El Paso, ABD'nin Teksas eyaletinin en büyük kentlerinden biri ve El Paso, Texas Kontluğu (county) merkezidir.

Şehir sınırları içindeki nüfusu (2012 nüfus tahminlerine göre) 672.538 kişi olup, nüfus büyüklüğü sıralamasına göre ABD'nin 19. kalabalık şehri ve Texas eyaletinin 6. büyük şehridir. El Paso ve varoşlarının El Paso Kontluğu ve Hudspeth Kontluğu'nda oluşturduğu El Paso Metropoliten Bölgesi'nin tum nüfusu 830.735 kişidir ve bu ABD metropoliten bölgeleri arasında 56. sırayı alır.  El Paso Metropoliten Bölgesi ile Las Crucas adlı varoşlarla birlikte ise "El Paso-La Cruces İstatistiksel Bölgesi (CSA)"ini oluştururlar ve bu istatistiksel bölgenin 2012 tahmini nüfusu 1.045.180 kişidir.

El Paso ABD-Meksika uluslararası sınır olan Rio Grande Nehri üzerindedir. Rio Granda Nehri üzerindeki sınırda bir tarafta ABD'de bulunan El Paso şehir ve karşısında Meksika sınırı içinde ise Juarez bulunmaktadır. Coğrafyacılar bu iki şehirleşmiş uluslararası bölgeye El Paso-Juarez Multipleks veya Borderlands adını vermektedirler. El Paso-Juárez Multipleks bölgesi Dünya'nın Batı yarı küresinde en buyuk iki lisanlı iki uluslu nüfusu ve emekçi sayısını teşkil etmektedir.

El Paso, Meksikalıların en yoğun olduğu şehirlerden biridir. Bu şehir, vahşi batı dönemlerinde, "gerçek vahşi batı" olarak bilinmekteydi. Çünkü o dönemde, çoğu kumarbaz, silahçı, hırsız, at kaçıran, katil, rahip ve Çinli ray mühendisi, az bilinen bir Teksas şehri olan El Paso'ya göç etmiştir.

Yukarıdan çöl gibi görünen El Paso, düz şehir görünümüyle dağlık bir bölgede konumlanmıştır. Chihuahuan Çölü tarafından sarılmış durumdaki El Paso, yazın çok sıcak ve kurak, kışın ılık ve yağışlı bir iklime sahiptir. El Paso ismi, İngilizcede "The Passage", yani geçiş anlamındadır. Bu ismin konulmasının nedeni, eski zamanlarda El Paso'nun Amerika-Meksika geçişinin en yoğun bölge olmasıydı.

Kardeş şehirler

El Paso'nun resmen 6 tane kardeş şehri vardır:

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Teksas

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

  El Paso Şehri resmi websitesi
  DMOZ Open Directory Projesi "El Paso" maddesi
   Wikivoyage "El Paso" maddesi

El Paso


Bernard Mandeville (15. nóvember 1670 í Rotterdam, Hollandi – 21. Janúar 1733 í Hackney, Bretlandi) var heimspekingur, hagfræðingur og satíristi. Hann fæddist inn í þekkta hollenska fjölskyldu, en bjó þó mest allt sitt líf í Englandi. Hann kom af læknum, en bæði afi hans og faðir voru læknar, og Mandeville fetaði sömu braut, og útskrifaðist sem læknir frá Háskólanum í Leiden í mars árið 1691 Hann er þó þekktastur fyrir skrif sín um hagfræði, en mörg rita hans voru í formi ádeilu og satíru. Þekktasta verk hans er dæmisaga býflugnanna, sem er í bundnu máli.

Líf og störf
Mandeville flutti til Englands eftir Dýrlegu byltinguna sem var árið 1688. Hann settist að í Englandi, þar sem hann gifti sig og eignaðist tvö börn. Mandeville starfaði sem læknir en byrjaði fljótlega að birta greinar á ensku, en þó nafnlaust til að byrja með. Fyrstu verk hans voru þýðingar á verkum eftir frönsku rithöfundana Jean de La Fontaine og Paul Scarron.

Hann blandaði sér iðulega í stjórnmálaumræður og átök með skrifum sínum, en hann studdi hinn frjálslynda Whig-flokk. Mörg rita hans vöktu miklar deilur og umtal, en frægasta rit hans er dæmisaga býflugnanna sem hann birti árið 1705 sem nafnlausan bækling, en undir nafni árið 1716.

Dæmisaga býflugnanna (e. Fable Of The Bees)
Mandeville er þekktastur fyrir ljóðið um Dæmisöguna um Býflugurnar, sem hann samdi 1705. Í ljóðinu líkir hann ensku samfélagi við býflugnabú og ræðir hvernig eigingjarnar hvatir einstaklinganna leiða engu að síður til almannahags. Lestir á borð við græðgi, eyðslusemi og munað ýta undir efnahagsstarfsemi. Árið 1714 gaf Mandeville það út í bók Fable of the bees, ásamt útskýringum og ritgerð um eðli siðferðis og dyggða. Önnur útgáfa bókarinnar kom út árið 1723, ásamt tveimur nýjum ritgerðum. Árið 1729 gaf hann út annað bindi, Fable of the Bees, Part II, þar sem hann færði frekari rök fyrir kenningum sínum og hugmyndum. Í þessum ritum fjallaði Mandeville um eðli mannsins og mannlegra hvata, auk fjölmargra efnahagslegra spurninga. Þar á meðal er ítarleg umfjöllun um það hvernig verkaskipting eykur framleiðni vinnuafls.

Mandeville færir rök fyrir því að ýmsir efnahagslegir lestir, þar á meðal eyðslusemi og ríkur áhugi fyrir munaði ýti undir viðskipti og framleiðslu, og þar með almannahag. Hugmyndir hans voru mjög umdeildar og höfðu mikil áhrif, meðal annars á hugsuði "skosku upplýsingarinnar," Francis Hutcheson, David Hume og Adam Smith.

Mandeville trúði því, að líkt og dýr, þá hafa einstaklingar ástríðu fyrir hlutum og rækta áhugamál sín. Það sem þó greinir á milli þeirra er að ólíkt dýrum þá finna manneskjur til samkenndar og geta aðlagað hegðun sína í þágu samfélagslegs ávinnings sem skilar sér til aukinnar lífsgæða almennings. Verk Mandeville eru meðal fyrstu skrifa sem snerta á atriðum varðandi ávinning lögbundins samfélags, verkaskiptingu og frelsis sem þarf til persónulegra afreka ásamt þeirri þversögn að besta leiðin til að auka lífsgæði samfélagsins, er að sækjast eftir eigin hagsmunum.

Mandeville telst til hagfræðinga kaupauðgisstefnunnar (merkantilisma), en hann taldi að jákvæður viðskiptajöfnuður við útlönd væri mikilvæg forsenda vaxtar, og taldi að ríkið ætti því að hafa ríkt hlutverk í efnahagslífinu.

Tenglar
 Grein úr Britannica um Mandeville
 Grein úr British encyclopedia um Mandeville
 Fable of the Bees
 https://yieldpro.com/2020/08/the-fable-of-the-bees/
 Fee stories

Breskir hagfræðingar
Breskir heimspekingar
Hollenskir hagfræðingar
Hollenskir heimspekingar

Bernard Mandeville


An Fuirena angolensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Kaare Arnstein Lye, Jean Raynal och Helmut Roessler. An Fuirena angolensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fuirena

Fuirena angolensis


An Cymbidium kanran in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tomitaro Makino. An Cymbidium kanran in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cymbidium

Cymbidium kanran


WCCB (channel 18) is a television station in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, affiliated with The CW. It serves as the flagship station of locally based Bahakel Communications. WCCB's studios are located just outside Uptown Charlotte, off Independence Boulevard (across from Bojangles' Coliseum), and its transmitter is located in Newell, an unincorporated area of Mecklenburg County just northeast of the Charlotte city limits.

History

Beginnings
WCCB traces its roots to WAYS-TV, a primary ABC and secondary NBC affiliate, which signed on the air on January 5, 1954. Broadcasting on UHF channel 36, it was North Carolina's second UHF station (after WNAO-TV in Raleigh), as well as the second television station in the Charlotte market. It was owned by George Dowdy and his company, Inter-City Advertising, owners of WAYS radio (610 AM, now WFNZ); Intercity had filed for channel 11 prior to the 1948 TV freeze, amended its application to specify channel 9 in 1952, then sought channel 36 instead to avoid a comparative hearing. Hugh Deadwyler became co-owner of the station later that year and acquired the station outright after buying Intercity's interest in 1955; it sold for $4 and the assumption of liabilities. With the sale, WAYS-TV became WQMC.

Channel 36 had a very weak 132,000-watt signal which was spotty further than  from the transmitter, making it virtually unviewable even in some parts of Mecklenburg County. Even then, like most UHF stations, it was only viewable on most sets with an expensive UHF converter. Television set manufacturers were not required to include UHF tuners at the time; this would not change until Congress passed the All-Channel Receiver Act in 1964. As a result, it made almost no headway against CBS affiliate WBTV (channel 3), which continued to cherry-pick certain NBC programs.

The station went dark on March 15, 1955, in what was intended to be a temporary hiatus while it underwent technical improvements, including the construction of a more powerful transmitter at a new location. However, Deadwyler was unable to get the station back on track. In March 1956, a lawsuit was filed seeking the placement of channel 36 into receivership; the complainant was Inter-City Advertising, who claimed that Deadwyler had not paid any of the $86,220 debt to Radio Corporation of America that was transferred to him and for which RCA was seeking payment from Inter-City.

WUTV
Deadwyler organized Century Advertising Co., Inc., which planned to relaunch channel 36 in 1957 as ABC affiliate WUTV, with a more powerful signal than its predecessor. However, these plans were not successful, as Charlotte's second VHF station, WSOC-TV (channel 9), signed on the air that April as an NBC affiliate. Even with the stronger signal, WUTV would have still been all but unviewable in most of the market. In addition, most of the market (particularly the western portion) got a fairly decent signal from WLOS-TV out of Asheville; which was included in the Charlotte television listings for many years and even ran ads for its programs in Charlotte area newspapers.

After four years of delays, Century Advertising relaunched WUTV on September 5, 1961. The station broadcast non-commercial educational programming from the University of North Carolina and Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, though it retained a commercial license. A full new facility was constructed behind the Charlotte Coliseum at 1 Television Place—still home to WCCB today—including a new transmitter site. WUTV's effective radiated power was 206kW visual. In the meantime, Century pursued the allocation of VHF channel 6 to Charlotte.

WUTV, however, was not capable of live programming. The Charlotte–Mecklenburg School Board began to pursue the construction of a full educational TV station on reserved channel 42, buying the equipment of a failed station in Fort Pierce, Florida. While channel 36 might have remained on air until the school board was ready to launch WTVI, Century Advertising decided to ask the educational groups to pay rent in early 1963 after having initially verbally agreed to a three-year rent-free contract. They opted to pay to finish out the 1962–1963 school year but no further, causing WUTV to go silent May 16, 1963.

Relaunch
In June 1964, businessman Cy Bahakel—who moved from Roanoke, Virginia, to Charlotte—bought the dormant channel 36 license and facilities from Century for $175,000. An addition would be made to the studio building as part of Bahakel's efforts to return the station to the air.

Bahakel returned the station to air on November 1 of that year as WCCB-TV (for "Charlotte Cy Bahakel"). The call letters had recently been used by what is now WNCF in Montgomery, Alabama, which was acquired by Bahakel earlier that year. Logically, it should have returned as a full-time ABC affiliate. Charlotte had only two network-affiliated stations, CBS affiliate WBTV and NBC affiliate WSOC-TV. It had been large enough to support three full network affiliates since the 1950s. However, WCCB's signal, like its predecessor, was nowhere near adequate for a market that stretched from the Sandhills in the east to the High Country in the west. Its signal only operated at 200,000 watts, essentially limiting its coverage area to Charlotte proper and its inner suburbs. Additionally, the FCC had only begun requiring television sets to have all-channel tuning a few months before, and most Charlotte households did not yet have UHF-capable sets. Under the circumstances, ABC decided to retain its secondary affiliation agreements with WBTV and WSOC. WCCB was forced to settle for a secondary affiliation with all three networks, airing most of the network shows that WBTV and WSOC chose to turn down. For the next three years, it split both NBC and ABC's programming roughly equally with WSOC; a few ABC shows also continued to air on WBTV, and WCCB aired some CBS programs in turn.

On November 1, 1966, WCCB moved from channel 36 to channel 18, broadcasting from a new tower located on Newell Hickory Grove Road in northeast Charlotte. The new channel 18 facility was capable of 1.35 million watts of power, giving WCCB a coverage area comparable to those of WBTV and WSOC-TV. In 1967, WSOC-TV dropped all ABC programming and became a full-time NBC affiliate, allowing WCCB-TV to be the exclusive ABC affiliate.  It took Charlotte 18 years to finally gain full service from all three major networks of the time.  The state's largest market thus got a full-fledged ABC affiliate after the state's two smallest markets, Greenville/New Bern/Washington and Wilmington, received ABC affiliates of their own (WCTI-TV and WWAY respectively).  However, despite the stronger signal and the first consistent airing of all network programs in Charlotte TV history, WCCB-TV remained a distant third in the ratings.

