Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran is a residential community built by Saudi Aramco for its employees to live in. It is located within the city of Dhahran (Arabic: الظهران) in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province. There are three areas recognized by the inhabitants in the Dhahran camp. The first built is known as the Main Camp. It is the oldest part and the busiest as it contains the commissary, various shops and parks, and infrastructure. The second area, known as the Hills, is the quietest since it is mostly residential and more family friendly. In 2017, a new residential area was opened and is known as Jebel Heights, it is an extension of the camp on the western edge of the facility. The area of Jebel Heights contains modern villas that vary from three bedroom houses to five bedroom houses as well as apartment blocks.

The Dhahran residential camp is a private company compound, protected by armed guards, only Saudi Aramco employees and their dependents may live inside. It is located near the grounds of the former US consulate as well as the Dhahran military airbase, which formerly housed the domestic and international air terminals for the Eastern Province. All commercial air passenger operations have since been moved to King Fahd International Airport in Dammam.

The Dhahran camp (Aramco code: DH) is one of three original expatriate oil company compounds or "districts" in the east of the country, along with the camps in Ras Tanura (refinery and port), and Abqaiq (also Buqayq). Later, other Saudi Aramco compounds were built, such as Udhailiyah, Safaniyah, and Tanajib. More recently, the company established housing areas in various other Saudi cities including Jubail, Yanbu, Jeddah, and Rabigh among others - though not all of these are self-contained company compounds. Dhahran camp was the first company compound, founded in the late 1930s, and is still the largest, with space to accommodate over 11,000 residents. Over the last several years the camp population has moved from an American only camp, to one containing residents from a mixture of different nationalities, including  a majority of Saudi nationals.  The town consists of four main divisions: Dhahran "main camp" (the oldest section), Dhahran Hills, Jebel Heights, and the newer Ar-Rabiyah (Executive Housing Area).

Geography
The Dhahran residential camp is a short distance west of downtown Al Khobar, the closest Saudi town to Dhahran, and its traditional shopping center. The camp is about 15 km south of Dammam, both older Saudi port cities on the coast of the Arabian Gulf. Looking farther afield, Dhahran is northeast of Abqaiq, also a Saudi Aramco compound, and southeast of Qatif, and further north, Ras Tanura, Saudi Aramco's main oil port.  The island nation of Bahrain is also within easy driving distance to the east (about 32 km) across a causeway from Al Khobar.

Economy
The economy of the Dhahran Residential Camp is exclusively based on one company, Saudi Aramco, as everyone who lives in the compound is either employed by the company or the dependent of an employee. Dhahran has been Saudi Aramco's HQ since 1952 when it moved from New York, and is the center of the company's finance, exploration, engineering, drilling services, medical services, materials supply and other company organizations.

Demographics

Aramco has several self-contained communities to house its employees in the Eastern Province of which Dhahran is the largest with a total population of about 11,000. While in the past, the "senior staff" inhabitants of Dhahran were mainly US employees of Saudi Aramco, this is no longer the case. Due to the ongoing Saudization of the workforce, along with a drive to recruit from less far afield, Western expatriates make up fewer than 5% of employees, both in the company as a whole and in the Dhahran residential community.

The community today is mostly Saudis, other Arab nationalities (e.g. Lebanese, Egyptian and Jordanian), Asians, various South and North American nationalities and a few British expats.  After several decades of Saudization, many Saudi families now live on the compound, but within it cultural rules are still more liberal (E.g English is the common language, western clothing is normalized).

The community is also unusual demographically in that all residents of Dhahran are either employees of Saudi Aramco or their dependents; consequently, several age demographics are under-represented; 15- to 25-year-olds (Saudi Aramco provides no university for employees' dependents so many leave for schools elsewhere) and persons aged 60+ (retirees leave the company).

After 75+ years of community life, Dhahran, and the other three Saudi Aramco compounds have spawned several generations of "Aramcons", most of whom now reside in their country of origin rather than Saudi Arabia. Community ties remain strong years after employees have left however, and "Aramco Reunions" are held by ex-Aramcons in various locations in the US every two years. In addition, some children of Saudi Aramco employees, "Aramco brats", have developed their own cultural identity and hold their own biannual reunions.

Transportation

As the centre of the nation's oil industry, Dhahran has access to transport infrastructure linking it to Bahrain, Riyadh and Kuwait.

The nation's highway infrastructure was modernized in the '70s and '80s and connects the Dhahran area with a number of urban centres in the Kingdom, including its neighbors Kuwait, Qatar, and via a causeway, to the nearby island nation of Bahrain. The oil company built, but no longer  maintains, the Tapline Road and it was finally closed in 1990. There are roads which link Dhahran with Saudi Aramco's other major compounds Ras Tanura and Abqaiq and with its nearest traditional Saudi community Al Khobar.

The King Abdulaziz Air Base, a major Royal Saudi Air Force base lies a short distance south of the compound. The area it occupies used to house one of Saudi Arabia's three major international airports, the Dhahran Airport (DHA). Dhahran airport originally consisted of three sections: the old King Fahd Air Terminal for regular passengers, separate facilities for Aramco corporate use (Aramco formerly had its own passenger airplanes offering international air service for employees until the early '60s), and the Dhahran Airfield, an airfield operated by the U.S. from 1946 until 1962. Today, King Fahd International Airport (DMM) serves the entire metropa olitan area of Dhahran, Dammam, Khobar, Qatif and Al-Thuqbah. DHA also used to contain a section designated to Aramco Aviation Department, from which all company-run flights operated, but Aramco Aviation Department has since moved its services to its own buildings located near the King Fahd International Airport. The American air force still maintains a presence there.

Although rail service in Saudi Arabia plays a much more minor role today than 50 years ago, an industrial railroad with a station adjacent to Dhahran still exists, linking it to the capital Riyadh.

Within the company itself, Saudi Aramco runs free bus service for its employees, both within the compound, between the Dhahran Inter-District Bus Station and each of the three other Aramco districts, and shopping bus service into Khobar. Taxi service is also available within the compound. There are few, if any traffic jams in Dhahran even in rush hours (with the exception of the security gates and around the core area). However, all traffic lights in Dhahran camp are computer-controlled to maximize the traffic flow.

Dhahran's main office buildings, where most of the residents of the Dhahran camp work, include; the Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center (EXPEC) Building and the Engineering Building, as well as the Tower Building, the Old Administration Building and the New (Executive) Administration Building. The EXPEC, Engineering and Tower buildings are connected by a tunnel to help employees avoid exposure to the extremes of the Saudi climate. These offices are located within the Saudi Aramco camp, but outside the residential camp proper.

Communications

The Communications Department of Saudi Aramco administers land line communications in Dhahran. Local calls (i.e., calls within the Eastern Province) and calls to other Aramco Camps are free. Calls to cities outside the Eastern Province, to mobile phones and overseas calls are charged at the same rates as those set by the Saudi Telecom Company.

Fiber Optic Internet services in the camp cost from around $100 per month from either STC or Mobily.

Education
Within the compound itself, Saudi Aramco operates two schools, the Dhahran Hills School (Elementary, K-4) and the Dhahran School (5-9). The company has never provided a high school level, which used to compel employees to send dependent students out of country after the 9th grade for secondary school and college.  (A graduation ceremony is attached to this rite of passage, and graduating 9th grade Aramco students identify themselves thereafter as the "Class of 2022", for example.) Rumours have aroused that Saudi Aramco is planning to build a High School. Currently however, the International Schools Group (ISG) Dhahran campus, located within a mile of the Saudi Aramco compound in Dhahran, has offered US-based curriculum education through 9th to 12th grade, enabling Dhahran residents to send their children there after leaving the Saudi Aramco school system, if they wish.

Dhahran schools employ an American-based curriculum. The children of Saudi Aramco expatriate employees of whatever nationality are allowed to attend, however the children of Saudi employees may not attend (with exception of K4 and kindergarten level), unless they have special permission from the Ministry of Education (very rarely given and only temporarily). Until 1980, Saudi employees living on camp were allowed to register their children in the company school, but thereafter the Saudi Ministry of Education regulations were enforced.

Beyond the compound, the greater Dhahran area is home to the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), a national technical institution built just outside the compound's original perimeter fence, and the Industrial Training Center (ITC), which includes the campus of the selective College Preparatory Center for promising Saudi secondary students preparing for study abroad.

Media

Newspapers and magazines
All papers published locally are either owned by Saudi Aramco or special community interest groups (SIGs), and they are all free.  The main weekly is the Arabian Sun  newspaper. Most Saudi Aramco-owned papers and magazines are available online at Aramco's official website (anyone may request a hard-copy subscription free of charge). The papers that are owned by SIGs are available online only through Saudi Aramco's internal network.

Like the publications listed above, the company's highly regarded Saudi Aramco World magazine of Middle Eastern and Islamic cultural topics can be subscribed to worldwide for free.

Television
Aramco TV (Dhahran TV, and named Channel 3 later) was the first TV channel in the Arabian Gulf area and the second in the Middle East. Dhahran TV started broadcasting on September 17, 1957. Although originally in English, it later started to broadcast in Arabic, but at the same time, viewers could listen to the English version of the TV programs through Aramco radio simultaneously. By 1970, it had become a commercial free, all-English channel after Al Saudiya started broadcasting in 1966.  Up until the first Gulf War Channel 3 was the only English language television station readily available and it was sometimes the object of humour for its airing of dated and censored entertainment programming, and a bland nightly news broadcast. Programming included on screen calligraphy that announced prayer times and shows that were dated. The channel could not show any kissing between men and women. Most Dhahran residents used their television set to watch VHS tapes or play video games. The main attraction of Channel 3 was that it aired well made documentaries concerning Middle Eastern history, culture, cuisine and environment.

The demise of Channel 3 was due to the fact that Dhahran residents started to get other choices for English language entertainment and news television. In the early 1990s the first Persian Gulf War gave Dhahran residents the ability to pick up the American Forces Network. By the late 1990s, satellite television services were becoming more affordable and offering a wider selection of commercial news and entertainment programming that was less censored and more contemporary. The result was that in 1998, Saudi Aramco discontinued the channel.

Radio
Saudi Aramco operates the radio station 'Studio 1 FM Radio Saudi Aramco' (known locally as simply 'Studio 1 FM'). The station plays an even mix of news and music and is presented in English. Studio 1 FM describes itself as "a service of Saudi Aramco that broadcasts music to the local communities as well as health education, environmental protection and safety messaging." The radio station plays a wide variety of genres including Hot A/C (Pop), 80s, 90s, 2k, and Classic rock. Studio 1 FM is primarily catered towards western expats, and runs programming in a similar style to that of American radio. Regular programming includes 'Todays Hits' with David Wartnaby and 'Good Morning Saudi Arabia' with Scott Boyes. Despite its name, Studio 1 FM can be listened to in the Eastern Province on 91.4 FM, 103.8 FM, and 88.8 FM.

Sport
The Dhahran community once had a very active social calendar undertaken through 'Self-Directed groups' within the Saudi Aramco community. Since post Covid-19 many of the expats that supported these groups were let go by the company or retired. As a result very few remain and those that do are finding it hard to find volunteers to run their operations.

The groups that remain are organized through four main areas; Cultural Groups; Service Groups; Special Interest Groups and Sports Activities, with the latter being the  most active. A number of the sporting groups have in previous years participated internationally, for example Saudi Aramco Youth Soccer Organization (SAYSO) travel teams regularly participated in tournaments in the Middle East and Europe (notably the Gothia Cup, Dana Cup and Norway Cup) and the running group competed in races all over the Middle East. The Little League Baseball team from Dhahran qualified for the Little League World Series in 1983, 1985, 1987–1989, 1991, 1994–1998, and 2000–2011.

Dhahran in film and TV
HOME-The Aramco Brats' Story: a movie that gives a glimpse, for the first time ever, into expatriate life within Dhahran and other Aramco camps in Saudi Arabia through the eyes of its children - the Aramco Brats'.  To be aired on PBS, Discovery Channel, History Channel and Arabian Networks
The West Wing: In one episode, the story plot was picketers outside the Aramco camp of Dhahran.
CNN: A report about the Dhahran compound was aired.
In 1998 after the kidnapping and murder of Matthew Shepard, a Wyoming college student, the major American news networks would occasionally mention that the student's parents lived in Dhahran and worked for Saudi Aramco. In 2002 a made-for-TV movie "The Matthew Shepard Story" was produced by the US-based TV company, NBC.
In 2007 the movie "The Kingdom" was released in theaters in America. The story is about the investigation by the FBI of a bombing of a Western compound in Riyadh, though many have noticed superficial similarities to the ARAMCO compound of Dhahran.
In 2019 the movie "Born a King" was released in theaters in Saudi Arabia, Ithra. The story is about King Faisal (then prince Faisal) who goes to the United Kingdom to persuade them to allow Saudi Arabia to have their own independence

Images

References

External links

Dhahran City
Travel guide with photos
Saudi Aramco World: A 1963 article about Dhahran TV.
History of Dhahran (1950s)
General information about Dhahran, useful for first time visitors -- link broken
Aramco Services Company site: By clicking the "communities" link, information can be found about Dhahran as well as other Aramco communities.
Aramcon Films, Music, Literature and Art
HOME - The Aramco Brats Story a movie that gives a glimpse into extpatriate life in Aramco through the eyes of its children - the Aramco Brats

Dhahran
Saudi Aramco
Gated communities in Saudi Arabia


Vinko Bogataj (Slovenian: ) is a Slovenian painter and former ski jumper. Footage of him crashing featured on ABC's Wide World of Sports represented the Agony of Defeat.

