The Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (SweSAT)() is a standardised test used as one of the means to gain admission to higher education in Sweden. The test itself, which is administered by the Swedish Council for Higher Education, is divided into a mathematical part and a verbal part, which both respectively contain 4 subdivisions, in total 160 multiple-choice questions. All sections are taken in one day, a Saturday in April (Spring test) or a Sunday in October  (Autumn test), lasting between 7½ and 8 hours including breaks between each section and a lunch break. Apart from the English language reading comprehension test, all sections are taken in Swedish.

Evaluation and norming
The result on the test is normalised to a scale between 0.0 and 2.0, with 0.05 increments. About 0.1% of the test-takers are awarded 2.0, which is the highest grade. Usually, 145 to 150 marks (out of 160) are required for 2.0. The average normated score for the test is normally around 0.87, and the standard deviation is about 0.40, resulting in approximately two thirds of the test takers receiving a result in the interval 0.50–1.30, and 95% receiving a result between 0.20 and 1.70.

After each of the five tests, participants are given a brief moment to copy their answers onto an orange paper. Since autumn 2016, the correct answers to the test are posted on the Swedish Council for Higher Education's website, studera.nu, the following Wednesday from the day of the test, which always takes place on Saturday or Sunday.

Prior to autumn 2016, the answers to the test were posted the same day as the exam on studera.nu, the högskoleprovet website, as well as in the evening newspapers and the following day in morning newspapers. Solutions could also be found in SVT's text-TV.

The decision to postpone the release of the solutions was made in order to prevent strategic cheating that had been noticed during previous tests.

The current test (since autumn 2011)
The test is since autumn 2011 divided into two parts - a quantitative and a verbal part of 80 questions each. The quantitative and the verbal parts are both divided into four sections each with different types of questions. The test has a total of 160 questions, divided into four subtests of 40 questions each. Two of the subtests contains questions from the quantitative part of the test. The other two subtests contains questions from the verbal part. A fifth subtest is also given in order to develop new questions for future tests, but the result from this subtest is not counted.

The test-takers are allowed to mark down their answers on an additional provided answer sheet, in addition to the sheet that they hand in to test supervisor after every subtest, and bring this with them after the test is completed. In this way they can compare their answers to the test key which is later published on the internet, teletext and newspapers. This only allows the test-takers to find out their raw score, as opposed to the normalised score which is used for university applications, but by comparing this results to the normalisation tables of prior tests an estimate can be made.

Quantitative part (40+40 questions)
XYZ – Mathematical problem-solving. This section examines the ability to solve mathematical problems in the areas of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, function theory and statistics. The section consists of 24 questions out of the total 160.
QC – Quantitative comparisons (in Swedish: KVA). This section examines the ability to make quantitative comparisons in the areas of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, function theory and statistics. The section consists of 20 questions out of the total 160.
DS – Data sufficiency (in Swedish: NOG). This section involves deciding whether enough information has been provided to solve a problem in arithmetic or geometry. The items require some mathematical skills, but is primarily aimed at testing the ability to draw logical conclusions. The section consists of 12 questions out of the total 160.
DTM – Diagrams, tables and maps (in Swedish: DTK). This section measures the ability to interpret diagrams, tables and maps. The questions demand both the ability to identify information and to analyse data from different sources. The section consists of 24 questions out of the total 160.

Verbal part (40+40 questions)
WORD – Vocabulary (in Swedish: ORD). This section tests awareness of the meaning of words and concepts. The words may be of Swedish or foreign origin. They may also be archaic or words that have come into use in Swedish in recent years. Some words are dialectal. The items are taken from many different subject areas, and may also include widely used technical terms. The section consists of 20 questions out of the total 160.
READ – Swedish reading comprehension (in Swedish: LÄS). This section tests the ability to understand five different texts in Swedish. The questions require the capacity to perceive details in the text and also to draw conclusions from the text as a whole. The section consists of 20 questions out of the total 160.
SEC – Sentence completion (in Swedish: MEK). This section examines the ability to put into words and phrases in context. The section consists of 20 questions out of the total 160.
ERC – English reading comprehension (in Swedish: ELF). This section tests the ability to read and understand a non-fictitious text in English (often picked from newspapers or magazines). It contains both long and short texts. One of the longer tests is a "Cloze test", which contains gaps where words have been omitted. The emphasis of this section is on the capacity to perceive information, follow an argument and draw conclusions on the basis of the text in English. The section consists of 20 questions out of the total 160.

The fifth subtest
At each test there is given an extra fifth subtest in order to develop new questions for future tests. This part consists of data from the aforementioned sections, but the result from this subtest is not counted. Which subtest that was the test part is revealed after the whole test is concluded.

