الوشق الكندي حيوان لاحم من فصيلة السنوريات يقطن أمريكا الشمالية، وهو وثيق الصلة بالوشق الأوراسي (Lynx lynx)، حتى أن بعض العلماء يعتبر أن هذين النوعين يُشكلان في واقع الأمر نوعا واحدا. إلا أن الوشق الكندي يشابه الوشق الكميت (Lynx rufus) في بعض الخصائص أكثر مما يُشابه الوشق الأوراسي. لهذا النوع من السنوريات 3 سلالات، وهي تنتشر من آلاسكا شمالا عبر كندا وصولا إلى شمال الولايات المتحدة.

يُشابه الوشق الكندي باقي السنوريات المنتمية لجنس الوشق ، فهو يمتلك فراءً بني ضارب إلى الفضي، وجه مكشكش، وأذنان تنتهيان بخصل شعر. يفوق الوشق الكندي الوشق الكميت، الذي يشاطره بعض أنحاء موطنه، بالحجم، وهو أكبر من القط المستأنس بحوالي المرتين.

يعتبر النوع بإجماله غير مهدد بالانقراض، لكن إدارة الصيد والحياة البرية الأمريكية تصنفه على أنه مهدد في الولايات المتحدة. تسكن هذه الحيوانات الغابات الصنوبرية الشمالية، وهي تظهر تفضيلا للغابات القديمة ذات الأشجار المعمرة الضخمة، إلا أنها سوف تسكن أيضا أنواعا أخرى من المساكن طالما كان فيها حدا أدنى من الغطاء الغابوي ووفرة في أعداد الطرائد وبشكل خاص الأرانب البرية ثلجية النعال. غالبا ما يمكن رؤية الوشق الكندي في الغابات المتجددة، أي التي تعود للنمو بعد أن قضت عليها الحرائق أو قطعت أشجارها، وذلك لأنها تجتذب أعدادا كبيرة من الأرانب البرية التي تجذب بالتالي هذه السنوريات. تستحمل الأوشاق وجود البشر بشكل كبير طالما لم يتم التعرض لها، والدليل على ذلك أنه منذ أوائل عقد الستينات من القرن العشرين، عادت هذه الحيوانات لتحتل الأراضي الزراعية التي تم اخلاؤها في وسط ألبرتا، وقد قتل البعض منها عندما دخل بعض المزارع المأهولة، لكن لم يتم تسجيل أي عملية إتجار بفرائها، وما زالت هذه السنوريات تعيش في تلك المنطقة حتى اليوم.

التصنيف

كان هناك جدال قائم حول ما إذا كان يجب وضع الوشق الكندي في جنس الأوشاق "Lynx canadensis" أو في جنس القط "Felis canadensis"، وهو جزء من جدال أوسع حول ما إذا كان يمكن وضع الأربعة أنواع من الأوشاق في جنس خاص بها أو وضعها جميعا كضرب في جنس القطط. يعترف أكثرية العلماء اليوم بجنس الوشق، ويقول الباحث جونسون، أن الأوشاق تتشاطر فرعا حيويّا مع أنساب الكوجر، السنور النمري (جنس القط الآسيوي: Prionailurus) والقط المستأنس (جنس القطط: Felis)، والتي تعود إلى 7.15 مليون سنة؛ إنشقت الأوشاق في بادئ الأمر عن هذه المجموعة منذ ما يقارب 3.24 مليون سنة.

السلالات
هناك 3 سلالات معترف بها من الوشق الكندي:
 السلالة الكندية (L. canadensis canadensis).
 سلالة مينيسوتا (L. canadensis mollipilosus).
 سلالة نيوفوندلاند (L. canadensis subsolanus)، هذه السلالة أكبر حجما من السلالات الأخرى التي تعيش على البر الرئيسي، ويُعرف بأنها قتلت عجول الرنة عندما لم تتوافر طرائدها الطبيعية، أي الأرانب البرية ثلجية النعال.

الوصف الخارجي

يتشابه الوشق الكندي في مظهره الخارجي مع الوشق الأوراسي: ففرائه كثيف بني اللون ضارب إلى الفضي يحمل علامات ضاربة إلى السواد تظهر عند بعض الأفراد، إلا أنه أصغر منه حجما، حيث يصل معدل وزنه إلى 11 كيلوغراما (24 رطلا) ويتراوح طوله بين 80 و 105 سنتيمترات (36 إنشا) ويصل في ارتفاعه عند الكتفين إلى 60 سنتيمترا (24 إنش). إن ذكور الوشق الكندي أكبر حجما من الإناث، وعلى الرغم من أن هذا النوع بالإجمال أكبر حجما من الوشق الكميت، إلا أن الجمهرات أقل اختلافا من حيث الحجم مقارنة بجمهرات الوشق الكميت الواسعة الاختلاف، حيث يمكن للجمهرات الشمالية أن تفوق بعض جمهرات الوشق الكندي بالقد. يتحول لون كسوة هذه الحيوانات إلى البني المحمر بعض الشيء خلال الصيف، وهي تمتلك كشكشا مزدوجا يشبه لحيةً ذات طبقتين، بالإضافة لذيل قصير أسود الطرف، وخصلتي فراء طويلتين على طرف أذنيها. تساعد قوائم الوشق الكندي الطويلة ذات الأكف العريضة المبطنة بالفراء هذه الحيوانات على التنقل في الثلج الكثيف، وهي تمتلك أيضا 28 سنّا، منها 4 أنياب طويلة تُتعمل لخرق أجساد الطرائد والإمساك بها. يستطيع الوشق أن يعرف أين يعض فريسته عن طريق أنيابه المليئة بالأعصاب بكثافة، وبالتالي فهو يتمكن من معرفة مدى اقترابه من العظام التي يمنكها أن تؤذي أسنانه بحال قضمها. للوشق الكندي عضلات فكية ضخمة لتساعده على قتل ضحيته بسرعة، ولكن وجود هذه العضلات يقلل من مساحة داخل الفم، وبالتالي فإن هذه الحيوانات لا تمتلك أسنانا جانبية. يمتلك الوشق أيضا أربعة قواطع تساعده على تقطيع اللحم إلى قطع صغيرة، وكي يستطيع الحيوان استعمالها فإنه يضطر للاقتيات من جانب فمه. هناك فراغات واسعة في فك الوشق الكندي، بين الأنياب الأربعة وباقي الأسنان، وذلك عائد لعدم امتلاكها لأضراسها الأمامية الطاحنة، وهذا بالتالي يضمن دخول أنيابه لأقصى درجة ممكنة في الطريدة عند الإمساك بها.

السلوك والخواص الأحيائية

الوشق الكندي حيوان انعزالي متكتم، فهو ينشط خلال فترة أوائل الصباح والغسق ونادرا ما يظهر للعيان، حيث ينام معظم النهار وينشط نوعا ما أثناء الليل. هذه الأوشاق انعزالية للغاية، على الرغم من انه يمكن رؤية مجموعات عائلية صغيرة في بعض الأحيان وهي تتنقل سويا. تتراوح المسافة التي تجوبها الأوشاق كل يوم بين ميل ونصف إلى 3 أميال، وبهذا فهي تحتاج إلى مناطق واسعة لتقطن فيها. قد تزداد مساحة حوز الوشق بمقدار كبير عندما تصبح مصادر الغذاء شحيحة؛ حيث أن البعض منها يجول مناطق شاسعة تبعد عن منطقته المألوفة، في حين أن البعض الأخر يبقى في منطقته. تميل هذه الحيوانات إلى البقاء على بعد 100 ياردة من الأشجار أو ما يقارب ذلك، وهي لا تخاف المياه ويُعرف عنها مقدرتها على السباحة، فقد تمّ توثيق حالة قام فيها وشق بالسباحة بنهر يوكون لحوالي كيلومترين.

الصيد والحمية
يقتات الوشق الكندي على الأرانب البرية، القوارض، الطيور، وفي بعض الأحيان يقتل طرائد أكبر حجما من شاكلة الأيائل، وهو يعتمد على حاستي السمع والرؤية بشكل رئيسي لتحديد موقع طريدته. تُعد الأرانب البرية ثلجية النعال الطريدة الوحيدة للوشق الكندي في بعض الأماكن، ويميل حجم جمهرات هذه الحيوانات أن يرتفع وينخفض وفقا لأعداد الأرانب، حيث أن هذه الأخيرة يحصل فورة في أعدادها لمدة 10 سنوات قبل أن تعود وتنخفض مجددا، وفي حالات نادرة تبقى أعداد الأوشاق على ماهي عليه بحال اعتمدت الحيوانات على مصدر غذاء أخر مثل الأيائل ريثما تعود جمهرة الأرانب إلى ما كانت عليه. يصطاد الوشق مرة واحدة كل يوم أو يومين ويستهلك حوالي رطل ونصف في كل مرة. وبحال كان هناك نقص في مخزون الغذاء وعثر الوشق على مجموعة من الطرائد، فإنه قد يقوم بفورة قتل، أي يقتل منها قدر المستطاع ليقتات عليها في وقت لاحق. تحتاح هذه الحيوانات إلى عدة محاولات لتستطيع الإمساك بفريسة بنجاح، على الرغم من سرعتها وحاسة سمعها الدقيقة جدا، وعند الصيد يقوم الوشق بإخافة طريدته للخروج من جحرها ومن ثم يطاردها، وبحال لم يمسك بها بحدود 6 أو 10 أقدام فإنه يتركها وشأنها. عندما يصطاد الوشق الكندي حيوانا ضخما لا يستطيع التهامه كله في جلسة واحدة، فإنه يجرذه إلى الآجام ويقوم بتغطيته بأوراق الأشجار اليابسة ليعود ويقتات عليه لاحقا، وفي بعض الأحيان تتعاون الأنثى مع جرائها لاصطياد طريدة معينة، فيقوم أحدهم بإخافة الأرنب البري مثلا ليخرج من جحره، وإن لم يستطع الإمساك به، يكون الوشقان الأخران مستعدان للإمساك به. تلجأ بعض الحيوانات الأخرى إلى استغلال الوشق الكندي في الصيد كذلك الأمر، فمن المعروف أن البومة القرناء الكبيرة تجثم في موقع فوق السنور وتنتظره حتى يُخرج الأرنب من جحره ومن ثم تنقض عليه وتخطفه قبل أن يستطيع الوشق الإمساك به.

التناسل ودورة الحياة

تقوم الأنثى برش بولها على الأماكن التي علّم بها الذكر حدود منطقته عندما تكون جاهزة للتزاوج، وخلال الفترة التي يستغرقها الذكر للعثور عليها تستمر بالصراخ والعويل حتى يسمع ندائها. تنتظر الأنثى الذكر حتى يجامعها عندما تصل لذروة دورتها النزوية، الأمر الذي يمكن أن يحصل ستة مرات في الساعة، وهي تتزاوج مع ذكر واحد فقط في الموسم، على الرغم من أن ذلك يحصل عدّة مرات، أما الذكر فيمكن أن يتزاوج مع عدد من الإناث. تضع الأنثى بطنها في أواخر مايو أو أوائل يونيو، ويتراوح عدد الجراء في البطن من جرو واحد إلى 6 جراء، وتحصل الولادة في جحر يطلق عليه اسم الجحر الأمومي يقع في موقع محمي تختاره الأم، وهو عادةً بين الآجام الكثيفة في أيكات الجنبات، الأشجار، أو بقايا الأشجار المتيبسة. تختار الأنثى عادة موقع جحرها في وسط منطقة منحدرة وتجعله يواجه الجنوب أو الجنوب الغربي. تولد الصغار عمياء وتبقى كذلك للعشرة أيام الأوائل من حياتها، وعندما تتفتح عيونها تكون زرقاء باهتة، وعندما تنضج تتحول إلى اللون البني الضارب إلى العسلي. تلقن الأم صغارها الصيد عن طريق إحضار طرائد حية لهم وتركهم يلهون بها لبعض الوقت قبل أن يفتكون بها.

