Sayısal analizde Runge-Kutta yöntemleri, adi diferansiyel denklemlerin çözüm yaklaşımları için kapalı ve açık yinelemeli yöntemler ailesinin önemli bir tipidir. Bu yöntem 1900'lü yllarda C. Runge ve M.W. Kutta adlı matemetikçiler tarafından geliştirilmiştir.

 4. dereceden klasik Runge-Kutta Yöntemi:
"RK4" veya "Runge-Kutta yöntemi" olarak adlandırılan Runge-Kutta yöntemleri ailesinin bu üyesi sıkça kullanılır.

Aşağıdaki gibi tanımlanan bir başlangıç değer problemini ele alalım.

ve bu problem için RK4 yöntemi aşağıdaki denklemlerle verilir.

Burada

Böylece bir sonraki  değeri o anki  değerine  aralığının büyüklüğüyle tahmini eğimin çarpımının eklenmesiyle elde edilir. Bu eğim, eğimlerin ağırlıklı ortalamasıdır:
 k1 aralığın başlangıcındaki eğimdir.
 k2 aralığın orta noktasındaki eğimdir. Bu k2 eğimi, Euler Yöntemi kullanılarak y'''nin tn+h/2 noktasındaki değerinden elde edilir.
 k3 yine orta noktadaki eğimdir. Ama bu sefer y değeri k2 eğiminden elde edilir.
 k4 aralığın sonundaki eğimdir ve y değeri k''3 eğimi kullanılarak bulunur.

Sayısal diferansiyel denklemler

Runge-Kutta yöntemleri


Jean-Emmanuel Pondi est un écrivain, universitaire et politologue camerounais.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts
Jean-Emmanuel Pondi est né le 26 novembre 1958 à Nkongsamba au Cameroun. Il obtient un baccalauréat B en 1977 à Lyon. En 1982, il est reçu en Master of Science, économie politique de la London School of Economics. En 1984 et 1986, il obtient un Master of Philosophy en relations internationales de l'université de Cambridge et un Ph.D. en sciences politiques de l'université d'État de Pennsylvanie.

Carrière
Jean-Emmanuel Pondi commence sa carrière à l'Institut des relations internationales du Cameroun (IRIC). Il est assistant, enseignant de politique internationale, chargé de cours, enseignant de politique internationale, chef de service, secrétaire général, enseignant associé, maître de conférences et enfin directeur de l'IRIC.

Il est aussi professeur d'université et est secrétaire général à l'université de Yaoundé II et I au Cameroun. Il est régulièrement consulté comme chroniqueur politique sur les plateaux de télévision.

Il est aussi professeur invité dans différentes institutions et officie également en qualité de consultant.

Publications
Jean-Emmanuel Pondi est l'auteur de plusieurs publications :
 L'OUA : Rétrospective et perspectives africaines, Paris Economica, 1990, 338 pages.
 Relations internationales africaines : une bibliographie annotée de 20 années de recherche à l'IRIC, Genève, Institut des hautes études internationales, 1993, 228 pages.
 Comprendre la crise algérienne, Yaoundé, Les éditions du CRAC (Club de recherche et d'action culturelle), collection "Débats", 1995, 31 pages.
 Le Secrétaire général de l'OUA dans le Système international, préface d'Ibrahima Fall, Yaoundé, éditions CLE, 1996, 177 pages.
 Du Zaïre au Congo démocratique : Les fondements de la crise, Yaoundé, les éditions du CRAC, collection "Comprendre", 1997, 42 pages.
 Une lecture africaine de la guerre en Irak, Paris, éditions Maisonneuve et Larose, 2003, 242 pages.
 L'ONU vue d'Afrique, Paris, éditions Maisonneuve et Larose/Afrédit, 2005, 350 pages.
 Migrations et Diaspora : un regard africain

Distinctions
 Commandeur des Palmes académiques françaises, 2003
 Chevening Scholar à l'Université de Cambridge, 1994

Vie privée
Jean-Emmanuel Pondi est marié et père de deux enfants.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain camerounais
Universitaire camerounais
Politologue
Naissance au Cameroun
Naissance au Cameroun français
Naissance en novembre 1958
Étudiant de l'université d'État de Pennsylvanie
Étudiant de l'université de Cambridge
Étudiant de la London School of Economics

Jean-Emmanuel Pondi


Nodul Jankomir (în ) este un nod de autostradă de tip trifoi aflat la vest de Zagreb, Croația. Este numit după cartierul Jankomir al Zagrebului, aflat în apropiere. Nodul reprezintă capătul sudic al autostrăzii A2 și face legătura dintre A2 și autostrada A3, reprezentând o legătură majoră în sistemul de autostrăzi din Croația. El face parte din coridoarele paneuropene X și Xa. De asemenea, reprezintă o intersecție a drumurilor europene E59 și E70.

Construcția nodului a marcat începutul lucrărilor de construcție a autostrăzii A3 în forma sa actuală. În 1979, el a devenit parte a primei secțiuni cu șase benzi (inclusiv benzile de urgență), construită ca parte a centurii Zagrebului—secțiunea de  care face legătura între nodurile Jankomir și Lučko. La momentul construirii, nodul lega noua centură ocolitoare a Zagrebului cu fosta autostradă a Frăției și Unității care, lega Zagrebul de granița cu Slovenia, și de un drum cu două benzi către Krapina. Prima a fost ulterior modernizată pentru a deveni o parte a autostrăzii A3 (la vest de intersecție) și a lui Ž1035 — un drum de legătură cu patru benzi către Zagreb, în timp ce cea din urmă a fost modernizată și a devenit autostrada A2.

Note

Autostrăzi în Croația

Nodul Jankomir


Wayne County kan henvise til:

Counties i USA
 Wayne County, Georgia
 Wayne County, Illinois
 Wayne County, Indiana
 Wayne County, Iowa
 Wayne County, Kentucky
 Wayne County, Michigan
 Wayne County, Mississippi
 Wayne County, Missouri
 Wayne County, Nebraska
 Wayne County, New York
 Wayne County, North Carolina
 Wayne County, Ohio
 Wayne County, Pennsylvania
 Wayne County, Tennessee
 Wayne County, Utah
 Wayne County, West Virginia

Underholdning
 Wayne County & the Electric Chairs, et amerikansk band
 Wayne County (nu Jayne County), en amerikansk musiker

Wayne County


سهير القلماوي (ولدت في 20 يوليو 1911- توفيت في 4 مايو 1997) كانت علامة أدبية وسياسية بارزة مصرية وهي من شكلت الكتابة والثقافة العربية من خلال كتابتها والحركة النسوية والمناصرة. كانت من السيدات الأوليات اللواتي ارتدن جامعة القاهرة وفي عام 1941 أصبحت أول امرأة مصرية حصلت على الماجستير والدكتوراه في الآداب لأعمالها في الأدب العربي. بعد التخرج، عينتها الجامعة كأول مُحاضِرة تشغل هذا المنصب. كانت أيضاً من أوائل السيدات اللائي شغلن منصب الرؤساء من ضمن ذلك رئيسة قسم اللغة العربية في جامعة القاهرة ورئيسة الاتحاد النسوي المصري ورئيسة رابطة خريجات جامعة المرأة العربية. نُشرت كتابتها التي تتضمن مجلدين من قصص قصيرة وعشرة دراسات نقدية والعديد من ترجمات عالم الأدب (أحاديث جدتي) نشر عام 1935.

السيرة الذاتية

نشأتها
ولدت سهير القلماوي في 20 يوليو 1911 القاهرة مصر وعاشت هناك طيلة حياتها. نشأت في عائلة تفخر بتعليم إناثها ولذلك كانت قادرة على الاستفادة من مكتبة أبيها ذات الأعمال الشاسعة بسن مبكر. يبدوا أن كُتابا مثل طه حسين ورفاعة الطهطاوي وابن إياس ساهموا في موهبتها الأدبية بشكل كبير وشكلوا صوتها كأديبة.

خلال طفولتها أثناء ثورة 1919، نشأت سهير القلماوي وسط تأثير السيدات المصريات خلال الفترة التي كانت بها الناشطة النسوية هدى الشعراوي والشخصية القومية البارزة صفية زغلول. ركزت تلك النساء وناشطات نسوية أخريات على نقل المناظرة النسوية للشوارع لإنشاء حركة بعيدة المدى. أثر هذا المقصد على بعض مبادئها النسوية.

التعليم
عام 1928، تخرجت القلماوي من الكلية الأمريكية للفتيات وكرست نفسها لدراسة الطب كوالدها في جامعة القاهرة. ومع ذلك، وفور تلقيها الرفض، شجعها أبوها على التخصص في الأدب العربي عوضاً عن ذلك. أصبحت أول فتاة شابة ترتاد جامعة القاهرة وأول امرأة بين أربعين رجل تدرس الأدب العربي. خلال وجودها في جامعة القاهرة، تلقت القلماوي الإرْشاد من الدكتور طه حسين الذي كان رئيس قسم اللغة العربية ورئيس التحرير بمجلة جامعة القاهرة. قام طه حسين بجعل القلماوي مساعدة رئيس التحرير في مجلة جامعة القاهرة عام 1932 وهكذا أصبحت القلماوي أول امرأة برخصة الصحافة في مصر. خلال فترة دراستها، أيضاً، كانت مذيعة لخدمة البث الإذاعي المصري. بعدما حصلت على الماجستير في الآداب، تلقت منحة لإجراء البحوث في باريس لشهادة الدكتوراه. عام 1941، بعدما انتهت من رسالة الدكتوراه، أصبحت أول امرأة تحصل على الدكتوراه من جامعة القاهرة.

المشوار المهني
كانت إحدى العديد من أوائل بنات جنسها وابتدأت مشوارها المهني كأول مُحاضرة في جامعة القاهرة عام 1936. وسرعان ماشقت طريقها لتصبح أستاذة جامعية ولاحقاً رئيسة قسم اللغة العربية بين عامي 1958-1967 وكانت أول امرأة تقوم بذلك.

عملت كرئيسة الاتحاد النسوي المصري، وفي عام 1959 أصبحت رئيسة رابطة خريجات جامعة المرأة العربية حيث أسست التعاون بين الاتحاد المصري والاتحاد العالمي للجامعات. أصبحت لاحقاً رئيسة الهيئة المصرية العامة للسينما والمسرح والموسيقى عام 1967 ورئيسة مجتمع ثقافة الطفل عام 1968.
ساهمت القلماوي في النضال لأجل حقوق المرأة ليس فقط عبر عملها الأدبي، ولكن أيضاً عبر مشاركتها في مؤتمرات المرأة العربية حيث نادت بمساوة الحقوق. عام 1960، كانت رئيسة المؤتمر الدولي للمرأة؛ وفي عام 1961 أصبحت رئيسة أول اجتماع للفنون الشعبية. شكلت لجنة للإشراف على جامعة الفتيات الفلسطينيات للحديث عن اهتمامها بالقضية الفلسطينية وكان ذلك عام 1962.