Older versions of SweSAT

1977–1991
The purpose with the very first test, from 1977, was to provide upper-secondary school students with a "second chance", and to act as a selection instrument for candidates with at least 25 years of age and four years of work experience (known as 25/4:s). While the test was open for anyone to take, and free of charge, only the 25/4:s could use their scores for selection to higher education.

The first test consisted of 150 questions within six subtests: Vocabulary (WORD – 30 questions), Data sufficiency (DS – 20 questions), Reading comprehension (READ – 30 questions), Diagrams, tables and maps (DTM – 20 questions), General information (GI – 30 questions) and Study techniques (STECH – 20 questions). The latter was a verbal test in which the items asked for one or several pieces of information that could be found in an accompanying pamphlet complete with a table of contents and registers. The pamphlet was around 80 pages, and too time-consuming to read in its entirety, so test-takers had to use registers to find the requested information. As such it was the subtest most closely reflecting normal study situations.

Quite soon the original READ subtest proved to easy for test takers. In 1980 its True/False answer format was changed to the multiple-choice format that was already used in the other subtests, and the number of READ-items was reduced from 30 to 24.

1991–1996
After the trial period ended in 1991, the SweSAT could be used for selection purposes by all candidates to higher education – now even more than before acting as a "second chance" for students with uncompetitive grade point average.

Now the STECH subtest was replaced by English reading comprehension (ERC) with 24 questions. Another change concerned the evaluation of new questions. So far, items had been tried out on separate occasions, using students from upper-secondary school (who might be more, but probably less motivated than regular test-takers). From now on newly developed items would be included in the regular test in a try-out block, that do not count toward the test score. Test takers do not know which block is the try-out block until after the test.

1996–2011
From 1996 to autumn 2011 the test was divided into five sections. Each was given in subtests lasting 50 minutes, with the exception of the ERC and WORD sections being grouped into one subtest (35 and 15 minutes, respectively). One of these subtests were given twice, with only one of these being counted towards the test-takers' total scores and the other section was being used to evaluate questions for future tests, with the test-takers being unaware of which section being counted towards their total.

Sections
DTM – Diagrams, tables and maps. This section measures the ability to interpret diagrams, tables and maps. The questions demand both the ability to identify information and to analyse data from different sources. The section consists of 20 or 24 questions out of the total 122. (50 minutes)
WORD – Vocabulary. This section tests awareness of the meaning of words and concepts. The words may be of Swedish or foreign origin. They may also be archaic or words that have come into use in Swedish in recent years. Some words are dialectal. The items are taken from many different subject areas, and may also include widely used technical terms. The section consists of 30 or 40 questions out of the total 122. (15 minutes)
READ – Reading comprehension. This section tests the ability to understand five different texts in Swedish. The questions require the capacity to perceive details in the text and also to draw conclusions from the text as a whole. The section consists of 20 or 24 questions out of the total 122. (50 minutes)
ERC – English reading comprehension. The ability to read and understand a non-fictitious text (often picked from newspapers or magazines) in English is tested in this section. It contains both long and short texts. One of the longer tests is a "Cloze test", which contains gaps where words have been omitted. The emphasis of this section is on the capacity to perceive information, follow an argument and draw conclusions on the basis of the text in English. The section consists of 20 questions out of the total 122. (35 minutes)
DS – Data sufficiency. This section involves deciding whether enough information has been provided to solve a problem in arithmetic or geometry. The items require some mathematical skills, but is primarily aimed at testing the ability to draw logical conclusions. The section consists of 20 or 22 questions out of the total 122. (50 minutes)

Registration
Registration for the test is done online through universitets och högskolerådets website www.hogskoleprov.nu.  The cost for taking the test varies from year to year (550 SEK as of spring 2021.)

Research about högskoleprovet

See also
List of admission tests to colleges and universities
Education in Sweden
List of universities in Sweden

References

External links
Högskoleprovet – Official site
Swedish Council for Higher Education – Official site
Högskoleprov.nu - Official registration site
Provtips – Old exams, forum and hints and tips for the SweSAT (högskoleprovet)

Education in Sweden
Standardized tests

Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test


Öz Türkçe ya da Öztürkçe; yabancı dillerin etkilerinden arındırılmış, arı durumdaki Türkçedir. Öztürkçecilik ise kullanımdaki dil içerisinden yabancı kökenli sözcüklerin atılarak yerine Türkçe kökenli sözcüklerin kullanıma sokulmasını amaçlayan bir yaklaşımdır.

