212 remained in the vicinity of the Solomons and Bismarck Islands for the remainder of 1944 running fighter sweeps against the Japanese garrison on Rabaul and providing close air support for ground forces on Bougainville.  On 8 January 1945, VMF-212 landed on Samar and provided close air support for United States Army troops during the campaign to retake the Philippines.  During this time they flew over Mindoro, Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.  It was also during this time that the squadron was a part of one of the worst aviation accidents of the war.  At 09:40 on 24 January 1945, while taking off, 1Lt Karl Oerth of VMF-222 hit a lump in the runway, blew a tire and his Corsair careened wildly into his own squadron's revetment area, which was shared with VMF-212. It completely wiped out the tents housing the intelligence, oxygen, parachutes and materiel departments. Many men attempted to rescue the pilot but while they were making this brave effort the plane exploded and set off all its .50 cal ammunition.  14 men were killed and over 50 wounded during this incident.  In June 1945 the squadron arrived at Okinawa on the  and conducted operations from there until the end of the war.  During the duration of World War II, VMF-212 was credited with shooting down 132½ enemy aircraft  A Corsair which came to grief on Approach to Quoin Hill Airfield on Efate, Vanuatu is now a great dive attraction.

Korean War

VMF-212, with no nickname since its reactivation in 1946, was one of the first squadrons sent to Far East at the outbreak of the war. They remained in Japan until Marines were able to capture Kimpo Airfield after the Battle of Inchon. The squadron finally touched down in Korea on 18 September 1950 and were flying their first Corsair F4U-5 strikes by 20 September. The squadron was later moved to Wonson, North Korea late October 1951 than onto Yonpo Airfield in North Korea as the United Nations' forces continued their advance in the early winter of 1950. The squadron adopted the name "Devil Cats" and a new patch was designed by Roy Irwin, depicting a Devil Cat clutching a Two-Step serpent in its mouth on a red shield. After the Chinese counterattack in late November 1950, VMF-212 aircraft flew almost continuous close air support missions supporting the 1st Marine Division as they fought their way out of encirclement during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir while being stationed afloat aboard the . The squadron operated from the USS Bataan until 5 March 1951.

VMF-212 moved to being land based at K3 Pohang, South Korea. A Grumman F9F Panther BuNo 123520 belonging to VMF-212 was destroyed by fire from other aircraft at K-3 in Korea July 30, 1951. The squadron left Korea in the spring or summer of 1951 and returned to Cherry Point NC. Those personnel who had extended enlistments transferred to VMF 214 at another Korean base. VMA-212's F4U Corsairs were replaced by upgraded AU-1 Corsairs in 1952. The AU-1 Corsair had armor plate around the cockpit and the oil coolers that were moved up to behind the engine. The squadron dropped more ordnance during the Korean War than any other Marine Corps squadron. The AU-1 Corsair had an additional center bomb rack which carried a  bomb until the rough Marston Matting, which was laid over the old pock-marked Japanese landing strip at K-6, caused the center bomb rack to break off. The AU-1 Corsair could carry a  bomb on its center rack, two  bombs on the wing root bomb racks and  bombs on its wing racks. It struggled up to enemy territory at approximately . After releasing its bombs, the AU-l again became a fast fighter in close support of the front lines and a fighter capable of up to  in a dive. Colonel Robert Galer, a Marine Corps Ace from World War II, was the Commanding Officer of MAG-12 in 1952, when he was shot down behind enemy lines and protected by VMF-212 pilots until rescued by a Marine Corps helicopter. VMF-212 lost ten pilots in Korea. On 9 June 1952, VMF-212 was re-designated VMA-212.

The 1950s and 1960s
After the cease fire in Korea, VMA-212 traded their AU-1 Corsairs for Douglas AD-2 and AD-3 Skyraiders.  They boarded the USS Wasp in 1954, and joined MAG-13 at MCAS Kaneohe Bay, TH.  They began a slow transition to white-and-gray paint schemes for their planes and sported a colorful flightline as the "blue birds" were phased out.  The Devil Cats set a record for flight hours in May 1956, when their complement of fifty pilots kept its Skyraiders aloft for 4,276.2 hours for that month.  The squadron accepted the WD tail code in August and transitioned to the jet age in March, 1958, with the North American FJ-4B Fury.  The Devil Cats responded to the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis by prosecuting Operation Cannonball, in October 1958.  VMA-212 and the Black Sheep of VMA-214 flew their aircraft across the Pacific, from Hawaii to Japan, utilizing their air-to-air refueling capability.  This marked the first time that a single-seat aircraft had ever done so, and it stood in the record books until it was eclipsed by VMF(AW)-451 in 1961, when the Warlords flew their F8U Crusaders from El Toro to Japan.  The Devil Cats traded their Fury jets for the Douglas A4D-2 Skyhawks (redesignated A-4B) in August 1961.  The squadron received the Vought F-8B Crusader in July 1963 and changed their name to Lancers.  Ed Rutty, the Executive Officer, derived that name in keeping with the medieval theme of the Crusader.  David and Mary Lerps designed the Lancer insignia that was used for decades, featuring crossed lances over a cross-emblazened shield.  The squadron was redesignated a Marine Fighter Squadron, VMF-212.  The squadron operated the day-fighter version of the Crusader for exactly one year, when they accepted the F-8D Crusader and were redesignated Marine (All Weather) Fighter Squadron, VMF(AW)-212 on July 1, 1964.

The Vietnam War & the 1980s

The squadron was informed, in the Fall of 1964, that it would embark aboard the  for its 1965 WestPac cruise. The squadron immediately began carrier qualifications to sharpen their skills.  Armed conflict in Vietnam was looming as a reality at the time and the squadron upgraded to the ground-attack version of the Crusader, the F-8E.  They arrived at NAS San Diego in January and practiced air-to-ground ordnance delivery with their new Crusaders.  Carrier Air Group 16 (CVW-16) they arrived off the coast of Vietnam and began operating from Yankee Station.  From 8 May to 6 December 1965 the Lancers flew missions against targets in North and South Vietnam.  The Operations Officer, Major Harry E. Sexton, devised a way to carry 2,000-pound MK-84 bombs from an F-8 Crusader prior to being launched from an aircraft carrier. Commander, Air Group (CAG) of CVW-16 Commander James Stockdale's A-4E Skyhawk was shot down September 9, over North Vietnam making the commanding officer of VMF(AW)-212 the acting CAG until a replacement arrived. This made 212's Commanding Officer LtCol Chuck Ludden the first Marine Officer to command a carrier airwing since William A. Millington did in World War II.  Captain Harlan P. Chapman was shot down on November 5, over North Vietnam.  He became a POW until he was released in February, 1973.  Of interest, this incident was referred to in the motion picture, Top Gun as the date that the main character, Pete Mitchell's father was shot down.  Later in the movie, Top Gun commander, Viper admits, "I flew with your old man.  VF-51.  The Oriskany."  In December 1965 the squadron returned to Hawaii having flown 3,018 combat hours and 1,588 sorties during their time off the coast of Vietnam.

The squadron returned to MCAS Kaneohe Bay and resumed training with the F-8D.  The unit reverted to the day-fighter version of the Crusader, the F-8B in early 1968 and lost its (all-weather) designation in March.  VMF-212 received its first four McDonnell F-4J Phantom IIs in May 1968, but without the AWG-10 Pulse Doppler radar.  Production of the radar was behind schedule for the production of the F-4J.  The squadron was redesignated Marine Fixed/Wing Fighter Attack squadron, VMFA on August 10.  The unit finally received radar-equipped birds in November 1969.

In April 1972, the squadron deployed from Hawaii to Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam in an effort to blunt the massive North Vietnamese invasion of South Vietnam. LtCol Richard Revie led the Lancers across the Pacific joining VMFA-115 and VMFA-232 at Danang.  The squadron began sorties immediately, attacking ground targets in the south.  Danang Air Base was attacked by rockets two days after 212's arrival and two Lancers were injured on the flight line.  Captain John W. Consolvo and his RIO, CWO3 James J. Castonguay were hit on May 7, after pulling off target near the northern Quang Tri Province.  Consolvo fought to control the flaming Phantom but to no avail.  He told his RIO to eject and Castonguay did.  He did not see whether or not his pilot ejected.  Castonguay hid from enemy patrols for nineteen hours before being rescued by helicopter.  John Consolvo was listed as Missing In Action.  The Lancers lost another Phantom and its crew on June 4, when Captain Benjamin Lee Tebault and 1LT Mike Konow were hit while diving on a target.  The jet flew into the ground.  The Marine Phantom units of Danang were ordered to Nam Phong, Thailand, but VMFA-212 was replaced by VMA(AW)-533 and the Lancers returned to Hawaii.  VMFA-212 flew more than 1000 combat sorties during the two+ months they operated from Danang.  VMFA-212 earned a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its effort in Vietnam.