In 1977, ABC announced that it had lured away WSOC-TV, then an NBC affiliate, to be its new outlet in the Charlotte market beginning July 1, 1978, replacing WCCB. That decision set off a two-station showdown between WCCB and nine-year-old independent WRET-TV (channel 36, now WCNC-TV) for the NBC affiliation in Charlotte. WCCB was initially seen as the favorite. Unlike WRET, it had a news department. Sources at NBC were said to see channel 36 as their last option, behind WCCB, with its stronger signal, and long-dominant WBTV, which the network was trying to woo from CBS to no avail.

However, WRET owner Ted Turner promised NBC officials that he would spend $2.5 million on station improvements if the network affiliated with channel 36. Of that total, $1 million would go toward starting a news department within one year. The proposed news department would employ 22 people, almost double the size of WCCB's 12-person news operation and almost as large as WSOC's 22-person department. On April 29, news broke that WRET-TV had been selected for the NBC affiliation, with the network preferring it to WCCB based on Turner's record of turning around the station and his ownership of the Atlanta Braves and Atlanta Hawks.

With the decision, WCCB became an independent station. It bought a large chunk of syndicated programming from WRET, including cartoons and older sitcoms. For a time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, after-school cartoons (Afternoon Express) were hosted by the costumed Sonic Man space alien character, played by Larry Sprinkle, who has been a staple in Charlotte radio and television, including serving as a weather anchor for channel 36 since the 1980s. WCCB carried on for almost a decade as a typical UHF general entertainment independent station.

Fox affiliation

In 1986, WCCB became the last station in a top-50 market to join Fox as one of the upstart network's charter affiliates, since it was doing so well in the ratings as an independent. WCCB affiliated with the network when it launched on October 6 of that year. For most of the next quarter-century, WCCB was one of the strongest Fox stations in the country – even claiming to be the highest-rated Fox affiliate in the nation during the 2008–09 television season. The station reaped a major windfall after the NFL moved its National Football Conference television package from CBS to Fox in 1994. By coincidence, this made WCCB the unofficial "home" station of the Carolina Panthers upon the team's 1995 inception. WCCB carried most Panthers regular season games during the team's first 18 seasons, and later acquired the local rights to the team's preseason games from WBTV. Panthers games had generally been the most-watched programs in the market during the NFL football season. After having branded itself as "TV18" since sign-on, WCCB changed its branding to "Fox 18" in 1988 and then to "Fox Charlotte" in 2002.

Cy Bahakel was an original partner in the NBA's Charlotte Hornets, and WCCB served as the team's flagship station for the Hornets' first four seasons in Charlotte from 1988 to 1992. Bahakel owned WCCB until his death on April 20, 2006, with his family taking over the duties of running the station (and its parent company, Bahakel Communications) since that point. In 2007, WCCB's website switched to Fox Interactive Media's "MyFox" platform (which was originally intended for Fox's owned-and-operated stations), with the domain transitioning from foxcharlotte.tv to myfoxcharlotte.com; however, the station de-emphasized the "MyFox" corporate reference within a year, with the URL becoming known simply as foxcharlotte.com. The revamped page continued to use the "MyFox" webpage template (sans the "MyFox" branding) until 2010, when Broadcast Interactive Media became WCCB's site host.

Loss of Fox affiliation and switch to The CW
On January 28, 2013, Fox Television Stations announced the purchase of CW affiliate WJZY (channel 46) and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYT-TV (channel 55) from Capitol Broadcasting Company for $18 million. While WCCB had been one of the network's strongest affiliates, Fox had been looking to buy a station in what had become the 25th-largest market. It also wanted to own as many stations in NFC markets as possible; at the time Charlotte was the only NFC market in the Eastern Time Zone where the Fox station was only an affiliate. Another likely factor in the purchase was an option by Fox to purchase the Raleigh–Durham CW/MyNetworkTV duopoly of WLFL and WRDC from Sinclair Broadcast Group, which would have resulted in WRAZ (a sister station to WJZY and WMYT at the time) losing its Fox affiliation.

On April 18, one day after Fox completed its purchase of WJZY and WMYT, WCCB announced that it would replace WJZY as Charlotte's CW affiliate on July 1. On May 9, it was reported that Bahakel  reserved the domain CharlottesCW.com for two years. Given the station's strong performance as a Fox affiliate and its half-century of service to the area (in its current incarnation), WCCB was expected to become one of the ten strongest CW affiliates in the nation when it formally joined that network. The old "Fox Charlotte" logo remained at the entrance to the station's studios until mid-May when it was replaced with signage bearing the "Charlotte CW" logo.

WCCB's relationship with Fox formally ended after 27 years on June 30, with American Dad! being the final Fox program to air on the station. With the loss of WCCB's Fox affiliation, WCCB formally rolled out its new on-air branding and logo the next afternoon, July 1, 2013, its first day as a CW affiliate. However, most verbal references to the station are to its call letters, with any CW references used obliquely (in the manner of "WCCB, Charlotte's CW"). It marked the first time in a quarter-century that the station has used its call letters on a permanent basis in its branding.

Programming
WCCB was Charlotte's home of first-run episodes of The Simpsons from its December 1989 debut as a Christmas special until the station was forced to succumb its Fox affiliation to WJZY in 2013. WCCB in the past was also one of the few stations broadcasting Siskel & Ebert that was affiliated with Fox, with others including WLFL, Fox's Raleigh–Durham affiliate from 1986 to 1998 and Fox's New York City flagship station WNYW.
WCCB remained home to Panthers preseason football games until losing them to WSOC-TV for the 2019 season. It also began airing Charlotte 49ers college football games in September 2013, with WCCB carrying any 49er home games not carried by Conference USA's national and regional television partners.

News operation
WCCB presently broadcasts 30 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with  hours each weekday,  hours on Saturdays and one hour on Sundays); in addition, the station produces WCCB News Got Game, a half-hour sports highlight program that airs on Sunday evenings following the 10 p.m. newscast. WCCB's studio facilities served as a production facility for WOLO-TV's newscasts from 2002 to 2005 in one of the first instances of centralcasting; studio segments for WOLO's newscasts returned to Columbia afterward.

WCCB aired newscasts at various times between 1964 until it lost its ABC affiliation in 1978. It reduced its news department to a skeleton staff after becoming an independent station and did not carry a regularly scheduled newscast again until 1994, when it began airing a nightly 10:00 p.m. news program produced by WSOC-TV. In 1999, WCCB announced plans to launch its own news department. That summer, WSOC-TV relocated its prime time newscast to its sister independent station WAXN-TV (channel 64). WCNC then temporarily took over production of the late-evening newscast on WCCB until the launch of the station's in-house news department on January 1, 2000, with the debut of a half-hour 10:00 p.m. newscast. Ironically, the WCNC-produced newscast on WCCB drew a larger audience at the time than the newscasts that actually aired on WCNC.

On September 28, 2008, beginning with the 10 p.m. newscast, WCCB became the second television station in the Charlotte market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. The upgrade included the debut of a brand new HD-ready news set. On February 4, 2013, Ken White, who had served as WCCB's news director since the 2000 inception of its current news department, was reassigned to sister station WBBJ-TV in Jackson, Tennessee, as its interim news director; assistant news director Angela Robbins was appointed as White's replacement at WCCB.

After WCCB became a CW affiliate on July 1, 2013, it retained its weekday morning and nightly prime time newscasts. On November 9, 2013, WCCB debuted half-hour 6:00 p.m. newscasts on Saturday and Sunday evenings, making it one of the few television stations to have carried an early evening newscast on weekends without an existing newscast in that daypart on weekdays (WCCB handles master control responsibilities for WOLO's weeknight 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Previously, a standard-definition simulcast of the station's main channel was carried on its second digital subchannel; this simulcast feed was later upgraded to high-definition with the addition of SAP and DVS audio channels. In June 2012, the SAP/DVS feed was added to the main channel as well. The second subchannel was removed in December 2013, as well as the SAP/DVS feed from the main channel which was unused at that time by the CW (it has since returned due to FCC description and weather warning read-out requirements, along with it being utilized by the CW for One Magnificent Morning and a Spanish dub of Jane the Virgin); digital subchannel 18.2 would return in April 2014 carrying QVC's "Over the Air" simulcast service. On July 21, 2014, it was announced that Antenna TV would be added to the second subchannel on August 15, 2014, bringing it back to the Charlotte market after being dropped by its previous affiliate WJZY. Antenna TV began airing that day, replacing QVC Over the Air, which went to a new fourth digital subchannel. On August 29, 2019, the Home Shopping Network was added on 18.7; this was followed by Dabl, which premiered on September 9 on 18.6. On January 8, 2020, Cozi TV was added to 18.8. On October 27, 2020, Antenna TV (18.2) and Start TV (18.5) swapped subchannels.

Until March 1, 2011, WCCB carried a feed of its weather radar on its third subchannel, which provided NOAA Weather Radio feeds from Spencer Mountain, North Carolina, and Columbia and Rock Hill, South Carolina, through SAP. On that date, MeTV replaced the weather radar feed after having the start date of its affiliation delayed for a month due to contractual issues. The weather radar feed remained available through WCCB's mobile DTV service, but this has since been discontinued. The Spencer Mountain and Rock Hill NOAA feeds were initially retained on MeTV through SAP. The Spencer Mountain feed was removed in mid-2012, and the Rock Hill feed was removed in December 2013.

Translator
  Marion

Analog-to-digital conversion
WCCB shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 18, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 27. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 18. On February 4, 2010, WCCB signed on a translator located near Connelly Springs on UHF channel 20, W20DD-D. The translator was licensed to Marion as W08BJ. It was purchased from WSPA-TV and moved to Smith Mountain.

Out-of-market cable carriage
In recent years, WCCB has been carried on cable in several areas outside the Charlotte television market, including on cable systems within the Asheville and Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point markets, the Columbia, South Carolina market, and the Tri-Cities market in Tennessee and Virginia.

References

External links
 WCCBCharlotte.com – WCCB-TV official website
 MeTVCharlotte.com – MeTV Charlotte official website

Bahakel Communications
CCB
The CW affiliates
Heroes & Icons affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Start TV affiliates
Dabl affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1954
1954 establishments in North Carolina
National Football League primary television stations

WCCB


Patul lui Procust este un film din 2001, produs în studiourile Flux Film Studio din Republica Moldova, regizat de Sergiu Prodan și Viorica Meșină.

Premiera filmului a avut loc în anul 2000 la Berlin International Film Festival. În SUA premiera a avut loc la 14 aprilie 2003. Drama a fost nominalizată ca fiind cel mai bun film pentru regie (The Golden Pyramid Award) la "Cairo International Film Festival" ediția 2002.

Filmul este o ecranizare modernă a romanului omonim al lui Camil Petrescu. Pornind de la semnificația metaforică a "Patului lui Procust" din mitologia greacă, filmul descrie soarta personajelor plină de convenționalități și reprezintă simbolul practicilor abuzive de încadrare a oamenilor, a gândirii și emoțiilor lor, în anumite tipare prestabilite.

Coloana sonoră a filmului a fost compusă de Eugen Doga.

Note

Filme moldovenești
Filme din 2001
Filme de dragoste
Ecranizări de romane românești

Patul lui Procust (film)


Japon mutfağı, Japonya'ya özgü yemek pişirme tarzıdır. Japonya'nın geleneksel mutfağı (washoku), miso çorbası ve diğer yemekler ile pilav üzerine kuruludur ve mevsimlik malzemelere vurgu yapılmaktadır. Garnitürler genellikle balık, salamura sebze ve et suyunda pişirilmiş sebzelerden oluşur. Japonya bir ada ülkesi olduğundan dolayı balık ile diğer deniz ürünleri içeren yemeklere de çok sık rastlanmakta olup genellikle ızgara yapılır, ancak aynı zamanda saşimi veya suşi olarak çiğ olarak da servis edilir. Deniz ürünleri ve sebzeler de tempura olarak hafif bir hamurda kızartılır. Pirinç dışında, soba ve udon gibi erişteler de bir temel gıda maddesidir. Japonya'da ayrıca, oden adı verilen et suyunda balık ürünleri veya sukiyaki ve nikujagada sığır eti gibi birçok kaynatılmış yemek bulunur.

Japon mutfağının diğerlerine göre en önemli farkı yağ ve baharat kullanımının çok daha az olmasıdır. Kullanılan malzemelerin asıl tatlarını koruması için gayret gösterilir. Mümkün oldukça mevsim için tipik olan taze malzemeler kullanılır.

Genel olarak Japon mutfağı, diğer Doğu Asya ülkelerinin mutfaklarına benzer. Tarihsel olarak Çin mutfağından etkilenen Japon mutfağı, modern çağda Batı mutfaklarından da etkilenmeye açılmıştır. Ramen ve gyōza gibi yabancı yiyeceklerden, özellikle Çin yemeklerinden ilham alan yemekler ve ayrıca spagetti, köri ve hamburger gibi yiyecekler, Japon lezzetlerine ve malzemelerine uyarlanmıştır. Amerikan ve Meksika mutfak geleneklerinden etkilenen Okinawa mutfağının temel taco pirinci de dahil olmak üzere bazı bölgesel yemekler Japonya'da tanıdık hale geldi. Geleneksel olarak, Japonlar Budizm'e bağlı kalmanın bir sonucu olarak etten kaçındı, ancak 1880'lerde Japonya'nın modernleşmesiyle birlikte tonkatsu ve yakiniku gibi et bazlı yemekler yaygınlaştı. O zamandan beri Japon mutfağı, özellikle suşi ve ramen gibi yiyecekler ile dünya çapında popüler hale geldi.

