Diagrama afinităților (, ) a fost elaborată în anii 1960 de antropologul japonez Jiro Kawakita, fiind cunoscută și sub denumirea de diagrama KJ, după inițialele numelui autorului. Această metodă constituie unul dintre cele șapte instrumente noi pentru managementul calității și este folosită pentru sintetizarea, clasificarea și structurarea ideilor slab definite. Dicționarul Business Dictionary oferă următoarea definiție: "Diagrama afinităților este un instrument grafic destinat să sprijine organizarea ideilor disparate (), generate în sesiuni de brainstorming sau întâlniri de rezolvare a problemelor. În această metodă, ideile disparate însă corelate (colectate într-o sesiune de generare a ideilor) sunt grupate (pe fișe sau file de hârtie) în categorii semnificative denumite seturi de afinitate." Diagrama afinităților se construiește pe baza datelor verbale provenite din mai multe surse, formulate de persoanele participante, care se referă la fapte, idei, opinii referitoare la o anumită problemă, presupuneri, observații asupra problemelor mai ample și complexe. Acest instrument presupune gruparea informațiilor în clase (sau familii) omogene și structurate ierarhic pe baza afinității lor.

Etape de construire a diagramei afinităților
Pentru aplicarea unei diagrame a afinităților  se parcurg următoarele etape principale:,
 descrierea și formalizarea problemei, în scopul stabilirii temei;
 ideația sau generarea ideilor, care sunt înregistrate pe fișe (cartele);
 regruparea ideilor (din fișe) pe familii și numirea titlurilor pentru fiecare grup de fișe;
 se determină relațiile dintre toate fișele;
 cartografierea (desenarea diagramei) pentru o viziune globală;
 evaluare și concluzie.

Diagrama afinităților este utilă atunci când se abordează o temă care nu este bine înțeleasă sau asupra căreia nu se ajunge la o concluzie. Se poate utiliza și pentru a determina care sunt rezultatele probabile ale unei probleme în curs de soluționare.

Descrierea etapelor
1. Se stabilește tema care este propusă a fi tratată, obiectivele sau problema implicată.

2. Se culeg datele verbale referitoare la tema sau cazul propus. Datele verbale constau în fapte, idei sau opinii, rezultate în urma unui proces sau sesiune de brainstorming, organizat(ă) de managerul de proiect. Ideile trebuie să se refere la date factuale care pot fi verificate și să se evite, pe cât posibil, orice raționament.

3. Se creează fișe (cartele) de date. Fiecare dată verbală (element de informație) se scrie pe o bucată de hârtie (cartelă) separată, eventual pe câte un post-it.

4. Se organizează cartelele de date. Pe o coală de hârtie de dimensiuni mai mari, se așează cartelele de date astfel încât să nu se suprapună unele cu altele.

5. Se creează cartele de afinitate. În acest scop, pentru fiecare grup sau cluster format se atribuie o etichetă (un antet)  sub forma unui titlu scurt, dar complet, referitor la caracteristicile grupului. Această nouă cartelă etichetată pentru câte un grup se numește cartelă de afinitate.

6. Se face ordonarea în grupuri de cartele de afinitate. Se face identificarea relațiilor de afinitate între grupele constituite. Prin agregarea grupelor create de mai mulți participanți se pot observa cât de strânse sunt relațiile dintre concepte.

7. Se prepară diagrama de afinitate , care oferă o viziune globală pentru problema astfel detaliată.

8. În final, are loc un proces de decizie/o concluzie, acesta presupunând o ponderare a elementelor problemei puse în relație.

Note

Vezi și
Sistem de management al calității
Creativitate Managementul calității Administrarea proiectelorCalitate

Diagrama afinităților


Mișcarea național-germană (în , adesea scris și Deutsch-Nationale Bewegung) a apărut în Austro-Ungaria și a fost privită ca un curent naționalist înverșunat al populației de limbă germană. Membrii ei se numeau Deutschnationale ("național-germani"). Spre sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea, mișcarea s-a împărțit în mai multe partide politice.

Politica Cisleithaniei
Naționalism

Mișcarea național-germană


La Semana Santa de Santa Cruz de Tenerife es la celebración de la pasión y muerte de Cristo a través de las procesiones y demás actos que se realizan en la ciudad y el municipio de Santa Cruz de Tenerife en la isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias, España).

Historia
Los orígenes de la Semana Santa en Santa Cruz de Tenerife se remontan a los primeros asentamientos tras la conquista en el siglo XV, desde entonces se fue desarrollando y ampliando con la creación de hermandades y cofradías.

Si bien hubo un pequeño periodo de tiempo de decadencia, la Semana Santa de Santa Cruz resurgió a partir de la visita de la Virgen de Candelaria, patrona de Canarias a la ciudad en 1994, con motivo del 500 aniversario de la fundación de la ciudad de Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

Salidas procesionales
A continuación, las salidas y los pasos procesionales del centro de la ciudad y de los barrios:

Día anterior al primer viernes de marzo (inicio de la Cuaresma)
 Desde la Parroquia de San José, procesión del Cristo de Medinaceli de la Cofradía del Cristo de Medinaceli de Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

Viernes de Dolores
 Desde la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción, procesión de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores también conocida como Nuestra Señora de la Soledad.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Andrés Apóstol, procesión de Nuestra Señora la Virgen Santísima de los Dolores.

Domingo de Ramos
 Desde la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción, procesión de Ramos con el Cristo Predicador.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís, procesión con el paso la entrada de Jesús en Jerusalén.

Lunes Santo
 Desde la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción, procesión del Señor de la Humildad y Paciencia.
 Desde la Capilla de la Venerable Orden Tercera, procesión del Señor de la Oración en el Huerto.
 Desde la Parroquia de San José, procesión del Señor atado a la Columna.
(Los tres pasos se incorporan durante el recorrido para procesionar juntas)

Martes Santo

 Desde la Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís, procesión del Señor de las Tribulaciones.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Andrés Apóstol, procesión del Señor Atado a la Columna.

Miércoles Santo
 Desde la Ermita de la Candelaria (Barrio de La Salud), procesión del Nazareno.
 Procesión del Encuentro: Desde la Parroquia de la Concepción, salida de Jesús Nazareno, desde la Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís, salida de la Santísima Virgen de la Armargura y San Juan Evangelista.

Jueves Santo
 Desde la Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís, procesión del Santísimo Cristo de la Buena Muerte y la Santísima Virgen de la Amargura.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Andrés Apóstol, procesión del Cristo de la Buena Muerte, Santa María Magdalena y San Juan Evangelista.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Alfonso María de Ligorio, procesión del Santísimo Cristo de la Buena Muerte y María Santísima de la Esperanza.
 Desde la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción, procesión de Nuestro Padre Jesús Cautivo y María Santísima de la Esperanza Macarena.

Viernes Santo
 Desde la Parroquia de San Andrés Apóstol, procesión del Encuentro del Santísimo Cristo de la Buena Muerte con la Santísima Virgen de los Dolores.
 Desde la Parroquia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen (Valleseco), Vía Crucis.
 Desde la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción, procesión del Santísimo Cristo del Buen Viaje.
 Desde la Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Salud, procesión del Vía Crucis con El Nazareno.
 Desde la Parroquia de María Auxiliadora, procesión del Vía Crucis con el Cristo de la Paz.
 Desde la Parroquia de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, procesión de Nuestra Señora de las Angustias.

 Desde la Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves (Taganana), procesión del Santo Entierro.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Andrés Apóstol, procesión magna del Santo Entierro.
 Desde la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción, procesión magna del Santo Entierro.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Alfonso María de Ligorio, procesión del Santo Entierro.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Andrés Apóstol, procesión de la Soledad de María Santísima.
 Desde la Parroquia de San José, procesión penitencial del Silencio con el Cristo del Perdón y la Virgen de los Dolores.
 Desde la Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís, procesión del Retiro con la Santísima Virgen de la Soledad.

Domingo de Resurrección
 Desde la Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís, procesión del Resucitado con el Santísimo Sacramento.

Pasos que integran la Procesión Magna
Los pasos que integran la Procesión Magna Interparroquial del centro de Santa Cruz de Tenerife son;

Paso del Cristo Predicador.
Paso de la Entrada Triunfal de Jesús en Jerusalén.
Paso de la Oración en el Huerto.
Paso de Jesús Cautivo.
Paso del Señor atado a la columna.
Paso del Señor de la Humildad y Paciencia.
Paso del Nazareno.
Paso de la Virgen de las Angustias.
Paso del Señor de las Tribulaciones.
Paso de San Juan Evangelista.
Paso de la Santísima Virgen de la Amargura.
Paso del Santísimo Cristo de la Buena Muerte.
Paso de la Soledad de María e Insignias de la Pasión.
Paso del Calvario.
Paso de los Santos Varones.
Paso del Señor Difunto.
Paso de la Virgen de los Dolores.

Cofradías y Hermandades

Las actuales cofradías y hermandades de la Semana Santa de la ciudad son:

Venerable Hermandad de la Santa Cruz y el Santo Entierro: Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción.
Real Cofradía Nuestro Padre Jesús Cautivo y Maria Santísima de la Esperanza Macarena: Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción.
Cofradía Penitencial de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno: Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción.
Hermandad del Santísimo Sacramento: Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción.
Real Esclavitud del Santísimo Sacramento: Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís.
Real y Venerable Cofradía del Señor de las Tribulaciones: Parroquia de San Francisco de Asís.
Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de las Angustias: Parroquia del Pilar.
Cofradía del Cristo de Medinaceli: Parroquia de San José.

Cofradías desaparecidas:
Cofradía Penitencial del Clero: Paso titular del Señor de la Humildad y la Paciencia en la Parroquia Matriz de la Concepción.

Véase también
Semana Santa de San Cristóbal de La Laguna
Semana Santa de la Villa de La Orotava
Semana Santa en Santa Cruz de La Palma
Semana Santa en Canarias
Semana Santa en España

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web Oficial de la Semana Santa de Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Semana Santa en Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Semana Santa en Santa Cruz de Tenerife


Consuelo es la primera coproducción chileno-sueca, dirigida por Luis R. Vera, filmada en 1988 y está protagonizada por Loreto Valenzuela y Sebastián Dahm.

Argumento
Manuel (Sebastián Dahm) ama a Consuelo (Loreto Valenzuela), pero el Golpe Militar de 1973 lo obliga a salir al exilio, llegado a Suecia es acogido por una nación solidaria de la causa de los perseguidos políticos en Chile. Es en esta etapa inicial que conoce a Lena (Gunnel Fred), con quien establecen una larga relación que sólo se interrumpe cuando Manuel decide volver a Chile.

En Valparaíso, va al reencuentro con su pasado, los amigos, la familia y entre todos ellos, Consuelo, que no ha dejado de querer a Manuel, pero ya nada es lo mismo, no sólo los años de exilio los separan, también las historias particulares de dolor, soledad y exilio. Al encontrarla, ella trabaja de bailarina en un cabaret y es amante de Francisco, que se ha convertido en un exitoso empresario.

Cuando logra resolver su situación con Consuelo aparece sorpresivamente su novia sueca para complicar las cosas.

La película compara la realidad de Suecia y Chile y mostrando cómo en ambos países Manuel es incomprendido. Si bien quiere estudiar en Suecia le indican que "aquí hay mucho trabajo" y cuando quiere trabajar en Chile le recomiendan que mejor estudie. A pesar de querer integrarse a su país adoptivo es visto como un "cabeza negra" y en Chile no comprenden que "no se fue" sino que fue expulsado.

La película tiene el mérito de ser la primera coproducción chileno-sueca y además la primera en tratar el tema del exilio y el retorno.