Agony of Defeat jump
Bogataj competed as a Yugoslav entrant at the ski flying event in Oberstdorf, West Germany on 7 March 1970. A light snow had begun falling at the start of the competition, and by the time Bogataj was ready for his third jump on the Heini Klopfer hill, the snow had become quite heavy. Midway down the inrun for his jump, Bogataj realised that the conditions had made the ramp too fast. He attempted to lower his center of gravity and slow his jump, but instead lost his balance completely and hurtled out of control off the end of the inrun, tumbling and flipping wildly, and crashing through a light retaining fence near a crowd of spectators before coming to a halt. Bogataj suffered a mild concussion and a broken ankle.

A film crew from Wide World of Sports was recording the event in which Bogataj crashed. The show featured an opening narration by host Jim McKay over a montage of sports clips, and co-ordinating producer Dennis Lewin inserted the footage of the crash to coincide with the words "...and the agony of defeat." Throughout the show's long history, various images were used for the other parts of the narration, including for "the thrill of victory...", which directly preceded the above phrase and was often accompanied by images of the celebrating team at the most recent Super Bowl or World Cup, but after that point, the "agony of defeat" was always illustrated by Bogataj's failed jump. Later on, other clips were added to the "agony of defeat", but Bogataj's crash was always featured and always the first played.

The melodrama of the narration—which became a catchphrase in the US—transformed the uncredited ski jumper into an American icon of bad luck and misfortune. Meanwhile, having retired to his quiet, private life in Slovenia, Bogataj was unaware of his celebrity, and so was surprised to be asked to attend the 20th anniversary celebration for Wide World of Sports in 1981. He received the loudest ovation of any athlete introduced at the gala, and attendees such as Muhammad Ali asked him for his autograph.

In the 1990s, while on his way to an interview with Wide World of Sports about the incident, he got into a small automobile collision. His first line to the reporter was "every time I'm on ABC, I crash."

Later life
Bogataj returned to ski jumping in 1971 but never duplicated the success he had before the crash and retired from the sport competitively, save for occasional senior competitions thereafter. During his career, his best career finish was 57th in the individual normal hill competition in Bischofshofen in 1969 during that year's Four Hills Tournament.

Bogataj became a ski instructor, coaching the 1991 World Champion Slovenian ski jumper Franci Petek. He supplements his income by painting and has also worked as a forklift operator at a factory, Veriga Lesce. His paintings have won awards and been exhibited in both Europe and the U.S. He also enjoys wood carving.

Bogataj resides in his hometown of Lesce, Slovenia. He is married and has two daughters.

See also
List of ski flying accidents

References

External links

 One of Bogataj's paintings, "Morning in Lesce"
 Real Clear Sports' description of the crash

Living people
Slovenian painters
Slovenian male painters
Slovenian male ski jumpers
Wide World of Sports (American TV series)
People from the Municipality of Radovljica
Year of birth missing (living people)

Vinko Bogataj


AOP  may refer to:

Organisations
 Aama Odisha Party, political party, India
 Association of Optometrists, a British trade association
 American Opera Projects
 Assembly of the Poor, an NGO network in Thailand
 Association of Photographers, a British trade association
 Australian Orangutan Project
 Army of the Potomac, the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.

Science, mathematics and technology
 An abbreviation of prebediolone acetate (21-acetoxypregnenolone)
 Advanced oxidation process
 Adverse outcome pathway, to adverse effects in biology
 Agent-oriented programming
 All one polynomial
 Annals of Probability, a mathematics journal
 Apnea of prematurity
 Argument of periapsis, an orbital element of an object in a star's orbit (for sun orbit, 'Argument of perihelion')
 Aspect-oriented programming
 Attribute-oriented programming
 AOP (IRC), AutoOp, an Internet Relay chat access level

Food
 Appellation d'origine protégée (protected designation of origin), a quality label of the European Union
 Appellation d'origine protégée, a food certification of Switzerland

Other
 aop, advance online publication
 AŌP, a Japanese idol group
 Age of Persuasion, a Canadian radio programme
 The Authors of Pain, a professional wrestling tag team
 Air observation post, artillery spotter aircraft
 Apocalypse of Peter, a New Testament apocryphal text.
 Annual Operations Plan, part of Sales and operations planning

AOP


Eric Bryan Lindros (; born February 28, 1973) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Lindros was born in London, Ontario, but grew up in Toronto.  He played junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for the Oshawa Generals prior to being chosen first overall in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the Quebec Nordiques. He refused to play for the Nordiques and was eventually traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in June 1992 in exchange for a package of players and draft picks including Peter Forsberg. During his OHL career, Lindros led the Generals to a Memorial Cup victory in 1990. Prior to being drafted in 1991, Lindros captured the Red Tilson Trophy as the Most Outstanding Player in the OHL, and also was named the CHL Player of the Year.

Lindros began his National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Flyers during the 1992–93 season. He was an exemplary power forward, and averaged more than a point per game. His hard-nosed style caused him to miss significant time with injuries, and he had many problems with concussions. Lindros captured the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league MVP and Lester B. Pearson Award as the most outstanding player after the lockout-shortened 1994–95 season. In August 2001, Lindros joined the New York Rangers via a trade. He then signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs for the 2005–06 season before finishing his career in 2006–07 with the Dallas Stars.

Internationally, Lindros represented Canada at the World Junior Championships three times (1990, 1991 and 1992), winning gold medals in 1990 and 1991. He was Canada's all-time points leader at the World Junior Championships with 31 points until surpassed by Connor Bedard in 2023, five points ahead of Jordan Eberle and Brayden Schenn. Lindros has also represented Canada's senior team at the World Hockey Championships, leading the squad in scoring at the 1993 tournament. In Olympic play, Lindros represented Canada three times (1992, 1998 and 2002), winning a silver medal in 1992 and gold in 2002. In 2016, Lindros was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame where he credited the quality facilities in London, Ontario, his coaches, and his parents for his success. In 2016 Lindros was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2017 he was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Lindros's jersey, #88, was retired by the Flyers in 2018.

Hockey career
As a youth, Lindros played in the 1985 and 1987 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Toronto Marlboros and Toronto Young Nationals minor ice hockey teams, respectively.

Junior career (1989–1992)
As a teenage power forward playing minor hockey, Lindros became nationally famous both for his scoring feats and his ability to physically dominate players older than himself. He attended Monarch Park and later North Toronto Collegiate in Toronto. Both Eric and his younger brother Brett (Eric in 1988–89) played for the Metro Junior "B" St. Michael's Buzzers before moving up to the OHL. Lindros's play made him the most highly valued amateur player in North America and he was often nicknamed "The Next One", a reference to Wayne Gretzky's moniker "The Great One."

Throughout his career, Lindros has been tagged with various other nicknames, including "The Big E." The hype around Lindros during his early career led to an exclusive deal with sports card manufacturer Score. Attempting to leverage this arrangement as much as possible, he was even featured on a baseball card showing him as a third baseman for the Toronto Blue Jays, although the closest he came to a professional baseball career was taking batting practice one day with the Blue Jays.

Lindros refused to sign with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds after being drafted from St. Michael's. Greyhounds owner Phil Esposito had drafted him anyway, enabling Esposito to sell his share in the team at a higher price. Lindros was traded to the Oshawa Generals instead.
He played parts of three seasons for the Generals from 1990 to 1992. During that time, he scored 180 goals, 200 assists, 380 points and had 437 penalty minutes in 157 games played.

Lindros helped lead the Generals to the 1990 J. Ross Robertson Cup, and a 1990 Memorial Cup victory.

During the 1990–91 season, Lindros won the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy as top scorer, the Red Tilson Trophy as MVP, the CHL Player of the Year award and the CHL Top Draft Prospect Award. The Generals returned to the Robertson Cup finals, facing Sault Ste. Marie. The series was one of the more dramatic in OHL history given Lindros's attitude toward the team, with fans from the Soo loudly jeering him every time he touched the puck. The Greyhounds upset the heavily favoured defending champions in a six-game series, winning the last game on home ice.

On March 6, 2008, the Generals retired his jersey number 88, the second number to be retired by the franchise, and it was declared Eric Lindros Day in Oshawa.

1991 NHL Entry Draft

Lindros was selected first overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. Lindros had signaled in advance that he would never play for the Nordiques, citing the ownership. Despite this, the team selected him anyway. Nordiques owner Marcel Aubut publicly announced that they would make Lindros the centrepiece of their franchise turnaround, and refused to trade Lindros, saying that the only way he would play in the NHL would be in a Nordiques uniform. While he awaited a trade, Lindros spent the time playing with the Generals and also participated in the 1992 Winter Olympics, winning a silver medal with Canada.

At the 1992 NHL Entry Draft, the Nordiques worked out trades involving Lindros with both the Philadelphia Flyers and New York Rangers. The Flyers trade had the Nordiques receiving Steve Duchesne, Ron Hextall, Kerry Huffman, Mike Ricci, the rights to Peter Forsberg, the Flyers' first-round pick in 1992 (seventh overall) and 1993 and $15 million. The trade with the Rangers had the Nordiques receiving Tony Amonte, Alexei Kovalev, John Vanbiesbrouck, Doug Weight, three first-round picks (in 1993, 1994 and 1996) and $12 million. Additionally, if Vanbiesbrouck was declared an unrestricted free agent, James Patrick would have replaced him in the deal. The Flyers, believing they had consummated their deal with the Nordiques first, filed a complaint and the NHL announced an independent arbitrator was appointed.

On June 30, 1992, 11 days after the draft, arbitrator Larry Bertuzzi ruled in favour of the Flyers. Bertuzzi determined that the Flyers and Nordiques had agreed to a trade 80 minutes before the Rangers and Nordiques had reached their agreement. Since the Flyers used the 1992 pick to select Ryan Sittler and Quebec had no interest in Sittler, the Flyers and Nordiques had to agree on a substitution for the pick. On July 21, Bertuzzi ruled that Chris Simon and the Flyers' 1994 first-round pick would be added to the trade.

After Lindros was officially traded to the Flyers, he stated that he had been wary of playing for the Nordiques primarily because of what he called a "lack of winning spirit" in the organization. At the time they picked him, the Nordiques had finished dead last in the league for three years in a row. However, in 2016, he told ESPN that his objection to playing in Quebec was based "solely" on Aubut. While he didn't elaborate, he said, "I was not going to play for that individual--period."

Philadelphia Flyers
With his imposing physical strength and playmaking ability, Lindros established himself as the top player on a Flyers team that had perennially been in contention but always fell short. His time in Philadelphia saw him score points (for much of his first five seasons in the NHL, Lindros hovered around fourth all-time in points per game) and become one of the most feared and dominating players in the NHL. In September 1994, Lindros succeeded Kevin Dineen as Flyers captain. Along with John LeClair and Mikael Renberg, he played on the dreaded "Legion of Doom" line. He scored over 40 goals in each of his first two seasons and won the Hart Memorial Trophy as MVP in the lockout-shortened season of 1995 after scoring 29 goals and 41 assists in 46 games and leading the Flyers to their first playoff appearance in six years.

Lindros led the Flyers to the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals, handily defeating the Pittsburgh Penguins, Buffalo Sabres and the New York Rangers in five games apiece. In the Finals, however, the Flyers were swept in four games by the Detroit Red Wings; Lindros's only goal came with 14 seconds left in the third period of Game 4. Detroit Head Coach Scotty Bowman used the finesse-oriented defence pairing of Nicklas Lidström and Larry Murphy against Lindros's Legion of Doom line instead of sending out—as everyone, including the Flyers, expected—Vladimir Konstantinov to engage in a physical confrontation.

In 1998, Lindros, at just 25 years of age, was ranked number 54th on The Hockey News''' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players of all time. The only player of comparable age was 37th-ranked Jaromír Jágr, who was 26 at the time.

