الإخوة سوبر ماريو الجدد (بالإنجليزية: New Super Mario Bros. - نيوه سوبر ماريو برذرز؛ باليابانية: New スーパーマリオブラザーズ) هي لعبة فيديو على نظام النينتندو دي إس المحمول من نوع القفز على المنصة تمرير جانبي من تطوير ونشر شركة نينتندو. أطلقة اللعبة في أمريكا الشمالية واليابان في مايو 2006 وأطلقة في أستراليا وأوروبا في يونيو 2006. هذه اللعبة هي أول لعبة أصلية لماريو من نوع القفز على المنصة ثنائي الأبعاد منذ إطلاق لعبة سوبر ماريو لاند 2: 6 غولدن كوينز في 1992.

قصة اللعبة هي مماثلة لألعاب « سوبر ماريو » التمريرية الجانبية الأخرى. لعبة نيوه سوبر ماريو برذرز تتبع الشخصية الرئيسية ماريو وهو يحارب بين أتباع باوزر في طريقه لإنقاذ الأميرة بيتش. لدى ماريو الكثير من القوات الناشئة التي سوف تساعده في استكمال بحثه، مثل السوبر فطر (Super Mushroom)، والزهرة النارية (Fire Flower)، ونجمة القوة(Invincibility Star)، وكل من هذه القوات تمنح ماريو قدرات فريدة. أثناء التجول في العوالم الثمانية والذي لكل منها عشر مستويات، ماريو يجب أن يهزم كل من باوزر وابنه الصغير باوزر جونيور قبل إنقاذ الأميرة بيتش في النهاية.

طريقة اللعب
بينما تُرى نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز أنها ثنائية الأبعاد، هناك بعض الشخصيات ثلاثية الأبعاد متعددة الأضلاع موضوعة على خلفيات ثنائية الأبعاد، ليعطي تأثير ثنائي الأبعاد يحاكي رسومات ثلاثية الأبعاد. يمكن للاعب أن يلعب بماريو أو أخوه لويجي. يستطيع ماريو (أو لويجي) جمع العملات والقفز على الأعداء وكسر وفتح الصناديق.

هناك 80 مستوى في ثمانية عوالم، تظهر هذه العوالم في الخريطة في شاشة اللمس السفلية في النينتندو دي إس. العالم المختار من قبل العالم يظهر مساره في الشاشة العليا. العوالم السرية تحتاج إلى الفوز بأشياء معينة لفتحها، مثل الفوز على مستوى رئيس بالفطر الصغير. هدف كل مستوى هو الوصول إلى العلم الأسود في نهاية المستوى. في نهاية كل عالم، يجب أن يُهزم رئيس، قبل فتح العالم الذي بعده.

في كل مستوى هناك ثلاث عملات نجوم مخفية، بالحصول عليها يمكن لماريو الدخول لمنازل تاود والحصول على معدات أو حيوات. يمكن لماريو ايضاً باستخدام هذه العملات فتح خلفيات خاصة وممرات خاصة في خريطة العوالم. وبفتح هذه الممرات بدفع العملات المطلوبة على لاقتة قريبة يمكن للاعب حفظ تقدمه في اللعبة.

هناك ست قوى متاحة في اللعبة، وتسمح اللعبة بتخزين قوة إذا كان اللاعب أصلاً يستخدم قوة، وهي ميزة محمولة من سوبر ماريو وورلد. الفطر الخارق يعطي حجماً أكبر لماريو، الزهرة النارية تسمح لماريو قذف النار على الأعداء، ونجمة الرجل تجعل ماريو لا يُقهر مؤقتاً، وتُسرع أيضاً من سرعة ماريو وتعطيه قفزاً أعلى. ثلاثة قوى أيضاً موجودة في نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز هي:
 صدفة كوبا الزرقاء تسمح لماريو الاختباء فيها كالسلاحف، ويمكنه الجري بها ثم يدخل فيها بسرعة وتنزلق وتُذي الأعداء، وتجعله أيضاً يسبح أسرع.
 الفطر الضخم (ميغا مشروم): تعطي ماريو حجم كبير جداً لمدة قصيرة وتجعله لايُقهر ويدمر الكثير من الأعداء (إلا الرئيس) بل ويدمر كل شيء أمامه وإذا وصل لنهاية المستوى وهو على هذه الحال يمكنه ركل سارية العلم.
 الفطر المصغر: تعطي ماريو حجماً صغيراً جداً ويمكنه الجري على الماء ويمكنه القفز عالياً والدخول في الأنابيب الصغيرة.

الرواية
يظهر في بداية اللعبة الأميرة بيتش وماريو يمشيان معاً، حتى ضرب البرق قصر الأميرة بيتش، فيذهب ماريو للمساعدة، ويستغل باوزر الإبن ابتعاد ماريو عن الأميرة فيخطفها. أدرك ماريو ماحدث واندفع بسرعة واستعد لمطاردة باوزر الابن. يرحعل ماريو ويغامر عبر العوالم الثمانية ملاحقاً باوزر الابن لإنقاذ الأميرة المخطوفة.

التطوير
أعلنت نينتندو في 21 فبراير 2006 بعد أكثر من 20 سنة من إطلاق سوبر ماريو برذرز، أن نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز ستُطرح في الأسواق لنينتندو دي إس في 7 مايو 2006. القوى الجديدة في اللعبة أُدخلت في نفس الوقت وهي الفطر الكبير وصدفة كوبا الزرقاء. ذكرت نينتندو أن اللعبة ستكون ثنائية الأبعاد لكن ستستخدم نماذج ثلاثية الأبعاد لصنع منظر وإحساس ثنائي الأبعاد ونصف. تأجل إطلاق اللعبة حتى 21 مايو، لكن الإطلاق تقدم تاريخه مرة أخرى إلى 15 مايو، وقد خططت نينتندو أيضاً بإطلاقها في نفس وقت إطلاقها لنينتندو دي إس لايت، في 11 يونيو 2006.

نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز هي أول لعبة منصات ثنائية الأبعاد تصور ماريو منذ إطلاق لعبة سوبر ماريو لاند 2: سيكس جولدن كوينز في 1992. كُشفت اللعبة لأول مرة في 2004 في معرض الترفيه الإلكتروني، وكانت قابلة للعب هناك في 2005. أُعطي مصممي اللعبة حرية كبيرة في التصميم في نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز. بالمقارنة مع ألعاب ماريو ثنائية الأبعاد السابقة، الشخصيات و الخصوم والأشياء صار تصميمها مفصل وفيه حيوية أكثر، دون الحاجة إلى أنهم مصممين باليد. لتجهيز البيانات المرئية، جعل المطورون كاميرا اللعبة فعالة وديناميكية أكثر، فهي تكبر المشهد وتصغره حسب المواقف والأحداث في اللعبة.

تلعب الفيزياء دوراً هاماً في نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز، فهي تحسن ميكانيكية اللعبة. بدون القيود القاسية لتصوير الأشباح والخلفيات على المصممين، كان المصممون حرين للبحث عن ميكانيكيات لعب جديدة، مثلاً إذا هبط ماريو على شجرة فإن الشجرة تتمايل وتتأرجح وقد تسقط إذا وقف عليها طويلاً. يمكن لماريو أيضاً التعلق بالحبال، والمشي على الأسلاك القابلة للثني.

خطط المطورون في التطوير المبكر للعبة عدم استخدام الأصوات التمثيلية للبقاء صادقين في نشاط سوبر ماريو برذرز السابقة. لكن الأصوات التمثيلية وضعها المطورون لاحقاً مقررين بأنها ستخدم اللعبة بأشياء إيجابية.

الاقبال

المبيعات
أُطلقت نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز بواسطة نينتندو في أمريكا الشمالية في 15 مايو 2006، وفي اليابان في 25 مايو 2006 وفي أستراليا في 8 يونيو 2006، وفي أوروبا في 30 يونيو 2006. لم تذكر نينتندو لِِِِِِِمَ أجلت إطلاق اللعبة في منزلها التسويقي في اليابان بعشرة أيام بعد وقت إطلاقها الأصلي، لكن علق موقع جيم سبوت على هذا بأنه «يقف على سبب أن الشركة ببساطة احتاجة المزيد من الأيام لبناء قائمة الجرد». عموماً، أُعطيت اللعبة آراءً مرضية، مستقبلة نتيجة 89% من موقع ميتاكريتيك.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 Official New Super Mario Bros iQue DS site

 New Super Mario Bros. instruction booklet

ألعاب فيديو حول تغيير الحجم
ألعاب التمرير الجانبي
ألعاب نينتندو دي أس الحصرية
ألعاب فيديو 2.5 دي
ألعاب فيديو 2006
ألعاب فيديو فردية وجماعية
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في اليابان
ألعاب فيديو ماريو
ألعاب نينتندو إنترتينمنت أنالسيس أند دفيلوبمنت
ألعاب نينتندو دي أس
تغير الحجم في الأعمال الخيالية
سوبر ماريو

نيو سوبر ماريو برذرز


Olaylar
 1588 - Cami minarelerinde kandil kullanılmaya başlandı.
 1640 - Sultan İbrahim tahta çıktı.
 1695 - Koyun Adaları Muharebesi: Venedik Cumhuriyeti Donanması ile Karaburun Yarımadası açıklarındaki Koyun Adaları önünde yapılan deniz muharebesi, Osmanlı Donanması'nın zaferiyle sonuçlandı.
 1788 - Avusturya, 1787-1792 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nda Rusya'nın yanında savaşa katıldı.
 1822 - Haiti, Dominik Cumhuriyeti'ni işgal etti.
 1871 - Osmanlı'da ilk kez Karl Marx'ın bir makalesi, Hakayik-ul Vakayi gazetesinde yayımlandı.
 1895 - William G. Morgan, voleybolun temellerini oluşturdu.
 1920 - Fransızlar, Maraş'tan çekilmeye ve Adana bölgesini boşaltmaya başladı.
 1921 - İstanbul Boğazı dondu.
 1925 - Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı komutanlarından Halit Paşa, Mecliste Ali Çetinkaya tarafından kaza kurşunuyla vurularak yaralandı ve 14 Şubat 1925'te hayatını kaybetti.
 1930 - Atatürk, Kuşadası'nı ziyaret etti.
 1934 - Balkan Antantı; Türkiye, Yunanistan, Yugoslavya ve Romanya arasında Atina'da imzalandı.
 1942 - ABD yaz saati uygulamasına başladı.
 1950 - Senatör Joseph McCarthy ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı'nı, Bakanlığı komünistlerle doldurmakla suçladı.
 1962 - Jamaika, İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu içerisinde bağımsız bir ulus oldu.
 1964 - Innsbruck, Avusturya'da düzenlenen 9. Kış Olimpiyatları sona erdi.
 1965 - Vietnam Savaşı: İlk ABD askerleri Güney Vietnam'a gönderildi.
 1969 - Boeing 747'nin ilk test uçuşu gerçekleşti.
 1969 - Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, Alparslan Türkeş tarafından kuruldu.
 1971 - Apollo 14 üçüncü insanlı Ay yolculuğundan Dünya'ya döndü.
 1972 - Maden işçilerinin grevi dolayısıyla Londra'da Olağanüstü hâl ilan edildi.
 1975 - SSCB'nin Soyuz 17 uzay aracı dünyaya döndü.
 1986 - Halley kuyruklu yıldızı güneşe en yakın mesafede. 20. yüzyıl içinde bu ikinci ziyareti.
 2001 - Konya 3. Ana Jet Üs Komutanlığı'na ait Hava Pilot Teğmen Ayfer Gök komutasındaki F-5A uçağı, eğitim uçuşunda Karaman'ın Ermenek ilçesi yakınlarında düştü. Pilot Teğmen Gök, Türkiye'nin ilk kadın şehit pilotu oldu.

Doğumlar
 1404 - XI. Konstantinos, Bizans'ın son İmparatoru (ö. 1453)
 1441 - Ali Şîr Nevaî, Özbek-Türk şair (ö. 1501)
 1685 - Francesco Loredan, Venedik Cumhuriyeti'nin 106'ıncı dükası (ö. 1762)
 1737 - Thomas Paine, Amerikalı siyasetçi (ö. 1809)
 1741 - Henri-Joseph Rigel, Alman besteci (ö. 1799)
 1773 - William Henry Harrison, ABD'nin 9. Başkanı (ö. 1841)
 1783 - Vasili Jukovski, Rus şair (ö. 1852)
 1792 - Thomas Cooke, Kanadalı Katolik rahip ve misyoner (ö. 1870)
 1817 - Eugenio Lucas Velázquez, İspanyol ressam (ö. 1870)
 1846 - Wilhelm Maybach, Alman otomobil tasarımcısı ve iş insanı (ö. 1929)
 1853 - Leander Starr Jameson, İngiliz doktor ve siyaset adamı (ö. 1917)
 1865 - Bayan Patrick Campbell, İngiliz tiyatro oyuncusu (ö. 1940)
 1867 - Natsume Soseki, Japon romancı (ö. 1916)
 1872 - Karekin Pastırmacıyan, Ermeni siyasetçi (ö. 1923)
 1874 - Vsevolod Meyerhold, Rus tiyatro oyuncusu, yapımcı ve yönetmen (ö. 1940)
 1875 - Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach, Nazi Almanyasında Ulaştırma Bakanı (ö. 1943)
 1880 - Lipót Fejér, Macar matematikçi (ö. 1959)
 1884 - Naile Sultan, II. Abdülhamid'in kızı (ö. 1957)
 1885 - Alban Berg, Avusturyalı besteci (ö. 1935)
 1889 - Tryggvi Þórhallsson, İzlanda Başbakanı (ö. 1935)
 1891 - Pietro Nenni, İtalyan gazeteci, siyasetçi ve İtalyan Sosyalist Partisi lideri (ö. 1980)
 1891 - Albert Eckstein, Alman çocuk doktoru ve akademisyen (ö. 1950)
 1891 - Ronald Colman, İngiliz aktör (ö. 1958)
 1893 - Yeoryos Atanasiadis-Novas, Yunan şairi ve Başbakanı (ö. 1987)
 1896 - Alberto Vargas, Perulu Pin-up kızı ressam (ö. 1982)
 1900 - Andrey Dulson, Sovyet bilim insanı (ö. 1973)
 1909 - Carmen Miranda, Portekiz doğumlu Brezilyalı aktris ve samba şarkıcısı (ö. 1955)
 1909 - Dean Rusk, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve eski Dış İşleri Bakanı (ö. 1994)
 1910 - Jacques Monod, Fransız biyokimyacı (ö. 1976)
 1920 - Mustafa Düzgünman, Türk ebru sanatçısı (ö. 1990)
 1926 - Sabih Şendil, Türk şair ve yazar (ö. 2002)
 1928 - Rinus Michels, Hollandalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2005)
 1930 - Rafiq Subaie, Suriyeli aktör, yazar ve yönetmen (ö. 2017)
 1931 - Thomas Bernhard, Avusturyalı yazar (ö. 1989)
 1931 - Mukağali Makataev, Kazak şair, yazar ve çevirmen (ö. 1976)
 1936 - Clive Swift, İngiliz oyuncu, komedyen ve söz yazarı (ö. 2019)
 1938 - Doğan Cüceloğlu, Türk psikolog ve iletişim psikolojisi uzmanı (ö. 2021)
 1940 - John Maxwell Coetzee, Güney Afrikalı yazar, akademisyen ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi
 1940 - María Teresa Uribe, Kolombiyalı sosyolog (ö. 2019)
 1942 - Carole King, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1942 - Okan Demiriş, Türk Devlet Sanatçısı, opera bestecisi ve orkestra şefi (ö. 2010)
 1943 - Cemal Kamacı, Türk boksör
 1943 - Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amerikalı ekonomist
 1944 - Alice Walker, Amerikalı edebiyatçı
 1945 - Mia Farrow, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1950 - Ali Alkan, Türk hukukçu
 1952 - Mümtaz Sevinç, Türk tiyatro, sinema, dizi oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2006)
 1953 - Ciarán Hinds, İrlandalı aktör
 1956 - Oktay Vural, Türk siyasetçi, hukukçu, bürokrat ve akademisyen
 1961 - Burak Sergen, Türk oyuncu
 1968 - Valentina Tsybulskaya, Beyaz Rus yürüyüşçü
 1976 - Charlie Day, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1976 - Ionela Târlea-Manolache, Rumen atlet
 1979 - Zhang Ziyi, Çinli oyuncu
 1980 - Angelos Charisteas, Yunan futbolcu
 1981 - The Rev, Amerikalı rock sanatçısı ve müzisyen (ö. 2009)
 1981 - Tom Hiddleston, İngiliz oyuncu
 1986 - Ava Rose, Amerikalı porno yıldızı
 1987 - Magdalena Neuner, Alman biatlet
 1990 - Facundo Affranchino, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1996 - Alec Potts, Avustralyalı okçu

