Christoph Friedrich Stälin, ab 1850 von Stälin, (* 4. August 1805 in Calw; † 12. August 1873 in Stuttgart) war ein deutscher Geschichtsforscher und Direktor der königlichen Bibliothek in Stuttgart.

Leben

Stälin entstammte einer Kaufmannsfamilie in Calw. Nach dem Gymnasium in Stuttgart studierte er 1821 bis 1825 Philosophie, Theologie und Philologie in Tübingen und Heidelberg, wo sich ein freundschaftlicher Kontakt zu dem Philologen und Mythenforscher Friedrich Creuzer ergab.

1825 wurde er Adjunkt bei der königl. Bibliothek zu Stuttgart, zunächst ohne Gehalt, aber mit der Aussicht auf eine feste Anstellung. Sein Vorgesetzter war der Naturforscher Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer, zu seinen Kollegen gehörten der Dichter Friedrich von Matthison und der Epigrammatiker Friedrich Haug. 1826 erfolgte die Ernennung zum Unterbibliothekar, 1828 zum Bibliothekar, 1846 zum Oberbibliothekar und 1869 schließlich zum Direktor.

Gleichzeitig führte er seit 1830 die Aufsicht über das Münz- und Medaillenkabinett sowie die Kunst- und Altertümersammlung. Die Aufstellung der in Württemberg aufgefundenen römischen Steindenkmäler im königlichen Kunstgebäude brachte ihm die Anerkennung Theodor Mommsens ein. 1831 wurde er königlicher Wappencensor, 1840 zum Mitglied des Statistisch Topografischen Bureaus des Königreichs Württemberg berufen, das er in allen historischen Fragen beriet. Für dieses Institut, speziell für die von demselben herausgegebenen Württembergischen Jahrbücher, fertigte er die jährliche Zusammenstellung der württembergischen Literatur an. 1850 übernahm er vorübergehend auch die Leitung der Anstalt.

Um sich weiterzubilden, unternahm Stälin mehrere Studienreisen. 1826 hielt er sich in Genf auf, den Winter 1826/27 arbeitete er an der königlichen Universitätsbibliothek in München, den Sommer 1827 verbrachte er in Paris, London und Oxford, den Sommer 1828 in Göttingen, wo er in Karl Friedrich Eichhorn einen dauerhaften väterlichen Freund fand. Es folgten Aufenthalte in Berlin, Dresden und Gotha. Den Winter 1832/33 verbrachte er in Venedig, Rom, Neapel und Mailand.

Sein Sohn Paul Friedrich von Stälin (1840–1909) wurde wie er Archivar und Historiker. Er war von 1901 bis 1905 Direktor des geheimen Haupt- und Staatsarchivs in Stuttgart. Stälins Tochter Emilie Charlotte (1838–1929) war mit dem Landesbiographen August Wintterlin verheiratet.

Wirken
Sein Hauptwerk war die Wirtembergische Geschichte (Stuttg. 1841–73, 4 Bde.), nach Leopold von Ranke die beste deutsche Provinzialgeschichte der damaligen Zeit. In der Nachfolge des Landeshistorikers Christian Friedrich Sattler stehend, sollte das Werk dessen veraltete Darstellung der württembergischen Geschichte ersetzen. Seine wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten verschafften Stälin allgemeine Anerkennung. So erhielt er von König Maximilian II. von Bayern und König Georg V. von Hannover die Angebote, ihre jeweilige Landesgeschichte zu schreiben, welche er jedoch ablehnte.

Stälins Arbeiten über die Geschichte Württembergs beschränkten sich nicht allein auf dieses Werk. Ebenso bearbeitete er die historischen Teile der württembergischen Oberamtsbeschreibungen in Memmingers Beschreibung des Königreichs Württemberg (Stuttgart 1824 ff.) und lieferte verschiedene Beiträge zu den Württembergischen Jahrbüchern. Im Auftrag des statistisch-topographischen Bureaus führte er das von Hofrat Christian Binder begonnene Werk Württembergische Münz- und Medaillenkunde zu Ende.

Als im Jahre 1858 König Maximilian II. von Bayern die Historische Kommission an der Akademie der Wissenschaften in München errichtete, war Stälin unter den zuerst Berufenen. Zusammen mit Georg Waitz und Ludwig Häusser redigierte er die Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte.

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
 1845 wurde er von der juristischen Fakultät zu Tübingen zum Doktor honoris causa ernannt
 1846 Mitglied der Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
 1848 Mitglied der kaiserlich-königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien
 1850 Ritter des Ordens der Württembergischen Krone
 Ritter des Guelphen-Ordens
 Ritter des Orden vom Zähringer Löwen
 Träger des Roten Adlerordens dritter Klasse
 1857 Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
 1859 Mitglied der königlich bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
 1865 Ehrenmitglied der philosophischen Fakultät in Wien.
 1867 Bayerischer Maximiliansordens für Wissenschaft und Kunst

Werke (Auswahl)
 Literatur von Christoph Friedrich von Stälin in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München

 Zur Geschichte und Beschreibung alter und neuer Büchersammlungen im Königreich Würtemberg, insbesondere der Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek in Stuttgart und der mit derselben verbundenen Münz-, Kunst- und Alterthümersammlung. Cotta, Stuttgart und Tübingen 1838.
 Wirtembergische Geschichte. Cotta, Stuttgart
 Bd. 1: Schwaben und Südfranken von der Urzeit bis 1080, 1847 (Digitalisat).
 Bd. 2: Schwaben und Südfranken: Hohenstaufenzeit 1080–1268 (Digitalisat).
 Bd. 3: Schwaben und Südfranken: Schluss des Mittelalters, 1269–1496 (Digitalisat).
 Bd. 4: Schwaben und Südfranken: vornehmlich im 16. Jh., Zeit d. wirtemberg. Herzoge Eberhard II., Ulrich, Christoph, Ludwig, 1498–1593 (Digitalisat).
 Mitarbeit: Beschreibung des Königreichs Württemberg. Cotta, Stuttgart 1847ff.
 Hrsg.: Annales Stuttgartienses: Jahrbücher des Stifts zum heiligen Kreuz in Stuttgart. Stuttgart 1851.
 Verzeichniss der in Wirtemberg gefundenen römischen Steindenkmale des Kgl. Museums der bildenden Künste. Metzler, Stuttgart 1860.

Literatur
 Zum Andenken an Christoph Friedrich von Stälin, Director, Oberbibliothekar an der K. öff. Bibliothek in Stuttgart & Geboren zu Calw dem 4. August 1805. Kirn, Stuttgart 1873.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Bibliothekar (Stuttgart)
Person (Württembergische Landesbibliothek)
Landeshistoriker
Nobilitierter (Württemberg)
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der Niedersächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen
Träger des Bayerischen Maximiliansordens für Wissenschaft und Kunst
Ehrendoktor der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
Träger des Roten Adlerordens 3. Klasse
Träger des Ordens der Württembergischen Krone (Ritter)
Ritter des Guelphen-Ordens
Träger des Ordens vom Zähringer Löwen (Ritter)
Württemberger
Deutscher
Geboren 1805
Gestorben 1873
Mann

Christoph Friedrich von Stälin


{{Infobox Navire
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  | légende           = LAncon dans le Pacifique en .
  | autres noms       = Ancon (1939–1962)State of Maine'' (1962–1973)
  | type              = Amphibious Force Command Ships
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  | chantier          = Quincy, Massachusetts
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  | indicatif         = AGC-4AP-66
}}
L'USS Ancon (AGC-4)''' est l'un des trois navires identiques construits pour la Panama Railroad Company mis en service en 1938. Le navire est converti en navire de transport de troupes par l'armée en janvier 1942, effectuant plusieurs voyages en Australie avec des troupes en tant que transport de l'armée. En août 1942, le navire est acquis par la marine américaine pour toute la durée de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et converti en un quartier général combiné, puis comme navire de commandement des communications.

Historique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des navires auxiliaires de l'United States Navy

Liens externes
 Colton Company: Bethlehem Steel Company Record of Pre-World War II Shipbuilding
 D-Day recording

Bateau lancé en 1938
Navire construit à Quincy (Massachusetts)
Navire auxiliaire de l'US Navy
Navire démoli en 1973

USS Ancon (AGC-4)


Hugh Steven James Mingay (rođenje 12. prosinca 1974.), poznatiji kao Skoll, je heavy metal glazbenik.

Životopis
Mingay pridružio se sastava Arcturus 1995. godine i svirao je do 2000. godine. Napustio sastav prije objavljena albuma The Sham Mirrors.

Skoll se vratio u Arcturusa 2002. i svira sa sastavom do danas. Također bio je basist sastava Ulver od 1994. do 1998. i basist sastav Ved Buens Ende i Fimbulwinter.

Diskografija

 Arcturus

 Aspera Hiems Symfonia (1996., kao gost)
 La Masquerade Infernale (1997.)
 The Sham Mirrors (2002., kao gost)
 Sideshow Symphonies (2005.)
 Arcturian (2015.)

 Ulver

 Bergtatt – Et Eeventyr i 5 Capitler (1995.)
 Nattens Madrigal – Aatte Hymne til Ulven i Manden (1997.)
 Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1998.)

 Fimbulwinter

 Servants of Sorcery (1994.)

 Ved Buens Ende

 Written in Waters (1995.)

Izvori

Norveški basisti heavy metala

Hugh Mingay


Bahieae, tribus glavočika u potporodici Asteroideae. Prizna je 21 rod. Ime je došlo po rodu Bahia.

Rodovi
 Schkuhria Roth (2 spp.)
 Achyropappus Kunth (3 spp.)
 Bahia Lag. (1 sp.)
 Holoschkuhria H. Rob. (1 sp.)
 Nothoschkuhria B. G. Baldwin (1 sp.)
 Apostates Lander (1 sp.)
 Picradeniopsis Rydb. ex Britton (8 spp.)
 Florestina Cass. (8 spp.)
 Palafoxia Lag. (12 spp.)
 Platyschkuhria (A. Gray) Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Hymenothrix A. Gray (11 spp.)
 Loxothysanus B. L. Rob. (2 spp.)
 Hymenopappus L´Hér. (14 spp.)
 Bartlettia A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Chamaechaenactis Rydb. (1 sp.)
 Peucephyllum A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Psathyrotopsis Rydb. (3 spp.)
 Espejoa DC. (1 sp.)
 Chaetymenia Hook. & Arn. (1 sp.)
 Thymopsis Benth. (2 spp.)
 Hypericophyllum Steetz (13 spp.)

Izvori

Glavočike cjevnjače

Bahieae


Le Olympique El Milia Kutamien (en ), plus couramment abrégé en OMK El Milia ou encore en OMK, est un club de volley-ball algérien, fondé en 2005 et basé à El Milia wilaya de Jijel, le club représente la région Kutamas.

Il évolue au plus haut niveau en Nationale 1.

Effectif
saison 2021/2022

1 : Amine Boultif
2 : Yaakoub Boufenghour
3 : Khalil Idjet
4 : Yacine Hakmi
5 : Aymen Fanit
7 : Sami Hezil
8 : Massinissa Azem
9 : Houssam Zerrouka
10: Omar Benftima
11: El Hadi Abdelkader
12: Mohamed Radi Krid
13: Rafik Djoudi
14: Ilyas Boussalem
15: Salah Djaghader
16: Fouad Bennini

Palmarès
 Championnat d'Algérie
 Vice-champion : 2018.

 Coupe d'Algérie
 Finaliste : 2017, 2019.

 Coupe d'Afrique des clubs champions
 Meilleur classement  en Égypte: 2018.
 Championnat arabe des clubs champions
 Meilleur classement  en Tunisie: 2022.

Notes et références

Club de volley-ball en Algérie

OMK El Milia


Konstelacija (kasnolat. constellatio) može značiti:

 zviježđe.
 konstelacija (astronomija), u astronomiji, je međusobni položaj nebeskih tijela, kakav se pričinja kada se zvjezdano nebo promatra sa Zemlje. Konstelacija je posebno položaj planeta, Sunca i Mjeseca međusobno i u odnosu prema zviježđima, osobito zviježđima zodijaka. Astronomski priručnici (godišnjaci) donose konstelacije za pojedina doba i dane godine radi jednostavna pronalaženja određenoga nebeskog tijela na zvjezdanom nebu. Na temelju konstelacija izrađivali su se nekada horoskopi i proricala budućnost.
 satelitska konstelacija
 konstelacija, u prenesenom značenju, znači raspored, razmještaj; stjecaj okolnosti, prilika; položaj, situacija.

