The Social Register is a semi-annual publication in the United States that indexes the members of American high society. First published in the 1880s by newspaper columnist Louis Keller, it was later acquired by Malcolm Forbes. Since 2014, it has been owned by Christopher Wolf.

It was historically a directory of "old money", well-connected families from the Northeastern United States. In recent years, membership has diversified both in the geography and ethnicity of those it lists.

History

In antebellum New York City, the social elite was still a small enough group that no formal method of tracking individuals was necessary. With the advent of the Gilded Age, fashionable ladies began the practice of leaving calling cards at the homes of other notable women whom they visited. These cards would be cataloged into "visiting lists".

In 1887, Louis Keller, a newspaper society columnist and golf promoter, compiled the names  of those on the visiting lists of the most prominent New York women into a published volume titled the Social Register. Inclusion in the registry was done under the supervision of an anonymous advisory committee, composed of some of those listed. This first edition of the Social Register listed more than 5,000 people, most of whom were descended from early American settler families. Joseph Pulitzer was the only Jew to be listed, and people from new money were generally not included. The register, it has been noted, was very much a product of Gilded Age excess.

By World War I, the Social Register had expanded into a multi-volume annual which included listings of Society members in 26 U.S. cities. Following Keller's death in 1924, the Social Register passed to several of his heirs.  In 1926, a single city edition cost $6.00 and the full set of American editions cost $50.00. This when many Americans were still making do on a few dollars a day.

A 1973 column in The New York Times about that year's Social Register observed that – unlike males listed – the volume did not list the universities attended by females, unless they were students: "The fact that Mazie Cox is a 1967 graduate of Smith is not mentioned, although pains are taken to indicate that she is a member of the Colony Club, the Daughters of the Cincinnati and the Colonial Dames of America." It also noted that married women who chose to retain their maiden names would be listed under the surname of their husband regardless.

In 1976, the Social Register was acquired by Malcolm Forbes. In 1977, he re-consolidated the various city books back into a single volume for the whole of the United States. A study of the 1988 Social Register found that approximately 10 percent of those listed resided in New York City's Manhattan, with the Upper East Side zip code of 10021 hosting the greatest concentration of listed persons.

The Forbes family retained ownership of the Social Register until 2014, when it was sold to Christopher R. Wolf, a "longtime, listed member".

Significance
Inclusion in the Social Register has historically been limited to members of "polite society", members of the American upper class and The Establishment, and/or those of "old money" or White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) families, within the Social Register cities. According to McNamee and Miller:  "the acronym WASP... is exemplified by the Social Register, a list of prominent upper-class families first compiled in 1887... There is great continuity across generations among the names included in these volumes."

The cities included are Newport, Rhode Island; Baltimore; Boston; Chicago; Cleveland; Los Angeles; New York; New Jersey; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Portland, Oregon; Providence; San Francisco; Seattle; St. Louis; and Washington, D.C.; as well as ones for "Southern Cities". In European countries, similar directories for the perceived upper class, such as Burke's Peerage and Landed Gentry in the United Kingdom, or the Carnet Mondain and High Life in Belgium, have been published for centuries.

According to the Robb Report, inclusion in the Social Register "bespeaks old money, Ivy League, trust funds, privileges of birth, fox hunting, debutante balls, yachting, polo, distinguished forebears, family compounds in the Adirondacks, and a pedigree studded with 19th-century robber barons".

However, while inclusion in the Social Register was once so important for members of Society that, according to Brooke Astor, "if someone wasn't listed, you just didn't know them", by the late 1990s its influence had seriously waned. In 2002, novelist Tom Wolfe said that he no longer heard regular reference to the Social Register and opined that the "world of social luster has been so overshadowed by celebrities that it doesn't have any kick anymore".

Format

Printed editions of The Social Register have long been bound in black with pumpkin-colored lettering.

A person's listing in the Register generally includes contact information, schools attended, and the social and country clubs to which he or she belongs.  Many institutions and organizations are cited repeatedly using an extensive system of abbreviations (e.g., "P" for Princeton University, "BtP" for the Bath and Tennis Club of Palm Beach, Florida).

Cities with Social Register editions
As of 1917:

 New York City
 Washington, D.C.
 Philadelphia (inc. Wilmington)
 Chicago
 Boston
 Providence
 St. Louis
 Pittsburgh
 Cleveland
 Cincinnati and Dayton
 Saint Paul and Minneapolis
 San Francisco and	Oakland
 Seattle
 Portland
 Baltimore
 Buffalo
 New Orleans
 Southern California, chiefly Los Angeles and Pasadena
 Richmond,
 Charleston,
 Savannah,
 Augusta, Georgia and
 Atlanta

Subsequent years offered guides for Detroit and New Haven, Connecticut.

Inclusion and exclusion

Inclusion
Traditionally, wealth or fame have been insufficient for inclusion in the Social Register. Kim Kardashian and Gloria Vanderbilt were never listed and Donald Trump, prior to his election as President of the United States, was not included. A 1985 article reported that "enrollees need plenty of green (money), blue (blood), and lily white (reputation)".

Listing in the Social Register has typically been through birth: Children born to a person listed in the Social Register are added.  Persons are permitted to apply for inclusion in the Social Register. Such applications require letters of sponsorship from five persons already listed, followed by vetting from the advisory committee. In 1997, a spokesman for the Social Registers then 25-member advisory committee described the criteria by which a person might be added to the directory. The committee, he said, asked themselves, "Would one want to have dinner with this person on a regular basis"?

The President of the United States and Vice President of the United States are, by custom, always added.

Exclusion
Reasons for removal from the Social Register have traditionally been opaque. In the early 20th century, historian Dixon Wecter observed that those excluded tended to be persons unfavorably reported upon in the press and that, as long as one's private life "keeps out of the [newspaper's] columns" the risk of exclusion was low.

A Social Register spokesman reported, in 1985, that elderly persons who failed to remit the questionnaire sent to listed persons by the register for eleven consecutive years were removed. In addition, someone who married a person who was not, themselves, listed in the Social Register might have been dropped. On the other hand, a 2018 article indicated that marriage to a listed person would "automatically [bestow] membership on the lesser-pedigreed spouse".

As of 1988, about 35,000 individuals were included in the Social Register. By 2014, this number was reported to be approximately 25,000.

In popular culture
 The 1934 film Social Register presented a fictitious look at the lives of persons on the Social Register.

See also
 Debrett's
Libro d'Oro
Powerlist
Kulavruttanta
The Four Hundred (1892)

Notes

References

Primary sources
    Social Register Locater 1916, an index showing in which local edition each listed person could be found
  35 Social Registers from major US cities early 20th century; online free
 The Social Register of Canada, volume I (1958), and subsequent volumes 2 (1959), and 3 (1961), The Social Register of Canada Association. Montreal, Canada

1887 establishments in the United States
Social institutions
Social class in the United States
Books by type
Upper class culture

Social Register


Miloš Ninković (en serbio: Милош Нинковић) (Belgrado, Yugoslavia, 25 de diciembre de 1984) es un futbolista serbio que juega como centrocampista en el Western Sydney Wanderers F. C. de la A-League de Australia.

Selección nacional

Debutó con la selección de fútbol de Serbia en 2009 en un partido contra Suecia. Fue convocado para disputar el Mundial 2010.

Participaciones en Copas del Mundo

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Serbia en los años 2000
Futbolistas de Serbia en la Copa Mundial de 2010
Futbolistas del FK Čukarički Stankom
Futbolistas del FC Dinamo de Kiev
Futbolistas del Évian Thonon Gaillard FC
Futbolistas del Estrella Roja de Belgrado
Futbolistas del Sydney Football Club
Futbolistas del Western Sydney Wanderers FC
Nacidos en Belgrado

Miloš Ninković


Reformdragten  eller Bloomer-dragten  efter den amerikanske feminist Amelia Bloomer, var en kvindedragt der bestod af bukser i tyrkisk snit med et kort skørt over.

USA
Dragten blev udviklet i USA i 1849 af læserne af bladet "Water-Cure Journal", et populært tidsskrift som i oktober 1849 begyndte at opfordre kvinder til at finde en påklædningsstil der ikke var så skadelig for deres helbred som den tids mode typisk var..

I februar 1851 havde Elizabeth Smith Miller en sådan dragt på da hun besøgte Amelia Bloomer, og en måned senere skrev Bloomer i sit tidsskrift for afholdsbevægelsen Lily at hun nu også ville begynde at gå med dragten. Efter mange forespørgsler trykte hun en beskrivelse af hvordan man kunne lave sin egen, og i juni var flere aviser begyndt at kalde det "bloomer-dragten".  Bloomer afviste selv at hun havde fundet på dragten.

I sommeren 1851 talte man om en "bloomer craze" i USA som et opgør mod parisisk mode, og der holdtes foredrag landet over.

Skandinavien
I midten af 1880'erne kom reformdragten også til Skandinavien og Dansk Kvindesamfund bragte i 1887 et anonymt indlæg i deres blad Kvinden og Samfundet hvor man opfordrede til at kvinders emancipation ikke blot skulle dreje sig om lovgivning, men også være et opgør imod "den franske Modes Tyranni".

I 1888 udskrev Dansk Kvindesamfund en designkonkurrence hvor man kunne indsende forslag til nye snitmønstre og modeller til reformdragten. Kravet var først og fremmest at den skulle være løstsiddende og dernæst at tøjets vægt skulle bæres af skuldrene. Sidst men ikke mindst skulle underdelen bestå af en buksedragt med bukseben til knæene. Konkurrencen indbragte 11 færdigsyede dragter og otte modeller, hvoraf fem blev valgt til udstillingen. De omfattede en selskabsdragt, en dagligdragt, en turist- og rejsedragt, en sportsdragt og en arbejdsdragt.

Det var dog først midt i 1890'erne at damebladene i Danmark begyndte at skrive om reformdragten og den blev aldrig rigtig moderne, men mere et symbol for kvinders nye muligheder for selvbestemmelse. Den blev brugt af feminister og kunstnere som tog den til sig som en praktisk klædedragt og et politisk udsagn.