From 1974 until 1987, VMFA-212 deployed numerous times to Japan and the West Coast earning the CNO Aviation Safety Award, the Robert M. Hanson Award, and the Meritorious Unit Commendation. During October 1988, VMFA-212 completed its seventh and final rotation in the UDP as an F-4 Phantom squadron. With the last F-4 sorties flown in August 1988, over 23,000 accident-free hours had been accumulated since the loss of an aircraft on March 27, 1978 at Midway Island. The F/A-18C Hornet was received at this time.

The Gulf War & the 1990s

In December 1990, the squadron deployed to Bahrain in support of Operation Desert Shield.  From there, they flew air interdiction and close air support missions in support of coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm after 17 January 1991.  On 13 August 1996 the Lancers took off for the final time from NAS Miramar en route to MCAS Iwakuni, Japan. After a successful six-month cycle the Lancers became a permanent resident of MCAS Iwakuni.

The Global War on Terror

The Lancers were the second Marine Corps squadron to deploy after the September 11 attacks, following their aerial refueler aircraft from VMGR-152, the Sumos. The squadron left MCAS Iwakuni on 12 September and after being refueled over Iwo Jima, began flying Combat Air Patrols over Guam in support of Operation Noble Eagle.

In the spring of 2002 the squadron deployed to Kuwait. For the first time single seat C models and 2-seat Ds from VMFA (AW)-332 The Moonlighters were combined into one unit.  The Moon-Lancers flew missions into Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch and Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.  The OEF missions were, on average, 10 hours in duration and mostly at night.

Due to a re-organization within Marine aviation, the squadron was decommissioned in 2008 in order to facilitate the Corps' transition to the F-35.

Squadron aces

The following members of VMF-212 were credited with shooting down at least five Japanese aircraft and earned the right to be called an Ace.  The numbers after their name represents the number of enemy aircraft they were credited with shooting down.

MIA information
In May 2008, a team from the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command found the wreckage of an F4U Corsair (BuNo 55908) and the remains of 1stLt Allan S. Harrison III in the vicinity of Warangoi, Papua New Guinea.  1stLt Harrison was shot down by a Japanese aircraft on 11 February 1944 while taking part in a raid on the Japanese garrison at Rabaul.

See also

 United States Marine Corps Aviation
 List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons
 List of decommissioned United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Crowder, Michael J. (2000). United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History – Volume One – The Fighter Squadrons. Turner Publishing Company. .

Web

VMFA-212's official website
 Unofficial Lancers Homepage (hasn't been updated in a while)

Fighter attack squadrons of the United States Marine Corps
cadre
FS0212

VMFA-212


Conrad Bornhak (født 21. marts 1861 i Nordhausen, død 9. februar 1944 i Berlin) var en tysk statsretslærer.

Bornhak blev 1896 professor ved Berlins Universitet. Af hans forfatterskab er at fremhæve: Geschichte des preussischen Verwaltungsrechts (3 bind, 1884—86), Preussische Staatsrecht (4 bind, 1888—93), Die deutsche Socialgesetzgebung (4. udgave 1900), Allgemeine Staatslehre (1896), Russland und Finnland
(1900) og Deutsche Geschichte unter Kaiser Wilhelm II (2 bind, 1920—21). Han udgiv videre kommenterede udgaver af Die Verfassung des deutschen Reiches vom 11. VIII 1919 og Die Verfassung des Freistaates Preussen vom 30. XI. 1920.

Kilder

Jurister fra Tyskland
Professorer fra Tyskland
Ansatte ved Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Faglitterære forfattere fra Tyskland
Tysksprogede forfattere
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Conrad Bornhak


بيفروست Bifröst (ينطق ) في الميثولوجيا النوردية هو قوس قزح الذي يمثل جسرا تعتبره الآلهة بين السماء (عالم الآلهة أو أسكارد) والأرض (عالم البشر أو مدكارد) ويحرسه هايمدال إله النور. سمي الجسر بيلروست Bilröst في أشعار إيدا التي جمعت في القرن الثالث عشر من حكايات شعبية أقدم، وسمي بيفروست في نثر إيدا الذي كتب في القرن الثالث عشر بقلم سنوري سترلسون وكذلك في قصائد سكالد. وكل من أشعار ونثر إيدا تشير للجسر باسم آخر هو أسبرو (أو جسر آسر بالنورسية القديمة).

يذكر نثر إيدا أن الجسر ينتهي في السماء عند هيمينبيورغ، وهو موطن الإله هايمدال، والذي يحرسه من قوم اليوتن. وسيدمر الجسر في راكناروك من قبل قوات موسبلهايم. ويرى الباحثون أن ربما كان في البداية يمثل درب التبانة، ويرون أنه موازي لجسر آخر في الميثولوجيا النوردية هو غيالاربرو Gjallarbrú.

مراجع

قوس قزح
جسور أسطورية

بيفروست


Millenniumproblemerne eller Millennium Prize Problems er syv problemer indenfor matematik som i 2000 blev listet af Clay Mathematics Institute. problemerne er listet her:

 Birch-Swinnerton-Dyers formodning,
 Hodges formodning,
 Navier–Stokes eksistens og glathed,
 P versus NP,
 Poincaréformodningen,
 Riemannhypotesen
 Yang–Mills eksistens og massegab.

Den rigtige løsning til ethvert af disse problemer udløser en pengepræmie på $1 mio. (nogle gange kaldet en Millenniumpris) der udbetales af Clay Mathematics Institute. Det eneste af de syv problemer, der er blevet løst, er Poincaréformodningen, der blev løst af Grigori Perelman i 2003.

Løste problemer

Poincaréformodningen

I topologi bliver en sfære med en todimensionel overflade karakteriseret ved at være kompakt og en enkelt sammenhængende mængde. Poincaréformodningen er at dette også gælder for en tredimensionel overflade. Det analoge problem for højere dimensioner er bevist.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af John Milnor.

I 2003 fremlagde Grigori Perelman et bevis for formodningen; gennemgangen af beviset var færdig i august 2006, og Perelman blev også udvalgt til at modtage Fields Medal for sin løsning af problemet, men han frasagde sig prisen. Perelman blev officielt tildelt Millenniumprisen den 18. marts 2010,

men han frasagde sig ligeledes denne pris, og samtidig præmiesummen fra Clay Mathematics Institute. Nyhedsbureauet Interfax citerede Perelman for at udtalte, at han mente at prisen var urimelig. Perelman sagde til Interfax at han betragtede sit bidrag til løsningen af Poincaréformodningen til ikke at være større end matematikeren Richard Hamilton fra Columbia University.

Uløste problemer

P versus NP

Spørgsmålet går ud på, om der for alle problemer, hvor en algoritme kan verificere en given løsning hurtigt (det vil sige i polynomisk tid), findes en algoritme der kan finde denne løsning hurtigt. Siden førstnævnte beskriver en klasse af problemer der kaldes NP, mens sidstnævnte beskrives P er spørgsmålet det samme som at spørge om alle problemer i NP også er i P. Dette betragtes et af de vigtigste åbne spørgsmål inden for matematik og datalogi, da det har vidtrækkende konsekvenser for andre problemer i matematik, biologi, filosofi og kryptografi.

De fleste matematikere og computerforskere forventer at P ≠ NP.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af Stephen Cook.

Hodges formodning

Hodges formodning er at for der for projektiv algebraiske varianser vil Hodge cyklus være rationale lineærkombinationer af algebraiske cyklusser.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af Pierre Deligne.