Izvori

Konstelacija


«Darlin» —en español: «Cariño»— es una canción interpretada por la cantautora canadiense Avril Lavigne. Fue escrita por ella y producida por Deryck Whibley, cantante y guitarrista de Sum 41. Fue incluida en su cuarto álbum de estudio Goodbye Lullaby, lanzado en 2011.

Antecedentes
La canción fue escrita por Lavigne cuando tenía 15 años de edad, antes de firmar el contrato discográfico con Arista Records. Según la cantante, «Darlin» fue la segunda canción que escribió en su carrera; comentó que «Estaba tratando de descifrarlo todo [la música]. [Ésta canción] es muy especial para mí». [sic] También declaró: «Compuse esa canción en mi habitación, en Napanee, y cada vez que la escucho pienso en ese lugar. La escribí a los 15 años, por lo tanto, me trae recuerdos. También fue una de esas canciones que siempre estaba tocando con mis amigos». La canción fue producida por Deryck Whibley, exmarido de Lavigne y cantante de la banda canadiense Sum 41. El día que se conocieron, en 2002, Whibley tocó la canción para su banda y para ella. Ocho años después, en 2009, ambos grabaron la canción para incluirla en el cuarto álbum de estudio de la cantante.

En una entrevista con Avril Bandaids en 2009, Lavigne reveló el nombre de la canción y reiteró que su inclusión en su próximo álbum era segura. Aclaró que siempre quiso grabarla pero no se le había presentado la oportunidad; además comentó que ella es muy cercana a «Darlin» y que la inspiración para escribirla fue «alguien estimado por su corazón». Líricamente, la canción habla de un ser querido que está deprimido por algún problema personal.

Está escrita en la tonalidad do mayor y sigue la progresión armónica Do-fa-Lam-mi. Usa como instrumentos musicales una guitarra acústica y un piano.  Tiene una duración de tres minutos y 50 segundos. «Darlin» posee el estilo acústico y emocional que originalmente quería entregar Goodbye Lullaby. En la semana del lanzamiento del álbum, «Darlin» logró entrar al South Korea International Chart en la posición número 33, se mantuvo durante 6 semanas en dicha lista musical. El sitio Contactmusic.com describió a la canción como «un intento turgente por mostrar su escala de voz, por la cual Lavigne nunca ha sido reconocida».

Referencias

Canciones de 2011
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de Avril Lavigne
Canciones compuestas por Avril Lavigne

Darlin (canción de Avril Lavigne)


Family Holidays in Denmark - You'll love it! er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1978 instrueret af David Williams.

Handling
Turistfilm, beregnet til det engelske marked, der viser de seværdigheder og fornøjelser, Danmark kan tilbyde en familie på ferie.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Turistfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1978


Nordlysobservatoriet er et geofysiske observatorium i Tromsø, Norge. Det er en forskningsinstitution under Fakultet for naturvitenskap og teknologi ved Universitetet i Tromsø. Det blev oprettet i 1928, og det blev herefter slået sammen med Universitetet, da dette blev grundlagt i 1972. Nordlysobservatoriet er lokaliseret nær Prestvannet i Tromsø og har seks ansatte.

Nordlysobservatoriets første bygning blev rejst i 1927/28 og åbnede i 1930, efter at Rockefeller Foundation havde bevilget 75.000 dollars til oprettelsen. Leiv Harang ble den første leder for observatoriet.

Se også
 Nordlys

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hjemmeside for Tromsø Geophysical Observatory

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Tromsø
Fysik
Astronomiske observatorier

Nordlysobservatoriet


Branko Bačić (Dubrovnik, 7. lipnja 1959.), hrvatski je političar i diplomirani inženjer geodezije, aktualni je potpredsjednik Vlade Republike Hrvatske i ministar prostornog uređenja, graditeljstva i državne imovine te potpredsjednik Hrvatske demokratske zajednice. Hrvatski je branitelj. Bivši je predsjednik Kluba zastupnika Hrvatske demokratske zajednice u Hrvatskom saboru, ministar zaštite okoliša, prostornog uređenja i graditeljstva, kao i državni tajnik u Ministarstvu mora, turizma, prometa i razvitka. Ujedno je tri puta izabran za načelnika Općine Blato na Korčuli.

Životopis

Branko Bačić rođen je u Dubrovniku 7. lipnja 1959. godine. Diplomirao je na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 1982. godine.
Od 1982. do 1993. radio je u Upravi za katastar i geodetske poslove te je bio njen direktor.
Kao hrvatski branitelj, sudionik je Domovinskog rata 1991. i 1992. godine na Južnom bojištu.
Od 1993. pa do 2004. tri puta je izabran za načelnika Općine Blato na Korčuli.

Na parlamentarnim izborima 2003. godine izabran je za zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor. Ubrzo nakon toga, 5. siječnja 2004. godine, imenovan je državnim tajnikom u Ministarstvu mora, prometa, turizma i razvitka, slijedom čega mandat zastupnika u Hrvatskom saboru stavlja u mirovanje, a prestaje mu i mandat načelnika Općine Blato. Kao državni tajnik, obnašao je dužnost voditelja Stručne radne skupine pri Ministarstvu mora, turizma, prometa i razvitka za pregovore sa Stručnom radnom skupinom Bosne i Hercegovine u svrhu rješavanja problema neškodljivog prolaza ispod budućeg mosta kopno - Pelješac, a time i određivanja bitnih elemenata Pelješkog mosta. Sporazum s Bosnom i Hercegovinom potpisao je 7. prosinca 2006. godine u Sarajevu.
U tom mandatu, zajedno sa suradnicima, inicirao je i realizirao brojne projekte i infrastrukturne investicije na hrvatskoj obali, a najviše se zalagao za kvalitetniji život otočana. U njegovom mandatu državnog tajnika uvedene su vinjete za otočna vozila, noćne linije prema većim otocima, oznaka kvalitete i izvornosti - Hrvatski otočni proizvod, subvencioniranje otočnih poslodavaca i brojni drugi projekti prometne, komunalne i društvene infrastrukture.

Na parlamentarnim izborima 2007., izabran je za zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor. 12. siječnja 2008. godine ponovno je imenovan državnim tajnikom u Ministarstvu mora, prometa i infrastrukture. 2010. godine na kratko se vraća u Hrvatski sabor, da bi ubrzo nakon rekonstrukcije Vlade Republike Hrvatske 2010. godine bio imenovan ministrom graditeljstva, prostornog uređenja i zaštite okoliša. U svom mandatu ministra graditeljstva, prostornog uređenja i zaštite okoliša, 2011. godine predložio je, a Hrvatski sabor usvojio, Zakon o subvencioniranju i državnom jamstvu stambenih kredita, koji je zakon i danas najprivlačniji model kupnje stanova za mlade (tzv. Bačićevi stanovi). Ujedno, u tom mandatu je inicirao i kreirao, a Hrvatski sabor usvojio, Zakon o postupanju s nezakonito izgrađenim zgradama kojim je, uz zakonom propisane uvjete, omogućena legalizacija bespravnih objekata sagrađenih do 21. lipnja 2011. godine. Od 2008. do 2011. godine obnašao je i dužnost predsjednika Međunarodne komisije za sliv rijeke Save. Cilj osnivanja Savske komisije je održivo upravljanje vodama sliva, kao i rehabilitacija plovnog puta do Siska.

Na parlamentarnim izborima 2011. ponovno je izabran za zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor kao nositelj kandidacijske liste Hrvatske demokratske zajednice u X. izbornoj jedinici. U tom mandatu obnašao je dužnost predsjednika Odbora za zaštitu okoliša u Hrvatskom saboru.

Na parlamentarnim izborima 2015. četvrti je put izabran za zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor te je u tom kratkom mandatu obnašao dužnost potpredsjednika Odbora za prostorno uređenje i graditeljstvo.

Na izvanrednim parlamentarnim izborima 2016. peti je put izabran za zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor. Nakon konstituiranja Sabora, izabran je za predsjednika Kluba zastupnika HDZ-a u Hrvatskom saboru.

Na parlamentarnim izborima 2020. šesti put je izabran za zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor. Nakon konstituiranja Sabora, ponovno je izabran za predsjednika Kluba zastupnika HDZ-a u Hrvatskom saboru.

17. siječnja 2023. izabran je za potpredsjednika Vlade Republike Hrvatske i ministra prostornog uređenja, graditeljstva i državne imovine.

Od 2005. godine pet puta je biran za vijećnika u Županijsku skupštinu Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije, a 2009. i 2013. godine nositelj je kandidacijske liste Hrvatske demokratske zajednice za županijsku skupštinu. Zbog obveza u Vladi i Saboru, svoje vijećničke mandate u županijskoj skupštini stavio je u mirovanje.

Član je Hrvatske demokratske zajednice od 1990. godine. U tri navrata biran je za predsjednika Županijskog odbora Hrvatske demokratske zajednice Dubrovačko-neretvanske županije. Od 2008. godine član je predsjedništva Hrvatske demokratske zajednice, a dužnost Glavnog tajnika Hrvatske demokratske zajednice obavljao je od 2009. do 2012. godine.

Na unutarstranačkim izborima, održanim 15. ožujka 2020. godine, po načelu jedan član - jedan glas, izabran je za potpredsjednika Hrvatske demokratske zajednice.

Osobni život

Oženjen je sa Željkom Bačić i otac je Marice i Ane. Aktivno govori engleski jezik.
Utemeljitelj je Društva prijatelja "Vino u tradiciji življenja".

Izvori

HDZ-ovi ministri
Hrvatski sabor
Životopisi, Korčula

Branko Bačić


José Nora Barnay (Badalona, Barcelona, 10 de agosto de 1940 - Tiana, Barcelona, 8 de junio de 1993), fue un baloncestista español.

Trayectoria
Nacido en Badalona en el año 1940, ingresa en la UE Montgat con 12 años. Ya en el primer equipo, asciende a primera división en el año 1958 y al año siguiente ficha por el Picadero Jockey Club, equipo en el que se retiró con 30 años. Fue internacional por España durante 4 años, jugando el Eurobasket de 1961 y los Juegos Olímpicos de Roma del año 1960.

Internacionalidades
Fue internacional con España en 31 ocasiones participando en los siguientes eventos:
Eurobasket 1961: 13 posición.
Juegos Olímpicos 1960: 14 posición.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en sports reference

Baloncestistas de España
Baloncestistas de la selección de España
Baloncestistas del Unió Esportiva Montgat
Baloncestistas del Picadero Jockey Club
Deportistas de Cataluña
Nacidos en Badalona
Fallecidos en Tiana (Barcelona)

José Nora


Rola Music Fest (https://web.archive.org/web/20111229034449/http://www.rolamusicfest.com/ ) es el primer festival de tres (3) días de música en español realizado en los Estados Unidos. La primera edición del festival se celebró en la ciudad de Miami, Florida, el 11, 12 y 13 de noviembre del año 2011. Fundado por Javier Maggiolo y producido por la compañía Imagine Entertainment Group. Rola Music Fest es un festival de música al aire libre, dirigido al público hispano que busca presentar a los máximos exponentes de la música en español.

Etimología
ROLA es la abreviación de las palabras "'Rock Latino"'. La palabra ROLA en el coloquio mexicano significa "canción" y los colombianos la utilizan para denominar a las mujeres oriundas de la ciudad de Bogotá.

Historia
El primer Rola Music Fest se celebró durante los días 11, 12 y 13 de noviembre del año 2011 en el Klipsch Ampitheater (Bayfront Park) de la ciudad de Miami. El festival junto al aval de Amnistía Internacional, busca concientizar a los participantes sobre los derechos humanos y exaltar las raíces hispanas por medio de la música.

