Nikita Dmitrijevič Mazepin (rus. Ники́та Дми́триевич Мазе́пин) (Moskva, Rusija, 2. ožujka 1999.) je ruski vozač automobilističkih utrka, a trenutno se natječe u Formuli 1 za momčad Haas F1 Team

Početak utrkivanja

Karting
Nikita Mazepin se utrkivao u kartingu od 2011. do 2014. Prvi veći uspjeh ostvario je 2012. u kategoriji Copa Campeones Trophy KF3, kada je osvojio četvrto mjesto u konačnom poretku vozača. Sljedeće godine osvaja četvrto mjesto u WSK Super Master Series - KFJ prvenstvu, a 2014. ostvaruje najbolji rezultat u kartingu, kada u kategoriji CIK-FIA World Championship - KF za momčad Tony Kart Racing Team osvaja titulu viceprvaka iza Landa Norrisa.

MRF Challange Formula 2000
Nakon što je odvezao posljednju sezonu u kartingu 2014., Mazepin je iste godine debitirao u jednosjedu u MRF Challenge Formula 2000 prvenstvu u sezoni 2014./15 u Dallarinom bolidu s Renaultovim motorom. Sezona se sastojala od tri runde po četiri utrke na svakoj rundi, no Mazepin je odvezao samo jednu rundu, odnosno četiri utrke na stazi Losail 17. i 18. listopada. Na prvoj utrci je stigao do prvih bodova, a na drugoj utrci do prvog postolja. Sezonu je završio na 10. mjestu s 36 bodova.

Toyota Racing Series
Godine 2015., Mazepin se utrkivao u Toyota Racing Series prvenstvu za momčad ETEC Motorsport. Momčadski kolege su mu bili Matteo Ferrer, Thomas Randle i Callum Illot. Sezona je počela 17. siječnja, a sastojala se od pet rundi, s tim da su na četiri runde vožene po tri utrke, dok su na jednoj rundi vožene četiri utrke. Nakon što je na prvoj utrci na stazi Ruapuna Park odustao, Mazepin je na istoj stazi na drugoj utrci završio na 13. mjestu, što mu je donijelo prve bodove u sezoni. Od ukupno 16 utrka, Rus nije završio njih četiri. Ostalih 12 utrka je završio u bodovima, što ustvari i nije bio neki pothvat, s obzirom na to da se radi o natjecanju dvadeset vozača, gdje bodove osvaja njih - dvadeset. Mazepin je najbolji rezultat ostvario na trećoj utrci treće runde na stazi Hampton Park, kada je utrku završio na osmom mjestu. S 304 osvojena boda, Mazepin je sezonu završio na 18. mjestu u ukupnom poretku vozača.

Formula Renault
Nikita Mazepin se 2015. i 2016. natjecao u dvije kategorije Formule Renault.

Sjevernoeuropska Formula Renault 2.0

Mazepin se 2015. utrkivao i u Sjevernoeuropskoj Formuli Renault 2.0. Vozio je za momčad Josef Kaufmann Racing, a momčadski kolege su mu bili Louis Delétraz, Kevin Jörg i Dries Vanthoor. Sezona se sastojala od sedam rundi, s po dvije utrke na pet rundi i tri utrke na dvije runde. Na prvoj utrci prve runde, koja se vozila 11. travnja na Monzi, Mazepin je osvojio prve bodove. U natjecanju u kojem prvih 20 vozača osvaja bodove, Mazepin je na svim utrkama koje je završio, osvojio bodove, a najbolji plasman je ostvario na trećoj utrci treće runde, na Red Bull Ringu 7. lipnja, kada je osvojio 3. mjesto. S osvojenih 125,5 bodova, Mazepin je završio na 12. mjestu u ukupnom poretku vozača, iza svih svojih momčadskih kolega. Delétraz je osvojio naslov prvaka, Jörg naslov viceprvaka, a Vanthoor je s jednom pobjedom osvojio 6. mjesto.

Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0

U Eurocup Formuli Renault 2.0 prvenstvu, Mazepin je nastupio 2015. kao gostujući vozač za momčad Josef Kaufmann Racing, te nije mogao osvajati bodove. Nastupio je na po dvije utrke na drugoj i trećoj rundi na Spa-Francorchampsu i Hungaroringu, te na tri utrke četvrte runde na Silverstoneu. Najbolji rezultat je ostvario na drugoj utrci na Silverstoneu kada je završio na 12. mjestu.

Sljedeće 2016., Rus je vozio Renaultov FR 2.0-10 bolid za momčad AVF by Adrián Vallés. U prvoj rundi na Aragónu, koja je brojala tri utrke, Mazepin nije nastupio. Natjecanju se pridružio na četvrtoj utrci prvenstva u Monaku, kao zamjena za sunarodnjaka Nersesa Isaakjana. U svojoj prvoj utrci u sezoni, Mazepin je osvojio 5. mjesto, što mu je bio najbolji rezultat sezone. Do kraja je još nastupao na tri utrke četvrte runde na Monzi, gdje mu je najbolji plasman bilo 8. mjesto u drugoj utrci u Italiji. Na sljedećih osam utrka nije nastupao. Osvojio je ukupno 11 bodova i zauzeo 16. mjesto u ukupnom poretku vozača.

Formula 3
Nikita Mazepin se utrkivao u četiri kategorije Formule 3. U Europskoj Formuli 3 se utrkivao 2016. i 2017., u Britanskoj Formuli 3 se natjecao 2016., u GP3 Series prvenstvu 2018., a u Azijskoj Formuli 3 u sezoni 2019./20.

Europska Formula 3

U svojoj prvoj sezoni Europske Formule 3 2016., Mazepin je vozio Dallarin F316/018 bolid s Mercedesovim motorom za momčad Hitech Grand Prix, a momčadski kolege su mu bili George Russell, Ben Barnicoat i Alexander Sims. Sezona se sastojala od 30 utrka, odnosno 10 rundi od kojih se na svakoj vozilo po tri utrke. Mazepin je upisao prve bodove na trećoj utrci prve runde na Paul Ricardu, kada je osvojio 10. mjesto. Na treningu za prvu utrku druge runde na Hungaroringu, došlo je do incidenta između Mazepina i Calluma Ilotta u Van Amersfoort Racingu, kada je Ilott u jednom trenutku zametao Mazepinu. Nakon što je trening završio, Mazepin je izašao iz bolida i prišao Ilottu, a nakon kratke razmjene riječi, Mazepin je udario Ilotta. Nakon što su dva vozača bila razdvojena, Mazepin je ponovo nasrnuo na Ilotta, koji je zadobio povredu čeljusti, posjekotine na obrazu i vratu, te modricu na oku. Suci među kojim je bio i Emanuele Pirro, kaznili su Mazepina sa zabranom nastupa na jednoj utrci. Frits van Amersfoort, šef Ilottove momčadi, nazvao je kaznu blagom i sramotnom, tvrdeći da je prva Mazepinova reakcija mogla biti emocionalna i ishitrena, ali onda su dva vozača bila odvojena, te je Ilott ponovno napadnut.
Na sljedećih sedamnaest utrka, Mazepin nije osvajao bodove, a onda je 8. mjestom na trećoj utrci sedme runde na Spa-Francorchampsu ponovo osvojio bodove. Posljednje bodove osvojio je na prvoj i drugoj utrci posljednje runde na Hockenheimringu. S 10 bodova, Mazepin je osvojio 20. mjesto u ukupnom poretku vozača.

Sljedeće 2017., Mazepin je ostao u istoj momčadi, vozeći isti bolid kao prethodne sezone, no dobio je troje novih momčadskih kolega; Ralfa Arona, Tadasukea Makina i Jakea Hughesa. I ovoga puta sezona je sadržavala 30 utrka. Prve bodove osvojio je na trećoj utrci prve runde na Silverstoneu, a prvo postolje na prvoj utrci šeste runde na Spa-Francorchampsu. Do kraja sezone osvojio je još dva postolja na devetoj rundi na Red Bull Ringu. S osvojenih 108 bodova, Mazepin je završio na 10. mjestu u ukupnom poretku vozača.

Britanska Formula 3

Mazepin je 2016. bio usredotočen na Europsku Formulu 3, pa je u Britanskoj Formuli 3 odvezao tek tri utrke sedme runde na Snettertonu za momčad Carlin. Ostvario je jednu pobjedu i dva 8. mjesta, te sezonu završio na 23. mjestu ukupnog poretka s 51 osvojenim bodom.

GP3 Series

Godine 2018. Mazepin se utrkivao u GP3 seriji za momčad ART Grand Prix. Vozio je bolid Dallara GP3/16 s Mecachrome 3.4 V6 motorom, a momčadski kolege su mu bili Callum Ilott, Anthoine Hubert i Jake Hughes. Sezona se sastojala od devet rundi, na kojima su se vozile po dvije utrke, a započela je 12. svibnja na stazi Barcelona-Catalunya. Rus je na prvoj utrci stigao do prve pobjede ispred momčadskog kolege Huberta, dok je drugu utrku na istoj stazi završio na desetom mjestu. Na prvoj utrci druge runde na Paul Ricardu, situacija je bila obrnuta, te je Hubert pobijedio ispred Mazepina. Nakon što je Nikita završio na 7. mjestu na drugoj utrci treće runde na Red Bull Ringu, uslijedilo je još jedno postolje na Silverstoneu - drugo mjesto još jednom iza Huberta. Na prvoj utrci pete runde na Hungaroringu, Mazepin stiže do druge pobjede, a na drugoj utrci šeste runde na Spa-Francorchampsu i do treće pobjede u sezoni. Nakon toga uslijedila su još dva postolja na Monzi i Sočiju, a na posljednjoj utrci posljednje devete runde na Yas Marini koja se vozila 25. studenog, Mazepin je stigao do četvrte pobjede u GP3 seriji. S osvojenih 198 bodova, Rus je osvojio titulu viceprvaka iza momčadskog kolege i prvaka Anthoinea Huberta, koji je osvojio 16 bodova više od Rusa.

Azijska Formula 3
Između dva prvenstva Formule 2 2019. i 2020., Mazepin je nastupao u Azijskoj Formuli 3 za momčad Hitech Grand Prix. Momčadski kolege su mu bili Jake Hughes, Alessio Deledda i Ukyo Sasahara. Sezona koja se sastojala od pet rundi, na kojima su se vozile po tri utrke, počela je 13. prosinca 2019. na Sepangu, a završila 23. veljače 2020. na Changu. Mazepin je na prvoj utrci osvojio prve bodove, a na drugoj utrci i prvo postolje. Uslijedile su tri utrke na stazi Dubai koja je bila druga runda, na kojima je Rus osvojio bodove. Na prvoj utrci treće runde na Yas Marini, Mazepin je ciljem prošao kao drugoplasirani, no kako je njegov momčadski kolega i pobjednik Sasahara bio gostujući vozač, te nije mogao osvajati bodove, pobjeda je pripala Mazepinu. Još jedno postolje osvojio je na trećoj utrci na Yas Marini i na četvrtoj rundi, koja se vozila također na Sepangu. S osvojenih 186 bodova, Mazepin je završio na 3. mjestu konačnog poretka vozača.

Formula 2

ART Grand Prix (2019.)

2019.