Riemannhypotesen

Riemannhypotesen er, at alle ikke-trivielle nuller af den analytiske fortsættelse af Riemanns zetafunktion har en reel del af 1/2. Et bevis eller modbevis ville have vidtrækkende konsekvenser for talteori, særligt for fordelingen af primtal. Det var Hilberts ottende problem, der blev formuleret i 1900, og bliver stadig betragtet som et vigtigt uløst problem over et århundrede senere.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af Enrico Bombieri.

Yang–Mills eksistens og massegab

I fysik er klassisk Yang–Millsteori en generalisering af Maxwellteori om elektromagnetisme, hvor chromo-elektromagnetiske felter selv bærer ladningen. Som en klassisk feltteori, har det løsninger, som bevæger sig med lysets hasighed, så dens kvanteversioner , der skulle beskrive masseløse partikler (gluoner). Postulatet om fænomenet farveconfinement tillader kun gluoner i bundne stadier at forme partikler med en masse. Dette er massegabet. Et andet aspekt af confinement er asymptotisk frihed, som gør det muligt at Yang-Mills kvanteteori eksisterer uden begrænsninger for energi i lav skala. Problemet er grundigt at påvise eksistensen af Yang-Mills kvanteteori og massegab.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af Arthur Jaffe og Edward Witten.

Navier–Stokes eksistens og glathed

Navier-Stokes' ligning beskriver bevægelsen af væsker. Selvom den første blev formuleret i 1800-tallet er den endnu ikke særlig velforstået. Problemet er at gøre fremskridt i retning af en matematisk teori, der vil give indsigt i disse ligninger.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af Charles Fefferman.

Birch og Swinnerton-Dyers formodning

Birch og Swinnerton-Dyers formodning behandler særlige typer ligninger; dem som definerer elliptiske kurver over rationale tal. Formodningen er, at der er en simpel måde at afgøre på, om ligningen har et endeligt eller uendeligt antal løsninger. Hilberts tiende problem behandlede en mere generel type ligning, og i dette tilfælde blev det bevist, at der ikke var en måde at bestemme om ligningen overhovedet har nogen løsninger.

Den officielle beskrivelse af problemet blev formuleret af Andrew Wiles.

Se også
 Hilberts problemer
 Liste over uløste problemer i matematik
 Paul Wolfskehl (tilbudt pris pengepræmien for løsningen til Fermats sidste sætning)
 Smales problemer

Referencer

Yderligere læsning

Eksterne henvisninger
 The Millennium Grand Challenge in Mathematics
 The Millennium Prize Problems
 Millennium Problems . PlanetMath.

Matematikkens historie
Uløste problemer indenfor matematik

Millenniumproblemerne


Die Croatian International 2006 fanden in Zagreb vom 2. bis zum 5. März 2006 statt. Der Referee war Isabelle Jobard aus Frankreich. Das Preisgeld betrug 2.500 US-Dollar. Es war die 8. Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften von Kroatien im Badminton.

Austragungsort
 Dom sportova, Trg Krešimira Ćosića 11

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 badminton.de

2006
Badminton 2006
Badmintonwettbewerb in Zagreb
EBU Circuit 2005/06

Croatian International 2006


Insula corăbiilor naufragiate sau Insula corăbiilor scufundate () este un roman științifico-fantastic de Aleksandr Beleaev. A apărut prima dată în 1926.

Prezentare

În Oceanul Atlantic, în Triunghiul Bermudelor, s-a format un grup de alge Sargassum. Aceste alge sunt atât de lipite una de alta încât toate navele care intră în zonă rămân blocate aici pentru totdeauna. Împreună cu oamenii de la bord, eroii cărții sunt blocați în această zonă.

Traduceri în limba română

Note

Legături externe
Insula corăbiilor naufragiate la fantlab.ru

Vezi și
1926 în literatură
 Jules Verne - Insula misterioasă, o lucrare cu o temă asemănătoare
 The Drowned World (1962) de J. G. Ballard, o lucrare cu o temă asemănătoare
 Sargasso of space  (1955) de Andre Norton, o lucrare cu o temă asemănătoare

Romane din 1926
Romane din 1927
Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane rusești
Romane sovietice
Romane de Aleksandr Beleaev
1926 în științifico-fantastic

Insula corăbiilor naufragiate


Jay Sean (d. 26 Mart 1979; Ealing, Büyük Londra), Hint asıllı İngiliz R&B sanatçısı.

Sanatçı 2008 yılı itibarı ile büyük bir çıkış yakalamıştır. 2008 yılında My Own Way adlı albümünü yayımlayan sanatçı İngiltere listelerinde #6 numara çıkarak büyük başarı ve ses getirmiştir. 2009 yılında ise Şansını Amerika'da deneyen sanatçı All or Nothing Albümünü Piyasaya Sürmüştür. Albüm Yayımlandığı ilk hafta 40 bin kopya satarak Billboard 200 listelerinde #37 numaraya ulaşmıştır.

Ayrıca 2009 yılında Billboardın düzenlediği etkinlikte 2009 yılının Amerika'da en gözde sanatçılarında Jay Sean 35 inci olmuştur. Ve dünyann en önemli müzik listesi Billboardın belirlediği habere göre Amerikan müzik tarihinde Hint asıllı İngiliz olarak en başarılı sanatçı Lil Wayne ile yaptığı düetle büyük ses getiren şarkısı "Down"un Billboard listesinde 6 hafta boyunca Top 10'da kalması sanatçıyı bu alandaki en başarılı sanatçı yapmış ve tarihe geçmiştir.

İlk yılları
Gerçek ismi Kamaljit Singh Jhooti olan Jay Sean 26 Mart 1981'de Punjabi'de dünyaya geldi. Jay Sean, sahne ismi olmakla beraber, soyadı olan 'Jhooti'nin 'J'si ile ailesinin taktığı bir lakap olan ve Hintçe yıldız anlamına gelen 'Shaan' kelimesinin İngilizce 'Sean'a dönüştürülmesiyle ortaya çıktı. Jay Sean, Londra 'nın batısında Heathrow Havaalanı'nın yakınlarında bulunan Hounslow'da yetişti.Güney Asya'nın Yaygın inançlarından olan sihism dinine mensup.

11 yaşında kuzeni Pritpal ile "Compulsive Disorder" (Zorunlu Düzensizlik) adında bir grup kurarak boş zamanlarında rap yapmaya başladı. Bu bağlamdaki çalışmaları geçen zamanla birlikte yerel radyolarda çalışan DJ'lerin ilgisini çekti. Müzik yolunda karşısındaki tek engel, insanların müziğinden ziyade ırkına karşı olan önyargılı bakış açılarıydı. Müzisyen, gayet başarılı okuduğu tıp okulundan iki yıl sonra ayrılarak tutkunu olduğu müziğin peşinden gitmeye karar verdi.

Kariyeri
Londra'da okuduğu tıp okulundan ayrılmasının hemen akabinde, Güney Asyalı prodüktörler Rishi Rich ve Juggy D'nin yanında profesyonel müzik hayatına başladı. Burada R&B müzik tarzına olan yoğun ilgisini keşfetti. Sanatçının kariyerindeki dönüm noktası ise 2004 yılıydı. Çıkardığı ilk albümü "Me Against Myself" ile müzik piyasasına hızlı bir giriş yaparak, uzun süre listelerden inmedi. Müzikseverlerce ilk olarak "Dance With You" (Tere Naal Nachna) ve "Eyes On You" adındaki hit şarkılarıyla tanındı. İcra ettiği müzikte Hint ezgilerini batı R&B müziğiyle sentezlemesinin yanı sıra İngiltere'nin Urban müzik sahnesini değiştirmeyi başarmasıyla tüm dikkatleri üzerine çekti. Ünü Hindistan 'a da yayılan sanatçının albümü orada 2 milyondan fazla sattı. Ünlü Hint filmlerinin merkezi olan Bollywood 'un "Kya Kool Hai Hum" yapımında da rol alan sanatçının müzikleri de ayrıca filmin soundtrack'inde kullanıldı.