الانتشار والمسكن

تنتشر هذه السنوريات في الغابات الشمالية عبر معظم كندا وآلاسكا، وبالإضافة لذلك هناك جمهرات كبيرة منها في ولايات مونتانا، فيرمونت، إيداهو، وواشنطن، كما أن هناك جمهرة مقيمة في منتزه يلوستون الوطني بولاية وايومينغ، وهي تشكل جزءًا من النظام الطبيعي الأكبر ليلوستون. يعتبر الوشق الكندي نادرا في يوتا، مينيسوتا ونيو إنجلاند؛ وهناك محاولات لإعادة إدخاله واكثاره في كولورادو منذ عام 1999، وقد تمّ توثيق أولى الولادات عام 2003. يعتبر الوشق الكندي حيوانا مهددا بالانقراض في الولايات المتحدة القارية (مع استبعاد آلاسكا وهاواي).

إعادة الإدخال
كانت الأوشاق الكندية تنتشر في فقط ولايات آلاسكا، واشنطن، ماين، مينيسوتا، مونتانا، وايومينغ، أيداهو، وميتشيغان على الأرجح أيضا، قبل عام 1999، في الولايات المتحدة. ومنذ ذلك العام، أخذت شعبة الحياة البرية في كولورادو بتنفيذ برنامج لإعادة إدخال الوشق واكثاره في الولاية. يقول علماء الأحياء أن معرفة ما إذا كان المشروع قد تكلل بالنجاح أم لا يحتاج إلى عقد من الزمن، على الرغم من ظهور بعض الإشارات المبشرة. وفي عام 2006 تمّ توثيق أول ولادة لوشقة كندية مولودة في كولورادو تتحدر من الحيوانات التي احضرت عام 1999، وقد وضعت تلك الأنثى جروين فقط، مما يؤكد إمكانية نجاح المشروع.

تمّ قتل العديد من هذه الأوشاق عام 2007 على يد أشخاص مجهولين، وفي بعض هذه الحالات لم يُعثر على شيء من الحيوان سوى طوقه اللاسلكي المزود به لمعرفة موقعه، مما أدى بالبعض إلى الشك بأن سبب قتلها كان للحصول على فرائها لغرض الإتجار به، وفي حالات أخرى عُثر على جيفة الحيوان كاملة دون أن تُسلخ أو يُنزع منها أي عضو.

دورة الوفرة في الأعداد
يمكن تقدير أعداد الوشق في شمال كندا عن طريق الوثائق التي يُحتفظ بها كل عام عن أعداد الحيوانات التي اصطيدت للحصول على فرائها، وقد احتفظ بهذه الوثائق منذ عقد الثلاثينات من القرن الثامن عشر في شركة هادسون باي وعند الحكومة الكندية. يُظهر الرسم البياني لمدى وفرة هذه الحيوانات معدلات ارتفاع وهبوط عالية، ويظهر أن ذروة الارتفاعات تكون أعلى بعشر درجات من نسبة الهبوط وتليها بحوالي 5 سنوات، قبل أن تعود العملية لتكرر نفسها.

الوشق الكندي مفترس متخصص، فهو يقتات على الأرانب البرية ثلجية النعال بشكل حصري تقريبا عندما تكون متوافرة، ويعتبر التلازم بين أعداد الأوشاق والأرانب مثالا بارزا على دورة حياة المفترس والفريسة المشتركة، وقد تمت دراسة العوامل البيئية الأخرى، مثل المناخ ونمو النباتات الغابوية، التي من شأنها أن تؤثر على عدد الأفراد في جمهرة كلا النوعين. تُظهر بعض أنواع الحيوانات الأخرى، غير المرتبطة بأي من النوعين، دورة وفرة في الأعداد بجمهراتها تمتد لفترة مماثلة لتلك الخاصة بالأوشاق والأرانب، ومن هذه الحيوانات: السلمون الأطلسي، بق الفراش في إلينوي، ، القيوط، البومة البازية الشمالية، الطيهوج، الخز، المنك، جرذ المسك، الخز السمّاك، والبيزان.

الحفاظ على النوع

يُصاد الوشق الكندي للحصول على فرائه، مما أدى لانقراضه في بعض أنحاء موطنه التاريخي في الولايات المتحدة، كذلك فقد تراجعت أعداه في كثير من المناطق بسبب فقدان المسكن، إلا أن الإتحاد العالمي للحفاظ على الطبيعة لا يزال يصنفها على أنها غير مهددة بالانقراض. أصدرت إدارة الصيد والحياة البرية الأمريكية قرارها الأخير بتاريخ 24 مارس 2000، حول اعتبار الوشق الكندي حيوانا مهددا بالانقراض في الولايات الثمانية والأربعون السفلى. تم توثيق وجود هجائن بين هذا النوع من الأوشاق والوشق الكميت على محيط حدود انتشاره الجنوبية حاليّا، أي في ولايات ماين، مينيسوتا، ومقاطعة نيو برانزويك، الأمر الذي قد يحد من انتشاره نحو الجنوب أكثر بصورة طبيعية، وبالتالي إيجاد جمهرات معافاة منه هناك.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 قائمة المقالات حول الوشق الكندي و«ملف الأنواع» في إدارة الصيد والحياة البري الأمريكية.
 قسم أبحاث الوشق الكندي في جامعة مينيسوتا.
 ماهو الوشق الكندي - من موقع هنترلاند.
 ما الذي يحث دورة السنوات العشر للأرانب البرية ثلجية النعال.

أصنوفات سماها روبرت كير
أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
تجارب بيئية
ثدييات الولايات المتحدة
ثدييات كندا
ثدييات وصفت في 1792
حيوانات القطب الشمالي البرية
حيوانات جبال روكي
حيوانات غربي الولايات المتحدة
حيوانات مفترسة
حيوانات منطقة البحيرات الكبرى (أمريكا الشمالية)
حيوانات منطقة السهول والغرب الأوسط (الولايات المتحدة)
حيوانات نيو إنجلاند
سنوريات أمريكا الشمالية
وشق

وشق كندي


Maria Doni () este o actriță moldoveancă.

Între anii 1964–1969, a studiat la  din Moscova, în clasa profesorului V. Pojîtnov.

Activează din 1961 la Teatrul "Luceafărul" din Chișinău. Printre rolurile interpretate se numără:
Irina în Trei surori de Anton Cehov;
Zoe în O scrisoare pierdută și Veta în O noapte furtunoasă de Ion Luca Caragiale;
Galina în O vânătoare de rațe de ;
Beatrice în Jolde — slugă la stăpân de ;
Ghertruda în Hamlet de William Shakespeare;
Odochia în Cervus divinus de I. Druță etc.

Maria Doni a fost delegată la Festivalul Internațional al Teatrelor pentru Copii și Tineret din Moscova, 1984. A fost laureată a festivalurilor tinerilor actori din RSSM și URSS (1964 și 1972 respectiv). În 1991, primește distincția "Artistă Emerită a Republicii Moldova". În 2000, este decorată cu Medalia "Meritul Civic".

Referințe

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1944
Nașteri pe 16 mai
Actori moldoveni
Femei din Republica Moldova
Moldoveni în viață
Decorați cu Medalia Meritul Civic (Republica Moldova)

Maria Doni


Bridgeport er stærsta borg is Connecticut með tæpa 150.000 íbúa (2020). Borgin er þekkt sem upphafstaður  Subway og  frisbee.

Borgir í Connecticut

Bridgeport


Cette page concerne les évènements survenus en 1901 en Australie  :

Évènement
  :
 Entrée en vigueur de la Fédération de l'Australie
 Entrée en fonction du gouvernement Barton.
  : Élections fédérales
  :

Littérature
  d'Ada Cambridge
  de Miles Franklin

Sport

  (rugby à XV)

Création de club

Cinéma

Naissance
 , joueur de football australien.
 , joueur de rugby à XIII.
 Kenneth Slessor, poète.

Décès
 James Dickson, personnalité politique.
 Edward John Eyre, administrateur colonial anglais.
 , explorateur.
 , propriétaire de journaux et personnalité politique.

Notes et références

1901 en Australie
Chronologie de l'Australie au XXe siècle
Histoire de l'Australie

1901 en Australie


Jamai es una localidad de la India, en el distrito de Chhindwara, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 765  a 246 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 22 516 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Jamai


Conrad William Holt est un joueur d'échecs américain né le  à Wichita.

Au , il est le  américain avec un classement Elo de .

Palmarès
Conrad Holt  obtint le titre de grand maître international en 2012. En 2013 et 2014, il finit premier ex æquo du World Open (échecs) à Philadelphie.

En juillet 2013, Conrad Holt finit cinquième (sur 24 joueurs) du championnat des États-Unis d'échecs. Ce résultat le qualifiait pour la Coupe du monde d'échecs 2013 à Tromsø où il fut éliminé au premier tour par le Russe Nikita Vitiougov.

En 2014, il remporte le championnat open des États-Unis après départage.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1993
Joueur américain d'échecs
Grand maître international

Conrad Holt


Mød mig i St. Louis (engelsk: Meet me in St. Louis) er en amerikansk musikal-film i Technicolor fra 1944, instrueret af Vincente Minnelli. I hovedrollerne ses Judy Garland og Mary Astor. Filmen havde præmiere i USA den 22. november 1944 og i Danmark i 1945. Margaret O'Brien vandt en Oscar for sin præstation som lillesøsteren Tootie i filmen. Filmen var også nomineret i yderligere fire kategorier, blandt andet "Bedste manuskript" og "Bedste originalmusik". Filmen placerede sig på tiende plads på listen AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals.

Handling
Filmen handler om livet for en familie bosat i St. Louis fra 1903–1904. Hela byen venter på at den store verdensudstilling skal indviges. I fokus står søstrene Rose (Lucille Bremer) og Esther (Judy Garland) som bekymrer sig om hvordan de skal få fat i hver sin kæreste og Esther er ulykkeligt forelsket i nabofyren (Tom Drake). En dag kommer faren i huset (Leon Ames) hjem og fortæller at familien skal flytte til New York, mod den øvrige families vilje.

Rolliste (udvalgt)
 Joan Carroll – Agnes
 Lucille Bremer – Rose
 Henry Daniels Jr. – Lon
 Leon Ames – Mr. Smith
 Mary Astor – Ms. Smith
 Harry Davenport – Morfar
 Marjorie Main – Katie
 Judy Garland – Esther
 Margaret O'Brien – Tootie
 Tom Drake – John Truett

Filmmusik
 Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis
 The Boy Next Door
 Skip to My Lou
 I Was Drunk Last Night
 Under the Bamboo Tree
 Over the Banister
 The Trolley Song
 You and I
 Goodbye, My Lady Love (instrumental)
 Little Brown Jug (instrumental)
 Down at the Old Bull and Bush (instrumental)
 Home! Sweet Home! (instrumental)
 Auld Lang Syne (instrumental)
 The First Noel (instrumental)
 Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas

Special-visning
Den 1. december 2018 havde filmen en special-visning i Cinemateket, hvor skuespiller Lars Thiesgaard oversatte dialogen til dansk og fungerede som live-fortæller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 1944
Musicalfilm fra USA
Komediefilm fra USA
Film instrueret af Vincente Minnelli
Verdensminde

Mød mig i St. Louis


StatPascal ist eine statistische Programmiersprache, die auf Pascal aufbaut. Im Gegensatz zu anderen statistischen Programmiersprachen wie S ist StatPascal streng typisiert. Dies und die Tatsache, dass StatPascal kompiliert wird, sorgen für eine sehr hohe Ausführungsgeschwindigkeit der Skripte, die gleichwohl von einer virtuellen Maschine ausgeführt werden.

Im Gegensatz zu Standard-Pascal unterstützt StatPascal Datentypen wie Vektoren und Matrizen, welche die statistische Auswertung großer Datensätze unterstützen.

StatPascal ist unter anderem in der Statistik-Software Xtremes implementiert.

