Kaşık bükme, paranormal yollarla veya fiziksel güç kullanmaksızın nesnelerde deformasyon oluşturulabileceğini iddia eden inanca verilen genel addır.

Telekinezi/Psikokinezi

Kaşık veya diğer metallerde deformasyon oluşturma telekinezi veya psikokinezi olarak da adlandırılan herhangi bir cismi uzaktan hareket ettirme veya çok az uygulanan bir temas gücüyle etkileme iddiasına verilen addır. Bu fenomenle ilgilenen parapsikologlar ve amatör ilgililer tarihte geçtiğine inanılan olağanüstü öyküler veya mucizelerin bir telekinezi biçimi olduğuna inanmaktadırlar. Ancak fenomene "Telekinesis" adının verilmesi çok yeni bir tarihe rastlanır. Tabir, Alman-Rus psişik araştırmacı Alexander N. Aksakof tarafından 1890'da kullanılmıştır. Psikokinesis tabiri ise 1914 yılında Amerikalı yazar ve yayımcı Henry Holt tarafından "On the Cosmic Relations" adlı eserinde geçmiş ve Amerikalı ünlü parapsikolog J.B.Rhine tarafından da benzeri fenomenleri tanımlamakta kullanılmıştır.

Batı'da ünlü telekinetikler

Metalleri hareket ettirdiğini iddia eden ünlü ilk batılı telekinetik Polonya doğumlu Stanislawa Tomczyk'dır. Stanislawa, hipnotik haldeyken bazı küçük objeleri havaya kaldırdığını iddia ediyordu (levitasyon). Stanislawa, 1910'da Varşova'da Fizik laboratuvarında bir grup bilim adamının gözetimi altında telekinetik yeteneklerini sergilemiştir.

Bir diğer ünlü telekinetik, Rus Nina Kulagina'dır. Nina Kulagina bu filme de alınan gösterilerinde metal çubuklar, kibrit çöplerini dokunmaksızın hareket ettirebilmekteydi. James Randi ve diğer eleştirenler bunları herhangi bir illüzyonist tarafından gerçekleştirilebilecek numaralar olduğunu ve Nina Kulagina hazırlıksızken test edilmesine izin verilmemesini bunu destekliğini söyler.

1970'li yıllarda bu tip olayları yapabildiğini iddia eden bazı insanlar ortaya çıkmıştı. En ünlüleri arasında Uri Geller de bulunan bu kişiler televizyon şovlarında ve bilim adamlarının laboratuvarlarında bu tip yeteneklerini sergilediler ve doğaüstü yeteneklere dahil bir kanıt gözlemlenemediği gibi sadece el çabukluğu olduğu kanıtlanmıştır.

Bazı bilim adamları ve James Randi gibi ünlü ve profesyonel bazı illüzyonistler bu tip yeteneklerin gerçekte bir hile ve el çabukluğundan başka bir şey olmadığını öne sürmüşlerdir. Randi ayrıca pek çok hileli yolun olduğunu iddia ettiği kaşık bükme gösterilerinin hemen hemen hepsini gerçekleştirmiştir.

2001 yılının Nisan ayında Arizona Üniversitesi psikoloji profesörü Gary Schwartz'ın yönetimi altındaki 60 kadar öğrenci, zihin güçlerini kullanarak çatal ve karışları bükmeleri istemiş ve denemelerde çeşitli derecelerde başarı sağlamışlardır. Deney yöntemini ve deneklerin manipüle edilmesi gibi bilimsel yönteme uymayan, yanıltıcı davranışları yüzünden makale saygıdeğer hiçbir bilim adamı tarafından dikkate değer bulunmamıştır. James Randi'nin 1 milyon dolarlık ödülü almak için testi tekrarlanması istediğinde de Schwartz bunu reddetmiştir.

Sahne gösterisinde kaşık bükme

İllüzyonistlerin kaşık bükme gösterileri diğer illüzyon gösterilerinde olduğu gibi seyircinin dikkatinin başka yöne çevrilmesi sırasında el çabukluğu ile kaşığa ya da metale yapılan fiziksel müdahale ile veya önceden hazırlanan çeşitli tekniklerle gerçekleştirilir. James Randi illüzyonistlerin kaşık bükme numaralarından örneğin kaşığın en zayıf yerinden daha önce kırılma noktasına yakın bir dereceye kadar bükülmesi gibi çeşitli hilelerini televizyonda kamuya açıklamıştır.

"İnsanüstülük Taslayanların İçyüzü" adlı eserinde psişik ve doğaüstü kabul edilen bazı fenomenlerin arkasında yattığını iddia ettiği hileleri ortaya koyan Metin And'a göre Geller'in 31 çeşit kaşık bükme numarası veya tekniği bulunmaktadır.

Kullanılan teknik ve metotlar

Sahne gösterileri ve illüzyonistlerin kullandığı göz boyama yöntemlerinin dışında da kaşık veya herhangi bir metal veya cismin parapsikologların "Psi" denilen zihinsel veya ruhsal güçle etkilenebileceği öne sürülmektedir. Özellikle ABD'de telekinetik gücün kullanılması üzerine bazı kişiler eğitim ve grup çalışmaları düzenlemekte ve katılımcıların bu güçleri kullanarak kaşık veya çatal bükebilmeleri öğretildiği iddia edilmektedir.

Houck metodu

Bir başka kaşık bükme metodu 2004 yılından bu yana Jack Houck tarafından yine onun tarafından düzenlenen "PK Partileri"nde tanıtılmaktadır. Bu partilerde misafirlere bedenlerinden geçen bir enerji akışının kaşığın belirli bir noktasına yöneltildiği hayal edilerek kaşığa bükülme emri verilmesiyle gerçekleştirilir. Daha sonra misafirler dikkatlerini başka bir yöne yönlendirerek kaşık ya da metali unuturlar. Metal bir süre sonra şaşırtıcı bir şekilde ellerinin küçük bir hareketiyle kolayca bükülmeye başlar. Houck ve takipçileri bunun psikokinetik bir fenomen olduğuna inanmakta ancak bazı kişiler bunun sadece gündelik tecrübenin dışında fakat sıradan bir fenomen olarak görmektedirler.

Houck'un metodunun anlatıldığı bir web sayfasında grup halindeki uygulamaların tek başına yapılanlardan daha hızlı sonuç verici olduğu belirtilmektedir. Katılımcılar bir araya geldikten sonra bir süre yeme içme vs. şeylerle vakit geçirirler daha sonra ortaya konulan metal eşyalardan herkes kendisine iyi hissettiren birini seçip alır ve daire şeklinde oturur, ışıkların gücü azaltılır ve müzik varsa kapatılır. Katılımcılar gözlerini kapatır. Katılımcılara kaşık veya çatalı baş ve işaret parmakları arasında tutmaları gevşeyip zihinlerini temizlemeleri, yavaş ve derinden nefes alıp vermeleri ve kendilerini en rahat, huzurlu hissedecekleri bir yerde(plaj, orman, göl kenarı vs.) bulunduklarını hayal etmeleri söylenir. Tüm sıkıntı ve dertlerden uzaklaşırlar, uykulu değil ancak tamamen gevşemişlerdir, huzurludurlar. Daha sonra katılımcılardan başlarının birkaç adım ötesinde altın bir enerji topunu hayal etmeleri istenir. Ondan yayılan sıcaklık ve enerjiyi hissetmeleri istenir. Bu enerji topundan sıcak bir ışın çıkıp katılımcıların alnına ulaştığını ve onların da bu sınırsız enerjiyi emdikleri hayal edilir. Enerjinin sıcaklığı alından omuz ve kollara yayılır. Güçlü ve canlı fakat yine huzurlu ve gevşemiş olan katılımcının kolunda hissettiği enerji oradan bilek ve eline akar ve dirseği ile eli arasında bu akış devam eder. Enerjinin sıcaklığının baş ve işaret parmağına geldiği ve oradan istenilen yere gidebileceği hayal edilir. Katılımcının üçe kadar sayıp gözlerini açması ve enerjinin elinde tuttuğu çatal ya da kaşığa akması için ona üç kez "Bükül" diye bağırması istenir.

Ancak bu noktadan sonra dikkatin dağıtılması ve katılımcıdan dikkatini tümüyle vermeden yoğunlaşması istenir. Hatta dikkatin belirli bir düzeyde dağıtılması için herhangi bir konuda (kaşık bükmek değil) ateşli bir tartışmaya bile girilebilir veya tanıdığınız biriyle metal bükmek dışında bir konuda da konuşabilirsiniz. Konu üzerinde daha yoğun düşündükçe işlerin daha da zorlaştığını göreceksinizdir. Bu yüzden dikkatinizin başka bir yöne kayması gereklidir, daha sonra metali alıp istediğiniz bir noktadan kolayca bükebildiğinizi göreceksiniz. Ancak metalin kolaylıkla bükülebilecek noktaya gelişi birkaç dakika alabildiği gibi saatler de sürebilmektedir. Aynı sayfada deneylerini paylaşan katılımcı on sekiz katılımcıdan sadece ikisinin bükmeyi başaramadığını belirtmekte ancak başarısızlık karşısında yılmayıp denemelere devam edilmesini önermektedir.

Dikkat: Yukarıdaki metotta kaşık elle bükülür ancak zihinle öylesine eriyik bir kıvama gelir ki bu çok rahatça yapılır.

Rick Tobin ve Ellie Crystal'in metodu

Ellerinizi yıkayın ve çatal veya benzeri bir metal nesneyi elinize alın. Rahatça oturun, gevşeyin, gözlerinizi kapayın zihninizi her türlü düşünce ve duygudan arındırın. Daha sonra parmak uçlarınızla nesnenin yüzeyini yavaşça ovalayın ve yüzeyin size ne hissettirdiği üzerine yoğunlaşın. Metaldeki moleküler enerji akışını hissetmeye çalışın ve nesnenin büküldüğünü hayal edin ve asla güç uygulamayın.

Hipnotik telkin

Bu yöntemde kişi hipnotik trans haline sokulur ve gerekli telkinlerle psişik gücünü tam olarak kullanabileceği, kaşığın kendi isteğiyle büküleceği telkini verilir ve bu duruma tam bir inanç duyması sağlanır. Bu yöntemle de eğer kişiye yapılan telkin güçlüyse ve bilinçaltı kısıtlamaları tam olarak kaldırılabilmişse kaşığın büküleceği iddia edilir.

Film

Bilimkurgu sinemasında çığır açan bir film olarak görülen 1999 yapımı Matrix'te, Neo bir oğlan çocuğunun güç kullanmaksızın bir kaşığı büküșünü izler. Çocuk Neo'ya kaşığı bükmenin imkânsız olduğunu ancak algısını "büküp" dünyada geri kalan diğer her şey gibi kaşığın da gerçekte olmadığını kavraması gerektiği söyler. Bu sahne üzerine yorumlar yapan birçok felsefeci, bilginin deneyle elde edilebileceğini savunan empirizmi öne sürerler.

