In computer science and operations research, approximation algorithms are efficient algorithms that find approximate solutions to optimization problems (in particular NP-hard problems) with provable guarantees on the distance of the returned solution to the optimal one. Approximation algorithms naturally arise in the field of theoretical computer science as a consequence of the widely believed P ≠ NP conjecture. Under this conjecture, a wide class of optimization problems cannot be solved exactly in polynomial time. The field of approximation algorithms, therefore, tries to understand how closely it is possible to approximate optimal solutions to such problems in polynomial time. In an overwhelming majority of the cases, the guarantee of such algorithms is a multiplicative one expressed as an approximation ratio or approximation factor i.e., the optimal solution is always guaranteed to be within a (predetermined) multiplicative factor of the returned solution. However, there are also many approximation algorithms that provide an additive guarantee on the quality of the returned solution. A notable example of an approximation algorithm that provides both is the classic approximation algorithm of Lenstra, Shmoys and Tardos for scheduling on unrelated parallel machines.

The design and analysis of approximation algorithms crucially involves a mathematical proof certifying the quality of the returned solutions in the worst case. This distinguishes them from heuristics such as annealing or genetic algorithms, which find reasonably good solutions on some inputs, but provide no clear indication at the outset on when they may succeed or fail.

There is widespread interest in theoretical computer science to better understand the limits to which we can approximate certain famous optimization problems. For example, one of the long-standing open questions in computer science is to determine whether there is an algorithm that outperforms the 2-approximation for the Steiner Forest problem by Agrawal et al. The desire to understand hard optimization problems from the perspective of approximability is motivated by the discovery of surprising mathematical connections and broadly applicable techniques to design algorithms for hard optimization problems. One well-known example of the former is the Goemans–Williamson algorithm for maximum cut, which solves a graph theoretic problem using high dimensional geometry.

Introduction
A simple example of an approximation algorithm is one for the minimum vertex cover problem, where the goal is to choose the smallest set of vertices such that every edge in the input graph contains at least one chosen vertex. One way to find a vertex cover is to repeat the following process: find an uncovered edge, add both its endpoints to the cover, and remove all edges incident to either vertex from the graph. As any vertex cover of the input graph must use a distinct vertex to cover each edge that was considered in the process (since it forms a matching), the vertex cover produced, therefore, is at most twice as large as the optimal one. In other words, this is a constant-factor approximation algorithm with an approximation factor of 2. Under the recent unique games conjecture, this factor is even the best possible one.

NP-hard problems vary greatly in their approximability; some, such as the knapsack problem, can be approximated within a multiplicative factor , for any fixed , and therefore produce solutions arbitrarily close to the optimum (such a family of approximation algorithms is called a polynomial-time approximation scheme or PTAS). Others are impossible to approximate within any constant, or even polynomial, factor unless P = NP, as in the case of the maximum clique problem. Therefore, an important benefit of studying approximation algorithms is a fine-grained classification of the difficulty of various NP-hard problems beyond the one afforded by the theory of NP-completeness. In other words, although NP-complete problems may be equivalent (under polynomial-time reductions) to each other from the perspective of exact solutions, the corresponding optimization problems behave very differently from the perspective of approximate solutions.

Algorithm design techniques
By now there are several established techniques to design approximation algorithms. These include the following ones.
 Greedy algorithm
 Local search
 Enumeration and dynamic programming (which is also often used for parameterized approximations)
 Solving a convex programming relaxation to get a fractional solution. Then converting this fractional solution into a feasible solution by some appropriate rounding. The popular relaxations include the following.
 Linear programming relaxations
 Semidefinite programming relaxations
 Primal-dual methods
 Dual fitting
 Embedding the problem in some metric and then solving the problem on the metric. This is also known as metric embedding.
 Random sampling and the use of randomness in general in conjunction with the methods above.

A posteriori guarantees
While approximation algorithms always provide an a priori worst case guarantee (be it additive or multiplicative), in some cases they also provide an a posteriori guarantee that is often much better. This is often the case for algorithms that work by solving a convex relaxation of the optimization problem on the given input. For example, there is a different approximation algorithm for minimum vertex cover that solves a linear programming relaxation to find a vertex cover that is at most twice the value of the relaxation. Since the value of the relaxation is never larger than the size of the optimal vertex cover, this yields another 2-approximation algorithm. While this is similar to the a priori guarantee of the previous approximation algorithm, the guarantee of the latter can be much better (indeed when the value of the LP relaxation is far from the size of the optimal vertex cover).

Hardness of approximation
Approximation algorithms as a research area is closely related to and informed by inapproximability theory where the non-existence of efficient algorithms with certain approximation ratios is proved (conditioned on widely believed hypotheses such as the P ≠ NP conjecture) by means of reductions. In the case of the metric traveling salesman problem, the best known inapproximability result rules out algorithms with an approximation ratio less than 123/122 ≈ 1.008196 unless P = NP, Karpinski, Lampis, Schmied. Coupled with the knowledge of the existence of Christofides' 1.5 approximation algorithm, this tells us that the threshold of approximability for metric traveling salesman (if it exists) is somewhere between 123/122 and 1.5.

While inapproximability results have been proved since the 1970s, such results were obtained by ad hoc means and no systematic understanding was available at the time. It is only since the 1990 result of Feige, Goldwasser, Lovász, Safra and Szegedy on the inapproximability of Independent Set and the famous PCP theorem, that modern tools for proving inapproximability results were uncovered. The PCP theorem, for example, shows that Johnson's 1974 approximation algorithms for Max SAT, set cover, independent set and coloring all achieve the optimal approximation ratio, assuming P ≠ NP.

Practicality

Not all approximation algorithms are suitable for direct practical applications. Some involve solving non-trivial linear programming/semidefinite relaxations (which may themselves invoke the ellipsoid algorithm), complex data structures, or sophisticated algorithmic techniques, leading to difficult implementation issues or improved running time performance (over exact algorithms) only on impractically large inputs. Implementation and running time issues aside, the guarantees provided by approximation algorithms may themselves not be strong enough to justify their consideration in practice. Despite their inability to be used "out of the box" in practical applications, the ideas and insights behind the design of such algorithms can often be incorporated in other ways in practical algorithms. In this way, the study of even very expensive algorithms is not a completely theoretical pursuit as they can yield valuable insights.

In other cases, even if the initial results are of purely theoretical interest, over time, with an improved understanding, the algorithms may be refined to become more practical. One such example is the initial PTAS for Euclidean TSP by Sanjeev Arora (and independently by Joseph Mitchell) which had a prohibitive running time of  for a  approximation. Yet, within a year these ideas were incorporated into a near-linear time  algorithm for any constant .

Performance guarantees
For some approximation algorithms it is possible to prove certain properties about the approximation of the optimum result. For example, a ρ-approximation algorithm A is defined to be an algorithm for which it has been proven that the value/cost, f(x), of the approximate solution A(x) to an instance x will not be more (or less, depending on the situation) than a factor ρ times the value, OPT, of an optimum solution.

The factor ρ is called the relative performance guarantee. An approximation algorithm has an absolute performance guarantee or bounded error c, if it has been proven for every instance x that

Similarly, the performance guarantee, R(x,y), of a solution y to an instance x is defined as

where f(y) is the value/cost of the solution y for the instance x. Clearly, the performance guarantee is greater than or equal to 1 and equal to 1 if and only if y is an optimal solution. If an algorithm A guarantees to return solutions with a performance guarantee of at most r(n), then A is said to be an r(n)-approximation algorithm and has an approximation ratio of r(n). Likewise, a problem with an r(n)-approximation algorithm is said to be r(n)-approximable or have an approximation ratio of r(n).

For minimization problems, the two different guarantees provide the same result and that for maximization problems, a relative performance guarantee of ρ is equivalent to a performance guarantee of . In the literature, both definitions are common but it is clear which definition is used since, for maximization problems, as ρ ≤ 1 while r ≥ 1.

The absolute performance guarantee  of some approximation algorithm A, where x refers to an instance of a problem, and where  is the performance guarantee of A on x (i.e. ρ for problem instance x) is:

That is to say that  is the largest bound on the approximation ratio, r, that one sees over all possible instances of the problem. Likewise, the asymptotic performance ratio  is:

That is to say that it is the same as the absolute performance ratio, with a lower bound n on the size of problem instances. These two types of ratios are used because there exist algorithms where the difference between these two is significant.

Epsilon terms
In the literature, an approximation ratio for a maximization (minimization) problem of c - ϵ (min: c + ϵ) means that the algorithm has an approximation ratio of c ∓ ϵ  for arbitrary ϵ > 0 but that the ratio has not (or cannot) be shown for ϵ = 0. An example of this is the optimal inapproximability — inexistence of approximation — ratio of 7 / 8 + ϵ for satisfiable MAX-3SAT instances due to Johan Håstad. As mentioned previously, when c = 1, the problem is said to have a polynomial-time approximation scheme.

An ϵ-term may appear when an approximation algorithm introduces a multiplicative error and a constant error while the minimum optimum of instances of size n goes to infinity as n does. In this case, the approximation ratio is c ∓ k / OPT = c ∓ o(1) for some constants c and k. Given arbitrary ϵ > 0, one can choose a large enough N such that the term k / OPT < ϵ for every n ≥ N. For every fixed ϵ, instances of size n < N can be solved by brute force, thereby showing an approximation ratio — existence of approximation algorithms with a guarantee — of c ∓ ϵ for every ϵ > 0.

See also
 Domination analysis considers guarantees in terms of the rank of the computed solution.
 PTAS - a type of approximation algorithm that takes the approximation ratio as a parameter
 Parameterized approximation algorithm - a type of approximation algorithm that runs in FPT time
 APX is the class of problems with some constant-factor approximation algorithm
 Approximation-preserving reduction
 Exact algorithm

Citations

References

 Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, 2001. . Chapter 35: Approximation Algorithms, pp. 1022–1056.
 Dorit S. Hochbaum, ed. Approximation Algorithms for NP-Hard problems, PWS Publishing Company, 1997. . Chapter 9: Various Notions of Approximations: Good, Better, Best, and More

External links
Pierluigi Crescenzi, Viggo Kann, Magnús Halldórsson, Marek Karpinski and Gerhard Woeginger, A compendium of NP optimization problems.

Computational complexity theory

Approximation algorithm


''Lažni prijatelj'' prvi je EP zagrebačkog glazbenog projekta i benda BrudBBB. Bend se tijekom jednog od druženja u Fantom Studiju odlučio prearanžirati originalnu reggae verziju pjesme u hardcore punk verziju. Snimljen je u jednom danu u lipnju 2014. EP sadrži čak četiri verzije originalne pjesme

Pozadina
Nakon uspjeha reggae verzije Lažnog prijatelja, BrudBBB projekt se pauzirao na neodređeno razdoblje, radi posvećivanja akademskim i privatnim obavezama. Fantom je jednom prilikom izjavio kako je ''ljepota BrudBBB-a što nema pressinga i zadanih termina snimanja i izlaska glazbe. Proces je dosta spontan i mora nastati prirodno. Na pisanje i snimanje najčešće se odlučimo nakon što smo proživjeli neki događaj zajedno ili čuli nešto zanimljivo od ljudi oko nas.''

U ljeto 2014. BrudBBB i Fantom obnovili su svoj glazbeni odnos, te počeli razmatrati o snimanju nečeg novog. Prilikom jednog druženja u Laboratoriju, tijekom kojeg se konzumirala veća količina pive i marihuane, duo je došao na ideju da njihov prvi veliki hit Lažni prijatelj snime u obliku novog žanra, hardcore punka, s kojim je Fantom već godinama prijateljevao. Brud, iako nije imao neke pozadine u punk žanru, vrlo je spretno obuhvatio zadatak novog pristupa svojem vokalu. Pjesma sadrži isključivo deranje, karakteristično za navedeni žanr.