Weblinks
 StatPascal. Universität Siegen
 Infos über Xtremes 3.0 von Risktec

Einzelnachweise

Pascal (Programmiersprache)
Statistische Programmiersprache
Skriptsprache

StatPascal


Kocaköy, Ardahan - Ardahan ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kocaköy, Amasra - Bartın ili Amasra ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kocaköy, Ayvacık - Çanakkale ili Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kocaköy, Çal - Denizli ili Çal ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kocaköy, Bergama - İzmir ili Bergama ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kocaköy, Digor - Kars ili Digor ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kocaköy - Diyarbakır ili ilçesi
 Kocaköy, Tarsus - Mersin ili Tarsus ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kocaköy, Başkale - Van ili Başkale ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Kocaköy (anlam ayrımı)


Zgrada u Splitu, Hrvatska, na adresi Domaldova 4 i 6, građena u 15. stoljeću, jedna je od nekoliko gradskih kasnogotičkih palača koje su nastale po uzoru na Veliku Papalićevu palaču Jurja Dalmatinca, pregradnjom ranije gotičke građevine. Obnovljena je u duhu cvjetne gotike polovicom 15. stoljeća o čemu svjedoči portal prvog kata. Pretpostavlja se da je pripadala Nikoli, ocu pjesnika Marka Marulića. Danas na uličnom pročelju nije sačuvana gotička arhitektonska plastika ni grb, pa ne možemo sa sigurnošću utvrditi kojoj je obitelji pripadala. Ova gotička palača često je svrstavana u karakteristični tip palača koji se vezuje uz mletačku stambenu arhitekturu gotike, iako oblikovanje njenog dvorišta ukazuje na iznimno vrijedan primjer anžuvinske gotičke arhitekture splitskog trecenta.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5050 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao profana graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Zgrade u Splitu
Zaštićene javne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Zgrada u Splitu u Domaldovoj 4 i 6


Marie-Madeleine Cécile Moreau (* 1. Mai 1928 in Hanoi, Vietnam; † 10. Juni 1995 in Chuelles) war eine französische Wasserspringerin. Sie gewann im Kunstspringen zwei Europameistertitel und errang im Jahr 1952 eine olympische Silbermedaille.

Moreau feierte ihren ersten großen Erfolg bei der Europameisterschaft 1947 in Monte Carlo. Vom 3-m-Brett gewann sie den Titel und war damit die erste französische Europameisterin im Kunstspringen. Im Jahr darauf nahm sie in London an den Olympischen Spielen teil und belegte vom 3-m-Brett Rang sieben. Bei der Europameisterschaft 1950 in Wien konnte Moreau ihren Titel im Kunstspringen erfolgreich verteidigen. Ihren sportlich größten Erfolg errang Moreau jedoch bei den Olympischen Spielen 1952 in Helsinki. Sie konnte im Kunstspringen hinter Patricia McCormick die Silbermedaille gewinnen. Bei den sechs vorherigen olympischen Wettbewerben im Kunstspringen konnten ausschließlich US-amerikanische Wasserspringerinnen Medaillen gewinnen, Moreau war somit die erste Athletin, die diese Dominanz durchbrechen konnte.

Moreau startete für die Vereine UC Paris und CP L'Isle-Adam. Sie gewann im Kunstspringen zahlreiche nationale Titel.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Wasserspringer (Frankreich)
Europameister (Wasserspringen)
Olympiateilnehmer (Frankreich)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1952
Franzose
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 1995
Frau

Madeleine Moreau


HMS Illustrious was the lead ship of her class of aircraft carriers built for the Royal Navy before World War II. Her first assignment after completion and working up was with the Mediterranean Fleet, in which her aircraft's most notable achievement was sinking one Italian battleship and badly damaging two others during the Battle of Taranto in late 1940. Two months later the carrier was crippled by German dive bombers and was repaired in the United States. After sustaining damage on the voyage home in late 1941 by a collision with her sister ship , Illustrious was sent to the Indian Ocean in early 1942 to support the invasion of Vichy French Madagascar (Operation Ironclad). After returning home in early 1943, the ship was given a lengthy refit and briefly assigned to the Home Fleet. She was transferred to Force H for the Battle of Salerno in mid-1943 and then rejoined the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean at the beginning of 1944. Her aircraft attacked several targets in the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies over the following year before Illustrious was transferred to the newly formed British Pacific Fleet (BPF). The carrier participated in the early stages of the Battle of Okinawa until mechanical defects arising from accumulated battle damage became so severe she was ordered home early for repairs in May 1945.

The war ended while she was in the dockyard and the Admiralty decided to modify her for use as the Home Fleet's trials and training carrier. In this role she conducted the deck-landing trials for most of the British post-war naval aircraft in the early 1950s. She was occasionally used to ferry troops and aircraft to and from foreign deployments as well as participating in exercises. In 1951, she helped to transport troops to quell rioting in Cyprus after the collapse of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936. She was paid off in early 1955 and sold for scrap in late 1956.

Background and description

The Royal Navy's 1936 Naval Programme authorised the construction of two aircraft carriers. Admiral Sir Reginald Henderson, Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy, was determined not to simply modify the previous unarmoured  design. He believed that carriers could not be successfully defended by their own aircraft without some form of early-warning system. Lacking that, there was nothing to prevent land-based aircraft from attacking them, especially in confined waters like the North Sea and Mediterranean. This meant that the ship had to be capable of remaining in action after sustaining damage and that her fragile aircraft had to be protected entirely from damage. The only way to do this was to completely armour the hangar in which the aircraft would shelter, but putting so much weight high in the ship allowed only a single-storey hangar due to stability concerns. This halved the aircraft capacity compared with the older unarmoured carriers, exchanging offensive potential for defensive survivability.

Illustrious was  in length overall and  at the waterline. Her beam was  at the waterline and she had a draught of  at deep load. She displaced  at standard load as completed. Her complement was approximately 1,299 officers and enlisted men upon completion in 1940. By 1944, she was severely overcrowded with a total crew of 1,997. After post-war modifications to convert her into a trials carrier, her complement was reduced to 1,090 officers and enlisted men.

The ship had three Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam supplied by six Admiralty 3-drum boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of , enough to give a maximum speed of  at deep load. On 24 May 1940 Illustrious ran her sea trials and her engines reached . Her exact speeds were not recorded as she had her paravanes streamed, but it was estimated that she could have made about  under full power. She carried a maximum of  of fuel oil which gave her a range of  at  or  at  or  at .

The  armoured flight deck had a usable length of , due to prominent "round-downs" at each end designed to reduce the effects of air turbulence caused by the carrier's structure on aircraft taking-off and landing, and a maximum width of . A single hydraulic aircraft catapult was fitted on the forward part of the flight deck. The ship was equipped with two unarmoured lifts on the centreline, each of which measured . The hangar was  long and had a maximum width of . It had a height of  which allowed storage of Lend-Lease Vought F4U Corsair fighters once their wingtips were clipped. The hangar was designed to accommodate 36 aircraft, for which  of aviation spirit was provided.

Armament, electronics and protection
The main armament of the Illustrious class consisted of sixteen quick-firing (QF)  dual-purpose guns in eight twin-gun turrets, four in sponsons on each side of the hull. The roofs of the gun turrets protruded above the level of the flight deck to allow them to fire across the deck at high elevations. Her light antiaircraft defences included six octuple mounts for QF 2-pounder ("pom-pom") antiaircraft guns, two each fore and aft of her island, and two in sponsons on the port side of the hull.

The completion of Illustrious was delayed two months to fit her with a Type 79Z early-warning radar; she was the first aircraft carrier in the world to be fitted with radar before completion. This version of the radar had separate transmitting and receiving antennas which required a new mainmast to be added to the aft end of the island to mount the transmitter.

The Illustrious-class ships had a flight deck protected by  of armour and the internal sides and ends of the hangars were  thick. The hangar deck itself was  thick and extended the full width of the ship to meet the top of the 4.5-inch waterline armour belt. The underwater defence system was a layered system of liquid- and air-filled compartments backed by a  splinter bulkhead.

Wartime modifications
While under repair in 1941, Illustriouss rear "round-down" was flattened to increase the usable length of the flight deck to . This increased her aircraft complement to 47 aircraft by use of a permanent deck park of 6 aircraft. Her light AA armament was also augmented by the addition of 10 Oerlikon 20 mm autocannon in single mounts. In addition the two steel fire curtains in the hangar were replaced by asbestos ones. After her return to the UK later that year, her Type 79Z radar was replaced by a Type 281 system and a Type 285 gunnery radar was mounted on one of the main fire-control directors. The additional crewmen, maintenance personnel and facilities needed to support these aircraft, weapons and sensors increased her complement to 1,326.

During her 1943 refits, the flight deck was modified to extend its usable length to , and "outriggers" were probably added at this time. These were 'U'-shaped beams that extended from the side of the flight deck into which aircraft tailwheels were placed. The aircraft were pushed back until the main wheels were near the edge of the flight deck to allow more aircraft to be stored on the deck. Twin Oerlikon mounts replaced most of the single mounts. Other twin mounts were added so that by May she had a total of eighteen twin and two single mounts. The Type 281 radar was replaced by an upgraded Type 281M, and a single-antenna Type 79M was added. Type 282 gunnery radars were added for each of the "pom-pom" directors, and the rest of the main directors were fitted with Type 285 radars. A Type 272 target-indicator radar was mounted above her bridge. These changes increased her aircraft capacity to 57 and caused her crew to grow to 1,831.

A year later, in preparation for her service against the Japanese in the Pacific, one starboard octuple "pom-pom" mount, directly abaft the island, was replaced by two 40 mm Bofors AA guns. Two more twin Oerlikon mounts were added, and her boilers were retubed. At this time her complement was 1,997 officers and enlisted men. By 1945, accumulated wear-and-tear as well as undiagnosed shock damage to Illustriouss machinery caused severe vibrations in her centre propeller shaft at high speeds. In an effort to cure the problem, the propeller was removed, and the shaft was locked in place in February; these radical measures succeeded in reducing, but not eliminating, the vibrations and reduced the ship's speed to about .

Post-war modifications
Illustrious had been badly damaged underwater by a bomb in April 1945, and was ordered home for repairs the following month. She began permanent repairs in June that were scheduled to last four months. The RN planned to fit her out as a flagship, remove her aft 4.5-inch guns in exchange for increased accommodation, and replace some of her Oerlikons with single two-pounder AA guns, but the end of the war in August caused the RN to reassess its needs. In September, it decided that the Illustrious would become the trials and training carrier for the Home Fleet and her repairs were changed into a lengthy refit that lasted until June 1946. Her complement was sharply reduced by her change in role and she retained her aft 4.5-inch guns. Her light AA armament now consisted of six octuple "pom-pom" mountings, eighteen single Oerlikons, and seventeen single and two twin Bofors mounts. The flight deck was extended forward, which increased her overall length to . The high-angle director atop the island was replaced with an American SM-1 fighter-direction radar, a Type 293M target-indication system was added, and the Type 281M was replaced with a prototype Type 960 early-warning radar. The sum total of the changes since her commissioning increased her full-load displacement by . In 1947 she carried five 8-barrel pom-poms, 17 Bofors and 16 Oerlikons. A five-bladed propeller was installed on her centre shaft although the increasing wear on her outer shafts later partially negated the reduction in vibration. While running trials in 1948, after another refit, she reached a maximum speed of  from . Two years later, she made 29.2 knots from . At some point after 1948, the ship's light AA armament was reduced to two twin and nineteen single 40 mm guns and six Oerlikons.

Construction and service

Illustrious, the fourth ship of her name, was ordered as part of the 1936 Naval Programme from Vickers-Armstrongs on 13 April 1937. Construction was delayed by slow deliveries of her armour plates because the industry had been crippled by a lack of orders over the last 15 years as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty. As a consequence, her flight-deck armour had to be ordered from Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation in Czechoslovakia. She was laid down at their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard two weeks later as yard number 732 and launched on 5 April 1939. She was christened by Lady Henderson, wife of the recently retired Third Sea Lord. Illustrious was then towed to Buccleuch Dock for fitting out and Captain Denis Boyd was appointed to command her on 29 January 1940. She was commissioned on 16 April 1940 and, excluding her armament, she cost £2,295,000 to build.