İnanç ve hayal - dini-mistik hayat ve telekinezi

İnanç ile gündelik, sıradan hayatta alışkın olmadığımız pek çok şeyin gerçekleşebileceği inancı aslında oldukça kadim zamanlara kadar gitmektedir. Kadim dünyada kişinin inanç ve hayal dünyası ile fiziksel gerçeklik dünyasının, varlığın -birbirleriyle organik ilişki içinde olan- çeşitli katmanları olduğu kabul edilmekteydi, oysa bu anlayış Avrupa'daki felsefi ve bilimsel değişimler neticesinde önce ruh dünyasının yadsınması daha sonra da zihin ile madde arasına derin bir uçurum koyulmasıyla neredeyse kaybolmaya yüz tuttu. Ancak farklı dinlerin peygamberleri, veli ve azizleri inancın muhteşem gücü hakkında sözler, deyişler sunmuşlar ve inananlar veya en azından dindar kimseler de bunun gerçekliğinden asla şüphe etmemişlerdir. Örneğin İsa peygamber, denizdeki kasırgayı istekleriyle durduramamalarını havarilerin yetersiz inancına bağlamış ve onları azarlamıştı. İslam tasavvufunda Muhyiddin Arabi hayalin yaratıcı gücü olduğunu apaçık bir şekilde belirtmiştir. Arabi insan-ı kâmil ile ilgili izahlarında onun bütün ruhani enerjisini yoğunlaştırarak (ki buna himmet adını vermektedir) herhangi bir nesneye tesir edebileceğini hatta mevcut olmayan bir nesneyi dahi varlığa büründürebileceğini ifade eder. Arabi'nin varlık görüşünde Varlık alemi beş katmandan oluşmaktadır. Hisler Alemi, Misâl Alemi (hayalin denk düştüğü alem budur), Ruhlar Alemi, Müteal Akıllar Alemi, Zat Alemi. Her insan kendi hayal aleminde bir şeyi var kılabilir ancak İnsan-ı Kâmil veya Arif hayalinde var olan şeyi himmeti yani ruhani gücüyle zihninin dışına yansıtabilir. Ancak arifin gerçekte mevcut olmayan bir şeyi varlığa büründürmesi ile Tanrı'nın bir şeye mevcudiyet vermesi arasındaki derin fark arifin varlık verdiği şeyin onun himmeti sürecinde mevcudiyetini koruması ve sonra kaybolmasıdır. Ayrıca arif himmet kuvvetinin kendisinin kuvveti değil sadece Tanrı'nın kuvveti ve onun Kaviyy isminin tecellisi olduğunu bilir ve bu marifeti onu kendi isteğiyle himmet gücünü kullanmaktan sakındırır.

Tibet Budizminde lamaların eğitimlerinde de benzeri şekilde hayaldeki bir varlığa his dünyasında gerçeklik kazandırılmaya çalışılır. Tibet'te lamalar arasında bir süre kalarak çalışmalarını gözlemleyen Alexandra David-Neel de eserinde öğrencilerin inzivaya kapanıp Yidam'ını (koruyucu yarı-tanrı) günde bir öğün yedikleri yemek ve uyku haricinde hayal etmeye devam etmesi ve belirli mistik deyişlerin tekrarlamasıyla fiziksel dünyada varlık kazandırması ve hatta onun ayaklarına temas etmesi istenir. Yaratılan ve tulpa denilen bu varlıkların eğer onları meydana getiren kişinin belirli bir zihinsel ve ruhsal aydınlanma derecesine ulaşmamış olması durumunda tehlikeli olacağı uyarısını yapan Neel'in kendisi de belirli ayin ve konsantrasyonları uygulayarak bir Tulpa gerçekleştirdiğini söyler.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Parapsikoloji
 Telekinezi
 Geller etkisi
 Pirokinezi
 Elektrokinezi

Kaynakça
 Nina Kulagina
 İngilizce Vikipedi
 Paranormal Phenomena
 İngilizce Vikipedi Psychokinesis maddesi
 Toshihiko Izutsu, İbn Arabi'nin Fusûs'undaki Anahtar Kavramlar, Türkçesi Ahmed Yüksel Özemre, Kaknüs Yayınları, 1999, ss.361-366.
 Alexandra David-Neel, Tibet'te Büyü ve Gizem, Dharma Yay, İst. 2002, s.319-321, 352-355

Kitaplar
 The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena, Dean Radin, HarperEdge, 1997.
 Mind Over Matter, Loyd Auerbach, Kensington Books, 1996. ISBN 1-57566-047-4.
 Distant Mental Influence, William Braud, Hampton Roads Publishing, Inc., 2003. ISBN 1-57174-354-5. (largely a collection of published scientific research papers on formal experiments in psychokinesis conducted by the author with others between 1983 to 2000).
 Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality, Dean Radin, Pocket Books, 2006.
 Flim Flam!, James Randi, Prometheus Books, 1982, ISBN 0-87975-198-3

Dış bağlantılar
 Nina Kulagina Small Documentary
 Nina Kulagina cam kabın içindeki eşyaları hareket ettiriyor
 Michael Crichton kitabı Travels'de kaşık bükme ile ilgili yaşadığı deneyimlerden söz ediyor ve fenomenin gerçekliğini doğruluyor
 James Twyman'in kaşık bükme dersleri
 Psikokinesis partileri düzenleyen Jack Houck'tan kaşık bükme üzerine
 Video gösterisi eşliğinde Houck metoduyla nasıl kaşık büküleceğinin talimatları
 Houck metoduyla kaşık bükme
 Güneş Tan Akdoğan'ın kaşık bükme seminerleri
 You Tube'dan kaşık bükme gösterisi  ve İngilizce çevrilmiş hali real matrix spoon bending translation
 Uri Geller bir başkasına kaşık büktürüyor
 Youtube Kaşık Bükme
 Kolay Kaşık Bükme Yöntemi

Telekinezi üzerine bilimsel araştırmalar
 The Paranormal is not Excluded from Physics
 Jack Houck, presented at the Science of Whole Person Healing Conference, March 28, 2003
 Helmut Schmidt, Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1987
 Does Psi Exist and Can We prove It: Belief and Disbelief in Psychokinesis Research (.pdf file) by Eckhard Etzold, presented at the Parapsychological Association Convention 2004
 Can Our Intentions Interact Directly with the Physical World? (.pdf file) by William G. Braud, European Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 10, 1994

Metapsişik
Parapsikoloji
Paranormal terminolojisi
Sözdebilim

Kaşık bükme


Drugi svjetski rat po nadnevcima: 11. siječnja u Drugom svjetskom ratu.

1942.
Japanska carska mornarica osvojila Kuala Lumpur, glavni grad Malezije.

Drugi svjetski rat po nadnevcima

11. siječnja u Drugom svjetskom ratu


Birds bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Birds (Georgia), im Effingham County
 Birds (Lawrence County, Illinois)
 Birds (Will County, Illinois)
 Birds (Texas), im Tarrant County – nicht mehr existent

Sonstiges:
 Birds Nest Creek, Fließgewässer im Noble County, Oklahoma
 Birds Nest Slough, Fließgewässer im McMullen County, Texas
 Birds Eye Lake, See im Itasca County, Minnesota
 Birds Cove Island, Insel im Pender County, North Carolina
 Birds Tree Island, Insel im Brown County, Wisconsin
 Birds Eye, Mine im Santa Fe County, New Mexico
 Birds Eye Mine, Mine im Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
 Birds Creek Oil Field, Ölfeld im Catahoula Parish, Louisiana

Siehe auch:
 The Birds
 Birds Corner
 Birds Nest
 Birds Island

Birds


Eduard Wilhelm Freiherr von Schoen (Schön) (født 3. juni 1851 i Worms, død 24. april 1933 i Berchtesgaden) var en tysk diplomat. Han var især kendt som tysk ambassadør i Paris i begyndelsen af første Verdenskrig, og som udenrigsminister i Det Tyske Kejserrige.

Schoen, var oprindelig officer, men overgik i 1877 til diplomatiet og var bl.a. tysk ambassaderåd i Paris 1888–95. Efter nogle års hoftjeneste i Coburg var han i 1900–05 envoyé i København og i 1905–07 ambassadør i Sankt Petersborg.

Schoen rejste i 1905 med kejser Wilhelm II ved dennes politisk betydningsfulde besøg i Tanger og var i oktober 1907 til juni 1910 statssekretær for udenrigsanliggender (tilsvarende udenrigsminister). Fra oktober 1910 til 1. Verdenskrigs udbrud i 1914 var han ambassadør i Paris.

Schoen fik i 1909 titel af friherre.

Noter
 Der Nationalismus im Leben der Dritten Republik, Berlin 1920. (Mitautor)
 Erlebtes: Beiträge zur politischen Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, Stuttgart 1921.
 The Memoirs of An Ambassador. A Contribution to the Political History of Modern Times, London 1922,
 Mémoires (1900-1914), Paris 1922.
 Deutschland und die Schuldfrage, Berlin 1924.
 Kleiner Führer durch das Berchtesgadener Land, Berchtesgaden 1925.
 The German Declaration of War on France: The Question of Telegram Mutilations. Premier Poincaré versus Ambassador von Schoen, USA 1927.

Eksterne links
 Works by or about Wilhelm von Schoen at Internet Archive
 Biografi i Nordisk Familijebok fra 1916
 Wilhelm von Schoen biografi i det Tyske Nationalbibliotek

Politikere fra Tyskland
Udenrigsministre fra Tyskland

Wilhelm von Schoen


The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles. These high latitudes are dominated by floating sea ice covering much of the Arctic Ocean in the north, and by the Antarctic ice sheet on the continent of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the south.

Definitions
The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44" N), or just the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline. The Antarctic is usually defined simply as south of 60° south latitude, or the continent of Antarctica. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty uses the former definition.

The two polar regions are distinguished from the other two climatic and biometric belts of Earth, a tropics belt near the equator, and two middle latitude regions located between the tropics and polar regions.

Climate

Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the Sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, being less concentrated, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year except in tropical regions.

The axial tilt of the Earth has the most effect on climate of the polar regions due to its latitude. However, since the polar regions are the farthest from the equator, they receive the weakest solar radiation and are therefore generally frigid year round due to the earth's axial tilt of 23.5° not being enough to create a high maximum midday declination to sufficiently compensate the Sun's rays for the high latitude even in summer, except for relatively brief periods in peripheral areas near the polar circles. The large amount of ice and snow also reflects and weakens of what weak sunlight the polar regions receive further, contributing to the cold. Polar regions are characterized by extremely cold temperatures, heavy glaciation wherever there is sufficient precipitation to form permanent ice, short and still cold summers, and extreme variations in daylight hours, with twenty-four hours of daylight in summer, and complete darkness at mid-winter.

Circumpolar Arctic region

There are many settlements in Earth's north polar region. Countries with claims to Arctic regions are: the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, and Russia. Arctic circumpolar populations, though small, often share more in common with each other than with other populations within their national boundaries. As such, the northern polar region is diverse in human settlements and cultures.

Antarctica and the Southern sea

The southern polar region has no permanent human habitation as of now. McMurdo Station is the largest research station in Antarctica, run by the United States. Other notable stations include Palmer Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (United States), Esperanza Base and Marambio Base (Argentina), Scott Base (New Zealand), and Vostok Station (Russia).

While there are no indigenous human cultures, there is a complex ecosystem, especially along Antarctica's coastal zones. Coastal upwelling provides abundant nutrients which feeds krill, a type of marine Crustacea, which in turn feeds a complex of living creatures from penguins to blue whales.

See also
 Cryosphere
 Polar climate

References

Further reading
 Victor, Paul-Émile. Man and the Conquest of the Poles, trans. by Scott Sullivan. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.

External links

 The Polar Regions
 International Polar Foundation
 Arctic Environmental Atlas (UNDP)
 Earth's Polar Regions on Windows to the Universe
 Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution
 Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge
 WWF:The Polar Regions
 World Environment Day 2007 "Melting Ice" image gallery at The Guardian
 Polar Discovery

Geography of Antarctica
Arctic Ocean
Geography of the Arctic
Articles containing video clips

Polar regions of Earth


The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, popularly referred to as the 'Evo', is a sports sedan and rally car based on the Lancer that was manufactured by Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi Motors from 1992 until 2016. There have been ten official versions to date, and the designation of each model is most commonly a Roman numeral. All generations use two-litre intercooled turbo inline four-cylinder engines and all-wheel drive systems.

The Lancer was originally intended only for Japanese markets, but demand on the "grey import" market led the Evolution series to be offered through Ralliart dealer networks in the United Kingdom and in various European markets from around 1998. Mitsubishi decided to export the eighth generation Evolution to the United States in 2003 after witnessing the success Subaru had in that market the previous year with the Subaru Impreza WRX.

All domestic-market versions, until the release of the Evolution IX in 2005, were limited by a gentlemen's agreement between Japanese car manufacturers to advertise no more than . However, sources say Mitsubishi had already been producing cars with more power but had been underrating the official power outputs in order to comply with the agreement. Therefore, each subsequent version has unofficially evolved above the advertised power figures, with the Japanese-market Evolution IX reaching an alleged output of around . Various special versions available in other markets, particularly the UK, have official power outputs up to .

The tenth and final generation of the Lancer Evolution, the Evolution X, was launched in Japan in 2007, and overseas markets in 2008. The Evolution X was produced for almost 10 years until Mitsubishi retired the Lancer Evolution in April 2016.