Dana 27. studenog 2018. objavljeno je da će Mazepin debitirati u FIA Formula 2 prvenstvu za momčad ART Grand Prix. Dan kasnije objavljeno je da će mu momčadski kolega biti Nyck de Vries, koji je u ART Grand Prix došao iz momčadi Pertamina Prema
Theodore Racing. Sezona 2019. je sadržavala 12 rundi, na kojima su se vozile po dvije utrke, a započela je 30. ožujka na stazi Sakhir. Debitantska sezona u Formuli 2 za Mazepina je bila katastrofalna. Prvu utrku je završio na posljednjem mjestu, dok je druga utrka bila nešto bolja, no daleko od osvajanja bodova. Prve bodove, Rus je osvojio na prvoj utrci druge runde koja se vozila na stazi Baku, kada je završio na osmom mjestu. Nakon što nije osvojio bodove na trećoj rundi u Barceloni, Mazepin je prvo upisao bodove na prvoj utrci u Monaku, a potom i na drugoj utrci na istoj stazi. Rus je prvu utrku u Monako završio na 11. mjestu, no nakon što je drugoplasirani Luca Ghiotto diskvalificiran, Mazepin je osvojio posljednji bod u utrci. Nakon toga uslijedile su runde na Paul Ricardu, Red Bull Ringu, Silverstoneu, Hungaroringu, Spa-Francorchampsu i Monzi, gdje Mazepin nije osvojio niti jedan bod, s tim da je prva utrka na Spa-Francorchampsu prekinuta, a druga otkazana zbog pogibije Anthoinea Huberta. Mazepin se vratio osvajanju bodova na prvoj utrci jedanaeste runde na Sočiju, kada je osvojio još jedno osmo mjesto. Posljednje bodove u sezoni, Rus je osvojio desetim mjesto na prvoj utrci dvanaeste runde na Yas Marini. S osvojenih 11 bodova, Mazepin je završio na 18. mjestu konačnog poretka vozača, dok je njegov momčadski kolega Nyck de Vries s 266 bodova osvojio naslov prvaka.

Hitech Grand Prix (2020.)

2020.

Formula 1
Dana 1. prosinca 2020., potvrđeno je da će se Mazepin natjecati u Formuli 1 2021. za momčad Haas F1 Team.

Haas (2021.)
2021.

Rezultati

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Nikita Mazepin - Driver Database
Nikita Mazepin - Stats F1
Nikita Mazepin - Official website

Ruski vozači Formule 1

Nikita Mazepin


Badagaon puede referirse a distintas localidades de la India:

 Badagaon, en el distrito de Tikamgarh, estado de Madhya Pradesh.
 Badagaon (Panna), en el distrito de Panna, estado de Madhya Pradesh.
 Badagaon (Rewa), en el distrito de Rewa, estado de Madhya Pradesh.
 Badagaon (Ujjain), en el distrito de Ujjain, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Badagaon (desambiguación)


Comptonia može označavati:
 Comptonia (Plantae) 	L'Hér. ex Aiton, komptonija, biljni rod iz porodice Myricaceae.
 Comptonia (Animalia) Gray 1840, fosilni rod zvjezdača iz porodice Goniasteridae

Comptonia


Petrecere privată este un film românesc din 2017 regizat de Octav Chelaru. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Luca Moldoveanu, Ioana Flora și Daniel Popa.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești
Filme din 2017

Petrecere privată


Slutspillet i UEFA Europa League 2014-15 var slutspillet i UEFA Europa League i sæsonen 2014-15. Kampene påbegyndtes den 19. februar 2015 og sluttede den 27. maj 2012 med finalen på Stadion Narodowy i Warszawa, Polen. I alt 32 klubber deltog i slutspillet i UEFA Europa League 2014-15.

Tiderne indtil den 28. marts 2015 er CET (UTC+01:00), derefter er tiderne CEST (UTC+02:00).

Runder og lodtrækningsdatoer
Alle lodtrækninger finder sted i UEFA's hovedkvarter i Nyon i Schweiz.

Kvalificerede hold

Rankering af tredjepladser fra UEFA Champions League

Overblik

Sekstendelsfinaler
Lodtrækningen til første runde fandt sted den 15. december 2014. Den første kamp blev spillet den 19. februar og returkampen blev spillet den 26. februar 2015.

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Første kamp

Noter

Returkamp

Dynamo Moskva vandt 3–1 samlet.

Zenit Skt. Petersborg vandt 4–0 samlet.

Sevilla vandt 4–2 samlet.

Ajax vandt 4–0 samlet.

Dynamo Kyiv vandt 4–3 samlet.

Villareal vandt 5–2 samlet.

1–1 samlet. Beşiktaş vandt 5–4 i straffesparkskonkurrencen.

Fiorentina vandt 3–1 samlet.

Internazionale vandt 4–3 samlet.

Everton vandt 7–2 samlet.

Torino vandt 5–4 samlet.

Wolfsburg vandt 2–0 samlet.

Club Brugge vandt 6–1 samlet.

Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk vandt 4–2 samlet.

Napoli vandt 5–0 samlet.

Roma vandt 3–2 samlet.

Noter

Ottendedelsfinaler
Lodtrækningen til ottendedelsfinalerne fandt sted den 27. februar 2015. Den første kamp blev spillet den 12. marts, og returkampen den 19. marts 2015.

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Første kamp

Noter

Returkamp

Napoli vandt 3–1 samlet.

Dynamo Kyiv vandt 6–4 samlet.

Fiorentina vandt 4–1 samlet.

2–2 samlet. Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk vandt på reglen om udebanemål.

Zenit Skt. Petersborg vandt 2–1 samlet.

Wolfsburg vandt 5–2 samlet.

Sevilla vandt 5–2 samlet.

Club Brugge vandt 5–2 samlet.

Kvartfinaler
Lodtrækningen til kvartfinalerne blev foretaget den 20. marts 2015. Den første kamp blev spillet den 16. april, og returkampen blev spillet den 23. april 2015.

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Noter

Første kamp

Returkamp

Sevilla vandt 4–3 samlet.

Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk vandt 1–0 samlet.

Fiorentina vandt 3–1 samlet.

Napoli vandt 6–3 samlet.

Noter

Semifinaler
Lodtrækningen til semifinalerne og finalen (for at finde "hjemmeholdet"), blev foretaget den 24. april 2015. Den første kamp blev spillet den 7. maj, og returkampen blev spillet den 14. maj 2015.

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Første kamp

Returkamp

Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk vandt 2–1 samlet.

Sevilla vandt 5–0 samlet.

Noter

Finale

Referencer

Se også
 UEFA Champions League slutspil 2014-15

slutspil

UEFA Europa League slutspil 2014-15


La bataille de Blumenau est la dernière bataille de la guerre austro-prussienne entre la Prusse et l'Autriche le 22 juillet 1866. Elle a lieu dans ce qui était alors la banlieue nord de Presbourg et est interrompue au milieu de la bataille en raison des négociations d'armistice. Dans le sud des états allemands, cependant, les troupes fédérales continuent à se battre jusqu'au 29 juillet contre leurs adversaires prussiens.

Situation initiale
Après leur victoire à la bataille de Sadowa (le 3 juillet) et le refus d'une offre d'armistice autrichienne, les armées prussiennes se reposent un jour avant d'entamer leur avancée vers Vienne. Les restes de l'armée du Nord autrichienne défaite se retirent à travers la Bohême jusqu'à la ligne du Danube. L'armée de poursuite de l'Elbe occupe le 8 juillet Prague, la  marche vers Brno. Les restes vaincus de l'armée du nord autrichienne se retirent vers Vienne avec les Saxons alliés. Deux corps de l'armée impériale du Sud, qui ont précédemment combattu avec succès contre les Italiens à Custozza, reçoivent l'ordre de se rendre à Vienne pour la bataille décisive. L'archiduc Albert est nommé nouveau commandant suprême par l'empereur à la place du FZM von Benedek.

Le 18 juillet, la  du prince héritier de Prusse se trouve dans la région de Groß-Seelowitz. Le  d'armée est devant Olmütz, le  atteint , le corps de la Garde avec la  de la Garde atteint Auspitz. Le 1er corps autrichien descend la vallée de la Waag jusqu'à Trentschin, le 7e corps est à Kosztolna et le 6e corps atteint Nemsowa au même moment. Les chefs de l'armée prussienne se rencontrent le 20 juillet sur le . Le feld-maréchal comte , commandant du 2e corps d'armée autrichien, malgré l'épuisement de ses troupes, tente d'accélérer la retraite le long de la Waag et peut atteindre l'avant-terrain nord de Bratislava le 24 juillet avec 24 bataillons, 11 escadrons et 40 pièces d'artillerie.

La bataille
Alors que le  prussien avance sur Presbourg, une bataille s'engage le 22 juillet à Blumenau. Le général commandant von Fransecky dispose 18,5 bataillons, 24 escadrons et 78 canons. La 8e division prussienne se trouve au sud de Bisternitz, son avant-garde est avancée sur Blumenau, la 7e division atteint le château de Stampfen. La 2e division de cavalerie du général  est à l'ouest de Marchegg. Les Prussiens se heurtent à une position assurée par le major général  grâce à 24 pièces d'artillerie positionnées de part et d'autre de la route de Neudorf et sur la crête dénudée. La  d'infanterie du général von Bose avance de Bisternitz et de Mariental à travers la montagne par  afin de contourner les Autrichiens. Afin d'éviter des pertes inutiles, le général von Fransecky fait attaquer pour bloquer l'adversaire et attend ensuite l'encerclement visé. La 2e division de cavalerie est appelée de Marchegg et la réserve de Zohor. La brigade autrichienne Mondel, avec 11 bataillons, 2 régiments d'uhlans et 36 canons, peut défendre la position qu'elle a prise près de Blumenau contre les attaques ennemies pendant six heures. Vers midi, des parlementaires arrivent à la hâte et annoncent une trêve de cinq jours. Les Autrichiens peuvent alors s'enfuir vers Presbourg.

Suite de la bataille
Vienne est épargnée par la bataille et le roi de Prusse Guillaume refuse à son armée d'envahir la ville non seulement par respect pour les vaincus, mais surtout il cède à l'insistance massive de son ministre-président et plus tard chancelier Otto von Bismarck. Avec une sage prévoyance, il a deviné qu'un refus d'envahir Vienne pourrait plus tard faire des Autrichiens des alliés. L'Autriche-Hongrie est restée neutre dans la guerre franco-prussienne et devient plus tard un allié de l'Empire allemand nouvellement fondé.

Le cessez-le-feu est suivi de la  le 26 juillet et le 23 août 1866 de la paix de Prague.

Bibliographie
 Heinz Helmert, Hans-Jürgen Usczeck: Preussisch-deutsche Kriege von 1864 bis 1871 – Militärischer Verlauf, 6. überarbeitete Auflage, , Berlin 1988,
 Max Gottschalck, Hans von Ahlefeld: Geschichte des 1. Thüringischen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 31. E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1894, S. 344.

Bataille impliquant l'empire d'Autriche
Bataille impliquant le royaume de Prusse
Bratislava
Bataille de 1866
Juillet 1866

Bataille de Blumenau


11492 Shimose este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
11492 Shimose este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kitami de Kin Endate și Kazuro Watanabe. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,41 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 2,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 11001-12000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

11492 Shimose


Ražovke () su porodica riba iz reda ražolike ribe. Postoji 13 priznatih rodova

Za razliku od sličnih vrsta hrskavičnjača ne rađaju žive mlade, nego legu jajašca. U Jadranu živi 11 vrsta ražovki iz tri roda: raža zvjezdopježica, volina balavica, volina klinka, volina mrkulja, raža smeđana, raža kamenica, raža modropjega, raža crnopjega, raža crnožiga, raža tuponoska i raža vijopruga

Rodovi
 Amblyraja Malm, 1877
 Beringraja Ishihara, Treloar, Bor, Senou & Jeong, 2012
 Breviraja Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948
 Dactylobatus Bean & Weed, 1909
 Dentiraja Whitley, 1940
 Dipturus Rafinesque, 1810
 Fenestraja McEachran & Compagno, 1982
 Gurgesiella de Buen, 1959
 Hongeo Jeong & Nakabo, 2009
 Leucoraja Malm, 1877
 Malacoraja Stehmann, 1970
 Neoraja McEachran & Compagno, 1982
 Okamejei Ishiyama, 1958
 Orbiraja Last, Weigmann & Dumale, 2016
 Raja Linnaeus, 1758
 Rajella Stehmann, 1970
 Rostroraja Hulley, 1972
 Zearaja Whitley, 1939

Izvori

Ražovke

Ražovke


Künzli Sports Cars war ein Schweizer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Winterthur fertigte ab etwa 1980 für einige Jahre Automobile, die sowohl komplett als auch als Kit erhältlich waren. Der Markenname lautete Künzli. Eine Besonderheit war, dass die Fahrzeuge nur auf Bestellung gefertigt wurden.