While Illustrious was being moved in preparation for her acceptance trials on 24 April, the tugboat Poolgarth capsized with the loss of three crewmen. The carrier conducted preliminary flying trials in the Firth of Clyde with six Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers that had been craned aboard earlier. In early June, she loaded the personnel from 806, 815, and 819 Squadrons at Devonport Royal Dockyard; 806 Squadron was equipped with Blackburn Skua dive bombers and Fairey Fulmar fighters, and the latter two squadrons were equipped with Swordfish. She began working up off Plymouth, but the German conquest of France made this too risky, and Illustrious sailed for Bermuda later in the month to continue working up. This was complete by 23 July, when she arrived in the Clyde and flew off her aircraft. The ship was docked in Clydeside for a minor refit the following day; she arrived in Scapa Flow on 15 August, and became the flagship of Rear Admiral Lumley Lyster. Her squadrons flew back aboard, and she sailed for the Mediterranean on 22 August with 15 Fulmars and 18 Swordfish aboard.

After refuelling in Gibraltar, Illustrious and the battleship  were escorted into the Mediterranean by Force H as part of Operation Hats, during which her Fulmars shot down five Italian bombers and her AA guns shot down two more. Now escorted by the bulk of the Mediterranean Fleet, eight of her Swordfish, together with some from the carrier , attacked the Italian seaplane base at Rhodes on the morning of 3 September. A few days after the Italian invasion of Egypt, Illustrious flew off 15 Swordfish during the moonlit night of 16/17 September to attack the port of Benghazi. Aircraft from 819 Squadron laid six mines in the harbour entrance while those from 815 Squadron sank the destroyer  and two freighters totalling . The destroyer  later struck one of the mines and sank. During the return voyage to Alexandria, the  made an unsuccessful attack on the British ships. While escorting a convoy to Malta on 29 September, the carrier's Fulmars broke up attacks by Italian high-level and torpedo bombers, shooting down one for the loss of one fighter. While returning from another convoy escort mission, the Swordfish of Illustrious and Eagle attacked the Italian airfield on the island of Leros on the evening of 13/14 October.

Battle of Taranto

Upon his arrival in the Mediterranean, Lyster proposed a carrier airstrike on the Italian fleet at its base in Taranto, as the Royal Navy had been planning since the Abyssinia Crisis of 1935, and Admiral Andrew Cunningham, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, approved the idea by 22 September 1940. The attack, with both available carriers, was originally planned for 21 October, the anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar, but a hangar fire aboard Illustrious on 18 October forced its postponement until 11 November when the next favourable phase of the moon occurred. The fire destroyed three Swordfish and heavily damaged two others, but they were replaced by aircraft from Eagle, whose contaminated fuel tanks prevented her from participating in the attack.

Repairs were completed before the end of the month, and she escorted a convoy to Greece, during which her Fulmars shot down one shadowing CANT Z.506B floatplane. She sailed from Alexandria on 6 November, escorted by the battleships , , and Valiant, two light cruisers, and 13 destroyers, to provide air cover for another convoy to Malta. At this time her air group was reinforced by several of Eagles Gloster Sea Gladiators supplementing the fighters of 806 Squadron as well as torpedo bombers from 813 and 824 Squadrons. The former aircraft were carried "...as a permanent deck park..." and they shot down a CANT Z.501 seaplane two days later. Later that day seven Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 medium bombers were intercepted by three Fulmars, which claimed to have shot down one bomber and damaged another. In reality, they heavily damaged three of the Italian aircraft. A Z.501 searching for the fleet was shot down on 10 November by a Fulmar and another on the 11th. A flight of nine SM.79s was intercepted later that day and the Fulmars claimed to have damaged one of the bombers, although it actually failed to return to base. Three additional Fulmars had been flown aboard from Ark Royal a few days earlier, when both carriers were near Malta; that brought its strength up to 15 Fulmars, 24 Swordfish, and two to four Sea Gladiators. Three Swordfish crashed shortly after take-off on 10 and 11 November, probably due to fuel contamination, and the maintenance crewmen spent all day laboriously draining all the fuel tanks and refilling them with clean petrol. This left only 21 aircraft available for the attack.

Now augmented by reinforcements from the UK, the Mediterranean Fleet detached Illustrious, four cruisers, and four destroyers to a point  south-east of Taranto. The first wave of a dozen aircraft, all that the ship could launch at one time, flew off by 20:40 and the second wave of nine by 21:34. Six aircraft in each airstrike were armed with torpedoes and the remainder with bombs or flares or both to supplement the three-quarter moon. The Royal Air Force (RAF) had positioned a Short Sunderland flying boat off the harbour to search for any movement to or from the port and this was detected at 17:55 by acoustic locators and again at 20:40, alerting the defenders. The noise of the on-coming first airstrike was heard at 22:25 and the anti-aircraft guns defending the port opened fire shortly afterwards, as did those on the ships in the harbour. The torpedo-carrying aircraft of the first wave scored one hit on the battleship  and two on the recently completed battleship  while the two flare droppers bombed the oil storage depot with little effect. The four aircraft loaded with bombs set one hangar in the seaplane base on fire and hit the destroyer  with one bomb that failed to detonate. The destroyer , or Conte di Cavour, shot down the aircraft that put a torpedo into the latter ship, but the remaining aircraft returned to Illustrious.

One torpedo-carrying aircraft of the second wave was forced to return when its long-range external fuel tank fell off, but the others hit the Littorio once more and the  was hit once when they attacked beginning at 23:55. The two flare droppers also bombed the oil storage depot with minimal effect, and one bomb penetrated through the hull of the heavy cruiser  without detonating. One torpedo bomber was shot down, but the other aircraft returned. A follow on airstrike was planned for the next night based on the pessimistic assessments of the aircrews, but it was cancelled due to bad weather. Reconnaissance photos taken by the R.A.F. showed three battleships with their decks awash and surrounded by pools of oil. The two airstrikes had changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean by rendering the Conte di Cavour unavailable for the rest of the war, and badly damaging the Littorio and the Duilio.

Subsequent operations in the Mediterranean
While en route to Alexandria the ship's Fulmars engaged four CANT Z.506Bs, claiming three shot down and the fourth damaged, although Italian records indicate the loss of only two aircraft on 12 November. Two weeks later, 15 Swordfish attacked Italian positions on Leros, losing one Swordfish. While off Malta two days later, six of the carrier's fighters engaged an equal number of Fiat CR.42 Falco biplane fighters, shooting down one and damaging two others. One Fulmar was lightly damaged during the battle. On the night of 16/17 December, 11 Swordfish bombed Rhodes and the island of Stampalia with little effect. Four days later Illustriouss aircraft attacked two convoys near the Kerkennah Islands and sank two merchant ships totalling . On the morning of 22 December, 13 Swordfish attacked Tripoli harbour, starting fires and hitting warehouses multiple times. The ship arrived back at Alexandria two days later.

On 7 January 1941, Illustrious set sail to provide air cover for convoys to Piraeus, Greece and Malta as part of Operation Excess. For this operation, her fighters were reinforced by a detachment of three Fulmars from 805 Squadron. During the morning of 10 January, her Swordfish attacked an Italian convoy without significant effect. Later that morning three of the five Fulmars on Combat Air Patrol (CAP) engaged three SM.79s at low altitude, claiming one shot down. One Fulmar was damaged and forced to return to the carrier, while the other two exhausted their ammunition and fuel during the combat and landed at Hal Far airfield on Malta. The remaining pair engaged a pair of torpedo-carrying SM.79s, damaging one badly enough that it crashed upon landing. They were low on ammunition and out of position, as they chased the Italian aircraft over  from Illustrious. The carrier launched four replacements at 12:35, just when 24–36 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers of the First Group/Dive Bomber Wing 1 (I. Gruppe/Sturzkampfgeschwader (StG) 1) and the Second Group/Dive Bomber Wing 2 (II. Gruppe/StG 2) began their attack, led by Paul-Werner Hozzel. Another pair were attempting to take off when the first  bomb struck just forward of the aft lift, destroying the Fulmar whose engine had failed to start and detonating high in the lift well; the other aircraft took off and engaged the Stukas as they pulled out of their dive.

The ship was hit five more times in this attack, one of which penetrated the un-armoured aft lift and detonated beneath it, destroying it and the surrounding structure. One bomb struck and destroyed the starboard forward "pom-pom" mount closest to the island, while another passed through the forwardmost port "pom-pom" mount and failed to detonate, although it did start a fire. One bomb penetrated the outer edge of the forward port flight deck and detonated about  above the water, riddling the adjacent hull structure with holes which caused flooding in some compartments and starting a fire. The most damaging hit was a large bomb that penetrated through the deck armour forward of the aft lift and detonated 10 feet above the hangar deck. The explosion started a severe fire, destroyed the rear fire sprinkler system, bent the forward lift like a hoop and shredded the fire curtains into lethal splinters. It also blew a hole in the hangar deck, damaging areas three decks below. The Stukas also near-missed Illustrious with two bombs, which caused minor damage and flooding. The multiple hits at the aft end of the carrier knocked out her steering gear, although it was soon repaired.

Another attack by 13 Ju 87s at 13:20 hit the ship once more in the aft lift well, which again knocked out her steering and reduced her speed to . This attack was intercepted by six of the ship's Fulmars which had rearmed and refuelled ashore after they had dropped their bombs, but only two of the dive bombers were damaged before the Fulmars ran out of ammunition. The carrier, steering only by using her engines, was attacked several more times before she entered Grand Harbour's breakwater at 21:04, still on fire. The attacks killed 126 officers and men and wounded 91. Nine Swordfish and five Fulmars were destroyed during the attack. One additional Swordfish, piloted by Lieutenant Charles Lamb, was attempting to land when the bombs began to strike and was forced to ditch when it ran out of fuel; the crew was rescued by the destroyer . The British fighters claimed to have shot down five Ju 87s, with the fleet's anti-aircraft fire claiming three others. Germans records show the loss of three Stukas, with another forced to make an emergency landing.

While her steering was being repaired in Malta, the Illustrious was bombed again on 16 January by 17 Junkers Ju 88 medium bombers and 44 Stukas. The pilots of 806 Squadron claimed to have shot down two of the former and possibly damaged another pair, but a 500 kg bomb penetrated her flight deck aft of the rear lift and detonated in the captain's day cabin; several other bombs nearly hit the ship but only caused minor damage. Two days later, one of three Fulmars that intercepted an Axis air raid on the Maltese airfields was shot down with no survivors. Only one Fulmar was serviceable on 19 January, when the carrier was attacked several times and it was shot down. Illustrious was not struck during these attacks but was near-missed several times and the resulting shock waves from their detonations dislodged enough hull plating to cause an immediate 5-degree list, cracked the cast-iron foundations of her port turbine, and damaged other machinery. The naval historian J. D. Brown noted that "There is no doubt that the armoured deck saved her from destruction; no other carrier took anything like this level of punishment and survived."

Without aircraft aboard, she sailed to Alexandria on 23 January escorted by four destroyers, for temporary repairs that lasted until 10 March. Boyd was promoted to rear admiral on 18 February and relieved Lyster as Rear Admiral Aircraft Carriers. He transferred his flag to Formidable when she arrived at Alexandria on 10 March, just before Illustrious sailed for Port Said to begin her transit of the Suez Canal. The Germans had laid mines in the canal earlier. Clearing the mines and the ships sunk by them was a slow process and Illustrious did not reach Suez Bay until 20 March. The ship then sailed for Durban, South Africa, to have the extent of her underwater damage assessed in the drydock there. She reached Durban on 4 April and remained there for two weeks. The ship ultimately arrived at the Norfolk Navy Yard in the United States on 12 May for permanent repairs.

Some important modifications were made to her flight deck arrangements, including the installation of a new aft lift and modification of the catapult for use by American-built aircraft. Her light antiaircraft armament was also augmented during the refit. Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten relieved her acting captain on 12 August, although he did not arrive aboard her until 28 August. He was almost immediately sent on a speaking tour to influence American public opinion, until he was recalled home in October and relieved by Captain A. G. Talbot on 1 October. The work was completed in November and Illustrious departed on 25 October, for trials off Jamaica and to load the dozen Swordfish of 810 and 829 Squadrons. She returned to Norfolk on 9 December, to rendezvous with Formidable, which had also been repaired there, and the carriers sailed for home three days later. On the night of 15/16 December, Illustrious collided with Formidable in a moderate storm. Neither ship was seriously damaged, but Illustrious had to reduce speed to shore up sprung bulkheads in the bow and conduct temporary repairs to the forward flight deck. She arrived at Greenock on 21 December and permanent repairs were made from 30 December to late February 1942 at Cammell Laird's shipyard in Birkenhead. While working up her air group in March, reinforced by the Grumman Martlet fighters (the British name of the F4F Wildcat) of 881 and 882 Squadrons, she conducted trials of a "hooked" Supermarine Spitfire fighter, the prototype of the Seafire.