2006'da plak şirketi Virgin'den ayrılan Jay Sean, yeni albümünün çıkış tarihini de bu nedenle erteledi. İkinci albümün ilk single'ı olarak seçilen "Ride It" parçasına 2007'nin Ağustos ayında bir klip çekildi. 28 Eylül'de exclusive olarak 3G telefonlarda yayınlanan parça 9 Ekim'de de internet ortamında resmi olarak hayranların beğenisine sunuldu. Single'ın cd formatı içinse 21 Ocak 2008'i beklemek gerekti. "My Own Way" adlı ikinci albümünü 12 Mayıs 2008'de yayımlayan sanatçı, bu albümde şansını Amerika'da da denedi. J-Remy, Robert Larow, Bobby Bass ve Alan Sampson gibi isimlerle çalışan sanatçının albümü İngiltere'de 6 numaraya kadar çıktı. "Ride It" single'ının ardından "Maybe" ve "Stay" parçaları da single olarak yayımlandı.

Diskografi

Albümler
 2004 - Me Against Myself
 2008 - My Own Way
 2009 - All or Nothing

Canlı albümler
 2008 - Jay Sean - iTunes Live : London Festival ( 2Point9 / Jayded )

Single'lar
 2003 - "Dance With You"
 2004 - "Eyes On You"
 2005 - "Stolen"
 2008 - "Ride İt"
 2008 - "Maybe"
 2008 - "Stay (Jay Sean şarkısı)"
 2009 - "Tonight"
 2009 - "Down (Jay Sean şarkısı)"
 2009 - "Do You Remember"

Düet single'lar
 2009 - "Written On Her" (Birdman Ft. Jay Sean )
 2010 - "İ Made İt" (Kevin Rudolf Ft. Jay Sean, Birdman & Lil Wayne)
 2012 - "İ'm all yours" (Pitbull Ft. Jay Sean )

Kazandığı ödüller
 UK Asian Music Awards (AMAs)
2005 - Best Album ( "Me Against Myself" )
2005 - Best Urban Act
2005 - Best Video ( "Stolen" )
2007 - DesiHits Artist of the Year Awards
2009 - Best Male
2009 - Best Album ( "My Own Way" )
2009 - Best Urban Act
2010 - Best Male Act
2010 - Best Urban Act
2010 - Best Video ( "Down" )
2010 - Best Album ( "All or Nothing" )
 Channel U Best of British Awards
2008 - Best Video ( "Ride İt" )
 UK BMI Awards
2008 - BMI Songwriter Awards
 MTV Russia Music Awards
2008 - Best International Artist
 UK Urban Music Awards
2009 - Best Collaboration ("Down", Featuring Lil Wayne)

Adaylıkları
 MOBO Awards
2008 - Best UK Male
2008 - Best R'n'B/Soul
 Rogers Filmi South Asian Film Festival
2009 - Best Music Video ( "Down" )

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi İnternet Sitesi (İngilizce)
 İçinde bulunduğu 2Point9 Grubunun Resmi İnternet Sitesi (İngilizce)
 The raft

1979 doğumlular
Büyük Londra doğumlu müzisyenler
İngiliz erkek şarkıcılar
İngiliz pop şarkıcıları
İngiliz rap şarkıcıları
İngiliz şarkıcı-şarkı yazarları
Hint asıllı İngilizler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki İngiliz gurbetçiler
Cash Money Records sanatçıları
Yaşayan insanlar

Jay Sean


Durch das Dritte Gesetz zur Änderung des Betreuungsrechts wurde das Rechtsinstitut der Patientenverfügung in Deutschland erstmals gesetzlich geregelt. Das Gesetz wird daher umgangssprachlich auch als Patientenverfügungsgesetz bezeichnet. Es trat nach intensiver gesellschaftlicher und parlamentarischer Diskussion am 1. September 2009 in Kraft.

Inhalt
Das Dritte Gesetz zur Änderung des Betreuungsrechts besteht aus drei Artikeln. Artikel 1 änderte das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch. Zwei neue Paragrafen wurden eingefügt:

  – Beachtlichkeit von Patientenverfügung und Behandlungswünschen
  – Gespräch zur Feststellung des Patientenwillens

Der bisherige § 1901a – Schriftliche Betreuungswünsche, Vorsorgevollmacht – wurde zu .  – Genehmigung des Betreuungsgerichts bei ärztlichen Maßnahmen – wurde neu formuliert.

Artikel 2 des Dritten Gesetz zur Änderung des Betreuungsrechts passte das Gesetz über das Verfahren in Familiensachen und in den Angelegenheiten der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit, also das Verfahrensrecht, an die neuen Vorschriften im Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch an.

Artikel 3 regelt das Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes.

Gesetzgebungsverfahren
Im September 2006 hatte sich der 66. Deutsche Juristentag mit großer Mehrheit für eine gesetzliche Regelung der Sterbehilfe und der Verbindlichkeit von Patientenverfügungen ausgesprochen. Behandlungsabbrüche und das Unterlassen lebenserhaltender Maßnahmen sollten auch schon vor der Sterbephase rechtlich erlaubt sein und ausdrücklich klargestellt werden, dass sich Ärzte in solchen Fällen nicht strafbar machen. Es kam zu einer breiten, kontroversen Debatte in der Öffentlichkeit. Im Deutschen Bundestag wurden mehrere Gesetzesentwürfe eingebracht, die unterschiedlich weit reichten und unterschiedlich hohe Anforderungen an eine wirksame Patientenverfügung stellten. Der Fraktionszwang im Bundestag wurde aufgehoben.

Ausgehend von der Beratung am 29. März 2007 wurden drei neue Entwürfe vorgelegt. Als erstes brachten am 6. März 2008 der Abgeordnete Joachim Stünker und 205 weitere Abgeordnete verschiedener Fraktionen einen gemeinsamen Gesetzentwurf in den Bundestag ein, der nach der ersten Lesung im Bundestag am 26. Juni 2008, an die Ausschüsse Recht, Finanzen, Familie und Gesundheit überwiesen wurde.

Am 21. Oktober 2008 stellten der Abgeordnete Wolfgang Bosbach und 50 weitere Abgeordnete einen fraktionsübergreifenden Gruppenantrag vor, der auf dem Entwurf Bosbachs aus dem März 2007 basierte, aber unter anderem dahingehend geändert wurde, dass eine Patientenverfügung vom Betreuer durchzusetzen war, wenn sie notariell (nach Belehrung über die rechtlichen Wirkungen und Widerrufsmöglichkeiten) errichtet und nicht älter als fünf Jahre war. Der abermals erweiterte Entwurf, der auch noch Bestimmungen zu Vorsorgevollmachten, Betreuungsverfügungen, zum Behandlungsverzicht sowie zur Finanzierung von Beratungsleistungen durch die Krankenkassen enthielt, wurde dem Bundestag am 16. Dezember 2008 vorgelegt.

Ein weiterer Gesetzentwurf wurde am 11. November 2008 von einer Gruppe von 33 Bundestagsabgeordneten um die Abgeordneten Wolfgang Zöller und Hans Georg Faust vorgelegt. Er beschränkte sich bewusst darauf, nur das unbedingt Erforderliche zu regeln. Eine nochmals geänderte Fassung dieses Entwurfs, die zusätzlich Regelungen zur Form der Patientenverfügung und zur Ermittlung des Patientenwillens bei Entscheidungsunfähigkeit enthielt, wurde am 18. Dezember 2008 in den Bundestag eingebracht. Die erste Beratung zu diesen beiden Gesetzentwürfen fand im Bundestag am 21. Januar 2009 statt.

Nach einer Sachverständigenanhörung im Rechtsausschuss des Bundestags am 4. März 2009 fanden die zweite und dritte Lesung aller Entwürfe am 28. Mai 2009 statt; die Gruppen um Stünker und um Zöller nahmen Anfang Mai letzte Änderungen an ihren Entwürfen vor. Am 18. Juni 2009 wurde über die drei vorliegenden Gesetzesentwürfe abgestimmt, sowie über einen Antrag einer kleinen Gruppe von Abgeordneten, der darauf abzielte, das Thema Patientenverfügung überhaupt nicht gesetzlich zu regeln. Mit einer Mehrheit von 317 Stimmen bei 233 Nein-Stimmen und 5 Enthaltungen nahm der Bundestag schließlich den Entwurf eines Dritten Gesetzes zur Änderung des Betreuungsrechts der Abgeordneten Stünker, Kauch, Jochimsen und weiterer Abgeordneter an.

Literatur

Weblinks
 Drittes Gesetz zur Änderung des Betreuungsrechts bei Buzer.de

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsquelle (21. Jahrhundert)
Rechtsquelle (Deutschland)
Betreuungsrecht (Deutschland)
Medizinrecht (Deutschland)


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Die Ruta 27 ist eine Nationalstraße im südamerikanischen Andenstaat Bolivien.