Evolution I

The first Lancer Evolution used the 2.0 L turbocharged DOHC engine and AWD drivetrain from the original Galant VR-4 in a Lancer chassis, and was sold in GSR and RS models. This engine was also used in the Mitsubishi RVR with the Hyper Sports Gear trim package, and the Mitsubishi Chariot Resort Runner GT. The RS was a stripped-down version that lacked power windows and seats, anti-lock brakes, a rear wiper, and had steel wheels to weigh approximately  less than the  GSR, ready for racing or tuning. The RS version was released with a mechanical plate type rear limited-slip differential (LSD). The GSR came with all of the conveniences of a typical street car, including a digital screen climate control system. It came with Mitsubishi's 4G63 engine producing  at 6,000 rpm and  at 3,000 rpm. 5,000 of the first generation Evolutions were sold between 1992 and 1993. Top speed was . The GSR version of the Evolution I was the only Evolution Lancer released with a viscous limited-slip rear differential (VLSD). The subsequent Evolution Lancer models all featured rear mechanical plate type LSD's.

Evolution II

The Evolution II was upgraded in December 1993, and was produced until February 1995. It mainly consisted of handling improvements, including minor wheelbase adjustments, lighter front swaybar that connected via swaybar links to the front struts, bodywork tweaks including a larger spoiler, and tires that were  wider. This Evolution also has a  fuel tank. Power output was increased to  from the same engine and torque was unchanged for both GSR and RS models. Most cars came with 15-inch OZ 5-spoke wheels from the factory, although some RS models sold to privateer racing teams left the factory with steel wheels.

Evolution III

February 1995 saw the arrival of the Evolution III, following a pre-release in 1993 which had several improvements over the previous models. New, more aggressive styling and a new nose moulding improved the air supply to the radiator, intercooler and brakes. New side skirts and rear bumper moldings and a larger rear spoiler were added to reduce lift. The engine was improved and had a higher compression ratio than before, and a new turbocharger compressor (65 mm to 68 mm), which resulted in a power output of  at 6,250 rpm,  at 3,000 rpm. As per the previous Evolution II, an RS model was available.

Evolution IV

The Lancer platform was redesigned in 1996, and along with it, the Evolution. The engine and transaxle were rotated 180° to better balance the weight and eliminate torque steer.

There were two versions available, the RS and GSR. The RS version was produced as a competition car with a limited-slip front differential and a friction-type LSD at the rear. It also came with GLX seats and a choice of either 15-inch or 16-inch OZ lightweight racing wheels. The RS also had wind-up windows, optional air conditioning in some models, and a few extra brace bars to strengthen the chassis, one behind the front grille and another across the boot floor, and an aluminum rear strut tower brace.

The GSR and the RS shared a new twin-scroll turbocharger which helped to improve response and increase power to  at 6,500 rpm and  torque at 3,000 rpm. Mitsubishi's new Active Yaw Control appeared as a factory standard on the GSR model, which used steering, throttle input sensors and g sensors to computer-hydraulically control torque split individually to the rear wheels, Mitsubishi has planned to produced the Evolution IVs only 6,000 cars, but it was completely sold out in just three days after its release.

The Evolution IV can be distinguished by its two large fog lights in the front bumper (option on RS version), and the newly designed tail lights on the rear, which became a standard design to Evolution V, which would become yet another trademark of the Evolution series, note the RS has no light mounts on the boot/trunk for further weight saving.

This new generation was slightly heavier than previous Evo's—the GSR in particular due to the added technology systems—but to counter this, the car produced even more power—the weight of the RS being  and the GSR being  (Sunroof model ).

Much of the technical improvements for this generation were also used in the second-generation Mitsubishi RVR originally sold only in Japan but since exported to Australia and New Zealand. The Evolution IV was the last model to be considered "compact" according to Japanese dimension regulations.

RS – "Rally Sport" – Shortened close-ratio 5-speed transmission, minimal interior, front worm-gear LSD and rear 1.5-way LSD, front end crossbar, 15-inch steel rims, Lancer GLXi Front Seats (non-bucket seats), manual windows and mirrors. (Optional: manual air conditioning, PIAA front fog lights, anti-lock brakes, Lamco-Mitsubishi boost gauge.)
GSR – "Gran Sport Racing" – 5-speed manual transmission, AYC (Active Yaw Control), anti-lock brakes, black-red Recaro front bucket seats, Driver and Passenger-side Airbag, full auto air conditioner, Single DIN AM/FM/Cassette Stereo player with rear windscreen integrated antenna, PIAA front fog lights, power windows, 16-inch OZ Racing F1 wheels, rear windscreen wiper, optional: sunroof, Lamco-Mitsubishi boost gauge, 5-inch Double DIN TV Tuner/CD Player head unit.

Evolution V

Many aspects of the car were changed such as:
The interior was upgraded in the GSR version with a better class of Recaro seats.
The body kit had flared arches at the front and rear and a new aluminum rear spoiler replaced the IV FRP version and gave an adjustable angle of attack to alter rear downforce. (In process of doing so, the Evolution V onwards was no longer considered "compact" according to Japanese dimension regulations, as the car was now  wider than regulated limit of ).
The track was widened by , the wheel offset changed from ET45 to ET38 along with the wheel diameter which rose from 16 inches to 17 inches to accommodate Brembo brakes.
The brake master cylinder bore increased by .
The engine was strengthened in a few areas and the cam duration was increased. The pistons were lighter with a smaller skirt area. 510-cc injectors were replaced with 560-cc injectors for better engine reliability due to more electrical "headroom" and the ECU was changed to include a flash ROM, allowing more boost pressure to the same TD05-HR turbocharger as the Mitsubishi Evolution IV.

Furthermore, the turbocharger was again improved. Torque was increased to  at 3,000 rpm. Power officially stayed the same, at .
 RS – "rally sport" close-ratio 5-speed transmission, minimal interior, rally suspension, 1.5-way LSD, auto air conditioner, Enkei wheels, Recaro bucket seats, Brembo brakes, power windows are available as an option).
 GSR – 5-speed transmission, gauge pack, AYC (Active Yaw Control), anti-lock brakes, Driver and Passenger-side Airbag, Recaro front bucket and rear seat, auto air conditioner,  Single DIN AM/FM/Cassette Stereo player, power windows, Brembo brakes.

Evolution VI

The Evolution VI's changes mainly focused on cooling and engine durability. It received a larger intercooler, larger oil cooler, and new pistons, along with a titanium-aluminide turbine wheel for the RS model, which was a first in a production car. Output was rated at  at 6,500 rpm and maximum torque of  at 3,000 rpm.

The Evolution VI received new bodywork yet again, with the most easily noticeable change being within the front bumper where the huge fog lights were reduced in size and moved to the corners for better airflow. A new model was added to the GSR and RS lineup; known as the RS2, it was an RS with a few of the GSR's options. Another limited-edition RS was known as the RS Sprint, an RS tuned by Ralliart in the UK to be lighter and more powerful with .

Yet another special edition Evolution VI was released in December 1999: the Tommi Mäkinen Edition, named after Finnish rally driver Tommi Mäkinen who had won Mitsubishi four WRC drivers championships. It featured a different front bumper, Red/Black Recaro seats (with embossed T. Mäkinen logo), 17-inch white Enkei wheels, a leather Momo steering wheel and shift knob, a titanium turbine that spooled up more quickly, front upper strut brace, lowered ride height (with tarmac stages in mind), and a quicker steering ratio. Amongst other colours, the Evo VI came in either red (Tommi Mäkinen Edition only), white, blue, black or silver with optional special decals, replicating Tommi Mäkinen's rally car's colour scheme. This car is also sometimes referred to as an Evolution 6, Evolution 6.5, or TME for short. 4,092 units were produced in total and exterior styling was similar to that of its predecessor, the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 5.

Standard models
 RS – "rally sport" minimal interior, rally suspension, rear 1.5-way LSD as opposed to AYC, shortened close-ratio 5-speed transmission, optional Enkei wheels, optional Recaro Seats, optional air conditioning, optional Brembo brakes, optional power windows.
 GSR – 5-speed, gauge pack, AYC (Active Yaw Control), anti-lock brakes, Recaro front bucket and rear seat, auto air-conditioner, double-DIN audio, power windows, Brembo brakes.

Tommi Mäkinen Edition models

 RS – same as standard RS with close-ratio 5-speed transmission, lowered ride height, Tommi Mäkinen Edition front bumper, and titanium turbine (option with standard RS).
 GSR – same as standard GSR with lowered ride height, Tommi Mäkinen Edition front bumper, Red/Black/Green Recaro seats (with embossed T. Mäkinen logo), 17-inch Enkei white wheels and titanium turbine.

Evolution VII

In 2001, Mitsubishi was forced by the FIA to run in the WRC using WRC rules for building a car instead of the Group A class rules, and this did not need to follow homologation rules. The Evolution VII was based on the larger Lancer Cedia platform and as a result gained more weight over the Evolution VI, but Mitsubishi made up for this with multiple important chassis tweaks. The biggest change was the addition of an active center differential and a more effective limited-slip differential, while a front helical limited-slip differential was added. Torque was increased again to  with engine tweaks that allowed greater airflow, and horsepower officially remained at . For a time, Proton entered a rebadged version called the Proton PERT.

Evolution VII GT-A
The introduction of the Evolution VII also marked the first time an automatic drivetrain was included within the model lineup—the GT-A. Nicknamed the 'Grand Touring Automatic' version of the visually similar VII GSR and the RS2, the GT-A model was only produced in 2002 and had the following distinguishing interior and exterior specification: GT-A-only diamond cut finish  alloy wheels, clear rear light lenses and all-in-one style front headlights (later used on the Evolution VIII). The GT-A had the option of either no spoiler, the short spoiler (as per the Lancer Cedia; and later used on the Evolution VIII 260) or the thunder spoiler as used on the standard Evolution VII models. The most distinguishing feature was a smooth bonnet without the NACA duct on it at all and the revised front bumper. Although offering inferior cooling capabilities, the bonnet was designed to give a cleaner line through the air with less air resistance at highway speeds.

Interior could be specified with factory options of a deluxe velour interior, full leather with 4-way Power seats or the Recaro sports seats. The GT-A interior was different in that it had chromed door handles, a different instrument panel (to show the gear selection) and chrome edged bezels around the speedo and tach. The GT-A also had additional sound deadening and privacy glass installed from the factory and the engine manifold and downpipe had been engineered to be quieter.

The 5-speed W5A51 automatic gearbox had what Mitsubishi called "fuzzy logic", which meant that the car would learn what the driver's driving characteristics were like and would adapt the gear change timings and kick down reactions accordingly.The gears could be manually selected as with most Tiptronics via steering wheel + and – buttons (a pair both sides) or via selecting the tiptronic gate with the gear lever. Power was down a little from the standard manual cars with , while Torque was decreased to . The GT-A gearbox did not appear again in the Evolution VIII but has been installed in the estate version of the Evolution IX Wagon. It was replaced by the Twin Clutch SST gearbox since the introduction of Evolution X.

Evolution VII GT-A was launched on January 29, 2002, and it was available at the Galant and Mitsubishi Car Plaza dealers nationwide from February 1 of that same year, at a starting price of ¥3.3 million.

Standard models
 RS – "rally sport", close-ratio 5-speed, minimal interior, rally suspension, LSD, Enkei Wheels, Recaro bucket seat, AYC (Active Yaw Control), Sports ABS (Anti-Lock braking system), Brembo brakes, double-din audio, power window are available as option.
 GSR – 5-speed, gauge pack, AYC (Active Yaw Control), Sports ABS, Recaro front bucket and rear seat, double-din audio, power window, Brembo brakes, Momo sports steering wheel.
 GT-A – Same option with GSR with 5-speed automatic transmission, gauge pack, deluxe velour interior, full leather or the Recaro sports seats, GT-A-only diamond cut finish  alloy wheels, clear rear light lenses and all-in-one style front headlights, and short spoiler option.