2013 yılında Japon mutfağı UNESCO Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Listesi'ne eklendi.

Meşhur Japon yemekleri

 Chanko-nabe ちゃんこ鍋, Nabe stiline göre. Sumo güreşçilerinin yedikleri yüksek protein içeren türlü.
 Donburi 丼, Sebze, et veya başka içerikli pilav yemeği.
 Gyōza 餃子, Et ile doldurulmuş Çin usulü hamur işi.
 İshiyaki 石焼き
 Karē カレー, Hintlerin körisinin Japon versiyonu.
 Kushiage 串揚げ,
 Maki 巻き, Pilav üstü Deniz-Otu Sarması.
 Miso Çorbası 味噌汁, Sabah, öğlen ve akşam yemeklerinde yan yemek olarak gelir. Miso adı verilen, ezilmiş soya fasulyesi macununun sıcak su ile karıştırılması ile hazırlanır. İçine nori, yeşil soğan gibi tatlandırıcılar da konulabilir.
 Nabe 鍋 veya O-Nabe, bir Japon türlüsü, yenilirken pişirilir.
 Oden おでん, Türlü şekli.
 Okonomiyaki お好み焼き, Lahanalı hamur işi.
 Sashimi 刺身, Çiğ balık
 Shabushabuしゃぶしゃぶ, Çok ince kesilmiş et dilimleri masanın üzerinde duran ve kaynayan bir suyun içine bir iki saniye tutulur ve yenir.
 Sukiyakiすき焼き, Türlü
 Sushi 寿司, Ekşi pilavlı çiğ balık ve sebze.
 Takoyaki たこ焼き, Tako Japonca'da ahtapot anlamına gelir ve takoyaki ahtapot topları olarak bilinir. Takoyaki satıcıları Japonya da çok popülerdir. Takoyaki yapmak için özel takoyaki kızartma tavası kullanılır. Sulu hamur tavadaki çok küçük yuvarlak bölümlere dökülür.
 Tempura 天麩羅, tempura hamuruna batırılmış bol yağda kızartılmış sebze ve deniz ürünü.
 Teriyaki 照り焼き, şeker, mirin, soya sos ve sakenin kaynatılarak yapıldığı, ana yemeklerde kullanılan tatlı bir sostur.
 Tonkatsu とんかつ, şeker pekmezi, su, tuz, domates ezmesi, damıtılmış sirke, havuç püresi, glikoz şurubu, elma püresi, karamel, mısır nişastası, karabiber, soğan tozu, sarımsak, meyan kökü, limon suyundan yapılan bir sostur ve genelde teppanyakilerde kullanılır.
 Yakitori 焼き鳥, Tavuk ızgara.
 Onigiri おにぎり, Pirinç topları. Etrafı nori ile kaplanır ve içinde umeboshi (Japon eriği turşusu), karides, tavuk, ton balığı, somon balığı vb. bulunur.
Umeboshi うめぼし, Oldukça aromatik meyve turşusu. Genelde pirinçle ve onigirinin içine konarak tüketilir.
Mochi もち, Pirinç hamuru tatlısı. İçinde tatlı fasulye gibi ürünler bulunabilir.

Makarna/erişte yemekleri

Balık yemekleri

 Fugu 河豚 ya da 鰒 çok zehirli bir Balık türüdür. Sadece çok usta aşçılar pişirebilir. Balığın çok ince olan zehirli damarlarının tek tek çıkarılması gerekir. Bir Fugu yemeğinin fiyatı bu yüzden 300-500 Dolar arasıdır.
 Surimi すり身 Yengeç eti imitasyonu.
 Takabe Izu-Adalarında yenilen bir balık
 Unagi 鰻 (うなぎ), Yılan Balığı

Diğer yemekler

Yemeğin yanında sunulan ek gıdalar (Okashi), tatlılar ve Omiage

Baharatlar

İçecekler

Japon restoran şekilleri

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

 Francks, Penelope. "Diet and the comparison of living standards across the Great Divergence: Japanese food history in an English mirror." Journal of Global History 14.1 (2019): 3-21.

Dış bağlantılar

 Japon Mutfağı
 Minikjaponya
 JaponMutfagi
 JaponYemekleri

Japon mutfağı


Aït Souab (en chleuh: Ayt Ṣwab) est un groupe de tribus chleuhs du Souss affiliées à la fédération des tribus Ait Souab, affiliées à leur tour aux tribus montagnardes constituant la confédération des tribus du Grand Chtouka, qui sont unies par ce nom. La tribu des Aït Souab occupe les versants nord-ouest de l'Anti-Atlas. Les Aït Souab sont appelés ibudraren "montagnards" par leurs voisins Ida Ou Semlal et Ida Ou Gnidif, pour leurs caractère fermé, leurs vie âpre et difficile.

Aujourd'hui, l'ensemble des 3 commune Tanalt, Aouguenz et  forment la tribu Aït Souab.

Faisant anciennement partie de l'alliance (leff) du leff du Taguizoult (ou Tagouzoult), certaines fractions (Imdioun, Imkouin et Isaguen) avaient néanmoins recours, au leff opposé du Taheggouat.

Géographie
Le pays des Aït Souab est délimité à l'est par la tribu Ida ou Gnidif et la tribu Ammeln, au nord par la tribu Aït Tedli, et à l'ouest par la tribu Aït Ahmad, la tribu Ida ou Rsmouk et au sud, la tribu Ida ou Semlal.

Population

Démographie
Selon le recensement datant de 1949, le chiffre de la population de la tribu Aït Souab est fixé a . Aujourd'hui on peut estimer la population totale de la tribu en sommant l'ensemble de la population des communes Tanalt, Aouguenz et , ce qui nous donnera:

 en 1994,  (répartis comme suit:  à Tanalt,  à Targua n Touchka,  à Aouguenz)
 en 2004,  (répartis comme suit:  à Tanalt,  à Targua n Touchka,  à Aouguenz)
 en 2014,  (répartis comme suit:  à Tanalt,  à Targua n Touchka,  à Aouguenz)

Linguistique
La tribu des Aït Souab est berbérophone dans sa totalité, relevant du groupe linguistique du tachelhit. Le dialecte est très voisin aux autres dialectes chleuhs. Seul le tachelhit est employé en tribu, tant sur les marchés que dans la vie sociale. Selon les derniers recensements, 99.6% de la population déclare utiliser le chleuh comme langue locale de communication, seule une petite minorité manifesté dans environ 8% de la population déclare utiliser aussi l'arabe marocain.

Environ 57.2% de la population est bilingue (berbère et arabe). Les femmes, sauf de très rares exceptions, ne parle que le berbère.

Notes et références

Références

Bibliographie

 ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ: ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵚⵡⴰⴱ. Yasmine El Baz, Al-Ḥusayn Waʻzī. the University of California. El Maarif Al Jadida, 2006. 110 p.
 Textes Berbères des Ait Souab (Anti-Atlas, Maroc). Jean Podeur. Edisud Bilingues Edisud 1 Octobre 1995. 160 p.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Tanalt
 Aouguenz

Tribu du Maroc
Tribu du Souss

Aït Souab


زاوية العانس أو الزوية، هي إحدى قرى ولاية قبلي وتقع على الطريق الرابطة بين مدينتي قبلي وتوزر. وهي مقر عمادة تابعة إداريا لمعتمدية سوق الأحد. ينحدر سكانها من بلدة بشري المجاورة لها.

قرى ولاية قبلي

زاوية العانس


Silzen Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 6,69 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla 177 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı August Mollenhauer tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-hohenlockstedt.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Silzen


Le Parti communiste du Tadjikistan est un parti communiste au Tadjikistan et le plus vieux parti du pays.

Parti politique au Tadjikistan
Parti politique communiste en Asie
Parti politique fondé en 1924
République socialiste soviétique du Tadjikistan

Parti communiste du Tadjikistan


Kedi yayın balığı (Ameiurus nebulosus), Ictaluridae familyasından Kuzey Amerika'da bulunan yayın balığı türü.

Diğer yayın balığı türleri gibi kedi yayın balığınında yassı ve geniş bir kafası, geniş bir ağzı vardır. Ağzından sarkan dört çift anteni çamurlu göllerin diplerinde yemek ararken kullanır. (Avrasya yayınının altı anteni, kedi yayın balığının ise sekiz anteni vardır.)

Diğer yayınlardan en büyük farkı, kedi yayının sırt-yüzgeci ve kuyruğunun arasında bulunan küçük yağ-yüzgecinin bulunmasıdır. Ayrıca kedi yayını sadece 40 ila 50 cm büyüklüğü ve 2 kg ağırlığı ile diğer yayın türlerinden çok daha küçüktür.

Sevilerek yenen bir balık olduğu için yaşadığı doğal coğrafyasının dışında yayılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Bayağı yayın balığı (Silurus glanis), Avrupa ve Batı Asya
 Mezopotamya yayın balığı (Silurus triostegus), Mezopotamya, Güney ve Güneydoğu Anadolu, Orta doğu.
 Aristoteles yayın balığı (Silurus aristotelis), Yunanistan. Silurus glanis''' ile birlikte Avrupa'da bulunan tek yayın türüdür.
 Mekong dev yayın balığı (Pangasius gigas''), Çin'de Mekong ırmağının alt kısmında yaşar.

Siluridae

Kedi yayın balığı


Væddeløberen er en stumfilm fra 1920 instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr..

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1920

Væddeløberen


În decembrie 1848 revoluționarii maghiari intră în Ungaria propriu-zisă, unde se luptă împotriva trupelor române și țariste ruse. Pe 4 februarie 1849, după o înfrângere dură, ungurii se retrag la Sibiu spre Sebeș până la podul Simeria.

Scopul austriecilor era să meargă în Valea Mureșului spre Timișoara prin distragerea ungurilor de la atacul principal

Bătăliile Transilvaniei
Bătăliile Ungariei
Revoluția Maghiară din 1848-1849

Bătălia de la Simeria


Kristine Tissier, née le  à Segré et morte le  à Paris, est une artiste peintre et sculptrice française à tendance non-figurative, dont l'œuvre relève de l'art informel, de l'abstraction lyrique et du paysagisme abstrait.

Biographie
Formée à l'École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs en 1947, puis à l'École nationale des Beaux-Arts où elle étudie la peinture, mais aussi la sculpture dans l'atelier de Marcel Gimond (un ancien élève de Maillol), d'Alfred Janniot et de Louis Leygue, Kristine Tissier expose pour la première fois en 1951, à Paris.

En 1954, elle obtient une bourse des Affaires Culturelles pour aller étudier l'art de la fresque en Italie. À Paris, elle  collabore à la réalisation de décors avec le Théâtre du Vieux Colombier et, en 1960, dessine des tissus pour Christian Dior, Jeanne Lanvin ou Guy Laroche tout en répondant à une commande du casino de Baden-Baden. Elle est aussi l'auteur de médailles commémoratives pour la Monnaie de Paris (notamment en hommage à Jean Marais et à Sonia Delaunay). Entre 1968 et 1970, Kristine Tissier séjourne en Espagne ; elle y collabore avec des architectes et expose à plusieurs reprises, les années suivantes, galerie Seiquer à Madrid.

De nombreuses expositions, personnelles et collectives, jalonnent sa carrière de femme artiste peintre évoluant au sein des avant-gardes de l'après Seconde guerre mondiale : des galeries parisiennes comme celles de Suzanne de Coninck, Jeanne Castel, Iris Clert, Bernheim-Jeune, Henri Bénézit ou Pierre Larock-Granoff, jusqu'à celle de Mireille Batut d'Haussy en 2001, présentent son travail ainsi que des galeries en Suisse ou au Japon et le musée de Prilep en Yougoslavie. Elle est aussi une habituée des manifestations artistiques parisiennes (Salon d'automne, Salon d'art sacré, Salon des artistes français, Salon Comparaisons, Salon des femmes peintres et sculpteurs, Salon des grands & jeunes d'aujourd'hui, Salon des indépendants, Salon de mai, etc.).

Durant les années 1970, Kristine Tissier est professeur d'arts plastiques dans les lycées parisiens. La naissance de son fils, Alexandre (qui déclarera un jour : « D'aussi loin que je me souvienne, il y a toujours eu la peinture…»), s'accompagne de son installation dans un atelier-appartement au 49 rue de la Procession, Paris XVe. Ce bâtiment abritant un ensemble de résidences d'artistes, Kristine Tissier participe à l'exposition Les Douze de la rue de la Procession organisée par la Ville de Paris, où elle figure aux côtés de Peter Klasen. En 1989, elle sera invitée à présenter une exposition personnelle, Entre murs et ciels, à l'Unesco. Durant les années 1980, par ailleurs, elle décide d'entreprendre une psychanalyse qui s'inscrit dans la continuité de son itinéraire esthétique où résonne toujours « l'intériorité ».