بدأ عملها السياسي عندما دخلت مجال السياسة كعضوة بالبرلمان عام 1958 ومجدداً في 1979 حتى 1984. كانت أيضاً رئيسة الإدارة التابعة للهيئة المصرية للنشر والتوزيع حيث عملت على توسيع نطاق القراء وتشجيع الكتاب الشباب والنهوض بصناعة الكتب. في عام 1967، أسست أول معرض كتاب في الشرق الأوسط: معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب. وخلال سنوات عمرها الأخيرة، عملت كرئيسة الهيئة العامة للكتاب من 1967 إلى 1971 وكرئيسة هيئة الرقابة من 1982 إلى 1985.

في بداية عام 1935، نشرت مجموعة واسعة من الأعمال الأدبية تحتوي قصصا قصيرة ودراسات نقدية ومجلات ثقافية وترجمات. توفيت بالقاهرة في مايو 1997.

كتابتها والمواضيع
من بين أكثر من ثمانين منشور لها، أول وأشهر عمل للقلماوي هو أول مجلد قصص قصيرة الذي نشر عام 1935. كان هذا العمل، الذي نشر بالقاهرة، أيضاً بمثابة أول مجلد قصص قصيرة تنشره امرأة في مصر. تحلل القلماوي في أحاديث جدتي الدور الاجتماعي للإناث باعتباره الحافظ والمجدد لتأريخ المجتمع عبر السرد الشفوي بهذا العمل. يتألف هذا العمل من قصة جدة تحكي ذكريات الماضي لحفديتها. طورت خط هذه القصة بداخل النقد الإجتماعي ومنظور المدنيين الذين لزموا بيوتهم في زمن الحرب. تستنبط الجدة الأخلاق من ذكرياتها عن الأحداث وترسم مقارنة بين الماضي والحاضر، ودائماً ما تؤثر الماضي. تلمح القلماوي عبر هذا العمل بأن حكايات الزوجات القديمة وقصص الجدات لما قبل النوم يمكن أن تحمل رسالة نسوية عميقة. كعديد من الأعمال الخيالية خلال حقبة الثلاثينات، تقدم مجموعة قصصها وصفا واقعيا لمجتمع الطبقة المتوسطة المصرية ونظرة عن المجتمع القروي بعين الطبقة المتوسطة.

وضعت رسالة الدكتوراه الخاصة بها والتي تتألف من بحث عن «ألف ليلة وليلة» الأساس لمهمتها النسوية. كانت تهدف لأعداد امرأة جديدة: امرأة ذكية ومثقفة وحكيمة مسؤولة بشكل كامل عن حياتها وأسرتها. امرأة لا تستخدم فطنتها وفضائلها لتتساوى بالرجل، ولكن أيضاً تسعى جاهدة لإعادة تثقيف الرجل لتحظى بالمساواة. ظهرت هذه الرسالة في كتب النقد الأدبي الخاصة بها، في النقد الأدبي 1955، والعالم بين دفتي كتاب 1985.

صورت أيضاً تراجمها لبعض الأعمال مثل القصص الصينية لبيرل باك (1950) وترويض النمرة لشكسبير (1964) النضالات النسوية وضرورة إعادة تثقيف الرجل. أسست القلماوي أيضاً وأصدرت العديد من المجلات الثقافية التي تطرقت للمواد المعاصرة كالسنيما والموسيقى والفنون. من بين بعض الأعمال البارزة الآخرى الشياطين تلهو (1964)، وأدب الخوارج (1941)، والعالم في كتاب (1985).

تلقى عملها ترحيباً حاراً من النقاد، إعتبرها الكثير بأنها «علامة أدبية بارزة في الحركة الثقافية المعاصرة في مصر».

الجوائز
تلقت القلماوي جوائز وتقديرات لعملها الأدبي والقيادة والمناصرة من بينها:

1. جائزة مجمع اللغة العربية، لموضوع رسالة الدكتوراه عن (ألف ليلة وليلة)، عام 1954.

2. جائزة الدولة التقديرية في أدب الشباب، وكانت أول امرأة تحصل عليها عام 1955.

3. جائزة الدولة التشجيعية لعام  1955.

4. جائزة الدولة التقديرية في الآداب، تشاركتها مع د. شوقي ضيف عام 1963.

5. جائزة ناصر، المهداة من الاتحاد السوفياتي السابق عام 1976.

6. جائزة الدولة التقديرية في الآداب عام 1977.

7. ميدالية التقدير عام 1977.

8. وسام الجمهورية من الدرجة الأولى عام 1978.

9. وسام الإنجاز عام 1978.

10. جائزة الدولة التقديرية للآداب.

11. الدكتوراه الفخرية من الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة عام 1987.

بالإضافة لذلك، كرمها معرض القاهرة الدولي للكتاب عام 1993 للقيام برئاسة الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب. عام 1955، وكرمتها محافظة القاهرة في يوم المرأة.

من أهم مؤلفاتها
 أحاديث جدتي 1935، الطبعة الحديثة بالهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب 2010.
 ألف ليلة وليلة 1943، والطبعتان الحديثتان الأولى بالهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب2010 ، والثانية بالهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة 2010 ضمن سلسلة ذاكرة الكتابة.
 أدب الخوارج 1945، والطبعة الحديثة بالهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب 2010.
 في النقد الأدبي 1955،
 الشياطين تلهو 1964،
 ثم غربت الشمس 1965،
 المحاكاة في الأدب 1955،
 العالم بين دفتي كتاب 1985، الطبعة الحديثة بالهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب 2010م،
 ذكرى طه حسين 1974، دار المعارف، سلسلة اقرأ، عدد رقم 388،

ترجمت العديد من الكتب والقصص منها: قصص صينية لبيرل بك، عزيزتي اللويتا، رسالة أبون لأفلاطون، وأيضاً عشر مسرحيات لشكسبير وأكثر من 20 كتاباً في مشروع الألف كتاب. ومن أبحاثها: المرأة عند الطهطاوي، أزمة الشعر.

علاوة على ما سبق كان لها السبق الأول في إنشاء مكتبة في صالة مسرح الأزبكية لبيع الكتب بنصف ثمنها، وأيضا كانت الأولى في تقديم دراسة عن الأدب المصري المعاصر إلى التعليم الجامعي. كما أعطت الفرصة لأكثر من 60 أديباً لتقديم مؤلفاتهم عندما قامت بإصدار سلاسل أدبية سُميت «مؤلفات جديدة»، ومن ناحية أخرى وضعت أسساً للطرق الأكاديمية في تحليل الأدب والفن.

وفاتها
توفيت سهير القلماوي في 4 مايو 1997م.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص من القاهرة
أعضاء مجلس الشعب المصري
أعضاء مجلس الشعب المصري 1979
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة القاهرة
أكاديميون مصريون
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
روائيات
روائيات مصريات
روائيو القرن 20
روائيون مصريون
كاتبات القرن 20
كاتبات قصة قصيرة مصريات
كاتبات مصريات
كتاب قصة قصيرة في القرن 20
كتاب قصة قصيرة مصريون
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة التشجيعية
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة التقديرية
مصريون حائزون على وسام الجمهورية
مصريون شراكسة
مواليد 1329 هـ
مواليد 1911
نسويون مصريون
وفيات 1417 هـ
وفيات 1997

سهير القلماوي


Die Kapelle Maria Loreto ist eine römisch-katholische Kapelle im Weiler Au in der Gemeinde Längenfeld in Tirol.

Die rechteckige dreiseitig schließende Kapelle hat im Westen Kreisfenster und einen Dachreiter mit Zwiebelhelm und wurde 1732 errichtet. Das Tonnengewölbe über einem Gesimse mit Stichkappen hat frühbarocke Stuckbänder. Der Altar mit dem Bild Maria Einsiedeln hat das Wappen und die Stifterinschrift vom Pfleger in Landeck Andreas Sterzinger 1731. Die Schnitzgruppe Verkündigung ist aus dem 2. Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die Kanzel stammt aus dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Es gibt spätbarocke Stationsbilder.

Das Deckenfresko wurde 1943 von Ludwig Sturm gemalt.

Literatur
 Dehio Tirol 1980, Längenfeld, Kapelle Maria Loreto, im Weiler Au, Seite 463.

Weblinks

Loretokirche
Kirchengebäude in Tirol
Längenfeld

Loretokapelle (Längenfeld)


Esther Van Wagoner Tufty (2 de julho de 1896 - 4 de maio de 1986) foi uma jornalista americana cuja carreira durou seis décadas.

Infância e educação
Esther Van Wagoner Tufty nasceu em 2 de julho de 1896 em Kingston, Michigan, filha de James Van Wagoner e Florence (Loomis) Van Wagoner. Ela era irmã do governador de Michigan, Murray Van Wagoner. Criada em Pontiac, Michigan, ela frequentou o Michigan State College em 1914, mas, preferindo a escola de jornalismo, formou-se na University of Wisconsin Madison com bacharelado em jornalismo em 1921.

Carreira
Imediatamente após terminar o ensino médio, ela começou a trabalhar para o jornal local, o Pontiac Press, como editora assistente da sociedade por US $ 7,50 por semana. Enquanto frequentava a Universidade de Wisconsin, ela trabalhou para o Madison Democrat and Capitol Times. Ela e o marido se mudaram para Chicago, onde se juntaram ao Evanston News-Index e eventualmente se tornaram editores-chefe.

Seu marido conseguiu um emprego na Federal Radio Commission e eles se mudaram para Washington, DC, em 1935. Seu irmão sugeriu que ela abrisse sua própria agência de notícias para jornais de Michigan, e ela fundou o Tufty News Bureau naquele ano. O Bureau inicialmente atendeu a 26 jornais em Michigan e, no auge, atendeu a mais de 300 nos Estados Unidos. Assim, ela se tornou uma presença constante no jornalismo de Washington por décadas, cobrindo todos os presidentes dos Estados Unidos: de Franklin D. Roosevelt a Ronald Reagan. Ela ganhou o apelido de "Duquesa", que muitas vezes era atribuído à sua altura e porte real ou coroa de tranças, mas na verdade se originou quando um estalajadeiro europeu a confundiu com outro hóspede que chegava naquele dia.