Evolution VIII

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII appeared in 2003, this time sporting 17-inch grey Enkei wheels, Brembo brakes and Bilstein shocks to handle traction and a 5-speed manual gearbox with  (approx.  to the wheels). Originally a one-off model, sales were so successful in the U.S. that by 2005 it was available in four trims. The standard GSR model was available in Japan. The RS model was provided with a 5-speed manual gearbox and standard wheels (lacking excess components, such as interior map lights, power windows/doors, and radio). The SSL trim package came with a sunroof, trunk mounted subwoofer, and leather seats. All of these trim levels also included chrome headlight and taillight housings. To round out the lineup, the MR came with a revised front limited-slip differential, aluminum MR shift knob, handbrake with carbon fibre handle, 17-inch BBS wheels, aluminum roof, and a 6-speed manual gearbox. Additionally, the Evolution MR's taillights and headlights sported a new black housing.

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII MR used slick-response Bilstein shocks for improved handling. The aluminium roof panel and other reductions in body weight lowered the centre of gravity to produce more natural roll characteristics. Detail improvements have also been made to Mitsubishi's own electronic four-wheel drive, to the ACD 5 + Super AYC 6 traction control, and to the Sports ABS systems. The Lancer Evolution VIII displayed at the 2003 Tokyo Motor Show took the MR designation traditionally reserved for Mitsubishi Motors high-performance models (first used for the Galant GTO). Other parts on the MR include BBS alloy wheels, the aforementioned Bilstein shocks, and an aluminium roof. In the United Kingdom, many special Evolutions were introduced, including the 260, FQ300, FQ320, FQ340, and FQ400 variants. They came with 260, 305, 325, 345, and 405 hp (194, 227, 239, 254 and 302 kW), respectively.

The FQ-400, sold through Ralliart UK, produced  at 6,400 rpm and maximum torque of  at 5,500 rpm, from its  4G63 inline-four engine, the result of special modifications by United Kingdom tuning firms Rampage Tuning, Owen Developments, and Flow Race Engines. The "FQ" name stands for F——ing Quick, although it is not officially recognized by Mitsubishi due to the vulgarity behind the abbreviation.  With a curb weight of , it achieves 0– in 3.5 seconds, 0– in 9.1 seconds,  in 12.1 seconds at , and a top speed of  while costing £48,000. BBC's television series Top Gear demonstrated that the stock FQ-400 could keep up with a Lamborghini Murciélago around a test track. The Stig recorded a Top Gear Power Lap Time of 1 minute and 24.8 seconds (damp track), 1.1 seconds slower than the Murciélago's time of 1 minute 23.7 seconds (dry track). In a similar test conducted by Evo magazine, the Evolution was able to lap the Bedford Autodrome faster than an Audi RS4 and a Porsche 911 Carrera 4S.

The Lancer Evolution VIII was also the first Evolution to be sold in the United States, spurred by the success of the Subaru Impreza WRX which had been released there just the year prior. The Evolution VIII found its true competition in the Subaru Impreza WRX STI model the same year as the Evolution VIII's US introduction. With its 2.0 liter,  engine, the 2003 Evolution VIII was capable of achieving a 0–100 km/h (62 mph) time of 5.1 seconds. However, the internal components for the American versions were largely stripped-down versions of the specifications for the Japanese Lancer Evolution VIII. No US-spec Evolution model prior to the Evo X has active yaw control, including the 2006 Evolution IX. The American 2003 and 2004 GSRs are without the helical limited-slip front differential and 6-speed manual transmission. The 2004 US spec RS models, however, do have a front helical limited-slip differential. All 2003, 2004 and 2005 RS and GSR models have the Japanese Evolution VII's 5-speed transmission. The MR edition was introduced to the US in 2005, with ACD and the only model with a 6-speed manual transmission. The 2005 US spec RS and GSR have the ACD standard, and the front helical limited-slip differential is now standard on all models. The boost, timing, and tuning are also significantly lower than its Japanese counterpart, allowing it to adhere to the strict emissions regulations of the United States. Starting in 2005, the US model Evolutions were also fitted with a 5,500 rpm limit on launching in first gear to protect the drivetrain.

Most Evolution VIIIs have a carbon fiber rear spoiler with matching body-color endplates. Furthermore, the US versions of the Lancer Evolution VIII 2003–2005 were given bulkier rear bumpers than their Japanese counterparts to accommodate US safety laws in the form of the metal rear crash bar. All Evolutions have lightweight aluminum front fenders and hoods.

The basic RS Edition does not come with power windows, locks, or mirrors, an audio system, rear wing, sound deadening material, map lamps or an anti-lock braking system. All Evolution VIII RS models sold in the US are equipped with air conditioning.

The 2005 MR/RS editions came with an aluminum roof.

Additionally, Evolution VIII MR Editions come equipped with a 6-speed manual transmission, Bilstein shocks, optional graphite grey color (unique to the Evolution VIII MR), optional BBS wheels and an optional vortex generator. The MR Edition also received engine updates and reliability changes, the engine updates include larger turbo diameter mouth, updated cam profiles, lighter balance shafts and changed from single wastegate solenoid to dual solenoid. Exterior changes included HID headlights, updated taillights, and MR rear badging. Interior updates included black suede Recaro seats with higher side bolsters, carbon look dash trim, and MR badging on center console. Mechanical changes saw S-AWC rear diff changes, a larger oil cooler core, ion-coated piston rings, reinforced cylinder head and 5-layer head gasket compared to the 3 layer.

According to Mitsubishi Motors of North America (info from evolutionm.net) the total production sales in the U.S. for the Evolution VIII (2003–2005) was 12,846. In 2003, the production sales for the GSR was 7,167 which was the only 2003 model year. In 2004, production sales for the GSR was 1,254 and for the RS was 263 for a total of 1,517 for the 2004 model year. In 2005 production sales for the GSR was 2,880, for the RS was 282, and for the MR was 1000 for a total of 4,162 for the 2005 model year.

Standard models
 RS 5-Speed – "rally sport", revised 5-speed manual transmission, minimal interior, rally suspension, LSD, Enkei wheels, Recaro bucket seats, SAYC (Super Active Yaw Control)(Not available on USDM models), Sports ABS (Anti-Lock braking system), Brembo brakes, double-din audio, power window are available as option. Color options for U.S. model: (2004) Rally Red and Weightless White. (2005) Rally Red and Wicked White.
 RS 6-Speed – same as RS 5-Speed with Enkei wheels as standard and a 6-speed manual transmission (6MT not available on USDM RS model)(with same option available as RS 5-Speed).
 GSR – 5-speed (Some 2003 and later GSRs imported from Japan came with factory 6-speed transmission out of the MR Variant as standard) The manufacture plate will state what transmission the vehicle has from factory. gauge pack, SAYC (Super Active Yaw Control)(Not available on USDM models), Sports ABS, Enkei wheels, Recaro front bucket and rear seat, double-din audio, power windows, Brembo brakes, Momo sports steering wheel. Color options for U.S. models: (2003–2004) Apex Silver Metallic, Blue By You, Lightning Yellow, Rally Red, Tarmac Black Pearl, Weightless White. (2005) Apex Silver Metallic, Electric Blue Metallic, Lightning Yellow, Rally Red, Tarmac Black Pearl, Wicked White.

MR Models
 MR RS 5-Speed – same as RS 5-Speed, with aluminium roof, MR Badging, carbon fibre spoiler, gauge pack, grey interior color dashboard (same option as RS 5-Speed with Bilstein suspension, carbon look dash trim, black suede Recaro fabric seats, BBS alloy wheels, Vortex Generator).
 MR RS 6-Speed – same as MR RS 5-Speed with Enkei wheels as standard, engine and reliability updates, SAYC (Super Active Yaw Control)(Not available on USDM models), and 6-speed manual transmission (with same option available as MR RS 5-Speed).
 MR GSR – 6-speed transmission, BBS wheels, carbon look dash trim, Bilstein suspension, black suede Recaro fabric seat, MR Badging, optional graphite grey color, Vortex Generator, engine and reliability updates. Color options for U.S. model: (2005) Apex Silver Metallic, Graphite Gray Pearl, Rally Red, Wicked White.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has determined crash test ratings of Lancer of different model years:

Evolution IX

Mitsubishi introduced the Lancer Evolution IX in Japan on March 3, 2005, and exhibited the car at the Geneva Motor Show for the European market the same day. The North American markets saw the model exhibited at the New York International Auto Show the following month. The  4G63 Inline-four engine has MIVEC technology (variable valve timing), and a revised turbocharger design boosting official power output at the crankshaft to  and torque to .

The USDM Lancer Evolution IX models: standard (Grand Sport Rally or "GSR" in some markets), RS (Rally Sport), SE (Special Edition) and MR (Mitsubishi Racing) varied slightly in their performance capabilities. Subtleties unique to each model accounted for variations in acceleration, handling and top speed. The RS excluded features that came standard on the SE and MR models (stereo system, power windows and locks, rear wiper, rear wing, trunk lining and sound insulation). The result is a weight savings of over . The fuel capacity remains the same as the Evo VIII at .

Although the RS is the lightest of the group, the RS did not manage to outperform the standard IX and the MR around a road course (even if only by fractions of a second). This was purported to be due to the lack of a rear wing on the RS. In a drag race, the three models are all about even. They are all capable of 0- times between 4.2 and 4.5 seconds, and can run  times ranging from 12.6 to 13.3 (12.7–13.0 USA versions) seconds depending on the model/driver. The RS model was produced for rally and racing teams who wanted a platform to build a race car from. It is stripped of all the creature comforts, and other upgrades that drive the price up for features that the race teams would not require.

The IX MR retained the features of the Evolution VIII MR, like Bilstein shocks, a 6-speed manual transmission, a rooftop vortex generator, BBS forged wheels, HID xenon headlights, foglights, accessory gauge package, "zero lift" kit, special badging and an aluminum roof. All models continued to sport Recaro bucket seats, Brembo brakes and Momo steering wheels as well. Additional revisions from 2005 included a closer gear ratio for the 5-speed manual transmission, new lighter Enkei wheels on non-MR models, a redesigned front end with a more efficient air dam (the most noticeable feature are the two small oval ducts to cool the intercooler pipes), and a new rear bumper with a diffuser undersurface to smooth out the airflow coming out of the car for non-US models. HID headlights were no longer standard equipment on the base IX (nor were they standard on the 2005 VIII), and were available only in the SSL package (Sun, Sound, and Leather), SE (Special Edition) and MR trims.

The US versions of the Lancer Evolution IX did not come with the AYC but the ACD was still present. The drivers can select from three different driving modes, "Tarmac", "Gravel" and "Snow", and the car's computer system relatively promotes the active center differential to change the differential locking. Each setting determines how long the ACD will delay in freeing the center differential after a steering input is made. In addition, it will determine how much locking force the ACD will exhibit on the clutch pack and center differential. When the clutch is not fully engaged, torque split can not be 50/50.

Tarmac is the setting to be used in dry, paved conditions. In this setting, the ACD will almost immediately allow the center differential to go into a free state upon detecting a steering input. Additionally, this mode provides the strongest limited-slip clamping force of the three modes. Although the US versions did not come with the AYC, it did come with a rear 1.5way clutch type LSD (limited-slip differential), which limits the slip from both rear wheels causing less traction loss of the rear wheels. The most common setup is the 1.5 way LSD, locking on throttle and partially locking on braking. In racing, Lancer Evolutions are not equipped with AYC or ACD because it is believed that better lap times are achieved by pure driver skill without any computer based assistance systems.

One of the changes from the previous iteration of the Lancer Evolution, was the change in the engine, the new 4G63 came with MIVEC, Mitsubishi's variable valve timing technology, which drastically improves the fuel consumption by changing the valve timing on the intake cam. The MIVEC system is similar to Honda's i-VTEC system only that it doesn't change valve lift, only intake valve timing.

Three trims were available for Japan, Asia and Europe. Although all models used the same  engine, the torque differed from one model to another. In Europe, however, the Evolution IX was advertised to have . The GSR produced  of torque, while the RS and GT produced .

Standard models
 RS – "rally sport", revised 5-speed, aluminium roof, gauge pack, minimal interior, LSD and a titanium-magnesium turbine, left hand drive option available.
 GT – revised 5-speed, LSD, titanium-magnesium turbine, and Recaro fabric seat, with some of the GSR's features (mainly interior pieces).
 GSR – 6-speed, Bilstein monotube shocks, auto-air conditioner, Recaro leather with Alcantara bucket seat, aluminium roof, gauge pack, SAYC (Super Active Yaw Control), and double-din radio (this is roughly equivalent to the USDM MR).