Fahrzeuge
Das einzige Modell Viper Cobra Replica war ein Nachbau des AC Cobra. Als Basis kamen Kastenrahmen vom Ford Taunus oder Ford Granada sowie Rohrrahmenfahrgestelle in Frage. Für den Antrieb sorgten verschiedene Vier-, Sechs-, Acht- und Zwölfzylindermotoren von Ford und Jaguar. Die Karosserien bestanden aus Fiberglas.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Schweiz)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Winterthur)
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Winterthur)

Künzli Sports Cars


Gara Deva este o stație de cale ferată care deservește municipiul Deva, România.

Deva

Gara Deva


Manjula Prabhath Hettiarachchi, who holds a Bachelor's Degree in Mass Communication from the University of Kelaniya with a Second Class (Advanced) Honours, joined Upali Newspapers Ltd. as a writer for the Wathmana magazine published by that institute, while he was pursuing the degree at the University. He then served as the Deputy Features Editor of the weekend ''Irida" national newspaper and as the Deputy Editor of Aratuwa, the first business newspaper in Sri Lanka (2000-2005).

The Sinhala lyric, Mal Suwandai Gasa Esuwanda Vinidunu Nethi' (2004), which Manjula penned while he was working for the Aratuwa newspaper, was first recorded song composed by him. Its music was composed by H.M. Jayawardane and it was sung by Shanika Sumanasekara and Visharad - Waruna Sanjeewa Liyanage. The song was also aired on the radio at the time.

Further, Manjula earned a reputation as a poet by publishing his works in almost every leading national newspaper in Sri Lanka, and his first book of poetry entitled '''Sanda Madala Ginigani' was launched in 1999 as a book selected for publication by the National Library and Documentation Services Board. This book was considered for the final round of Vidoyodaya Literary Award of that year.

Manjula authored and published the book titled Mahapolowen Sandalutalayata' (2009) based on the life stories of Sri Lanka's leading businessmen who won their lives through hard work. Publishing of this book encouraged him to embark on publishing books, and he undertook the task of publishing more than 12 books authored by various writers.

Manjula, who gave up songwriting due to the injustices that prevailed in the field, returned to that field 2019 consequent to the encouragement received from the popular singer Keerthi Pasquel. It result in the song ''Kadulakwa'' sung by Keerthi Pasquel to the music of Dharshana Wickramatunga. 'Oba Kohe hari Ethi' sung by young singer Ravin Kanishka is another song written by Manjula, which won a huge fan within a very short period. Its music was composed by Sandaruwan Jayasinghe. This song attracted hundreds of thousands of youth on YouTube. Meanwhile, on an invitation by Keerthi Pasquel, Manjula wrote the devotional song "Bawandura Nivu Himi" for ''Vesak Sanda Re'' devotional songs programme of Derana TV, and its music was composed by young musician Sandaruwan Jayasinghe.

Having returned to the field of songwriting with "Kandulakwa"'' song, Manjula has written and recorded 08 new songs for veteran and amateur singers during the past one year period from April 2019, and those songs are being aired on the radio and television. He is currently engaged in recording two songs written for two most veteran singers in Sri Lanka. Despite being a gifted songwriter, Manjula works as the Media Manager of HNB Finance PLC by profession.

You can enjoy the songs composed by Manjula on the following YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/manjulaprabhani

Manjula prabhath hettiarachchi


Lucie Simplice Camille Benoit Desmoulins (Guise, 2. ožujka 1760. — Pariz, 5. travnja 1794., bio je francuski novinar i političar koji je odigrao značajnu ulogu tijekom Francuske revolucije. Bio je Dantonov blizak prijatelj.

Životopis
Još tijekom studija Desmoulins se zagrijao za antičke slobodarske ideale. Postao je odvjetnik 1785. i radio pri parlamentu u Parizu, a djelovao je i kao politički pisac radikalnog duha.
Već 1789. bio je jedan od prvih koji je zagovarao republikansko uređenje i od tada je djelovao u smjeru ukidanja monarhije, s prekidom 1792. Kao član Konventa, Desmoulins nije imao neku važniju ulogu, ali kao novinar njegov utjecaj je bio značajan. Izdavao je novine Les révolutions de France et Brabant 1789. – 1791. i La tribune des patriotes 1792. godine. U potonjim novinama branio je Robespierreovu politiku a u svojim tekstovima napada Žirondince. Pošto je bio u dobrim odnosima s Dantonom, postao mu je osobni tajnik 1791. Desmoulins osniva novine Vieux cordelier 1793. i u Dantonovom duhu napada Herbertiste, kada ga je Robespierre prozvao. Desmoulins se u svojim pisanjima okreće protiv njega, i kada je Danton uhićen, Desmoulins doživljava njegovu sudbinu. Pogubljen je 1794. godine.

Vanjske poveznice

Francuska revolucija
Francuski političari
Francuski novinari

Camille Desmoulins


أنا جولدي Anna Göldi (1734 – 1782) تعرف بآخر ساحرات سويسرا، أعدمت بعد إدانتها بالقتل في يونيو 1782 في غلروس.

المراجع

أشخاص أعدموا بتهمة السحر
أشخاص أعدموا من قبل سويسرا بقطع الرأس
سويسريون في القرن 18
العنف ضد المرأة في أوروبا
إعدامات بقطع الرأس ذات صلة بالمسيحية
خادمات المنزل
ساحرات سويسرا
سويسريات في القرن 18
سويسريون معدمون
مواليد 1734
نساء سويسريات
وفيات 1782
العنف ضد المرأة في سويسرا

أنا جولدي


Skåneländska Gastronomiska Akademien (Academia Gastronomica Scaniensis) blev oprettet i 1992. Akademiet skal fremme mad- og drikkekulturen og dens udvikling specielt i Skåne, Blekinge, Halland og på Bornholm.

Det har sammen med Skånska Deckarsällskapet udgivet antologierne Skånska sillamord (1995) og Skånska gåsamord (1996).

Eksterne henvisninger
 Skåneländska Gastronomiska Akademiet , akademiets hjemmeside

Gastronomiska Akademien
Etableret i 1992

Skåneländska Gastronomiska Akademien


Philipsburg, Montana, SAD
 Philipsburg, Quebec, a naselje u Quebecu, na američko-kanadskoj granici
 Philipsburg (Zemlja Sveti Martin), glavni grad Zemlje Sveti Martin

Philipsburg


En brødkniv er, som navnet antyder, en type kniv, som bruges til at skære i brød med. Det er en af mange typer køkkenknive som bl.a. kokke bruger. Bladet har en savtakket æg, der gør det muligt at skære i blødt brød uden at knuse det eller trykke det fladt som en almindelig kniv med lige æg ville gøre.

Historie
I 1889 blev der udstillet en brødkniv ved World's Columbian Exposition i Chicago af firmaet F. Dick fra Esslingen, Tyskland. Et design blev panteteret i USA af Joseph E. Burns fra Syracuse, New York i 1921, efter det var blevet indlevet i 1919. Hans kniv havde sektioner af rille og savtakker, der blev mindre i takt med bladets akse, således at de dannede individuelle skæreflader, der var vinkelrete å bladet, og således kunne skæres uden at der skulle bruges ekstra kræfter.

Udseende
Brødknive er normalt mellem 15 og 25 cm lange. Ofte vil skaftet sidde i en lidt skæv vinkel i forhold til bladet eller være centreret mod nakken af bladet for at brugerens knoer ikke rammer overfladen som emnet ligger på..

Bladet bliver normalt fremstillet af stål, gerne rustfrit stål, der giver længere levetid. I nyere tid er der også blevet fremstillet keramiske brødknive. Håndtaget kan være fremstillet af en række forskellige materialer, heriblandt træ, plastik og metal. På nogle brødkniv er fremstillet i ét stykke, således at bladet og håndtaget er i samme type stål.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Køkkenknive
Kniv

Brødkniv


Valdas Adamkus (; born Voldemaras Adamkavičius; 3 November 1926) is a Lithuanian politician, diplomat and civil engineer who served as the fifth and seventh president of Lithuania from 1998 to 2003 and again from 2004 to 2009.

Adamkus' first tenure as president lasted for five years, from 26 February 1998 to 28 February 2003, following his defeat by Rolandas Paksas in the 2003 presidential election. Paksas was later impeached and removed from office by a parliamentary vote on 6 April 2004. Soon afterwards, when a new election was announced, Adamkus again ran for president and was re-elected. His approval ratings increased during this period and become a highly regarded moral authority in the state. He was succeeded as president on 12 July 2009 by Dalia Grybauskaitė. He is considered by some as being one of the best Lithuanian leaders in modern history.

He was married to Alma Adamkienė, who was involved in charitable activities in Lithuania. Following the end of his term as president, Adamkus remained involved in international development, and is a member of the European Academy of Diplomacy.

Biography

Valdas Adamkus was born on 3 November 1926, into a Roman Catholic family in Kaunas. He was originally given the name "Voldemaras Adamkavičius" but had it changed to "Valdas Adamkus" in 1955. His father was one of the first heads of the Lithuanian Air Force School in the Republic of Lithuania. His uncle was Edvardas Adamkavičius, who was a general in the Lithuanian Armed Forces during the interwar period. During his youth, Adamkus was interested in track and field. He also set the national record for running 100 meters.

As a young man, Adamkus joined the underground resistance against the first Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940. Under the Nazi occupation, while attending high school, he distributed an anti-German underground newspaper. In 1944 as the Germans were leaving the country, his family fled Lithuania in order to avoid the second Soviet occupation.

He attended the University of Munich in Germany before emigrating to the United States in 1949. Fluent in five languages – Lithuanian, Polish, English, Russian, and German – he served as a senior non-commissioned officer with the United States 5th Army Reserve's military intelligence unit in the 1950s. In 1951, Adamkus married Alma Nutautaite. They had no children.

After arriving in Chicago, Illinois as a displaced person, he first worked in an automobile factory and later as a draftsman. Adamkus graduated as a civil engineer from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1961. While a student, Adamkus, together with other Lithuanian Americans, collected about 40,000 signatures petitioning the United States government to intervene in the ongoing deportations of Lithuanians to Siberia by the Soviets. The petition was presented to then-Vice President Richard Nixon. Adamkus also raised concerns about other Soviet activities in occupied Lithuania to United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld in 1958, and to President John F. Kennedy in 1962.

Career in the United States Environmental Protection Agency

He joined the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) at its inception in 1970, working in Cincinnati. In 1981, he was appointed regional administrator by President Ronald Reagan, and was responsible for all air, water, hazardous waste, and other pollution control programs in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. In 1985, President Reagan presented him with the Distinguished Executive Presidential Rank Awardthe highest honor that can be bestowed upon a civil servant.

In 1972, Adamkus visited Lithuania for the first time in almost thirty years. He was a member of the official delegation from the United States attending an environmental conference in Moscow. As perestroika took root in the Soviet Union, Adamkus's visits to his homeland became more frequent. Valdas Adamkus served as regional administrator of the EPA for sixteen years, and retired in 1997, after twenty-nine years of service. Upon his retirement, he received a congratulatory letter from President Clinton and a Distinguished Career Award from EPA Administrator Carol Browner. EPA Region 5 presented him with the newly established "Valdas V. Adamkus Sustained Commitment to the Environment Honor Award".

Lithuanian presidency, 1998–2003

Shortly after leaving the EPA, Valdas Adamkus moved back to Lithuania. Soon after his decision to run for presidency in 1998, he faced a legal battle in the Lithuanian courts. Doubts arose whether Adamkus was eligible to run for the presidency due to having spent over half a century abroad, raising the possibility that he might not meet minimum residency requirements. However, the court resolved the case in Adamkus' favor, and no other obstacles remained other than his U.S. citizenship, which he officially renounced at the American Embassy in Vilnius. He was elected as President of Lithuania in 1998, defeating Artūras Paulauskas in the runoff, serving from then until 2003, when he ran for re-election, but was unexpectedly defeated by Rolandas Paksas.