In the Indian Ocean

The conquest of British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies in early 1942 opened the door for Japanese advances into the Indian Ocean. The Vichy French-controlled island of Madagascar stood astride the line of communication between India and the UK and the British were worried that the French would accede to occupation of the island as they had to the Japanese occupation of French Indochina in 1940. Preventing this required a preemptive invasion of Diego Suarez scheduled for May 1942. Illustrious had her work up cut short on 19 March to prepare to join the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean and participate in the attack. She sailed four days later, having embarked twenty-one Swordfish, nine Martlet IIs of 881 Squadron and six Martlet Is of 882 Squadron, and two Fulmar fighters prior to escorting a troop convoy carrying some of the men allocated for the assault. A hangar fire broke out on 2 April that destroyed 11 aircraft and killed one crewman, but failed to cause any serious damage to the ship. Repairs were made in Freetown, Sierra Leone, where her destroyed aircraft were replaced and augmented by twelve additional Martlet II fighters from HMS Archer, while two Martlet I aircraft were, in turn, transferred to Archer, bringing Illustriouss total aircraft complement to 47. After her stay at Freetown, Illustrious proceeded to Durban; during the voyage her staff also fitted ASV radar to the replacement Swordfish. One Martlet I was fitted with folding wings.

Illustriouss aircraft were tasked to attack French naval units and shipping and to defend the invasion fleet, while her half-sister  provided air support for the ground forces. For the operation the carrier's air group numbered 25 Martlets, 1 night-fighting Fulmar and 21 Swordfish, and was consequently forced to have a permanent deck park of 5 Martlets and one Swordfish. Before dawn on 5 May, she launched 18 Swordfish together with 8 Martlets. The first flight of 6 Swordfish, carrying torpedoes, unsuccessfully attacked the aviso , but sank the armed merchant cruiser . The second flight, carrying depth charges, sank the submarine  while the third flight dropped leaflets over the defenders before attacking an artillery battery and D'Entrecasteaux. One aircraft of the third flight was forced to make an emergency landing and its crew was captured by the French. Later in the day, D'Entrecasteaux attempted to put to sea, but she was successfully bombed by an 829 Squadron Swordfish and deliberately run aground to avoid sinking. Three other Swordfish completed her destruction. The next morning, Martlets from 881 Squadron intercepted three Potez 63.11 reconnaissance bombers, shooting down two and forcing the other to retreat, while Swordfish dropped dummy parachutists as a diversion. One patrolling Swordfish sank the submarine  and another spotted for ships bombarding French defences. On the morning of 7 May, Martlets from 881 Squadron intercepted three Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighters on a reconnaissance mission. All three were shot down for the loss of one Martlet. In addition to the other losses enumerated, 882 Squadron's Fulmar was shot down while providing ground support. Illustrious''' aircraft flew 209 sorties and suffered six deck landing crashes, including four by Martlets.

She was then formally assigned to the Eastern Fleet and, after a short refit in Durban, sailed to Colombo, Ceylon, and became the flagship of the Rear Admiral Aircraft Carriers, Eastern Fleet, Denis Boyd, her former captain. At the beginning of August, the ship participated in Operation Stab, a decoy invasion of the Andaman Islands to distract the Japanese when the Americans were invading the island of Guadalcanal in the South Pacific. Captain Robert Cunliffe relieved Talbott on 22 August. On 10 September the carrier covered the amphibious landing that opened Operation Streamline Jane, the occupation of the remainder of Madagascar, and the landing at Tamatave eight days later, but no significant resistance was encountered and her aircraft were not needed. For this operation she had aboard six Fulmars of 806 Squadron, 23 Martlets of 881 Squadron and 18 Swordfish of 810 and 829 Squadrons.

European waters

After a farewell visit from the Eastern Fleet commander, Admiral Sir James Somerville on 12 January 1943, Illustrious sailed for home the next day. She flew off her aircraft to Gibraltar on 31 January and continued on to the Clyde where she arrived five days later. She conducted deck-landing trials for prototypes of the Blackburn Firebrand and Fairey Firefly fighters, as well as the Fairey Barracuda dive/torpedo bomber from 8 to 10 February. On 26 February she began a refit at Birkenhead that lasted until 7 June during which her flight deck was extended, new radars were installed, her light anti-aircraft armament was augmented, and two new arrestor wires were fitted aft of the rear lift which increased her effective landing area. While conducting her post-refit trials, she also conducted flying trials for Martlet Vs and Barracudas. Both sets of trials were completed by 18 July, by which time the Illustrious had joined the Home Fleet.

On 26 July, she sortied for the Norwegian Sea as part of Operation Governor, together with the battleship , the American battleship , and the light carrier , an attempt to fool the Germans into thinking that Sicily was not the only objective for an Allied invasion. 810 Squadron was the only unit retained from her previous air group and it had been re-equipped with Barracudas during her refit. Her fighter complement was augmented by 878 and 890 Squadrons, each with 10 Martlet Vs, and 894 Squadron with 10 Seafire IICs. These latter aircraft lacked folding wings and could not fit on the lifts. The British ships were spotted by Blohm & Voss BV 138 flying boats and 890 Squadron shot down two of them before the fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 29 July. She transferred to Greenock at the end of the month and sailed on 5 August to provide air cover for the ocean liner  as she conveyed Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the Quebec Conference. Once the convoy was out of range of German aircraft, the Illustrious left the convoy and arrived back at Greenock on 8 August.

Together with the Unicorn, she sailed for the Mediterranean on 13 August to prepare for the landings at Salerno (Operation Avalanche), reaching Malta a week later. Her air group was reinforced at this time by four more Martlets each for 878 and 890 Squadrons. She was assigned to Force H for the operation which was tasked to protect the amphibious force from attack by the Italian Fleet and provide air cover for the carriers supporting the assault force. The Italians made no effort to attack the Allied forces, and the most noteworthy thing that any of her aircraft did was when one of 890 Squadron's Martlets escorted a surrendering Italian aircraft to Sicily. Before the Illustrious steamed for Malta she transferred six Seafires to the Unicorn to replace some of the latter's aircraft wrecked in deck-landing accidents. Four of these then flew ashore to conduct operations until they rejoined Illustrious on 14 September at Malta.

She then returned to Britain on 18 October for a quick refit at Birkenhead that included further improvements to the flight deck and the reinforcement of her light anti-aircraft armament. She embarked the Barracudas of 810 and 847 Squadrons of No. 21 Naval Torpedo-Bomber Reconnaissance Wing on 27 November before beginning her work up three days later. No. 15 Naval Fighter Wing with the Vought Corsairs of 1830 and 1833 Squadrons were still training ashore and flew aboard before the work up was finished on 27 December.

Return to the Indian OceanIllustrious departed Britain on 30 December and arrived in Trincomalee, Ceylon, on 28 January 1944. She spent most of the next several months training although she participated in several sorties with the Eastern Fleet searching for Japanese warships in the Bay of Bengal and near the coast of Sumatra. The fleet departed Trincomalee on 21 March to rendezvous with the American carrier  in preparation for combined operations against the Japanese facilities in the Dutch East Indies and the Andaman Islands. The first operation carried out by both carriers was an airstrike on the small naval base at Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra (Operation Cockpit). The carrier's air group consisted of 21 Barracudas and 28 Corsairs for the operation; Illustrious launched 17 of the former escorted by 13 of the latter on the morning of 19 April. The American bombers attacked the shipping in the harbour while the British aircraft attacked the shore installations. The oil storage tanks were destroyed and the port facilities badly damaged by the Barracudas. There was no aerial opposition and the fighters claimed to have destroyed 24 aircraft on the ground. All British aircraft returned safely although one American fighter was forced to ditch during the return home.

The Saratoga was ordered to depart for home for a refit by 19 May and Somerville wanted to mount one more attack as she was leaving the Indian Ocean. He chose the naval base and oil refinery at Surabaya, Java (Operation Transom), and the distance from the newly renamed East Indies Fleet's base at Ceylon required refuelling at Exmouth Gulf on the western coast of Australia before the attack. The necessity to attack from the south, across the full width of Java, meant that the target was outside the Barracuda's range and 810 and 847 Squadrons were replaced by the 18 Grumman Avengers of 832 and 845 Squadrons for the mission. Early on the morning of 17 May, the ship launched all 18 Avengers, escorted by 16 Corsairs. One Avenger crashed on take-off and an American Avenger was shot down over the target; only one small ship was sunk, and little damage was done to the refinery. The Saratoga and her escorts separated after refuelling again in Exmouth Gulf and the East Indies Fleet was back in Trincomalee on 27 May where No. 21 Wing reembarked.

On 10 June, the Illustrious and the escort carrier  put to sea to simulate another airstrike on Sabang as a means of distracting the Japanese while the Americans were attacking airfields in the Mariana Islands and preparing to invade the island of Saipan. For the planned attack on Port Blair in the Andaman Islands in mid-June her air group was reinforced by the 14 Corsairs of 1837 Squadron; six Barracudas from No. 21 TBR Wing were landed to make room for the additional fighters. On 21 June, the ship launched 15 Barracudas and 23 Corsairs against the airfield and harbour of Port Blair. Two of the Barracudas were forced to return with engine trouble before the attack began and another was shot down over the target. In addition, one Corsair was forced to ditch; the pilot was rescued by a destroyer. Bad weather degraded the accuracy of the Barracudas and little damage was inflicted aside from a few aircraft destroyed on the ground and a few small craft sunk in the harbour. With over 50 aircraft airborne at one point, the British realised that a single deck accident might result in the loss of every aircraft in the air because there was no other carrier available to land aboard. The carrier and her escorts arrived back at Trincomalee on 23 June where 847 Squadron was merged into 810 Squadron a week later.

Her sister ships, the Indomitable and the  arrived at the end of June although only the latter's pilots were combat-ready. Captain Charles Lambe was appointed as the new captain of the Illustrious on 21 May, but he could not join his new ship until 9 July. Somerville decided to attack Sabang again (Operation Crimson), although the ships of the East Indies Fleet would bombard the port while the fighters from the Illustrious and the Victorious spotted for them and protected the fleet. As the Barracudas were needed only for anti-submarine patrols, the former embarked only nine while the latter ship flew off all her Barracudas. On the early morning of 25 July, Illustrious launched 22 Corsairs for CAP and to observe the naval gunfire and take photos for post-attack damage assessments. The bombardment was very effective, sinking two small freighters, and severely damaging the oil storage and port facilities. One Corsair was shot down by Japanese flak although the pilot was rescued after ditching. As the fleet was withdrawing, Illustriouss CAP intercepted and shot down a Nakajima Ki-43 (codenamed "Oscar") fighter and a Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" medium bomber on reconnaissance missions. Later in the day her Corsairs intercepted 10 Ki-43s and shot down two of them while driving off the remainder. After arriving in Trincomalee, 1837 Squadron was transferred to the Victorious.

On 30 July, she sailed for Durban to begin a refit that lasted from 15 August to 10 October and arrived back at Trincomalee on 1 November. 810 Squadron and its Barracudas were transferred off the ship the next day and were later replaced by the Avengers of 854 Squadron. For the next six weeks she carried out an intensive flying regime in preparation for the next operations against the Japanese together with the other carriers of the fleet. On 22 November she was assigned to the newly formed British Pacific Fleet (BPF), commanded by Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser. She was assigned to the 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (1st ACS), commanded by Rear Admiral Sir Philip Vian when he arrived at Colombo aboard the carrier . A week later, Illustrious and Indomitable sortied to attack an oil refinery at Pangkalan Brandan, Sumatra (Operation Outflank); the former's airgroup now consisted of 36 Corsairs of 1830 and 1833 Squadrons and 21 Avengers of 857 Squadron. When the aircraft approached the target on the morning of 20 December, it was obscured by clouds so they diverted to the secondary target of the port at Belawan Deli. It was partially obscured by clouds and heavy squalls so the attacking aircraft had only moderate success, setting some structures on fire and destroying several aircraft on the ground.