Elenco
 Loreto Valenzuela como Consuelo.
 Sebastián Dahm como Manuel Martínez.
 Gunnel Fred  como Lena.
 Mats Bergman como Anders.
 Luis R. Vera como Francisco.
 Alex Zisis como Alfredo.
 Charlotta Larsson como Lotta.
 Rodolfo Bravo como Simón.
 Jorge Gajardo como el padre.
 Myriam Palacios como Isabel, la madre.
 Carlos Caszely como hombre en el bar.
 Tennyson Ferrada como don Luis.
 Schlomit Baytelman
 Mónica Carrasco
 Cora Díaz como abuela.
 Gabriela Medina como Marilyn.
 Edgardo Bruna
 Hugo Álvarez
 Claudio Arredondo
 Fernando Calderón
 Jackeline Carrasco
 Claudia Jiménez
 Grimanesa Jiménez

Premios
 Mejor Fotografía, Festival de Cine de Cartagena, Colombia, 1989.
 Premio del Jurado y Gran Premio del Público, Festival de Paraguay, 1989.
 Premio al Mejor Director en Concepción, Chile.
 Primer Premio en el Festival Internacional de Trieste (Italia).

Referencias

Fuentes
 CineChile.cl Reseña de la película Consuelo.

 Contraportada de edición de película en VHS. Video Holley (1989)

Consuelo (película)


Sangat es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Bathinda, estado de Punyab.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 205  a 249 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 8 915 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Punyab (India)

Sangat


Olaylar
 22 Eylül - Dornach Savaşı gerçekleşti. Bu savaşın ardından Basel Anlaşması yapıldı.
 Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi gerçekleşti.
 Svabya Savaşı gerçekleşti.
 İsviçreliler, Kutsal Roma Germen İmparatoru I. Maximilian'a karşı zafer kazandılar.
 İnebahtı Sancağı kuruldu.
 Maracaibo Gölü keşfedildi.
 Vasco da Gama, Lizbon'a ulaştı.
 Alcalá Üniversitesi kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 29 Ocak - Katharina von Bora, Reform hareketinin önderi Martin Luther'in eşi (ö. 1552)
 10 Şubat - Thomas Platter, İsveçli hümanist (ö. 1582)
 21 Şubat - Edmund Tudor, Kral VII. Henry ve Yorklu Elizabeth'in oğlu (ö. 1500)
 13 Mart - Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, İspanyol-Portekizli kâşif (ö. 1543)
 31 Mart - IV. Pius, papa (ö. 1565)
 3 Eylül – Diane de Poitiers, II. Henri' nin metresi (ö. 1566)
 14 Ekim – Claude, XII. Louis'in eşi, Fransa kraliçesi (ö. 1524)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 Antonio Begarelli, İtalyan heykeltıraş (ö. 1565)
 Bernardino de Sahagún, İspanyol cizvit misyoner, rahip, gezgin, coğrafyacı ve yazar (ö. 1590)
 Cesare Hercolani, İtalyan askeri lider (ö. 1534)
 Giulio Romano, İtalyan ressam (ö. 1546)
 Hans Asper, İsveçli ressam (ö. 1571)
 Jan Łaski, Leh Protestan reformcusu (ö. 1560)
 Laurentius Petri, Uppsala Başpiskoposu (ö. 1573)
 Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn'in kardeşi, Kral VIII. Henry'nin metresi (ö. 1543)
 Michael Coxcie, Flaman ressam (ö. 1592)
 Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia, İtalyan matematikçi (ö. 1557)

Ölümler
 9 Ocak - John Cicero (d. 1455)
 12 Ağustos - Burak Reis, Osmanlı denizcisi
 29 Ağustos - Alessio Baldovinetti, Floransalı ressam(d. 1427)
 1 Ekim - Marsilio Ficino, İtalyan Yeni Platoncu düşünür (d. 1433)
 23 Kasım - Perkin Warbeck, idam edilen isyancı (d. 1474)
 tarihi bilinmeyenler
 John Cabot, İtalyan seyrüseferci ve kâşif (d. 1450)
 Rennyo, Budizm'in Jodo Shinshu mezhebine bağlı Hongan-ji tapınağı 8. Monshu ya da baş rahibi (d. 1415)
 Muhammad Rimfa

1499


John Richardson Thompson (July 28, 1834 – February 12, 1894) was one of the eight founders of the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, a fraternal organization in the United States.

Biography
Thompson was born on July 28, 1834, in Littleton, New Hampshire and grew up on the family farm. He served in the American Civil War with the 15th Vermont Volunteers, rising to the rank of colonel. Following the war, he took a job at the United States Department of the Treasury, where he remained for many years.

Thompson is believed to be the first to whom Oliver Hudson Kelley talked about his dream of setting up a fraternal organization of farmers. Thompson's Freemasonry training became a valuable tool in developing the ritualistic work of The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, revolving the ritualistic teachings around the farm and farm family. He died on February 12, 1894.

Legacy
The other founders of the Grange were:Oliver Hudson Kelley, William Saunders, Francis M. McDowell, John Trimble, Aaron B. Grosh, William M. Ireland and Caroline A. Hall.

References

People from Littleton, New Hampshire
People of Vermont in the American Civil War
1834 births
1894 deaths
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

John R. Thompson


Gaupa (fræðiheiti: Lynx lynx), einnig kölluð evrasíugaupa, er tegund gaupna.

Heimildir

Gaupur

Gaupa


Görele şu anlamlara gelebilir:
Görele, Beykoz, İstanbul ili Beykoz ilçesine bağlı mahalle
Görele, Kocaali, Sakarya ili Kocaali ilçesine bağlı mahalle
Hamit Görele, Türk ressam

Görele (anlam ayrımı)


بني عمر قرية تونسية تقع في ولاية بنزرت على الطريق المحلية رقم 300.

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 ولاية بنزرت.

قرى ولاية بنزرت

بني عمر (تونس)


La perlita cejiblanca  o perlita de cejas blancas (Polioptila albiloris), también denominada perlita cabecinegra (en Costa Rica y Nicaragua), monjita loriblanco (en Honduras) o perlita pispirria (en México), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Polioptilidae, perteneciente al género Polioptila; la perlita de Yucatán (Polioptila albiventris) fue separada de la presente en 2019. Es nativa del suroeste de México y oeste de Centroamérica

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye por la pendiente del Pacífico desde el centro oeste de México (desde Michoacán), por Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua hasta el noroeste de Costa Rica.

Sus hábitats naturales son los matorrales áridos a semi-áridos, los bosques de espinas, los bosques caducifolios tropicales y los crecimientos secundarios, siempre en los bordes, pero no dentro de bosques con conglomerados de árboles altos; mayormente por debajo de los 1000 m de altitud.

Descripción
En promedio mide 11 cm de longitud y pesa 7 g. El macho tiene el píleo, el área loreal y los ojos negros lustrosos; durante la época de cría, se tornan blancas el área loreal y una línea delgada por encima del ojo; el resto de la región superior es gris azulado, las remeras son negras, el borde de las terciales blanco, las timoneras centrales negras y las externas blancas; las partes inferiores son blancas, con un tinte gris azulado pálido a través del pecho. La hembra tiene el píleo y el área loreal de color gris ligeramente más oscuro que el de la espalda. El pico es negro, excepto la base de la mandíbula que es gris azulado. Las patas son plomizas.

Alimentación
Se alimenta insectos y arañas.

Reproducción
Construye un nido en forma de taza a una altura del suelo de uno a tres metros. La hembra pone dos o tres huevos blancos con puntos rojizos.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie P. albiloris fue descrita por primera vez por los zoólogos británicos Philip Lutley Sclater y Osbert Salvin en 1860 bajo el mismo nombre científico; su localidad tipo es: «valle de Motagua, Zacapa, Guatemala».

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Polioptila» es una combinación de las palabras del griego «polios» que significa 'gris', y «ptilon» que significa 'plumaje'; y el nombre de la especie «albiloris» se compone de las palabras del latín  «albus» que significa 'blanco', y «lorum, loris» que significa 'loro', 'mejilla'.

Taxonomía
La especie Polioptila albiventris por mucho tiempo fue tratada como una subespecie de la presente hasta el año 2019, en que fue separada como especie plena con base en los estudios filogenéticos de Smith et al. (2018), que comprobaron que era hermana del grupo de subespecies P. plumbea bilineata. La separación fue reconocida en la Propuesta 2019-C-7 al Comité de Clasificación de Norte y Mesoamérica (N&MACC).

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird v.2019 se reconocen dos subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Polioptila albiloris vanrossemi , 1944 – árido oeste y sur de México (Michoacán y Guerrero al sur de Chiapas).
 Polioptila albiloris albiloris , 1860 – del interior de Guatemala al noroeste de Costa Rica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Polioptila albiloris en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Polioptila albiloris en xeno-canto.

albiloris
Aves de América Central
Aves de México
Taxones descritos por Philip Lutley Sclater
Taxones descritos por Osbert Salvin
Animales descritos en 1860

Polioptila albiloris


Macarthuria ,  biljni rod smješten u vlastitu porodicu Macarthuriaceae, dio reda klinčićolike.

Porodica je opisana 2014 godine.

Vrste
 Macarthuria apetala Harv.
 Macarthuria australis Hügel ex Endl.
 Macarthuria complanata E.M.Ross
 Macarthuria ephedroides C.T.White
 Macarthuria georgeana Keighery
 Macarthuria intricata Keighery
 Macarthuria keigheryi Lepschi
 Macarthuria neocambrica F.Muell.
 Macarthuria vertex Lepschi

Izvori

Rodovi klinčićolikih

Macarthuria


Privolni  es un posiólok del raión de Korenovsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en las tierras bajas de Kubán-Azov, al sur del curso del río Beisug, 29 km al norte de Korenovsk y 84 km al nordeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 372 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio Novoberezanskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Привольный (Кореновский район).
Sitio web del municipio .
Mapa en vlasenko.net .

Localidades del raión de Korenovsk del krai de Krasnodar

Privolni (Korenovsk, Krasnodar)


Skica za portret: Blaž Jurjev Trogiranin je hrvatski dokumentarni film autorice Ane Marije Habjan o hrvatskom kasnogotičkom slikaru Blažu Jurjevu Trogiraninu.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi
Trogir


قانون براغ أو معادلة براغ أو حيود براج  أو صيغة براج لحيود أشعة إكس  وقد صيغت معادلات حيود أشعة إكس من العالمين لورنس براج ووالده هنري براج عام 1913 بعد اكتشافهم أن أشعة إكس عند حيودها (أو نفوذها) خلال البلورات ينشأ عنه توزيعا غريبا لأشعة إكس يختلف عن حيودها في سائل. ووجدا أنه في حالة البلورة يحدث الحيود لطول موجة معينة لأشعة إكس و زاوية سقوط الشعاع بزاوية محددة، فتنتج قمم للأشعة بعد تخلل البلورة وتسمى تلك القمم قمم براج Bragg peaks .
وقد حاز العالمان عن هذا الاكتشاف جائزة نوبل للفيزياء عام 1913.

وتنطبق ظاهرة الحيود أيضا على حيود النيوترونات وحيود الإلكترونات .، وقد استطاع وليام لورنس براج تفسير الظاهرة عن طريق تمثيل البلورة بطبقات متماثلة تشغلها الذرات، وتبتعد تلك الطبقات عن بعضها بمسافات متساوية d. وبين أن الشعاع الساقط ينتج قمة براج، في حالة أن يكون الانعكاس من عدة طبقات متداخلا تداخلا بناء.

شروط حدوث الحيود

يحدث حيود براج عندما يكون طول موجة الأشعة الكهرومغناطيسية أو طول موجة جسيمات أولية مماثلا لأبعاد الذرات في البلورة، حيث تنعكس الموجات من طبقات مشغولة بالذرات، وتتداخل تداخلا بناء طبقا لقانون براج.
ففي البلورة تنعكس الموجات الساقطة على عدة طبقات تنفصل عن بعضها بنفس المسافة d. وعندما تتداخل الموجات المنعكسة تداخلا بناء، يظل الطور بينهم ثابتا حيث أن مسار كل موجة يساوي عددا كاملا n من طول الموجة λ. ويخضع فارق المسار بين موجتين تتداخلا تداخلا بناء إلى العلاقة:

تربط هذه العلاقة بين:

 المسافة d بين طبقات الذرات.
 طول موجة الأشعة .
 الزاوية  بين الشعاع الساقط ومستوي الطبقة البلورية.
 n عدد صحيح يحدد درجة الحيود.