Galleri

Kilde
 Reformdragten på Kvinfo.dk

Eksterne henvisninger

Referencer

Klædedragter
Feminisme
1850'erne
1880'erne

Reformdragten


An Uncinia flaccida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Uncinia flaccida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Uncinia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Uncinia

Uncinia flaccida


Antifašisti je hrvatski dokumentarni film. Autor je Borna Marinić, redatelj Srđan Segarić, producent Val Kurtin. Urednik za HRT je Vladimir Brnardić. Produkcija: MEDIA M-DIRECT. Film se bavi hrvatskim antifašizmom. Hrvatski antifašizam prvi je na svijetu. Javio se u hrvatskim krajevima koji su se raspadom Austro-Ugarske našli pod talijanskom vlašću. Narednih godina mnogi su se Hrvati istaknuli u antifašističkom djelovanju. Pokret je obuhvatio razne društvene i političke slojeve. U dokumentarnom filmu prikazani su hrvatski antifašisti, njihove pokretačke motive, razvitak antifašističkog pokreta na području Hrvatske te događaje koji su odredili konačan ishod rata. U filmu desetak povjesničara daje svoje poglede na definiciju antifašizma, ulogu u hrvatskoj povijesti te koja je uloga antifašizma danas.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi

Antifašisti (dokumentarni film)


4-bit computing is the use of computer architectures in which integers and other data units are 4 bits wide. 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers or data buses of that size. Memory addresses (and thus address buses) for 4-bit CPUs are generally much larger than 4-bit (since only 16 memory locations would be very restrictive), such as 12-bit or more, while they could in theory be 8-bit.

A group of four bits is also called a nibble and has 24 = 16 possible values.

While 4-bit computing is mostly obsolete, 4-bit communication (even 1- or 2-bit) is still used in modern computers, that are otherwise e.g. 64-bit, and thus also have much larger buses.

History

A 4-bit processor may seem limited, but it is a good match for calculators, where each decimal digit fits into four bits.

Some of the first microprocessors had a 4-bit word length and were developed around 1970. The first commercial microprocessor was the binary-coded decimal (BCD-based) Intel 4004, developed for calculator applications in 1971; it had a 4-bit word length, but had 8-bit instructions and 12-bit addresses. It was succeeded by the Intel 4040.

The first commercial single-chip computer was the 4-bit Texas Instruments TMS 1000 (1974). It contained a 4-bit CPU with a Harvard architecture and 8-bit-wide instructions, an on-chip instruction ROM, and an on-chip data RAM with 4-bit words.

The Rockwell PPS-4 was another early 4-bit processor, introduced in 1972, which had a long lifetime in handheld games and similar roles. It was steadily improved and by 1975 been combined with several support chips to make a one-chip computer.

The 4-bit processors were programmed in assembly language or Forth, e.g. "MARC4 Family of 4 bit Forth CPU" (which is now discontinued) because of the extreme size constraint on programs and because common programming languages (for microcontrollers, 8-bit and larger), such as the C programming language, do not support 4-bit data types (C, and C++, and more languages require that the size of the char data type be at least 8 bits, and that all data types other than bitfields have a size that is a multiple of the character size).

The 1970s saw the emergence of 4-bit software applications for mass markets like pocket calculators. During the 1980s, 4-bit microprocessors were used in handheld electronic games to keep costs low.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of research and commercial computers used bit slicing, in which the CPU's arithmetic logic unit (ALU) was built from multiple 4-bit-wide sections, each section including a chip such as an Am2901 or 74181 chip.

The Zilog Z80, although it is an 8-bit microprocessor, has a 4-bit ALU.

Although the Data General Nova is a series of 16-bit minicomputers, the original Nova and the Nova 1200 internally processed numbers 4 bits at a time with a 4-bit ALU, sometimes called "nybble-serial".

The HP Saturn processors, used in many Hewlett-Packard calculators between 1984 and 2003  (including the HP 48 series of scientific calculators) are "4-bit" (or hybrid 64-/4-bit) machines; as the Intel 4004 did, they string multiple 4-bit words together, e.g. to form a 20-bit memory address, and most of the registers are 64 bits wide, storing 16 4-bit digits.

In addition, some early calculators such as the 1967 Casio AL-1000, the 1972 Sinclair Executive, and the aforementioned 1984 HP Saturn had 4-bit datapaths that accessed their registers 4 bits (one BCD digit) at a time.

Uses
One bicycle computer specifies that it uses a "4 bit, 1-chip microcomputer". Other typical uses include coffee makers, infrared remote controls, and security alarms.

The processor in Barbie typewriters that can encrypt is a 4-bit microcontroller.

Details

With 4 bits, it is possible to create 16 different values. All single-digit hexadecimal numbers can be written with four bits.

Binary-coded decimal is a digital encoding method for numbers using decimal notation, with each decimal digit represented by four bits.

List of 4-bit processors

 Intel 4004 (first 4-bit microprocessor from 1971, though Four-Phase Systems AL1 from 1969 is older, discontinued 1981)
 Intel 4040 (discontinued 1981)
 TMS 1000 (the first high-volume commercial microcontroller, from 1974, after Intel 4004; now discontinued)
 Atmel MARC4 core – (discontinued because of Low demand. "Last ship date: 7 March 2015")
 Samsung S3C7 (KS57 Series) 4-bit microcontrollers (RAM: 512 to 5264 nibbles, 6 MHz clock)
 Toshiba TLCS-47 series
 HP Saturn
 NEC μPD75X
 NEC μCOM-4
 NEC (now Renesas) µPD612xA (discontinued), µPD613x, μPD6x and μPD1724x infrared remote control transmitter microcontrollers
 EM Microelectronic-Marin EM6600 family, EM6580, EM6682, etc.
 Epson S1C63 family
 National Semiconductor "COPS I" and "COPS II" ("COP400") 4-bit microcontroller families
 National Semiconductor MAPS MM570X
 Sharp SM590/SM591/SM595
 Sharp SM550/SM551/SM552
 Sharp SM578/SM579
 Sharp SM5E4
 Sharp LU5E4POP
 Sharp SM5J5/SM5J6
 Sharp SM530
 Sharp SM531
 Sharp SM500 (ROM 1197×8 bit, RAM 40×4 bit, a divider and 56-segment LCD driver circuit)
 Sharp SM5K1
 Sharp SM4A
 Sharp SM510 (ROM 2772×8 bit, RAM 128×4 bit, a divider and 132-segment LCD driver circuit)
 Sharp SM511/SM512 (ROM 4032×8 bit, RAM 128/142×4 bit, a divider and 136/200-segment LCD driver circuit)
 Sharp SM563

See also
 GMC-4
 Hitachi HD44780
 Low Pin Count for 4-bit communication
 Its successor for modern computers, Intel's Enhanced Serial Peripheral Interface (eSPI), allows 1-bit, 2-bit, or 4-bit communication

References

External links
 Saturn CPU

 Considerations for 4-bit processing

Data unit

4-bit computing


Armonía del mundo (título original en alemán, Die Harmonie der Welt) es una ópera en cinco actos con música de Paul Hindemith y libreto en alemán del propio compositor. El título de la ópera procede de Harmonices Mundi del astrónomo Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) quien es el personaje central de la ópera. Hindemith usó el sistema planetario como una metáfora de sus propios arreglos musicales de la escala cromática. Se estrenó el 11 de agosto de 1957 en el Prinzregententheater de Múnich.

Apareció una grabación monoaural truncada de la ópera en el sello Stradivarius, y no fue hasta la época digital cuando se logró una completa grabación de la obra, cuando Marek Janowski dirigió toda la ópera para el sello Wergo. El defensor de Hindemith Yan Pascal Tortelier también ha expresado abiertamente su interés en dirigir una grabación de la ópera.

Personajes

Argumento
Ambientada en el , la ópera es la historia de una búsqueda de la armonía universal por el astrónomo Johannes Kepler.

Grabaciones
En 2002 WERGO lanzó el estreno mundial como parte de su edición Paul Hindemith. Esta grabación se realizó en la iglesia Jesus-Christus-Kirche de Berlin-Dahlem en febrero/marzo de 2000, con Marek Janowski dirigiendo a la Orquesta de la radio sinfónica de Berlín y François le Roux en el papel de Johannes Kepler.

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes
Amadeus Almanac, consultado 30 de octubre de 2008
Skelton, Geoffrey (1992), 'Harmonie der Welt, Die' en The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (Londres) ISBN 0-333-73432-7
Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas en alemán
Óperas de Paul Hindemith
Óperas de 1957
Óperas estrenadas en Múnich

Armonía del mundo


Otto Hermann Bernhard Behrbohm (30 de outubro de 1907 - 12 de outubro de 1977) foi um matemático alemão ativo na Suécia e na Alemanha.

Ele foi significativo na matemática por trás do desenvolvimento da aerodinâmica do conceito de asa delta e da tecnologia de vôo supersônico.

Biografia
Hermann Behrbohm foi significativo no design do Saab 35 Draken e do Saab 37 Viggen. Ele fez os cálculos apoiando Alexander Lippisch no desenvolvimento do conceito de asa Delta no final da guerra. Ele recebeu a Medalha Thulin da Sociedade Aeronáutica Sueca de 1968 em prata por ter promovido a tecnologia da aviação com trabalho.

Ele fez esforços em tecnologia de aviação em vários países durante sua vida, devido às circunstâncias. Finalmente, como aposentado, em 1972 mudou-se para a Inglaterra com sua esposa britânica. Seus filhos ficaram na Suécia.

Ele escreveu muitos artigos na imprensa especializada em aerodinâmica e matemática disponíveis em bibliotecas e na Internet.

Educação e tese de doutorado na Alemanha
Ele estudou engenharia mecânica na Universidade Técnica de Karlsruhe, bem como matemática e teoria dos números na Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.

Behrbohm foi assistente de pesquisa na Georg-August-Universität Göttingen em 1933–1936 e escreveu sua dissertação de doutorado sobre a identidade algébrica dos meromorfismos de um corpo de função elíptica. A tese não foi aprovada por motivos políticos quando o orientador era judeu e a Alemanha nazista assumiu.  Em 1944 foi promovido a doutor em matemática e física.

Behrbohm também teve grandes dificuldades em se casar com sua primeira esposa por causa dos regulamentos da Alemanha nazista. Ela teve dificuldades em obter certificados de pureza biológica (pai desconhecido) e assim poder se casar com ele, o que só foi possível em 1940.

Messerschmitt
Ele foi recrutado em 1937 para o departamento de Aerodinâmica da Messerschmitt em Augsburgo.

Herrman Behrbom é solicitado como matemático na indústria aeroespacial, onde você precisa fazer seus cálculos teóricos e, em seguida, executar testes para impulsionar os projetos de desenvolvimento.

Augsburgo 1937-1944
Participou de trabalhos em provas de alta velocidade com Messerschmitt Bf 109 com Lukas Schmid.

Na Messerschmitt em Augsburg, o principal projeto durante esses anos foi o desenvolvimento do avião a jato Messerschmitt Me 262.

O desenvolvimento do avião-foguete Messerschmitt Me 163 sob a direção de Alexander Lippisch também ocorreu a partir de 1939.