À partir du milieu des années 1990, « les musées français et centres culturels étrangers institutionnalisent définitivement son travail » : ce sont d'abord les musées d'art et d'histoire de Chaumont (1995), de l'Ardenne et Arthur-Rimbaud à Charleville-Mézières (1996) ; puis le musée Pierre-Noël et la Tour de la liberté de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges (Lumière et Ombre, 2000) où l'œuvre de Kristine Tissier est associée à des créations de Georges Braque et Jean Bazaine ; et enfin le musée du Donjon de Niort (Territoire du silence, 2001), ainsi que les centre culturels de Corée (1996) ou d'Égypte (2004) à Paris, « qui voient leurs cimaises recouvertes des toiles de l'artiste ».

L'œuvre
Kristine Tissier ne se revendique d'aucun groupe ou courant artistique. Néanmoins, admiratrice de Jean Fautrier, Raoul Ubac et Zao Wou-Ki, sa démarche évolue peu à peu d'une peinture informelle ou stylisée à l'extrême, vers un paysagisme abstrait singulier qui n'est pas, non plus, sans rapport avec un Wols ou un Riopelle. Fruit d'un travail assidu sur soi-même, de recherches techniques et esthétiques permanentes et d'un effort soutenu sur la matière et la couleur, « son œuvre sans concession, élaborée avec un courage et une persévérance admirables », s'étend sur près de soixante années.

Matiériste, sa peinture s'oriente, dès le milieu des années 1960, vers les effets de matière brute et fragmentée où la sculpture n'est pas très loin. À une linéarité où dominent des empilements de motifs verticaux (Cité enfouie) ou horizontaux, l'artiste oppose des motifs organiques, parfois d'allure marine. Une synthèse s'élabore à la fin années 1970 et au début des années 1980 : « un mélange d'enduits et de sables, dont la composition exacte demeure secrète, lui permet désormais de texturer et structurer sa peinture » en véritables tableaux à reliefs. Alors, en toute liberté, « Kristine Tissier appose, gratte, sculpte d'immenses espaces baignés de lumière » et parfois d'ombre qui font les déserts (Oural), les montagnes (Aguedal de montagne), les falaises et où une abstraction inspirée du tachisme flirte avec l'évocation « de contrées inexplorées pour aventuriers Vénusiens ».

Les rares sculptures de Kristine Tissier sont réalisées notamment en terre noire chamottée comme son Couple enlacé patiné façon bronze, tandis que ses peintures, qui constituent l'essentiel de l'œuvre, s'inscrivent sur « un fond pigmenté de couleurs pures, délicates, déposées en couches successives, chatoyantes et transparentes », parfois comme des éclaboussures. Durant les années 1990, ce sont des figures d'empreintes préhistoriques fossilisées suggérant les formes végétales ou animales énigmatiques de l'art pariétal, tel son Minotaure sacré, qui s'imposent au peintre. Celles-ci sont coulées sur le fond « dans un matériau rugueux, puissant, résistant à l'usure des âges ». Rigoureusement structurées, lyriques et intensément personnelles, déployant « ses variations en brun, gris et noir avec de larges plages blanches » en des formats souvent majestueux, « ses toiles reflètent force et tendresse, évoquent la mémoire et la subtilité de l'empreinte du temps ».

Après des œuvres peintes à la fin de la décennie « d'une grande présence aux couleurs ocres, brunes, rouges, aux ciels bleus » qui peuvent apparaitrent comme autant de « souvenirs fragmentaires d'un sud, de Marrakech à Tunis », les années 2000, enfin, voient Kristine Tissier prendre de la distance avec cette quête spirituelle sur les traces archaïques du vivant. Un vaste triptyque d'allure glaciaire, Cape de perles d'eau, témoigne de cette évolution. Tout en conservant à sa peinture ses liens avec les forces du cosmos qui en fait aussi « une géographie de l'âme », l'artiste (avec laquelle, en 2005, collabore Yvon Taillandier) renoue avec le paysagisme abstrait dans une palette aux tonalités sourdes où les formes, fussent-elles minérales, se fondent irréversiblement entre elles.

Principales expositions
 1951 : Première exposition galerie des Capucines, Paris IIe.
 1964 : Exposition galerie Hoche, Paris VIIIe.
 1967 : Expositions de dessins au Japon et en Suisse. Présentée par la galerie Iris Clert au Marché expérimental d'art, Paris.
 1969 : Exposition galerie de l'hôtel Melia, Madrid.
 1970 : Exposition galerie Seiquer, Madrid.
 1970-72 : Cité internationale des arts : exposition des 27 nations (à trois reprises).
 1971 : Exposition galerie Can Pablo, Santa Eulalia, Espagne. Participe à la Colonie des arts, musée de Prilep, Yougoslavie.
 1972 : Exposition galerie Suzanne de Coninck, Paris VIIe.
 1973 : Participe à la Biennale de la tapisserie à Lausanne.
 1974 : Salon des indépendants, Grand Palais, Paris. Micro-Salon, Iris Clert, Paris.
 1975 : Exposition galerie Seiquer, Madrid - Exposition Les Douze de la rue de la Procession, Paris XVe.
 1976 : Salon de mai, La Défense, Paris - Galerie Maître-Albert - Micro-Salon, Iris Clert, Paris.
 1977 : Biennale internationale d'Ibiza, Baléares. American center (exposition de groupe), Paris.
 1978-79 : Salon des Femmes peintres et sculpteurs, musée du Luxembourg, Paris.
 1978-81 : Participe chaque année aux Salons d'art sacré, musée du Luxembourg, Paris.
 1979 : Exposition galerie Maître-Albert.
 1981 : Exposition galerie Seiquer, Madrid - Exposition Fondation Boris Vian, Eus, Pyrénées-Orientales.
 1982 : Le Petit bronze, galerie Bernheim-Jeune, Paris VIIIe.
 1982-86 : Salons de mai, Grand Palais, Paris.
 1984 : Exposition galerie d'art contemporain des Arcs 1600 - Bourg-Saint-Maurice.
 1985 : Salon de la Jeune peinture (Grand Palais), Salon des Artistes français et Salon Grands et jeunes d'aujourd'hui.
 1985-86 : Exposition de la médaille-objet à la Monnaie de Paris. Exposition galerie Eolia, Paris VIe.
 1986 : Expositions à la galerie Orly Sud, au Salon Sud 92 et au Théâtre de Saint-Lô, Manche.
 1987 : Salon Grands et jeunes d'aujourd'hui et Salon d'automne, Grand Palais, Paris.
 1988 : Inauguration du Centre William-Harvey, Manche. Salon Grands et jeunes d'aujourd'hui, Grand Palais, Paris.
 1989 : Exposition galerie Francine Fontaine, Paris. Vente de prestige au profit de l'Institut Curie à la Monnaie de Paris. Galerie d'art de l'hôtel Astra, Paris. Exposition Entre murs et ciels, Maison de l'Unesco, Paris.
 1990 : Salon de mai et Salon Comparaisons, Grand Palais, Paris. Expositions Terres roses et Nativité, galerie A. J. Buci, Paris.
 1992 : Salon Comparaisons, Grand Palais. Exposition de groupe à la galerie Jeanne Castel, Paris VIIIe.
 1994 : Deux expositions de groupe : galerie Henri Bénézit, Paris VIe et galerie Larock-Granoff, Paris VIe.
 1995 : Exposition monographique (18 mars - 21 mai) au musée d'art et d'histoire de Chaumont, Haute-Marne.
 1996 : Exposition monographique (6 septembre - 6 octobre) aux musées de l'Ardenne et Arthur Rimbaud, Charleville-Mézières. Expositions (19 avril - 13 mai) avec Kwun Sun-Cheol au Centre culturel coréen, Paris XVIe, et à la galerie Larock-Granoff, Paris VIe. Salon Grands et jeunes d'aujourd'hui, Paris.
 2000 : Exposition monographique (1er juillet - 27 août) Lumière et Ombre à la Tour de la liberté et au musée Pierre Nöel de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges.
 2000-2001 : Exposition monographique (novembre 2000 - janvier 2001) Territoire du silence au musée du Donjon de Niort.
 2001 : Exposition galerie Mireille Batut d'Haussy, Paris Ve .
 2004 : Exposition Terre de mémoire  (29 mars - 9 avril) au Centre culturel d'Égypte, Paris Ve.

Collections publiques
L'œuvre de Kristine Tissier a fait l'objet d'acquisitions publiques par les Affaires Culturelles : les tableaux Variations (Centre national des arts plastiques / Ministère de la Justice, Paris), 1980  ; Cicatrices géologiques (Ambassade de France, Ile Maurice) ; Respiration d'oiseaux (Ambassade de France, Brasilia) ; Secret de pierre (Ambassade de France, Madrid) ; Impulsion (Ambassade de France, Varsovie), 1988 ; ainsi qu'un tableau, sans titre, de 1993 par le musée de l'Ardenne à Charleville-Mézières (reproduit au catalogue p. 23), 1996.

Bibliographie

Monographies

 Kristine Tissier. Lumière et Ombre, avec une préface de Christian Pierret, secrétaire d'État, et de Robert Bernard, maire de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges ; et des contributions de Daniel Grandidier, conservateur en chef du patrimoine, de Pierre Brisset et de Jacqueline Delaunay-Hologne. Musée Pierre-Noël de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, 2e trimestre 2000, 22 p. dont 11 planches en couleurs
 Tissier. Passeport 94-95, avec une contribution d'Alain Tourneux, conservateur en chef du patrimoine, ouvrage parrainé par le musée de Chaumont et les musées de l'Ardenne et Arthur-Rimbaud. Éditions Fragments, mars 1995, 48 p. dont 21 planches en couleurs
 Kristine Tissier. Territoire du silence, avec des contributions de Christian Gendron, conservateur en chef du patrimoine, et de Dominique Gontier. Musée du Donjon de Niort, communauté d'agglomération de Niort, novembre 2000, 50 p. dont 17 planches en couleurs

Contributions

 Pierre Brisset, « La terre et le rocher », 5 mars 1989, revue L'Œil n°406, mai 1989, Paris, p. 80 (republié, sous une version modifiée, dans le catalogue du musée de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, 2000).
 Jacqueline Delaunay-Hologne, « Lettre à Kristine », juin 2000, catalogue du musée de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, pp. 13-15.
 Claude Dorval, « Kristine Tissier », article de presse sur l'exposition à la galerie d'art de l'hôtel Astra, Paris, 25 avril - 25 mai 1989, journal Profils médico-sociaux (section « Profils arts ») du 27 avril 1989, p. 16.
 Christian Gendron, « Les assises géologiques du monde », 2000, catalogue du musée de Niort, p. 7.
 Dominique Gontier, « L'éternelle naissance du monde », 2000, catalogue du musée de Niort, p. 9.
 Daniel Grandidier, « Géographie de l'âme », juin 2000, catalogue du musée de Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, p. 7.
 Pierre Larock-Granoff, carton d'invitation à l'exposition du Centre culturel coréen, Paris, 19 avril - 13 mai 1996, p. 3.
 Ugo Levoyer, « Kristine Tissier », présentation de l'artiste et de son  fonds d'atelier, catalogue de la maison de ventes aux enchères Magnin Wedry, Paris, 2021.
 Alain Tourneux, « De la matière », Tissier. Passeport 94-95, mars 1995, pp. 6-44.

Articles connexes
 Peinture non figurative
 Art informel
 Abstraction lyrique

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Benezit
 Gazette de Drouot

Peintre française
Peintre français du XXe siècle
Peintre français du XXIe siècle
Femme peintre du XXe siècle
Femme peintre du XXIe siècle
Peintre abstrait français
Peintre informel
Sculptrice française
Sculpteur français du XXe siècle
Sculpteur français du XXIe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1928
Naissance à Segré
Décès en août 2010
Décès dans le 15e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 81 ans

Kristine Tissier


الأجنبي (والجمع: أجانب) هو الشخص الذي لا يملك جنسية الدولة التي يقيم بها، ولكي تحافظ الدول على مصالحها العامة فهي تخضع الأجانب لمعاملة خاصة غير معاملة مواطنيها، فمثلاً الأجانب ممنوعون من الحقوق السياسية كحق الانتخاب.

أصل الكلمة
أجنبي (وأيضاً جانِب وجُنب) في اللغة العربية تعني الغريب، وأجناب (وأجانب) تعني غرباء، ويقال رجُل أجنبي (وأجنب وجُنُب وجَنيب) أي الرجل البعيد منك في القرابة وفي الدار، أو في الغربة. واستُخدمت كلمة أجنبي في الأحاديث والفتاوى الإسلامية لتعني الغريب من غير ذوي القرابة أو ليس محرماً، أما المعاجم المعاصرة الحديثة فتذكر أن أجنبي (وأجانب وأجنبية) تعني من لا يتمتع بجنسية الدولة.