Lindros's relationship with Flyers General Manager Bobby Clarke soon deteriorated. He and Clarke feuded in the media, with Clarke questioning his toughness; Lindros spent many games on the injured reserve and suffered a series of concussions, the first in 1998 from a hit delivered by Pittsburgh's Darius Kasparaitis that sidelined him for 18 games. Lindros suffered a second concussion in January 1999 that sidelined him for two games. During a game against the Nashville Predators on April 1, 1999, Lindros suffered what was diagnosed as a rib injury. Later that night, the teammate he was sharing a hotel room with, Keith Jones, discovered Lindros lying in a tub, pale and cold. In a call to the Flyers, the trainer was told to put Lindros on a plane that was returning to Philadelphia with injured teammate Mark Recchi. But Jones insisted that Lindros be taken to a nearby hospital and it was discovered Lindros had a collapsed lung caused by internal bleeding of his chest wall. Lindros's father wrote the Flyers a letter in which he stated that if the trainer had followed team orders, Eric would be dead, a statement supported by the doctors who treated him in Nashville.

The 1999–2000 season was Lindros's last as a Flyer. Having suffered his second concussion of the season (fourth overall) in March, Lindros criticized the team's trainers for failing to diagnose a concussion as he played with symptoms following a hit he suffered in a game against the Boston Bruins two weeks prior. Clarke then stripped Lindros of the captaincy for his actions. Lindros sat out the remainder of the regular season and suffered another concussion while rehabilitating for a return to the lineup. Lindros ultimately returned for Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the New Jersey Devils; he scored the lone goal in a 2–1 Flyers loss. In Game 7 of the series, Lindros was coming over the blue line with his head down, when Devils defenseman Scott Stevens hit Lindros with a shoulder check, knocking him unconscious and suffering yet another concussion. He was able to get off the ice with help from teammates. The Flyers lost Game 7, 2–1 and the series despite leading three games to one, and Lindros became a restricted free agent during the off-season. He refused to accept a two-way qualifying offer with a minor league provision from the Flyers, who still owned his rights. After Lindros was cleared to play in December, the Flyers refused to deal his rights to the Toronto Maple Leafs, as he preferred, and Lindros sat out the entire 2000–01 season.

New York Rangers
Bobby Clarke eventually traded Lindros to the New York Rangers on August 20, 2001, in exchange for Jan Hlaváč, Kim Johnsson, Pavel Brendl and a 2003 third-round draft choice (Štefan Ružička). The Rangers would also receive a 2003 first-round draft pick if Lindros were to suffer a concussion in the pre-season or the first 50 games of the regular season, and did not return to action for at least 12 months.

In 2001–02, Lindros averaged a little over a point a game with 37 goals and 36 assists for 73 points in 72 games. His impressive start also led to his seventh and final All-Star selection, but due to an injury he was unable to participate and was replaced by teammate Mike York. Though 2002–03 was the first injury-free season of his career, he struggled to match his previous season, scoring just 53 points in 81 games. In 2003–04, Lindros's eighth concussion limited him to just 39 games, though he did collect 32 points. He again became an unrestricted free agent after the season.

Toronto Maple Leafs
On August 11, 2005, after the NHL labour dispute had cancelled the 2004–05 season, Lindros signed a one-year, $1.55 million contract with the Maple Leafs for the 2005–06 season. After a steady start to his tenure with Toronto in which he recorded 22 points in 32 games, Lindros suffered a tear of a ligament in his left wrist against the Dallas Stars on December 10, 2005. After a 27-game absence, Lindros returned to the Toronto lineup on February 28, 2006, his 33rd birthday, against the Washington Capitals. His return was brief, however, as he re-injured his wrist while taking a slapshot in a game against the Ottawa Senators on March 4, effectively ending his season. He had surgery on the wrist at the Hand and Upper Limb Centre in London, Ontario, two days after the game.

Dallas Stars and retirement
Lindros signed a one-year contract for the 2006–07 season with Dallas on July 17, 2006. He played in 49 regular season games collecting 26 points, and three games in the 2007 playoffs.

Lindros officially announced his retirement on November 8, 2007, in London at the age of 34.

International play
Played for Canada in:
1990 World Junior Championships (gold medal)
1991 World Junior Championships (gold medal)
1991 Canada Cup (championship)
1992 World Junior Championships
1992 Winter Olympics (silver medal)
1993 World Championships
1996 World Cup of Hockey
1998 Winter Olympics
2002 Winter Olympics (gold medal)

Post-playing career
On the day of his retirement, November 8, 2007, it was also announced that Lindros had donated $5 million to the London Health Sciences Centre. This donation supports programs such as the Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, and is one of the largest personal donations by a Canadian sports figure.

On November 11, 2007, three days after his retirement, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) appointed Lindros to the newly created position of NHLPA ombudsman. Lindros had been involved with the organization throughout his career. Lindros cut ties with the NHLPA, however, on February 3, 2009, resigning as ombudsman after 15 months on the job.

On May 9, 2010, Lindros, along with his mother Bonnie, supermodel/actress Monika Schnarre and a few other Canadian notables, helped Habitat for Humanity Toronto by recognizing Mother's Day by building homes.

On December 31, 2011, he played in the 2012 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game between the New York Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers.

In April 2016 Lindros supported Rowan's Law. This was concussion-education legislation named in memory of a teen rugby player from Ottawa who died during a game. The legislation was privately sponsored by Nepean-Carleton MPP Lisa MacLeod. Later MacLeod revealed she knew of rumours relating to alleged sexual misconduct by Patrick Brown, then Ontario Progressive Conservative leader. In 2018 she acknowledged her source had been Lindros.

In June 2016, Lindros was announced as one of four appointees to the 2016 Hockey Hall of Fame induction class, joined by the late Pat Quinn, goaltender Rogie Vachon and Russian winger Sergei Makarov.

On January 14, 2017, Lindros reunited with his former "Legion of Doom" linemates John LeClair and Mikael Renberg to play in the 50th Anniversary Alumni game between the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.

In a 2017 interview on French Canadian television, he opened up about his time being drafted by the Nordiques. He later stated that he had no problem with Quebec City or the people, stating that his wife is French Canadian. He stated that the real reason was he did not respect Marcel Aubut and criticized on how he would never play for him. At the end of the interview, he was given the Nordiques igloo and fleur-de-lys jersey at last, 26 years after the saga began.

On January 18, 2018, the Flyers retired Lindros's no. 88 jersey in a pre-game ceremony at the Wells Fargo Center.

Personal life
The oldest son of Carl Lindros and Bonnie Roszell-Lindros, Lindros has Swedish heritage. The name "Lindros" means "rose of the linden tree." His great-grandfather Axel immigrated to Canada from Bredaryd, a small village in Sweden, and Eric is the third generation of the Lindros family to be born in Canada. His father Carl Lindros received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario (where he played football, well enough to be drafted 30th overall by the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos in the 1970 CFL College Draft), and became a chartered accountant. Lindros's mother Bonnie is a registered nurse. Lindros has one brother, Brett, and one sister, Robin.

Lindros's younger brother Brett played for the New York Islanders and retired early on May 1, 1996, due to post-concussion syndrome.

The book Fire on Ice'', co-written by Randy Starkman and published in October 1991 by HarperCollins, chronicled the life and early hockey career of Lindros.

In 2012 Lindros married Kina Lamarche, a native Quebecer and former president of the North American wing of Travelex. They have three children: Carl Pierre, and twins Sophie and Ryan. Lindros and his family currently reside in Toronto. They are close friends with Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell, with both families owning a cottage on Lake Rosseau in Muskoka, Ontario.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

All-Star Games

Career achievements

Awards

Junior

Professional

International

Records
 Fourth-fastest player in NHL history to score 300 points (210 games) behind Wayne Gretzky (159), Mario Lemieux (186) and Peter Šťastný (186);
 Fourth-fastest player in NHL history to score 400 points (277 games) behind Wayne Gretzky (197), Mario Lemieux (240) and Peter Šťastný (247);
 Fifth-fastest player in NHL history to score 500 points (352 games) behind Wayne Gretzky (234), Mario Lemieux (287), Peter Šťastný (322) and Mike Bossy (349);
 Sixth-fastest player in NHL history to score 600 points (429 games) behind Wayne Gretzky (274), Mario Lemieux (323), Peter Šťastný (394), Mike Bossy (400) and Jari Kurri (419).

Quotes

By Lindros
"Right now my focus is the 'PA work, I'm not really concerned about the rest of it. But the last couple of years have been pretty frustrating in terms of not getting through without being injury-free. It's just frustrating."
"My decision to retire from professional hockey is something that I have been considering for some time and did not come easily. I will miss the day-to-day activity of being a member of a team and the camaraderie that I developed with my teammates will never be forgotten. I played with the best, I played against the best — it was a blast. It really truly was. I enjoyed myself immensely."

About Lindros
"He had it all: size, strength and finesse, It is unfortunate injuries cut his time in the NHL short, but he had a great career and left his mark on the game." —John LeClair.
"Yes, based on his ability to play the game and based on his contributions as a player, I think you have to separate all the crap that went on. Particularly when he played for the Flyers, it was just outstanding, dominant hockey — the first of the huge, big men with small man's skill." — Bobby Clarke, on whether Lindros should be in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

References

External links

 October 2011 Interview with The Hockey Writers
 "Great Expectations Haunt Talented Lindros", ESPN.com, Bob Carter.
 Lindros snubs Quebec (CBC video)

1973 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of Swedish descent
21st-century Canadian philanthropists
Dallas Stars players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lester B. Pearson Award winners
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-overall draft picks
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New York Rangers players
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Oshawa Generals players
Philadelphia Flyers captains
Philadelphia Flyers players
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Ice hockey people from London, Ontario
Toronto Maple Leafs players

Eric Lindros


تنقسم جيولوجيا انتاركتيكا إلى ثلاث مراحل رئيسة. منذ أكثر من 170 مليون سنة، كانت القارة القطبية الجنوبية جزءا من القارة الكبري غندوانا وبمرور الوقت، تفككت غندوانا تدريجيا تكونت أنتاركتيكا كما نعرفها اليوم من حوالي 25 مليون سنة مضت.

حقبة الحياة القديمة (540-250 مليون سنة)

خلال المرحلة الكمبري الدوري، كانت غندوانا ذات مناخ معتدل. غرب القارة القطبية الجنوبية بشكل جزئي في نصف الكرة الشمالي، وخلال هذه الفترة على كميات كبيرة من الحجر الرملي ثانية، من الحجر الجيري ليالي والصخر الزيتي ليالي أودعت. كان شرق القارة القطبية الجنوبية عند خط الاستواء، حيث قاع البحر اللافقارية وق ثلاثي الفصوص ق ازدهرت في البحار الاستوائية. قبل بداية فترة ديفوني (416 ما)، كانت غندوانا في خطوط العرض أكثر الجنوبية وكان المناخ أكثر برودة، على الرغم من الاحافير من النباتات البرية معروفة من هذا الوقت. الرمال والطمي كانت قد وضعت في أسفل ليالي ما يعرف الآن ألسويرث، جبال هورليك جبال بينساكولا. تجلد بدأت في نهاية الفترة ديفوني (360 ما)، كما أصبحت غندوانا تركزت حول القطب الجنوبي وتبريد المناخ، على الرغم من النباتات لا تزال قائمة. خلال فترة العصر البرمي، أصبحت تهيمن على الحياة النباتية من سرخس النباتات الشبيهة مثل Glossopteris، والتي نمت في مستنقعات. مع مرور الوقت أصبحت هذه المستنقعات رواسب الفحم في سلسلة الجبال العابرة لأنتاركتيكا. قرب نهاية فترة العصر البرمي، استمرار ارتفاع درجات الحرارة أدى إلى مناخ جاف وحار على معظم غندوانا.

حقبة الدهر الوسيط (250-65 مليون سنة)

نتيجة لاستمرار ارتفاع درجات الحرارة وذوبان القمم الجليدية القطبية، والكثير من غندوانا أصبح صحراء. في شرق القارة القطبية الجنوبية، ترسخ في سرخس البذور، وكميات كبيرة من الحجر الرملي والحجر وضعت في هذا الوقت. شبه الجزيرة القطبية الجنوبية بدأت تتشكل خلال فترة العصر الجوراسي (206-146 ما)، والجزر وارتفع تدريجيا من المحيطات. الجنكة الأشجار وسيكاد يالي كانت وفيرة خلال هذه الفترة، وكذلك الزواحف مثل Lystrosaurus في غرب القطب الجنوبي، الصنوبرية الغابات الأوس ق يهيمن عليها خلال فترة العصر الطباشيري كامل (146-65 ما)، على الرغم من جنوب الزان بدأت تولي في نهاية هذه الفترة. هيرميس ليالي كانت شائعة في البحار حول القطب الجنوبي، والديناصورات كانت حاضرة أيضا، وعلى الرغم من اثنين فقط من القارة القطبية الجنوبية ديناصور جنسا Cryolophosaurus ، من تأليف هانسون، Antarctopelta وقد وصفت حتى الآن. وكان خلال هذه الفترة التي بدأت غندوانا بالتفكك.