Rola Music Fest 2011 Line up
Viernes 11

 Oscar d'Leon
 Willy Chirino

 Jerry Rivera

 Proyecto Uno

 Grupo Niche

Amara La Negra
 Dj Willy

Sábado 12

 Jorge Gonzalez (Los Prisioneros)

Jarabe de Palo

Los Pericos

Caramelos de Cianuro
 King Changó

 Locos por Juana

 Divagash

Minimal

Estados Alterados

Social Klash

 Dj Mr. Pauer

Domingo 13
 Diego Torres
 Servando y Florentino
 Julieta Venegas
 Patafunk

Roba

 Témpano

Eduardo Osorio

 Donato Poveda
 Dj
Nayib Estefan

Enlaces externos

 http://mx.hola.com/noticias-de-actualidad/12-11-2011/87116/
 http://es.noticias.yahoo.com/jarabedepalo-rola-music-fest-miami-042615862.html

Festivales de música de Estados Unidos
Cultura de Miami

Rola Music Fest


Stepnói  es un posiólok del raión de Beloréchensk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Se sitúa 9 km al nordeste de Beloréchensk y 74 km al sureste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 605 habitantes (2008).

Pertenece al municipio Rodnikóvskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Степной (Белореченский район).
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Beloréchensk del krai de Krasnodar

Stepnói (Beloréchensk, Krasnodar)


Sharmila Devi (en ) née le 10 octobre 2001 est une joueuse indienne de hockey sur gazon. Elle est originaire de Hisar, Haryana.

Carrière
En 2021, elle est sélectionnée dans l'équipe indienne qui participera aux Jeux Olympiques de Tokyo.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse indienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en octobre 2001
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en Haryana

Sharmila Devi


أسيد2  هو اختبار تم نشره وترويجه من قبل مشروع معايير الويب لتعريف عيوب إظهار صفحات الويب في متصفحات الويب والتطبيقات الأخرى التي تقوم بإظهار لغة ترميز النص الفائق. تم تسميته بهذا الاسم نسبة إلى اختبار الذهب ، وتم تطويره على غرار أسيد1، اختبار محدود نسبياً للتوافق مع معايير صفحات الطرز المتراصة النسخة 1.0 (CSS1). أسيد2 تم إطلاقه في 13 أبريل، 2005. كما هو الحال في اختبار أسيد1، الطريقة التي يقوم بها المتصفح في إظهار الاختبار يتم مقارنتها مع صورة مرجعية. في حالة التطابق، يتم اعتبار المتصفح قد نجح في الاختبار.

في 31 أكتوبر 2005، سفاري 2.0.2 أصبح أول متصفح ينجح في الاختبار وتبعه أوبرا وكونكرر وفيرفكس وأخرون. بإطلاق إنترنت إكسبلورر 8 في 19 مارس، 2009، النسخ الأخيرة من جميع المتصفحات الشهيرة بإمكانها اجتياز الاختبار. المتصفحات الأكثر حداثة مثل جوجل كروم (المعتمد على إطار عمل وب كت المستعمل في سفاري) بإمكانها أيضاً اجتياز الاختبار. اختبار أسيد3 تبع اختبار أسيد2.

تطبيقات غير متوافقة

على الرغم من أن أوبرا ميني يعتمد على نفس محرك التصميم المستعمل في أوبرا للحواسيب الشخصية، إلا أنه لم يجتاز اختبار أسيد2. هذا بسبب أن أوبرا ميني يقوم بإعادة تنسيق صفحات الوب لجعلهم مناسبين للأجهزة ذات الشاشات الصغيرة.

وصلات خارجية
 موقع اختبار أسيد2

مراجع

اختبارات أسيد
استحداثات عام 2005
برمجيات ويب
تصميم الويب
عناصر اختبار
مصطلحات الإنترنت

أسيد2


El puente del Diablo  o puente Viejo de Ceret es un antiguo puente medieval de piedra de arco único que data del  (entre 1321 y 1341). Se encuentra en la ciudad de Céret (en el Vallespir, Francia). Pasa sobre el río Tec. El puente tiene una luz de 45,45 m, siendo así el de mayor vano del mundo entre 1341 y 1356. La altura en la parte superior del arco es de 22,3 m. La leyenda local dice que la piedra que le falta al puente habría sido robada por el diablo.

Historia

La construcción del puente comenzó en 1321 y terminó en 1341. Se construyó gracias a los fondos de la ciudad de Céret, ayudados por los pueblos vecinos. Fue parcialmente reconstruido en el .

Entre 1718 y 1762 se procedió a varias reparaciones. Se comenzó con la rehabilitación del contrafuerte del sur. En 1735 se rehabilitó la calzada, se sellaron las grietas y se elevaron los muros de cabecera y los contrafuertes. Estas obras se terminaron seis años más tarde. En 1750 se puso en marcha la refacción de los muros de contención del puente de la avenida del lado de Perpiñán mientras que en 1762 se procedió a la misma refacción del lado de Ceret.

El gobierno francés lo clasificó como monumento histórico en 1840.

Leyenda

La leyenda de Ceret parece bastante a otras leyendas que atribuyen la construcción de ciertos puentes al Diablo. Existan diversas variantes que tienen muchos elementos comunes con la de Ceret al .

El puente en los artes

El puente de Ceret ya se cita en una vieja copla pirenaica:

Jacinto Verdaguer se inspiró de esta tradición popular y la integró a los versos siguientes del Canto VII de Canigó:

Este puente fue pintado por Cézanne y también aparece en las pinturas de Auguste Herbin. Una escena de la película francesa "El jorobado" de André Hunebelle se filmó en el puente, cuando se ven a tres asesinos que van a España para eliminar Lagardère (Jean Marais) y la hija del duque de Nevers.

Véase también

 Puente de fábrica
 Anexo:Puentes de Francia protegidos como monumentos históricos
 Anexo:Monumentos históricos de Francia clasificados en 1840

Referencias

Diablo
Diablo
Diablo
Diablo
Puentes de Francia clasificados monumento histórico
Monumentos históricos de Francia clasificados en 1840
Edificios y estructuras de Pirineos Orientales
Arquitectura de Francia del siglo XIV
Arquitectura de 1341

Puente del Diablo (Céret)


Chantransia, rod crvenih algi iz porodice Lemaneaceae, dio reda Batrachospermales. Danas se vodi kao sinonim za Lemanea, ali je u njemu još 32 taksonomski priznatih vrsta.

Tipična vrsta Chantransia nigricans De Candolle, nom. illeg. 1801, sinonim je za Lemanea fluviatilis (Linnaeus) C.Agardh 1811

Vrste

 Chantransia ascosperma Reinsch
 Chantransia azurea A.l.Szinte, J.C.Taylor & M.L.Vis
 Chantransia batrachospermi Hamel
 Chantransia bergomensis Rabenhorst
 Chantransia bichotoma A.P.de Candolle
 Chantransia chiloensis Reinsch
 Chantransia coccinea Kützing
 Chantransia coerulescens Montagne
 Chantransia compacta Ralfs
 Chantransia crispata De Candolle
 Chantransia dichlora Rafinesque
 Chantransia flagellifera Reinsch
 Chantransia fontana (Kützing) Kützing
 Chantransia glaucida Chevalier
 Chantransia gracilis Chevalier
 Chantransia gracillima Reinsch
 Chantransia hauckii V.Schiffner
 Chantransia holsatica Lemmermann
 Chantransia incrustans Hansgirg
 Chantransia incrustans Lemmermann
 Chantransia minima Reinsch
 Chantransia muscicola (F.Weber & D.Mohr) Desmazières
 Chantransia nana (Dillwyn) Mougeot & Nestler
 Chantransia nigrita Kützing
 Chantransia nodosa (Lamarck) De Candolle
 Chantransia pennata Chevalier
 Chantransia polyrhiza Reinsch
 Chantransia pulchella (Agardh) Fries
 Chantransia ramellosa Kützing
 Chantransia richardsii (Skuja) Vis, Entwisle, J.A.West & Ott
 Chantransia roseola Zeller
 Chantransia vesciata (Müller) De Candolle

Izvori

Lemaneaceae

Chantransia


Fort Minor je (bio) Američki hip hop solo projekt kojeg je osnovao Mike Shinoda, 2005. godine, koji je još poznat po tome što je član jednog od najvećih bendova Američke rock scene, Linkin Park. Album prvijenac solo projekta, pod nazivom The Rising Tied, izdan je 22. studenog, 2005. godine, uz kojega su došli i singlovi Petrified / Remember the Name, Believe Me, Where'd You Go.

Povijest

Početak solo projekta
Odmah nakon što je bila gotova turneja za album Meteora, i  nakon što je Linkin Park izdao album Collision Course (u kolaboraciji s hip hop pjevačem Jay-Z-jem), Mike Shinoda je izjavio da će se članovi benda baviti solo projektima prije nego Linkin Park objavi svoj sljedeći album. Nedvojbena je činjenica da je Mike Shinoda radio na pjesmama "sa strane" još prije nego što je Linkin Park postao svjetski poznati bend,  te je u veljači 2005. godine najavio da radi na solo albumu. Nedugo nakon što je Collision Course bio izdan, Mike Shinoda je odlučio da će i dalje surađivati s Jay-Z-jem, te je u travnju 2005. godine, izjavio da će Jay-Z biti izvršni producent solo projekta na kojem radi. U tom periodu, postojala je bojazan od strane fanova Linkin Park-a, koji su mislili (izjavili) da je solo projekt na kojem Mike Shinoda radi, kraj samog benda Linkin Park-a, međutim na službenom forumu Fort Minor-a, isti je demantirao, rekavši "Fort Minor nije nikakav indikator da se Linkin Park raspada, s bendom je sve u redu. U posljednje vrijeme pričamo o novim pjesmama i albumu".

Mike Shinoda je uključio mnoge druge izvođače u svoj solo projekt, neki od njih su bili Styles of Beyond, Common, Black Thought, Kenna, Holly Brook, i još mnogi drugi. Također je bilo u planu da i Kanye West bude uključen u projekt, ali to se nije dogodilo. Prije nego što je album bio izdan, najavljen je prvi singl koji će biti izdan, pod nazivom Remember the Name, koji se u kolovozu 2005. godine našao dostupan na internetu.

We Major
We Major je mixtape koji je Fort Minor izdao 30. listopada, 2005. godine, nešto prije nego što je sam album solo projekta ugledao sunce dana. Mike Shinoda je surađujući s DJ Green Lantern-om izdao mixtape u svrhu da bi promovirao album te kako bi fanovima ukazao što ih čeka u samom izdanju albuma. Neke od pjesama samom mixtape su bile razmatrane da se ubace u sam album koji će tek biti izdan, 22. strudenog 2005. godine.

Sam mixtape uključuje izođaće poput Demigodz, Celph Titled i Apathy, kao i ostatak izvođača koji su zajedno s Mike Shinodom radili na albumu The Rising Tied. Mixtape je bio izdan u digitalnom izdanju i na CD-u, međutim kako se više CD ne može naći u prodaji, digitalno izdanje se još uvijek može naći na stranicama Celph Titled Bandcamp-a i to u specijalnom izdanju koje uključuje pjesmu Where'd You Go koju su remiksali Styles of Beyond.

The Rising Tied
Dana 22. studenog 2005. godine, izdan je sam album, čije su pjesme u finalnom izdanju sadržavale goste poput Holly Brook, Kenna, John Legend, Styles of Beyond, Joe Hahn, Common, Celph Titled, Jonah Matranga, Eric Bobo i Black Thought. Turneju za sam album Mike Shinoda je još počeo u kolovozu 2005. godine, koja se nastavila sve do svibnja 2006. godine. Prvi video koji je snimljen za album je bio za pjesmu Petrified, nakon čega je uslijedio i video za pjesmu Remember the Name. Album sadrži sveukupno 3 singla koja su izdana, a to su slijedom: Petrified / Remember the Name, Believe Me, Where'd You Go. Zadnji singl pod nazivom Where'd You Go, plasirao se na 4. mjesto Billboard-ove HOT 100 ljestvice. Samim time što je singl imao veliki uspjeh, Mike Shinoda  je za vrijeme turneje Linkin Park-a u kolovozu 2006. godine na Summer Sonic-u Japanu, odradio dva koncerta u jednom danu, jedan za Linkin Park, jedan za Fort Minor. Nakon odrađene turneje, Mike Shinoda se vratio s bendom Linkin Park u studio, gdje su radili na svom sljedećem albumu. Fort Minor je od tada bio u velikoj pauzi.

