Hüttlingen ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Ehingen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Nordwestlich und östlich des Weilers entspringen zwei Seitenarme des Altweihergrabens, die zahlreiche Weiher speisen. Der Altweihergraben ist ein rechter Zufluss des Flinsbach, der wiederum ein rechter Zufluss der Wieseth ist. Einen halben Kilometer westlich des Ortes befindet sich der Wachsenberg (), 0,5 km südöstlich der Hüttlinger Berg. Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt zur Staatsstraße 2248 (0,9 km südwestlich), die nach Burk (0,6 km nordwestlich) bzw. nach Beyerberg (2,1 km südöstlich) verläuft.

Geschichte
Das Hochgericht übte das ansbachischen Oberamt Wassertrüdingen aus. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft hatte das eichstättische Stiftskapitel Herrieden. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es in Hüttlingen drei Anwesen (1 Hof, 2 Güter), die allesamt das Stiftskapitel Herrieden als Grundherrn hatten. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Hüttlingen dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt und Ruralgemeinde Beyerberg zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde Hüttlingen am 1. Juli 1972 nach Ehingen eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach Burk gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach Herz Jesu (Bechhofen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Ehingen, Mittelfranken)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Hüttlingen (Ehingen)


Willie J. Green (* 28. Juli 1981 in Detroit, Michigan) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballtrainer und ehemaliger -spieler. Er spielte hauptsächlich auf der Position des Shooting Guards.

Karriere

Green besuchte das Detroit Mercy College und wurde im NBA-Draft 2003 an 41. Stelle von den Seattle SuperSonics ausgewählt. Er spielte dann sieben Jahre bis 2010 für die Philadelphia 76ers um dann für ein Jahr zu den New Orleans Hornets zu wechseln. 2011 wechselte Green zu den Atlanta Hawks und konnte mit den Hawks in die Play-offs einziehen. Im Sommer 2012 verlängerten die Hawks seinen Vertrag und transferierten Green anschließend zu den Los Angeles Clippers.

Zur Saison 2014/2015 wurde Green von den Clippers aus seinem Vertrag entlassen. Er wechselte daraufhin zu den Orlando Magic. Von 2016 bis 2019 war er bei den Golden State Warriors als Assistenztrainer unter Vertrag.

Auszeichnungen (Auswahl)

Green erhielt mehrere Auszeichnungen:

 gewählt ins Midwestern Collegiate Conference All-Newcomer Team: 2000
 gewählt ins Second Team All-Midwestern Collegiate Conference: 2001
 gewählt ins All-Horizon First Team: 2003
 gewählt zum Horizon League Player of the Year: 2003
 gewählt ins Portsmouth Invitational All-Tournament Team: 2003

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Basketballspieler (Orlando Magic)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1981
Mann
Basketballtrainer (Vereinigte Staaten)
New Orleans Pelicans
Sportler (New Orleans)

Willie Green (Basketballspieler)


An Bulbostylis hispaniolica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal ngan Erik Leonard Ekman. An Bulbostylis hispaniolica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbostylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Haiti. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis hispaniolica


මරක්කල යනු මධ්‍ය කාලීන Maghreb, Iberian Peninsula, සිසිලි සහ මෝල්ටා හි මුස්ලිම් ජනයාවේ.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 මරක්කල

මරක්කල (අතීත ජනවර්ගය)


Saab 21R er et jagerbomber og jagerfly produceret af Saab. Det var det første jetfly produceret i Sverige og blev bygget i 62 eksemplarer fra 1949 – 1957. Flyet var en videreudvikling af Saab 21, der blev drevet af en stempelmotor.

Tilsvarende fly
 De Havilland Vampire

Militærfly fra Sverige
21R
1-motors jetfly

Saab 21R


ඈන් බුලින් (;  1501 – 19 මැයි 1536) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 1533 සිට 1536 තෙක් එංගලන්තයේ රැජින පදවිය හෙබවූ, අටවන හෙන්රි රජුගේ දෙවන බිරිඳයි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ඈන් බුලින්


Ivan Kozlica (Sinj, 19. ožujka 1958.), hrvatski povjesničar i bivši visoki državni dužnosnik.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Sinju. U rodnom je gradu završio gimnaziju. Od 19. godine živi u Zagrebu. Diplomirao je na FPZ-u i na Ratnoj školi Oružanih snaga RH 'Ban Josip Jelačić'. Magistrirao je na poslijediplomskom studiju novije hrvatske povijesti Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu temom Stradanje civilnog stanovništva sinjskog kraja 1944. Dragovoljac je Domovinskog rata od ljeta 1990. godine. Među prvima je u Sinj zimi 1990. dopremio prvo naoružanje, a u vrijeme najžešćih razaranja rujna 1991., s nekoliko kolega dopremio sam dva tegljača naoružanja i vojne opreme, prolazeći kroz ratno područje između Zagreba i Sinja. Obnašao je dužnost pomoćnika glavnog inspektora Oružanih snaga RH i pomoćnika ministra obrane RH. Osim toga obnašao je razne visoke dužnosti u Ministarstvu obrane Republike Hrvatske. Autor je brojnih članaka o ratnim žrtvama koji su izašli u mnoštvu hrvatskih tiskovina.

Objavio je knjige Krvava Cetina : masovni pokolji u cetinskome kraju i Poljicima u Drugome svjetskom ratu  (2012.), Markovića jama : partizanski zločin u Aržanu i Podima 1944.  (2014.), Alka u politici politika u Alki : sinjska alka i ratovi dvadesetog stoljeća  (2014.) i Vrličko pitanje : Vrlika u žrvnju velikosrpske politike  (2015.).

2015. godine predložen je za Nagradu Splitsko-dalmatinske županije za zasluge u znanstveno-istraživačkom radu. Gradska vijeća Vrlike i Trilja dodijelila su mu godišnje nagrade za zasluge u znanstveno-istraživačkom radu. Klub Sinjana u Zagrebu sinjskom je Gradskom vijeću predložio da mu se kao autoru knjige Alka u politici – politika u Alki i kao autoru nekoliko drugih knjiga s temama iz cetinske prošlosti dodijeli godišnja nagrada, što je nadležni odbor u sinjskom gradskom vijeću prihvatio i proslijedio na formalno usvajanje Gradskom vijeću, no prvi se put dogodilo da jedan prijedlog nadležnog Odbora nije usvojen, za šta je okrivio mjesni SDP.

Član je Viteškog alkarskog društva i Kulturnog društva Trilj.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
KOZLICA: "Naša vlast na čudan način popušta Srbiji. HDZ je Vučićevu stranku šutke primio u europsku pučku obitelj, a pitanje ratne odštete više ne spominju!" Ivan Kozlica u Bujici. 7dnevno. 31. listopada 2017.
Damir Šarac: Povjesničar Ivan Kozlica: Žrtvama se trebaju baviti povjesničari, a ne ideologije  Slobodna Dalmacija. 20. prosinca 2012.

Životopisi, Sinj
Hrvatski povjesničari

Ivan Kozlica


Memphis, Birleşik Devletler'in güney doğusundaki Tennessee eyaletinde bulunan bir kent. Şehir aynı zamanda içinde bulunduğu "Shelby Kontluğu"nun merkez şehridir.

Memphis şehrinin nüfusu (2020 nüfus sayımına göre) 633.104 kişi olup Birleşik Devletler'in 28., Tennessee eyaletinin ise ikinci büyük şehridir.

Elvis Presley'nin gençlik yıllarını geçirdiği ve müzikle ilgilenmeye başladığı şehirdir.

Resimler

Ayrıca bakınız
 Memphis'deki en yüksek binalar listesi

Dış bağlantılar

 Memphis resmi websitesi
   Wikivoyage "Memphis" maddesi
  DMOZ Open Directory projesi "Memphis" maddesi

Tennessee'deki şehirler

Memphis


Adriaen Pietersz Crabeth () a fost un pictor pe sticlă neerlandez.

Crabeth s-a născut în Gouda. Potrivit lui Karel van Mander, el a fost elevul pictorului pe sticlă Jan Swart van Groningen. Și-a luat numele de la tatăl său "Krepel Pieter" și, deși era un student bun care l-a depășit pe stăpânul său, a murit în tinerețe la Autun după ce s-a aflat acolo pentru o scurtă perioadă în timpul unui turneu în Franța.

Potrivit lui RKD, a fost fiul lui Pieter Dirksz Crabeth și fratele pictorilor pe sticlă Wouter și Dirk Crabeth. A devenit elev al lui Jan Swart din Groningen, dar a murit relativ tânăr la Autun.

Note

Nașteri în 1510
Decese în 1553
Pictori neerlandezi
Pictori renascentiști
Oameni din Gouda

Adriaen Pietersz Crabeth


A Census of New South Wales Plants (abreviado  Census N.S.W. Pl.) es un libro con descripciones botánicas que fue escrito conjuntamente por Joseph Henry Maiden y Ernst Betche, y que fue editado en el año 1916.

Enlaces externos
Descripción en National Lybrary of Australia

Libros de botánica de Reino Unido
Libros de 1916
Libros de Australia
Reino Unido en 1916
Libros en inglés
Flora de Australia
Nueva Gales del Sur
Libros de botánica del siglo XX

A Census of New South Wales Plants


New Hampshire, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 50 eyaletinden biridir. Avrupa'dan gelen göçmenler ilk defa 1623 yılında buraya yerleştiler. New Hampshire, 4 Temmuz 1776 tarihinde Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi'yle bağımsızlıklarını ilan ederek Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin çekirdeğini oluşturan ilk Onüç Koloni'den biri oldu. Eyalet, ABD'nin kuzeydoğusunda New England bölgesinde yer alır. Nüfus ve yüzölçüm bakımında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en küçük 10 eyaletinden biridir.  En büyük şehri olan Manchester'in bile nüfusu sadece 100.000 civarında kalır.

Coğrafya
New Hampshire'in kuzeyinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Kanada sınırı, güneyinde Massachusetts eyaleti, batısında Vermont eyaleti ve doğusunda Maine eyaleti yer alır. Eyalet güneydoğu köşesinde Atlas Okyanusu kenarında bulunan 29 kilometrelik bir kıyı şeridine sahiptir. Bu kıyı şeridinde Portsmouth ve Hampton Beach gibi turistik kasabalar yer alırlar. Eyaletin en büyük nehirleri Merrimack Nehri ve Connecticut Nehri'dir. New Hampshire'da bulunan Beyaz Dağlar denilen dağ sırası Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin kuzeydoğusundaki en yüksek dağ olan 2000 metreye yakın yükseklikteki Washington Dağı'nı barındırır.

Eyaletin önemi
New Hampshire eyaleti Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanlık seçimlerinin ilk aşaması olan ön seçimleri ilk yapan eyalettir. Her 4 yılda bir yapılan bu ön seçimler sırasında bütün ABD'nin gözleri New Hampshire'a çevrilir. Bütün büyük partilerin başkan adayları bu dönemde seçim kampanyalarını New Hampshire eyaletinde odaklaştırırlar. Küçük bir eyalet olduğu için bütün seçmenler, başkan adaylarıyla yüz yüze tanışma olanağına sahiptirler. Bu sürece bazen perakende siyaset adı verilir. Bu süreç sonunda başarılı olan adayların prestiji o kadar yükselir ki, o adayların ülke çapında başarılı olmaları şansına çok yüksek gözüyle bakılır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Eyaletin resmi web sitesi
 NH Resmi Tanıtım Sitesi

New Hampshire


Jérôme d'Ambrosio (Etterbeek, Belgija, 27. prosinca 1985.) je bivši belgijski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Vanjske poveznice
Jérôme d'Ambrosio - Driver Database

Belgijski vozači Formule 1

Jérôme d'Ambrosio


Myxexoristops stolida er evrópsk flugutegund af sníkjuflugnaætt. (Tachinidae).