MR Models (Mitsubishi Racing)
 MR GSR – same as GSR with BBS 17-inch alloy wheels, Lowered  Bilstein suspension, and MR-colored front lip spoiler.
 MR RS – same as RS with MR colored front lip spoiler (auto air-conditioner, Recaro leather with Alcantara (material) bucket seat, double-din radio, Bilstein monotube shocks with lowered  suspension, and SAYC (Super Active Yaw Control) are available as an option).
MR Tuned by Ralliart – Based on Lancer Evolution VI Tommi Mäkinen Edition, The Japanese Lancer Evolution IX was exclusively tuned by Mitsubishi Ralliart features the almost same as the civilian Evo IX MR GSR except for carbon fiber front lip Spoiler, Official Ralliart livery, Ralliart RA04 17-inch black forged aluminum wheels.

In the United Kingdom, the Evolution IX used a different model scheme based on the car's horsepower. There were initially three models available: the FQ-300, FQ-320 and FQ-340 each with around , respectively. An FQ-360 model was subsequently released as a successor to the Evolution VIII FQ-400. While the new FQ-360 produced  at 6,887 rpm (less horsepower than its predecessor), although it had more torque at  at 3,200 rpm. All four models were designed to run on super unleaded petrol only. The MR FQ-360 was also released in limited numbers (only 200) in the last year of production.
 FQ-300, 320, 340 – 6-speed, Bilstein monotube shocks, AYC (Active Yaw Control).
 FQ-360 – 6-speed, Bilstein monotube shocks, AYC (Active Yaw Control), Ralliart Sports Meter Kit, carbon front splitter, Speedline alloy wheels.
 MR FQ-360 – New turbo with titanium aluminium alloy turbo fins, Speedline Turini alloy wheels, Privacy Glass, lowered Eibach coil springs ( at the front/  at the rear), IX MR interior.

Four models were available in the US. All models used the same  engine.
 Standard – revised 5-speed, standard model
 RS – ralli sport, revised 5-speed, aluminum roof, gauge pack, minimal interior, also no radio
 SE – Special Edition, aluminum roof/hood, and front fenders, split seven-spoke forged aluminum BBS wheels in "diamond black" finish, HID headlights with integrated fog lights, red-stitched Recaro seats
 MR – 6-speed, Bilstein monotube shocks, split seven-spoke forged aluminum BBS wheels, aluminum roof, hood, and front fenders, gauge pack, HID headlights with integrated fog lights, vortex generator, front brake cooling ducts and custom MR badging.

All of the American models are the same in power, but may differ in performance. The only thing that sets them apart is the Evo RS, which is  lighter than the MR and SE models.

To the standard model, the Sun, Sound and Leather package added a power sunroof, HID xenon headlamps with integrated fog lights, a slightly different stereo head unit (with no integral amplifier), slightly upgraded speakers in the front doors and parcel shelf, a 4.1-channel amplifier under the driver's seat, a powered, trunk-mounted Infinity subwoofer, black leather seating surfaces, leather-trimmed door panels, slightly revised center armrests in the front and rear, and separate rear side headrests. This model deleted the GSR's headliner-mounted sunglass holder to make room for the sunroof.

The Philippines had the Evolution IX until in August 2008, which was offered in two trims, the entry-level RS offering a 5-speed manual transmission, Brembo 17-inch ventilated discs (4-Pot), Brembo 16-inch ventilated drum-in-disc (2-Pot) and almost the same features as to that of the GSR trim in the international version. Some RS models had the SAYC option, while some did not. The MR was the top-of-the-line segment, which offered almost the same features as to that of the MR trim in the international version. All of them are powered by the same  4G63 turbocharged MIVEC Inline-four engine.

Evo Wagon
Mitsubishi also released an Evolution IX wagon in GT, GT-A models, and MR special versions. Variants came in a 6-speed manual (GT, MR) or a 5-speed automatic (GT-A). The automatic variant uses a non-MIVEC 4G63 sourced from the Evo VIII with a smaller turbo for increased low-down torque. It was only sold in Japan and imported to other countries as grey imports. Only 2,500 Wagons were produced.

VIN Searching on epic-data.com has shown there was a total of 2,924 Lancer Evolution Wagons created. This includes all GT, GT-A & MR versions even though Mitsubishi's 2005 Press Release said they intended to make 2,500 Evolution Wagons.

Rarity: Approximately 50% of these cars had the 6-speed manual transmissions combined with the Evo IX MIVEC engine whilst the remaining wagons were GT-A versions.

The most common colours were Silver, Black, Blue, and Grey. White is rare and Red was very rare.

The manual transmission GT Evolution Wagon didn't weigh much more than the Evo IX sedan but the additional  approx was due to its Steel turret, steel anti-intrusion bars in the doors and the heavier foldable rear seat, along with extra weight in the tailgate and extra side glass. Evo Wagon GT-A are heavier (approx ) due to their automatic transmission and the additional weight described above in the GT wagon. Even though the Evo Wagon was made exclusively for the Japanese market some of these cars have found new homes in Europe, UK, Russia, Asia, Australia, and Canada. Some of these exported wagons have been converted to left-hand-drive vehicles for use in Germany and Russia. Compared to the Evo IX sedan, the Evolution Wagon received a front seat that had lower bolsters for easier entry and exit of the vehicle. These less sporty seats were the OEM standard seats in the Australian-delivered Evo IX sedan.

Evolution X
In 2005, Mitsubishi introduced a concept version of the next-gen Evolution at the 39th Tokyo Motor Show named the Concept-X, designed by Omer Halilhodžić at the company's European design centre.
Mitsubishi unveiled a second concept car, the Prototype-X, at the 2007 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS).

The Lancer Evolution X sedan features a newly designed 4B11T  turbocharged, all-aluminium alloy GEMA Inline-four engine. Power and torque depend on the market, but all versions will have at least . (JDM version), the American market version will have slightly more. The UK models were reworked by Mitsubishi UK, in accordance with previous MR Evolutions bearing the FQ badge. Options for the UK Evolutions were expected to be between  and .

Two versions of the car are offered in the U.S. The Lancer Evolution MR, with 6-speed Twin-Clutch Sportronic Shift Transmission (TC-SST). The other version is the GSR which has a 5-speed manual transmission system. The car also has a new full-time four-wheel-drive system named S-AWC (Super All Wheel Control), an advanced version of Mitsubishi's AWC system used in previous generations. The S-AWC uses torque vectoring technology to send different amounts of torque to the rear wheels.

It also features Mitsubishi's new 6-speed SST dual-clutch automatic transmission with steering-mounted magnesium alloy shift paddles. It has replaced the Tiptronic automatic transmission, hence the SST version replaced the GT-A version (which was used in Evolution VII and Evolution IX Wagon). A five-speed manual gearbox will also be available. The new Lancer Evolution will also incorporate Mitsubishi's next-generation RISE safety body.

The Evolution X went on sale October 1, 2007 in Japan, New Zealand & some in Australia also the 07 were rare as only these countries had gotten them January 2008 in the US, February in Canada (as the first version of Evolution in Canada) and in March 2008 in the UK. The Twin Clutch SST version was available in Japan from November 2007. Europe will follow with sales in May, GSR and MR version included premium Package. The introduction of the 2010 MR-Touring moved the car even further upscale. Leather and a sunroof became standard while revising the rear spoiler to just a lip spoiler. For the police car, the British Police decided to use these Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Xs as police cars, and the Royal Malaysia Police (Polis Diraja Malaysia) also use Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X as the Police Highway Eagle (Helang Lebuhraya Polis) patrol team. These patrol car fleet will probably be used by Highway Pursuit / Patrol or VIP Escort.

In 2014, it was revealed that Mitsubishi would discontinue production of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution after the 2015 model year. The company expressed a desire to refocus its efforts on crossover vehicles and electric vehicles.

Discontinuation
In March 2011, rumours of discontinuation of the Lancer Evolution program started when AutoCar UK's journalist Matt Prior wrote on his interview with Gayu Uesugi, Mitsubishi's Global Product Director, and quoted him saying  'The Lancer Evolution X, Uesugi told me, will be the last Evo. "There is still a demand [for the car]," he said, "but we must stop." Eyebrow up.'''

Mitsubishi Motors would later state that "Further to some comments published in the press recently, production of the current Lancer Evolution continues as planned. As for its successor, regulations and market feedback will dictate its engineering package & architecture. Stay tuned.." Industry analysts would read the statement as indirectly hinting that the Evolution nameplate will remain, but is likely to be an environmentally friendly powertrain (possibly electric or hybrid), inline with increasingly stringent emission and environmental regulations.

 Autocar UK later updated its blog post, adding references to EV, further confirming what industry watchers originally speculated. Most recent news shows that Mitsubishi has been leaning towards the Mitsubishi Concept PX-MiEV hybrid drivetrain, explaining that the electric motors will act as a turbo for the Evolution. Mitsubishi claims that their more "green" version of the Evolution will be just as good or even better in the performance category.

In October 2011, the President of Mitsubishi Motors, Osamu Masuko, confirmed to Autocar that work on the next Evo will start in 2012 and will go on sale within the following three years. It is said that the car will feature electric power from a hybrid drivetrain, maintaining the performance of 0-62 mph (100 km/h) time under five seconds while cutting  emissions. Furthermore, it was stated that the next generation of Mitsubishi Evo will be notably smaller than the last version

In late March 2014, it was revealed that the production of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution would end after the 2015 model year. The company plans on concentrating its efforts on crossover vehicles and electric vehicles instead. This was confirmed by Mitsubishi spokeswoman Namie Koketsu, who issued a press release stating "Mitsubishi Motors does not have any plans to design a successor with the current concept, as a high-performance four-wheel-drive gasoline-powered sedan. Mitsubishi Motors will explore the possibilities of high-performance models that incorporate electric vehicle technology."

Motorsports
Rally
The Lancer Evolution is unique among its competitors in the World Rally Championship in that it was a homologated Group A car slightly modified to be able to race competitively against the then newly formed World Rally Car (WRC) regulations from the 1997 season. Mitsubishi continued to adhere to Group A regulations until the San Remo Rally in 2001, World Rally Car class cars. Lancer Evolutions were successful in WRC Rallies from 1996 to 1999, mostly in the hands of Finnish driver Tommi Mäkinen, clinching driver's titles in four-consecutive seasons from 1996 to 1999 (in Evolutions III, IV, V, and VI), and with the help of teammate Richard Burns in clinching the constructors' championship for the first, and thus far only time in 1998. The Evolution however was replaced in late 2001 by the firm's first World Rally Car, named simply the Lancer Evolution WRC, which was driven by Makinen, Freddy Loix, Alister McRae and François Delecour with relatively limited success, until Mitsubishi took a sabbatical from the championship at the end of 2002. It was succeeded for the 2004 Monte Carlo Rally by the Lancer WRC04. Mitsubishi pulled out of the World Rally Championship after the 2005 season with the Lancer WRC05 still being driven by privateers including Italian former works driver Gigi Galli and the Swede, Daniel Carlsson, in the years following. The Lancer Evolution however still competes in the Group N category.

In some European markets, the Evolution was sold as the Mitsubishi Carisma GT, and indeed to this effect the works WRC team's second car in the late 1990s, usually driven by Burns and subsequently Loix, was customarily entered as a Carisma GT. Proton Motors of Malaysia raced Evolution III's, Evolution V's (most notable with Proton 1784 where Malaysian driver Karamjit Singh won the 2002 Production Car WRC) and an Evolution VII as the Proton PERT in various Asia-Pacific Rally Championship and APAC rally series.

Track racing
The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution won the 2009 Australian Manufacturers' Championship with a trio of Evolution X models.

The Mitsubishi Evo has recently won and made runner-up in the 2011 Australian Manufacturers' Championship.

Most recently, (2005–2006) the CT9A chassis Evolution has been dominant in Time Attack (time trials) throughout the world. CyberEvo's CT9A chassis Lancer Evolution (now retired) previously held the OEM chassis record at Japan's Tsukuba Circuit for Time Attack, as well as the Australian record at Eastern Creek Raceway. Sierra Sierra Enterprise's CT9A chassis Evolution holds the U.S. Time Attack record. The Tilton Interiors CT9A chassis Lancer Evolution held the time attack record at Sydney Motorsport Park until October 2016 where MCA "Hammerhead" Nissan Silvia reset the record.