مصطلح أجنبي في قوانين البلاد العربية
في قوانين الدول العربية الحديثة، تُذكر كلمة أجنبي بشكل صريح وموثق قانونياً كوصف لمن لا يملك جنسية البلاد، ففي القانون العراقي يذكر أن الأجنبي هو من لا يملك جنسية الدولة،  والقانون السعودي يذكر أن الأجنبي هو غير السعودي،  وفي قانون دخول وإقامة الأجانب في مصر يُذكر أن الأجنبي هو من لا يتمتع بجنسية الجمهورية العربية المتحدة، وفي لبنان، يذكر القانون أن الأجنبي هو كل شخص حقيقي من غير التابعية اللبنانية، وفي القانون اليمني، يعرف الأجنبي بأنه كل شخص لا يتمتع بالجنسية اليمنية،  وأما في القانون السوداني فيعتبر الأجنبي أي شخص غير سوداني.

الخلط بين أعجمي وأجنبي
يخلط البعض بين معنى أجنبي ويساويها بمعنى كلمة أعجمي، وهما ليسا مرادفين لبعضها، فأعجمي من عجم والتي تعني غير العرب،  وهي الكلمة الضد والخلاف لكلمة عرب،  وقيل أنهم من لم يكونوا من العرب، نطقوا بالعربيّة أو لم ينطقوا مثل الفرس.

مصطلح مقيم
يُستخدم في قوانين الأحوال والأجانب مصطلح مقيم أحياناً كبديل مختصر لمصطلح «أجنبي مقيم» عندما يكون الأجنبي مسموحاً له بالعيش داخل البلد ضمن قوانين الإقامة. فمثلاً، قانون الأحوال العُماني يعُرف المُقيم بأنه «الأجنبي الذي يرخص له بالإقامة في السلطنة وفقاً لأحكام قانون إقامة الأجانب».

مراجع

قانون الهجرة للولايات المتحدة
تصنيف الأشخاص حسب القانون
جنسية
علم الاجتماع
قانون الهجرة
مصطلحات قانونية أمريكية
مغتربون
هجرات بشرية

أجنبي (قانون)


Švedski šahovski savez (šve. Sveriges Schackförbund), krovno tijelo športa šaha u Švedskoj. Sjedište je u Uppsali. Švedska pripada europskoj zoni 1.3. Predsjednik je Ted Gemzell (ažurirano 21. listopada 2019.).

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice

Šport u Švedskoj
Švedska

Švedski šahovski savez


La  (en occitan : carrièra de Kiev) est une voie de Toulouse, chef-lieu de la région Occitanie, dans le Midi de la France.

Situation et accès

Description
La rue de Kiev est une voie publique. Elle traverse le cœur du quartier de Reynerie, dans le secteur 6 - Ouest. Elle naît perpendiculairement à l'avenue de Reynerie et suit un parcours rectiligne, orienté à l'ouest, long de 475 mètres. Elle rencontre successivement plusieurs voies de desserte des résidences voisines : le cheminement André-Messager et le cheminement Francis-Poulenc à droite, le cheminement Jean-Wiéner, le cheminement Vincent-d'Indy, le cheminement Louis-Auriacombe et le cheminement Christophe-Gluck à gauche. Elle reçoit également, à mi-parcours, la rue Louise-Michel, qui la relie à la rue Georges-Candilis et à la partie sud de l'avenue de Reynerie. Elle se termine en aboutissant à la place André-Abbal, au carrefour de l'avenue Winston-Churchill et de l'allée André-Maginot.

La chaussée compte une seule voie de circulation automobile à double-sens. Elle est définie comme une zone 30 et la vitesse y est limitée à 30 km/h. Il n'existe pas d'aménagement cyclable.

Voies rencontrées
La rue de Kiev rencontre les voies suivantes, dans l'ordre des numéros croissants (« g » indique que la rue se situe à gauche, « d » à droite) :

 Avenue de Reynerie
 Cheminement André-Messager (d)
 Cheminement Jean-Wiener (g)
 Cheminement Vincent-d'Indy (g)
 Rue Louise-Michel (g)
 Cheminement Vincent-d'Indy (g)
 Cheminement Louis-Auriacombe - accès piéton (g)
 Cheminement Francis-Poulenc - accès piéton (d)
 Cheminement Christophe-Gluck (g)
 Rue Germaine-Peyroles (d)
 Avenue Winston-Churchill (g)
 Allée André-Maginot (d)
 Place André-Abbal

Transports
La rue de Kiev n'est pas directement desservie par les transports en commun Tisséo. Elle débouche cependant à l'ouest sur la place André-Abbal, où se trouve la station de métro Reynerie, sur la ligne . De plus, l'avenue de Reynerie, à l'est, est parcourue par la ligne de bus .

Il n'existe en revanche pas de station de vélos en libre-service VélôToulouse à proximité immédiate de la rue de Kiev. Les plus proches sont les stations  (3 rue de l'Université) et  (251 route de Seysses).

Odonymie
Le nom de la rue est un hommage à la ville de Kiev, qui était en 1971 la capitale de la république socialiste soviétique d'Ukraine et depuis 1991 de la l'Ukraine, et avec laquelle la ville de Toulouse avait noué des liens dans les années 1950. Il existait déjà, depuis 1967, une rue de l'Ukraine, dans le quartier voisin de la Faourette. Le jumelage entre les deux cités intervint finalement le 7 juin 1975 officiellement.

Histoire

Moyen Âge et période moderne

Époque contemporaine

et première moitié du
Au , la rue de Kiev n'existe pas. On trouve des domaines agricoles et des fermes qui dépendent en partie des châteaux de Reynerie (actuel  chemin de Lestang), de Fontaine-Lestang et du Tabar (actuel  impasse de Londres). Il existe un simple chemin rural qui relie la ferme de l'Étang (emplacement de l'actuelle résidence Poulenc  cheminement Francis-Poulenc) et le chemin de Fontaine-Lestang (emplacement de l'actuelle place André-Abbal).

Deuxième moitié du
La rue de Kiev est tracée en 1971, dans le cadre de l'aménagement du secteur de Reynerie, qui correspond à la deuxième tranche de travaux du nouveau quartier du Mirail, réalisé par l'équipe menée par Georges Candilis, Alexis Josic et Shadrach Woods. La rue permet de relier l'avenue de Reynerie, une voie rapide qui permet de traverser le quartier, et le cœur de ce même quartier, qui s'organise autour de la place André-Abbal. La population doit y trouver de nombreux équipements publics : une école maternelle et une école élémentaire (ancienne école maternelle du Lac et ancien groupe scolaire Didier-Daurat, ), un collège d'enseignement secondaire (ancien C.E.S. de Reynerie, ). Le centre commercial qui s'élève à l'angle de la place André-Abbal, construit par l'équipe de Candilis en 1973, accueille une vingtaine de commerces, une supérette et un café-restaurant, mais aussi une mairie de quartier, une bibliothèque et les services de la caisse d'assurance familiales. L'église Saint-Paul-des-Nations est construite en 1979 sur les plans de l'architecte Fabien Castaing (actuel ).

La rue est bordée, au nord et au sud, d'immeubles de grande hauteur, caractéristiques du projet du Mirail. Les résidences Poulenc et Messager, au nord, et les résidences Petit-d'Indy et Grand-d'Indy, au sud, sont construites dans le même temps entre 1968 et 1971 par l'association paritaire des architectes (A.P.A.), composée des architectes Bernard Bachelot, Arnaud Bernardot, Pierre Génard, Pierre et Paul Glénat, Jean-Pierre Pierron, Bernard Valette et Jacques Villemur, pour le compte de l'Office public H.L.M. de Toulouse et de la société H.L.M. Les Chalets. Une place importante est laissée aux espaces verts. Plusieurs voies secondaires – cheminements Francis-Poulenc, André-Messager, Christophe-Gluck, Vincent-d'Indy et Jean-Wiener – partent de la rue de Kiev et desservent les parkings au pied des immeubles.

Cependant, à partir des années 1980, le quartier du Mirail ne bénéficie plus de l'attrait des premières années et cumule les problèmes liés aux quartiers des banlieues des villes françaises. Il souffre d'une image négative, liée à l'insécurité et au trafic de stupéfiants, une architecture dépréciée et des espaces publics déqualifiés. Le collège de la Reynerie et les écoles élémentaires du quartier sont classées en zone d'éducation prioritaire (ZEP).

Début du
En 2001, le quartier est touché par l'explosion de l'usine AZF. À partir de 2002, le quartier de Reynerie et la rue de Kiev sont profondément bouleversés par le projet de renouvellement urbain du Grand Mirail, dans le cadre du grand projet de ville porté par la municipalité et par l'Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU).

Le projet porte en partie sur l'amélioration des services apportés à la population. En 2005, l'école Didier-Daurat est reconstruite, tandis que l'école maternelle du Lac est fermée et démolie, laissant la place à un parking, au carrefour de la nouvelle rue Germaine-Peyroles, tracée en 2015. En 2020, le collège Raymond-Badiou, qui avait pourtant bénéficié d'une profonde rénovation en 2014, est fermé. Le centre commercial est profondément réaménagé.

L'effort porte également sur la transformation de l'habitat, en lien avec une volonté d'ouvrir le quartier en réduisant les continuités bâties par des démolitions de barres d'immeubles et de dalles. Entre 2006 et 2009, les résidences Poulenc, au nord, et Petit-d'Indy, au sud, sont partiellement démolies, tandis que la rue Louise-Michel est percée entre la rue de Kiev et la rue Georges-Candilis. En 2017, des jardins partagés sont aménagés le long de la rue de Kiev. Plusieurs démolitions interviennent dans le cas de résidences dont la copropriété est en difficulté : la copropriété de la résidence Messager, qui compte 261 logements, connaît une situation financière difficile et échoue en 2014 à mener un plan de sauvegarde pérenne.

En 2019, la rue de Kiev reste concernée par le nouveau programme national de renouvellement urbain (N-PNRU). La démolition de la dalle au niveau de la place André-Abbal doit s'accompagner de la construction de nouveaux commerces, d'une maison de santé, d'un restaurant et de logements. Un équipement public destiné à la danse doit également être construit à proximité de la rue de Kiev. En 2020, les projets de relogement et de démolition portent principalement sur les résidences Messager et Grand-d'Indy. Le projet définitif prévoit la construction de nouvelles résidences le long de la rue de Kiev, seule la résidence Petit-d'Indy étant conservée du projet de Candilis.

Patrimoine et lieux d'intérêt

Immeubles

Église Saint-Paul-des-Nations
L'église Notre-Dame-de-la-Reynerie, devenue Saint-Paul-des-Nations, est construite en 1979 sur les plans de l'architecte Fabien Castaing, sur une parcelle de 300 m² à l'angle du cheminement Christophe-Gluck et à proximité immédiate du centre commercial de Reynerie.

L'édifice se compose de deux volumes rectangulaires : le porche d'entrée et la nef. L'ensemble est couvert par un toit de plaques d'acier prélaquées. Le clocher-mur en brique et son arc en mitre est une référence à l'architecture gothique méridionale et aux clochers toulousains.

Collège Raymond-Badiou
Le collège d'enseignement secondaire (CES) de Reynerie, devenu le collège Raymond-Badiou en 2014, est construit en 1969, après le collège de Bellefontaine (actuel  cheminement Francisco-de-Goya) et du Mirail (actuel collège Nicolas-Vauquelin,  rue Nicolas-Louis-Vauquelin), par l'équipe parisienne de l'agence de Georges Candilis. Il s'organise sur une longue parcelle entre l'avenue de Reynerie, la rue de Kiev (actuel ) et le cheminement Jean-Wiener.

Le collège se compose de trois corps de bâtiments rectangulaires disposés en redan : deux corps de bâtiments sur deux niveaux (rez-de-chaussée et étage) étaient occupés par le collège d'enseignement général, le troisième, sur un seul niveau (rez-de-chaussée), par la section d'éducation spécialisée. Chaque corps de bâtiment s'organise autour d'un patio central. Au sud, le bâtiment qui abrite la salle de demi-pension et une salle polyvalente, et le bâtiment de l'atelier d'application se rattachent à l'édifice de l'enseignement spécialisé. Les logements de fonction se trouvent à l'entrée du collège, du côté de la rue de Kiev : trois T3, trois T4 et un T5. On retrouve le plan utilisé pour le lotissement des Mûriers, construit entre 1971 et 1973 allée de Bellefontaine : ici, sept maisons aux plans en L s'accrochent en « grappes ».

Le collège connaît des difficultés : il est classé en ZEP en 1982, puis RAR en 2006, ÉCLAIR en 2011 et enfin REP+ en 2014. En 2017, le conseil général de la Haute-Garonne prend la décision d'une fermeture progressive du collège Raymond-Badiou, étalée sur trois ans, en attendant la construction d'un nouveau collège sur une partie des terrains de NXP Semiconductors, en bordure de l'avenue du Général-Eisenhower (emplacement de l'actuel ). Le collège Raymond-Badiou devrait quant à lui être démoli en 2021.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Pierre Salies, Dictionnaire des rues de Toulouse, 2 vol., éd. Milan, Toulouse, 1989 .
 Louis-Emmanuelle Friquart et Annie Noé-Dufour, Les Quartiers de Toulouse. Le Mirail. Le projet Candilis, coll. « Itinéraires du Patrimoine », , Accord édition, 2006 .
 Stéphane Gruet et Rémi Papillault (dir.), Le Mirail. Mémoire d'une ville, Éditions Poïésis - A.E.R.A., 2006 .