He returned to politics after the presidential scandal of 2003 and 2004, when his former rival Paksas was impeached and removed from office. In the first round of the 2004 election, held on 13 June 2004, Adamkus securing 30% of the vote – more than any other candidate. Paksas could not run for office again, because a ruling from Lithuania's Constitutional Court disallowed him from running for public office and he was, therefore, unable to register as a candidate. A runoff election was held on 27 June 2004, which Adamkus won with about 52% of the votes against Kazimira Prunskienė. By 2009, he had served the two presidential terms permitted by the Constitution of Lithuania and was succeeded as president by Dalia Grybauskaite.

In 2003, Valdas Adamkus was named UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for the Construction of Knowledge Societies. The Director-General of UNESCO, Koïchiro Matsuura, noted that Adamkus was named as Ambassador "in recognition of his dedication to the Organization's aims and ideals and with a view to benefiting for the construction of knowledge societies from his wisdom and extensive experience in many of UNESCO's areas of concern, in particular promotion of social development, cultural diversity, dialog and international cooperation."

Lithuanian presidency, 2004–2009

Foreign affairs

Under the presidency of Valdas Adamkus, Lithuania actively promoted democracy in the formerly Soviet Eastern European and Asian nations. President Adamkus, together with President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Javier Solana, Boris Gryzlov and Ján Kubiš, served as a mediator during Ukraine's political crisis, when two candidates in the 2004 presidential election, Viktor Yanukovych and Viktor Yushchenko, each claimed victory. President Adamkus recalled in an interview that "when I asked what we could do to help, Kuchma said the friends of the Ukrainian people should drop whatever they were doing and come to Kiev immediately.". The next day international mediators met in Ukraine. The crisis was resolved after a new election was held.

Valdas Adamkus and his Estonian counterpart Arnold Rüütel rejected an invitation to participate in a commemorative celebration of the end of World War II in Europe in 2005. President Adamkus expressed the view that the war's end, in Lithuania, marked the beginning of a fifty-year Soviet occupation and repression. In response, on 22 July, the United States Congress unanimously passed a resolution that Russia should "issue a clear and unambiguous statement of admission and condemnation of the illegal occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 of the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania", but Russia refused.

President Adamkus supports an active dialog between European Union member states and former Soviet republics such as Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldova, that are actively seeking membership in the EU. He expressed support for these candidate members during the Community of Democratic Choice in 2005, at the Vilnius Conference 2006, and on several other occasions.

Valdas Adamkus is an Honorary Member of The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

Domestic affairs

Valdas Adamkus enjoyed a very high approval rating in Lithuania. He was also recognized for the second time for his support of Lithuanian youth. President Adamkus was actively involved in government reorganizations in 2004 and 2006. In his 2006 State of the Nation address, Adamkus stated that his top priorities were:
 Increasing public participation in the political realm
 Targeted and transparent use of the EU funds and opportunities for building a greater well-being in Lithuania
 Reforms in public governance, education and science, social support and health care
 The development of professional competence among civil servants, especially in assessing regulatory impacts
 Approval of a political code of ethics
 Direct mayoral elections, and elimination of the county system
 Construction of a new nuclear power unit in Ignalina
 Legislation regulating the selection, appointment, and promotion of judges
 Controlling "brain drain" by supporting research and higher education infrastructure

Honours and awards

National honours

 : Recipient of the Order of Vytautas the Great with Golden Chain (2003)
 : Recipient of the Lithuanian Scout Association Order of Iron Wolf (2002)
 : Recipient of the Medal for Merits to Vilnius and the Nation (2019)
 : Recipient of the Golden Order of the State Emblem of Lithuania (2019)
 : Recipient of the Riflemen's Star

Foreign honours
 : Member of the Order of Mother Theresa (2007)
 : Recipient of the Order of St. Meshrop Mashtots (2002)
 : Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria (2009)
 : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (2006)
 : First Class of the Order of Stara Planina (2009)
 : Collar of the Order of the Merit of Chile (2008)
 :
 Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (1999)
 Collar of the Order of the White Star (2004)
 : European of the Year (2007)
 : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (2002)
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour (2001)
 : Recipient of the St. George's Victory Order (2007)
 : Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2005)
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (1999)
 : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary {1999)
 : Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (1998)
 : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1999)
 : Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (2007)
 : Recipient 1st class of the Order of Friendship (2000)
 : Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Three Stars (2001)
 : Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1999)
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (2008)
 : Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (1998)
 :
 Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (1999)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2009)
 : Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (2007)
 : Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (2001)
 : St Andrew 'Dialog of Civilization' prize laureate (2002)
 : First Class of the Order of the White Double Cross (2005)
 : Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (2005)
 :
 Member of the Order of Liberty (2009)
 Member First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (1998)
 Member First Class of the Order of Merit (2006)
 : Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (2006)
 :
 President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service (1985)
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1999)
 : Member of the Order For Special Merits (2002)

Honorary doctorates

Adamkus holds honorary doctorates at universities in Lithuania, the United States, and other countries, including:

 : Vilnius University (1989)
 : Indiana St. Joseph's College (1991)
 : Northwestern University (1994)
 : Kaunas University of Technology (1998)
 : The Catholic University of America (1998)
 : Lithuanian University of Agriculture (1999)
 : Illinois Institute of Technology (1999)
 : Eurasian University (2000)
 : DePaul University (2001)
 : Law University of Lithuania (2001)
 : Vytautas Magnus University (2002)
 : Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (2004)
 : Yerevan State University (2006)
 : Baku State University (2006)
 : Donetsk University (2006)
 : University of Notre Dame (2007)
 : Nicolaus Copernicus University (2007)
 : Tallinn University (2008)
 : University of Chile (2008)
 : Klaipėda University (2008)
 : John Paul II Catholic University (2009)
 : ISM University of Management and Economics (2009)

See also

List of presidents of Lithuania
Presidential Palace, Vilnius
Historical Presidential Palace, Kaunas
Knight of Freedom Award

References

Further reading

 Fredriksen, John C. ed. Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders: 1992 to the Present'' (Facts on File Library of World History) (2003) pp 5–6

External links

 Website of the Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus
 European Voice – Mister persistent Valdas Adamkus

|-

1926 births
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Lithuanian-American culture in Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
Politicians from Kaunas
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Living people
Presidents of Lithuania
Lithuanian Roman Catholics
American people of Lithuanian descent
Lithuanian male sprinters
People of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
People who renounced United States citizenship
United States Army non-commissioned officers

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Grand Crosses with Golden Chain of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Chevaliers of the Order of Merit (Ukraine)
Catholics from Ohio
Recipients of St. George's Order of Victory
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
Catholics from Illinois
Recipients of the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service
First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 2nd class

Valdas Adamkus


Za boga, pogledajte "Xolotl".
Xolotl [ˈʃolotɬ] (Xólotl) bio je vođa (nahuatl tlatoani) naroda Chichimeca u 13. stoljeću. Bio je nazvan po aztečkom bogu Xolotlu.

Prema nekim historiografskim tradicijama, on je oko 1224. osnovao Tenayucu. Naslijedio ga je sin Nopaltzin, koji je ojačao očevo kraljevstvo. Xolotlova je kći bila Cuetlaxochitzin, supruga kralja Acolnahuacatla.

Izvori i bilješke

Životopisi, Meksiko

Xolotl (kralj)


A los niños de Chile es el vigésimo sexto álbum oficial en estudio del cantautor chileno Ángel Parra como solista. Fue lanzado originalmente en Chile en 1993, y está conformado por canciones infantiles compuestas por Ángel, varias de las cuales son interpretadas junto con su hija Javiera Parra, quien ya había acompañado al músico en su disco anterior Todo el amor.

En 1994 el disco fue relanzado en Francia, país donde vivió Ángel Parra durante muchos años en su exilio producto de la época de la dictadura militar en Chile. Esta segunda versión tiene otra carátula, su nombre cambia por el de Canciones para niños, con el subtítulo en francés «Chansons en espagnol pour les enfants», e incluye los nombres de las canciones también en francés.

Ángel Parra ya había lanzado en 1986 otro disco de música infantil: Chansons et comptines d'Amérique du Sud (Canciones y adivinanzas de América del Sur), compuesto en aquella ocasión en su totalidad por canciones y adivinanzas de la tradición popular.

La última canción, «Nana del espejito», es un homenaje al escritor español Federico García Lorca.

Lista de canciones

Créditos
 Ángel Parra
 Javiera Parra: acompañamiento en canciones 6, 7, 8 y 9.

 Versión francesa
 Thierry Courtin: ilustración
 Marie-Hélène Gros: colorista

Referencias

Álbumes de Chile de 1993
Álbumes de Ángel Parra
Álbumes de Alerce
Álbumes en español

A los niños de Chile


ديفيد بلتيمور  (ولد في مدينة نيويورك في 7 مارس 1938) هو عالم أحياء ومدير جامعة أمريكي. رأس معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية (كالتك) بين عامي 1997 و2006، وهو الآن أستاذ كرسي روبرت ميليكان لعلم الأحياء بالمعهد. كما رأس جامعة روكفلر عامي 1990 و1991، ورأس الجمعية الأمريكية للتقدم العلمي سنة 2007.

تقاسم بلتيمور جائزة نوبل في الطب عام 1975 مع كل من هوارد تيمن وريناتو دولبيكو، عن أبحاثه التي أدت إلى اكتشاف إنزيم الناسخ العكسي، أنزيم ضروري عند الفيروسات القهقرية مثل فيروس نقص المناعة.

أشرف على العديد من طلبة الدكتوراه وزملاء ما بعد الدكتوراه ومنهم من أكمل لينال مسيرة مهنية مميزة حافلة بالإنجازات. إضافةً لجائزة نوبل، حصل بلتيمور على عدد من الجوائز ومن ضمنها وسام العلم الأمريكي عام 1999. يشغل بلتيمور الآن منصب في مجلس رعاة مجلة العلماء الذريين وهو أيضًا مستشار لتحالف الإحسان العلمي.

بداية حياته وتعليمه

وُلد بلتيمور في السابع من مارس عام 1938 في مدينة نيويورك لأبوين هما غيرترو (ليبشيتز) وريتشارد بلتيمور. ترعرع بلتيمور في أحياء مقاطعة كوينز في فورست هيلز وريغو بارك، انتقل هو وعائلته إلى ضاحية غريت نيك في نيويورك عندما كان في المرحلة الإعدادية؛ لأن أمه شعرت أن مدارس المدينة غير كافية. تربى والده على أن يكون يهوديًا أرثوذكسيًا، وكانت أمه ملحدة، ولاحظ بلتيمور العطل اليهودية وكان يحضر الكنيس مع والده من خلال البار متزفا. تخرّج من مدرسة غريت نيك الثانوية عام 1956، يُعزى اهتمامه بعلم الأحياء من خلال تمضية الصيف في مختبر جاكسون ضمن برنامج الطالب الصيفي في بار هاربور، مايين.

حصل بلتيمور على درجة البكالوريوس مع مرتبة الشرف في كلية سوارثمور عام 1960. يرجع الفضل في اهتمامه بعلم الأحياء الجزيئي لجورج سترايزنغر الذي عمل تحت إشرافه في صيف واحد في مختبر كولد سبرينج هاربور. كان مستقبل بلتيمور الواعد واضحًا في عمله وهو طالب دراسات عليا عندما التحق ببرنامج الدراسات العليا في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا في علم الأحياء عام 1960 بنهج مندفع ورائع لتعلم العلوم.

سرعان ما أدى اهتمامه المبكر بوراثة العاثيات إلى شغفه بالفيروسات الحيوانية. التحق بدورة كولد سبرينج هاربور في علم الفيروسات الحيواني عام 1961، وانتقل إلى مختبر ريتشارد فرانكلين في معهد روكفلر في مدينة نيويورك الذي كان أحد المختبرات القليلة الرائدة في البحوث الجزيئية في علم الفيروسات الحيواني. هناك قام باكتشافات أساسية حول تنسُّخ الفيروس وتأثيره على استقلاب الخلايا، بما في ذلك الوصف الأول للحمض النووي الريبي المتنسّخ. أنهى أطروحته لنيل الدكتوراه في عام 1964.