Ölümler
 967 - Seyfü'd Devle, Hamdaniler'in Halep kolunun kurucusu ve ilk emiri (d. 916)
 1199 - Minamoto no Yoritomo, Kamakura şogunluğunun kurucusu ve ilk şogunu (d. 1147)
 1588 - Álvaro de Bazán, İspanyol donanma komutanı (d. 1526)
 1619 - Giulio Cesare Vanini, İtalyan keşiş, filozof ve ateizm kuramcısı (d. 1585)
 1670 - III. Frederik, Danimarka ve Norveç kralı (d. 1609)
 1798 - Antoine de Favray, Fransız ressam (d. 1706)
 1857 - Johann Georg Hiedler, Adolf Hitler'in büyükbabası (d. 1792)
 1874 - Jules Michelet, Fransız tarihçi (d. 1798)
 1881 - Dostoyevski, Rus yazar (d. 1821)
 1969 - Manuel Plaza, Şilili sporcu (d. 1900)
 1977 - Sergey Vladimiroviç İlyuşin, Rus uçak tasarımcısı (d. 1894)
 1979 - Dennis Gabor, Macar asıllı İngiliz fizikçi, elektrik mühendisi ve mucit (d. 1900)
 1979 - Allen Tate, Amerikalı şair (d. 1899)
 1981 - Bill Haley, Amerikalı şarkıcı (d. 1925)
 1984 - Yuri Andropov, Sovyet lideri (d. 1914)
 1989 - Osamu Tezuka, Japon manga sanatçısı ve animatör (d. 1928)
 1993 - Renç Koçibey, Türk rallici (trafik kazası) (d. 1942)
 1994 - Howard Martin Temin, Amerikalı biyolog (d. 1934)
 1996 - Adolf Galland, Alman pilot (d. 1912)
 1998 - Maurice Schumann, Fransız devlet adamı (d. 1911)
 2001 - Ayfer Gök, Türk hava pilot teğmen (İlk kadın şehit pilot, (d. 1977)
 2002 - Prenses Margaret, Birleşik Krallık taht varisi (d. 1930)
 2003 - Masatoşi Gündüz İkeda, Japon asıllı Türk matematikçi (d. 1926)
 2011 - Andrzej Przybielski, Polonyalı müzisyen (d. 1944)
 2012 - John Hick, din felsefecisi ve hristiyan teologu (d. 1922)
 2012 - Yılmaz Öztuna, Türk tarihçi (d. 1930)
 2015 - Ed Sabol, Özellikle çektiği ABD'de sportif içerikli filmlerle tanınan yapımcı, oyuncu ve görüntü yönetmeni (d. 1916)
 2016 - Sushil Koirala, Nepalli siyasetçi ve Nepal'in 37. Başbakanı (d. 1939)
 2016 - Zdravko Tolimir, Sırp general (d. 1948)
 2017 - Serge Baguet, Belçikalı profesyonel bisiklet sporcusu (d. 1969)
 2018 - Reg E. Cathey, Amerikalı oyuncu ve dublör (d. 1958)
 2018 - John Gavin, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1931)
 2018 - Nebojša Glogovac, Sırp oyuncu (d. 1969)
 2018 - Sarraf Kasım, Azerbaycanlı şair ve ozan (d. 1939)
 2018 - Alfonso Lacadena, İspanyol antropolog, araştırmacı ve yazar (d. 1964)
 2018 - Craig MacGregor, Amerikalı rock-blues müzisyeni (d. 1949)
 2019 - Cadet, İngiliz rap şarkıcısı ve hip hop müzisyeni (d. 1990)
 2019 - Jerry Casale, Amerikalı eski beyzbol oyuncusu (d. 1933)
 2019 - Ferhad İbrahimi, İranlı Azerbaycan müziği şairi, yazarı ve söz yazarı (d. 1935)
 2019 - Shelley Lubben, Amerikalı yazar, aktivist, şarkıcı, motivasyon konuşmacısı ve pornografik film oyuncusu (d. 1968)
 2019 - Maximilian Reinelt, Alman kürekçi (d. 1988)
 2019 - Tomi Ungerer, Fransız grafik sanatçısı ve yazar (d. 1931)
 2020 - Mirella Freni, İtalyan opera sanatçısı (d. 1935)
 2020 - Abdül Aziz El Mübarek, Sudanlı şarkıcı ve müzisyen (d. 1951)
 2020 - Margareta Hallin, İsveçli opera sanatçısı, besteci ve aktris (d. 1931)
 2021 - Chick Corea, Amerikalı caz bestecisi, klavyeci, grup lideri ve ara sıra perküsyonist (d. 1941)
 2021 - Valeria Gagealov, Rumen tiyatro, radyo, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu, seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1931)
 2021 - Rajiv Kapoor, Hint aktör, film yapımcısı ve yönetmeni (d. 1962)
 2021 - Franco Marini, İtalyan siyasetçi ve sendikacı (d. 1933)
 2022 - Jeremy Giambi, Amerikalı profesyonel beyzbol oyuncusu (d. 1974)
 2022 - Nora Nova, Bulgar kökenli Alman şarkıcı (d. 1928)
 2023 - Jean-Maurice Dehousse, Belçikalı siyasetçi (d. 1936)
 2023 - Sıtkı Güvenç, Türk siyasetçi (d. 1961)
 2023 - Yukio Takano, Japon iş adamı ve siyasetçi (d. 1937)

Tatiller ve özel günler

 Dünya Sigarayı Bırakma Günü

0209
09

9 Şubat


Liste der Gebietsänderungen

Quelle
 Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen: ab 1. Januar 2000 bis 31. Dezember 2009 (XLSX-Datei; 40 kB)

!Gebietsanderungen 2009
Sachsen 2009
Gebietsanderungen in Sachsen

Liste der Gebietsänderungen in Sachsen 2009


Digital Data Storage (DDS) is a computer data storage technology that is based upon the Digital Audio Tape (DAT) format that was developed during the 1980s.  DDS is primarily intended for use as off-line storage, especially for generating backup copies of working data.

Design
A DDS cartridge uses tape with a width of 3.81mm, with the exception of the latest formats, DAT-160 and DAT-320, both which use 8mm wide tape.  Initially, the tape was 60 meters (197 feet) or 90 meters (295 ft.) in length. Advancements in materials technology have allowed the length to be increased significantly in successive versions.  A DDS tape drive uses helical scan recording, the same process used by a video cassette recorder (VCR).

Backward compatibility between newer drives and older cartridges is not assured; the compatibility matrices provided by manufacturers will need to be consulted.  Typically drives can read and write tapes in the prior generation format, with most (but not all) also able to read and write tapes from two generations prior.  Notice in HP's article that newer tape standards do not simply consist of longer tapes; with DDS-2, for example, the track was narrower than with DDS-1.

At one time, DDS competed against the Linear Tape-Open (LTO), Advanced Intelligent Tape (AIT), VXA, and Travan formats. However, AIT, Travan and VXA are no longer mainstream, and the capacity of LTO has far exceeded that of the most recent DDS standard, DDS-320.

History

 DDS-1 Stores up to 1.3 GB uncompressed (2.6 GB compressed) on a 60 m cartridge or 2 GB uncompressed (4 GB compressed) on a 90 m cartridge. The DDS-1 cartridge often does not have the -1 designation, as initially it was the only format, though cartridges produced since the introduction of DDS-2 may carry a -1 designation to distinguish the format from newer formats. A media recognition system was introduced with DDS-2 drives and cartridges to detect the medium type and prevent the loading of an improper medium. From 1993, DDS-1 tapes included the media recognition system marks on the leader tape—a feature indicated by the presence of four vertical bars after the DDS logo.
 DDS-2 Stores up to 4 GB uncompressed (8 GB compressed) on a 120 m cartridge.
 DDS-3 Stores up to 12 GB uncompressed (24 GB compressed) on a 125 m cartridge. DDS-3 uses PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelihood) to minimize electronic noise for a cleaner data recording.
 DDS-4 DDS-4 stores up to 20 GB uncompressed (40 GB compressed) on a 150 m cartridge. This format is also called DAT 40.
 DAT 72 DAT 72 stores up to 36 GB uncompressed (72 GB compressed) on a 170 m cartridge. The DAT 72 standard was developed by HP and Certance. It has the same form-factor as DDS-3 and -4 and is sometimes referred to as DDS-5.
 DAT 160 DAT 160 was launched in June 2007 by HP, stores up to 80 GB uncompressed (160 GB compressed). A major change from the previous generations is the width of the tape. DAT 160 uses 8 mm wide tape in a slightly thicker cartridge while all prior versions use 3.81 mm wide tape. Despite the difference in tape widths, DAT 160 drives can load DAT-72 and DAT-40 (DDS-4) cartridges. Native capacity is 80 GB and native transfer rate was raised to 6.9 MB/s, mostly due to prolonging head/tape contact to 180° (compared to 90° previously). Launch interfaces were Parallel SCSI and USB, with SAS interface released later.
 DAT 320 In November 2009 HP announced the DAT-320 standard, which stores up to 160 GB uncompressed (marketed as 320 GB assuming 2:1 compression) per cartridge. Native transfer rate was raised to 12 MB/s.

Generations

Future
The next format, Gen 8, was canceled.

See also
 Data8
 Magnetic storage

References

External links

 DAT Manufacturers Group
 ECMA-139 ISO/IEC 10777:1991, Specification of DDS. ECMA-139
 ECMA-146  ISO/IEC 11321:1992, Specification of DATA/DAT. ECMA-146
 ECMA-150  ISO/IEC 11557:1992, Specification of DDS-DC (DDS w/ compression). ECMA-150
 ECMA-151  ISO/IEC 11558:1992, Specification of DCLZ (compression algorithm). ECMA-151
 ECMA-170 ISO/IEC 12447:1993, Specification of DDS (for 60m and 90m tapes). ECMA-170
 ECMA-171 ISO/IEC 12448:1993, Specification of DATA/DAT-DC (for 60m and 90m tapes). ECMA-171
 ECMA-198 ISO/IEC 13923, Specification of DDS-2. ECMA-198
 ECMA-236 ISO/IEC 15521, Specification of DDS-3. ECMA-236
 ECMA-288 ISO/IEC 17462, Specification of DDS-4. ECMA-288

Computer storage tape media
Computer file formats

Digital Data Storage


Adelophycus, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz porodice Nemastomataceae. Jedina je vrsta A. corneus, morska alga uz obale Južne Australije.

Sinonimi
 Chaetangium corneum J.Agardh 1899, bazionim
 Adelophyton corneum (J.Agardh) Kraft 1975
 Nothogenia cornea (J.Agardh) P.G.Parkinson 1983

Izvori

Nemastomatales

Adelophycus


Don Mueang est l'un des 50 khets de Bangkok, Thaïlande.

Histoire

Points d'intérêt

 Aéroport international Don Muang

Notes et références

Liens externes

Khet de Bangkok

Don Mueang


The 'Nam is a war comic book series detailing the U.S. war in Vietnam from the perspective of active-duty soldiers involved in the conflict. It was initially written by Doug Murray, illustrated by Michael Golden, and edited by Larry Hama, and was published by Marvel Comics for seven years beginning in 1986, which was intended to roughly parallel the analogous events of the period of major American military involvement in Vietnam from 1965 to 1973.

Plot
The comic is structured as the narrative of a fictional soldier, Private First Class Edward Marks (but sometimes following other characters), as he experiences real events that occurred during the conflict. Each issue of the comic occurs one month after the previous issue, detailing events that occurred approximately 20 years prior to the publication date.

The events depicted are sometimes famous ones, such as the Tet Offensive of 1968, and sometimes more personal ones, depicting the interaction between soldiers or between soldiers and the local populace of Vietnam, or between soldiers and their families, friends and others in the United States.

Some of the stories are typical of those in war comics of any era, such as the interaction with a callous officer or a description of combat, while others are unique to Vietnam, such as the experience of soldiers on leave bearing the personal burden of animosity from civilians opposed to the war. Issue #8 introduced the character of Frank Verzyl, the Tunnel Rat, who appeared again briefly in #26.

Publication history

Background and concept
Vietnam War veteran Larry Hama contacted fellow vet Doug Murray in 1984 about doing a Vietnam War series for his black-and-white magazine, Savage Tales Vol. 2. Hama teamed Murray up with artist Michael Golden and together they created "The 5th to the 1st", which was well received.

In 1986, Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Jim Shooter approached Hama with a mock-up of a comic book cover that was, as Hama remembers, "a color copy of the artwork from a G.I. Joe cover, one that showed an Infantryman in camo face paint peering through dense jungle foliage. A logo had been pasted over the art that read: THE 'NAM." Shooter told Hama to come up with a book to go along with the cover and produce it. Hama suggested that Murray put together a proposal for a regular comic book about the Vietnam War. Hama specified that the series would play out in real time, such that no one character would remain in the series for longer than 12 issues (since during the Vietnam War soldiers returned home after the completion of a 364-day tour of duty), and that it should be as realistic as possible. Murray has stated that having the series take place in real time was a joint decision between him and Hama. He said, " had a calendar that kept track of how long they had to go in-country. I really wanted a way to kind of reflect that in the comic book." Though he chose Murray and Golden for the series in part because of their having done "The 5th to the 1st", Hama has denied that The 'Nam itself in any way sprang from "The 5th to the 1st", and mentioned that he did not think Shooter was even aware of those stories.