The Lancer Evolution VIII was used in Stock Car Brasil from 2005 to 2008, with Cacá Bueno won the series twice from 2006 to 2007.

The car won the 2008 and 2009 WPS Bathurst 12 Hour endurance race.

The Mitsubishi Lancer Evo has also been used by professional drifters in countries like Japan, Italy and Poland, with notable results being obtained by driver Naoto Suenaga of Team Orange.

Hill climbing
The Evolution IX won the European Hill Climb Championship 11 times since 2007, with 13 wins also in the FIA International Hill Climb Cup.

Awards
The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution won Consumer Search's best Aggressive sports sedan in Best Sports Sedans in June 2006. During 2004–2005 alone it won six major awards, being declared "Sports Car of the Year" in Scotland and France, "Playboy Sports Car 2004" in Poland, "Best New Production Car Under €60,000" in Greece, "Sport Compact Car of the Year" in 2004 and 2005 (Sport Compact Car magazine) and "2005 All-Star" (Automobile magazine) in the United States and Motor magazine's Best "Bang for Your Bucks" Australia. Also in 2004, the Lancer Evo was presented with the Editors' Choice Award by Grassroots Motorsports. The Lancer Evolution X was named as the "Best Performance Car under $50K" by Canadian TV show Motoring 2009'', and won the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada's 2009 "Best New Technology" award. It was also nominated as one of the top 10 "World Performance Car of the Year", won the Automotive Excellence Awards' 2008 "Fun to Drive" category, and took Dave TV's "Sports Car of the Year" award in 2008.

References

External links

All-wheel-drive vehicles
Lancer Evolution
Rally cars
Sport compact cars
Sports sedans
Police vehicles
Cars introduced in 1991
Cars discontinued in 2016
2000s cars
2010s cars
Cars powered by transverse 4-cylinder engines
World Rally championship-winning cars

de:Mitsubishi Lancer#Motorsport und Evo-Modelle

Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution


Clorotrifluorometano, R-13, CFC-13 ou Freon 13, é um clorofluorocarbono (CFC) não-inflamável e não-corrosivo e também um halometano misto. É uma substância artificial usada principalmente como fluido refrigerante. Quando liberado no meio ambiente, o CFC-13 tem um alto potencial de destruição da camada de ozônio, alto potencial de aquecimento global e longa vida atmosférica.

Preparação
Pode ser preparado por reação de tetracloreto de carbono com fluoreto de hidrogênio na presença de uma quantidade catalítica de pentacloreto de antimônio:

CCl 4 + 3HF → CClF 3 + 3HCl

Esta reação também pode produzir triclorofluorometano (CCl 3 F), diclorodifluorometano (CCl2F2) e tetrafluorometano (CF4).

Descontinuação da produção
De acordo com o Protocolo de Montreal, o CFC-13 começou a passar por uma eliminação progressiva e substituição por substâncias alternativas a partir do início dos anos 1990, que culminou com a proibição global de sua produção. Ainda assim, a abundância atmosférica de CFC-13 subiu de 3,0 partes por trilhão (ppt) no ano de 2010 para 3,3 ppt no ano de 2020 com base na análise de amostras de ar coletadas em locais ao redor do mundo.

Propriedades físicas

Veja também

 Lista do IPCC de gases de efeito estufa

Referências

Gases do efeito estufa
Refrigerantes industriais
Halometanos

Clorotrifluorometano


Vila Guilherme est un district situé dans la zone nord de la municipalité de São Paulo et est administré par la sous-préfecture de Vila Maria.

Les quartiers de Vila Guilherme sont : Vila Guilherme ; Vila Isolina Mazzei ; Vila Salvador Romeu ; Vila Isolina ; Vila Paiva ; Vila Santa Catarina ; Jardim da Coroa ; Vila Pizzotti ; Vila Eleonore ; Vila Bariri ; Vila Leonor ; Chácara Cuoco ; Parque Velloso ; Jardim da Divisa.

Histoire
Au départ, les terres de l'actuelle Vila Guilherme, appelée à l'époque "Tapera", appartenaient au capitaine général Jerônimo Leitão, qui les transféra comme sesmaria (terres incultes ou abandonnées que les rois du Portugal distribuaient aux colons ou cultivateurs) à le donataire Salvador Pires de Almeida et ses descendants.

Au XIXe siècle, ils arrivèrent à Barão de Ramalho et, par héritage, à sa fille, Joaquina Ramalho Pinto de Castro, qui les vendit à Guilherme Braun da Silva. Ce dernier, enfin, les a subdivisés en fermes et fermes, qui ont été vendues principalement aux immigrés portugais, stimulant leur développement.

C'est le  que le marchand de Rio de Janeiro Guilherme Braun da Silva, acquis de Dona Joaquina Ramalho Pinto de Castro, héritière du  Joaquim Inácio Ramalho, le "Baron de Ramalho", une zone d'environ 115 boisseaux de terre, qui allait de la rivière Tietê à la route de Bela Vista, pendant quatre-vingts contos de réis, rendant cette date officielle comme la fondation du quartier de Vila Guilherme.

Guilherme, lors de l'attribution du quartier, a également construit plusieurs améliorations, telles que: la première chapelle (dédiée à Saint Sébastien, à qui il était dévoué), le poste de police, le groupe scolaire Vila Guilherme, rebaptisé plus tard Grupo Escolar Afrânio Peixoto, le premier pont du quartier sur la Tietê (en bois, il reliait l'Avenue Guilherme et l'Avenue Carlos de Campos), a commencé la construction d'un club équestre (il est mort avant d'avoir terminé les travaux. Après sa mort la superficie du club a été vendue et a donné lieu à la Sociedade Paulista de Trote), entre autres réalisations.

La partie basse du district, car elle est située sur la plaine inondable de la rivière Tietê, a constamment souffert d'inondations de haut niveau après le débordement de la rivière. La situation s'est améliorée après les travaux d'approfondissement du caniveau réalisés dans la rivière par le gouvernement de l'État. Cependant, faute d'entretien et aussi grâce à l'arrêt des travaux, de nouvelles inondations se sont produites en 2010.

Caractéristiques

Dans le district, nous avons l'avenue Luis Dumont Villares avec 70% de son extension appartenant au quartier Vila Guilherme. Il possède également l'un des grands centres commerciaux de la ville : le Center Norte, considéré autrefois comme le plus grand centre commercial d'Amérique latine, avec de grands magasins populaires, des griffes, des cinémas et des espaces de divertissement. Centre Norte est un complexe qui possède un grand pavillon d'exposition (l'Expo Center Norte), chargé d'accueillir de grands événements nationaux et internationaux (rivalisant avec le traditionnel Parc Anhembi). En plus du Shopping Center Norte, il y a aussi, dans le district, le Shopping Mart Center, qui a fermé et aujourd'hui il n'y a pas de projet pour la zone, et visait à vendre des produits destinés à la mode et, dernièrement, aussi pour de grands événements, comme l'Anime Friends et, récemment, ils ont accueilli l'événement de musique électronique DGTL.

Loisirs et sports

Vila Guilherme abrite également l'ancienne Sociedade Paulista de Trote, expropriée et transformée en Parque do Trote, à la frontière avec le quartier de Vila Maria. Le Parque do Trote, rouvert en juillet 2006, est le premier parc de la ville de São Paulo entièrement adapté aux personnes à handicap physique ou à mobilité réduite. Il a : le Sentier des Sens, avec des stimuli pour les personnes ayant une déficience visuelle ; sentier pédestre accessible (sans dénivelé et avec main courante) ; plancher verrouillé ; sol tactile et un centre de congrès pour l'organisation des événements.

Les prochaines étapes pour la réalisation du projet comprennent des installations de réhabilitation et des activités sportives, avec la mise en œuvre de l'équithérapie et l'initiation à l'équitation pour ceux qui visitent le lieu , préservant le thème du parc. Le parc est situé Rua São Quirino, .

Pendant de nombreuses années, à Rua Dona Santa Veloso, 575, les studios de TV Excelsior et SBT ont été installés avec l'éteinte TVS, où la plupart des programmes de la chaîne ont été enregistrés jusqu'à la fin des années 1990, lorsque les enregistrements ont été transférés dans la région de la Rodovia Anhanguera.

Administration et éducation
Le quartier abrite également le  Notaire de l'état civil - Sous-district de Vila Guilherme, en plus de deux facultés : Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo (UNIBAN) et Universidade Paulista (UNIP).

Légendes
L'une des histoires les plus célèbres de Vila Guilherme raconte qu'il y a une maison que Pierre  avait l'habitude de rencontrer la Marquesa de Santos. Bien qu'il ait été prouvé qu'il ne s'agit que d'une légende, l'histoire est devenue célèbre parmi les habitants de la région. C'était une grande maison au bout de l'Avenue Guilherme a appelé Casa das Rosas, un immense manoir démoli au cours des années 1958 et 1960 à l'époque envahi par des sans-abri.

Culture et Histoire
En 2002, le quartier a été honoré avec la publication du livre "São Sebastião e a Vila Guilherme - Memórias paulistanas da Zona Norte", avec 181 pages, écrit par Benedita da Conceição de Carvalho Silva et José de Almeida Amaral Junior, , par la Chambre Socioculturelle de la Zone Nord de São Paulo. L'édition est actuellement épuisée, mais des exemplaires sont à la disposition du public dans les bibliothèques municipales et aux Archives municipales. L'histoire du quartier en images et témoignages, les souvenirs de ses plus anciens habitants. Plus de 100 interviews touchantes dévoilent le quotidien des habitants et la dynamique entre le Centre et le quartier « au-delà de Tietê ». Le livre méritait, à l'époque, une audition dans l'émission primée "São Paulo de Todos os Tempos", de Rádio Eldorado AM, avec le journaliste Geraldo Nunes.

En juillet 2010, dans le Parque do Trote da Vila Guilherme, s'est tenue la  édition de Revelando São Paulo, une rencontre de la culture de São Paulo, organisée par Abaçai, sous le commandement de Toninho Macedo, et avec le soutien du gouvernement de l'État, embrassant les villes de São Paulo et les quartiers de São Paulo. Le thème était "Pour une décennie de Culture et de Paix". En une semaine, on estime qu'un million de personnes ont visité les espaces dédiés aux villes et ont pu voir leurs artistes, leurs œuvres et connaître un peu leur façon si particulière de voir le monde. C'était la première fois que l'événement avait lieu dans le quartier de Vila Guilherme, qui a reçu les visiteurs très cordialement.

En 2012, à l'occasion du centenaire de sa fondation, elle a remporté en cadeau le documentaire intitulé "Vila Guilherme – Do Pombo-Correio ao ''E-mail''", récompensé au concours "História dos Bairros de São Paulo". Réalisé, scénarisé et édité par Rodrigo Gontijo pour TV PUC-SP, rappelant des histoires et des aspects pittoresques du quartier. Il a eu une exposition de lancement lors du "XVI Revelando São Paulo", qui a eu lieu du 14 au 23 septembre au Parque do Trote.

Districts limitrophes
 Tucuruvi (Nord)
 Vila Medeiros (Nord-Est)
 Vila Maria (Est)
 Santana (Ouest)
 Pari (Sud-Ouest)
 Belém (Sud)

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Sociedade Paulista de Trote
 Shopping Center Norte
 Shopping Lar Center
 Expo Center Norte
 Liste des districts de São Paulo

Liens externes
 100 Anos da Vila Guilherme

District à São Paulo

Vila Guilherme (São Paulo)


Lančano prenosilo služi za vodoravni, okomiti i kosi prijenos sipkog materijala i komadne robe. Lančana prenosila imaju jedan ili više beskonačnih lanaca kao vučne dijelove, odnosno kao vučne i nosive dijelove. Lanci za vrijeme rada kližu po nosivoj površini ili se kotrljaju na kotačićima ili valjčićima ugrađenima u lanac. Postoji veoma mnogo različitih vrsta lančanih prenosila, a najvažnije su sljedeće vrste: žljebasto lančano prenosilo, prenosilo sa strugalima, povlačno prenosilo, člankasto i kružno viseće prenosilo.