تفكك غندوانا (160-23 مليون سنة)
والتبريد من القارة القطبية الجنوبية وقعت التدرجي من انتشار القاري تغيير تيارات المحيطات طولية من خط الاستواء إلى درجة حرارة القطب معادلة التيارات التيارات عرضية إلى أن الحفاظ على وحدة الاختلافات في درجة الحرارة العرض.

أفريقيا القارة القطبية الجنوبية المنفصلين عن نحو 160 ما، تليها شبه القارة الهندي، في أوائل العصر الطباشيري (ما يقرب من 125). ما يقرب من 65، والقطب الجنوبي (ثم متصلا أستراليا): لا يزال لديها الاستوائية إلى مناخ شبه استوائي، كامل مع الحيوانات جرابي. حوالي 40 ما بين أستراليا وغينيا الجديدة فصل من القارة القطبية الجنوبية، بحيث يمكن عزل خطوط العرض الحالي من القارة القطبية الجنوبية وأستراليا، وذلك على الجليد الأولى بدأت تظهر. نحو 23 شركة ما، وممر دريك فتحت بين القارة القطبية الجنوبية وأمريكا الجنوبية، والتي أدت في القطب الجنوبي الحالي. انتشار الجليد، لتحل محل الغابات التي تغطي ثم في القارة. منذ حوالي 15 ما، في القارة كانت في معظمها مغطاة بالجليد  مع القطب الجنوبي الجليدية الوصول إلى التمديد الحالي حوالي 6 ما.

جيولوجيا أنتاركتيكا اليوم

الدراسة الجيولوجية من القارة القطبية الجنوبية قد يعرقل كثيرا من حقيقة أن ما يقرب من جميع من القارة بصورة دائمة مغطاة بطبقة سميكة من الجليد. ومع ذلك، والتقنيات الجديدة مثل الاستشعار عن بعد، الرادار المخترق للأرض، وصور الأقمار الصناعية قد بدأت تكشف عن هياكل تحت سطح الجليد.

جيولوجيا، وغرب القارة القطبية الجنوبية يشبه في جبال الأنديز سلسلة جبال في أمريكا الجنوبية. في شبه الجزيرة القطبية الجنوبية تم تشكيلها من قبل ورفع تحول في الرواسب من قاع البحر خلال حقب الحياة القديمة في وقت متأخر وعصور مبكرة الدهر الوسيط. هذا رفع الرواسب ورافق الاقتحام البركانية والنشاط البركاني. الصخور الأكثر شيوعا في غرب القارة القطبية الجنوبية هي انديسايت وريولايت بركانية تكونت خلال العصر الجوراسي. وهناك أيضا أدلة على النشاط البركاني، وحتى بعد الجليدي قد شكلت، في ماري لاند بيرد جزيرة الكسندر. المجال الوحيد الشاذ في غرب القطب الجنوبي هو جبال ألسويرث المنطقة، حيث الطبقات هو أكثر مماثلة للجزء الشرقي من القارة.

شرق القارة القطبية الجنوبية هي جيولوجيا متنوعة جدا، يرجع تاريخها إلى عصر ما قبل العصر الكمبري، مع بعض الصخور شكلت أكثر من 3 مليارات سنة مضت. وهو يتألف من منصة المتحولة والنارية التي هي أساس للدرع القارية. على رأس هذه القاعدة هي مختلف الصخور الحديثة، مثل الحجر الرملي ثانية، من الحجر الجيري ليالي، الفحم والصخر الزيتي ليالي المنصوص عليها في أثناء فترات ديفوني والجوراسية لتشكل سلسلة الجبال العابرة لأنتاركتيكا. في المناطق الساحلية مثل شاكلتون المدى وفيكتوريا اند بعض يخطأ حدث.

المصادر المعدنية الرئيسية المعروفة في القارة هي الفحم. وسجلت لأول مرة قرب بيرد مور الجليدى بواسطة فرانك البرية في القطب نمرود، والآن الفحم المنخفض الدرجة هو معروف في كثير من أنحاء الجبال العابرة لأنتاركتيكا. والأمير تشارلز جبال تحتوي على رواسب كبيرة من خام الحديد. الموارد أثمن من القارة القطبية الجنوبية تكمن في الخارج، وهي النفط والغاز الطبيعي الميدان ليالي العثور عليها في بحر روس في عام 1973. استغلال جميع الموارد المعدنية هي محظورة حتى عام 2048 بعد إصدار البروتوكول بشأن حماية البيئة في معاهدة أنتاركتيكا.

انظر أيضا
 جغرافيا أنتاركتيكا
 أنتاركتيكا

المصادر

جيولوجيا القارة القطبية الجنوبية
القارة القطبية الجنوبية

جيولوجيا القارة القطبية الجنوبية


Veit Scherzer (né en 1959) est un phalériste, écrivain et éditeur allemand. Son livre Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939-1945 est l'un des ouvrages de référence sur ce sujet.

Biographie
Le beau-père de Veit Scherzer, auquel il est confronté à l'âge de 11 ans, est sous-officier pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Veit Scherzer travaille comme opticien indépendant jusqu'en 1993. En 1990, il fonde la « Scherzers Militaer-Verlag » à Bayreuth (les premiers noms de la société sont « Scherzer's Militair-Verlag » et « Scherzers Militaire-Verlag »), qui publie des ouvrages de Veit Scherzer et d'autres auteurs sur les médailles et décorations, les études d'uniformes et histoire militaire. La maison d'édition est basée à Ranis de 1993 à 2011. Elle opère sous le nom de « Verlag Veit Scherzer » depuis 2014. L'éditeur publie la série Deutsche Truppen im Zweiten Weltkrieg depuis 2007.

Jusqu'en 2015, Veit Scherzer est membre du Comité allemand pour l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale au .

Travaux

Veit Scherzer publie environ trente-cinq livres et cent essais.
 Die Träger des deutschen Kreuzes in Gold der Luftwaffe 1941–1945. Scherzer's Militair-Verlag, Bayreuth 1992 .
 Deutsche Truppen im 2. Weltkrieg. Band 1. Scherzer's Militair-Verlag, Bayreuth 1993 .
 Die Inhaber der Anerkennungsurkunde des Oberbefehlshabers des Heeres für Flugzeugabschüsse 1941–1945. Scherzer's Militair-Verlag, Ranis 1994.
 (Éd.) U-668. Die Unternehmungen eines Nordmeer-U-Bootes. Patzwall, Norderstedt 1998 .
 Entwicklung der Waffen-SS-Brigaden und -Divisionen 1939–1945. Scherzers Militaire-Verlag, Ranis 2003 .
 Kommandeurliste der Flakartillerie 1945. Scherzers Militaire-Verlag, Ranis 2005 .
 Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis.
 Hauptband: 2005 . 2. Auflage: 2007 .
 Ergänzungsband: 2006 .
 Dokumente: 2006 .
 (Éd.) Folgende Ritterkreuzträger sind gefallen. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis 2006 .
 113. Infanterie-Division. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis 2007 .
 Deutsche Truppen im 2. Weltkrieg. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis.
 Band 1/A: 2007 .
 Band 1/B: 2007 .
 Band 2: 2007 .
 Band 3: 2008 .
 Band 4: 2008 .
 Avec Klaus D. Patzwall: Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941–1945. Patzwall, Norderstedt.
 Band 1: 2007 .
 Band 2: 2001 .
 Avec Martin Terlaak: Ohne Ritterkreuz und Eichenlaub. Die Erlebnisse eines Nachtjagdpiloten 1940–1945. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis 2009 .
 46. Infanterie-Division. Krim – Kaukasus – Kubanbrückenkopf – Isjum – Jassy. Weg und Einsatz einer fränkisch-sudetendeutschen Infanterie-Division 1938–1945. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis 2009 .
 Die personellen Verluste der deutschen Nachtjagdgeschwader 1940–1945. Nach amtlichen Verlustmeldungen der Geschwader an das Reichsluftfahrtministerium. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Ranis 2010 .
 (Éd.) Bowlen und Pünsche zum Manöver- und Feldgebrauch der deutschen Armee. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Bayreuth 2012 .
 Das Auszeichnungssystem der Wehrmacht. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Bayreuth 2014 .
 "Ich konnte vom Dienst nicht genug bekommen." Mein Stiefvater, der Unteroffizier Adolf R. Scherzers Militaer-Verlag, Bayreuth 2016 .
 Himmlers militärische Elite. Die höchst dekorierten Angehörigen der Waffen-SS. Verlag Veit Scherzer, Bayreuth.
 Band 1: A–Ka. 2014 .
 Das Auszeichnungssystem der Wehrmacht. Verlag Veit Scherzer, Bayreuth 2015 .
 Sous le signe SS. Französische Freiwillige in der Waffen-SS. Verlag Veit Scherzer, Bayreuth 2018 .
 Dortenmanns "Fliegers": Die Erlebnisse des Ritterkreuzträgers Hans Dortenmann 1943/44 als Jagdflieger an der Ostfront und als Staffelkapitän 1944/45 an der Invasionsfront und in der Reichsverteidigung. Verlag Veit Scherzer, Bayreuth 2020 .

Références

Liens externes

 Site de l'éditeur Veit Scherzer

Éditeur allemand
Écrivain allemand du XXe siècle
Écrivain allemand du XXIe siècle
Naissance en 1959
Naissance à Bayreuth

Veit Scherzer


Kardámila (en griego: Καρδάμυλα), también puede encontrarse como Pano Chorio, es un municipio y ciudad del norte de la isla de Quíos, además de ser la tercera ciudad más grande de la isla tras Jora y Vrontados. Está enfrente de la isla de Oinousses, está a 28 kilómetros de la Ciudad de Quíos o Jora y cubre una extensión de 182,48 kilómetros cuadrados. Cuenta con 2.921 habitantes según el censo de 2001 repartidos entre varios pueblos y ciudades, entre los que destacan Kardámila, la capital, con 776 habitantes; y Mármaro, con 1.045 habitantes. Los días claros puede verse Lesbos desde la bahía. Desde Kardámila se puede llegar a Oinousses.

Historia

Se han encontrado restos de edificios de la época de las Guerras Médicas. Los romanos desarrollaron el comercio en la ciudad por su situación estratégica, y más tarde pasó a ser parte del Imperio Bizantino. Se han encontrado restos de una muralla cerca de la ciudad. Tucídides se refirió a Kardámila como el lugar en que los atenienses llegaron a Quíos en el año 411 a.C. El nombre de la ciudad probablemente derive de "Cardamo", un vegetal que en algún momento fue abundante en la zona. La ciudad se dedicó antaño a la producción de vino y es el lugar de nacimiento de conocidos vendedores de barcos griegos, de cuyas donaciones se han construido colegio públicos.

La ciudad

Se tardan aproximadamente 25 minutos en llegar a Kardámila desde Jora. La ciudad se divide en dos partes: La ciudad antigua, en el norte; y el puerto en el sur. La ciudad antigua se extiende sobre las faldas de un monte cercano, el Monte Grias. Puede visitarse el antiguo asentamiento de Spilia, además de la Iglesia de San Nicolás y de muchas otras pequeñas iglesias con ofrendas a los santos de las familias de los marineros. La ciudad antigua estaba situada en lo alto de un monte, para evitar el posible ataque de los piratas, además de tener calles estrechas.

Mármaro

La parte baja de la ciudad, llamada Mármaro, cuenta con un puerto y está situada a 2 km de la ciudad antigua. Está construida en el interior de una bahía, protegida por una pequeña isla. En la plaza de Mármaro está la Estatua del Marinero Perdido, creada por el escultor Apartis. Una curiosidad de la ciudad es que hay molinos de viento por toda la costa. Las playas más importantes son la Playa de Nagos y de Yiosonas, las dos de guijarros.

Sitios de interés

 La Iglesia de Pera Penagiá tiene unos antiguos iconos de hace más de ocho siglos.
 La Iglesia de Agios Nicolás Prinartis fue construida en el  y aún conserva las pinturas de sus muros del sigo XVI
 La Iglesia de Agios Loukas cuenta con numerosos iconos de madera.
 Los restos del Castillo de Kardámila
 La Biblioteca de la ciudad
 La Mansión Vassilakis

La gran V

Una de las atracciones turísticas más notables de la ciudad es La Gran V, una V blanca pintada en el acantilado que está cerca de la ciudad. Se pintó al final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial para conmemorar la victoria de los Aliados, y se pinta todos los años para que perdure. Los cardamilos están muy orgullosos de ella y muchos de ellos escalan el acantilado donde está todos los años.

Sociedad Metropolitana de Kardamilos

Situada en Nueva York y fundada en diciembre de 1935, es una organización sin ánimo de lucro cuyo fin es ayudar a los emigrantes de Kardamila. Recogen fondos con los cuales se financian obras caritativas y clases sobre la cultura y tradiciones de los cardamilos, con el fin de lo perderla.

Cardamilos ilustres

 Chartoulakis, independentista griego de la Edad Media.
 Kontanignotis, héroe de la Guerra de la Independencia Griega.
 Nikeforos, historiador.
 Georgios Zolotas, historiador.