Early success
Golden was planning to work on Batman for DC Comics when Hama pitched him the concept for the comic book. Golden had grown tired of drawing superheroes and was looking to do something different: "Being part of that generation, I wanted to do this." Murray was surprised when Shooter greenlit the series, but felt that he "wanted to try different experiments in different subgenres". Even then, Murray figured that it might last for 12 issues, but it sold quite well, with the first issue outselling X-Men the month it came out. The series had a publicity coup when The Washington Post did a big write-up on the first issue's release, which was picked up by other newspapers across the country; it was rare that the mainstream press gave significant recognition to doings in the comic book industry.

Murray wanted to work on a Comics Code-approved series in order to reach a broader audience. He said, "I wanted a way to at least tell a part of the story to the kids and maybe get other people to talk about it as well." However, because of the Code, he was not able to address things like drug use or include swearing. Hama and Murray wanted to ignore politics and focus on the war from the average foot soldier's point of view. Murray said that the comic was "a pretty accurate view of the way the average soldier looked at the war. It was outside ordinary experience. The world was elsewhere."

The actions of the 23rd Infantry were based on fact. In particular, most of the stories in the first 13 issues were based on incidents which had happened to Murray or one of his acquaintances during the war. In addition, every issue featured a back-of-the-book glossary explaining the authentic lingo of the characters.

Changes in creative team
Many changes occurred in the series after the first 12 issues; the use of newsprint was abandoned in favor of slicker paper with higher color intensity. The series went direct market-only with The 'Nam #18. Artist Michael Golden quit the series, and was replaced by Wayne Vansant. Vansant had in fact been involved with the series from before its launch; Hama, who knew Vansant through his work on Savage Tales, told him that though Golden had been chosen as the penciller for the The 'Nam, he wanted Vansant in reserve as a fill-in artist, since Golden had a tendency to fall behind on his work. Thus, Vansant drew The 'Nam #7 as a fill-in and was seen as the natural successor to Golden when he left. Vansant said he was so enthusiastic about working on the series that at one point he was seven months ahead on deadlines.

Hama left the series after a year and a half. He was briefly replaced as editor by his assistant, Pat Redding, who maintained similar policies to Hama. However, when Don Daley took over, he wanted to include superheroes and not continue the series in real-time. Murray sharply disagreed with Daley over the direction of The 'Nam, in particular the appearance of superheroes in the series. After months of bitter arguments between Murray and Daley, Murray quit, recalling that one of the last straws was when he discovered that Daley had commissioned a The 'Nam script from Chuck Dixon in which a pre-Punisher Frank Castle guest-starred. His run ended with The 'Nam #45, though he briefly returned to write issues #49-51. Though the Punisher story was written during Murray's run, it was not published until a year later, in The 'Nam #52-53 (January–February 1991). Had he continued with the book, Murray wanted the main character from the first year, Ed Marks, to come back to Vietnam as a reporter and deal with the subject of Agent Orange.

From 1988 to 1989, Marvel published ten issues of The 'Nam Magazine, which reprinted in black-and-white the first twenty issues of the comic on magazine-sized paper.

Immediately following Murray's departure, the real time progression of the stories stopped, and the 23rd Infantry squad were dropped as the main characters. Dixon replaced Murray as the regular writer.

Final months
Daley re-assigned writing duties for The 'Nam to Vietnam veteran Don Lomax, creator of the independent title Vietnam Journal, and directed Vansant to begin inking the series as well as penciling it, both starting with The 'Nam #70 (July 1992). After the series' conclusion, an epilogue of sorts was published in the form of a Punisher special, The Punisher in the 'Nam: Final Invasion, which included the unpublished issues #85 and 86.

The character Michael "Ice" Phillips would go on to reappear in The Punisher War Journal #52-53, and The Punisher War Zone #27-30.

Awards
During its run, The 'Nam was nominated for the Best New Series category of the 1987 Jack Kirby Awards.

Reaction
Marine Corps veteran and former Newsweek editor William Broyles, Jr., praised the comic for having "a certain gritty reality," but Jan Scruggs, President of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, questioned if the Vietnam War should be the subject of a comic book and if it might trivialize it. The comic was praised by the Bravo Organization, a notable Vietnam veterans' group, as the "best media portrayal of the Vietnam War," beating out Oliver Stone's Platoon.

Collected editions
Volume 1 (collects The 'Nam #1-4), 1987, 96 pages,
Volume 2 (collects The 'Nam #5-8), 1988, 96 pages,
Volume 3 (collects The 'Nam #9-12), 1989, 96 pages,
The 'Nam (collects The 'Nam #1-4), 1999, 96 pages, Marvel's Finest,
The 'Nam (collects The 'Nam #1-10), 2009, 248 pages,
The 'Nam (collects The 'Nam #11-20), 2010, 240 pages,
The 'Nam (collects The 'Nam #21-30 and short stories from Savage Tales Vol. 2 #1 & 4), 2011, 248 pages,
Punisher Invades the 'Nam (collects The 'Nam #52-53, #67-69, Punisher Invades The 'Nam: Final Invasion #1, Punisher War Journal #52-53, and Punisher War Zone #26-30), 2018, 352 pages,

References

Further reading

External links

1986 comics debuts
1993 comics endings
Punisher titles
Marvel Comics set during the Vietnam War

The 'Nam


Phokas (, weibliche Form: Phokaina, ) ist eine Familie, deren Mitglieder generell als "Phokadai" bezeichnet werden, die gegen Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts urkundlich auftritt, verfügte über umfangreichen Landbesitz in Kappadokien, war im 10. Jahrhundert die mächtigste Adelsfamilie im Byzantinischen Reich, monopolisierte geradezu die Funktion des Domestikos ton scholon (Oberkommandierender der byzantinischen Truppen) und erreichte mit Nikephoros II. Phokas (* 912; † 969), Kaiser des Byzantinischen Reiches (963–969) den Höhepunkt ihrer Macht.

Mit dessen Ableben trat ein Machtverlust ein, dem sich die Familie durch Aufstände und Ausrufung von Mitgliedern zu Gegenkaisern entgegenstemmte, der jedoch durch Enteignungen während der Herrschaft von Kaiser Basileios II. (976–1025) endgültig war. Die Familie verschwand nach 1025 aus den byzantinischen Chroniken. Ihr Prestige war jedoch so groß, dass spätere Herrscher gerne auf ihre Verwandtschaft mit den Phokadai verwiesen. Träger des Namens Phokas treten ab dem 12. Jahrhundert in Kreta und im 13. Jahrhundert im Kaiserreich Nikaia in führenden Positionen auf. Der genealogische Zusammenhang mit dem Stammhaus ist ungeklärt. Nachkommen in weiblicher Linie existieren jedoch bis heute.

Herkunft

Über den Ursprung der Familie Phokas, die in Byzanz eine große Rolle gespielt hat, gab es zahlreiche Spekulationen, von denen jedoch keine als erwiesen gilt.
Bemerkenswert ist die Variationsbreite dieser Hypothesen. So berichtet der byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber Michael Attaleiates (* 1020/30; † um 1085), dass die Phokadai altrömischer Herkunft und Angehörige der Gens Fabia seien, aus der Mitglieder anlässlich des Transfers der Hauptstadt und der führenden römischen Familien unter Kaiser Konstantin dem Großen um 330 nach Konstantinopel gekommen seien. Die Gens Fabia war eine der ältesten Patrizierfamilien Roms, die bereits im fünften vorchristlichen Jahrhundert in der Römischen Republik eine führende Stellung einnahm. Eine solche Herkunft ist nicht völlig auszuschließen, da es tatsächlich anlässlich der Verlegung der Hauptstadt des Römischen Reiches unter Kaiser Konstantin dem Großen von Rom nach Byzantion (Konstantinopel) zur Übersiedlung vieler altrömischer Familien nach Konstantinopel kam. Es fehlen jedoch dokumentarische Unterlagen, die eine solche Abstammung belegen könnten.

Auf eine ganz andere Herkunft verweist der vielleicht bedeutendste muslimische Historiker des Hochmittelalters, Ibn al-Athīr (* 1160; † 1233), da er den Phokadai keine altrömische, sondern eine arabische Herkunft aus Tarsus zuschreibt. Dies zeigt zumindest, dass man auch auf arabischer Seite vom Prestige dieses Geschlechts beeindruckt war und es daher für die Arabische Welt reklamieren wollte. Die arabische Abstammung der Phokadai ist zwar sehr wenig wahrscheinlich, aber insofern nicht ganz absurd, da es in Byzanz zumindest zwei Patrizierfamilien gab, die tatsächlich arabischer Herkunft waren:
Es handelt sich dabei einerseits um die Familie Gabalas, die sich von den Fürsten des arabischen Stammesverbandes der Ghassaniden ableitet, aus der Gabala ibn Ayham (* um 585; † 640/41) die arabischen Hilfstruppen des Kaisers Herakleios I. kommandierte, ab 638 in Kappadokien im Exil war und vom Kaiser den Titel "Patrikios" erhielt. Die Familie konvertierte zum Christentum, prosperierte und übernahm wichtige Funktionen im Reich, wobei ein Nachkomme dieser muslimischen Araber, Nikephoros Gabalas (* ca. 760; † 811), als Nikephoros I. sogar das Byzantinische Reich von 802 bis 811 als Kaiser regierte.

Eine andere byzantinische Patrizierfamilie arabischer Herkunft trug den Namen Menas, die sich in männlicher Linie von den muslimischen Emiren von Kreta ableiteten. Als Nikephoros Phokas (später Kaiser Nikephoros II.) Kreta im Jahre 961 eroberte, wurde der Sohn des letzten Emirs, Al-Numan ibn Abd al-Aziz – der von den Griechen "Menas" genannt wurde – gefangen genommen, nach Konstantinopel gebracht, im Triumphzug des Kaisers Nikephoros II. Phokas mitgeführt, später aber auf Wunsch des Kaisers freigelassen, von diesem mit Gütern ausgestattet und als Feldherr eingesetzt. Er fiel im Dienste des christlichen byzantinischen Kaisers Johannes Tzimiskes 971 bei der Belagerung von Dorostolon durch die Kiewer Rus. Auch seine Nachkommen florierten und verheirateten sich u. a. mit dem Kaiserhaus der Komnenen.

Eine etwas näher liegende verwandtschaftliche Beziehung zu Kaiser Phokas, der von 602 bis 610 das Byzantinische Reich regierte und gleichfalls aus Kappadokien stammte, ist nicht ausgeschlossen. Dieser hatte zwar keine männlichen Nachkommen, wohl aber zwei Brüder, Domentiolos und Comentiolos, von denen der Letztere Vater eines weiteren Domentiolos war, der zum "magister militum per Orientem" (Heermeister des Ostens) und Kuropalates (etwa: Hofpfalzgraf/Obersthofmeister) ernannt wurde, von seiner Frau Irene drei Kinder hatte, die um 610 lebten und Nachkommen gehabt haben können. Eine Verwandtschaft lässt sich jedoch dokumentarisch nicht erweisen.
Eine größere Wahrscheinlichkeit besteht bezüglich einer armenischen oder georgischen Herkunft, wofür die häufige Verwendung des armenischen Vornamens Bardas spricht. Auch diese These kann jedoch nicht eindeutig bewiesen werden.

Stammtafel der Phokadai

Nach Christian Settipani ergibt sich (z. T. ergänzt nach Charles Chawley "Medieval Lands") folgende Stammreihe, in die auch die wichtigsten Verwandten eingefügt wurden:
Phokas (* um 830; † n. 873), byzantinischer Offizier aus Kappadokien, 872 Turmarch (Kommandant einer Turme, Teil einer byzantinischen Militärprovinz), später Strategos (Militärgouverneur) des Themas der Anatoliken
 Nikephoros Phokas der Ältere (* um 855; † 886/896), Domestikos ton scholon, Dux des Themas Thrakesion durch Kaiser Leo VI.
 Leon Phokas der Ältere (* 875/79; † nach 919), 917 Domestikos ton scholon
 Bardas Phokas der Ältere (* um 879; † 969), 945–955 Domestikos ton scholon des Orients, 963 «Caesar», ⚭ Ne Maleina, Schwester des Michael Maleïnos, Mönch und Heiliger der Orthodoxen Kirche
 Nikephoros Phokas der Jüngere (* 912; † ermordet 10./11. Dezember 969), Kaiser von Byzanz (963–969), 955 Domestikos ton Scholon, ⚭ 1.) Ne, ⚭ 2.) am 20. September 963 Theophano (* um 941; † 976), Kaiserin-Witwe nach Kaiser Romanos II. (aus der Makedonischen Dynastie), Tochter von Krateros, einem Weinhändler. Sie war später die Geliebte des Kaisers Johannes Tzimiskes. Kinder aus 1. Ehe:
 Ne Phokaina (* um 945) ⚭ Michael Botaneiates (* um 940), Protonotarios, Urgroßvater des Nikephoros III. Botaneiates (* um 1020; † 1081), Kaiser von Byzanz (1078–1081)
 Bardas Phokas († fiel im Kampf vor 963)
 Leon Phokas der Jüngere (* um 915; † geblendet nach 970), 969 Domestikos ton scholon des Okzidents, 963 Kuropalates, dann Exil in Lesbos, ⚭ Ne
 Nikephoros Phokas (3.) (* um 940; † geblendet nach 989), Patrikios, Vestes,
 Bardas Phokas der Jüngere (* um 940; † 13. April 989 in Abydos), 987 Gegenkaiser, 978 Domestikos ton scholon ⚭ Ne Adralestina
 Leon Phokas (3.) (* um 965; † 989) 989 Dux (Herzog) von Antiochia am Orontes
 Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos (* 965/70; † fiel im Kampf 1022), General des Kaisers Basileios II. "Bulgaroktónos" (der Bulgarentöter) (976–1025) ⚭ Ne
 Bardas Phokas (3.) (* um 985; † nach 1025), Patrikios, 1025 geblendet. Mögliche Nachkommen: Die im 12. Jh. in Kreta auftretenden Phokadai.
 ?Ne Phokaina (* 960/65) ⚭ Johannes Dermokaites (* um 955)
 Ne Dermokaitissa (* um 980) ⚭ Ruben/Rupen (* um 975; † nach 1018), Strategos in Larisa (Thessalien) und Hellados (aus dem Haus der Bagratiden)
 ?Torosak /Thoros ⚭ Ne Tochter des Senekerim König von Sebaste (1003–1021)
 ?Ruben/Rupen I. (* um 1022; † 1093), näherer Stammvater der Rubeniden, der "Herren vom Berge", später Herrscher des Königreichs Kleinarmenien
 Sophia Phokaina (* um 945) ⚭ Konstantinos Skleros (* 935; † 991), Bruder des Bardas Skleros, 976 – 979 und 987 – 989 (Gegen-)Kaiser von Byzanz und Bruder der Maria Skleraina, Ehefrau des Johannes Tzimiskes, Kaiser von Byzanz (969–976)
 Theophano Skleraina (* um 960 in Konstantinopel; † 15. Juni 991 in Nimwegen), ⚭ 14. April 972 in Rom Otto II., Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (967–983)Sohn:
  Otto III. (* 980; † 1002) Römisch-deutscher Kaiser (996–1002)
 Pantherios Skleros (2.) (* 975; † nach 1035) (Nachkommen)
 Petros Phokas, Eunuch (außerehelich)
 Manuel Phokas (außerehelich), kämpfte 963/64 in Sizilien gegen die Sarazenen. Er wird erwähnt von Liutprand von Cremona in seinem Gesandtschaftsbericht und von Leon Diakonos.
 Konstantinos Phokas (* 915/20; † ermordet 969), 945 Strategos der Provinz Seleukia
 Ne Phokaina ⚭ Theodulos Parsakuntenos
 Ne Phokaina ⚭ Romanos Tzimiskes
 Johannes Tzimiskes (* 925; † 976), regierte als Johannes I., Kaiser von Byzanz (969–976), ⚭ 1.) Maria Skleraina, ⚭ 2.) 971 Theodora, Tochter von Kaiser Konstantin VII. Porphyrogennetos und der Helene Lekapene (keine Kinder aus beiden Ehen)
 Ne Tzimiskaina (* um 920) ⚭ Romanos Abalantes(* 910/15; † 956), um 940 Strategos von Kappadokien
 Ne Abalantina (* um 945) ⚭ Stephanos Kontostephanos (* um 990), Patrikios,
 Ne Phokaina ⚭ N Diogenes (* 900; † nach 944), 944 Strategos
 Diogenes Adralestos (* 930; † nach 970), ein direkter Vorfahre von Romanos IV. Diogenes, Kaiser von Byzanz (1068–1071)