Oberammergau 1944-1945
Após os ataques aéreos em Augsburgo em 25 de fevereiro de 1944, as atividades de desenvolvimento foram transferidas para as instalações subterrâneas do Oberbayerische Forschungsanstalt em Oberammergau.  A família permanece em Mering perto de Augsburgo.

A Messerschmitt desenvolveu a partir do final de 1944 sob a direção de Willy Messerschmitt o avião a jato Messerschmitt P.1101. Tem muito em comum com o Saab 29 Tunnan, que foi criado antes da época de Hermann na Saab, bem como com o MiG-15 e o F-86 Sabre.

Wiener Neustadt 1944-1945
A partir do outono de 1944, ele trabalhou meio período para o Aviation Research Institute Vienna (LFW)  em Wiener Neustadt, onde Alexander Lippisch abriu seu próprio escritório de desenvolvimento.

Até então, Lippisch havia trabalhado para a Messerschmitt com o avião-foguete Messerschmitt Me 163. Ele e Willy Messerschmitt discordaram sobre o projeto, no qual Lippisch não queria asa traseira, arrasto e pior desempenho.

Em Wiener Neustadt, Lippisch trabalhou no desenvolvimento do mini-avião de caça Lippisch P.13a de asa delta (sem asa traseira), que no final da guerra passou a fazer parte do programa Volksjäger. A tecnologia de asa delta Lippisch P.13a é a base para o design do Saab 35 Draken, cujo desenvolvimento Hermann posteriormente participou da Saab. Assim também para Dassault Mirage.

Pode-se ver Messerschmitt Me 163 e não menos Lippisch P.13a como a base para todos os aviões de caça de asa delta que se seguiram na década de 1950.

Ocupação - BEE
Depois que a guerra terminou em 1945, Hermann era um pai desempregado de uma família com 4 filhos em Mering, perto da zona de ocupação americana de Augsburgo. Eles recebiam a renda de presentes de oficiais americanos alojados, mas ele também trabalhou um tempo na agricultura e na silvicultura com pagamentos regulares para a comida da família na mesa.

Na primavera de 1946 foi recrutado pelo BEE (French Aerodynamic Research and Development Institute, hoje parte do Deutsch-Französisches Forschungsinstitut Saint-Louis) com operações em Emmendingen e Weil am Rhein na zona de ocupação francesa na Alemanha.

Após a formação da República Federal da Alemanha em 1949 e o fim da ocupação, as oportunidades foram maiores para encontrar trabalhos cientificamente interessantes no exterior e Behrbohm recebeu ofertas da França e de outros países.

Saab
Hermann escolheu 1951 para começar a trabalhar na Saab, mudando-se para Linköping com sua família, que se naturalizou sueca.

Os motivos para escolher trabalhar para a Saab foram os projetos Saab 32 Lansen e Saab 35 Draken sob Erik Bratt e Tore Gullstrand.  Ser especialista em aerodinâmica é um mercado de trabalho restrito, com poucos empregadores no mundo que possuem recursos suficientes para gerar bons resultados. Saab onde eles construíram operações e as ambições da Suécia deram a Hermann as oportunidades.

À sombra da Guerra Fria e da corrida armamentista nuclear, o desejo da Força Aérea Sueca nas décadas de 1950 a 1970 (a Lei de Defesa de 1958) era ser capaz de atacar rapidamente armas nucleares estratégicas - bombardeiros como Tupolev Tu-16 antes de atingirem seus alvos. Isso com caças supersônicos de asa delta realmente rápidos, como o Saab 35 Draken, onde a velocidade e a preparação eram os fatores-chave. As necessidades da Força Aérea Sueca também eram operações de pouso - defesas sobre os mares circundantes com aeronaves de ataque, bem como aviões de reconhecimento ultrarrápido, como o Saab 37 Viggen. A economia e a engenharia de materiais para o calor de fricção da atmosfera estabelecem o limite para a velocidade. Isso gerou grandes encomendas para construir uma força aérea muito grande e recursos para o desenvolvimento.

Hermann permaneceu na Saab até sua aposentadoria em 1972. Durante os anos 1960-64 foi chefe do departamento de Aerodinâmica, também participou dos projetos Saab 37 Viggen e Saab 105 e publicou um grande número de artigos em aerodinâmica.  Ele era estimado e ganhou a Medalha Thulin da Sociedade Aeronáutica Sueca em 1968 em prata.

Hermann Behrbohm e Bertil Dillner fizeram esforços significativos no projeto do Saab 37 Viggen e, em particular, no projeto e testes da construção da asa Canard.

Após a aposentadoria, ele se mudou com sua segunda esposa para a cidade natal dela no sul da Inglaterra.

Veja também

 Lista de aviadores
 asa delta
 vôo supersônico
 Messerschmitt Bf 109
 Messerschmitt Me 262
 Messerschmitt Me 163
 Saab 32 Lansen
 Saab 35 Draken
 Saab 105
 Saab 37 Viggen

Alemães da Segunda Guerra Mundial
Engenheiros aeroespaciais da Alemanha
Aerodinamicistas
Projetistas de aeronaves
Mortos em 1977
Nascidos em 1907

Hermann Behrbohm


Weierstrass ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der Mondvorderseite westlich des Mare Smythii, nordöstlich des großen Kraters Gilbert und unmittelbar nordwestlich von Van Vleck. Der Kraterboden ist eben und der Kraterrand mäßig erodiert, am inneren Rand zeigen sich Spuren größerer Rutschungen.

Der Krater wurde 1976 von der IAU nach dem deutschen Mathematiker Karl Weierstraß offiziell benannt. Zuvor wurde der Krater als Gilbert N bezeichnet.

Weblinks

 Weierstrass auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Karl Weierstraß als Namensgeber

Weierstrass (Mondkrater)


Imagini pentru Istoria României este un film românesc din 1997 regizat de Cătălina Fernoagă.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1997 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1997

Imagini pentru Istoria României


Kup Nogometnog saveza Bosne i Hercegovine je bilo nogometno kup natjecanje u Bosni i Hercegovini u većinski bošnjačkim područjima (pod kontrolom službene vlasti u Sarajevu), odnosno za klubove pod ingerencijom Nogometnog saveza Bosne i Hercegovine
Ovaj kup se igrao do sezone 1999./2000. U sezonama 1997./98. i 1999./00. se igrala zajednička završnica s klubovima iz Kupa Herceg-Bosne, a od 2000./01. se igra kup na cijelom području Bosne i Hercegovine.

Završnice

Poveznice
 Nogometi savez BiH
 Nogometni kup Bosne i Hercegovine
 Nogometni kup Federacije BiH
 Nogometni kup Herceg-Bosne
 Nogometni kup Republike Srpske

Izvori
 rsssf.com, nogometni kupovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
 claudionicoletti.eu, nogometni prvaci i završnice kupa u Bosni i Hercegovini , pristupljeno 1. studenog 2016.

BiH

Kup NS BiH (1994. – 2000.)


Bohemund IV. Jednooki (engleski Bohemond the One-Eyed, francuski Bohemond le Borgne) (1175. – 1233.), grof Tripolija (1187. – 1233.) i knez Antiohije (1201. – 1216., 1219. – 1233.). Mlađi sin Bohemunda III. i Orguilleuse, postao je grof Tripolija 1187. Naslijedio je oca u kneževini Antiohiji, 1201., isključujući iz nasljedstva svog nećaka Raymonda Rubena. Godine 1216. Raymond je postao knezom, dok je Bohemund bio na putu u Tripoliju, ali je svrgnut 1219. i umro je sljedeće godine. Bohemund je vladao u Antiohiji i Tripoliju do svoje smrti. Naslijedio ga je sin Bohemund V.

Izvori

Poitiers od Antiohije
Križari

Bohemund IV.


El FC Abtwil-Engelburg es un club de fútbol suizo, de la comuna de Abtwil, perteneciente al asociación St. Galler Kantonalbank Football Association.

Cuerpo técnico 2011/12
  Entrenador Liga 2: Peter Zürcher
  Ayudante: Roland Fässler

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Equipos de fútbol fundados en 1965

F. C. Abtwil-Engelburg


2010 în științifico-fantastic — 2011 în științifico-fantastic — 2012 în științifico-fantastic
2011 în științifico-fantastic implică o serie de evenimente:

Nașteri

Decese
 Hans Joachim Alpers (n. 1943)
 T. J. Bass (n. 1932)
 Stuart J. Byrne (n. 1913)
 John Burke (n. 1922)
 Vittorio Curtoni (n. 1949)
 Franz Josef Degenhardt (n. 1931)
 Viktor Farkas (n. 1945)
 Wolfgang Fienhold (n. 1950)
 H. G. Francis (n. 1936; Pseudonimul lui R. C. Quoos-Raabe)
 Colin Harvey (n. 1960)
 Ion Hobana (n. 1931)
 Sakyō Komatsu (n. 1931)
 Volker Krämer (n. 1955)
 Franz Kurowski (n. 1923)
 A. J. Merak (Pseudonimul lui John S. Glasby) (n. 1928)
 Theodore Roszak (n. 1933)
 Joanna Russ (n. 1937)
 William Sleator (n. 1945)
 Edward Wellen (n. 1919)
 Christa Wolf (n. 1929)

Cărți

Romane

Copiii cerului de Vernor Vinge
Vortex de Robert Charles Wilson

Colecții de povestiri

Povestiri

Filme

Filme TV

Seriale TV

Jocuri video

Premii
 Premiul Saturn
 Cel mai bun film SF: Planeta maimuțelor: Invazia
 Premiul Nebula pentru cel mai bun roman
 Among Others de Jo Walton
 Premiul Hugo pentru cel mai bun roman
Blackout/All Clear de Connie Willis

Note

Vezi și
 2011 în literatură

2011 în științifico-fantastic

2011 în științifico-fantastic


16725 Toudono este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
16725 Toudono este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Nanyo de Tomimaru Okuni. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,67 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 21,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 16001-17000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia  Hansa

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1996
Centura de asteroizi

16725 Toudono


(90140) Gómezdonet, denumire internațională (90140) Gomezdonet, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
90140 Gómezdonet este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Pla D'Arguines de Rafael Ferrando. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,38 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 6,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 90001-91000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

90140 Gómezdonet


Granvin Station (Granvin stasjon) var en jernbanestation i Norge, der var endestation for Hardangerbanen fra Voss. Den lå ved Eide i Granvin kommune, hvor Granvinselven løber ud i Granvinsfjorden, en arm af Hardangerfjorden.

Stationen åbnede 1. april 1935, da banen blev taget i brug. Den blev gjort ubemandet 2. juni 1985, da persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet. Banen blev nedlagt 1. marts 1988.