Uz novu verziju pjesme, Fantom se vratio originalnoj verziji pjesme te ju remiksirao s novo snimljenom pratnji i solom na Hammond orgulji.

EP Lažni prijatelj, snimljen je u jednoj večeri, te je skupa s demoverzijom pjesme, novim mixom originalne verzije i akustičnim outtakeom, objavljen 6. lipnja 2014. godine. Ubrzo je postao veliki hit i često puštana pjesma po partyjima.

Stil i uzori
Nova verzija ''Lažnog prijatelja'' je hardcore punk žanra. Za razliku od originalne verzije, ova je duplo bržeg tempa i puno kraća. U više navrata je bila uspoređivana s bendovima poput Dead Kennedys, Misfits i Paint it Black.

Track listing
Digitalni EP

Produkcija

 BrudBBB - vokal, gitara - track 4
 Fantom – gitara, bas, bubnjevi

 Autor glazbe i teksta: BrudBBB
 Produkcija: Fantom
 Miksanje i master: Fantom
 Snimljeno: Laboratorij (Fantom Studio)

Hrvatski glazbeni albumi
Albumi iz 2014.

EP

Lažni prijatelj (EP BrudBBB-a)


Roy Fox Lichtenstein, (d. 27 Ekim 1923, Manhattan, New York - ö. 29 Eylül 1997, Manhattan, New York), Amerikalı öğretmen ve "pop art" akımına mensup ressam.

Resimlerinde popüler reklam ve çizgi roman öğeleri kullanmasıyla ünlüdür. Kendisini ve yapıtlarını "mümkün olabildiğince yapay" olarak tanımlamıştır.

Hayatı
Orta hâlli bir ailede doğan Lichtenstein, kendini sessiz ve uslu bir çocuk olarak tanımlardı. Orta okul yıllarında hobi olarak başladığı çizimlerinin o dönemde temel konuları caz müzisyenleriydi. Picasso'nun "mavi" ve "pembe" dönemlerinden de oldukça etkilenmişti. Liseden sonra New York'tan ayrılıp Ohio Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi'ne kaydolan Lichtenstein, İkinci Dünya Savaşı nedeniyle eğitimini yarım bırakmak zorunda kaldı. Savaş bittikten sonra akademiden mezun oldu ve hatta yüksek lisans yapma fırsatını buldu.

1950'lerin başında artık New York'ta eserlerini sergileyebiliyordu. Ancak Cleveland'da yaşadığı dönemde bir yandan resim yaparken, diğer yandan da teknik çizimlerle para kazanıyordu. "Pop art" olarak değerlendirilen ilk eseri 1956 tarihli "1 dolar" resmiydi. Fakat bu eserden sonra bu eğilim devam etmedi. 1957'den itibaren ilk önce geometrik şekilleri kullanarak soyut figürlerle bir çeşit kübizm sayılabilecek eserlerinin ardından, bir dönem de dışavurumcu olarak nitelendirilen resimler yaptı.

1960'ta Lichtenstein, New Jersey'de öğretmenlik yaptı. Bu dönemde Allan Kaprow, George Segal, Robert Watts, Claes Oldenburg gibi isimlerle tanışıp görüş alanını genişletti. Bütün bunlar onun hayal gücünü destekliyordu. Ama asıl vurucu nokta oğullarından birinin bir gün elindeki Mickey Mouse kitabını gösterip "Eminim sen bu kadar iyisini çizemezsin!" demesi oldu. Roy Lichtenstein, 1961'de çizgi roman karelerinden tipleri gösteren altı tane resim yaptı; bunların sadece renklerini ve orijinal kaynaktaki formlarını değiştiriyordu. İşte zamanla onun resminde imzası haline gelecek "Benday noktacıkları"nı, kaligrafi tekniğini ve çizgi konuşma balonlarını bu dönemde kullanmaya başlamıştı.

Bir sonraki yıl The Leo Castelli Gallery'deki kişisel sergi, Lichtenstein'ın sanat hayatında bir dönüm noktası oldu. Bundan sonra Venedik Bienali'ne katılımı, Guggenheim Müzesi'nde retrospektif sergisi gibi "büyük" işler yapabilme olanağı buldu. 1970'te Amerikan Bilim ve Sanat Akademisi üyeliğine seçildi.

Bu sanatçının canlı ve basit pop sanatı, İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra soyut ekspresyonizm'in hakim olduğu sanat dünyasında radikal bir değişimi işaret etmiştir. Lichtenstein, her zaman çocuksu bir ruha sahip olmuş, ama bu çocuksuluğunu akıllıca kullanarak sanat ortamına çok dikkat çekici, etkili eserler bırakmıştır. Çizgi romanlardan seçtiği bir kesiti alarak büyüten sanatçı, güncel ve popüler konu, olay ve kahramanları büyük bir yalınlık içinde sunmuştu. Antik bir tapınak ya da Picasso'nun bir resmi gibi var olan, meşhur sanat eserlerini, çizgi roman tekniğini kullanarak yeniden oluşturdu. Lichtenstein, coşkulu bir dille, çizgi roman görüntülerini büyütürken bu çizgilerdeki belirgin ve sert grafiksel özellikleri, daha abartılı bir biçimde vurgulamıştı.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Serigrafi

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/ (İngilizce)

1923 doğumlular
1997 yılında ölenler
Yahudi asıllı Amerikalılar
Pop art
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı ressamları

Roy Lichtenstein


Gertrude Schoepperle (* 15. Juli 1882 in Oil City, Pennsylvania; † 11. Dezember 1921 in Poughkeepsie, New York (Bundesstaat)) war eine US-amerikanische Romanistin  und Keltologin deutscher Abstammung.

Leben und Werk

Gertrude Schoepperle studierte im Wellesley College, im Radcliffe College, dann in München, Paris (bei Ferdinand Lot, Joseph Bédier und Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville), sowie in Dublin.  Sie promovierte 1909 am Radcliffe College mit Teilen der Arbeit Tristan and Isolt. A study of the sources of the romance (Frankfurt a. M./London 1913, New York 1960, 1963, 1970). Von 1912 bis 1913 lehrte sie Deutsch an der New York University, von 1911 bis 1919 lehrte sie an der University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, wo sie mit einem Keltologie-Projekt scheiterte. Von 1919 bis 1921 lehrte sie Französisch am Vassar College.

Gertrude Schoepperle war vom August 1919 bis zu ihrem Tod verheiratet mit Roger Sherman Loomis.

Weitere Werke

 (Hrsg. mit Andrew O'Kelleher) Betha Colaim chille. Life of Columcille, compiled by Manus O'Donnell in 1532, Urbana, Ill. 1918, Dublin 1994
 (Übersetzerin mit Myrrha Lot-Borodine) Lancelot et Galaad mis en nouveau langage, New York 1926

Literatur

 Medieval studies in memory of Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis, Paris 1927, Genf 1974

Weblinks

 http://www.ainm.ie/Bio.aspx?ID=294
 http://kingarthur.wikia.com/wiki/Gertrude_Schoepperle_Loomis, 22. März 2012
 http://books.google.com/books?id=6JiIJqYRtk4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false

Romanist
Hochschullehrer (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1882
Gestorben 1921
Frau

Gertrude Schoepperle


The Judith River Group is a group of geologic formations in western North America dating from the late Cretaceous and noted as a site for the extensive excavation of dinosaur fossils. The formation is named after the Judith River in Montana. The group is also called the Judith River Wedge. It is stratigraphically equivalent with the Belly River Group in Alberta.

It comprises the Judith River Formation in north central Montana, as well as the Foremost, Oldman, and Dinosaur Park formations in Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada. Within Canada, the name term Belly River Group is more widely used for what is essentially the same stratigraphic interval as the Judith River.  The wedge is exposed discontinuously in river drainages.

External links

Geologic groups of Montana
Geologic groups of Alberta
Geologic groups of Saskatchewan

Judith River Group


São Bonnet,  em latim Bonitus (623–710) nasceu na França e ocupou vários cargos importantes, incluindo ser nomeado governador de Marselha em 667 e bispo de Auvérnia. Foi também chanceler e referendário em Francia.

Vida
Bonitus nasceu em Auvérnia, França, e tornou-se chanceler de Sigeberto III, o rei da Austrásia; e por seu zelo, religião e justiça, floresceu naquele reino sob quatro reis. Após a morte de Dagoberto II, Thierry III fez dele governador de Marselha e de toda a Provença, em 680. Ele era conhecido por ser um amigo íntimo de Sigeberto III e de Genésio.

Seu irmão mais velho, Santo Avito II, Bispo de Clermont, em Auvérnia, tendo-o recomendado para seu sucessor, morreu em 689, e Bonitus foi consagrado. Ele era conhecido por ter uma grande devoção à Bem-Aventurada Virgem Maria e diz-se que experimentou uma aparição dela. Dois anos depois, depois de ter governado aquela sé por dez anos, ele tinha o escrúpulo de que sua eleição tivesse sido perfeitamente canônica; e tendo consultado São Tilo, ou Theau, então levando uma vida eremítica em Solignas, renunciou a sua dignidade.

Aposentou-se por quatro anos na abadia de Manlieu e, depois de ter feito uma peregrinação a Roma, morreu de gota em Lyon no dia 15 de janeiro de 710, aos oitenta e seis anos.

Referências

Fontes
 Catholic Online - Saint Bonitus

Mortos em 706
Nascidos em 623
Santos da França

Bonnet de Clermont


Sua Muito Reverenda Paternidade Frei José de Jesus Maria Mayne (7 de junho de 1723 – 23 de dezembro de 1792) foi um sacerdote católico português que ocupou vários postos importantes, como o de Ministro-geral da Terceira Ordem Regular de São Francisco, Capelão-mor da Real Armada, e confessor de D. Pedro III.

José Mayne está intimanente associado à história da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa. Acompanhando a era do Iluminismo, instituiu uma escola de história natural integrada na Academia: estabelecendo para tal um gabinete de curiosidades pela doação da sua importante coleção e fez grandes contribuições para a biblioteca.

O interesse de Mayne por história natural e ciência destaca-se pelo estudo das maravilhas da Criação como via para combater os pontos de vista filosóficos materialísticos lançados por pensadores estrangeiros em França (Voltaire, Rousseau, Helvétius, Boulanger, Diderot, Robinet, La Mettrie) and Britain (Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Coward, Cudworth, Dodwell, Toland, Collins), aos quais se opunha, considerando-os destrutivos da religião e do estado.

Obras
Declamação evangelica na trasladação de Sancta Rosa de Viterbo, recitada no convento de Nossa Senhora de Jesus (Lisboa, Miguel Manescal da Costa, 1757)
Dissertação sobre a alma racional, onde de mostram os fundamentos da sua immortalidade (Lisboa, Regia Offic. Typ., 1778)

Notas

Padres católicos de Portugal
Portugueses do século XVIII
Franciscanos
Naturalistas de Portugal
Teólogos de Portugal
Naturais do Porto

José de Jesus Maria Mayne


Takahiro Yamada (født 29. april 1972) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takahiro Yamada


L'élection présidentielle arménienne de 2022 a lieu les 2 et  afin d'élire au scrutin indirect le président de la république d'Arménie.

L'élection a lieu trois ans avant la date prévue en raison de la démission du président en exercice Armen Sarkissian, à la suite de désaccords l'opposant au Premier ministre Nikol Pachinian sur l'étendue des pouvoirs présidentiels ainsi que de révélations sur sa double nationalité.

Soutenu par le parti Contrat civil (KP) au pouvoir, Vahagn Khatchatourian se présente sans opposition, les autres partis ayant décidé de boycotter le scrutin, et l'emporte sans surprise.

Contexte

L'élection présidentielle de mars 2018 voit Armen Sarkissian être élu par les membres de l'Assemblée nationale dès le premier tour avec  sur 101, en l'absence de rivaux.