المسيرة المهنية والبحث

بعد حصوله على درجة الدكتوراه، عاد بلتيمور إلى معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا لأبحاث ما بعد الدكتوراة مع جيمس دارنيل في عام 1963. واصل عمله في مجال تنسُّخ الفيروسات باستخدام الفيروسة السنجابية واستمر في التدريب في علم الإنزيمات مع جيرارد هورويتز في كلية ألبرت آينشتاين للطب في عام 1964/1965.

باحث مستقل

عيّن ريناتو دولبيك بلتيمور في فبراير 1965  في معهد سالك للدراسات البيولوجية المنشأ حديثًا في لا جولا بصفته شريك أبحاث مستقل. درس هناك تكرُّر الحمض النووي الريبي للفيروسة السنجابية، وبدأ مسيرته المهنية الطويلة في الإشراف على المسيرات المهنية المبكرة للعلماء الآخرين بما في ذلك مارك جيرارد ومايكل جاكوبسون. اكتشفوا آلية التشطُّر الحال للبروتين لسلائف البروتينات الفيروسية، مشيرين إلى أهمية عملية حل البروتين في تخليق البروتينات حقيقية النواة. التقى بلتيمور بزوجته المستقبلية، أليس هوانغ، التي بدأت العمل معه في معهد سالك عام 1967. أجرى هو وأليس معًا تجارب رئيسة على جسيمات التداخل المعيبة وأنواع الفيروسات الزائفة. اكتشف بلتيمور -خلال هذا العمل- اكتشافًا رئيسًا يتلخص في أن السنجابية تُنتج بروتيناتها الفيروسية، فتحلل البروتين المفرد الكبير، ثم يُعالج لاحقًا في الببتيدات الوظيفية الفردية.

معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا

الناسخ العكسي

عين الحائزُ على جائزة نوبل سلفادور لوريا بلتيمور في عام 1968 في قسم البيولوجيا في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا بصفة بروفيسور مشارك في علم الأحياء الدقيقة.

انتقلت أليس س. هوانغ أيضًا إلى معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا لمواصلة بحثها حول فيروس التهاب الفم الحويصلي. أصبحا ثنائيًا، وتزوجا في أكتوبر 1968. في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا، اكتشف بلتيمور وهوانغ وطالبة الدراسات العليا مارثا ستامبفر أن فيروس التهاب الفم الحويصلي يتضمن بوليميريز الحمض النووي الريبي المعتمد على الحمض النووي الريبي داخل جسيم الفيروس، واستخدما إستراتيجية تكرُّر جديدة لتكرار جينوم الحمض النووي الريبي. دخل فيروس التهاب الفم الحويصلي خليةً مضيفة كخليط سلبي وحيد من الحمض النووي الريبي، ولكن أحضر معه بوليميريز الحمض النووي الريبي لتحفيز عمليات نسخ وتكرُّر المزيد من الحمض النووي الريبي.

مدد بلتيمور هذا العمل وفحص فيروسين ورميين من الحمض النووي الريبي وفيروس راوشر الفأري لابيضاض الدم وفيروس ساركوما روس. اكتشف بلتيمور الناسخ العكسي، الإنزيم الذي يبلمر الدي إن إيه من مرصاف الحمض النووي الريبي.

اكتشف بلتيمور، بقيامه بذلك، فئةً مميزة من الفيروسات، اسماها لاحقًا الفيروسات الراجعة، التي تستخدم مرصاف الحمض النووي الريبي لتحفيز تخليق الدي إن إيه الفيروسي. قلب هذا الاكتشاف العقيدة المركزية في النظرية الجينية، وهو الاعتقاد بأن المعلومات الوراثية تتدفق بشكل أحادي الاتجاه من الدي إن إيه إلى الحمض النووي الريبي (ثم إلى البروتينات). يُعد النسخ العكسي أمرًا ضروريًا لاستنساخ الفيروسات الراجعة، ما يسمح لمثل هذه الفيروسات بتحويل طاقات الحمض النووي الريبي الفيروسي إلى طاقات الدي إن إيه الفيروسية. تشمل الفيروسات التي تندرج ضمن هذه الفئة فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية.

قلب اكتشاف الناسخ العكسي -المُنجز بالتزامن مع هوارد تيمين الذي اقترح فرضية طليعة الفيروس- العقيدة المركزية للبيولوجيا الجزيئية عبر إظهار أن المعلومات الوراثية يمكن أن تتنقل باتجاه ثنائي بين الدي إن إيه والحمض النووي الريبي. نشر بلتيمور وتيمين هذه النتائج في أوراق بحثية متتالية في المجلة المرموقة، الطبيعة. بشر هذا الاكتشاف بصفته دليلًا على أن المقاربات الجزيئية والفيروسية لفهم السرطان ستؤدي إلى علاجات جديدة للمرض المخيف. ربما يكون هذا قد أثر على الحرب التي شنها الرئيس ريتشارد نيكسون على السرطان والتي بدأت في عام 1971 وزاد بشكل كبير تمويل البحوث لهذا المرض.

حصل بلتيمور، في عام 1972، في سن الرابعة والثلاثين، على منصب بروفيسور علم الأحياء في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا، وهو المنصب الذي شغله حتى عام 1997. تقاسم بلتيمور، في عام 1975، في سن السابعة والثلاثين، جائزة نوبل للفيزيولوجيا أو الطب مع هوارد تيمين وريناتو دولبيكو. تنص الإشادة بهم: «لاكتشافاتهم المتعلقة بالتفاعل بين فيروسات الورمية والمواد الوراثية للخلية». كان أعظم إسهام لبلتيمور في ذلك الوقت في علم الفيروسات هو اكتشاف الناسخ العكسي.

انظر أيضا

 لائحة اليهود الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

كلية العلوم في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
أساتذة معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أطباء يهود
أعضاء أجانب في الجمعية الملكية
أعضاء الأكاديمية البابوية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الفرنسية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية الأمريكية للعلوم
أعضاء الأكاديمية الوطنية للطب
أعضاء الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية
أعضاء المنظمة الأوروبية للبيولوجيا الجزيئية
أعضاء هيئة تدريس معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
أمريكيون حازوا جائزة نوبل
تاريخ تقانة حيوية
حائزون على جائزة نوبل في الطب
حائزون على قلادة العلوم الوطنية الأمريكية
خريجو كلية سوارثمور
رؤساء جامعة روكفلر
رؤساء معهد كاليفورنيا للتقنية
زملاء الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم
زملاء الرابطة الأمريكية لتقدم العلوم
علماء أمريكيون يهود
علماء التكنولوجيا الحيوية
علماء تكنولوجيا حيوية أمريكيون
علماء مناعة أمريكيون
علماء مناعة يهود
مواليد 1938
مواليد في نيويورك
يهود حازوا جائزة نوبل

ديفيد بلتيمور


Takeshi Watanabe (født 10. september 1972) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takeshi Watanabe


La Loubière ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Aveyron der Region Okzitanien; sie gehört zum Arrondissement Rodez und zum Kanton Causse-Comtal. Die Verwaltung der Gemeinde befindet sich im Ort Lioujas, der im Norden des Gemeindegebietes liegt.

Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt in der Landschaft Causse, südlich der Causse du Comtal, rund acht Kilometer nordöstlich von Rodez. Nachbargemeinden von La Loubière sind:

 Rodelle im Norden,
 Montrozier im Osten,
 Agen-d'Aveyron im Südosten,
 Sainte-Radegonde im Süden,
 Rodez im Südwesten,
 Onet-le-Château im Westen und
 Sébazac-Concourès im Nordwesten (mit einer Enklave im Nordosten).

Der Ort La Loubière liegt am linken Ufer des Flusses Aveyron, das nördliche Gemeindegebiet liegt noch im Einflussbereich des Karstgebietes der Causse und weist daher kaum an der Oberfläche verlaufende Gewässer auf.

Verkehrsanbindung
Das Gemeindegebiet wird durch die Bahnstrecke von Rodez nach Sévérac-le-Château durchquert. Der nächstgelegene Bahnhof befindet sich in Rodez.

Die Hauptverkehrsachse im Straßenverkehr ist die Nationalstraße 88, die von Rodez kommend, bei Sévérac-le-Château Anschluss an die Autobahn 75 findet. Der Regionalverkehr wird weitgehend über die Départementsstraße 988 abgewickelt, die von Rodez über Lioujas nach Bozouls führt.

Der nächstgelegenen Flugplatz Aeroport de Rodez-Marcillac ist etwa zwölf Kilometer entfernt.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten

 Kirche Saint-Pierre-aux-Liens im Ortsteil Cayssac
 Dolmen von Cayssac, Dolmen der Megalithkultur (Monument historique)
 Fontaine de Cayssac, romanisches Brunnenhaus aus dem Mittelalter (Monument historique)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website der Gemeinde auf der Homepage des Gemeindeverbandes

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Okzitanien
Ort am Aveyron

La Loubière


Maximilian af Sachsen kan henvise til flere personer med dette navn:

 Maximilian af Sachsen (1759-1838) – prins af Sachsen, søn af kurfyrst Frederik Christian af Sachsen
 Maximilian af Sachsen (1870–1951) – prins af Sachsen, søn af kong Georg 1. af Sachsen

Maximilian af Sachsen


Die Chiapas-Kletterratte (Tylomys bullaris) ist eine zu den Kletterratten gehörende Art der Neuweltmäuse und eng mit der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte verwandt. Sie ist nur von einem einzigen Fundort in den Tropenwäldern Chiapas bekannt und wird als vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft.

Körperbau
Die Gesamtlänge eines nicht ausgewachsenen Exemplars von Tylomys bullaris beträgt 324 Millimeter, die Schwanzlänge 158 Millimeter und die Hinterfußlänge 37,5 Millimeter. Das Fell der Oberseite ist blassgrau-bleifarben und das der Unterseite ist weiß. Die Pfoten sind braun bis auf die weißen Zehen. Die Oberlippe und ein Fleck an der Nasenseite sind ebenfalls weiß.

Das Zwischenscheitelbein der Chiapas-Kletterratte ist breit und die Jochbögen sind weit gespreizt. Anders als bei der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte und bei Tylomys tumbalensis sind die Paukenblasen merklich aufgebläht und eher kugelförmig als vorn zugespitzt.

Verbreitung, Lebensraum und Bestand
Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Chiapas-Kletterratte liegt im mexikanischen Chiapas, wo die Art nur von einem Exemplar aus Tuxtla Gutiérrez bekannt ist.
In diesem Gebiet ist sie an tropische laubabwerfende Wälder gebunden.

Die Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN stufte die Chiapas-Kletterratte 2008 als vom Aussterben bedroht ein. Begründet wurde dies mit dem begrenzten Vorkommen sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeit einer starken Bestandsabnahme, verursacht durch das voraussichtlich vollständige Verschwinden des ursprünglichen Lebensraumes aufgrund von Verstädterung und der Umwandlung in landwirtschaftlich genutzte Fläche. 1996 wurde die Art ebenfalls als vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft. In Mexiko wird sie gesetzlich als bedroht geführt (NOM-059_ECOL-2001).

Systematik und Nomenklatur
Die Chiapas-Kletterratte wird gewöhnlich als eigenständige Art geführt,
könnte jedoch der Nacktschwanz-Kletterratte als Unterart zuzuordnen sein. Das Typusexemplar stammt aus Tuxtla Gutiérrez aus einer Höhe von 550 Metern
und wurde 1901 von Clinton Hart Merriam als Tylomys bullaris beschrieben.

Literatur

 E. Raymond Hall: The Mammals of North America. Band 2. 2. Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, New York NY u. a. 1981, ISBN 0-471-05444-5.

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Wühler

Chiapas-Kletterratte


Prosperidad hace referencia a los siguientes artículos en Wikipedia:

Lugares
 Prosperidad, municipio de la provincia de Agusan del Sur, en la región de Caraga, en Filipinas.
 Prosperidad, barrio del distrito de Chamartín, situado en la zona noreste de la ciudad de Madrid.
 Prosperidad, estación de la Línea 4 del Metro de Madrid, bajo la plaza homónima, en el madrileño distrito de Chamartín, situado en la zona noreste de la ciudad.