On 16 January 1945 the BPF sailed for its primary base in the Pacific Ocean, Sydney, Australia. En route, the carriers of the 1st ACS attacked Palembang on 24 January and 29 January (Operation Meridian). Illustriouss air group consisted of 32 Corsairs and 21 Avengers by now and she contributed 12 of her Avengers and 16 Corsairs to the first attack, which destroyed most of the oil storage tanks and cut the refinery's output by half for three months. Five days later, the BPF attacked a different refinery and the ship launched 12 Avengers and 12 Corsairs. The attack was very successful at heavy cost; between the two air operations, her squadrons lost five Corsairs to enemy flak or fighters and one due to a mechanical problem on take-off as well as three Avengers to enemy action. Her Corsairs claimed four enemy aircraft shot down as did one Avenger pilot who claimed victory over a Nakajima Ki-44 "Tojo" fighter. The fleet's fire discipline was poor when it was attacked by seven Japanese bombers shortly after the strike aircraft began landing. The attackers were all shot down, but two shells fired by either Indomitable or the battleship  struck Illustrious, killing 12 and wounding 21 men.

Service in the Pacific Ocean

She arrived on 10 February and repairs began when she entered the Captain Cook Dock in the Garden Island Dockyard the next day, well before it was officially opened by the Duke of Gloucester, the Governor-General of Australia on 24 March. By this time the vibration problems with her centre propeller shaft, which had never been properly repaired after she was bombed at Malta, were so bad that the propeller was removed and the shaft locked in place, reducing her maximum speed to 24 knots. On 6 March she sailed to the BPF's advance base at Manus Island and, after her arrival a week later, Illustrious and her sisters Indomitable and Victorious, as well as the carrier Indefatigable, exercised together before sailing for Ulithi on 18 March. The BPF joined the American Fifth Fleet there two days later, under the designation Task Force 57 (TF 57), to participate in the preliminary operations for the invasion of Okinawa (Operation Iceberg). The British role during the operation was to neutralise airfields on the Sakishima Islands, between Okinawa and Formosa, beginning on 26 March. Her air group now consisted of 36 Corsairs, 16 Avengers and two Supermarine Walrus flying boats for rescue work.

From 26 March to 9 April, the BPF attacked the airfields with each two-day period of flying operations followed by two or three days required to replenish fuel, ammunition and other supplies. While the precise details on activities of the carrier's squadrons are not readily available, it is known that the commanding officer of 854 Squadron was forced to ditch his Avenger on the morning of 27 March with the loss of both his crewmen; he was ultimately rescued that evening by an American submarine. On the afternoon of 6 April, four kamikaze aircraft evaded detection and interception by the CAP, and one, a Yokosuka D4Y3 "Judy" dive bomber, attacked Illustrious in a steep dive. The light AA guns managed to sever its port wing so that it missed the ship, although its starboard wingtip shattered the Type 272's radome mounted on the front of the bridge. When the  bomb that it was carrying detonated in the water only  from the side of the ship, the resulting shock wave badly damaged two Corsairs parked on the deck and severely shook the ship. The initial damage assessment was that little harm had been done, although vibrations had worsened, but this was incorrect as the damage to the hull structure and plating proved to be extensive. Vice Admiral Sir Bernard Rawlings, commander of Task Force 57, ordered the recently arrived Formidable to join the task force to replace Illustrious on 8 April. In the meantime, she continued to conduct operations with the rest of the fleet. On 12 and 13 April, the BPF switched targets to airfields in northern Formosa and her sister joined the task force on 14 April. Since the beginning of the operation, her aircraft had flown 234 offensive and 209 defensive sorties, claiming at least two aircraft shot down. Her own losses were two Avengers and three Corsairs lost in action and one Avenger and six Corsairs due to non-combat causes.Formidables arrival allowed Rawlings to order Illustrious to the advance base in San Pedro Bay, in the Philippines, for a more thorough inspection. She arrived on 16 April and the examination by divers revealed that some of her outer plating was split and that some transverse frames were cracked. The facilities there could provide only emergency repairs, enough to allow her to reach the bigger dockyard in Sydney. Task Force 57 arrived in San Pedro Bay on 23 April for a more thorough replenishment period and Illustrious transferred aircraft, spares, stores, and newly arrived pilots to the other carriers before sailing for Sydney on 3 May. She arrived on 14 May and departed 10 days later, bound for Rosyth for permanent repairs. 854 Squadron was disembarked while at Sydney, but the carrier kept her two Corsair squadrons until after arriving in the UK on 27 June.

Post-war career
On 31 July Captain W. D. Stephens relieved Lambe. The end of the war several weeks later meant that there was no longer any urgency in refitting the Illustrious in time to participate in the invasion of the Japanese Home Islands and the Admiralty decided that she would become the Home Fleet training and trials carrier. Her catapult was upgraded to handle heavier aircraft, her flight deck was further improved, and her radar suite was modernized. She began her postrefit trials on 24 June 1946 and flying trials the following month. She relieved  as the trials carrier in August and conducted trials on Firefly FR.4s, Firebrand TF.4s, de Havilland Sea Mosquitoes and de Havilland Sea Vampires over the next several months. Captain Ralph Edwards relieved Stephens on 7 January 1947.

On 1 February, she joined the other ships of the Home Fleet as they rendezvoused with the battleship , which was serving as the royal yacht to escort King George VI as he set out for the first royal tour of South Africa. Over the next several months she conducted deck-landing practice for Avenger and Seafire pilots before starting a short refit on 2 April. After the tour's conclusion on 12 May, she sailed for Scottish waters for more deck-landing practice with the destroyer  as her planeguard. On 18 July she rendezvoused with the Home Fleet to participate in manoeuvres before George VI reviewed the fleet on 22–23 July. The King and Queen inspected Illustrious and her crew, as did Prime Minister Clement Attlee and his wife. Afterwards, she was opened for visits by the public before returning to Portsmouth. En route she served as the centrepiece of a convoy-defence exercise as the RAF successfully "attacked" the convoy. After summer leave for her crew, she resumed deck-landing trials in September and October, including the initial trials of the prototype Supermarine Attacker jet-powered fighter in the latter month. In November the government accelerated the demobilisation of some National Servicemen and almost 2,000 men serving in the Mediterranean became eligible for release. They had to be replaced by men from the UK so Illustrious ferried the replacements to Malta, sailing on 21 November and returning on 11 December to Portsmouth.

She was refitted and modernised from January to August 1948. Captain John Hughes-Hallett relieved Edwards on 14 June. The ship was recommissioned in early September. While at anchor in Portland Harbour on 17 October, one of her boats foundered  short of the ship in heavy weather; 29 men lost their lives. Illustrious resumed her duties in early 1949 and conducted trials and training for Avengers, Fireflies, Gloster Meteors, de Havilland Sea Hornets, Vampires and Seafires. On 10 June Hughes-Hallet was relieved by Captain Eric Clifford. During a severe gale in late October, the ship aided the small coastal steamer  that had lost power. The weather was too bad for Illustrious to rescue the steamer's crew, but she pumped fuel oil overboard to flatten the seas until a tug arrived to rescue the ship on 27 October. On 2 May 1950, she arrived at Birkenhead to commemorate the launch of the new carrier  the following day with the First Lord of the Admiralty, George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall, aboard. A Hawker Sea Fury crashed while landing on 15 May, killing the pilot and two members of the deck crew. The prototype of the turboprop-powered Fairey Gannet anti-submarine aircraft made its first carrier landing aboard on 16 June. This event was also the first landing of any turboprop aircraft aboard an aircraft carrier.

Captain S. H. Carlill assumed command on 24 June and the Illustrious resumed deck-landing training. On 8 and 9 November the Supermarine 510 research aircraft made the first ever landings by a swept-wing aircraft aboard a carrier. This aircraft was one of the ancestors of the Supermarine Swift fighter. A month later the ship began a four-month refit and hosted the first carrier landing of the de Havilland Sea Venom on 9 July 1951. Later in the month she hosted the Sea Furies of 802 and the Fireflies of 814 Squadrons for Exercise Winged Fleet. Captain C. T. Jellicoe relieved Carlill on 27 August and the ship ferried 10 Fireflies of 814 Squadron to Malta beginning on 1 October. She exchanged them for Firebrands for the return voyage. On 3 November she began loading the 39th Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division in response to the riots in Cyprus that broke out when Egypt abrogated the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936. She set sail two days later and arrived at Famagusta on 11 November. She returned to Portsmouth on 19 November and began loading the 45th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, the 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards, and the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment two days later. Illustrious set sail on 23 November and reached Famagusta on 29 November. She returned to Portsmouth on 7 December and she did not leave harbour until 30 January 1952 when she resumed her customary role as a training ship.

After a brief refit in early 1952, she participated in Exercise Castanets off the Scottish coast in June and hosted 22,000 visitors during Navy Days at Devonport Royal Dockyard in August. On 1 September she hosted No. 4 Squadron and No. 860 Squadrons, Royal Netherlands Naval Aviation Service (RNNAS) for training, as well as 824 Squadron. Between the three squadrons they had 20 Fireflies and 8 Sea Furies when they participated in the major NATO exercise Main Brace later in the month. Jellicoe was relieved by Captain R. D. Watson on 26 September and Illustrious resumed training until 9 December when her crew was granted leave and the ship began a refit. She next put to sea on 24 April 1953 for trials and did not resume training pilots until the following month. She was reunited with the four other carriers that served with the BPF for the first time since the war for the Coronation Fleet Review of Queen Elizabeth II on 15 June at Spithead. The following day, the Fireflies of No. 4 Squadron, RNNAS and 824 Squadron landed aboard for more deck-landing training. During September she participated in Exercise Mariner with three British squadrons of Fireflies and Sea Furies and a Dutch Squadron of Avengers. The ship resumed flying training off the north coast of Scotland in October for two weeks, but she spent most of the rest of the year on trials of the new mirror-landing system that automated the process of landing aircraft aboard. Illustrious began her final maintenance period at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 10 December. Captain K. A. Short relieved Watson on 28 December. The refit was completed by the end of January 1954 and she resumed her normal role. The ship completed 1,051 deck landings and steamed  by April. She made her first foreign port visit in many years at Le Havre, France, on 20–22 March, where 13,000 people came aboard. After another round of flying operations, she visited Trondheim, Norway, on 19 June. During 12 days of training in September, she completed 950 daytime and nighttime arrested landings and 210 helicopter landings. She conducted her last landings on 3 December and arrived at Devonport four days later to begin decommissioning. Illustrious'' was paid off at the end of February 1955 and she was towed to Gareloch and placed in reserve. She was sold on 3 November 1956 and broken up in early 1957.

Squadrons embarked

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Armoured aircraft carrier action and damage reports, 1940–1945

 A crewman's story aboard the Illustrious, 1940–1941
 Maritimequest HMS Illustrious photo gallery

1939 ships
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Illustrious-class aircraft carriers
Maritime incidents in January 1941
World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in December 1941

HMS Illustrious (87)


{{Dergi bilgi kutusu
| isim = Öykü
| resim = Öykü_Dergisi02.jpg
| resim_altı = Öykü Dergisi
| kategori = Kültür & Sanat
| editör = Mustafa Balel
| firma =
| tür = Edebiyat
| fiyat =
| tiraj =
| ilk_sayı_tarihi = Nisan 1975
| son_sayı_tarihi = Mayıs 1976
| sıklık = İki aylık
| ülke = Türkiye
| dil = Türkçe
| website =
| issn =
}}Öykü''', iki aylık sanat ve edebiyat dergisi (Nisan 1975 - Mayıs 1976).