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies de Toulouse
 Liste des édifices religieux de Toulouse

Liens externes
 « Notice  », Au nom de la voie, sur le site Urban-Hist, Archives municipales de Toulouse, 20 septembre 2021 (consulté le ).
 Inventaire préliminaire de la ville de Toulouse, sur le site Urban-Hist, Archives municipales de Toulouse (consulté le ).
 Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel d'Occitanie, sur le site Ressources patrimoines - La médiathèque culturelle de la Région Occitanie (consulté le ).

Rue à Toulouse
Kiev

Rue de Kiev


Das Gesetz des Stärkeren (Originaltitel: The Lawless Frontier) ist ein US-amerikanischer Western von Robert N. Bradbury aus dem Jahr 1934 mit John Wayne in der Hauptrolle. Der Film startete am 22. November 1934 im Verleih von Monogram Pictures in den US-amerikanischen Kinos.

Handlung
John Tobin verfolgt in Begleitung seines alten Freundes Dusty und dessen Tochter Ruby den mexikanischen Banditen Pandro Zanti, mit dem John noch eine Rechnung offen hat. Vor Jahren hatte Zanti die Eltern von John ermordet. Für ihn gibt es seitdem nur noch einen Gedanken, er will die Ermordung seiner Eltern rächen.

Während der Verfolgung von Zantis Spur wird John selbst von einem Sheriff irrtümlich für einen Banditen gehalten. Es kostet sie einige Zeit, bis sie den Sheriff davon überzeugen konnten, dass der Verdacht gegenüber John unberechtigt ist. Anschließend nehmen sie die Verfolgung von Zanti wieder auf und John kann die Ermordung seiner Eltern rächen.

Hintergrund
 Für die Produktion von Das Gesetz des Stärkeren zeichneten die Lone Star Productions und die Monogram Pictures verantwortlich
 Das Gesetz des Stärkeren wurde auf 35-mm-Schwarzweiß-Film gedreht und – mit einem Bildformat von 1,37:1 – auch 1934 in die Kinos gebracht.

Drehorte
 Kernville (Kalifornien)
 Red Rock Canyon State Park - Highway 14, Cantil
 Trem Carr Ranch - Placerita Canyon Road, Newhall (Kalifornien)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1934
US-amerikanischer Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Western

Das Gesetz des Stärkeren


An Sporobolus panicoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Achille Richard. An Sporobolus panicoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sporobolus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sporobolus

Sporobolus panicoides


Žarko Brzić (Sveti Filip i Jakov, 3. travnja 1922.), hrvatski katolički svećenik, politički uznik, književnik, publicist i novinar

Životopis
Rodio se 3. travnja 1922. u Sv. Filipu i Jakovu gdje završava osnovno školovanje. Klasičnu gimnaziju polazi u Šibeniku. Teologiju studira u Đakovu i Zagrebu. Za svećenika je zaređen 14. srpnja 1946. Kao svećenik pastoralno je djelovao u Primoštenu, Donjem Miholjcu, Valpovu, Bošnjacima, u Banju na otoku Pašmanu, Zadru (župa sv. Šime), Velom Ratu, Solinama, Brbinju i Savru na Dugom otoku i na Silbi. Najljepše i najradosnije godine svojeg svećeničkog služenja posvetio je sjemeništarcima i bogoslovima u zadarskom sjemeništu "Zmajević". Na odsluženju vojnog roka 1949. u Makedoniji bio je uhićen i od komunističkog vojnog suda osuđen na četiri godine robije koju je izdržao do kraja u vrlo teškim uvjetima. Svjestan je da nije počinio nikakav delikt zbog kojeg bi ga trebalo pozivati na krivičnu odgovornost. Ponosan je što je nevin trpio u zloglasnom komunističkom zatvoru za svoje kršćanske i domoljubne ideale. Publicističko-novinarskim radom počeo se baviti u srednjoj školi. Bio je član Đačkog križarskog bratstva gdje je dobivao mnogo korisnih i pobudnih poticaja za vježbanje u literalnim sastavima. Kao student surađivao je u križarskom tjedniku Nedjelji, u Hrvatskoj smotri i povremeno još u nekim listovima. Kasnije kao svećenik, nakon što je dopušten katolički tisak, surađivao je u Glasu Koncila, mjesečniku Mariji, Glasniku Srca Isusova i Marijina, reviji Veritas gdje još uvijek surađuje svojim prilozima. Član je Društva hrvatskih katoličkih novinara i Društva hrvatskih književnika. Djela: Oslonjen na nadu i dr.

Izvori

Hrvatski katolički svećenici
Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski publicisti
Hrvatski novinari

Žarko Brzić


Demetrios Chalkokondyles ( ), Latinized as Demetrius Chalcocondyles and found variously as Demetricocondyles, Chalcocondylas or Chalcondyles (14239 January 1511) was one of the most eminent Greek scholars in the West. He taught in Italy for over forty years; his colleagues included Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano, and Theodorus Gaza in the revival of letters in the Western world, and Chalkokondyles was the last of the Greek humanists who taught Greek literature at the great universities of the Italian Renaissance (Padua, Florence, Milan). One of his pupils at Florence was the famous Johann Reuchlin. Chalkokondyles published the first printed publications of Homer (in 1488), of Isocrates (in 1493), and of the Suda lexicon (in 1499).

Life
Demetrios Chalkokondyles was born in Athens in 1423 to one of the noblest Athenian families and was the cousin of the chronicler of the fall of Constantinople, Laonicus Chalcocondyles. He soon moved to the Peloponnese, with his Athenian family who had migrated after its persecution by the Florentine dukes. He migrated to Italy in 1447 and arrived at Rome in 1449 where Cardinal Bessarion became his patron. He became the student of Theodorus Gaza and later gained the patronage of Lorenzo de Medici, serving as a tutor to his sons. Afterwards Chalkokondyles lived the rest of his life in Italy, as a teacher of Greek and philosophy. One of Chalkokondyles' Italian pupils described his lectures at Perugia, where he taught in 1450:

Among his pupils were Janus Lascaris, Poliziano, Leo X, Castiglione, Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Stefano Negri, and Giovanni Maria Cattaneo.

In 1463 Chalkokondyles was made professor at Padua, and later, at Francesco Philelpho's suggestion, in 1479 he took over the place of Ioannis Argyropoulos, as the head of the Greek Literature department and was summoned by Lorenzo de Medici to Florence. Chalkokondyles composed several orations and treatises calling for the liberation of his homeland Greece from what he called "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks." In 1463 Chalkokondyles called on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against the Ottomans, he identified this as an overdue debt and reminded the Latins how the Byzantine Greeks once came to Italy's aid against the Goths in the Gothic Wars (535–554 AD)

It was during his tenure at the Studium in Florence that Chalkokondyles edited Homer for publication, which, dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici, is his major accomplishment. He assisted Marsilio Ficino with his Latin translation of Plato. During his tenure at Florence, the German classical scholar Johannes Reuchlin was one of his pupils. He also taught Alessandra Scala, the Florentine Greek and Latin poet.

Chalkokondyles married in 1484 at the age of sixty-one and fathered ten children. Finally, invited by Ludovico Sforza, he moved to Milan (1491/1492), where he taught until he died.

Work
He wrote in Ancient Greek the grammar handbook "Summarized Questions on the Eight Parts of Speech With Some Rules" (). He translated Galen's Anatomy into Latin.

As a scholar, Chalkokondyles published the editio princeps of Homer (Florence 1488), Isocrates (Milan 1493) and the Byzantine Suda lexicon (1499).
Greek Grammar, edited 1546 by Melchior Volmar in Basel
Latin translation of the Anatomical Procedures of Galen, edited and published in 1529 by Jacopo Berengario da Carpi
Ἡ τοῦ Ὁμήρου ποίησις ἅπασα, 1488, editio princeps of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, edited by Bernardus Nerlius and Chalkokondyles, appeared in Florence, not before 13 January 1489, in two folio volumes. It was the first Greek book to be printed in Florence.  The Greek type used to print the 1488–1489 Homer is believed to have been cast by the Cretan Demetrius Damilas from the type that he had used to print Constantine Lascaris' Erotemata (Milan 1476), the first book to be printed entirely in Greek, based upon the hand of Damilas's fellow scribe Michael Apostolis.

See also
Chalkokondyles family
Greek scholars in the Renaissance

Notes

References
 Nancy Bisaha, Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, pp. 113–15.
 Deno J. Geanakoplos, "The discourse of Demetrius Chalcocondyles on the inauguration of Greek studies at the University of Padua", Studies in the Renaissance, 21 (1974), 118–44 and in Deno J. Geanakoplos, Interaction of the 'Sibling' Byzantine and Western Cultures in the Middle Ages and Italian Renaissance (330–1600), New Haven and London, 1976, pp. 296–304
 Jonathan Harris, Greek Émigrés in the West, 1400–1520, Camberley: Porphyrogenitus, 1995.
 Robert Proctor, The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth-Century, London, 1930, pp. 66–9.
 Fotis Vassileiou & Barbara Saribalidou, Short Biographical Lexicon of Byzantine Academics Immigrants to Western Europe, 2007.
 N.G. Wilson, From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance, London, 1992.

External links

 The "First Edition" of the Iliad, article about the textual history the Iliad

1424 births
1511 deaths
Writers from Athens
Academic staff of the University of Perugia
Greek Renaissance humanists
Byzantine writers
Greek educators
Renaissance writers
Greek–Latin translators
16th-century Greek people
Demetrius
15th-century Byzantine writers
15th-century writers in Latin
15th-century Greek writers
16th-century Greek writers
16th-century male writers
15th-century Greek educators
16th-century Greek educators

Demetrios Chalkokondyles


Tenryu Saburo (jap. 天竜 三郎; 1. studenog 1903. – 20. kolovoza 1989.), japanski majstor borilačkih vještina. Izravni je učenik Moriheija Ueshibe.

Životopis
Tenryu Saburo je rođen kao Saburo Wakuta u prefekturi Shizuoka. Bio je profesionalni sumo hrvač. Kao vođa "incidenta Shunjuen", u kojem su štrajkali mnogi hrvači, napustio je udrugu japanskih japanskih sumo hrvača 1932. godine. S ostalim hrvačima osnovao je "Rishiki skupinu za veliki Japan", pri tome želeći reformirati sustav, koji je opisao kao "feudalni". Zbog financijskih poteškoća grupa se raspustila 1937. godine. Godine 1939. pozvao je učitelje japanskih borilačkih vještina u Mandžuriju. Tom prilikom je otkrio Aiki-Budo Moriheija Ueshibe i istog dana postao njegov učenik.

Godine 1957. provedene su reforme u sumou koje je Saburo podržao.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Sumo champion Tenryu and Morihei Ueshiba by Stanley Pranin

Japanske aikidoke

Tenryu Saburo


80'lerin başında San Francisco'da kurulan, Körfez Bölgesi thrash metal soundunun en önemli topluluklarından Exodus, 1985 yılında yayınlanan Bonded By Blood albümü ile başladığı kariyeri boyunca Pleasures Of The Flesh, Fabulous Disaster ve Impact Is Imminent gibi kült albümlere imza atmıştır. 1992'den sonra ayrılıklar yaşayan ve sessizliğe bürünen topluluk, 1997'de yayınladığı konser albümü Another Lesson In Violence ile sessizliğini bozmuş olsa da 2004 yılına kadar başka bir kayıt yayınlamamış, 2004'te ise Tempo Of The Damned ile geri dönüşünü ilan etmiştir. Topluluk, takip eden sene içerisinde Shovel Headed Kill Machine'i Nuclear Blast Records etiketiyle yayınlamıştır ve hâlen çalışmalarına devam etmektedir.İlk gitaristleri dünyaca ünlü Metallica grubunun gitaristi Kirk Hammett'tır. Sonrasında onun yerine Rick Hunolt dahil olmuştur. Hatta grubun değişmeyen tek üyesi olan Gary Holt ilk başta Kirk Hammett'in gitar teknisyeniydi ancak Tim Agnello gruptan ayrılınca kendisi gruba gitarist olarak dahil olmuştur. Ayrıca Aralık ayında İstanbul ve Ankara'da olmak üzere iki konser vermişlerdir.Grubun ilk vokalisti Paul Baloff 2002 yılında ölmüştür. Son albümleri Let There Be Blood 2008 yılında, ilk albümleri olan Bonded By Bloodın tekrar yorumlanmış biçimi şeklinde piyasaya sürülmüştür. Son albümleri Exhibit B:Human Condition 2010 yılında yayınlanmıştır.

2014 yılının Haziran ayında ani bir kararla kadrosundan Rob Dukes'u çıkartan grup, yerine Steve Souza'nın geldiğini duyurmuştur.