Stationsbygningen blev opført i 1935 efter tegninger af NSB Arkitektkontor. Den blev udvidet i 1950-1955 og revet ned i 2001.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Hardangerbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1935
Ophørt i 1988
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland

Granvin Station


Umjetnički nakit  je jedan od naziva koji se koriste za nakit izveden od strane autora koji djeluju bilo u okviru vlastitog bilo zajedničkog ateljea, te svoja djela u pravilu sami i izvode. U Njemačkoj i Italiji koristi se i   naziv autorski nakit.

Kao što i samo ime kaže radi se o nakitu kod kojeg je naglasak prije svega na kreativnosti i kvalitetno osmišljenom oblikovanju, ovaj nakit prije svega karakterizira nekonvencionalan izbor materijala, za razliku od klasičnih isključivo plemenitih materijala (poput zlata, srebra, platine, dragog i poludragog kamenja).Oblikovanje je ovog nakita u uskoj vezi za recentnim umjetničkim praksama.

Povijest umjetničkog nakita počinje četrdesetih godina dvadesetog stoljeća u SAD, te u poslijeratnoj Njemačkoj pedesetih godina. Danas je umjetnički nakit internacionalni fenomen - SAD, Europa, Australija, Kanada, Japan -   sve ove zemlje imaju danas živu i aktivnu scenu. Tu treba pribrojiti i neke južnoameričke zemlje kao i Južnoafričku Republiku. No korijeni produkcije umjetničkog nakita mogu se naći već u 19.stoljeću, prije svega u Art and Crafts pokretu.
U prethodnike umjetnički oblikovanog nakita svakako treba ubrojiti i Rene Laliquea, najvažnijeg oblikovatelja nakita u razdoblju secesije. Također je tu nezaobilazna i uloga Wiener Werkstatte i Josefa Hofmanna. Nepobitno je važno i djelovanje Alexandera Caldera, američkog apstraktnog kipara, koji je povremeno radio i nakit od mjedi, te srebra.

Treba naglasiti i da su neki od najznačajnih umjetnika 20. stoljeća povremeno radili i nakit, doduše najčešće su ga samo skicirali dok su realizaciju prepuštali drugima(, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Salvador Dali, Giorgio de Chirico, Man Ray).Nakit su radili i talijanski kipari Bruno Martinazzi te Gio i Arnaldo Pomodoro, no tek u razdoblju nakon 1950.

Može se na kraju reći da se, kako u svijetu tako i kod nas, u ovu kategoriju pokušava ugurati sve i svašta, prije svega klasičan zlatarski nakit kvazisuvremenog/kvaziumjetničkog oblikovanja, ali i najrazličitiji uradci od jeftinih materijala poput raznih perli ili recikliranih materijala.

Terminologija

Liesbeth den Besten, povjesničarka umjetnosti, identificirala je 6 osnovnih pojmova koji određuju umjetnički nakit, uključujući suvremenost, studijsku izradu, umjetnički osviješten, istraživački pristup, oblikovanje te isticanje autorstva. Kustosica Kelly L'Ecuyer definira u umjetničkim atelijerima nastao nakit, kao izdanak pokreta umjetničkih ateljea koji se bave zanatsvom, dodajući da se tu ne radi o nekoj određenoj vezanosti za neki stil već za okolnosti u kojima je objekt izrađen. Po njenoj definiciji, "Pripadnici pokreta u umjetničkim atelijerima nastalog nakita su neovisni umjetnici koji svoje odabrane materijale koriste za stvaranje unikatnih,ili u malim edicijama izrađenih komada nakita..... Oni su istovremeno i oni koji izrađuju nacrte za    predmete i oni koji ih izvode (iako im u određenim fazama izrade mogu pomagati i njihovi pripravnici,te pomoćnici),nakit izrađuju sami, u malim umjetničkim radionicama,ne rade ga tvornički."

Kritika dragocjenosti
Autori umjetničkog nakita često rade na kritičan, osviješten način, te u svom radu propituju pojmove poput "dragocjenog "i "nosivog"  - pojmove koji čine okosnicu proizvodnje konvencionalnog, dragocjenog nakita. Prvi su umjetnici umjetničkog nakita u početku također koristili skupocjene materijale, no uvijek su istinski umjetničku izražajnost postavljali kao ključnu odrednicu svog rada. Početkom šezdesetih godina 20.stoljeća počeli su koristiti nove, alternativna materijale, poput aluminija i plastike, prekidajući tako s prije spomenutim konvencionalizmom skupocjenosti i visoko precizne izrade kao primarne paradigme.

Važniji autori

Prije 1960.
Alexander Calder, Margaret de Patta,Peter Macchiarini ,Irene Brynner,John Paul Miller,Clare Falkenstein,Elisabeth Treskow,Art Smith,Sam Kramer

1960.-te
John Donald, Andrew Grima, Arnoldo Pomodoro;Klaus Ulrich, Gijs Bakker, Emmy Van Leersum, J. Fred Woell, Stanley Lechtzin, Eleanor Moty,Gerda Flöckinger, Emanuel Raft, Anton Cepka, Tone Vigeland,Olaf Skoogfors

1970.-te
Mario Pinton, Francesco Pavan, Gianpaolo Babetto, Bruno Martinazzi, Reinhold Reiling, David Watkins, Wendy Ramshaw, Claus Bury,Hermann Jünger
, Friedrich Becker, Yasuki Hiramatsu, Mary Lee Hu, Richard Mawdsley, Vratislav Karel Novak,Onno Boekhoudt,Peter Skubic

1980.-te
Daniel Kruger, Ramon Puig Cuyas ,Manfred Bischoff, Gerd Rothmann, Otto Kunzli, Arline Fisch, Robin Quigley, Joke Brakman,David LaPlantz,Edward de Large, Marion Herbst, Esther Knobel, Bruce Metcalf, Pierre Degen,Robert Baines

1990.-te
Michael Zobel, Angela Hube, Robert Smit, Roger Hutchinson

2000.-te
Peter Chang,Ted Noten,Naomi Filmer,Dinie Besems,Margaret Boden

Najvažnije europske galerije koje izlažu suvremeni nakit
Electrum Gallery London

Galerie Ra Amsterdam

Galerie Spektrum München

Umjetnički nakit u Hrvatskoj
U Hrvatskoj je početni razvoj umjetničkog nakita vezan uz malobrojne ali ipak postojeće radove Ive Kerdića i Tomislava Krizmana,te potom uz odjel za oblikovanje metala današnje zagrebačke škole primijenjene umjetnosti i dizajna (utemeljen 1956. godine – jedan od utemeljitelja  bio je poznati  zlatar, graver i medaljer Teodor Krivak).Naime upravo je iz ove ustanove potekla većina autora koji su djelovali, te danas djeluju kao autori umjetnički oblikovanog nakita kod nas(ovo je imalo i određeni negativni utjecaj jer većina naših autora nije uspjela svoj izraz izdići iznad oblikovnih paradigmi nastalih do 1975. – 1980.  godine ).

Broj onih koji su na ovu scenu došli iz uvjetno rečeno tradicionalnog zlatarstva znatno je manji( Stjepan Balja, Lazer Lumezi, Davor Bajec ,Julijana Rodić Ozimec,Mario Nokaj).

Svakako treba spomenuti i jedina naša 2 specijalistički visokoobrazovana oblikovatelja nakita- Nenada Robana i Luku Petrinjaka( školovani u Belgiji).

Danas dio autora kao jedino obrazovanje po pitanju umjetničke obrade metala ističe i tečajeve koje se održavaju u Pučkom otvorenom učilištu ili u ateljeu Lazera Lumezija.Određenu ulogu svakako ima i studij    sitne  plastike i  medaljerstva na  Akademiji likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu. Važan poticaj u promociji hrvatskog umjetničkog nakita imala je monografija Suvremeni umjetnički nakit u Hrvatskoj autora Marija Beusana (1944. – 2022.), objavljena 2008. u Zagrebu. Beusan je i sam bio oblikovatelj umjetničkog nakita u tehnici emajla, inače po školovanju arhitekt. Spomena je vrijedan i rad Vere Dajht-Kralj, kiparice koja je radila nakit u tehnici emajla na elektroformiranom bakru. Vrlo je važan i rad Aranka Njirić Varga te Jasenke Pavliše (1945. – 2012.), najznačajnijih predstavnica samoukih autora, obje su ove autorice, nažalost pokojne, samostalno formirale vlastiti izraz.

Spomenimo i neke od umjetnika koji su svoje ideje u realizaciji prepuštali majstorima zlatarima, poput Miroslava Šuteja(1936. – 2005. )  po čijim je nacrtima radio Stjepan Popek,ili Josipa Cmroka (1932. – 2012.) koji je surađivao s Božidarom Jakšićem. Ova je suradnja dakako pokazivala i klasične mane ovakvog načina rada – poput gubljenja neposrednosti pri realizaciji ideje od strane likovno prilično neosviještenog ali zanatski kvalitetnog majstora.

Na kraju treba spomenuti i ULUPUH-ovu Sekciju za oblikovanje plemenitih kovina i umjetničkog nakita, kao najvažniju strukovnu udrugu oblikovatelja umjetničkog nakita kod nas.

Dodatna literatura
Den Besten, Liesbeth, On Jewellery: A Compendium of International Contemporary Art Jewellery, Arnoldsche, 2011,
Dormer, Peter, and Turner, Ralph, The New Jewelry: Trends + Traditions, Thames & Hudson, 1985., revidirano izdanje 1994.
Sylvia Stephan: Das körperwiderständige Schmuckobjekt. Autorenschmuck in Europa seit den 1960er Jahren, Universität Tübingen, 2009
Astfalck, J; Broadhead, C and Derrez, P. (2005) New Directions in Jewellery. Black Dog Publishing.London
Cheung, L; Clarke, B and Clarke, I. (2006) New Directions in Jewellery II. Black Dog Publishing.London
 Ralph Turner: Jewelry in Europe and America. New Times, New Thinking, London 1996
 Barbara Cartlidge: Twentieth-Century Jewelry, New York 1985
 Peter Dormer, Helen Drutt: Jewelry of our Time: Art, Ornament and Obsession, New York 1995
 Susan Cohn (Hrsg.): Unexpected Pleasures: The Art and Design of Contemporary Jewelry, Rizzoli: New York, 2012
 Roberta Bernabei: Contemporary Jewellers: Interviews with European Artists, Berg: Oxford, New York, 2011
 Fritz Falk, "European Jewellery 1840-1940"
From the Collection of the Jewelry Museum of Pforzheim. Pforzheim 2003.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
  Art Jewelry Forum
  Klimt02: an initiative in the world of Jewellery today
 Association for Contemporary Jewellery
 Associazione Gioello Contemporaneo
Contemporary_American_Jewelry_Design_by_Ettagale_Blaue
 ULUPUH Sekcija za oblikovanje plemenitih kovina i umjetničkog nakita

Potrebna lektura
Potrebno popraviti stil pisanja
Potrebno wikipedizirati
Nakit

de:Autorenschmuck
en:Art jewelry

Umjetnički nakit


Kockasta vodenjača (ribarica, lat. Natrix tessellata), vrsta zmije iz porodice Natricidae. Većinu vremena provodi u vodi, u močvarama ili rijekama gdje se hrani ribama. U vodi može roniti do dva sata.