Esther começou a trabalhar como jornalista de rádio durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, com o programa de quinze minutos Headlines from Washington na Atlantic Coast Network. A partir de 1952, ela foi correspondente de rádio e televisão da NBC e tinha seu próprio programa de rádio, Tufty Topics. No início de sua carreira no rádio, ela foi apelidada de "garota da dor de cabeça" porque seu programa era patrocinado pela St. Joseph Aspirin.

Esther Tufty cobriu a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Guerra da Coréia e a Guerra do Vietnã. Durante o Berlin Airlift, ela voou para a cidade em cima de 10 toneladas de carvão. Durante o Vietnã, ela viajava em um helicóptero que foi atingido por fogo inimigo. Quando ela voltou do Vietnã, Tufty, de 70 anos, brincou: "É minha terceira guerra, sem contar o casamento".

Em abril de 1954, ela foi enviada em uma turnê de palestras para a Austrália pelo Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos. Quando ela reclamou que não tinha visto nenhum canguru, o Lord Mayor de Perth a presenteou com uma fêmea de canguru chamada Topsy. Quando Topsy foi comprada na América, ela estava acompanhada por um canguru macho. Tufty disse "Quero chamá-lo de Turvey ", mas em vez disso o canguru foi apelidado de Digger. Tufty doou o par de cangurus ao Zoológico Nacional.

Esther atuou como presidente do American Women in Radio and Television, do American Newspaper Women's Club e do Women's National Press Club, e foi a única mulher a servir como presidente de todas as três organizações. Ela foi a primeira mulher a ingressar no National Press Club em 1971, quando finalmente foi aberto para mulheres. ''

Vida posterior
Esther Tufty sofreu vários ferimentos e doenças graves ao longo dos anos: câncer de mama, uma perna quebrada que a obrigou a andar com uma bengala, a perda de um olho e a instalação de sete marca-passos. Apesar disso, ela continuou a trabalhar até os 80 anos em um escritório no National Press Building e era considerada a repórter mais antiga em Washington, DC. Ela só parou de trabalhar devido a um AVC em dezembro de 1985. Ela morreu na casa de repouso Mount Vernon, em Alexandria, Virgínia, aos 89 anos.

Vida pessoal
Esther Van Wagoner casou-se com Harold Guilford Tufty, um engenheiro elétrico, em setembro de 1921. Eles tiveram dois filhos, Harold Guilford Tufty Jr. (n. 1922) e James Tufty (n. 1929). Eles se divorciaram em 1947.

Referências

Mulheres jornalistas dos Estados Unidos

Esther Van Wagoner Tufty


Kryóvrysi, en , est un village du dème d'Elassóna, district régional de Laríssa, en Thessalie, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Thessalie

Kryóvrysi (Lárissa)


Concord Records is an American record label owned by Concord and based in Los Angeles, California. Concord Records was launched in 1995 as an imprint designed to reach beyond the company's foundational Concord Jazz label. The label's artists have won 14 GRAMMY Awards and 88 GRAMMY nominations.

The original logo, a stylized eighth note incorporating the C and J of "Concord Jazz", was created by Bay Area graphic designer Dan Buck, who also worked on several album covers for the company.

History
In 1999, Concord Records was purchased by a consortium led by Hal Gaba and television producer Norman Lear. Its offices were moved from Concord, California to Beverly Hills in 2002. That same year, Concord  partnered with Starbucks to release Ray Charles's Genius Loves Company, which won eight GRAMMY Awards, including Album of the Year.

Concord Records purchased the Fantasy Label Group in 2004, and in December 2006 announced the reactivation of the Stax Records  label as a forum for newly recorded music.

In 2005, it was announced that Concord Records had purchased Telarc Records and its subsidiary Heads Up, in a deal whose terms were not divulged.

In 2007, Concord Records started the Hear Music label in association with Starbucks, signing such artists as Paul McCartney, Joni Mitchell, and John Mellencamp. Although Starbucks ceased to be an active partner a year later, Concord kept Hear active, having a Top 5 album in 2010 with Carole King and James Taylor's Live at the Troubadour.

In 2008, Village Roadshow Pictures Group and Concord Music Group completed their merger, resulting in the creation of the Village Roadshow Entertainment Group.

Kenny G signed to Concord in early 2008, Herb Alpert in early 2009. On June 5, 2009, Dave Koz signed to Concord.

In 2010, it was announced that Paul McCartney's solo and Wings catalogs would be globally distributed by Concord Music Group.

Current artists

Ben Williams
Benny Reid
Bethany Cosentino
Bill Evans
Billy Gibbons
Boney James
Bud Shank
Cal Tjader
Carl Fontana
Castlecomer
Charlie Byrd
Chick Corea
Christian Scott
Clare Fischer
Danielle Nicole
Dave Brubeck

Dave Koz
Dave McKenna
David Pack
Dee Bell
Dennis Rowland
Dirty Dozen Brass Band
Elbow
Elvis Costello
Ernestine Anderson
Esperanza Spalding
Fantasia Barrino
Fourplay
Frank Vignola
Fraser MacPherson
Gene Harris
George Benson
George Shearing

Herb Ellis
I Dont Know How But They Found Me
Jake Hanna
James Taylor
Jamison Ross
Javier Colon
Jonny Lang
Karrin Allyson
Kate Higgins
Ken Peplowski
Kenny G
Kenny Wayne Shepherd
Kristin Chenoweth
Kurt Elling
L.S. Dunes
Lindsey Stirling
Lizz Wright

Michael Feinstein
Molly Ringwald
Nnenna Freelon
The Offspring
Paul Simon
Poncho Sanchez
Postmodern Jukebox
Quiana Lynell
Rachael MacFarlane
Ramsey Lewis
Rob McConnell
Rosemary Clooney
Santana
Stefon Harris
Steve Perry
Stokley Williams
Sérgio Mendes
The New Pornographers
The Record Company
Thirty Seconds to Mars
Valerie June
Tears For Fears
Zella Day

Former artists
AFI
Barry Manilow
Casey Abrams
Haley Reinhart
Michael Bolton
Terence Blanchard
Tony Bennett
Dionne Warwick

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links

American record labels
Jazz record labels
Labels distributed by Universal Music Group
Record labels based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Companies based in Beverly Hills, California

Concord Records


The Battle of Krithia Vineyard (6–13 August 1915) was fought during the Gallipoli Campaign during the First World War. It was originally intended as a minor British action at Helles on the Gallipoli peninsula to divert attention from the imminent launch of the August Offensive, but instead, the British commander, Brigadier General H.E. Street, mounted a futile and bloody series of attacks that in the end gained a small patch of ground known as "The Vineyard".

Prelude
The original commander of the British VIII Corps at Helles, Lieutenant General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, had departed the peninsula in July, following the last Helles offensive—the Battle of Gully Ravine.  His replacement, Lieutenant General Francis Davies, arrived in early August but had not yet assumed command of the corps when a series of diversions were due to be launched from Anzac and Helles to divert Ottoman attention from the planned landing at Suvla and the break out from Anzac.  Consequently, the Helles diversion was planned and conducted by the VIII Corps' chief of staff, Brigadier General H.E. Street, who proved himself an able student of Hunter-Weston's battle strategy.

Battle

Due to a shortage of artillery, the attack was split into two parts with the 88th Brigade of the 29th Division (with support on its right flank from the 1/5th Battalion, Manchester Regiment) attacking on the afternoon of 6 August while the 125th and 127th Brigades of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division would attack early the following morning. The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division and the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division in Corps reserve. They were facing four Ottoman divisions, three of which were fresh, while there were two more divisions in reserve.

The 88th Brigade's attack managed to capture some Ottoman trenches, which were recaptured by the Ottoman 30th Regiment during a counter-attack. The British attacked again and once more captured some trenches, but the Ottomans counter-attacked again and drove them out.  The British failed to hold any ground and the 88th Brigade reported casualties of 1,905 men, (fully 2/3 of the original Brigade strength), effectively destroying them as a fighting force. At around 9:40 am on the morning of 7 August the 42nd Division attacked on the right of the 88th Brigade's sector. The 127th Brigade managed to break through the line held by the Ottoman 13th Division, but were forced back by an Ottoman counter-attack.

The Ottomans counter-attacked repeatedly from 7 August to 9 August and the fighting in the area continued until 13 August when it finally subsided. Afterwards, this sector of the Helles front would remain one of the busiest and most violent for the remainder of the campaign.

Aftermath
Two Victoria Crosses were awarded during the fighting at Krithia Vineyard. Lieutenant (temporary Captain) William Thomas Forshaw of the 1/9th Battalion Manchester Regiment, Territorial Force, of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, and Private David Ross Lauder of the 1/4th Royal Scots Fusiliers, Territorial Force, of the 52nd (Lowland) Division. The British casualties in the first 24 hours of fighting, covering the original attacks of the 88th Brigade and the 125th and 127th Brigades of the 42nd Division, were 3,469 (134 Officers and 3,335 other ranks). The total British casualties for the duration of the battle were probably in excess of 4,000. The Ottoman casualties for the period of the battle were estimated to be around 7,500.

As for the other diversion at Lone Pine, the attack failed to fulfill its goal of tying down the Ottoman reinforcements away from the main offensive. As early as the morning of 7 August, regiments were being dispatched from Helles to the main front in the Sari Bair range.

References

Conflicts in 1915
1915 in the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire
Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Battles of the Gallipoli campaign
August 1915 events

Battle of Krithia Vineyard


Lox is a fillet of cured salmon.

LOX is liquid oxygen.

Lox or LOX may also refer to:

Places
 Lox Yeo River in Somerset, England, formerly simply known as the Lox
 River Lox in Sussex, England, a tributary of the River Arun

Art, entertainment, and media
 The LOX, a rap group
 WLOX, a television station based in Biloxi, Mississippi

Science
 Cre-Lox recombination a site-specific recombinase technology widely used to carry out deletions, insertions, translocations and inversions in the DNA of cells
 Lipoxygenase, a family of iron-containing enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
 Liquid oxygen, also abbreviated LOx
 LOX (gene), which encodes the enzyme Lysyl oxidase in humans

See also
 Locks (disambiguation)

Lox (disambiguation)


Limones de figuras puede referirse a:

 El nombre común de la planta Citrus medica.
 El nombre común de la planta Citrus × limon.

Limones de figuras


Old East Slavic (traditionally also Old Russian) was a language (or a group of dialects) used by the East Slavs from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century, until it diverged into the Russian and Ruthenian languages. Ruthenian eventually evolved into the Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian languages.