Fortleben der Familie
Mit der Blendung des Bardas Phokas (III.) im Jahr 1025 verschwindet die Dynastie aus den byzantinischen Schriftquellen, was zeigt, dass sie ihre historische Rolle verloren hatte. Die Familie lebte, wenn auch weitgehend entmachtet, vermutlich über Nebenlinien weiter. So tritt im 13. Jh. im Kaiserreich Nikaia ein Theodotos Phokas, Megas Dux ("Großherzog") und Onkel des Kaisers Theodor I. Laskaris (1205–1222) auf. Etwas später findet man Träger dieses Namens auch in Kreta. Zu berücksichtigen ist dabei jedoch, dass es durchaus der byzantinischen Tradition entsprach, die Familiennamen weiblicher Vorfahren, die aus vornehmeren Familien stammten, dem eigenen hinzuzufügen, oder diesen statt des eigenen anzunehmen, was vermutlich sogar für das Kaiserhaus der Dukas gilt, das in männlicher Linie eigentlich "Lydos" heißen sollte.

Der Ruhm der erloschenen Hauptlinie lebte fort, da sich in späteren Generationen viele Personen rühmten, in weiblicher Linie von den Phokadai abzustammen, wie etwa Nikephoros III. Botaneiates, Kaiser von Byzanz (1078–1081), die Gemahlin des Andronikos Dukas, Mitkaiser von Byzanz (1067–1070), Maria von Bulgarien († nach 1089), die eine Tochter des Fürsten Trajan aus dem Haus der Komitopuli war, Leo II., König von (Klein-)Armenien in Kilikien (1188–1219) und Maria Prinzessin von Kars (in Anatolien), (cl. 1077), aus dem Haus der Bagratiden.

Auch im westlichen Europa finden sich Nachkommen dieser bedeutenden byzantinischen Adelsfamilie.
So u. a. über eine Tochter von Bardas Phokas den Älteren, die ein Mitglied der Adelsfamilie Diogenes heiratete, aus der Anna Diogene – eine Enkelin des Kaisers Romanos IV. – Uroš I. Nemanjić, Groß-Zupan von Raszien (Serbien) (1118–1149) heiratete, dessen Tochter Helena von Serbien sich 1127 mit Béla II. "dem Blinden" König von Ungarn (1131–1141) aus dem Geschlecht Árpáden vermählte, dessen Nachkommen sich über ganz Europa verbreiteten.

Eine andere Deszendenzlinie besteht über Sophia Phokaina, einer Tochter von Leo Phokas dem Jüngeren (* um 915; † 970), die mit Konstantinos Skleros verheiratet war. Deren Tochter Theophano Skleraina war mit dem römisch-deutschen Kaiser Otto II. (973–983) aus dem Haus der Liudolfinger verheiratet. Ihr Sohn, Kaiser Otto III. (996–1002), starb zwar ohne Nachkommen, jedoch hinterließ ihre Tochter Mathilde von Sachsen (* 979; † 1025), die den Pfalzgrafen Ezzo von Lothringen aus dem Haus der Ezzonen geheiratet hatte, eine in weiblicher Linie bis heute existierende Nachkommenschaft.

Eine weitere Verbindung besteht über die Nachkommen den erwähnten Stephanos Kontostephanos (* um 990), Patrikios, dessen Urenkelin Ne Kontostephaina mit dem bulgarischen Fürsten Trajan (* um 1005) einem jüngeren Sohn des Iwan Wladislaw, Zar der Bulgaren (1015–1018), verheiratet war, zu dessen Nachkommen Träger der Namen Dukas, Komnenos, Angelos und Palaiologos und deren heute lebenden Deszendenten zählen.

Eine andere Verbindung besteht über eine Tochter des Gegenkaisers Bardas Phokas des Jüngeren († 989), die mit Johannes Dermokaites verheiratet war. Eine seiner Töchter heiratete in das armenische Haus der Rubeniden ein, aus dem eine Tochter von Konstantin I. Fürst von Armenien in Kilikien (1095–1100/02) mit Gabriel von Melitene, dem armenischen Herrscher der Stadt Melitene (heute Malatya in Ostanatolien) verheiratet wurde. Dessen Tochter Morphia von Melitene († 1126/27) war die Ehefrau von Balduin II. von Bourcq, aus dem Haus der Grafen von Rethel, König von Jerusalem (1118–1131), der über seine Töchter Melisende, Königin von Jerusalem (1131–1161) ⚭ Fulko V. Graf von Anjou, König von Jerusalem (1131–1144) und Alice Prinzessin von Jerusalem (* um 1110; † nach 1136) ⚭ Bohemund II., Fürst von Antiochia eine in weiblicher Linie bis heute blühende Nachkommenschaft hinterließ.

Literatur
 Christian Settipani: Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siècles obscurs ; Les princes Caucasiens et l´empire du VIe au IXe siècle. De Boccard, Paris 2006, ISBN 2-7018-0226-1.
 Georg Ostrogorsky: Byzantinische Geschichte 324 – 1453. 2. Auflage. Verlag C. H. Beck, München 2006, ISBN 3-406-39759-X.
 Warren Treadgold: A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
 Steven Runciman: The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. 1929. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 1988, ISBN 0-521-35722-5)
 Ralph-Johannes Lilie: Byzanz – Das zweite Rom. Siedler, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-88680-693-6.
 Alexander Kazhdan (Hrsg.): Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, New York/ Oxford 1991, ISBN 0-19-504652-8.

Weblinks
 Genealogie der Phokadai nach Charles Cawley

Einzelnachweise

Mittelbyzantinische Dynastie
Griechisches Adelsgeschlecht

Phokas (Adelsgeschlecht)


إسماعيل محمد إسماعيل هو صحفي ومؤرخ ومعلق وإداري وأكاديمي وحكم ومدرب ولاعب كرة قدم عراقي سابق، ولد في بغداد عام 1922م.

حياته الكروية
بدأ إسماعيل محمد حياته الكروية في منطقة الكرخ في بغداد، كما لعب لفريق معهد التربية البدنية خلال فترة الأربعينيات، وعقب سفره للدراسة في إنكلترا، لعب في فريق كلية لافرة (Loughborough College) خلال الفترة بين عامي 1948-1949م، لتكون تلك آخر محطاته لاعباً!

حياته كمدرب
في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي، بدأ رحلته التدريبية بقيادة الفريق العراقي المدرسي (منتخب المعارف) خلال الدورتين المدرسيتين في عام 1951-1954م، في القاهرة وبيروت، ثم درب فريق الحرس الملكي في موسم(54-1955م)، ثم درب فريق النادي الآثوري وفريق المصلحة (مصلحة نقل الركاب) في عام 1956م، ليقود فريق المصلحة خلال أكثر من فترة تدريبية، واستمرت من منتصف الخمسينيات حتى منتصف الستينبات، حقق خلالها لقب البطولة في العراق ثلاث مرات، وفي موسم عام (56-1957م) وموسم (60-1961م) وموسم (64-1965م).

وفي عام 1957م، أصبح إسماعيل محمد أول مدرب يقود المنتخب الوطني العراقي في بطولة رسمية، ففي تشرين الأول/أكتوبر من عام 1957م، اختار المدرب تشكيلته لتمثيل العراق في منافسات الدورة الرياضية العربية الثانية في بيروت، وفي المباراة الأولى تعادل العراق مع المغرب 3-3 رغم أنه كان متقدما 3-1 حتى الدقائق العشرة الأخيرة من نهاية المباراة، وفي المباراة الثانية خسر العراق أمام تونس 2-4 رغم تقدمه 2-1، قبل أن يختتم مشواره في الدورة بتحقيق أول فوز عراقي على مدار التاريخ على منتخب ليبيا بنتيجة 3-1، لتكون تلك أول وآخر محطات إسماعيل محمد مع المنتخب العراقي.

ولقد واجه إسماعيل محمد معارضة كبيرة من لاعبي كرة القدم القدامى عقب عودته من إنكلترا ليقوم بتطبيق أساليبه التدريبية التي تعلمها هناك، كما أنتقدته الصحافة أثر تبنيه لأسلوب اللعب (WM) أي طريقة 3-2-5 التي كانت حديثة العهد على لعبة كرة القدم العراقية في أوائل الخمسينيات ولكنه استمر بعمله وطبقها مع فريق المصلحة ومع المنتخب الوطني.

الحكم الرياضي
يعد إسماعيل محمد أول عراقي ينال شهادة تدريبية من خارج العراق في مجال التحكيم، ففي خلال فترة دراسته في بريطانيا في أواخر الأربعينات وفي كلية (لافبرة) (Loughborough College)، تمكن من الحصول على شهادة التحكيم من تلك الكلية في عام 1948م، ليعود بعد ذلك ويمارس التحكيم في مباريات كرة القدم داخل العراق.

معلق رياضي
يعتبر إسماعيل أول معلق رياضي في إذاعة وتلفزيون العراق، حيث بدأ إعجابه بمهنة التعليق أثناء وجوده في إنكلترا. في بداية عام 1955م تلقى اتصالا هاتفياً من أكرم فهمي (عميد الحركة الأولمبية العراقية)، يخبره أنهم بحاجة إليه للتعليق على مباراة منتخب العراق العسكري ضد نظيره المصري ضمن تصفيات كأس العالم العسكرية، فوافق لتكون تلك أول مباراة يعلق عليها واستمر في مهنة التعليق، وفي شهر آيار/مايو من عام 1963م، وأثناء تواجد المنتخب العراقي في مصر لخوض معسكر تدريبي وفي مباراة العراق وفريق دمنهور، قام إسماعيل بمناولة المايكروفون إلى تلميذه النجيب مؤيد البدري ليقوم بالتعليق على آخر خمس دقائق من المباراة، وفي اللقاء التالي ضد فريق (القنا) بمدينة الإسكندرية سمح لمؤيد البدري بالتعليق لمدة (28) دقيقة، ثم ترك له أستاذه مجال التعليق نهائيا بعد المباراة الأخيرة التي علق عليها إسماعيل محمد بين الجيش العراقي والجيش الإيراني في عام 1967م.

الكاتب والمؤرخ والإعلامي
يعد إسماعيل من أوائل من تصدوا لمهمة التوثيق الرياضي في العراق من خلال السجلات والوثائق التي كان يحتفظ بها، نظرا لمعاصرته الشخصية لحقبة طويلة من تاريخ الرياضة منذ نهاية الأربعينيات حتى بداية القرن الحالي، وقد بنى عدد من المؤرخون والصحفيون الرياضيون الذين تلوه أرشيفهم على ما وثقه لتلك الحقب الزمنية، ومنهم ضياء المنشئ صاحب (موسوعة الكرة العراقية) الذي يقول: (إن القسم الأول من المعلومات التي وردت في الموسوعة كان قد أعتمد فيها على أرشيف الراحل إسماعيل محمد في التسعينيات)، وأصدر كتابه الموسوم (التاريخ المصور لكرة القدم العراقية 1914-1945) مع الصحفي الرائد سمير الشكرجي، والذي يوثق تاريخ الكرة العراقية خلال الفترة منذ دخول اللعبة إلى العراق في عام 1914م، وحتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية، وليكون ذلك الجزء الأول من تلك السلسلة التأريخية على أمل إصدار أجزاء أخرى، وهو ما لم يتحقق مستقبلا.

سيرته الإدارية والوظيفية
تخرج إسماعيل محمد من معهد اللياقة البدنية ببغداد عام 1944م، وعمل مدرسا لمادة التربية الرياضة في مدرسة المتوسطة الغربية في عام 1945م، قبل أن يسافر إلى إنكلترا للدراسة بين عامي 1948-1949م، وخلال وقائع أولمبياد لندن في تموز/يوليو 1948م، تمت إضافة اسمه مع محمود القيسي كإداريين إلى الوفد العراقي المشارك في الدورة، وهناك اِقترح على أكرم فهمي بضرورة تأسيس اِتحاد عراقي لكرة القدم يعنى بشؤون اللعبة، وهذا ما تحقق في الثامن من تشرين الأول/أكتوبر من نفس العام برئاسة عبيد الله المضايفي، وبعد عودته إلى العراق في عام 1949م، فسرعان ما أنضم إلى تشكيلة الاتحاد العراقي كعضو في دورته الثانية في 27 أكتوبر 1949م، برئاسة أكرم فهمي، وقبل أن يصبح رئيسا للاتحاد للفترة من 1956م، وحتى عام 1959م.

أما عن مسيرته مع اللجنة الأولمبية في العراق فقد بدأت في أول تشرين الأول/أكتوبر من عام 1949م، وأستمرت حتى عام 1973م، بدأها كأمين للصندوق في الدورة الثانية عام 1958م، وأستمر في الدورة الثالثة عام 1964م، بعد أن قضى 4 سنوات في منصب الأمين العام للجنة الأولمبية العراقية.