Tilvísanir

Tachinidae

Myxexoristops stolida


Le référendum révocatoire mexicain de 2022, officiellement appelé processus de révocation du mandat du président de la République élu pour la période constitutionnelle 2018-2024 (en espagnol : ) a lieu le  afin de consulter la population sur le maintien d'Andrés Manuel López Obrador au poste de président des États-Unis mexicains.

Le référendum est paradoxalement organisé à l'initiative d'Obrador lui-même, dont il s'agit d'une promesse de campagne. Le président fait ainsi voter à cette fin une réforme constitutionnelle permettant ce type de référendum, dit révocatoire, et organise via ses soutiens la collecte des signatures nécessaires à sa convocation.

Pour être approuvée, la révocation doit obtenir les votes favorables d'une majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés, couplée à un taux de participation d'au moins 40 %.

Une écrasante majorité de 93,44 % des suffrages exprimés se prononcent pour le maintien du président, le référendum étant par ailleurs marqué par un taux de participation très faible, seuls un peu moins de 18 % des électeurs s'étant rendus aux urnes.

Contexte

Président des États-Unis mexicains depuis décembre 2018, Andrés Manuel López Obrador sort vainqueur cette année là de l'élection présidentielle qu'il remporte avec une large avance, réunissant 53,19 % des voix contre 22,28 % à son concurrent le plus proche. Lors de la campagne électorale, il promet de soumettre son mandat de six ans à un vote de confiance à mi-mandat.

Courant 2019, Obrador soumet par conséquent un projet d'amendement de la Constitution de 1917 permettant la convocation d'un référendum révocatoire, un outil de démocratie directe n'existant pas jusque là au Mexique. Approuvé au Sénat de la République le 15 octobre par 90 voix pour et 22 contre, puis à la Chambre des députés le 5 novembre par 356 voix pour et 84 contre, le texte reçoit également les votes favorables des législatures de plus de la moitié des États. Il réunit ainsi la majorité qualifiée des deux tiers des votants dans chacune des chambres du Congrès de l'Union, et la majorité absolue des législatures des États, conditions auxquelles le titre  de la Constitution soumet les amendements constitutionnels. Le texte est officiellement promulgué le 24 décembre 2019, date à partir de laquelle le Congrès dispose alors de 180 jours pour en voter la loi d'application, soit avant le . Le Congrès tarde cependant à voter cette dernière, ses membres ne parvenant pas à s'entendre sur certains termes de la loi. L'opposition au Mouvement de régénération nationale (MORENA) du président Obrador tente notamment de supprimer l'expression  de la question devant être soumise au électeurs lors du référendum révocatoire, tandis que le MORENA ne dispose pas d'une majorité suffisante pour mettre fin au blocage. Le tribunal électoral finit le  par ordonner le vote de la loi sous trente jours, et celle-ci est enfin adoptée le  suivant. La loi permet alors aux partis politique de promouvoir la mise à référendum, et à la question d'être modifiée, tout en conservant la mention d'une perte de confiance dans la formulation initiale si celle-ci est laissée telle quelle.

Le nouvel article 35 de la Constitution et sa loi d'application disposent alors qu'un référendum révocatoire d'origine populaire peut être convoqué à l'encontre du président à partir de la moitié de son mandat si au moins 3 % du total des inscrits sur les listes électorales en signe la demande au cours d'une période de quatre mois correspondant au mois précédant la fin de la troisième année du mandat présidentiel et aux trois mois suivant celle-ci. Le seuil de 3 % des inscrits doit par ailleurs être obtenu dans au moins dix sept des trente et un États et de la capitale fédérale. L'Institut national électoral  (INE) est chargé de vérifier la validité des signatures dans les trente jours suivant la demande et, si le seuil requis est atteint, de convoquer le référendum pour le premier dimanche suivant une période de quatre vingt dix jours à partir de l'annonce de validation de la collecte. Le vote est cependant reporté au dimanche suivant si la première date coïncide avec l'organisation de scrutin fédéraux ou locaux.

Le seuil de 3 % des inscrits correspond en 2021 à un total de  au niveau national. Ouverte du  au  par écrit et par voie électronique, la collecte de signatures soutenue par le MORENA parvient à en réunir , dont  par écrit et  par voie électronique. L'INE en vérifie , dont  sont validées au , avec un dépassement du seuil requis dans vingt-six États. Le seuil ayant été atteint, les signatures restantes ne sont pas vérifiées. Le , l'INE fixe le référendum au .

Contenu

La question posée est la suivante :

.

Conditions

Pour être validée, la révocation du mandat présidentiel doit réunir la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés, couplée à un taux de participation au référendum d'au moins 40 % du total des électeurs inscrits sur les listes électorales.

Résultats

Conséquences
Le référendum voit arriver largement en tête les voix favorables au maintien du président Obrador, celle ci totalisant plus de neuf voix sur dix. Dans un contexte d'appel à l'abstention de la part des trois principaux partis d'opposition , la participation s'établit à un peu moins de 18 % des inscrits, soit plus de deux fois moins que le quorum nécessaire pour valider la révocation si celle-ci avait été approuvée.

Notes et références

Mexique
2022
2022 au Mexique
Politique en avril 2022
Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Référendum révocatoire mexicain de 2022


Pierre Adolphe Lesson, născut la Rochefort pe 24 mai 1805 și decedat pe 16 mai 1888, este un chirurg de marină și botanist francez care a luat parte la mai multe călătorii de explorare științifică în Oceanul Pacific.

Biografie
Între 1834 și 1837, el a navigat la bordul vasului Hussard, sub comanda lui M. de Cambray, trecând prin Newfoundland, Antile și Mexic.

Publicații

Note

Bibliografie

  legătură=|alt=Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l'article|30x30px

Linkuri externe
 Înregistrările de autoritatelegătură=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5658215?uselang=fr#identifiers|linia_de_bază|10x10px : virtual international authority File • Biblioteca națională a Franței (date) • Sistem universitar de documentare • Biblioteca națională a Spaniei • Baza Leonora Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité
 Fondul și activitatea de Pierre-Adolphe Lecție pe site-ul CREDO
Botaniști francezi
Exploratori francezi
Medici din secolul al XIX-lea
Medici francezi

Pierre Adolphe Lesson


Ubojstvo članova obitelji Anđelić u Kostajnici u općini Konjic u BiH dogodilo se 24. prosinca 2002.

Na Badnjak 2002. u terorističkom napadu vehabija Muamer Topalović u obiteljskoj kući Anđelića ubio Anđelka Anđelića i njegove dvije kćerke Maru i Zorku, a teško ranio sina Marinka.

Pozadina i motivi ubojstva
Ubojičin motiv ubojstva katoličkih Hrvata je bio muslimanski sukob s pravoslavnim Srbima, kako je rekao u epizodi serijala Krvni delikti Federalne TV. Izjavio je da je sukob Srba i Muslimana 1993. Muslimanima pokvario Ramazan, jer se dogodio na zadnji dan Ramazana, pa je ubojica Topalović odlučio »njima namjenski za osvetu izabrao Božić«.

Suđenje i odšteta obitelji žrtava
Topalović je osuđen na 35 godina zatvora, a ranjeni članovi obitelji su sudskim putem 2010. godine zatražili nadoknadu štete. Nakon višegodišnjeg povlačenja po sudovima, obitelj je izborila da bi trebala dobiti satisfakciju i traženu odštetu od FBiH zbog ubojstva. Općinski sud u Konjicu je 2012. donio nepravomoćnu odluku da su Topalović i FBiH dužni solidarno isplatiti 201.590 maraka Marinku i još devetorici osoba. Županijski sud u Mostaru to je poništio. Vrhovni sud FBiH zahtjev za odštetu odbio je kao neosnovan, zaključivši da u ovom slučaju FBiH nije dužna da nadoknadi štetu. Ustavni sud BiH je 11. siječnja 2017. usvojio apelaciju oštećenih, utvrdivši da su im povrijeđena prava na pravedno suđenje, jer je Vrhovni sud proizvoljno primijenio važeće propise. Ustavni sud je ukinuo presudu Vrhovnog suda FBiH i naložio mu da po hitnom postupku donese novu odluku.

Izvori

Ubojstva
Povijest neovisne Bosne i Hercegovine
Konjic

Ubojstvo obitelji Anđelić


John Paul Livadary () a fost un inginer american de sunet.

A început să lucreze în 1928 pentru studiourile cinematografice Columbia Pictures și a câștigat de trei ori premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun mixaj sonor și a fost nominalizat la aceeași categorie de încă 14 ori într-o carieră de 30 de ani. Cele trei premii Oscar au fost obținute pentru filmele One Night of Love (1934), The Jolson Story (1946) și De aici în eternitate (1953). El a câștigat, de asemenea, de trei ori premiul Oscar pentru contribuție tehnică (pe care l-a împărțit de două ori) și o dată premiul Oscar pentru merite științifice și tehnice (împărțit).

Filmografie parțială

Broadway Scandals (1929)
The Song of Love (1929)
Flight (1929)
Acquitted (1929)
The Broadway Hoofer (1929)
Wall Street (1929)
Around the Corner (1930)
Soldiers and Women (1930)
Hell's Island (1930)
Ladies Must Play (1930)
Shadow Ranch (1930)
Hurricane (1930)
Men Without Law (1930)
Dirigible (1931)
One Night of Love (1934)
Love Me Forever (1935)
Mr Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
Too Many Husbands (1940)
The Jolson Story (1946)
The Brave Bulls (1951)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954)
Pushover (1954)
Human Desire (1954)
The Black Dakotas (1954)
Three Hours to Kill (1954)
Cannibal Attack (1954)
Phffft! (1954)
The Violent Men (1955)
Masterson of Kansas (1955)
The Bamboo Prison (1955)
Ten Wanted Men (1955)
The Long Gray Line (1955)
Women's Prison (1955)
Pirates of Tripoli (1955)
Wyoming Renegades (1955)
Three for the Show (1955)
Cell 2455, Death Row (1955)
Seminole Uprising (1955)
Tight Spot (1955)
5 Against the House (1955)
Bring Your Smile Along (1955)
The Man from Laramie (1955)
My Sister Eileen (1955)
Count Three and Pray (1955)
Queen Bee (1955)
A Lawless Street (1955)
Picnic (1955)
The Last Frontier (1956)
Battle Stations (1956)
Hot Blood (1956)
The Harder They Fall (1956)
Jubal (1956)
The Eddy Duchin Story (1956)
Autumn Leaves (1956)
He Laughed Last (1956)
Storm Center (1956)
The Solid Gold Cadillac (1956)
Reprisal! (1956)
You Can't Run Away from It (1956)
Full of Life (1957)
Nightfall (1957)
The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957)
The Garment Jungle (1957)
3:10 to Yuma (1957)
Jeanne Eagels (1957)
The Brothers Rico (1957)
Decision at Sundown (1957)
Operation Mad Ball (1957)
Pal Joey (1957)
Going Steady (1958)
Cowboy (1958)
Screaming Mimi (1958)
The Case Against Brooklyn (1958)
The Lineup (1958)
Life Begins at 17 (1958)
Gunman's Walk (1958)
Buchanan Rides Alone (1958)
Ghost of the China Sea (1958)
Apache Territory (1958)
Me and the Colonel (1958)
The Last Hurrah (1958)
Tarawa Beachhead (1958)
The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958)
Bell, Book and Candle (1959)
Senior Prom (1959)
Good Day for a Hanging (1959)
Ride Lonesome (1959)
Gunmen from Laredo (1959)
Forbidden Island (1959)
Juke Box Rhythm (1959)
Gidget (1959)
Hey Boy! Hey Girl! (1959)
Face of a Fugitive (1959)
It Happened to Jane (1959)
The 30-Foot Bride of Candy Rock (1959)
Have Rocket, Will Travel (1959)
The Crimson Kimono (1959)
The Tingler (1959)
They Came to Cordura (1959)
Battle of the Coral Sea (1959)
The Last Angry Man (1959)
The Flying Fontaines (1959)
Edge of Eternity (1959)
1001 Arabian Nights (1959)
Comanche Station (1960)
The Mountain Road (1960)

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1896
Decese în 1987
Oameni din Istanbul

John P. Livadary


José Carlos Carvalho Barbosa, mais conhecido como Kaká Barbosa (Recife, 12 de janeiro de 1966) é um empresário e político brasileiro filiado ao Partido Liberal (PL).