Welcome
Dok je Linkin Park radio na pjesmama za svoj novi album, Mike Shinoda je prezentirao svoju ideju bendu. Ta ideja je bila velika želja da sam napiše i snimi pjesmu koja je nevezana za novi album, ali koju će otpjevati na sljedećoj Linkin Park turneji. U lipnju 2015. godine, Mike Shinoda je izdao pjesmu pod nazivom Welcome, koju je otpjevao na Conan-novom showu, te je također odradio pet cijelih Fort Minor nastupa u Los Angelesu i Europi.

Budućnost

Budućnost Fort Minor-a
Nakon što je član benda Linkin Park-a, Chester Bennington počinio suicid 20. srpnja, 2017. godine, Mike Shinoda je snimio album Post Traumatic, te samim time nastupa po svijetu i u sklopu Post Traumatic turneje. Na listi pjesama, osim pjesama novo-izdanog solo albuma, nalaze se pjesme prethodnih albuma Linkin Park-a, kao i Fort Minor-a.

Mike Shinoda nije otkrivao nikakve detalje niti informacije vezane za budućnost Fort Minor-a. trenutno se on i bend još uvijek oporavljaju od gubitka njihovog nezaboravnog člana benda Chester-a Benningtona.

Diskografija

Studijski albumi

Mixtapeovi

EP Albumi

Singlovi

Fort Minor Militia

Članski klub Fort Minor-a
Za samo 15$ fanovi su se mogli učlaniti i dobiti članski paket pod nazivom "Fort Minor Militia". Fort Minor je bio nešto slično kao što je Linkin Park ima LP Undergound.

Paket je sadržavao sljedeće:

 Pristup sadržaju koji su imali samo članovi Fort Minor Militia
 DVD s video spotovima Fort Minor-a
 Fort Minor naljepnice
 Fort Minor flomaster
 Pismo od Mike Shinode
 Priliku da upoznaju Fort Minor u budućim Meet & Greet susretima
 Karte za koncerte prije nego krenu u redovnu prodajuDVD je sadržavao sve video spotove koje je Fort Minor snimio kao i dokumentarni film za jedno od videa koji je snimljen za Fort Minor. Točnija lista sadržaja DVD-a je sljedeća:

 The Making of Petrified
 Petrified video
 Remember the Name video
 Believe Me video

Pjesme koje su članovi Fort Minor Milita-je na mjesečnoj bazi mogli preuzeti su se počele objavljivati od samog početka, kada je album izdan, počevši od studenog 2005. godine, pa sve do lipnja 2006. godine. Lista pjesama je sljedeća

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica

Američki glazbenici

Fort Minor


An Pinellia pedatisecta in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. An Pinellia pedatisecta in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pinellia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pinellia

Pinellia pedatisecta


කොකට්‍රස් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මිත්‍යාමය මෘගයකු වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මොවුන් පාද දෙකක් සහිත මකරකු හෝ සර්පයකු වැනි ජීවියකු වන අතර, කුකුළකුගේ හිසක් සහිත ය. ලෝරන්ස් බ්‍රයිනර් පවසන පරිදි "එලිසබෙතානුවන්ගේ නාට්‍ය සහ කාව්‍යයන් හි භාවිත අලංකාර අංගයක්", වන මොවුන් සියවස් ගණනාවක් පුරා ඉංග්‍රීසි චින්තනය සහ මිත්‍යාවන් තුළ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබිණි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
 The Medieval Bestiary: "Basilisk" (includes Cockatrice)

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
 Laurence A. Breiner, "The Career of the Cockatrice", Isis 70:1 (March  1979), pp. 30–47
 P. Ansell Robin, "The Cockatrice and the 'New English Dictionary'", in Animal Lore in English Literature (London 1932).

බාහිර සබැඳි
Dave's Mythical Creatures and Places: Cockatrice

මිත්‍යාමය සැවුලෝ
ජනප්‍රවාදගත සර්පයෝ
මධ්‍යකාලීන යුරෝපීය ජනප්‍රවාදගත සත්ත්වයෝ
මිත්‍යාමය සත්ත්වයෝ
යුරෝපීය මකරු

කොකට්‍රස්


عقد 500 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 500 و31 ديسمبر 509 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 490 ولحقه عقد 510.

أحداث

مواليد

 أولمبردس الصغير (505)
 هند بنت عتبة (501)
 ستيفان البيزنطي (501)
 بلاجيوس الأول (505)
 عروة بن الورد (501)
 كسرى الأول (501)
 بيليساريوس (505)
 بهمن جاذويه (501)
 امرؤ القيس (501)
 الإمبراطور كيمي (509)
 يوحنا الأفسسي (507)

وفيات

 ألاريك الثاني (507)
 برة بنت عبد العزى (501)
 قابوس بن المنذر (501)
 يوأنس الأول (505)
 بزرجمهر (501)
 الإمبراطور بوريتسو (507)
 زو تشونغزي (501)
 النعمان بن الأسود (503)
 نرساي (502)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 500 ابتداءً من

عقد 500


Alphonse Louis Nicolas Borrelly (December 8, 1842 – February 28, 1926) was a French astronomer.

He joined the Marseille Observatory in 1864. In the course of his career, he discovered a number of asteroids and comets, including the periodic comet 19P/Borrelly.

The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Prix Valz for 1903 and the Prix Lalande for 1909. The asteroid 1539 Borrelly was named in his honor.

In 1913, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.

Comets discovered or co-discovered
The following is an incomplete list of comets discovered or co-discovered by Borrelly:
 C/1873 Q1 (Borrelly)
 C/1877 C1 (Borrelly)
 C/1877 G2 (Swift-Borrelly-Block)
 C/1889 X1 (Borrelly)
 19P/Borrelly
 C/1909 L1 (Borrelly-Daniel)

References

External links
  Obituary

1842 births
1926 deaths
19th-century French astronomers
20th-century French astronomers
Discoverers of asteroids
Discoverers of comets
Recipients of the Lalande Prize

Alphonse Borrelly


زقاق الجن منطقة صناعية في حيّ يقع في منتصف دمشق في منطقة «البرامكة»، من مناطق مدينة دمشق في سوريا.  يشتهر كسوق صناعي لبيع قطع تبديل السيارات، ومكان للباعة الجوالين.  كان الحي بساتين حتى خمسينيات القرن الماضي، وكان أهالي المنطقة يحسبون حساب الدخول إليها، لأنه كانت قد سرت إشاعات أنها مسكونة بالجن.

الاسم
رغم تغير اسمه وتبديله باسم شارع عثمان بن مظعون، إلا أن سكان المنطقة مازالوا إلى اليوم يطلقون عليه ذلك الاسم.

حول تسميته
كان العامة يعتقدون أن المنطقة مسكونة بالجن قبل أن تعمر، وأن الجن كانوا ينشرون في أرجاء المكان رائحة العطر والبخور، وربما يكون سبب وجود مثل هذا الاعتقاد أن المنطقة كثيرة الرياح، لوقوعها في ممر الرياح بين جبلي الربوة والمزة، فتقوم الرياح بتحريك الأشجار العالية، ما ينتج عنه أصوات تشبه الهمهمة والصفير.

وفي رواية أخرى حول التسمية يقول السكان إن المنطقة كانت مغلقة، فحين يقف شخص ويصرخ صوتا عاليا فيرتد إليه صدى هذا الصوت، الأمر الذي كان يخيف السكان.

أما القصة الأخرى فهي مختلفة عن سبب تسمية الحي، فيقال  أن راعي أغنام كان يرعى أغنامه في بساتين زقاق الجن، وفجأة بدأت إحدى أغنامه تستطيل إلى الأمام، فاعتقد أنها جني.

الموقع
يحد منطقة زقاق الجن من الغرب مدينة تشرين الرياضية، ومن الشرق شارع ابن العباس بداية الأوتوستراد السريع المتجه نحو الجنوب.

المنطقة
في المنطقة منشأت صناعية خاصة بالسيارات وقطع الغيار وكراجات لتصليح السيارات ومحطات للعناية بالسيارات ومحلات مختصة وشركات لقطع غيار السيارات والاليات الزراعية والصناعية.

حاليا
زقاق الجن طرأت عليه الكثير من  التغييرات، فقد توسعت منطقة «الشربيشات» التي تُسمى «الإطفائية» حالياً، ونظّمت منطقة زقاق الجن كمنطقة صناعية لتصليح السيارات.

مراجع

أحياء دمشق

زقاق الجن


An Rhynchospora capillacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Torrey. An Rhynchospora capillacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhynchospora, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Rhynchospora

Rhynchospora capillacea


Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. It is an RNA virus whose subtypes have been isolated from wild birds. Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics.

Each virus subtype includes a wide variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some may cause disease only in one species but others to multiple ones. Because the viral genome is segmented, subtypes are neither strains nor lineages, as the subtype designation refers to proteins encoded by only two of the eight genome segments.

A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. In 2011, researchers reported the discovery of an antibody effective against all types of the influenza A virus.

Variants and subtypes

Influenza A virus is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. It is an RNA virus categorized into subtypes based on the type of two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope:

H = hemagglutinin, a protein that causes red blood cells to agglutinate.
N = neuraminidase, an enzyme that cleaves the glycosidic bonds of the monosaccharide sialic acid (previously called neuraminic acid).

The hemagglutinin is central to the virus's recognizing and binding to target cells, and also to its then infecting the cell with its RNA. The neuraminidase, on the other hand, is critical for the subsequent release of the daughter virus particles created within the infected cell so they can spread to other cells.

Different influenza virus genomes encode different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. For example, the H5N1 virus designates an influenza A subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type 1 neuraminidase (N) protein. There are 18 known types of hemagglutinin and 11 known types of neuraminidase, so, in theory, 198 different combinations of these proteins are possible.

Some variants are identified and named according to the isolate they resemble, thus are presumed to share lineage (example Fujian flu virus-like); according to their typical host (example human flu virus); according to their subtype (example H3N2); and according to their deadliness (example LP, low pathogenic). So a flu from a virus similar to the isolate A/Fujian/411/2002(H3N2) is called Fujian flu, human flu, and H3N2 flu.

Variants are sometimes named according to the species (host) in which the strain is endemic or to which it is adapted. The main variants named using this convention are:
 Bird flu
 Human flu
 Swine influenza
 Equine influenza
 Canine influenza
 Bat influenza

Variants have also sometimes been named according to their deadliness in poultry, especially chickens:
 Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
 Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), also called deadly flu or death flu

Most known strains are extinct strains. For example, the annual flu subtype H3N2 no longer contains the strain that caused the Hong Kong flu.

Annual flu

The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu") in the US "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S." Globally the toll of influenza virus is estimated at 290,000–645,000 deaths annually, exceeding previous estimates.

The annually updated, trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses.

Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.

"Contemporary human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China and can reassort with avian H5N1 viruses in this intermediate host."

FI6 antibody
FI6, an antibody that targets the hemagglutinin protein, was discovered in 2011. FI6 is the only known antibody effective against all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus.

Structure and genetics
Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA virus. The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). H17N10 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012. H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013.Influenza type A viruses are very similar in structure to influenza viruses types B, C, and D. The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape. The length of each particle varies considerably, owing to the fact that influenza is pleomorphic, and can be in excess of many tens of micrometers, producing filamentous virions. Confusion about the nature of influenza virus pleomorphy stems from the observation that lab adapted strains typically lose the ability to form filaments and that these lab adapted strains were the first to be visualized by electron microscopy. Despite these varied shapes, the virions of all influenza type A viruses are similar in composition. They are all made up of a viral envelope containing two main types of proteins, wrapped around a central core.

The two large proteins found on the outside of viral particles are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA is a protein that mediates binding of the virion to target cells and entry of the viral genome into the target cell. NA is involved in release from the abundant non-productive attachment sites present in mucus as well as the release of progeny virions from infected cells. These proteins are usually the targets for antiviral drugs. Furthermore, they are also the antigen proteins to which a host's antibodies can bind and trigger an immune response. Influenza type A viruses are categorized into subtypes based on the type of these two proteins on the surface of the viral envelope. There are 16 subtypes of HA and 9 subtypes of NA known, but only H 1, 2 and 3, and N 1 and 2 are commonly found in humans.