Referencias

Municipios de la periferia de Egeo Meridional

Kardámila


Die 9. Emmy-Verleihung fand am 16. März 1957 in den NBC Studios in Burbank, Kalifornien, USA, statt. Die Zeremonie wurde von Desi Arnaz moderiert.

Nominierungen und Gewinner

Programmpreise

Regiepreise

Drehbuchpreise

Technikpreise

Musikpreise

Darstellerpreise

Musikpreise

Weblinks
 9th Primetime Emmys Nominees and Winners (Emmys)
 Emmy Awards: 1957 (IMDb)

1956
Preisverleihung 1957
Filmjahr 1957
Medien (Burbank, Los Angeles County)
Preisverleihung in Burbank (Los Angeles County)
Kultur (Burbank, Los Angeles County)

Primetime-Emmy-Verleihung 1957


Ahmet Vefik Paşa (3 Temmuz 1823, İstanbul –  2 Nisan 1891, İstanbul), Osmanlı devlet adamı, diplomatı, çevirmen ve oyun yazarı.

İlk ilmî Türkçülerden biridir. İki defa Maarif Nazırlığı (Eğitim Bakanı) yaptı; ilk Osmanlı Meclis-i Mebusanı'nda İstanbul vekili olarak yer aldı ve başkanlığı üstlendi; 4 Şubat 1878 - 18 Nisan 1878 ve 1 Aralık 1882 - 3 Aralık 1882 tarihleri arasında iki defa sadrazamlık görevine getirildi.

İlk Türkçe sözlüklerden "Lehçe-i Osmânî"'nin yazarı olan paşa, devlet adamlığının yanı sıra 16 dil bilen bir bilim insanıdır. Bursa valiliği sırasında bu kentte bir tiyatro yaptırmakla ün kazanmıştır.

Yaşamı
Kimi kaynaklara göre 3 Temmuz 1823'te İstanbul'da doğdu (ancak doğum tarihi hakkında 1813'ten 1823'e kadar değişik kaynaklar gösterilir.)

Yunan kökenli Hariciye Nezareti memurlarından Ruhittin Efendi'nin oğludur. Dedesi Yahya Naci Efendi, Müslüman Osmanlı memurlara yabancı dil öğretmek için kurulan ve devletin yıkılışına kadar varlığını sürdüren Tercüme Odası'nın ilk Müslüman çevirmenidir. Babası da Fransızca bilirdi ve çevirmenlik yapmış, Tercüme Odası'nda çalışmış bir kişiydi. Türk edebiyatının büyük şairlerinden Abdülhak Hamid Tarhan'ın babası Hayrullah Efendi ile de kardeş çocuğu olan  Ahmet Vefik Paşa'nın yetiştiği aile çevresi onu dil öğrenmeye, çevirmenlik yapmaya yöneltmiştir.

1831 yılında İstanbul'da başladığı eğitimini, babasının görevi nedeniyle gittiği Paris'te dönemin gözde okullarından Saint Louis Le Grand Lisesi'nde tamamladı. Babası, Paris'e elçi olarak atanan Mustafa Reşit Paşa'nın tercümanlığını yapmaktaydı. Kendisi de Paris'te bulunduğu süre içinde Fransızcayı ana dili gibi öğrendi. Fransızcanın yanı sıra İtalyanca, Yunanca ve Latince de öğrendi.

Tercüme Odası
1837'de yurda döndüğünde Tercüme Odası'nda memuriyet hayatına başladı. 1840'ta elçilik katibi göreviyle Londra'ya gitti ve İngilizce öğrendi.

İki yıl sonra Sırbistan'da, İzmir'de, Memleketeyn'de (Eflak ve Boğdan) geçici ve özel görevler aldı. Bu arada İstanbul'a döndükçe aşaması yükseltilerek Tercüme Odası'na atandı.

Kısa bir süre pasaport dairesinde müdürlük yaptı. Sonra uyrukluk işlerini çözmek ve sonuçlandırmak için İzmir'e gönderildi. 1845 yılında İzmir'den dönünce görevi yükseltilerek "Tercüme Odası Mümeyyiz'i", 1847'de "mütercim-i evvel" (baş çevirmen) oldu. 1847'de devletin ilk resmî salnamesinin hazırlanması işi kendisine verildi.

1849'da mütercim-i evvel rütbesinin yanı sıra başmümeyyizlik rütbesini aldı. Aynı yıl Reşit Paşa tarafından kendisine Aydın'da bir çiftlik hediye edilen ünlü Fransız şair Alphonse de Lamartine'in rehberliği ile görevlendirildi, onunla bir buçuk ay geçirdi.

1849 yılında Macaristan mültecileri olayını çözmek için görevlendirildi. Olağanüstü yetkilerle Memleketeyn'de komiser vekili olarak görevlendirilen Ahmet Vefik Paşa, İstanbul'a döndüğünde Memleketeyn ile ilgisini kesmedi ve bu yerler hakkında rahatça bilgi edinebilmek için Rumence öğrenmeye başladı.

Encümen-i Dâniş Üyeliği
1851'de pek çok konudaki derin bilgisi nedeniyle, diğer resmî görevlerinin yanı sıra, yeni kurulan Encümen-i Dâniş adlı bilim kuruluna üye seçildi ve bu üyeliğin gerektirdiği çalışmaların içinde yer aldı.

Tahran Elçiliği
Vefik Paşa, 1851'de Encümen'i Daniş'de görevlendirilmesinin hemen ardından Tahran'a elçi olarak atandı ve dört yıl bu görevi sürdürdü. Tahran'da elçilik binasını Osmanlı Devleti toprağı olarak ilan edip bayrak çektiren Ahmet Vefik Paşa, elçilik binalarına bayrak asma adetini getiren kişi oldu.
Paşa, gittiği yerlerde resmî görevlerinin yanı sıra özel olarak dillerini , kültürlerini, geleneklerini öğrenmek adetinde idi. İran'da Fars dilini ve İran tarihinin kökenlerini öğrendi; bu ülkenin edebiyat, felsefe ve din konuları ile de yakından ilgilendi. Tahran'da doğu dillerini incelemesi ve dillerin tarihsel gelişimine kafa yorması onu Osmanlıcanın Farsça ve Arapçanın etkisinden kurtarılması düşüncesine sevketti. Türkçü bir tutum geliştirdi.

Diğer devlet görevleri
Küçük yaşlardan beri kendisini koruyan Reşit Paşa'nın Abdülmecit'e sadrazam olması ile önemli görevlere getirilen Ahmet Vefik Paşa, "Meclis-i Valay-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye" üyeliği (1855), "Deavi Nazırlığı" (1857), Paris elçiliği (1860) yaptı. Paris büyükelçiliği sırasında III. Napolyon ile aralarında yaşanan gerilim, fıkralara konu oldu.

Paris sefaretinden İstanbul'a döndükten sonra 1862'de Darülfünun'da Hikmet-i Tarih (tarih felsefesi) hocası, aynı sene içinde Bursa'da Evkaf Nâzırı oldu.

Darülfünun hocalığı sırasında "Şecere-i Türkiye" (Türklerin soy kütüğü) adlı eseri Çağatay Türkçesi'nden İstanbul Türkçesi'ne çevirdi; Türklerin tarihinin Osmanlı tarihi ile başlamadığını savundu. Ayrıca "Lehçe-i Osmânî" (Osmanlı lehçesi) ve Türk lugati hazırlayacak değişik Türk lehçelerinin varlığını gösterdi.

Evkaf Nazırlığı görevi sırasında çeşitli zelzelelerde, özellikle de 1855 depreminde hasar görmüş ve o güne kadar onarım görmemiş Osmanlı yapılarını tamir ettirdi. 29 Mayıs 1862 yılında Padişah Abdülaziz tarafından Divan-ı Muhasebat Reisliği'ne tayin edilen Ahmet Vefik Paşa bugünkü adıyla Sayıştay'ın ilk başkanlığını yapmıştır.

1864 yılında halkın şikayetleri üzerine Bursa'daki görevinden alınarak yıllarca resmî bir görev verilmedi, bu süre içinde Türk tarih ve edebiyatına yeni eserler ve tercümeler kazandırdı.

Mehmet Emin Ali Paşa'nın ölümünden sonra Mahmut Nedim Paşa'nın sadrazam olması ile kendisine yeniden devlet görevleri verildi. 1872'de birinci defa olarak Maarif Nâzırı olarak atandı ama 1873'te görevden alındı. Kısa bir süre Edirne Valiliği yaptı. 1876'da Petersburg Bilim Akademisi'ne üye seçildiği için Petersburg'a gitti. Lehçe-i Osmânî adlı eserini ortaya çıkarmasında, ona Türk lehçelerini inceleme fırsatı veren bu seyahat etkili olmuştur.

Meclis-i Mebusan Başkanlığı
18 Mart 1877'de çalışmalarına başlayan ilk Meclis-i Mebusan'ın İstanbul üyesi olarak seçilen Vefik Paşa, Mebusan'ın başkanlığını yaptı. Divan-ı Muhasebat Reisi oturumlarını diktatörce idare ettiği yolunda eleştirilere uğradı. 30 Ekim 1877'de Meclis-i Âyan üyeliğine atanmıştır.

Sadrazamlığı
1878'de tekrar Maarif Nazırı, daha sonra da sadrazam oldu ve yüzyıllardır kullanılan "sadrazam" sözcüğünü "başvekil" olarak değiştirdi. Bu göreve geldiği sırada İmparatorluk, 93 Harbi'nden yenik çıkmıştı. Rusya ile yapılan ağır anlaşma koşullarını hafifletmek için çalıştı ve donanmanın teslimini önledi. Abdülhamid'i hal edeceği yönündeki bir jurnal nedeniyle 18 Nisan 1878'de görevinden azledildi.

Bursa Valiliği
1879-1882 yılları arasında Bursa valisi olarak görev yaptı. Valiliği sırasında Bursa yolları ve caddelerini Paris belediye başkanı George Euègene Haaussmann'dan esinlenerek yaptırdı. Bursa'da zarar görmüş pek çok önemli anıtın onarımı şehre getirttiği Fransız mimar Leon Parvillee tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Ayrıca şehre Hükümet Konağı, Memleket Hastanesi, Belediye Binası, Tiyatro binası yaptırdı.

Yaptırdığı tiyatro binasında çevirdiği Molière eserlerinin sahneye konulmasını sağladı; İstanbul'da yıktırılan Gedikpaşa Tiyatrosu'nun oyuncularını himayesine alarak Bursa'ya getirtti; sahnelenecek oyunların dekorundan provalarına kadar her şeyiyle ilgilendi. Ahmet Vefik Paşa'nın kurduğu bu tiyatro, İstanbul dışında Anadolu'da kurulan ilk tiyatro idi. Onun izinden giderek Adana valisi Ziya Paşa da 1880 yılında Adana'da bir tiyatro yaptırdı.

Paşa, ayrıca valiliği sırasında "Müntehabât-ı Durub-ı Emsal" (Atalar Sözlüğü) adlı yapıtının içeriğini 5000 maddeye çıkarıp Hüdevandigar Matbaası'nda yeniden bastırdı (1881).

Son Yılları
1882'de Bursa valiliği görevinden alınan paşa, Mehmet Sait Paşa'dan boşalan başvekillik makamına tekrar başvekil atandı ama üç gün sonra görevden alındı ve bir daha kendisine resmî bir görev verilmedi. Padişah II. Abdülhamid'in onu başvekilliğe atayıp üç gün sonra görevden almasının bâzı vekillere gözdağı vermek için olduğu öne sürülür.

Ahmet Vefik Paşa, bu olaydan sonra ölümüne kadar Rumelihisarı'ndaki evinde ilmi ve edebi çalışmalar yaptı. Oluşturduğu kütüphane, "İstanbul'un en zengin kütüphanesi" olarak tanındı. (2 Nisan 1891'de (bâzı kaynaklara göre 1890'da) İstanbul'da Rumelihisarı'ndaki köşkünde hayatını kaybetti; Rumelihisarı'nda Kayalar Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Kütüphanesi
Ahmet Vefik Paşa'nın ünlü kütüphanesi, ölümünden sonra kısım kısım satılmış, satış 1902'ye kadar sürmüştür. 1902'de kütüphane binası ve kalan kitaplar Rıza Paşa adında biri tarafından satın alındı. Rıza Paşa Koleksiyonu daha sonra Maarif Nezareti tarafından satın alınmış ve Darülfünun'a verilmiştir. Kütüphane binası ise 1927 yılında satıldı.