Biografia
Barbosa é casado com a deputada federal Sonize Barbosa, com quem tem três filhos.

Carreira política
Iniciou sua carreira política em 2002 ao ser eleito deputado estadual pelo extinto PST. Foi reeleito deputado estadual em 2006, 2010 e 2014 pelo PTdoB.

Em 2018, Kaká Barbosa se filiou ao Partido Liberal (PL).

Em 2015, assumiu interinamente a presidência da Assembleia Legislativa, devido ao afastamento por ordem judicial do presidente Moisés Souza (PSC). Em fevereiro de 2016, com a cassação de Souza, Kaká assume efetivamente a presidência  da Assembleia, sendo reeleito para o mesmo cargo em 2017, 2019 e 2020.

Denúncia e condenações judiciais
O deputado foi denunciado pelo MP-AP em 2014 por improbidade administrativa.  A ação foi ingressada na esfera cível e criminal, pelo recebimento ilegal de R$ 1,2 milhão em verbas indenizatórias indevidas no período de 2011 e 2012.

Entre o reembolso solicitado pelo deputado estava R$ 186 mil em locações de veículos com uma empresa de fachada em nome de uma pessoa morta. Pelo mesmo crime, o MP ainda denunciou, à época, o então presidente da Alap Moisés Souza (PSC) e o primeiro-secretário Edinho Duarte (PP).
Em 2017, O Tribunal de Justiça do Amapá (Tjap) condenou Kaká Barbosa por improbidade administrativa e determinou a devolução de R$ 472 mil aos cofres públicos.

Em junho de 2018, em decisão unânime da Câmara Única do Tribunal de Justiça do Amapá (Tjap), os desembargadores Sueli Pini, Manoel Brito e João Lages mantiveram uma decisão da 5ª Vara Cível e de Fazenda Pública de Macapá que determinou o bloqueio de R$ 568 mil das contas do deputado estadual. Em 2019, Kaká se tornou réu no processo.

Desempenho em eleições

Ligações externas

Naturais do Recife
Membros do Partido Social Trabalhista (1996)
Membros do Partido de Reedificação da Ordem Nacional
Membros do Avante (partido político)
Membros do Partido Liberal (2006)
Políticos do Amapá
Políticos condenados por crimes
Deputados estaduais do Amapá

Kaká Barbosa


Pedro Cárdenas y Arbieto (1640–1687) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como Bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (1680–1687).

Biografia
Pedro Cárdenas y Arbieto nasceu em Lima, Peru. No dia 13 de maio de 1680, foi escolhido pelo Rei da Espanha e confirmado pelo Papa Inocêncio XI como Bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. A 21 de dezembro de 1681, foi consagrado bispo por Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, arcebispo de Lima. Serviu como Bispo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra até à sua morte em 1687.

Bispos de Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Bispos católicos da Bolívia do século XVII
Bispos nomeados pelo Papa Inocêncio XI
Mortos em 1687
Nascidos em 1640

Pedro Cárdenas y Arbieto


Anhelina Serhiyivna Kalinina (em ucraniano: Ангеліна Сергіївна Калініна [kɐˈlʲinʲɪnə]; nascida em 7 de fevereiro de 1997) é uma tenista profissional ucraniana. Kalinina ganhou um título de simples no WTA Challenger Tour, bem como dezesseis títulos de simples e três títulos de duplas no Circuito Feminino da ITF. Em 30 de janeiro de 2023, ela alcançou a posição mais alta de sua carreira, ocupando o 31º lugar no ranking mundial. Também em 30 de janeiro de 2023, ela alcançou a posição 175 no ranking de duplas da WTA. Em junho de 2022, ela se tornou a tenista ucraniana nº 1.

Carreira júnior
Em 2014, Kalinina em parceria com Elizaveta Kulichkova venceu o torneio de duplas femininas no Australian Open, derrotando Katie Boulter e  na final. No final daquele ano, ela chegou à final do US Open Júnior, perdendo para Marie Bouzková em dois sets.

Carreira profissional

2018: estreia no Grand Slam
No US Open, Kalinina estreou na chave principal de simples em um torneio de Grand Slam, após vencer três partidas na qualificatória, onde ela derrotou Elena-Gabriela Ruse na primeira rodada, Tereza Martincová na segunda e  na terceira. Em seguida, venceu sua primeira partida na chave principal contra  em três sets, mas depois perdeu na segunda rodada para Sloane Stephens também em três sets.

2021: segunda rodada do Aberto da França, primeira final do WTA e estreia no top 100
No Aberto da França, ela chegou à segunda rodada vindo da qualificatória, derrotando a 26ª "cabeça de chave" e três vezes campeã de Grand Slams, Angelique Kerber em sets diretos.

Embora Kalinina tenha caído na última rodada da qualificatória para Wimbledon, ela ganhou os torneios de US$ 60k em Montpellier e de US$ 100k em Contrexéville nas duas semanas seguintes, elevando seus títulos da ITF de 2021 para quatro. Com um recorde para a temporada de 2021 de 32–7, ela subiu 30 posições no ranking mundial nº 125 para o nº 95.

2022: Quartas de final do Maiden WTA 1000, top 35 e número 1 da Ucrânia
Ela fez sua estreia no top 50 no número 49 do mundo, em 17 de janeiro de 2022.

Depois de chegar às oitavas de final no Miami Open antes de desistir por contusão na partida contra a 16ª cabeça de chave Jessica Pegula, Kalinina alcançou um novo recorde na classificação mundial, a 42ª posição e, mais tarde, em junho, alcançou a 34ª posição. 1ª tenista ucraniana à frente de Elina Svitolina.

No Eastbourne International, ela derrotou a número 5 do mundo e terceira cabeça de chave, Maria Sakkari, na segunda rodada em três sets. Derrotou Yulia Putintseva nas oitavas de final também em três sets e perdeu para Jeļena Ostapenko nas quartas de final em sets diretos.

2023: terceira rodada do Aberto da Austrália, top 30
Kalinina começou a temporada no Adelaide International 1. Passando pela qualificatória, ela perdeu na primeira rodada para Victoria Azarenka. Como quinta cabeça de chave no Hobart International, ela chegou às quartas de final, onde foi derrotada pela campeã de 2019, Sofia Kenin. No Australian Open, ela derrotou a 15ª cabeça de chave, bicampeã do Grand Slam e finalista de 2019, Petra Kvitová, na segunda rodada. Ela perdeu na terceira rodada para a 20ª cabeça de chave, campeã do Aberto da França de 2021 e quarta finalista do ano anterior, Barbora Krejcíková.

Como quarta cabeça de chave no Upper Austria Ladies Linz, Kalinina perdeu na segunda rodada para a vinda da qualificatória Anna-Lena Friedsam. Em Doha, ela caiu na primeira rodada da qualificatória para Lauren Davis.

Em Dubai, ela derrotou a décima cabeça-de-chave e jogadora do top 20, a russa Veronika Kudermetova na primeira rodada para sua segunda vitória entre as 20 primeiras da temporada, após sua vitória na segunda rodada no Australian Open contra a 15ª cabeça de chave Petra Kvitová, e sexta em total. Chegou às oitavas de final, com uma vitória sobre a vinda da qualificatória e compatriota Dayana Yastremska, ela alcançou o top 30 no 29º lugar do mundo em 27 de fevereiro de 2023.

Com o 47º posto no ranking no Aberto da Itália, ela havia chegado às semifinais de um WTA 1000 pela primeira vez em sua carreira, depois de derrotar a ex-número 4 mundial, Sofia Kenin, a 19ª cabeça de chave Madison Keys e a 12ª cabeça de chave Beatriz Haddad Maia na mais longa partida da temporada com duração de 3 horas e 41 minutos. Ela alcançou sua primeira final do WTA 1000 e apenas a segunda de sua carreira, em outra longa partida de quase três horas, derrubando novamente Veronika Kudermetova. Ela se tornou a mulher com classificação mais baixa a chegar à final em Roma desde Raffaella Reggi em 1985 e a segunda ucraniana a chegar a esta fase em um WTA 1000 desde a ex-número 3 do mundo, Elina Svitolina. Como resultado, ela alcançou o top 25 no ranking. Depois desse sucesso, a temporada de saibro de Kalinina terminou na primeira rodada de Roland Garros onde perdeu para Diane Parry em sets diretos.

A temporada em quadras de grama foi discreta. Kalinina não passou da segunda rodada em Nottingham e em Birmingham. Ficou na primeira rodada em Eastbourne. E em Wimbledon, ela tornou a ficar na segunda rodada, perdendo um jogo de três sets para Bianca Andreescu.

Ligações externas

Tenistas da Ucrânia

Anhelina Kalinina


Jesper Jul (død den 7. december 2016 i Albertslund) var en dansk karatesportsmand og hundefører ved politiet. Under sit arbejde blev han skudt.

Jul havde en bemærkelsesværdig karriere inden for karate, som han begyndte på allerede som 11-årig.
Han vandt seks DM-guld, to DM-sølv og tre DM-guld Master og blev helt usædvanligt kåret til "DM Bedste Fighter" tre gange.
Med Peter Grubb stiftede han karateklubben Tatakau.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kampsportsudøvere fra Danmark
Politifolk fra Danmark
Mord i Danmark

Jesper Jul


An Stigmatodactylus variegatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Paul J. Kores, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Paul J. Kores. An Stigmatodactylus variegatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stigmatodactylus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stigmatodactylus

Stigmatodactylus variegatus


Mukavemet, cisimlerin çeşitli dış etkiler ve bu dış etkilerin neden olduğu iç kuvvetler karşısında gösterecekleri davranış biçimini inceleyen bilim dalıdır. Mekanik biliminin bir alt kolu olan mukavemet bilimi rijit olmayan (şekil değiştirebilen) cisimlerin mekaniği olarak da tanımlanabilir. Rijit cisimler mekaniği, cisimlerin üzerlerine etkiyen dış tesirler ile şekillerini değiştirmediğini kabul ederken, rijit olmayan cisimler mekaniği şekil değiştirmeleri de göz önüne alır. Teori, yapının bir ya da iki boyutlu öğelerinin incelenip, sonra bunların gerilim düzeylerinin iki boyutlu ve üç boyutlu olarak varsayılıp üç boyuta genelleştirilmesi ve maddelerin elastik ve plastik davranışları hakkında daha tam bir teori geliştirilmesiyle başlamıştır. Maddelerin mekaniğinin önemli kurucu ve öncülerinden biri Stephen Timoshenko'dur.

Cisimlerin mukavemeti üzerine çalışma sıklıkla; kiriş, sütun, mil gibi yapısal öğelerdeki gerilim ve zorlamaları hesaplamak için çeşitli yöntemlerden yararlanır. Kullanılan modeller; uzunluk, genişlik, kalınlık makroskobik (geometrik) özellikleri yanında; akma dayanımı, maksimum mukavemet, Young Katsayısı, Poisson Oranı gibi özellikleri de dikkate alarak, bir yapının yüklenmeye verdiği tepkiyi ve bozulmaya karşı hassaslığını öngörmeye çalışır.