Il s'agit alors du premier scrutin présidentiel au suffrage indirect depuis une révision de la Constitution approuvée par référendum en 2015, ayant fait passé le pays d'un système semi-présidentiel à celui d'une république parlementaire. Les pouvoirs présidentiels, auparavant très étendus, sont depuis devenus essentiellement honorifiques, dans le cadre d'une stratégie du président sortant Serge Sarkissian visant à conserver le pouvoir par un contournement de la limite constitutionnelle du nombre de mandats présidentiels. Le second mandat de Serge Sarkissian s'achève ainsi le , lui permettant de devenir Premier Ministre, poste auquel l'essentiel des pouvoirs présidentiels ont été transférés. Il bénéficie pour cela du soutien de son parti, le Parti républicain d'Arménie, détenteur de la majorité absolue des sièges à l'Assemblée depuis les élections législatives de 2017.

Sarkissian est élu Premier ministre par les députés le . D'importantes manifestations secouent alors le pays en opposition à son maintien à la tête du pays depuis plus de  consécutives, la population lui reprochant son inaction sur les thèmes de la corruption et de la pauvreté. Le mouvement protestataire est notamment mené par le député d'opposition Nikol Pachinian, et celui-ci est arrêté le  avec plusieurs centaines de manifestants.

Le lendemain, devant l'ampleur des manifestations continuant d'avoir lieu dans le pays, Sagsian démissionne de son poste de Premier ministre, déclarant que . Après une période d'intérim menée par son prédécesseur Karen Karapetian, des élections législatives anticipées sont organisées en décembre 2018, et voient la victoire écrasante de l'Alliance « Mon pas » dirigée par Nikol Pachinian, qui devient Premier ministre.

En septembre 2020, cependant, une guerre éclate entre l'Azerbaïdjan et la République d'Artsakh, ou Haut-Karabagh, une république non reconnue soutenue par l'Arménie, réveillant un conflit gelé depuis la chute de l'URSS. La cuisante défaite de l'allié historique amène à des appels de plus en plus pressants à la démission de Pachinian et l'organisation d'élections anticipées. Conjuguée aux effets de la pandémie de Covid-19, la défaite voit l'économie arménienne connaître une récession de 7,6 % en 2020, tandis que la poussée du chômage et de l'inflation accélèrent l'émigration vers la Russie.

Le , le chef d'état-major de l'armée Onik Gasparian et plusieurs généraux se joignent aux appels à la démission de Pachinian. Celui-ci réagit en appelant ses partisans à se rassembler dans les rues de la capitale pour afficher leur soutien, avant de limoger Gasparian et de condamner ce qu'il qualifie de . Malgré le soutien affiché de l'armée à l'opposition, cette dernière peine à mobiliser, Pachinian prenant la tête d'un cortège de  dans les rues de la capitale, tandis que l'opposition rassemble entre  le même jour, puis ceux suivants. La démission du chef d'état-major est cependant refusée deux jours plus tard par le président Armen Sarkissian dans ce qui est alors perçu comme un soutien symbolique aux appels à un scrutin anticipé, les pouvoirs du président arménien  ne lui permettant pas de s'y opposer dans la durée.

Finalement organisées en juin 2021, les élections législatives voient la victoire du parti Contrat civil de Nikol Pachinian. Le scrutin se révèle une victoire surprise pour Nikol Pachinian, qui conserve une confortable majorité à l'Assemblée nationale et qualifie le résultat inespéré de  en référence à la  de 2018. Avec près de 54 % des suffrages exprimés et  sur 107, Contrat civil détient ainsi seul la majorité absolue lui permettant de gouverner sans recourir à un gouvernement de coalition.

Les affrontements répétés entre le président et son Premier ministre quant à l'exercice des pouvoirs du chef de l'Etat lors de la crise politique de 2021 finissent cependant par conduire Armen Sarkissian à annoncer sa démission le 23 janvier 2022. Le président évoque à cette occasion son incapacité à agir sur la vie politique, déplorant que sa fonction . Sarkissian appelle dans la foulée à une révision constitutionnelle afin d'équilibrer les pouvoirs entre les deux chefs de l'exécutifArménie: le président Armen Sarkissian présente sa démission. La démission de Sarkissian est une surprise pour Nikol Pachinian comme pour les propres collaborateurs du président, ce dernier préparant depuis plusieurs jours sa participation à un sommet européen.

Dans les jours qui suivent, cependant, la plateforme journalistique Hetq révèle les résultats d'une enquête menée en partenariat avec l'Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), sur la possession par le président d'une double nationalité. Détenteur de la nationalité christophienne en plus de celle arménienne, Sarkissian se trouvait par conséquent sous la menace d'une annulation de son élection à la présidence, la Constitution interdisant au chef de l'état de détenir une double nationalité. Contacté par les journalistes, Sarkissian aurait affirmé ne pas avoir connaissance de sa double nationalité, ayant demandé avant son élection la suspension de celle de Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès, acquise à la suite d'un important investissement immobilier dans le pays. Selon Hetq, le président aurait démissionné au lendemain de cet échange téléphonique.

Le président de l'Assemblée nationale Alen Simonian assure l'intérim à partir du . La démission de Sarkissian devient en effet effective une semaine après son annonce, le président ne l'ayant pas retirée dans cet intervalle. En accord avec la Constitution, l'élection présidentielle est organisée entre 25 et 35 jours après sa démission. Le premier tour du scrutin est par conséquent fixé au 3 mars 2022, avec d'éventuels tours supplémentaires les 4 et 5 mars.

Mode de scrutin

Le président de la république d'Arménie est élu au suffrage indirect pour un mandat de sept ans non renouvelable par les membres de l'Assemblée nationale. Est élu le candidat recueillant les voix d'au moins trois quarts du total des membres de l'Assemblée nationale. À défaut, un second tour est organisé avec un quorum de voix abaissé aux trois cinquièmes. Si aucun candidat n'est élu au second tour, un troisième a lieu entre les deux candidats arrivés en tête au second, et le candidat ayant réuni la majorité absolue du total des membres est élu.

Les majorités nécessaires étant basées sur le total des membres et non les suffrages exprimés, il est possible qu'aucun candidat ne soit élu même au troisième tour en cas d'abstention ou de votes blancs et nuls d'un nombre suffisant de députés. Si les trois tours se révèlent infructueux, une nouvelle élection est organisée dans les dix jours suivant la précédente.

Conditions de candidatures
Pour se présenter, les candidats doivent être âgés d'au moins 40 ans, parler couramment arménien, disposer de leurs droits civiques, ne pas avoir eu d'autre citoyenneté que celle arménienne au cours des six années précédentes et avoir résidé dans le pays depuis la même durée.

Enfin et surtout, les candidats à la présidence doivent recueillir le soutien à leur nomination d'au moins un quart des députés de l'Assemblée nationale, soit 27 députés en 2022.

Candidats

À la suite des élections législatives arméniennes de 2021, l'Assemblée nationale est composée de trois formations : le parti Contrat civil ainsi que les coalitions de l'Alliance arménienne et de l'Alliance « J'ai l'honneur ». Seules les deux premières disposent cependant des 27 députés nécessaires à la nomination d'un candidat.

Le 31 janvier, Contrat civil annonce la candidature de Vahagn Khatchatrian, ministre des Hautes technologies dans le gouvernement Pachinian. Ancien maire d'Erevan, Khatchatrian était membre du parti République puis du Congrès national arménien (HAK) avant de quitter ce dernier pour devenir indépendant en 2017.

Accusant le gouvernement de nommer un candidat partisan ne représentant que la majorité au pouvoir, l'Alliance arménienne et l'Alliance « J'ai l'honneur » annoncent début février leur décision de ne pas participer à l'élection du nouveau président de la république, la constitution imposant que ce dernier reste impartial et guidé par le seul intérêt national.

Contrat civil ne disposant que de 71 sièges, soit dix de moins que la majorité des trois quarts exigée au premier tour, l'élection de Vahagn Khatchatrian est jugée peu probable dès le premier tour en l'absence de soutien de l'opposition. Son élection est attendue au second tour, lors de l'abaissement de la majorité exigée aux trois cinquièmes, soit 64 voix.

Résultats

Analyse
Comme attendu, le premier tour organisé le 2 mars est un échec malgré la candidature unique de Vahagn Khatchatrian, celui-ci n'atteignant pas le seuil de voix des trois quarts des inscrits en raison de l'abstention de l'opposition. Il est élu au second tour le lendemain à la majorité des trois cinquièmes. Sa prise de fonction intervient le 13 mars.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi
 Politique en Arménie
 Président de la république d'Arménie

Armenie
2022
Arménie
2022 en Arménie
Arménie

Élection présidentielle arménienne de 2022


Mayar Sherif Ahmed Abdel-Aziz (nascida em 5 de maio de 1996) é uma tenista profissional egípcia. Ela é a irmã mais nova da também jogadora de tênis, Rana Sherif Ahmed. Ela obteve a classificação mais alta de sua carreira no ranking da WTA, a de Nº 44 em simples, em 18 de julho de 2022, e a 88ª posição em duplas, em 11 de julho de 2022.

Sherif ganhou um título de simples no WTA Tour, no Emilia-Romagna Open de 2022. Ela também ganhou quatro títulos de simples e um título de duplas na "WTA Challenger series", com destaque no Liqui Moly Open Karlsruhe, além de quatorze títulos de simples e sete títulos de duplas no Circuito Feminino da ITF.

Sherif passou seus últimos dois anos de faculdade na Pepperdine University em Malibu, Califórnia, graduando-se em 2018 como bacharel em medicina esportiva. Ela fazia parte do time de tênis da universidade e recebeu o prêmio "All-American", de melhor atleta, em 2017 e 2018, e o de "Jogadora do Ano" da Conferência da Costa Oeste em 2018. Ela chegou às semifinais do torneio individual da NCAA de 2018 e terminou sua temporada sênior em 11º lugar nacional em simples.

Sherif fez sua estreia em simples no WTA Tour no Aberto de Praga de 2020. Ela foi a primeira jogadora egípcia na chave principal de um torneio do Grand Slam, no Aberto da França de 2020. Ela fez história novamente no tênis egípcio no Australian Open de 2021, tornando-se a primeira mulher de seu país a vencer uma partida da chave principal de um Grand Slam.

Ela também se tornou a primeira mulher egípcia a se classificar para os Jogos Olímpicos e chegar à final do torneio da WTA em Cluj-Napoca. No Madrid Open de 2023, ela se tornou a primeira jogadora egípcia a chegar às quartas de final de um torneio WTA 1000, onde perdeu para a cabeça-de-chave Nº 2 Aryna Sabalenka, depois de ter vencido o primeiro set por 6-2.

Jogando pela , ela tem um recorde de vitórias e derrotas de 19–11 (em duplas: 10–5) nas competições por equipe.

Carreira profissional

2020
Sherif começou a temporada jogando nas eliminatórias do Australian Open, que foi sua primeira aparição em um torneio WTA. Ela perdeu na primeira rodada das eliminatórias para Ann Li. Em março, antes da suspensão dos torneios devudo à pandemia de COVID-19, ela conquistou o título em um torneio de US$ 25.000 em Antalya, derrotando Dalma Gálfi na final.

Em agosto, depois da retomada das atividades, no Aberto de Praga, Sherif avançou na qualificatória fazendo sua estreia na chave principal no nível WTA Tour. Na primeira rodada, ela perdeu para Laura Siegemund em três sets.

No final de setembro de 2020, Sherif derrotou Camila Osorio, Caty McNally e Giulia Gatto-Monticone nas qualificatórias do Aberto da França. Fazendo sua estreia na chave principal do Grand Slam como a primeira jogadora egípcia, Sherif enfrentou a segunda cabeça-de-chave e número 3 do mundo, Karolína Plíšková, perdendo em três sets.