The central core of a virion contains the viral genome and other viral proteins that package and protect the genetic material. Unlike the genomes of most organisms (including humans, animals, plants, and bacteria) which are made up of double-stranded DNA, many viral genomes are made up of a different, single-stranded nucleic acid called RNA. Unusually for a virus, though, the influenza type A virus genome is not a single piece of RNA; instead, it consists of segmented pieces of negative-sense RNA, each piece containing either one or two genes which code for a gene product (protein). The term negative-sense RNA just implies that the RNA genome cannot be translated into protein directly; it must first be transcribed to positive-sense RNA before it can be translated into protein products. The segmented nature of the genome allows for the exchange of entire genes between different viral strains.

The entire Influenza A virus genome is 13,588 bases long and is contained on eight RNA segments that code for at least 10 but up to 14 proteins, depending on the strain. The relevance or presence of alternate gene products can vary:
 Segment 1 encodes RNA polymerase subunit (PB2).
 Segment 2 encodes RNA polymerase subunit (PB1) and the PB1-F2 protein, which induces cell death, by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
 Segment 3 encodes RNA polymerase subunit (PA) and the PA-X protein, which has a role in host transcription shutoff.
 Segment 4 encodes for HA (hemagglutinin). About 500 molecules of hemagglutinin are needed to make one virion. HA determines the extent and severity of a viral infection in a host organism.
 Segment 5 encodes NP, which is a nucleoprotein.
 Segment 6 encodes NA (neuraminidase). About 100 molecules of neuraminidase are needed to make one virion.
 Segment 7 encodes two matrix proteins (M1 and M2) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment. About 3,000 matrix protein molecules are needed to make one virion.
 Segment 8 encodes two distinct non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.

The RNA segments of the viral genome have complementary base sequences at the terminal ends, allowing them to bond to each other with hydrogen bonds. Transcription of the viral (-) sense genome (vRNA) can only proceed after the PB2 protein binds to host capped RNAs, allowing for the PA subunit to cleave several nucleotides after the cap. This host-derived cap and accompanied nucleotides serve as the primer for viral transcription initiation. Transcription proceeds along the vRNA until a stretch of several uracil bases is reached, initiating a 'stuttering' whereby the nascent viral mRNA is poly-adenylated, producing a mature transcript for nuclear export and translation by host machinery.

The RNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus, while the synthesis of proteins takes place in the cytoplasm. Once the viral proteins are assembled into virions, the assembled virions leave the nucleus and migrate towards the cell membrane. The host cell membrane has patches of viral transmembrane proteins (HA, NA, and M2) and an underlying layer of the M1 protein which assist the assembled virions to budding through the membrane, releasing finished enveloped viruses into the extracellular fluid.

The subtypes of influenza A virus are estimated to have diverged 2,000 years ago. Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago.

Multiplicity reactivation
Influenza virus is able to undergo multiplicity reactivation after inactivation by UV radiation, or by ionizing radiation. If any of the eight RNA strands that make up the genome contains damage that prevents replication or expression of an essential gene, the virus is not viable when it alone infects a cell (a single infection).  However, when two or more damaged viruses infect the same cell (multiple infection), viable progeny viruses can be produced provided each of the eight genomic segments is present in at least one undamaged copy.  That is, multiplicity reactivation can occur.

Upon infection, influenza virus induces a host response involving increased production of reactive oxygen species, and this can damage the virus genome. If, under natural conditions, virus survival is ordinarily vulnerable to the challenge of oxidative damage, then multiplicity reactivation is likely selectively advantageous as a kind of genomic repair process.  It has been suggested that multiplicity reactivation involving segmented RNA genomes may be similar to the earliest evolved form of sexual interaction in the RNA world that likely preceded the DNA world.

Human influenza virus

"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known influenza A virus subtypes currently circulating among humans.

Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian influenza viruses" include:
PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine.
HA: (hemagglutinin): Avian influenza HA binds alpha 2–3 sialic acid receptors, while human influenza HA binds alpha 2–6 sialic acid receptors. Swine influenza viruses have the ability to bind both types of sialic acid receptors.

Human flu symptoms usually include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. The severity of the infection will depend in large part on the state of the infected person's immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the strain before, and is therefore partially immune. Follow-up studies on the impact of statins on influenza virus replication show that pre-treatment of cells with atorvastatin suppresses virus growth in culture.

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human is far worse, killing 50% of humans who catch it. In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms.

The influenza A virus subtypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are:
 H1N1 caused "Spanish flu" in 1918 and the 2009 swine flu pandemic
 H2N2 caused "Asian flu" in the late 1950s
 H3N2 caused "Hong Kong flu" in the late 1960s
 H5N1 is considered a global influenza pandemic threat through its spread in the mid-2000s
 H7N9 is responsible for a 2013 epidemic in China and considered by Dr. Michael Greger, author of How Not to Die, to have the greatest pandemic threat of the Influenza A viruses
 H7N7 has some zoonotic potential: it has rarely caused disease in humans
 H1N2 is currently endemic in pigs and has rarely caused disease in humans
 H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H5N2, H10N7, H10N3, and H5N8

H1N1

H1N1 was responsible for the 2009  pandemic in both human and pig populations. A variant of H1N1 was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. Another variant was named a pandemic threat in the 2009 flu pandemic. Controversy arose in October 2005, after the H1N1 genome was published in the journal, Science, because of fears that this information could be used for bioterrorism.

H1N2

H1N2 is endemic in pig populations  and has been documented in a few human cases.

H2N2

The Asian flu, a pandemic outbreak of H2N2 avian influenza, originated in China in 1957, spread worldwide that same year during which an influenza vaccine was developed, lasted until 1958 and caused between one and four million deaths.

H3N2

H3N2 is currently endemic in both human and pig populations. It evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift and caused the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968, and 1969, that killed up to 750,000. A severe form of the H3N2 virus killed several children in the United States in late 2003.

The dominant strain of annual flu in January 2006 was H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005. Human H3N2 influenza viruses are now endemic in pigs in southern China, where they circulate together with avian H5N1 viruses.

H5N1

H5N1 is the world's major influenza pandemic threat.

H5N2

Japan's Health Ministry said January 2006 that poultry farm workers in Ibaraki prefecture may have been exposed to H5N2 in 2005. The H5N2 antibody titers of paired sera of 13 subjects increased fourfold or more.

H5N8

In February 2021, Russia reported the first known cases of H5N8 in humans. Seven people were confirmed to have been infected in December 2020 and have since recovered. There was no indication of human-to-human transmission.

H5N9

A highly pathogenic strain of H5N9 caused a minor flu outbreak in 1966 in Ontario and Manitoba, Canada in turkeys.

H7N2

One person in New York in 2003, and one person in Virginia in 2002, were found to have serologic evidence of infection with H7N2. Both fully recovered.

H7N3

In North America, the presence of avian influenza strain H7N3 was confirmed at several poultry farms in British Columbia in February 2004.  As of April 2004, 18 farms had been quarantined to halt the spread of the virus.  Two cases of humans with avian influenza have been confirmed in that region. "Symptoms included conjunctivitis and mild influenza-like illness." Both fully recovered.

H7N7

H7N7 has unusual zoonotic potential. In 2003 in the Netherlands, 89 people were confirmed to have H7N7 influenza virus infection following an outbreak in poultry on several farms. One death was recorded.

H7N9

On 2 April 2013, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health of Hong Kong confirmed four more cases in Jiangsu province in addition to the three cases initially reported on 31 March 2013. This virus also has the greatest potential for an influenza pandemic among all of the Influenza A subtypes.

H9N2

Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) infection was confirmed in 1999, in China and Hong Kong in two children, and in 2003 in Hong Kong in one child. All three fully recovered.

H10N7

In 2004, in Egypt, H10N7 was reported for the first time in humans. It caused illness in two infants in Egypt. One child's father was a poultry merchant.
H10N3

In May 2021, in Zhenjiang, China H10N3 was reported for the first time in humans. One person was infected.

Evolution

According to Jeffery Taubenberger:All influenza A pandemics since [the Spanish flu pandemic], and indeed almost all cases of influenza A worldwide (excepting human infections from avian viruses such as H5N1 and H7N7), have been caused by descendants of the 1918 virus, including "drifted" H1N1 viruses and reassorted H2N2 and H3N2 viruses. The latter are composed of key genes from the 1918 virus, updated by subsequently incorporated avian influenza genes that code for novel surface proteins, making the 1918 virus indeed the "mother" of all pandemics.Researchers from the National Institutes of Health used data from the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project and concluded that during the ten-year period examined, most of the time the hemagglutinin gene in H3N2 showed no significant excess of mutations in the antigenic regions while an increasing variety of strains accumulated. This resulted in one of the variants eventually achieving higher fitness, becoming dominant, and in a brief interval of rapid evolution, rapidly sweeping through the population and eliminating most other variants.

In the short-term evolution of influenza A virus, a 2006 study found that stochastic, or random, processes are key factors. Influenza A virus HA antigenic evolution appears to be characterized more by punctuated, sporadic jumps as opposed to a constant rate of antigenic change. Using phylogenetic analysis of 413 complete genomes of human influenza A viruses that were collected throughout the state of New York, the authors of Nelson et al. 2006 were able to show that genetic diversity, and not antigenic drift, shaped the short-term evolution of influenza A via random migration and reassortment.  The evolution of these viruses is dominated more by the random importation of genetically different viral strains from other geographic locations and less by natural selection.  Within a given season, adaptive evolution is infrequent and had an overall weak effect as evidenced from the data gathered from the 413 genomes.  Phylogenetic analysis revealed the different strains were derived from newly imported genetic material as opposed to isolates that had been circulating in New York in previous seasons.  Therefore, the gene flow in and out of this population, and not natural selection, was more important in the short term.

Other animals
See H5N1 for the current epizootic (an epidemic in nonhumans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area) of H5N1 influenza

Avian influenza

Fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of influenza A viruses. Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of influenza A virus had been demonstrated to be transmitted from wildfowl to only birds, pigs, horses, seals, whales and humans; and only between humans and pigs and between humans and domestic fowl; and not other pathways such as domestic fowl to horse.

Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A viruses. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from these birds to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics.

H5N1 has been shown to be transmitted to tigers, leopards, and domestic cats that were fed uncooked domestic fowl (chickens) with the virus. H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs. Laboratory mice have been infected successfully with a variety of avian flu genotypes.

Influenza A viruses spread in the air and in manure, and survives longer in cold weather. They can also be transmitted by contaminated feed, water, equipment, and clothing; however, there is no evidence the virus can survive in well-cooked meat. Symptoms in animals vary, but virulent strains can cause death within a few days. Avian influenza viruses that the World Organisation for Animal Health and others test for to control poultry disease include H5N1, H7N2, H1N7, H7N3, H13N6, H5N9, H11N6, H3N8, H9N2, H5N2, H4N8, H10N7, H2N2, H8N4, H14N5, H6N5, and H12N5.

Known outbreaks of highly pathogenic flu in poultry 1959–2003

 *Outbreaks with significant spread to numerous farms, resulting in great economic losses. Most other outbreaks involved little or no spread from the initially infected farms.

More than 400 harbor seal deaths were recorded in New England between December 1979 and October 1980, from acute pneumonia caused by the influenza virus, A/Seal/Mass/1/180 (H7N7).

Swine flu

Swine influenza (or "pig influenza") refers to a subset of Orthomyxoviridae that create influenza and are endemic in pigs. The species of Orthomyxoviridae that can cause flu in pigs are influenza A virus and influenza C virus, but not all genotypes of these two species infect pigs. The known subtypes of influenza A virus that create influenza and are endemic in pigs are H1N1, H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2. In 1997, H3N2 viruses from humans entered the pig population, causing widespread disease among pigs.

Horse flu

Horse flu (or "equine influenza") refers to varieties of influenza A virus that affect horses. Horse flu viruses were only isolated in 1956. The two main types of virus are called equine-1 (H7N7), which commonly affects horse heart muscle, and equine-2 (H3N8), which is usually more severe. H3N8 viruses from horses have infected dogs.

Dog flu

Dog flu (or "canine influenza") refers to varieties of influenza A virus that affect dogs. The equine influenza virus H3N8 was found to infect and kill – with respiratory illness – greyhound race dogs at a Florida racetrack in January 2004.

Bat flu

Bat flu (or "Bat influenza") refers to the H17N10 and H18N11 influenza A virus strains that were discovered in Central and South American fruit bats as well as a H9N2 virus isolated from the Egyptian fruit bat. Until now it is unclear whether these bat-derived viruses are circulating in any non-bat species and whether they pose a zoonotic threat. Initial characterization of the H18N11 subtype, however, suggests that this bat influenza virus is not well adapted to any other species than bats.