وبدأت مسيرته مع التعليم وأستمرت بعد عودته من إنكلترا حيث عُيِّنَ في دار المعلمين الابتدائية ببغداد، وفي شباط/فبراير من عام 1955م، نقل على ملاك وزارة التعليم العالي في معهد التربية البدنية العالي، وفي كانون الأول/ديسمبر من عام 1958 نقل إلى وظيفة مدير الرياضة المدرسية في وزارة التربية، ثم عمل ملحقا ثقافيا للسفارة العراقية في لندن للفترة من 1960-1963م، ثم السفارة العراقية في بيروت من عام 1967-1970م، وفي الأول من آب/أغسطس من عام 1970م، أصبح وكيلا لوزارة الشباب والرياضة قبل أن يحال إلى التقاعد في 4 أغسطس 1971م.
في عام 1950م، وأثناء بطولة مدارس العراق في ملعب الكشافة، لاحظ لاعب في فريق مدرسة الحبانية الابتدائية (محافظة الأنبار)، فاستدعاه ليسأله عن اسمه فقال: عمانؤيل! وجريًا على العادة الإنكليزية في إطلاق أسماء مختصرة (nick names) فقد قرر إسماعيل محمد أن يكون اسم اللاعب عمو بابا اعتبارا من ذلك اليوم، وفي عام 1951م، شارك العراق في الدورة الرياضية المدرسية في القاهرة، وفي مباراة العراق ومصر منح الفرصة لعمو بابا للمشاركة لأول مرة، وبعد انتهاء الدورة قال له: ستصبح ناراً على علم في يوم ما.

وفاته
توفي في اليوم الثاني من بداية عام 2008م، في منزله الكائن في منطقة الأعظمية وقد أقامت اللجنة الأولمبية العراقية في 12 فبراير 2008 حفل تأبين له، وحضره كل من بشار مصطفى عثمان رئيس اللجنة الأولمبية الوطنية العراقية وحسين العميدي الأمين العام للجنة الأولمبية الوطنية العراقية، إضافة إلى محمد فرحان ممثل وزارة الشباب والرياضة وعمار هشام الشماع ومحمد هشام الشماع ممثلا عن عائلة إسماعيل والرائد السلوي الكبير علي الصفار وعدد من الرياضيين الرواد ورؤساء وأعضاء الاتحادات الرياضية والشخصيات الرياضية البارزة.

المصادر

 (الشيخوخة تقهر عميد المؤرخين الرياضيين العراقيين) - اياد الصالحي - صحيفة المدى - بغداد - 6/1/2008م.
 (العمالقة.. بدؤوا يرحلون)- مؤيد البدري - صحيفة المدى - بغداد - 6/1/2008م.
 الدكتور ضياء المنشئ (موسوعة الكرة العراقية).
 هشام السلمان (الكرة العراقية قادة ونجوم).
 تغطية صحيفة المدى /بغداد للحفل التأبيني للراحل إسماعيل محمد في 12-شباط 2008م.
 حسنين مبارك : مقالات في موقع الرياضة العراقية (باللغة الإنكليزية)

إعلاميون عراقيون
رياضيون من بغداد
لاعبو كرة قدم عراقيون
مدربو كرة قدم عراقيون
مدربو منتخب العراق لكرة القدم
معلقون رياضيون عراقيون
مواليد 1922
مواليد في بغداد
مؤرخون عراقيون
وفيات 1428 هـ
وفيات 2008
وفيات في بغداد

إسماعيل محمد


Don Gregorio es una ópera con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto en italiano de Jacopo Ferretti. Es una adaptación de su popular ópera bufa de 1824 titulada L'ajo nell'imbarazzo, que había triunfado en el Teatro Valle de Roma. Se estrenó en el Teatro Nuovo de Nápoles el 11 de junio de 1826.

Historia
Francesco Tortoli estaba interesado en producir L'ajo nell'imbarazzo, que había triunfado en Roma, en el Teatro Nuovo de Nápoles, pero se consideraba que era inadecuada tal como estaba escrita. Donizetti firmó un contrato con Tortoli por 300 ducados para adaptar L'ajo nell'imbarazzo a una nueva ópera, Don Gregorio, y para componer otra ópera más. Para la adaptación de L'ajo nell'imbarazzo, Donizetti revisó los recitativos a diálogo hablado y tradujo el papel de Don Gregorio a dialecto napolitano. Se estrenó en el Teatro Nuovo de Nápoles el 11 de junio de 1826. Ese mismo año se representó también en La Scala.  El 28 de julio de 1846 se representó por vez primera en Londres, pero "parece haber desaparecido de la vista hasta que reapareció en Italia de nuevo en el siglo XX". Se presentó en el Teatro Donizetti de la ciudad natal del compositor, Bérgamo, en 1959, pero una representación escénica exitosa en el Festival de Wexford en 1973 hizo que apareciera en otras cuatro ciudades europeas entre 1975 y 1990. Mientras tanto, una producción para la televisión italiana se retransmitió en 1964,
 pero una nueva grabación viodeográfica se hizo de una representación en vivo en el Teatro Donizetti de noviembre de 2007, la única que aparece en las estadísticas de Operabase para el período 2005-2010.

Referencias

Fuentes citadas
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, Nueva York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-140-29312-4
Osborne, Charles, The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregón: Amadeus Press, 1994  ISBN 0931340713

Óperas basadas en piezas de teatro
Óperas de 1826
Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles

Don Gregorio (ópera)


Slava Ukraini! (Слава Україні! ; en français Gloire à l'Ukraine) est une chanson composée par Marcus Paus, le compositeur officiel des Forces armées norvégiennes. Elle est basée sur l'utilisation mondiale de l'expression "Gloire à l'Ukraine" (en ) comme symbole de résistance et de solidarité lors de l'invasion russe de 2022, et s'inspire d'un motif de l'ouverture de l'hymne national ukrainien.

Histoire

La chanson, sortie le 27 février 2022, est enregistrée deux jours plus tard par l'artiste lituano-norvégien Povilas Syrrist-Gelgota de l'Orchestre philharmonique d'Oslo, et est diffusé peu de temps après par le radiodiffuseur du gouvernement norvégien, NRK, et joué lors d'un concert pour la paix en faveur de Ukraine à l'Académie norvégienne de musique. Le travail est également présenté dans une émission sur le LRT le 8 mars 2022. En outre, l'œuvre est présentée au concert de solidarité de SOS Villages d'enfants et de l'UNICEF Norvège "Ensemble pour les enfants d'Ukraine" dans l'Atrium de l'Université d'Oslo, lieu traditionnel des cérémonies du prix Nobel de la paix.

Son auteur a décrit l'œuvre comme une chanson de résistance et a déclaré que . Peu de temps avant d'écrire l'œuvre, Paus a été chargé par les forces armées norvégiennes d'écrire une œuvre majeure de «construction identitaire et unificatrice» pour les forces armées, la plus grande commande de l'histoire de la musique militaire norvégienne. Paus, qui est en partie d'origine juive, a également été chargé par le gouvernement norvégien d'écrire l'œuvre chorale The Beauty That Still Remains, basée sur le Journal d'Anne Frank, pour le  anniversaire officiel norvégien de la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Discographie
 Povilas Syrrist-Gelgota (Orchestre philharmonique d'Oslo), Slava Ukraini !, NRK, 2022.

Références

Liens externes

Invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022
Guerre russo-ukrainienne
Chanson norvégienne

Slava Ukraini! (chanson)


Newton Park est une maison de campagne du  classée Grade I dans la paroisse de Newton St Loe, Somerset, Angleterre, située  à l'ouest de Bath.

Histoire

Newton Park est construit en 1762–5 par Joseph Langton (petit-fils de Joseph Langton (vers 1637–1719), de Newton Park, député de Bath de 1690 à 1695 ) sur la conception de  . Newton Park est la maison de famille de la militante des droits des femmes Anna Gore-Langton et du député William Henry Powell Gore-Langton (1824 1873) .

La maison est utilisée comme hôpital de la Croix-Rouge pour héberger les troupes australiennes et néo-zélandaises pendant la Première Guerre mondiale . Newton Park abrite actuellement le personnel administratif de l'Université de Bath Spa.

Terrain et parc

Le domaine comprend un parc paysager, près du village de Newton St Loe, conçu par Capability Brown, et maintenant propriété du duché de Cornouailles. Il est aménagé sur un terrain contenant le donjon et la porte du château de St Loe du , un manoir médiéval fortifié, des bâtiments de ferme élisabéthains et divers jardins clos . Le parc est aujourd'hui délimité au nord par l'A39 Wells Road et va jusqu'aux routes résidentielles du village de Newton St Loe à l'est, et très près du village de Stanton Prior à l'ouest et au sud-ouest. Une partie du parc est louée à la Bath Spa University, qui entretient le manoir géorgien historique et les lacs ornementaux, ainsi que le château de Newton Saint Loe. Le parc est classé Grade II*.

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade I dans le Somerset

Newton Park


Georgij Pinhasov (ili Garik Pinhasov, engl. Gueorgui Pinkhassov; Moskva, 1952.) - fotograf, dobitnik međunarodnih nagrada, član agencije Magnum Photos.

Život i rad
Pinhasov je interes za fotografiju pokazivao još kao tinejdžer, te se nakon završetka škole upisao na Državni institut kinematografije "S.A. Gerasimov". Ne završivši studij, odlazi na dvije godine u vojsku. Nakon povratka iz vojske, počeo je raditi kao fotograf u filmskom studiju Mosfilma, a zatim kao nezavisni fotograf.

Godine 1978. Pinhasov pristupa nekadašnjem Moskovskom gradskom komitetu umjetnika-grafičara (sekcija fotografije), gdje je dobio status samostalnog umjetnika. U dvoranama komiteta u Maloj Gruzinskoj ulici Pinhasov izlaže svoje prve fotografije: portrete i mrtvu prirodu u tehnici sepije (Dinja, Šalica s čajem i mnoge druge). Status samostalnog umjetnika mu je omogućio više slobode da putuje i izlaže svoj rad i na međunarodnoj sceni. Godine 1979. njegove fotografije su prvi put zamijećene izvan Rusije, u grupnoj izložbi sovjetskih fotografija u Parizu.

Njegov je rad primijetio poznati ruski filmski redatelj Andrej Tarkovski, koji ga je pozvao da radi reportažu o njegovom filmu Stalker (1979.), čime ga je ujedno i potaknuo da se bavi novinskom fotografijom. Tarkovski ga je upoznao s fotografijama Henrija Cartier-Bressona, koji je tada bio nepoznat u Rusiji. Kao rezultat prijateljstva s redateljem nastale su tisuće fotografija u boji Sovjetskog Saveza.

Godine 1985. trajno se preselio u Pariz. Predstavivši seriju fotografija u boji Abanotubani ("Tbiliska kupališta") 1988., postao je suradnik agencije Magnum Photos, koju je osnovao čuveni Henri Cartier-Bresson. Od 1990. godine Pinhasov je punopravni član agencije. Redovito radi za međunarodni tisak, npr. Geo, Actuel i The New York Times. Izvještavao je o važnim događajima u Litvi, Mongoliji, Indoneziji, Kini i Africi. Godine 1991. izvještavao je o kolovoškom puču u Moskvi za The New York Times. Nije mu bilo dopušteno ući u Černobil pa je snimao posljedice katastrofe u stvarnom životu ljudi.

Godine 1995. dobio je stipendiju grada Tokija te je 1998. izdao knjigu Sightwalk, sa serijom živopisnih fotografija snimljenih na ulicama grada.

Nagrade
 1993. World Press Photo (umjetnička kategorija)
 1993. Society of News Design Award of Excellence, SAD
 1995. Bourse de la Ville de Paris

Izložbe
 2009. S ljubovju o Baku, središnja izložbena dvorana "Manjež", Moskva
 2009. Nordmeer, Pariz, Francuska
 2008. Kak budto by svet, Photobiennale, Vinzavod, Moskva
 2007. L'Image d'Après, Cinémathèque Française, Pariz, Francuska
 1988. Center of Photography, Ženeva, Švicarska
 1988. Asie Centrale - galerija, Pariz, Francuska
 1987. Cité Internationale des Arts, Pariz, Francuska
 1979. Maison des Hommes de Lettres, Moskva, Rusija
 1979. Tour Kiek in de Kök, Tallinn, Estonija

Knjige Georgija Pinhasova
 2006. Nordmeer, Hamburg, Njemačka,
 2003. Carnet D'Opera. Regards en coulisses, ur. Xavier Barral, London,
 1993. Une promenade à la Défense, Pariz,
 1999. Sightwalk, London,

Knjige u kojima su predstavljene fotografije G. Pinhasova
 1988. Taneli Escola & Hannu Eerikainen, Toisinnakijat, Helsinki, Finska
 1988. Die zeitgenossische Photographie in der Sowjetunion, Regensburg, Njemačka,
 1996. Tokio Today, Japan

Literatura
 Vartanov, S., Pinhasov Georgij. Njuans, intonacija, stil'..., Sovetskoje foto, 1981, br. 10
 Idlis, J., 7 voprosov Georgiju Pinhasovu, Russkij reportjor, br. 23, 8. prosinca 2007.
 Masaljcev, M., Tajnaja komnata Georgija Pinhasova, Desillusionist, br. 15, preuzeto 28. srpnja 2017.
 Udarceva, N., Georgij Pinhasov – zaklinatelj sveta, Ogonjok, br. 52, 2008.

Intervjui
 Kanal "Radost' moja": Georgij Pinhasov - Svetopis
 Vanina, E., Lučšije fotografy strany. Georgij Pinhasov, Afiša, 2012.
 Babinceva, N., Georgij Pinhasov: "Sud'ba dajot fotografu dva šansa , Moskovskije novosti, 30. rujna 2011.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice
 Portfolio G. Pinhasova na Magnum Photos
 Time: Photo Essays - Gueorgui Pinkhassov
 Georgij Pinhasov na Instagramu

Francuski fotografi
Umjetnici
Životopisi, Francuska
Životopisi, Rusija
Fotografi Magnum Photosa

Georgij Pinhasov


Agrilus cyaneomicans é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Nonfried, 1892.

Referências

cyaneomicans

Agrilus cyaneomicans


Yeshiva of Far Rockaway (also known as Yeshiva Derech Ayson () and Derech Ayson Rabbinical Seminary) is a yeshiva located at 802 Hicksville Road, Far Rockaway, Queens in New York City. It comprises a high school, beis medrash, and Kollel. The school was founded by the current rosh yeshiva, Rabbi Yechiel Yitzchok Perr, and by the late Rabbi Nachman Bulman.  It has intensive Talmudic studies, and features the rosh yeshiva's musar lectures in the Novardok tradition. The yeshiva also has a kollel, Kollel Ner Rochel Leah, where Talmudic studies are continued after marriage.

History
Rabbi Perr, an alumnus of Yeshiva Beis Yosef-Novardok in Brooklyn, Beth Medrash Govoha, the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia, and Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, founded the Yeshiva of Far Rockaway in 1969. The name of the yeshiva, Derech Ayson, comes from the sefer by Rabbi Avraham Yoffen of Novardok.

The yeshiva's principal from 1970 until his death was Rabbi Aaron Brafman, older brother of Benjamin Brafman.