2021
Sherif novamente fez história como a primeira mulher egípcia a vencer uma partida em um torneio do Grand Slam, derrotando Chloe Paquet na primeira rodada do Australian Open.

Ela teve outro destaque, ao se classificar como a primeira mulher egípcia para as Olimpíadas de Tóquio, após vencer os Jogos Africanos de 2019.

Sherif também se tornou a primeira mulher egípcia a chegar a uma final de simples e duplas do WTA Tour em Cluj-Napoca. Em simples, ela derrotou Alizé Cornet, Alex Eala, Kristína Kučová e Mihaela Buzărnescu, mas perdeu para Andrea Petkovic na final. Em duplas, ao lado de Katarzyna Piter, perdeu para Natela Dzalamidze e Kaja Juvan na final. Como resultado, ela entrou no top 100 no mundo nº 97 em 9 de agosto de 2021, a primeira mulher egípcia a fazê-lo, e também alcançou o recorde de sua carreira em duplas no nº 154.

2022
Ela fez sua estreia no top 50 em simples e alcançou a posição 98 mundial em duplas em 16 de maio de 2022.

No Aberto da França, ela se tornou a primeira mulher egípcia a vencer uma partida da chave principal de Roland Garros, após derrotar Marta Kostyuk em dois sets (6–3, 7–5). Ela desistiu na segunda rodada devido a uma lesão.

No Emilia-Romagna Open em Parma, Sherif derrotou Anna Bondár, Simona Waltert, Lauren Davis e Ana Bogdan para chegar à sua segunda final de um WTA 250, e a primeira desde o verão anterior. Ela então derrotou a cabeça-de-chave e número 7 do mundo, Maria Sakkari, em dois sets para reivindicar seu primeiro título de simples e se tornou a primeira mulher do Egito a ganhar um título do WTA Tour. A vitória contra Sakkari também foi sua primeira vitória no top 10.

2023
No Madrid Open, Sherif derrotou Camila Giorgi por abandono, a 30ª cabeça-de-chave Anhelina Kalinina, a quinta cabeça-de-chave Caroline Garcia e a 24ª cabeça-de-chave Elise Mertens para chegar às quartas de final do WTA 1000, tornando-se também a primeira jogadora egípcia a fazê-lo.

Estatísticas da carreira

Quadros de linha de tempo

Simples

Duplas

Finais no WTA Tour

Simples: 2 (1 título, 1 final)

Duplas: 2 (2 finais)

Finais WTA Challenger

Simples: 4 (4 títulos)

Duplas: 3 (1 título, 2 finais)

Finais do Circuito ITF

Simples: 18 (9 títulos, 9 finais)

Duplass: 13 (6 títulos, 7 finais)

Recordes em confronto direto

Recordes contra as top 10

Vitórias contra Top 10

Ligações externas

 Mayar Sherif Player Profile at ESPN

Tenistas do Egito

Mayar Sherif


ميروسلاف بافلوفيتش، من مواليد 23 أكتوبر 1942، وتوفي في 19 يناير 2004، لاعب كرة قدم يوغسلافي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب يوغسلافيا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية صرب
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية صرب مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يوغوسلافيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة زلاتيبور
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو النجم الأحمر بلغراد
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو دوري أمريكا الشمالية لكرة القدم (1968–84)
لاعبو سان خوزيه إيرث كويكس
لاعبو كأس العالم 1974
لاعبو كرة قدم صرب مغتربون
بافلوفيتش
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو كرة قدم يوغوسلاف مغتربون
بافلوفيتش
لاعبو منتخب يوغوسلافيا لكرة القدم
مواليد 1942
وفيات 2004
وفيات في بلغراد
لاعبو الدوري اليوغوسلافي الأول
لاعبو سلوبودا أوزيس
لاعبو دياست
رياضيون من مقاطعة زلاتيبور

ميروسلاف بافلوفيتش


Walter Stanley Monroe (May 14, 1871 – October 6, 1952) was a businessman and conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of Newfoundland from 1924 to 1928 as leader of the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party.

He was born in Ireland in 1871, the first son of John Monroe, a distinguished lawyer who became Solicitor-General for Ireland, and his wife Elizabeth Moule. He was educated at the Harrow School, England.  He emigrated to Newfoundland to join his uncle, Moses Monroe,  at the age of 17 in 1888.

Monroe was a successful businessman who briefly served in the government of William Warren. He emerged from the political crisis that destroyed the governments of Sir Richard Squires and William Warren as leader of a new party, the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party, which had been cobbled together by Warren and the opposition Conservatives after Warren's government fell. The party was essentially a conservative party and swept to power in the 1924 election, weeks after it was formed.

The Monroe government saw a successful settlement of the Labrador boundary dispute with Canada after Newfoundland successfully argued its case at the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. As Prime Minister, one of his first moves in power was to abolish the personal income tax, and to reduce corporate taxes paid by banks.  His government introduced a franchise bill to the legislature in 1925, where it passed unanimously on March 9, and became law on April 13, 1925.  Now, women were allowed to vote in elections for the first time.   Monroe returned to private life and resigned on August 15, 1928 passing the leadership of the party to his cousin Frederick C. Alderdice who became the new Prime Minister.  In 1929, Mr. Monroe was made a member of the Legislative Council of Newfoundland.

References

External links
Newfoundland in the 1920s

1871 births
1952 deaths
Politicians from Dublin (city)
Prime Ministers of the Dominion of Newfoundland
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Newfoundland
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
British emigrants to Newfoundland Colony

Walter Stanley Monroe


Léa Lassarat, née le  au Havre est une chef d'entreprise française.

Elle dirige plusieurs hôtels, restaurants et spas. Elle est présidente du réseau « Femmes & Challenges » qu'elle a créé en 2017.

Biographie
À , elle rentre dans l'entreprise familiale Interior's, (créateur, fabricant et distributeur de meubles et objets de décoration) créée par ses parents Sylvie et Jean-Michel Le Broussois. Après avoir occupé plusieurs postes clés dans l'entreprise, elle est nommée directrice générale d'Interior's et dirige  dans le monde jusqu'en 2007.

En parallèle, elle participe à la fondation d'hôtels en Normandie et dans les Alpes : « Vent d'Ouest » au Havre, « Les Maisons de Léa » à Honfleur, « Au Chamois d'or » à l'Alpe d'Huez.

En 2012, elle décide de quitter l'entreprise familiale pour développer ses activités dans l'hôtellerie et la restauration. Sont ensuite créés « Les Enfants Sages », un restaurant bistronomique au Havre en 2015, puis « Le Tourbillon » à Honfleur, et en 2016, « Les Pins de César » dans la campagne d'Étretat. En 2019, elle dirige neuf établissements, dont quatre hôtels, et .

En 2023, après des mois de rénovation d'une ancienne école du centre-ville, elle ouvre La Grande Ecole au Havre, un concept qui rassemble un food hall, un hôtel en tiny house, un pub à l'anglaise, un spa, une école de formation professionnelle ainsi qu'une école de loisirs et de cuisine.

Investissements et engagements
De 2016 à 2021, elle préside la Chambre de commerce et d'industrie Seine Estuaire où elle anime un réseau de  avec pour objectif le développement économique du territoire.

Elle est fondatrice et présidente du réseau « Femmes & Challenges » qu'elle crée en 2017, un réseau dédié à l'entrepreneuriat au féminin en Normandie. En tant que présidente du réseau, elle accompagne les femmes qui souhaitent entreprendre, notamment par la création d'un fonds de soutien qui octroie des prêts d'honneurs à taux zéro.

Distinctions
Le , Léa Lassarat est nommée au grade de chevalier dans l'ordre national du Mérite au titre de . Elle est faite chevalier de l'ordre par Édouard Philippe, le .

En , elle est  à l'occasion du Women for Future.

Liens externes
  Portrait de Léa Lassarat sur la chaîne Paris-Normandie, en .
 Portrait de Léa Lassarat dans le quotidien Les Echos Entrepreneurs, en .

Notes et références

Naissance en août 1971
Naissance au Havre
Femme d'affaires française

Léa Lassarat


Alejandro Abrines Redondo (Palma de Mallorca, 1 de agosto de 1993), es un jugador de baloncesto español que actualmente milita en el F. C. Barcelona. Con 1,98 metros de estatura, juega en la posición de escolta. Es hijo del que fuera jugador de la ACB Gabriel Abrines.

Trayectoria

Inicios
Se forma en la cantera del Colegio La Salle de su Palma de Mallorca natal. En el año 2010 ficha por las categorías inferiores del CB Málaga.

Profesional

ACB

Debutó en ACB el 9 de octubre de 2011. Con 18 años asume responsabilidades en el Unicaja Málaga que atravesaba una crisis de resultados, estableciendo varios récords de precocidad como el de minutos y el de puntos, anotando 31 puntos frente a Estudiantes el 11 de marzo de 2012.

El 17 de julio de 2012 llega a un principio de acuerdo con el F. C. Barcelona siendo traspasado a cambio de Fran Vázquez.

El 5 de mayo de 2016 fue nombrado Euroleague Rising Star (mejor jugador joven de Europa).
En el F. C. Barcelona juega durante cuatro años (2012-2016) ganando 3 títulos, una Liga ACB, una Copa del Rey y una Supercopa de España.

NBA
En julio de 2016 ficha por los Oklahoma City Thunder de la NBA. En su primera temporada en el equipo promedió 6,0 puntos y 1,3 rebotes por partido, jugando algo más de 15 minutos por encuentro.

El 30 de noviembre de 2018, en un partido frente a Atlanta Hawks, Álex consigue el mayor número de triples de su carrera NBA, 7, logrando 21 puntos.

El 9 de febrero de 2019, después de sufrir problemas personales, es cortado por Oklahoma, por lo que se convierte en agente libre.

Regreso ACB
El 12 de julio de 2019, se anuncia su regreso al F. C. Barcelona tres años después de su marcha. Ficha por dos temporadas más otra opcional. En junio de 2021 se hizo oficial su renovación con el club azulgrana hasta 2026.

En la final de la Supercopa de España 2021, al inicio de la temporada, sufrió una lesión femoropatelar en su rodilla izquierda. En febrero de 2022, cinco meses después de su lesión, regresó a las pistas disputando los cuartos de final de la Copa del Rey de 2022 ante el BAXI Manresa. Posteriormente, el FC Barcelona se haría con el título, a pesar de que no disputó minutos en la final. En ese partido disputó 9 minutos, anotando 11 puntos. En la Ronda 32 de la Euroliga, igualó su récord de triples en un partido europeo al anotar 6 triples en 7 intentos frente al Fenerbahçe Beko Istanbul, quedándose a uno del récord del Barça.

En junio de 2023, se proclama campeón de la Liga ACB, por tercera vez en su carrera.

Selección nacional
Fue integrante de las categorías júnior de la selección española. En 2011 fue oro del EuroBasket Sub-18 celebrado en Polonia, donde además fue elegido MVP del torneo. En 2012 bronce en el EuroBasket Sub-20 celebrado en Eslovenia.

En 2016, fue parte del combinado nacional español que consiguió el bronce olímpico en Río 2016.

Fue miembro de la selección que ganó el bronce en el Eurobasket 2017 celebrado en Turquía.

En verano de 2021, fue parte de la selección absoluta española que participó en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020, que quedó en sexto lugar.

Durante agosto y septiembre de 2023 fue integrante de la selección de España que participó en el Mundial de 2023 celebrado en Asia, y que finalizó en noveno lugar.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Estadísticas ACB

Liga

Playoff

Votaciones para el All-Star Game de la NBA

Logros y reconocimientos

Club
 Liga  ACB (3): 2013, 2021, 2023.
 Copa del Rey (3): 2013, 2021 y 2022
 Supercopa de España (1): 2015.