Eserleri
 Müntehabât-ı Durub-ı Emsal (Atasözleri) (1862): Türkçe atasözlerini toplayan eseri.
 Hikmet-i Tarih (1865) (Tarih Felsefesi)
 Fezleke-i Tarih-i Osmânî (1869) (Kısa Osmanlı Tarihi)
 Secere-i Türkî(1867) :Doğu Türkçesinden çevrilmiştir.
 Lehçe-i Osmanî :İlk Türkçe sözlüklerden birisidir.
 Çevirileri ve Moliere Uyarlamaları: Vefik Paşa, Moliere'in 17 eserini uyarladı, Victor Hugo ve Voltaire'in eserlerini tercüme etti.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Mustafa Celâleddin Paşa
 MEB 100 Türk Edebiyatçısı

Dış bağlantılar
 Buz, Ayhan (2009) " Osmanlı Sadrazamları", İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN 978-975-254-278-5
 Danișmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971),Osmanlı Devlet Erkâni, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi
 Kuneralp, Sinan (1999) Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkan ve Ricali (1839 - 1922) Prosopografik Rehber, İstanbul:ISIS Press,, ISBN 9784281181.
 İnal, İbnülemin Mehmet Kemal, (1964) Son Sadrazamlar 4 cilt, Ankara: Millî Eğitim Basimevi, (Dergah Yayinevi 2002) (Google books ,
 Tektaş, Nazim (2002), Sadrâzamlar Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı, İstanbul:Çatı Yayınevi (Google books:

1823 doğumlular
1891 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyılda Osmanlılar
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
Aşiyan Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Meclis-i Mebusan 1. dönem İstanbul mebusları
II. Abdülhamid tarafından seçilen Meclis-i Âyan üyeleri
Osmanlı çevirmenleri
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Osmanlı tarihçileri
19. yüzyıl Osmanlı yazarları
Türkçüler
VikiProje Tarih kaynak bekleyen maddeler

Ahmed Vefik Paşa


Bindi Sue Irwin () este o actriță, personalitate TV, model și cântăreață de origine australiană, singura fiică a naturalistului Steve Irwin și a soției sale Terri Irwin, fondatoarea grădinii zoologice australiene. Fratele ei, Robert Irwin, este de asemenea o personalitate TV, precum și fotograf. Bindi Irwin este cunoscută și pentru faptul că a câștigat concursul "Dancing with the stars" (SUA, sezonul 21)

Copilăria
Bindi Irwin s-a născut în Buderim, Queensland. Numele îl are după crocodilul preferat al tatălui ei, prenumele îl are după câinele pierdut al familiei. De asemenea Bindi, conform spuselor tatălui ei, înseamnă fată tânără.

A început să apară la emisiuni TV de la vârsta de 2 ani. A apărut regulat în emisiunile tatălui ei, precum "The Crocodile Hunter Diaries" și filmul lansat în 2002 "The Wiggles".

A studiat acasă până în 2014 când a aplicat la TAFE Queensland East Coast. A obținut certificare de ordin III în afaceri iar momentan studiază pentru certificarea de gradul III în turism.

Cariera
Irwin a fost prezentatorul unei emisiuni de 26 de părți despre viața naturală intitulată "Bindi the Jungle Girl".
Când Bindi avea doar câțiva ani, bunica ei, Lyn Irwin, a murit într-un accident de mașină pe 11 februarie 2000. Bob has since remarried Judy Irwin. Tatăl lui Bindi, Steve Irwin, a fost ucis de o pisică de mare otrăvitoare pe 4 septembrie 2006, în timp ce filma recifurile oceanice ca parte dintr-un documentar. Bindi Irwin și mama ei au anunțat că vor să continue opera lui Steve atât în munca de conservare cât și cea TV.
Pe 20 septembrie 2006, Bindi Irwin a fost ovaționată pentru aducerea unui elogiu tatălui ei în fața unei mulțimi de 5.000 de persoane precum și în fața unei audiențe TV de peste 300 de milioane.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1998
Actrițe australiene
Cântărețe australiene

Bindi Irwin


WVFJ-FM (93.3 MHz, "The JOY FM") is a Christian radio station that serves western central Georgia, including portions of Metro Atlanta and the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika area.  Its city of license is Greenville, Georgia. The WVFJ studio is located in Tyrone, Georgia. It broadcasts a Contemporary Christian format.

History
The station was originally known as WFDR-FM, the sister station to WFDR AM 1370, which still shares Manchester as its city of license.  The stations' broadcast callsign is a reference to former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had his Little White House vacation home in nearby Warm Springs, Georgia.  The callsign was issued on the first day of December 1978.  On the last day of October 1981 it became WQCK, and two years later adopted its current callsign on July 7.

On February 13, 1981, Atlanta businessman Bill Watkins and his wife Joyce founded Provident Broadcasting Company in order to create a broadcast ministry for the benefit of Christian believers and those seeking spiritual inspiration.  WVFJ, then called "The JOY FM", was their first station in this new ministry.  In 1998, J93.3 moved its radio studios from the small community of Manchester, Georgia into Atlanta market as metro Atlanta's first contemporary-Christian radio station. The transmitter was moved to just outside Greenville, Georgia.

The station was owned and operated by Provident Broadcasting Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Watkins Associated Industries, Incorporated.  Their stated mission is to provide wholesome family programming filled with joy, hope, and encouragement.

In March 2011, WVFJ became officially owned by Radio Training Network.  One of the changes under new ownership is that after 30 years, WVFJ is now-listener supported instead of advertiser supported.  In May, WVFJ is expected to add 11,000 watts to its power and be officially a noncommercial station.  Through HD radio and broadcast translators, WVFJ is planning to make other improvements to their signal in the Atlanta media market, although the power increase actually adds a minimal amount of broadcast range.

The station is currently retransmitted on W270AS 101.9 in Carrollton to the northwest and W231AO 94.1 in Columbus to the southwest, all located southwest of Atlanta in western Georgia.  It is also listed as the primary station for 120 other translator applications filed by Edgewater Broadcasting in 2003, in what was called the "Great Translator Invasion".  All of these are in western Georgia and eastern Alabama.

On December 1, 2011, J93 became The JOY FM.   For the 2011 holidays, it was broadcasting all Christmas music, competing with Christian station WFSH-FM 104.7, and secular WSB-FM 98.5, both from Atlanta.

A new CP to help them improve their signal in Atlanta is shown on the FCC database.  Once built, WVFJ will broadcast with 57,000 watts of power.

On January 12, 2023, WVFJ's transmitter tower was destroyed by a tornado.

Repeaters

Translators

Contemporary Christian music

Christian worship

Christian hip hop

See also
 WMSL — 88.9 FM, licensed to Bogart, Georgia

References

External links

VFJ-FM
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1981
VFJ

WVFJ-FM


An Ophrys lutea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Antonio José Cavanilles. An Ophrys lutea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ophrys, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 O. l. aspea
 O. l. galilaea
 O. l. lutea
 O. l. melena

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Ophrys

Ophrys lutea


Jean-Pierre Boyer (* 27. Juli 1827 in Paray-le-Monial; † 16. Dezember 1896 in Bourges) war französischer Erzbischof und  Kardinal der Römischen Kirche.

Werdegang
Boyer besuchte das Seminar von Autun. Nach seiner Priesterweihe am 23. Dezember 1854 war er Pfarrvikar in der Diözese Autun und in der Erzdiözese Aix, Seelsorger, Sekretär des Erzbischofs und Professor für Dogmatik und Dekan der theologischen Fakultät.

Papst Leo XIII. ernannte ihn am 12. Juni 1878 zum Titularbischof von Evaria und Koadjutor von Clermont mit dem Recht der Nachfolge. Der Erzbischof von Aix, Théodore-Augustin Forcade M.E.P., spendete ihm am 24. August desselben Jahres in der Kathedrale von Aix-en-Provence die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Marie-Julien Meirieu, Bischof von Digne, und Adolphe-Louis-Albert Perraud, Bischof von Autun. Nach dem Tod Louis-Charles Férons folgte er ihm am 24. Dezember 1879 als Bischof von Clermont nach.

Am 19. Januar 1893 wurde er zum Erzbischof von Bourges ernannt. Leo XIII. nahm Jean-Pierre Boyer im Konsistorium vom 29. November 1895 in das Kardinalskollegium auf, worauf dieser am 25. Juni 1896 als Kardinalpriester die Titelkirche Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio erhielt.

Im selben Jahr starb Kardinal Boyer, sein Leichnam wurde in der Kathedrale von Bourges aufgebahrt und dort beigesetzt.

Weblinks
  (englisch)

Kardinal (19. Jahrhundert)
Erzbischof von Bourges
Bischof von Clermont
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Franzose
Geboren 1827
Gestorben 1896
Mann

Jean-Pierre Boyer (Kardinal)


Aderus abnormipes é uma espécie de Coleoptera da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Rudolf F. Heberdey em 1936.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita em Sumatra (Indonésia).

Referências

abnormipes
Coleópteros de Sumatra
Insetos descritos em 1936
Espécies descritas por Rudolf F. Heberdey

Aderus abnormipes


المرسى إحدى بلديات ولاية الشلف عاصمة لـ دائرة المرسى. وفقا لتعداد العام 1998 كان يسكنها 9,726 نسمة.

مراجع
 بلدية المرسى في موقع الشلف

مرسى

المرسى (ولاية الشلف)


شبه الموصل المُشَاب  هو شبه موصل تحول من كونه شبه موصل ذاتي إلى مشاب بعد إجراء عملية إشابة غيرت من خصائصه الإلكترونية. تؤدي الإشابة (إضافة مادة أخرى) إلى اختلاف تركيز الإلكترونات والفجوات في شبه الموصل عند التوازن الحراري. وبحسب المواصفات المطلوبة لشبه الموصل الناتج يتم اختيار المُشِيب ومقدار الإشابة.

وتنقسم أشباه الموصلات الخارجية بحسب مادتها والمشيب إلى:
 شبه موصل سالب.
 شبه موصل موجب.

شبه الموصل السالب

شبه الموصل السالب أو شبه موصل نوع N-type semiconductor)  n) هو شبه موصل ذاتي فيه تركيز كبير للإلكترونات أعلى من تركيز الفجوات. ونقول «نوع إن» لأنه تكثر فيه الشحنات السالبة negative charge وهي إلكترونات.

تكون الإلكترونات والفجوات في «شبه الموصل نوع إن». هي حاملات الشحنة وتغلب فيها الإلكترونات على الفجوات.

وتصنع «أشباه الموصلات نوع إن» من شبه موصل ذاتي (أي شبه موصل في حالته النقية)، وتتم إشابته بمُشِيب مانح للإلكترونات. منها ما يكون شبه الموصل من السيليكون ومشاب بالفسفور (فيعتبر الفسفور مانح لإلكترونات).

في النوع «إن» يكون مستوى طاقة فيرمي أعلى من مستوي الطاقة في شبه الموصل النقي، ويكون مستواها أقرب لنطاق التوصيل من نطاق التكافؤ.

شبه الموصل الموجب

شبه الموصل الموجب أو شبه الموصل نوع بي، يختلف عن «النوع إن» في كونه يحتوي على تركيز أعلى للفجواتمقارنةً بتركيز الإلكترونات.

ويسمى «نوع بي» حيث تكثر فيه الشحنات الموجبة positive charge وهي شحنة الفجوات.

وتمثل الفجوات أغلبية حاملات الشحنة في «شبه الموصل نوع بي» وتقل فيه الإلكترونات.

وتصنع أشباه الموصلات نوع «بي» عن طريق إشابة شبه موصل ذاتي بشوائب مستقبلة للإلكترونات. أحد أنواعها يتكون من السيليكون ومشاب بالبورون.

يكون مستوى طاقة فيرمي في «النوع بي» أقل من طاقة فيرمي لشبه الموصل الذاتي (السيليكون). ويكون فيه مستوى طاقة فيرمي أقرب إلى نطاق التكافؤ عن قربه إلى نطاق التوصيل.

استخدامات شبه الموصل المشاب

تدخل أشباه الموصلات المشابة في تركيب عدد كبير من الأجهزة الكهربائية. ثنائي المساري يسمح بمرور التيار الكهربائي في اتجاه واحد. وهو يتركب من نوع بي و «نوع إن» موصولان مباشرة مع بعضهما فيما يسمى وصلة بي إن. معظم أنواع ثنائي المساري حالياً تستخدم شبه موصل السيليكون أو الجرمانيوم.

الترانزستور - وهو مفتاح يمرر التيار ويغلقه - يستخدم أيضاً شبه الموصل المشاب. أحد أنواع الترانزستور من نوع «ترانزستور وصلة ثتائية الأقطاب» (Bipolar junction transistor (BJT . ومعظم الأنواع المستخدة من ترانزستور BJT هي: نوع NPN و PNP.

يتكون نوع NPN من طبقتين من النوع n وبينهما طبقة من النوع p. أما نوع الترانزستور PNP فهو أيضاً «شطيرة» يتكون من شطرين من النوع P وبينهما طبقة من النوع n.