Mukavemet bilimi birçok mühendislik dalının temel konularındandır. Uygulamada; İnşaat, makine, maden, gemi inşaat, havacılık mühendisliği gibi alanlarda yaygın olarak kullanılır. Bir bina kolonunun, uçak kanadının, makine dişlisinin veya bir maden galerisinin maruz kalacakları tesirlere dayanabilecek şekilde tasarlanması mukavemet biliminin uygulamalarına örnek olarak verilebilir.

Kökeni

Mukavemet sözcüğü dilimize Arapçadan geçmiştir. Dayanma, karşı durma, karşı koyma, direnme, direniş, dayanırlık, direnç olarak Türkçeye çevrilebilir.. Bir bilim dalı olarak Türkiye'de önceleri ''Cisimlerin Mukavemeti'' olarak adlandırılmış, sonraları ise sadece ''Mukavemet'' olarak adlandırılması yaygın kabul görmüştür. Günümüzde mühendislik dallarında okutulan bu bilim dalı dersleri ''Mukavemet'' olarak adlandırılmaktadır.

Tanım

Madde biliminde, cismin mukavemeti, uygulanan yüke bozulmadan direnebilme yetisidir. Cisimlerin mukavemeti alanı, kuvvetlerle ve onların maddeler üzerinde yarattığı bozulmalarla ilgilenir. Bir mekanik öğeye yüklenen yük, kuvvetler birim temelinde ele alındığında, öğenin içinde gerilim kuvveti denen bir iç kuvvetin oluşmasına sebep olur. Cisimdeki gerilimler çeşitli şekillerde deformasyona sebep olur. Cisimdeki deformasyon, yine deformasyon birim temelinde ele alındığında, zorlanma olarak tanımlanır. Uygulanan yükler aksiyal (çekme ya da basma) ya da makaslama (shear) şeklinde olabilir. Bir mekanik öğenin yükleme kapasitesini bulmak için, o öğedeki gerilim ve zorlanmalar hesaplanmalıdır. Bu, öğenin geometrisinin, öğeye uygulanan yüklerin ve öğenin yapıldığı malzemenin özelliklerinin tam bilgisini gerektirir. Yükün ve öğenin geometrisinin tam bilgisiyle, öğenin herhangi bir noktasındaki gerilim düzeyi ve zorlanma düzeyi hesaplanabilir. Gerilim düzeyi ve zorlanma düzeyi bilindikten sonra, öğenin mukavemeti (yük taşıma kapasitesi), sertliği, deformasyonları, kararlılığı (orijinal halini koruma yetisi) hesaplanabilir. Hesaplanan gerilimler, öğenin akma dayanımı, maksimum mukavemet gibi mukavemet ölçüleriyle karşılaştırılabilir. Bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan sapma, öğenin kullanım amacına bağlı sapma kriteriyle karşılaştırılabilir. Öğenin hesaplanan bükülme yüklemesi, uygulanan yükle karşılaştırılabilir. Öğenin hesaplanan sertliği ve kütle dağılımı, öğenin dinamik tepkisini hesaplamakta kullanılabilir ve bu, kullanılacak akustik çevreyle karşılaştırılabilir.

Cismin mukavemeti, gerilim – zorlanma eğrisi (akma dayanımı) üzerindeki, ötesine gidildiğinde, uygulanan yük kaldırılsa bile oluşan deformasyonların geri döndürülemediği ve kalıcı bükülmeye uğradığı noktayı ifade eder. Maksimum mukavemet, gerilim – zorlanma eğrisi (stress – strain curve) nde, gerilimin parçalanma yarattığı noktayı ifade eder.

Yüklenme Türleri

Enlemesine yükleme: Uygulanan kuvvetler, öğenin boylam eksenine dik açıdadır. Enlemesine yükleme öğenin eğilmesine ve orijinal konumundan sapmasına sebep olur
Eksenel yükleme: Uygulanan kuvvetler öğenin boylam ekseniyle yöndeştir. Kuvvetler öğenin uzamasına ya da kısalmasına neden olur.
Burgu yüklemesi: Paralel yüzeyler üzerine, ters yönlerde uygulanan eşdeğer kuvvetler sonucunda oluşan burkulmalardır.

Gerilim Terimleri
Tek eksenli gerilim şu şekilde ifade edilir:

burada F, bir A [m2] alanına etki eden kuvvet [N]'dir.  Alan, mühendislik geriliminin mi yoksa gerçek gerilimin mi ilgi çekici olduğuna bağlı olarak deforme olmamış alan veya deforme olmuş alan olabilir.

 Basma gerilimi veya sıkıştırma, uygulanan yükün ekseni boyunca malzemenin uzunluğunu (sıkıştırma elemanı) azaltmak için hareket eden uygulanan bir yükün neden olduğu gerilme durumudur, başka bir deyişle, malzemenin sıkışmasına neden olan bir gerilme durumudur. Basit bir sıkıştırma durumu, zıt, itme kuvvetlerinin etkisiyle indüklenen tek eksenli sıkıştırmadır. Malzemeler için basınç dayanımı genellikle çekme dayanımlarından daha yüksektir. Bununla birlikte, sıkıştırmada yüklenen yapılar, üyenin geometrisine bağlı olarak burkulma gibi ek hata modlarına tabidir.
 Çekme gerilimi,  malzemeyi uygulanan yükün ekseni boyunca uzama eğiliminde olan uygulanan bir yükün neden olduğu gerilme durumudur, başka bir deyişle, malzemenin çekilmesinden kaynaklanan gerilmedir. Gerilime yüklenen eşit kesit alanına sahip yapıların mukavemeti, kesitin şeklinden bağımsızdır. Gerilime yüklenen malzemeler, malzeme kusurları veya geometrideki ani değişiklikler gibi gerilim konsantrasyonlarına karşı hassastır. Bununla birlikte, sünek davranış sergileyen malzemeler (örneğin çoğu metal) bazı kusurları tolere edebilirken, gevrek malzemeler (seramikler gibi) nihai akma mukavemetlerinin çok altında kopma gerçekleşir.
 kayma gerilimi veya makaslama gerilimi, malzeme boyunca paralel etki çizgileri boyunca hareket eden bir çift karşıt kuvvetin birleşik enerjisinin, başka bir deyişle, malzemenin birbirine göre kayan yüzlerinin neden olduğu gerilimdir. Bir örnek, kağıdın makasla kesilmesi veya burulma yükünden kaynaklanan gerilmelerdir.

Mukavemet terimleri
 Akma mukavemeti, cisimde kalıcı deformasyon yaratan en düşük gerilimdir. Alüminyum alaşımları gibi bazı maddelerde, akma noktası tanımlamak zordur, bu yüzden 0.2% plastik zorlanma meydan getiren kuvvet olarak tanımlanır.
 Çekme mukavemeti cisimde bükülme ya da çatlak meydana getiren çekme geriliminin sınır değeridir. Çekme mukavemeti, gerçek mukavemet ya da görünen mukavemet şeklinde de isimlendirilir, ama görünen mukavemet daha yaygın kullanılır.
 Basma mukavemeti, cisimde bükülme ya da çatlak meydana getiren sıkıştırıcı gerilimin sınır değeridir.
 Yorulma mukavemeti: Cismin ya da bileşeninin periyodik yükleme altındaki mukavemetinin ölçüsüdür ve belirlemek genelde durağan mukavemete göre daha zordur. Gerilim aralığı olarak ifade edilir.
 Kırılma tokluğu: Cismin aniden uygulanan yüke dayanabilme yetisinin enerji terimleriyle ifade edilen halidir. Izod ve Charpy darbe deneyleriyle malzemenin kırılma tokluğu değeri ölçülür.

Zorlanma (deformasyon) terimleri
Deformasyon cisimde kuvvetlerin yarattığı gerilim sonucu oluşan geometrik değişimlerdir. Deformasyon cismin yerdeğiştirme alanıyla ifade edilir.
Zorlanma (ya da azaltılmış deformasyon): Cisim alanı doğrultusundaki deformasyon değişimini açıklayan matematiksel bir terimdir. Zorlanma, birim uzunluk başına deformasyondur.
Çökme uygulanan yük sonucu yer değiştiren yapısal elementin değerini açıklayan bir terimdir.

Gerilim – birim şekil değişimi ilişkisi

 Elastikiyet, bir malzemenin stres serbest bırakıldıktan sonra önceki şekline geri dönme yeteneğidir. Birçok malzemede, uygulanan gerilim arasındaki ilişki, ortaya çıkan gerinimle (belirli bir sınıra kadar) doğru orantılıdır ve bu iki miktarı temsil eden bir grafik düz bir çizgidir.

Bu çizginin eğimi Young modülü veya "elastikiyet modülü" olarak bilinir. Elastikiyet modülü, gerilim-gerinim eğrisinin doğrusal-elastik kısmındaki gerilim-gerinim ilişkisini belirlemek için kullanılabilir. Doğrusal-elastik bölge ya akma noktasının altındadır ya da gerilme-gerinim grafiğinde bir akma noktası kolayca tanımlanamıyorsa,% 0 ila 0,2 gerinim arasında olacak şekilde tanımlanır ve hiçbir verim (kalıcı deformasyon) meydana gelmeyen gerinim bölgesi olarak tanımlanır.

 Plastisite veya plastik deformasyon, elastik deformasyonun tam tersidir ve geri kazanılamayan kalıcı değişiklik bırakan gerinim olarak tanımlanır. Plastik deformasyon, uygulanan stresin serbest bırakılmasından sonra korunur. Doğrusal-elastik kategorideki çoğu malzeme genellikle plastik deformasyon yeteneğine sahiptir. Seramikler gibi gevrek malzemeler herhangi bir plastik deformasyon yaşamaz ve nispeten düşük gerinim altında kırılırken, metalik, kurşun veya polimerler gibi sünek malzemeler kırılma başlamadan önce plastik olarak çok daha fazla deforme olur.

Bir havuç ve çiğnenmiş kabarcık sakızı arasındaki farkı düşünün. Havuç kırılmadan önce çok az gerilir. Öte yandan, çiğnenmiş kabarcık sakızı, nihayet kırılmadan önce plastik olarak büyük ölçüde deforme olacaktır.

Mikroyapısal özellikler
Bir cismin mukavemeti mikroyapısına bağlıdır. Mühendislik işlemleri bu mikroyapıyı geliştirmeye yöneliktir. cismin mukavemetini arttıran güçlendirme mekanizması çeşitleri; işleme sertleşmesi (work hardening), çökeltme sertleştirmesi (precipitation hardening) ve tane sınırı güçlendirmesi (grain boundarry strengthing) dir ve nicel ve nitel olarak açıklanabilir. Güçlendirme mekanizmalarına, maddenin diğer başka özelliklerinin güçlendirme çabaları sonucunda dejenere olması tehlikesi eşlik eder.

Örneğin, tane sınırı güçlendirmesinde, akma dayanımı azalan tane boyutuyla maksimum düzeye çıkmasına rağmen çok düşük tane boyutu maddeyi kırılgan yapar. Genel olarak, akma dayanımı maddenin mekanik mukavemeti için yeterli bir ölçüttür. Akma mukavemetinin, plastik deformasyonu bulmayı sağlayan bir parametre olması dolayısıyla, maddenin mikroyapısına ve arzu edilen sonuçlara göre cismin mukavemetinin nasıl arttırılacağı konusunda bilgi sahibi olunabilir. Mukavemet, bozulmaya neden olan  sıkıştırıcı gerilim, kopma gerilimi ve kayma gerilimlerinin sınır değerleri cinsinden ifade edilebilir. Dinamik yüklemenin etkileri, özellikle de yorulma problemi, muhtemelen maddelerin mukavemetinin en önemli pratik konusudur. Yineleyen yüklenme çoğunlukla, sonunda bozulmaya yol açan çatlaklara sebep olur. Çatlaklar her zaman gerilme yığılması sırasında başlar, özellikle deliklerin çevresinde ve köşelerde.