Consideraciones individuales
 Euroleague Rising Star (1): 2016
 MVP Europeo Sub-18 (1): 2011
 Mejor Quinteto Joven de la ACB (2): 2014 y 2015

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Álex Abrines en FCBarcelona.es
 Álex Abrines en FEB.es
 Álex Abrines en ACB.com
 Álex Abrines en Euroleague.net
 Álex Abrines en FIBA.com

Baloncestistas de España
Baloncestistas de España en los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016
Baloncestistas de España en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020
Baloncestistas de la Liga ACB
Baloncestistas de la Liga LEB
Baloncestistas españoles en el Draft de la NBA
Baloncestistas españoles en la NBA
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Málaga
Baloncestistas del Club Baloncesto Axarquía
Baloncestistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Oklahoma City Thunder
Españoles del siglo XXI
Deportistas de las Islas Baleares
Nacidos en Palma de Mallorca

Álex Abrines


The General Dynamics GAU-12/U Equalizer is a five-barrel 25 mm Gatling-type rotary cannon. The GAU-12/U is used by the United States, Italy and Spain, which mount the weapon in their attack jets such as the AV-8B Harrier II, airborne gunships such as the Lockheed AC-130, and land-based fighting vehicles.
A lighter four-barrel version, designated GAU-22/A, is mounted on F-35 Lightning II fighter jets.

Development
The five-barrel Equalizer cannon was developed in the late 1970s, based on the mechanism of the 30mm GAU-8/A Avenger cannon, but firing a new NATO series of 25 mm ammunition. The GAU-12/U cannon is operated by an 11 kW (15 hp) electric motor, or in external mounts supplied by a bleed air driven pneumatic system. Its rate of fire is normally 3,600 rounds per minute, with a maximum of 4,200 rounds per minute. For use in the AC-130 gunship, the fire rate is limited to 1,800 rounds per minute in order to conserve ammunition and reduce barrel wear.

GAU-22/A
The GAU-22/A is a four-barrel version of the GAU-12/U designed for use on the F-35 Lightning II.
The GAU-22/A's major difference is the use of four barrels, rather than the GAU-12/U's five barrels.  The GAU-22/A is lighter and has a reduced rate of fire of 3,300 rounds per minute, but maintains the same, high accuracy of 5 milliradians, 80% circle of the GAU-12 and A-10's GAU-8. The weapon is produced by General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems.

The Nammo 25 mm PGU-47/U APEX (Armor Piercing with Explosive) projectile has been developed for the GAU-22/A.
It features a tungsten carbide penetrator in the tip and an explosive fragmentation body, to be multi-purpose against both hardened and soft targets. Also, the presence of a clockworking inertia-driven mechanical fuze in the mid-body, protects the round from shocks, misfires and cookoffs, making it safer to handle and fire.

Uses

The current principal application for the Equalizer is the AV-8 Harrier IIs of the United States Marine Corps, Italian Navy and Spanish Navy. The Harrier II carries the Equalizer system in a pair of detachable pods mounted on the fuselage underside, with the cannon in the port pod and 300 rounds of ammunition in the starboard pod, fed through a bridge at the aft ends of the pods that also contains the drive system for the gun (unlike previous Harriers which used dual cannons, with each pod containing a 30mm ADEN gun and its own ammunition supply). The complete installation, which includes a double-ended feed system that returns empty cartridges to the magazine, weighs 900 lb (410 kg) empty and 1,230 lb (560 kg) loaded. The detachable pods are located and shaped to be interchangeable with the usual ventral strakes or fences under the Harrier, both serving to help trap a cushion of high-pressure air under the aircraft to add lift while in hover mode. The strakes can easily be removed and the pods attached in their place, serving the same function while adding useful firepower.

RAF and Fleet Air Arm Harriers did not adopt the Equalizer for their Harrier GR7 and GR9s. The British had originally planned a pair of ADEN 25 guns (using the same ammunition as the GAU-12/U, but based on the 30 mm ADEN cannon). That gun was canceled in 1999 after protracted development problems, and British Harrier GR7/9s were without gun armament until retirement.

The Equalizer is also used in the AC-130U Spooky gunship, where one cannon is mounted on the port side, and the U.S. Marine Corps LAV-AD air-defense vehicle. Other applications have been planned for the GAU-12/U, including a mounting for the AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter.

The Equalizer was also used as the basis for the Sea Vulcan 25, a turret mounted gun for naval ship self-defense, although not as a Close-In Weapon System, as the gun was not automatic nor did it use radar tracking. Instead the gun was manually aimed using a digital gun sight and fire control. Sea Vulcan consisted of a 540-round helical drum magazine, a one-piece aluminum turret that can be opened with just a screwdriver, and the main gun. One unique advantage of the system was that it was capable of operating independently of ship's power; the gun and ammunition magazine were powered by a 3,000 psi pneumatic drive and the turret motor by twin lead–acid batteries.

Intended as a higher-firepower alternative to conventional deck-mounted machine guns and cannon, the weapon employs the Navy's Mk 24 target designator and laser range finder for enhanced accuracy. The gun was developed in the mid-1980s as a cost-effective protection for ships smaller than frigate or corvette or patrol boats, but did not enter this service.

The GAU-12 was utilized as the principal armament for the Rutan ARES.

The four-barrel GAU-22 is carried internally by the F-35A (the CTOL version of the F-35) on the port side of the fuselage, with 180 PGU-47/U APEX rounds. In contrast, the F-35B STOVL and C naval aircraft mount the GAU-22 in a stealthy external gun pod under the fuselage, together with 220 rounds.

Specifications (GAU-12/U)

Type: Five-barreled rotary cannon
Caliber: 25 mm (0.98 in)
Operation: electric
Length: 83.2 in (2.11 m)
Weight (complete): 270 lb (122 kg)
Rate of fire: 3,600–4,200 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity: (HEI) 3,400 ft/s (1,040 m/s); (API) 3,280 ft/s (1,000 m/s)
Projectile weight: (HEI) 6.5 oz (184 g); (API) 7.6 oz (215 g)
Muzzle energy: (HEI) 73,400 ft·lbf (99,500 joules); (API) 79,300 ft·lbf (107,500 joules)

Specifications (GAU-22/A)

Type: Four-barreled rotary cannon
Caliber: 25 mm (0.98 in)
Operation: electric
Length: 83.2 in (2.11 m)
Weight (complete): 230 lb (104 kg)
Rate of fire: 3,300 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity: (APEX) 3,200 ft/s (970 m/s)
Projectile weight: (APEX) 7.87 oz (223 g)
Muzzle energy: (APEX) 77,400 ft·lbf (104,900 joules)

Similar systems
 Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-23
 Myriad CIWS

References

External links

 General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems GAU-12/U page
 General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems GAU-22/A page
 F-35 JSF gun system page on General Dynamics Armament and Technical Products (manufacturer) site
 FAS.org: GAU-12 Equalizer
 Globalsecurity.com's article on the GAU-12
 Sea Vulcan archive Video

Rotary cannon
Multi-barrel machine guns
Aircraft guns
Articles containing video clips
25 mm artillery
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s

GAU-12 Equalizer


عبد الله راجع (1948 - 1990) شاعر وناقد مغربي.

حياته
ولد سنة 1948 في مدينة سلا المجاورة للعاصمة المغربية الرباط، درس من المرحلة الابتدائية حتى الثانوية في مدينة سلا، ثم التحق بكلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية في مدينة فاس، وحصل على شهادة الإجازة في الأدب العربي منها سنة 1972، كما حصل على دبلوم الدراسات العليا في الأدب المغربي المعاصر من كلية الآداب بالرباط سنة 1984.عَمِل أستاذًا بالتعليم الثانوي بمدينة الفقيه بن صالح، ثم حارسا عاما بالتعليم الثانوي بالدار البيضاء، فأستاذا بكلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية بنفس المدينة. كما التحق باتحاد كتاب المغرب سنة 1976. وانضم إلى هيئة تحرير مجلة «الثقافة الجديدة» ابتداء من عددها التاسع سنة 1978. وساهم بإصدارمجلة «رصيف» مع أمجد ناصر حسون (عراقي مقيم في المغرب).

أعماله
أصدر مجموعة من الأعمال الشعرية والدراسات النقدية:

في الشعر
له الدواوين التالية:

الهجرة إلى المدن السفلى شعر (دار الكتاب) ـ 1976.

سلاما وليشربوا البحار شعر (منشورات الثقافة الجديدة) ـ 1982.

أياد كانت تسرق القمر شعر (دار النشر المغربية) ـ 1988.

وله عدد من القصائد نشرت في صحف ومجلات عصره منها مجلة الثقافة الجديدة، ورصيف، وجريدة المحرر.

في الدراسات
القصيدة المغربية المعاصرة بنية الشهادة والاستشهاد (جزءان ـ عيون المقالات) الجزء الأول 1988 ـ 316 صفحة، الجزء الثاني 1989 ـ 208 صفحة.

وفاته
توفي في 28 يوليو 1990 بإحدى مصحات الدار البيضاء.

مراجع

أشخاص من سلا
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
مواليد 1948

عبد الله راجع


La síntesis de quinazolinas de Niementowski es un método de síntesis orgánica en donde el ácido antranílico reacciona con amidas para formar 4-oxo-3,4-dihidroquinazolinas.>

Es nombrada por el químico polaco Stefan Niementowski (1866–1925).

Referencias

Véase también
 Síntesis de quinolinas de Niementowski

Reacciones de condensación
Reacciones orgánicas epónimas
Ciencia de 1895
Ciencia y tecnología de Polonia

Síntesis de quinazolina de Niementowski


İçinde ve civarında yerleşmiş kıta, kışla, karargâh, askerî kasaba, askerî birlik, askerî lise, harp akademisi veya askeri kurum bulunan meskûn yerlere garnizon denilir. Garnizon komutanlıklarının sorumluluk alanına göre ve genellikle sınırları kent ya da belediye sınırlarıyla saptanan bölgelerdir.
Garnizon sözcüğü Türkçeye Fransızcadan girmiştir, savunma amaçlı olarak bir kente veya kaleye yerleştirilen askeri birlik anlamındadır. Garnizon genellikle bir şehir, kasaba, kale, gemi veya başka türlerde olabilir.  "Garnizon kasabası", yakınında askerî üs olan herhangi bir kasaba için ortak bir ifadedir. Terim şimdi genellikle bir askerî üs veya müstahkem askeri karargâh oluşturan belirli tesisler için geçerlidir.

Günümüzde garnizonlar; konumlandıkları bölgelerin sınırları, buralardaki askeri birlik ve kurumların özellik ve sınıfları göz önünde tutularak genelkurmayca saptanan yerlerde bulunurlar. Garnizon komutanlıkları, bulundukları bölgelerde kısmen iç güvenliğin sağlanmasına da yardımcı olurlar. Garnizon komutanlıklarının yetki ve sorumluluk esasları Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri İç Hizmet Kanunu'nun 45-50. maddeleri ile belirlenmiştir. Garnizon komutanı "komendant" ismi ile de biliniyor.

Kaynakça

Kışlalar
Komuta ve kontrol
Türlerine göre askerî birimler
Askerî bilimler

Garnizon


"Amerikanizacija Emily" (engl. The Americanization of Emily) je američki crno-bijeli romantični ratni film iz 1964. godine. Produciran je na budžetu od 2,7 milijuna dolara od strane Martina Ransohoffa, režirao ga je Arthur Hiller, a glavni glumci su James Garner, Julie Andrews, Melvyn Douglas i James Coburn. Scenarij je napisao Paddy Chayefsky, poznat po svojem radu na filmovima "Marty" i "TV mreža", a radi se o slobodnoj adaptaciji istoimenog romana Williama Bradforda Huiea koji je kao američki mornarički časnik sudjelovao u iskrcavanju u Normandiji. Radnja filma dešava se u Londonu 1944. u tjednima prije Dana D.