H3N8

H3N8 is now endemic in birds, horses and dogs.

Subtype list

Influenza A virus has the following subtypes:

 Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
 Influenza A virus subtype H1N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H2N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H2N3
 Influenza A virus subtype H3N1
 Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H3N8
 Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
 Influenza A virus subtype H5N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H5N3
 Influenza A virus subtype H5N6
 Influenza A virus subtype H5N8
 Influenza A virus subtype H5N9
 Influenza A virus subtype H6N1
 Influenza A virus subtype H6N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H7N1
 Influenza A virus subtype H7N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H7N3
 Influenza A virus subtype H7N4
 Influenza A virus subtype H7N7
 Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
 Influenza A virus subtype H9N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H10N3
 Influenza A virus subtype H10N7
 Influenza A virus subtype H10N8
 Influenza A virus subtype H11N2
 Influenza A virus subtype H11N9
 Influenza A virus subtype H17N10
 Influenza A virus subtype H18N11

See also
 FI6 (antibody)
 Influenza vaccine
 Veterinary virology

Notes

Further reading
Official sources

 Avian influenza and Influenza Pandemics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Avian influenza FAQ from the World Health Organization
 Avian influenza information from the Food and Agriculture Organization
 U.S. Government's avian influenza information website
 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm, Sweden

General information

 "The Bird Flu and You" Full-color poster provided by the Center for Technology and National Security Policy at the National Defense University, in collaboration with the National Security Health Policy Center
 Special issue on avian flu from Nature
 Nature Reports: Homepage: Avian Flu

 Pandemic Influenza: Domestic Preparedness Efforts Congressional Research Service Report on Pandemic Preparedness.
 A guide to bird flu and its symptoms from BBC Health

 Links to Bird Flu pictures (Hardin MD/Univ of Iowa)

External links
 Influenza Research Database – Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
 Health-EU portal European Union response to influenza

Animal virology
Zoonoses

de:Influenzavirus#Influenza-A-Subtypen

Influenza A virus


Dr. Alexander Tollmann (27 June 1928 – 8 August 2007) was an Austrian professor of geology.
He was born in Vienna. He had been professor at the Geologischen Institut of the University of Vienna since 1969. He was a political activist working to free Austria from nuclear energy and a founder of the Austrian Green Party  (Vereinten Grünen Österreichs or VGÖ).

In 1993, with his wife, paleontologist Edith Kristan-Tollmann, he published a monograph, Und die Sintflut gab es doch. Vom Mythos zur historischen Wahrheit, which claimed that Noah's flood was the consequence of a bolide impact about 9500 years ago, and supported the claim through geology (impact craters, iridium, shatter cones, stress lamination of minerals, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, a peak of acid in the Greenland ice) and legends and folk traditions. See Tollmann's hypothetical bolide.

Later in his life, he turned to esoteric fields and published obscure hypotheses for which he was strongly criticized by the scientific community. In 1998 the husband-and-wife team (posthumously; his wife had died in 1995) published Das Weltenjahr geht zur Neige: Mythos und Wahrheit der Prophezeiungen. The book was on the Austrian bestseller list for weeks. In August 1999, he predicted a world-wide catastrophe by studying the predictions of Nostradamus, that he awaited in his bunker in Lower Austria. In December 2003, Tollmann published Und die Wahrheit siegt schließlich doch (And the truth finally prevails).

References

1928 births
2007 deaths
The Greens – The Green Alternative politicians
20th-century Austrian geologists

Alexander Tollmann


Die ehemaligen Lützendorf-Kasernen sind architektonisch prägender Bestandteil der Bebauung am Südhang des Ettersberges und gehören zum Stadtteil Weimar-Nord. sie befinden sich u. a. an der Lützendorfer Straße.

Entstehung und Nutzung
Weimar erhielt bei der Aufrüstung der Wehrmacht in den 1930er Jahren mehrere Neubauten von Wehrmachtskasernen auf der Lützendorfer Flur, dem Gelände um die ehemalige Wüstung Lützendorf, die erstmals 1295 erwähnt wurde. Im sogenannten Bruderkrieg zwischen 1448 und 1451 wurde sie völlig zerstört, bis auf eine Kapelle, die erst 1530 abgerissen wurde.

Seit 1935 wurden östlich und westlich der Ettersburger Straße eine Reihe von Kasernengebäuden parallel zur Falllinie des Ettersberghangs errichtet. In diese Kasernen zog u. a. 1939 das von Gera verlegte Schützenregiment ein. Die Kasernen auf der westlichen Seite waren dem Heer zugeordnet worden. Die Bauten östlich der Ettersburger Straße waren bereits ab 1936 von einer Luftwaffeneinheit bezogen worden. Am Herrenrödchen befand sich noch das Offizierskasino der Lützendorf-Kasernen, das infolge Brandes 2020 abgerissen werden musste.

In einer der Lützendorf-Kasernen war auch der Dichter Wolfgang Borchert. Er diente bei der 3. / Panzer-Nachrichten-Ersatz-Abteilung 81 in der Tannenbergkaserne. Vom Juli bis September 1941 war er zur Grundausbildung bei dieser Einheit. Borchert litt unter dem militärischen Drill, von dem er sich Luft machte in Briefen und Postkarten an seine Freunde.  Auf einer dieser Karten mit dem Foto seiner Kaserne vermerkte er: "[a]us einem der schönsten Zuchthäuser des Dritten Reichs".

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges 1945 wurden die Kasernen wenige Wochen von der US Army belegt und dann bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre von sowjetischen Truppen der 8. Gardearmee.

Seit 1990 wurde ein Teil der Kasernengebäude saniert und einer zivilen Nutzung zugeführt.

Literatur
Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
Hans-Joachim Eilhardt: Frühjahr 1945: Kampf um Berlin und Flucht in den Westen, Aachen 2003, ISBN 3-933608-76-7
Gitta Günther, Wolfram Huschke, Walter Steiner (Hrsg.): Weimar. Lexikon zur Stadtgeschichte. Weimar 1998, ISBN 3-7400-0807-5.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk der Moderne in Weimar
Ehemalige Kaserne in Thüringen
Kulturdenkmal in Weimar
Erbaut in den 1930er Jahren
Architektur im Nationalsozialismus
Weimar-Nord

Lützendorf-Kasernen


Monteseiro (llamada oficialmente San Bartolo de Monteseiro) es una parroquia y una aldea española del municipio de Fonsagrada, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Otras denominaciones

La parroquia también es conocida por los nombres de San Bartolomé de Monteseiro y San Bartolomeu de Monteseiro.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por once entidades de población, constando ocho de ellas en el nomenclátor del Instituto Nacional de Estadística español:

Etimología

En la antigüedad recibía los nombres de Monteoseiro o Monte do Oseiro.

Entidades de población

Entidades de población que forman parte de la parroquia:
 Acebo (O Acevo)
 Armilda (A Armilda)
 Cabreira
 Chao de Leira
 Ludeiro (O Ludeiro)
 Monteseiro
 Palmeán
 Pucariña (A Pucariña)

Despoblados

Despoblados que forman parte de la parroquia:
 Cova
 Navallo (O Navallo)
 Panda (A Panda)

Demografía

Parroquia

Aldea

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Fonsagrada
Localidades de Fonsagrada
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

Monteseiro


Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, 2 Ocak 1921 tarihinde Brezilya'nın Belo Horizonte kentinde kurulmuş bir futbol kulübüdür. Série B'da mücadele etmektedir. Maçlarını 62.160 kişilik Mineirão Stadyumu'nda oynamaktadır. Ayrıca Ronaldo'nun ilk takımıdır. Ronaldo 17 yaşındayken oynamaya başladığı Cruzeiro'da 14 maçta 12 gol atarak, Brezilya millî takım teknik direktörü Carlos Alberto Parreira'nın dikkatini çekti. 18 yaşında 1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda şampiyon olan Brezilya millî takımının kadrosunda yer aldı.

Başarıları

Bölgesel
Campeonato Mineiro (37): 1926, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1940, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011
Copa dos Campeões Mineiros (2): 1991 e 1999
Supercampeonato Mineiro (1): 2002
Taça Minas Gerais (5): 1973, 1982, 1983, 1984 e 1985
Tournament Start (10): 1926, 1927, 1929, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1948 e 1966
Copa Sul-Minas (2) : 2001, 2002
Copa Centro-Oeste (1): 1999

Ulusal
Série A (4): 1966, 2003, 2013, 2014
Copa do Brasil (6):1993, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2017, 2018

Uluslararası
CONMEBOL Libertadores (2): 1976, 1997
Supercopa Sudamericana (2): 1991, 1992
Copa de Oro (1): 1995
Recopa Sudamericana (1): 1998
Supercopa Masters (1): 1995
Kıtalararası Kupa ikinciliği (1): 1997

Takım Kadrosu

Dış bağlantılar

 Cruzeiro EC Resmi Sitesi

Brezilya'daki futbol kulüpleri
1921'de Brezilya'da kurulan oluşumlar
1921'de kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Cruzeiro EC


John Jeremy Thorpe PC (født 29. april 1929 i South Kensington, London – død 4. december 2014 i London) var en britisk politiker, der var leder af det liberale parti fra 1967 til 1976.

Barndom og ungdom
Både Jeremy Thorpes far og morfar havde været konservative medlemmer af Underhuset. I Thorpes barndomshjem kom der mange politikere på besøg. Én af de besøgende var den tidligere liberale partileder og premierminister David Lloyd George (død 1945). Lloyd Georges datter, den walisiske politiker Megan Lloyd George (1902–1966) var Jeremy Thorpes gudmoder.

David Lloyd George blev Jeremy Thorpes første politiske helt. I 1947 blev Jeremy Thorpe indskrevet på universitet i Oxford. I oktober 1949 blev han valgt til formand for Oxford University Liberal Club.

I 1952 var Jeremy Thorpe medstifter af The Radical Reform Group, der ønskede en socialliberal og keynesiansk velfærdspolitik.

Medlem af Underhuset
Fra 1959 til 1979 repræsenterede Jeremy Thorpe North Devon i det britiske parlament. I 1979 tabte han kredsen til den konservative Tony Speller, der holdt kredsen, indtil han tabte den til den liberaldemokratiske Nick Harvey i 1992. Harvey var viceforsvarsminister i 2010–2012.
.

Partileder
Jeremy Thorpe blev valgt til leder af det liberale parti i 1967, og han beholdt posten til 1976.

Ægteskaber
Jeremy Thorpe var gift to gange. I 1968 giftede han sig med Caroline Allpass. Hun omkom ved en bilulykke allerede i 1970.

Hans andet ægteskab var med den østrigsk fødte koncertpianistinde Marion Stein (1926–2014). Dette ægteskab blev indgået i 1973, og det varede, indtil hun døde i marts 2014.

Marion Stein havde tidligere været gift med George Lascelles, 7. jarl af Harewood (1923–2011). George Lascelles var søn af den kongelige prinsesse Mary og dattersøn af Georg 5. af Storbritannien. Marion Stein og George Lascelles var forældre til tre sønner.

Thorpe affæren
I midten af 1970'erne begyndte Thorpe affæren (Thorpe affair eller Rinkagate) at rulle. Det endte med, at Jeremy Thorpe blev frifundet i slutningen af 1979, men uroen gjorde, at Thorpe måtte trække sig som partileder i 1976, og at han blev stemt ud af Underhuset den 5. maj 1979.

Thorpe affæren ikke blevet belyst fuldt ud. Den 24. oktober 1975 skød revolvermanden Andrew Newton en Granddanois hund ved navn Rinka. Hunden tilhørte den tidligere mandlige model Norman Scott (også kendt som Norman Josiffe).

Rygtet gik, at Norman Scott var det virkelige mål for skuddet. Motivet skulle så være, Jeremy Thorpe engang i 1960'erne skulle have haft et delvist homoseksuelt forhold til Norman Scott. Det ville kunne skade det liberale parti, hvis beskyldningerne kom offentligt frem. Thorpe havde været ven med Scott, men han benægtede, at de havde haft et seksuelt forhold.