Grup üyeleri

Şimdiki üyeler
Steve Souza - vokal (1986–1993, 2002–2004, 2014-günümüz)
Gary Holt - gitar (1980–1993, 1997–1998, 2001–günümüz)
Lee Altus - gitar (2005–günümüz)
Jack Gibson - bas gitar (1997–1998, 2001–günümüz)
Tom Hunting - bateri (1980–1989, 1997–1998, 2001–2004, 2007–günümüz)

Eski üyeler
 Rob Dukes - vokal (2005–2014)
Paul Baloff - vokal (1981–1986, 1997–1998, 2001–2002)
Rick Hunolt - gitar (1983–1993, 1997–1998, 2001–2005)
Rob McKillop - bas gitar (1983–1991)
John Tempesta - bateri (1989–1993)
Kirk Hammett - gitar (1980–1983)
Paul Bostaph - bateri (2005–2007)
Michael Butler - bas gitar (1992–1993)
Keith Stewart - vokal (1980–1981)
Chris Kontos - bateri (1993)
Evan McCaskey - gitar (1983)
Matt Harvey - vokal (2004)
Steev Esquivel - vokal (2004)
Tim Agnello - gitar (1980)
Carlton Melson - bas gitar (1980)
Mike Maung - gitar (1983)
Gannon Hall - bateri (1993)
Perry Strickland - bateri (1989)
Doug Williams - bas gitar (1981-1983)

Kronoloji

Diskografi
Tüm yayınlanan içerikler için, bakınız: Exodus diskografisi.

 Bonded by Blood (1985)
 Pleasures of the Flesh (1987)
 Fabulous Disaster (1988)
 Impact is Imminent (1990)
 Force of Habit (1992)
 Tempo of the Damned (2004)
 Shovel Headed Kill Machine (2005)
 The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A (2007)
 Let There Be Blood (2008)
 Exhibit B: The Human Condition (2010)
 Blood In, Blood Out (2014)
 Persona Non Grata (2021)

Dış bağlantılar

 Official site
 Official MySpace page
 Exodus – Gary Holt interview @ Metalfan.ro – English

Amerikalı thrash metal grupları
1980'de kurulan müzik grupları
Müzikal beşliler
Amerikalı groove metal grupları
Nuclear Blast sanatçıları
Speed metal grupları

Exodus (müzik grubu)


أمجد الطرابلسي (1334- 1421هـ / 1916- 2001م) من علماء العربية وأدبائها، شاعر وباحث ومحقق وناقد، وأستاذ جامعي ووزير سوري، عضو مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق، ومجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة، والمجمع العلمي العراقي.

أحد رموز الثقافة العربية الأصيلة في الوطن العربي، وأحد مؤسسي التعليم الجامعي في المملكة المغربية مطلع الستينيات من القرن العشرين.

نشأته ودراسته
وُلد أمجد بن حُسني بن محمود الطَّرابُلُسي في حيِّ باب سريجة بدمشق في يوم ، لأسرة قَدِمَ أجدادُهم دمشق من مدينة طرابُلُس بلبنان. كان والده ضابطًا في الجيش العثماني ثم في الجيش الفيصلي ملمًّا بالفرنسية والألمانية ومحبًّا للأدب.

عانى أمجد اليتم صغيرًا بوفاة أمه (من أسرة عمر باشا) في الثانية من عمره عام 1918 م، وبوفاة أبيه في التاسعة من عمره عام 1925 م، فكَفَلَه جدُّه وأعمامه.

تلقَّى تعليمه الأول في كتاتيب دمشق ثم في مدارسها الرسمية، وبعد حصوله على الشهادة الابتدائية سنة 1926م التحق بـ (مكتب عنبر) للدراسة الثانوية، وتبلور حبُّ أمجد للعربية على يد ثلاثة من فطاحل اللغة وأعلامها من أساتذته فيه، وهم الشيخ عبد القادر المبارك والأستاذ سليم الجندي وشاعر الشام محمد البزم. ومنها حصل على شهادة بكالوريا قسم الفلسفة عام 1934.

وانتسب سنة 1936 إلى صفِّ المعلمين العالي، وحصل على شهادته، فندبته وِزارة المعارف لتدريس اللغة العربية في ثانوية (الكلية العلمية الوطنية) وكان من زملائه فيها وهو الشاب الفتيُّ الأستاذ الكبير خليل مردم بك الرئيس الأسبق للمجمع العلمي العربي بدمشق.

في أواخر عام 1938 أوفدته الحكومةُ السورية إلى فرنسا للتخصُّص في الأدب، فحصل على الإجازة (ليسانس) في الآداب عام 1941، ثم على شهادة دكتوراه من جامعة السوربون بإشراف المستشرق الفرنسي ريجيس بلاشير عام 1945، فكان بذلك أولَ طالب سوري يحمل الدكتوراه بالأدب والنقد من السوربون.

وظائفه
عاد إلى سوريا عام 1945 (وقد تزوج طالبة فرنسية مهذبة أنيقة اسمها مونيك، تعارفا في المحاضرات الثقافية بالسوربون، ولا سيَّما محاضرات الأستاذ مورنه)؛ فعمل مدرسًا في ثانوية التجهيز (جودة الهاشمي)، إلى أن أنشِئت كلية الآداب في الجامعة السورية التي سمِّيت فيما بعد جامعة دمشق وكان إنشاؤها بسعي حثيث من الأستاذ ساطع الحُصْري عام 1946، وتولى عِمادتها الأستاذ الكبير شفيق جبري، فكان أمجد أولَ أستاذ يُعين فيها لتدريس الأدب العرب، وهو بهذا من مؤسسي التعليم الجامعي. ثم أصبح عميدًا لكلية الآداب عام 1947، وبقي معلمًا فيها حتى عام 1958. وانتُدب لتدريس التطبيقات الدرسية في اللغة العربية في المعهد العالي للمعلمين بدمشق.

بعد قيام الوحدة بين سوريا ومصر عام 1958 عُيِّن أمجد الطرابلسي وزيرًا للتربية والثقافة والتعليم العالي في الإقليم السوري من الجمهورية العربية المتحدة برئاسة جمال عبد الناصر. وأعاد الرئيس عبد الناصر تشكيل الوِزارة في 16 أوغسطس (آب) 1961 فتسلَّم د. الطرابلسي وِزارة التعليم العالي في دولة الجمهورية العربية المتحدة. ثم بعد الانفصال استقال من الوِزارة في 10 أكتوبر (تشرين الأول) 1961، في إثر استقالة الوزراء السوريين من حكومة الوحدة.

ثم في أواخر 1962 غادر إلى المملكة المغربية، وأقام مدَّة من حياته بمدينة الدار البيضاء، ثم استقرَّ بمدينة الرِّباط إلى يوم رحيله عن المغرب. وبات من أعمدة تأسيس الجامعة المغربية، وصرف حياته وجهده للبحث العلمي فيها، وأسس جيلًا من الباحثين والنقاد المغاربة، وأشرف على أكثر من 60 بحثًا في الدراسات العليا وأطروحات الدكتوراه بكلية الآداب في جامعة محمد الخامس في الرباط، وجامعة محمد عبد الله في فاس، وكلية اللغة في مراكش، ودرَّس فيها الأدب الجاهلي والأدب المغربي والنقد الأدبي والأدب المقارن، وبعض علوم العربية، حتى تقاعد عام 1992. كان الدكتور أمجد بحق من العقول المدبِّرة لمسار التعليم الجامعي في المغرب، ومن المؤسسين لأكاديميته، والمتفانين في رعايته وتوجيهه، والعاملين على تحديد هُويته. وشهد له الناس بالفضل لما أسداه من خير كثير للجامعة المغربية.

ثم غادر المغرب عام 1993 إلى باريس، وقضى شيخوخته فيها قريبًا من أبنائه وحَفَدته، وظلَّ يسأل عن أهل المغرب، وعن أحوال طلبته، كلَّما اتصل به أحدٌ من مُريديه ومحبِّيه، إلى وفاته.

طلابه
تخرج به أجيال من طلاب العربية غدا كثيرٌ منهم أعلامًا في بلداهم، ومن أشهر طلابه في سويا:

أحمد راتب النفاخ، ومازن المبارك، ومحمد علي حمد الله، وعبد الحفيظ السطلي، وعبد الكريم الأشتر، وعاصم بن محمد بهجة البَيطار.

ومن أشهر طلابه في جامعات المغرب:

محمد بن شريفة (وكانت رسالته الجامعية أولَ رسالة أشرف عليها الدكتور أمجد، وهي أول رسالة نوقشت في الجامعة المغربية عام 1964 م)، ومحمد الكتاني، وأحمد المعداوي، وعبد الوهاب التازي سعود، وعبد العالي الودغيري، والشاهد البوشيخي، وعلال الغازي، وإدريس بلمليح، ومحمد قرقزان (سوري درس في المغرب)، ومحمد الحجوي، وأحمد وهوب، وعبد الرحمان طالبي، وعبد الهادي دحاني، ومحمد هلال، وعباس أرحيلة، (كانت أطروحته للدكتوراه "الأثر الأرسطي في النقد والبلاغة العربيين إلى نهاية القرن الثامن للهجرة" آخرَ أطروحة أشرف عليها الدكتور أمجد عام 1991 م).

في مجمع الخالدين
انتُخب الدكتور أمجد الطرابلسي عضوًا عاملًا في مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق خلفًا لأستاذه شاعر الشام محمد البزم، في 28 مايو (أيار) 1960م، بترشيح من عضو المجمع الدكتور حكمة هاشم، وانتُخب معه القانوني الحقوقي الدكتور عدنان الخطيب. ثم صدر مرسوم رئاسي في 14 فبراير (شباط) 1961م، بتسمية كلٍّ من شكري فيصل، ومحمد المبارك، وأمجد الطرابلسي أعضاءً في مجمع دمشق. ولكنَّ استقباله في المجمع تأخَّر إلى 23 سبتمبر (أيلول) 1971م بسبب إقامته في المغرب.

ولم يُتَح للدكتور الطرابلسي أن يشاركَ في أعمال المجمع مشاركة فعالة؛ فقد رغب إلى المجمع أن يُسمَح له بالتغيُّب عن جلَساته طَوالَ إقامته في المغرب للتدريس في جامعاته، فأُذن له، ولكنه ظلَّ على صلة بالمجمع لم ينقطع عنه، وكان حريصًا في أثناء زياراته لدمشق على زيارة المجمع والاتصال بزملائه المجمعيين.

نشر في مجلة المجمع 3 مقالات: (ابن جدار) و(حول كتاب زجر النابح) و(حول رسالة الصاهل والشاحِج)، إضافة إلى كلمته في حفلة استقباله، وذلك في المدة ما بين (1967- 1974م).

وانتُخب الدكتور أمجد الطرابلسي عضوًا مراسلًا في مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة عام 1976، وعضوًا مؤازرًا في المجمع العلمي العراقي ببغداد عام 1979.

أعماله
لم يكن الطرابلسي مكثرًا في التأليف، وقد سُئل عن ذلك فقال: اخترتُ تأليفَ الرجال، فطلابي هم كتُبي.

أمَّا آثاره التي خلَّفها فهي:
 النقد واللغة في رسالة الغفران محاضرات، مطبوعات جامعة دمشق، 1951
 نقد الشعر عند العرب حتى القرن الخامس للهجرة، ط 1 بالفرنسية، منشورات المعهد الفرنسي التابع لجامعة السوربون 1956
 نقد الشعر عند العرب حتى القرن الخامس للهجرة، الترجمة العربية ط 1، ترجمة د. إدريس بلمليح، دار توبقال، الدار البيضاء 1993
 نظرة تاريخية في حركة التأليف عند العرب (في اللغة والأدب والتاريخ والجغرافيا)، ط 1 جامعة دمشق 1956، ط 5 دار قرطبة للطباعة والنشر، الدار البيضاء 1986
 شعر الحماسة والعروبة في بلاد الشام أواخر القرن التاسع عشر أوائل القرن العشرين، جامعة الدول العربية، معهد الدراسات العربية العالية، القاهرة 1957
 كان شاعرًا، مجموعة شعرية (وهي مقتطفات من شعره)، سلسلة إبداع (7)، المجلس القومي للثقافة العربية، الرباط 1993
 زجر النابح لأبي العلاء المعري (مقتطفات) تحقيق وشرح، مطبوعات مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق ط 1 عام 1965، ط2 عام 1982
 شعراء الشام والفكرة العربية في النصف الأول من القرن العشرين، محاضرة ألقاها في الكويت، نشرت في كتاب محاضرات الموسم الثقافي الثاني، عام 1956
 تأملات وذكريات في حرم المسجد الجامع في قرطبة، محاضرة ألقاها في الكويت، نشرت في كتاب محاضرات الموسم الثقافي، عام 1956
 الصَّاهِل والشَّاحِج لأبي العلاء المعري، تحقيق بالاشتراك مع العلامة أحمد راتب النفاخ، ولم يُنشَر.
 جواهر الألفاظ، على غِرار كتاب قُدامة بن جعفر؛ جمع فيه طائفة من الأخطاء التي استخرجها من الرسائل والأطروحات، ولا يُعرَف مصيره!

بدأ نظم الشعر وهو طالب، وعندما جازَ امتحان الثاني الثانوي نُشِرت أولى قصائده على صفحات مجلة «الرسالة» لأحمد حسن الزيات، وهي بعنوان نجوى يتيم، في عام 1934، وأورد في مجموعته الشعرية "كان شاعرًا" أن أول قصيدة نشرها وهو طالب في المرحلة الثانوية هي قصيدة خيال أمِّي غابْ في مجلة الرسالة عام 1934.