Lančana prenosila imaju sljedeće prednosti: mogu preuzimati velike vučne sile, lančanici su malih promjera, oštećeni dijelovi lanaca mogu se jednostavno izmijeniti, neosjetljivi su prema veoma abrazivnim materijalima. Njihovi nedostaci su: male brzine (od 0,5 do 1,5 m/s), bučan hod, velika vlastita masa i veliko trošenje (habanje) mnogih dijelova prenosila. Skica jednostavnoga lančanog prenosila prikazana je na slici. Elektromotor, preko reduktora i pogonskog lančanika, pokreće beskonačni lanac. Potrebna se sila prednatezanja dobiva pomoću nateznog uređaja za povratnom lančaniku. Na lancu su, već prema vrsti prenosila, pričvršćeni različiti zahvatači, vedrice, ploče i slično.

Žljebasta lančana prenosila
Žljebasta lančana prenosila prenose kroz otvorene ili zatvorene žljebove sipki materijal pomoću lanca s niskim poprečnim pritkama ili krilima, a lanac je smješten unutar sloja sipkog materijala i kreće se zajedno s materijalom. Unutrašnje trenje materijala u sloju veće je od trenja materijala na stijenkama žlijeba, pa zahvatači lanca pokreću materijal u žlijebu naprijed kao kompaktnu masu u neprekinutom sloju, a ne u pojedinim hrpama kao u prenosilu sa strugalima. Pri kretanju materijala visina sipine u žlijebu nekoliko je puta veća od visine zahvatača, odnosno lanca.

Žljebasto otvoreno lančano prenosilo
Žljebasto otvoreno lančano prenosilo ima žlijeb od čeličnog lima, betona ili, za veoma abrazivne materijale, od lijevanog željeza. Brzina lanca iznosi od 0,05 do 0,4 m/s, što ovisi o abrazivnosti materijala, a volumni protok je od 7 do 30 m3/h. Žljebasto otvoreno lančano prenosilo služi za prijenos troske, pepela, piljevine i slično.

Žljebasta zatvorena lančana prenosila
Žljebasta zatvorena lančana prenosila nazivaju se i redleri prema engleskoj tvornici Redler Conveyors Ltd. Različitim oblikovanjem zahvatača lanca i žlijeba omogućen je vodoravni, kosi ili okomiti prijenos materijala. Za vodoravni prijenos dovoljni su jednostavni zglobni lanci s niskim poprečnim pritkama (plosnatim zahvatačima), ili lanci s poprečnim krilima u obliku slova L. Za kosi i okomiti prijenos upotrebljavaju se lanci s poprečnim krilima u obliku slova U i u obliku slova H.

Redleri su prikladni za sve prašinaste, zrnate i sitnogrudaste materijale kojima je vlaga manja od 35% i koji nisu ljepljivi (na primjer brašno, šećer, cement, žitarice, kemikalije, sitan ugljen i tako dalje). Temperatura materijala može iznositi i do 300 °C. Prednosti su tih prenosila u tome što imaju zatvorene žljebove koji ne propuštaju prašinu, što zauzimaju malo prostora, što se na bilo kojemu mjestu prenosila može materijal utovariti i istovariti, što je materijal mirniji nego u pužnim prenosilima i što se nagib uzduž puta prijenosa može mijenjati. Nedostaci su veliko trošenje lanaca i žljebova, velika pogonska snaga zbog velikog trenja i male brzine i duljine prijenosa.

Žljebasta zatvorena lančana prenosila imaju maseni protok do 800 t/h, a duljinu dobave do 80 m, a visinu dobave do 30 m. Da trošenje habanjem ne bi bilo preveliko, brzine dobave moraju biti malene, od 0,1 do 0,4 m/s. Širine su žljebova do 1 200 mm za niske plosnate zahvatače, a do 500 mm za zahvatače u obliku slova U.

Maseni protok žljebastih zatvorenih lančanih prenosila iznosi:

gdje je: A - površina presjeka materijala koji se prenosi, v - brzina kretanja materijala, ρ - nasipna gustoća materijala, c - brzinski koeficijent kojim se uzima u obzir zaostajanje materijala s obzirom na lanac. Za vodoravni prijenos i za prijenos s blagim usponom c = 0,6 - 0,9, a za okomiti prijenos i prijenos s velikim usponom c = 0,5 - 0,7. Manje se vrijednosti odnose na veće strmine i prašinasti materijal. Smanjenje korisnog presjeka A zbog lanca često se zanemaruje ili se uzima u obzir s faktorom c1 = 0,95.

Prenosila sa strugalima
Prenosila sa strugalima imaju sa strane ili iznad sloja materijala lance s tuljkom oslonjene na kotačićima. Zahvatači su strugala u obliku ploča prilagođenih presjeku žlijeba. Pomoću strugala materijal se u hrpama gura. Upotrebljavaju se za zrnat i grudast materijal (ne veći od 200 mm) kao što su ugljen, cijepano drvo, pepeo, čelična strugotina, ljevarski pijesak, vapnenac, sol i slično. Nisu prikladni za veoma abrazivni i ljepljivi materijal. Prenosila sa strugalima u obliku niskih ploča (od 30 do 80 mm), vučenih kolutnim lancima koji kližu po podlozi, često se upotrebljavaju u rudarstvu za prijenos ugljena i rudača, jer se mogu izgraditi s veoma malenom visinom, svega 150 do 250 mm.

Dobava prenosila sa strugalima iznosi do 300 t/h. Duljina prijenosa sa strugalima normalne visine (do 400 mm) iznosi do 60 m, a s niskim strugalima do 300 m. Brzina je prijenosa od 0,2 do 0,8 m/s, a kut uspona do oko 40°. Maseni protok prenosila sa strugalima izračunava se pomoću izraza:

gdje je: A1 - površina presjeka žlijeba prenosila, φ - stupanj punjenja žlijeba, v - brzina lanca, k'''' - faktor smanjenja zbog uspinjanja prenosila, a ρ - nasipna gustoća materijala. Stupanj punjenja žlijeba φ za prenosila sa strugalima normalne visine iznosi od 0,5 do 0,8, a s niskim strugalima φ = 0,8 - 0,9, za sitniji ugljen i φ = 1 - 1,2 za krupniji ugljen, odnosno rudaču. Za kut nagiba prenosila od 0 do 40° faktor smanjivanja k'' = 1 - 0,5.

Prednosti su prenosila sa strugalima u tome što su jeftiniji, što mogu mijenjati smjer prijenosa materijala, što zahtijevaju malo prostora i što imaju jednostavan utovar i istovar materijala. Njihovi su nedostaci u tome što oštećuju materijal trenjem i gnječenjem, što se strugala, lanci i žljebovi veoma troše habanjem, što imaju malu dobavu, a veliki potrošak energije zbog klizanja materijala koji se prenosi.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Strojevi
Infrastruktura kopnenog prometa
Rudarstvo
Građevinarstvo
Metaloprerađivačka industrija
Alati

Lančano prenosilo


جان ميشيل رايموند (24 أغسطس 1959 في كوليا)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي الجنسية جزائري المولد معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز حارس مرمى . أثناء تواجده في نادي ليون جلس احتياطيا للأساسي سلوبودان توبالوفيتش .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من القليعة (ولاية تيبازة)
أعلام أقدام سوداء
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مواليد 1959
مواليد في الاحتلال الفرنسي للجزائر
مواليد في القليعة (ولاية تيبازة)

جان ميشيل رايموند


Eurides Titon (Curitiba, 2 de julho de 1937 — Curitiba, 25 de setembro de 2006) foi um futebolista brasileiro que atuou como zagueiro e depois como jogador e treinador de futebol amador na cidade de Curitiba.

Prêmios
 Em 1969 ganhou o Prêmio Belfort Duarte de prata , prêmio esse oferecido ao atleta que passasse dez anos sem sofrer expulsão, tendo jogado pelo menos 200 partidas nacionais ou internacionais, sendo referência na prática de desportos, com base na disciplina e fair play.

Homenagens
Foi homenageado após a sua morte, com o nome de rua em Curitiba, no bairro Sítio Cercado, em local próximo onde passou boa parte de sua vida.

Naturais de Curitiba
Futebolistas do Paraná

Eurides Titon


Nikolaj Orlov (rus. Николай Орлов) je pokojni ruski hrvač te osvajač olimpijskog srebra na Olimpijadi u Londonu 1908. u kategoriji do 66,6 kg grčko-rimskim stilom. U olimpijskom polufinalu pobijedio je Finca Lindéna dok je u finalu izgubio od Talijana Porra.

Vanjske poveznice
Orlovljev profil na Sports-reference.com

Ruski hrvači

Nikolaj Orlov (hrvač)


Cres bezeichnet
 Cres, eine Insel in der Adria
 Cres (Stadt), eine Stadt auf der Insel Cres
 Le Crès, südfranzösische Gemeinde

Die Abkürzung CRES steht für
 Centre for the Resolution of the Emergency Situation, eine thailändische Regierungsorganisation

CRES

Cres (Begriffsklärung)


Brillebjørnen (Tremarctos ornatus)  er den eneste nulevende bjørneart i Sydamerika. Den er eneste tilbageværende i underfamilien Tremarctinae, der tillige indeholder en række uddøde syd- og nordamerikanske bjørnearter.

Se også

 Pleistocæn megafauna

Referencer

Bjørne

Brillebjørn


Amt Oldenburg-Land er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i den nordøstlige del af Kreis Østholsten. Kreis Østholsten ligger i den østlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Amtets administration er beliggende i byen Oldenburg in Holstein, selv om den ikke er en del af amtet.

Området ligger både sydvest og nordøst for Oldenburg i Holsten og grænser mod nord til Heiligenhafen og Østersøen, mod vest til den Kreis Plön og Østersøen, mod syd til Amt Ostholstein-Mitte og Amt Grube, og mod øst til Østersøen.

Kommuner i amtet
 Göhl
 Gremersdorf
 Großenbrode
 Heringsdorf
 Neukirchen
 Wangels

Historie
Amtet blev dannet 1. april 1970 som Amt Land Oldenburg med kommunerne Göhl, Gremersdorf, Heringsdorf og Neukirchen. 1. april 1977 indtrådte kommunen Wangels samtidig med at man ændrede navnet til Amt Oldenburg-Land. 1. januar 2008 opgav kommunen Großenbrode sin Amtsfrihed og blev en del af amtet.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Amt Oldenburg-Lands websted

Oldenburg-Land

Amt Oldenburg-Land


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 15 Temmuz - İmparator Ichijō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 66. imparatoru (ö. 1011)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 I. Svyatopolk, Kiev büyük knezi (ö. 1019)
 III. Otto, Kutsal Roma imparatoru (ö. 1002)
 İbn-i Sina, Fars tıp adamı, astronom, yazar ve filozof (ö. 1037)

Ölümler
 I. Yaropolk, Kiev Büyük Knezi (d. 950)

980


Reprise conocido como Volver a Empezar en América Latina y en España como Repetición. Es el décimo quinto episodio de la segunda temporada de la serie de televisión estadounidense Ángel. Escrito por Tim Minear y dirigido por James Whitmore, Jr. El episodio se estrenó originalmente el 20 de febrero del año 2001 por la WB Network. En este episodio Ángel debe evitar que una bestia inovocada por W&H venga a la tierra consta de sacrificar su propia vida.

Argumento
Ángel evita que un ritual de sacrificio de unos empleados de Wolfram & Hart, que están nerviosos por algo llamado "la revisión". El vampiro pregunta a Kate para obtener información acerca de la revisión, pero Kate - está bajo investigación debido a su participación en casos raros - poco después rehúsa ayudarlo, mostrándole fotografías de la escena del crimen en la casa de Holland Manners que lo muestran en la matanza. Ángel entonces decide visitar al alfitrion , quien está teniendo una noche agitada, ya que Caritas está lleno de abogados de Wolfram & Hart que quieren saber sus destinos. Lorne le dice a Ángel que un socio principal de Wolfram & Hart (que se manifiesta en la forma de un demonio menor) va a venir a la tierra para examinar la historia mortal, y que los sacrificios y los rituales son simplemente puntos extras que los abogados buscan del socio principal antes de su aparición. El alfitiron también le dice a Ángel que como cualquier cosa que se puede manifestar en nuestra dimensión, el socio puede ser asesinado y dice que algo llamado la banda de Blacknil es importante. Ángel trata de irse, pero el alfitrion lo detiene y le dice una última cosa ... que casi todos los abogados en el club realmente quiere verlo muerto, pero que no hace falta ser un vidente para saberlo, dado que todos en el club están mirando a Ángel hostilmente.

Mientras tanto, en Investigaciones Ángel, el equipo ha conseguido eliminar el tercer ojo de la parte posterior de la cabeza de Stephanie Sharp. Sin embargo la señora Sharp le dice a la pandilla que no tiene ninguna intención de pagar la deuda y que en lo que le concierne Investigaciones ángel son una estafa, ya que es "imposible" que un tercer ojo crecezca por la parte trasera de un cráneo, a pesar del hecho que fue ella quien se acercó a ellos con el problema. Ella y su hija se salen de la oficina y un exasperado Gunn se va.

Confundido por las palabras del alfitrion, Ángel va a la biblioteca que visitó hace 50 años donde encuentra a un envejecido Denver quien se muestra más amistoso con el vampiro y le afirma que le cambio la vida la noche que se conocieron. Ángel le pregunta sobre la banda de Blacknil a lo que el bibliotecario le contesta que es un anillo que sirve para transportarse a diferentes dimensiones. También le menciona que el socio mayoritario es un demonio Kleymacth que solo puede morir estrangulado con un guante sagrado y se lo entrega al vampiro. De repente ambos son empalados con una espada por Darla quien fue auxiliada por Lindsey la noche que casi muere calcinada. Antes de retirarse con el guante Darla le confirma a Ángel que tiene planeado matar al socio, usar el anillo para visitar la dimensión de donde viene el demonio y traer a los aliados de W&H para vengarse de él.

Wesley se retira a su apartamento a descansar luego de su percance con las suturas, lugar donde rompe con Virginia al considerar que su estilo de vida es muy peligroso para su joven novia. Mientras en la oficina Cordelia recibe la llamada de la Sra. Sharp quien afirma que pagaran la cuenta, emocionada Cordelia acepta detenerse en la casa de los Sharp a pesar de la hora (casi medianoche) y por el hecho que la casa le queda muy lejos de su hogar. Al colgar un demonio mata a la Sra. Sharp, revelándose que solo uso a los clientes como un señuelo hasta ahora por un motivo desconocido.

Herido y completamente solo, Ángel entra a las oficinas de sus ex empleados para tomar un libro a la fuerza para el descontento de Cordy y Wes. Durante la visita de Ángel, Wesley se abre accidentalmente los puntos. En otra parte de la ciudad Kate es suspendida de su empleo por sus superiores quienes creen que se está volviendo loca por atender los casos extraños y por la muerte de su padre. Al regresar a su apartamento Kate comienza a llorar y embriagarse. Ángel utiliza a Lilah para entrar al edificio de Wolfram & Hart, lugar donde el socio mayoritario está a punto de materializarse. Para poder liberarse de los guardias de seguridad armados con estacas, Ángel expone a Darla en la fiesta como un vampiro y aprovecha la distracción para quitarle el guante y usarlo para estrangular al socio que desintegra en el aire.

Luego de matar al demonio, Ángel se pone el anillo, un elevador se abre en el edificio donde se encuentra nada menos que un Holland Manners muerto en vida, quien le explica que a pesar de que murió, su contrato con Wolfram & Hart le impide irse al más allá. Ángel se sube al elevador dispuesto a ir a la casa oficina de W&H para matar al resto de los socios de los abogados aun cuando cree que se trata del propio infierno. No obstante cuando el viaje termina para la sorpresa del propio vampiro la "Casa Oficina" de W&H resulta ser la propia tierra. Holland le explica al vampiro que la humanidad no puede vivir sin la maldad y que todos ellos son sus enemigos. Desecho el vampiro recorre las calles de Los Ángeles hasta llegar al Hyperion. Allí recibe una llamada de Kate quien tiene planeado matarse. Al Hyperion llega Darla quien trata nuevamente de arrebatarle el anillo, sin embargo Ángel se acuesta con ella dispuesto a perder su alma, algo parece conseguir, tras levantarse con un grito seco.

Elenco
 David Boreanaz como Ángel.
 Charisma Carpenter como Cordelia Chase.
 Alexis Denisof como Wesley Wyndam Pryce.
 J. Agust Richards como Charles Gunn.

Producción
El exterior del edificio de Wolfram&Hart es una oficina construida en el centro de Culver City, ubicada entre las calles de Sony Studios.

Actuación
El escritor y productor David Fury hace su primera aparición en la serie, como una de las personas sacrificando cabras. Su posterior aparición sucede en Smile Time.

Continuidad
 Ángel mata a uno de los socios mayores de W&H.
 Ángel y Darla tienen sexo, lo que con el tiempo deriva el nacimiento de Hunter.
 Kate es despedida de la oficina de Policía.
 Virginia y Wesley terminan su relación.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Episodios de la segunda temporada de Angel

Reprise (Angel)


Præstø Kirke er en kirke beliggende i Præstø Sogn, Stege-Vordingborg Provsti (Roskilde Stift). Den ligger i Vordingborg Kommune.

I 1821 var N.F.S. Grundtvig sognepræst i kirken. I denne periode boede han i det, som er blevet kendt som Grundtvigs Hus.

Billedgalleri

Eksterne henvisninger

 Præstø Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk
 Præstø Kirke i bogværket Danmarks Kirker (udg. af Nationalmuseet)

Kirker i Vordingborg Kommune
Kirker i Roskilde Stift
Kirker i Præstø Amt
Kirke

Præstø Kirke


Emma Dyke (Invercargill, 12 de setembro de 1997) é uma remadora neozelandesa, medalhista olímpica.

Carreira

Formada pela Craighead Diocesan School, Dyke conquistou a medalha de prata nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio com a equipe da Nova Zelândia no oito com feminino, ao lado de Ella Greenslade, Lucy Spoors, Kelsey Bevan, Grace Prendergast, Kerri Gowler, Beth Ross, Jackie Gowler e Caleb Shepherd, com o tempo de 6:00.04.

Remadores olímpicos da Nova Zelândia
Remadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Emma Dyke


Vuelta a Murcia 2019 var den 39. udgave af cykelløbet Vuelta a Murcia. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret i perioden 15. til 16. februar 2019. Det blev vundet af spanske Luis León Sánchez fra  for andet år i træk foran Alejandro Valverde. Danske Jakob Fuglsang vandt bjergtrøjen.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI Europe Tour 2019

Vuelta a Murcia 2019


Olaylar
 Kraliçe Himiko'nun (Pimiko olarak da bilinir), Japonya'daki saltanatı başladı.
 Zhang Ju ve Zhang Chun, Liu Yu komutasındaki Han güçleri tarafından yenilgiye uğratıldı.

Doğumlar
 Fulvia Plautilla, Roma İmparatoriçesi ve İmparator Caracalla'nın tek karısı (ö. 212)
 Sun Shao, Wu generali (ö. 241)

Ölümler

188


La gare de Montjoie  est une ancienne gare ferroviaire belgo-allemande de la ligne 48, de Stolberg à Saint-Vith desservant la ville de Montjoie, dans la région urbaine d'Aix-la-Chapelle en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie. Comme toutes les gares de l'ex-Vennbahn, elle est en territoire belge.

Situation ferroviaire
La gare de Montjoie se trouvait au point kilométrique (PK) 45,4 de la ligne 48, de Stolberg (frontière allemande) à Saint-Vith entre les gares de Konzen et Kalterherberg.

Histoire
Les Chemins de fer d'État de la Prusse inaugurent le  la section d'Aix-la-Chapelle à Monschau qui doit constituer le premier maillon de la Vennbahn desservant plusieurs localités de l'Eifel et se prolongeant vers le Luxembourg. La ligne est prolongée vers Waimes et Malmédy le  de la même année et sera complètement réalisée en 1889.

Après la Première Guerre mondiale, les cantons de l'Est sont rattachés à la Belgique et la Vennbahn est confiée à l'État belge avec une continuité du territoire belge là où elle réalise des incursions en Allemagne comme à Montjoie. Annexée par l'Allemagne, la ligne et les cantons voisins reprennent leur situation antérieure ; un modeste bâtiment remplaçant celui de la gare, détruit par faits de guerre.

Cette section de ligne ne voit plus passer que des trains de marchandises après 1945. La SNCB fermant la gare de Monschau / Montjoie aux marchandises en 1982. La ligne est finalement déclassée en 1989.

De 1990 à 2002, l'association Vennbahn reprend l'exploitation avec des trains touristiques s'arrêtant à Montjoie. Faute d'argent pour assurer sa gestion et entretenir les voies, l'association fait faillite en 2002 et les rails sont  retirés par la suite. Un chemin RAVeL a été créé à la place.

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Le bâtiment de la gare construit en 1885 et démoli en 1957 était du même type que celui de la gare de Malmedy construit la même année par les Chemins de fer prussiens (KPEV). Il s'agit d'un édifice s'articulant autour d'un corps de logis à étage possède doté de travées dont une baie double sous le pignon central à la charpente décorative. Deux ailes de trois et quatre travées complètent le bâtiment.

Le second bâtiment est une construction plus modeste étant donné qu'il est postérieur à la disparition des trains de voyageurs. Ce bâtiment sans étage est doté d'un bureau et de locaux de service.

Une annexe en bois et en briques datant vraisemblablement du  est toujours visible à proximité de l'ancien passage à niveau.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Belgique
 Vennbahn

Liens externes
  KuLaDig - Kultur. Landschaft. Digital : la Vennbahn en images
 Eisenbahn in Stolberg : souvenirs de la Vennbahn

Gare fermée en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie
Gare fermée dans la province de Liège
Ligne 48 (Infrabel)
Gare mise en service en 1885

Gare de Montjoie


Ioway Creek is a  tributary of the South Skunk River in central Iowa in the United States. It flows into the South Skunk in the southern part the city of Ames near .

Originally named Squaw Creek, it was officially renamed by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names on February 11, 2021.

See also
List of Iowa rivers

References

Rivers of Iowa
Bodies of water of Story County, Iowa

Ioway Creek (Ames, Iowa)


Schenefeld Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Pinneberg iline bağlı bölge. 9,99 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Mart 2010 itibarıyla 18.390 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Christiane Küchenhof tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Schenefeld

Kaynakça

Schenefeld


Reseda undata es una planta de la familia de las resedáceas.

Descripción
Es una planta anual o perennifolia. Alcanza un tamaño de hasta 80 cm de altura, erecta. Las hojas en su mayoría en roseta basal, pinnatipartidas a pinnatisectas, con lóbulos desiguales, ondulados, a veces ternados. Brácteas persistentes. Pedicelos de 1,25 mm. Cáliz con 5 (-6) sépalos de 1,25 mm. Corola con 5 (-6) pétalos de 3-5 mm, blancos, semejantes; los posteriores con uña bien marcada y limbo marginal trilobado. Androceo con c. 12 estambres, concrescentes en la base. El fruto en cápsulas de 2,5-8 x 3-5 mm, de turbinadas a subglobosas, truncadas. Semillas de 1 x 1 mm, reniformes, negras, con numerosos tubérculos dispuestos longitudinalmente. Florece y fructifica de febrero a junio.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra sobre calizas, a una altitud de entre 500-1400 metros. en la Subbética, Grazalema, Algeciras. Sur de España y Marruecos.

Taxonomía
Reseda undata fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1046 (1759)
Citología
Número de cromosomas de Reseda undata (Fam. Resedaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos:
n=10; 2n=20
Sinonimia
 Reseda toletana Sennen
 Reseda gayana Boiss.
 Reseda leucantha Hegelm. ex Lange in Willk. & Lange
 Reseda valentina Pau ex Cámara
 Tereianthes undata'' (L.) Raf.

Nombres comunes
 Castellano: farolicos, gualdilla, gualdón, jopillo de zorro, rabillo de gato, resedilla.

Referencias

undata
Flora de la península ibérica

Reseda undata