وينطبق هذا القانون على حيود النيوترونات وحيود الإلكترونات، وهذا يؤدي إلى قانون براج الذي يصف شروط حدوث التداخل البناء لموجات منعكسة من طبقات بلورية (h,k,l)

الحيود في حالة البلورات المكعبة
يمكن عن طريق قانون براج تعيين المسافات بين الطبقات المختلفة في نظام بلوري مكعب وذلك باستخدام المعادلة:

حيث:
  طول ضلع الوحدة البلورية،
 ,و , و  مؤشرات ميلر البلورية لطبقة الذرات في البلورة

وبالتعويض عنها في قانون براج، نحصل على :

حيث:
  طول موجة الأشعة المستخدمة في القياس . وقد تكون الأشعة السينية أو شعاع من الإلكترونات أو شعاع من النيوترونات، وكل منها له ميزاته الخاصة.
 نقوم بقياس الزوايا  التي يحدث عندها انكسارا للشعاع، كل زاوية على حدة وبعد تعيين عدد من الزوايا، نستطيع حساب القيم الأخرى ومعرفة البناء البلوري للمركب المرغوب فحصه بالضبط.
 كما توجد علاقات لتعيين البعد بين مختلف طبقات الذرات في وحدة الخلية البلورية للأنظمة الأخرى من البلورات، مثل نظام بلوري سداسي أو نظام بلوري رباعي وغيرهم.

انظر أيضا
 تأثير كومبتون
 حيود الإلكترونات
 مثنوية جسيم-موجة
 تداخل
 تشتت تومسون

المراجع

أشعة سينية
حيود
فيزياء المواد المكثفة
نيوترون

حيود براج


The Curse of Monkey Island (Der Fluch von Monkey Island) ist ein Point-and-Click-Adventure von Lucasfilm Games und der dritte Teil der Monkey-Island-Computerspielserie. Es wurde im Oktober 1997 veröffentlicht.

Handlung

Zu Beginn des Spiels ist Guybrush Threepwood zwar vom mystischen Ort Big Whoop entkommen, treibt aber dafür in einem Autoscooter-Wagen sitzend hilflos im Meer herum. Er wird schließlich in den Hafen der Insel Plunder Island gespült, wo er sich unvermittelt in einer Schlacht zwischen seiner angebeteten Elaine und dem Geisterpiraten LeChuck wiederfindet. Letzterer belagert die Insel, auf der Elaine mittlerweile Gouverneurin ist. Guybrush hört einen Dialog zwischen LeChuck und Elaine mit, in dem letztere andeutet, dass sie immer noch in Guybrush verliebt ist. In der Folge wird er von LeChuck bemerkt und gefangen genommen, doch es gelingt Guybrush, das Schiff zu sprengen, was LeChucks Ableben zur Folge hat. Wieder an Land macht Guybrush Elaine einen Heiratsantrag und überreicht ihr dabei einen Diamantring, den er auf LeChucks Schiff gefunden hat. Doch der Ring trägt einen Voodoo-Fluch in sich und verwandelt Elaine in eine Goldstatue, die kurz darauf von Piraten entwendet wird.

Von einer alten Bekannten, der Voodoo-Lady, erfährt Guybrush, dass er einen großen, nicht verfluchten Diamantring benötigt, um den Fluch wieder aufzuheben, und dass er diesen auf Blood Island finden könne. Daher rekrutiert er eine Mannschaft, besorgt sich ein Schiff und gelangt wieder in den Besitz von Elaines Statue. Außerdem treibt er eine Karte auf, die ihm den Weg nach Blood Island zeigen soll. Auf der Fahrt wird Guybrush die Karte von dem Piraten Röchelieu (im Original Rottingham) gestohlen. Es gelingt ihm, diesen in einem Fechtkampf zu besiegen und so die Karte wiederzubekommen. Anschließend segeln Guybrush und seine Mannschaft nach Blood Island. Dort bringt Guybrush den Ring sowie den nicht verfluchten Diamanten in seinen Besitz und kann so durch das Ersetzen des verfluchten durch den nicht verfluchten Diamantring den Fluch brechen.

Allerdings hat es LeChuck indessen erneut geschafft, dem Tod zu trotzen und als Dämonenzombie zurückzukehren. Guybrush und Elaine werden gleich nach ihrer Wiedervereinigung von dem Geisterpiraten gefangen genommen und in LeChucks Freizeitpark Big Whoop gebracht, der einzig und allein dem Zweck dient, LeChucks Armee der Toten neue Rekruten zuzuführen. Dort wird Guybrush wieder mit einem Fluch belegt, von dem er sich aber rasch befreien kann. Es gelingt ihm, im Park eine Explosion herbeizuführen, die LeChuck unter den Trümmern seiner eigenen Geisterbahn und Tonnen von Eis begräbt. Am Ende segeln Guybrush und Elaine, die nun verheiratet sind, in die Flitterwochen. Eine kurze Szene, die dem Abspann folgt, lässt jedoch darauf schließen, dass LeChuck – in einem weiteren Spiel – wiederkehren wird.

Spielprinzip und Technik

The Curse of Monkey Island ist ein Point-and-Click-Adventure. Aus Sprites zusammengesetzte Figuren agieren vor handgezeichneten, teilanimierten Kulissen. Mit der Maus kann der Spieler seine Spielfigur durch die Örtlichkeiten bewegen und mit den Maustasten Aktionen einleiten, die den Spielcharakter mit seiner Umwelt interagieren lassen. Guybrush kann so Gegenstände finden und sie auf die Umgebung oder andere Gegenstände anwenden sowie mit Nicht-Spieler-Charakteren kommunizieren. Mit fortschreitendem Handlungsverlauf werden weitere Orte freigeschaltet.

LucasArts benutzte wie bei den beiden Vorgängerspielen die SCUMM-Engine für die Erstellung des Spiels, entwickelte aber die Benutzerschnittstelle weiter: An Stelle eines auf dem Bildschirm befindlichen Steuerungsmenüs, aus dem man Befehlsverben und Inventargegenstände auswählen konnte, trat ein in ähnlicher Form bereits in Vollgas eingesetzter, kontextsensitiver Cursor in Form eines per langem Linksklick aufrufbaren, wie eine Münze geformten Menüs, das Befehle zur Interaktion mit der Spielwelt enthielt. Auf diese Weise war durch den Wegfall des starren Menüs mehr Platz auf dem Bildschirm zur Darstellung der Spielwelt vorhanden.

 Grafik: bildschirmfüllend, SVGA im Comic-Stil
 Das Spiel verfügt über zwei Schwierigkeitsgrade (normal und oberaffig), die sich in Anzahl und Schwierigkeitsgrad der Rätsel unterscheiden.

Entwicklungs- und Veröffentlichungsgeschichte

Im März 2018 veröffentlichte der neue Rechteinhaber Disney Interactive eine auf modernen PCs lauffähige Version des Spiels über die Vertriebsplattformen Steam und GOG.

Synchronisation

Rezeption

The Curse of Monkey Island erhielt fast ausschließlich positive Bewertungen. Die Rezensionsdatenbank GameRankings aggregiert 10 Rezensionen zu einem Mittelwert von 89,9 %.

Kommerzieller Erfolg
Bis Mitte 1998 wurden auf dem amerikanischen Markt 92.587 Exemplare des Spiels abgesetzt und somit 1,57 Mio. US-Dollar eingenommen. Den größten Erfolg allerdings feierte der dritte Teil der Serie in Deutschland. Heinrich Lehnhardt, Mitglied der Redaktion von PC Gamer US, vermutete gar, dass dieser alleine ein Festhalten an dem Franchise durch den Publisher bewirkte. In den Verkaufscharts dort stieg das Spiel auf Platz 4 ein und erhielt mit über 100.000 verkauften Kopien (im deutschsprachigen Raum) im August 1998 den Gold-Award des Verbands der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland.

Louis Castle, zu diesem Zeitpunkt Produzent bei Electronic Arts, schätzte Ende 2002 die weltweiten Verkäufe von The Curse of Monkey Island auf 300.000 Einheiten. Bill Tiller, ehemaliger Grafiker bei LucasArts, schätzte 2009 den Gesamtabsatz des Spiels auf 700.000–800.000 Einheiten.

Nominierungen und Auszeichnungen
 Annie Award 1998 in der Kategorie "Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Interactive Production"
 Nominierung für vier Spotlight Awards (Computer Game Developers Conference), inklusive "Best Adventure/RPG"
 Nominierung für zwei Interactive Achievement Awards (Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences), in den Kategorien "Personal Computer: Adventure Game of the Year" und "Outstanding Achievement in Art/Graphics".
 Ernennung zum besten Adventure 1997 durch Computer Games Strategy Plus, Computer Gaming World, GameSpot and PC Gamer US

1998 erklärte PC Gamer das Spiel zum 33. besten jemals veröffentlichten Videospiel und bezeichnete es als ein "großartiges, zeitloses Adventure, scharfsinnig geschrieben und makellos gesprochen".

Das Spiel findet Erwähnung in dem Buch 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die von Tony Mott.

Trivia
Das ganze Spiel ist, wie die meisten Videospiele von Lucas Arts, gespickt mit Querverweisen auf andere Titel und Franchises des Studios wie zum Beispiel Indiana Jones, Grim Fandango, Star Wars, Sam & Max etc.

Die Uhr des Glockenturms in Puerto Pollo läuft synchron mit der des ausführenden Systems und läutet zu jeder vollen Stunde.

Spricht man am ersten Januar mit Palido Domingo, wünscht dieser einem ein gutes neues Jahr.

Die Barbierküste ist einem realen Ort nahe San Francisco nachempfunden.

Zwischenzeitlich war eine lose Verfilmung des Spiels durch Steven Spielberg in Planung. Im Zuge der Umstrukturierung des Publishers wurde dieser Plan jedoch verworfen.

Die Kulturreederei Halle (Saale) sammelte 2015 über 12.000 Euro per Crowdfunding ein, um das Videospiel als Theaterstück umzusetzen. 2016 folgten mehrere Aufführungen.

Die Monkey-Island-Reihe ist Teil des von der EU geförderten Projekts Keep (Keeping Emulation Environments Portable), im Zuge dessen die französische und Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Videospiele für kommende Generationen bewahren.

Der Schöpfer der vorherigen Teile Ron Gilbert war an der Entwicklung nicht beteiligt und hatte andere Pläne für eine Trilogie.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Computerspiel 1997
Point-and-Click-Adventure
ScummVM-Spiel
Windows-Spiel

The Curse of Monkey Island


Umčani, arheološko nalazište u selu Umčanima, Grad Vrgorac, zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Arheološko nalazište Umčani nalazi se kod sela Umčani kod Vrgorca. Riječ je o višeslojnom nalazištu koji ima 2 faze razvoja. Prvu fazu predstavljaju 3 gomile. Najveća gomila je promjera oko 23 m i visine oko 3 m. Tumule (gomile) nije moguće točno datirati, ali za pretpostaviti je da pripadaju brončanom dobu. Drugu fazu predstavlja srednjovjekovno groblje sa stećcima koje se razvija tijekom 14. i 15. st. na dva tumula. Na najvećem tumulu do danas je sačuvano 11 stećaka-sanduka, od kojih su 3 ukrašena (križ, rozeta, zvijezda, tordirani vijenac, ruka), dok su na manjem 2 stećka-ploče, jedan ukrašen osmerokrakom zvijezdom. Na površini oba tumula vidljivi su srednjovjekovni grobovi.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6715 zavedeno je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Vrgorac
Arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Stećci u Hrvatskoj

Umčani (arheološko nalazište)


Los gal•lieniélidos (Gallieniellidae) son una familia de arañas araneomorfas, que forman parte de los gnafosoideos (Gnaphosoidea), una superfamilia formada por siete familias entre las que destacan por su número de especies Gnaphosidae y Prodidomidae.
Se sospecha que los miembros de esta familia están especializados en cazar hormigas. Por otro lado, en 1990, el género Drassodella fue trasladado a la familia Gnaphosidae.