Najčešće je sivkaste ili smećkaste boje te ponekad žućkaste ili zelenkaste, s uzorciam pravilnih tamnih pjega koje su pravilno raspoređene po tijelu. Glava joj je malena i zašiljena. Ženka je od mužjaka veća, a naraste do 130 cm.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zmije

Kockasta vodenjača


Le Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart est la première encyclopédie sur l'histoire de la ville de Hanovre à nos jours. Il est publié en 2009 par  à Hanovre.

Les éditeurs sont les anciens directeurs de musée Klaus Mlynek () et Waldemar R. Röhrbein (), ainsi que Dirk Böttcher et Hugo Thielen. L'éditeur est .

Contenu
L'ouvrage de référence répertorie environ  individuels plus des termes de référence innombrables et quelques illustrations sur 703 pages. Les conditions naturelles et les conditions topographiques sont traitées ainsi que la politique, l'administration, l'économie, la société, la religion, la construction, la circulation, le droit, la culture, l'éducation et la science.

Les informations biographiques sur les individus et les familles entières sont extraites du lexique biographique hanovrien (HBL) et complétées par des individus nés ou décédés à Hanovre. Les immigrants qui ont apporté des contributions importantes à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur de la ville sont également inclus dans le lexique. Les liens avec l'histoire de la Basse-Saxe sont également pris en compte.

Le lexique est illustré par des images du .

L'annexe au lexique contient des instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser, une liste d'abréviations alphanumériques, une liste de la littérature abrégée citée et la liste des éditeurs et auteurs avec une courte biographie de chacun. Les auteurs du Stadtlexikon Hannover sont, entre autres, Eva Benz-Rababah, Dirk Böttcher, , Ines Katenhusen et .

Bibliographie
 Simon Benne: "Stadtlexikon Hannover": In aller Kürze alles. In: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung. 29. September 2009 (haz.de).
 Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.): Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Hannover 2009 .
 Besprechung: Rolf Kohlstedt in Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte Band 82, 2010, S. 153 f. (Digitalisat).

Liens externes

 Extraits du "City Lexicon Hanover", dans: Schaumburger Nachrichten

Histoire de Hanovre
Dictionnaire biographique

Stadtlexikon Hannover


Vitalianthus, rod mahovnjača jetrenjarki, isprva smatran brazilskim endemom, opisan tek 1993. godine s tek jednom vrstom, V. bischlerianus, da bi 2002. bila otkrivena još jedna vrsta, V. urubuensis. Godine 2012. otkrivena je i jedna vrsta u jugozapadnoj Kini u Autonomnoj regiji Guangxiju, po čemu je nazvana V. guangxianus. Posljednji predstavnik je V. aphanellus za koju se ispitivanjima 2015. godine ustanovilo da ne pripada rodu Microlejeunea gdje se vodila pod imenom Microlejeunea aphanella (Spruce) Stephani.

Vrste
 Vitalianthus aphanellus (Spruce) Bechteler, G.E. Lee, Schäf.-Verw. & Heinrichs, 2015 [2016]
 Vitalianthus bischlerianus (K. C. Pôrto & Grolle) R.M. Schust. & Giancotti, 1993
 Vitalianthus guangxianus R.L. Zhu, Qiong He & Y.M. Wei, 2012
 Vitalianthus urubuensis Zartman & I. L. Ackerman, 2002
izvori za vrste

Izvori

Lejeuneaceae

Vitalianthus


Some Kind of Monster, Amerikalı heavy metal grubu Metallica'nın 2004'te çıkardığı EP'nin adıdır.

Albümdeki şarkılar
 "Some Kind of Monster" (Hammett, Hetfield, Rock, Ulrich) – 8:27
 "The Four Horsemen" [canlı] (Hetfield, Mustaine, Ulrich) – 5:29
 "Damage Inc." [canlı] (Burton, Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:57
 "Leper Messiah" [canlı] (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 6:23
 "Motorbreath" [canlı] (Hetfield) – 3:11
 "Ride the Lightning" [canlı] (Burton, Hetfield, Mustaine, Ulrich) – 7:29
 "Hit the Lights" [canlı] (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:06
 "Some Kind of Monster" [düzenlenmiş] (Hammett, Hetfield, Rock, Ulrich) – 4:16

Grup
Grup
 James Hetfield - Gitar, Vokal
 Lars Ulrich - Davul
 Robert Trujillo - Bas
 Kirk Hammett - Gitar
 Bob Rock - Bas (sadece "Some Kind of Monster" şarkısında)
Prodüksiyon
 Bob Rock Metallica - Prodüktörler
 Mike Gillies, Bob Rock - Ses Mühendisleri
 Ted Jensen, George Marino, Vlado Meller - Mastering
 Matt Mahurin - Kapak ilüstrasyonu
 Mike Gillies - Dijital Mühendis
 Bob Rock - Miksaj
 Kathleen Philpott - Dizayn

2004 albümleri
Metallica albümleri
İngilizce albümler

Some Kind of Monster


Herodotus ist ein Einschlagkrater auf der nordwestlichen Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Oceanus Procellarum. Er liegt unmittelbar westlich des auffälligen Strahlenkraters Aristarchus.

Nördlich von Herodotus verläuft das Vallis Schröteri, ein anfangs 10 km breites, gewundenes Mondtal, das zunächst Richtung Norden verläuft, dann nach Nordwesten und schließlich nach Südwesten verläuft.

Der Krater selbst ist im Inneren überflutet, der Kraterrand ist erodiert.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem griechischen Historiker Herodot offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Herodotus auf The-Moon Wiki
 Spektrum.de: Amateuraufnahmen

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Herodot als Namensgeber

Herodotus (Mondkrater)


Knjige u 2014. godini.

Stranica obuhvaća samo važne odnosno značajne umjetničke, znanstvene, kronike, zakonske i sl. knjige.
Obuhvaća i ako je objavljen prijevod i/ili pretisak nakon više desetljeća, stoljeća i tisućljeća.
Može se posebno navesti kad je napisana i kad je objavljena, jer nije rijetko veliko vremensko odstupanje dok je važna knjiga bila samo u rukopisu do vremena tiskane objave.

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

1, 2, 3, ...
 100 % pamuk, Ivana Bodrožić. Nakladnik: V.B.Z. Beletristika.
 1914. – 1918., Povijest Prvog svjetskog rata, David Stevenson. Prevoditelj: Vuk Perišić. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 992. Povijest i politika.
 39 dana lipnja, Teofil Pančić. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 128. Beletristika.

A
 A onda je Božo krenuo ispočetka, Marina Vujčić. Nakladnik: Hena com. Broj stranica: 216. Beletristika.
 Abeceda nestajanja, Robert Vrbnjak. Nakladnik: Dušević & Kršovnik. Broj stranica: 128. Beletristika.
 Accabadora, Michela Murgia. Nakladnik: Hena com. Broj stranica: 188. Beletristika.
 Agnesina ispovijed, Hannah Kent. Prevoditelj: Ivana Jandras Szekeres. Nakladnik: Znanje. Broj stranica: 320.
 Aida, Sami Michael. Prevoditelj: Laila Šprajc. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 320. Beletristika.
 Alex, Pierre Lemaitre. Prevoditelj: Divina Marion. Nakladnik: Fokus komunikacije. Broj stranica: 328. Krimići i trileri.
 Alikvot, Jasna Horvat. Nakladnik: Algoritam. Broj stranica: 375. Beletristika. Povijesni romani, Ljubavni romani.
 Ali i Nino, Kurban Said. Prevoditelj: Mladen Janković. Nakladnik: Opus Gradna. Broj stranica: 249. Beletristika. Povijesni romani, Ljubavni romani.
 Allahove kćeri, Nedim Gürsel. Prevoditelj: Marko Kalpic. Nakladnik: Naklada Ljevak. Broj stranica: 307. Beletristika.
 Anatomija jedne pobune, Javier Cercas. Prevoditelj: Silvana Roglić. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 416. Beletristika.
 Angela Merkel: Kancelarka i njezin svijet, Stefan Kornelius. Prevoditelj: Boris Perić. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 288.  Biografije i memoari.
 Antiatlas, Jasna Horvat. Nakladnik: Naklada Ljevak. Broj stranica: 452. Eseji. Putopisi.
 Argentinski roman, Drago Pilsel. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 248.  Biografije i memoari.
 Arkana Fausta Vrančića Šibenčanina, Omer Rak. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 416. Beletristika.

B
 Balada o zvjezdanom moru, Marica Bodrožić. Prevoditelj: Anda Bukvić. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 256. Beletristika.
 Balkansko brvno, Aleš Debeljak. Prevoditelj: Jagna Pogačnik. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 280. Eseji.
 Bengalska noć, Mircea Eliade. Prevoditelji: Luca-Ioan Frana i Ivana Olujić. Nakladnik: Disput. Broj stranica: 208. Beletristika. Ljubavni romani.
 Bez ljubavi i mržnje, Larí Marí. Nakladnik: Naklada Ljevak. Broj stranica: 368. Duhovna literatura i Self-Help.
 Bezbojni Tsukuru Tazaki i njegove godine hodočašća, Haruki Murakami. Prevoditelj: Maja Šoljan. Nakladnik: Vuković & Runjić. Broj stranica: 318.  Beletristika. Ljubavni romani.
 Bijeli vlak na nebu moga grada, Veronika Santo. Nakladnik: Matica hrvatska Bizovac. Broj stranica: 260. Horor, fantastika i SF.
 Bio sam Hitlerov omladinac Salomon, Salomon Perel. Prevoditelj: Boris Perić. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 326. Biografije i memoari.
 Blue Moon, Damir Karakaš. Nakladnik: Sandorf. Broj stranica: 128. Beletristika.
 Bog podzemlja, Ursula Poznanski. Nakladnik: Znanje. Broj stranica: 360. Horor, fantastika i SF.
 Božji gnjev, Josip Mlakić. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 240. Beletristika.
 Bračni zaplet, Jeffrey Eugenides. Prevoditelj: Marina Horkić. Nakladnik: V.B.Z. Broj stranica: 380.  Beletristika.
 Brbljava kornjača, Kašmir Huseinović, Andrea Petrlik Huseinović. Nakladnik: Kašmir promet/Dječja knjiga. Broj stranica: 32. Slikovnice, Dječje knjige.
 Brdo, Ivica Prtenjača. Nakladnik: V.B.Z. Broj stranica: 148.  Beletristika.
 Bridget Jones: Luda za njim, Helen Fielding. Prevoditelj: Duška Gerić Koren. Nakladnik: Lumen izdavaštvo. Broj stranica: 400. Beletristika.
 Budite odvažni i činite velike stvari, Brené Brown. Prevoditelj: Radha Rojc-Belčec. Nakladnik: V.B.Z. Broj stranica: 240. Duhovna literatura i Self-Help.