Ayrıca bakınız
Statik
Dinamik

Kaynakça

Mekanik

Mukavemet


Jörg-Friedhelm Venzke (* 25. Mai 1952 in Hannover) ist ein deutscher Geograph und emeritierter Professor für Physische Geographie an der Universität Bremen.

Leben
Venzke studierte Geographie, Biologie und Erziehungswissenschaften an der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover auf Lehramt. Dort promovierte er mit einer Arbeit zur Geoökologischen Charakteristik der wüstenhaften Gebiete Islands (1982). Er wurde Hochschulassistent und Hochschuldozent an der Universität-Gesamthochschule Essen und habilitierte sich dort mit der Arbeit Beiträge zur Geoökologie der borealen Landschaftszone. Geländeklimatologische und pedologische Studien in Nord-Schweden (1990). Seit 1994 ist er Professor für Physische Geographie an der Universität Bremen.

Im Oktober 2014 wurde Venzke von der Uni Bremen in den Ruhestand entlassen.

Arbeit
Die Forschungsschwerpunkte Jörg-Friedhelm Venzkes sind die physiogeographischen und funktionellen Aspekten borealer Nadelwälder. Er ist stark in die Lehre des Bachelor-Studienganges Geographie im Fachbereich 08 der Universität Bremen eingebunden.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Eintrag bei geographie.online

Geograph (20. Jahrhundert)
Geograph (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bremen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1952
Mann

Jörg-Friedhelm Venzke


Kate Douglass (Nova Iorque, 17 de novembro de 2001) é uma nadadora estadunidense, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Tóquio 2020
Douglass conquistou a medalha de bronze nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de 200 m medley feminino com a marca de 2:09.04. Ela é membro da Equipe Nacional de Natação dos Estados Unidos.

2022
Em 18 de junho de 2022, obteve o bronze no 4×100 m livre do Campeonato Mundial de Esportes Aquáticos em Budapeste. Cinco dias depois, ficou em terceiro lugar nos 200 m peito do mesmo evento.

Em 13 de dezembro, ganhou duas medalhas no Mundial em Piscina Curta em Melbourne (uma de ouro nos 200 m medley e uma de prata no 4×100 m livre) e estabeleceu novos recordes das Américas em ambas as provas. No dia seguinte, ao lado de Nic Fink, Ryan Murphy e Torri Huske, conquistou o título e quebrou o recorde mundial no 4×50 m medley misto da mesma competição com o tempo de um minuto, 35 segundos e quinze centésimos. Em 15 de dezembro, obteve o ouro no 4×50 m livre, onde sua equipe estabeleceu novas marcas do campeonato e das Américas. No dia seguinte, alcançou a primeira colocação na final do 200 m peito, além de quebrar o recorde do campeonato da categoria. Em 17 e 18 de dezembro, ainda em Melbourne, ganhou a prata no 4x50 m medley e o ouro no 4x100 m dos quatro estilos respectivamente, ajudando seu time a estabelecer a nova marca mundial desse último revezamento.

2023
Em 23 de julho, contribuiu com sua equipe a ser vice-campeã dos 4x100 m livre no Mundial em Fukuoka. No dia seguinte, venceu a final dos 200 m medley no mesmo evento.

Nadadores olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Nadadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos da natação

Kate Douglass


دومنيستا (Δομνίστα) هي مدينة في إفريتانيا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1072 نسمة.

المراجع

مدن اليونان
مقاطعة إفريتانيا
أماكن مأهولة في إفريتانيا

دومنيستا


Life Won't Wait is the fourth studio album by the American punk rock band Rancid. It was released on June 30, 1998, through Epitaph Records. It was released as the follow-up to ...And Out Come the Wolves (1995).

Writing and production

Around early 1997, still riding high off of the success of ...And Out Come the Wolves, Rancid decided to immediately enter the studio following the ...And Out Come the Wolves tour to record the next album. The recording of Life Won't Wait took place in the United States (from San Francisco to Los Angeles, New York City, New Orleans) and Jamaica. Two of the songs were recorded in Kingston: "Hoover Street" and the title track, "Life Won't Wait". With the cooperation of numerous Jamaican reggae artists (such as Buju Banton) is very distinctive on this album, not just in the vocals, but also in instrumental parts, which all makes Life Won't Wait very different from most of the other Rancid releases. It is also the only album to date not to feature producer/engineer Brett Gurewitz in any capacity, with Armstrong and Frederiksen opting to produce it themselves.

During the writing process the band had recorded over 50 songs, many still unreleased. Some of the released non-album tracks ended up on singles, compilations, and the B Sides and C Sides collections. The song "Emelia" was co-written by Vic Ruggiero and recorded during these sessions. The song was later re-written and featured on Vic's first solo album in 2001.
The cover photo pays homage to John Lennon's Rock 'n' roll and Neil Young's After the Gold Rush cover designs.

Promotion
"Bloodclot", "Hooligans" were released as the album's singles along with music videos for each song while "Who Would've Thought", which also had a music video, was released as a promotional only single. Music videos for "Backslide", "Cranefist" and "Leicester Square" were also released.

Reception

Life Won't Wait was released on June 30, 1998, and was the final Rancid album for 16 years to be released through Epitaph Records (until Honor Is All We Know). After its release, the band moved to frontman Tim Armstrong's label (a sub-label of Epitaph), Hellcat Records, who released their next album, 2000's Rancid. Although not as successful as ...And Out Come the Wolves, the album peaked at number 35 on the Billboard 200 album chart, making it one of Rancid's highest ranking albums.

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic described the album as having a ska influence. He praised the music as a "powerful slice of old-school punk — as powerful as any of their records" and claims "it actually sounds a lot like ...And Out Come the Wolves". The album received a rating of three and a half out of five stars.

Track listing

Personnel
 Tim Armstrong – vocals, guitar, producer, engineer, mixing, cover photo
 Lars Frederiksen – vocals, guitar, engineer, producer, cover photo
 Matt Freeman – bass guitar
 Brett Reed – drums

Additional musicians
 Buju Banton – additional vocals on track 5
 Dicky Barrett – additional vocals on tracks 4 and 13
 Billie Joe Armstrong – backing vocals (Hey Hos) on track 2
 Lester Butler – harmonica on track 1
 Roddy Byers – guitar on track 8
 Simon Chardiet – guitar on track 19
 Alex Désert – backing vocals on track 3
 DJ Q-Maxx 420 (Marq Lyn) – backing vocals on track 6
 Santa Fazio – harmonica on track 14
 Lynval Golding – additional vocals on track 8
 Dave Hillyard – saxophone on tracks 11 and 18
 Dr. Israel – vocals on track 22
 Thomas Johnson- percussion on track 12
 Kristin Krisapline- gang vocals on track 2
 Ollie Lattgenau – backing vocals on tracks 10 and 15
 Greg Lee – backing vocals on track 3
 Roger Miret – backing vocals on track 20
 Mark Mullins – trombone on tracks 11 and 18
 Stephen Perkins – steel drums on track 22
 Howie Pyro - gang vocals on track 2
 Marky Ramone - gang vocals on track 2
 Vic Ruggiero – B3 organ on tracks 5, 8-9, 11, 13, 18, 21, piano on 5, 9, 12, 14, 18, 21, percussion on 5 and 18, guitar on 12
 Jamil Sharif – trumpet on tracks 11 and 18
 Neville Staple – additional vocals on track 8
 Tim Shaw - gang vocals on track 2
 Eric Stefani – piano on track 3
 Will Wheaton – backing vocals on tracks 11 and 21

Production
 Thomas Johnson (music producer) – percussion, engineer, mixing
 Bob Ludwig – mastering
 Jerry Finn – mixing
 Jim Albert – engineering
 Robi Banerji – engineering
 Albert Cayati – engineering
 Michael "Cooley" Cooper – engineering
 Kevin Dena – engineering
 John Ewing, Jr. – engineering
 Grace Falconer – engineering
 Lior Goldenberg – engineering
 Cappy Japngie – engineering
 Walter Mauceri – engineering
 Spencer Ledyard – engineering
 Steve Mixdorf – engineering
 Jonathan Mooney – engineering
 Michael Penketh - engineering
 Ronnie Rivera – engineering
 Michael Rosen – engineering
 Kevin Smith – engineering
 Rohan "Jimjay" Stephens – engineering
 Claus Trelby – engineering
 John Tyree – engineering
 Howard Willing – engineering
 Joe Zook – engineering
 Jesse Fischer – artwork, photography

Charts

References

Rancid (band) albums
1998 albums
Epitaph Records albums

Life Won't Wait


was a Japanese novelist, literary critic, and lecturer and translator of French literature who was active during the Shōwa period of Japan. Ōoka belongs to the group of postwar writers whose World War II experiences at home and abroad figure prominently in their works. Over his lifetime, he contributed short stories and critical essays to almost every literary magazine in Japan.

Early life
Ōoka was born in Ushigome Ward of Tokyo (now part of Shinjuku, Tokyo) to parents from Wakayama prefecture. His father was a stockbroker and his mother was a geisha. Raised to study literature from early childhood, he mastered French while in high school. His parents also hired the famed literary critic Kobayashi Hideo to be his tutor. Under Kobayashi's instruction, he made the acquaintance of poet Nakahara Chūya, the critic , and others who would become well known literary figures. He entered Kyoto Imperial University School of Literature in April 1929, graduating in March 1932.

After graduation, he became a journalist with the , a pro-government newspaper, but quit after one year to devote himself to the study and translation of the works of Stendhal and other European writers into Japanese. In 1938, to support himself, he found a job as a translator with Air Liquide (Teikoku Sansō), a Franco-Japanese industrial company based in Kobe. In June 1943, he left their employ, and in November of the same year obtained a position at Kawasaki Heavy Industries.

However, in 1944, he was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army, given only three months of rudimentary training and sent to the front line at Mindoro Island in the Philippines, where he served as his battalion's communications technician until his battalion was routed and numerous men killed. In January 1945, he was captured by American forces and sent to a prisoner of war camp on Leyte Island. Survival was very traumatic for Ōoka, who was troubled that he, a middle-aged and, to his way of thinking, unworthy soldier, had survived when so many others had not. He returned to Japan at the end of the year and lived at Akashi, Hyōgo.

Literary career
It was not until his repatriation after the war's end that Ōoka began his career as a writer.  On the recommendation of his childhood French tutor and mentor Kobayashi Hideo, he published an autobiographical short-story of his experiences as a prisoner of war entitled Furyoki (, "Taken Captive: A Japanese POW's Story", 1948), in three separate parts between 1948 and 1951. Its publication, along with winning the Yokomitsu Riichi Prize in 1949, encouraged him to take up writing as a career.

His next work, Musashino Fujin, (, "A Wife in Musashino", 1950), is a psychological novel patterned after the works of Stendhal.

His best-known novel, Nobi (, Fires on the Plain, 1951), was also well received by critics, and won the prestigious Yomiuri Prize in 1951. Considered one of the most important novels of the postwar period and based loosely on his own wartime experiences in the Philippines, Nobi explores the meaning of human existence through the struggle for survival of men who are driven by starvation to cannibalism. It was subsequently made into a prize-winning film by Ichikawa Kon in 1959, although the film substantially changes the protagonist's relationship to the theme of cannibalism and Christianity.