Distribución
Se pensaba que era una familia endémica de Madagascar, pero en los años 80 se encontraron especies de galieniélidos en la parte meridional de Kenia, el nordeste de Argentina, y Australia.

Sistemática
Con la información recogida hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2011, esta familia cuenta con 57 especies descritas comprendidas en 11 géneros. La categorización en subfamilias sigue las propuestas de Joel Hallan en su Biology Catalog.

Gallienellinae
Millot, 1947
 Drassodella Hewitt, 1916 (Sudáfrica)
 Gallieniella Millot, 1947 (Madagascar, Islas Comores)
 Legendrena Platnick, 1984 (Madagascar)
 Toxoniella Warui & Jocqué, 2002 (Kenia)

Meedoinae
 Galianoella Goloboff, 2000 (Argentina)
 Meedo Main, 1987 (Australia)
 Neato  Platnick, 2002 (Australia)
 Oreo Platnick, 2002 (Australia)
 Peeto Platnick, 2002 (Australia)
 Questo Platnick, 2002 (Australia)

Referencias
 Platnick, Norman I.</span> (2012): The world spider catalog, version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History.
 Texas A&M University, Department of Entomology - Synopsis of the described Araneae of the World.
 Platnick, N.I. (2002): "A revision of the Australasian ground spiders of the families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, and Trochanteriidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea)". Bulletin of the AMNH 271 PDF (26Mb) Abstract
 Warui, C.; Jocqué, R. (2002): "The first Gallieniellidae (Araneae) from Eastern Africa". The Journal of Arachnology 30:307–315
 Goloboff, P.A. (2000): "The Family Gallieniellidae (Araneae, Gnaphosoidea) in the Américas". Journal of Arachnology 28(1):1-6.

Véase también
 Anexo:Especies de Gallieniellidae
 Anexo:Taxonomía de las arañas

Enlaces externos

Gallieniellidae

Gallieniellidae


Adams/Wabash es una estación en las líneas Rosa, Verde, Marrón, Naranja y Púrpura del Metro de Chicago. La estación se encuentra localizada en 201–23 South Wabash Avenue en Chicago, Illinois. La estación Adams/Wabash fue inaugurada el 8 de noviembre de 1896.  La Autoridad de Tránsito de Chicago es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación.

Descripción
La estación Adams/Wabash cuenta con 2 plataformas laterales y 2 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del CTA Buses: #1 Indiana/Hyde Park #7 Harrison #X28 Stony Island Express #126 Jackson #151 Sheridan

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Adams/Wabash
 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de Chicago

Estaciones de ferrocarril de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1896
Estaciones de la línea Rosa (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Púrpura (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Verde (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Marrón (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Naranja (Metro de Chicago)

Adams/Wabash (Metro de Chicago)


1.B HVL za 2019. je četrnaesto izdanje 1.B vaterpolske lige, drugog stupnja hrvatskog prvenstva u vaterpolu. U ligi sudjeluje sedam momčadi koji igraju dvokružnu ligu. Utakmice su igrane od siječnja do svibnja 2019. godine.  Ligu je treći put zaredom osvojio Bellevue Crodux iz Dubrovnika.

Sudionici

 Bellevue Crodux - Dubrovnik
 KPK - Korčula
 Jadran - Kostrena
 Opatija - Opatija
 Osijek - Osijek
 Delfin - Rovinj
 Siscia - Sisak

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
Ažurirano: 22. lipnja 2019.
{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center"
!kratica !!klub !!BELC !!DEL !!JAD !!KPK !!OPA !!OSI !!SIS
|-
|BELC ||align="left"|Bellevue Crodux ||bgcolor="gainsboro"| ||24:3 || 13:6 ||16:14 ||13:6 || 20:8 || 16:6
|-
|DEL ||align="left"|Delfin || 11:12 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  ||6:5 ||7:9 ||10:13 || 28:10 || 9:8
|-
|JAD ||align="left"|Jadran ||9:9 || 8:8 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  || 14:12 || 13:15 ||16:11 ||5:11
|-
|KPK ||align="left"|KPK Korčula || 8:7 || 13:12 ||18:11 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  || 14:5 ||18:7 ||7:7
|-
|OPA ||align="left"|Opatija || 7:11 || 13:11 ||14:8 ||12:11 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  || 23:9 ||15:9
|-
|OSI ||align="left"|Osijek ||6:19 ||11:13 || 12:17 || 6:15 ||7:12 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |  || 2:15
|-
|SIS ||align="left"|Siscia ||6:9 ||13:6 || 11:9 || 14:12 || 14:11 ||17:5 || bgcolor="gainsboro" |
|-
!colspan="9"|
|-
|colspan="9" align="left"|<small> podebljan rezultat''' - igrano od 1. do 7. kola (1. utakmica između klubova)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano od 8. do 14. kola (2. utakmica između klubova)
|}
 Izvori:

 Najbolji strijelci
Strijelci 20 i više golova u sezoni 2019.

Izvor:  Ažurirano: 22. lipnja 2019.

Povezani članci
 1. B vaterpolska liga
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019.
 Hrvatski kup 2018

Vanjske poveznice
 hvs.hr - Hrvatski vaterpolski savez

Izvori

 hvs.hr, 1B liga - Sezona: 2018/2019, pristupljeno 22. lipnja 2019.

2019

1. B HVL 2019.


peut désigner :

 Return to Forever, un groupe américain de jazz fusion fondé et mené par Chick Corea ;
 Return to Forever, le premier album de ce groupe sorti en 1972 ;
 Return to Forever, un album du groupe allemand de hard rock Scorpions sorti en 2015.

Homonymie de titre

Return to Forever (homonymie)


علي يا ويكا مسلسل مصري أنتاج 2006 أخراج محمد النجار وتأليف مصطفى محرم

تدور أحداث المسلسل حول علي (مصطفى قمر) وهو شاب يحاول أن يثبت ذاته بكفاحه وعمله مهما واجه من صعاب، يقع علي في حب فتاتين هما (سمكة) و(مديحة)، إحداهما غنية والأخرى فقيرة، يحتار البطل في أمرهما واختيار حب واحد منهما فقط، تشتد عليه الحيرة نظرًا لتمتع كل واحدة منهما بشخصية متميزة عن الأخرى.

فريق العمل

بطولة

الأطفال
قمر ياسر: طفلة
نادين داود: طفلة

تمثيل: ألفت عمر: شادية - روان الفؤاد - مصطفى رجب - فتحي سعد - عصام نعمان - نادية العراقية: والدة شادية - إيمان سلامة: شوقية - مستورة: فهيمة - سمير ربيع: خضير - أشرف سامي - تامر رجائي - نرمين فرنسيس - جينا - سيد مصطفى - أشرف صالح - محمود الشربيني - محمد سعيد عبودة - محمد أمان - عادل عمار: دكتور - محمد حمزة - عبد السلام عبد العزيز - هاني الهن - محمد منصور - محيي الدين عبد الحميد - سيد غنيم - وليد أبو الدهب - محمد فوزي - خالد سعد - صابر عبد الله - عاطف سعيد - بدوي فهمي - رضا الجمل: ممثل

الاغاني
 بحبك من زمان: عمرو الجارم (كلمات)- محمد النادي (ألحان) - عدنان الشامي (التوزيع الموسيقي)
 مش كتير عليك: صبري رياض (كلمات) - حسن دنيا (ألحان) - محمد مصطفى (التوزيع الموسيقي)
 أول مرة يا بحر: رضا زايد - محمد النادي - إيهاب محبوب - محمود الحفناوي
 تفرق كتير: جسام الدين - محمد النادي - حسن الشافعي
 نفسي القى لك حل: محمد موسى - عمرو كمال - محمد مصطفى
 الفرح:رضا زايد - مصطفى قمر - إيهاب محبوب
 تفرق كتير: جسام الدين - محمد النادي - حسن الشافعي

فريق العمل

مصادر

مسلسلات حسن حسني
مسلسلات نشوى مصطفى
مسلسلات هالة فاخر

علي يا ويكا (مسلسل)


Ljestvice i sastavi liga liga četvrtog ranga nogometnog prvenstva Bosne i Hercegovine u sezoni 2017./18.

Federacija BiH

MŽNL Herceg-bosanske i Zapadnohercegovačke županije

 Izvori:
 znszhb.com, MŽNL
 znszhb.com, MŽNL – ljestvica
 znszhb.com, MŽNL – konačna ljestvica
 znszhb.com, MŽNL – rezultati jesen
 znszhb.com, MŽNL – rezultati jesen i proljeće
 sportdc.net

ŽNL Hercegovačko-neretvanske županije

 Izvori:
 ŽNS Hercegovačko-neretvanski, kraj sezone ŽNL
 ŽNS Hercegovačko-neretvanski, ljestvica
 visici.com, otkazana utakmica Višići – Mostar (18. kolo)
 sportdc.net

1. ŽNL Posavina
Uključuje i klubove s područja Tuzlanske županije i Brčko Distrikta

 Izvori:
 sportdc.net
 posavinasport.com, 1. ŽNL Posavina
 posavinasport.com, 1. ŽNL Posavina – verzija za ispis

ŽNL Sarajevo
Također i pod nazivom Kantonalna liga Sarajevo

Skupina A

 Izvori:
 fsks.ba
 sportdc.net

Skupina B

 Izvori:
 fsks.ba
 sportdc.net

Za prvaka lige

 igrano u Hadžićima

1. ŽNL Županije Središnja Bosna

 Izvori:
 ŽNS Središnja Bosna, 1. ŽNL, konačna ljestvica
 ŽNS Središnja Bosna, 1. ŽNL
 sportdc.net

1. ŽNL Tuzlanske županije
Uključuje i klubove s područja Brčko Distrikta

 Izvori:
 sportdc.net
 brckosport.net
 posavinasport.com
 posavinasport.com, verzija za ispis

ŽNL Unsko-sanska
Također i pod nazivom Kantonalna liga Unsko-sanskog kantona

 Izvori:
 sportdc.net

ŽNL Zeničko-dobojska

 Izvori:
 NS Zeničko-dobojskog kantona
 sportdc.net

Republika Srpska

Poveznice

Izvori

2017-18
 4

Nogometno prvenstvo Bosne i Hercegovine – 4. ligaški rang 2017./18.


Koca Yusuf ( – 4 Temmuz 1898), gerçek adıyla Yusuf İsmail veya ring adıyla Korkunç Türk (The Terrible Turk), Türk güreşçi, Kırkpınar başpehlivanıdır.

Mindere çıkan ve grekoromen güreşi yapan ilk Türk pehlivanı olduğu sanılmaktadır. 1885 yılında Kırkpınar başpehlivanı olmuş; 1894 yılından itibaren Avrupa ve ABD'de devrin en ünlü güreşçileri ile güreşmiştir. 138 kilo sıkletindeki sporcu, 1,91 metre boyundaydı. ABD turnesinden ülkesine dönerken bir gemi kazasında yaşamını yitirdi.

Lakabı
Serbest güreşin efsanevi isimlerinden olan Yusuf; iri gövdesi, güreş becerisi, gücü ve sporcu ahlakı ile "Koca" lakabını almıştır. Önceleri doğduğu köyden ötürü "Karalarlı Yusuf", sonra "Şumnulu Yusuf" olarak anılmış, 1896'dan itibaren çırağı "Erikli Mehmet"e "Küçük Yusuf" denilmeye başlanınca kendisine "Büyük Yusuf" denilmişti.

Dünyada "Korkunç Türk" anlamına gelen "Terrible Turk" unvanı ile anıldı. Kendisinden sonra başka Türk güreşçiler de bu unvanı kullandılar.

1900 yılında Rıza Tevfik 'Güreşte Avrupa Usulü ile Türk Usulü arasındaki Fark ve Müşahebet' başlıklı yazısında kendisinden Koca Yusuf diye bahsedince yurtta bu isimle anılmaya başlanmıştır.

Yaşamı

Çocukluk ve gençlik yılları
Koca Yusuf, bugün Bulgaristan sınırlarında yer alan Şumnu kasabasının Karalar köyünde dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihi tam olarak bilinmese de İsveç güreş tarihçisi William Baster'a göre 1857 yılında doğmuştur. Babasının adı İsmail'dir. Babası ve dedesi Yusuf'un ilk güreş ustaları oldu. Çocukluğu, milliyetçilik hareketleri nedeniyle Bulgarların Türk köylerini bastığı bir ortamda geçti. Katrancı Mehmet Pehlivan, Kurtdereli Mehmet Pehlivan, Filiz Nurullah gibi Koca Yusuf da, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun "pehlivan yatağı" olarak görülen Deliorman bölgesindeki Şumnu coğrafyasından dünya güreş sahnesine adım atmıştır.

Koca Yusuf dönemin ünlü pehlivanlarından Şumnulu Dursun Pehlivan, Nasuhçulu Kel İsmail Pehlivan ve Pomak Osman tarafından yetiştirildi. Kırkpınar tarihinde 27 yıl boyunca üst üste başpehlivanlığı elinde bulunduran ve Sultan Abdülaziz'in başpehlivanı olan Kel Aliço ile 1885 yılında güreşti. Sabah başlayan mücadele akşam sona erdi. Kel Aliço mücadele sırasında güreşi bırakmış ve kendi elleriyle ülkenin başpehlivanlığı unvanını Koca Yusuf'a devretmiştir. Kel Aliço'nun çırağı olan ve 18 yıl Kırkpınar başpehlivanlığını elinde bulundurduğu söylenen Adalı Halil'i iki kez ardı ardına yendi. Sultan Abdülaziz, Sultan V. Murat ve Sultan II. Abdülhamit döneminde pek çok güreş yaptı. Koca Yusuf ile çarpışan Kara Ahmet, Katrancı Mehmet Pehlivan, Filiz Nurullah, Kurtdereli Mehmet ve Hergeleci İbrahim gibi ünlü pehlivanlar, onun kendilerinden üstün bir pehlivan olduğunu kabul ettiler.

Koca Yusuf'u yenebilen iki pehlivandan birinin Katrancı Mehmet Pehlivan, diğerinin ise Kavalalı Çolak Mümin Pehlivan olduğu iddia edilir. 1894 yılında Rami'de yapılan ve Kel Aliço'nun hakem olduğu bir karşılaşmada Çolak Mümin, Koca Yusuf'u açık düşürmüştür. Hakem Aliço bu durumu yenik sayınca Yusuf tek yenilgisini almıştır. Çolak Mümin'in bu maçta sakatlanmasından ötürü güreş hayatına devam edemediği rivayet edilir.

Fransız güreşçi Joseph Doublier ile tanışması ve Fransa'da güreşme teklifi alması hayatını değiştirdi. Fransız yazar Edmond Desbonnet'in "Güreşin Kralları" (1910, Paris) adlı kitabında anlatıldığına göre Doublier, 1894'te rakibi Sabés'e yenildikten sonra onu yenecek bir güreşçi arayışına girmiş ve Türkiye'ye gelmiş; Katrancı Mehmet Pehlivan, Kurtdereli Mehmet Pehlivan, Filiz Nurullah ve Filibeli Kara Osman ile beraber Koca Yusuf'u beraberinde Fransa'ya götürmüştü. Yusuf, başlangıçta yurt dışına çıkmayı kabul etmediyse de Müslümanların güçlü olduğunu ispat etmenin bir cihat olduğu şeklindeki ulema açıklamaları üzerine 1897'de Avrupa'ya gitti ve Paris'te minder güreşinin kurallarını öğrendi. İlk maçını Sabés ile yaptı ve onu yendi. Fransa'da 3 yıl kaldı (1894-1897). Bu dönemde güreştiği ve döneminin önemli sporcuları olan Olsen, Pons ve Fournier'yi yendi. Gambier, Raul, Rum güreşçi Antonio Pierri ve İngiliz güreşçi Tom Cannon'u da yendikten sonra Avrupa'da rakip bulamaz hâle geldi. Paris'te bir sirkte, Türk güreşçi Hergeleci Mahmut Pehlivan (İbrahim Mahmut) ile yaptığı ancak polis müdahalesi ile durdurulabilen karşılaşma, gelmiş geçmiş en acımasız güreş karşılaşması olarak hatırlanır.

ABD turnesi
Avrupa'da büyük ün kazanınca Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nden organizatörler onu New York'a davet ettiler. Antonio Pierri ve Doublier ile birlikte gittiği ABD'de menajeri William Brady oldu. Bu ülkede yaptığı 33 karşılaşmada yendiği sporcular arasında George Bothner, Ewan Lewis, Dan McLeod ve Tom Jenkins vardır. Chicago'da bir karşılaşmada dünya şampiyonu Evan Lewis'i üst üste iki defa yendikten sonra yurda dönmeye karar verdi. Yaptığı güreşlerde yenilmemesi ve heybeti dolayısıyla ABD'de kendisine The Terrible Turk (Korkunç Türk) unvanı verilmiştir.

ABD'ye gelişinden önce hiç yenilgi almayan Yusuf İsmail, 26 Mart 1898'de Ernest Roeber ile yaptığı maçta diskalifiye oldu. Madison Square Garden'da yapılan bu maçta rakibini ringden dışarı atması, Roeber'in öldüğünü düşünen seyircilerin ayaklanmasına ve Yusuf'a karşı linç girişimine neden oldu. Söz konusu maç, spor yazarı Walter Camp tarafından kaleme alınan 1907 tarihli The Substitue: A Football Story adlı romanda anlatılmıştır.

İki rakip, Metropolitan Opera Evi'nde 30 Nisan günü tekrar karşı karşıya geldi. Aralarındaki itişmelerden sonra menajerlerinin ringe çıkıp müdahale etmesi sonucu olay büyüyüp yine seyirciler arasında bir ayaklanma dalgası olunca karşılaşma iptal edildi ve bu olaydan sonra Opera Evi güreş karşılaşmalarına kapatıldı.

Ölümü
Türkiye'ye dönmek üzere 21 Mayıs 1898'de Fransız bandıralı La Bourgogne transatlantiği ile yola çıkan Koca Yusuf, bindiği geminin 4 Temmuz sabahı New York'un kuzeydoğusundaki Sable Adası'nın 60 mil açıklarında İngiltere bandıralı Cromartyshire şilebiyle çarpışıp batması sonucu tüm yolcular ve mürettebatla birlikte boğularak hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Ölümüyle ilgili iki iddia mevcuttur: ilk iddia kaza sırasında gemideki İtalyanların botlara ulaşmak üzere harekete geçtiği ve bu esnada botlara ilerleyen diğer yolcuları da bıçakları ile tehdit edip kimileri bıçakladığı söylenmektedir. Bu arbedeye dair farklı anlatılarda ise elindeki bıçak ile kendisine yol açmaya çalışan Koca Yusuf'un indirilen botlardan birine atladığı ve cüssesi nedeniyle botun alabora olmasına sebep olarak diğer yolcularla beraber boğularak yaşamını yitirdiği iddia edilmektedir. İkinci iddia ise Koca Yusuf'un Amerika'da kazandığı güreşlerin ardından kazandığı paraları kâğıt paralara güvenmediği için altına çevirdiği, bu altınları ise belindeki kemerinde taşıdığı ve altınların ağırlığı nedeniyle okyanusta boğulduğu yönündedir. Bahsi geçen altınların toplam değeri 10000 dolara tekabül etmekte, dolayısıyla hayli ağır olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Çocukları
Koca Yusuf'un eşi Refiye'den Mehmet ve Hüseyin adında iki çocuğu olmuştur.

Ölümünden sonra
Ölümünden sonra adı, şu anda Türkiye Denizcilik İşletmelerine bağlı, Haliç Tersanesinde bulunan 40 tonluk bir yüzer vince verilmiştir. Ayrıca Büyükada'da, Kadıyoran ve Karadağ caddelerinin birleştiği noktada İsa Rum Manastırı'nın karşısında isminin verildiği bir futbol sahası ve bir adet heykeli de bulunmaktadır.

Türkiye'nin ilk kez ürettiği ve Türkiye ortaklığı bulunan A400M askerî nakliye uçağına hatırasını yaşatmak adına "Koca Yusuf" adı verilmiştir. 2001 yılında basılan Bin Yılın Türkleri Hatıra Para Serisi'nde Koca Yusuf portreli hatıra para da yer almıştır.

Hayatı, gazeteci-yazar Halil Delice tarafından "Cihan'ı Titreten Türk Koca Yusuf Yalnızca Güle Yenildi" (2005) adıyla kitaplaştırılmış ve ayrıca hayatının belgesel yapılması için 2008 yılında "Koca Yusuf Türkiye'de" adlı bir araştırma projesi başlatılmıştır.

Mezarı hakkında
Koca Yusuf'un naaşının Atlas Okyanusu'nda kaybolduğu sanılmaktadır. Ancak şair Sunay Akın'ın Önce Çocuklar ve Kadınlar adlı kitabının "Okyanusa Yenilen Güreşçi" başlıklı bölümünde Azor Adaları'nda mezarının bulunduğu iddiasına yer verilmiştir. Kaza sonrasında civar adalara vuran gemi yolculara ait 20 cesetten pek heybetli değişik kılıklı olanının Koca Yusuf olabileceğini iddia eden yazar, cesedin adadaki kilisenin mezarlığına defnedildiğini belirtmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Koca Yusuf Hatıra Parası
 "Koca Yusuf Türkiye'de" adlı araştırma ve belgesel projesi

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel
 Karayel, M. Sami: En Meşhur Türk Pehlivanları 2: Koca Yusuf. Muallim Ahmet Halit Kitabevi, İstanbul 1942.
 Koloğlu, Orhan: Türk Güreşi. Yavuz Yayınları, İstanbul, 1972.
 Noble, Graham. The Life and Death of the Terrible Turk, Journal of Manly Arts, Mayıs 2001

1857 doğumlular
1898 yılında ölenler
Şumnu doğumlular
Türk erkek güreşçiler
Osmanlı güreşçileri
Kırkpınar başpehlivanları
Boğularak ölenler
Bulgaristan Türkleri
Deniz kazalarında ölenler
Denizde ölenler
Türk profesyonel güreşçiler

Koca Yusuf


O Şimdi Asker, 2002 yapımı bir Mustafa Altıoklar filmidir. Yapımcılığını Abdullah Oğuz'un yaptığı filmin, senaryosu Levent Kazak ve Mustafa Altıoklar'a aittir. Filmin başrollerinde Özcan Deniz, Ali Poyrazoğlu, Yavuz Bingöl, Mehmet Günsür, Gökhan Özoğuz ve Levent Kazak yer alıyor.

Konusu
Hayatın birçok kesiminden, birçok insanın bir araya geldiği bedelli askerî birlikte, Yunanistan ve Türkiye arasında ortaya savaş çıkaracağından korkulan Kardak Kayalıkları meselesini işleyen film.

Oyuncular ve karakterler

Ödüller

 2004 - 9. Sadri Alışık Tiyatro ve Sinema Oyuncu Ödülleri, Jüri Özel Ödülü (Mehmet Günsür)
 2003 - 40. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - Ulusal Uzun Metraj Film Yarışması, 40. Yıl Özel Ödülü (Mehmet Günsür)
 2003 - 11. Magazin Gazetecileri Derneği Ödülleri, En İyi Yönetmen (Mustafa  Altıoklar)

Dış Bağlantılar

 IMDb - O Simdi Asker (2003)

2002 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Mustafa Altıoklar'ın yönettiği filmler
Çanakkale'de çekilmiş filmler
Levent Kazak'ın senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Warner Bros. filmleri

O Şimdi Asker (film)


ඔබට අවැසි ලිපිය තෝරාගන්න
 රෝමය (නගරය)
 පුරාතන රෝමය
 රෝමානු ජනරජය
 රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය
 බටහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය
 නැගෙනහිර රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය

රෝමය


Linda Fruhvirtová, née le , est une joueuse tchèque de tennis.

Biographie
Linda Fruhvirtová est née le  en Tchéquie. Elle est la sœur aînée de Brenda Fruhvirtová, également joueuse de tennis professionnelle.

Les sœurs Fruhvirtová s'entraînent à l'académie de tennis Mouratoglou de Sophia Antipolis depuis 2017.

Carrière junior
En 2019, Linda Fruhvirtová  remporte Les Petits As en simple et en double avec sa sœur Brenda. Une année plus tard, Brenda gagne aussi le titre en simple. Les sœurs Fruhvirtová deviennent les premiers membres d'une même famille à gagner successivement le titre aux Petits As.

Carrière professionnelle

2020 : débuts WTA
Linda fait ses débuts sur le circuit WTA en participant au tournoi de Prague, en août 2020, pour lequel elle reçoit une wildcard pour les tableaux de simple et de double. Elle perd au premier tour face à la Tchèque Kristýna Plíšková.

2021 : tournois américains
En 2021, elle reçoit une wildcard pour les qualifications du tournoi WTA 1000 de Miami en mars 2021. Elle perd au premier tour en trois sets face à Nina Stojanović.

En avril, elle participe, également grâce à une wildcard, au tournoi de Charleston (WTA 250) où elle gagne ses deux premiers matchs professionnels face à Alizé Cornet (sur abandon) et Emma Navarro avant de perdre en quarts de finale face à Astra Sharma qui gagnera ensuite le tournoi.

Elle joue ensuite en août le tournoi de Cleveland (WTA 250). Elle perd au deuxième tour des qualifications mais intègre le tableau principal en tant que lucky loser. Elle bat Tara Moore au premier tour puis s'incline face à Magda Linette.

Linda, à 16 ans, devient la plus jeune joueuse à atteindre le top 400 du classement WTA .

Sa saison se termine en décembre avec le tournoi de Corée (WTA 125) où elle passe deux tours avant de s'incliner face à Ekaterina Kazionova.

2022 : premières victoires significatives
En mars 2022, elle reçoit une wildcard pour le tournoi WTA 1000 de Miami. Elle remporte ses trois premiers matchs dont un  de finale face à l'ex  mondiale Victoria Azarenka. Elle perd en  de finale face à l'Espagnole Paula Badosa.

Elle débute en WTA 500 début avril au tournoi de Charleston par une victoire au  tour face à la Croate Ana Konjuh avant de s'incliner au  tour face à la Suissesse Belinda Bencic qui remportera ensuite le tournoi.

Le , elle joue un premier match (perdu) pour son pays en Coupe Billie Jean King face à la Britannique Harriet Dart.

Elle ne parvient pas ensuite à sortir des qualifications des tournois de Roland-Garros puis Wimbledon mais à l'US Open, elle franchit 3 tours de qualifications pour enfin intégrer son  tableau principal en Grand Chelem. Elle gagne son  match face à la Chinoise Wang Xinyu puis perd ensuite contre l'Espagnole Garbiñe Muguruza.

Le , elle remporte le tournoi WTA 250 de Chennai.

2023 : 1/8èmes à l'Open d'Australie
Mi-janvier, elle parvient en huitièmes de finale d'un Grand Chelem, l'Open d'Australie, pour la première fois de sa jeune carrière. Elle bat d'abord deux invités locales, Jaimee Fourlis (6-0, 6-4) et Kimberly Birrell (6-3, 6-2) et dispose de l'ancienne finaliste de Roland Garros Markéta Vondroušová (7-5, 2-6, 6-3). Elle est éliminée par la Croate Donna Vekić (2-6, 6-1, 3-6).

Palmarès

Titre en simple dames

Parcours en Grand Chelem

En simple dames

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|2022
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|2023
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En double dames

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|2023
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Parcours en WTA 1000
Les tournois WTA 1000 constituent les catégories d'épreuves les plus prestigieuses, après les quatre levées du Grand Chelem.

En simple dames

Palmarès ITF

Simple : 3 titres, 2 finales

Classements WTA en fin de saison

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Joueuse tchèque de tennis
Naissance en mai 2005

Linda Fruhvirtová


Harlem-148th Street est une station du métro de New York située dans le quartier de Manhattan. Elle est située sur l'IRT Lenox Avenue Line dont elle constitue le terminus nord.

Les métros 3 s'y arrêtent tout le temps.

Situation sur le réseau

Histoire

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de New York

Liens externes
 .

Terminus d'une ligne du métro de New York
Station de métro mise en service en 1968
Ligne 3 du métro de New York

Harlem-148th Street (métro de New York)


Lamech bezeichnet:

 Lamech, eine Gestalt der Bibel
 Félix Chemla Lamèch (1894–1962), einen französischen Meteorologen und Selenographen
 Lamèch (Mondkrater), benannt nach Félix Chemla Lamèch

Lamech (Begriffsklärung)


Laura Ann Osnes (19 de novembro de 1985) é uma atriz e cantora americana conhecida por seu trabalho nos palcos da Broadway. Ela interpretou papéis principais em Grease como Sandy, South Pacific como Nellie Forbush, Anything Goes como Hope Harcourt e Bonnie e Clyde como Bonnie Parker, pelo qual recebeu uma indicação ao Tony de Melhor Atriz em Musical. Ela também estrelou o papel-título de Cinderela na Broadway, de Rodgers & Hammerstein, pelo qual recebeu um Drama Desk Award e sua segunda indicação ao Tony de Melhor Atriz em Musical.

Vida pregressa

Osnes nasceu em Burnsville, Minnesota, foi criado nas proximidades de Eagan, um subúrbio de Saint Paul, e é uma cristã professa. Sua primeira atuação como atriz foi na segunda série, onde interpretou um munchkin em O Mágico de Oz. Ela frequentou a Eagan High School. Osnes freqüentou a University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point por um ano como formadora de Teatro Musical, antes de abandonar o curso para seguir carreira profissional.

Em 2005–2006 ela retornou a Minneapolis para ser uma aprendiz performática na Children's Theatre Company, atuando em Working, Aladdin Jr., Prom e Pippi Longstocking. Ela também interpretou Sandy em Grease no maior teatro com jantar do país, o Chanhassen Dinner Theatres, mas sua corrida foi interrompida quando ela foi escolhida para competir no concurso de talentos da Broadway, transmitido em rede nacional, Grease: You're the One that I Want !

Namorado de longa data Nathan Johnson pediu Osnes em casamento em 23 de dezembro de 2006. Eles se casaram em 11 de maio de 2007. Eles moram em Manhattan com sua cadela, Lyla.

Em 2015, Osnes foi juiz e mentora da Songbook Academy, um curso intensivo de verão para alunos do ensino médio operado pela Great American Songbook Foundation e fundada por Michael Feinstein.

Ver também

Atrizes dos Estados Unidos

Laura Osnes


ශාන්ත ඇලෝසියස් විද්‍යාලය
 ෆර්ගසන් උසස් බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
 ඡේසු බිළිදාගේ කන්‍යාරාම ජාතික පාසල
 සීවලී මධ්‍ය  මහා විද්‍යාලය
 සුමනා බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
 ශාන්ත ලුක්ස් විද්‍යාලය
 කුමර විද්‍යාලය
 මිහිදු විද්‍යාලය

රත්නපුර නගරයේ පිහිටා ඇති පාසල් ලැයිස්තුව


هذه قائمة بالمطارات في اليمن مقسمة إلى مطارات محلية داخلية ومطارات دولية بالإضافة إلى القواعد الجوية.

المطارات

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 قائمة المطارات باليمن من خلال الخرائط التالية:
 Great Circle Mapper
 Aircraft Charter World
 World Aero Data

قوائم مبان ومنشآت في اليمن
قوائم متعلقة بالنقل في اليمن
يمن
قوائم مطارات في آسيا

قائمة مطارات اليمن


Greyfriars School is a fictional English public school used as a setting in the long-running series of stories by the writer Charles Hamilton, who wrote under the pen-name of Frank Richards. Although the stories are focused on the Remove (or lower fourth form), whose most famous pupil was Billy Bunter, other characters also featured on a regular basis.

Time is frozen in the Greyfriars stories; although the reader sees the passing of the seasons, the characters' ages do not change and they remain in the same year groups.

From 1908 to 1940, the stories appeared in The Magnet, in a total of 1,683 weekly issues. After 1940, the stories continued to appear in book form until Hamilton's death in 1961. Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School was broadcast as a BBC television series from 19 February 1951 to 22 July 1961. A comic strip was published in Knockout (drawn by Frank Minnitt) from 1939 to 1958, and then drawn by various other artists until Knockout merged with Valiant, in which comic strips continued to appear from 23 February 1963 to 16 October 1976.

Location

Greyfriars School is situated in the county of Kent, southeast England. The school lies on the fictional river Sark, upstream of the nearby village of Friardale and downstream of the market town of Courtfield. It is near the coast: the fishing village of Pegg is described as being within a mile (1.6 km). There are two other public schools nearby, Cliff House girls school and Highcliffe. Farther away are the towns of Lantham and Wapshott.

Organisation
The school consists of seven forms, loosely based on age groups. Each form has its own Form Master, who takes the majority of the lessons. Specialist masters are used for French, sports and mathematics.

The Headmaster appoints a Head Prefect, who is responsible for leading the other Prefects and supporting the Headmaster in matters of school discipline. There is also a School Captain, who is head of school games. The School Captain is elected by a democratic vote of all members of the school. In the great majority of the stories, both positions were held by George Bernard Wingate. Similarly, each Form has a Head Boy, appointed by the Form Master and a Form Captain, elected by the Form.

Unusually, both in terms of real-life public schools and their fictional counterparts, Greyfriars School does not have a house system. In the early Magnet stories, this created a problem for the author in that inter-house rivalries are a useful source of plot conflicts in many fictional school stories.  To compensate for this, Frank Richards created three separate forms of similar age groups at Greyfriars (the Lower Fourth, the Fourth and the Upper Fourth) as well as rival characters in the neighbouring Highcliffe School. As the stories developed, the time would come when plot conflicts would arise naturally from the minutely detailed characters that were fleshed out over the years.

The school is supervised by a Board of Governors, whose members include the short-tempered local landowner, Sir Hilton Popper, as well as Colonel Wharton and Major Cherry, both relatives of prominent characters in the Greyfriars Remove (Lower Fourth) form.

Boys spend most of the day in class, or in their spare time either in a common room, on the sports fields, or in shared studies; they sleep in shared dormitories. Breakfast and lunch are taken communally. A modest high tea in hall is also provided (disparagingly known as "doorsteps and dishwater"), but most of the boys prefer to make their own arrangements in their studies, funds permitting.

Ethos
While the masters naturally emphasise scholastic matters, for the pupils (and readership) it is physical activities that are at the heart of the school's ethos. Prowess at sports is the best route to popularity and respect, while over-attainment at study is something of lesser, if not negative, importance. Disputes are often settled by fights, with the invariable, if unrealistic, outcome that virtue triumphs over vice. Corporal punishment is widely used by the masters and by the Sixth Form prefects. The ultimate punishment, short of expulsion, is a birching administered by the saintly headmaster, Dr Locke. Lesser punishments are lines (copying out a hundred lines from a Latin text by the classical author Virgil), or for really serious infractions among the older forms a "book" (copying out a complete Latin text by Virgil, which might be up to 952 lines).  There is also a Punishment Room ("Punny") which, in rare and particularly serious cases, may be used to keep an offender in solitary confinement for a number of days.

Style and themes

Hamilton's writing style has been compared with that of his contemporary P G Wodehouse.  A light and distinctive prose style combines with a strong comedic element and a large ensemble of strongly-drawn characters.  The exceptional volume of material produced by Hamilton over his writing career allowed both characters and locations to be developed in great depth.

Observations of contemporary life and satire are found in Hamilton's work, and he frequently uses his characters as mouthpieces to make telling ironic points:

In particular, he had little respect for professions or pretensions, and politicians, lawyers and stockbrokers are regularly at the sharp end of his cynical prose.

Time is frozen in the Greyfriars stories; although the reader sees the passing of the seasons, the characters' ages do not change and the students remain in the same year groups.

The style of the stories evolved over the years. For the first decade, the stories tended to be complete episodes. This was also a development period in which the author established his style. During the 1920s, the format gradually changed to serials; this was also a period of character development in which many of the large cast of characters were given their own storylines in turn. Many commentators agree that the "golden age" of Greyfriars stories was in the period 1930 to 1934, when the standard of plotlines and mellow humour reached its peak; while after 1934, the high standard of plot construction continued, but plots and themes were increasingly repeated.

Hamilton's work has attracted criticism, most notably from George Orwell in a 1940 essay published in Horizon magazine. Orwell described Hamilton's style as easily imitated (to facilitate substitute writers), plagiarist, and largely comprising shallow right wing content. He also expressed incredulity that stories spanning 30 years could have been authored by the same individual. The key passage in his essay, which was to provoke a strong response from Hamilton, is reproduced below.

Hamilton's response to this criticism was presented in an article published in the same magazine shortly afterwards, in which he rebutted each of Orwell's points.

Other commentators have challenged the view that Hamilton's work can be narrowly categorised as right wing, drawing attention to examples of his output that demonstrate strong independent views.  Over the years, Hamilton was ever ready to air unfashionable causes to his young audience, but did so in a way that did not attract controversy or jeopardise publication of his stories. Anti-capitalism, early Socialism, the Suffragette movement  and conscientious objectors during World War I all received sympathetic treatment in Hamilton's work. In an age when the word "nigger" was not yet regarded in the same pejorative sense that applies today, Hamilton's work consistently emphasised the offensive nature of the term from as early as 1922; and his output even included unfashionable anti-British sentiments in stories set against the background of imperial India.

Main recurring characters

Although the full ensemble of recurring characters in the Greyfriars world is in the hundreds, a smaller group of fewer than 20 recurring characters, along with guest characters, drive the majority of the stories. Each of the following characters appears in more than 800 Magnet stories (approximately half of the total of 1,683).

Lower Fourth Form (Remove)
The main characters in the stories are to be found in the Lower Fourth Form, known as the Remove.
 William George Bunter – known as Billy Bunter, is the best known character in the stories.  He was initially conceived as a minor character, but developed into one of the principal characters of the stories as his comic potential was realised. His big round spectacles and rolling gait earned him the nickname the "'Owl of the Remove'".  Foolish, greedy, deceitful, comically conceited, but essentially harmless.   Among his few virtues are an occasional tendency to display courage for the sake of others (invariably while being terrified himself); a genuine love and concern for his mother;  and, oddly enough, generosity, on the rare occasions when he is in possession of food or cash. Appears in 1,670 stories and introduced in Magnet No. 1 The Making of Harry Wharton (February 15, 1908).
  The Famous Five  – a quintet of friends comprising  Harry Wharton  (Remove Head Boy and Form Captain), his closest friend  Frank Nugent , cheery and boisterous  Bob Cherry , Indian Prince  Hurree Jamset Ram Singh  and plain-speaking  Johnny Bull  from Yorkshire. All strong sportsmen, they are the de facto leaders of the Greyfriars Remove. Wharton and Nugent were both introduced in Magnet No. 1 The Making of Harry Wharton (February 15, 1908) and are the only two characters to appear in all 1,683 Magnet stories; while Cherry was introduced in Magnet No. 2 The Taming of Harry (February 22, 1908) and appears in 1,682 Magnet stories.
 Percival Bolsover - originally introduced as an unpleasant bully, though has calmed over time.  Now shares a study with French junior Napoleon Dupont, his one true friend, whom he protects from bullying. Appears in 856 stories and first introduced in Magnet No.  182 The Cock of the Walk (August 5, 1911).
 Peter Hazeldene - weak and vacillating, earning him the early nickname of "Vaseline". Later known simply as "Hazel". His sister is schoolgirl Marjorie Hazeldene, whose popularity among many Greyfriars boys leads them to show more patience towards her brother than he perhaps deserves. Appears in 834 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 2 The Taming of Harry (February 22, 1908).
 Lord Mauleverer – outwardly, a languid aristocratic millionaire with a sleepy demeanour.  But there are hidden depths to "Mauly" - his keen judgement of human character and simple faith in human nature have led him more than once to show loyalty to friends in adverse circumstances.  On such occasions he reveals an astute mind and considerable leadership qualities, along with a talent for boxing that is a match for anyone in the form. Appears in 922 stories and first introduced in Magnet No.  184 The Schoolboy Millionaire (August 19, 1911).
 Harold Skinner – one of the most unpleasant characters at Greyfriars – cowardly, malicious and with unwholesome vices such as smoking and gambling. The perpetrator of cruelly accurate cartoons and malicious practical jokes.  Appears in 1,232 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 1 The Making of Harry Wharton (February 15, 1908).
 Sidney James Snoop - a weak character, very much under Skinner's unhealthy influence. Appears in 887 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 45 A Lad from Lancashire (December 19, 1908).
 Peter Hastings Todd – a tall, thin, budding lawyer who is the son of a Clerkenwell solicitor. Devotes much of his time to improving Bunter: a futile, fruitless and frustrating occupation. Appears in 1,039 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 205 The Duffer's Double (January 13, 1912).
 Herbert Tudor Vernon-Smith– a charismatic but reckless and quick-tempered character who features prominently in the stories. A natural leader, both on and off the sports field, but with a hard and selfish streak.  Has too much money, thanks to the indulgence of his millionaire father, which allows him to follow a rebellious lifestyle that has earned him the nickname "The Bounder".  Much improved by his friendship with Tom Redwing who was introduced in 1918. Appears in 1,279 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 119 The Bounder of Greyfriars (May 21, 1910).

Other Greyfriars characters
 The Reverend Dr. Herbert Henry Locke - venerable Headmaster of Greyfriars School. Wise, respected, but sometimes unworldly. Appears in 970 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 1 The Making of Harry Wharton (February 15, 1908).
 Horace Coker - clumsy, loud and opinionated Fifth Former. Convinced of his intellectual superiority and sporting prowess, an opinion that is strangely shared by nobody except his adoring Aunt Judy, who keeps him well supplied with cash and food hampers. Appears in 882 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 143 The Head of Study 14 (November 5, 1910).
 Henry Samuel Quelch - the Remove Form Master, and as such the most prominent Master in the Greyfriars stories. A scholarly gentleman, a confirmed bachelor, and a man of strong character respected by the boys in his Form. A strict disciplinarian and frequently described as a beast, but a just beast. A keen walker, spends much of his spare time working on his monumental work, The History of Greyfriars. Appears in 1,383 stories and first introduced in Magnet No.1 The Making of Harry Wharton (February 15, 1908).
 Paul Pontifex Prout - portly Form Master of the Fifth Form, and referred to by them as "Old Pompous". Prout is inclined to long-winded reminiscences of his experiences shooting bears and buffaloes in the Rocky Mountains of Canada, but he is essentially good-hearted. Attempts to foster popularity with his Form by dropping in unexpectedly to the Fifth Form Games Room. Among his pupils is Horace Coker, with whom he is often at odds. Appears in 626 stories and first introduced in Magnet No. 38 The Cheerful Chinee (October 31, 1908).
 George Wingate - popular and highly respected Greyfriars Head Prefect and School Captain. Appears in 1,112 stories and first introduced in Magnet No.1 The Making of Harry Wharton (February 15, 1908).

Storylines

The extraordinary volume of output of Greyfriars stories inevitably meant that plotlines and themes were repeated, though usually involving different characters and novel twists. In the early years, this often meant stories that were resolved across 1–2 issues; but by the early 1930s a series would typically take 8–12 weekly issues to play out.

Characters with double lives
An oft-repeated theme involves the arrival of a new character at the school who turns out to be not quite what he seems.
Dick Lancaster joins the Greyfriars Sixth form in 1931 (Magnets Nos. 1209 to 1219) and immediately becomes one of the most popular men in the school: handsome, easy going and a fine cricketer.  Unknown to his schoolfellows though, he is also the "Wizard" – a member of a criminal gang of burglars who is particularly skilled at safe-cracking.

Greyfriars turns out to be highly popular as a base for disguised burglars.  The "Courtfield Cracksman" (Magnets Nos. 1138 to 1151) conceals himself by finding employment on the Greyfriars staff in 1930; as does "Jimmy the One" (Magnets Nos.1247 to 1255) in 1931, and  "Slim Jim" (Magnets Nos. 1660 to 1675) in 1939.  In two of these cases Herbert Vernon-Smith has his suspicions – in one case he is proved right, and ends up in danger as a result; in the other case he is disastrously wrong, suspecting the undercover detective assigned to the case and befriending the real villain.

Rivals for a fortune
A variation on the former theme was the arrival of a new boy who turns out to be the secret enemy of an established Greyfriars character.  Usually this involved a rivalry over an inheritance. An early example was the "Da Costa" series of 1928 (Magnets Nos. 1059 to 1067), when new arrival Arthur Da Costa attempts to disgrace Harry Wharton in an attempt to disinherit him of a large fortune.  This plotline was repeated a number of times.

Coker's younger cousin, Edgar Caffyn, one of the most unpleasant characters ever to appear in the stories, arrives at the school in 1935 (Magnets Nos. 1404 to 1412) with the intention of getting Coker expelled and replacing him as Aunt Judy's heir.  It is Billy Bunter's turn in 1938, when his relation Arthur Carter, having been expelled from his previous school, has been disinherited by a wealthy uncle.  He comes to Greyfriars with the intention of disgracing Bunter, his uncle's new adopted heir (Magnets Nos. 1561 to 1572).  In all of these storylines, the rascally newcomer is aided and abetted by an even more rascally lawyer.

Finally, in 1939, Herbert Vernon-Smith's relative Bertie Vernon arrives at the school.  Vernon is startlingly similar to Vernon-Smith in appearance, which allows a number of dramatic situations to develop before Vernon's real purpose in coming to Greyfriars is revealed.

Doppelgängers
Many storylines have involved the arrival at Greyfriars of a relative who bears a startling resemblance to an existing character. Usually, the two doppelgängers are of opposite character types, and are continuously mistaken for each other, enabling a number of plot conflicts to develop. As well as the Bertie Vernon series, mentioned above, other doppelgängers have included Billy Bunter's cousin Wally, Peter Todd's cousin Alonzo and Harry Wharton's relative Ralph Stacey (Magnets Nos. 1422 to 1433).  The Stacey series, in particular, is rated by many commentators as being among the finest Greyfriars series written by Hamilton.

The rebellious Remove
The Remove included a number of naturally rebellious characters and several plotlines exploited this to the full.  A typical storyline would involve an act of injustice or tyranny resulting in the juniors rising up in open rebellion against authority.

One of the first examples was the "Judge Jeffreys" series of 1917 (Magnets Nos. 501 to 505), in which a new head master, Mr Jeffreys, institutes a severe punishment regime, causing the Remove to lead a rebellion against his rule that ends in Mr Jeffreys being driven out by the whole school.

The "High Oaks Rebellion" series of 1928 (Magnets Nos. 1043 to 1049) sees Mr Quelch, the Remove Master, unjustly dismissed from the school through a malicious trick by Skinner. Led and financed by Lord Mauleverer, the Remove walk out of Greyfriars, set up their own school at High Oaks and defend it against a number of attempts to forcibly return them to Greyfriars.

The "Brander" series, from 1930 (Magnets Nos. 1169 to 1174) is a particularly notable example of this story type. Newcomer Otto van Tromp grievously injures Dr. Locke in an unscrupulous scheme to install his uncle, Mr. Brander, as the new headmaster of Greyfriars.  In this, the pair enlist the assistance of the debt-laden chairman of the Greyfriars governors, Sir Hilton Popper, who owes money to Brander. Van Tromp becomes head prefect and abuses his position to such an extent that the Remove rise up in open rebellion and barricade themselves in the Remove passage. They are eventually joined by characters from other forms in the school, including fifth formers and prefects.  Mr. Quelch, meanwhile, is dismissed by Brander, but invokes the school statutes that allow a dismissed master of long standing to remain at the school until his appeal is heard by the governors.

In 1934, Billy Bunter is expelled after being unjustly blamed for drenching Mr Prout in ink (Magnets Nos. 1374 to 1382). The Remove rise up in his support and build a fortified camp on Popper Island, which they successfully defend against a number of assaults by the prefects and other seniors.

Later in the same year, Headmaster Dr Locke and several senior prefects are hospitalised following a motor accident.  Fifth form master Mr Prout takes over as temporary headmaster and appoints the bullying Gerald Loder as Head Prefect; as a result, a tyrannical regime develops at the school.  Prompted by Vernon-Smith, the juniors form a secret society, the Secret Seven, to fight back.  Although the Secret Seven has over 30 members, only 7, wearing masks, are ever seen to take part in active operations at any one time.  The Magnet gave away a number of detective-themed promotional gifts over the course of the series which were featured in the narrative of the stories.

After Dr Locke is again incapacitated in 1937, the temporary headmastership passes this time to Mr Hacker, unpopular Master of the Shell, who is supported by Sixth form bully Arthur Carne.  The resultant tyranny again prompts the Remove to fight back; this time, they march out of the school and barricade themselves in the tuckshop (Magnets Nos. 1510 to 1515).

Travel series
The summer holiday break, between the summer and Michaelmas terms, saw the Greyfriars juniors depart on a number of adventures away from the school.  Frequently, this involved travel overseas.

The early Magnets saw some short trips to Europe, but it was not until 1922 that the first proper foreign travel series appeared. In Magnets Nos. 768 to 774 the juniors travel with Bob Cherry's cousin to Africa in search of buried ivory. The juniors revisited Africa with Mr Vernon-Smith in 1931 (Magnets Nos. 1228 to 1236).

In the India series of 1926 (Magnets Nos. 960 to 970) the juniors travel to Bhanipur with Colonel Wharton to ensure Hurree Singh's throne is kept safe against the machinations of foreign spies.

In 1927, the juniors visit the South Seas in Mr Vernon-Smith's yacht (Magnets Nos. 1017 to 1026), in search of Black Peter's treasure, which will make Redwing financially independent. The juniors revisited the Southern seas in 1938 (Magnets Nos. 1588 to 1598)

The longest foreign travel series came in 1929 (Magnets Nos. 1092 to 1107), when Mr Fish took a party of juniors and seniors all the way across the United States to Hollywood to make a school film. Though the trip was sold to the school and parents as educational, the primary purpose of the trip was to make films with real schoolboys without paying them Hollywood rates. The juniors went to the US for a second time in 1938 (Magnets Nos.1573 to 1582), this time to Texas, where they encountered another of Charles Hamilton's characters, the Rio Kid.

The Egypt series of 1932 (Magnets Nos. 1277 to 1284) follows the adventures of Billy Bunter, accompanied by Lord Mauleverer and the Famous Five, across Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to the North African deserts (a locale previously visited in the Sahara series of 1925).  They are pursued by the villain Konstantine Kalizelos, who is convinced the schoolboys have a clue to the whereabouts of a fabulous lost jewel.  Author Charles Hamilton never visited Egypt, and the authenticity of many of the descriptions and scenes in this series is remarkable.  In particular, the characterisation of two Egyptians, the millionaire Hilmi Maroudi and the lower caste guide, Hassan the Dragoman, has won acclaim.  These stories were partially reprinted in the Schoolboys Own Libraries before World War II and again by Armada in the 1970s, but both omitted the conclusion of the series.

The China Series of 1930 begins with the Remove junior, Wun Lung, menaced by the distant Chinese mandarin Tang Wang.  Accompanied by Billy Bunter, the Famous Five and the detective Ferrers Locke, he returns to China via Hong Kong and Singapore.  A series of adventures ensues.  The author draws a vivid picture of a very different China ruled by Mandarins – a colourful land rich in history and ancient customs.

In other fiction
Greyfriars, and some of its (by then) former pupils, appeared in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: The Black Dossier.

George Harbinger is a fictional civil servant in The Secret Servant by Gavin Lyall. He refers to the intelligence services of Warsaw Pact member states using language in the style of Charles Hamilton, such as "cads and rotters" to indicate their agents in the UK, and "Greyfriars" to indicate their various headquarters (particularly the Lubyanka Building as the activities of the satellite states' services are assumed to be directed by the KGB).

See also
 The Magnet
 The Gem
 Tom Merry

Notes

References
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External links
 Friardale Hamilton material
 Magnets
 Collecting Books and Magazines Detailed article
 Greyfriars, The Magnet & Billy Bunter Facts and Figures
 Greyfriars Index Detailed listing of Hamilton material
 The Friars Club Enthusiasts' Club
 Friardale Detailed site about The Magnet
 Bunterzone Enthusiasts' site
 Index of Boys Weeklies
 Map of Greyfriars School
 Map of Location of Greyfriars School

British boys' story papers
Fictional schools
Kent in fiction

Greyfriars School


Treći anglo-nizozemski pomorski rat dogodio se kada je pod uplivom devolucionog rata i opasnosti koja je prijetila od Kraljevine Francuske, Nizozemska zajedno s Engleskom i Švedskim Carstvom dogovorila Trojni savez kojem je uspjelo obustaviti francuske pretenzije prema Španjolskoj, Nizozemskoj i Slobodnoj Grofoviji Franche-Comté. Kada je Francuskoj uspjelo privući na svoju stranu Švedsko Carstvo, a zatim i prezaduženog engleskog kralja Karla II., Nizozemska se našla u većoj opasnosti nego ikada prije.

Stanje mornarica sukobljenih strana

Nizozemska
Pri izbijanju rata Nizozemska je imala spremno 72 linijska broda, 24, fregate i 24 brandera.

Engleska
Engleska flota je bila pojačna novim linijskim brodovima (bilo ih je jednaki broj kao i nizozemskih) i obučena na iskustvima iz prethodna dva rata. Uveden je i signalni kod za zapovijedanje, prvi ovakve vrste.

Francuska
Francuska flota je bila ravna engleskoj po broju brodova, naoružanju i posadama, ali bez dovoljno ratnog iskustva. Za suradnju s Englezima Francuzi su 1672. opremili 30 linijskih, 5 manjih ratnih brodova i 8 brandera.

Objava rata i djelovanja u La Mancheu 1672. godine
Da bi izbjegla rat, Nizozemska je popuštala pred Engleskom do krajnjih granica, ali bez uspjeha. Englezi su početkom ožujka 1672., bez objave rata napali u La Mancheu nizozemski konvoj od 72 trgovačka broda koji se vraćao iz İzmira, a 29. ožujka objavili rat Nizozemskoj s početkom od 7. travnja. Tog je dana u sukob ušla i Francuska, a njoj su se priključili biskupi Münstera i Kölna.

Nizozemska flota bila je spremna sredinom svibnja, kada su se protivničke flote već spojile. Zbog toga su Nizozemci odlučili da bitku prihvate samo u svojim vodama. Prepad na ušće Temze, izveden krajem maja po traženju vlade, osujećen je engleskim odbrambenim mjerama.

Krajem svibnja otpočele su operacije i na kopnu. Doznavši da je anglo-francuska flota od 71 linijskog broda i većeg broja na sidrištu u Solebayu doveden u nepovoljan položaj, admiral de Ruyter odlučio ju je napasti, iako je bio brojčano slabiji. Bitkom kod Solebaya 7. lipnja 1672. Nizozemci su spriječili prebacivanje savezničkih snaga i mogući desant u Nizozemsku, baš u trenutku kada je ona dovedena u vrlo tešku situaciju i na kopnu. Ipak se saveznička flota, s ukrcanim desantnim jedinicama, pojavila pred Texelom. Njezin zapovjednik vojvoda od Yorka, pokušavao je izmami Ruytera iz pozicije iza pličina i sprudova ušća rijeke Meuse. Ta igra mamljenja trajala je sve sve do 21. srpanja, kada je nastupilo dugotrajno nevrijeme koje je razbilo savezničku flotu i primoralo je da se uz velika oštećenja vrati u Englesku, odnosno Francusku. Time su ratna djelovanja u 1672. završena.

Pokušaji savezničkih invazija i završetak ratovanja na moru
Princ William Oranski, novoimenovani namjesnik Nizozemske, objedinio je 1672. kao general-admiral rukovođenje ratnom mornaricom, na čije je čelo postavio de Ruyter i omogućio mu da sprovede nužne mjere radi podizanja borbene spremnosti flote. On je 7. i 14. lipnja 1673. dočekao savezničku flotu iza pličina Schoonevelda i u dvama uzastopnim bitkama spriječio pokušaj desanta. No, saveznici nisu odustajali te su krajem srpnja 1673. ponovno uputili flotu za desant. Do nove bitke je došlo tek 21. kolovoza kod Texela koju je de Ruyter uvečer prekinuo. Poslije toga saveznici su konačno odustali od desanta na Nizozemsku i vratili su se u svoje luke. Englezi su raspustili flotu, što je de Ruyteru omogućilo da preprati konvoj iz područja pod kontrolom Nizozemske istočnoindijske kompanije, čiji je bogati teret omogućio daljnji nastavak rata. Nizozemci su krajem rujna raspustili flotu, a posade su iskoristili za rat na kopnu. Na moru je nastavljeno samo gusarenje.

Kraj rata i njegove posljedice
Mir između Engleske i Nizozemske sklopljen je 19. veljače 1674. u Westminsteru, a rat s Francuskom vodio se još sljedećih 4 godine, ali izvan nizozemskih voda. Westminsterskim mirom, Nizozemci su priznali bezuvjetno prvenstvo Engleske na moru, pravo engleske ratne na pozdrav, ustupili su joj New Amsterdam koji su u toku rata potvratili, priznali su Engleskoj ratne povlastice u Istočnoj Indiji i platili 2 milijuna guldena (ƒ) odštete. Anglo-nizozemskim pomorskim ratovima Nizozemska je prisiljena da prvenstvo u prekomorskoj trgovini i kolonijama prepusti industrijski razvijenoj Engleskoj.

Literatura

 "Anglo-holandski pomorski ratovi", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 151. – 153.
 G. Brandt, Leben und Thaten des fürtrefflichen un sonderbahren Seehelden Michael de Ruyter, Amsterdam, 1687.
 S. R. Gardiner, Letters and papers relating to the First Dutch War (1652—1654), 2 t., London, 1899.—1900.
 A. W. Tedder, The Navy of the Restoration, Cambridge, 1916.
 C. D. Penn, The Navy under the Early Stuarts and its Influence on English History, London, 1920.
 K. Marks, Kapital, III. t. (prev. s njem), Beograd, 1948.
 Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden, Utrecht, 1953.
 Ch. Wilson, Profit and power, London, 1957.

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