وامتاز شعره بالرقة والعذوبة، في روح رومانسية مغرمة بالخيال وعشق الطبيعة، مع إيثار الرمز وانتقاء الكلمة الحلوة، ومنه قوله:

كتب عنه
أُفردَت سيرته في كتبٍ منها:

 أمجد الطرابلسي: ذكرى علَم مرَّ من هنا، للدكتور عباس أرحيلة، منشورات المجلس العلمي بمدينة مراكش، 2005م.
 العلامة الدكتور أمجد الطرابلسي، للدكتور محمد قرقزان، مطبوعات مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق، 2008م.
 الدكتور أمجد الطرابلسي مفكرًا ومربيًا وأديبًا، للدكتور محمود أحمد السيِّد، مطبوعات مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق، 2014م.

وفاته وتأبينه
وافته المنية في باريس صباح يوم الأحد 3 ذي القَعدة 1421هـ الموافق 28 يناير (كانون الثاني) 2001م، ودُفن في مقبرة المسلمين (مقبرة كوربفوا courbevoie) بباريس، يوم الأربعاء 31 يناير 2001 م. وترك من الأبناء بحسَب أعمارهم: سَلمى (تعمل مترجمة فورية في اليونسكو)، وسامي (مهندس في الإعلاميات)، ونادية (أستاذة بإنجلترا)، ووليدة (تعمل في التأمينات)، وله أحفاد وحفيدات.

وأقام مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق حفلة لتأبينه، تكلم فيها كل من الأساتذة: الدكتور شاكر الفحام رئيس مجمع دمشق، والدكتور محمود السيد وزير التربية، والدكتور عادل العوَّا، والدكتور عبد الله عبد الدائم وزير التربية سابقًا، والمهندس محمد أيمن الطرابلسي.

الملاحظات

المراجع

المصادر
 موقع مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق

 الدكتور أمجد الطرابلسي: ذكرى عَلَم مرَّ من هنا، الدكتور عباس أرحيلة.
 خطاب الدكتور شكري فيصل في حفل استقبال الدكتور أمجد الطرابلسي.

مواليد 1916
وزراء تعليم عال سوريون
وفيات 2001
مواليد 1334 هـ
وفيات 1421 هـ
أعضاء مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق
أعضاء مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة
أعضاء المجمع العلمي العراقي

أمجد الطرابلسي


Nová Sedlica este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Snina din regiunea Prešov, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 268 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu , , , Stujîțea și .

Istoric
Localitatea Nová Sedlica este atestată documentar din 1630.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Nová Sedlica, Snina


Oh Mi-ja (* 3. Juli 1970) ist eine ehemalige südkoreanische Marathonläuferin.

1996 gewann sie den Dong-A-Marathon und kam bei den Olympischen Spielen in Atlanta auf den 30. Platz. 1998 wiederholte sie ihren Sieg beim Dong-A-Marathon. 2000 qualifizierte sie sich mit einem Sieg beim Gunsan-Marathon für die Olympischen Spiele in Sydney, bei denen sie auf Rang 34 einlief.

2001 verteidigte sie ihren Titel in Gunsan. 2002 wurde sie Zweite beim Dong-A-Marathon (nun Seoul International Marathon) und Vierte bei den Asienspielen. 2003 siegte sie erneut in Gunsan, 2004 wurde sie dort Zweite.

1998 und 1999 wurde sie nationale Meisterin über 5000 m.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 5000 m: 16:08,68 min, 9. Juni 1998, Seoul
 10.000 m: 33:42,38 min, 11. Oktober 2001, Chunan
 Marathon: 2:29:44 h, 9. April 2000, Gunsan

Weblinks
 Athletenporträt von Oh Mi-ja bei der IAAF (englisch)
 Athletenporträt bei Tilastopaja OY

5000-Meter-Läufer (Südkorea)
10.000-Meter-Läufer (Südkorea)
Marathonläufer (Südkorea)
Olympiateilnehmer (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
Südkoreaner
Geboren 1970
Frau

Oh Mi-ja


Diana Noel,  baronne Barham ( - ) est une pair, philanthrope et abolitionniste qui créé des écoles et des églises sur la péninsule de Gower.

Jeunesse
Née le 18 septembre 1762 à Barham Court, Teston dans le Kent, elle est la fille de Margaret Gambier et Charles Middleton, un amiral qui est créé baron Barham, de Barham Court et Teston dans le comté de Kent en mai 1805 . Ils sont des méthodistes calvinistes, et sont des amis de l'écrivain religieux et philanthrope Hannah More, l'ecclésiastique George Whitefield et l(homme politique et abolitionniste William Wilberforce .

Mariage
Elle se marie le 21 décembre 1780 à Gerard Edwardes, qui est un banquier formé à Cambridge et député au Parlement. En 1798, il hérite des biens de son oncle, Henry Noel (6e comte de Gainsborough), et change son nom de famille en Noel . Ils ont dix-huit enfants  dont l'un, Baptist Wriothesley Noel, déclare que la maison de ses parents "combinait la politique whig, la dévotion évangélique, le non-conformisme aristocratique et la force d'esprit dans un puissant mélange" .

Les domaines de Gérard, d'une valeur de 20 800 £ par an et composés de 15 000 acres, sont mis en fiducie en raison de la mauvaise gestion financière en 1816 .

Baronne Barham

Lorsque son père meurt en 1813, en tant qu'enfant unique, elle devient  baronne Barham par un reste spécial . Cette année-là, ayant découvert que son mari est un "mari débauché et excentrique", elle déménage à Fairy Hill, Gower, et commence à financer la construction d'écoles gratuites ainsi que de quatre églises indépendantes et de deux églises méthodistes calvinistes . Elle est également abolitionniste et amie avec Samuel Johnson .

Elle meurt à Fairy Hill le 12 avril 1823 et est enterrée à Teston . Son fils Charles devient Lord Barham. Il fait transférer les chapelles à des syndics . Sa correspondance est archivée avec celle de la famille Noel au Record Office de Leicestershire, Leicester et Rutland  et des photographies liées à sa vie sont conservées à la Chipping Campden History Society .

Références

Liens externes

Décès en avril 1823
Naissance en septembre 1762
Philanthrope britannique
Décès à 60 ans

Diana Noel


USS Grayling (SS-209) was the tenth Tambor-class submarine to be commissioned in the United States Navy in the years leading up to the country's December 1941 entry into World War II. She was the fourth ship of the United States Navy to be named for the grayling. Her wartime service was in the Pacific Ocean. She completed seven war patrols in the following 20 months, and is credited with the sinking of over 20,000 tons of Japanese merchant shipping and warships. Grayling received six battle stars for her World War II service. She was declared lost with all hands in September 1943. Of the twelve Tambor-class submarines, only five survived the war.

Construction and commissioning
Grayling′s keel was laid down at the Portsmouth Navy Yard in Kittery, Maine, on 15 December 1939. She was launched on 4 September 1940, sponsored by Mrs. Marion Barnes Bryant Leary, wife of Rear Admiral Herbert F. Leary, and commissioned on 1 March 1941.

Pre-World War II

After conducting tests and sea trials, she was called upon 20 June 1941 to assist in the search for submarine O-9 (SS-70), which had failed to surface after a practice dive off Isles of Shoals. O-9 was subsequently discovered on the bottom, but rescue efforts failed; Grayling participated 22 June in the memorial services for those lost.

Joining the Atlantic Fleet, Grayling sailed on shakedown cruise on 4 August to Morehead City, North Carolina, and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, returning to Portsmouth on 29 August. After final acceptance, she departed 17 November, armed at Newport, Rhode Island, and sailed for duty with the Pacific Fleet. Grayling transited the Panama Canal on 3 December and moored at San Diego, California, on 10 December.

Start of War, and Raising of Nimitz's Flag

Grayling sailed for Pearl Harbor on 17 December, arrived 24 December, and had the honor of being chosen for the Pacific Fleet change of command ceremony on 31 December 1941. The ceremony would normally have taken place on a battleship, but all the fleets battleships had been either sunk or damaged during the attack 3 weeks earlier. On that day, Admiral Chester Nimitz hoisted his flag aboard Grayling as Commander, Pacific Fleet and began the United States Navy's long fighting road back in the Pacific.

COMSUBPAC Patrols, 1942

After the ceremonies, Grayling stood out of Pearl Harbor on her first war patrol 5 January 1942. Cruising the Northern Gilbert Islands, Grayling failed to register a kill, but gained much in training and readiness, returning to Pearl Harbor on 7 March.

Her second patrol, beginning 27 March, was more successful. Cruising off the coast of Japan itself, Grayling sank her first ship 13 April, sending the cargo freighter Ryujin Maru to the bottom. She returned to Hawaii on 16 May.

Grayling returned to action in June as all available ships were pressed into service to oppose the Japanese advance on Midway Island. As part of Task Group 7.1, Grayling and her sister submarines were arranged in a fan-like reconnaissance deployment west of Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, helping to provide knowledge of Japanese movements. During this deployment, 12 U.S. Army Air Forces B-17 Flying Fortress bombers sighted Grayling on 7 June 1942 while she was on the surface, and three of them mistakenly attacked her with a string of twenty  bombs dropped from an altitude of more than , all of which missed. Grayling quickly crash-dived and avoided damage, but the  crews claimed to have sunk a Japanese heavy cruiser in 15 seconds.

As U.S. Navy planners established a submarine blockade of Truk in connection with the U.S. offensive in the Solomon Islands, Grayling began her third war patrol on 14 July 1942 around the Japanese stronghold. She damaged a Japanese submarine tender on 13 August, but was forced to return to Pearl Harbor on 26 August by fuel leaks.

At Pearl Harbor, Grayling was repaired and was fitted with surface radar, after which she began her fourth patrol on 19 October 1942. Although attacked by gunfire and six separate depth charge runs by Japanese destroyers, Grayling succeeded on 10 November 1942 in sinking a 4,000-ton cargo ship southwest of Truk. She also destroyed a Japanese schooner on 4 December before putting into Fremantle submarine base, Western Australia, 13 December 1942.

Deployment to Australia, 1943

Changing her base of operations to Australia, Grayling stood out of Fremantle on 7 January 1943 on her fifth patrol, this time in Philippine waters. She sank cargo ship Ushio Maru west of Luzon on 26 January and damaged another Japanese ship the next day. After sinking a schooner on 24 February, Grayling returned to Fremantle.

Grayling left Australian waters on 26 March on her sixth war patrol and cruised in the Tarakan area and the Verde Island Passage. There, she attacked and sank cargo ship Shanghai Maru on 9 April and damaged four other ships before returning to Fremantle on 25 April.

Her seventh war patrol, commencing 18 May, took Grayling into the waters off northwest Borneo. While she en route to her patrol area, a PBY Catalina flying boat of U.S. Navy Patrol Squadron 101 (VP-101) mistakenly dropped a depth charge on her as she submerged in the Indian Ocean at . The depth charge did not explode. After reaching her patrol area, Grayling damaged a freighter and two smaller ships before returning to her base on 6 July 1943.

Loss

Grayling began her eighth and last war patrol in July, 1943, from Fremantle. She made two visits to the coast of the Philippines, delivering supplies and equipment to guerrillas at Pucio Point, Pandan Bay, Panay, 31 July and 23 August 1943. Cruising in the Philippines area, Grayling recorded her last kill, the passenger-cargo Meizan Maru on 27 August in the Tablas Strait, but was not heard from again after 9 September. She was scheduled to make a radio report on 12 September, which she did not, and all attempts to contact her failed. Grayling was officially reported "lost with all hands" 30 September 1943.

On 27 August 1943, Japanese ships witnessed a torpedo attack, and the next day a surfaced submarine was seen, both in the Tablas Strait area, and then on 9 September a surfaced American submarine was seen inside Lingayen Gulf. All of these sightings correspond with Grayling'''s orders to patrol the approaches to Manila. On 9 September 1943, Japanese passenger-cargo vessel Hokuan Maru reported a submarine in shallow water west of Luzon. The ship made a run over the area and "noted an impact with a submerged object". No additional data are available.

Assuming she survived this incident, no other recorded Japanese attacks could have sunk Grayling. Her loss may have been operational or by an unrecorded attack. The only certainty, therefore, is that Grayling was lost between 9 September and 12 September 1943 either in Lingayen Gulf or along the approaches to Manila. ComTaskFor71 requested a transmission from Grayling on 12 September, but did not receive one.Grayling was credited with five major kills, totaling 20,575 tons. All but the first of Grayling's eight war patrols were declared "successful".

Honors and awardsGrayling'' received six battle stars for her World War II service.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Hinman, Charles R., and Douglas E. Campbell. The Submarine Has No Friends: Friendly Fire Incidents Involving U.S. Submarines During World War II. Syneca Research Group, Inc., 2019. .

External links
On Eternal Patrol: USS Grayling

Tambor-class submarines
World War II submarines of the United States
Lost submarines of the United States
Missing submarines of World War II
Ships built in Kittery, Maine
1940 ships
Friendly fire incidents of World War II
Maritime incidents in June 1942
Maritime incidents in May 1943
Maritime incidents in September 1943
Submarines lost with all hands
Warships lost with all hands

USS Grayling (SS-209)