كما يوجد نوع ترازستور يسمى ترانزستور حقلي (Field-effect transistor (FET أو «ترانستور التأثير الحقلي» وهو يعتمد أيضاً على شبه الموصل المشاب. وهو يختلف عن «ترانزستور وصلة ثنائي الأقطاب» BJT في كونه ذو قطب واحد، ومنه ما له «قناة نوع إن» N-channel أو «قناة نوع بي» P-channel. وتنقسم أنواع الترانزيستور الحقلي FET إلى نوعين: ترانزيستور حقلي ذو وصلة بوابة junction gate FET (JFET) وترانزستور حقلي ذو بوابة معزولة insulated gate FET (GFET)).

أجهزة أخرى تستخدم شبه الموصل المشاب:
 الليزر.
 الخلية الضوئية.
 المستشعر الضوئي.
 الثنائي الباعث للضوء.
 المقداح.

إشابة شبه الموصل
تنقسم أشباه الموصلات من حيث تجانس تكوينها إلى أشباه موصلات ذاتية وأخرى مشابة، حيث تعتمد أشباه الموصلات الذاتية على نوع واحد من الذرات، أما المشابة فتتداخل مواد متغايرة معها. تلك الشوائب تكون من ذرات عناصر مختلفة عن ذرات شبه الموصل نفسه. تلك الذرات «الدخيلة» إما أن تكون مانح إلكترونات أو مستقبل إلكترونات من شبه الموصل، لأنها تغير تركيز الإلكترونات والفجوات في شبه الموصل. وتصنف ذرات المُشيب بأنها إما ذرات مانحة أو ذرات مستقبلة بحسب سلوكهما في شبه الموصل النقي.

ذرات المشيب المانحة فيها عدد أكبر من إلكترونات التكافؤ من الذرة التي حلت محلها في شبة الموصل النقي. ذرات المشيب المانحة تمنح من ذرات التكافؤ إلى نطاق التوصيل في شبه الموصل، مما يزيد من عدد الإلكترونات في شبه الموصل الذاتي. تلك الإلكترونات الزائدة تزيد من تركيز الإلكترونات الحاملة (n0) في شبه الموصل، فتجعله من «النوع إن» n-type.

ذرات المشيب المستقبلة لها إلكترونات أقل عدداً من إلكترونات الذرة التي حلت محلها في شبه الموصل النقي. فإنها تستقبل إلكترونات من نطاق التكافؤ في شبه الموصل النقي. فهي تزيد من عدد الفجوات في شبه الموصل النقي. وتزيد الفجوات من تركيز الفجوات الحاملة (p0) في شبه الموصل، وتنتج بذلك «شبه الموصل نوع بي» p-type .

ذرات شبه الموصل وذرات الإشابة تعرف من أعمدة الجدول الدوري للعناصر التي نجدها فيها. وكل عمود في الجدول الدوري يعطي عدد إلكترونات التكافؤ في كل ذرة منها، وهل هي ذرة مانحة في شبه الموصل النقي أم تكون ذرة مستقبلة.

توجد مجموعة من أشباه الموصلات «أشباه الموصلات 4» تستخدم المجموعة 5 (وتسمى مجموعة النيتروجين) كذرات مانحة ة، كما تعمل المجموعة 3 (من الجدول الدوري، وتسمى مجموعة البورون) كذرات مستقبلة.

وفقاً لـ قائمة مواد شبه الموصلات يستخدم نوع
III-V semiconductor ، شبه الموصل المركب، يستخدم مجموعة 6 من الجدول الدوري كذرات مانحة، ويستخدم ذرات المجموعة 2 (فلز قلوي ترابي) كذرات مستقبلة.

يمكن لمجموعة III-V semiconductors أن تستخدم ذرات المجموعة 4 إما كمانحة أو مستقبلة. وعندما تأخذ ذرة من المجموعة 4 ملكن ذرة من المجموعة 3 في الشبكة البلورية لشبه الموصل النقي، فإن ذرة المجموعة 4 تعمل كمانح.

وبالعكس، إذا أخذت ذرة من المجموعة 4 مكان ذرة من عناصر المجموعة 5، فتكون ذرة المجموعة 4 ذرة مستقبلة. ذرات المجموعة 4 يمكنها العمل إما كذرات مانحة أو ذرات مستقبلة، ولذلك فإنهم معروفون بأنهم شوائب متذبذبة.

المراجع

اختراعات أمريكية
إضاءة
ثنائيات ضوئية
دارات كهربائية

شبه موصل مشاب


Eleni Foureira (greacă: Ελένη Φουρέιρα; ) este o cântăreață, actriță, dansatoare și creatoare de modă greacă. Și-a început cariera muzicală în 2007 ca membră a grupului de fete Mystique. După destrămarea grupului în 2009, Eleni a urmat o carieră solo.

Eleni a semnat un contract solo cu filiala greacă a Universal Music și și-a lansat primul album în 2010. Albumul care îi poartă numele a primit o certificare de platină în Grecia. A semnat ulterior cu Minos EMI, casă de discuri cu sediul în Atena, care i-a scos următoarele două albume, Ti Poniro Mou Zitas și Anemos Agapis, în 2012, respectiv 2014. Ambele albume au fost bine primite în Grecia și Cipru. Foureira a părăsit Minos EMI în 2015 și a semnat cu Panik Records. Al patrulea ei album de studio, Vasilissa, a fost lansat în 2017.

Eleni a reprezentat Cipru la Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2018 cu piesa "Fuego", terminând concursul pe locul al doilea.

Discografie

Albume de studio

Single-uri

Filmografie

Premii și nominalizări

Note

Legături externe

 Official website

Nașteri în 1987
Nașteri pe 7 martie
Cântăreți greci
Eurovision 2018

Eleni Foureira


Patricia "Pat" Perkins (née le ) est une femme politique canadienne-écossaise en Ontario. Elle représente la circonscription fédérale ontarienne de Whitby—Oshawa à titre de députée conservatrice à partir d'une élection partielle organisée à la suite du décès de Jim Flaherty en 2014 jusqu'à 2015.

Biographie
Né à Glasgow en Écosse, Perkins entame une carrière publique en devenant conseillère municipale de Whitby en 1997. Servant au conseil jusqu'en 2006, elle défait le maire sortant Marcel Brunelle la même année. Servant pendant deux mandats, elle ne se représente pas lors des élections municipales de 2014 en prévision de l'élection partielle imminente.

Élu lors de l'élection partielle en 2014, elle siège au comité permanent sur les Ressources naturelles et sur le Statut de la femme. Son mandat est de courte durée, car elle est défaite par la libérale Celina Caesar-Chavannes dans la nouvelle circonscription de Whitby en 2015.

Résultats électoraux

Liens externes
Madame Patricia (Pat) Perkins, députée - Parlement du Canada

Références

Naissance en septembre 1953
Naissance à Glasgow
Député du Parti conservateur du Canada
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Maire de Whitby (Ontario)

Pat Perkins


Onthophagus malasiacus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1927 por Gillet.

Referências

Ligações externas

malasiacus
Coleópteros descritos em 1927

Onthophagus malasiacus


Konopni prijenos ili užni prijenos kao bitne dijelove mehaničkog prijenosa imaju dva kola i gibljivi dio koji prenosi snagu s jednoga na drugo kolo. Za gibljivi dio ovih prijenosa služe konopi od prirodnog ili umjetnog vlakna i čelična užad, pa se, već prema tome, govori o konopnom ili užnom prijenosu. Također, već prema tome, i kola ovih prijenosa nazivaju se konopnicama, ili užnicama. Slično kao i kod remenica prijenosa klinastim remenjem i vijenci konopnica i užnica imaju žlijebove prilagođene obliku gibljivog dijela.

U usporedbi s remenjem gibljivi dijelovi ovih prijenosa općenito su manje savitljivi. Zbog toga promjeri njihovih kola moraju biti razmjerno veliki (barem 800 mm). Iz istih razloga, kao i kod remenskog prijenosa, i kod konopnog i užnog prijenosa vučni krak mora se nalaziti ispod slobodnog. Osni razmaci u kojima se može primijeniti konopni prijenos s gibljivim dijelom od običnih materijala jesu od 6 do 12 m, najmanji osni razmaci za prijenos čeličnom užadi od 15 do 25 m, a najveći dosežu do 150 m. Provjes gibljivih dijelova ovih prijenosa zahtijeva podupiranje potpornim točkovima svakog konopa, odnosno užeta dužeg od 20 do 25 m.

Najveći prijenosni omjer ovih prijenosa obično ne prelaze 3; njihove su obodne brzine od 15 do 30 m/s, a stupanj korisnog djelovanja od 0,96 do 0,98.

Naprezanja i proračun konopnih i užnih prijenosa
Teorijska izlaganja u vezi s prijenosima plosnatim remenjem vrijede i za konopni i užni prijenos. Jednako kao i kod prijenosa klinastim remenjem, osnovna veličina proračuna, koeficijent trenja μ', ovdje također zavisi od kuta kojega zatvaraju bočne površine žljebova na vijencima konopnica i užnica. Računajući po sličnoj jednadžbi, dobije se pri uobičajenoj veličini tog kuta od 45°, omjer μ' = 1,4∙μ, što znači da je koeficijent trenja u ovim prijenosima nešto veći (oko 40%) od koeficijenta trenja u prijenosima plosnatim remenjem.

Oblici, materijali i održavanje
Konopnice i užnice obično se izrađuju od sivog lijeva prikladne čvrstoće, a za veće snage i brzine od čeličnog lijeva. Osim toga, danas se sve češće izrađuju užnice zavarivanjem različitih čeličnih profila.

Žljebovi vijenaca konopnica i užnica moraju biti fino istokareni; ponekad se izrađuju i glodanjem. Da bi se izbjeglo štetno dodirivanje užeta s bočnim stranama užnica, polumjer zakrivljenosti žljebova užnica mora biti nešto veći od polumjera presjeka užeta. Da bi se povećalo trenje između užeta i površine žlijeba užnica, njegovo dno oblaže se podlogom od plastičnih masa, tvrdog drva ili kože. Koža se pokazala najprikladnijim materijalom za tu svrhu i čuva uže od trošenja.

Konop

Konop se obično sastoji od 3 ili više međusobno uvijenih ili isprepletenih strukova; strukovi su uvijeni od debelih niti, a ove od upletenih vlakana. Obični konopi proizvode se od vlakana konoplje (manilske, talijanske, badenske konoplje) ili jute, a konopi bolje kvalitete od vlakana pamuka. Pamučni konopi savitljiviji su od konopljinih, pa promjeri njihovih konopnica smiju biti manji (do dvadeseterostruke debljine konopa). Osni razmak prijenosa od pamučnog konopa također može biti manji u usporedbi za konopljino uže (do 3 m). Pamučni konopi bolje prigušuju trzaje ali su skuplji od konopa izrađenih od konoplje ili jute.

Stanje i trajnost konopa za konopni prijenos zavisni su od postupka s njime i njegovog održavanja. Najbolje je da se konopi prije upotrebe temeljito osuše i dobro istegnu, a poslije ugradnje (montaže) temeljito natope toplim lojem ili mineralnim uljem. Takvo natapanje treba ponavljati u pogonu približno svaka 3 mjeseca. Za povećanje otpornosti prema atmosferilijama konopi za konopni prijenos, koji rade na otvorenom, natapaju se katranom. Pri tome oni postaju i nešto jači, ali i nešto teži i manje savitljivi. Kad se s konopom ispravno postupa, njegova je trajnost za konopni prijenos oko 6 godina.

Čelična užad

Čelična užad za užni prijenos izrađuje se od žica od prvorazrednog tiganjskog čelika. Pojedine žice spletu se u pletenice s jezgrom od kudjelje. Veći broj takvih pletenica (od 6 do 20) uvije se zatim u spiralama međusobno obrnutog smjera oko jezgre od kudjelje. Kudjeljne jezgre čelične užadi za užni prijenos povećavaju njihov elasticitet, zbog čega se ona manje naprežu pri savijanju oko užnice. Za postizanje takvog učinka postoje i druge metode.

Da bi bila otpornija prema koroziji, čelična užad za užni prijenos izrađuje se od pocinčane žice. Za njihovo ispravno održavanje u pogonu potrebno ih je mazati kuhanim lanenim uljem, ili lojem barem jednom svakih 6 tjedana.

Prednosti, nedostaci i primjena
Glavne prednosti konopnih i užnih prijenosa jesu što mogu prenositi velike snage, što su jeftiniji od prijenosa plosnatim remenjem i što im je sigurnost pogona već, jer se pri tome nikad neće istovremeno prekinuti sva užad. Zbog toga ovi prijenosi mogu uspješno zamijeniti prijenose plosnatim remenjem u slučajevima, gdje bi, zbog velikih snaga koje treba prenositi, bilo potrebno vrlo široko remenje.

Glavni nedostaci ovih prijenosa jesu njihova glomaznost i veliko opterećenje ležaja.