In 1958, he veered from his usual subjects and produced Kaei (, "The Shade of Blossoms", 1958–1959), depicting an aging, naive nightclub hostess's struggle and ultimate demise from the destructive forces of desire and wealth in the decadent 1950s Ginza. The setting had changed but the recurring themes had not. His characters were still adrift and struggling for survival in an inhospitable environment.  Kaei won the  in 1961.

From 1953 to 1954, he was a Fulbright Visiting Professor at Yale University.  He was also a lecturer on French literature at Meiji University in Tokyo.

In the late 1960s, he revisited the subject of the Pacific War and the Japanese defeat in the Philippines to produce the detailed historical novel Reite senki (, "A Record of the Battle of Leyte", 1971).  He compiled and researched an enormous amount of information for three years in order to produce it. As with all his writing, it looks at war critically from the perspective of a person who, despite ethical reservations, was forced to serve. The novel won the .

He was invited to become a member of the Japan Art Academy in November 1971 but declined to join, partly, he said, on account of his former experience of soldier and prisoner of war.

Along with translations and fiction, he also devoted himself to writing the critical biographies of  and Nakahara Chūya, which won the Noma Literary Prize in 1974. He was awarded the prestigious Asahi Prize in January 1976 and the Mystery Writers of Japan Award in March 1978.

He died in 1988 at the age of 79. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in the outskirts of Tokyo. He was posthumously awarded a second Yomiuri Prize in 1989 for a biography of Natsume Sōseki.

In October 1994, the Japanese writer Kenzaburō Ōe, when awarded the Nobel Prize of literature, mentioned Shohei Ooka as one of the Japanese writers who "created the way to the Nobel Prize" for him

See also

Japanese literature
List of Japanese authors
The Second Generation of Postwar Writers

References

 Ooka, Shohei. Fires on the Plain. Tuttle Publishing (2001). .
 Ooka, Shohei. Taken Captive: A Japanese POW's Story. Wiley (1996). .
 Ooka, Shohei. The Shade of Blossoms. University of Michigan Press (1998).
 Ooka, Shohei. A Wife in Musashino. Center for Japanese Studies University of Michigan (2004). .
 Stahl, David C. The Burdens of Survival: Ooka Shohei's Writings on the Pacific War. University of Hawai'i Press (2003). .

External links
 Shohei Ooka at J'Lit Books from Japan
 Synopsis of A Wife in Musashino (Musashino Fujin) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project)
 Synopsis of Taken Captive (Furyoki) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project)

1909 births
1988 deaths
Kyoto University alumni
20th-century Japanese novelists
Japanese literary critics
Japanese male short story writers
Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II
Japanese prisoners of war
Mystery Writers of Japan Award winners
Yomiuri Prize winners
Writers from Tokyo
20th-century Japanese translators
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States
Imperial Japanese Army soldiers

Shōhei Ōoka


Richard Bassett (April 2, 1745 – September 15, 1815) was an American politician, attorney, slave owner and later abolitionist, veteran of the American Revolution, signer of the United States Constitution, and one of the Founding Fathers of America. He also served as United States Senator from Delaware, chief justice of the Delaware Court of Common Pleas, governor of Delaware and a United States circuit judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Third Circuit.

Education and career

Born on April 2, 1745, in Cecil County, Province of Maryland, British America, Bassett pursued preparatory studies, then read law. He was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Delaware. By concentrating on agricultural pursuits as well as religious and charitable concerns, he quickly established himself amongst the local gentry and "developed a reputation for hospitality and philanthropy." He was a member of the Delaware constitutional conventions of 1776 and 1792. He was a member of the Council of Safety in Dover, Delaware from 1776 to 1786. He served in the Delaware State Militia as a company captain of the Dover Light Horse Regiment from 1777 to 1781. He was a member of the Delaware Legislative Council (now the Delaware Senate) in 1782. He was a member of the Delaware House of Representatives in 1786. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and was a signer of the United States Constitution. He was a member of the Delaware convention which ratified the United States Constitution in 1787. He was in private practice in Wilmington, Delaware from 1787 to 1789.

Bassett was elected to the United States Senate from Delaware and served from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1793, first as a member of the Anti-Administration Party and later as a member of the Pro-Administration Party. Due to his name coming first alphabetically out of all 20 senators whom commenced their first term on the 4th of March, 1789, Bassett is the most senior senator to have served in the United States Senate. Bassett was chief justice of the Delaware Court of Common Pleas from 1793 to 1799. He was governor of Delaware from 1799 to 1801.

Bassett was nominated by President John Adams on February 18, 1801, to the United States Circuit Court for the Third Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 2 Stat. 89. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 20, 1801, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on July 1, 1802, due to abolition of the court.

Later life and death

After leaving the federal bench, Bassett became a planter in Cecil County.

While he was a slave owner, after converting to Methodism in the 1780s, he freed his slaves and campaigned for the state of Delaware to abolish slavery.

He died on September 15, 1815, on his estate Bohemia Manor in Cecil County. He was initially interred in Cecil County, and in 1865 his remains were re-interred in Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery in Wilmington, Delaware.

Legacy

Bassett was the grandfather of Richard H. Bayard and James A. Bayard Jr., both United States senators from Delaware.

Bassett Street in Madison, Wisconsin, is named in Bassett's honor.

Bassettown, now Washington, Pennsylvania, was named in Bassett's honor by his cousin David Hoge.

Note

References

Sources

Images
 National Portrait Gallery; portrait courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery.

External links

 Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States

 Biography by Russell Pickett
 Delaware's Governors
 The Political Graveyard
 Judges of the United States Courts
 National Archives
 Biography of Bassett  in Soldier-Statesman of the Constitution at the United States Army Center of Military History

1745 births
1815 deaths
Founding Fathers of the United States
People from Cecil County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
People of colonial Delaware
Signers of the United States Constitution
Anti-Administration Party United States senators from Delaware
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from Delaware
Delaware Federalists
Governors of Delaware
Federalist Party state governors of the United States
Members of the Delaware House of Representatives
Delaware state senators
Delaware Court of Common Pleas judges
Judges of the United States circuit courts
United States federal judges appointed by John Adams
Delaware lawyers
People from Dover, Delaware
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American judges
19th-century American judges
Delaware militiamen in the American Revolution
Burials at Wilmington and Brandywine Cemetery
United States senators who owned slaves

Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)


The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871, which applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection, a form of biological adaptation distinct from, yet interconnected with, natural selection.  The book discusses many related issues, including evolutionary psychology, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary musicology, differences between human races, differences between sexes, the dominant role of women in mate choice, and the relevance of the evolutionary theory to society.

Publication
As Darwin wrote, he posted chapters to his daughter Henrietta for editing to ensure that damaging inferences could not be drawn, and also took advice from his wife Emma. Many of the figures were drawn by the zoological illustrator T. W. Wood, who had also illustrated Wallace's The Malay Archipelago (1869). The corrected proofs were sent off on 15 January 1871 to the publisher John Murray and published on 24 February 1871 as two 450-page volumes, which Darwin insisted was one complete, coherent work, and were priced at £14 shillings.

Within three weeks of publication a reprint had been ordered, and 4,500 copies were in print by the end of March 1871, netting Darwin almost £1,500. Darwin's name created demand for the book, but the ideas were old news. "Everybody is talking about it without being shocked," which he found "proof of the increasing liberality of England".

Editions and reprints
Darwin himself and some of his children edited many of the large number of revised editions, some extensively. In late 1873, Darwin tackled a new edition of the Descent of Man. Initially, he offered Wallace the work of assisting him, but, when Emma found out, she had the task given to their son George, so Darwin had to write apologetically to Wallace. Huxley assisted with an update on ape-brain inheritance, which Huxley thought "pounds the enemy into a jelly... though none but anatomists" would know it. The manuscript was completed in April 1874 and published on 13 November that year. This has been the edition most commonly reprinted after Darwin's death and to the present day.

Content

Part I: The evolution of man

Evolution of physical traits

In the introduction to Descent, Darwin lays out the purpose of his text:
"The sole object of this work is to consider, firstly, whether man, like every other species, is descended from some pre-existing form; secondly, the manner of his development; and thirdly, the value of the differences between the so-called races of man."
Darwin's approach to arguing for the evolution of human beings is to outline how similar human beings are to other animals. He begins by using anatomical similarities, focusing on body structure, embryology, and "rudimentary organs" that presumably were useful in one of man's "pre-existing" forms. He then moves on to argue for the similarity of mental characteristics.

Evolution of mental traits
Based on the work of his cousin, Francis Galton, Darwin is able to assert that human character traits and mental characteristics are inherited the same as physical characteristics, and argues against the mind/body distinction for the purposes of evolutionary theory. From this Darwin then provides evidence for similar mental powers and characteristics in certain animals, focusing especially on apes, monkeys, and dogs for his analogies for love, cleverness, religion, kindness, and altruism. He concludes on this point that "Nevertheless the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind." He additionally turns to the behaviour of "savages" to show how many aspects of Victorian England's society can be seen in more primitive forms.

In particular, Darwin argues that even moral and social instincts are evolved, comparing religion in man to fetishism in "savages" and his dog's inability to tell whether a wind-blown parasol was alive or not. Darwin also argues that all civilisations had risen out of barbarism, and that he did not think that barbarism is a "fall from grace" as many commentators of his time had asserted.

Natural selection and civilised society
In this section of the book, Darwin also turns to the questions of what after his death would be known as social Darwinism and eugenics. Darwin notes that, as had been discussed by Alfred Russel Wallace and Galton, natural selection seemed to no longer act upon civilised communities in the way it did upon other animals:

Darwin felt that these urges towards helping the "weak members" was part of our evolved instinct of sympathy, and concluded that "nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature". As such, '"we must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind". Darwin did feel that the "savage races" of man would be subverted by the "civilised races" at some point in the near future, as stated in the human races section below. He did show a certain disdain for "savages", professing that he felt more akin to certain altruistic tendencies in monkeys than he did to "a savage who delights to torture his enemies". However, Darwin is not advocating genocide, but clinically predicting, by analogy to the ways that "more fit" varieties in a species displace other varieties, the likelihood that indigenous peoples will eventually die out from their contact with "civilization", or become absorbed into it completely.

His political opinions (and Galton's as well) were strongly inclined against the coercive, authoritarian forms of eugenics that became so prominent in the 20th century. Note that even Galton's ideas about eugenics were not the compulsory sterilisation which became part of eugenics in the United States, or the later genocidal programs of Nazi Germany, but rather further education on the genetic aspects of reproduction, encouraging couples to make better choices for their wellbeing.

For each tendency of society to produce negative selections, Darwin also saw the possibility of society to itself check these problems, but also noted that with his theory "progress is no invariable rule." Towards the end of Descent of Man, Darwin said that he believed man would "sink into indolence" if severe struggle was not continuous, and thought that "there should be open competition for all men; and the most able should not be prevented by laws or customs from succeeding best and rearing the largest number of offspring", but also noted that he thought that the moral qualities of man were advanced much more by habit, reason, learning, and religion than by natural selection. The question plagued him until the end of his life, and he never concluded fully one way or the other about it.

On the Races of Man

In the first chapters of the book, Darwin argued that there is no fundamental gap between humans and other animals in intellectual and moral faculties as well as anatomy. Retreating from his egalitarian ideas of the 1830s, he ranked life on a hierarchic scale which he extended to human races on the basis of anthropology published since 1860: human prehistory outlined by John Lubbock and Edward Burnett Tylor combined archaeology and studies of modern indigenous peoples to show progressive evolution from Stone Age to steam age; the human mind as the same in all cultures but with modern "primitive" peoples giving insight into prehistoric ways of life. Darwin did not support their view that progress was inevitable, but he shared their belief in human unity and held the common attitude that male European liberalism and civilisation had progressed further in morality and intellect than "savage" peoples.