Mustafa Balel'in Sivas'ta yayımladığı yedi formalık bir kitap boyutundaki dergi 7 sayı çıkabildi. Öykü dergisi, Resimli Hikâyeler dergisinden sonra Türk edebiyatında ikinci öykü dergisidir. Sunu yazısında ...sayfalarının tümünü öyküye, öykücülere, öykü incelemeleri ve eleştirilerine; bu konuda tartışma ve soruşturmalara, kısaca öykü sanatına katkısı olabilecek her uğraşıya açan Öykü bu niteliğiyle öykü yolunda ilerlemek isteyenlerin dergisi olmayı amaçladığı belirtildi.

Fakir Baykurt, Talip Apaydın, Kerim Korcan, Fahri Erdinç, Adnan Özyalçıner, Zaven Biberyan ve Zühtü Bayar gibi ünlü imzaların yanı sıra Ali Yüce, Burhan Günel, Mustafa Balel, Necati Güngör, Abdülkadir Bulut, Ahmet Telli, Mehmet Ergün, Hikmet Altınkaynak, Mehmet Güler gibi daha çok 12 Mart sonrası yazarlarını ve Hasan Özkılıç, Sevgi Türker, Fahrettin Demir, İbram Erdem, Ali Atmaca, Kenan Ercan, Ali Aslan gibi ilk yazılarını yayımlayan yazarları bir araya getirmeye özen gösterdiği görüldü.

Dergide ilk sayı Sabahattin Ali'ye özeldir, ayrıca Fakir Baykurt, Muzaffer Buyrukçu, Osman Şahin ve Kemal Özer üzerine özel sayılar düzenlendi.

Dördüncü sayının kapağında Cengiz Aytmaatov yer alır. Dergi beşinci sayıdan itibaren sanatın her türlü hâline açık bir hale getirilerek, şiir ve yazılara da yer verilen genel anlamda bir edebiyat dergisi hâline gelir.  Yedinci sayı ile birlikte maddi imkansızlıklar nedeniyle kapanmıştır.

Ferit Edgü, Öykü dergisini o yılların öykücülüğü ve Türk edebiyat açısından "umutlu bir çıkış" olarak nitelendirir.

Necati Zekeriya, Öykü dergisini, "Duyulan öykü boşluğunun giderilmesi, yeni adları yansıtması, soyut akımlara darbe indirmesi, Anadolunun gerçeklerine ışık tutması" bakımından "soylu" bir dergi olarak nitelendirmiştir.

Gül Durmaz 14 Şubat Dünyanın Öyküsü dergisinin 8. sayısında Öykü'' dergisi üzerine bir yazı yazmıştır.

Kaynakça

Türk edebiyat dergileri
Türkçe dergiler
İki aylık dergiler
1975'te kurulan dergiler
Yayımı 1970'lerde sona eren dergiler

Öykü (dergi)


Iveta Mukuchyan (, født 14. oktober 1986) er en armensk-tysk sanger og model. Hun repræsenterede Armenien i Eurovision Song Contest 2016 med sangen "LoveWave" og endte på en syvendeplads i finalen.

Liv og karriere
Mukuchyan blev født i Jerevan i den Armenske SSR, nuværende Armenien. Hendes familie flyttede til Tyskland i 1992. Hun gik i skole i Tyskland, og fra 1998 til 2006 modtog hun undervisning på den katolske Sankt-Ansgar-Schule i Hamborg. Hun vendte tilbage til Armenien i 2009 og begyndte at studere jazzsang ved Jerevans statslige musikkonservatorium.

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Armenien
Armeniens Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Personer fra Jerevan

Iveta Mukuchyan


An Thrixspermum tenuicalcar in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Cedric Errol Carr. An Thrixspermum tenuicalcar in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thrixspermum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thrixspermum

Thrixspermum tenuicalcar


تشارلز غراي، ثاني من مُنح لقب إيرل غراي ، عضو فرسان الرباط والمجلس الخاص للمملكة المتحدة (13 مارس 1764-17 يوليو 1845)، عُرف في الفترة المحصورة بين 1806 و1807 بلقب الفيكونت هاوك، سياسي بريطاني تقلد منصب رئيس وزراء المملكة المتحدة من نوفمبر 1830 حتى يوليو 1834.

قاد لفترة طويلة العديد من الحركات الإصلاحية، أشهرها قانون الإصلاح 1832، فضلًا عن كونه عضوًا في حزب الأحرار البريطاني. شهدت حكومته أيضًا قانون إلغاء العبودية في الإمبراطورية البريطانية، حيث اشترت الحكومة العبيد من ملاكهم في عام 1833. كان غراي في تسعينيات القرن الثامن عشر من أشد المعارضين لسياسات ويليام بيت الأصغر على كل من الصعيدين الداخلي والخارجي. في عام 1807، استقال من منصب وزير الخارجية احتجاجًا على رفض الملك القاطع للتحرر الكاثوليكي. استقال غراي نهائيًا في عام 1834 بسبب خلافاتٍ حصلت في مجلس الوزراء بشأن إيرلندا، فضلًا عن تقاعده عن السياسة.

يصنفه العلماء في مرتبةٍ عالية بين رؤساء الوزراء البريطانيين، نظرًا لتفاديه العديد من الصراعات الأهلية وتمكينه التقدم الفيكتوري. سُمي شاي إيرك غراي تيمنًا به.

كان غراي، الذي ينحدر من عائلة نورثمبريانية عريقة كانت تسكن في قاعة هاويك، ثاني أبناء (وأكبر من بقي على قيد الحياة) الجنرال تشارلز غراي كي بي (1729-1807) من زوجته إليزابيث (1743/4-1822)، ابنة جورج غراي ساوثيك، بمقاطعة درم. كان لديه أربعة أشقاء وشقيقتان. تلقى تعليمه في مدرسة ريتشموند، بعدها في كلية إيتون ومن ثم كلية الثالوث بجامعة كامبريدج، مما منحه المقدرة على اكتساب فن التأليف والخطابة في كل من الإنجليزية واللاتينية والذي جعله بالتالي أحد أبرز الخطباء البرلمانيين في جيله.

الألقاب التي حصل عليها
أصبح ثاني إيرل غراي، وفيكونت هاوك وبارون غراي هاوك في 14 نوفمبر 1807 وذلك بعد وفاة والده. وبعد وفاة عمه في 30 مارس 1808، أصبح ثالث من يحصل على لقب بارونيت غراي هاوك.

مسيرته الحكومية

انتخابه في البرلمان، 1786
في 14 سبتمبر 1786، انتُخب غراي لعضوية البرلمان عن الدائرة الانتخابية نورثمبيرلاند، عن عمر بلغ 22 سنة فقط. أصبح عضوًا في حزب الأحرار البريطاني الذي يقوده كل من تشارلز جيمس فوكس، وريتشارد برينسلي شيريدان، وأمير ويلز، وسرعان ما أصبح أحد كبار زعماء حزب الأحرار البريطاني. كان أصغر مدير على اللجنة المعنية بمحاكمة وارين هاستينغز. كتب المؤرخ توماس بابنجتون ماكولي بحقه في عام 1841:في عصرٍ لا يزال فيه معظم الذين يميزون أنفسهم في الحياة يتنافسون على الجوائز والزمالات في الكليات، حقق هو لنفسه مكانةً بارزةً في البرلمان. لم يكن الحظ ولا العلاقات نقطة قوته بل كان يتميز بالرغبة التي دفعته إلى بلوغ ذروة مواهبه الرائعة وشرفه الذي لا تشوبه شائبة. في الثالثة والعشرين من عمره، كان الناس يرون أنه يستحق أن يُصنف مع رجال الدولة المخضرمين الذين كانوا مندوبين عن مجلس العموم البريطاني، في نقابة النبلاء البريطانيين. لقد رحل كل من كانوا في تلك النقابة، باستثنائه هو، سواء كانوا جناة أو محامين أو متهمين. وبالنسبة للجيل الذي يتمتع الآن بحيوية الحياة، فهو الوحيد الذي يمثل العصر العظيم الذي ولت أيامه. لكن أولئك الذين أصغوا ببهجةٍ، خلال السنوات العشر الماضية، حتى أضاءت شمس الصباح على أنسجة مجلس اللوردات، إلى فصاحة تشارلز إيرل غراي المتسمة بالحيوية والسمو، قادرين على تكوين فكرةٍ عن قوى جنسٍ من الرجال لم يكن هو الأبرز بينهم.لوحظ أيضًا أن غراي كان يدعوا إلى إصلاح البرلمان والتحرر الكاثوليكي. لم تضره كثيرًا علاقته الغرامية بجورجينا كافندش، والتي كانت هي نفسها مناضلةً سياسيةً نشطة، على الرغم من أنها كادت أن تتسبب بطلاقها من زوجها.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص تلقوا تعليمهم في كلية إيتون
أشخاص متعلمون في كلية إيتون
أشخاص من نورثمبرلاند
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1801–02
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1802–06
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1806–07
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة 1807–12
أعضاء برلمان المملكة المتحدة في تافيستوك (قرية)
أعضاء مجلس الشورى البريطاني
أمراء الأميرالية
خريجو كلية ترينيتي (كامبريج)
رؤساء مجلس اللوردات
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة
رؤساء وزراء المملكة المتحدة القرن 19
فرسان الرباط
قادة مجلس العموم البريطاني
مواليد 1764
وزراء خارجية بريطانيا
وفيات 1845
وفيات في نورثمبرلاند

تشارلز غراي


نادي رادنيتشكي نيش لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم صربي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الثالثة. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1923.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1923
أندية كرة قدم في صربيا
أندية كرة قدم في يوغوسلافيا
تأسيسات سنة 1923 في صربيا
الرياضة في نيش

رادنيتشكي نيش


Doom Cult debitantski je studijski album novozelandskog blackened death metal-sastava Diocletian. Album je 18. svibnja 2009. godine objavila diskografska kuća Invictus Productions.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje
Diocletian
 Atrociter – gitara, prateći vokali
 CS – bubnjevi
 VK – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, inženjer zvuka, miksanje, mastering
Dodatni glazbenici
 K. Stanley – prateći vokali
Ostalo osoblje
 S. Berserker – ilustracije, raspored ilustracija
 Bad News Brown – naslovnica (na vinilnoj inačici)

Izvori

Albumi iz 2009.

Doom Cult


Sarah Shahi (d. 10 Ocak 1980; Euless, Teksas), asıl adı Ahu Cihansuz Şahi () olan Amerikalı sinema oyuncusudur. Kendisi İran'ın eski hükümdarı Feth Ali Şah'ın torunlarındandır.

Filmografi

Film

Televizyon

İç bağlantılar
 The L Word

Dış bağlantılar

1980 doğumlular
Tarrant County doğumlular
Teksas doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Kaçar Hanedanı
20. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı kadın oyuncular
Amerikalı kadın sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın dizi oyuncuları
Amerikalı kadın seslendirme sanatçıları
Amerikalı kadın modeller
Azeri asıllı Amerikalılar
İran asıllı Amerikalılar
İspanyol asıllı Amerikalılar
Ponpon kızlar
Yaşayan insanlar

Sarah Shahi


මාග්‍රට් ඊව්, හාජ් ආර්යාව, එම්බීඊ, පීසී (උපත 8 සැප්තැම්බර් 1944) යනු,  1994 වසරෙහි සිට බාකිං සඳහා පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයා වන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කම්කරු පක්ෂ දේශපාලනඥයෙකි. 2003 වසරෙහිදී පළමු ළමුන් පිළිබඳ අමාත්‍යවරයා වූ ඇය,    සංස්කෘතිය, මාධ්‍ය සහ ක්‍රීඩා පිළිබඳ අමාත්‍යාංශයෙහි  සංස්කෘතික සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු පිළිබඳ රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයා විය. 2010 ජූනි 9 දිනදී,  රාජ්‍ය ගිණුම් කාරක සභාවෙහි මූලාසනය වෙත ඇය තේාරා පත් කර ගැණිනි. මාග්‍රට් ඊව් ඕපන්හයිමර් නමින් උපත ලද ඇය, 1968 සිට 1978 දක්වා, මාග්‍රට් ඊව් වොට්සන් ලෙසින් හැඳින්විණි.