Streckenführung
Die Straße hat eine Länge von 150 Kilometern und durchquert den bolivianischen Altiplano nördlich des Salzsees Salar de Coipasa.

Die Ruta 27 verläuft von Osten nach Westen im nördlichen Teil des Departamento Oruro. Die Straße beginnt in der Ortschaft Ancaravi am südwestlichen Ende des Höhenzuges der Serranía de Huayllamarca als Abzweig der Ruta 12. Sie führt in nordwestlicher Richtung über die Ortschaft Turco nach Cosapa und mündet bei Cosapa in die Ruta 4, die nach Westen zur Grenzstation Tambo Quemado an der chilenischen Grenze führt.

Die Ruta 27 ist inzwischen komplett asphaltiert.

Geschichte
Die Straße ist mit Ley 2637 vom 5. März 2004 zum Bestandteil des bolivianischen Nationalstraßennetzes Red Vial Fundamental erklärt worden.

Streckenabschnitte im Departamento Oruro

Provinz Carangas
 km 000: Ancaravi

Provinz Sajama
 km 057: Turco
 km 141: Cosapa
 km 150: Einmündung in die Ruta 4

Weblinks
 Bolivianisches Straßennetz - Übersichtskarte 2020 (PDF 1,9 MB)
 Rutas y longitudes - Administradora Boliviana de Carreteras (2006) (spanisch)

Fernstraße in Bolivien
Ruta Bolivien027
Departamento Oruro

Ruta 27 (Bolivien)


L'arachnodactylie est une affection médicale qui provoque une déformation des doigts. Cette condition est également connue sous le nom d'achromachie et de doigts d'araignée, car elle fait que les doigts deviennent disproportionnellement longs et minces par rapport au reste de la main. L'arachnodactylie peut être une maladie congénitale, ce qui signifie qu'un enfant naît avec cette déformation du doigt, ou peut se développer après la naissance pendant l'enfance ou l'âge adulte. Cette anomalie morphologique congénitale peut toucher les doigts et les orteils, elle est caractérisée par un allongement métacarpophalangien et une hyperlaxité articulaire. Les orteils aussi peuvent être anormalement longs et minces, par rapport à la voûte plantaire. en outre, les pouces de l'individu ont tendance à être tirés vers l'intérieur vers la paume.

Causes
Cette anomalie peut se produire seule sans problèmes de santé sous-jacents, ou elle peut être associée à certaines affections médicales, y compris le syndrome de Marfan, le syndrome d'Ehlers-Danlos, le syndrome de Loeys-Dietz, le syndrome de Beals (l'arachnodactylie contracturale congénitale), et l'homocystinurie.

L'arachnodactylie a été liée à des mutations des gènes de la fibrilline-1 et de la fibrilline-2.

Signes cliniques
L'arachnodactylie définit des doigts longs avec 1 ou 2 signes caractéristiques :
 Signe du poignet : en enserrant son poignet avec l'autre main il est possible de couvrir le pouce avec l'auriculaire.
 Signe du pouce : lorsque le pouce est placé dans la paume (creux de la main), son extrémité dépasse le bord de la main.

Cas probables
Il reste à confirmer si la portée anormalement grande du compositeur Sergueï Rachmaninov sur le piano était le résultat d'une arachnodactylie due au syndrome de Marfan, car le pianiste ne présentait aucun autre signe de la maladie.

Références

Rhumatologie

Arachnodactylie


Arno Fischer (Berlín Occidental, 14 de abril de 1927 - Gransee, 13 de septiembre de 2011) fue un fotógrafo y profesor universitario alemán.

Fischer nació en la parte occidental de Berlín y durante sus primeros años de juventud tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la división de Alemania, vivió a caballo entre la República Federal y la República Democrática (RDA). Se interesó primero por la escultura para pasar más tarde a la fotografía. Con la muerte de Stalin, fijó su residencia definitiva en el Berlín Oriental aceptando ser profesor adjunto de la cátedra de Klaus Wittkugel en la Escuela de Bellas Artes de Weissensee. La mayor parte de su obra fotográfica, casi toda en blanco y negro, corresponde a sus trabajos sobre la vida cotidiana en Berlín, si bien destacó también por sus fotografías de moda que en la Alemania Oriental se publicaban en la revista Sybille. Viajó a la Unión Soviética, Estados Unidos, Polonia, India y África. Realizó trabajos sobre la ciudad de Nueva York inspirados, al igual que en Berlín, sobre las actividades habituales de las gentes de la ciudad. Fundó una escuela de fotografía en Berlín donde, entre otros, asistieron a dar clases magistrales fotógrafos de la talla de Henri Cartier-Bresson y Helmut Newton. Dispuso de una libertad creativa y de movimientos impropia en Alemania Oriental. Reconocido dentro de la RDA, su obra en occidente fue reconocida tras la caída del muro de Berlín.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página personal del autor.

Fotógrafos de Alemania
Nacidos en Berlín

Arno Fischer


Silvio Manfred Dante is a fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos, portrayed by Steven Van Zandt. He is the consigliere and right-hand man to Tony Soprano in the DiMeo crime family. John Magaro portrays a young Silvio Dante in the 2021 prequel film, The Many Saints of Newark.

Character biography
According to The Sopranos, A Family History, Silvio was born in June 1957 in West Orange, New Jersey. His father was Joseph "Beppo" Dante, of Calabrian origin, a soldier who was gunned down in 1959. Silvio was a childhood friend of Tony Soprano. His early criminal activity often involved Tony and Jackie Aprile, Sr. His original career plan was to be a professional singer, but this dream never materialized.

Despite this, Silvio has maintained a connection to show business through ownership of numerous clubs in North Jersey over the years, and in backing aspiring young starlets who come up through his clubs. Silvio's support was instrumental in ensuring Tony took over as capo following the death of his father. Through his association with the Soprano crew, Silvio formed friendships with Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero and Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri.

Silvio is one of Tony's more level-headed associates. Where many of Tony's men immediately become hot-headed and readily resort to violence, Silvio generally helps to mediate situations and gets along with everyone. He accompanies Tony to most of his "sit-downs"—formal meetings within the organization to resolve disputes. Because of this, Tony relies on Silvio to be a clear-headed thinker and someone he can trust.

It was Silvio who reported to Tony that Uncle Junior planned to murder Pussy Malanga in Artie Bucco's restaurant and who was later entrusted with starting the fire which would ensure the original Vesuvio's burnt down, therefore not ruining its reputation. In the short and bloody war of 1999 with the Junior Soprano crew, Silvio helped Tony to plan hits on Chucky Signore and Mikey Palmice and remained supportive when Tony revealed that he had been seeing a therapist.

Silvio is most often the one to quote Mafia rules and norms when a tough decision is to be made, even if he ends up disagreeing with Tony. Silvio's move to consigliere once Tony becomes acting boss seems completely natural. Silvio remains Tony's most reliable adviser and enforcer, only displaying his aggression in a small number of incidents. One such is when Fat Dom Gamiello makes a remark about the late Vito Spatafore, which implied that Carlo Gervasi was gay.

An enraged Silvio attacked Fat Dom by hitting him in the back of the head with a handheld vacuum and then holding his arms behind his back, which allowed Carlo to stab Dom repeatedly in the abdomen with a large kitchen knife. In poker, Silvio often becomes foul-mouthed and paranoid. Silvio likes to do an impression of Al Pacino, specifically a scene from The Godfather Part III, which his friends find amusing.

Silvio's criminal interests include loan sharking and bookmaking but his day-to-day role is that of managing the Bada Bing, the most recent in a string of strip clubs that he has operated. "The Bing", as it is often referred to, is one of the crime family's major meeting spots, and doubles as a brothel. Silvio loves and cares about, and is a strong father to his teenage daughter Heather, whom he calls The Principessa. Silvio says that Heather disapproves of his profession, calling it "degrading to women". Tony has said to him, "You're a good father."

When his daughter's soccer coach was found to be involved with one of his young players, Silvio looked for vengeance but followed Tony's decision to let the authorities deal with him. Apart from periodic instances of adultery—Christopher says during his intervention in "The Strong, Silent Type" that Silvio was "fucking every slut you got working in the place"—it can be said that he loves his wife, Gabriella Dante (played by Steven Van Zandt's real-life wife Maureen Van Zandt), very much.