Thorpe affæren blev i 2018 filmatiseret som miniserie i tre dele under titlen A Very English Scandal, på dansk: En engelsk skandale, med skuespilleren Hugh Grant i rollen som Thorpe.

Referencer

Britiske liberale partiledere

Jeremy Thorpe


Ali Akbar Bahman (auch Mirza Ali Akbar Khan; * 1880; † 1956) war ein iranischer Diplomat und Politiker. Ali Akbar Bahman war sowohl während der Regentschaft der Kadscharen als auch unter Reza Schah Pahlavi Botschafter und Minister.

Familiärer Hintergrund
Ali Akbar Bahman entstammte der Familie des Kadscharenprinzen Bahman Mirza, dem Sohn von Abbas Mirza, der in zwei Kriegen die iranischen Gebiete im Kaukasus an Russland verlor. Prinz Bahman Mirza war Statthalter von Aserbaidschan und Prinzregent für seinen kranken Bruder Mohammad Schah sowie dessen jungem Kronprinz Nasser od-Din Schah. Als er am Hof in Ungnade fiel, floh Bahman Mirza in den russisch besetzen Kaukasus. Sein ältester Sohn Prinz Anoushiravan Mirza (1833–1899) kehrte in den Iran zurück, und dessen Tochter, Prinzessin Malekeh Afagh Khanom (1863–1923), war die Mutter von Ali Akbar Bahman. Sein Vater war Mirza Hossein Behnam aus einer Aristokratenfamilie aus Täbris, der allerdings früh verstarb. Seine Mutter heiratete nach dem Tod ihres ersten Mannes Mirza Amanollah Khan "Zia os-Soltan", einen Politiker am Hof der Kadscharen.

Leben
Aus einem Adelsgeschlecht mit einer Prinzessin als Mutter standen dem jungen Mirza Ali Akbar Khan früh die Möglichkeiten offen, in der höheren Verwaltung Irans Karriere zu machen. Sein Stiefvater war ein entschiedener Gegner der absolutistischen Herrschaft der Kadscharen und unterstützte die Konstitutionelle Revolution von 1906. Yahya Dowlatabdi, ebenfalls ein Konstitutionalist und früher Reformer des iranischen Bildungswesens, sandte Mirza Ali Akbar 1907 als Lehrer an die iranische Sa'adat-Schule in die aserbaidschanische Hauptstadt Baku. Dort lebten zahlreiche Verwandte seiner Mutter aus der Familie Bahman Mirzas.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg flohen viele Perser vor der Roten Armee und emigrierten in den Iran. Mit seinen Verbindungen beiderseits der Grenze half Ali Akbar Bahman iranisch-russischen Familien bei der Flucht. Am 26. August 1919 wurde Ali Akbar Bachman zunächst als persischer Sonderbeauftragter und dann als Generalbevollmächtigter nach Bukarest entsandt. 1921 wurde Ali Akbar Bahman Gesandter in Belgien. Während der Regentschaft von Reza Schah Pahlavi wurde Ali Akbar Bahman von 1934 bis 1938 Botschafter in Afghanistan und von 1939 bis 1943 in Ägypten. Als Botschafter begleitete er 1939 die Hochzeit des iranischen Kronprinzen Mohammad Reza Pahlavi mit der ägyptischen Prinzessin Fausia.

Ali Akbar Bahman war mit Zoleikha Khanom Gadjieve verheiratet. Aus der Ehe ging eine Tochter, Mehr-e Jahan (Mehri) Khanom Bahman, hervor.

Quellen

Iranischer Botschafter in Belgien
Iranischer Botschafter in Afghanistan
Iranischer Botschafter in Ägypten
Iraner
Geboren 1880
Gestorben 1956
Mann

Ali Akbar Khan Bahman


Die La-Amarga-Formation ist eine lithostratigraphische Formation, die in Argentinien aufgeschlossen ist. Es handelt sich um kontinentale Sedimentgesteine, die auf die Unterkreide (Barremium bis Unteres Aptium) datiert werden können. Die La-Amarga-Formation zählt zum Neuquén-Becken und ist die älteste kontinentale Formation dieses Sedimentbeckens. Sie ist insbesondere für ihren Fossilienreichtum berühmt, der unter anderem die Überreste von Dinosauriern mit einschließt.

Lage
Diese Formation wurde erstmals von Roll (1939) beschrieben und von Musacchio (1970) benannt. Typlokalität ist der Wadi La Amarga sowie der nahegelegene nördliche Hang des China-Muerta-Hügels, etwa 70 km südlich der Stadt Zapala in der argentinischen Provinz Neuquén. Die La-Amarga-Formation ist Teil des Neuquén-Beckens und wird von der marinen Agrio-Formation unterlagert und von der kontinentalen Lohan-Cura-Formation überlagert. Von beiden Formationen ist sie diskordant (durch Sedimentationslücken) getrennt.

Aufbau
Diese Formation erreicht eine Mächtigkeit von ca. 159 Metern. Sie wird in drei Subformationen (eng. Member) unterteilt: An der Basis befindet sich der Puesto-Antigual-Member mit einer Mächtigkeit von ca. 29 Metern. Diese Subformation besteht aus fluviatil abgelagerten Sandsteinen eines Zopfstromsystems. Die mittlere Subformation bildet der Bañados-de-Caichigüe-Member mit einer Mächtigkeit von ca. 21 Metern, welcher aus weiß bis gelblichen Kalksteinen besteht, die sich mit Schwarzschiefern und grünlichen Siltsteinen abwechseln. Die Kalksteine wurden dabei lakustrin (in einem See) abgelagert. Der Piedra-Parada-Member, die oberste Subformation, nimmt mit einer Mächtigkeit von ca. 109 Metern mehr als zwei Drittel der Abfolge ein und besteht aus hellbraun bis rötlichen, fein- bis mittelkörnigen Sandsteinen, die sich mit rötlichen sowie braunen bis grünlichen Siltsteinen abwechseln. Die Sedimente dieser Subformation wurden durch einen Flusssystem abgelagert, außerdem finden sich Hinweise auf Versumpfung und Bodenbildung (Paläoböden).

Fossilien
Die La-Amarga-Formation ist besonders aufgrund ihres Reichtums an fossilen Wirbeltieren von wissenschaftlicher Bedeutung. Diese Fossilien stammen vor allem aus der unteren Subformation, dem Puesto-Antigual-Member, und schließen die Überreste von sauropoden, thyreophoren und theropoden Dinosauriern, Krokodilverwandten sowie Säugetieren mit ein. Sauropoden waren mit dem Dicraeosauriden Amargasaurus, dem ursprünglichen Diplodocoidea Zapalasaurus und dem Titanosaurier Amargatitanis vertreten. Weitere Überreste konnten ursprünglichen Vertretern der Titanosauriformes sowie Rebbachisauriden zugeschrieben werden. Thyreophore Dinosaurier sind mit den fragmentarischen Überresten eines Stegosauriers vertreten – der bislang einzige aus Südamerika bekannte Stegosaurier. Theropode Dinosaurier sind mit dem Abelisaurier Ligabueino vertreten; außerdem wurden Zähne gefunden, die einem großen Tetanuren zugeschrieben werden können. Krokodilverwandte traten mit dem Mesoeucrocodylia Amargasuchus auf. Säugetiere sind mit dem Cladotheria Vincelestes neuquenianus vertreten – dabei handelt es sich um das bislang einzige aus der Unterkreide Südamerikas beschriebene Säugetier.

Einzelnachweise

Lithostratigraphie
Gesteinseinheit der Kreide

La-Amarga-Formation


Bartolomeo Cristofori (født 4. maj 1655 i Padova, Republikken Venezia; død 27. januar 1731 i Firenze) var en italiensk musikinstrumentmager som bliver regnet som opfinderen af hammerklaveret.

Bartolomeo Cristofori blev født i Padova 4. maj 1655 som søn af Francesco Cristofori, ellers er ingenting kendt om Bartolomeos tidlige liv.

I 1690 blev han hentet til Firenze, hvor sønnen til den toskanske storhertugen Cosimo III, Ferdinando de' Medici ansatte ham som instrumentbygger og -stemmer ved sit hoff. På denne tiden begyndte Cristofori at arbejde med en ny anslagsmekanik som gjorde det mulig at spille dynamisk. I inventarfortegnelsen fra år 1700 er det listet op et «arpicembalo che fà il piano e il forte» (dvs «cembalo som kan spille stærkt og svagt») med et toneomfang på fire oktaver. Instrumentet er dateret 1698, og regnes som historiens første piano.

Ferdinand døde i 1713, men Cristofori fortsatte arbejdet, nu i storhertugens værksted. Han lavede flere hammerklaver og perfektioner teknikken, restaurere enkelte værdifulde ældre cembali og udvikler to nye tangentinstrumenter, spinettone (stort spinet med flere registre) og et ovalt spinet med basstrenge i midten, dvs der instrumentet er længere. Desuden byggede han instrumenter af eksisterende typer, også disse er dokumentet i inventarlisten fra år 1700: et clavicytherium (cembalo med vertikale stilet strenge) og to cembali af italiensk 2 x 8' konstruktion; en af dem med ramme i det usædvanlige materialet ibenholt.

4. maj 2015 dedikerer Google deres Google Doodle til Bartolomeo Cristoforis i anledning af hans 360-års fødselsdag.

Referencer

Litteratur
 David Crombie: Piano. Evolution, Design and Performance, London 1995,
 Frank Hubbard: Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making. Cambridge, MA 1967, Harvard University Press; .

Musikinstrumentmagere
Personer fra Padova

Bartolomeo Cristofori


'Directeur Alphand' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1883 par le rosiériste français Louis Lévêque. Cet hybride remontant rend hommage à l'ingénieur des Ponts et Chaussées Adolphe Alphand (1817-1891), urbaniste dans le sillage du baron Haussmann, amateur de jardin, considéré comme le père des espaces verts de Paris.

Description
Le buisson érigé de 'Directeur Alphand' s'élève à 150 cm. Ses fleurs sont grosses, pleines, en forme de coupe, un gros œil au cœur. Leur coloris est pourpre foncé à reflets violine. Leurs pétales bien déroulés sont plus pâles au revers. La floraison est remontante. Elles sont très parfumées.

Cette variété résiste à des températures hivernales de -20°C. Elle est présente dans des catalogues d'amateurs de roses romantiques et appréciée pour son coloris plein de distinction et son parfum capiteux.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 August Jäger, Rosenlexikon, 1936, réimpression en 1983, p. 15
Simon & Cochet, Nomenclature de tous les noms de rosiers, 1906, p. 47
 The Graham Stuart Book, 1994, p. 141

Cultivar de rosier
Hybride remontant

Directeur Alphand


Aslantaş Barajı Osmaniye'de, Ceyhan Nehri üzerinde, sulama, taşkın önleme ve elektrik enerjisi üretimi amacı ile 1975-1984 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 8.493.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 95,00 m, normal su kotunda göl hacmi 1150,00 hm³ normal su kotunda göl alanı 49,00 km²'dir. Baraj 149.849 hektar gibi çok geniş bir alana sulama hizmeti vermekte, ayrıca 138 MW güç kapasitesindeki HES (hidroelektrik santral) yılda 569 GWh elektrik enerjisi üretimi sağlamaktadır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Türkiye'deki hidroelektrik santralleri
Osmaniye ilindeki barajlar

Aslantaş Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali


Marcus Dods (11 April 1834 – 26 April 1909) was a Scottish divine and controversial biblical scholar. He was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He served as Principal of New College, Edinburgh.

Life

He was born at Belford, Northumberland, the youngest son of Rev Marcus Dods, a minister of the Church of Scotland and his wife, Sarah Pallister.

He attended Edinburgh Academy and then studied divinity at Edinburgh University, graduating in 1854 and being licensed in 1858. He had a difficult probationary period, being refused by 23 churches. In 1864 he became minister of Renfield Free Church, Glasgow, where he worked for twenty-five years.
In 1889 he was appointed professor of New Testament Exegesis in the New College, Edinburgh, of which he became principal on the death of Robert Rainy in May 1907.

He became part of the United Free Church of Scotland on its formation in 1900, and in 1901 was elected Moderator of its General Assembly in 1902.
He declined the position, stating that "he cannot see his way to undertake the duties".
It was assumed he felt that being a neutral moderator, he would not be able to express his opinions on certain doctrinal points due to be discussed.

In later life he lived with his children and grandchildren in a huge Georgian townhouse, 23 Great King Street, in Edinburgh's Second New Town.

In spring of 1907 he filled in for Rev Robert James Drummond preaching at Lothian Road UF Church while the Drummonds visited the Holy Land.

On 26 April 1909, he died in Edinburgh. He was buried in the Dean Cemetery. The grave lies in the eastern part of the original north extension. He is buried with his wife and youngest son, Francis Palliser Dods (1879-1910).

Family
In 1871, he married Catherine Swanston (1844-1901), daughter of James Swanston.
They had three sons and one daughter. Their eldest son, an advocate, was also named Marcus Dods.

His sister Mary Frances Dods married the antiquarian Rev George Wilson of Glenluce.

Works
Throughout his life, both ministerial and professorial, he devoted much time to the publication of theological books.
Several of his writings, especially a sermon on Inspiration delivered in 1878, incurred the charge of unorthodoxy, and shortly before his election to the Edinburgh professorship he was summoned before the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, but the charge was dropped by a large majority, and in 1891 he received the honorary degree of DD from Edinburgh University.

He edited Johann Peter Lange's Life of Christ in English (Edinburgh, 1864, 6 vols.), Augustine's works (1872–1876), and, with Alexander Whyte, Clark's Handbooks for Bible Classes series. In the Expositors Bible series he edited Genesis and 1 Corinthians, and he was also a contributor to the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica and Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible. He published a translation of Augustine's City of God in 1871.

Among other important works are:
The Epistle to the Seven Churches (1865)
An Introduction to the New Testament
Israel's Iron Age (1874)
Mohammed, Buddha and Christ (1877)
Handbook on Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi (1879)
The Gospel according to St John and Hebrews (1897), in the Expositors Greek Testament, Robertson Nicoll Editor, New York, n.d. St. John in Vol 1, p. 7, and Hebrews in Vol 4, p. 9. cited as author
The Parables of Our Lord (1895)
Forerunners of Dante
How to Become Like Christ (1897), Available from Gutenberg
The Bible, its Origin and Nature (1904)
the Bross Lectures, in which he gave an able sketch of the use of Old Testament criticism, and finally set forth his Theory of Inspiration.
Apart from his services to Biblical scholarship he takes high rank among those who have sought to bring the results of technical criticism within the reach of the ordinary reader.

References

Attribution

Sources

External links

1834 births
1909 deaths
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British biblical scholars
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish Christian theologians
Scottish encyclopedists
British academic administrators
People from Belford, Northumberland
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland

Marcus Dods (theologian born 1834)


Apnagyugh (armenio: Ափնագյուղ) es una comunidad rural de Armenia en la provincia de Aragatsotn.

Se ubica en la margen derecha del Río Kasagh y en el lado izquierdo de la carretera de Aparan, 15 km al sur del centro de la región. Su altitud es de 1801  Tiene casas construidas en piedra y baretes de agua potable con tubería de 6 kilómetros. Cerca se encuentra el pueblo de Vardenut.

Demografía
En 2009 tenía 633 habitantes.

Los antepasados de la población actual en 1828-1829 llegaron a Bayazet y Mush: en 1831 el pueblo tenía 376 habitantes, en 1897, 907, en 1926, 725, 1939, 629, 1959, 358, 1970, 435, 1979, 444 residentes, 1 de enero de 2008, en 695 habitantes (353 hombres, 342 mujeres).

Etimología
El nombre del pueblo se menciona por primera vez en el . Monasterio del  tallado en el interior de la pared de las actas de la Sasne apnagyughatsi, V., hermanos Gregory, de la tierra monasterio para dar Sahak hishatakaranum la pluma en 1644 y se acordó el nombre de nuestro pueblo día Apna no se cambia: el nombre de la aldea Apnagegh Apnagyugh Alishan, o supuestamente causada por el "visto como la palma de la mano" redacción es más probable que Kasagh costa del río en el pueblo = pueblo = APN-a-pueblo de la versión.

Historia
Tanto los bancos de la parte oriental del valle y el pueblo son las partes más altas de la piedra utilizada en la época medieval a las cuevas, lado este de la aldea, BC Tercero milenio asentamientos y tumbas, gyughategh medieval cerca de la aldea en la dzoraezrin oriental, a unos 200 metros de distancia unos de otros se conservan en 4-5 siglos dos iglesias de gran basílica mianav tamaño, cuyas paredes están talladas en las cruces rodeadas, Edad Media kandakanakhsher, similar basílica Kasaghi, Zovunii, período Astvatsenkali mismo de los detalles relevantes aquí conserva la capilla vimapor medieval y el cementerio del  de la primera mitad de la década de 1930-s, el pueblo comenzó a filtrarse en el valle de Ararat y otras áreas : Más de 900 residentes de la aldea en 1886, los años desde el nacimiento hasta los 50 años, y la hace brnaktsumits tenía unos 2.000 habitantes, las autoridades casi cuatro veces la política miope y anirates pokratsel a la asociación a expensas de apnetsineri colectiva FC Ararat Yerevan, Noragyugh distrito, en el noroeste del distrito Hasmik la calle en todo el perímetro, alrededor de 2000 habitantes en 1920, en lugar de hoy, el pueblo tiene 695 habitantes, sólo 84 alumnos de la escuela.

Véase también
 Aragatsotn

Referencias

Localidades de Armenia

Apnagyugh


Leccinum aurantiacum (Pierre Bulliard, 1791 ex Samuel Frederick Gray, 1821), sin. Boletus aurantiacus (Pierre Bulliard, 1791), din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Boletaceae și de genul Leccinum, este o specie de ciuperci comestibile, denumită în popor hribă de plop, pâlnioară de plop sau pitarcă portocalie.. Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord se dezvoltă în păduri de foioase în special sub plopi tremurători, dar și sub plopi precum sălcii, din iunie până în octombrie.

Taxonomie

Primul savant care a descris această specie sub denumirea Boletus rufus a fost Jacob Christian Schäffer în volumul 2 al operei sale Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones din 1763. Referitor la el, în 1886, renumitul Lucien Quélet i-a dat numele Gyroporus rufus, apoi micologul german Hanns Kreisel Leccinum rufum (1984). Dar taxonul cu adjectivul rufus, -um nu s-a impus, ci cel al lui Pierre Bulliard.

Neindependent de Schäffer, botanistul și micologul francez Pierre Bulliard (1752-1793) a descris acest burete în opera sa (editată parțial postum) Histoire des champignons de la France, ou Traité élémentaire renfermant dans un ordre méthodique les descriptions et les figures des champignons qui croissent naturellement en France ca Boletus aurantiacus (1791).

În anul 1821, în lucrarea sa A natural arrangement of British plant (Editura Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, Londra 1821), botanistul, farmacistul și micologul englez Samuel Frederick Gray (1766-1828) a creat numele generic Leccinum nou, adăugând această specie sub denumirea Leccinum aurantiacum. Mai departe, micologul francez Édouard-Jean Gilbert a denumit specia Krombholzia aurantiaca in onoarea marelui micolog german Julius Vincenz von Krombholz. S-au mai încercat multe alte denumiri care însă pot fi neglijate.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 6-25 cm, este, la început semisferică, apoi convexă și mai mult sau mai puțin plată precum foarte regulată, cu marginea mai întâi răsfrântă spre picior și la bătrânețe destinsă. Cuticula este netedă, catifelată pe vreme uscată, dar lucioasă pe vreme umedă, fiind puțin danturată și atârnând ușor deasupra sfârșitul pălăriei. Culoarea ei este portocalie până la roșu de cărămidă, câteodată chiar roșu-maro.
 Tuburile și porii: cu sporifere lungi și subțiri, împinse în jos spre picior, parând spongioși la pipăit și de culoare albuie. Porii sunt foarte mici, rotunzi, relativ deși și colorați gri, mai târziu gri-măsliniu. Sporii sunt fusiformi, de culoare brun-măslinie.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 10 până la 20 cm și o lățime de  până la 5 cm, fiind cilindric și ușor evazat în partea superioară, foarte tare, gros și aproape bulbos, de culoare albicioasă până alb-cenușie, cu suprafața acoperită de solzișori groși, alterați și aspri, tineri albicioși, schimbând mai târziu la roșu-maroniu, dispuși în șiruri longitudinale.
 Carnea: este în tinerețe compactă și tare, devenind moale la maturitate avansată, cu miros slab dar plăcut și gust delicios. Carnea albă se decolorează, odată tăiată, spre negru, nu spre albastru. De asemenea schimbă culoarea prin adăugare de Sulfat de fier în gri-verzui, iar cu formol în roz apoi maro-violet.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori cilindric-fusiformi și palid gălbui până clorici, netezi, prevăzuți cu o proeminență situată la bază (apicul), având o mărime de 14-18 x 5-6 microni. Bazidiile de 25-30 x 10-12 microni cu 4 sterigme fiecare sunt claviforme (îngroșate de la bază spre vârf și cu extremități rotunjite în formă de măciucă). Cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție) sunt fusiforme și ventricoase, măsurând 40-55 x 8-12 microni.
 Reacții chimice: Buretele se decolorează cu fenol violet purpuriu, mai târziu maro închis și cu sulfat de fier verde.

Confuzii
Buretele nu poate fi confundat cu ciuperci necomestibile sau chiar otrăvitoare, ci numai cu specii aproape înrudite, ca de exemplu cu Leccinellum crocipodium sin. Leccinum crocipodium (comestibil), Leccinum carpini, Leccinum griseum, Leccinum holopus, Leccinum pseudoscabrum (trăiește în păduri de foioase în special sub carpeni dar și sub aluni, mesteceni sau plopi), Leccinum duriusculum (se dezvoltă sub plopi tremurători), Leccinum melaneum, Leccinum piceinum (se dezvoltă în păduri de conifere, mai ales sub molizi pe lângă afine),<ref>Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer", vol. 3, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 436-437, ISBN 3-405-12124-8</ref> Leccinum quercinum (crește sub stejari), Leccinum roseofracta (trăiește sub mesteceni), Leccinum scabrum (crește în păduri de foioase, în special sub mesteceni), Leccinum thalassinum (se dezvoltä sub mesteceni pe teren nisipos și umed, destul de răspândit, dar numai puțin cunoscut), Leccinum versipelle (crește în păduri și parcuri, pajiști sub mesteceni, păduri de foioase în special sub plopi precum plopi tremurători, dar de asemenea pe sub sălcii), Leccinum vulpinum sau Porphyrellus pseudoscaber sin. Boletus porphyraceus (crește în păduri foioase sau mixte, pe teren nisipos, pe lângă drumuri cu macadam, comestibil dar cam fibros).

 Galerie de imagini (specii asemănătoare)

 Valorificare

Această ciupercă are avantajul că este rareori atacată de viermi. Bureții proaspeți pot fi pregătiți ca ciulama, de asemenea împreună cu alte ciuperci de pădure sau adăugați la un sos de carne de vită sau vânat.Sanda Marin: "Carte de bucate", Editura Orizonturi, București 1995, p. 185, ISBN 973-95583-2-1 În afară de aceasta, ei pot fi tăiați felii și congelați. De asemenea este posibilă, după tăierea în felii, uscarea lor. Culoarea bureților va fi atunci negricioasă. Foarte gustoși sunt preparați ca Duxelles (un fel de zacuscă).Luce Höllthaler: "Pilzdelikatessen", Editura Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München 1982, p. 26-30 ISDN 3-453-40334-7

S-a afirmat, că, specia Leccinum aurantiacum'', consumată crudă, poate să genereze incompatibilități la copii precum persoane cu un aparat digestiv sensibil. Astfel, ciupercile acestui soi ar trebui să fie consumate numai bine prăjite sau gătite.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto: "Der große Pilzführer", vol. 1-4, vezi sub "Note"
 H. Clémençon: "Pilze im Wandel der Jahreszeiten", vol. 1 și 2, Editura Éditions Piantanida, Lausanne 1981
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: "Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci", Editura Casa, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISBN 9786068527147
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
 Rolf Singer: "Die Pilze Mitteleuropas", vol. 5 și 6: "Die Röhrlinge, pârțile 1 și 2", Editura Justus Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1965-1967

Legături externe

 Hribă de plop, film
Leccinum
Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1763 în știință

Leccinum aurantiacum