Notable alumni
 Rabbi Azriel Brown, Rosh Yeshiva, Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret
 Rabbi Yaakov Mayer, Rosh Yeshiva, Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret
 Ari Goldwag, Jewish recording artist, songwriter, and producer
 Rabbi Ezra Schwartz, Rosh Yeshiva, Yeshiva University
 Rabbi Chaim Steinmetz, Senior Rabbi, Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun

References

Mesivtas
Orthodox yeshivas in New York City
Private high schools in Queens, New York
Rockaway, Queens
Boys' schools in New York City

Yeshiva of Far Rockaway


Veremundo (traducido al castellano con otros nombres como Vermudo o Bermudo) es el nombre de un hipotético rey suevo de Galicia, que habría reinado alrededor del año 485, durante el periodo de oscuridad que siguió a la conversión de los suevos al Arrianismo (466) y a la muerte del cronista Hidacio (469).

Biografía
Si en realidad existió, fue indudablemente arriano.

La existencia de Veremundo es una conjetura basándose en las inscripciones del  descubiertas por Salvador de Vairão. La fecha de dichas inscripciones se datan alrededor de 485, aunque algunos otros lo han datado en el , enlazando la figura de Veremundus con la de Bermudo I de Asturias; y más recientemente se han datado en el 535.

Fuentes
 Arias, Jorge C. "Identity and Interactions: The Suevi and the Hispano-Romans." Universidad de Virginia: Primavera 2007.
 Collins, Roger. Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. ISBN 0 631 18185 7.
 Ferreiro, Alberto. "Veremundu R(eg)e: revisiting an inscription from San Salvador de Vairão (Portugal)." Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 116 (1997), 263–72.
 Thompson, E. A. "The End of Roman Spain: Part III." Nottingham Mediaeval Studies, xxii (1978), pp.3–22. Reprinted in Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982, pp.161–187. ISBN 0-299-08700-X. See p.167 for Rechimund.
 Thompson, E. A. "The Conversion of the Spanish Suevi to Catholicism." Visigothic Spain: New Approaches. ed. Edward James. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. ISBN 0 19 922543 1.

Referencias

Reyes suevos del siglo V
Reyes suevos del siglo VI
Arrianos

Veremundo


Takayuki Fukumura (født 22. december 1991) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takayuki Fukumura


මොන්සෝරෝ මාලිගාව (ප්‍රංශ: Château de Montsoreau), ප්‍රංශයේ ලෝයර් නිම්නයේ පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශ පුනරුද මන්දිරයකි. 2016 සිට එය මොන්සෝරෝ මාලිගාව - සමකාලීන කලා කෞතුකාගාරයක් පවත්වයි.

ගැලරිය

කෞතුකාගාර
ප්‍රංශය

මාලිගාව (මොන්සෝරෝ)


جيش سيكيهو 赤報隊 (نطقا: سيكيهوتاي) كان مجموعة من المتطرفين السياسيين اليابانيين في باكوماتسو، أو الحرب الأهلية اليابانية عام 1860، وهذا المصطلح يشير أيضا إلى المجموعة التي ظهرت في ثمانينات القرن العشرين، حيث قتل صحافي وجرح آخر بإطلاق نار في محافظة هيوغو. في فبراير 2009 ظهرت مجموعة أخرى سمت نفسها سيكيهوتاي، أرسلت رسائل تهديد إلى مقدم أخبار محطة NHK.

المجموعة في الستينات من القرن التاسع عشر
كان الجيش مكونا من ثلاث وحدات، كان ساغارا سوزو قائد الوحدة الأولى، وسوزوكي ميكيسابورو (القائد السابق في الوحدة التاسع من فرقة شينسنغومي) كان قائد الوحدة الثانية من الجيش. الجيش تجول في أرجاء البلاد ناشرا أخبار التغير القادم في النظام، حيث قدمت حكومة ميجي وعودا بتخفيض الضرائب إلا أنها لم تستطع الوفاء بها، فألقت اللوم على الجيش واصفة له «بالجيش الكاذب». اعتقل ساغارا وأعضاء الوحدة الأولى وأعدموا بينما بقي سوزوكي ووحدته الثانية في خدمة إيشين شيشي (الوطنيون)، بينما أعدم أفراد الوحدة الثالثة بسبب قيامهم بالسلب والنهب.

المجموعة في ثمانينات القرن العشرين
مؤخرا ظهرت جماعة أطلقت على نفسها سيكيهوتاي كانت متطرفة ولكن أقل تسلحا، كان اسمها الكامل هو «نيبون مينزوكو دوكوريتسو غيوغون بيتسدو سيكيهوتاي» وهو ما يمكن ترجمته إلى «قسم الثأر للدم من فيلق تحزب الشعب العامل لاستقلال العرق الياباني»، كانت الجماعة مسؤولة عن مقتل صحافي ورسائل تهديد لرئيس الوزراء السابق ياسوهيرو ناكاسوني والآخر نوبورو تاكيشيتا.

في فن القصص
 ذكر جيش سيكيهو في سلسلة روروني كنشين، حيث كان ساغارا سانوسكي أحد شخصياتها فردا سابقا في الجيش.

اقرأ أيضا
 إيشين شيشي
 باكوماتسو
 استعراش ميجي
 ساغارا سانوسكي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 حول الجريمة التي وقعت في الثمانينات

اليمين المتطرف في اليابان
انحلالات سنة 1868 في اليابان
تأسيسات سنة 1868 في اليابان
منظمات سياسية في اليابان

جيش سيكيهو


Alison Elizabeth Margaret Goldfrapp, cunoscută ca Alison Goldfrapp  este un muzician și producător muzical englez, cea mai bine cunoscută ca fiind vocalista duetului de muzică electronică Goldfrapp.

Biografie

Viață timpurie
Alison Goldfrapp s-a născut în 1966 în Enfield, London, ca mezina dintre șase copii ai familiei. Mama sa era cadru medical. Tatăl său, Nick, care fusese anterior ofițer în armata britanică, lucra în industria publicitară. Numele de familie Goldfrapp, de origine germană, indică descendența germană prin tatăl viitoarei artiste muzicale. Familia s-a mutat adesea în timpul copilăriei sale, stabilindu-se cândva în Alton, comitatul Hampshire, unde Alison a urmat școala "alternativă" Alton Convent School.Fiind talentată, a cântat în corul școlii, făcând ulterior remarca că i-a făcut plăcere să frecventeze o școală de viitoare maici. La 12 ani, a trebuit să schimbe școala datorită netrecerii examenelor, urmând după aceea o școală locală, Amery Hill School. S-a mutat la Londra la vârsta de 16 ani, pentru ca ulterior să termine Universitatea din Middlesex University, unde a studiat artele frumoase și medii mixte.

Calități artistice

Voce

— Criticul muzical Sal Cinquemani, de la Slant Magazine descriind vocea cântăreței Alison Goldfrapp într-un articol recenzie al albumului muzical Head First —

Goldfrapp are o voce expansivă, versatilă, educată, complexă, din spectrul vocal al sopranelor. Datorită acestor calități, native dar și educate ale vocii sale, Alison demonstrează adesea calități operatice, particular dovedite în albumul de debut ale grupului omonim, Goldfrapp, intitulat Felt Mountain și cu precădere în cântecele "Utopia" și "Pilots". Modul în care artista livrează cântecele sale, interpretate într-un stil mult mai contemporan, precum și vocea au fost caracterizate ca "tăind respirația", "sufocant de pasionate", "eterice" și "surprinzătoare".

De asemenea, Goldfrapp a fost adesea apreciată pentru versatilitatea sa vocală, fiind capabilă de a o "metamorfoza" realmente pentru a se adapta diferitelor genuri muzicale, printre care se pot menționa folk, pop, muzică cultă, dance, trip hop și electronica, genuri pe care le-a practicat de-a lungul întregii sale cariere. În afara ambitusului său excepțional, de cinci octave, Goldfrapp a fost remarcată pentru utilizarea unui vocoder, cu care își poate altera vocea pentru a se adapta stilului materialului vocal pe care trebuie să-l interpreteze, așa cum a fost în cântecul Lovely Head''. Vocal, Goldfrapp a fost adesea comparată cu Marlene Dietrich, Siouxsie Sioux, Björk, Kate Bush și Cocteau Twins.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Goldfrapp's official website

Nașteri în 1966
Nașteri pe 13 mai
Absolvenți ai Middlesex University
Câștigători ai premiilor Ivor Novello
Cântăreți cu registru vocal de cinci octave
Cântărețe engleze din secolul al XX-lea
Cântărețe engleze din secolul al XXI-lea
Compozitori LGBT
Electroclash
Femei bisexuale
Oameni în viață
Muzicieni ai Mute Records
Muzicieni ambientali
Muzicieni bisexuale
Scriitori bisexuali
Soprane engleze

Alison Goldfrapp


Fondaco dei Turchi (în venețiană Fontego dei Turchi) este un edificiu în stil veneto-bizantin din Veneția (nordul Italiei), situată pe malul Canal Grande, în sestiere Santa Croce. Termenul Fondaco provine din arabul fondouk, ce desemnează un "depozit".

Istoric
Clădirea, construită din dorința lui Giacomo Palmieri de Pesaro, datează din secolul al XIII-lea. A fost vândută în anul 1381 Republicii Venețiene, care i-a oferit-o lui Nicolas II d'Este, marchiz de Ferrara. În 1482 a fost confiscată, iar în 1509 atribuită papei Iuliu al II-lea, care a stabilit acolo sediul nunțiaturii apostolice. În 1527 clădirea a fost retrocedată familiei d'Este, dar în 1602 César d'Este i-a cedat-o cardinalului Giovanni Aldobrandini, fratele papei Clement al VIII-lea. A fost apoi vândută în 1618, lui Antonio Piruli care, devenit doge, a închiriat-o începând din 1621 comunității turce.

Între secolele al XVII-lea și al XIX-lea palatul a devenit depozit (fondaco sau fontego) pentru comercianții otomani din oraș.

În 1838 antreprenorul Busetto, zis "Petich", l-a răscumpărat de la contele Leonardo Manin, fratele ultimului doge Ludovico Manin, moștenitorul Piero Pesaro, care îi devenise proprietar printr-o zestre de nuntă adusă de familia Piruli.

În 1860 fontego a fost luat în arendă de Comunitatea din Veneția, care în 1870 îl supune unei restaurări dezastruoase, reconstruind între altele cele două turnuri laterale pe care Senatul le demolase în vremea sa.

În 1865 fontego adăpostea Museo Correr, muzeul principal, înainte de a găzdui, începând cu 1923, Muzeul de istorie naturală al Veneției.

Note

Palate din Veneția

Fondaco dei Turchi


Andrew II may refer to:

 Andrew II of Naples, duke of Naples from 834 to 840
 Andrew II, Baron of Vitré ( 1150–1210/11)
 Andrew II of Hungary ( 1177–1235)
 Andrew II, Archbishop of Antivari (died in 1462)

See also
Andrei II of Vladimir, ( 1222–1264), third son of Yaroslav II

Andrew II


Poljaci u SAD-u predstavljaju sve američke državljane djelomičnog ili potpunog poljskog podrijetla, kao i američke državljane poljske narodnosti. S 9,5 milijuna pripadnika čine 3% cjelokupnog stanovništva SAD-a i najbrojniji su slavenski narod u SAD-u te osma najbrojnija etnička skupina u SAD-u. Smatra se da poljske korijene i najmanjim dijelom ima oko 20 milijuna Amerikanaca.

Prvi Poljaci dolaze 1608. godine na područje Virginije, gdje osnivaju manje obrtničke naseobine. Najpoznatiji američki Poljaci su Tadeusz Kościuszko i Kazimir Pulaski koji su se borili za SAD u Američkom ratu za neovisnost te stekli naslove "nacionalnih junaka". Poljaci su se u SAD doseljevali u više iseljeničkih valova, posebice nakon Tri podjele Poljske te tijekom Prvog i Drugog svjetskog te hladnog rata.

Najviše Poljaka živi u državama New Yorku, Illinoisu, Michiganu, Pennsylvaniji te New Jerseyu, odnosno području Sjeveroistoka, gdje živi i značajan broj Nijemaca i ostalih slavenskih naroda. "Najpoljskiji" grad u SAD-u je Chicago, jer se u njemu nalaze gotovo sve najvažnije kulturne, političke i društvene ustanove poljske manjine.

Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2000. u SAD-u je bilo 670.000 govornika poljskog, od čega samo u Chicagu njih 185.000.

Utjecaj poljske baštine na američku arhitekturu vidljiv je i u tkzv. poljskom katedralnom stilu, arhitektonskom stilu u kojem je izgrađeno više od 50 poljskih katoličkih crkava na Sjeveroistoku SAD-a i Priatlantskoj obali.

Od poznatijih američkih Poljaka ističu se hollywoodski redatelj Roman Polański, pjevačica JoJo, fizičar i nobelovac Frank Wilczek, bombaš Theodore Kaczynski i dr.

Izvori

Poljaci u SAD-u


විජයබා ජාතික පාසල ,මහව
අල් මදිීනා විද්‍යාලය , මහව
යු.බී වන්නිනායක විද්‍යාලය , බලල්ල
යාපහුව මහා විද්‍යාලය , යාපහුව
කදුබොඩගම විද්‍යාලය , යාපහුව, මීගලෑව  ජාතික පාසල, මීගලෑව ප්‍රාථමික විද්‍යාලය

මහව කලාපයෙහි පිහිටා ඇති ආණ්ඩුවේ පාසැල් ලැයිස්තුව


Kristinehamns Mekaniska Verkstad war eine Lokomotivfabrik in der schwedischen Stadt Kristinehamn.

Geschichte
Die Werkstatt wurde als Christinehamns Jernvägs Mekaniska Werkstad gegründet. Sie gehörte zur 1850 als Christinehamns–Sjöändans Järnväg (CJ) gebauten Pferdebahn und baute 1867 ihre erste Dampflokomotive für die Gesellschaft. Die Maschinen standen in einer Holzhalle, das Holz dafür stammte von der abgerissenen alten Kirche in Kristinehamn. Die Lok entstand nach einer Zeichnung von Munktells Mekaniska Verkstad in Eskilstuna. Es folgten eine Reihe von Lokomotiven mit dem von Harald Asplund patentierten Drehgestell sowie der ebenfalls von ihm konstruierten Radialachse.

Nach der Übernahme der CJ durch die Östra Värmlands Järnväg (ÖWJ) im Jahre 1873 trennte man die Werkstatt als eigenständiges Unternehmen ab und nannte diese Kristinehamns Mekaniska Verkstad. 1893 wurde sie von Karlstads Mekaniska Werkstad gepachtet und 1897 als Filiale übernommen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wurde die Lokomotive Nr. 57 gebaut.

Als letzte Lok der Werkstatt entstand 1902 die Baunummer 78, die an Brattfors Aktiebolag für den Betrieb der Strecke Brattfors–Gejierstal geliefert wurde.