මාග්‍රට් හාජ්


17032 Edlu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
17032 Edlu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,78 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 2,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 17001-18000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

17032 Edlu


Umjetnički muzej ili muzej umjetnosti je zgrada ili prostor za izlaganje umjetnosti, obično vlastite muzejske kolekcije. Može biti u javnom ili privatnom vlasništvu i može biti dostupan svima ili imati ograničen pristup. Iako se primarno bave likovnom umjetnošću, umjetničke se galerije često koriste kao prostor za druga kulturna događanja i umjetničke aktivnosti, poput performansa, glazbenih koncerata ili čitanja poezije. U umjetničkim muzejima često se održavaju tematske privremene izložbe koje često uključuju predmete iz drugih zbirki.

Za razliku od komercijalne umjetničke galerije koju vodi prodavač umjetnina, osnovna svrha umjetničkog muzeja nije prodaja izloženih predmeta.

Umjetnički muzej


Estación Calle Powell es una estación en las líneas Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City, Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae, Fremont–Daly City y Richmond–Millbrae del Metro de San Francisco, administrada por la Distrito de Transporte Rápido del Área de la Bahía y del Ferrocarril Municipal de San Francisco (MUNI). La estación se encuentra localizada en 899 Market Street Market Street en el Distrito Financiero, San Francisco, California. La estación Estación Calle Powell fue inaugurada el sistema del BART el 3 de noviembre de 1973 y en noviembre de 1982 para el Ferrocarril Municipal de San Francisco.

Descripción
La estación Estación Calle Powell cuenta con 2 plataformas centrales y 4 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del MUNI   F Market & Wharves California Street Cable Car
Línea Powell/Mason Cable Car
5 Fulton
6 Parnassus
8X Bayshore Express
8AX Bayshore "A" Express
8BX Bayshore "B" Express
9 San Bruno
9L San Bruno Limited
16X Noriega Express
21 Hayes
27 Bryant
30 Stockton
31 Balboa
45 Union-Stockton
71 Haight-Noriega
71L Haight-Noriega Limited
91 Owl
L Owl
N Owl

AC Transit
800 All Nighter

Independent Transit Operator
Jitney Bus

Valley of the Moon Commute Club
Sonoma-San Francisco^
^Paradas en Mission Street entre las Calles 4 y 5Acceso vía San Francisco Shopping Center

California Shuttle Bus
Oakland-San Jose-Los Angeles
(Ellis & Mason)

Amtrak Thruway Bus Service
Emeryville-San Francisco

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Estación Calle Powell

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1973
Calle Powell
Calle Powell
Calle Powell
Calle Powell
Calle Powell

Estación Calle Powell


Les Bigyra sont un embranchement d'organismes eucaryotes hétérocontées, appurtenant au règne des chromistes.

Liste des classes
Selon  :
 Bikoecea A.R.Loeblich, Jr & A.R.Loeblich, 1993
 Blastocystea
 Labyrinthulea Cavalier-Smith, 1989
 Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
 Opalinea
 Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye

Taxinomie
Selon
 sous-embranchement des Bicosoecia Cavalier-Smith, 1993
 classe des Bicoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
 sous-embranchement des Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1991
 super-classe des Nucleohelea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
 classe des Nucleohelea Cavalier-Smith, 1993
 super-classe des Opalinata Wenyon, 1926
 classe des Blastocystea
 classe des Opalinea
 classe des Proteromonadea Corliss, 1984
 sous-embranchement des Sagenista Cavalier-Smith, 1995
 classe des Labyrinthulea Cavalier-Smith, 1989

Références

  Cavalier-Smith T., 1997. Sagenista and Bigyra, two phyla of heterotrophic heterokont chromists. Archiv für Protistenkunde. 148 (3): 253–267, .
  Cavalier-Smith T., 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 73 (3): 203–66, , .

Références taxinomiques

Embranchement d'eucaryotes (nom scientifique)

Bigyra


Uffe Valentin Haagerup (født 19. december 1949 i Kolding, død 5. juli 2015 i Faaborg) var en dansk matematiker.

Haagerup blev Cand.scient. fra Københavns Universitet i 1974. Han var ansat på Syddansk Universitet i Odense fra 1974 til 2010. Han blev professor i 1981. Fra 2010 til 2014 var han professor på Københavns Universitet og fra 2015 igen på Syddansk Universitet.

I 1989 blev Haagerup hædret med Ole Rømer-medaljen.

Uffe Haagerup døde i en drukneulykke den 5. Juli 2015.

Referencer

Henvisninger
 Haagerups hjemmeside hos Københavns Universitet
 Universitetets meddelelse om Haagerups død

Professorer fra Københavns Universitet
Medlemmer af Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi
Matematikere fra Danmark
Personer fra Kolding
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)

Uffe Haagerup


Quem Me Conhece Sabe é o primeiro álbum de estúdio e de estreia da youtuber, artista e cantora brasileira, Blogueirinha (personagem criada pelo youtuber carioca, Bruno Matos). Com uso de sátira, a Blogueirinha faz humor em seu álbum, lançado em 13 de janeiro de 2022. Blogueirinha viajou à Europa, para fazer pocket shows, intitulados "The Zug Zug World Tour".

Singles
Até o seu respectivo lançamento, o álbum possuí seis singles.

A canção intitulada  "Zug Zug" foi um dos primeiros singles do álbum, lançado como primeiro single do álbum, em 12 de dezembro de 2019, acompanhado de um videoclipe.

A canção "Desculpas Veganas" foi o segundo single lançado do álbum, em 26 de junho de 2021, também acompanhado de um videoclipe.

O terceiro single do álbum, a canção, "Eu Sabia", foi lançado em 31 de dezembro de 2021, junto ao videoclipe.

Após duas semanas do lançamento do quarto single do álbum, em 14 de janeiro de 2022, o quarto single do álbum, foi lançado, e intitulado "Cavalona". O videoclipe subiu no canal oficial da Blogueirinha no YouTube, simultaneamente.

"Eu Sei Que Você Quer" foi lançado como o quinto single do álbum, sete dias após "Cavalona", em 21 de janeiro de 2022, nas plataformas digitais e videoclipe subiu simultaneamente no canal oficial da Blogueirinha no YouTube.

"Homem Feio Também Traí" foi o sexto single do álbum lançado em 01 de abril de 2022. O videoclipe subiu simultaneamente no canal oficial da Blogueirinha no YouTube e foi lançado depois do seu primeiro álbum de estúdio e de estreia "Quem Me Conhece Sabe".

Faixas

Histórico de lançamento

Ligações externas
Avril Lavigne, Blogueirinha e Lali estão entre os lançamentos da semana

Álbuns de estreia de 2022
Álbuns de 2022
Álbuns em língua portuguesa

Quem Me Conhece Sabe


35222 Delbarrio este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
35222 Delbarrio este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Cima Ekar de Maura Tombelli. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,31 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 7,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 35001-36000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

35222 Delbarrio


ව්‍යවසායකත්වය අන් කවරදාටත් වඩා ආර්ථිකයට වැදගත් අංශයක් ලෙස පවතින්නේ නම්, ව්‍යවසායකත්වය පිළිබඳව ප්‍රමාණාත්මක විස්තරයක් සැපයීමට ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව දිගින් දිගමට අසමත් වීමෙන් පෙනී යන්නේ එහි මූලික සිද්ධාන්තයන් යළිත් ඇගයීමකට බඳුන් කළ යුතු බවයි. ව්‍යවසායකත්වය ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව යනු ආර්ථිකය තුළ ව්‍යවසායකයා සහ ව්‍යවසායකත්වය පිළිබඳ අධ්‍යයනයයි. ව්‍යවසායකත්ව ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ (ප්‍රාදේශීය හෝ ජාතික මට්ටමේ) ලක්ෂණයන් නම්, නව ව්‍යාපාර මෙන්ම නව අංශයන් හා නව කර්මාන්තයන් බිහිවීමට තුඩු දුන් විශිෂ්ට මට්ටමේ නව සොයා ගැනීම්ය.

ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවට ව්‍යවසායකත්වය ඇතුළු නොවන්නේ එම ආර්ථික ඉගැන්වීම්වල ව්‍යවසායකත්වය පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තයක් හෝ විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක සැකිල්ලක් නැති නිසාම නොවේ. ව්‍යවසායකත්වය ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික විද්‍යා ධාරාවට අයත් වූවක් නොවීම මෙයට හේතුවකි. ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවන්ට කේන්ද්‍රීය වූ සමතුලිත ආකෘතීන් ගොඩනැඟීමේ දී නිර්වචනයේ දීම ව්‍යවසායකත්වය අත්හැර දමනු ලැබීමයි. ජෝශප් ආච්ස්ට්ර්ට හා ඊශ්‍රායෙල් කර්ස්නර් ඔවුන්ගේ ලේඛනවලින්, ව්‍යවසායකයා සමතුලිතතාවය දරා සිටින්නෙකු නොවන බවට තර්කකොට තිබේ. බාවුමෝල්ට අනුව අදාල නොවන ව්‍යවසායකත්වය ඉවත් කිරීමෙන් ප්‍රධාන  ආර්ථික විද්‍යා සිද්ධාන්තයට වැරැද්දක් කොට නැත.

ව්‍යවසායකත්වය, ව්‍යාකූල, පුරෝකථනය කළ නොහැකි ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාදාමයක් ලෙස අදහස් කරනු ලැබේ. ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ භාවිතා වන සමතුලිතතාව පදනම්කොටගත් විශ‍්ලේෂණ ක්‍රමවේදයන් උපයෝගී කර ගනිමින් ව්‍යවසායකත්වය පිළිබඳ ආකෘතීන් නිර්මාණය කළ නොහැක. සෛද්ධාන්තික පහදා දීම් හා පවතින මූලධර්මයන් දික් කිරීමෙන් පමණක් ව්‍යවසායකත්වය සඳහා සිද්ධාන්තයක් සැපයීමට හැකියාව ඇති බව තව දුරටත් බලාපොරොත්තු විය නොහැක. ව්‍යවසායකත්ව ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව අධ්‍යයනය සඳහා, සෛද්ධාන්තික භෞතික විද්‍යාව (තාප ගති විද්‍යාව, එන්තැල්පිය) වැනි වෙනත් ඉගැන්වීම්හි අන්තර් දෘෂ්ටිය භාවිතා කිරීමෙන්, සමතුලිත ආකෘති , බුද්ධිමය නියෝජිත, මූලාදර්ශ උපරිමායනය, වැනි අභියෝගාත්මක මූලධර්මයන් හරහා මාවතක් විවිර කර ගත හැකිය. ගැටළු මත නිගමනයන් ප්‍රමුඛතාවය අයත් කර ගන්නා  මූලධර්මයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති සිද්ධාන්ත විසින් මෙහෙයවන විෂයක් බවට ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව පත්ව ඇතැයි ආර්ථික විද්‍යා, ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සමීක්ෂණයක් කිරීමෙන් පසු " කොඅස්" විශ්වාස කරයි. ඔබ "නේචර්" වැනි විද්‍යාත්මක සඟරාවක පිටුවක් දෙස බැලුවොත්, සෑම සතියකම "අපට ඒ ගැන යළි සිතා බලන්නට සිදුව තිබෙනවා. මෙම ප්‍රතිඵල අප බලාපොරොත්තු වූ ආකාරයේ ඒවා නොවේ" යනුවෙන් කළ ප්‍රකාශයන්  ඔබට හමුවේ. එහෙත් ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ දී සැම විටම අප සිතු අයුරින්ම සිදුවේ. ඒ මන්දයත්, අපි ප්‍රශ්න කිහිපයක් පමණක්  අසමින් ගැටළුව වෙත එකම ස්වරූපයෙන් ප්‍රවේශ වන නිසාය. ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යාවන්හි ආකෘතීන් හා සිද්ධාන්තයන්හි අන්තර්දෘෂ්ටිය ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගනිමින් ව්‍යවසායකත්වය ආර්ථික විද්‍යා මූලික සිද්ධාන්තයන් අභියෝගයට ලක් කරයි. යනුවෙන් ඔහු පැවසුවේය.

ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව
නිර්වචනයන්

ව්‍යවසායකත්ව ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව