اللواء حسن الألفي  (3 مارس 1936 - 3 نوفمبر 2021)، شغل منصب وزير داخلية مصر في الفترة من 18 إبريل 1993 إلى 18 نوفمبر 1997 خلفاً للواء محمد عبد الحليم موسى. أقيل عقب مذبحة الأقصر في 17 نوفمبر 1997 ليتولّى اللواء حبيب العادلي الوزارة، ويعد الألفي وزير الداخلية الخامس في عهد مبارك والوحيد الذي لم يأت من جهاز مباحث أمن الدولة حيث عمل قبل توليه الوزارة محافظاً لأسيوط ثم محافظاً لسوهاج وكان ينتمي إلى الإدارة العامة لمكافحة جرائم الأموال العامة قبل اختياره محافظاً ثم وزيراً للداخلية. توفي مساء يوم الأربعاء 3 نوفمبر 2021.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع وزارة الداخلية المصري

أشخاص تعرضوا لمحاولة اغتيال
أشخاص من مصر الجديدة
سياسيون مصريون في القرن 20
ضباط شرطة مصريون
مواليد 1354 هـ
ناجون من هجوم إرهابي
وزراء داخلية مصريون
وفيات 1443 هـ
وفيات 2021

حسن الألفي


Love Symbol je četrnaesti studijski album američkog glazbenika Princea, te drugi u suradnji s njegovim sastavom The New Power Generation. Objavile su ga diskografske kuće Paisley Park Records i Warner Bros. Records na dan 13. listopada 1992. Album je zamišljen kao "rock sapunica", te je kasnije prema njemu snimljen film 3 Chains o' Gold. Službeni naziv albuma je Princeov neizgovorljivi simbol "Love Symbol #2" kojeg je kasnije koristio kao svoje umjetničko ime. Album je zato poznat kao Love Symbol Album, Love Symbol, Symbol Album i Symbol. Poznatiji singlovi s albuma su "Sexy MF", "My Name Is Prince" i "7".

Popis pjesama

Albumi iz 1992.
Američki glazbeni albumi

Love Symbol (album)


Lífsbjörg í Norðurhöfum er íslensk heimildarmynd frá 1989 sem fjallar um falsanir og svik Grænfriðunga (e. Greenpeace) og annarra náttúrusamtaka. Myndin var sýnd í Ríkissjónvarpinu 1989. Grænfriðungar fóru fram á lögbanni á sýninguna en því var hafnað.

Íslenskar heimildarmyndir

Lífsbjörg í Norðurhöfum


සිංහල ගායිකාවකි.

වැඩිදුර කියවීම්
 නිහඬ බවට හේතුව නිරංජලා හෙළි කරයි

නිරංජලා සරෝජනී


An Saccolabiopsis bakhuizenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Saccolabiopsis bakhuizenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Saccolabiopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Saccolabiopsis

Saccolabiopsis bakhuizenii


Carl Georg Genser (* 1902 in Bad Kissingen; † 1976 ebenda) war ein deutscher Geologe, Chemiker (anorganischer Analytiker) und praktischer Radiologe sowie Balneologe. Er war der letzte "Quelleninspektor" des bayerischen Staatsbades Bad Kissingen.

Leben
Mit seiner Promotion zum Dr. phil. an der Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg mit der Dissertation vom 25. April 1930 zum Thema Zur Stratigraphie und Chemie des mittleren Muschelkalks in Franken war Genser seit Februar 1929 als wissenschaftlicher Assistent am Radium-Institut der Bergakademie Freiberg in Sachsen, wo er wegen der zeitlichen Beschränkung an sächsischen Hochschulen Ende 1932 ausscheiden musste. In seinem Stellengesuch vom 25. November 1932 nannte er als spezielle Fachkenntnisse seine Erfahrungen in Erz- und Gesteinsanalyse, chemischer Geologie, Quellenkunde (Heilquellen), radioaktiver Erz-, Gesteins- und Wasseruntersuchung sowie radiologischen Problemen der Geologie. Als Referenzen gab er damals den Physiker Gustav Aeckerlein (1878–1965), Professor an der Bergakademie in Freiberg, und den Geologen Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi (1868–1941) an der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg an. Zu dieser Zeit wohnte er in Freiberg im Haus Fürstental 2 (1. OG).

Durch seine Untersuchungen über radioaktive Mineralwässer hatte sich Genser Anfang der 1930er Jahre in seiner Fachdisziplin einen Namen gemacht. Als Antwort auf sein Stellengesuch muss Genser wohl eine Anstellung in Berlin bekommen haben, denn 1937 lebte er in Berlin-Friedenau im Haus Fregestraße 16 (2. OG).

Nach dem Tod des staatlichen Chemikers Prof. Paul Haertl (1878–1938), Balneologe in Bad Kissingen, wurde Genser als dessen Nachfolger wohl 1938 zum letzten staatlich-bayerischen "Quelleninspektor" der Kurstadt und damit zugleich zum Leiter des dortigen balneologischen Labors im Littmann-Bau an der Theresienstraße (Ecke Ludwigstraße) ernannt. Doch litt seine Arbeit wenige Jahre später unter den Auswirkungen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, bei dessen Ende auch Genser zu Schanzarbeiten am Westwall eingezogen wurde und der Laborbetrieb zum Erliegen kam. Vorübergehend wurden sogar Flüchtlinge in Gensers Labor untergebracht.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg (vor dem 1. Dezember 1948) betrieb Genser als bayerischer Regierungschemierat ein balneologisches Laboratorium im Obergeschoss des Bad Kissinger Krugmagazins. Im Jahr 1952 wurde sein "Staatslaboratorium für Heilquellenforschung" dem Balneologischen Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München angegliedert, in dessen Vorstand er bereits 1953 gehörte, und firmierte seitdem als "Außenstelle Bad Kissingen der Chemischen Abteilung des Balneologischen Instituts bei der Universität München". Im Jahr 1966 wurde Genser zum Oberregierungschemierat ernannt. Nach Gensers Pensionierung im Jahr 1967 wurde sein Labor im Krugmagazin geschlossen und in den ersten Folgejahren nur noch gelegentlich für besonders dringende Untersuchungen genutzt. Privat wohnte er in Bad Kissingen im Haus Ludwigstraße 16 (2. OG).

Genser war Mitglied der Geologischen Vereinigung und des Rotary Clubs Bad Kissingen, dessen Gründungsmitglied er 1957 war und dessen Präsident er bereits 1961 zum ersten Mal, 1969 zum zweiten Mal, danach Altpräsident wurde.

Auch nach seiner Pensionierung (1967) blieb Genser weiterhin in seinem Fach aktiv und veröffentlichte Fachartikel. Beim 68. Deutschen Bädertag, dem Jahreskongress des Deutschen Heilbäderverbandes vom 8. bis 11. Oktober 1972 in Freudenstadt führte Dr. Carl Genser den Vorsitz einer öffentlichen Vortragsveranstaltung der "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für naturwissenschaftliche und technische Grundlagen der Balneologie". Den Vorsitz dieser Arbeitsgemeinschaft, die damals noch "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bäder- und Quellentechnik" hieß, hatte er bereits 1957 übernommen.

Über eine Ehefrau oder auch Familie Gensers ist nichts bekannt.

Auszeichnungen
1976: Zander-Medaille in Bronze vom Landesverband Bayerischer Imker

Schriften
Zur Stratigraphie und Chemie des mittleren Muschelkalks in Franken, Dissertation in: Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge Band 17, Heft 4, Verlag G. Fischer, Jena 1930
Die radioaktiven Wässer des Radiumbades Oberschlema und ihre Entstehung. Über die Entstehung und die Natur radioaktiver Quellen, in: Geologische Rundschau, Band 23, Heft 3–4, Verlag Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin 1932
Über die Entstehung und die Natur radioaktiver Quellen, in: Geologische Rundschau, 1932, Seite 188–237
Die Rangordnung der Radiumbäder Oberschlema, Brambach und St. Joachimsthal. Eine grundsätzliche Erörterung der Frage: Welches ist das stärkste Radiumbad der Welt?, Selbstverlag, Würzburg 1933
Radioaktive Heilquellen in Deutschland, in: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Band 85 (1933), Seite 482–495 (Zusammenfassung)
Bad Bocklet, in: Das Bayerland, Seite 58f., München 1953
Über die Gewinnung, Aufbereitung und Verarbeitung des Badetorfes zu Moorbädern, in: Zeitschrift für angewandte Bäder- und Klimaheilkunde, Heft 1, 1955, Seite 1–11
Die Kurgartenquellen von Bad Kissingen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer quellentechnischen Einrichtungen, in: Heilbad & Kurort, Heft 10, 1963, Seite 218–226
Über die Erschließung neuer Heilquellen in Bad Neuststadt/Saale, in: Heilbad & Kurort, Heft 5, 1970, Seite 105–122
Die Balthasar-Neumann-Quelle zu Bad Bocklet. Ihre wechselvolle Geschichte durch die Jahrhunderte, in: 250 Jahre Heilquelle Bad Bocklet, 1973, Seite 31–34
Mitwirkung an mehreren wissenschaftlichen Fachbüchern wie
an mehreren Bänden von Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (Hrsg.), Verlag Springer, 1929 bis 1955

Weblinks
Werkverzeichnis bei WorldCat
Werkverzeichnis bei Google Bücher

Einzelnachweise

Radiologe
Geologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Geochemiker
Chemiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Person (Bad Kissingen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1902
Gestorben 1976
Mann

Carl Genser


Thomas Harold "Beans" Bowles (* 7. Mai 1926 in South Bend (Indiana); † 29. Januar 2000 in Detroit) war ein US-amerikanischer Bariton-Saxophonspieler, der in der Sessionband der Funk Brothers des Independent-Labels Motown Records mitspielte.

Werdegang
Der hoch gewachsene (1,88 Meter) Bowles begann 1935 mit Klarinette, bereits mit 16 war er professioneller Saxophonspieler. Er studierte ab 1944 an der Wayne State University in Detroit, brach das Pharmazie-Studium jedoch zugunsten eines Aufenthalts bei der US Navy ab, wo er in einer US Navy Band spielte. Der jazzorientierte Bowles spielte bevorzugt Flöte und Baritonsaxophon und galt seitdem als erster Flötist im Rhythm & Blues. Danach wirkte er ab 1949 in der Hausband der Detroiter Flame Show Bar unter der Leitung von Maurice King mit. Billie Holiday trat hier ab 8. Juli 1949 auf und war einer der Stars, die er begleiten durfte. Die Zigarettenlizenz der Bar gehörte Gwen Gordy, der Schwester von Berry Gordy jr. Durch diese Verbindung lernte Bowles 1958 Berry Gordy jr. kennen. Bowles stellte in jener Zeit die lokale Jazzband The Swinging Dashikis zusammen.

Bowles' erste Plattenaufnahmen waren ersichtlich Bill Doggetts Soft und Shindig (Baritonswaxophon-Solo), entstanden am 17. Juli 1957 in Chicago (Besetzung: Doggett/Orgel, Clifford Scott/Tenorsaxophon+Flöte, Bowles/Bariton, Billy Butler/Gitarre, Johnny Pate/Bassgitarre und Shep Shepard/Schlagzeug). Bowles und seine Band hatten Marv Johnson im Januar 1958 bei Once Upon a Time für das kleine Kudo-Label (#663; "with the Band of Harold "Beans" Bowles") begleitet. Danach hatte Berry Gordy den Rhythm-&-Blues-Sänger Marv Johnson als ersten Künstler seines Plattenlabels Tamla Records gewinnen können. Dessen erste Single dort war das von Sonny Woods produzierte Come to Me (Tamla #101), das im Dezember 1958 entstand und am 21. Januar 1959 auf den Markt kam. Hier spielte bereits die Kernbesetzung der Funk Brothers mit Eddie Willis/Joe Messina (Gitarre), Bowles (Saxophon/Flöte), James Jamerson (Bass), Joe Hunter (Piano) und Benny Benjamin (Schlagzeug). Bowles intonierte ein lebhaftes Flötensolo, das dem Song einen ungewöhnlichen Sound verlieh.

Das geringe und schwankende Gehalt als freier Musiker zwang Bowles, sich von Tamla Motown anstellen zu lassen; er folgte damit der Empfehlung von Gordys Schwester Esther Edwards. Er war zunächst Mitglied der Swinging Tigers (Snake Walk Pt I/II, Tamla #54024; Juni 1959), die erste Instrumentalaufnahme bei Motown und zugleich die erste Komposition für Smokey Robinson (Begleitung: Jamerson, Benjamin, Bowles). Danach begleitete er die Miracles bei den Titeln The Feeling is so Fine / Bad Girl (Saxophon; September 1959). Bowles' eigene Band Swinging Dashikis wurde indessen ab 1960 mit den Motown-Künstlern auf Tourneen eingesetzt und war nicht als Studioband vorgesehen. 1960 fungierte Bowles als Produzent für Motowns damals wertvollstem Künstler Marv Johnson, für den er auch als Road-Manager, Fahrer und Begleiter zur Verfügung stand. Zusammen mit Saxophonist Ron Wakefield war Bowles schließlich Mitglied bei den Twistin' Kings, die für den jungen Motown-Konzern die Twist-Welle erschlossen (White House Twist / Christmas Twist, 27. November 1961; Congo Twist Parts 1 & 2, 18. Dezember 1961). Außerhalb von Motown tauchte Bowles im Mai 1963 beim Baritonsaxophon-Solo im Instrumentalteil des Chiffons-Hits One Fine Day auf.

Mitwirkung bei Motown-Hits
Zu jener Zeit war er bereits integraler Bestandteil der Motown-Sessionband Funk Brothers, denn seit 1960 gehörte er zu deren Besetzung. Er ist insbesondere zu hören auf den Hits I Want A Guy (Supremes; Flöte; aufgenommen im Dezember 1960), Do You Love me (The Contours; Tenorsaxophon; 29. Juni 1962), Stubborn Kind of Fellow (Marvin Gaye; Piccoloflöte; 23. Juli 1962), You Really Got a Hold on Me (Miracles; 9. November 1962), Heat Wave (Vandellas; Juni 1963), One More Heartache (Marvin Gaye; Januar 1966) oder What's Going On (Marvin Gaye; Februar 1971). Er komponierte Stevie Wonders Fingertips Part I (21. Mai 1963), erhielt für seinen musikalischen Anteil am Song jedoch nie Tantiemen. In seinem von Sohn Dennis Bowles verfassten Buch bezeichnet sich Bowles als Hauptkomponist des Songs, insbesondere wegen des Mundharmonika-Solos, das er mit Stevie Wonder einübte. Die Album-Version präsentiert eine reine Bowles-Flöten-Instrumentation, Wonder spielt lediglich Bongos. Am 3. Oktober 1966 begleitete Bowles die Temptations, deren Manager er ab 1963 zeitweise war, auf deren erstem Live-Album Temptations Live!.

Weitere Funktionen
Neben seiner Tätigkeit als Session-Musiker organisierte Bowles als Road-Manager ab Januar 1961 das "Motortown Special" (im April 1963 umbenannt in "Motortown Revue"), eine Tournee der Motown-Künstler mit Bussen quer durch die USA. Er überwachte die Termine, sorgte für Hotelübernachtungen und beriet die noch jungen Künstler musikalisch. Zudem arrangierte er Kurse, bei denen den Künstlern das richtige Verhalten in der Öffentlichkeit beigebracht wurde.

Bowles war von Beginn an bei Motown und gehörte damit zu den am längsten verbliebenen Instrumentalisten des Plattenlabels. Er war neben Benny Benjamin das älteste Mitglied der Funk Brothers. Als im Juni 1972 der Motown-Konzern von Detroit nach Los Angeles umzog, brachen die Funk Brothers auseinander. 1990 wurde bei ihm Prostatakrebs diagnostiziert, woran er im Jahr 2000 starb.

Einzelnachweise

Soulmusiker
Musiker (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2000
Mann

Thomas Bowles


Gustav von Pfuel (vollständiger Name Felix Bertram Gustav von Pfuel; * 24. März 1829 in Berlin; † 7. März 1897 auf Schloss Wilkendorf) war ein preußischer Gutsbesitzer, hoher Staatsbeamter sowie Politiker als Mitglied des Herrenhauses.

Leben

Nach dem Besuch des Gymnasiums in Neisse und Stettin studierte Pfuel in Bonn und Berlin Jura. 1848 wurde er Mitglied des Corps Borussia Bonn. 1851 trat er in den staatlichen Justizdienst ein, den er jedoch 1855 bereits wieder verließ. Nach ausgedehnten Kavaliersreisen durch Europa und den Orient widmete er sich der Bewirtschaftung seiner Güter Wilkendorf, Gielsdorf und Eichenbrandt, die er zu einem Fideikommiss zusammenfasste. In Wilkendorf ließ er zwischen 1852 und 1855 ein Jagdschloss im Tudorstil errichten, Schloss Wilkendorf war fortan sein Wohnsitz. Auf Schloss Wilkendorf entwickelte Theodor Fontane die Idee für seinen Roman Effi Briest.

Am Krieg gegen Österreich 1866 beteiligte er sich als Mitglied, seit 1867 als Rechtsritter, des Johanniterordens. Anschließend trat er erneut in den Staatsdienst ein und nahm Verwaltungsaufgaben im besetzten Königreich Hannover wahr. Von 1868 bis 1872 war er Kreishauptmann und Polizeidirektor des Verwaltungsgebiets Amt Celle. Während des Deutsch-Französischen Kriegs wurde Pfuel der Präfekt des Departements Seine-Inférieure in Rouen sowie Zivilkommissar in den Departements Aisne und Ardennes. 1872 schied er diesmal endgültig und wurde 1874 Hauptritterschaftsdirektor der Kurmark und der Neumark. 1879 berief ihn der preußische König Wilhelm auf Präsentation des Verband des alten und befestigten Grundbesitzes im Landschaftsbezirk Mittelmark (Barnim) in das Herrenhaus, dem er bis zu seinem Tode 1897 angehörte. Der Fideikommiss Wilkendorf wurde vor 1896 aufgelöst und verkauft.

Familie

Gustav von Pfuel entstammte dem seit 926 in der Mark Brandenburg ansässigen Uradelsgeschlecht der Pfuel, das über ausgedehnten Grundbesitz vor allem nördlich von Berlin (Pfuelenland) verfügte.

Er war der Sohn des preußischen Generalleutnants Friedrich Heinrich Ludwig von Pfuel aus dessen Ehe mit Klara von Rochow sowie der Enkelsohn des Hofmarschalls Ludwig von Pfuel. Der preußische Premierminister Ernst von Pfuel war sein Onkel.

Pfuel heiratete Elise von Reventlow (* 8. September 1842; † 30. Mai 1865), Tochter von Theodor von Reventlow aus dessen erster Ehe mit Sophie Gräfin von Bernstorff. Das Paar hatte zwei Töchter:
 Klara Sophie (* 1. September 1863)
 Martha (* 20. April 1865; † 11. Mai 1914) ⚭ 1889 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (* 29. November 1856; † 2. Januar 1921), Verwaltungsbeamter, später Reichskanzler

Elise starb sechs Wochen nach der Geburt der gemeinsamen Tochter Martha. In zweiter Ehe heiratete Pfuel 1879 Agnes Amalie Charlotte Clementine Burggräfin und Gräfin zu Dohna-Schlodien (1847–1911), eine Tochter des Abgeordneten Alfred zu Dohna-Mallmitz. Dieser Ehe entstammten fünf weitere Kinder:
 Bertram (* 22. Februar 1880; † 25. August 1880)
 Klementine Agnes (* 5. Juni 1881)
 Freda Agnes Gabriele (* 1. Januar 1883; † 1920) ⚭ 1914 Waldemar von Mohl (* 6. September 1885; † 1. März 1966), Jurist und Landrat
 Agnes Gustava (* 10. Mai 1884; † 1964) ⚭ 1922 Waldemar von Mohl (1885–1966)
 Richard Gustav (* 6. August 1889)

Literatur
 Theodor Fontane: Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg II. Das Oderland Gielsdorf
 Vita, in: Hermann Krüger (Hrsg.): Chronik des preußischen Herrenhauses. Ein Gedenkbuch zur Erinnerung an das dreißigjährige Bestehen des Herrenhauses., Selbstverlag, Berlin 1885, S. 191 f.
 G. G. Winkel: Biographisches Corpsalbum der Borussia zu Bonn 1821–1928. Selbstverlag, Druck Wailandt AG, Aschaffenburg 1928. Mit Portrait.
 Moritz Maria von Weittenhiller: Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Ritter- u. Adels-Geschlechter 1880, 5. Jahrgang, Buschak & Irrgang, Brünn/Wien 1879, S. 325.

Einzelnachweise

Politiker (Deutsches Reich)
Mitglied des Preußischen Herrenhauses
Corpsstudent (19. Jahrhundert)
Gustav
Adliger
Deutscher
Geboren 1829
Gestorben 1897
Mann

Gustav von Pfuel


O Protetor e Presidente da República de Bolívar (Cargo Supremo do Governo da República de Bolívar) foi um título que lhe foi concedido para Simón Bolívar, pela Assembléia do Alto Peru para assumir como Chefe de Estado da República de Bolívar.

A disposição tem duas partes, a primeira é prática; enquanto Simón Bolívar estivesse no território, seria o chefe do Poder Executivo, ou seja, o Presidente da República, a segunda disposição é honorária; quando estivesse fora do nascente Estado do Alto Peru, seria considerado seu Protetor e Presidente.

Bolívia
Simón Bolívar
Títulos honorários


F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, commonly known as Roche, is a Swiss multinational healthcare company that operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. Its holding company, Roche Holding AG, has shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. The company headquarters are located in Basel.
Roche is the fifth-largest pharmaceutical company in the world by revenue and the leading provider of cancer treatments globally.

The company controls the American biotechnology company Genentech, which is a wholly owned affiliate, and the Japanese biotechnology company Chugai Pharmaceuticals, as well as the United States-based companies Ventana and Foundation Medicine. Roche's revenues during fiscal year 2020, were 58.32 billion Swiss francs. Descendants of the founding Hoffmann and Oeri families own slightly over half of the bearer shares with voting rights (a pool of family shareholders 45%, and Maja Oeri a further 5% apart), with Swiss pharma firm Novartis owning a further third of its shares until 2021. Roche is one of the few companies increasing their dividend every year, for 2020 as the 34th consecutive year.

F. Hoffmann-La Roche is a full member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA).

History
Founded in 1896 by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche, the company was  known early on for producing various vitamin preparations and derivatives. In 1934, it became the first company to mass-produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name Redoxon. During the Second World War, Roche collaborated with the Nazi regime in Germany and used forced labour in its German and Polish-based factories. They also moved all their Jewish employees to the United States to save them from Nazi attention.

In 1957, Hoffmann-La Roche introduced the class of tranquilizers known as benzodiazepines (with Valium and Rohypnol being the best known members). It manufactures and sells several cancer drugs and is a leader in this field. In 1956, the first antidepressant, iproniazid, was accidentally created during an experiment while synthesizing isoniazid. Originally, it had been intended to create a more efficient drug at combatting Tuberculosis. Iproniazid, however, was revealed to have its own benefits; some people felt it made them feel happier. It was withdrawn from the market in the early 1960s due to toxic side-effects.

In 1976, an accident at a chemical factory in Seveso, Italy, owned by a subsidiary of Roche, caused a large dioxin contamination. In 1982, the United States arm of the company acquired Biomedical Reference Laboratories for US$163.5 million. That company dated from the late 1960s, and was located in Burlington, North Carolina. That year Hoffmann-La Roche then merged it with all of its laboratories, and incorporated the merged company as Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. in Burlington. By the early 1990s, Roche Biomedical became one of the largest clinical laboratory networks in the United States, with 20 major laboratories and US$600 million in sales.

Roche has also produced various HIV tests and antiretroviral drugs. It bought the patents for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 1992. In 1995, the era of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) was initiated by the United States FDA's approval of Hoffman LaRoche's HIV protease inhibitor, saquinavir. Within 2 years of its approval (and that of ritonavir 4 months later) annual deaths from AIDS in the United States fell from over 50,000 to approximately 18,000.  On 28 April 1995, Hoffmann-La Roche sold Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc. to National Health Laboratories Holdings Inc. (which then changed its name to Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings). Roche acquired Syntex in 1994, and Chugai Pharmaceuticals in 2002.

Oseltamivir an antiviral drug used to combat influenza. Roche is the only drug company authorized to manufacture the drug, which was discovered by Gilead Sciences.  Roche purchased the rights to the drug in 1996, and in 2005, settled a royalty dispute, agreeing to pay Gilead tiered royalties of 14–22% of annual net sales without adjusting the payments for manufacturing costs, as had been allowed in the original licensing agreement.

On 20 October 2005, Hoffmann-La Roche decided to license other companies to manufacture Oseltamivir.

Also in 2005, Roche acquired the Swiss company GlycArt Biotechnology in order to acquire technology to afucosylate antibodies; one of its products in development was obinutuzumab, which gained FDA approval in November 2013 for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

On 22 January 2008, Roche acquired Ventana Medical Systems for $3.4 billion. On 2 January 2009,  Roche acquired Memory Pharmaceuticals Corp.

On 26 March 2009, Roche acquired Genentech for $46.8 billion. On 12 March 2009, Roche agreed to fully acquire Genentech, in which it had held a majority stake since 1990, after eight months of negotiations. As a result of the Genentech acquisition, Roche moved its Palo Alto based research facilities to their campus that straddles the border between Clifton, New Jersey and Nutley, New Jersey while Roche's United States headquarters, located on the New Jersey site since 1929, was moved to Genentech's facility in South San Francisco. Genentech became a wholly owned subsidiary group of Roche on 25 March 2009. Roche began vacating the NJ site in 2012, and sold it off in 2016.

Roche acquired Medingo Ltd. in April 2010, for $160 million and BioImagene, Inc. in August for $100 million.

In 2011, the company received the International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering Facility of the Year Award for Process Innovation for Roche's "MyDose" Clinical Supply project. In March 2011, Roche acquired PVT Probenverteiltechnik GmbH for up to €85 million. In July 2010, Roche acquired mtm laboratories AG for up to 190 million EUR. On October, Roche acquired Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for $230 million. In December, Roche announced it would acquire Munich-based Verum Diagnostica GmbH, gaining entry to the fastest-growing field in the coagulation diagnostics market.

On 26 June 2012, Roche announced the closure of the Nutley/Clifton campus, which was completed in 2013. The property is in the process of remediation.

In July 2013, Roche Diagnostics acquired blood diagnostics company Constitution Medical Inc. for $220 million. Later, in September, Genentech announced it would acquire Arrayit Corporation.

On 7 April 2014, Roche announced its intention to acquire IQuum for up to $450 million, as well as the rights to an experimental drug (ORY-1001) from Spanish company Oryzon Genomics for $21 million and up to $500 million in milestone payments. On 2 June, Roche announced its intention to acquire Genia Technologies Inc. for up to $350 million. In August 2014, the company agreed to purchase Californian-based pharmaceutical firm InterMune for $8.3 billion, at $74 a share this represents a 38% premium over the final share closing price, as well as Santaris Pharma A/S for $450 million. In December 2014, the company acquired next-generation sequencing processing company Bina Technologies for an undisclosed sum and Dutalys GmbH a developer of next-generation anti-bodies.

On 16 January 2015, the company announced that they would acquire Trophos for €470 million ($543 million) in order to increase the company's neuromuscular disease presence. The deal will centre on the Phase II and III spinal muscular atrophy drug olesoxime (TRO19622). In April 2015, Roche acquired CAPP Medical, and its chief development of technology for cancer screening and monitoring via the detection of circulating tumour DNA.

In August, the company announced its intention to acquire GeneWEAVE, Inc. for up to $425 million in order to strengthen its microbial diagnostics business. Days later the company acquired Kapa Biosystems, Inc. for $445M, focussing on next generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction applications. In October 2015, the company acquired Adheron Therapeutics for $105 million (plus up to $475 million in milestone payments).

In January 2016, the company announced it would acquire Tensha Therapeutics for $115 million upfront, with $420 million in contingent payments.

In January 2017, the company acquired ForSight VISION4. In June, the company acquired the diabetes management platform, mySugr GmbH for an undisclosed price. In November Roche acquired Viewics, Inc. In late December the company announced it would acquire Ignyta Inc, expanding its global oncology business.

In February 2018, Roche announced it would acquire Flatiron Health, a business specialising in US cancer data analytics, for $1.9 billion. In June of the same year the company announced it would acquire the outstanding shares of Foundation Medicine for $2.4 billion ($137 per share). Later in September Roche announced its intention to acquire Tusk Therapeutics for up to €655 million ($759 million) expanding Roche's oncology pipeline. Tusk announced that the anti-CD38 antibody it is developing will be spun off to form a new company, Black Belt Therapeutics. In late November, the company announced that Genentech would acquire Jecure Therapeutics, gaining access to Jecure's portfolio of NLRP3 inhibitors developed to fight inflammatory diseases like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis.

In February 2019, the business announced it would acquire gene therapy company, Spark Therapeutics, for  ($114.50 per share) adding Spark's gene therapy portfolio to its previous acquired assets. Spark has an already approved treatment for Leber's congenital amaurosis, Luxturna – priced at  per patient. The offer to acquire Spark Therapeutics was extended to May 2019 after Roche was unable to garner majority support from Spark shareholders.  A second gene therapy-related action came in December with the  acquisition of non-United States rights to an investigational duchenne muscular dystrophy gene therapy developed by Sarepta Therapeutics.  In November, Roche acquired Promedior and its lead treatment – PRM-151 – for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, for $390 million upfront and another $1 billion in milestone payments.

In March 2020, the Roche Diagnostics division reached a significant milestone with the FDA-approval of its high-volume Sars-CoV-2 diagnostic test, capable of analysing 1,400-8,800 samples within 24h on the proprietary Cobas 6800/8800 molecular testing system. In May the company announced it had acquired US-based Stratos Genomics for an undisclosed amount. In September, the business acquired Ireland-based Inflazome, for €380 million, gaining control of  its NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.

In March 2021, Roche announced it would acquire GenMark Diagnostics for $1.8 billion. Under the terms of agreement, Genmark  diagnostics will become a subsidiary and the principal operations will continue to remain in Carlsbad, California. In September, the company announced it would acquire German biotech group, TIB Molbiol, enhancing its molecular diagnostics operations.

In September 2022, Roche acquired Good Therapeutics at a cost of $250M for its PD1-regulated IL-2 receptor agonist program.

In July 2023, Roche partnered with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals in a deal worth $2.8 billion for the development of a hypertension drug.

Family

The Hoffmann-La Roche family is Switzerland's richest and one of the most secretive families. Many members of the family don't carry the last name Hoffmann anymore. Some are known as Oeri, Michalksi, Faber-Castell, Fabre, Schmid or Duschmalé.

Acquisition history

Hoffmann-La Roche (Founded 1896 by Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche)
Biomedical Reference Laboratories (Acq 1982, restructured into Roche Biomedical Laboratories, Inc in 1982, sold 1995)
Syntex (Acq 1994)
Chugai Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2002)
454 Life Sciences (Acq 2007)
Roche Diagnostics
Spring BioScience Corp (Acq 2007)
Ventana Medical Systems (Acq 2009)
mySugr GmbH (Acq 2017)
Viewics, Inc (Acq 2017)
Flatiron Health (Acq 2018)
Stratos Genomics (Acq 2020)
Memory Pharmaceuticals Corp (Acq 2009)
Genentech (Acq 2009)
Tanox, Inc (Acq 2006)
Arrayit Corporation (Acq 2013)
Seragon (Acq 2014)
Jecure Therapeutics (Acq 2018)
Medingo Ltd (Acq 2010)
BioImagene, Inc. (Acq 2010)
PVT Probenverteiltechnik GmbH (Acq 2010)
MTM laboratories AG (Acq 2010)
Anadys Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Acq 2010)
Verum Diagnostica GmbH (Acq 2011)
Constitution Medical Inc. (Acq 2012)
IQuum (Acq 2014)
Genia Technologies Inc. (Acq 2014)
InterMune (Acq 2014)
Santaris Pharma A/S  (Acq 2014)
Bina Technologies, Inc. (Acq 2014)
Dutalys GmbH (Acq 2014)
Ariosa Diagnostics (Acq 2014)
Trophos (Acq 2015)
CAPP Medical (Acq 2015)
GeneWEAVE BioSciences, Inc. (Acq 2015)
Kapa Biosystems, Inc. (Acq 2015)
Adheron Therapeutics (Acq 2015)
Tensha Therapeutics (Acq 2016)
ForSight VISION4 (Acq 2017)
Ignyta Inc (Acq 2017)
Foundation Medicine, Inc.  (Acq 2018)
Tusk Therapeutics (Acq 2018)
Spark Therapeutics (Acq 2019)
Promedior (Acq 2019)
Stratos Genomics (Acq 2020)
Inflazome (Acq 2020)
GenMark Diagnostics (Acq 2021)
TIB Molbiol (Acq 2021)
Good Therapeutics (Acq 2022)
Telavant (Acq 2023)

Financial data

Divisions

Roche has two major divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics.

Roche Diagnostics manufactures diagnostic equipment and reagents for research and medical diagnostic applications. Internally, it is organised into five major business areas: Roche Applied Science, Roche Professional Diagnostics, Roche Diabetes Care, Roche Molecular Diagnostics and Roche Tissue Diagnostics (Ventana). The main location for Roche Professional Diagnostics is in Rotkreuz, Switzerland.

All business areas except Roche Applied Science focus on health care applications, targeting either physicians, hospitals and clinics, or consumers. Applied Science targets research settings in academia and pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

Products

Hoffmann-La Roche develops drugs used for cancer treatment, against virus diseases and for treatment of metabolic diseases. The company is the world's largest spender in pharmaceutical R&D.

Drugs produced by Roche include:
 Accutane/RoAccutane (isotretinoin), for severe (nodular) acne vulgaris - no longer sold under Accutane brand name but is still available as RoAccutane, other brand names and Isotretinoin generics.
 Actemra/RoActemra (tocilizumab), for rheumatoid arthritis.
 Actimmune (interferon gamma), for chronic granulomatous disease, later sold to Connetics Corporation, then InterMune, after that Vidara Therapeutics and finally Horizon Pharma as of 2019.
 Activase (alteplase), for heart attacks.
 Akynzeo (netupitant/palonosetron), for nausea and vomiting, licensed by Eisai Co. and Helsinn Therapeutics.
 Alecensa (alectinib), for ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.
 Aloxi (palonosetron), for nausea and vomiting, licensed by Eisai Co. and Helsinn Therapeutics.
 Anexate (flumazenil), for the reversal of acute benzodiazepine effects.
 Aurorix (moclobemide), for depression.
 Avastin (bevacizumab), for certain malignant tumours.
 Bactrim (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), a sulphonamide antibacterial.
 Boniva Bonviva (ibandronic acid), for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal females.
Camleed (enprostil), for gastric ulcer prevention.
 Cardene (nicardipine), for treatment of stable angina pectoris.
 Cathflo Activase (alteplase), for heart attacks.
 Cellcept (mycophenolate mofetil), for transplant rejection.
 Cotellic (cobimetinib), for melanoma.
 Cymevene (ganciclovir), for cytomegalovirus infection.
 Dalmane Dalmadorm (flurazepam), for insomnia.
Dilatrend (carvedilol), for hypertension and congestive heart failure.
 Dormicum (midazolam), for insomnia and procedural sedation and analgesia.
 Erivedge (vismodegib), for basal-cell carcinoma.
 Esbriet (pirfenidone), for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
 Fansidar (sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine), for malaria and toxoplasmosis.
 Fuzeon (enfuvirtide), for salvage therapy of HIV-1 infection.
 Gazyva (obinutuzumab), for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
 Hemlibra (emicizumab), for haemophilia A.
 Herceptin (trastuzumab), for HER-2 positive breast cancer.
 Hivid (zalcitabine), for HIV-1 infection, later discontinued in 2006.
 Inhibace (cilazapril), for hypertension and congestive heart failure.
 Invirase (saquinavir), for HIV-1 infection.
 Kadcyla (trastuzumab emtansine), for HER-2 positive breast cancer.
 Klonopin Rivotril (clonazepam), for epilepsy and anxiety disorders.
 Kytril (granisetron), for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, licensed by GlaxoSmithKline.
 Lariam (mefloquine), for malaria (both prevention and treatment).
 Lexotanil (bromazepam), for anxiety disorders.
 Librax (Chlordiazepoxide/clidinium bromide), treating stomach ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, or symptoms related to intestinal infection.
 Librium (chlordiazepoxide), for anxiety disorders.
 Lucentis (ranibizumab), for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
 Luxturna (voretigene neparvovec), for Leber's congenital amaurosis.
 MabThera (rituximab), for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (and other haematological malignancies), non-Hodgkin lymphomas and rheumatoid arthritis.
 Madopar/Prolopa ([[levodopa benserazide), for Parkinson's disease.
 Mircera (methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta), for anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease.
 Naprosyn (naproxen), a NSAID used for pain relief and arthritis treatment.
Neulastim (pegfilgrastim), for neutropaenia.
 Neupogen (filgrastim), for neutropaenia.
 Nutropin (somatropin), for growth hormone deficiency.
 Nutropin AQ (somatropin), for growth hormone deficiency.
Nutropin Depot (somatropin), for growth hormone deficiency, later discontinued in 2004 and replaced by Nutropin AQ.
 Ocrevus (ocrelizumab), for MS.
 Peginterferon/alfa-2a|Pegasys]], (peginterferon alfa-2a) for hepatitis B and C.
 Perjeta (pertuzumab), for HER-2 positive breast cancer.
 Polatuzumab vedotin|Polivy (polatuzumab vedotin), for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
 Protropin (somatrem), for growth hormone deficiency, later discontinued in 2004 in favor of its successor, Nutropin.
 Pulmozyme (dornase alfa), for the improvement of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis.
 Raptiva (efalizumab), for psoriasis, later withdrawn in 2009 due to the risk of PML.
 Recormon NeoRecormon (epoetin beta), for anaemia.
 Rituxan (rituximab), for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
 Rocaltrol (calcitriol), for osteoporosis and hypocalcaemia.
 Rocephin (ceftriaxone), a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic.
 Roferon A (peginterferon alfa-2a), for some haematological malignancies (hairy cell leukaemia, chronic myelogenous leukaemia), certain solid tumours (including Kaposi's sarcoma), genital warts and chronic hepatitis C.
 Rohypnol (flunitrazepam), for severe insomnia.
 Rozlytrek (entrectinib), for ROS1-positive non-small cell lung cancer and NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours.
 Soriatane/Neotigason (acitretin), for psoriasis.
 Tamiflu (oseltamivir), for influenza A and B (both treatment and prevention).
 Tarceva (erlotinib), for various cancers.
 Tasmar (tolcapone), for parkinson's disease, licensed by Mylan and Bausch Health.
 Tecentriq (atezolizumab), for non-small cell lung cancer.
 TNKase (tenecteplase), for heart attacks.
 Toradol (ketorolac), for pain management.
 Valcyte (valganciclovir), for cytomegalovirus infection.
 Valium (diazepam), for anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal, status epilepticus and other conditions.
 midazolam|Versed (midazolam), for insomnia and procedural sedation and analgesia.
 Vesanoid (tretinoin), for acute promyelocytic leukaemia.
 Viracept (nelfinavir), for HIV-1 infection, licensed by Pfizer and ViiV Healthcare.
 Xeloda (capecitabine), for breast and colorectal cancer.
 Xenical (orlistat), for obesity.
 Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil), for influenza A and B (both treatment and prevention).
 Xolair (omalizumab), for asthma, chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU), and nasal polyps.
 Zelboraf (vemurafenib), for late-stage V600E BRAF mutation-positive melanoma.
 Zenapax (daclizumab), for the prevention of acute transplant rejection.

Diabetes management products under the Accu-Chek brand include blood glucose meter, test strips and insulin pumps, as well as diabetes management software.

Other products include:

 Cobas Mira

Price-fixing conspiracy

Stanley Adams, Roche's World Product Manager in Basel, contacted the European Economic Community in 1973 with evidence that Roche had been breaking antitrust laws, engaging in price fixing and market sharing for vitamins with its competitors. Roche was fined accordingly, but a bungle on the part of the EEC allowed the company to discover that it was Adams who had blown the whistle. He was arrested for unauthorised disclosure — an offence under Swiss law — and imprisoned. His wife, having learnt that he might face decades in jail, committed suicide.

In 1999 the firm pleaded guilty to participation in a worldwide conspiracy to raise and fix prices for vitamins sold in the US and globally.  Hoffmann-La Roche paid $500 million in criminal fines to the United States.

Collaborative research
In addition to internal research and development activities F. Hoffmann-La Roche is also involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects, with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of non-clinical safety assessment is the InnoMed PredTox. The company is expanding its activities in joint research projects within the framework of the Innovative Medicines Initiative of EFPIA and the European Commission.

See also
 List of pharmaceutical companies
 Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland

References

Further reading
 Hans Conrad Peyer (1996) Roche – A Company History 1896–1996  Basel: Editiones Roche

External links

 Roche Diagnostics

Multinational companies headquartered in Switzerland
Price fixing convictions
Pharmaceutical companies of Switzerland
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1896
Orphan drug companies
Life sciences industry
Swiss brands
Companies listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange

Roche


Orotatul de magneziu este un mineral care se găsește în mod normal în cantități mici în toate lucrurile vii. Fiecare moleculă de orotat de magneziu este alcătuită din două molecule de acid orotic în care un singur atom de magneziu înlocuiește o pereche de atomi de hidrogen (unul din fiecare moleculă de acid orotic).

Orotatul (acidul orotic) este o substanță biochimică produsă de toate celulele vii. Este o materie primă necesară pentru fabricarea materialului genetic: ARN și ADN

Magneziul este un mineral esențial care servește ca și cofactor pentru multe enzime din organismmul uman.

Alimentarea optimă de magneziu pentru oameni este insa încă în discuție. Unele autorități dau ca sistem de referință 30 până la 400 mg pe zi, în funcție de vârstă, în timp ce altele consideră că este indicat consumul a mai mult de 400, până la 1000 mg pe zi.

Din mineralele necesare în cantități mari de către organismul uman, cel mai probabil să fie deficitar este magneziul. Diferite tulburări au fost in studiile clinice legate de deficiențele de magneziu, inclusiv bolile cardiovasculare, diabetul zaharat, hipertensiunea arterială, tulburările de anxietate, demența, migrenele și osteoporoza.

În plus, medicii au găsit compușii de magneziu utili și pentru tratarea astmului bronșic, a afecțiunilor pulmonare cronice și a afecțiunilor cardiace cum ar fi atacul de cord și aritmia.

Note

Legături externe

 Magneziul și orotatul de magneziu - care sunt beneficiile unuia dintre cele mai importante minerale din corp

Compuși ai magneziului

Orotat de magneziu


ව්‍යාජ කඳ දීප්තිමත් කොළ පැහැතිය. ප්‍රදේශය අනුව ව්‍යාජ කඳ මීටර් 2-4 උස් වන අතර පත්‍ර කඳ මීටර් 0.3-1 උස්ව වැඩේ. පත්‍ර නටුව පිටතට වක් වී නොමැත. පත්‍රයේ මැද නාරටිය කොළ පැහැතිය. පත්‍ර තලයේ උඩ පෘෂ්ඨය තද කොළ පාටය, යටි පෘෂ්ඨය ලා කොළ පාටය. විශාල පැල ප්‍රමාණයක් හට ගනී.  කෙසෙල් මුහය රතුපාටට හුරු දම් පාටය. කෙසෙල් ගෙඩියේ මදය රසවත්ය, පිටි රහිතයි. මෙම කෙසෙල් කැනක ඇවරි 9 -10 ක් ලබාගත හැකි අතර කෙසෙල් කැන සිලින්ඩරාකාර හැඩයක් ගනී. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදය ඉදුණු විට කහ පැහැයට හැරේ. කැනේ මැද නාරටිය කොළ පැහැතිය. කැනක බර කි.ග්‍රෑම් 15-20 ක් පමණ වේ. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයට වෙළඳපොලෙහි සාමාන්‍ය වටිනාකමක් පවතී.

සීනි කෙසෙල්


In mathematics and statistics, the quasi-arithmetic mean or generalised f-mean or Kolmogorov-Nagumo-de Finetti mean is one generalisation of the more familiar means such as the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean, using a function . It is also called Kolmogorov mean after Soviet mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov. It is a broader generalization than the regular generalized mean.

Definition

If f is a function which maps an interval  of the real line to the real numbers, and is both continuous and injective, the f-mean of  numbers

is defined as , which can also be written

We require f to be injective in order for the inverse function  to exist. Since  is defined over an interval,  lies within the domain of .

Since f is injective and continuous, it follows that f is a strictly monotonic function, and therefore that the f-mean is neither larger than the largest number of the tuple  nor smaller than the smallest number in .

Examples

 If  = ℝ, the real line,  and , (or indeed any linear function ,  not equal to 0) then the f-mean corresponds to the arithmetic mean.
 If  = ℝ+, the positive real numbers and , then the f-mean corresponds to the geometric mean. According to the f-mean properties, the result does not depend on the base of the logarithm as long as it is positive and not 1.
 If  = ℝ+ and , then the f-mean corresponds to the harmonic mean.
 If  = ℝ+ and , then the f-mean corresponds to the power mean with exponent .
 If  = ℝ and , then the f-mean is the mean in the log semiring, which is a constant shifted version of the LogSumExp (LSE) function (which is the logarithmic sum), . The  corresponds to dividing by , since logarithmic division is linear subtraction. The LogSumExp function is a smooth maximum: a smooth approximation to the maximum function.

Properties
The following properties hold for  for any single function :

Symmetry: The value of  is unchanged if its arguments are permuted.

Idempotency: for all x,  .

Monotonicity:  is monotonic in each of its arguments (since   is monotonic).

Continuity:   is continuous in each of its arguments  (since   is continuous).

Replacement: Subsets of elements can be averaged a priori, without altering the mean, given that the multiplicity of elements is maintained. With  it holds:

Partitioning: The computation of the mean can be split into computations of equal sized sub-blocks:

Self-distributivity: For any quasi-arithmetic mean  of two variables: .

Mediality: For any quasi-arithmetic mean  of two variables:.

Balancing: For any quasi-arithmetic mean  of two variables:.

Central limit theorem : Under regularity conditions, for a sufficiently large sample,  is approximately normal.
A similar result is available for Bajraktarević means, which are generalizations of quasi-arithmetic means.

Scale-invariance: The quasi-arithmetic mean is invariant with respect to offsets and scaling of :  .

Characterization
There are several different sets of properties that characterize the quasi-arithmetic mean (i.e., each function that satisfies these properties is an f-mean for some function f).

 Mediality is essentially sufficient to characterize quasi-arithmetic means.
 Self-distributivity is essentially sufficient to characterize quasi-arithmetic means.
 Replacement: Kolmogorov proved that the five properties of symmetry, fixed-point, monotonicity, continuity, and replacement fully characterize the quasi-arithmetic means.
 Balancing: An interesting problem is whether this condition (together with symmetry, fixed-point, monotonicity and continuity properties) implies that the mean is quasi-arithmetic. Georg Aumann showed in the 1930s that the answer is no in general, but that if one additionally assumes  to be an analytic function then the answer is positive.

Homogeneity

Means are usually homogeneous, but for most functions , the f-mean is not.
Indeed, the only homogeneous quasi-arithmetic means are the power means (including the geometric mean); see Hardy–Littlewood–Pólya, page 68.

The homogeneity property can be achieved by normalizing the input values by some (homogeneous) mean .

However this modification may violate monotonicity and the partitioning property of the mean.

Generalizations

Consider a Legendre-type strictly convex function . Then the gradient map  is globally invertible and the weighted multivariate quasi-arithmetic mean is defined by
, where  is a normalized weight vector ( by default for a balanced average). From the convex duality, we get a dual quasi-arithmetic mean  associated to the quasi-arithmetic mean .
For example, take  for  a symmetric positive-definite matrix.
The pair of matrix quasi-arithmetic means yields the matrix harmonic mean:

See also
 Generalized mean
 Jensen's inequality

References

 Andrey Kolmogorov (1930) "On the Notion of Mean", in "Mathematics and Mechanics" (Kluwer 1991) — pp. 144–146.
 Andrey Kolmogorov (1930) Sur la notion de la moyenne. Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei 12, pp. 388–391.
 John Bibby (1974) "Axiomatisations of the average and a further generalisation of monotonic sequences," Glasgow Mathematical Journal, vol. 15, pp. 63–65.
 Hardy, G. H.; Littlewood, J. E.; Pólya, G. (1952) Inequalities. 2nd ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1952.
 B. De Finetti, "Sul concetto di media", vol. 3, p. 36996, 1931, istituto italiano degli attuari.

Means

Quasi-arithmetic mean


Divan edebiyatında beş dizelik bentlerden oluşan musammat türüdür. Aruzun "Mef'ûlü, Mefâilün, Feûlün" vezniyle yazılır. Muhammesten ayrılan yanı, ilk bend dâhil, beşinci dizelerin kendi arasında uyaklı olmasıdır. Şeyh Galip sıkça kullanmıştır.

Örnek

Hoş geldin eyâ berîd-i cânân
Bahşet bana bir nüvîd-i cânân
Cân ola fedâ-yı iyd-i cânân
Bî-sûd ola mı ümîd-i cânân
Yârin bize bir selâmı yok mu

Ey Hızr-ı fütâdegân söyle
Bu sırrı idüp iyân söyle
Ol sen bana tercemân söyle
Ketm etme yegân yegân söyle
Gâm defterinin tamâmı yok mu

Yâ Rabb ne intizârdır bu
Geçmez nice rûzgârdır bu
Hep gussa vü hârhârdır bu
Duysam ki ne şîve-kârdır bu
Vuslat gibi bir merâmı yok mu

Çıkdım ser-i dâra hemçü Mansûr
Âvâzım ezân-ı nefha-i sûr
Gal kıldı gülûmu şâh-ı mansûr
Oldum sipeh-i belâya mahsûr
Ol pâdişehin peyâmı yok mu

Kâm aldı bu çerhden gedâlar
Ferdâlara kaldı âşinalar
Durmaz mı o ahdler vefâlar
Geçmez mi bu etdiğim duâlar
Hâl-i dilin intizâmı yok mu

Dil hayret-i gâmla lâl kaldı
Gaalib gibi bî-mecâl kaldı
Gönderdiğim arz-ı hâl kaldı
El'ân bir ihtimâl kaldı
İnsâfın o yerde nâmı yok mu

Şeyh Galib

Bentlerle kurulan Divan nazımı

Tardiye


Hans Meier (* 30. März 1913 in Bad Harzburg; † 23. November 2001 in Worms) war ein deutscher Politiker (LDPD). Er war Oberbürgermeister von Jena, Abgeordneter der Volkskammer und Vorsitzender des LDPD-Landesvorstandes Thüringen. 1953 flüchtete er in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

Leben
Meier, von Beruf kaufmännischer Angestellter, trat 1945 der Liberal-Demokratischen Partei (LDP) bei. Von Oktober 1945 bis Januar 1946 war er Verwaltungsleiter der Jenaer Stadtkämmerei, dann von Januar 1946 bis Dezember 1950 Jenaer Stadtkämmerer. Von 1947 bis 1950 war er Abgeordneter des Thüringer Landtags und 1949/1950 Vorsitzender der LDP-Fraktion im Landtag und dessen Erster Vizepräsident. Von Dezember 1950 bis März 1951 wirkte er als Kreisrat für Finanzen, Handel und Versorgung in Weimar. Von September 1952 bis Anfang März 1953 war er Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Jena.

Von 1949 bis 1951 war Meier zunächst Beisitzer des Zentralvorstandes, von 1951 bis 1953 dann Mitglied des Zentralvorstandes und des Politischen Ausschusses des Zentralvorstandes der LDPD. Von März 1951 bis August 1952 fungierte er als geschäftsführender Vorsitzender des LDPD-Landesvorstandes Thüringen.

Ab 1947 war er Mitglied der Deutschen Wirtschaftskommission und von November 1948 bis September 1949 in deren Plenum. Von 1949 bis 1953 war er zudem Mitglied des Volksrates bzw. der Volkskammer der DDR.

Anfang März 1953 floh Meier in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Dort war er Bankdirektor in einer hessischen Stadt und Unternehmensberater. Zuletzt lebte Meier in Worms.

Literatur
 Walter Habel (Hrsg.): Wer ist wer? Das Deutsche who's who. 11. Ausgabe. Arani, Berlin 1951, S. 414.
 Ulf Sommer: Die Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands: eine Blockpartei unter der Führung der SED (= Agenda Geschichte, Band 10). Agenda, Münster 1996, ISBN 3-929440-88-1, S. 323.
 Rüdiger Stutz (Hrsg.): Macht und Milieu. Jena zwischen Kriegsende und Mauerbau (= Bausteine zur Stadtgeschichte, Band 6). Hain, Jena/Rudolstadt 2000, ISBN 3-930215-41-1, S. 377.

Einzelnachweise

Landtagsabgeordneter (Thüringen 1946–1952)
Abgeordneter der Volkskammer
Bürgermeister (Jena)
LDPD-Funktionär
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1913
Gestorben 2001
Mann

Hans Meier (Politiker, 1913)


شهب البرشاويات  وهي زخات كثيفة من الشُهُب تبلغ ذروتها في 12 أغسطس من كل عام، حيث يمكن رؤيتها بالعين المجردة، دون الحاجة إلى استخدام تلسكوبات أو أدوات للرصد. ويُعتبر المذنب سويفت تتل والذي اكتُشف عام 1862 هو مصدر هذه الشُهُب. سُميت بهذا الاسم نسبةً إلى كوكبة فرساوس أو برشاوس «حامل رأس الغول»، والتي تظهر وكأنها منبعثة منها.

تشكّلها وفترة نشاطها

أثناء مرور المذنب «سويفت-تتل» بالأرض في دورته حول الشمس مرة كل 133 سنة، يترك حطامًا في مساره والذي يخترق الغلاف الجوي مسببًا «الهطل الشهابي» أو «الأمطار الشهابية»، وهي نهر متصل من بقايا جزيئات المذنب التي تشكل مساره، ويصل عرض هذا المسار ما يقرب من 120 كم.

يبدأ نشاط شهب البرشاويات في الفترة من 17 يوليو حتى 24 أغسطس، لكن ذروة النشاط تبلغ أقصاها في 12 أغسطس، وممكن رصدها لمدة ثلاث ليالي تقريبًا قبل وبعد ليلة الذروة. ويمكن رصد هذه الشهب بمعدل 1- 2 شهاب في كل دقيقة وفي أفضل الحالات بمعدل 90 - 100 شهاب في الساعة، وبمعدل سرعة ما بين 12 إلى 72 كم في الثانية الواحدة.

طالع أيضاً
 شهب التوأميات

هوامش
 : مصطلح شهب البرشاويات هو ترجمة Perseids ضمن المخرجات حسب قاموس المعاني.

مصادر

شهب البرشاويات
أحداث أغسطس
أحداث يوليو
برشاويات
كوكبة حامل رأس الغول
كوكبة ذات الكرسي

شهب البرشاويات


Sophienhamm (dansk Sofieham) er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Hohner Harde i den vestlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Sophienhamm ligger nordøst for floden Ejderen og syd for Hohner See omkring 12 km vest for Rendsborg ved Bundesstraße 202 fra Rendsborg mod Ejdersted. I kommunen ligger ud over Sophienhamm landsbyen Oha.

Hartshooper Moor der er en stor del af kommunens område er Natura 2000- og fuglebeskyttelsesområde .

Historie
Sophienhamm/Sofieha har fået navnet fra prinsesse Sophie Magdalene af Danmark, datter af Frederik 5. Landsbyen opstod som kolonistby som led i kongens gestkolonisation i 1700-tallet. Den blev første gang nævnt i 1762.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Noter

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Sophienhamm


Winston Amt er navnet på to amter i USA:
 Winston County, Alabama
 Winston County, Mississippi

Winston County


An Typhonium filiforme in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Henry Nicholas Ridley. An Typhonium filiforme in nahilalakip ha genus nga Typhonium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Typhonium

Typhonium filiforme


Alliancen kan henvise til:
 Alliancen (Island) – officielt dansk navn for det islandske parti Samfylkingin - Jafnaðarmannaflokkur Íslands
 Alliancen (fodbold) - en organisation inden for dansk klubfodbold
 Alliancen (kortfilm) – en kortfilm instrueret af Ask Hasselbalch

Alliancen


Megan Phelps-Roper (nascida em janeiro de 1986) é uma ativista política norte-americana que anteriormente foi membro e porta-voz da Igreja Batista de Westboro, uma seita cristã calvinista categorizada por algumas organizações de vigilância como um grupo de ódio.   Sua mãe é Shirley Phelps-Roper, e seu avô é o fundador da igreja, Fred Phelps. Ela cresceu em Topeka, no Kansas, em um complexo com outros membros do grupo. Quando era criança, ela aprendeu a doutrina da Igreja e participou de piquetes contra a homossexualidade, a resposta americana aos ataques terroristas de 11 de setembro e os funerais de soldados americanos que morreram na Guerra do Afeganistão e na Guerra do Iraque. Em 2009, ela se tornou ativa no Twitter para pregar a doutrina da igreja. Phelps-Roper começou a duvidar de suas crenças quando os usuários do Twitter apontaram contradições na doutrina da Igreja e quando os presbíteros mudaram o processo de tomada de decisão.

Biografia

Infância na Igreja Batista de Westboro
Megan Phelps-Roper nasceu em 1985 ou 1986,  e é a filha mais velha de Shirley Phelps-Roper e Brent Roper.   Seu avô era Fred Phelps, o fundador da Igreja Batista de Westboro, uma seita cristã baseada na interpretação calvinista da Bíblia e categorizada pelo Southern Poverty Law Center como um grupo de ódio.   Seus pais lhe ensinaram a doutrina da seita desde tenra idade. Ela cresceu em um complexo em Topeka, no estado do Kansas, que pertencia a outros membros da igreja.   Quando Phelps-Roper tinha 13 anos, seu avô a batizou.

Ativismo pós-Westboro
Phelps-Roper palestrou em festivais para grupos contra os quais ela havia protestado anteriormente, incluindo o Jewlicious Festival em Long Beach, na Califórnia,  e um festival cultural judaico em Montreal, no Canadá.  Em 2015, ela falou na Conferência de Liderança Juvenil da Liga Anti-Difamação.  Em 2017, Phelps-Roper apresentou uma palestra TED discutindo suas experiências crescendo dentro da igreja batista e sua decisão de sair.  Em 2017, ela apareceu no podcast The Joe Rogan Experience  e em 2018 apareceu no primeiro episódio de I Love You, America com Sarah Silverman.

Referências

Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1986

Megan Phelps-Roper


Es ist ein deutscher Spielfilm aus dem Jahre 1965 von Ulrich Schamoni mit Sabine Sinjen und Bruno Dietrich in den Hauptrollen als junges Paar. Der Film gilt heute, zusammen mit Der junge Törless und Schonzeit für Füchse, als Startschuss für den Neuen Deutschen Film.

Handlung
Die junge Hilke, eine technische Zeichnerin in einem Architekturbüro, und der etwa gleichaltrige Manfred, der Assistent eines renommierten Grundstücksmaklers, leben ohne Trauschein im Westteil Berlins. Ihr Leben scheint in perfektem Einklang abzulaufen, nichts stört bislang das junge Glück, das sich bewusst spießiger Bürgerlichkeit konsequent entzieht. Eines Tages muss Hilke feststellen, dass sie schwanger ist. Weil sie glaubt, dass Manfred ein Kind als einengend empfinden würde und sie ihn nicht auf diese Art an sich binden will, und weil sie nicht möchte, dass er sie aus reinem Pflichtgefühl heiratet, verheimlicht Hilke Manfred ihre Schwangerschaft.

In ihr reift der Plan, "es", das in ihrem Bauch heranwachsende Kind, heimlich abtreiben zu lassen. Die von ihr konsultierten Ärzte sind keine wirkliche Hilfe, sie erzählen ihr lediglich die eingeübten, wie Stanzen auf sie wirkenden Standardsätze, die Mediziner in solchen Fällen einer Schwangeren eben vortragen, um den Eingriff dann letztlich abzulehnen. Durch einen Zufall erfährt Manfred von Hilkes Schwangerschaft. Als er seine Lebensgefährtin damit konfrontieren will, hat sie inzwischen eine Möglichkeit gefunden, den Fötus abzutreiben. In der Schlussszene sitzen sich die beiden jungen Leute in ihrer Wohnung schweigend gegenüber.

Produktion
Die Dreharbeiten fanden vom 6. September bis zum 10. Oktober 1965 statt. Gedreht wurde im Westteil Berlins. Der Film wurde nach der nichtöffentlichen Vorpremiere vom 18. Januar 1966 in der Akademie der Künste am 17. März 1966 im Atelier am Zoo uraufgeführt und für Jugendliche ab 16 Jahren freigegeben. Die Fernseherstausstrahlung erfolgte am 20. November 1969 im ZDF.

Es war der erste abendfüllende Spielfilm des bis dahin weitgehend unbekannten Ulrich Schamoni.

Tilla Durieux gab hier nach einem halben Jahrhundert höchst unregelmäßiger Tätigkeit im Kinofilm ihre Abschiedsvorstellung. Weitere prägnante Gastauftritte absolvieren bekannte Persönlichkeiten jener Jahre wie der Theaterschauspieler Bernhard Minetti, der Filmkritiker und Regisseur Will Tremper, der Fernsehmoderator Werner Schwier, die Filmeditorin Heidi Genée und Regisseur Schamoni selbst.

Auszeichnungen
Es wurde am 26. Juni 1966 mit dem Filmband in Silber, ausgezeichnet und erhielt eine Prämie in Höhe von 300.000 DM. Gemeinsam mit Törless-Regisseur Volker Schlöndorff erhielt Schamoni ex aequo das Filmband in Gold.

Weitere Filmbänder in Gold gingen an Sabine Sinjen als beste Hauptdarstellerin und Bruno Dietrich als bester Nachwuchsschauspieler. Die Kameraführung Gérard Vandenbergs wurde ebenfalls mit einem Filmband in Gold belohnt.

Bei den Filmfestspielen von Cannes 1966 beteiligte sich Es im Wettbewerb um die Goldene Palme. Beim Filmfestival von Locarno erhielt Es im selben Jahr eine besondere Erwähnung.

Kritik
In Reclams Filmführer ist zu lesen: "Der Film wurde als Auftakt des "jungen deutschen Films" berühmt. Was zahlreiche Regisseure im "Oberhausener Manifest" des Jahres 1962 gefordert hatten, das hatte hier ein 25-jähriger Außenseiter mit geringem Budget und ohne staatliche Hilfe praktisch im Alleingang verwirklicht. Der Film erzählt seine Geschichte mit sympathischer Ungezwungenheit; er verzichtet auf Thesen und Nutzanwendungen, aber nicht auf eine eigene Position, die u. a. auch im Schlußbild, in der Unmöglichkeit der Kommunikation deutlich wird. […] Der Stil des Films ist scheinbar verspielt – eine sehr bewegliche Kamera, temporeicher Schnitt, heitere Zwischenspiele. Stets wird der Eindruck der Improvisation erweckt; aber im Endeffekt scheint alles sorgfältig kalkuliert."

Das Lexikon des Internationalen Films schrieb: "Eines der ersten, beispielhaften Werke des "Jungen Deutschen Films": Mit dem Versuch, bundesdeutsche Alltagswirklichkeit und das Lebensgefühl der jungen Generation einzufangen, wendet sich Regisseur Ulrich Schamoni gegen die Tabus und Konventionen des problemfreien Unterhaltungskinos der 50er und 60er Jahre. Durch experimentelle Verfremdungen (Zwischentitel, dokumentarische Szenen) wird der Illusionscharakter des Films – und die Naivität der Helden – relativiert mit dem Ziel einer kritischen Distanz zu den dargestellten Problemen."

In Kay Wenigers Das große Personenlexikon des Films heißt es: ""Es" schilderte in teils spröden, unaufgeregten, oft aber auch faszinierend beweglichen, innovativen und fast verspielten Bildern (an der Kamera: Gerard Vandenberg) die Geschichte eines jungen Paares in der Krise und wurde damit einer der ersten Filme, die bundesdeutsche Realitäten des alltäglichen Lebens nachzuzeichnen suchten. Das Werk, mit seinem präzisen Problembewußtsein und seiner authentischen Machart ein Gegenentwurf zu dem 1962 in Oberhausen kritisierten 'Papas Kino', fand bei Kritik und einem jungen, aufgeschlossenen Publikum begeisterte Aufnahme."

Der Evangelische Film-Beobachter zieht folgendes Fazit: "Ein junger Regisseur erzählt jugendlich-frisch die Geschichte zweier junger Leute, ihrer Liebe vor der Ehe und das Bemühen um eine Abtreibung, ohne den Verzicht auf Ehe zu begründen oder die Ablehnung des Kindes glaubhaft zu motivieren. Psychologische Ungenauigkeit und stilistische Unsicherheiten werden aufgewogen durch Wirklichkeitsnähe und erzählerisches Temperament, so daß der Streifen Erwachsenen und heranwachsenden Jugendlichen ab 16 als Diskussionsfilm nahegebracht werden sollte."

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1965
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Ulrich Schamoni

Es (1966)


Elaine Lobl Konigsburg (February 10, 1930 – April 19, 2013) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books and young adult fiction. She is one of six writers to win two Newbery Medals, the venerable American Library Association award for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American children's literature."

Konigsburg submitted her first two manuscripts to editor Jean Karl at Atheneum Publishers in 1966, and both were published in 1967: Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth and From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler. They made her the only person to be Newbery Medal winner and one of the runners-up in one year. She won again for The View from Saturday in 1997, 29 years later, the longest span between two Newberys awarded to one author.

For her contribution as a children's writer Konigsburg was U.S. nominee in 2006 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest international recognition available to creators of children's books.

Biography

Elaine Lobl was born in New York City on February 10, 1930, but grew up in small Pennsylvania towns, the second of three daughters. She was born to two Jewish immigrants who moved from New York City to a mill town in Pennsylvania. She was an avid reader, although reading was only "tolerated" in her family, "not sanctioned like dusting furniture or baking cookies". She was high school valedictorian in Farrell, Pennsylvania, where there was no guidance counseling and she never heard of scholarships. To earn money for college, she worked as a bookkeeper at a meat plant, where she met David Konigsburg, the brother of one of the owners.

Elaine entered Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and majored in chemistry, with her "artistic side ... essentially dormant", because she was good at it and the purpose of college was "to become a something—a librarian, a teacher, a chemist, a something". She became the first person in her family to earn a degree. After graduating, Elaine married David, who was then a graduate student in psychology. She started graduate school in chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh (1952 to 1954) but they moved to Jacksonville, Florida, after he attained his doctorate. She worked as a science teacher at Bartram School for Girls until 1955; became the mother of three children, Paul, Laurie, and Ross (1955 to 1959); began painting at adult education after two children; and planned for the time they would all be in school.

Konigsburg took the new direction after the family moved to Port Chester in Greater New York (1962), where she continued art lessons and joined the Art Students League. She began to write in the mornings when her third child started school. Her first published story Jennifer, Hecate was inspired by Laurie's experience as a new girl in Port Chester. Mixed-Up Files was inspired by her children's complaints about a picnic with many amenities of home; she inferred that if they ever ran away "[t]hey would certainly never consider any place less elegant than the Metropolitan Museum of Art."

Konigsburg learned of those first two books' 1968 Newbery Award and honorable mention during her family's move back from Port Chester to Jacksonville. When she composed her autobiographical statement for The Book of Junior Authors (2000), she lived "on the beach in North Florida". The pieces of The View From Saturday (1996) had come together when she "left my desk and took a walk along the beach".

As summarized by critic Marah Gubar, "For five decades, Konigsburg challenged readers by tackling subjects often avoided in children's books, from the undercurrent of hostility that runs through an interracial friendship to the domestic unrest generated by the stirrings of pubescent and parental sexuality... Konigsburg was committed to depicting young people as capable knowers of what goes on in their own minds, homes, and the wider world they inhabit. Bad things happen in her novels when adult characters fail to respect this competence. At the same time, however, Konigsburg emphasizes that all knowledge is perspectival; the particular social position that each of us inhabits shapes what we know and how we come to know it."

Along with chapter books, some of which she illustrated, Konigsburg is the writer and illustrator of three 1990s picture books "featuring her own grandchildren": Samuel Todd's Book of Great Colors, Samuel Todd's Book of Great Inventions, and Amy Elizabeth Explores Bloomingdale's.

Personal life
In 1952, she married David Konigsburg, with whom she had three children, Paul (born 1955), Laurie (born 1956), and Ross (born 1959). As of 2002, she had five grandchildren, Samuel Todd and Amy Elizabeth being the eldest children of Laurie and Ross. Her husband, David Konigsburg, died in 2001.

Konigsburg died in Falls Church, Virginia, on April 19, 2013, from complications of a stroke that she had suffered a week prior. She was 83.

Konigsburg was a longtime resident of Jacksonville, Florida, and Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida.

Themes

Many of Konigsburg's stories feature childhood and adolescent struggles that are easy for school-age readers to understand. Often her characters are striving to find the answers to big questions that will help shape their identities. Many of them are based on her own experiences as a child, the observations she made of children while a teacher, and the experiences or observations of her children.

Especially her characters are "softly comfortable on the outside and solidly uncomfortable on the inside". Teaching at Bartram, she learned that supposed "spoiled young women who had it all [actually] had all the creature comforts of the world, but ... were just as uncomfortable inside as I was when I was growing up." Later she realized that her own children were middle-class suburban kids with comforts unlike her own. She has written about "their kind of growing up, something that addressed the problems that come about even though you don't have to worry if you wear out your shoes whether your parents can buy you a new pair, something that tackles the basic problems of who am I?"

She has told Scholastic Teachers, "The essential problems remain the same. The kids I write about are asking for the same things I wanted. They want two contradictory things. They want to be the same as everyone else, and they want to be different from everyone else.They want acceptance for both."

Works

Konigsburg is the author of the following books; those she illustrated are noted ("illus. ELK"). She said that Father's Arcane Daughter is sometimes her favorite book and Eleanor of Aquitaine is the person that she would most like to meet. Her work has been translated and published in multiple languages, including Korean.
 Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth (1967), illus. ELK — 1968 UK title, Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, and Me
 From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1967), illus. ELK
 About the B'nai Bagels (1969), illus. ELK
 (George) (1970), illus. ELK — 1974 UK title, Benjamin Dickenson Carr and His (George)
 Altogether, One at a Time (1971), short story collection
 A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver (1973), illus. ELK, historical novel featuring Eleanor of Aquitaine
 The Dragon in the Ghetto Caper (1974), illus. ELK
 The Second Mrs. Giaconda (1975), historical novel featuring Leonardo da Vinci — also published as The Second Mrs. Gioconda
 Father's Arcane Daughter (1976) — later published as My Father's Daughter
 Throwing Shadows (1979), short story collection
 Journey to an 800 Number (1982) — 1983 UK title, Journey by First Class Camel
 Up from Jericho Tel (1986)
 Samuel Todd's Book of Great Colors (1990), picture book, illus. ELK
 Samuel Todd's Book of Great Inventions (1991), picture book, illus. ELK
 Amy Elizabeth Explores Bloomingdale's (1992), picture book, illus. ELK
 T-Backs, T-Shirts, COAT, and Suit (1993)
 TalkTalk: A Children's Book Author Speaks to Grown-ups (1995), nine lectures and speeches
 The View from Saturday (1996)
 Silent to the Bone (2000)
 The Outcasts of 19 Schuyler Place (2004)
 The Mysterious Edge of the Heroic World (2007)

Adaptations

Beside audiobook recordings, four of Konigsburg's novels have been adapted and produced as movies or plays.

 From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler: 1973 film starring Ingrid Bergman (Cinema 5), released 1974 as "The Hideaways" (Bing Crosby Productions); a 1995 film starring Lauren Bacall released on television.
 Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth: 1973 television movie "Jennifer and Me" (NBC)
 The Second Mrs. Giaconda: 1976 production of a play (Jacksonville FL)
 Father's Arcane Daughter: 1990 television movie "Caroline?" (Hallmark Hall of Fame)

Awards

 Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth: 1968 Newbery Honor
 From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler: 1968 Newbery Medal, named to the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list in 1968; 1970 William Allen White Children's Book Award
 The View from Saturday: 1997 Newbery Medal
 1995 Honorary membership in Phi Beta Kappa from Carnegie Mellon University
 1999 Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award from Carnegie Mellon University

Two books by Konigsburg were finalists for the National Book Award in  "Children's" categories (1969 to 1983), the historical novel A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver in 1974 and the short story collection Throwing Shadows in 1980. A Proud Taste was the 1993 Phoenix Award runner-up and Throwing Shadows won the 1999 Phoenix. That Children's Literature Association award recognizes the best children's book published 20 years earlier that did not win a major award; it is named for the mythical bird phoenix, which is reborn from its ashes, to suggest the winning book's rise from obscurity.

See also

Notes

References
Citations

Sources

 The Afterword includes reproductions of Jean Karl's July 21, 1966, letter to Mrs. Konigsburg about the Mixed-Up Files manuscript, and a two-page "sequel" to that book which Konigsburg wrote for the 1968 Newbery awards banquet.

External links

 E.L. Konigsburg at Library of Congress Authorities — with 32 catalog records

 The Elaine Konigsburg papers
 The Mixed-Up Kids of E.L. Konigsburg

1930 births
2013 deaths
American children's writers
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Newbery Medal winners
Newbery Honor winners
People from Port Chester, New York
Writers from New York City
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women children's writers
American women novelists
Jewish American writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Jewish women writers

E. L. Konigsburg


Tunelul NATO (în , ) este un tunel rutier belgian situat în comuna Evere din Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles. Tunelul face parte din autostrada A201, care asigură legătura între capitala Belgiei și aeroportul Brussels Airport. Tunelul a fost denumit după alianța militară și politică NATO, al cărei cartier general se află în apropiere.

Date tehnice
Tunelul NATO este alcătuit din două tuburi, câte unul pentru fiecare direcție. Fiecare tub conține două benzi de circulație rutieră, stabilind o configurație generală de 2x2 benzi. Lungimea tunelului este de 235 de metri. Iluminatul la interior este asigurat de corpuri de tip AT-T, echipate cu lămpi fluorescente economice T5 de 49 W. În zonele de acces în tunel au fost instalate și corpuri de iluminat AF4, în scopul maximizării confortului vizual la trecerea de la o zonă iluminată natural la una iluminată artificial. Pe pereți au fost montate balize BalPlast pe bază de LED, care funcționează în permanență și sunt destinate ghidării șoferilor, precum și indicării ieșirilor de urgență în caz de incendiu.

Tunelul a fost realizat pentru ameliorarea mobilității și accesibilității în vecinătatea cartierului general al NATO. Lucrările de construcție au început pe 31 mai 2010 și au durat doi ani. Tunelul a fost inaugurat pe 15 octombrie 2012, la ora 06:00. Lucrările de la suprafață nu au fost totuși terminate decât în ianuarie 2013.

Costul total al investiției a fost de 42.5 milioane de euro, din care 20 de milioane strict pentru tunel. Restul fondurilor au fost folosite pentru reconfigurarea Bulevardului Léopold III în zonă și realizarea de către MIVB/STIB a unei noi linii de tramvai, care a prelungit traseul  până la limita administrativă dintre regiunile Bruxelles și Flandra. Tunelul a fost construit la inițiativa Ministerului Mobilității capitalei Belgiei, iar fondurile au fost asigurate de Comitetul de Cooperare Beliris.

Limita de viteză în tunel a fost fixată la 70 km/h. La suprafață, în partea sa superioară, au fost amenajate piste pentru bicicliști și stații pentru mijloacele de transport în comun ale MIVB/STIB și De Lijn.

Note

Tuneluri din Bruxelles

Tunelul NATO (Bruxelles)


Lawgivers, anteriormente chamado de Law of Civilization é um jogo de simulação política baseado em turnos desenvolvido pela SomniumSoft. Foi anunciado e lançado para celulares em 14 de novembro de 2018 e lançado para PC em 2 abril de 2020.

Jogabilidade
O jogador assume o controle de um partido político para concorrer às eleições e ganhar o maior número possível de assentos no parlamento. Uma vez dentro do plenário, os partidos competem para aprovar ou revogar leis e satisfazer seus apoiadores. Cada lei tem um efeito na população, que demanda por comida, segurança, transporte, moradia, educação, saúde, meio ambiente, renda, entretenimento, liberdade e democracia. Essa proporção se altera durante o jogo, devido fatores como tendência política, ideologia e quantidade de escândalos que cada partido tem.

O jogador pode se desenvolver dentro da política usando ou não a corrupção a seu favor. Quando não se usa, o jogo tende a ser mais difícil no início, porém recompensante mais para frente, uma vez que seu partido não terá escândalos de corrupção e a população confiará mais em você para a vaga de presidente. Mas se o jogador decidir utilizar da corrupção para ganhar vantagens, abre-se uma gama de opções usando o ''caixa dois'', uma verba secundária do partido que pode ser usado para quaisquer atividades ilegais ou imorais, como facilitar a a provação de leis, compra de parlamentares, criar escândalos ou assassinar adversários, fraudar eleições, dar golpe de estado e até provocar uma revolução. Ao usar da corrupção, seu partido terá membros com escândalos de corrupção revelados à população e pode ou não ser preso por isso, os membros honestos irão se demitir do partido ao longo do tempo e para resolver a perda de votos, você pode usar da constituição a seu favor, criando leis de imunidade parlamentar, proibição de protestos, lei marcial, interrupção ou aumentar a distância das eleições.

Ao atingir certa popularidade (ou gastar bastante caixa dois), você irá conseguir eleger seu primeiro presidente, que sempre será o líder do seu partido. Fazendo isso, será possível suspender leis sem precisar do parlamento e até vetar leis que você discorda mas acredita que o parlamento irá conseguir aprovar. Também será possível fazer empréstimos em nome da nação, podendo usar o dinheiro para financiar pesquisas que irão aumentar as opções de leis, mas atente-se para as finanças da nação e também do seu partido, pois se o déficit for grande, você irá perder e precisará começar o jogo do zero.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Oficial website
 Página do Jogo na Steam

Jogos eletrônicos de 2019
Jogos para Windows

Lawgivers


نظرية العزو في علم النفس الاجتماعي هي نظرية طورها فريتز هايدر Fritz Heider، وهارولد كيلي Harold Kelley، بيرنارد فاينر Bernard Weiner، وهي نظرية تختص بالطرق التي يفسر فيها الناس (أو سمة) سلوك الآخرين أو سلوكهم (العزو الذاتي ) مع شيء آخر. ويستكشف كيف يمكن للأفراد «سمة» تسبب الأحداث وكيف يؤثر هذا التصور المعرفي  في المنظمة.

الداخلية مقابل الخارجية
النظرية تقسم طريقة الناس بالنظر إلي الأسباب إلى نوعين.
 «الخارجي» أو «الظرفي» إسنادالسببية إلى العامل خارجي، مثل الطقس.
 «الداخلية» أو «ترتيبي» إسناد يسند إلى عوامل السببية داخل الشخص، مثل مستواها الخاص من المخابرات أو غيرها من المتغيرات التي تجعل من الشخص المسؤول عن هذا الحدث.

إسناد النظرية في مجال التعليم

وهناك أيضا نظرية إعطاء الحافز. هذا يصف كيف الفرد في تفسير وتبرير واعذار عن النفس أو التأثير على الآخرين الدافع. برنارد لاينر كان واحدا من علماء النفس الرئيسين الذي اهتم  بالتعليم. كان مسؤولاً عن المتصلة نظرية الإسناد العودة إلى التعليم.

هناك ثلاثة أبعاد التي تميز النجاح أو الفشل:
 المكان (قطبين: الداخلية مقابل الخارجية)
 الاستقرار (أسباب لا تتغير بمرور الوقت أم لا؟)
 إمكانية التحكم (الأسباب واحدة يمكن التحكم فيها مثل المهارات مقابل الأسباب التي لا تستطيع السيطرة على مثل الحظ، والبعض الآخر 'الإجراءات، الخ.)

وينر قال ان كل أسباب النجاح أو الفشل يمكن تصنيفها ضمن هذه الأبعاد الثلاثة بطريقة أو بأخرى. هذا هو، لأن الأبعاد تؤثر على المتوقع والقيمة. بعض الأمثلة على النجاح أو الفشل يمكن أن يكون الحظ والجهد والقدرة، والفوائد، وضوح التعليمات، وأكثر من ذلك بكثير. على سبيل المثال، فإن المكان / الداخلي أو الخارجي يبدو أنه يتصل اتصالا وثيقا بمشاعر الثقة بالنفس، في حين أن الاستقرار يتصل بالتوقعات حول المستقبل وإمكانية التحكم متصلا بالعواطف مثل الغضب والشفقة أو الخجل. عندما نجاح أحدهم، وأحد سمات النجاح داخليا (مهاراتي الخاصة). عند نجاح المنافس، فإن أحدهم سيميل إلى القروض الخارجية (مثل الحظ). عندما فشل أحدأوارتكابه أخطاء، فإننا على الأرجح سنستخدم الإسناد الخارجي، وإرجاع الأسباب إلى عوامل ظرفية بدلا من إلقاء اللوم على أنفسنا. عند فشل الآخرين أو ارتكاب الأخطاء، الاسناد الداخلي غالبا ما يستخدم، قائلا ان ذلك نظرا لعوامل شخصية داخلية.

انظر أيضا
 تأثير الشرك
 شراء اندفاعي
 السببية
 علم النفس التربوي
 تفكير مخالف للواقع

المراجع

 حيدر، فريتز. (1958). في علم النفس من العلاقات الشخصية. نيويورك: جون وايلي وأولاده. ردمك 0-471-36833-4
 فولك، أنيتا (2007). علم النفس التربوي. بوسطن، ماجستير: بيرسون التعليم، شركة.
 Vockell، إدوارد لام (2001). الفصل 5، علم النفس التربوي: نهج عملي.

الروابط الخارجية
 مقالة عن الإسناد من قبل ستيف - بوث باترفيلد من جامعة وست فرجينيا (1996)
 «من الصفات إلى التفسيرات الشعبية: حجة في 10 (أو نحو ذلك)» خطوات (برترام ماليه، جامعة ولاية أوريغون، 2002).

انحيازات معرفية
تواصل شخصي
سلوك المستهلك
نظريات نفسية

نظرية العزو


An Hapalorchis in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Hapalorchis in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Hapalorchis

Hapalorchis


Carl Evers (* 8. April 1819 in Lübeck; † 31. Dezember 1875 in Wien) war ein deutscher Komponist, Musikalienhändler und Pianist.

Leben
Mit sechs Jahren erhielt Evers Klavierunterricht durch Jacob Schmitt und trat bereits mit zwölf Jahren öffentlich in Hamburg auf. Eine erste Konzertreise führte ihn 1834 durch Schleswig-Holstein, Dänemark und Schweden.

1837 nahm er Kompositionsunterricht bei Ziegler in Hannover und Krebs in Hamburg und 1838 bei Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Leipzig. In Paris kam er 1839 mit Frédéric Chopin und Daniel-François-Esprit Auber in Berührung und war dort als Pianist und Komponist erfolgreich tätig.

Evers ließ sich 1841 in Wien nieder und eröffnete 1858 in Graz eine Musikalienhandlung, kehrte jedoch als Klavierlehrer 1872 nach Wien zurück.

Carl Evers komponierte über hundert Werke, unter anderem vier Klaviersonaten, Chansons d'amour, Etüden, Salonstücke, Tänze und Lieder.

Briefe
 Briefwechsel Clara Schumanns mit Maria und Richard Fellinger, Anna Franz geb. Wittgenstein, Max Kalbeck und anderen Korrespondenten in Österreich, hrsg. von Klaus Martin Kopitz, Anselm Eber und Thomas Synofzik (= Schumann-Briefedition, Serie II, Band 4), Köln 2020, S. 151–157

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1819
Gestorben 1875
Mann

Carl Evers (Komponist)


الأقرع بن حابس بن عقال بن مُحَمد المُجَاشعي التميمي صحابي جليل، وأحد سادات العرب في الجاهلية والإسلام، ومن المؤلفة قلوبهم، وأحد حكام وقضاة العرب المشهورين قبل الإسلام، كان يحكم بين العرب في كل موسم حتى جاء الإسلام، وهو أول من حرم القمار، ويُعد أحد فرسان العرب المشهورين، وفد إلى النبي  وأسلم، وحسن إسلامه، وشهد معه فتح مكة، وغزوة حنين، والطائف، وقاتل تحت لواءه، وأعطاه النبي  من أنفال غزوة حنين، ثم قاتل مع خالد بن الوليد في اليمامة ضد المرتدين، كما كان على مقدمة الجيوش الإسلامية في فتوحات العراق وأبلى فيها بلاءً حسنًا، وشهد فتوحات بلاد فارس وخراسان، واستُشَهد في أحد المعارك في الجوزجان من بلدان خراسان في زمن الخليفة عثمان بن عفان عام 31 هـ.

نسبه
 هو الأقرع بن حابس بن عقال بن مُحَمد بن سُفَيان بن مُجَاشع بن دارم بن مالك بن حنظلة بن مالك بن زيد مناة تميم بن مر المُجَاشعي الدارمي الحنظلي التميمي.
 أمه هي فطيمة بنت حوي بن سُفَيان بن مُجَاشع بن دارم بن مالك بن حنظلة بن مالك بن زيد مناة بن تميم بن مر المُجَاشعية الدارمية الحنظلية التميمية.

حاله في الجاهلية
كان من سادات العرب وفرسانهم وأئمتهم وحكمائهم في الجاهلية، وكان ملكاً يحكم بين الناس في منافراتهم، قال الزبير بن بكار: . وذكر عنه المدائني: . وقال القلقشندي: .

وقد تحاكم إلى الأقرع في الجاهلية جرير بن عبد الله البجلي وهو سيد قبيلة بجيلة والفرافصة بن الأحوصٍ الكلبي وهو سيد قبيلة بني كلب القضاعية فقال جرير:

وقال أيضاً:

وقال الغندجاني: أن هذه الأبيات لعمرو بن خثارم شاعر بجيلة، وأنه قال في الأقرع:

والقول الأول أنها لجرير هو الأشهر وقد قال به ابن إسحاق وابن هشام وسيبويه والمرزباني، قال الغندجاني: . ، وقال البلاذري: .

وإلى جانب حكمته ورئاسته، كان فارساً، شجاعاً، بطلاً، في ميدان الحروب، يقود الفرسان، وذكر ابن حبيب: أنه أحد قادة العرب الذي يقودون ألف فارسٍ وأكثر. ومن أخبار غزواته وغارته قبل الإسلام ما رواه أبو عبيدة قال: . وفي ذلك يقول البعيث المجاشعي:

وفي غارةٍ أخرى له هزم فيها أهل نجران وأهل الجوف من مذحج وسباهم، ثم قام بمهاجمة قبائل كندة وهمدان وأوقع بهم، وأصاب فيهم ، وفي ذلك قال الفرزدق مفتخراً بالأقرع لان جدته لأبيه هي ليلى بنت حابس أخت الأقرع، ويكون الأقرع خال والده غالب بن صعصعة:

قصة إسلامه
قال ابن سعد في طبقاته "وكان في وفد بني تميم الذين قدموا على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فأسلم وكان ينزل أرض بني تميم ببادية البصرة"، لما قدم وفد تميم كان معهم فلما قدموا المدينة قال الأقرع بن حابس حين نادى: يا محمد إن حمدي زين وإن ذمي شين فقال رسول الله: ذلكم الله سبحانه. وقيل: بل الوفد كلهم نادوا بذلك فخرج إليهم رسول الإسلام وقال: ذلكم الله فما تريدون؟

قالوا: نحن ناس من تميم جئنا بشاعرنا وخطيبنا لنشاعرك ونفاخرك فقال النبي: ما بالشعر بعثنا ولا بالفخار أمرنا ولكن هاتوا فقال الأقرع بن حابس لشاب منهم: قم يا فلان فاذكر فضلك وقومك فقال: الحمد لله الذي جعلنا خير خلقه وآتانا أموالا نفعل فيها ما نشاء فنحن خير من أهل الأرض أكثرهم عددا وأكثرهم سلاحا فمن أنكر علينا قولنا فليأت بقول هو أحسن من قولنا وبفعال هو أفضل من فعالنا.

فقال رسول الله لثابت بن قيس بن شماس الأنصاري وكان خطيب النبي: قم فأجبه فقام ثابت فقال: الحمد لله أحمده وأستعينه وأؤمن به وأتوكل عليه وأشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له وأشهد أن محمدا عبده ورسوله دعا المهاجرين من بني عمه أحسن الناس وجوها وأعظم الناس أحلاما فأجابوه والحمد لله الذي جعلنا أنصاره ووزراء رسوله وعزا لدينه فنحن نقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا أن لا إله إلا الله فمن قالها منع منا نفسه وماله ومن أباها قاتلناه وكان رغمه في الله علينا هينا أقول قولي هذا وأستغفر الله للمؤمنين والمؤمنات فقال الزبرقان بن بدر لرجل منهم: يا فلان قم فقل أبياتا تذكر فيها فضلك وفضل قومك فقال:

نحن الكرام فلا حي يعادلنا... نحن الرؤوس وفينا يقسم الربع

ونطعم الناس عند المحل كلهم... من السديف إذا لم يؤنس القزع

إذا أبينا فلا يأبى لنا أحد... إنا كذلك عند الفخر نرتفع

فقال رسول الإسلام: علي بحسان بن ثابت فحضر وقال: قد آن لكم أن تبعثوا إلى هذا العود والعود: الجمل المسن. فقال له رسول الله: ثم فأجبه فقال: أسمعني ما قلت فأسمعه فقال حسان:

نصرنا رسول الله والدين عنوة... على رغم عات من معد وحاضر

بضرب كإبزاغ المخاض مشاشه... وطعن كأفواه اللقاح الصوادر

وسل أحدا يوم استقلت شعابه... بضرب لنا مثل الليوث الخوادر

ألسنا نخوض الموت في حومة الوغى... إذا طاب ورد الموت بين العساكر

ونضرب هام الدارعين وننتمي... إلى حسب من جذم غسان قاهر

فأحياؤنا من خير من وطئ الحصى... وأمواتنا من خير أهل المقابر

فلولا حياء الله قلنا تكرما... على الناس بالخيفين هل من منافر

فقام الأقرع بن حابس فقال: إني والله يا محمد لقد جئت لأمر ما جاء له هؤلاء قد قلت شعرا فأسمعه قال: هات فقال:

أتيناك كيما يعرف الناس فضلنا... إذا خالفونا عند ذكر المكارم

وأنا رؤوس الناس من كل معسر... وأن ليس في أرض الحجاز كدارم

فقال رسول الإسلام: قم يا حسان فأجبه فقال:

بني دارم لا تفخروا إن فخركم... يعود وبالا عند ذكر المكارم

هبلتم علينا تفخرون وأنتم... لنا خول من بين ظئر وخادم

فقال رسول الإسلام: «لقد كنت غنيا يا أخا بني دارم أن يذكر منك ما كنت ترى أن الناس قد نسوه»؛ فكان رسول الله أشد عليهما من قول حسان

ثم رجع حسان إلى قوله:

وأفضل ما نلتم ومن المجد والعلى... ردافتنا من بعد ذكر المكارم

فإن كنتم جئتم لحقن دمائكم... وأموالكم أن تقسموا في المقاسم

فلا تجعلوا لله ندا وأسلموا... ولا تفخروا عند النبي بدارم

وإلا ورب البيت مالت أكفنا... على رؤوسكم بالمرهفات الصوارم

فقام الأقرع بن حابس فقال: يا هؤلاء ما أدري ما هذا الأمر تكلم خطيبنا فكان خطيبهم أرفع صوتا وتكلم شاعرنا فكان شاعرهم أرفع صوتا وأحسن قولا ثم دنا إلى النبي فقال: أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأنك رسول الله. فقال رسول الله: «لا يضرك ما كان قبل هذا»

وفي وفد بني تميم نزل قوله تعالى: [إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُنَادُونَكَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْحُجُرَاتِ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْقِلُونَ] {الحجرات:4}

ثم أسلم القوم وبقوا بالمدينة مدة يتعلمون القرآن والدين ثم أرادوا الخروج إلى قومهم فأعطاهم النبي وكساهم...

بعض المواقف من حياته مع رسول الله
موقف قدومه هو وقومه، وقد سبق ذكره عند إسلامه. شهد مع رسول الله فتح مكة وحنينا والطائف

من حديث أبي سعيد الخدري قال بعث علي إلى النبي بذهبية من اليمن فقسمها بين أربعة أحدهم الأقرع بن حابس...

وأعطى يعني النبي من غنائم حنين في العرب الأقرع بن حابس التميمي مائة من الإبل

أحاديث صحيحة تشير إلى بعض مواقفه مع النبي
حَدَّثَنِي إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُوسَى حَدَّثَنَا هِشَامُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ أَنَّ ابْنَ جُرَيْجٍ أَخْبَرَهُمْ عَنْ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ أَخْبَرَهُمْ أَنَّهُ قَدِمَ رَكْبٌ مِنْ بَنِي تَمِيمٍ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَمِّرْ الْقَعْقَاعَ بْنَ مَعْبَدِ بْنِ زُرَارَةَ قَالَ عُمَرُ بَلْ أَمِّرْ الْأَقْرَعَ بْنَ حَابِسٍ قَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ مَا أَرَدْتَ إِلَّا خِلَافِي قَالَ عُمَرُ مَا أَرَدْتُ خِلَافَكَ فَتَمَارَيَا حَتَّى ارْتَفَعَتْ أَصْوَاتُهُمَا فَنَزَلَ فِي ذَلِكَ [يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تُقَدِّمُوا] حَتَّى انْقَضَتْ البخاري - كتاب المغازي - حديث رقم 4019 }

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْيَمَانِ أَخْبَرَنَا شُعَيْبٌ عَنْ الزُّهْرِيِّ حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ أَنَّ أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ قَبَّلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْحَسَنَ بْنَ عَلِيٍّ وَعِنْدَهُ الْأَقْرَعُ بْنُ حَابِسٍ التَّمِيمِيُّ جَالِسًا فَقَالَ الْأَقْرَعُ إِنَّ لِي عَشَرَةً مِنْ الْوَلَدِ مَا قَبَّلْتُ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدًا فَنَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ قَالَ مَنْ لَا يَرْحَمُ لَا يُرْحَمُ {البخاري - كتاب الدب - حديث رقم 5538 }

أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّيْسَابُورِيُّ قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي مَرْيَمَ قَالَ أَنْبَأَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ سَلَمَةَ قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ الْجَلِيلِ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ عَنْ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ عَنْ أَبِي سِنَانٍ الدُّؤَلِيِّ عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَامَ فَقَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى كَتَبَ عَلَيْكُمْ الْحَجَّ فَقَالَ الْأَقْرَعُ بْنُ حَابِسٍ التَّمِيمِيُّ كُلُّ عَامٍ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ فَسَكَتَ فَقَالَ لَوْ قُلْتُ نَعَمْ لَوَجَبَتْ ثُمَّ إِذًا لَا تَسْمَعُونَ وَلَا تُطِيعُونَ وَلَكِنَّهُ حَجَّةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ { النسائي - كتاب مناسك الحج - حديث 2573 }

قَالَ حَدَّثَنَا عَفَّانُ حَدَّثَنَا وُهَيْبٌ قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي موسى بن عقبة قَالَ حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو سَلَمَةَ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ عَنِ الْأَقْرَعِ بْنِ حَابِسٍ أَنَّهُ نَادَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْحُجُرَاتِ فَقَالَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَلَا إِنَّ حَمْدِي زَيْنٌ وَإِنَّ ذَمِّي شَيْنٌ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كَمَا حَدَّثَ أَبُو سَلَمَةَ ذَاكَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ {مسند أحمد - حديث رقم 15422}

حَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ حَدَّثَنَا غُنْدَرٌ حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي يَعْقُوبَ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ الْأَقْرَعَ بْنَ حَابِسٍ قَالَ لِلنَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِنَّمَا بَايَعَكَ سُرَّاقُ الْحَجِيجِ مِنْ أَسْلَمَ وَغِفَارَ وَمُزَيْنَةَ وَأَحْسِبُهُ وَجُهَيْنَةَ ابْنُ أَبِي يَعْقُوبَ شَكَّ قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَرَأَيْتَ إِنْ كَانَ أَسْلَمُ وَغِفَارُ وَمُزَيْنَةُ وَأَحْسِبُهُ وَجُهَيْنَةُ خَيْرًا مِنْ بَنِي تَمِيمٍ وَبَنِي عَامِرٍ وَأَسَدٍ وَغَطَفَانَ خَابُوا وَخَسِرُوا قَالَ نَعَمْ قَالَ وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ إِنَّهُمْ لَخَيْرٌ مِنْهُمْ { البخاري - كتاب المناقب - حديث رقم 3254 }

وكان من المؤلفة قلوبهم:

عن ابن عباس قال: كانت المؤلفة قلوبهم خمسة عشر رجلا منهم: أبو سفيان بن حرب والأقرع بن حابس وعيينة بن حصن الفزاري وسهيل بن عمرو العامري...

بعض المواقف من حياته مع الصحابة
شهد الأقرع بن حابس مع خالد بن الوليد حرب أهل العراق وشهد معه فتح الأنبار وكان على مقدمة خالد بن الوليد واستعمله عبد الله بن عامر على جيش سيره إلى خراسان فأصيب بالجوزجان هو والجيش وذلك في زمن عثمان

عن عبيدة بن عمرو السلماني أن عيينة والأقرع استقطعا أبا بكر أرضا فقال لهما عمر إنما كان النبي يتألفكما على الإسلام فأما الآن فاجهدا جهدكما وقطع الكتاب...

سار الأقرع بن حابس إلى الجوزجان بعثه الأحنف في جريدة خيل إلى بقية كانت بقيت من الزحوف الذين هزمهم الأحنف فقاتلهم فجال المسلمون جولة فقتل فرسان من فرسانهم ثم أظفر الله المسلمين بهم فهزموهم وقتلوهم

فتح الأنبار وعين التمر وتسمى هذه الغزوة ذات العيون:

ثم سار خالد على تعبيته إلى الأنبار وعلى مقدمته الأقرع بن حابس وكان بالأنبار شيرزاد صاحب ساباط فحاصرهم ورشقوهم بالنبال حتى فقؤوا منهم ألف عين ثم نحر ضعاف الإبل وألقاها في الخندق حتى ردمه بها وجاز هو وأصحابه فوقها فاجتمع المسلمون والكفار في الخندق وصالح شيرزاد على أن يلحقوه بمأمنه ويخلي لهم عن البلد وما فيها ببهمن حاذويه.

وقد صحب خالد بن الوليد في أكثر معاركه باليمامة أيام الردة وشارك كذلك في حروب العراق وأبلى فيها بلاء حسنا...

وفاته
توفي بجوزجان من مدن خراسان وذلك في زمن الخليفة عثمان بن عفان رضي الله عنه عام 31 هـ، وذكر الرضي الشاطبي أنه إستشهد في معركة اليرموك مع عشرة من أبنائه في خلافة عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه.

مراجع

بنو تميم
صحابة
سنة الولادة غير معروفة
وفيات 31 هـ
وفيات 652
أشخاص بهم عرج
أشخاص من تاريخ نجد الوسيط
مواليد القرن 1 ق هـ
مواليد القرن 7

الأقرع بن حابس


Devils Island, Devil's Island or Devil Island may refer to:

Places

Antarctica
 Devil Island

Canada
 Devil Island (Lake Temagami), Ontario
 Devils Island (Nova Scotia)
 Devil's Island, former name for King Island (Saskatchewan)

French Guiana
 Devil's Island, former penal colony
 Devil's Island (Kourou), island of the Salvation's Islands

Greenland
 Djævleøen (Devil's Island)

United States
 Devils Island (Wisconsin), one of the Apostle Islands

Other
 Devil's Island (1926 film), silent starring Pauline Frederick and Marian Nixon
 Devil's Island (1939 film), starring Boris Karloff
 Devil's Island (1979 film), Yugoslav film
 Devil's Island (1996 film), Icelandic film
 Devil's Island, a 2021 horror film
 "Devil's Island", a song from the Megadeth album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? about the historic French penal colony of the same name.
 "Devil's Island", a song from the Architects album Daybreaker

See also
 Isle of Devils or Devil's Isles, old names for Bermuda
 King of Devil's Island,a 2010 film about Norway's Bastøy Prison

Devils Island