Karlstads Mekaniska Verkstad verlegte 1902 seine Produktion von Wasserturbinen nach Kristinehamn und baute später auch noch Schiffsschrauben.

Von 1860 bis 1882 war Harald Asplund Geschäftsführer. Er hatte zuvor für Munktells Mekaniska Verkstad gearbeitet. Von 1882 bis 1893 leitete Emil Kjellberg die Firma.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Schweden)
Ehemaliger Eisenbahnhersteller
Gemeinde Kristinehamn
Wirtschaft (Värmlands län)

Kristinehamns Mekaniska Verkstad


é uma marca nipo-americana de macarrão instantâneo, macarrão instantâneo em copo e yakisoba produzido pela Toyo Suisan em Tóquio, Japão. A marca Maruchan é utilizada para produtos de macarrão no Japão e como nome operacional da divisão da Toyo Suisan nos Estados Unidos, Maruchan Inc. Em 1972, a Toyo Suisan entrou no mercado estadunidense com a Maruchan USA e, em 1977, estabeleceu uma fábrica em Irvine, Califórnia. A Maruchan tem outras fábricas em Richmond, Virgínia, e uma no Condado de Bexar, Texas. A Maruchan produz mais de 3,6 bilhões de pacotes de macarrão ramen por ano. Nos Estados Unidos e especialmente no México, o ramen Maruchan é amplamente popular.

História
Toyo Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. de Tóquio, Japão, fundada em 28 de março de 1953, é uma empresa de alimentos embalados no Japão. O esforço da Toyo Suisan para se tornar uma empresa internacional de alimentos os trouxe para os Estados Unidos, onde, em 1972, fundaram a Maruchan USA. No início, a Maruchan USA era apenas uma empresa de marketing, importando e distribuindo ramen do Japão. Depois de operar por cinco anos como distribuidora de produtos importados, a Maruchan construiu sua própria fábrica em Irvine, Califórnia, em 1977, onde começou a produzir ramen da marca Maruchan. Desde 1977, a Maruchan cresceu de forma constante e se tornou líder do setor na América do Norte, ao lado de outras marcas de macarrão instantâneo, como Top Ramen e Sapporo Ichiban.

Nome
Maruchan é uma palavra japonesa composta por duas partes, maru e chan. Maru significa redondo, como a forma de uma bola ou o rosto de uma criança feliz. Em japonês, redondo tem uma conotação de simpatia. A palavra chan é um sufixo honorífico, usado carinhosamente com uma criança ou como um termo carinhoso.

Produtos

 Ramen instantâneo
 Macarrão instantâneo em copo
 Udon
 Sobá
 Yakisoba

Sabores internacionais incluem

 Carne
 Carne Assada
 Carne Teriyaki
 Carne Picante
 Frango (ou Galinha no Brasil)
 Galinha Caipira
 Frango Cremoso
 Frango Chipotle
 Frango Teriyaki
 Frango com Cogumelho
 Frango Assado
 Frango Sriracha
 Frango Picante
 Queijo Cheddar
 Pimenta
 Chili Piquin e Camarão
 Camarão
 Camarão e Limão
 Camarão com Pimentão e Limão
 Carne Quente e Picante (Hot & Spicy Beef)
 Frango Quente e Picante (Hot & Spicy Chicken)
 Kimchi Quente e Picante (Hot & Spicy Shrimp)
 Camarão Quente e Picante
 Frango Wonton Instantâneo
 Carne de Porco
 Molho de Soja (anteriormente comercializado como "Oriental")
 Hearty Pork Tonkotsu
 Missô Picante
 Frango com 35% menos sódio
 Carne Bovina com 35% menos sódio
 Pimenta com 35% menos sódio

Sabores especiais
 Carne do Texas (Texas Beef)
 Frango Cajun
 Camarão Cajun
 Hot-n-Spicy Vegetable

Descontinuado
Tomate
Cogumelo
California Vegetable
Alfredo Cremoso
Cheddar Jalapeño
Tortilha de Frango

Marcas de macarrão instantâneo
Empresas de alimentação do Japão
Empresas de Tóquio
Empresas fundadas em 1972

Maruchan


Tomáš Sivok (n. 15 septembrie 1983) este un fotbalist profesionist ceh care joacă pe postul de fundaș central pentru clubul israelian Maccabi Petah Tikva din Premier League. El a debutat pentru echipa națională a Cehiei pe 3 septembrie 2005. Joacă de obicei pe poziția de fundaș, dar poate juca și la mijlocul terenului.

Carieră
În septembrie 2005, Sivok a devenit căpitan al Spartei. A fost căpitanul echipei naționale de fotbal a Republicii Cehe în anul 2006.

La mijlocul anului 2006, Sivok a devenit o față principală a unei campanii anti-rasiste a guvernului ceh care se numea Împreună împotriva rasismului.
El a semnat cu Udinese în timpul ferestrei de transfer din ianuarie 2007. În mai 2008, a fost vândut de Udinese către echipa turcă Beșiktaș JK pentru 4,7 milioane de euro. El a semnat un contract pe patru ani cu opțiune de prelungire pe încă unul în valoare de 800.000 € pe an și cu 100.000 € în bonusuri; salariul său ar fi crescut la 1,2 milioane de euro dacă și-ar fi extins contractul până în 2013.

Viața personală
Sivok s-a căsătorit cu Michaela Šachlová la 9 martie 2009 la İstanbul. Primul lor copil a fost un fiu pe nume Andre Tomas.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Tomáš Sivok la site-ul oficial AC Sparta Praga

Fotbaliști internaționali cehi
Fotbaliști cehi
Mijlocași
Oameni în viață
Nașteri în 1983

Tomáš Sivok


සයිමන් නවගත්තේගම (1940-2005) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිටි කෘතහස්ත සාහිත්‍යධරයෙකි.  ඔහු ප්‍රවීණ කෙටිකතාකරුවෙක්, නවකතාකරුවෙක් සහ නාට්‍යකරුවෙක් ද වෙයි. මෙරට සාහිත්‍යයේ මායායථාර්ථවාදයේ පුරෝගාමියා සයිමන් නවගත්තේගම වෙයි.  කේ. කේ. සමන් කුමාර තමන් විසින් සිංහල සාහිත්‍යයයේ නූතනවාදී ත්‍රිත්වය වශයෙන් ලේඛකයන්  සයිමන්, ටෙනිසන් පෙරේරා සහ අජිත් තිලකසේන ත්‍රිත්වය හදුනා ගනී.
සයිමන් නවගත්තේගම සිය කෙටිකතා සහ සුද්දිලාගේ කතාව නම් නවකතාව තුළ යථාර්ථවාදී සාහිත්‍ය මාර්ගය අනුගමනය කළ ද සංසාරාරණ්‍යයේ දඩයක්කාරයා කෘතියේ සිට බෞද්ධ දාර්ශනික සංකල්පවලින් සහ පැරණි සිංහල පුරාකෘතික සංකල්පවලින් ආභාෂය ලැබූ මායායථාර්ථවාදී රීතියක් කරා යොමු විය.

ජීවන තොරතුරු

සාහිත්‍ය ලක්ෂණ
සයිමන් නවගත්තේගම විසින් සංසාරාරණ්‍යයේ දඩයක්කාරයා, දඩයක්කාරයාගේ කතාව, සංසාරාණ්‍යයේ උරුමක්කාරයා, ක්ෂීර සාගරය කැළඹිණි, සාපේක්ෂණී, අර්ජුන කුමාරයාගේ කතාන්දරය, සංසාරාරණ්‍යය අසබඩ, ස්වර්ණ වන්නියේ වල්ලි අම්මලා යන කෘති මගින් ප්‍රභවය දුන් සාහිත්‍යය මාර්ගය කේ. කේ සමන් කුමාර හදුනා ගන්නේ බෞද්ධ ප්‍රඥාමාර්ගික සාහිත්‍ය යනුවෙනි. මෙය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ම ආවේණික සාහිත්‍ය ප්‍රවර්ගයක් ලෙස හෙතෙම දක්වයි. දීප්ති කුමාර ගුණරත්න, සයිමන් නවගත්තේගමගේ සාංසාරාරණ්‍යයේ දඩයක්කාරයා කෘතිය හදුන්වා ඇත්තේ මෙරටට අනන්‍ය පශ්චාත් නූතනත්වයක් පෙන්නුම් කළ අවස්ථාවක් ලෙසිනි.

මහාවංශ ඉතිහාස විග්‍රහය ඉක්මවා යමින් රාවණ කතිකාව වැනි පුරාකෘතික ප්‍රවාද කරා යොමු වීම, මහායාන හා තන්ත්‍රයාන බෞද්ධ සංකල්ප ඇසුරු කිරීම, කාලය පිළිබද බටහිර දැක්මට වෙනස් ව කාලත්‍රය සැරිසැරීම පෙන්නුම් කිරීම සයිමන්ගේ කෘතිවල ලක්ෂණ වශයෙන් හෙතෙම දක්වයි. සයිමන් නවගත්තේගම බෞද්ධ දර්ශනය, මාක්ස්වාදය සහ ෆ්‍රොයීඩියානු මනෝවිශ්ලේෂණය සමග එක්තැන් කළ බවත් එහි දී ඔහු එරික් ෆ්‍රොම් විසින් ඉටු කළ දෙයට සමාන දාර්ශනික කාර්යයක් සිය සාහිත්‍ය භාවිතාව තුළ කර ඇති බවත් හෙතෙම පෙන්වා දෙයි. සයිමන්ගේ සාහිත්‍ය රීතිය බෞද්ධ බෝගේසියානු රීතියක් වශයෙන් ද හෙතෙම හදුන්වයි.

ප්‍රබන්ධ කෘති

ඔහුගේ කථාව,
සාගර ජලය මදි හැඩුවා ඔබ හන්දා (කෙටි කථා එකතුව)
සාහිත්‍යය, සමාජවාදය සහ කලා විචාරය
සුද්දිලාගේ කථාව
සංසාර ආරණ්‍යයේ දඩයක්කාරය
සංසාර ආරණ්‍යයේ උරැමක්කාරයා
සංසාර ආරණ්‍යය අසබඩ
දඩයක්කාරයාගේ කතාව
සාංකාව
සාපේෂණී
ක්ෂීර සාගරය කැලඹිණ
ස්වර්ණවන්නියේ වල්ලි අම්මලා
වානරයා
හිමාලකන්ද තරණය කල අර්ජුන කුමාරයාගේ කතාව
බාවනාව

තිර රචනා

සුද්දිලාගේ කතාව
සිරි මැදුර
සෙයිලම
ශීර සාගරය කැලඹිණ
ආදර සිහිනය

ගුවන්විදුලි වැඩසටහන්

වානරයා

නාට්‍ය

ගංඟාවක්
පුස් ලෝඩම්
සුබ සහ යස
ස්ත්‍රි
සුදු සහ කළු
පණ්ඩුකාභය

ආශ්‍රිත නාමාවලිය

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට

මේවා ද බලන්න

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ
ජී. බී. සේනානායක
ටෙනිසන් පෙරේරා
මහගමසේකර
.

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නවකතාකරුවෝ
1940 උපත්
2005 මරණ

සයිමන් නවගත්තේගම


59000 Beiguan este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
59000 Beiguan este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Xinglong în cadrul programului Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,21 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 59001-60000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

59000 Beiguan


Free Willy is a 1993 American family drama film, directed by Simon Wincer, produced by Lauren Shuler Donner and Jennie Lew Tugend, written by Keith A. Walker and Corey Blechman from a story by Walker and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures under their Family Entertainment imprint. The film stars Jason James Richter in his feature film debut, Lori Petty, Jayne Atkinson, August Schellenberg, and Michael Madsen with the eponymous character, Willy, played by Keiko. The story is about an orphaned boy who befriends a captive orca, Willy, at an ailing amusement park. When he discovers that the park owners plan to dispose of Willy, he hatches a scheme to break him out of captivity.

Released on July 16, 1993, the film received positive attention from critics and was a commercial success, grossing $153.7 million from a $20 million budget.

It grew into a small franchise, including an animated television series, two sequels, and a direct-to-video reboot in addition to inspiring the rehabilitation and release of Keiko. The film marked Keith A. Walker's only film as screenwriter, and last project before his death in late December 1996.

Plot

On the Pacific Northwest coastline, a pod of killer whales are peacefully swimming. The pod is tracked down by a group of whalers. One of the orcas is separated from his family. The whalers sell him to Northwest Adventure Park.

Months later in Portland, Oregon, Jesse, a 12-year-old orphan who was abandoned by his mother six years ago, fled from Cooperton and spends three days roaming the streets with his fellow orphans, begging for money and stealing. To evade police in pursuit later that night, he and Perry break into a building that turns out to be the adventure park's observation area. While doing graffiti on the building walls and its water tank, Jesse comes face to face with the large orca before ultimately getting caught by the police. Dwight informs Jesse that his foster parents Annie and Glen Greenwood would be happy to take him in. Jesse, who hopes to be reunited with his mother, begrudgingly goes to live with them.

In lieu of being sent to juvenile hall, Jesse is allowed to make up for his vandalism by cleaning and painting the observation area. He forms a bond with the orca, named Willy, when he takes a liking to Jesse's harmonica playing. He also befriends Randolph and Rae, a caretaker and trainer at the park, respectively. With probation ending, Jesse sneaks out of the house to visit Willy and accidentally falls in the tank. He nearly drowns but Willy saves the boy and brings him to the surface. Randolph and Rae notice that Jesse is the only human the normally ill-tempered Willy responds to, and eventually Jesse is offered a summer job at the park. He also starts to warm up to the Greenwoods.

Jesse agrees to help Rae train Willy for a performance when he learns that park owner Dial has agreed to get a bigger tank for the whale if it can draw audiences. Jesse successfully teaches Willy tricks and gets him to jump high. On the day of the big performance, large crowds come to watch. However, Willy, agitated and stressed by children loudly pounding on the tank walls, refuses to perform. Jesse leaves the stage after audience members start heckling him. That night, a disillusioned Jesse sneaks out to search for his mother, but stops by the tank to say goodbye to Willy. Before he can leave, Willy makes crying noises and Jesse realizes he is communicating with the pod of orcas he was separated from. He also happens to witness park manager Wade deliberately putting a leak in the tank.

Randolph explains to a frantic Jesse it's part of Dial's plan to kill off Willy and collect the million dollar life insurance. Jesse hatches a plan to return the whale to the ocean, with Randolph and Rae joining in. They use a forklift to transport Willy onto a truck stolen from Glen. Dial launches a search when he is informed by Wade about the missing whale. Jesse, Randolph, and Rae try to stay on the back roads to avoid being spotted, but when the truck gets stuck in the mud, Jesse uses the truck's CB radio to call Glen and Annie for help. The Greenwoods arrive and Glen is at first reluctant to assist with the plan, but relents when Jesse pleads with him. Glen drives the truck to Dawson's Marina, where Dial, Wade and their men have assembled at the gates to stop them. Glen smashes through the gate, turns the truck around and backs Willy into the water.