He attributed the "great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies" to extinction, and as spreading civilisation wiped out wildlife and native human cultures, the gap would widen to somewhere "between man in a more civilised state, as we may hope, than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as at present between the negro or Australian and the gorilla." While there "can be no doubt that the difference between the mind of the lowest man and that of the highest animal is immense", the "difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, is certainly one of degree and not of kind." At the same time, all human races had many mental similarities, and early artefacts showing shared culture were evidence of evolution through common descent from an ancestral species which was likely to have been fully human.

Introducing chapter seven ("On the Races of Man"), Darwin wrote: "It is not my intention here to describe the several so-called races of men; but to inquire what is the value of the differences between them under a classificatory point of view, and how they have originated." In answering the question of whether the races should rank as varieties of the same species or count as different species, Darwin discussed arguments which could support the idea that human races were distinct species. This included the geographical distribution of mammal groups which was correlated with the distribution of human races, and the finding of Henry Denny that different species of lice affected different races differently.
Darwin then presented the stronger evidence that human races are all the same species, noting that when races mixed together, they intercrossed beyond the "usual test of specific distinctness" and that characteristics identifying races were highly variable. He put great weight on the point that races graduate into each other, writing "But the most weighty of all the arguments against treating the races of man as distinct species, is that they graduate into each other, independently in many cases, as far as we can judge, of their having intercrossed", and concluded that the stronger evidence was that they were not different species.

This conclusion on human unity was supported by monogenism, including John Bachman's evidence that intercrossed human races were fully fertile. Proponents of polygenism opposed unity, but the gradual transition from one race to another confused them when they tried to decide how many human races should count as species: Louis Agassiz said eight, but Morton said twenty-two. Darwin commented that the "question whether mankind consists of one or several species has of late years been much agitated by anthropologists, who are divided into two schools of monogenists and polygenists." The latter had to "look at species either as separate creations or as in some manner distinct entities" but those accepting evolution "will feel no doubt that all the races of man are descended from a single primitive stock". Although races differed considerably, they also shared so many features "that it is extremely improbable that they should have been independently acquired by aboriginally distinct species or races." He drew on his memories of Jemmy Button and John Edmonstone to emphasise "the numerous points of mental similarity between the most distinct races of man. The American aborigines, Negroes and Europeans differ as much from each other in mind as any three races that can be named; yet I was incessantly struck, whilst living with the Fuegians on board the Beagle, with the many little traits of character, shewing how similar their minds were to ours; and so it was with a full-blooded negro with whom I happened once to be intimate." Darwin concluded that "when the principles of evolution are generally accepted, as they surely will be before long, the dispute between the monogenists and the polygenists will die a silent and unobserved death."

Darwin rejected both the idea that races had been separately created, and the concept that races had evolved in parallel from separate ancestral species of apes. He reviewed possible explanations of divergence into racial differences such as adaptations to different climates and habitats, but found inadequate evidence to support them, and proposed that the most likely cause was sexual selection, a subject to which he devoted the greater part of the book, as described in the following section.

Part II and III: Sexual selection

Part II of the book begins with a chapter outlining the basic principles of sexual selection, followed by a detailed review of many different taxa of the kingdom Animalia which surveys various classes  such as molluscs and crustaceans. The tenth and eleventh chapters are both devoted to insects, the latter specifically focusing on the order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths. The remainder of the book shifts to the vertebrates, beginning with cold blooded vertebrates (fishes, amphibians and reptiles) followed by four chapters on birds. Two chapters on mammals precede those on humans. Darwin explained sexual selection as a combination of "female choosiness" and "direct competition between males".

Darwin's theories of evolution by natural selection were used to try to show women's place in society was the result of nature. One of the first women to critique Darwin, Antoinette Brown Blackwell published The Sexes Throughout Nature  in 1875. She was aware she would be considered presumptuous for criticising evolutionary theory but wrote that "disadvantages under which we [women] are placed...will never be lessened by waiting". Blackwell's book answered Darwin and Herbert Spencer, who she thought were the two most influential living men. She wrote of "defrauded womanhood" and her fears that "the human race, forever retarding its own advancement...could not recognize and promote a genuine, broad, and healthful equilibrium of the sexes".

In the Descent of Man, Darwin wrote that by choosing tools and weapons over the years, "man has ultimately become superior to woman", but Blackwell's argument for women's equality went largely ignored until the 1970s when feminist scientists and historians began to explore Darwin. As recently as 2004, Griet Vandermassen, aligned with other Darwinian feminists of the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), wrote that a unifying theory of human nature should include sexual selection. But then the "opposite ongoing integration" was promoted by another faction as an alternative in 2007. Nonetheless, Darwin's explanation of sexual selection continues to receive support from both social and biological scientists as "the best explanation to date".

Apparently non-adaptive features
In Darwin's view, anything that could be expected to have some adaptive feature could be explained easily with his theory of natural selection. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin wrote that to use natural selection to explain something as complicated as a human eye, "with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration" might at first appear "absurd in the highest possible degree," but nevertheless, if "numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist", then it seemed quite possible to account for within his theory.

More difficult for Darwin were highly evolved and complicated features that conveyed apparently no adaptive advantage to the organism. Writing to colleague Asa Gray in 1860, Darwin commented that he remembered well a "time when the thought of the eye made me cold all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, & now small trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!" Why should a bird like the peacock develop such an elaborate tail, which seemed at best to be a hindrance in its "struggle for existence"? To answer the question, Darwin had introduced in the Origin the theory of sexual selection, which outlined how different characteristics could be selected for if they conveyed a reproductive advantage to the individual. In this theory, male animals in particular showed heritable features acquired by sexual selection, such as "weapons" with which to fight over females with other males, or beautiful plumage with which to woo the female animals. Much of Descent is devoted to providing evidence for sexual selection in nature, which he also ties into the development of aesthetic instincts in human beings, as well as the differences in coloration between the human races.

Darwin had developed his ideas about sexual selection for this reason since at least the 1850s, and had originally intended to include a long section on the theory in his large, unpublished book on species. When it came to writing Origin (his "abstract" of the larger book), though, he did not feel he had sufficient space to engage in sexual selection to any strong degree, and included only three paragraphs devoted to the subject. Darwin considered sexual selection to be as much of a theoretical contribution of his as was his natural selection, and a substantial amount of Descent is devoted exclusively to this topic.

Darwin's background issues and concerns

It was Darwin's second book on evolutionary theory, following his 1859 work, On the Origin of Species, in which he explored the concept of natural selection and which had been met with a firestorm of controversy in reaction to Darwin's theory. A single line in this first work hinted at such a conclusion: "light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". When writing The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication in 1866, Darwin intended to include a chapter including man in his theory, but the book became too big and he decided to write a separate "short essay" on ape ancestry, sexual selection and human expression, which became The Descent of Man.

The book is a response to various debates of Darwin's time far more wide-ranging than the questions he raised in Origin. It is often erroneously assumed that the book was controversial because it was the first to outline the idea of human evolution and common descent. Coming out so late into that particular debate, while it was clearly Darwin's intent to weigh in on this question, his goal was to approach it through a specific theoretical lens (sexual selection), which other commentators at the period had not discussed, and consider the evolution of morality and religion. The theory of sexual selection was also needed to counter the argument that beauty with no obvious utility, such as exotic birds' plumage, proved divine design, which had been put strongly by the Duke of Argyll in his book The Reign of Law (1868).

Human faculties
The major sticking point for many in the question of human evolution was whether human mental faculties could have possibly been evolved. The gap between humans and even the smartest ape seemed too large, even for those who were sympathetic to Darwin's basic theory. Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection, believed that the human mind was too complex to have evolved gradually, and began over time to subscribe to a theory of evolution that took more from spiritualism than it did the natural world. Darwin was deeply distressed by Wallace's change of heart, and much of the Descent of Man is in response to opinions put forth by Wallace. Darwin focuses less on the question of whether humans evolved than he does on showing that each of the human faculties considered to be so far beyond those of beasts—such as moral reasoning, sympathy for others, beauty, and music—can be seen in kind (if not degree) in other animal species (usually apes and dogs).

Human races

Darwin was a long-time abolitionist who had been horrified by slavery when he first came into contact with it in Brazil while touring the world on the Beagle voyage many years before (slavery had been illegal in the British Empire since 1833). Darwin also was perplexed by the "savage races" he saw in South America at Tierra del Fuego, which he saw as evidence of man's more primitive state of civilisation. During his years in London, his private notebooks were riddled with speculations and thoughts on the nature of the human races, many decades before he published Origin and Descent.

When making his case that human races were all closely related and that the apparent gap between humans and other animals was due to closely related forms being extinct, Darwin drew on his experiences on the voyage showing that "savages" were being wiped out by "civilized" peoples.
When Darwin referred to "civilised races" he was almost always describing European cultures, and apparently drew no clear distinction between biological races and cultural races in humans. Few made that distinction at the time, an exception being Alfred Russel Wallace.

Social implications of Darwinism

Since the publication of Origin, a wide variety of opinions had been put forward on whether the theory had implications towards human society. One of these, later known as Social Darwinism, has been attributed to Herbert Spencer's writings before publication of Origin, and argued that society would naturally sort itself out, and that the more "fit" individuals would rise to positions of higher prominence, while the less "fit" would succumb to poverty and disease. On this interpretation, Spencer alleged that government-run social programmes and charity hinder the "natural" stratification of the populace.  But while Spencer did first introduce the phrase "survival of the fittest" in 1864, he always vigorously denied this interpretation of his works, arguing that the natural course of social evolution is toward greater altruism, and that the good done by charity and giving aid to the less fortunate, so long as done without coercion and in such a way as to foster independence rather than dependence, outweighs any harm done by saving the less fit. In any case, Spencer was primarily a Lamarckian evolutionist; hence, fitness could be acquired in a single generation and thus in no way did "survival of the fittest" as a tenet of Darwinian evolution predate it.

Another of these interpretations, later known as eugenics, was put forth by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, in 1865 and 1869. Galton argued that just as physical traits were clearly inherited among generations of people, so could be said for mental qualities (genius and talent). Galton argued that social mores needed to change so that heredity was a conscious decision, to avoid over-breeding by "less fit" members of society and the under-breeding of the "more fit" ones. In Galton's view, social institutions such as welfare and insane asylums were allowing "inferior" humans to survive and reproduce at levels faster than the more "superior" humans in respectable society, and if corrections were not soon taken, society would be awash with "inferiors." Darwin read his cousin's work with interest, and devoted sections of Descent of Man to discussion of Galton's theories. Neither Galton nor Darwin, though, advocated any eugenic policies such as those undertaken in the early 20th century, as government coercion of any form was very much against their political opinions.

Sexual selection
Darwin's views on sexual selection were opposed strongly by his co-discoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, though much of his "debate" with Darwin took place after Darwin's death. Wallace argued against sexual selection, saying that the male-male competition aspects were simply forms of natural selection, and that the notion of female mate choice was attributing the ability to judge standards of beauty to animals far too cognitively undeveloped to be capable of aesthetic feeling (such as beetles).

Wallace also argued that Darwin too much favoured the bright colours of the male peacock as adaptive without realising that the "drab" peahen's coloration is itself adaptive, as camouflage. Wallace more speculatively argued that the bright colours and long tails of the peacock were not adaptive in any way, and that bright coloration could result from non-adaptive physiological development (for example, the internal organs of animals, not being subject to a visual form of natural selection, come in a wide variety of bright colours). This has been questioned by later scholars as quite a stretch for Wallace, who in this particular instance abandoned his normally strict "adaptationist" agenda in asserting that the highly intricate and developed forms such as a peacock's tail resulted by sheer "physiological processes" that were somehow not at all subjected to adaptation.