C
 Café Hyena, Jana Beňová. Nakladnik: Hena com. Broj stranica: 142. Beletristika.
 Circle, Dave Eggers. Prevoditelj: Andy Jelčić. Nakladnik: Vuković & Runjić. Broj stranica: 448. Horor, fantastika i SF.
 Cjediljka za perfekt, Branislav Glumac. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 320. Biografije i memoari.
 Crvena kao krv, Salla Simukka. Prevoditelj: Jana Merlin. Nakladnik: Znanje. Broj stranica: 264. Krimići i trileri, Literatura za mlade.

Č
 Čarobna kost, C. J. Sansom. Prevoditelj: Mate Maras. Nakladnik: Znanje. Broj stranica: 624. Povijesni romani.

G
 Glazbena trilogija, Dalibor Cikojević. Izdavač:LEYKAM INTERNATIONAL D.O.O., Zagreb.

H
 Hamletmašina, Heiner Müller. Prevoditelj: Vlado Obad. Nakladnik: Fraktura. Broj stranica: 224. Drame.

M
 Ma koji život, ma koji teatar, Mani Gotovac. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 500. Umjetnost, arhitektura, dizajn, Biografije i memoari.

P
 Pouzdan izvor, Merita Arslani. Nakladnik: Naklada Ljevak. Broj stranica: 136.  Krimići i trileri.
 Prava istina o psihijatriji, Robert Torre. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 301. Medicina.
 Prirodno bez glutena, Jadranka Boban Pejić. Izdavač: Planetopija. Broj stranica: 142. Kuharice.

T
 Timi Promašaj : Pogreške se događaju, Stephan Pastis. Prijevod: Andrea Bagović. Nakladnik: Profil. 294 str.,

U
 Umri ženski, Marina Vujčić. Nakladnik: Hena com. Broj stranica: 260. Drame.

Z
 Zemlja otaca, Nina Bunjevac. Prevoditelj: Saša Drach. Nakladnik: 2x2: Broj stranica: 160. Strip.
 Zen strogo povjerljivo, Shozan Jack Haubner. Nakladnik: Planetopija. Broj stranica: 276. Biografije i memoari.
 Zimsko drvo, Ellen Mattson. Prevoditelj: Željka Černok. Nakladnik: Disput. Broj stranica: 408. Biografije i memoari.
 Zmijsko leglo, Andrea Camilleri. Nakladnik: Profil. Broj stranica: 266. Krimići i trileri.

Svijet
 Ljubav u doba kokaina, Simonida Milojković. Izdavač: LAGUNA, BEOGRAD.
 Sačekuša 2: Vladavina metka, Predrag Jeremić. Izdavač: Vuk PS. Broj stranica: 199. Pismo: Latinica.

Izvori

Godine 21. stoljeća
2014.

Knjige u 2014.


Programlanabilir salt okunur bellek (PROM - programmable read-only memory) veya yerinde programlanabilir salt okunur bellek (FPROM - field programmable read-only memory) her bir bit'in ayarının bir sigorta (fuse) veya antifuse tarafından kilitlendiği bir çeşit sayısal hafızadır. Bu tür PROM'lar programları kalıcı olarak saklamakta kullanılır. Bunlara bilgisayar oyunlarında veya elektronik sözlükler gibi değişik diller için farklı PROM'ların kullanıldığı ürünlerde sıklıkla rastlarız.

Programlama

PROM'lar tipik olarak bütün bit'leri 1 değeri almış vaziyette piyasaya sunulur. Programlama esnasında bir sigorta yanması, bit değerinin 0 olması sonucunu doğurur. Üretildikten sonra hafıza, sigortaları (bir PROM üfleyici kullanılarak) üfleme yoluyla sadece bir kere programlanabilir ve bu geri alınamaz bir işlemdir. Bir sigortayı üflemek bir bağlantıyı açar, antifuse'u üflemek ise bir bağlantıyı kapatır. Programlama, normal çalışma koşullarında karşılaşılmayan yüksek voltaj darbeleri (genellikle 12 ile 24 volt arası) gerçekleştirilir. Salt okunabilir ifadesinin anlamı, üzerindeki programın konvansiyonel hafızanın aksine, kullanıcı tarafından (en azından nihai kullanıcı tarafından) değiştirilemiyor olmasıdır.

Avantajları:

• Güvenilir

•	Verileri kalıcı olarak saklar

•	Makul fiyatlıdır

•	Ayrık bileşenler yerine entegre devreler kullanılarak üretilir

•	Hızlıdır: hızı 35ns ile 60ns arasındadır.

Buluş

PROM Garden City, New York'ta Amerikan Bosch Arma Şirketinin Arma Grubunda çalışan Wen Tsing Chow tarafından 1956 yılında icat edildi. Buluşla sonuçlanan çalışma ise, Atlas E/F ICBM'lerin hedef değişmezlerini havada kullandıkları dijital bilgisayarlarında daha esnek ve güvenli bir biçimde saklamak isteyen Birleşik Devletler Hava Kuvvetleri'nin (United States Air Force) bir talebiyle başlamıştı. Atlas E/F Birleşik Devletler'in ICBM gücünün ana operasyon füzesi olduğu için bu konuda alınan patent ve ilgili teknoloji uzun yıllar boyunca gizlilikle saklandı. PROM'u programlamak anlamında kullanılan yakmak (burn) ifadesi orijinal patentte de aynı şekilde yer almaktadır, çünkü ilk uygulama şekillerinden birinde, akımı kesintiye uğratabilmek için diyotların iç çubukları yüksek akım verilerek kelimenin tam anlamı ile yakılıyordu. İlk PROM programlama cihazları da Mr. Chow'un idaresi altındaki Arma mühendisleri tarafından üretildi ve Arma'nın Garden City laboratuvarına ve Hava Kuvvetleri Stratejik Hava Komutanlığı karargahına (Strategic Air Command - SAC) yerleştirildi.

Bellekler

Programlanabilir salt okunur bellek


Dacia Maraini (d. 13 Kasım 1936 - Fiesole, İtalya) İtalyan yazarı.

Yaşamı
Annesi, Salaparuta'lı (Sicilya) aristokrat Alliata ailesinden sanatçı Topazia Alliata; babası, kökeni Ticino, Birleşik Krallık ve Polonya'ya uzanan, özellikle Tibet ve Japonya hakkında yazmış olan Floransalı etnolog ve dağcı Fosco Maraini'dir. Maraini, kadın sorunlarına yoğunlaştığı çok sayıda oyun ve roman yazmış ve eserleriyle birçok ödül kazanmıştır. Ödülleri arasında, L'età del malessere (1963) ile kazandığı Formentor Ödülü, Isolina (1985) ile kazandığı Fregene Ödülü, La lunga vita di Marianna Ucrìa (1990) ile kazandığı Campiello Ödülü (İtalya'da yılın kitabı ödülü), Buio ile kazandığı Strega Ödülü sayılabilir.

Daha küçük bir çocukken, İtalyan Faşizminden kaçmak için 1938 yılında ailesiyle birlikte Japonya'ya taşındı. Askerî hükûmeti tanımayı reddettikleri için 1943 yılından 1947 yılına kadar bir Japon toplama kampında esir tutuldular. Savaştan sonra İtalya'ya dönen aile, Maraini'nin annesinin ailesinin yanına, Sicilya'da Palermo'ya bağlı Bagheria kasabasına yerleşti.

Kısa süre sonra annesiyle babası ayrılınca, babası Roma'ya yerleşti. Birkaç yıl sonra on sekiz yaşına gelen Maraini de babasının yanına Roma'ya gitti.

Milanolu ressam Lucio Pozzi ile evlendi, ancak dört yıl sonra eşinden ayrıldı. 1962'den 1983'e kadar yazar Alberto Moravia ile birlikte yaşadı.

1966 yılında Maraini, Moravia ve Enzo Siciliano, Porcospino (Kirpi) tiyatro kumpanyasını kurdular; amaçları, yeni İtalyan oyunlarını sahneye koymaktı. Sergiledikleri oyunlar arasında Maraini'nin La famiglia normale, Moravia'nın L'intervista ve Siciliano'nun Tazza adlı eserlerinin yanı sıra, Carlo Emilio Gadda, Goffredo Parisi, Juan Rodolfo Wilcock ve Tornabuoni'nin oyunları da vardır.

Maraini, 1973 yılında yalnız kadınlar tarafından yürütülen Teatro della Maddalena'nın kuruluşuna yardımcı oldu.

Eserleri
 1962 - La vacanza
 1963 - L'età del malessere (Formentor Ödülü).
 1973 - Memorie di una ladra.
 1974 - Donne mie (şiir).
 1975 - Donna in guerra.
 1975 - Maria Stuarda.
 1978 - Mangiami pure (şiir).
 1978 - Stravaganza.
 1985 - Isolina (Fregene Ödülü).
 1990 - La lunga vita di Marianna Ucrìa (Campiello Ödülü, İtalya'da yılın kitabı ödülü).
 1991 - Viaggiando con passo di volpe (Aldığı ödüller: 1991 Mediterraneo ve 1992 Città delle penne).
 1991 - Veronica, meretrice e scrittora.
 1993 - Bagheria.
 1994 - Voci (Ödülleri: Napoli 1995, Sibilla Aleramo 1995).
 1997 - Dolce per sé.
 1998 - Se amando troppo.
 1999 - Buio (1999 Strega Ödülü).
 2000 - Fare teatro (1966-2000).
 2004 - Colomba.

Türkçede Maraini
 Donna in guerra (Torino: Einaudi, 1975).
 Kadın Savaşıyor, çev. Semin Sayıt (İstanbul: Can, 1996).
 Voci (Milano: Bompiani, 1994).
 Sesler, çev. Semin Sayıt (İstanbul: İnkılap, 2002).
 Buio (Milano: Rizzoli, 1999).
 Karanlık, çev. Semin Sayıt (İstanbul: İnkılap, 1999).