Silvio has a long record of executing traitors throughout the show. He killed Jimmy Altieri at the end of season one. Later, along with Tony and Paulie Walnuts, he executes Pussy Bonpensiero in season two. In season five, he executes Adriana La Cerva. All were killed when they were discovered to have been cooperating—or, in the case of Altieri, thought to have been cooperating—with the FBI in their ongoing investigation of the Soprano crime family. Like Tony and Paulie, Bonpensiero's killing haunted Silvio. In Season 6, Silvio executed Burt Gervasi, garroting him after he discovered that he had been working with the Lupertazzi crime family.

Silvio's judgment wavered when he realized Tony was positioning Christopher Moltisanti as an intermediary between himself and the rest of the organization because of Christopher's and Tony's blood ties. This was made most apparent when Paulie was arrested on a gun charge and Tony made Christopher acting capo of his crew in Paulie's absence. Silvio responded by encouraging Gualtieri crew soldier Patsy Parisi to steal from the Esplanade construction site against Tony's and Christopher's orders.

Silvio also became embroiled in a conflict with Native American protesters over a Columbus Day celebration—something Tony saw as a distraction—and went so far as to get many of the family's associates involved in a violent altercation with the protesters. Silvio found it hard to let the conflict die even once Tony had exhausted all avenues of winning the dispute. Silvio did not take this uncharacteristic behavior any further and although Tony noticed it, nothing became of it. Silvio got a chance to vent his frustration with Christopher at an intervention for his drug problems that ended with Christopher being violently put in his place by Paulie and Silvio. Since Christopher returned from rehab, his relationship with Silvio seems to have returned to their previous friendly association.

Silvio maintains a realistic relationship with Paulie Gualtieri, well aware of Paulie's tight-fisted attitude towards money and dangerous tendencies. Silvio has remarked to Tony that they know that Paulie does not kick up his full amount. Silvio also tried to warn Paulie that his distractedness had been noticed when Paulie let his loyalties to the Soprano family waver, not long after Silvio's own crisis of faith in Tony. Paulie and Silvio argued about this—Paulie had been harboring resentment toward Silvio since his illness got Paulie into the Pine Barrens fiasco. However, it was not long before Paulie returned his attention to staying in Tony's good graces.

Silvio counseled Tony through difficult decisions about Richie Aprile, and his disputes with Ralph Cifaretto, Feech La Manna and Tony Blundetto. He is often forced to convince Tony to go against his impulses—something that he usually manages without setting off Tony's hair-trigger temper. More often than not, when Silvio has something on his mind but will not speak about it, Tony often senses this and gets him to speak up.

When Tony ends up in a coma after being shot by his uncle in a fit of dementia, it falls upon Silvio to take the reins as acting boss of the Soprano family. At first, Silvio seemingly enjoys the job, and even feels a degree of regret that he did not accept an offer from the late Jackie Aprile, Sr. to become the boss back in the late 1990s. His wife Gabriella prompts him to consider the possibilities of a permanent change.

His ambitions quickly subside when he feels the immense pressure of being boss and begins to have asthma attacks brought on by anxiety, as later alluded to by Tony when he says, "All due respect, you got no fucking idea what it's like being #1". As boss, Silvio dealt effectively with Paulie in a dispute over the split of profits from a heist Paulie had undertaken following a tip from Vito Spatafore. However, Silvio was indecisive in his handling of a dispute between Vito and Bobby Baccalieri over a collection route.

After his return to the more comfortable role of consigliere, Silvio again counseled Tony about contentious issues. When Vito Spatafore was outed to the organization, Silvio convinced Tony of the need to restrain his desire to "give him a pass" because of the effect it would have on the other captains' view of his leadership. When Tony responded with distasteful jokes about Bobby's serious injury, a look from Silvio was enough to tell him he was being unfair.

When Vito came back from New Hampshire, Silvio said that there would be popular sentiment to get rid of him, but Tony initially decided to let Vito run a prostitution ring in Atlantic City. However, when Phil Leotardo confronted Tony about Vito being in New Jersey, Silvio and Tony both knew that they could not keep fighting with Phil over the issue and that if they wanted to keep the "no show" jobs, Vito would have to go. Silvio had always pushed for Vito to be taken care of and told Tony that it was the right move and not to beat himself up over the issue.

When Phil Leotardo and his men killed Vito (without permission from Tony), Tony told Silvio that it was not about Vito, it was about him. Silvio initially told Tony that they should go after one of Phil's men but Tony was trying to avoid a war and instead decided to blow up Phil's wire room in Sheepshead Bay.

Silvio and Carlo were at Satriale's Pork Store later that day when "Fat Dom" Gamiello came by. Dom started making jokes about Vito's homosexuality and implied that Carlo was homosexual. Silvio told Dom to leave, but when Dom continued his ridicule, anger got the best of the usually calm consigliere as he smashed his hand-held vacuum over Dom's head and held him while Carlo stabbed him to death. A short time afterward, Tony came by the shop to see them. Silvio advised Tony not to enter, but he couldn't stop Tony from finding Dom. Tony stormed out of the shop with Silvio right behind him telling Tony that "When you kill a made guy, this is what happens."

In the episode "Stage 5" Silvio was out at lunch with Gerry Torciano, the man Phil Leotardo wanted to take over as boss of the Lupertazzi family, when one of Doc Santoro's assassins killed Torciano. This outraged Tony, as Silvio could have been hurt during the altercation.

In the episode "The Blue Comet", it is revealed that the Lupertazzi family has recruited Burt Gervasi to begin a rebellion against Tony. Burt goes to Silvio to join in a coup d'état against the boss, but Silvio responds by strangling him to death at his home a short time later. Eventually, contracts are put out on Silvio, Bobby Bacala, and Tony in order to incapacitate the leadership of the family. Shortly after Bobby is killed, while Patsy Parisi drives Silvio outside of the Bada Bing club, a car moves in front of them, with two men coming out shooting multiple times.

Silvio tries taking a pistol off of the back seat, only to be shot in the back. Silvio manages to grab his pistol in time while Parisi holds them off. Parisi manages to defend them, but soon the two men begin to target Silvio more. He is shot once more in the chest, while Patsy runs into the woods, fleeing for his life. Afterward, Silvio is rushed to the hospital and placed in an intensive care unit.

Paulie later tells Tony that Silvio survived the assassination attempt but is in a coma. The doctors say that he is unlikely to regain consciousness. In the final episode, an emotional Tony visits the still comatose Silvio, whose fate is not mentioned further.

Murders committed by Silvio
 Cyril: Shot while trying to escape after being tortured and questioned by Dickie Moltisanti (1971)
 James "Little Jimmy" Altieri: Shot for being a suspected informant. (1999)
 Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero: Shot by him, Paulie, and Tony for cooperating with the FBI. (2000)
 Adriana La Cerva: Shot for being an informant. (2004)
 Dominic "Fat Dom" Gamiello: Stabbed by Carlo Gervasi while Silvio held him down for making insulting comments to Carlo. (2006)
 Burt Gervasi: Garroted for switching alliances to the Lupertazzi/Leotardo family during the war between the families. (2007)

Character origins
Sopranos creator David Chase was impressed with Van Zandt's humorous appearance and presence after seeing him induct The Rascals into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and invited him to audition. Van Zandt, a guitarist best known for playing in Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, had never acted before. He auditioned for the role of Tony Soprano, but HBO felt that the role should go to an experienced actor, so Chase wrote a new part for Van Zandt. Van Zandt eventually agreed to star on the show as consigliere Silvio Dante. His real-life spouse Maureen was cast as his on-screen wife Gabriella.

References

External links
 HBO Profile: Silvio Dante

Steven Van Zandt
American male characters in television
Fictional characters from New Jersey
Fictional consiglieri
Fictional gamblers
Fictional gangsters
Fictional managers
Fictional murderers
Fictional Italian American people
Fictional pimps
Fictional singers
Male characters in film
Male villains
The Sopranos characters
Television characters introduced in 1999
Film characters introduced in 2021

sv:Lista över rollfigurer i Sopranos#Silvio "Sil" Dante

Silvio Dante


Elin Grindemyr (Norrköping, Suecia;. 7 de febrero de 1983,) es una modelo sueca.

Su primera aparición fue en la revista sueca Slitz en la edición de septiembre del 2003 como una concursante a «La novia más sexy de Suecia». A pesar de que no ganó el concurso, ha aparecido en Slitz varias veces después.

En mayo del 2005, Grindemyr fue votada como la mujer más sexy de Suecia por los lectores de Slitz.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Firewerx.dk/m, Petición que hizo posible que los lectores de la revista danesa M! la puedan ver en su portada.

Modelos femeninas de Suecia

Elin Grindemyr


György Rázsó (* 3. März 1938 in Budapest) ist ein ehemaliger ungarischer Badmintonspieler.

Karriere
György Rázsó ist einer der Pioniere des ungarischen Badmintonsports. Bei den zweiten nationalen Titelkämpfen 1961 holte er sich die Meisterkrone im Herreneinzel. Weitere Titelgewinne folgten in den Jahren von 1963 bis 1965. Von 1961 bis 1969 gewann er des Weiteren acht Mannschaftstitel.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? Band 2 (I–R). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1995. ISBN 963-495-011-6

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungarischer Meister (Badminton)
Ungar
Geboren 1938
Mann

György Rázsó


An Carex ochrochlamys in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jisaburo Ohwi. An Carex ochrochlamys in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex ochrochlamys


En festdag er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012 instrueret af Pinoe Andersen efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

En festdag


يشير مصطلح صراع اللغات في فنلندا إلى صراع اجتماعي، ثقافي وسياسي دار في فنلندا عشية استقلالها وفي الفترة ما بعد الاستقلال، أي على مدى مائة سنة تقريبا منذ منتصف القرن ال19 وحتى خمسينات القرن ال20، وتمحور حول مكانة اللغة الفنلدية مقارنة باللغة السويدية في نظام الحكم، التعليم والثقافة الراقية. أدى الصراع إلى تعزيز مكانة اللغة الفنلندية وجعلها اللغة الرئيسية للجمهورية الفنلندية، مع تبني سياسة ثنائية اللغة، حيث تحظى اللغتان الفنلندية والسويدية بصفة لغة رسمية في الجمهورية.

خلفية

تتحدث الأغلبية الساحقة من سكان فنلندا باللغة الفنلندية كلغة أم، أما في غربي فنلندا وجنوبها فتوجد أقلية ذات تأثير ثقافي وسياسي ملموس من الناطقين باللغة السويدية. تختلف اللغتين الفنلندية والسويدية عن بعضهما البعض؛ إذ أن الأصول التاريخية لكل منهما تتمايز عن الأخرى تماماً. وبينما تنتمي اللغة السويدية، كمعظم اللغات الأوروبية، إلى العائلة اللغوية الهندية الأوروبية وتحديدًا إلى العائلة الجرمانية، تنتمي اللغة الفنلندية إلى العائلة اللغوية الفنلندية-مجرية. وبالرغم من اختلافهما، كانت العلاقة بين اللغات، وما زالت، وثيقة بسبب تعايش ناطقي اللغتين في فنلندا والسويد منذ سنوات طويلة.

نبذة تاريخية

في القرن ال13 ضمت المملكة السويدية فنلندا إلى نفوذها وجعلت اللغة السويدية لغة الحكم والتعليم العالي إلى جانب اللغة اللاتينية. في نفس الوقت أخذ فلاحون سويديون يستوطنون في المنطقة الساحلية بفنلندا. واصلت أغلبية الفنلنديين التحدث باللغة الفنلندية ولكن اللغة السويدية أصبحت اللغة المفضلة في صفوف النخبة الفنلندية.

في 1809 اضطرت المملكة السويدية إلى التنازل عن فنلندا ونقل السلطة فيها إلى الإمبراطورية الروسية إثر خسارتها فيما يسمى ب«الحرب الفنلندية» التي دارت بين البلدين. فأصبحت فنلندا جزءاً من الإمبراطورية الروسية بمكانة «دوقية كبيرة»، وهذه المكانة أمكنت للفنلنديين ممارسة الحكم الذاتي في الكثير من مجالات الحياة والسلطة.

النهضة الوطنية الفنلندية في «الدوقية الكبيرة»

بفضل الحكم الذاتي التي تمتعت به الدوقية الكبيرة الفنلندية، احتفظت النخبة الفنلندية الناطقة باللغة السويدية بمكانتها ولم تزل اللغة السويدية لغة فنلندا الرسمية. مع ذلك، فإن الابتعاد عن التأثير السويدي المباشر أسفر عن تعزيز الحركة الوطنية الفنلندية - «الفينومانيا» (Fennomania) - التي أخذت تتبلور في مطلع القرن ال18. سعت هذه الحركة إلى توسيع استخدام اللغة الفنلندية في كافة مجلات الحياة في إطار تطوير هوية وطنية فنلندية متميزة. كان من بين أفراد الحركة شخصيات انتمت إلى النخبة المسيطرة، وهم أخذوا يتكلمون ويكتبون بالفنلندية بدلاً من السويدية، وبدلوا أسماءهم السويدية بأسماء فنلندية. في غضون أيام «الدوقية الكبيرة» تبنت الحركة شعار «لسنا سويديين بعد، ولن يمكننا أن نكون روساً، إذن فلنكن فنلنديين».

مع تكثف نشاطات «الفينومانيين» تبلورت معارضة لأفكارهم التي عملت من أجل الحفاظ على أفضلية اللغة السويدية، وقد أطلق على أفراد المعارضة لقب «السفيكومانيين» (عن Svekomania أو Svecomania). وادعى «السفيكومانيون» بأن اللغة السويدية ترتكز على ثقافة غنية قريبة من ثقافات غنية أخرى مثل الثقافة الألمانية، وأن اللغة الفنلندية لن تصلح لإدارة الحكم وتطوير ثقافة راقية.

في 1863 حقق «الفينومانيون» إنجازهم الأول حيث تم الاعتراف بالفنلندية كلغة رسمية في «الدوقية الكبيرة» إلى جانب السويدية.

استقلال فنلندا

ضمن الحرب العالمية الأولى، وفي ظل حالة الاضطراب الداخلي في روسيا، انفصل الجمهور الفنلندي إلى مؤيدي البلشفية من جانب، ومعارضيها المتمتعين بدعم ألماني من جانب آخر. وقد تدهور التوتر بين المجموعتين إلى حرب أهلية. وفي 1917، بعد اندلاع «ثورة أكتوبر» في روسيا، وعندما ما زالت الحرب الأهلية في فنلندا دائرة، أعلن البرلمان الفنلندي عن استقلال فنلندا خشية من تداعيات الثورة في روسيا. أثار إعلان الاستقلال التوتر بين فنلندا والسويد إذ خشي السويديون من نتائج الحرب الأهلية في فنلندا وإذ أسفر الإعلان عن أزمة في جزر أولان المأهولة بسكان سويديين رغم وجودها داخل الحدود الفنلندية منذ نقل السلطة فيها إلى روسيا في 1809. عارض سكان الجزر انتماءهم إلى جمهورية فنلندية مستقلة وطالبوا ممارسة حق تقرير المصير.

في 1919 تبنت الجمهورية الفنلندية أول دستور لها حيث حدد الدستور للغة السويدية مكانة أفضل بكثير من المتوقع بنسبة للغة أقلية. فواصل «الفينومانيون» صراعهم من أجل تفضيل الفنلندية على السويدية في دستور الجمهورية، ومن أجل توسيع التعليم بالفنلندية في الجامعات في حين كان الكثير من الأساتذة يفضلون التعليم بالسويدية.

في 1921 انتهت أزمة جزر أولان بموافقة الجمهورية الفنلندية على الحل الذي اقترحته عصبة الأمم، وأمكنت سكان الجزر من تأسيس نظام حكم ذاتي. لم تزل هذه التسوية سارية المفعول إلى هذا اليوم، حيث تكون جزر أولان المحافظة الفنلندية الوحيدة التي تستخدم اللغة السويدية كلغة رسمية وحيدة.