Zbog svih tih svojstava danas se ovi prijenosi upotrebljavaju rijetko, uglavnom tamo gdje se radi o većim udaljenostima. Nekad su se upotrebljavali u pogonu velikih parnih pilana i paromlinova. Njihova suvremena primjena ograničena je uglavnom na vuču žičara, uspinjača, dizalica, uzvlaka, dizala (liftova) i slično.

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Vanjske poveznice

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Strojarstvo

Konopni prijenos


رودريغو دي تريانا  (مواليد عام 1469)، بحار أندلسي من أواخر القرن الخامس عشر، رافق كريستوفر كولومبوس في رحلته الأولى لاكتشاف قارة أمريكا الشمالية. يعتبر أول من رأى اليابسة، وكان ذلك في 12 أكتوبر 1492، وكانت جزيرة تدعى غواناهاني (البهاما) الغير محددة حالياً.

هناك شكوك حول مكان ولادته، يعتقد أنه ولد في لوس مولينوس (اشبيلية) و أقام في حي تريانا. بينما يرى البعض أنه ولد في كوريا دل ريو أو في بلدة ليبي في ويلفا، على الرغم من أن المصدر التاريخي الوحيد والموثوق هو دفتر كريستوفر كولومبس (موجود في ملفات دي اندياس ، بإشبيلية). يفترض بأن اسمه كان خوان رودريغيز بيرميخو ، وهو ابن موريسكي مسلم سابق، الذي احرق حينما كان رودريغو مسافراً لأستكشاف العالم الجديد، بسبب متاجرته مع اليهود. كما تعرض معلمه إلمورو مدرع (Mudarra) للتعذيب ثم القتل وهو الذي درسه وجهزه باللغة العربية قبل سفره، وكان سبب محاكمته هو معاشرته وإقامة علاقة حميمية مع والدة البحار ، على الرغم من أنه اعتنق المسيحية حسب تعاليم ذلك الوقت.

المصادر التي تنسبه لقرية ليبي بويلفة تذكر أن اسمه الكامل هو رودريجو بيريز دي أسيفيدو، بينما تؤكد وثيقة تحمل شهادة أحد رفقائه البحارة، أن الاسم الكامل للذي رأى اليابسة هو خوان رودريغيز بيرميجو. وبهذا الاسم الأخير تذكره مصادر أخرى أنه رافق المستكشف غارثيا خوفري دي لوايسا وهو برتبة قبطان للرحلة الثانية لجزر الملوك بين 1525 - 1536م.

مراجع

أشخاص من ولبة (مقاطعة)
أشخاص اعتنقوا الإسلام
أشخاص لم تذكر تاريخ الوفاة
أشخاص من إشبيلية
أشخاص من ولبة
إسبان في القرن 15
سنة الوفاة غير معروفة
كريستوفر كولومبوس
مستكشفون إسبان لأمريكا الشمالية
مسلمون إسبان
مواليد 1469
موريسكيون

رودريغو دي تريانا


Hotchkiss M1909 maskingevær var et fransk designet let maskingevær fra begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede. Det blev i første række fremstillet af  Hotchkiss et Cie. Det var også kendt under betegnelserne Hotchkiss Mark I og M1909 Benét–Mercié.

Maskingeværet blev indført i den franske armé under betegnelsen Hotchkiss M1909 (eller Mle 1909) i 1909, og benyttede en 8 mm Lebel patron.

En variant, som brugt den britiske .303 patron blev fremstillet i Storbritannien som "Hotchkiss Mark I" by Enfield. Den britiske hær brugte tre forskellige typer maskingeværer: Vickers, Hotchkiss (kavaleri og kampvogne)og Lewis (infanteri).

Den blev indført i den amerikanske hær i 1909 under beregnelsen "Benét–Mercié Machine Rifle, Caliber .30 U. S. Model of 1909", som brugte den amerikanske .30-06 Springfield patron. Navnet skyldes tre elementer: Hotchkiss, navnet på amerikaneren Benjamin B. Hotchkiss som startede fabrikken i Frankrig, de to hoveddesignere Lawrence Benét og Henri Mercié, og det daværende amerikanske system til modelbetegnelse, som angiver modelåret.

Maskingeværet kendes også som Hotchkiss M1909 og M1909 Benét–Mercié, men må ikke blandes sammen med det tungere Hotchkiss M1914 maskingevær.
Det blev også brugt af andre lande, heriblandt Belgien, Spanien, Brasilien og Australien.

Design
Det var gasdrevet og luftkølet, havde den maksimal rækkevidde på 3.800 meter og vejede 12 kg. Den første modeller benyttede 30 skuds magasiner, men senere modeller kunne enten bruge magasiner eller bælter. De amerikanske varianter havde to fødder, mens nogle andre brugte en lille trefod. Når denne trefod var installeret under våbnet kunne den flyttes sammen med det, hvilket var forskelligt fra større trefødder i denne periode.

De amerikanske M1909 maskingeværer blev fremstillet af Springfield Armory og Colt's Manufacturing Company.  Den samlede produktion i USA var på 670.  Dette kan synes småt, sammenlignet med de enorme produktionstal for våben senere i det 20. århundrede, men det var et betydeligt antal i forhold til den daværende amerikanske hærs størrelse. Indførelsen af M1909 faldt sammen med at man udrangerede den manuelt betjente .30-06 Gatling gun fra de amerikanske styrker.

Anvendelse

Frankrig og Storbritannien brugte Hotchkiss M1909 under 1. og ind i 2. Verdenskrig. Den australske lette beredne og den newzealandske beredne riffelbrigade samt Imperie kamelkorpset brugte Hotchkiss maskingeværet under Sinai og Palæstina-felttoget (1915–17). Amerikanske styrker brugte Benét–Mercié i slaget ved Columbus (Pancho Villa angrebet) i 1916 (4 maskingeværer afskød 20.000 patroner i løbet af slaget) og i den efterfølgende Pancho Villa Ekspedition i Mexico i 1916–17 samt i begyndelsen i and Frankrig. Aftrækkernål og patronudkast gik ofte i stykker på de amerikanske geværer. Nogle amerikanske pressefolk kaldte nedladende M1909 for "daylight gun" fordi det var svært af udskifte ødelagte dele om natten, og at fjerne patroner, som havde sat sig fast fordi man havde vendt patronbælter på hovedet i mørket. Major Julian Hatcher fik til opgave at undersøge problemerne efter slaget ved Columbus og fandt ud af, at de næsten alle skyldtes utilstrækkelig træning. Amerikanske tropper i Pancho Villa Ekspeditionen fik yderligere træning, og M1909 blev anset for at være et effektivt våben.  Den kunne være blevet brugt i stort omfang af amerikanerne under 1. Verdenskrig, men produktionen var allerede stoppet, og kun et lille antal var til rådighed. Den amerikanske flåde brugte dem imidlertid stadig i denne periode.

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Billedgalleri

Henvisninger

Yderligere læsning
  Robert G. Segel (3 January 2012) U.S. Automatic Machine Rifle Model of 1909, Small Arms Defense Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4

Eksterne kilder

Images  fra Museum of the Soldier, Portland, Indiana
 Flere billeder: 1, 2
 Complete Guide to the Hotchkiss Machine Gun origyear=1917
 http://www.forgottenweapons.com/light-machine-guns/hotchkiss-portative-lmg/
  (mange gode figurer)

 Samling af billeder, som enten stammer fra U.S. army eller er ældre end 1922:
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/MGtroopSoldier.jpg
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/BenetMercierRPPC.jpg
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/MoreMGTroopsonBorder1914.jpg
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/MotorcycleMGTroop.jpg
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/M1909BMMGMotorcycleMountedRPPC.jpg
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/BenetMercierMGPlatoon27thInf19131.jpg
 http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v146/Ordnanceguy/US%20MGs/BenetMercieGroup.jpg

Maskingeværer

Hotchkiss M1909 maskingevær


Gerardo de Jesús Rojas López (Capullin, 13 de abril de 1957) - sacerdote católico romano mexicano, desde 2011 bispo de Tabasco.

Foi ordenado sacerdote em 16 de setembro de 1983 e incardinado na diocese de Ciudad Juárez. Após a ordenação, trabalhou como pároco por nove anos, depois passou a estudar na Universidade de Navarra. Depois de receber seu título e retornar ao México, começou a trabalhar no seminário menor diocesano e no tribunal da igreja. Em 2001 tornou-se vigário geral da diocese.

Em 22 de maio de 2004, o Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Nuevo Casas Grandes. Foi ordenado bispo em 4 de agosto de 2004 pelo bispo Renato Ascencio León.

Em 7 de dezembro de 2010, por decisão do Papa Bento XVI, foi transferido para o cargo de Bispo de Tabasco. Posse foi realizada em 19 de janeiro de 2011.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do México

Gerardo de Jesús Rojas López


The Compagnie des Cristalleries de Saint Louis is a corporation, founded in 1586 in Münzthal (Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche in French) in Lorraine. It is the oldest glass manufacturer in France with roots dating back to 1586 and the first crystal glass manufacturer in continental Europe (1781).

The Musée du cristal Saint-Louis exhibits 4 centuries of technical developments and artistic creations of the Saint-Louis factory. It is housed in one of the production halls of the factory, in Saint-Louis-lès-Bitche.

See also
 Saint-Gobain

References

External links

1767 establishments in France
Manufacturing companies established in 1767
Glassmaking companies of France
History of glass
Comité Colbert members
Museums in Moselle (department)
Companies based in Grand Est
French companies established in 1767

Saint-Louis (glass manufacturer)


Ahala est un quartier du Sud de la ville de Yaoundé au Cameroun situé dans l'arrondissement de Yaoundé III.

Historique
Ahala est un ensemble de deux petites agglomérations : Ahala I et Ahala II.

À l'époque coloniale, les populations étaient  afin de se regrouper à des endroits faciles d'accès pour faciliter leur administration. Son nom signifie installe-toi en cet endroit précis ; il découlerait de la victoire de la tribu Edzoa contre la tribu Elom, à la suite de laquelle leur patriarche décida de s'y installer définitivement.

Ahala II par contre a été créé par le chef Onambele Mbazoa, qui y installa sa chefferie à la demande de sa mère.

Géographie
Situé au Sud de la Ville de Yaoundé sur l'ancienne route Yaoundé-Kribi, il est un interfluve qui sépare les affluents Esob Minlung et Biyeme.

Il est entouré des quartiers Nomayos, Afanayo, Mvan et Simbock.

Population
Ahala est peuplé en grande partie d'autochtones, dont une majorité de Béti (60 %), où les Ewondo dominent largement. Cosmopolite de par son histoire, Obobogo est voisin à plusieurs zones voisines telles qu'Obobogo, Nsam, Efoulan ou Nsimeyong.

Institutions

Éducation
Ahala possède de nombreuses infrastructures d'éducation. On compte l'enseignement maternel, primaire, secondaire et supérieur. On peut citer: Lycée d'Ahala , Oasis école Ahala , Groupe scolaire bilingue Honoris Causa, Collège Diderot, Institut supérieur des professions de santé (ISPS).

Lieux de culte
On peut citer: la Paroisse Notre Dame des Sept douleurs d'Ahala Barrière, Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant Jésus d'Ahala Centre , l'Église évangélique du Cameroun Ahala, l'Église biblique baptiste d'Ahala.

Lieux populaires
Les activités économiques sont dynamiques et variées au quartier Ahala. Entre autres, des snack-bars, des ventes à emporter, des espaces de commerce général et des stations-services.

Eco Park Attraction Touristique

Service de carburant – Tradex Barrière

1er et 2eme Echangeur Ahala

Société industrielle de Mbang (SIM)

Santé
 Centre médical d'arrondissement  CMA D'AHALA
 Pharmacie d'Ahala

Sécurité publique
 Commissariat 19 (Ahala)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes
 Site officiel - Communes et villes unies du Cameroun

Quartier de Yaoundé

Ahala


Wladimir Poljakow (, engl. Transkription Vladimir Polyakov; * 17. April 1960) ist ein ehemaliger sowjetischer Leichtathlet.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften gewann der Stabhochspringer 1980 in Sindelfingen Silber und wurde 1981 in Grenoble Siebter. Am 26. Juni 1981 stellte er mit 5,81 m einen Weltrekord auf, und kurz danach holte er Silber bei der Universiade in Bukarest. Einer Silbermedaille bei den Leichtathletik-Europameisterschaften 1982 in Athen folgte Gold bei den Hallen-EM 1983 in Budapest. Bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 1983 in Helsinki wurde er Zehnter. 1981 wurde er sowjetischer Hallenmeister, 1983 sowjetischer Meister.

Persönliche Bestleistungen
 Stabhochsprung: 5,81 m, 26. Juni 1981, Tiflis
 Halle: 5,73 m, 12. Februar 1983, Moskau

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Stabhochspringer (Sowjetunion)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 1981
Universiadeteilnehmer (Sowjetunion)
Russe
Sowjetbürger
Geboren 1960
Mann

Wladimir Nikolajewitsch Poljakow