Özgün Başlığı Saptanamayanlar
 Sokak Kızı, çev. Ayla Özveren (İstanbul: Hürriyet, 1972).

Dış bağlantılar
 Dacia Maraini'nin resmî internet sitesi (İtalyanca)

1936 doğumlular
20. yüzyıl İtalyan yazarları
21. yüzyıl İtalyan yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar

Dacia Maraini


Johann Albrecht Bengel (24 June 1687 – 2 November 1752), also known as Bengelius, was a Lutheran pietist clergyman and Greek-language scholar known for his edition of the Greek New Testament and his commentaries on it.

Life and career
Bengel was born at Winnenden in Württemberg. Due to the death of his father in 1693, he was educated by a family friend, David Wendel Spindler, who became a master in the gymnasium at Stuttgart. In 1703 Bengel left Stuttgart and entered the University of Tübingen as a student at the Tübinger Stift, where, in his spare time, he devoted himself especially to the works of Aristotle and Spinoza, and, in theology, to those of Philipp Spener, Johann Arndt and August Francke. His knowledge of the metaphysics of Spinoza was such that he was selected by one of the professors to prepare materials for a treatise, De Spinosismo, which was afterwards published.

After acquiring his degree, Bengel devoted himself to theology. Even at this time he had religious doubts; it is interesting in view of his later work that one cause of his perplexities was the difficulty of ascertaining the true reading of certain passages in the Greek New Testament. Bengel entered the ministry in 1707 and was appointed to the parochial charge of Metzingen-unter-Urach. In the following year he was recalled to Tübingen to undertake the office of Repetent (theological tutor).

He remained at Tübingen until 1713, when he was appointed head of a seminary recently established at Denkendorf as a preparatory school of theology. Before entering into his new duties he travelled through the greater part of Germany, studying the systems of education which were in use, and visiting the seminaries of the Jesuits as well as those of the Lutheran and Reformed churches. Among other places he went to Heidelberg and Halle, and had his attention directed at Heidelberg to the canons of scripture criticism published by Gerhard von Maastricht, and at Halle to Campeius Vitringa's Anacrisis ad Apocalypsin. The influence exerted by these upon his theological studies is manifest in some of his works.

For 28 years, from 1713 to 1741, he was master () of the Klosterschule at Denkendorf, a seminary for candidates for the ministry established in a former monastery of the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre. To these years, the period of his greatest intellectual activity, belong many of his chief works.

In 1741 he was appointed prelate (i.e. general superintendent) at Herbrechtingen, where he remained until 1749, when he was raised to the dignity of consistorial counsellor and prelate of Alpirsbach, with a residence in Stuttgart. He devoted himself to the discharge of his duties as a member of the consistory. A question of considerable difficulty was at that time occupying the attention of the church courts: the manner in which those who separated themselves from the church were to be dealt with, and the amount of toleration which should be accorded to meetings held in private houses for the purpose of religious edification. The civil power (the Duke of Württemberg was a Roman Catholic) was disposed to have recourse to measures of repression, while the members of the consistory, recognizing the good effects of such meetings, were inclined to concede considerable liberty. Bengel exerted himself on the side of the members of the consistory. In 1751 the University of Tübingen conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He died in Stuttgart, aged 65.

Bengel carried on an 18-year-long controversy with Nicolaus Ludwig, Count von Zinzendorf, leader of the Moravian Brethren from Herrnhut in Saxony. This led to a break between the Moravian Brethren and the dour Pietism typical of Württemberg, represented by Bengel. With his determined certainty giving him systematic insight into the divine Plan of Salvation, Bengel dogmatically opposed the dynamic, ecumenical, missionary efforts of Zinzendorf, who was indifferent to all dogmatism and intolerance. As Bengel did not hesitate to manipulate historical calendars in his chiliastic attempts to predict the end of the world, Zinzendorf rejected this as superstitious  "interpretation of signs."

His reputation as a Biblical scholar and critic rests chiefly on his edition of the Greek New Testament (1734) and his exegetical annotations on the same, which have passed through many editions in Latin, German, and English and are still highly valued by expositors of the New Testament.

Greek New Testament

Bengel's edition of the Greek New Testament was published at Tübingen in 1734, and at Stuttgart in the same year, but without the critical apparatus. As early as 1725, in an addition to his edition of Chrysostoms De Sacerdotio, he had given an account in his Prodromus Novi Testamenti Graeci recte cauteque adornandi of the principles on which his intended edition was to be based. In preparation for his work, Bengel was able to avail himself of the collations of upwards of twenty manuscripts, none of them, however, of great importance, twelve of which had been collated by himself. In constituting the text, he imposed upon himself the singular restriction of not inserting any variant reading which had not already been printed in some preceding edition of the Greek text. From this rule, however, he deviated in the case of the Apocalypse, where, owing to the corrupt state of the text, he felt himself at liberty to introduce certain readings on manuscript authority. In the lower margin of the page he inserted a selection of various readings, the relative importance of which he denoted by the first five letters of the Greek alphabet in the following manner: α was employed to denote the reading which in his judgment was the true one, although he did not venture to place it in the text; β, a reading better than that in the text; γ, one equal to the textual reading; and δ, readings inferior to those in the text. Robert Estienne's division into verses was retained in the inner margin, but the text was divided into paragraphs.

The text was followed by a critical apparatus, the first part of which consisted of an introduction to the criticism of the New Testament, in the thirty-fourth section of which he laid down and explained his celebrated canon, Proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua (The difficult reading is to be preferred to that which is easy), the soundness of which, as a general principle, has been recognized by succeeding critics. The second part of the critical apparatus was devoted to a consideration of the various readings, and here Bengel adopted the plan of stating the evidence both against and in favor of a particular reading, thus placing before the reader the materials for forming a judgment. Bengel was the first definitely to propound the theory of families or recensions of manuscripts.

His investigations had led him to see that a certain affinity or resemblance existed amongst many of the authorities for the Greek text manuscripts, versions, and ecclesiastical writers: for example, if a peculiar reading was found in one of these, it was generally also found in the other members of the same class; and this general relationship seemed to point ultimately to a common origin for all the authorities which presented such peculiarities. Although disposed at first to divide the various documents into three classes, he finally adopted a classification into two: the African or older family of documents, and the Asiatic, or more recent class, to which he attached only a subordinate value. The theory was afterwards adopted by J.S. Semler and J.J. Griesbach, and worked up into an elaborate system by the latter critic.

Bengel's labors on the text of the Greek Testament were received with great disfavour in many quarters. Like Brian Walton and John Mill before him, he had to encounter the opposition of those who believed that the certainty of the word of God was endangered by the importance attached to the various readings. JJ Wetstein, on the other hand, accused him of excessive caution in not making freer use of his critical materials. In answer to these strictures, Bengel published a Defence of the Greek Text of His New Testament, which he prefixed to his Harmony of the Four Gospels, published in 1736, and which contained an answer to the complaints, especially of Wetstein, which had been made against him.

The text of Bengel long enjoyed a high reputation among scholars, and has been frequently reprinted. An enlarged edition of the critical apparatus was published by Philip David Burk in 1763.

Gnomon Novi Testamenti
The other great work of Bengel, and that on which his reputation as an exegete is mainly based, is his Gnomon Novi Testamenti, or Exegetical Annotations on the New Testament, published in 1742. It was the fruit of twenty years labor, and exhibits with a brevity of expression, which, it has been said, condenses more matter into a line than can be extracted from pages of other writers, the results of his study. He modestly entitled his work a Gnomon or index, his object being rather to guide the reader to ascertain the meaning for himself, than to save him from the trouble of personal investigation. The principles of interpretation on which he proceeded were, to import nothing into Scripture, but to draw out of it everything that it really contained, in conformity with grammatico-historical rules not to be hampered by dogmatical considerations; and not to be influenced by the symbolical books. Bengel's hope that the Gnomon would help to rekindle a fresh interest in the study of the New Testament was fully realized. It has passed through many editions, has been translated into German and into English (by Charlton T. Lewis and Marvin Vincent in 1860), and is still valued by expositors of the New Testament. Methodist founder John Wesley made great use of it in compiling his Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament (1755), despite an initial inclination towards "consulting none but the inspired writers".

Besides the two works already described, Bengel was the editor or author of many others, classical, patristic, ecclesiastical and expository. The more important are: Ordo Temporum, a treatise on the chronology of Scripture, in which he enters upon speculations regarding the end of the world, and an Exposition of the Apocalypse which enjoyed for a time great popularity in Germany, and was translated into several languages. His fame was such that almost 200 years later, Hermann Hesse has the hero of The Glass Bead Game discuss Bengel's writings.

Chiliastic views
Bengel's meticulous study of the Bible led him to believe that dates and time periods were related, all the way through from Genesis to Revelation, bringing him to the conclusion that June 18, 1836 would witness the start of the Millennium, to include the fall of the Antichrist, which he believed to be the Roman Catholic Church, the conversion of the Jews, the reign of Christ for 1000 years as promised in Revelation 20, and the final judgement.

Bengel's calculations regarding a date for the return of Christ and the end-times influenced not only his contemporary, John Wesley, but also Johann Heinrich Jung-Stilling, whose inclusion of Bengel's date into his famous novel, Das Heimweh (Homesickness or Nostalgia) inspired many German Pietists at the time to emigrate towards the east, where they sought safety until Christ's return. The great German theologian, inventor and astronomer, Philipp Matthäus Hahn, [1739 - 1790] constructed an astronomical clock inspired by Bengel's eschatological calculations, and his granddaughter, Pauline Beate, was to marry Christoph Hoffmann, the founder of the Adventist group, the German Templers.

Bengel's date for the Second Coming and the final judgement were largely unknown by the English speaking Adventists during the early 19th century, partly due to the fact that he wrote in Latin, which was translated into German, and partly overshadowed by the popular writings of William Miller and his projected date of 1844.

References

Further reading
Oskar Wächter, J. A. Bengels Lebensabriss
John C. F. Burk, ed., A memoir of the life and writings of John Albert Bengel (), translated into English by Rev. R. F. Walker (London, 1837 and 1842)
Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie
E. Nestle, Bengel als Gelehrter (1893)
 Werner Raupp: "Bengel, Johann Albrecht", in: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL), vol. 22, Nordhausen: Bautz 2003 (), kol. 84–110 (with detailed bibliography).
 Werner Raupp: "Bengel, Johann Albrecht (1687–1752)", in: Heiner F. Klemme, Manfred Kuehn (Hrsg.), The Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers, vol. 1. London/New York 2010, p. 92–95.