After a struggle with Dial's men and Wade, Willy manages to swim away. However, two of Dial's whaling ships seal off the marina. Jesse runs toward the breakwater and encourages Willy to follow him and jump over. On the breakwater, Jesse recites a Haida prayer Randolph had taught him through the story of Natselane, before giving Willy the signal to jump. Willy makes the jump over and lands in the ocean on the other side, free to return to his family, while a dismayed Dial and Wade can only watch. Jesse thanks and hugs Glen and Annie as Willy calls out to Jesse in the distance.

Cast
 Jason James Richter as Jesse, a 12-year old orphan
 Lori Petty as Rae Lindley, Northwest Adventure Park trainer, Willy's veterinarian and aspiring marine biologist
 Jayne Atkinson as Annie Greenwood, a teacher, Jesse's foster mom, and Glen's wife
 August Schellenberg as Randolph Johnson, Willy's Haida caretaker
 Michael Madsen as Glen Greenwood, Greenwood Auto Repairs founder and owner, Jesse's foster dad, and Annie's husband
 Michael Ironside as Dial, the greedy owner of Northwest Adventure Park
 Richard Riehle as Wade, Northwest Adventure Park general manager
 Mykelti Williamson as Dwight Mercer, Jesse's social worker
 Michael Bacall as Perry, a runaway orphan who hangs with other street kids and works alongside a criminal
 Danielle Harris as Gwenie, a runaway orphan
 Isaiah Malone as Vector, a runaway orphan
 Tom Lasswell as Brody, a truck stop employee who was asked by the Greenwoods about Glen's stolen pickup truck
 Moultrie Patten as one of the homeless men who  makes a compliment to Randolph when Willy gets taken to the car wash
 Ed Murphy as one of the homeless men
 Keiko as Willy, a captive 12-year old orca whom Jesse befriends
Then-Astoria mayor Willis Van Dusen made a cameo appearance as a fish vendor. Jim Michaels was the announcer for the Northwest Adventure Park's aquatic theater.

Production

Writing
The project first originated in 1984 when Keith A. Walker conceived of the story while working on The Goonies with the film's director Richard Donner who would eventually serve as one of the executive producers for Free Willy. In the original script, the character of Jesse was a mute 10-year-old boy living with nuns. Donner and his wife, producer Lauren Schuler Donner, hired screenwriter Corey Blechman to update the script and to make it less sentimental, including making Jesse older and into a street tough-type.

Filming
Filmmakers searched throughout the U.S., Japan, France, Spain, and Argentina for an orca to portray Willy before settling on Keiko, a twelve-year-old orca that had been residing at Reino Aventura amusement park in Mexico City since 1985. The production team was able to film Keiko in the park while it underwent renovations from May and June 1992. A wooden backdrop was used to make the Reino Aventura aquatic arena appear as if it was located in the Pacific Northwest. Once filming concluded in Mexico City, production moved to Oregon and Washington for location shooting. Oregon locations featured in the movie include Ecola State Park, Oregon Convention Center, Pioneer Courthouse Square, Morrison Bridge, 14th Street Pier, Tom McCall Waterfront Park, Burnside Skatepark and Oaks Amusement Park. The climactic jump scene takes place at the Hammond Marina in Warrenton. The final scene along with the opening and end credits wildlife montages were shot by Bob Talbot.

Most close-up shots involving limited movement by Willy, such as when he is in the trailer and the sequences involving him swimming in the open water, make use of an animatronic stand-in. Walt Conti, who supervised the effects for the orcas, estimated that half of the shots of the orca used animatronic stand-ins. Conti stated that the smaller movements of a real orca actually made things difficult in some ways for him and his crew; they had to concentrate on smaller nuances in order to make the character seem alive. The most extensive use of CGI in the film is the climax where Willy jumps over Jesse and into the wild. All stunts with Keiko were performed by the young orca trainer Justin Sherbert (known additionally by his stage name, Justin Sherman).

Principal photography took place from May 18 to August 17, 1992.

Release

Box office performance
The film was released alongside Hocus Pocus and Benefit of the Doubt on July 16, 1993, and grossed $7,868,829 domestically in its opening weekend. It went on to make $76 million in its foreign release and $11,181 from the 2021 re-release in some domestic markets, bringing the film's gross to $153,709,806. Upon its initial release, Free Willy ranked number 5 behind Hocus Pocus plus holdovers from Jurassic Park, In the Line of Fire and The Firm at the box office before moving to number 4 by the following weekend and it stayed there for two more weeks. Afterward, its rank in the box office began to gradually decline, with the exception of a three-day weekend (September 3 to 6), in which gross revenue increased by 33.6%.

Critical response
The film has received positive reviews from critics. The Rotten Tomatoes website reported that 71% of critics have given the film a fresh rating based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Free Willy tugs at the heartstrings skillfully enough to leap above the rising tide of sentimentality that threatens to drown its formulaic family-friendly story". The film on Metacritic has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews" from 14 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Accolades

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated

Home media
Free Willy sold almost 9 million units on videocassette. The VHS also had a music video of the Michael Jackson song, "Will You Be There".

Soundtrack

The Free Willy movie soundtrack was released on July 13, 1993, on CD and audio cassette by MJJ Music in association with the Epic Records sub-label Epic Soundtrax. It contained all the songs that were featured in the film. Michael Jackson wrote, produced and performed "Will You Be There", originally taken from his 1991 album Dangerous, which can be heard during the end credits. The single version, under the title "Will You Be There (Reprise)", is also included. The song went on to become a top 10 hit in the Billboard Hot 100 charts and was certified platinum as well as winning the 1994 MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie. A remix of SWV's 1992 song "Right Here", which contained a sample of Jackson's "Human Nature", became the group's highest charted single to date and the second biggest hit off the soundtrack when it also landed in the Hot 100 chart at No. 2. New Kids on the Block recorded their first song since they briefly changed their name to NKOTB.

Track listing

Keiko

The aquatic star of the film was an orca named Keiko. The huge national and international success of this film inspired a letter writing campaign to get Keiko released from his captivity as an attraction in the amusement park Reino Aventura in Mexico City; this movement was called "Free Keiko". Warner Bros. was so grateful for the whale, and so moved by the fan's ambition, they contributed to rehabilitate and (if possible) free Keiko. He was moved to The Oregon Coast Aquarium in Oregon by flying in a UPS C-130 cargo plane. In Oregon, he was returned to health with the hopes of being able to return to the wild. In 1998, Keiko was moved to Iceland via a US Air Force C-17 to learn to live in the wild. After working with handlers, he was released from a sea pen in the summer of 2002 and swam to Norway following a pod of wild orcas.

His subsequent return to humans for food and for company, and his inability to integrate with a pod of orcas confirms that the project had failed according to a scientific study  published in the journal Marine Mammal Science (July 2009). Keiko eventually died of pneumonia in a Norwegian bay on December 12, 2003.

A decade later in 2013, a New York Times video reviewed Keiko's release into the wild. Reasons cited for Keiko's failure to adapt include his early age at capture, the long history of captivity, prolonged lack of contact with other orcas, and strong bonds with humans.

See also

 Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home
 Free Willy 3: The Rescue
 Free Willy: Escape from Pirate's Cove

References

External links

 Official Warner Bros. Site

1993 films
1993 drama films
1993 children's films
1990s adventure films
American drama films
American adventure films
American children's drama films
American children's adventure films
1990s English-language films
Fictional orcas
Films adapted into television shows
Films directed by Simon Wincer
Films produced by Lauren Shuler Donner
Films scored by Basil Poledouris
Films shot in Oregon
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles County, California
Films shot in Astoria, Oregon
Films set in Astoria, Oregon
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
Films set in Portland, Oregon
Films shot in Washington (state)
Films set in Washington (state)
Films set in the United States
Films shot in the United States
Films shot in Mexico
Films with underwater settings
Films set in amusement parks
Films about dolphins
Films about whales
Films about orphans
Films about juvenile delinquency
Films about children
Films about Native Americans
Films about animal rights
Films about families
Films about friendship
Films about adoption
Films about animal cruelty
Films about runaways
Puppet films
Regency Enterprises films
StudioCanal films
Warner Bros. films
Free Willy (franchise)
1990s American films

Free Willy


بلدية أو بينو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة لا كرونيا إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة جليقية شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 5.016 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

أعلام
 فرناندو فاسكيز

مراجع

بلديات قرجيطة

أو بينو


Efor iz Kime (grčki Ἔφορος, Éphoros) (Kima, Mala Azija, oko 400. pr. Kr. – ?, oko 340. pr. Kr.), starogrčki povjesničar. Autor je prva pregleda svjetske povijesti Ἱστορίαι (hrv. Povijest). Napisao ga je u 29 cijelih knjiga. Zadnju 30. knjigu nije dovršio za života, nego ju je dovršio njegov sin Demofil. Od djela su ostali samo odlomci. Prostorno, djelo obuhvaća povijest Grčke i Istoka. Vremenski obuhvat je od povratka Heraklida na Peloponez do opsade Perinta, što odgovara razdoblju od 12. st. pr. Kr. do 340. pr. Kr. Ubraja se u najpopularnija povjesničarska djela starog vijeka. Puno pisaca iz budućih vremena služilo se njime kao vrelom. Efor je autorom ljetopisa grada Kime te rasprave o stilu i izumima. Njegovi su zapisi korisni i za proučavanje hrvatskih krajeva, pa među ostalim od Efora se doznaje za starovjekovnu rijeku Farion na Hvaru. Izvorno djelo mu nije sačuvano, ali budući da su se njime služili njegovi pisci, znamo o njegovom izgubljenom djelu. Stjepan Bizantinac u 6. st. u svom zemljopisnom leksikonu pod naslovom Ethnika spominje otok Far u Jadranu, istoimenu rijeku na tom otoku, otok je naseobina Parana i poziva se na Eforovu 28. knjigu.

Izvori

Grčki povjesničari

Efor iz Kime


Dette er en oversigt over USA's delstater efter fertilitetsrate.

Kilder

Fødselsrate

USA's delstater efter fertilitetsrate


ويتلاند  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة يوبا، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 23 أبريل، 1874.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لويتلاند:

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1866
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1874
تأسيسات سنة 1874 في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة يوبا (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا

ويتلاند (كاليفورنيا)


Olaylar
 Papa II. Urbanus, 18 - 28 Kasım 1095 tarihleri arasında Fransa'nın Clermont kentinde bir kurultay topladı. Konseyde Hristiyan dünyasında hakim olan barışçı doktrin terk edildi ve Haçlı Seferleri'nin temeli atıldı.

Doğumlar
 22 Aralık - II. Rugerro, Sicilya Kralı, Sicilya Kontu I. Rugerro'nun oğlu, kardeşi Sicilya Kontu Simone'nin ardılı (ö. 1154)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Mesud, en uzun süre hüküm sürmüş Türkiye Selçuklu Sultanı (ö. 1156)
 İbn Bacce, Endülüs'lü, Arap filozof ve bilim insanı (ö. 1138)

Ölümler
 29 Temmuz - I. Ladislaus, Macaristan ve Hırvatistan kralı (d. 1040)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Tutuş, veya Ebu Said Tacüddevle Tutuş, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti hükümdarı Alp Arslan'ın oğlu ve Suriye Selçuklu Devleti hükümdarı
 Shen Kuo, Çinli bilim insanı ve devlet adamı (d. 1031)
 Vitale Falier, 32. Venedik doçesi

1095


ගීතයන්
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - හේමසිරි හල්පිට, චන්ද්‍රදාස ප්‍රනාන්දු
ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, සංගීත් වික්‍රමසිංහ, ලෙලුම් රත්නායක
මා අඳුරේ තනි වී සිටිනා - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, උරේෂා රවිහාරි
නැව ගිලුනත් බෑන් චූන් - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, සංගීත් වික්‍රමසිංහ, කලාවතී, සූරිය කුමාර් මුත්තලගේ
ආල පනේ අපේ වැඩේ - කලාවතී, සංගීත් වික්‍රමසිංහ, ලෙලුම් රත්නායක ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද

රංගනය
බන්දු සමරසිංහ - බුෂ්/ බන්දුසේන මුදලාලි
ටෙනිසන් කුරේ - බින්
සනත් ගුණතිලක - සනත්
රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි - රෙක්ස්
සැන්ඩෝ හැරිස් - දොස්තර චිකාගෝ
රජිත හිරාන් (පිං පොං) - දඩිං බිඩිං
එම්. වී. බාලන් - කාර්‍යාල මැනේජර්
බර්ටි ගුණතිලක - පුන්‍යදාස
සවින්දි සිල්වා - අනූ
සුනිල් හෙට්ටිආරච්චි - ඩබ්. ඩබ්. ඩබ්. සුගතපාල
ජනේෂ් සිල්වා - බණ්ඩේ
චතුර පෙරේරා - බිංදු
 ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර - ටෙඩී
ටිරෝන් මයිකල් - මයිකල්
සුනිල් බමුණුආරච්චි
රාජු
බන්දුල ප්‍රතාප්
ප්‍රේමදාස විතානගේ - රෝගියෙක්
දමිතා සළුවඩන - බින්ගේ අම්මා
අනුරාධා උදයංගනී - විනීතා
රෝසි ප්‍රනාන්දු
චන්ද්‍රිකා පෙරේරා
ලක්ෂ්මි සෙනෙවිරත්න
ශාන්ති ලෙව්දෙනිය
කේ. වී. සුදාකරි
වීර පුෂ්පනාදන්
එස්. පිරවින්
එස්. සරවනා
ක්‍රිෂාන්ති කවින්
රේණුකා මායාදුන්න
ආශා ඩිලානි
සප්නා රසාංගි
දිල්හානි නාගහවත්ත
තක්ෂිලා පූජනී

නිෂ්පාදනය
සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සුරේෂ් කුමාරසිංහ
අංග රචනය - මනෝජ් කුමාර් සෙල්වරාජ්
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් සමරවික්‍රම
සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - පී. එම්. නන්ද කුමාර්
ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ලයනල් ගුණරත්න
ශබ්ද සහාය - ජගත් චාමින්ද, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩිරත්න, කේ. වී. නන්ද කුමාර, සුසන්ත ධර්මප්‍රිය, ආර්. කේ සිරිසේන, ආනන්ද වික්‍රමරත්න
ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - මර්වින් බෙන්ස්, නෙකෝ ශබ්දාගාරය
කොණ්ඩා සැකසුම - සරත් රණවීර සහාය - ඉන්දික උදාර ලංකා
කැමරා උපකරණ - නිමලවීර ෆිල්ම්ස්
නිෂ්පාදන සංවිධානය - එන්. උදය කුමාර
ධාවන කාලය - පැය 2 දිග අඩි 12000 - පිටපත් 21
නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - ලාල් දිසානායක සහාය ඩබ්. ඩී. අනුරාධ

සොමි බෝයිස්


Dunajov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Čadca din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.173 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Dunajov este atestată documentar din 1498.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Dunajov