Terminology
The term Old East Slavic is used in reference to the modern family of East Slavic languages. However, it is not universally applied. The language is also traditionally known as Old Russian; however, the term may be viewed as anachronistic, because the initial stages of the language which it denotes predate the dialectal divisions marking the nascent distinction between modern East Slavic languages, therefore a number of authors have proposed using Old East Slavic as a more appropriate term. Old Russian is also used to describe the written language in Russia until the 18th century, when it became Modern Russian, though the early stages of the language is often called Old East Slavic instead; the period after the common language of the East Slavs is sometimes distinguished as Middle Russian, or Great Russian.

Some scholars have also called the language Rusian, or simply Rus, although these are the least commonly used forms.

Ukrainian-American linguist George Shevelov used the term Common Russian or Common Eastern Slavic to refer to the hypothetical uniform language of the East Slavs.

American Slavist Alexander M. Schenker pointed out that modern terms for the medieval language of the East Slavs varied depending on the political context. He suggested using the neutral term East Slavic for that language.

General considerations

The language was a descendant of the Proto-Slavic language and retained many of its features. It developed so-called pleophony (or polnoglasie 'full vocalisation'), which came to differentiate the newly evolving East Slavic from other Slavic dialects. For instance, Common Slavic  'settlement, town' was reflected as OESl. gorodъ, Common Slavic  'milk' > OESl. moloko, and Common Slavic  'cow' > OESl korova. Other Slavic dialects differed by resolving the closed-syllable clusters *eRC and *aRC as liquid metathesis (South Slavic and West Slavic), or by no change at all (see the article on Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony for a detailed account).

Since extant written records of the language are sparse, it is difficult to assess the level of its unity. In consideration of the number of tribes and clans that constituted Kievan Rus', it is probable that there were many dialects of Old East Slavonic. Therefore, today we may speak definitively only of the languages of surviving manuscripts, which, according to some interpretations, show regional divergence from the beginning of the historical records. By , it had the weakest local variations among the four regional macrodialects of Common Slavic, , which had just begun to differentiate into its branches.

With time, it evolved into several more diversified forms; following the fragmentation of Kievan Rus' after 1100, dialectal differentiation accelerated. The regional languages were distinguishable starting in the 12th or 13th century. Thus different variations evolved of the Russian language in the regions of Novgorod, Moscow, South Russia  and meanwhile the Ukrainian language was also formed. Each of these languages preserves much of the Old East Slavic grammar and vocabulary. The Russian language in particular borrows more words from Church Slavonic than does Ukrainian.

However, findings by Russian linguist Andrey Zaliznyak suggest that, until the 14th or 15th century, major language differences were not between the regions occupied by modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, but rather between the north-west (around modern Velikiy Novgorod and Pskov) and the center (around modern Kyiv, Suzdal, Rostov, Moscow as well as Belarus) of the East Slavic territories. The Old Novgorodian dialect of that time differed from the central East Slavic dialects as well as from all other Slavic languages much more than in later centuries. According to Zaliznyak, the Russian language developed as a convergence of that dialect and the central ones, whereas Ukrainian and Belarusian were continuation of development of the central dialects of the East Slavs.

Also, Russian linguist Sergey Nikolaev, analysing historical development of Slavic dialects' accent system, concluded that a number of other tribes in Kievan Rus' came from different Slavic branches and spoke distant Slavic dialects.

Another Russian linguist, G. A. Khaburgaev, as well as a number of Ukrainian linguists (Stepan Smal-Stotsky, Ivan Ohienko, George Shevelov, Yevhen Tymchenko, Vsevolod Hantsov, Olena Kurylo), deny the existence of a common Old East Slavic language at any time in the past. According to them, the dialects of East Slavic tribes evolved gradually from the common Proto-Slavic language without any intermediate stages.

Following the end of the "Tatar yoke", the territory of former Kievan Rus' was divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and two separate literary traditions emerged in these states, Ruthenian in the west and medieval Russian in the east.

Literary language

The political unification of the region into the state called Kievan Rus', from which modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine trace their origins, occurred approximately a century before the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the establishment of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and literary language. Documentation of the Old East Slavic language of this period is scanty, making it difficult at best fully to determine the relationship between the literary language and its spoken dialects.

There are references in Byzantine sources to pre-Christian Slavs in European Russia using some form of writing. Despite some suggestive archaeological finds and a corroboration by the tenth-century monk Chernorizets Hrabar that ancient Slavs wrote in "strokes and incisions", the exact nature of this system is unknown.

Although the Glagolitic alphabet was briefly introduced, as witnessed by church inscriptions in Novgorod, it was soon entirely superseded by Cyrillic. The samples of birch-bark writing excavated in Novgorod have provided crucial information about the pure tenth-century vernacular in North-West Russia, almost entirely free of Church Slavonic influence. It is also known that borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the vernacular at this time, and that simultaneously the literary language in its turn began to be modified towards Eastern Slavic.

The following excerpts illustrate two of the most famous literary monuments.

NOTE: The spelling of the original excerpt has been partly modernized. The translations are best attempts at being literal, not literary.

Primary Chronicle

, from the Laurentian Codex, 1377:

In this usage example of the language, the fall of the yers is in progress or arguably complete: several words end with a consonant, e.g. кнѧжит "to rule" < кънѧжити (modern Uk , R , B ). South Slavic features include времѧньнъıх "bygone" (modern R , Uk , B ). Correct use of perfect and aorist: єсть пошла "is/has come" (modern B , R , Uk ), нача "began" (modern Uk , B , R ) as a development of the old perfect. Note the style of punctuation.

The Tale of Igor's Campaign

Слово о пълку Игоревѣ. , from the Pskov manuscript, fifteenth cent.

Illustrates the sung epics, with typical use of metaphor and simile.

It has been suggested that the phrase растекаться мыслью по древу (to run in thought upon/over wood), which has become proverbial in modern Russian with the meaning "to speak ornately, at length, excessively," is a misreading of an original мысію (akin to  "mouse") from "run like a squirrel/mouse on a tree"; however, the reading мыслью is present in both the manuscript copy of 1790 and the first edition of 1800, and in all subsequent scholarly editions.

Old East Slavic literature

The Old East Slavic language developed a certain literature of its own, though much of it (in hand with those of the Slavic languages that were, after all, written down) was influenced as regards style and vocabulary by religious texts written in Church Slavonic.  Surviving literary monuments include the legal code Justice of the Rus (Руська правда ), a corpus of hagiography and homily, the epic Song of Igor (Слово о полку игореве ) and the earliest surviving manuscript of the Primary Chronicle (Повесть временных лет ) – the Laurentian codex (Лаврентьевский список ) of 1377.

The earliest dated specimen of Old East Slavic (or, rather, of Church Slavonic with pronounced East Slavic interference) must be considered the written Sermon on Law and Grace (Slovo o zakone i blagodati) by Hilarion, metropolitan of Kiev. In this work there is a panegyric on Prince Vladimir of Kiev, the hero of so much of East Slavic popular poetry. It is rivalled by another panegyric on Vladimir, written a decade later by Yakov the Monk.

Other eleventh-century writers are Theodosius, a monk of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, who wrote on the Latin faith and some Pouchenia or Instructions, and Luka Zhidiata, bishop of Novgorod, who has left a curious Discourse to the Brethren. From the writings of Theodosius we see that many pagan habits were still in vogue among the people. He finds fault with them for allowing these to continue, and also for their drunkenness; nor do the monks escape his censures. Zhidiata writes in a more vernacular style than many of his contemporaries; he eschews the declamatory tone of the Byzantine authors. And here may be mentioned the many lives of the saints and the Fathers to be found in early East Slavic literature, starting with the two Lives of Sts Boris and Gleb, written in the late eleventh century and attributed to Jacob the Monk and to Nestor the Chronicler.

With the so-called Primary Chronicle, also attributed to Nestor, begins the long series of the Russian annalists. There is a regular catena of these chronicles, extending with only two breaks to the seventeenth century. Besides the work attributed to Nestor the Chronicler, there are the chronicles of Novgorod, Kiev, Volhynia and many others. Every town of any importance could boast of its annalists, Pskov and Suzdal among others.

In the twelfth century we have the sermons of bishop Cyril of Turov, which are attempts to imitate in Old East Slavic the florid Byzantine style. In his sermon on Holy Week, Christianity is represented under the form of spring, Paganism and Judaism under that of winter, and evil thoughts are spoken of as boisterous winds.

There are also the works of early travellers, as the igumen Daniel, who visited the Holy Land at the end of the eleventh and beginning of the twelfth century. A later traveller was Afanasiy Nikitin, a merchant of Tver, who visited India in 1470. He has left a record of his adventures, which has been translated into English and published for the Hakluyt Society.

A curious monument of old Slavonic times is the Pouchenie (Instruction), written by Vladimir Monomakh for the benefit of his sons. This composition is generally found inserted in the Chronicle of Nestor; it gives a fine picture of the daily life of a Slavonic prince. The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery is a typical medieval collection of stories from the life of monks, featuring devils, angels, ghosts, and miraculous resurrections.

Lay of Igor's Campaign narrates the expedition of Igor Svyatoslavich, prince of Novhorod-Siverskyi against the Cumans. It is neither epic nor a poem but is written in rhythmic prose. An interesting aspect of the text is its mix of Christianity and ancient Slavic religion. Igor's wife Yaroslavna famously invokes natural forces from the walls of Putyvl. Christian motifs present along with depersonalised pagan gods in the form of artistic images. Another aspect, which sets the book apart from contemporary Western epics, are its numerous and vivid descriptions of nature, and the role which nature plays in human lives. Of the whole bulk of the Old East Slavic literature, the Lay is the only work familiar to every educated Russian or Ukrainian. Its brooding flow of images, murky metaphors, and ever changing rhythm have not been successfully rendered into English yet.  Indeed, the meanings of many words found in it have not been satisfactorily explained by scholars.

The Zadonshchina is a sort of prose poem much in the style of the Tale of Igor's Campaign, and the resemblance of the latter to this piece furnishes an additional proof of its genuineness. This account of the battle of Kulikovo, which was gained by Dmitri Donskoi over the Mongols in 1380, has come down in three important versions.

The early laws of Rus' present many features of interest, such as the Russkaya Pravda of Yaroslav the Wise, which is preserved in the chronicle of Novgorod; the date is between 1018 and 1072.

Study

The earliest attempts to compile a comprehensive lexicon of Old East Slavic were undertaken by Alexander Vostokov and Izmail Sreznevsky in the nineteenth century. Sreznevsky's Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language on the Basis of Written Records (1893–1903), though incomplete, remained a standard reference until the appearance of a 24-volume academic dictionary in 1975–99.

Notable texts

 Bylinas
 The Tale of Igor's Campaign – the most outstanding literary work in this language
 Russkaya Pravda – an eleventh-century legal code issued by Yaroslav the Wise
 Praying of Daniel the Immured
 A Journey Beyond the Three Seas

See also
 Outline of Slavic history and culture
 List of Slavic studies journals
 History of the East Slavic languages
 List of Latvian words borrowed from Old East Slavic

Notes

References

Bibliography

General references

Further reading

External links
 Old Russian Online by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
 Ostromir's Gospel Online
 Online library of the Old Russian texts
 The Pushkin House, a great 12-volumed collection of ancient texts of the 11th–17th centuries with parallel Russian translations
 Izbornyk, library of Old East Slavic chronicles with Ukrainian and Russian translations

Belarusian language
Russian language
Ukrainian language

Old East Slavic


Šamudovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Michalovce din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 663 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Krásnovce.

Istoric
Localitatea Šamudovce este atestată documentar din 1315.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Šamudovce


Grinau er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Sandesneben-Nusse i den nordvestlige del af Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Grinau ligger omkring 11 km sydøst for Bad Oldesloe, 13 kilometer sydvest for Lübeck og cirka 15 km nordvest for Ratzeburg.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Grinau


El paisachi, también conocido como paishachi, es un idioma extinto de la India antigua, mencionado como un medio de debate y la expresión literaria en varias fuentes budistas theravada, y en varias gramáticas prácritas y sánscritas de la antigüedad. No se sabe hasta qué punto se trataba de una lengua vernácula o una lengua artificial literaria, comparable a la lengua palí.

Los autores modernos consideran que la etimología sánscrita de paisacha (que significa 'de los demonios') es una broma o simplemente falsa. Como con la mayoría de los idiomas, el nombre parece ser transferido de un topónimo asociado con el país de origen del idioma. En algunas obras sánscritas ―como el poema Kavia-darsha, de Dandin, también se lo conoce con el nombre de bhuta-bhasha ('idioma de los fantasmas demonios').

En la actualidad no se conservan obras en ese. La única obra que se cree que está en paisaci es el Brijat-kathá (el gran relato), una gran colección de cuentos escritos en el siglo V d. C. Se sabe de él a través de su traducción y adaptación al sánscrito, realizada por Somadeva en el siglo XI con el nombre de Katha-sarit-sagara. Una de las series de relatos más famosas de esta obra es el Vikram y Vetal.

Acerca de la existencia del paisachi, Sheldon Pollock escribe:

El historiador Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade afirma que algunas de las obras antiguas como el Krista-purana y el Majábharata (de Krisnadas Shama), compuestos en idioma konkani, revelan que el moderno konkani podría ser el sucesor del idioma paishachi.

Notas

Lenguas de India
Lenguas muertas de Asia

Idioma paisachi


Icarie XB-1 (titlul original: în ) este un film științifico-fantastic cehoslovac, realizat în 1963 de regizorul Jindrich Polák, după romanul Norul lui Magellan a scriitorului Stanisław Lem, protagoniști fiind actorii Zdeněk Štěpánek, Radovan Lukavský, Dana Medřická.

Conținut

În anul 2163 o navă spațială de cercetare, pleacă într-o călătorie de ani, de la Pământ spre o planetă cu proprietăți asemănătoare celei terestre, care se află la o distanță de 4,3 ani lumină de sistemul stelar Alpha Centauri. După start, nava Ikarie XB-1 atinge aproape viteza luminii dar din cauza fenomenului de dilatare a timpului pentru echipajul navei, echivalentul timpului parcurs este de aproximativ doi ani, echivalând cu 15 ani pe Terra. Echipajul internațional are de luptat atât cu probleme psihice în spațiul îngust al navei, cât și din cauza pericolelor exterioare. Astfel ei descoperă o altă navă spațială terestră cu întregul echipaj mort, datorită radiațiilor radioactive. Doi membrii ai echipajului Ikarie XB-1, Herold și Kubes care cercetau nava, mor din cauza exploziei unor focoase nucleare vechi. Zborul pe lângă o stea întunecată, care emană o radiație foarte periculoasă, aproape că înseamnă încheierea misiunii. În final, cercetătorii ajung pe planeta asemănătoare Terrei, pe care aparent există o civilizație similară celei pământene.

Distribuție

Premii și nominalizări
 1963 A făcut parte din selecția oficială Cannes Classics la Festivalul de la Cannes
 1963 Câștigător la Festivalul Filmului de la Triest

Referințe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989
 Filmografia actriței Emília Vášáryová

Legături externe

Filme din 1963
Filme SF
Filme în limba cehă
Filme regizate de Jindřich Polák
Filme alb-negru
Filme SF din anii 1960
Filme bazate pe romane științifico-fantastice
Filme fantastice din anii 1960
Filme din Noul val cehoslovac
1963 în științifico-fantastic
Filme din Studioul Barrandov
Filme despre astronauți

Icarie XB-1


A Martian packet is an IP packet seen on the public Internet that contains a source or destination address that is reserved for special-use by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) as defined in , Appendix B Glossary (Martian Address Filtering). On the public Internet, such a packet either has a spoofed source address, and it cannot actually originate as claimed, or the packet cannot be delivered. The requirement to filter these packets (i.e. not forward them) is found in , Section 5.3.7 (Martian Address Filtering).

Martian packets commonly arise from IP address spoofing in denial-of-service attacks, but can also arise from network equipment malfunction or misconfiguration of a host.

In Linux terminology, a martian packet is an IP packet received by the kernel on a specific interface, while routing tables indicate that the source IP is expected on another interface.

The name is derived from packet from Mars, meaning that packet seems to be not of this Earth.

IPv4 and IPv6
In both IPv4 and IPv6, a Martian packet has a source address, a destination address, or both within one of the special-use ranges.

Transition mechanisms

6to4
6to4 is an IPv6 transition technology where the IPv6 address encodes the originating IPv4 address such that every IPv4  has a corresponding, unique IPv6  prefix.  Because 6to4 relays use the encoded value for determining the end site of the 6to4 tunnel, 6to4 addresses corresponding to IPv4 martians are not routable and should never appear on the public Internet.

Teredo tunneling
Teredo is another IPv6 transition technology that encodes the originating IPv4 address in the IPv6 address. However, the encoding format encodes the Teredo server address and tunnel information before the IPv4 client address.  Thus there is no definable set of prefixes more specific than  for Teredo packets with martian end-site addresses. It is, however, possible to spoof Teredo packets with the Teredo server IPv4 address set to a martian.

See also

 Bogon filtering
 Christmas tree packet
 Broadcast storm

References

Packets (information technology)
Denial-of-service attacks
IP addresses

Martian packet


Abelardo Rodríguez Luján, commonly known as Abelardo L. Rodríguez (; 12 May 1889 – 13 February 1967) was the Substitute President of Mexico from 1932 to 1934. He completed the term of President Pascual Ortiz Rubio after his resignation, during the period known as the Maximato, when Former President Plutarco Elías Calles (El Jefe Máximo) held considerable de facto political power, without being president himself. Rodríguez was, however, more successful than Ortiz Rubio had been in asserting presidential power against Calles's influence.

Rodríguez left the political arena for a while after his term ended, devoting himself to travel and business interests. Rodríguez returned to politics a decade later, serving as Governor of the state of Sonora, retiring in 1948 and returning to his business interests. To date, Rodríguez is the only Mexican to have been brigadier general, president, and governor of two different states.

Early life
Rodríguez was born on 12 May 1889 to a poor family in San José de Guaymas, Sonora.

When he was eleven years old, he briefly attended school in Nogales, Arizona. There, he was attacked by two older American boys named Owen Walker and Don Herrera, due to anti-Mexican sentiment. He was in line one day, when Herrera got in front of him and Walker behind. Herrera gave Rodríguez a sharp shove, throwing Rodríguez on top of Walker, who had a knife in his hand. Walker slashed Rodríguez through his left cheek, making an incision, at least six centimeters (2.3 inches), from the mouth upwards.

Later, as a young man, Rodríguez returned to Arizona to take his revenge. However, he found that Walker had died in a farming accident and that Herrera had moved to California with his family. After reflecting on Walker's tragic death, Rodríguez reconsidered and dropped his bid for revenge.

Rodríguez never finished his primary studies. Instead, he dropped out after the 4th grade to begin working in order to help support his family. However, he vowed to educate himself. As a young man he worked at his brother's hardware store, at a copper mine in Cananea, and as a professional baseball player in Nogales, Sonora. He worked briefly worked at an iron manufacturer in Los Angeles, California while attempting to pursue a career as a singer. After failing as a singer in Los Angeles, he returned to Mexico.

In Sonora, he briefly worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad before being discharged. Due to his red-green color blindness, he had failed his test to become a railroad conductor. In 1912, he became a police commander in Nogales, Sonora.

Military career
Rodríguez joined the Mexican Revolution as a Lieutenant on 1 March 1913. He joined the irregular Second Battalion of Sonora, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Orozco. Rodríguez chronicled his military experience in his 1962 autobiography.

Northern skirmishes
He experienced his first combat on 24 August 1913, at Cruz de la Piedra, Sonora. There, the Second Battalion forces ambushed a train carrying Federal Army troops from Mexico City, led by General Girón. The Norteños massacred the Federales and killed General Girón.

In late 1913 Rodríguez fought at Los Mochis and then at Sinaloa de Leyva. On 1 October 1913, in Sinaloa de Leyva, he received his promotion to Second Captain. On 14 October 1913, he helped take Culiacán. On 1 March 1914, he was appointed Second Paymaster. The Second Battalion was incorporated into the irregular Fourth Battalion of Sonora, which was part of the escort of General Venustiano Carranza.

Shooting incident and prison
In June 1914, the Fourth Battalion was at Durango City in the State of Durango. There, Rodríguez was insulted by Captain Pedro Almada, who was his superior. The incident was unprovoked, and occurred at a dinner, at a long table in front of many officers. Rodríguez responded by standing, drawing his pistol, and firing one shot at Captain Almada's forehead. He missed, and the bullet hit a wall behind the Captain.

On 16 June 1914, Rodríguez was arrested for insubordination and sent to the Durango State Penitentiary. On 24 June 1914, Rodríguez was released from prison. A law intern, Jesús Dorador Ibarra, had been able to verify that due to his salary as paymaster, Rodríguez had actually assimilated the rank of first captain and, therefore, there was no insubordination. A judge revoked the arrest warrant and Rodríguez was free. On the day of his release, he was visited by Captain Pedro Almada. They forgave each other and became friends.