Economía
 Prosperidad, como sinónimo de mejora de la situación económica o social, y como opuesto a  desigualdad social y a crisis económica.

Prosperidad (desambiguación)


As inundações de 2008 no sul da China começaram em 26 de maio de 2008. Quatro rodadas de chuvas torrenciais com deslizamentos de terra e inundações duraram 20 dias e afetaram quinze províncias no leste e sul da China.

A primeira rodada de inundações afetou doze províncias no sul da China e matou 93 pessoas até 30 de maio. Uma nova rodada de inundações começou em 6 de junho e varreu nove províncias no sul da China, matando 55 pessoas com 7 desaparecidos e forçando 1,3 milhão a evacuar a partir de 14 de junho. O Centro Meteorológico Nacional da China disse que as fortes chuvas continuariam e que a precipitação nas províncias de Guizhou, Sichuan e Yunnan seria 30 a 70% maior do que no mesmo período do ano passado.

Links externos

 China View
 BBC News
 Reuters
 2008 South China floods, Sina.com

Enchentes na China
China
2008 na China

Inundações de 2008 no sul da China


Peter Berg (New York,11. ožujka, 1964.) američki je redatelj, scenarist, glumac i producent. Karijeru redatelja započeo je crnom komedijom Gore ne može (1998.) u kojoj glavne uloge tumače Jon Favreau, Christian Slater i Cameron Diaz. Poznat je po filmovima Dobrodošli u džunglu (2003.), Najbolji tim (2004.), Kraljevstvo (2007.) i Hancock (2008.). S ratnim filmom Jedini preživjeli (2013.) započinje niz uradaka koji tematiziraju tragične događaje iz američke svakodnevice, uključujući filmove Pakao na horizontu (2016.), o masovnom izljevu nafte u Meksičkom zaljevu 2010. godine te Bostonski heroji (2016.), o bombaškom napadu na Bostonski maraton 2013. U sva tri filma glavnu ulogu tumači Mark Wahlberg.

Berg je glumio u filmovima Cop Land (1997.), Corky Romano (2001.), Collateral (2004.), Smokin' Aces (2006.) i Lions for Lambs (2007.). Tvorac je televizijske serije Friday Night Lights (2006. – 2011.) koja se temelji na istoimenoj sportskoj drami iz 2004. Serija je osvojila tri nagrade Emmy.

Svoju najpoznatiju ulogu Berg je ostvario kao dr. Billy Kronk u američkoj tv-seriji Chicago Hope (1995. – 1999.).

Američki filmski redatelji
Scenaristi
Američki filmski glumci

Peter Berg


Paul Reiche III ( ) is an American game designer. His career started in the pen and paper RPG industry, where he collaborated with artist Erol Otus on games such as Dungeons & Dragons and Gamma World. He then transitioned into video games, working with Jon Freeman to establish Free Fall Associates and developed titles like Mail Order Monsters, World Tour Golf, and Archon. Later, he left Free Fall to establish Toys for Bob with Fred Ford. Their first collaboration resulted in Star Control. After a successful sequel, they declined to make a third installment, instead focusing on other projects including the successful Skylanders franchise.

Career

Pen and paper RPGs
Reiche was a childhood friend of artist Erol Otus, before either of them worked in the role-playing game industry. He and Otus played role-playing games together and released a few small games in the genre.  After Otus joined TSR, the then-publisher of Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), Reiche was able to eventually find employment there as a writer.

They made contributions to the evolving game and other games by TSR—Otus with artwork, Reiche with game design (primarily on D&D and Gamma World). Reiche's credits as developer include Isle of Dread, Slave Pits of the Undercity and Assault on the Aerie of the Slave Lords, and The Ghost Tower of Inverness, and he also contributed to Gary Gygax's Legion of Gold for Gamma World. Reiche also invented the race of Thri-kreen mantis warriors for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, which debuted in the second set of Monster Cards.

Video games

Through his work at TSR, he met Jon Freeman, co-founder of computer game company Automated Systems (later Epyx), and together they decided to start a new gaming studio called Free Fall Associates. During this time, Reiche worked on Mail Order Monsters, World Tour Golf, and Archon, which were released with Electronic Arts. Around this time, Reiche also befriended Greg Johnson and became fascinated with his expansive science fiction game Starflight. Johnson had many conversations with Reiche, who advised him to draft a "story network" that would highlight all the most important points of the story and list the in-game objects necessary to advance from one to the next. Reiche's work on Starflight lasted a few weeks, while he was "supposed to be working on Mail Order Monsters".

Toys for Bob

After several successful releases, Reiche left Free Fall to form Toys for Bob with Fred Ford. Though they had previously attended the same school, they had never met until a games night arranged by friends, both seeking a partner to work on a new project. One of the mutual friends who helped introduce them was fantasy artist Erol Otus. This led to their first collaboration, the game Star Control. Reiche and Ford both shared a love of Jack Vance in both their formative years, and took inspiration from exaggerated societies taken to their extremes, and intelligent characters committed to an interesting agenda. While Reiche focused on the game design and fiction, Ford was responsible for the programming.

After publishing the game, Accolade contracted with Reiche and Ford to develop the sequel, Star Control II. As the project developed, he hired longtime friend Greg Johnson, who is credited as "one of the most significant contributors to Star Control II". The project would draw inspiration from Starflight, which Reiche had helped with just a few years prior. Another friend, Erol Otus, is described as one of the broadest contributors in terms of different aspects of Star Control II, including illustrations for the game manual, in-game art, music, text, and even voice-acting. Reiche himself voiced the Mycon and the neo-Dnyarri (also known as the Talking Pet).

After the success of Star Control II, Accolade offered Reiche and Ford the same budget to produce another sequel, which they turned down to pursue other projects. Toys for Bob proceeded to release Pandemonium! and The Unholy War, and eventually took on a series of contracts for licensed work through the early 2000s. By 2002, Toys for Bob parted ways with Crystal Dynamics and Eidos Interactive, and began seeking a new publisher. After completing Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (under the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater license), Reiche had all-but released Madagascar when publisher Activision fully acquired his company, in May 2005. What had begun as a partnership had evolved into a division of Crystal Dynamics, then a corporation, and finally a studio within Activision.

Under Activision

Reiche would continue to work on licensed properties such as Tony Hawk's Downhill Jam. In that time, Activision gained the Spyro license, and suggested that Toys for Bob come up with something. This culminated in the release of Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure in 2011, with Reiche as Toys for Bob's Creative Director. The game became a surprise success, and his most notable game since Star Control. The next year, they followed up with the successful release of Skylanders: Giants, building a new franchise with one billion dollars in sales just 15 months after the first game. The series was one of the first and most successful to utilize the toys-to-life feature, and the soaring demand would challenge Reiche to release Skylanders: Trap Team on 10 platforms simultaneously, in 2014.

After years of requests from fans, Fred Ford and Paul Reiche III announced they would be working on a direct sequel to the story of Star Control II.

Star Control intellectual property split
In 2018, Stardock sued Paul Reiche III along with Fred Ford in Stardock Systems, Inc. v. Reiche,  for trademark infringement of the "Star Control" trademark.  During the course of the lawsuit, Stardock trademarked numerous alien names from Star Control 1 and 2.  Reiche and Ford asserted that Atari only owned the game name, marketing content and the new aliens in Star Control 3, and that the in-game alien names to the first two games were never Atari's to sell.  Litigation ended at June 2019 when both sides reached a settlement agreeing that Stardock has exclusive rights of the Star Control name with a list of alien names from the first two games being for the exclusive use for Reiche and Ford.

References

External links
Reiche's profile on MobyGames
Reiche's early career history

American video game designers
Creative directors
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
Living people
Star Control
Year of birth missing (living people)

Paul Reiche III


معبد جوبيتر الدمشقي هو معبد في مدينة دمشق القديمة بسوريا، بني في العهد الروماني أبتدائا من حكم أغسطس  وانتهي في حكم قنسطانطيوس الثاني، لم يبق منه للمعاينة إلا بضعة أعمدة قبالة باب الجامع الأموي وجزء من سور المعبد في الزقاق الخلفي للجامع، وجزء كبير منه (قدس الأقداس) كان في مكان جامع بني أمية الكبير، وتتناثر أجزاء من آثار هذا المعبد داخل بيوت ومحلات وخانات المدينة القديمة المحيطة بالجامع الأموي ويتم منذ العام 2006 الكشف عن آثار تخص المعبد في المنطقة المقابلة لباب الجامع الأموي القبلي.

التاريخ

معبد هدد رامان الآرامي
كانت دمشق عاصمة الدولة الآرامية آرام دمشق خلال العصر الحديدي، واتبع الآراميون في غرب سوريا عبادة هدد رامان، إله العواصف الرعدية والمطر، وأقاموا معبدًا مخصصًا له في موقع الجامع الأموي الحالي، من غير المعروف بالضبط كيف كان شكل المعبد، لكن يُعتقد أنه اتبع الشكل المعماري السامي الكنعاني التقليدي، الذي يشبه معبد القدس، بقي حجر واحد من المعبد الآرامي يعود إلى حكم الملك حزئيل، وهو معروض حالياً في المتحف الوطني بدمشق.

معبد جوبيتر الروماني
استمر معبد هدد رامان في أداء دور مركزي في المدينة، وعندما غزا الرومان دمشق عام 64 قبل الميلاد، قاموا بدمج الهدد مع إله الرعد الخاص بهم، جوبيتر. وهكذا، انخرطوا في مشروع لإعادة تشكيل وتوسيع المعبد تحت إشراف المهندس المعماري المولود في دمشق أبولودوروس، الذي ابتكر ونفذ التصميم الجديد. أثار تناسق وأبعاد معبد جوبيتر اليوناني الروماني الجديد إعجاب السكان المحليين، كان هناك برج واحد في كل زاوية من زوايا الفناء الأربعة. التي استخدمت لإجراء طقوس تتماشى مع التقاليد الدينية السامية القديمة حيث كانت تقدم التضحيات على الأماكن المرتفعة.

ويشير حجمه الكبير إلى أن التسلسل الهرمي الديني للمعبد، الذي رعاه الرومان، كان له تأثير كبير على شؤون المدينة. وكان الهدف من المعبد الروماني، الذي أصبح فيما بعد مركزًا لعبادة جوبيتر، أن يكون بمثابة رد فعل على المعبد اليهودي في القدس. وبدلًا من أن يكون مخصصًا لإله واحد، جمع المعبد الروماني كل الآلهة التابعة للسماء والتي كانت تُعبد في المنطقة مثل هدد وبعل شمين وذو الشرى، في زيوس "النجم السماوي الأعلى". حصل معبد جوبيتر على المزيد من الإضافات خلال الفترة المبكرة من الحكم الروماني للمدينة، والتي بدأها في الغالب كبار الكهنة الذين جمعوا الاموال من المواطنين الأثرياء في دمشق. يُعتقد أن الفناء الداخلي، أو ، قد اكتمل بعد وقت قصير من نهاية عهد أغسطس في عام 14 م. حيث كان محاطًا بفناء خارجي، أو   يتضمن سوقًا، والذي بُني على مراحل حسب ما تسمح به الأموال، وانتهى منه في منتصف القرن الأول الميلادي. في ذلك الوقت بُنيت البوابة الشرقية أو  لأول مرة. ووسعت البوابة الرئيسية لاحقًا في عهد سيبتيموس سيفيروس (حكم من 193 إلى 211 م).

بحلول القرن الرابع الميلادي، أصبح المعبد مشهورًا بشكل خاص بحجمه وجماله. وفُصِل عن المدينة بمجموعتين من الجدران. كان الجدار الأول الأوسع يمتد على مساحة واسعة تضم سوقًا، بينما كان الجدار الثاني يحيط بالحرم. وكان أكبر معبد في سوريا الرومانية.