Apart from Wallace, a number of scholars considered the role of sexual selection in human evolution controversial. Darwin was accused of looking at the evolution of early human ancestors through the moral lens of the 19th century Victorian society. Joan Roughgarden, citing many elements of sexual behaviour in animals and humans that cannot be explained by the sexual selection model, suggested that the function of sex in human evolution was primarily social. Joseph Jordania suggested that in explaining such human morphological and behavioural characteristics as singing, dancing, body painting, wearing of clothes, Darwin (and proponents of sexual selection) neglected another important evolutionary force, intimidation of predators and competitors with the ritualised forms of warning display. Warning display uses virtually the same arsenal of visual, audio, olfactory and behavioural features as sexual selection. According to the principle of aposematism (warning display), to avoid costly physical violence and to replace violence with the ritualised forms of display, many animal species (including humans) use different forms of warning display: visual signals (contrastive body colours, eyespots, body ornaments, threat display and various postures to look bigger), audio signals (hissing, growling, group vocalisations, drumming on external objects), olfactory signals (producing strong body odors, particularly when excited or scared), behavioural signals (demonstratively slow walking, aggregation in large groups, aggressive display behaviour against predators and conspecific competitors). According to Jordania, most of these warning displays were incorrectly attributed to the forces of sexual selection.

While debates on the subject continued, in January 1871 Darwin started on another book, using leftover material on emotional expressions, which became The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.

In recent years controversy also involved the peacock tail, the most famous symbol of the principle of sexual selection. A seven-year Japanese study of free-ranging peafowl came to the conclusion that female peafowl do not select mates merely on the basis of their trains. Mariko Takahashi found no evidence that peahens expressed any preference for peacocks with more elaborate trains, such as trains having more ocelli, a more symmetrical arrangement or a greater length. Takahashi determined that the peacock's train was not the universal target of female mate choice, showed little variance across male populations, and, based on physiological data collected from this group of peafowl, do not correlate to male physical conditions. Adeline Loyau and her colleagues responded to Takahashi's study by voicing concern that alternative explanations for these results had been overlooked and that these might be essential for the understanding of the complexity of mate choice. They concluded that female choice might indeed vary in different ecological conditions. Jordania suggested that peacock's display of colourful and oversize train with plenty of eyespots, together with their extremely loud call and fearless behaviour has been formed by the forces of natural selection (not sexual selection), and served as a warning (aposematic) display to intimidate predators and rivals.

Effect on society
In January 1871, Thomas Huxley's former disciple, the anatomist St. George Mivart, had published On the Genesis of Species as a critique of natural selection. In an anonymous Quarterly Review article, he claimed that the Descent of Man would unsettle "our half educated classes" and talked of people doing as they pleased, breaking laws and customs. An infuriated Darwin guessed that Mivart was the author and, thinking "I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men", looked for an ally. In September, Huxley wrote a cutting review of Mivart's book and article and a relieved Darwin told him "How you do smash Mivart's theology... He may write his worst & he will never mortify me again". As 1872 began, Mivart politely inflamed the argument again, writing "wishing you very sincerely a happy new year" while wanting a disclaimer of the "fundamental intellectual errors" in the Descent of Man. This time, Darwin ended the correspondence.

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

 – (archive.org) first re-issued by Hyperion in 1976

 – somewhat ahistorical treatment of the Darwin–Wallace debate on sexual selection.

External links

The Descent of Man (Volume 1) and (Volume 2) (from The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online)

1871 books
1871 in biology
Books about evolution
Books by Charles Darwin
British non-fiction literature
English-language books
Human evolution books
Sexual selection
John Murray (publishing house) books


Michael Watson  (born 15 March 1965) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 1991. He held the Commonwealth middleweight title from 1989 to 1991, and challenged three times for a world title between 1990 and 1991. Watson's career was cut short as a result of a near-fatal injury sustained during a loss to Chris Eubank for the WBO super-middleweight title in 1991.

Amateur career
Watson took up boxing at the age of fourteen at the Crown and Manor boxing club, where he proved to be a quick learner, winning an under-71 kg London Schools title in 1980.

He had an impressive 20–2 record at the Crown and Manor Club. He transferred to the Colvestone Boxing Club where he trained and sparred for over a year with Kirkland Laing, Dennis Andries, and Darren Dyer. He entered the 1983/84 Nationals at under 75 kg and won the title. On his 19th birthday he fought John Beckles during the 1984 London ABAs, both being national champions. Watson, initially seen as the underdog, won the fight in just over 30 seconds, and was seen as a hope for a boxing medal at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games. However, his place on the Olympic team was taken by Liverpool's Brian Schumacher.

Professional career
Watson's professional career lasted from 1984 to 1991. The highlight was his May 1989 victory over Nigel Benn to secure the British Commonwealth middleweight title. This led to a world title clash with Jamaican Mike McCallum, who defeated Watson by a knockout in the eleventh round.

On 22 June 1991 at Earl's Court, he met Chris Eubank in another opportunity for the world middleweight title. Eubank won by a majority decision of 116–113, 115–113 and 114–114, close enough to support dissension by some commentators and supporters.

Rematch with Eubank and career-ending injury
A rematch was arranged on 21 September 1991 at White Hart Lane, this time for the vacant WBO super middleweight title. In round 11, with Watson ahead on points and seemingly on the verge of a stoppage victory, he knocked Eubank down with an overhand right. Moments later, Eubank was back on his feet and connected with a devastating uppercut, which caused Watson to fall back and hit the back of his head against the ropes.

Referee Roy Francis stopped the fight in round 12, after which Watson collapsed in the ring. There was no ambulance or paramedic at the event. Doctors wearing dinner jackets arrived after some eight minutes, during which time the fallen fighter received no oxygen. A total of 28 minutes elapsed before Watson received treatment in a hospital neurosurgical unit. He spent 40 days in a coma and had six brain operations to remove a blood clot.

After regaining consciousness, he spent over a year in intensive care and rehabilitation and six more years confined to a wheelchair while he slowly recovered some movement and regained the ability to speak and write.
Peter Hamlyn, the consultant neurosurgeon who operated on Watson, said in 2010, "I think back to those first days, and the milestone moments. The first eight months were so depressing. He couldn't hear, couldn't speak, couldn't walk. Slowly, he clawed it all back. So extraordinary".

Life after boxing
Watson sued the British Boxing Board of Control (BBBoC) for negligence and won damages reputedly of around £1 million. The High Court ruled that the BBBoC was responsible for medical provision at a fight and that administering oxygen and resuscitation on site would have made a considerable difference to Watson's outcome. Mr Justice Kennedy said that the board was "in breach of its duty to Mr Watson". This decision was upheld at the Court of Appeal, and the BBBoC did not appeal to the House of Lords, selling their London headquarters to pay out a £400,000 compensation settlement. The judge said that this was "sadly a long way short of the damages that [Watson] would have received had the defendants had the money or had they been insured".

On 19 April 2003 Watson completed the London Marathon, walking two hours each morning and afternoon for six days. Raising money for the Brain and Spine Foundation, Watson slept overnight in a support bus.
Finishing the race by his side were Chris Eubank and his neurosurgeon Peter Hamlyn, both of whom had become his personal friends. On 4 February 2004 Watson was awarded the MBE by Queen Elizabeth II for his services to disability sport. Watson was announced as a torchbearer in the 2012 Paralympic relay.

In February 2017 Watson and his carer, Lennard Ballack, were victims of a carjacking in Chingford, London. During the attack, Ballack had ammonia sprayed in his face and was beaten, whilst Watson was dragged along the road when the car was driven off, unable to escape. Watson suffered flashbacks and seizures after the event. The two attackers were later sentenced to 16 years for their part in the attack and other crimes.

Professional boxing record

References

External links

Final two rounds of Eubank vs. Watson II at YouTube

1965 births
Living people
English male boxers
Middleweight boxers
Super-middleweight boxers
English people of Jamaican descent
People with traumatic brain injuries
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
People with severe brain damage

Michael Watson


O Pica-pau-de-peito-malhado (Dendropicos poecilolaemus) ou pica-pau-do-peito-pintado é uma espécie de ave piciforme da família Picidae.

Distribuição
Esta espécie ocorre na África Central e Oriental, ao longo de uma faixa que se estende desde os Camarões até ao Quénia.

Dendropicos
Aves descritas em 1893

Pica-pau-de-peito-malhado


تشارلز ألبرايت Charles Albright (ولد 10 أغسطس 1933) هو سفاح أمريكي من دالاس في تكساس، أدين بقتل ثلاثة مومسات في عام 1991. تم وضعه في سجن كليمنز

مراجع

العنف ضد المرأة في الولايات المتحدة
أشخاص أدينوا بالقتل في تكساس
أشخاص من دالاس (تكساس)
أمريكيون أدينوا بالاعتداء الجنسي على الأطفال
أمريكيون أدينوا بالسطو
أمريكيون أدينوا بجريمة قتل
أمريكيون أدينوا بسرقة
أمريكيون متبنون
جرائم قتل في الولايات المتحدة 1991
جمع التذكارات البشرية
خريجو جامعة سنترال أركنساس
سجناء أمريكيون حكم عليهم بالحبس المؤبد
سجناء حكم عليهم بالحبس المؤبد من قبل تكساس
قتلة متسلسلون
قتلة متسلسلون أمريكيون
مجرمون أمريكيون
مجرمون أمريكيون في القرن 20
مجرمون من تكساس
مواليد 1933
مواليد في أماريلو
وفيات 2020

تشارلز ألبرايت


(qui signifie « lézard de Bashan », d'après un nom ancien pour Chongqing) est un genre de dinosaure stégosaure provenant de la formation Shaximiao d'âge bajocien (Jurassique moyen) de Yunyang, Chongqing, Chine. L'espèce type est . C'est l'un des stégosaures les plus basaux et c'est aussi le plus ancien stégosaure connu, supplantant Adratiklit, qui a environ un million d'années de moins.

Découverte et dénomination
Bashanosaurus est connu à partir de deux squelettes partiels, ainsi que d'une vertèbre provenant d'un troisième individu ; ces restes ont été conservés sur le mur de fossiles de dinosaures, conservé au musée des dinosaures de Zigong, avec un autre spécimen, un crâne partiel, une vertèbre dorsale et un morceau d'armure cutanée (CLGPR V00006), qui appartient à un stégosaure indéterminé. Le matériau a été récupéré dans une carrière de Chongqing découverte en 2016, provenant de la Formation de Shaximiao. Les spécimens ont reçu le nom de Bashanosaurus primitivus dans un article de 2022, en référence à l'ancien nom de Chongqing et à sa position basale.

L'holotype, CLGPR V00006-1, comprend les os des membres, les vertèbres du dos et de la queue, des plaques et une pointe. Le deuxième spécimen CLGPR V00006-2, se compose de cinq vertèbres, d'un bas de jambe droit et d'une plaque. Le troisième spécimen est CLGPR V00006-3, une vertèbre dorsale. Un quatrième spécimen, CLGPR V00006-4, un squelette partiel avec crâne, n'a pas été mentionné car il ne partage pas de traits uniques avec l'holotype.

Description
Ses descripteurs estiment que l'holotype faisait 2,8 mètres de long, mais étant donné que les spécimens sont subadultes, Bashanosaurus a pu être plus grand.

Classification
Plusieurs de ses caractéristiques rappellent le thyréophore basal Scelidosaurus, bien qu'il possède également des traits plésiomorphes de thyréophores ainsi que des traits plus dérivés des stégosaures. À la lumière de cette mosaïque unique de caractéristiques, une analyse phylogénétique l'a placé comme le stégosaure le plus basal, dans un clade avec Chungkingosaurus, cohérent avec son jeune âge.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Ornithischia
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2022

Bashanosaurus