Entering Mexico City
Rodríguez re-joined the Fourth Battalion of Sonora and continued serving under General Carranza. On 17 July 1914, Rodríguez received his official promotion to first captain. On 20 August 1914, Carranza and the Fourth Battalion entered Mexico City and General Carranza assumed the provisional presidency of the Republic. In late 1914, the irregular Fourth Battalion of Sonora was incorporated into the Northwest Army Corps of the Constitutional Army, led by General Alvaro Obregón. On 21 December 1914, Rodríguez was promoted to major, while on the railroad above Mexico City.

Battle of Celaya and Further Campaigns Against Villa
On 10 May 1915, the Constitutional Army commanded by General Obregón left Mexico City to engage the army of General Francisco "Pancho" Villa. After some light combat, the Constitutional Army arrived at Celaya, where it fought the Battle of Celaya against Villa's División del Norte from 6 to 15 April 1915. During this battle, Rodríguez was shot through his right ear while manning a machine gun.

The Constitutional Army won the battle. On 25 April 1915, Rodríguez was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. In June 1915, during fighting against Villa's forces near León, Guanajuato, Rodríguez was shot in the thigh. He was sent to Guadalajara for surgery to remove splintered bone fragments. After healing, he rejoined the Constitutional Army and fought remnants of Villa's forces at Aguascalientes and Saltillo.

On 1 March 1916, Rodríguez was promoted to colonel. On 2 June 1916, Rodríguez took charge of the Second Infantry Brigade of the First Northwest Division of the Constitutional Army. The brigade consisted of six mostly Yaqui battalions.

Yaqui Campaign
In 1917, Rodríguez joined General Plutarco Elías Calles at his headquarters in Empalme, Sonora. They were tasked with subduing the indigenous Yaqui in Sonora, who rejected the authority of the federal government in Mexico City. The campaign used three flying columns: one under the command of General Arnulfo R. Gómez, one under the command of Colonel Jesús Aguirre, and the third under the command of Rodríguez (the Second Infantry Brigade). The campaign lasted three years, from 1917 to around 1920. During this time, Rodríguez was promoted to general.

Baja California Expedition
Rodríguez was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, on 21 May 1920, while in Mexico City. He then held the position of chief of the Presidential Guards from 21 June to 20 July 1920.

On 21 July 1920, Rodríguez was appointed head of a 6,000-man expeditionary column, supported by a gunboat, charged with expelling Colonel Esteban Cantú from Baja California. Cantú had ignored the federal government, disobeyed orders, and acted independently; President Adolfo de la Huerta and Calles responded by dispatching Rodríguez to oust Cantú. Cantú went into exile in Los Angeles, however, before Rodríguez arrived from Mexico City with his forces. Later, in 1926 Rodríguez would allow Cantú to re-enter Baja California. Cantú returned to Mexicali, where he ventured into private business and continued to serve as a public official. He died in Mexicali in 1966.

Military commander of the North Territory of Baja California
Rodríguez became military commander of the North Territory of Baja California in 1921, after discharging Cantú's troops. During that period he closed most casinos and bars in the border town of Tijuana, which had flourished under Cantú as a destination for North American vice tourism. However, these would soon be allowed to re-open.

Governor of the North Territory of Baja California (1923-1929)
In 1923, Rodríguez became Governor of the North Territory of Baja California. He continued his role as Military Commander, while acting as Governor of that state. Rodríguez served as Governor of the North Territory of Baja California until 31 December 1929.

Vice
Like his predecessor Colonel Esteban Cantú, Rodríguez personally benefited from Tijuana's vice industry, which had grown in the years after Cantú's departure, largely due to its close proximity to San Diego and Los Angeles during Prohibition. In addition to legitimate investments in the private sector, Rodríguez grew wealthy through the sale of licenses associated with vice tourism. Besides granting concessions to liquor and gambling establishments, Rodríguez also became a major partner of US entrepreneurs who were involved in these activities.

During his tenure as governor, Rodríguez also made money from the sale of alcohol and the traffic of opium. According to Francisco Cruz, Rodríguez learned the drug trafficking business from Cantú.

Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel
Rodríguez was involved in the development of the Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel. This vast resort attracted wealthy Americans, Hollywood stars, and an elite global clientele.

The Agua Caliente was built at a cost of $10 million by the Agua Caliente Company, which was formed by North American investors Baron H. Long, Wirt G. Bowman and James N. Crofton. The fourth equal partner was Governor Rodríguez, who owned 25%.

Since the Americans could not own Mexican land, Rodríguez purchased the land upon which the resort was built, at the site of a hot springs. The contract for the construction was awarded to Rodríguez's brother Fernando L. Rodríguez. According to Satan's Playground author Paul J. Vanderwood, Rodríguez used taxpayer money to construct and outfit the enterprise.

The resort brought in enormous sums of money. After visiting the casino, one Los Angeles Times reporter concluded that "there isn't another place on the continent, outside of a US Mint, where you can see so much money piled up before your eyes at one time. Its only rival in the world is Monte Carlo." The resort operated from 1928 to 1935.

Business interests
During his time as governor, Rodríguez also had success making legitimate investments in the private sector. He established the Pesquera del Pacifico fish and shellfish cannery in El Sauzal, outside Ensenada. He invested in an airplane manufacturing company in Baja California. He also formed an oil company to search for petroleum in Baja California, although this endeavor ultimately proved fruitless.

Autonomy and wealth
Due to the remote nature of Baja California, and his close connection to the rulers in Mexico City, Rodríguez enjoyed considerable autonomy during his tenure in Baja California. He had served as an officer under Obregón during the Mexican Revolution, and they had both been wounded at the Battle of Celaya, Later, Rodríguez lent Obregón a significant amount of money to help him defeat Adolfo de la Huerta. In return President Obregón allowed Rodríguez to continue his operations in the vice industry.

Governor Rodríguez continued to enjoy the same autonomy during the Maximato, because of his close alliance and personal friendship with Calles. By the late 1920s Rodríguez was the richest man in Baja California, due to his control over the border vice industry. By the time Rodríguez became president in 1932, he had over US$12 million deposited in banks in Los Angeles, New York City, and London.

San Diego house
In 1926, while still Governor of Baja California, Rodríguez and his wife Aída Sullivan Coya purchased a newly built Spanish Colonial home at 4379 North Talmadge Drive in the Talmadge Park Neighborhood, in San Diego, California. The house was designed by architect Louis John Gill. Rodríguez probably used the home as a part-time retreat during his presidential term (1932-1934). However, this is not known for certain. The couple sold the home in 1940, and the house still exists today.

Public works
Taxes from the regional vice businesses helped the Baja California government fund public works and supported industries such as aviation and agriculture. The taxes earned as a result of vice also supported education and the arts. During the Rodríguez administration, Baja California was one of just two entities in Mexico with an elementary educational system that satisfied 100% of the needs of the population, for free. The Alvaro Obregón Elementary School in Tijuana was built at the end of the Rodríguez administration, and it was among the best in the country. Inaugurated in 1930, the school is now the IMAC - Casa de la Cultura Tijuana.

Escobar Rebellion
In 1929, Rodríguez was invited to join the proposed Escobar Rebellion of General José Gonzalo Escobar. This turned out to be a mistake for Escobar. Rodríguez declined, and also gave Calles advance warning of the rebellion, demonstrating his loyalty to Calles and allowing Calles and President Emilio Portes Gil to jointly defeat Escobar.

Post-governorship
On 31 December 1929, Rodríguez resigned as Governor of the North Territory of Baja California.

European travels
In early 1930, Rodríguez and his family traveled to Europe. There, Rodríguez studied accommodation systems for troop units and military camps. They remained in Europe for about 10 months, before moving to Rodríguez's ranch at El Sauzal, outside Ensenada.

Federal Cabinet positions (1931-1932)
In 1931, Rodríguez was called to Mexico City to serve in the cabinet of new President Ortiz Rubio. From October 1931 to January 1932, Rodríguez was Undersecretary of War and Navy. From January 1932 to July 1932 he was Secretary of Industry, Commerce and Labor. From August 1932 to September 1932 he was Secretary of War and Navy.

Substitute president (1932-1934)

Election

President Ortiz Rubio resigned because of conflicts with Calles. Thus, the question of succession was vital. Ortiz Rubio signed his resignation on 2 September 1932, and it was conveyed to Congress the next day. Despite the resignation, the presidential cabinet met, significantly, at the home of former President Calles in Cuernavaca. The President of the National Revolutionary Party, General Manuel Pérez Treviño, announced the names of those whom Calles had made known would be acceptable: Finance Minister Alberto J. Pani, General Joaquín Amaro, and General Abelardo L. Rodriguez. Pani bowed out and suggested that Calles choose Rodríguez. However, four candidates were presented to Congress, with the name of General Juan José Ríos, Secretary of the Interior, added to the other three.

A groundswell of support gave the presidency to Rodríguez, who was named by Congress as President of Mexico on 4 September 1932. The Rodríguez presidency represented the last two years of the Maximato.

Cabinet
Rodríguez's cabinet included Emilio Portes Gil, who had served as interim president from 1928 to 1930. Unlike the cabinet of his predecessor Ortiz Rubio, with excessive changes of personnel, Rodríguez's cabinet was more stable.

Asserting power

During Rodríguez's presidency, Calles was at first widely considered as de facto leader of the Republic. The Mexican press still called Calles El Jefe Máximo de la Revolución (The Supreme Chief of the Revolution). The American press called him the "Strong Man of Mexico". Thus, many North American observers saw Rodríguez as a weak political puppet of Calles. And this view is often shared by contemporary historians. For instance, in The Course of Mexican History, Sherman and Meyer deride Rodríguez as "a man with less administrative talent than relish for power, as puppet number three of the Maximato".

However, unlike Portes Gil and Ortiz Rubio, Rodríguez was a friend and ally of Calles. Thus, Professor Jürgen Buchenau asserts that overall, due to Calles's declining health, and Rodríguez's own private wealth and astute political maneuvering, Rodríguez was actually able to reclaim a significant degree of political power for the Executive office during his tenure. According to a US Military Attache report from 1932, Calles felt he was leaving the Government in safe, capable hands with Rodríguez.

Outside observers corroborate these views. For instance, the Mexico City newspaper and magazine publisher Felix S. Palavicini referred to President Rodríguez as the "Mexican Roosevelt" because the Rodríguez administration closely paralleled that of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Palavicini stated in January 1934 that President Rodríguez was making extraordinary efforts to educate the Mexican people, and that the minimum wage law was greatly reducing poverty. And according to Col. Ed Fletcher, the San Diego real estate developer and politician, President Rodríguez was one of the strongest presidents in Mexico's history. Fletcher stated that "President Rodríguez is developing Mexico in a commercial and cultural way."