التاريخ اللاحق
أثناء اضطهاد الوثنيين في أواخر الإمبراطورية الرومانية، قام ثيودوسيوس الأول بتحويل المعبد إلى كنيسة مخصصة ليوحنا المعمدان. وبعد الفتح الإسلامي لدمشق عام 635م، قام الوليد بن عبد الملك بتحويله إلى الجامع الأموي.

علم الآثار والتفسير
نشر  خريطة المعبد في عام 1745 في عمله . وفي عام 1855، نشر القس  خريطة تُظهر 40 عمودًا أو شظايا أعمدة باقية بين بيوت ومحلات وخانات المدينة القديمة المحيطة بالجامع الأموي. في عام 1921، قام وولزنغر وواتزنغر بوضع خريطة تظهر قياس  للمعبد 350 م × 450 م.

المراجع

فهرس
 .

أماكن عبادة غير مسيحية حولت إلى كنائس
اضطهاد الوثنيين في الإمبراطورية الرومانية المتأخرة
دمشق القديمة
عمارة رومانية قديمة في سوريا
مبان دينية القرن 1
معابد
أساطير شامية

معبد جوبيتر الدمشقي


Caminando es el primer sencillo (quinto de toda su carrera en solitario) de Amaia Montero 2, segundo disco de la cantautora Amaia Montero en solitario.

Estreno

Varios días antes de su estreno, unos segundos de Caminando se filtraron en internet. Amaia afirmó estar muy afectada, ya que la versión filtrada estaba sin terminar, e hizo las siguientes declaraciones mediante su Twitter:

Finalmente fue estrenado de forma oficial en Cadena Dial y en Los 40 Principales el 17 de septiembre, y puesto a la venta en iTunes el 20 de septiembre de 2011.

Estilo y composición

En palabras de la misma Amaia, Caminando fue compuesta en un momento no muy bueno de su vida. Con ella, quiere transmitir un mensaje de positivismo que incita a continuar y mejorar con cada cambio en la vida.

Con este mensaje salió la melodía positivista y el ritmo alegre que Amaia Montero emplearía como su carta de presentación en su trabajo discográfico Amaia Montero 2. Esta canción supone un cambio en el registro de la cantante, pues en este tema encontramos cierta influencia latina en la que cabe destacar el acordeón de Jimmy Zambrano. El ritmo y la melodía del tema han sido comparados con Geografía sobre todo por la percusión en las estrofas.

Videoclip

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR5jN_vLYgw&feature=channel_video_title

El videoclip de caminando se estrenó el 11 de octubre de 2011 vía YouTube en el canal de Amaia Montero. El mismo se grabó en Venice Beach y fue dirigido por Pedro Castro.

Trayectoria en las listas

Referencias

Canciones de España de 2011
Canciones de Amaia Montero

Caminando (canción)


Slave River er en canadisk flod, der løber fra Lake Athabasca i det nordvestlige Alberta til Great Slave Lake i Northwest Territories. Flodens navn menes at stamme fra navnet Slavey, en gruppe af  First Nations, Deh Gah Got'ine, på Athabaskansproget, og har ikke noget at gøre med slaveri. Denegruppen  har fortrængt andre indfødte folk fra denne region.

Udspring og forløb

Slave River har sit udspring i Peace-Athabascadeltaet ved Athabascasøen, hvor floderne Peace og Athabasca mødes. Floden løber derfra nordover ind i Nordvestterritoriet og munder ud i Great Slave Lake nord for Fort Resolution. I Great Slave Lake løber den videre i Mackenzie River til Beauforthavet. Slave River er 434 km lang og har et afvandingsområde på 616.400 km².

Slave River og strygene ved Fort Smith er blandt de bedste områder for flodpadling i verden. Der er fire strygstrækninger: Pelican Rapids, Rapids of the Drowned (De druknedes stryg), Mountain Portage Rapids, og Cassette rapids. Strygene spænder fra lette i klasse I, til ufarbare stryg i klasse VI, hvor flere padlere har mistet livet.

Floden er hjemsted for den nordligste koloni af Amerikansk hvid pelikan i Nordamerika. Pelikanerne yngler på mange af øerne i Mountain Portage Rapids. Øerne er et fuglereservat, og er lukket for adgang fra 15. april til 15. september, da de kan forlade rederne hvis de bliver forstyrret.

Transport
Før udbredelsen af jernbanenettet til byen Hay River, var flodtransport fra en havn ved Great Slave Lake en vigtig rute. Lokalt byggede træskibe besejlede floden til slutningen af det 19. århundrede. strømfaldene krævede en omladning på en strækning af 16 km.
Traktorer blev importeret fra Tyskland til at slæbe fragterne rund om faldene. Slæbebåde og pramme fra Northern Transportation Company's "Radium Line" blev bygget i syd, og skilt ad; Delene blev sent med tog til Waterways, Alberta, sendt med pram til den lavere del af floden hvor de blev samlet, og derefter kunne besejle det meste af det omfattende Mackenzie River flodsystem.

Bifloder

 Peace-Athabasca Delta
 Athabasca River
 Lake Athabasca
 Riviere Des Roches
 Chilloneys Creek
 Revillon Coupe
 Dempsey Creek
 Peace River
 Scow Channel
 Murdock Creek
 Darough Creek
 Powder Creek
 La Butte Creek
 Hornaday River
 Salt River
 Little Buffalo River

Se også
 Canadas længste floder

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

Alberta
Northwest Territories
Vandløb i Canada

Slave River


Gravesend is a neighborhood in the south-central section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, on the southwestern edge of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York. It is bounded by the Belt Parkway to the south, Bay Parkway to the west, Avenue P to the north, and Ocean Parkway to the east.

Gravesend was one of the original towns in the Dutch colony of New Netherland. After the English took over, it was one of the six original towns of Kings County in colonial New York. Gravesend was the only English chartered town in what became Kings County, and is notable as being one of the first towns founded by a woman, Lady Deborah Moody. The Town of Gravesend encompassed  in southern Kings County, including the entire island of Coney Island, and was annexed by the City of Brooklyn in 1894.

The modern-day neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 11.  As of 2010, Gravesend had a population of 29,436.

Name

The name "Gravesend" was given to the area by New Amsterdam's Dutch authorities. Local sources think that the name probably comes from Dutch words, which when combined can mean "groves end" or "Count's beach". Because of the association with Lady Moody, some speculate that it was named after the English seaport of Gravesend, Kent.

Historic sources, written in Dutch, suggest that it was named by the Dutch governor general Willem Kieft for the Dutch settlement of  's'Gravesande (now 's-Gravenzande) in the Netherlands, which means "Count's Beach" or "Count's Sand". A 1656 map of Nova Belgica confirms this, by mentioning the names of Dutch towns like Vlissingen (Flushing), Breukelen (Brooklyn), Amersfoort (Flatlands), Heemstee (Hempstead, Heemstede which means homestead) and Gravesant ('s-Gravenzande).

Geography

The modern neighborhood of Gravesend lies between East 12th Street or Coney Island Avenue to the east, Stillwell Avenue to the west, Avenue P to the north, and Coney Island Creek and Shore Parkway to the south. To the east of Gravesend is Homecrest and Sheepshead Bay, to the northeast Midwood, to the northwest Bensonhurst, and to the west Bath Beach. To the south, across Coney Island Creek, lies the neighborhood of Coney Island, and across Shore Parkway lies Brighton Beach.

Calvert Vaux Park, formerly Dreier Offerman Park, is located in the southwest of the neighborhood.

White Sands
The southern part of Gravesend, south of Shore Parkway and north of Coney Island Creek, is sometimes called White Sands. Originally, White Sands consisted of several short, dead-end streets with no through-routes within the neighborhood. Currently, it consists of two blocks of residences and a Home Depot location.

White Sands' name is derived from the white sand which formerly covered the shore and the mouth of Coney Island Creek. The first houses to be built in the neighborhood were bungalows that were raised on stilts above the sand, but as development slowly progressed, much of the sand was removed and replaced with landfill. In 1993, Home Depot became interested in White Sands as the location for a new store due to its location near the highly-used Cropsey Avenue and Shore Parkway. By 2000, Home Depot had acquired about two-thirds of the properties in White Sands, and by 2002, the acquired properties had been razed and replaced by a new Home Depot location.

History

Early history

The island and its environs were first inhabited by bands of Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking tribe that occupied territory along both sides of Long Island Sound, and through coastal areas through present-day New Jersey and down to Delaware. The first known European believed to set foot in the area that would become Gravesend was Henry Hudson, whose ship, the Half Moon, landed at Coney Island in the fall of 1609. The Dutch claimed this land as part of their New Netherland Colony.

Gravesend is notable as the only colonial town founded by a woman, Lady Deborah Moody. In 1643, governor general Willem Kieft granted her and a group of English settlers a land patent on December 19, 1645.  Moody, along with John Tilton and wife Mary Pearsall Tilton, came to Gravesend after choosing excommunication, following religious persecution in Lynn, Massachusetts. Moody and Mary Tilton had been tried because of their Anabaptist beliefs, accused of spreading religious dissent in the Puritan colony. Kieft was recruiting settlers to secure this land that his forces had taken from the Lenape. Some clashes continued, and the town organization was not completed until 1645. The signed town charter and grant was one of the first to ever be awarded to a woman in the New World. John Tilton became the first town clerk of Gravesend and owned part of what later would become Coney Island. Moody, the Tiltons, and other early English settlers were known to have paid the Lenape for their land. Another prominent early settler was Anthony Janszoon van Salee.

The Town of Gravesend encompassed  in southern Kings County, including the entire island of Coney Island. This was originally used as the town's common lands on the Atlantic Ocean. It was divided, as was the town itself, into 41 parcels for the original patentees. When the town was first laid out, almost half of the area was made up of salt marsh wetlands and sandhill dunes along the shore of Gravesend Bay. It was one of the earliest planned communities in America. It consisted of a  square surrounded by a 20-foot-high wooden palisade. The town was bisected by two main roads, Gravesend Road (now McDonald Avenue) running from north to south, and Gravesend Neck Road, running from east to west. These roads divided the town into four quadrants, which were subdivided into ten plots of land each. This grid of the original town can still be seen on maps and aerial photographs of the area. At the center of town, where the two main roads met, a town hall was constructed where town meetings were held once a month.

The neighborhood center is still the four blocks bounded by Village Road South, Village Road East, Village Road North, and Van Sicklen Street, where the Moody House and Van Sicklen family cemetery are located. Next to, and parallel with the van Sicklen Family Cemetery is the Old Gravesend Cemetery, where Lady Moody is said to be interred. Egyptian émigré Mohammad Ben Misoud, who was part of a late 19th-century attraction at the Coney Island amusement park, was given a proper Muslim funeral upon his death in August 1896 and also buried in Old Gravesend Cemetery.

The religious freedom of early Gravesend made it a destination for ostracized or controversial groups, Nonconformists or Dissenters such as the Quakers, who briefly made their home in the town before being chased out by the succeeding New Netherland director general Peter Stuyvesant, who arrived in 1647. He was wary of Gravesend's open acceptance of "heretical" sects.

In 1654 the people of Gravesend purchased Coney Island from the local Lenape band for about $15 worth of seashells, guns, and gunpowder.

In August 1776 during the American Revolutionary War, Gravesend Bay was the landing site of thousands of British soldiers and German mercenaries from their staging area on Staten Island, leading to the Battle of Long Island (also Battle of Brooklyn).  The troops met little resistance from the Continental Army advance troops under General George Washington then headquartered in New York City (at the time limited to the tip of Manhattan Island).  The battle, in addition to being the first, would prove to be the largest fought in the entire war.

Popularity and success

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, Gravesend remained a sleepy suburb. With the opening of three prominent racetracks (Sheepshead Bay Race Track, Gravesend Race Track, and Brighton Beach Race Course) in the late 19th century, and the blossoming of Coney Island into a popular vacation spot, the town was developed as a successful resort community. John Y. McKane was credited with this. A Sheepshead Bay carpenter and contractor, he gained a variety of elected and appointed positions: as Gravesend town supervisor, chief of police, chief of detectives, fire commissioner, schools commissioner, public lands commissioner,  superintendent of the Sheepshead Bay Methodist Church, head tenor of the church choir, and Santa Claus at the annual Sabbath school Christmas celebration. From the 1870s to the 1890s, McKane cultivated Coney Island, which was then part of the township of Gravesend, as a pleasure ground. He participated in both political and physical development.

As town constable, McKane expanded the Gravesend police force considerably and personally patrolled the beach. McKane became corrupt, using the pretense of town permits to extort tribute from every business, large or small, on Coney Island. Presenting himself as a champion of law and order, he skimmed much money from the many brothels and gambling parlors that thrived in his bailiwick. During McKane's reign Coney Island came to be known by many as "Sodom by the Sea".

McKane became a Democratic Party ward boss and had loose standards on who was allowed to vote: immigrants, dead people, seasonal migrant workers, and criminals. Voting records show many specious entries. On the eve of the 1893 election, William Gaynor, a lawyer running for Brooklyn Supreme Court Justice, decided to test McKane's methods by dispatching more than 20 Republican observers to examine the Gravesend voter registries and oversee the voting in all six districts of the town, as he was entitled to do by law. However, when the observers reached Gravesend town hall at dawn on election day, McKane, along with a large group of policemen and cronies, confronted them. When the observers balked and produced injunctions from the Brooklyn Supreme Court, McKane supposedly declared "injunctions don't go here" and ordered the men away. A scuffle ensued and five of the observers were beaten and arrested. This event raised great outrage. Early in the following year, McKane was tried, convicted, and sentenced to six years in Sing Sing for such corruption. He was released near the end of the century and died of a stroke in his Sheepshead Bay home in 1899.

After McKane's fall from power, Gravesend and Coney Island were annexed in 1894 by the city of Brooklyn, which in turn became part of New York City in 1898. George C. Tilyou created one of Coney Island's first amusement parks, Steeplechase Park, the opening of which ushered in Coney Island's golden age.

Around the same time, Gravesend was the site of testing for the Boynton Bicycle Railroad, the earliest forerunner of the monorail. The BBR consisted of a single-wheeled engine that hauled two double-decker passenger cars along a single track; a second rail above the train, supported by wooden arches, kept it from tipping over. The engine and cars were four feet wide and were capable of speeds far greater than the much bulkier standard trains. In 1889, the BBR began running a short route between the Gravesend stop of the Sea Beach Railroad (near the intersection of 86th and West Seventh Streets) and Brighton Beach in Coney Island, a distance of just over a mile. Despite the smooth and speedy ride, the BBR ultimately failed and the test route fell into disuse, as did the Boynton train and its shed.

Later years

Although Coney Island continued to be a major tourist attraction throughout the 20th century, the closing of Gravesend's great racetracks in the century's first decade resulted in the rest of the old town fading into obscurity. Most of it was developed as a working and middle-class residential Brooklyn neighborhood. During the 1920s, many one-family homes were built in Gravesend, which were then converted to two-family housing during the Great Depression.

In the 1950s, the city constructed the 28-building Marlboro Houses, public housing units run by the New York City Housing Authority, located between Avenues V and X from Stillwell Avenue to the Gravesend subway yards. Gradually this housing became occupied predominantly by African Americans. On the other hand, the area in the northeast part of Gravesend, bound by McDonald Avenue, Kings Highway, Ocean Parkway, and Avenue U, saw an influx of affluent Sephardi Jews (mostly Syrian Jews) during the 1970s. These residents built large Spanish Colonial-style houses, and had their own police force.

In 1982, an African-American transit worker named Willie Turks was beaten to death in Gravesend by a group of white teenagers. The relationship between the predominantly African-American and more poor population of the Marlboro Houses and the predominantly white surrounding neighborhoods continued to be tense through much of the 1980s. By 1986, crime was generally low in Gravesend, except for Marlboro Houses, where illegal drugs contributed to higher crime rates than in the rest of the neighborhood. On December 25, 1987, white youths beat two black men in the neighborhood in an apparent "unprovoked attack." In January 1988, to protest the specific attack and the general climate of racial violence, Reverend Al Sharpton led 450 marchers between Marlboro Houses and a police station, and were met with chants of "go back to Africa" and various racial epithets from a predominantly white crowd.

Beginning in the 1990s, the northeast section of the neighborhood was redeveloped with larger, upscale single-family homes, whose prices reached $1 million. This dramatically changed the composition of part of the neighborhood. In addition, some two-family homes were being converted back to single-family houses. Despite high rates of car thefts, Gravesend's crime rate remained relatively low.

Education

Schools
 Big Apple Academy
 John Dewey High School
Lafayette High School (now Lafayette Educational Complex)
 Touro College
 PS 95 The Gravesend
 PS 216 Arturo Toscanini
 PS 212 Lady Deborah Moody
 PS 721K Brooklyn Occupational Center
 IS 281 Joseph B. Cavallaro
 IS 228 David A. Boody
 Shostakovich School of Music
 PS 215 Morris H. Weiss
 PS 238 Anne Sullivan (Pre-K - 8)
 Our Lady of Grace Catholic Academy

Library
The Brooklyn Public Library's Gravesend branch is located at 303 Avenue X near West 2nd Street. It opened in 1962 and was renovated in 2001.

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Gravesend was 29,436, an increase of 179 (0.6%) from the 29,257 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of .

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 52.8% (15,535) White, 21.2% (6,250) Asian, 8.4% (2,469) African American, 0.1% (41) Native American, 0.0% (1) Pacific Islander, 0.1% (41) from other races, and 1.3% (383) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.0% (4,716) of the population.

In the 2020 census data from NYC Dept. Of City Planning, West Gravesend showed there were between 20,000 to 29,999 white residents and 26,700 Asian residents showing both their populations to be almost equivalent and there were between 5,000 to 9,999 Hispanic residents. South Gravesend has between 10,000 to 19,999 white residents and has between 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents, but showed each the Hispanic and Black populations to be under 5000 residents. East Gravesend overlapping to Homecrest showed a higher proportion of white residents of between 30,000 to 39,999 with Hispanic residents of between 5,000 to 9,999 and as well as Asian residents of between 5,000 to 9,999. The affordable housing NYCHA development Marlboro Houses located right on the borderline of Gravesend and Coney Island holds a significant concentrated community of Black residents even though some Asian and Hispanic residents also live within the housing development as well.

Historic demographics
Gravesend's earliest European settlers were predominantly English and Dutch. Slavery was legal in the colony, and many settlers had enslaved African Americans as workers until after the American Revolution, when New York gradually abolished the institution. African Americans continued to work and live in Gravesend after the abolition of slavery, clustering near the BMT Brighton Line at East 16th Street.

The now-defunct Gravesend Race Track opened on August 26, 1886 and hired mainly black workers, who tended to live nearby. Later, there was a surge in Irish, Italian, and Jewish residents, immigrants and their descendants who moved out from Manhattan. Chinese, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Russian, Ukrainian and West Indies immigrants are the most recent residents to share this neighborhood. The largest group is thought to be Italian American and named for Gravesend's Italian community is a professional soccer team, the Brooklyn Italians who play in Gravesend's John Dewey High School football stadium. Of the Italian-American community, Sicilians (especially from Castellammare del Golfo), make up the largest specific region of people.

In 2008, The New York Times reported that the neighborhood had become particularly popular among Sephardic Jews. It was among several Syrian Jewish communities of the United States. The New York Times also reported that in the 2012 presidential election, a precinct in Gravesend was one of the few parts of New York City carried by Mitt Romney, with 133 votes to just 3 for Barack Obama.

Transportation
Gravesend is served by three New York City Subway corridors. The services and lines, respectively, are:
 on the BMT West End Line at 25th Avenue and Bay 50th Street;
 on the IND Culver Line at Kings Highway, Avenue U, and Avenue X; and
 on the BMT Sea Beach Line at Kings Highway, Avenue U, and 86th Street.

The Coney Island Subway Yard is in the neighborhood.

The  lines operate through Gravesend.

Police
Gravesend is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 60th, 61st, and 62nd Precincts.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 French, J. H. Gazetteer Of the State of New York (1860)
 Ierardi, Eric J. Gravesend: Home of Coney Island
 (August 10, 1896) Tombstone For "The Nubian" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
 (August 1896) "Turk is Buried with Odd Ceremonies" The New York Times

External links

1645 establishments in North America
1645 establishments in the Dutch Empire
Establishments in New Netherland
Former towns in New York City
Italian-American culture in New York City
Neighborhoods in Brooklyn
Populated coastal places in New York (state)
Sicilian-American culture
Syrian-American culture in New York City
Syrian-Jewish culture in New York (state)

Gravesend, Brooklyn


شارع زهران من أهم شوارع العاصمة الأردنية عمان فهو يمتد على مدى 7,5 كم تقريبا من الدوار الأول شرقاً في حي جبل عمان بمنطقة زهران وحتى الدوار الثامن عند بيادر وادي السير غرباً.

المنطقة من الدوار الأول وحتى الدوار الخامس تشمل العديد من المنشآت التراثية مثل قصر زهران والكلية العلمية الإسلامية ونادي الملك حسين وفندق إنتركونتيننتال الأردن. وغيرها من المباني السكنية التي تم إنشاءها في بدايات ومنتصف القرن الماضي والتي لا تزيد عن الطوابق الأربعة.

أما الجزء الأكثر حداثة من الدوار السادس وحتى الثامن فيتصل مع أهم الطرق الأخرى التي تعتبر شرايين هامة للعاصمة كطريق المطار والطريق المؤدي إلى شمال وجنوب الأردن.

انظر أيضًا
 عمان (مدينة).

مراجع

شوارع في مدينة عمان

زهران (شارع)


An Calamagrostis howellii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Vasey. An Calamagrostis howellii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Oregon. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis howellii


Nálapúði er lítill fylltur púði, oftast 3 - 5 sm í þvermál. Hann er notaður í saumaskap til að geyma  á vísum stað  títuprjóna og nálar sem stungið er í púðann. Það eru einnig til nálapúðar með seglum sem hafa sama tilgang. Nálapúðar voru úr ýmsum efnum, litlar postulínsöskjur með útsaumuðum púða, málmfuglar þar sem bakið var nálapúði, kringlóttir nálapúðar í lögun eins og tómatur og ýmis konar nálapúðabrúður úr postulíni.

Heimild
Greinin pincushion á en.wikipedia.org

Hannyrðir

Nálapúði


aktivna galaktička jezgra (Active galactic nucleus)
NLAGN - Narrow Line AGN
akutni glomerulonefritis
agutajnen jezik
Hidroplanska luka Angoon (Angoon Seaplane Base), Angoon, Aljaska, SAD
Archivo General de la Nación (razdvojba)

AGN


Florisuginae é uma das seis subfamílias de aves apodiformes pertencente à família dos troquilídeos, que inclui os beija-flores. Os representantes desta subfamília são por vezes denominados florisugíneos ou topázios.

A subfamília se encontra dividida em dois gêneros, cada um com duas espécies.

Filogenia
Um estudo filogenético molecular sobre beija-flores publicado em 2007 descobriu que esta família era polifilética, consistindo em um total de nove clados. Após a atualização da quarta edição do catálogo Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, realizada por Edward C. Dickinson e James van Remsen, Jr. em 2013, a família dos beija-flores foi dividida em seis subfamílias e propuseram nomear uma destas Florisuginae, contendo os gêneros Florisuga e Topaza. A subfamília Florisuginae havia sido introduzida anteriormente — sob o nome Florisugeae — em 1853, pelo naturalista francês Charles Lucien Bonaparte.

O cladograma acima se baseia nos estudos filogenéticos moleculares publicados por Jimmy McGuire e colaboradores entre 2007 e 2014. As respectivas denominações em latim derivam daquelas propostas por Edward Dickinson e James van Remsen, Jr. em 2013.

Lista taxonômica
A subfamília possui as seguintes espécies.

Fontes

Aves da América
Troquilídeos
Subfamílias de aves

Florisuginae