في 30 نوفمبر 1939 هاجم الاتحاد السوفييتي فنلندا وبدأت حرب الشتاء بين البلدين. في نهاية الحرب اضطرت فنلندا إلى التنازل عن مساحة 57 ألف كم مربع في الجنوب الشرقي من الجمهورية ونقلها لروسيا. لجأ 420 ألف فنلندي من سكان هذه المنطقة إلى داخل الأراضي الفنلندية مما أدى إلى زيادة نسبة الناطقين بالفنلندية في قلب البلاد وأثار مخاوف الناطقين بالسويدية من تقلص مكانتهم.

انتهى صراع اللغات في فنلندا بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية بفضل سياسة يوهو كوستي باسيكيفي (Juho Kusti Paasikivi) الذي تولى منصب رئيس وزراء الجمهورية بعد الحرب ومنصب رئيس الجمهورية في فترة لاحقة. كان باسيكيفي من «الفينومانيين» (كان اسمه الأصلي اسم سويدي: يوهَن غوستـَف هـِلستن، وبدله باسم فنلندي) وكذلك من معارضي البلشفية، ولكنه اتبع سياسة معتدلة وذرائعية لحل القضايا الداخلية والمشاكل في العلاقات مع الاتحاد السوفييتي. أسكن باسيكيفي لاجئي «الحرب الشتاوية» داخل فنلندا دون أن يمس بحقوق الناطقين بالسويدية فهدأ جو التوتر بين المجموعتين. في ذلك الحين ترسخت في فنلندا السياسة الثنائية اللغة التي تتميز بها الجمهورية اليوم.

في خمسينات القرن ال-20 تطبعت العلاقات بين فنلندا والسويد حيث تمكن الفنلنديون من العمل في السويد واستفادوا من معرفة اللغة السويدية التي يتم تعليمها في المدارس الفنلندية بشكل إجباري.

مراجع

تاريخ فنلندا الاجتماعي
حقوق لغوية
خلافات لغوية
سويدية فنلندا
قومية فنلندية
لغة فنلندية

صراع اللغات في فنلندا


Sigebert I (c. 535 – c. 575) was a Frankish king of Austrasia from the death of his father in 561 to his own death.  He was the third surviving son out of four of Clotaire I and Ingund.  His reign found him mostly occupied with a successful civil war against his half-brother, Chilperic.

When Clotaire I died in 561, his kingdom was divided, in accordance with Frankish custom, among his four sons: Sigebert became king of the northeastern portion, known as Austrasia, with its capital at Rheims, to which he added further territory on the death of his brother, Charibert I, in 567 or 568; Charibert himself had received the kingdom centred on Paris; Guntram received the Kingdom of Burgundy with its capital at Orléans; and the youngest son, the aforementioned Chilperic, received Soissons, which became Neustria when he received his share of Charibert's kingdom. Incursions by the Avars, a fierce nomadic tribe related to the Huns, caused Sigebert to move his capital from Rheims to Metz.  He repelled their attacks twice, in 562 and c. 568.

About 567, he married Brunhilda, daughter of the Visigothic king Athanagild.  According to Gregory of Tours:

 Now when king Sigebert saw that his brothers were taking wives unworthy of them, and to their disgrace were actually marrying slave women, he sent an embassy into Spain and with many gifts asked for Brunhilda, daughter of king Athanagild. She was a maiden beautiful in her person, lovely to look at, virtuous and well-behaved, with good sense and a pleasant address. Her father did not refuse, but sent her to the king I have named with great treasures. And the king collected his chief men, made ready a feast, and took her as his wife amid great joy and mirth. And though she was a follower of the Arian law she was converted by the preaching of the bishops and the admonition of the king himself, and she confessed the blessed Trinity in unity, and believed and was baptized. And she still remains catholic in Christ's name.

Upon seeing this, his brother Chilperic sent to Athanagild for his other daughter's hand.  This daughter, Galswintha, was given him and he abandoned his other wives.  However, he soon tired of her and had her murdered in order to marry his mistress Fredegund. Probably spurred by his wife Brunhilda's anger at her sister's murder, Sigebert sought revenge. The two brothers had already been at war, but their hostility now elevated into a long and bitter war that was continued by the descendants of both.

In 573, Sigebert took possession of Poitiers and Touraine, and conquered most of his kingdom. Chilperic then hid in Tournai. But at Sigebert's moment of triumph, when he had just been declared king by Chilperic's subjects at Vitry-en-Artois, he was struck down by two assassins working for Fredegund.

He was succeeded by his son Childebert under the regency of Brunhilda.  Brunhilda and Childebert quickly put themselves under the protection of Guntram, who eventually adopted Childebert as his own son and heir. With Brunhilda he had two daughters: Ingund and Chlodosind.

References

Sources
Dahmus, Joseph Henry. Seven Medieval Queens. 1972.

External links

History of the Franks: Books I-X at Medieval Sourcebook.

Merovingian kings
535 births
575 deaths
Frankish warriors
6th-century murdered monarchs
Burials at the Abbey of Saint-Médard de Soissons
6th-century Frankish kings

Sigebert I


A Copa de la Liga Profesional () é uma competição oficial de futebol entre clubes da Argentina, planejada e organizada pela Liga Profesional de Fútbol, órgão ligado à Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (AFA). Criada em 2020 sob o nome de "Copa Diego Armando Maradona", foi concebida como uma competição de contingência depois que o cronograma de uma temporada regular da liga foi adiado repetidamente por causa da pandemia de COVID-19.

Participam do torneio apenas os clubes da Primera División, a principal divisão do sistema de ligas da Argentina. O torneio premia seu campeão com uma vaga para a Copa Libertadores e para disputar o Trofeo de Campeones contra o vencedor da Primera División.

Formato
A primeira edição foi disputada pelas 24 equipes que participaram da Primera División de 2019–20, divididas em seis grupos de quatro equipes cada, jogando em pontos corridos de dois turnos. Em cada grupo, as duas primeiras equipes avançaram para a "Fase Campeón" enquanto as duas últimas equipes avançaram para a "Fase Complementación".

Na Fase Campeón, as 12 equipes classificadas foram divididas em dois grupos de seis equipes cada, onde disputaram um torneio de pontos corridos de turno único. Os vencedores de cada grupo jogaram a partida final em campo neutro. O vencedor da final da Fase Campeón sagrou-se campeão da taça também se classificando para a Copa Libertadores.

Por outro lado, as equipes da Fase Complementación jogaram no mesmo formato da Fase Campeón. O vencedor da final da Fase Complementación disputou uma partida contra o vice-campeão da Fase Campeón para a Copa Sul-Americana.

A segunda edição teve formato semelhante com um total de 26 equipes incluindo duas promovidas da Primera Nacional (segunda divisão). As equipes foram divididas em dois grupos de 13 equipes cada, jogando em um torneio de pontos de turno único num total de 13 rodadas. As quatro melhores equipes de cada grupo avançaram para um torneio eliminatório até que se chegasse a um campeão.

Campeões

Títulos por clube

Ligações externas

Competições de futebol da Argentina

Copa da Liga Profissional de Futebol


Edicions Pravda es un sello editorial español especializado en la recuperación de obras marxistas y de izquierda, con sede en Cataluña. El sello está vinculado al proyecto informativo independiente del medio digital Pravda Estado español.

Trayectoria
Edicions Pravda inicia su andadura en el año 2011 con la difusión de su proyecto, y a principios de 2012 publica sus dos primeras obras: Las mujeres soviéticas en la Guerra Patria, una reedición de ensayos de 1943 de diferentes autores soviéticos sobre el papel de las mujeres en la URSS durante la segunda guerra mundial; y ¿Anarquismo o socialismo?, un libro de confrontación política de Stalin con los anarquistas rusos y georgianos de principio del .

Más tarde edita ¡Aquellos chicos tan majos!, del profesor J. A. Egido, un importante estudio sobre la naturaleza de la disidencia anticomunista en la Unión Soviética y los países socialistas del Este europeo.

La cuarta obra fue la primera traducción al castellano de Joan Comorera, líder comunista catalán y primer secretario general del PSUC, con su obra Contra la guerra imperialista y por la liberación social y nacional de Catalunya. Su quinta y última obra, de 2012, fue La Patria o la muerte, una recopilación de textos y discursos de Thomas Sankara, líder revolucionario de Burkina Faso a finales del .

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Página web de Edicions Pravda.

Pravda

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