External links

 Gnomon Novi Testamenti Vol. 1. (English translation, covering Matthew and Mark.)
 Gnomon Novi Testamenti Vol. 2. (English translation, covering Luke, John, and Acts.)
 Gnomon Novi Testamenti Vol. 3. (English translation, covering Romans, I Corinthians, and II Corinthians.)
 Gnomon Novi Testamenti Vol. 4. (English translation, covering Galatians through Hebrews.)
 Gnomon Novi Testamenti Vol. 5. (English translation, covering the Catholic Epistles and Revelation.)
 Novum Testamentum Graecum, 1734  (Greek text with Latin introduction)
 Exposition of the Apocalypse (English translation)
 A Memoir of the Life and Writings of John Albert Bengel (English translation)

1687 births
1752 deaths
18th-century apocalypticists
18th-century German Protestant theologians
18th-century German male writers
Doctors of Divinity
Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg
German biblical scholars
German Lutheran theologians
German male non-fiction writers
People from the Duchy of Württemberg
People from Winnenden
Textual scholarship
University of Tübingen alumni
Lutheran biblical scholars

Johann Albrecht Bengel


Cet article relate le parcours de l'équipe d'Arabie saoudite de football lors de la Coupe du monde de football 2022 organisée au Qatar du 20 novembre au 18 décembre 2022.

Qualifications

Deuxième tour

|}

Troisième tour

|}

Préparation

Matchs de préparation à la Coupe du monde
Liste détaillée des matches de l'Arabie Saoudite depuis sa qualification à la Coupe du monde :

Match amicaux

Effectif
L'effectif de l'Arabie saoudite, est dévoilé le .

Compétition

Format et tirage au sort
Le tirage au sort de la Coupe du monde a lieu le vendredi  au Centre des expositions à Doha. C'est le classement de mars qui est pris en compte, la sélection se classe  du classement FIFA, qui est placée dans le chapeau 4.

Premier tour - Groupe C

Argentine - Arabie saoudite

Pologne - Arabie saoudite

Arabie saoudite - Mexique

Statistiques

Temps de jeu

Buteurs

Passeurs décisifs

Notes et références

2022
Arabie saoudite
Sport en Arabie saoudite en 2022

Équipe d'Arabie saoudite de football à la Coupe du monde 2022


Strømsgodset er norskt knattspyrnulið frá Drammen. Heimavöllur félagsins heitir Marienlyst Stadion.

Leikmenn

Leikmannahópur

Norsk knattspyrnufélög
stofnað 1907

Strømsgodset IF


Le Noël des petits santons est une chanson d'Alibert avec des paroles de René Sarvil et une musique d'Hippolyte Ackermans. Cette chanson est enregistrée chez Pathé le  avec un arrangement d'orchestre de Georges Sellers. Elle est également interprétée par Tino Rossi et Ginette Garcin.

Liens externes
 Le Noël des petits santons sur YouTube

Chanson française
Chanson de 1935

Le Noël des petits santons


كفر برا هي قرية تقع في منطقة المثلث الجنوبي بالقرب من جلجولية تقع تحت منطقة نفوذ مساحتها 2,400 دونم. تم الإعلان عنها كسلطة محلية سنة 1963م.

السكان والعائلات
حسب آخر الإحصائيات يبلغ عدد سكانها (3,500 نسمة)، يكبر سكان كفر برا في نسبة تتراوح 5% وسكانها من العرب المسلمون. وفي عام 2021، بلغ عدد السكان 3,856 نسمة، 1,926 ذكر و1,930 أنثى. 99.9% من السكان هم عرب، وجميع العرب هم مسلمون.

الاقتصاد
تدرج كفر برا من ناحية اقتصادية بدرجة وسطى معدل دخل الفرد 4,321 شيكل إسرائيلي جديد. وبحسب إحصائيات عام 2021، كان الراتب المتوسط في الشهر للرجل هو 8,265 شاقل و 5,109 شاقل للأنثى.

المؤسسات
يوجد في القرية مركز جماهيري وبيت مسنين ومركز شبيب. وفيها ثلاثة مساجد ومكتبة عامة وبريد ومركز رعاية الأم والطفل وعيادتان. بالإضافة إلى ملعب كرة قدم تم تدشينه مؤخراً ومنتزه صغير يحوي على ألعاب. وملعب كرة قدم كبير (ملعب النصر) تم افتتاحه مجدداً.

مستوطنات
أقيمت مستوطنة أورنيت على جزء من أراضي القرية.

المدارس
يوجد في كفر برا مدرستين:
 مدرسة عمر بن الخطاب الابتدائية، يتراوح عدد طلابها نحو (700 طالب).
 مدرسة كفر برا الشاملة الإعدادية، فتحت في العام الدراسي (2009-2010) وعدد طلابها يتراوح من (250-300) طالب.

وفي سنة 2021، اصبح هنالك 3 مدارس في البلدة، تحتوي على 40 صفًا. وتضُم 671 طالبًا وطالبة. وبلغت نسبة المؤهلين لشهادة الثانوية العامة (شهادة بجروت) إلى 68.7%.

مراجع

المثلث (إسرائيل)
المنطقة الوسطى (إسرائيل)
بلدات عربية في إسرائيل
قرى عربية في إسرائيل
مجالس محلية في المنطقة الوسطى (إسرائيل)
مجالس محلية في إسرائيل

كفر برا


Borova (, , Borovaïa), littéralement « de la pinède », est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Kharkiv, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021.

Située sur la rive est de la rivière Oskol, Borova est capturée en avril 2022, par les forces russes lors de la bataille d'Izioum au cours de leur invasion de l'Ukraine. Elle est reprise par les troupes ukrainiennes le 3 octobre de la même année, dans le sillage de leur contre-offensive lancée fin août.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Kharkiv

Borova (oblast de Kharkiv)


Cornel Popa se poate referi la:

Cornel Popa (fotbalist)
Cornel Popa (politician)
Cornel Popa (regizor) (n. 1932)

Cornel Popa


Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale, surnommée Big Edie, née le  et morte le , était une personnalité mondaine et une chanteuse américaine, connue pour l'excentricité de son style de vie et son goût de la solitude. Elle était la tante de Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis. Sa vie, notamment sa relation avec sa fille Edith Bouvier Beale, sont le sujet du documentaire Grey Gardens (1975) réalisé par Albert et David Maysles.

Biographie
Les parents d'Edith Bouvier Beale étaient Maude Frances Sergeant et John Vernou Bouvier Jr., les grands-parents paternels de Jacqueline Kennedy-Onassis. Ses frères et sœurs étaient John Vernou Bouvier III (1891-1957), William Sergeant "Bud" Bouvier (1893-1929), décédé prématurément du fait d'une addiction à l'alcool, ainsi que les sœurs jumelles Maude Reppelin Bouvier Davis (1905-1999) et Michelle Caroline Bouvier Scott Putnam (1905-1987).

Edith Beale poursuivit une carrière de chanteuse amateur. En 1917, elle épousa l'avocat et financier Phelan Beale, qui travaillait dans le cabinet d'avocats de son père, Bouvier and Beale. Le mariage donna lieu à une somptueuse cérémonie catholique, célébrée dans Cathédrale Saint-Patrick de New York. Le couple habitait au 987 Madison Avenue, où se trouve aujourd'hui l'hôtel Carlyle. Trois enfant naquirent de cette union : une fille, Edith, surnommée « Little Edie », (1917-2002), et deux garçons, Phelan Beale Jr. (1920-1993) et Bouvier Beale (1922-1994).

En 1923, Phelan Beale acheta le manoir Grey Gardens, situé dans le quartier Georgica à East Hampton, à un pâté de maisons de l'océan Atlantique. Après la séparation du couple, en 1931, Edith conserva Grey Gardens. Elle reçut une aide pour ses enfants mais aucune véritable pension alimentaire. Elle poursuivit sa carrière de chanteuse, donnant des récitals à son domicile et lors de réceptions locales. Ses fils firent des études universitaires et participèrent à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. À cette époque, ils avaient déjà fondé un foyer. En 1946, Phelan Beale informa Edith de leur divorce par un télégramme expédié du Mexique. En juillet 1952, la fille aînée du couple revint vivre à Grey Gardens après cinq années passées à Manhattan.

En octobre 1971, la police, alertée, se rendit sur les lieux et découvrit une maison "pleine de détritus, d'odeurs de chats et en violation de diverses ordonnances locales ». Le conseil de santé du comté de Suffolk, à New York, se prépara à expulser Edith Bouvier Beale et "Little Edie" en raison de l'insalubrité de la propriété. La famille Beale réagit et paya  pour rénover la propriété, régler l'arriéré d'impôt et verser une allocation aux deux femmes, dont les revenus provenant d'un fonds en fiducie étaient épuisés depuis quelques années. La procédure d'expulsion fut abandonnée.

En 1972, la nièce d'Edith Beale et sœur cadette de Jacqueline Kennedy, Lee Radziwill, commanda aux réalisateurs Albert et David Maysles un film documentaire consacré à la famille Bouvier. Au début, ils filmèrent Edith Beale et "Little Eddie". Le projet n'alla pas à son terme mais Lee conserva les séquences filmées.

Cependant, les frères Maysles avaient été fascinés par le mode de vie totalement original des deux femmes. Après avoir réuni les fonds nécessaires à la reprise du film, et avec leur propre équipement, ils revinrent sur les lieux et tournèrent soixante-dix heures supplémentaires avec elles. Le film qui en résulta, Grey Gardens, est généralement considéré comme un chef-d'œuvre du documentaire. Il fit l'objet d'une adaptation sous forme de comédie musicale en 2006, sous le même titre. Les personnages de Lee et Jackie Bouvier y apparaissent, rétrospectivement, comme des enfants en visite. Un film télévisé de la chaîne américaine HBO, fondé sur le documentaire et plus généralement sur l'histoire des Beale, fut diffusé en 2009 sous le même titre. En 2021, Patrick Jeudy réalise le documentaire dans l'ombre de Jackle Kennedy, plus axé toutefois sur la rivalité de "Little Edie" avec sa cousine Jacqueline.

Edith Beale succomba à une pneumonie à l'hôpital Southampton, New York, le 5 février 1977. Elle fut inhumée dans le caveau de la famille Bouvier au cimetière catholique Most Holy Trinity, à East Hampton.

Comme sa vie touchait à sa fin, sa fille, "Little Edie", lui demanda si elle avait des choses à dire. Elle répondit : "Rien. Tout est dans le film".

Notes et références

Liens externes

Famille Kennedy
Naissance en octobre 1895
Naissance dans le comté d'Essex (New Jersey)
Décès en février 1977
Décès à Southampton (New York)
Décès à 81 ans

Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale