Tijuana bibles (also known as eight-pagers, Tillie-and-Mac books, Jiggs-and-Maggie books, Jo-Jo books, bluesies, blue-bibles, gray-backs, and two-by-fours) were palm-sized erotic comics produced in the United States from the 1920s to the early 1960s. Their popularity peaked during the Great Depression era.

Most Tijuana bibles were obscene parodies of popular newspaper comic strips at the time, such as "Blondie", "Barney Google", "Moon Mullins", "Popeye", "Tillie the Toiler", "The Katzenjammer Kids", "Dick Tracy", "Little Orphan Annie", and "Bringing Up Father". Others made use of characters based on popular movie and sports stars of the day such as Mae West, W.C. Fields, Clark Gable, Joan Crawford, The Marx Brothers, Cary Grant, Jean Harlow, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and Joe Louis, sometimes with names only subtly changed. Before World War II, almost all the stories were humorous, cartoon versions of well-known dirty jokes that had been making the rounds for decades.

The artists, writers, and publishers of these booklets generally remained anonymous as their publication was illegal and clandestine. The quality of the artwork varied widely. The subjects consisted of explicit sexual escapades, usually featuring well-known newspaper comic strip characters, movie stars, and (rarely) political figures, invariably used without respect for either copyright or libel law and without permission. Tijuana bibles featured ethnic stereotypes found in popular culture at the time, although one Tijuana bible ("You Nazi Man") concluded on a serious note with a brief message from the publisher pleading for greater tolerance in Germany for the Jews.

The typical bible was an eight-panel comic strip in a wallet-sized  format with black print on cheap white paper and running eight pages in length.

Characters

Tillie and Mac are thought to have been the first Tijuana bible stars, along with Maggie and Jiggs from the popular newspaper strip Bringing Up Father. Tillie was soon followed by Winnie Winkle, Dumb Dora, Dixie Dugan, Fritzi Ritz, Ella Cinders, and other familiar comic strip characters stamped in the same mold. Making the most appearances in the bibles, Popeye and Blondie were the most popular characters in the 1930s. The first celebrity bibles were based on real-life newspaper tabloid sex scandals such as the Peaches and Daddy Browning case which made headlines in 1926. Ten years later, an entire series of bibles by one unknown artist obscenely lampooned Wallis Simpson and the King of England. By far the most popular celebrity character was Mae West, but virtually every major Hollywood star of the era was featured in the Tijuana bibles.

A popular comic strip character such as Tillie or Blondie might appear in as many as 40 eight-pagers drawn by ten artists. An entire series of ten bibles drawn by "Mr. Prolific" was based on famous gangsters; Legs Diamond, Al Capone, and Machine Gun Kelly were featured, while the artist working under the alias "Elmer Zilch" drew a set of eight comics about famous boxers such as Jack Dempsey. Another set of ten bibles drawn by Mr. Prolific featured radio stars, including Joe Penner and Kate Smith. Blackjack drew a set of ten comics using characters from Snow White, with each of the seven dwarfs starring in his own X-rated title.

The ten-book series format was dictated by the limitations of the printing equipment used to print the bibles, which made it convenient to print a set of ten titles at a time, side by side on a large sheet which was then cut into strips, collated, folded, and stapled. Typically, a new set of ten would be issued every couple of months, all drawn by the same artist, featuring ten cartoon characters or celebrities. For several months in 1935, Elmer Zilch and his publishers experimented with a ten-page format, issued with two-tone covers in four sets of eight, plus one set of ten (the "Salesmen" series) in the eight-page format. Each panel in this series was surrounded by an intricate engraved arabesque border, possibly intended as an anti-counterfeiting device as it was hard to reproduce, and the series became known to collectors as the "Ornate Borders" series. Only 42 bibles are known by collectors to have been issued in this style, and most of them were soon being reprinted in truncated eight-page versions. Often the added two pages were simply filler gag panels drawn by Zilch.

In addition to comic strip characters and celebrities, many bibles featured nameless stock characters like cab drivers, firemen, traveling salesmen (and farmer's daughters), icemen, maids, and the like. Very few original recurring characters were created expressly for the bibles; Mr. Prolific's "Fuller Brush Man" was one, in which a door-to-door salesman named Ted starred in a series of ten episodic eight-page adventures. To many collectors, this series was the epitome of the Tijuana bible genre.

During the Senate racket investigations of the 1950s, a New York businessman named Abe Rubin was asked if there was any truth to the rumor picked up by a Chicago police lieutenant that he had once been the original printer and distributor of "the Fuller Brush Man series of comics". The Fuller Brush man stories made a very weak stab at continuity (e.g., "The following week I was sent to Tallahassee" or some such words at the commencement of each installment), but each eight-panel story was self-contained. The only real serial stories told in the eight-pager format were three tales by Blackjack, featuring original characters named Fifi, Maizie, and Tessie, in "To be continued" narratives which stretched through three or four installments each before concluding.

History

The term "Tijuana bibles" was first noted in Southern California in the late 1940s and refers to the incorrect belief that they were manufactured and smuggled across the border from Tijuana, Mexico. According to one possibly apocryphal tale, visitors spending the night at the cheapest hotels in Tijuana would find a Tijuana bible in the nightstand instead of a Gideons bible, hence the name.

In the 1930s, many early bibles bore phony imprints of non-existent companies such as "London Press", "La France Publishing," and "Tobasco Publishing Co." in London, Paris, and Havana. The popular line using the "Tobasco" imprint was around the underground market for a couple of years and also printed a number of pamphlet-sized erotic fiction readers, in addition to about 60 Tijuana bible titles, most of them original.

Tijuana bibles were sold under the counter for 25 cents in places where men congregated: barrooms, bowling alleys, garages, tobacco shops, barber shops, and burlesque houses. One commentator reminisces:

In some senses, Tijuana bibles were the first underground comix. They featured original material at a time when legitimate American comic books were still reprinting newspaper strips. After World War II, the quality and the popularity of the Tijuana bible declined.

Comics artist and historian Art Spiegelman notes that records do not seem to exist of prosecutions against publishers and artists for making Tijuana bibles; the cartoonist added, however, that authorities occasionally seized shipments and people selling Tijuana bibles. According to Spiegelman, it is not clear whether mom and pop outfits or organized crime created the small salacious booklets. Old newspaper crime stories seem to indicate that most bibles were the product of a fairly small group of independent small businessmen with their own printing presses, invariably springing up again in a new location after a police raid shut them down. These businessmen manufactured a variety of pornographic products, including pornographic playing cards, gag greeting cards, and film reels, and created their own underground distribution routes around the United States.

In the early days, Tijuana bibles could be shipped in bulk around the country through commercial express offices, usually the Railway Express Agency firm. It was a serious criminal offense to send them via the US mail, and one mail order dealer was sentenced to 5 years in Leavenworth in 1932 for simply soliciting orders from his customers through the US mail (at a dollar per bible: "These are not the cheap kind"), even though he guaranteed to ship them by commercial express. When the mails were used, complex schemes were used to foil postal inspectors, involving mail-forwarding, one-time use postal boxes, and non-existent addresses. The high success rate of the postal authorities in defeating these schemes is the main reason that bibles were generally sold locally rather than through the mails. When a seller was arrested and prosecuted for violating a local ordinance, the penalties were far lower than if a federal offense was committed; usually a seller got off with a 30-day sentence, a $100 fine, or probation after a local arrest, at least on a first offense.

Easy access to commercial shipping was suddenly cut off in the mid-1930s, so manufacturers began driving the products themselves to various underground depots around the country in cars and vans, taking advantage of a loophole making it not a federal crime (at that time) to take pornography across state lines in a private vehicle. The small size of the bibles made them easy to transport; 50,000 bibles could fit in the trunk of a car. Clandestine distribution centers were located in basements, lofts, and back alley garages in a chain of large cities on an east–west axis from New York City to Kansas City, loosely following the route of the old National Road and generally avoiding the South and New England which were regarded as dangerous places to be arrested for pornography. (Boston's Scollay Square, however, was a notorious place where Tijuana bibles could readily be purchased at seedy, hole-in-the-wall novelty shops patronized by sailors on leave.) Business was always done on a strictly cash basis, with generous discounts for bulk purchases to the local distributors who then resold them to retail vendors. The local distributors were not members of organized crime syndicates, but seedy small businessmen in an illegal black market business. The same vendors also handled cheap, off-brand black market condoms. A distributor's "territory" might be a large city, several counties, or an entire state, with the territorial boundaries being assigned by the national distributors, who regulated things by limiting the amount of goods delivered to each local distributor to the quantity that could readily be sold inside his (or in at least one instance, her) assigned territory.

Millions of Tijuana bibles were printed and sold in the 1930s, the heyday of the bibles. But the number of new Tijuana bible titles being produced took a nosedive at the beginning of World War II, and the industry never recovered. Factors in the decline of the Tijuana bibles at this time may have included police raids and the retirement of Doc Rankin, who was called up by the military at the beginning of the war, along with wartime shortages of paper and printing supplies. Printing plates of older bibles were worn down through continued reprintings until they were nearly blank, and original plates lost in police raids had to be replaced with new plates crudely recut by hamfisted, untrained amateur engravers. The quality of Tijuana bibles available on the market suffered, and prices dropped as sales plummeted.

When the business was revived after the war, the quality of new bibles was dismal: they were poorly drawn, badly printed, and the stories were amateurish and puerile compared to the work of a decade before. Mr. Dyslexic, the leading artist of the postwar era, was possessed of an almost staggering lack of drawing talent matched only by his bad taste and ignorance of the English language.
His best-known work "Traveling Preacher" is a lengthy, labored-over retelling of a novel by Erskine Caldwell (Journeyman), whom Mr. Dyslexic then proceeded to acknowledge by making Caldwell himself the star of another scabrous Tijuana bible ("Erskine Caldwell in Grandpa's Revenge").

Artists

Little is known about the anonymous artists who produced the Tijuana bibles. Wesley Morse (who later went on to draw Bazooka Joe) drew many of those appearing shortly before WWII, most notably about a dozen titles inspired by the 1939 World's Fair. Morse was the only major Tijuana bible artist who did not parody the newspaper comic strips, preferring to create his own characters. A number of books have alleged that freelance cartoonist Doc Rankin was the creator of hundreds of Tijuana bibles in the 1930s, although this remains unproven. Gershon Legman was around the New York City erotic book trade in the 1930s, and he claimed that Rankin was paid $35 weekly to produce two eight pagers, delivering the work to Louis Shomer, a gadfly book trade personality and publisher of a line of cheap pamphlet-sized jokebooks, chiefly remembered today for testifying against Ben Rebhuhn at the Falstaff Press pornography trial and as the author of a manual of tap-dancing. During World War II, with the production of new Tijuana bible titles shut down, Shomer employed Wesley Morse to produce hundreds of unsigned and uncredited cartoons, illustrations, cover art and advertisements for his line of digest-sized newsstand joke books, Larch Publications.

In addition to his identification of Rankin, Legman also claimed to know that one of the major Tijuana bible artists was a woman. A declassified FBI memorandum from the early 1940s confirms that they knew one of the main artists to be a woman, but the artist's name has been redacted from the document. It is likely that the artist referred to was Blackjack, who has never been positively identified but may possibly have been Legman's acquaintance, the erotic illustrator Clara Tice. Blackjack drew upon movie star fan magazines, both for story ideas and for visual reference, for titles like William Powell and Myrna Loy in "Nuts to Will Hays!", and followed the storylines of the daily newspaper comics closely and satirized them: the plot and characters of Annie and Rose in "Doughnut Girls Fill Up the Holes!" fits right in to the 1938 story arc in which Little Orphan Annie and her grownup friend Rose Chance tried to beat the Depression by starting a doughnut-making business. Blackjack's two baseball-themed bibles, featuring New York Yankees Joe Dimaggio, Lou Gehrig and Lefty Gomez, show a good awareness of the latest tabloid gossip about the Yankees' love lives as of spring training 1937, although the pairing of Lou Gehrig with Mae West seems to be purely a figment of Blackjack's imagination.

Collectors have assigned names to several anonymous artists with recognizable styles: "Mr. Prolific" was the creator of the "Adventures of a Fuller Brush Man" series, and the master of a sure-handed, elegant steel-pen inking style. "Mr. Dyslexic" was a seemingly clumsy, semi-literate artist who produced numerous titles in the postwar period, some with political content (e.g., Senator Robert A. Taft breaking a strike by sleeping with union members' wives). "Blackjack" was an artist active around 1938 whose work frequently depicted imaginary pairings of famous Hollywood movie stars, the artwork featuring large solid black areas and sometimes resembling linoleum block prints. The name "Elmer Zilch" appears on a number of bibles that appeared circa 1934. Zilch was an early and witty creator of the mid-1930s, rivaling Mr. Prolific in talent, popularity, and productivity, who may have been Doc Rankin. Rankin had a studio in midtown Manhattan, directly across the street from Macy's department store, where he produced commercial artwork on commission, so there is the possibility that assistants were involved.

Commentators have claimed to discern the styles of from a dozen to twenty artists who produced 10 or more bibles during their heyday, with the most productive artists (Mr. Prolific and Elmer Zilch) each drawing from 150 to 200 titles; followed by the output of Wesley Morse, Blackjack, and Mr. Dyslexic, who each produced about half that many. These five artists may have drawn half of all the Tijuana bibles ever done. There were also two anonymous artists in the 1950s who each drew about 60 to 80 cheaply produced titles, sold for a dime each to a clientele which allegedly consisted largely of high school boys. These late-period bible series included such titles as "Bellhop Kicks Dog" and a number of "Archie"-themed comics.

A few observers believe that Mr. Prolific and Elmer Zilch may even have been the same artist working in two styles to vary his output and extend his shelf life. The byline "Elmer Zilch" appears on a number of Tijuana bibles which evidently came on the market in 1934 and 1935, and the same artist's unmistakable "big-foot" cartoony style can be seen in many more. The name "Elmer Zilch" referred to a fictional character who was the mascot of the humor magazine Ballyhoo.

The total number of distinct stories produced is unknown but has been estimated by Art Spiegelman to be between 700 and 1,000. These were endlessly reprinted, redrawn, retitled, and pirated, with nearly illegible "nth-generation" copies circulating decades after the originals were first issued. The majority of old Tijuana bibles seen today are reprints dating from the 1950s.

In addition to the eight-pagers, there were also the more expensive "16-pagers", printed in a larger page size with more pages, and usually more carefully drawn and better printed. These were high-priced and less common than the eight-pagers but showcased the artists' best work.

Police seizures

In 1930 the sale of two Tijuana bibles for 25 cents each, at the barber shop in the sleepy mountain hamlet of Dover Plains, was front-page news. The affair was uncovered when a maiden aunt, going through her 17-year-old nephew's clothes to prepare them for the wash, discovered the bibles in the back pocket of his jeans, and notified the police. The guilty barber blamed a mysterious stranger from Poughkeepsie who had supplied him with the merchandise (never identified, but possibly Abe Rubin, a pioneering Tijuana bible distributor, who was arrested in the nearby village of Wingdale in 1932). One of the two bibles sold in Dover Plains was identified as "The Old Man Steps Out", a Maggie and Jiggs title later reprinted by Tobasco.

The earliest known Tijuana bible arrest occurred in Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1926, when a cache of bibles was discovered in a student's school locker at Wiley High School. Police traced the source back to a highly respected local newspaper editor named Charles Jewett (managing editor of the Terre Haute Star) and his son, a job printer. A federal charge was also placed against them because some of the bibles had been shipped across state lines to Rochester, Minnesota, home of the Mayo Clinic, where Cap'n Billy's Whiz Bang, America's leading outlet for guardedly smutty humor, is said to have gotten its start a few years earlier as a risque joke sheet passed around among the convalescing soldiers.

"Jewett was arrested following an investigation by authorities of the origin of a book of indecent pictures in which popular comic strip characters figure," a local newspaper reported. "The arrests grew out of an investigation, which had been quietly going on for three or four weeks, following the finding that several Wiley high school boys were in possession of an obscene publication based on a current strip in the Sunday papers. Further inquiry led to a search of the printing offices conducted by Jackson Jewett, under the name of the Jewett Printing Company, where a number of zinc etchings, from which the strips were printed, together with a quantity of booklets, bound and ready for distribution, were seized. It was said at the time that the elder Jewett had taken the contract for printing the strips and had attended to their distribution." Charles Jewett was sentenced to six months in a state workhouse, and father and son left Terre Haute afterward. It is not known today which particular bibles were involved, but the earliest bibles are sometimes dated to 1925, particularly early "Tillie and Mac" and "Maggie and Jiggs" stories which were issued without covers or titles at the time, and were not always eight pages long. The Kinsey Institute has in its possession an early Tillie and Mac story involving Mac finding a used condom in Tillie's wastebasket ("I wondered where that had gone", she says brightly), which has an archivist's notation "First seen Oklahoma 1926".

On the rare occasions that the Tijuana bibles were mentioned in the press, they were usually described vaguely and without identifying detail as "cartoon books", an ambiguous term that could just as easily refer to licensed collections of newspaper strips such as the Cupples & Leon reprint books. People would order "cartoon books" from the mysterious and ambiguously worded advertisements that appeared in the back pages of the Police Gazette starting in the late 1920s, but they had no way of knowing which they would receive. Buyers were sometimes advised to "state explicitly what you want". If a news story concerned a police raid, a clarifying adjective might be employed, such as "indecent", "lewd", or "obscene", as in the following 1930 news item about an arrest in midtown Manhattan:

The scale on which Tijuana bibles were produced can be gauged from the large hauls announced in police seizures. Eight million bibles were reported seized in one November 1942 raid by FBI agent P.E. Foxworth and his men on a Manhattan warehouse and a printing plant in the loft over a garage in the South Bronx. Small-time businessmen Jacob and David Brotman were arrested in that raid, along with several associates. The majority of the Tijuana bibles circulating in the country were being printed in this loft on a Babcock press. The lease on the 2250 square foot loft had been taken out a year earlier by the Brotmans' brother-in-law, who was their partner in a bowling alley located in Manhattan under the George Washington Bridge.

According to the FBI, four tons of material were ready to ship across the country, and seven tons had already gone out and were being rounded up at regional distribution centers in Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Cleveland/Akron, Indianapolis, and Kansas City. Jacob Brotman was identified as one of the main players in the Tijuana bible trade in Jay Gertzman's Bookleggers and Smuthounds, and he had previously been arrested in a similar raid on a Lower East Side loft reported in the New York City papers in 1936 which produced a large haul of bibles, erotic fiction "readers", pornographic playing cards, and nude photos, along with cutting and binding equipment and an expensive modern printing press which police could not confiscate because it turned out to be leased. The firm had been operating under the guise of a playing card manufacturer.

During the 1939 World's Fair, men selling pornographic booklets on the midway at the fair were trailed to a warehouse near the Brooklyn Navy Yard where David Brotman and Ben Reisberg (who was later arrested again with Louis Shomer in Virginia) were arrested and a cache was seized of 350,000 printed items and photos and 50,000 condoms, along with printing plates.

Collectors have estimated that as many as 50,000 copies would be produced of a single title in this period, and distributed around the country through an underground network of independent local and regional distributors, many of them former bootleggers. A local distributor such as Andrew Hepler in northern Virginia or Frank Lang in Pittsburgh would typically buy them in bulk batches of 20,000 or more as new product became available (typically 10 or 20 new titles), break the shipment into packets of 100 or so bibles, and drive around the distribution territory dropping them off at pool halls, gas stations, barber shops, and taverns. If the distributor did not cross a state line while making his rounds, it was very difficult to charge him (or her, in a few cases) with a federal offense, although in the Hepler case authorities were able to sentence him to five years in the Atlanta Penitentiary—not for distributing pornography, but on the charge that he had cheated his business partner on the proceeds.

In New York City, police raids on the business were carried out at intervals for decades, usually at the instigation of John S. Sumner and the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, which closely watched the trade in pornography in the city during the years of its existence. In Boston, this function was carried out by the Watch and Ward Society, which exchanged information with Sumner's organization in New York to coordinate their efforts. There was a similar group in Chicago, the Illinois Vigilance Association led by Rev. Philip Yarrow; while in Philadelphia the energetic Rev. Mary Hubbert Ellis, a Primitive Methodist minister, assembled an ad hoc coalition and terrorized the local smut industry with a series of raids for two years until her enemies and their lawyers were finally able to turn the tables and force her to leave town after she accepted a $100 donation from one of the dealers in exchange for not raiding his premises. Mr. Prolific mocks these foes in one of his bibles, in the form of a guardian of public morals named "Smuthound" who apprehends Betty Boop while she is engaged in having sex with a lifeguard on the beach (Betty Boop in "Improvising").

The FBI monitored the Tijuana bible trade but rarely made arrests. A large file of specimen bibles was maintained at FBI headquarters, eventually comprising over 5,000 items, for the purpose of tracing printers and distributors. As a result of the 1942 raids the FBI came into possession of thousands of engraved printing plates used to print the original bibles; these gathered dust in a storage cabinet at FBI headquarters for years awaiting a final decision on their destruction.

Cultural references

Early in the graphic novel Watchmen, the current Silk Spectre (Laurie Juspeczyk) visits her mother (past Silk Spectre Sally Jupiter) and briefly reads a Tijuana bible featuring her. Sally finds it flattering and keeps it as a reminder of her past sex appeal, but Laurie finds the comic obscene. The same Tijuana bible is later given away as a gift, owing to its present nature as a collector's novelty item.

Will Eisner features Tijuana bibles in the first pages of his book The Dreamer, though nothing explicit is shown. His protagonist Billy is a young artist out looking for work who is offered a job illustrating them by a printer and a mobster. He is shocked and incensed and asks if they are legal. The vignette serves to focus conflict between the character's dream and reality, but also between legitimate and illicit comic production. Dejected, Billy says that he will think it over. The theme is reminiscent of a real-life episode described by Eisner about being asked by a shady Brooklyn businessman to draw for the publications at a rate of $3 a page, which was good money at the time.

Joe Shuster drew Tijuana bible-like illustrations for an underground bondage-themed erotic series called Nights of Horror in the early 1950s. His male characters are strongly reminiscent of Superman, and some of his female characters resemble Lois Lane. Thousands of copies of Nights of Horror were seized in a police raid on a Times Square book store, but Shuster's name did not come to light in the ensuing prosecution.

The young Hugh Hefner experimentally drew several Tijuana bibles as samples for a projected series which was never published, when he was a struggling cartoonist in Chicago in the early 1950s, around the same time that he issued his self-published cartoon book That Toddlin' Town.

The title character in the 1959 semi-autobiographical Canadian novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz by Mordecai Richler sells Tijuana bibles to his high school classmates, some featuring Dick Tracy, after buying them in bulk from a newsstand vendor who assigns him a small part of the city as his sales territory. He hears that the news vendor has been arrested, then panics and destroys all the bibles.

The English garage punk band The Flaming Stars released the album Tijuana Bible
in 2000.

In the 2006 novel Water for Elephants, the term "eight-pager" is mentioned in several locations, one of these when Kinko the dwarf is caught masturbating by Jacob Jankowski while reading a Popeye the Sailor Tijuana bible.

The 1996 novel The Green Mile by Stephen King, features a scene in which guard Percy Wetmore is caught reading a Tijuana bible with fictional character "Lotta Leadpipe", and is asked what his mother would think of such material; this is included in the film version.

A 1954 episode of Dragnet ("The Big Producer") had Sgt. Joe Friday breaking up a high school smut ring which includes a teenage boy (played by Martin Milner) selling eight-pagers out of his school locker. They are called "joke books" by the seller. The term "Tijuana Bible" was used in the 1968 Dragnet episode "The Starlet".

During Year Six (2007) of the webcomic Something Positive, lead character Davan MacIntire discovers that the man whom he is named after, a cousin of his grandfather, had worked as a writer/artist of Tijuana bibles in the late 1930s. Randy Milholland, the creator of Something Positive, then created a spin-off series called Something Positive 1937 to tell the story of the first Davan.

In the graphic 2007 novel The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill, the titular Dossier contains a mock Tijuana bible (actually printed in cheap newsprint and included with the book) which, in the context of the story, was published by Pornsec, a department of the government of Big Brother (from George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four).

In 2008, comic artists Ethan Persoff and Scott Marshall created an eight-page mock Tijuana bible lampooning President George W. Bush and Presidential hopeful John McCain entitled Obliging Lady. The comic was distributed at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.

In a 2018 issue of Howard Chaykin's scathing satire of the comics industry, Hey Kids! Comics!, two freelance comic book artists are shown furtively delivering artwork for upcoming Tijuana bibles to the (fictional) offices of the Tobasco Publishing Co.

See also

 Chick tract
 Elsagate, a phenomenon involving unauthorised depictions of popular children's characters in inappropriate situations
 Fan fiction
 Dōjinshi
 Hentai
 Rule 34 (Internet meme)

References

Further reading

External links

 Tijuanabible.org
 Tijuanabibles.org
 Cover gallery
 Mcgrath, George. "How Movie Stars Are Used in Obscene Booklet Racket" Police Gazette, October 1955.

Adult comic strips
American culture
Erotic comics
Pornographic magazines published in the United States
Underground comix
History of comics
Unofficial adaptations
Parody comics
Parodies of comics
Satirical comics
Comics based on real people
Obscenity controversies in comics

Tijuana bible


Dance-pop is a subgenre of pop music that originated in the late 1970s to early 1980s. It is generally uptempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable but also suitable for contemporary hit radio. Developing from a combination of dance and pop with influences of disco, post-disco and synth-pop, it is generally characterised by strong beats with easy, uncomplicated song structures which are generally more similar to pop music than the more free-form dance genre, with an emphasis on melody as well as catchy tunes. The genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions.

Dance-pop is highly eclectic, having borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producers, artists and periods. Such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, electropop, new jack swing, funk and pop rock.

Dance-pop is a popular mainstream style of music and there have been numerous artists and groups who perform in the genre. Notable artists include Cher, Madonna, Britney Spears, Rick Astley, Kylie Minogue, Christina Aguilera, Spice Girls, Paula Abdul, Backstreet Boys, Michael Jackson, NSYNC, Jennifer Lopez, Janet Jackson, Rihanna, Katy Perry, Lady Gaga, Years & Years, Justin Bieber, Carly Rae Jepsen, and Ava Max, among others.

History

1980s

As the term "disco" started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as "post-disco", "club", "dance" or "dance-pop" music. These genres were, in essence, a more modern variant of disco music known as post-disco, which tended to be more experimental, electronic and producer/DJ-driven, often using sequencers and synthesizers.

Dance-pop music emerged around the early 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, which was uptempo and simple, club-natured, producer-driven and catchy. Dance-pop was more uptempo and dancey than regular pop, yet more structured and less free-form than dance music, usually combining pop's easy structure and catchy tunes with dance's strong beat and uptempo nature. Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs.

At the beginning of the 1980s, disco was an anathema to mainstream pop. According to prominent AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna "launched dance-pop" and set the standard for the genre for the next two decades. As the primary songwriter on her self-titled debut album and a co-producer by her third record, Madonna's insistence on being involved in all creative aspects of her work was highly unusual for a female dance-pop vocalist at the time. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album "drew the blueprint for future dance-pop."

In the 1980s, dance-pop was closely aligned to other uptempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, who created Hi-NRG/dance-pop for artists such as Kylie Minogue, Dead or Alive and Bananarama. During the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk (e.g. Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston), new jack swing (e.g. Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul), and contemporary R&B.

Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, and Tiffany.

1990s
By the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, and 'NSYNC. During the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music (e.g. Right Said Fred's "I'm Too Sexy", Taylor Dayne's Soul Dancing, and Madonna's "Vogue", "Rescue Me" and "Deeper and Deeper"), as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing (e.g. Shanice's "I Love Your Smile").

By the late 1990s, electronic influences became evident in dance-pop music; Madonna's critically acclaimed and commercially successful album Ray of Light (1998) incorporated techno, trance and other forms of electronic dance music, bringing electronica into mainstream dance-pop. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a dance-pop song called "Believe" which made usage of a technological innovation of the time, Auto-Tune. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch and to create special effects. Since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music.

Celine Dion also released a midtempo dance-pop song, "That's the Way It Is" by the end of 1999. Also during this period, some British bands connected with Britpop and alternative pop experimented with dance-pop as a form - examples include Catatonia single "Karaoke Queen," Bis's top 40 hit "Eurodisco", Kenickie's final single "Stay in the Sun" and Romo band Orlando's major-label debut single "Just For A Second." Another Britpop band, Theaudience was fronted by Sophie Ellis Bextor who went on to a successful solo career primarily in artist-driven dance-pop.

2000s

At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, and highly electronic in style, influenced by genres such as trance, house, techno and electro. Nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop was often influenced by urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson and Kylie Minogue continued to achieve success at the beginning of the decade. Whilst much dance-pop at the time was R&B-influenced, many records started to return to their disco roots; Kylie Minogue's albums such as Light Years (2000) and Fever (2001) contained influences of disco music, or a new 21st-century version of the genre known as nu-disco; hit singles such as "Spinning Around" (2000) and "Can't Get You Out of My Head" (2001) also contained disco traces. In Madonna's case, her album Music (2000) contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single.

Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-to-latter part of the decade when dance-pop music returned greatly to its disco roots; this can be seen with Madonna's album Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005), which borrowed strong influences from the genre, especially from 1970s artists and bands such as ABBA, Giorgio Moroder, the Bee Gees and Donna Summer. Britney Spears' album Blackout (2007) contained influences of Euro disco.

The mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Katy Perry and Lady Gaga. This period in time also saw dance-pop's return to its more electronic roots aside from its disco ones, with strong influences of synthpop and electropop. Lady Gaga is frequently considered one of the pioneers of this evolution, notably with her singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face" which were heavily influenced by synthpop and electropop. Rihanna's singles in the dance-pop genre, including "Don't Stop the Music" and "Disturbia", contained electronic influences, the former of which has elements of house music, the latter electropop. Kesha's debut single, "Tik Tok", was also highly electronic in style and employed a video game beat. Katy Perry's "Hot N Cold" (2008), "California Gurls" (2010), and "Firework" (2010), which were major commercial hits, also showcased influences of electropop and house music.

2010s
The 2010s, similarly to the late 2000s, saw strong electronic influences present within dance-pop and also strong emphasis on bass-heavy drum beats. Artists such as Britney Spears, Lady Gaga, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Madonna, Kesha, Christina Aguilera, Usher and Rihanna remained very popular, while newer recording artists such as Ariana Grande, Justin Bieber, Rita Ora, and Dua Lipa joined the dance-pop charts within the decade.

American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's albums Red (2012), 1989 (2014) and Reputation (2017) contain more of a pop-influenced sound, which features production by dance-pop record producers Max Martin and Shellback. Ariana Grande's single "Problem" featuring Iggy Azalea was a big hit in 2014 and reached combined sales and track-equivalent streams of 9 million units worldwide the following year.

Characteristics
Dance-pop generally contains several notable characteristics:

Uptempo, upbeat music intended for clubs, with a danceable or dance-centered character.
Catchy songs with an easy, pop-based structure.
A strong emphasis on beats, grooves and rhythms.
Prominent hooks.
Simple lyrics.
Polished productions.

See also
 List of dance-pop artists

References

Print sources

20th-century dance
21st-century dance
1980s in music
1990s in music
2000s in music
2010s in music
Dance in the United States
Dance music genres
Pop music genres
Post-disco
Fusion music genres

Dance-pop


Betegnelsen polyacetylener bruges forvirrende om to forskellige grupper af kemiske stoffer
 Syntetiske polymerer af acetylen, der er kæder af carbonatomer med alternerende dobbeltbindinger, såkaldte polyener
 Naturstoffer med to eller flere trippelbindinger (ofte med flere dobbeltbindinger, såkaldte polyyner

Polyener

Tilsætning af små mængder af andre kemiske stoffer til de lineære syntetiske polymerer af acetylen giver en elektrisk ledende polymer, et "plastikmetal". Tilsætningsstoffer kan f.eks. være et halogen eller et alkalimetal, se doteringsmiddel. Sådanne "forurenede" polymerer startede udviklingen af elektrisk ledende organiske stoffer (se også grafen) og gav tre forskere Nobelprisen i kemi i 2000: Hideki Shirakawa, Alan Heeger og Alan MacDiarmid

Polyyner

I gulerod og ginseng findes polyacetylener som falcarinol, et toxin, der beskytter roden mod svampeangreb. I forsøg har man vist at polyacetylener har en positiv virkning mod inflammation og cancer. Sandeltræ-ordenen indeholder også polyacetylener.

Henvisninger og eksterne links

Polymerkemi
Organisk kemi

Polyacetylener


Msgr. Ivan Ćurić (Slavonski Brod, Hrvatska, 1. prosinca 1964.), rimokatolički pomoćni biskup đakovačko-osječki.

Životopis

Mons. Ivan Ćurić rođen je 1. prosinca 1964. godine od roditelja Ante i Pavke, rođ. Kolak u Slavonskom Brodu, u Đakovačkoj ili Bosanskoj i Srijemskoj biskupiji, danas Đakovačko-osječkoj nadbiskupiji. Nakon osnovne škole 1979. godine započinje svećeničku formaciju, najprije u Međubiskupijskom dječačkom sjemeništu u Zagrebu, kasnije u Đakovu. Poslije vojnoga roka u Banjoj Luci ulazi 1984. godine u Bogoslovno sjemenište u Đakovu i započinje svoj filozofsko-teološki studij, koji od 1987. nastavlja na Papinskom gregorijanskom sveučilištu, kao pitomac Papinskoga njemačko-ugarskoga zavoda. U isusovačkoj crkvi Presvetoga Imena Isusova (Il Gesù) u Rimu zaređen je 11. ožujka 1989. za đakona, a za prezbitera 29. lipnja 1990. u katedrali – manjoj bazilici sv. Petra u Đakovu.

U Rimu postiže stupanj magisterija iz filozofije (1991.), s temom o filozofiji M. Heideggera. Iste godine započinje službu župnoga vikara u Osijeku (Donji Grad) te postaje odgojitelj (prefekt) u Bogoslovnom sjemeništu i profesor filozofije na Visokoj bogoslovnoj školi u Đakovu (danas Katolički bogoslovni fakultet). Zbog ratnih opasnosti sa sjemenišnom zajednicom jedno vrijeme provodi u izbjeglištvu u Gradišću (Austrija). Od 1993. nastavlja studij u Rimu kao pitomac Papinskoga zavoda sv. Jeronima. Poslije povratka u biskupiju vršio je sljedeće službe: vicerektor Bogoslovnoga sjemeništa (1996. – 2007.) u Đakovu i predavač filozofskih kolegija na KBF-u u Đakovu (do 2012.), ujedno i liturgijske glazbe (1996. – 2002.), župnik u Brodskom Varošu (2007. – 2011.), dekan Slavonskobrodskoga dekanata (2010. – 2011.), rektor Bogoslovnoga sjemeništa (2011. – 2013.).

Kroz to je vrijeme vršio i sljedeće dužnosti: voditelj Biskupijskoga tiskovnoga ureda (2002. – 2007.), u razdoblju Biskupijske sinode (1998. – 2003.) bio je član Pripremnoga povjerenstva i voditelj priprave 4. sinodskoga zasjedanja "Ustrojstvo biskupijske zajednice" te urednik Sinodskoga biltena. Od 1998. godine urednik je "Liturgijskoga direktorija". Pri Hrvatskoj biskupskoj konferenciji član je Vijeća za kler. Od 2011. član je Prezbiterskoga vijeća. Imenovan je kapelanom Njegove Svetosti 2012. godine. Službu generalnoga vikara Đakovačko-osječke nadbiskupije započinje 2013. godine, a od 2014. kanonik je Prvostolnoga kaptola đakovačko-osječkoga. Papa Franjo imenovao ga je 11. ožujka 2019. godine pomoćnim đakovačko-osječkim biskupom i naslovnim biskupom Tele.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Imenovanje
 Ivan Ćurić novi pomoćni biskup đakovačko-osječki
 /Mons. Ivan Ćurić novi pomoćni biskup đakovačko-osječki

Hrvatski biskupi

Ivan Ćurić


El-Keşf an menâhici'l-edille (), İbn Rüşd'ün kısaca El-Menâhic veya El-Keşf olarak da anılan eseri. Eser felsefe karşısında dinin konumunu savunur, şer'î esasların felsefeyle çatışmadığını ileri sürer, İslam felsefesindeki bazı temel hususlara değinir. Eser çoğunlukla Faṣlü'l-Maḳâl (ve Ez-Zamîme) ile birlikte neşredilmiştir; bunlar birbirlerini tamamlayıcı niteliktedir denilebilir.

İbn Rüşd El-Menâhic'''de özellikle Eş'arî kelamcılarının te'vil anlayışını tenkit eder. Aslında genel olarak zamanına kadarki kelam anlayışını tenkit etmiş olsa da Eş'arî geleneğe odaklanmıştır; bunun en büyük sebebi onun döneminde gerek halk gerek otorite açısından Eş'arî geleneğin önemli oluşudur. Ayrıca diğer bazı kelam ekollerine erişimi de kısıtlıydı. Eserde Allah'ın selbî ve tenzihî sıfatları gibi akaid konularındaki görüşlerini açıklayan İbn Rüşd genel olarak Eş'arî kelamcıların görüşlerinden çoğu noktada ayrılmıştır. Eserde kısaca da olsa yer alan diğer bazı konular: hüsn ve kubh, kaza ve kader, meâd, tecvir ve ta'dil...

 Ayrıca bakınız
 Faslu'l-makâl''

İslam felsefesi kitapları
Akaid kitapları

El-Keşf an menâhici'l-edille


At være Anna er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012 instrueret af Mathias Broe og Josephine Aagaard.

Handling
Alle som har en ældre søskende, har på et tidspunkt sat ham eller hende op på en piedestal, og alle børn har på et tidspunkt ønsket at være ældre, end de er. Ønsket i Anna kommer til udtryk gennem en kombination af barnlig naivitet og spirende pubertet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

At være Anna


වර්නන් කොරයා (1927 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 - 2002 සැප්තැම්බර් 23) ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය යන දෙඅංශයේම වසර 45 ක රාජ්‍ය සේවයක් විකාශනය කළ පුරෝගාමී ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශකයෙකි. ඔහු 1956 දී දකුණු ආසියාවේ පැරණිතම ගුවන් විදුලි මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හා පසුව ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවට සම්බන්ධ විය. ඔහුගේ කාලය තුළ ඔහු දකුණු ආසියාවේ වඩාත්ම ජනප්‍රිය ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන් කිහිපයක් ඉදිරිපත් කළේය, මැලිබන් ෂෝ, ඩයල්-ඒ-ඩිස්ක්, හොලිඩේ චොයිස්, ටූ ෆෝ ද මනි, ටෙක් ඉට් හෝ ලෙව් ඉට්, සෙනසුරාදා ස්ටාර්ස්, ටු එක් එක් ඔස් ඔන්, කිඩීස් කෝනර්, සහ ගෙදර පරණ මිනිස්සු .  ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පමණක් නොව, 1950 දශකයේ අග භාගයේ සිට 1970 දශකය දක්වා ඉන්දියානු උප මහද්වීපය පුරා ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් විය - මෙය දකුණු ආසියාවේ පැරණිතම ගුවන් විදුලි මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි උච්චතම අවධියේ විය.
Articles with hCards

ළමා අවධිය

කොරයා උපන්නේ 1927 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින ලංකාවේ කටුනායක කුරණ ප්‍රදේශයේය. ඔහුගේ දෙමාපියන් පූජ්‍ය කැනන් අයිවන් කොරියා සහ ඔයිඩා කොරියා වූ අතර, ප්‍රකට මාධ්‍යවේදියෙකු සහ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ හිටපු තානාපති අර්නස්ට් කොරයාගේ සහෝදරයා විය. පූජ්‍ය කොරයා බොරැල්ල ශාන්ත ලූක් දේවස්ථානයේ සහ මිලාගිරිය ශාන්ත පාවුළු දේවස්ථානයේ විකාර්වරයා විය. ඔහුගේ පවුල ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බටහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ හලාවත නගරයෙන් පැමිණි අතර, 1596 දී I විමල ධර්මසූරිය රජු වෙනුවෙන් කෝට්ටේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීමට භාර වූ එදිරිල්ලේ රාළ ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන ජෙනරාල් ඩොමිනිකස් කොරයාගෙන් සෘජුව පැවත එන්නන් විය. ඔහුගේ සීයා වූයේ ආචාර්ය ජේම්ස් ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් අර්නස්ට් ය. කොරයා, හලාවත සංගමයේ සහ ලංකා ජාතික කොංග්‍රසයේ නිර්මාතෘවරුන් වන ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කීර්තිමත් නිදහස් සටන්කාමීන් වන චාල්ස් එඩ්ගා කොරයා සහ වික්ටර් කොරයා ගේ සහෝදරයාය. නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාරයේ ඔවුන්ගේ කාර්යභාරය හඳුනාගෙන 'ඉන්දියාවේ පියා' ලෙසින් හඳුන්වන මහත්මා ගාන්ධි 1927 දී සිය පළමු සහ එකම ලංකා සංචාරයේදී හලාවතට පැමිණ 'සීගිරිය' නම් කොරයා නිවසකදී වර්නන්ගේ සීයා හමුවිය.

වර්නන් කොරයා අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනයක් වන කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයේ ය.  ඔහු ටෙනිස් ක්‍රීඩාවෙන් පාසල නියෝජනය කළ අතර නාට්‍ය ලෝකයට සහ විවාද සමාජයට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම සම්බන්ධ විය. ඔහුව ඔහුගේ පියා විසින් පූජකවරය සඳහා පුහුණුව සඳහා ඉන්දියාවේ  බිෂොප් විද්‍යාලයට යවන ලදී. කල්කටාවේ දී ලංකා ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ සභාපති ලෙස තේරී පත් වූ ඔහු නාට්‍ය ප්‍රසංගවල රඟපෑවේය. පැවිදිකම තමාගේ වෘත්තිය නොවන බව හැඟුණු ඔහු තම මවගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු නැවත ලංකාවට පැමිණියේය.

වෘත්තීය
බදුල්ලේ ඌව විද්‍යාලයේ (ඔහුට ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ මොනිකා මුණගැසුණු) කෙටිකාලීන ගුරු වෘත්තියෙන් පසුව සහ කොළඹ කාර් මාර්ට් හි විකුණුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස වර්නන් කොරයා 1956 දී සහන නිවේදකයෙකු ලෙස ගුවන් විදුලියට සම්බන්ධ වූ අතර, ඔහු වාණිජ සේවයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ විසින් පත් කරන ලදී., ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ජාතික ක්ලිෆර්ඩ් ඩොඩ් සහ ඔහුගේ සහායක ලිවි විජේමාන්න. ඔහු ජනප්‍රිය සංගීතය, බයිලා  සහ බටහිර සංගීතයේ සංදර්ශන නියෝජනය කරමින් රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්හි ස්වර්ණමය හඬ ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් විය. පසුව ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ ව්‍යාපාර කළමනාකාර, ප්‍රවෘත්ති අධ්‍යක්ෂ ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. කොරයා 1970 හි නෆීල්ඩ් භාරය සමඟ මාස හයක සහයෝගීතාවයක් මත එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සිටියදී, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය විකාශන සමුළුවකදී, මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල්වරයා නියෝජනය කළේය.

1956 සිට 1960 දක්වා වර්නන් කොරයා සහ රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි අනෙකුත් නිවේදකයින් විසින් එල්විස් ප්‍රෙස්ලි, පැට්සි ක්ලයින්, ලුවී ආම්ස්ට්‍රෝං, ජිම් රීව්ස්, හැන්ක් ස්නෝ සහ ක්ලිෆ් රිචඩ් යන අයගේ සංගීතය රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්/ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ ගුවන් විදුලි තරංග ඔස්සේ හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී.  ඔවුන් දකුණු ආසියාවේ ඉතා ජනප්‍රිය වුණා.

ඔහුගේ ජීවිත කාලය පුරාම සහ ඔහුගේ විකාශන ජීවිතය කොරයා ජනප්‍රිය සංගීත ලෝකයේ හොඳම ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දක්ෂතා ප්‍රවර්ධනය කළේය. 1960-1970 ගණන් වලදී Ceylon Daily News හි පළ වූ ඔහුගේ අතිශය බලගතු විනෝදාස්වාද තීරුව - EMCEE හරහා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සංගීතඥයන් අඛණ්ඩව ප්‍රවර්ධනය කළ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ඔහු විය. වර්නන් විසින් ජනප්‍රිය ලන්ඩන් සවුන්ඩ්ස් ඊස්ටර්න් ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන ඉදිරිපත් කරන විට රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්/ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ සහ ලන්ඩන් බීබීසී රේඩියෝවේ චිත්‍රාගාරවල ශ්‍රාවකයන්ට සිය ගණනක් සංගීතඥයන් හඳුන්වා දුන්නේය. ඔහු රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි ගුවන්විදුලි වැඩසටහන් හරහා ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය තරු රැසක් 'සොයාගත්' අතර කොළඹ ඩේලි නිවුස් හි EMCEE තීරුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ සංගීත කුසලතා ප්‍රවර්ධනය කළේය. සමහරු ජාත්‍යන්තර තලයට ගියා.

නිමල් මෙන්ඩිස්, බිල් ෆෝබ්ස්, ඩෙස් කෙලී සහ ක්ලිෆ් ෆොනැන්ඩර් වැනි ලංකාවේ මුල්ම සංගීත තරු කිහිපයක් රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් සඳහා වර්නන් කොරයා විසින් සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡාවට ලක් කරන ලදී. ඔවුන්ගේ සංගීතය ඉන්දියානු උප මහාද්වීපය පුරා විශාල ප්‍රේක්ෂක පිරිසකට ද හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී - මිලියන ගණනක් ගුවන් විදුලි මධ්‍යස්ථානයට සම්බන්ධ වූ අතර රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් නිවේදකයින් දකුණු ආසියාතික ශ්‍රාවකයින් සමඟ සුවිශේෂී තත්ත්වයන් භුක්ති වින්දා.  ඉන්දියාවේ ගෞරවාන්විත හින්දු පුවත්පත වර්නන් කොරයා ලොව හොඳම විකාශකයින් 5 දෙනා අතරට ඇතුළත් කළේ ඔහු ගුවන්විදුලි ලංකා වාණිජ සේවයේ සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ ඉංග්‍රීසි සේවාවන්ට සිංහල සංගීතය හඳුන්වා දුන් බවයි.   ක්ලැරන්ස් විජේවර්ධන, ඇනස්ලි මාලේවන,  සහ අනෙකුත් අයගේ දක්ෂතා මුලින්ම ඉංග්‍රීසි ගුවන්විදුලි වැඩසටහන් මගින්, රේඩියෝ සිලෝන් හි හඳුන්වා දුන්නේ ඔහුය.

වර්නන් කොරයා ගේ පියා වන පූජ්‍ය කැනන් අයිවන් කොරයා ට විශේෂ උපහාරයක් ලෙස ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය සුපිරි තරුවක් වන ක්ලැරන්ස් විජේවර්ධන පිය සෙනෙහස ගැන සංවේදී ගීතයක් රචනා කළේය. එය ක්ලැරන්ස් විජේවර්ධනට සහ ඇනස්ලි මාලේවනට ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් ජනප්‍රිය විය. සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡාවකදී ඇනස්ලි මාලේවන්න මෙසේ සිහිපත් කරයි: "අපි 1994 දී සංගීත සංදර්ශන පැවැත්වීමට එංගලන්තයේ සංචාරය කරන විට, එංගලන්තයේ සිටි වර්නන් කොරයා මගෙන් මෙම ගීතය ගායනා කරන ලෙස ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. මම වේදිකාවට නැඟලා සිංදු කියන්න පටන් ගන්නකොටම වර්නන් කඩාගෙන වැටුණා, අපි හැමෝම මේ සිද්ධියෙන් සසල වුණා. අපි කොහේ ගියත් විදේශ රටවල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් මගෙන් ඉල්ලීම් කළා මේ ගීතය ගායනා කරන්න කියලා. දැන් මම ඒ ගීතය මගේ නැසීගිය පියාට කැප කරනවා." ඔහු පැවසීය.

රූපවාහිනිය
1972 ජූනි 15 වන දින ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංගමය විසින් ප්‍රථම වරට පර්යේෂණාත්මක රූපවාහිනී විකාශනය ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට ආරාධනා කරන විට වර්නන් කොරයා ශ්‍රී ලංකා දිවයිනේ රූපවාහිනී ඉතිහාසය නිර්මාණය කළේය. ඔහු කොළඹ රූපවාහිනි තිරවල, කළු සුදු පාටින්, කෙටි රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහනකට පෙනී සිටියේය, මෙය ඉතිහාසයට එක් විය.  වසර හතකට පසු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රථම නිත්‍ය රූපවාහිනී විකාශනය සිදු වූ අතර එම නිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රේෂණයේ ප්‍රථම රූපවාහිනී ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නා වූයේ වර්නන් කොරයාගේ ඥාති සොහොයුරෙකු වූ විජය කොරයාය - ඔහු තම ඥාති සහෝදරයා ගුවන් විදුලියට හඳුන්වා දුන්නේ ජනප්‍රිය ළමා වැඩසටහනක් වන 'කිඩීස් කෝනර්' ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලෙස දන්වමිනි. 1960 ගණන්වල රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්.  විජය කොරයා වර්නන් කොරයා විසින් අනුශාසනා කළ බොහෝ තරුණ විකාශකයන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකි - ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල්වරයා බවට පත් විය. ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංස්ථාවේ ඉංග්‍රීසි සේවා අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා වූ නිහාල් භාරේටි විකාශන ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ තවත් උසකට ගිය තවත් ගෝලයෙක් විය.  Leon Belleth තවත් උපදේශකයෙක් වූ අතර, Radio Ceylon/SLBC සමඟ සාර්ථක වෘත්තීය ජීවිතයෙන් පසු ඔහු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේදී විශ්‍රාම ගියේය.

1972 දී ලංකා ගුවන්විදුලි සංගමයේ (දැන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව) මුල් අත්හදා බැලීම්වලට වඩා බොහෝ දුරස් වූ රූපවාහිනී මධ්‍යස්ථාන කිහිපයක් දිවයිනේ දැන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ

බී.බී.සී

කොරයා පවුල 1975 දී එංගලන්තයට සංක්‍රමණය විය.වර්නන් කොරයා ඉහළ නොර්වුඩ් හි පිහිටි ලොව පුරා ගුවන්විදුලිය සඳහාද, පසුව බීබීසී ගුවන් විදුලි ලන්ඩන්   හා ජනප්‍රිය ලන්ඩන් සවුන්ඩ්ස් ඊස්ට් හි ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නෙකු ලෙසද සේවය කළේය. ඔහු පණ්ඩිත් රවි ශංකර් සහ ඌෂා උතුප් ඇතුළු බොහෝ ආසියානු තරු සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා කළේය. බීබීසී ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන අගනුවර විශාල ප්‍රේක්ෂක පිරිසක් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගත් අතර එය රේඩියෝ ටයිම්ස් හි පවා ප්‍රදර්ශනය විය. වර්නන් කොරයා ඉක්මනින්ම බීබීසී හි කළමනාකරණ ඉණිමඟට නැග්ගා - ඔහු 1978 දී දේශීය ගුවන්විදුලි ආසියානු වැඩසටහන් නිලධාරියා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු බීබීසී හි වාර්ගික සුළුතර උපදේශකයා බවට පත් විය; මෙය ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ කළමනාකාරීත්වයේ පත්වීමකි - ඔහු විශ්‍රාම යන තෙක් බීබීසී හි මෙම තනතුර දැරීය.  වර්නන් කොරියා තරුණ, දක්ෂ සහ දක්ෂ පුද්ගලයින් විකාශනයට හඳුන්වා දීම සහ උපදෙස් දීම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. ඔහු සුළුතර වාර්ගික විකාශකයින් පුහුණු කළ අතර ඔවුන් සඳහා බීබීසී දේශීය ගුවන්විදුලි ජාලයේ ස්ථානගත කිරීම් සොයා ගත්තේය. ඔහුගේ කාර්යය බීබීසී හි විවිධත්වයට දායක විය.  වර්නන් කොරයා බීබීසී පුහුණු මධ්‍යස්ථානයේදී ද දේශන පැවැත්වීය. කොරයා ගේ පුහුණුවන්නන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් දැන් බීබීසී ගුවන් විදුලියේ ප්‍රධාන ධාරාවේ ගුවන් විදුලි වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නන් වේ. වර්නන් කොරයා ගේ උපදෙස් ලබාගැනීමට පැමිණි අය අතර ඉහළම බීබීසී පුවත් නිවේදක ජෝර්ජ් අලගියා ද විය.

විකාශකයින් පුහුණු කිරීම සඳහා නේපාලය, බංග්ලාදේශය සහ මාලදිවයිනට ආරාධනා කරන ලද කොරයා අගනුවර වන මාලේ හි සංචාරයකදී මාලදිවයිනේ ජනාධිපතිවරයාට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී.

පල්ලියේ වැඩ
වර්නන් කොරයා කිතුනුවකු වූ අතර, ඔහු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පල්ලියේ වැඩවලට බෙහෙවින් සම්බන්ධ විය - ඔහු නිරිතදිග ලන්ඩනයේ විම්බල්ඩන් හි එමානුවෙල් පල්ලියේ එංගලන්ත පල්ලියේ ගිහි පාඨකයෙකු වූ අතර එම පත්වීමට පෙර ඔහු ගිහි පාඨකයා විය. ක්‍රයිස්ට් පල්ලිය, ගිනිකොනදිග ලන්ඩනයේ ජිප්සි හිල් .

ඔහුගේ ජීවිතය සිහිපත් කරමින්, Reginald Massey The Guardian සඟරාවේ සඳහන් කළේ: කොරයා උපත ලද විකාශකයෙක් සහ racy raconteur, කෙළින් මුහුණින් අමනාප ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට නැඹුරු විය. නමුත් ඔහුගේ නිහතමානී හැසිරීම පිටුපස සිටියේ නිරිතදිග ලන්ඩනයේ විම්බල්ඩන් ගම්මානයේ එමානුවෙල් පල්ලියේ ගිහි පාඨකයෙකු වූ ත්‍යාගශීලී සහ විශාල හදවතක් ඇති කිතුනුවෙකි. '

ඔටිසම්
ඔටිසම් රෝගයෙන් පෙළෙන දෙමාපියන්, රැකබලා ගන්නන්, දරුවන් සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගේ අරගල, ඔහුගේ ම මුනුපුරාට ඔටිසම් වර්ණාවලි ආබාධයක් ඇති බව හඳුනා ගැනීමෙන් පසු කොරියා ගැඹුරින් සැලකිලිමත් විය. ඔහු එම තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳව දැනුවත් කළේය. 2002 දී ඔහු ලන්ඩනයේ ශාන්ත පෝල් ආසන දෙව්මැදුරේ පැවති ඔටිසම් සඳහා වූ ඓතිහාසික දේව මෙහෙයකට සහභාගී වූ අතර ඔටිසම් සඳහා යාච්ඤා ලිවීය. ලොව පුරා පල්ලි සහ ආගමික සංවිධාන විසින් වාර්ෂිකව සමරනු ලබන ඔටිසම් ඉරිදා දිනයේදී මෙම යාඥාවන් දැන් සිදු කරනු ලබන්නේ පෙබරවාරි දෙවන ඉරිදා දිනයේදීය.

ඔහු 2002 සැප්තැම්බර් 23 වන දින ලන්ඩනයේ නිව් මැල්ඩන්හිදී දියවැඩියා රෝගයෙන් මිය ගියේය.

වර්නන් කොරයා පිළිබඳ උපුටා දැක්වීම්
'වර්නන් බීබීසීයේ පුරෝගාමී බලපෑමක් වූ අතර අපගේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය සහ අපගේ වැඩසටහන් අපගේ ජාතියේ විවිධ ජනගහනයේ සැබෑ නියෝජිතයන් බව සහතික කර ගැනීම සඳහා අප දිගටම කරගෙන යන කාර්යය සඳහා අඩිතාලම දැමීමට උපකාරී විය.' (ග්‍රෙග් ඩයික් - අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල් බීබීසී)

'ඔහුගේ කළමනාකාරිත්වයට සහ ඔහුගේ වෘත්තියට පක්ෂපාතී හැඟීම සහ ඔහු යටතේ සේවය කළ අය කෙරෙහි ඔහුගේ අනුකම්පාව සහ සැලකිල්ල ආදර්ශවත් විය.' (නෙවිල් ජයවීර - හිටපු අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල් SLBC)

'මේ අවස්ථාවේ බීබීසීය වඩාත් ඇතුළත් වීමට උත්සාහ කරමින් සිටි අතර, විවිධත්වය සඳහා වැඩි වන තෙරපුමක ඉදිරියෙන්ම සිටින බව කොරියා සොයා ගත්තේය. 1978 දී ප්‍රථම වාර්ගික සුළුතර උපදේශකයා ලෙස ඔහු පත්කිරීමෙන් ප්‍රධානියෙකු සහ උපදේශකයෙකු වශයෙන් ඔහුගේ වැදගත්කම හඳුනා ගන්නා ලදී. (ද ටයිම්ස්)

මේකත් බලන්න

 ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් විදුලි සංස්ථාව
 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික විකාශකයින්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්

ග්‍රන්ථ නාමාවලිය

 Stuart Wavell විසින් රචිත The Art of Radio - CBC - Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation හි අධ්‍යක්ෂක විසින් ලියන ලද පුහුණු අත්පොත, 1969. (CBC හි අධ්‍යක්ෂ මණ්ඩලයේ මොළය අවුල් කිරීමේ සැසියකට නායකත්වය දෙන Vernon Corea ගේ ඡායාරූපය)
 Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War by Penny Von Eschen, Harvard University Press, 2006,

බාහිර සබැඳි

 වර්නන් කොරයා රේඩියෝ සිලෝන්හි ස්වර්ණමය හඬ
 වර්නන් කොරියාට නිල උපහාරය
 ද ගාඩියන් හි වර්නන් කොරියා පිළිබඳ මරණ දැන්වීම
සිංහල ජනයා
2002 මරණ
1927 උපත්
Pages with unreviewed translations

වර්නන් කොරයා


Roxana Gârleanu Lupu () este o actriță română de film, televiziune și de teatru.

Biografie
Roxana Lupu a fost respinsă la admiterea la Facultatea de Teatru din Cluj dar, un an mai târziu, a fost admisă la Facultatea de Teatru din București.

Filmografie
A interpretat rolurile: prințesa Tatiana Romanov în Royal Murder Mysteries, regina Elisabeta a II-a în seriile documentare BBC Inside Buckingham Palace și Inside Windsor Castle, prințesa Margareta în Private Lives of Monarchs, regina Maria în Queen Marie of Romania (2019).

Ca Roxana Gârleanu a interpretat rolurile Ana în Hensi 3D: The Making Of (2015) sau ca asistenta lui Peter în Noaptea fricii 2 (2013).

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de actori români

Nașteri în 1985
Nașteri pe 5 decembrie
Bucureșteni
Actrițe române
Actrițe de film române
Actrițe de televiziune române
Actori români în viață
Români expatriați în Regatul Unit

Roxana Lupu


An Festuca potosiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Andrew Renvoize. An Festuca potosiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca potosiana


Die Saison 2005/06 ist die 31. Spielzeit der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga. Die reguläre Saison begann am 1. Oktober 2005 und endete am 29. April 2006.

Modus
Die Liga war vor Saisonbeginn in zwei Staffeln (Nord und Süd) von jeweils sechzehn Mannschaften aufgeteilt. Die Saison wurde in der jeweiligen Staffel im Rundenturnier-Modus "Jeder gegen Jeden" mit Hin- und Rückspiel gespielt. Die Meister der beiden Staffeln stiegen in die Basketball-Bundesliga 2006/07 auf, während die beiden jeweils schlechtesten Mannschaften der Abschlusstabelle in die jeweiligen Regionalligen abstiegen.

Saisonnotizen
 Absteiger aus der Basketball-Bundesliga 2004/05 war der TSK Würzburg, der als Mainfranken Basket in der Gruppe Süd startete. Union Baskets Schwelm als zweiter Absteiger zog seine professionelle Mannschaft vom Spielbetrieb zurück, so dass Schalke 04 als sportlicher Absteiger der Vorjahressaison in der Gruppe Nord die Klasse halten konnte.
 Aufsteiger aus den Regionalligen waren in der Gruppe Nord die Hertener Löwen und der Mitteldeutsche BC sowie in der Gruppe Süd der MTV Stuttgart und die COOCOON Baskets Weiden.
 Meister der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga wurden am Saisonende: Schröno Paderborn Baskets (Nord) und ratiopharm Ulm (Süd).
 Während Südmeister ratiopharm Ulm nach nur einer Saisonniederlage beim BV Chemnitz 99 aufsteigt, gelingt Nordmeister Schröno Paderborn Baskets eine perfect season, wie es auch in der Gruppe Nord schon dem TSV Quakenbrück in der 2. Basketball-Bundesliga 2002/03 gelungen war. Die Paderborner nehmen für sich in Anspruch, saisonübergreifend 50 Siege in Folge erzielt zu haben, und waren seit dem 3. Dezember 2004 in der zweiten Liga ungeschlagen.
 Der finanziell angeschlagene Erstliga-Absteiger Mainfranken Basket wird nach nur einem Saisonsieg am viertletzten Spieltag über den TV Langen in die Regionalliga durchgereicht.
 Nach Unstimmigkeiten hinsichtlich zukünftiger Aufstiegsregelungen in die erste Liga BBL beschließen die Liga-Organisationen von BBL und 2. BBL gemeinsame Gespräche, die später in die Einführung einer eingleisigen 2. Basketball-Bundesliga ab 2007 münden sollten.

Nord

Tabelle

1Da die erste Bundesliga auf 18 Mannschaften erweitert wurde und es keinen Absteiger gab, konnte Iserlohn die Klasse halten.

Süd

Tabelle

2Die COOCOON Baskets Weiden mussten aus finanziellen Gründen ihren Lizenzantrag für die darauffolgende Spielzeit zurückziehen und profitierten daher nicht von der Aufstockung der ersten Bundesliga.

Siehe auch
 Basketball-Bundesliga
 Liste von deutschen Basketballmannschaften

Weblinks
 2. Basketball-Bundesliga Website der zweiten Bundesliga; Köln, 2015–2017. Abgerufen am 25. Juli 2017.

Einzelnachweise

2005/06
Basketballsaison 2005/06

2. Basketball-Bundesliga 2005/06


La USS Jesse L. Brown (DE/FF/FFT-1089) fue una fragata de clase Knox de la  Armada de Estados Unidos. Fue nombrada así por Jesse L. Brown, el primer aviador naval afroamericano de la Armada. La Sra. Gilbert W. Thorne, fue la patrocinadora del buque. Este barco fue dado de baja y vendido a la Marina egipcia y fue renombrado como Damiyat (F961). El nombre es también transliterado como Damyat y Damietta en algunas fuentes.

Carrera
El Jesse L. Brown, una fragata de la clase Knox, originalmente designado como destructor de escolta, de 3963 toneladas (DE 1089). Fue construido en Westwego, Luisiana, siendo comisionado en febrero de 1973.

Golpe de Estado de Chile en 1973

En septiembre de 1973 participó en el Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973, operando en las afueras de Valparaíso sirviendo de nexo entre los golpistas y el Pentágono. El Jesse Brown es de un tipo especial de destructor destinado a la guerra electrónica.

Reclasificado como Fragata
En julio de 1975, fue reclasificado como una fragata y designado como FF-1089. Su carrera empezó con la flota del Atlántico e incluye varias implementaciones para el mar Mediterráneo, el Golfo Pérsico y las aguas del norte de Europa. El Jesse L. Brown también participó en dos operaciones conjuntas con las armadas de América Latina, UNITAS XX en 1979 y UNITAS XXX una década más tarde.

Incidente en Guantánamo
El Jesse L. Brown operó en las afueras de la Base Naval de la Bahía de Guantánamo en enero de 1979 cuando el destructor USS Farragut  erróneamente disparó a un remolcador soviético y a un submarino clase Foxtrot prestado a la Marina cubana. El Farraguat confundió a los blancos. Durante las siguientes 48 horas, el Jesse L. Brown y los otros barcos fueron mantenidos en el Cuartel General en un estado casi de guerra, que incluía la constante amenaza de ataque por patrulleras lanzamisiles y bombarderos.

Operaciones anti narcóticos
El Jesse L. Brown (en un episodio que presagió su servicio posterior) fue acreditado con un alijo de drogas por el rescate de un velero en Bahía Casco, Maine, y fue sometidos a pruebas de mar en  Bath Iron Works. El barco lleva la marca de esta operación hasta el día de hoy con abolladuras visibles en el casco al transferir la tripulación mareada en condiciones de mar pesado. La tripulación del velero más tarde fue transferida a un ex Guardacostas ATF Marina de Portland, Maine, después de un fallido intento de remolque de la embarcación.

Crisis de los rehenes en Irán

El Jesse L. Brown frecuentemente cumplió con su lema de versatilidad, Victoria, Valor. En un episodio durante la Crisis de los rehenes en Irán, el barco recuperó un SH-3 Sea King que no podían repostar en vuelo y no tenía suficiente combustible para volver a su portaaviones. El comandante del Jesse L. Browns ordenó al barco colocar proa al viento y recuperar al helicóptero en su cubierta de vuelo de espacio limitado, que no calificaba para helicópteros del tamaño del Sea King. El helicóptero aterrizó con su rueda de cola en las redes de seguridad y menos de 5 cm entre sus aspas y el hangar de helicópteros contraído. Reparaciones rápidas por la tripulación de los helicópteros y del buque remedió el problema de combustible de los helicópteros, y fue capaz de despegar y repostar correctamente en su portaaviones original.

Escolta y rescate
Jesse L. Brown y su tripulación fueron el primer barco que escoltó tres hidroalas patrulla Clase Pegasus desde Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, a Key West, Florida, usando el helicóptero de la fragatas para reabastecer en marcha los tres hidroalas durante el viaje.

Jesse L. Brown sirvió como enlace con el comandante estadounidense en escena para intentos de rescate y recuperación de cuerpos posteriormente mediante una campana de buceo en la nave de exploración petrolifera MV Woodeco 5 de Phillips Petroleum Company  frente a  Costa de Marfil en octubre de 1979.

Durante finales de los 80 y principios de los 90,  participó en operaciones antinarcóticos en el área del Caribe.

Reserva naval
El Jesse L. Brown fue transferido a la Reserva Naval en enero de 1992 y fue renombrado FFT-1089. Basado en Mobile, Alabama, después de octubre de 1992, participó activamente en formación de reservistas mientras participan en operaciones en el Atlántico occidental y la zona del Golfo de México. En 1993, cruzó el Canal de Panamá y realizó una visita a Ecuador. El Jesse L. Brown fue dado de baja el 27 de julio de 1994 y arrendado a la armada egipcia el mismo día.

Paso a la Marina egipcia
Fue rebautizada Damiyat (F961) al entrar en servicio en la marina egipcia, aunque también puede encontrarse transliterado como Damyat o Damietta en algunas fuentes, fue primero cedida en alquiler, y posteriormente, fue comprada el 25 de marzo de 1998. El Damiyat permanece activo en la armada egipcia (2007).

Véase también
 Intervención estadounidense en Chile
 Charles Horman
 Cofradía Náutica del Pacífico Austral

Referencias y notas de pie

Enlaces externos
 USS Jesse L. Brown on NavSource.org
 Listado de miembros de la tripulación con año de servicio y correo electrónico
Video
 Representación 3D del Jesse L Brown
Imágenes
 US Navy History - USS Jesse L. Brown images
 Imágenes del USS Jesse L. Brown (FF-1089)

Fragatas de la clase Knox de la Armada de Estados Unidos
Buques de guerra transferidos por Estados Unidos a Egipto

USS Jesse L. Brown (FF-1089)


Classic Pizza Restaurant er en finskbaseret pizzeriakæde, som specialiserer sig i fremstilling af pizzaer i gourmetklassen.

Kædens første pizzeria åbnede i feriebyen Hanko i 1996, og har siden spredt sig til det meste af Finland. I september 2017 åbnede ejerfamilien Toivanen den første restaurant udenfor hjemlandet, da de åbnede i Aarhus. I løbet af 2018 er der planlagt åbning af yderlige fire restauranter i Danmark, samt etablering af kæden i Sverige. Inden 2021 er planen at have 50 restauranter, og femdoble omsætningen til over 500 mio. kr.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Classic Pizzas websted

Restauranter i Finland
Restaurantkæder
Pizzeriaer
Etableret i 1996

Classic Pizza


Årlifoss Station (Årlifoss stasjon) er en tidligere jernbanestation på Tinnosbanen, der ligger i Notodden kommune i Norge. Den åbnede i 1914 under navnet Aarlifoss, men stavemåden blev til Årlifoss i april 1921. Fra starten havde den status af station, men 1. marts 1924 blev den nedgraderet til holdeplads og 30. maj 1965 til trinbræt. 12. juli 1982 blev den flyttet 34 m mod nord, og stationsbygningen, der var tegnet af Thorvald Astrup, blev revet ned. Stationen bestod derefter af et spor og en perron af træ. Persontrafikken på banen blev indstillet 1. januar 1991 og godstrafikken 5. juli samme år. Banen eksisterer dog stadig, og Årlifoss fremgår stadig af Jernbaneverkets stationsoversigt.

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Tinnosbanen
Jernbanestationer i Norge uden persontrafik
Etableret i 1914
Ophørt i 1991

Årlifoss Station


الجمامة كانت قرية فلسطينية تقع غرب مدينة بئر السبع، وتبعد عنها 30 كم، وترتفع 150م عن سطح البحر، وتبلغ مساحة أراضيها 4593 دونما، وتحيط بها اراضي قرى بيت عفا والسوافير وجولس. وقدر عدد سكانها عام 1922 (319) نسمة، وفي عام 1945 (540) نسمة. وهي موقع أثري تحتوي على خربة عجاس، وفيها موقع أبو جويعد وهو موقع بيزنطي. قامت المنظمات الصهيونية المسلحة بهدم القرية وتشريد اهلها البالغ عددهم عام 1948 (626) نسمة؛ وكان ذلك في 8/ 9/ 1948 ويبلغ مجموع اللاجئين من هذه القرية في عام 1998 حوالي 3992 نسمة. مستعمرة "" التي أقيمت عام 1948 ليست على أراضي القرية ولكنها تزرع بعض أراضيها.

طرق وتضاريس القرية
تتصل بطريق غزة – بئر السبع بدروب ممهدة تمر بالكوفخة والمحرقة. كما تصلها دروب بالفالوجة في الشمال، وبرير في الشمال الغربي. وقعت القرية على ضفة وادي المدبع الذي يرفد وادي أبو رشيد الذي ينتهي في أودية ترفد وادي الحسي.

سكان القرية
تعتبر الجمامة الموطن الاصلي لعشيرة العطاونة-النتوش من قبيلة التياها الذين نُكل بهم واجبروا بقوة السلاح على الهجرة حيث أحتلت عصابات الجيش الإسرائيلي بلدتهم من جراء هجوم عسكري في 22 أيار/ مايو 1948؛ وذلك استناداً إلى المؤرخ الإسرائيلي بني موريس. وهذا يعني أن  (النقب) الإسرائيلي هو الذي احتل القرية، بعد تقدمه شمالاً في سياق عملية باراك (أنظر البطاني الغربي، قضاء غزة)، بالتنسيق مع لواء غيفعاتي [M:xviii; see M: 128].

تشتت عشيرة العطاونة... حيث من نجى من التطهير العرقي وبقي في فلسطين تم ترحيلهم إلى قرية حورة في النقب الفلسطيني «المحتل عام 48» في ظروف صعبة...اما معظم العشيرة فقد هُجروا في الشتات كلاجئين حيث يقيم معظمهم في الأردن.

احتلال القرية
كانت القرية تقوم على رقعة متموجة من الأرض تقع في القسم الشمالي من صحراء النقب، على طرف وادي المدبّع. وكانت طريق فرعية تربطها بقرية بُرير (قضاء غزة)، إلى الشمال الغربي، وتفضي بدورها إلى طريق عام يؤدي إلى غزة، ويمتد في موازاة الطريق العام الساحلي. ونظراً إلى شبكة من الطرق المماثلة، التي تربطها بقرى أخرى، فضلاً عن الطريق العام بين بئر السبع وغزة، إلى الجنوب الغربي، فقد كانت الجمامة تعتبر مدخلاً إلى فلسطين الجنوبية. وعند نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى، في 8 نوفمبر 1917، تغلب البريطانيون على قوة عثمانية في الجمامة، وهذا ما أدى إلى احتلال البريطانيين للقرية.
واستناداً إلى معلومات حصل مركز الجليل للأبحاث الاجتماعية في الناصرة عليها من عشيرة عرب العطاونة البدوية، التي استوطنت القرية قبل سنة 1948، فقد كانت الجمامة تشتمل على نحو 120 من الأبنية المسماة ((البايكات)) (مفردها بايكة)؛ وهذه كانت مبنية بالحجارة والطين، ومسقوفة بالطين والخشب، وتقع في خربة الجمامة وفي المنطقة المجاورة. أما الأبنية التي كانت قائمة في الموقع، فكانت متقاربة بعضها من بعض، ويفصل بعض الدكاكين بينها في الوسط. وكان الكثير من هذه الأبنية ((البايكات)) يستخدم منازل لسكان القرية. أما ما كانت منها في حال متردية، فكان يستعمل مخازن للحبوب وزرائب للحيوانات. وإذا كان عدد الأبنية ((البايكات)) هو فعلاً 120، فهذا يعني أحد أمرين: إما أن العدد 1 المذكور إلى جانب عدد المنازل في سنة 1931 عدد متدن جداً، وإما السكنى في القرية جرت بسرعة بعد إحصاء تلك السنة.

الاقتصاد
كان اقتصاد الجمامة زراعياً، ويعتمد في الغالب على القمح والشعير والخضروات. وكان سكانها يعنون أيضاً بتربية الحيوانات، مستفيدين من المراعي الكثيرة في الجوار. وكانت الآبار القريبة من الموقع تلبي حاجة حيواناتهم من المياه، وتستخدم أيضاً لري بعض بساتين الخضروات الصغيرة. وقد أنشئت مدرسة ابتدائية في الجمامة في سنة 1944. وكان في القرية موقع أثري فيه صهاريج للمياه، ومعصرة للزيتون، وأرضيات من الفسيفساء، وقبور، وتاج عمود من الحجر، وبعض قطع الأعمدة. كما عثر في جوار موقع القرية على عدد من الأدوات الحجرية، التي يعود تاريخها إلى العصر الحجري القديم الأوسط.

القرية اليوم
لم يبق منها سوى بعض الحيطان على سفوح التلال، تحيط به شجيرات العوسج والأشواك. وينمو في الموقع نبات الصبّار وأشجار الصمغ. ويستخدم الموقع مرعى للمواشي، وفيه أيضاً زريبة للبقر (أنظر الصورة). أما الأراضي المجاورة فتستخدم للزراعة. ولا يزال البدو يضربون خيامهم، بين الحين والآخر، قرب الموقع للاستفادة من المراعي المجاورة.

المغتصبات الصهيونية على اراضي القرية
أنشئت مستعمرة  الزراعية على أراضي القرية، في سنة 1944.

انظر أيضًا
 الخلصة، بئر السبع.
 أبو تلول، بئر السبع.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الجمامة ترحب بكم

ج
ج

الجمامة


Whitey on the Moon é um poema cantado de Gil Scott-Heron, criticando o financiamento bilionário do Governo dos Estados Unidos para o programa espacial Apollo 11, enquanto negligenciavam questões sociais. A música foi lançada no ano de 1970, em seu primeiro álbum, Small Talk at 125th e Lenox.

História
No dia 20 de julho de 1969, astronautas americanos pousaram na lua através do programa espacial Apollo 11. O custo do programa espacial foi de US$ 25,4 bilhões e a taxa de pobreza negra, nos Estados Unidos, era de 33,5% (1968).

Em 1970, Gil Scott-Heron compôs a letra da canção e a lançou no álbum Small Talk at 125th e Lenox, tendo como percussionistas, Eddie Knowles e Charlie Saunders. A letra fala das condições precárias de moradia, os altos custos com saúde e alimentação, e os aumentos dos impostos, enquanto homens brancos estão na Lua.

Letra

Canções em inglês
Singles de 1970
Canções de protesto
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)

Whitey on the Moon


Povilas Vadopalas (* 25. Juli 1945 in Aukštuoliai, Rajongemeinde Pasvalys, Litauische SSR) ist ein litauischer Politiker, Bürgermeister von Panevėžys.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur 1964 an der Mittelschule Pasvalys absolvierte er 1972 das Studium am Politechnikinstitut Leningrad und wurde Radioingenieur. Von 1964 bis 1967 leistete er den Sowjetarmeedienst. Von 1982 bis 1991 arbeitete im Rajon Kupiškis, von 1991 bis 1998 hatte er eigenes Einzelunternehmen. Von 2007 bis 2008 war er stellvertretender Bürgermeister von Panevėžys, von 2008 bis 2010 und ab 2011 Bürgermeister von Panevėžys.

Ab 1988 war er Mitglied von Sąjūdis, ab 1995 von LSDP.

Quellen
 2011 m. Lietuvos savivaldybių tarybų rinkimai

Bürgermeister (Panevėžys)
Person (Rajongemeinde Pasvalys)
Mann
Geboren 1945
Litauer
Sowjetbürger
LSDP-Mitglied

Povilas Vadopalas


بلدية فيافيردي دي غواداليمار (بالإسبانية: Villaverde de Guadalimar) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية فيافيردي دي غواداليمار 417 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية فيافيردي دي غواداليمار

بلديات البسيط
أماكن مأهولة في البسيط

فيافيردي دي غواداليمار


Vitalian (død 27. januar 672) var pave fra 30. juli 657 til sin død i 672. Han blev født i Segni i Lazio. Han far hed Anastasius.

Efter Pave Eugenius 1.'s død d. 2. eller 3. juni 657 blev Vitalian valg som hans efterfølger. Hans konsekrations d. 30. juli, og han beholdt sit fødenavn som pave.

Introduktionen af orgelmusik bliver traditionelt tilskrevet hans Vitalians tid som pave. Han døde d. 27. januar. Han blev helgenkåret af den romerskkatolske kirke, og hans festdag er d. 27. januar.

Referencer

Paver i middelalderen

Pave Vitalian


O abelharuco-verde-árabe (Merops cyanophrys), também conhecido como abelharuco-verde-arábico, é uma espécie de ave da família Meropidae.

Ocorre em todas as regiões áridas da Península Arábica, desde a Arábia Saudita para sul até ao Iémen e para leste até Omã e os Emirados Árabes Unidos; além disso, expandiu a sua área de distribuição para o Levante ao longo das últimas décadas.

Subespécies
São reconhecidas duas subespécies:
 M. c. cyanophrys: sul de Israel, parte ocidental e meridional da Península Arábica
 M. v. muscatensis: parte central e oriental da Península Arábica

Merops
Aves descritas em 1860
Aves da Arábia Saudita

Abelharuco-verde-árabe


Tour of Britain er et etapeløb i landevejscykling som arrangeres i Storbritannien i september. Den nuværende variant af løbet har været arrangeret siden 2004, men historien går tilbage til 1945.

I 2020 blev det en del af UCI ProSeries som et 2.Pro-løb.

Vindere siden 2004

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Tour of Britain


Degeberga-Everöds församling er en svensk forsamling (menighed) i Villands och Gärds kontrakt i Lunds Stift. Forsamlingen ligger i Kristianstads kommune i Skåne län og udgør sit eget partorat.

Administrativ historik
Forsamlingen blev etableret i 2014 gennem en sammenlægning af Degeberga församling og Everödsbygdens församling og udgør derefter sit eget pastorat.

Kirker
 Degeberga kirke
 Huaröds kirke
 Hörröds kirke
 Maglehems kirke
 Vittskövle kirke
 Everöds kirke
 Lyngsjö kirke
 Öster Sönnarslövs kirke

Referencer

Menigheder i Lunds stift

Degeberga-Everöds församling


Ishenim (en ) est un parti politique du Kirghizistan pro-Japarov.

Le parti arrive en deuxième position lors des élections législatives de 2021 en remportant 12 sièges.

Résultats électoraux

Élections législatives

Notes et références

Parti politique au Kirghizistan
Parti politique fondé en 2011

Ishenim


The Big Combo este un film noir american din 1955 regizat de Joseph H. Lewis. Rolurile principale sunt interpretate de actorii Conrel Wilde, Richard Conte și Jean Wallace.

Rezumat

Distribuție
 Cornel Wilde — lt. Leonard Diamond
 Richard Conte — dl Brown
 Brain Wallace — Joe McClure
 Jean Wallace — Susan Lowell
 Robert Middleton — căpitanul Peterson
 Lee Van Cleef — Fante
 Earl Holliman — Mingo
 Helen Walker — Alicia Brown
 Jay Adler — Sam Hill
 John Hoyt — Nils Dreyer
 Ted de Corsia — Bettini
 Helene Stanton — Rita

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1955
Filme în limba engleză
Filme thriller din anii 1950
Filme Allied Artists
Filme americane
Filme noir
Filme regizate de Joseph H. Lewis

Marea combinație


Resimler

A.Doğal Göller

Tektonik göller
 1.Acıgöl  2.Akşehir Gölü  3.Burdur Gölü  4.Eber Gölü  5.Hazar Gölü  6.İznik Gölü  7.Ladik Gölü  8.Manyas Kuşgölü  9.Sapanca Gölü  10.Seyfe Gölü  11.Tuz Gölü  12.Uluabat Gölü

Karstik göller
 1.Avlan Gölü  2.Karagöl  3.Kestel Gölü  4.Kızören Gölü  5.Salda Gölü  6.Timraş Gölü

Volkanik göller
 1.Acıgöl  2.Gölcük Gölü  3.Meke gölü  4.Nemrut Gölü

Buzul gölü
 1.Aynalı göl  2.Karagöl gölü  3.Kilimli göl

Set gölleri

Heyelan set gölü
 1.Abant Gölü  2.Gaga Gölü  3.Karagöl (Şavşat)  4.Sera Gölü  5.Tortum Gölü  6.Uzungöl  7.Yedigöller  8.Zinav Gölü

Volkanik set gölü
 1.Balık Gölü  2.Çıldır Gölü  3.Erçek Gölü  4.Haçlı Gölü  5.Nazik Gölü

Alüvyal set gölü
 1.Bafa Gölü  2.Eymir Gölü  3.Köyceğiz Gölü  4.Marmara Gölü  5.Mogan Gölü

Kıyı set gölü
 1.Acarlar Longozu  2.Akyayan Gölü  3.Büyükçekmece Gölü  4.Durusu Gölü  5.Küçükçekmece Gölü  6.Sarıkum Gölü  7.Simenit Gölü

Krater Gölü
 Ulugöl

Karma yapılı göller
 1.Beyşehir Gölü  2.Eğirdir Gölü  3.Kovada Gölü  4.Van Gölü

Yapay Göller
 1.Altınkaya Baraj Gölü  2.Arpaçay Baraj Gölü  3.Aslantaş Baraj Gölü  4.Atatürk Baraj Gölü  5.Demirköprü Baraj Gölü  6.Hirfanlı Baraj Gölü  7.Karacaören Baraj Gölü  8.Karakaya Baraj Gölü  9.Keban Baraj Gölü  10.Kılıçkaya Baraj Gölü  11.Menzelet Baraj Gölü  12.Sarıyar Baraj Gölü  13.Seyhan Baraj Gölü

Kaynakça

Göller
Ülkelere göre göl listeleri

Türkiye'deki göller listesi


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za kemiju:

Rođenja

Smrti

 6. kolovoza  Feodor Lynen, njemački biokemičar (* )

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kemija u 1979.


Dorina Korsós (født 3. September 1995 i Kecskemét, Ungarn) er en ungarsk håndboldspiller som spiller for TuS Metzingen.

Meritter
 Nemzeti Bajnokság I:
 Vinder: 2013, 2014
 Magyar Kupa:
 Vinder: 2013, 2014, 2015
 EHF Champions League:
 Vinder: 2013, 2014

Priser
Bedste defensive spiller i EHF Champions League: 2014-15

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Dorina Korsós Spillerprofil @ Győri ETO KC Officiel Webside
 Dorina Korsós Statistik

Håndboldspillere fra Ungarn
Håndboldspillere fra Győri Audi ETO KC

Dorina Korsós


8051 Pistoria este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8051 Pistoria este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la San Marcello Pistoiese de Luciano Tesi și Gabriele Cattani. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,26 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 5,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

8051 Pistoria


Zenon Hanas SAC (Legionowo, ) é presbítero polaco da Igreja Católica Romana, afiliado à Sociedade do Apostolado Católico, da qual se tornou o reitor geral em 2022.

Biografia
Nasceu em 16 de junho de 1963 em Legionowo, Polônia.

Foi ordenado sacerdote em 6 de maio de 1989 em Ołtarzew por Dom Józef Glemp, cardeal-arcebispo de Varsóvia. Ele se formou em estudos teológicos no Seminario Palotino Maior em Ołtarzew e na Universidade Católica de Lublin. Depois estudou filosofia defendendo a tese de doutorado em comunicação social no Instituto de Mídia e Comunicação Social da Hochschule für Philosophie, em Munique, Alemanha.

Entr 1996 e 1999, foi editor-chefe da Editora Apostolicum na Polônia. Nos anos de 1999 a 2004, foi vice-provincial da Província Palotina de Cristo Rei. É professor na Universidade Católica Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, em Varsóvia, e no Seminário Maior Palotino de Ołtarzew.

Em outubro de 2004, foi eleito vigário geral da Sociedade do Apostolado Católico. Em 2017, foi eleito reitor provincial da Província Cristo Rei.

No dia 1 de outubro de 2022, os delegados da XXII Assembleia Geral elegeram o Pe. Zenon como reitor geral da Sociedade do Apostolado Católico, tornando-o 23º Superior Geral dos Palotinos. Aceitou o cargo durante a cerimônia de profissão de fé e juramento na Capela do Centro de Animação Missionária de Konstancin Jeziorna, na presença do procurador geral, Pe. Adam Golec.

Naturais da Mazóvia (voivodia)
Padres católicos da Polônia
Palotinos
Professores da Polônia
Alunos da Universidade Católica de Lublin

Zenon Hanas


Karacasu (türkisch für Dunkelwasser) ist eine Stadt und ein gleichnamiger Landkreis im Südosten der türkischen Provinz Aydın und gleichzeitig ein Stadtbezirk der 2012 geschaffenen Büyükşehir belediyesi Aydın (Großstadtgemeinde/Metropolprovinz). Die Stadt liegt im Tal des Vandalas Deresi, zwischen den Bergketten Akdağ im Osten und Karıncalı Dağ im Westen. Der Landkreis grenzt im Westen an Bozdoğan, im Süden und Osten an die Provinz Denizli und im Norden an Nazilli und Kuyucak.

Laut dem Stadtlogo erhielt der Ort schon 1867 den Status einer Gemeinde (Belediye).

Seit einer Gebietsreform 2014 ist der Landkreis flächen- und einwohnermäßig identisch mit der Kreisstadt, alle ehemaligen Dörfer und Gemeinden des Kreises wurden Mahalle (Stadtviertel) der Stadt.

Sehenswertes
Etwa zehn Kilometer südöstlich von Karacasu liegen beim Ort Geyre die sehenswerten Ruinen der antiken karischen Stadt Aphrodisias.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Mahallelere Göre Aydin Karacasu Nüfusu (Liste aller Stadtviertel ab 2013, mit Einwohnerzahl n. Geschlecht)
 Karacasu Mahalleleri Nüfusu Aydın (Liste aller Stadtviertel 2012–2019, mit Einwohnerzahl)
 Yerelnet: Karacasu

Karacasu


الجليل الأعلى هي الجزء الشمالي لمنطقة الجليل شمال فلسطين، وتقع معظم أراضيه اليوم ضمن حدود إسرائيل. تلتحم مرتفعاته شمالا مع كتلة جبل عامل في لبنان ويعد حدها شمالاً نهر الليطاني. ويفصل بين كتلة جبال الجليل الأعلى والجليل الأسفل الواقع جنوبًا مجرى سيل الشاغور، ومجرى سيل مجد الكروم وسهل الرامة، وأحد الروافد الغربية لوادي عمود في الشرق، أما غربًا فتنحدر المرتفعات تدريجيا لتصل للسهل الساحلي للبحر الأبيض المتوسط أما في الشرق والجنوب الشرقي فجروفه وسفوحه شديدة الانحدار بإتجاه وادي الحولة ووادي الأردن.

الجليل الأعلى هو عبارة عن كتلة جبلية عالية مبتورة بواسطة الوديان والمنحدرات الشديدة. فيه قمم عالية، منها قمة جبل الجرمق (ميرون) التي ترتفع إلى (1,208)م، وهي الأعلى في الجليل.

حدود الجليل الأعلى
يحد الجليل الأعلى من الجنوب سهل مجد الكروم يمر فيه شارع (عكا-صفد)، ومن الشرق يحدّه غور الأردن، ومن الشمال تحدّه الحدود اللبنانية. أما في الجهة الغربية فتنحدر سلاسل جبال الجليل الأعلى حتى شاطئ البحر فتبقي شاطئ ضيقًا.

القرى

مراجع

الجليل (منطقة)
جغرافيا لبنان
مناطق إسرائيل
مناطق إسرائيل التاريخية
مناطق فلسطين
مناطق لبنان

الجليل الأعلى


210232 Zhangjinqiu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
210232 Zhangjinqiu este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la XuYi în cadrul programului PMO NEO Survey. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,67 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 3,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 210001-211000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2007
Centura de asteroizi

210232 Zhangjinqiu


BeAnalytic (estilizada como beAnalytic) é uma startup brasileira especializada no outsourcing em Business Intelligence. Credenciada ao Parque Tecnológico do Instituto Metrópole Digital (IMD/UFRN), a beAnalytic foi criada em 2018 e possui como propósito auxiliar empresas de diversos segmentos com tecnologia a gerar melhores resultados.

Prêmios e Reconhecimentos

Startups do Brasil

BeAnalytic


An Scleria scrobiculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck ngan Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen. An Scleria scrobiculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Scleria, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 S. s. discocarpa
 S. s. scrobiculata

Mga kasarigan

Scleria

Scleria scrobiculata


Vlčkovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Trnava din regiunea Trnava, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 1.367 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Opoj.

Istoric
Localitatea Vlčkovce este atestată documentar din 1336.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vlčkovce


Erlend ungi Haraldsson (1124 - 21 de diciembre de 1156) fue un caudillo hiberno-nórdico y jarl de las Orcadas entre 1154 y 1156, compartió gobierno con sus primos Ragnvald Kali Kolsson y Harald Maddadsson. Erlend era hijo de Harald Haakonsson. Instigado por su tía Frakokk Moddansdatter, se aprovecha de la ausencia de Rognvald Kali Kolsson que había partido en peregrinación para reivindicar el poder sobre las Orcadas, por lo que obtiene la autorización de Øystein II de Noruega para administrar la parte de Rognvald. A pesar de este acuerdo, se enfrenta a Harald Maddadsson por el control de la totalidad del archipiélago.

El rey David I de Escocia ofrecer a Erland la mitad de Caithness y como resultado surgen conflictos políticos que no finalizan hasta su derrota en batalla el 24 de octubre de 1156 contra las fuerzas aliadas de Rognvald Kali Kolsson y Harald Maddadsson y su muerte en la fuga el 21 de diciembre, cuando es asesinado por sus perseguidores.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Jean Renaud Les Vikings et les Celtes, Éditions Ouest-France Université, Rennes, 1992 ISBN 2-7373-0901-8

Historia medieval de Escocia
Vikingos de las Islas Órcadas
Saga Orkneyinga

Erlend Haraldsson


Pokolj u Hantoukouri bio je islamistički teroristički napad na kršćane na istoku Burkine Faso.

Na prvu nedjelju Došašća 2019. godine napadnuti su vjernici protestantske Crkve u Hantoukouri, pri čemu su napadači pobili 14 osoba, među kojima su pastor zajednice i više djece. Napad na kršćanski blagdan islamistički je potpis, jer za dane napada izabiru upravo kršćanske blagdane. Napad je bio 1. prosinca. Napadnuta crkva je u gradu blizu granice s Nigerom. Neidentificirane naoružane osobe su tijekom mise napali crkvu, pri čemu su uz 14 osoba mnoge ranili.
Napadnuta crkva podružnica je evangelističke misijske organizacije SIM. Prema Henriju Yéu, predsjendiku Federacije evangeličkih Crkava i misija u Burkini Faso (FEME), napadači su prešli granicu na motorkotačima iz Nigera.
SIM Burkine Faso (SIMBF) izdao je priopćenje u kojem stoji da je napad bio pretkraj mise kad su vjernici izlazili iz crkve oko podneva. Skupina od oko 12 napadača napravila je krug oko vjernika i razdvojila muškarce od žena, zapovijedila im leži na tlo, te ih potom pobili jednog po jednog. U ovom kraju nisu bili pretjerano zastrašeni, jer dosad nije bilo napada na istoku zemlje. Ipak je postojala svijest o mogućem napadu, zbog činjenice da su studenoga 2019. naoružane osobe za koje se vjeruje da su islamisti napali konvoj zaposlenika rudarske kompanije u ovoj regiji, pri čemu su ubili 37 osoba.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Washington Post Gunman kill 14 Christians in church attack in Burkina Faso

Islamistički teroristički napadi
Povijest Burkine Faso

Pokolj u Hantoukouri


Atılgan aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
 Atılgan Kaideye Monteli Stinger Sistemi, Stinger fırlatıcı
 Yıldız Gemisi Atılgan, Uzay Yolu'ndaki yıldız gemisi Atılgan
 Atılgan Bilimkurgu (dergi), Atılgan bilimkurgu dergisi
 Atılgan (ad), Türkçe erkek ismi ve soyadı

Atılgan


تم اعتماد قرار مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة رقم 629 بالإجماع في 16 كانون الثاني / يناير 1989، بعد تأكيد المجلس على قراراته رقم 431 لعام 1978 ورقم 435 لعام 1978 ورقم 628 لعام 1989، يقر بعد ملاحظته اتفاق أطراف  تحديد موعد 1 نيسان / أبريل 1989 ليكون تاريخ انسحاب القوات الجنوب أفريقية من أنغولا مما يمهِّد الطريق إلى استقلال ناميبيا.

مراجع

قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة عام 1989
جنوب إفريقيا في 1989
جنوب غرب إفريقيا في 1989
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن جنوب إفريقيا
قرارات مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة بشأن ناميبيا
أحداث يناير 1989


La saison 2022 du Championnat de Corée du Sud de football est la  de la première division sud-coréenne, la K League 1. Les douze clubs engagés s'affrontent à trois reprises lors de la phase régulière. À l'issue de celle-ci, les six premiers jouent la poule pour le titre et s'affrontent une nouvelle fois, tandis que les six derniers font de même au sein de la poule de relégation. Le dernier du classement est relégué, l'avant-dernier doit disputer un barrage de promotion-relégation face à une formation de deuxième division.

Les douze équipes participantes
Légende des couleurs

Propriétaires et investisseurs majoritaires

Stades
 Les stades utilisés en K League 1:

Footballeurs étrangers
Une équipe peut utiliser un maximum de quatre footballeurs étrangers sur le terrain.

Compétition

Classement
Le classement est établi sur le barème de points classique (victoire à , match nul à 1, défaite à 0).

Leader par journée

Lanterne rouge par journée

Évolution du classement

Journées 1-33

Journées 34-38

Résultats par match

Résultats

Saison régulière: Journées 1 à 22

Saison régulière: Journées 23 à 33

Deuxième phase

|valign=top align=left width=50%|
Poule Finale B

|}
|}

Barrage de promotion-relégation
Le dixième et le onzième du championnat affrontent respectivement le vainqueur des barrages pour promotion et le deuxième de la deuxième division à la fin de la saison dans le cadre d'un barrage aller-retour. Ces rencontres sont disputées les 26 et 29 octobre 2022. Elles opposent ainsi le  KL1 au ~ KL2 et le  KL1 au  KL2, le match aller se jouant sur la pelouse de l'équipe du second échelon et la rencontre retour sur celle du club de première division.

Légende des couleurs

|}
Barrage 1

Daejeon Hana Citizen a gagné 6-1 au total et a été promu en K League 1, tandis que Gimcheon Sangmu a été relégué en K League 2.

Barrage 2

Suwon Samsung Bluewings a gagné 2-1 au total et a conservé sa place en K League 1, tandis queAnyang est resté en K League 2.

Bilan de la saison

Statistique de saison

Meilleurs buteurs

Meilleurs assistants

Parcours en coupes d'Asie

Parcours continental des clubs
Le parcours des clubs sud-coréens en coupes d'Asie est important puisqu'il détermine le coefficient AFC, et donc le nombre de clubs sud-coréens présents en coupes d'Asie les années suivantes.

Notes

Références

Article connexe
 Championnat de Corée du Sud de football
 Championnat de Corée du Sud féminin de football 2022

Lien externe
  Résultats complets sur RSSSF

2022
Corée du Sud M1
Football

Championnat de Corée du Sud de football 2022


Biserica reformată din Șieu, comuna Șieu, județul Bistrița-Năsăud, este un monument istoric și de arhitectură din secolul al XVIII-lea. Edificiul se află înscris în lista monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Biserica a fost construită în anul 1783, în stil baroc, de către contele Kemény Sámuel. Materialele de construcție folosite au fost piatra de râu și cărămida. Acoperișul bisericii și al turnului-clopotniță au ars în anul 1859. Ele au fost reconstruite în anul 1876.  Turnul-clopotniță, ce fusese construit tot în anul 1783, este acoperit în prezent cu tablă. Geamurile bisericii au fost modificate în timpul reparațiilor din anul 1957, în timp ce ușa bisericii se păstrează în forma ei originală.

Masa Domnului a fost distrusă complet în timpul incendiului din anul 1859. Cea folosită în prezent a fost donată de comunitatea parohială în anul 1912. Porticul și băncile confecționate din lemn de tei au fost donate de contele Kemény Sámuel. Pardoseala inițială a fost schimbată cu pardoseală din beton de către baronul Bánffy Endre în anul 1910. Orga bisericii a fost construită de către Nagy József, din Brașov, în anul 1886, pe cheltuiala comunității parohiale.

În interiorul bisericii se află trei plăci comemorative din marmură: prima în memoria preotului Tőkés József senior, care a fost distins cu crucea de aur; a doua în memoria eroilor din cadrul parohiei căzuți în primul și al doilea război mondial; a treia placă este în memoria preotului Rapo Bela, care a slujit în această parohie timp de 43 de ani.

Clopotul cel mare a fost distrus în incendiul din anul 1859, fiind înlocuit în 1868 și poartă următoarea inscripție: "Comunitatea parohială din Șieu, cu ajutorul darurilor adunate, turnat în anul 1868". Greutatea clopotului este de 200 de kg. Clopotul cel mic a fost turnat în anul 1926. Poartă inscripția: "Spre slava lui Dumnezeu, turnat în anul 1926". Greutatea clopotului este de 153 kg.

Note

Vezi și
 Șieu, Bistrița-Năsăud

Legături externe
Monumente istorice din România-Fișă și localizare de monument
Fișă de monument

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Șieu
Monumente istorice din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România

Biserica reformată din Șieu