Kad je izašao, film je izazvao mnoge kontroverze, ali ostao je zapamćen kao avangardni antiratni film. Garner i Andrews smatraju ga omiljenim od filmova u kojima su glumili.

Radnja

Kapetan korvete Charlie Madison (James Garner) iz Rezerve američke mornarice je cinični, ali vrlo efikasan ađutant kontraadmiralu Williamu Jessupu (Melvyn Douglas) u Londonu 1944. Madisonov zadatak je poput potrčka opskrbljivati svojeg šefa i ostale visokorangirane časnike luksuznim proizvodima i prijateljski nastrojenim Engleskinjama. Madison se zaljubi u vojnu vozačicu Emily Barham (Andrews), koja je u ratu već izgubila muža, brata i oca. Njegov materijalistički "američki" stil života usred ratnih nestašica i racioniranja Emily istovremeno smatra fascinantnim i odvratnim, no ne usuđuje se izgubiti još jednu voljenu osobu u ratu. "Praktična kukavica" Madison joj je stoga neodoljiv.

U dubokoj depresiji nakon smrti svoje žene, Jessup opsesivno bavi rivalstvom između grana Oružanih snaga SAD-a; on drži da će mornarica biti zapostavljena u nadolazećem Danu D od strane vojske i ratnog zrakoplovstva. Psihički nestabilni kontraadmiral odluči da "prvi mrtvac na Plaži Omaha mora biti mornar". Ratna dokumentarna snimka ovjekovječit će njegovu smrt, a pokopan će biti kao neznani junak. Naređuje Madisonu da snimi film.

Unatoč Madisonovim revnim pokušajima da izbjegne tu dužnost, on i njegov prijatelj kap. korvete Paul Cummings (James Coburn), koji je u međuvremenu prigrlio projekt, te njihova filmska ekipa nađu se u grupi s komandosima, koji će biti prvi mornari na francuskoj obali. Kad se Madison pokuša povući s plaže, razbješnjeli Cummings ga upuca pištoljem u nogu. Njemačka granata sleti u blizini hramljućeg Madisona, te on time postaje prva američka žrtva na Plaži Omaha. Fotografija Madisona koji trči prema obali (ustvari pokušavajući pobjeći od Cummingsa) nađe se u stotinama novina i časopisa, te je slavljen kao ratni heroj. Jessup, koji se u međuvremenu oporavio od ženine smrti, užasnut je svojom ulogom u njegovom pogibanju. On odluči iskoristiti Madisonovu smrt prema prijašnjem planu da bi promovirao mornaricu u očima Senata u Washingtonu. Emily je, izgubivši još jednu voljenu osobu u ratu, dovedena do ruba očaja.

Najednom se proširi neočekivana vijest — Madison je živ i oporavalja se u vojnoj bolnici u Southamptonu. Jessup je presretan i kani ga dovesti u toku svojeg svjedočenja pred Senatom kao "prvog čovjeka na Plaži Omaha", mornara. Madison, trajno ozlijeđen Cummingsovim hicem i ozlojeđen svojom besmislenim susretom sa smrću, neočekivano poželi časno se ponijeti i odati javnosti što se zaista dogodilo, iako zna da će zato biti osuđen zbog kukavičluka. Ali Emily ga uvjerava da umjesto toga odabere sreću s njom i potiho pristane biti heroj.

Glumci
 James Garner kao kap. korvete Charlie Madison
 Julie Andrews kao Emily Barham
 Melvyn Douglas kao kontraadmiral William Jessup
 James Coburn kao kap. korvete Paul Cummings - "Bus"
 Joyce Grenfell kao gđa Barham
 Keenan Wynn kao stari mornar
 Edward Binns kao adm. Thomas Healy
 Sharon Tate kao "lijepa cura"

Poveznice

Dramski filmovi
Američki filmovi 1960-ih
Filmovi o Drugom svjetskom ratu
Romantični filmovi

Amerikanizacija Emily


Kadraj (çerçeveleme), fotoğraf makinasının ve kameranın vizöründe görünen görüntüdür, yani fotoğraf karesinin ve film çerçevesinin içine dahil edilen her şey kadrajdır.

Kadraj dijital fotoğraf makinalarında, kameralarda daha doğrusu bir görüntüyü netlemek için kullanılan makinalarda vizörden bakınca görünen çerçevedir. Kadraj çoğunlukta elektronik aletlerde bulunur ve insanlara gösterilmek istenen objeler üzerinde netlik pozlama ve saf görüntüyü sağlamak için kullanılan terimdir. Daha çok kamera ve fotoğraf makinalarında çok önemli bir etkendir.

Sinema ve çizgi filmlerde büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Fotoğrafçılık terimleri

Kadraj


عبد العاطي الجرم مقاوم ليبي ينتمي لقبيلة الحسون التي تسكن منطقة الخشة أي وديان شرق سرت.

سيرة
ولد على التقريب سنة 1862 جاهد جنبا إلى جنب مع الشهيد سعدون السويحلي. طليقته هي المجاهدة بركة أبو بكر الزربي أخت المجاهد محمد الزربي. استشهد في معركة قصر أحمد أو معركة السبت سنة 1922.

اشترك في العديد من معارك الجهاد الليبي ضد الغزو الإيطالي بداية من معركة حيشسان اجبيل بمنطقة الزويتينة حيث يقول الشاعر :

كما اشترك أيضا في القرضابية وسواني بن يادم ووغيرها من المعارك التي يطول سردها وهو مدفون في مقبرة أحمد الزروق بمدينة مصراتة الشهيرة. وعبد العاطي الجرم هو صاحب الكف الشهير الذي صفع به وجه أحد قيادات الإيطاليين في اجتماع مفاوضات عندما طلب من المجاهدين ان يتساووا بالإيطاليين فصفعه بكل عزة واباء المسلم العربي وهو يقول (وي نتساوى مع الرومي !!!)كان يقود مجموعة من المجاهدين تتكون من حوالي 400 مجاهد من مختلف مناطق ليبيا وينتمون الي العديد من القبائل كان معه من قبيلة الحسون على سبيل المثال لا الحصر عبد المجيد سلامة الحسوني واخوه عبد الحفيظ سلامة الذي كان بمثابة الساعد الأيمن للبي عبد العاطي الجرم وبوصلاح امحمد الحسوني ومن قبائل أخرى مثل العبيدات والبراعصة والفرجان المجاهد بلاعو وأولاد شكر المجاهد احفاف والمجاهد صالح الحاسي وغيرهم الكثير له من الاخوة ستة اخوة وهم عبد الله وصالح وعمر ومحمد امتوبل ومحمد بونتيشس ومحمد الجرم مع العلم أن اخوه صالح كان يشارك معه في معارك الجهاد التي كان يخوضها عبد العاطي الجرم الي حين استشهاده اما اخوه الأصغر محمد الجرم فقد شارك في معركة الكوز التي وقعت بين اجدابيا والكفرة وجرح فيها جرحا بليغا ومن الاخوات حوالي أربعة عشرة اخت له من الأبناء الذكور ثلاثة هم خليفة ومحمد بلوط وبحور ومن الإناث خديجة ومستورة وبركة بعد معارك الجهاد الشرسة التي اشترك فيها واستشهاده بمعركة السبت الكبير في قصر حمد بمصراتة تعرضت أسرته ال الجرم الي المتابعة والمضايقة من قبل قوات الاحتلال الإيطالي فظطرت للهجرة كغيرها من عائلات المجاهدين وبعد تحرر الوطن رجعت اليه لشعورها بالانتماء لهذا الوطن العزيز وحبا منها في المشاركة والبناء يعيش أحفادة الآن في مناطق بن جواد وسرت وينغازي وطرابلس والجفرة وسبها والكفرة
يقال أنه يوم أصيب في معركة السبت وأدرك أنه لا رجاء فيه قال للمجاهدين بجانبه: "اتقوا بي ما في رجا في"؛ أي: احتموا بي فلا أمل في نجاتي.

ليبيون في القرن 19
مجاهدون ليبيون
مواليد 1862
وفيات 1922

عبد العاطي الجرم


Dibulitoon Studio SL es una productora audiovisual independiente que inició su actividad en 1991.

La mayor parte de su actividad se centra en largometrajes de animación de producción propia, aunque también cuentan con cortometrajes, series de ficción y animación, documentales, videoclips, spots y otros productos audiovisuales.

Comienzos (1991-2000)

Dibulitoon Studio inicia su andadura en 1991 de la mano de trabajadores de la extinta Eskuz, lo que hace que sea la productora de animación más antigua del País Vasco.

En este periodo la mayor parte de su actividad se dirige hacia terceros, ofreciendo servicios de animación a las principales productoras españolas como Dócon Films, Milímetros, Cromosoma, ampliando a corto plazo sus contactos pasando a trabajar con importantes productoras europeas, especialmente de Inglaterra y Francia, de donde destacan Cosgrove, Teleimagination y France animation.

Vistos los resultados, el estudio fue creciendo progresivamente, llegándose a realizar producciones para Warner Bros, Disney y Universal Studios de Estados Unidos.

En esta primera época de 9 años Dibulitoon Studio participó en la fabricación de 17 largometrajes y más de 50 series de televisión. Destacan algunos títulos como Batman, Sabrina: la serie animada (2005), Problem child (Este chico es un Demonio), Goomer, Fantomcat o The Lost World entre otras.

Segunda etapa (2000 a la actualidad)

Dibulitoon Studio inicia una nueva andadura centrándose en la producción propia sin renunciar a coproducir y colaborar puntualmente con empresas de reconocido prestigio nacional e internacional. Así, en el año 2000 se estrenó su primer largometraje de producción propia "El ladrón de sueños", nominado a los premios GOYA 2001. Esta exitosa experiencia hizo continuar a la productora en la misma senda, creando hasta la actualidad un total de 5 largometrajes y 4 cortometrajes experimentales para el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías.

Largometrajes

Cortometrajes

Otras Participaciones

Enlaces externos

  de Dibulitoon Studio
  (en inglés)

Cine de animación

Dibulitoon Studio


La Catarata Río Fortuna se encuentra en la Zona Norte del país centroamericano de Costa Rica, en la provincia de Alajuela y distrito La Fortuna. La cascada cae cerca de 70-75 metros y se encuentra en la base de la zona del volcán Chato, a unos 5,5 km de la localidad de La Fortuna, cerca del Volcán Arenal. Es alimentada por el río Tenorio, que viaja a través de la selva tropical en la Sierra Arenal hasta que se sumerge en el acantilado, formando esta cascada.

Véase también
Geografía de Costa Rica
Geografía de América Central
Catarata Della

Referencias

Cascadas de Costa Rica

Catarata La Fortuna


Olaylar
 4 Eylül - New York'taki The Exchange Buffet kafeteryasında ilk kez "self-servis" sistemi uygulanmaya başladı.

Tarihi bilinmeyenler
 Praseodim ve Neodimyum elementleri keşfedildi
 Benzinle çalışan içten yanmalı motora sahip ilk otomobil Alman mühendis Carl Friedrich Benz tarafından yapıldı.

Doğumlar
 21 Ocak - Umberto Nobile, Kuzey Kutbu uçuşuna öncülük eden İtalyan havacılık mühendisi, kaşif ve general. (ö. 30 Temmuz 1978)
 7 Şubat - Sinclair Lewis, Amerikalı yazar. (ö. 10 Ocak 1951)
 9 Şubat - Alban Berg, Avusturyalı besteci(ö. 24 Aralık 1935)
 16 Nisan - Arnold Petersen, Amerika Sosyalist İşçi Partisi Ulusal Sekreteri (ö. 1976)
 20 Ağustos - Dino Campana, İtalyan şair.
 11 Eylül - David Herbert Lawrence, İngiliz yazar. (ö. 2 Mart 1930)
 16 Eylül - Karen Horney, Amerikalı psikanalist (ö. 1952)
 18 Eylül - Üzeyir Hacıbeyov, Azeri besteci.
 7 Ekim - Niels Bohr, Danimarkalı Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi fizikçi. (ö. 18 Kasım 1962)
 11 Ekim - François Mauriac, Fransız yazar. (ö. 1 Eylül 1970)
 30 Ekim - Ezra Pound, Amerikalı şair, çevirmen, deneme yazarı. (ö. 1 Kasım 1972)
 11 Kasım - George S. Patton, Amerikalı asker. (ö. 21 Aralık 1945)
 25 Aralık - James Ewing, Amerikalı patolog (ö. 16 Mayıs 1943)

Doğduğu gün ve ay bilinmeyenler
 Şahabettin Süleyman, (ö. 1921, İsviçre), Türk yazar.
 Makbule Atadan, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün kız kardeşi (ö. 1956)
 Şakir Zümre, Cumhuriyetin ilk sanayicisi (ö. 16 Haziran 1966)
 Ali Şefik Özdemir, (ö. 17 Mayıs 1951) TBMM 6. dönem Siirt, 7. dönem Gaziantep milletvekili.

Ölümler
 26 Ocak - Charles George Gordon, İngiliz general. (d. 28 Ocak 1833)
 7 Mayıs - Semai Ahmet Efendi, Osmanlı Devleti (d. 1789)
 22 Mayıs - Victor Hugo, Fransız yazar (d.1802)
 23 Temmuz - Ulysses S. Grant, ABDli general ve 18. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanı. (d. 27 Nisan 1822)
 15 Eylül - Jumbo (fil), tüm zamanların en ünlü fili. 'Jumbo boy' terimine adını verdi. (d. 1860)
 29 Ekim - George B. McClellan, ABDli general. (d. 3 Aralık 1826)
 24 Kasım - XII. Alfonso, İspanya kralı (d.1857)
 25 Kasım - Thomas A. Hendricks, ABDli vali ve 21. başkan yardımcısı. (7 Eylül 1819)
Öldüğü gün ve ay bilinmeyenler
 Kara Abdal, Osmanlı Devleti şairi (d.1828)

1885


Biserica romano-catolică din Vețca este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Vețca, comuna Vețca. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul: 120183.02.

Localitatea
Vețca (în , în ) este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Mureș, Transilvania, România. Prima atestare documentară este din anul 1302, sub numele de Veckefő.

Biserica
După Reforma protestantă, satul a devenit unitarian. În 1700, franciscanii au înființat o misiune în localitate și mulți localnici au revenit la catolicism. Biserica medievală era amplasată pe locul cimitirului la începutul secolului al XVI-lea. În 1790-92, vechea biserică a fost demolată și a fost construită cea actuală, în interiorul satului. Din 1720 a existat și o școală catolică, care a fost naționalizată în 1948.

Note

Vezi și
 Vețca, Mureș

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Mureș
Biserici romano-catolice din România
Biserici din județul Mureș
BIserici din secolul al XVIII-lea

Biserica romano-catolică din Vețca


HMAS Burnie (J198/B238/A112), named for the city of Burnie, Tasmania, was one of 60 Bathurst class corvettes constructed during World War II and one of 20 built for the Admiralty but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Entering RAN service in April 1941, Burnie saw action during World War II, and was decommissioned on 5 July 1946. The corvette was sold to the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) five days later, was renamed HNLMS Ceram, and remained in service until 1958.

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to be fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 ordered by the RAN, 20 (including Burnie) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy.

Burnie was laid down by Mort's Dock & Engineering Company, Sydney on 4 June 1940. The corvette was launched on 25 October 1940 by Lady King, wife of the Mort's Dock Chairman of Directors, and was commissioned into the RAN on 15 April 1941.

Operational history

Royal Australian Navy

Australia and Singapore
Burnie was initially assigned to the 20th Minesweeping Flotilla, which she joined on 10 May 1941. The ship was then temporarily based at Fremantle, Western Australia as a patrol ship and convoy escort, then was sent to Sydney. In June, Burnie and sister ship HMAS Goulburn were assigned to the Royal Navy's China Force, and sailed to Singapore via the east coast of Australia, arriving on 12 July. There Burnie with HMAS Goulburn,  and  composed the 21st Minesweeping Flotilla assigned to minesweeping, patrol and escort duties. Burnie was present in Singapore when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and invaded Malaya.

Collapse of Java
The corvette was involved in a series of actions delaying the Japanese advance through Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies, including anti-submarine patrol, demolition work, troop and civilian evacuation, and anti-aircraft engagements, both individually and in concert with other Allied ships. During this time, she was involved in the evacuation of Sumatra in mid-February 1942, and, with Bendigo, rescued survivors from the Dutch vessel  on 28 February from the beach at Java Head. During the final days the ship was flagship for Commodore Collins commanding the China Force. This continued until September 1942, when Burnie was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet for anti-submarine patrol and convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean.

Along with Goulburn the ship had left Singapore on 25 January assigned to sweep the southern half of Banka Strait arriving in Batavia 30 January and on finding the harbor congested were at Tanjung Priok by 2 February where Burnie and Goulburn began on 5 February a continuous anti-submarine patrol until the Japanese invasion of Java. By 12 February and a flood of ships fleeing the fall of Singapore and Japanese advances the ship was sent to Oosthaven in Sumatra for anti-submarine patrols at that port. On the 17th the ship entered the port with  to assist in demolition of facilities covering a bridge to the wharf with her gun while a shore party worked through the night destroying ammunition, rail equipment and placing depth charges under the KPM wharf and a cargo shed as well as pouring sulphuric acid into the working parts and destroying propellers of four trucks of torpedoes before Burnie got underway and completed destruction with gunfire.

On the morning of 19 February the ship arrived at Tanjung Priok where her commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander T. Christy, RANR(S), reported to Commodore Collins and received orders to take temporary command of  and, with a party of Royal Air Force personnel return in Ballarat to Oosthaven for salvage of air force material. With that mission accomplished Christy returned in Ballarat on 21 February, the date when the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command had cabled Winston Churchill that further efforts to hold Java and the purpose of the command itself were useless. Withdrawal from Java began and on 22 February Ballarat, Bendigo, Burnie and Maryborough replaced coal burning ships in the Sunda Strait Auxiliary Patrol established by Collins to prevent Japanese landings on Java from Sumatra with night crossings in small craft.

By the 27th all British ships were ordered withdrawn from the Sunda Strait area and all the ships of 21st Minesweeping Flotilla were short of fuel with the flotilla commander ordering withdrawal to Tjilatjap for fueling on 28 February but Bendigo and Burnie were detached to rescue a party seen signaling from Java Head. On reaching the site Bendigo picked up fifteen and Burnie twenty-nine people that were survivors of the Dutch ship Boero that had been torpedoed several days earlier. Meanwhile, the flotilla had been ordered to return to Sunda Strait but the two ships with survivors were ordered on to Tjilatjap.

On 1 March, with the two ships and survivors approaching Tjilatjap the withdrawal from Batavia was ordered and all British ships were to gather at Tjilatjap for evacuation. By the time the two corvettes arrived on the afternoon of 1 March Japanese forces were already south of the port and Bendigo broadcast a message from Commodore Collins that all ships with enough fuel to avoid that port should proceed directly to Fremantle or Colombo. During the evening Collins arrived from Batavia and boarded Burnie. Evacuees were loaded on all ships available in the port and at 8 p.m. on 2 March Burnie departed flying Collins' flag and reaching Fremantle on 8 March after narrowly escaping Admiral Kondō's cruisers that sunk , the first of the British ships that left Tjilatjap, ,  and .

Eastern Fleet
Burnie remained with the Eastern Fleet until December 1944, when she and the other Admiralty-controlled Australian corvettes were ordered to Sydney, formed up as a Minesweeping Flotilla, and attached to the British Pacific Fleet. The corvette was primarily used as a patrol ship and convoy escort in the waters of New Guinea, the Admiralty Islands, and the Philippines.

After World War II ended in August 1945, Burnie was ordered to Hong Kong, where she was involved in mine clearance operations. By November, she had returned to Australian waters, and during December 1945 and January 1946 was involved in several public relations activities, including a visit to her namesake town and a cruise for children in Port Phillip Bay. The corvette's wartime service was recognised with three battle honours: "Pacific 1942–45", "Indian Ocean 1942–44", and "Okinawa 1945".

Royal Netherlands Navy service
Following the end of World War II, all of the Admiralty-operated Bathurst class corvettes were earmarked for disposal. Burnie, along with sister ships Ipswich and Toowoomba, were slated for transfer to the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN). The three corvettes departed Brisbane on 4 June 1946, arriving in Ceylon a month and a day later. The three ships were paid off from RAN service and commissioned into the RNLN; Burnie being renamed HNLMS Ceram

Ceram remained in service with the RNLN until 1958, when she was removed from the active service list.

Footnotes

Citations

References
Books

Journal and news articles

Websites

External links
AWM photo 306791 "Oosthaven, Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies. 1942-02-17. View from the bridge of HMAS Burnie, berthed alongside the Oosthaven port facilities which were destroyed to deny their use by the Japanese."
The loss of HMAS Yarra, 4 March 1942 Australian War Memorial

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Ships built in New South Wales
1940 ships
World War II corvettes of Australia

HMAS Burnie


Unterschiltach kann stehen für:
 Unterschiltach (Schiltach), rechter Zufluss der Schiltach (Fluss) bei Tennenbühl in der Stadt Schramberg im Landkreis Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg
 Unterschiltach (Schramberg), Ortschaft in Tennenbühl in der Stadt Schramberg im Landkreis Rottweil, Baden-Württemberg

Unterschiltach


العربية لحماية الطبيعة  أو اختصارا (APN)  جمعية أردنية غير ربحية ، برزت فكرة انشاءها كمنظمة تعني بشؤون حماية البيئة والموارد الطبيعية في الأردن والدول العربية الأخرى في ظل ما تواجههه البيئة من تحديات وأخطار متزايدة وعلى الأخص ما تتعرض له نتيجة للصراعات والحروب والاحتلالات . تأسست في نيسان 2003 ، وذلك بهدف المساهمة في الجهود المبذولة لحماية البيئة العربية والتنسيق مع كافة الهيئات والمنظمات العربية والدولية لتحقيق هذه الغاية. وتعتمد على العمل التطوعي في معظم أنشطتها.

الرسالة
تسعى الجمعية للمبادرة بإطلاق مشاريع وتنسيق الجهود أو المشاركة فيها لحماية الموارد الطبيعية والإنسانية في الدول العربية والتوعية بالآثار المدمرة للحروب والاحتلالات عليها. نهدف للمساهمة في بناء القدرات الذاتية لهيئات المجتمع المدني العربي للمشاركة في النقاشات الدولية حول قضايا البيئة وتحديد المواقف بشأنها.

الأهداف
 تنفيذ مشاريع التشجير ومتابعتها.
 زيادة الوعي بأهمية الشجرة ومسؤولية الإنسان فيما يتعلق بزراعتها وحمايتها والحفاظ عليها بالإضافة لجمع وتوفير وإجراء البحوث والدراسات حول قضايا البيئة والزراعة والاشجار.
 التوعية على الصعيدين العربي والدولي بالتدمير البيئي في مناطق الاحتلالات والحروب.
 العمل على توفير الدعم المادي والمعنوي لإعادة تأهيل المناطق المتضررة.
 دعم ومساندة الجهود الوطنية والعربية والدولية في مجال حماية البيئة والمشاركة فيها.
 المساهمة في مجابهة مشكلة التصحر والسعي للحفاظ على النباتات.

مشاريع

 حملية المليون شجرة في فلسطين
يتضمن المشروع الذي أنشأه مؤسسو العربية لحماية الطبيعة عام 2001، إعادة زراعة الأشجار التي اقتلعت من أراض فلسطينية جرفتها قوات الاحتلال الإسرائيلي في الضفة الغربية وقطاع غزة المحتلين لبناء أو توسيع المستوطنات اليهودية والطرق المؤدية اليها وإنشاء جدار الفصل العنصري. وسيجري زراعة نحو مليون شجرة زيتون وأشجار فواكه ونخيل في مواقع مختلفة. يجري تنفيذ المشروع عبر خمسة مراحل تنتهي عام 2007.

 حملة القافلة الخضراء في الأردن
يجري تنفيذ المشروع الذي أنشأ في شهر ايار من عام 2004، في منطقة وادي الأردن التي تقع تحت سطح البحر، حيث يندر سقوط الأمطار وترتفع درجات الحرارة لمعدلات عالية مما يؤدي لجفاف التربة وتكاثر الآفات الزراعية. يعتبر المشروع رياديا إذ تم تطبيق المرحلة الأولى من زراعة الأشجار في قرية ظهرة الرمل كخطوة نحو تعميم التجربة في مناطق أخرى.

 المكافحة المتكاملة للآفات الزراعية
 المواد المعدلة وراثيا
 أنشطة تطوعية

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

مراجع

منظمات بيئية
نواد وجمعيات في الأردن

العربية لحماية الطبيعة


Rowville is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 27 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Knox local government area. Rowville recorded a population of 33,571 at the 2021 census.

Rowville is named after the Row family, whose property Stamford Park was established in 1882. The Stamford Park homestead has been restored in recent years by Knox Council. Geographically, Rowville is one of the largest suburbs south-east of Melbourne. Rowville Post Office opened on 20 December 1905 and closed in 1987. In 1989 it reopened in the new Stud Park (formerly Darryl Park) Shopping Centre.

Rowville developed rapidly over the 1980s and 1990s, especially in terms of housing and light industrial activities. Culturally, Rowville is still developing, like many of Melbourne's outer suburbs. Development has included the construction of the Wellington Village shopping centre on Wellington Road, complementing the Rowville Lakes shopping centre on Kelletts Road. Rowville has many estates including the prestigious Sovereign Crest Estate and the older Timbertop Estate. Sovereign Crest Estate covers is a  medium-sized estate which includes homes located on parts of Karoo Road, in particular 130–above.

Stud Park Shopping Centre, opened in 1989, is the largest in the suburb. It houses the Rowville branch of the Eastern Regional Library, and is adjacent to the Rowville Community Centre under the Clock Tower. The Stringybark Festival is held at the centre every third weekend of October each year and attracts over 25,000 visitors. The event is organised by the Knox Council, and is one of Australia's longest running sustainability event. There are three golf courses within Rowville. Stud Park is currently getting an expansion.

Rowville is at the intersection of many local government areas with the suburb connecting to suburbs within the Shire of Yarra Ranges, City of Monash, City of Greater Dandenong, City of Casey and City of Knox.

Education

Rowville has one dual-campus high school, Rowville Secondary College, with an Eastern Campus (7–12) and a Western Campus (7–12). Students from the Eastern Campus used to move to the Western Campus to complete their VCE. But now they can complete VCE at the eastern campus as well.

There are 4 government primary schools, Rowville Primary, Karoo Primary School, Heany Park Primary and Park Ridge Primary, and one Catholic Primary School, St. Simons the Apostle Primary School. When Lysterfield Primary School was relocated to its present site, it was in Rowville, however the boundary between the suburbs has changed and Lysterfield Primary is once again in Lysterfield.

St. Simons Primary School celebrated their 25th anniversary in 2007.

Karoo Primary School celebrated their 20th anniversary in 2012.

Rowville Primary celebrated its 40th Birthday in 2013.

Transport

Rowville is currently a heavily car-dependent community, with many families having at least two cars. This is unlikely to change, without the addition of significant improvements to public transport serving the area, such as greater bus frequencies and coverage. The Rowville railway line, has long been called for, but lacks political commitment. Light rail connections to the north and south would also help reduce car-dependency. Three or four cars per household are not uncommon, depending on the number of children of driving age still living at home. 70% of residents drive cars to work.

The current State Government has proposed that the public transport problems will be resolved by the SmartBus system, which includes special bus lanes on major traffic routes.  One SmartBus route, connecting Rowville to Caulfield via Monash University and Huntingdale Station has been established, with the other providing a link to Melbourne Airport and Frankston which began operation in 2008.

Commerce

Rowville's main centre of commerce is Stud Park Shopping Centre located on the corner of Stud Road and Fulham Road. It contains a Coles, Woolworths, Kmart, and over 60 specialty stores including two hairdressers, a pharmacy, two travel agents, banks, a vet and assorted food outlets. It has approximately 1500 car park spaces and is serviced regularly by bus services.

Wellington Village, located at 1100 Wellington Road, is Rowville's second largest shopping centre. It contains an IGA, Aldi, Bendigo Bank, Biggin & Scott Real Estate, a butcher, a vet, a bakery, a pharmacy, a hairdresser and assorted food outlets.

Rowville Lakes is a third, smaller shopping centre on Kelletts Road. It contains an IGA, a pharmacy, a real estate agent, a hairdresser, and various food outlets.

Home to manufacturing and distribution of major Australian Corporations of Parmalat, Sigma Pharmaceuticals, Jeld Wen, Regal Senoit Australia, Twinings, Darrel Lea Chocolates, Matthews, Australia Post stamp printing, Callaway Golf, D4J, Johnson Controls, Brilliant Lighting, Cold Xpress and Eaton.

Sport
 Rowville Football Club in the Eastern Football League
 Rowville Knights Community Football Club in the Eastern Football League
 Lysterfield Junior Football Club in the Eastern Football League
 Rowville Cricket Club in the Ferntree Gully District Cricket Association
 Eildon Park Cricket Club in the Ferntree Gully District Cricket Association
 Lysterfield Cricket Club in the Ferntree Gully District Cricket Association
 Rowville Eagles Soccer Club
 Knox United Soccer Club located in Karoo Rd
 Knox Churches Soccer Club
 Blue Park on Sovereign Crest Boulevard
 Eildon Park Tennis Club
 Rowville Tennis Club
 Rowville Netball Club
 Aston Athletic FC
 Rowville Little Athletics Club
 Rowville Lakes Little Athletics Club
 Bird Pigeon Racing Club on Victoria Knox Ave
 Belly Dancing Classes at Eildon Park Cricket Club by Dimmies
 Turtle Collection on Pickworth Crescent
 Wheel of Fortune Champion of Candlebark Quadrant
 Rowville Rockets Basketball Club
 Lysterfield Netball Club
 KLD all stars cheerleading and dance
Omega Trampoline Sports Club

Golfers play at the course of the Kingston Links on Corporate Avenue, at the course of the Tirhatuan Park Golf Club on Police and Stud Roads or at the course of the Waverley Golf Club on Bergins Road.

Community service groups

Rowville is supported by local community groups; including the 1st Rowville Scout Group since 1972, being based in an architectural marvel of its Scout Hall since 1991.

Governance

Federal
Rowville is in the Federal Division of Aston which is held by Mary Doyle of the Australian Labor Party

State
Rowville is in the State Lower House seat of Rowville which is held by Kim Wells of the Liberal Party.

Council
Rowville is part of the City of Knox and has three ward councillors representing it.

 Taylor Ward – Darren Pearce
 Friberg Ward – Susan Laukens
 Tirhatuan Ward – Nicole Seymour

See also
2012 Rowville Rail Study
Rowville Training Camp

References

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Knox

Rowville, Victoria


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 II. Âdil, Eyyubiler Mısır Sultanı, Eyyubiler Suriye Sultanı (ö. 1248)
 Zahid Gilani, Türk kökenli Zahidiyye tarikatının kurucusu bilgin (ö. 1301)

Ölümler
 16 Temmuz - III. İnnocentius, papa (d. 1161)
 19 Ekim - Yurtsuz John, Magna Carta'yı imzalayan İngiltere kralı (d. 1166)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Henri, Latin İmparatorluğu'nun ikinci imparatoru (d. y. 1174)
 Mansur bin Aziz, Eyyûbîler Mısır Sultanı (d. 1189)

1216


Uğur Şahin (İskenderun, Turquia, ) é um médico alemão. Seus principais interesses de pesquisa são oncologia e imunologia. É desde 2006 professor de oncologia experimental na Universidade de Mainz e desde 2008 com sua mulher Özlem Türeci fundador e CEO da BioNTech. Şahin é um desenvolvedor líder de vacinas contra a COVID-19.

Vida e formação
Nascido na Turquia, Şahin mudou-se aos 4 anos de idade com sua mãe para morar com seu pai, que trabalhava na Ford Germany em Colônia.

Condecorações selecionadas

2019: Deutscher Krebspreis
2020: Financial Times Person of the Year (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Axel Springer Award (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern da Ordem do Mérito da República Federal da Alemanha (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: eleito membro da Organização Europeia de Biologia Molecular (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Prémios Princesa das Astúrias na categoria "Wissenschaftliche Forschung" (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Doutor honoris causa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Colônia (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Entrada no Livro de Ouro da cidade de Colônia em 17 de setembro de 2021 (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: European Manager of the Year (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Admissão no Hall da Fama da Pesquisa Alemã (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Deutscher Immunologie-Preis (com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Prêmio William B. Coley (com Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman e Özlem Türeci)
2021: Prêmio Karl Heinz Beckurts (com Özlem Türeci, medalha de honra concedida pela primeira vez)
2021: Medalha de Honra da Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC; com Özlem Türeci)
2021: Deutscher Zukunftspreis (com Özlem Türeci, Christoph Huber e Katalin Karikó)
2022: Prêmio Paul Ehrlich e Ludwig Darmstaedter (com Özlem Türeci)
2022: Doutor honoris causa da Universidade de Marburgo (com Özlem Türeci)
2022: Doutor honoris causa da Universidade de Amsterdã (com Özlem Türeci)
2022: Prêmio Louis Jeantet (com Özlem Türeci e Katalin Karikó)

Referências

Ligações externas

Führungsteam der Biontech SE
Geschäftsführung des UCT der Universitätsmedizin Mainz
Steffen Klusmann und Thomas Schulz: Porträt im Spiegel vom Januar 2021

Michael Schindhelm: Mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit zum Impfstoff, Dokumentarfilm, 2021

Membros da Organização Europeia de Biologia Molecular
Professores da Universidade de Mainz
Oncologistas da Alemanha
Imunologistas da Alemanha
Médicos do século XX
Médicos do século XXI
Alemães de ascendência turca
BioNTech

Uğur Şahin


Kup Hrvatske u odbojci za muškarce za 2011. godinu je osvojila Mursa iz Osijeka.
Kup je igran u jesenskom dijelu sezone 2011./12.

Rezultati

1. kolo
Prvi susreti su igrani 1. i 2. listopada, a uzvrati 5. listopada 2011. godine.

Četvrtzavršnica

Završni turnir
Igrano 27. i 28. prosinca 2011. u Osijeku u dvorani dvorani dvorani Gradski vrt.

Poveznice
 Kup Hrvatske u odbojci za muškarce
 1.A liga 2011./12.
 2.A liga 2011./12.
 Kup za žene 2011.

Izvori

 hou.hr, Kup Hrvatske 2011. - seniori (2011./2012.) , pristupljeno 6. siječnja 2017.
 Hrvatska odbojkaška udruga - Završni bilten - natjecateljska sezona 2011/2012, Zagreb, srpanj 2012. , preuzeto 6. siječnja 2017.

2011

Kup Hrvatske u odbojci za muškarce 2011.