Calles still had considerable sway, however, over some of Rodríguez's ministers, who often consulted with Calles before affecting policy. And rogue Finance Minister Alberto J. Pani attempted to temper Rodríguez's adoption of deficit spending and objected to the government's anticlerical tendencies. As a result, Rodríguez forced Pani's resignation from the cabinet. To appease Calles, who objected to the ousting of Pani, Rodríguez appointed Calles as Finance Minister.

Calles' health, which had never been particularly good, declined significantly during the Rodríguez presidency. In 1932 doctors discovered that Calles was suffering from a combination of arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and chronic intestinal disease caused by poor diet. Thus, his bad health and advancing age increasingly detracted from his attention to political issues. As a result of his health, he did not spend much time in Mexico City. During the Rodríguez presidency, Calles actually vacationed for months at a time at President Rodríguez's ranch in El Sauzal, Baja California, and at Calles' daughter-in-law's beach cottage in El Tambor, Sinaloa. To compound Calles's health woes, his young second wife, Leonor Llorente de Calles, was diagnosed with a brain tumor in spring 1932. She died in Mexico City a few months later, after a failed surgery. "Calles's health and state of mind constituted the Achilles heel of this powerful leader." Eventually, Calles bought a ranch in Cuernavaca, about 50 miles south of Mexico City, where he spent most of his time.

Rodríguez dealt competently with the public perception that, although he was president, Calles was still in charge. For instance, in March 1934, US President Franklin Roosevelt wrote Calles a letter "congratulating him on the peace and the growing prosperity of Mexico". The letter was to be delivered at a luncheon that Calles was hosting for Josephus Daniels, the new US ambassador to Mexico. Rodríguez was told of the luncheon at Calles's Cuernavaca ranch, to which many Mexican and foreign dignitaries had already been invited. The information was provided to Rodríguez by José Manuel Puig Casauranc.

When he heard of this slight, Rodríguez was adamant that the lunch be cancelled, since Calles was "simply a private citizen". It was not the prerogative of an ex-president to host such an event. Guests were disinvited on the pretext that Calles had taken ill. "The President maintained that if any such luncheon were to be given it should be given by him, and that if a message should come from President Roosevelt it should come to the President of Mexico." The Roosevelt letter to Calles was eventually delivered. Calles replied that although he held Roosevelt in very high regard, he was not part of the current President's administration.

After the letter incident, US Ambassador Daniels made another misstep by calling Calles the "Strong Man of Mexico" in an interview with the Mexican newspaper El Nacional. Rodríguez called Daniels out for this gaffe, with the ambassador subsequently claiming that he had been misquoted. Daniels later wrote in his memoirs that Daniels, Calles, and Puig Casauranc "knew that the man (Rodríguez) in Chapultepec Castle (the official presidential residence) was the President of Mexico".

Relations with the United States
Rodríguez was fluent in English, owned a home in San Diego, and had spent some time working in Los Angeles before the Mexican Revolution. He later became wealthy due to his dealings with North American business partners in Tijuana. In addition, his second wife was from Chicago. Thus, he was quite pro-American.

One of Rodríguez's first acts was to define the Mexican government's attitude toward the US. He said, "My policy toward the United States will consist of continuing the relations of friendship which have existed." In January 1933, the US Military Attache in Mexico, Robert E. Cummings, observed that "General Rodríguez is doing a good job as President and is assuming more and more the responsibilities and decisions, which were formerly left to General Calles during the Ortiz Rubio administration." And US Ambassador Reuben Clark reported that the peso had strengthened with Rodriguez, indicating the confidence in him in financial circles and that the policy of the United States was one of cordial friendship.

Education
Rodríguez's government organized the Council of Primary Education in the Federal District and created cultural missions in rural areas. He also established agricultural schools and regional farm schools, as well as schools for teacher education. He also established the Technical Council of Rural Education.

Narciso Bassols was Minister of Education and pursued a policy that took control of education out of the hands of Mexican states and put it under federal control. At issue was the continued influence of the Catholic Church on students. Under Bassols, the proposition that the education should explicitly advocate socialism was to be official policy, and he moved to embed that in the Mexican Constitution. Bassols also increased teachers' salaries and sought to undermine the influence of teachers' groups.

Many parents objected to sex education in the schools, and there was considerable resistance from the Church. Rodríguez shifted Bassols from Education to the high-level  post as Minister of the Interior, and Baddols then resigned. Rodríguez feared the potential of strong moves against the Catholic Church of causing problems for his successor as president.

Relations with the Catholic Church
Under Interim President Emilio Portes Gil, the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico and the Mexican government had come to an agreement that would end the Cristero War in 1929. The Catholic Church was displeased that there were continued anti-Catholic moves in parts of the country, especially Jalisco and Chiapas. Pope Pius XI issued an encyclical that objected to Mexican legislation detrimental to Catholic clergy.

Rodríguez strongly objected to the encyclical as full of falsehoods and "would incite the clergy to disobey the Mexican rulings". The Vatican's representative in Mexico, Apostolic Delegate Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres, tried to say that the Mexican government had misunderstood the Pope's message. Congress demanded his expulsion, and he was put on a plane.

Ruiz y Flores then called on Mexican Catholics not to be members of the PNR since it was socialistic and atheistic, and he called for action by the Catholic faithful. "Each Catholic should be converted into a school of Christian doctrine–into a real apostle—and we shall see that the persecution is converted into blessings from Heaven." The strongly anticlerical Calles, whose policies while president had provoked the Cristero War, called for the expulsion of the papal representative as well as the archbishop of Mexico. The papal representative was already outside the country and would be arrested if he returned. Rodríguez authorized Portes Gil, then Minister of the Interior, to draw up a recommendation, which he could discuss with Calles. Steps were taken against the high clerics, but there was no uprising of Catholics against the government, despite clerical calls for one.

Agriculture, labor, and industry
The government issued the Agrarian Code, which brought together scattered legislation on agrarian matters. Rodríguez renewed efforts to distribute landed estates into the hands of peasants, which had slowed under the Calles administration. Rodríguez promoted the activities of the National Agricultural Credit Bank.

President Rodríguez was responsible for many programs devised to help Mexican workers survive the Great Depression. In August 1933 he urged Mexican manufacturers and farmers to align with his plan to establish a minimum wage. Through the minimum wage law for Mexican workers, he aimed to intensify Mexico's industrial development and make the nation less dependent on international trade. The law took effect on 1 January 1934, and it was set at between one peso and three pesos daily, depending on the type of work and the region of Mexico. In August 1934, President Rodríguez stated that his minimum wage law had benefited 2.5 million agricultural and industrial workers, and increased the public's purchasing power by 1.5 million pesos daily since it took effect, for a projected total increase of 547,000,000 pesos by the end of 1934.

He created the Department of Labor and promoted the trade union movement and protected workers against management. He established regulations of the Federal Board of Conciliation and Arbitration and created the Federal Office of Labor Defense, of Agencies of Placements, of Dangerous and Unhealthy Work, of Labor Hygiene, of the Federal Labor Inspection and of Preventive Measures of Accidents. He was a supporter of co-operativies, which he thought would distribute the national wealth more equitably, and he pressed Congress to issue the Cooperatives Act.  Important for future actions on Mexico's petroleum industry was Rodríguez's creation of a private company, Petromex, tied to the government, that guarded supply for domestic use and could compete with foreign investors in the industry.

Infrastructure

Calles had initiated an ambitious program of road building, which continued in the 1930s under Rodríguez. Roads were would link important centers within Mexico as well as with the United States in the north and Guatemala in the south. They would also connect between remote areas of Mexico and the larger nation. Road building was a form of state building. Construction on the Pan-American Highway saw progress, with a map issued in 1933 showing the route.

Law
During his presidency, he improved the organization and operation of common justice, issuing the Organic Law of the District and Territorial Courts. The federal codes were reviewed and the Federal Law on Criminal Procedures was issued. He organized the Office of the Attorney General, determining the functions of the Federal Public Ministry, which carried out the study of the Law of Protection and issued the Personal Identification, Nationality and Naturalization, Foreign Service and General Mercantile Companies. He also implemented laws related to private charity and monopolies. He issued the Limited Liability and Public Interest Corporation Law. He enacted the Code of Military Justice.

Economy and finance
He established the National Economic Council and created the National Financial bank. He founded the Bank of the Pacific, the Mexican Bank of the West, and the Central Mexican Credit. He reformed the Law of Secretaries of State, transforming the Department of Commerce, Commerce and Labor into the Secretariat of the National Economy, which was responsible for establishing the bases of state interventionism and the managed economy.

Post-presidency
On 30 November 1934, Rodríguez peacefully passed power to Cárdenas, then returned to private life. As a reformer, Cárdenas outlawed gambling and closed all the casinos in the north, including the famed Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel. This deprived Rodríguez (and Calles) of a significant source of income. However, by this time, Rodríguez was already one of the richest men in Mexico.

Travel and life abroad
Rodríguez and his wife, Aída Sullivan, traveled the world for several years after the presidency, partly to avoid political intrigue. They visited the United States, Canada, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, India, China, Japan, the Philippines, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, Cuba, Panama, and Guatemala. The couple lived in London, England, from 1936 to 1937. Afterwards, Rodríguez traveled extensively through Russia with his personal secretary Alfonso Verdugo. While in Russia, Rodríguez studied the Soviet political system in great depth. Later, he wrote about what he saw there in his autobiography. After touring Russia, Rodríguez returned to Mexico in 1938.

Business interests
In 1938, Rodríguez and Sullivan moved to their sprawling ranch on the Pacific Coast, at El Sauzal in Baja California. During this time, Rodríguez invested his wealth in various productive industries. He primarily focused on shrimping, fishing and sea products packing. In 1939, Rodríguez built the Pesquera de Topolobampo in Topolobampo, Sinaloa. At the time, it was the largest shrimp-freezing plant in the world.

In September 1940, he warned President Cárdenas of the dangers of renewing Japanese shrimping concessions in Mexican waters. He convinced Cárdenas that a 100% Mexican shrimping industry was safer, and so the Japanese lost the concession. Rodríguez was key in helping to build this industry domestically, and he became involved in various seafood companies like Compañía Productos Marinos de Guaymas, S.A.

In 1942, he became the owner and operator of the 50,000-watt XERB radio station in Rosarito.

World War II
Mexico declared war on the Axis powers on 22 May 1942. Although the country's combat role was limited, Mexico did aid the Allies with air squadrons such as the Aztec Eagles. Mexico also helped defend the Gulf of Mexico. During the war, Rodríguez was appointed commander of the Gulf of Mexico Military-Naval Zone. This was the most important military zone in the country, due to constant incursion by Nazi submarines. As commander, he took steps to protect the Gulf from German U-boats. In July 1942, he ordered the arrest of two Nazi spies in the State of Veracruz. Both were suspected of signaling Nazi submarines. One of the Germans was found in a house on the beach with radio sets, code books, and firearms. The other, Gerhard Wilhelm Kunze, was a former leader of the German American Bund. Both spies were sent to the US to face trial for espionage.

Mexico's major contribution to the war effort was a steady supply of raw materials for US industry. Thus, during the war, Rodríguez also served as chief supervisor of the Mexican government's intensified farm-factory production program. In 1943, the US government provided drug plant seeds to the Mexican Department of Agriculture. This joint agriculture program supplied the war effort with plants used for legal drug production. Rodríguez personally donated land and labor to this drug plant-producing program.

Governor of Sonora
In 1943, he was elected governor of Sonora. While in office, he taxed Chinese casinos and "recreation centers", a euphemism for opium dens. The income allowed the government to avoid taxing "productive enterprises". Rodríguez himself had become a wealthy man, largely from vice income.

Infrastructure
In his position as governor of Sonora, his entrepreneurial energy and futuristic vision stand out, and he was the initiator of the modernization of Sonora, being an important manager in the construction of state infrastructure on which agricultural development was based. Under his administration, the Municipal Palace of Hermosillo and the Bank of Mexico building were built. Rodríguez also approved numerous drainage systems, dams, and municipal markets. In 1947, the Hermosillo-Nogales highway and the Benjamín Hill-Puerto Peñasco section of the Sonora-Baja California Railroad were completed. Rodríguez approved the project for the construction of a thermoelectric plant in the Port of Guaymas.

Education and philanthropy
During his tenure, he increased teachers' salaries and decreed the construction of 186 new school buildings, 11 expanded schools, and 145 rebuilt schools. Rodríguez also actively promoted university education in Sonora. The Museum and Library of the University of Sonora were built during his administration. It is estimated that half of the construction cost for the museum and library came out of his personal pocket.

He was convinced that education was the main weapon to combat inequality. In 1946 he and his wife Aída Sullivan brought together a committee of distinguished businessmen and prominent members of Sonoran society. Their goal was to solicit donations and allocate funds, in order to grant scholarships to low-income students from the State of Sonora. The committee proposed that the aggregate donations be invested, and that the investment returns would provide the funds to support the students. Rodríguez and Sullivan made a personal donation of 1 million pesos (US$47,989), thus endowing the initial assets and establishing the Fundación Esposos Rodríguez (The Rodriguez Couple Foundation). Over the years, the foundation has seen exponential growth in the number of scholarship holders who receive support. The foundation currently supports more than 5,500 students at different levels of education.

Post-governorship
Rodríguez resigned from his governorship in April 1948, citing health issued caused by diabetes.

Business interests
Rodríguez returned to his work in business. On 1 January 1950, he was appointed general manager of a large meat-packing firm in Sonora called Frigorífico y Empacadora S.A. In 1950, he became co-owner of a shrimp-freezing plant in El Golfo de Santa Clara, Sonora. In 1953, he built the Hotel Garci Crespo, a huge spa resort in Tehuacan, Puebla.

Film industry
Rodríguez became involved in the Mexican film industry during the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema. In 1950, he was appointed director general & chairman of the board of the Crédito Cinematográfico Mexicano, S.A. This government-sponsored film trade financial house was responsible for advancing the Mexican film industry, domestically and abroad.

Rodríguez became a leading movie exhibitor and producer. He owned a Mexican film distribution company called Distribuidora Mexicana de Películas, S.A. He also owned over 100 movie theaters in Mexico. In 1953, he helped modernize these theaters by installing CinemaScope technology. By 1954, Rodríguez had become known internationally as a film tycoon. He had acquired eleven top cinema houses in Mexico City, including Cine Opera, Cine Florida, Cine Colonial, Cine Chapultepec, and Cine Mariscala. He also owned the controlling interest in Mexico City's largest theater, the 6,500-seat Cine Coloso. Moreover, Rodríguez owned several provincial theaters.

Along with his North American business partner Theodore Gildred Sr., Rodríguez was the owner of Tepeyac Studios in Mexico City. Nearly 150 films were shot there, including Luis Buñuel's classic Los Olvidados (1950). Tepeyac Studios also produced the award-winning film Robinson Crusoe (1954), and parts of the film were shot there. Directed by Luis Buñuel, two versions of the film were created, one in English and one in Spanish. The film was a critical and commercial success and was distributed in Mexico by Rodriguez's film distribution company. In 1954, Rodríguez made a deal with 20th Century Fox to produce CinemaScope movies in Mexico. Tepeyac Studios closed down permanently in 1957.

Further political matters
In 1951, President Miguel Alemán Valdés, nearing the end of his six-year term, expressed his desire to have the Constitution amended to allow him to be re-elected. Former presidents Lázaro Cárdenas and Manuel Ávila Camacho, who had established the tradition of selecting the PRI's next candidate and peacefully transferring power, had Rodríguez give a statement that they didn't "think extension of the presidential term or re-election is convenient for the country." This allowed for the transfer of power to President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines in 1954.

In 1964, Rodríguez attended the inauguration of President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz.

Personal life
Rodríguez married three times. In 1917, he married Luisa Montijo of Guayamas. They had a son named Abelardo Luis (Rod) Rodríguez Montijo, who lived to be one hundred years old. But the couple was incompatible, so they soon separated by mutual agreement.

The second marriage was to Eathyl Vera Meier of Chicago, Illinois. They were married in Calexico in August 1921. Meier suffered from depression, which only got worse when she lost their daughter, who was born prematurely. Meier committed suicide at the Hotel Belmar in Mazatlán on 25 September 1922.

In February 1924, Rodríguez married Aída Sullivan Coya of Puebla. He was thirty-four years old, she was nineteen. They had three sons. His marriage to Sullivan was quite stable and lasted over forty years, up until Rodríguez's death.

Honoris causa
On 15 June 1951, Rodríguez received an honorary Doctor of Law degree from the University of California, Berkeley. His son Abelardo S. graduated from UCB on the same day, with a degree in business administration.

Autobiography
Rodríguez wrote a 445-page autobiography in 1962. The Autobiografía de Abelardo L. Rodríguez was published by the Senate of the Mexican Republic, Commission of Libraries and Editorial Affairs.

Family tragedy
A family tragedy affected Rodríguez deeply in later years. In 1964, his 39-year-old son Juan Abelardo and his daughter-in-law, Janine Ratliff died when their plane collided with power lines on takeoff. The couple had four young children, whom Sullivan and Rodríguez took into their care and raised.

Death
General Abelardo L. Rodríguez died at Scripps Clinic in La Jolla, California, on 13 February 1967.

Recognition
Abelardo L. Rodríguez's legacy includes a number of landmarks throughout Mexico. These include:

Baja California
General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport, Tijuana
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam & Reservoir, Tijuana River
General Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Jardines de Rubi, Tijuana
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Public Park, Colonia Centro Playas, Rosarito
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Ampliación Mazatlán, Rosarito
El Sauzal de Rodríguez, Ensenada Municipality
Hacienda Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Ensenada Municipality

Sonora
Monument of Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Hermosillo
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Boulevard, Hermosillo
Statue of Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Museum of the University of Sonora 1942, Hermosillo
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Reservoir, Hermosillo

Mexico City
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market, El Centro Histórico
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Deportivo Pensil
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Presidentes
General Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Presidentes de México
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia Jalalpa Calzada
Abelardo Rodríguez Street, Colonia Miguel Hidalgo
Jardín de Niños Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Iztapalapa

State of Mexico
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Colonia General Vicente Villada, Nezahualcóyotl
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Delegación Capultitlán, Toluca
General Abelardo L. Rodríguez Street, Delegación Capultitlán, Toluca

Aguascalientes
Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam & Reservoir, Aguascalientes City

Colima
Colonia Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Manzanillo

Morelos
Village of Abelardo L. Rodríguez

Nuevo León
Escuela Primaria Presidente Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Monterrey

Veracruz
Colonia Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Orizaba

Image gallery

See also

List of heads of state of Mexico

References

Further reading
 Buchenau, Jürgen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2007.
 Camp, Roderic Ai. Mexican Political Biographies. 2nd edition. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona, 1982.
 Cline, Howard F. The United States and Mexico. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1953.
 De Parodi, Enriqueta. Abelardo L. Rodríguez: Estadista y benefactor. Mexico City: Gráfica Panamericana, S. de R.L. 1957.
 Dulles, John W. F., Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution, 1919-1936. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961.
 Durante de Cabarga, Guillermo. Abelardo L. Rodríguez: El hombre de la hora. Mexico City: Ediciones Botas 1933.
 Feller, A.H. The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1923-34. New York: Macmillan 1935.
 Gaxiola, Francisco Javier Jr. El Presidente Rodríguez. Cultura 1938.
Krauze, Enrique, Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
 Rodríguez, Abelardo Luján (1928). Memoria administrativa del gobierno del Distrito Norte de la Baja California: 1924-1927 (in Spanish). Mexicali, Baja California: S/N. pp. 211–249. OCLC 427531964.
 Rodríguez, Abelardo L., Autobiografía de Abelardo L. Rodríguez . Mexico City: Senado de la República, Comisión de Biblioteca y Asuntos Editoriales 1962.
 Uribe Romo, Emilio. Abelardo L. Rodríguez: De San José de Guaymas al Castillo de Chapultepec; Del Plan de Guadalupe al Plan Sexenal. Mexico City: Talleres Gráficos de la Nación 1934.

External links
 English biography. Accessed 16 April 2005.

Presidents of Mexico
Governors of Baja California
Governors of Sonora
Mexican Secretaries of Economy
Mexican Secretaries of Defense
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Mexican generals
Mexican people of World War II
People of the Mexican Revolution
People from Guaymas
Politicians from Sonora
1889 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Mexican politicians

Abelardo L. Rodríguez


Le Valeille est une vallée latérale du haut val de Cogne, dans la région autonome italienne de la Vallée d'Aoste, dans le massif du Grand-Paradis.

Situation
Le Valeille s'étend du village de Lillaz, longeant le vallon de l'Urtier, jusqu'aux cimes du même nom, à la limite avec le Piémont. Il fait entièrement partie du parc national du Grand-Paradis.

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Val de Cogne
 Parc national du Grand-Paradis

Vallée des Alpes italiennes
Vallée dans la Vallée d'Aoste
Massif du Grand-Paradis
Parc national du Grand-Paradis

Valeille (vallée)