Tarihsel Gelişim
Türkçenin arılaştırılmasının ya da sadeleştirilmesinin gerekliliği düşüncesinin geçmişi Tanzimat Dönemi'ne değin uzanmaktadır. Ziya Paşa dildeki yabancı sözcüklerin varlığını Türkçeye has lügatların olmayışına ve Türkçe ile ilgili kaynak yetersizliğine bağlıyordu. İbrahim Şinasi dildeki Arapça ile Farsça sözcüklerin Türk diline uygun olarak yazılması gerektiğini savunmaktaydı. Bu düşünceleri yüzünden dönemin diğer sanat ve fikir adamlarından da eleştiriler almıştır. Şinasi, Mustafa Reşit Paşa'nın resmî yazışmalarda sade bir dil kullanmasını şiir ile gazete diline uygulayıp Türkçenin kısmen de olsa sadeleşmesinde öncü olmuştu. Şinasi'nin Şair Evlenmesi eseri, dil özellikleri bakımından dilde sadeleşme ve halk diline yönelişin bir başlangıcı kabul edilir. Aynı dönemde bir başka edebiyatçı Said Bey de bu düşünceleri savunmuştur. Bu düşüncelerini şu dizeleri ile dile getirmiştir: "Arapça isteyen Urban'a gitsin / Acemce isteyen İran'a gitsin / Ki biz Türk'üz bize Türkî gerektir". Her ne kadar kendisi bu düşünceleri savunmuş olsa da yapıtlarında bolca Arapça ile Farsça sözcük ve tamlamalar kullanmayı sürdürmüştür. Namık Kemal bilimsel terimlerin, özellikle tıp ile ilgili kavramların Arapça ve Latinceden alınması yerine Türkçe karşılıklarının türetilmesini savunmaktaydı. Ayrıca konuşma dili ile yazı dili arasındaki farka dikkat çeken Namık Kemal, yazı dilinin sadeleşerek halkın anlayabileceği bir şekle dönüştürülmesi gerektiği görüşündeydi. Türkçede güvercin, örümcek gibi kelimeler varken kebuter, ankebut gibi yabancı kelimelerin kullanılmasına karşı olan Ahmet Mithat Efendi, Osmanlıcanın Islahı adlı makalesinde Arapçaya has olan izafet, sıfat, müzekker, müennes, müfred, cem gibi gramer kurallarının Türkçe gramere dahil edilmemesini ve Türkçenin Arapçadan ayrı, başlı başına bir dil olarak ele alınıp gramer kurallarının oluşturulmasını savunmaktaydı. Türkçedeki yabancı kökenli kelimelerin istenilen zaman terk edilebileceğini dile getiren Şemseddin Sami, et dururken lahim ya da guşt, gök dururken sema, sipihr, felek, asman, gendun gibi kelime kullanımlarına karşı çıkmıştır. Ahmed Vefik Paşa, o dönem itirazlarla karşılanmasına rağmen basit ve kaba Türkçe diye sözlüklere dahil edilmeyen ve halk dilinde giderek unutulan abanmak, albeni, bağdaşmak, başlangıç, benimsemek, bitkin, bulgu, çatlak, çıkar, çılgın, dargın, dişlek, doğrulmak, dokunaklı, dolmuş, dönüştürmek, düşünce, esnek, ezgi, gelişmek, gezgin, görgü, ıkınmak, ilişik, kalıntı, kanıksamak, katlamak, kavşak, kaydırak, kollamak, kuruntu, ödlek, özen, pısırık, sağlamak, sağlam, saklambaç, sayın, sevimli, sezgi, soluk, sürekli, sürüm, süs, toplamak, toptan, vurgun, yadırgamak, yanardağ, yaşıt, yatalak, yorum gibi birçok kelimeyi Lehçe-i Osmanî sözlüğüne eklemiş, aynı zamanda yazılarında Türkçe tamlama kuralları ile muhayyir'ül-ukul yerine akıllar muhayyiri, zevk-i civanan yerine civanan zevki yazmasıyla kendisinden sonra gelecek Yeni Lisancılar'ı büyük ölçüde etkilemiştir. Genç Kalemler çatısı altında toplanan Ömer Seyfettin ve Ziya Gökalp, Yeni Lisan Hareketi ile dilde sadeleşmenin gerekliliğini savunmuşlardır. Yeni Lisancılar'a bakıldığında göze çarpan bir başka durum ise bu "sadeleşme" düşüncesinin yalnızca yazınsal anlamda olmayıp düşüngüsel anlamda olmasıdır. Özellikle Ziya Gökalp yapıtlarında "Orta Asya Türkçesi" denilen ve yüzyıllardır kullanılmayan sözcüklere yer vermiştir. Bunlara örnek olarak Ziya Gökalp'in "Altın Destan" adlı şiirinde turan, ulus, budun, kurultay, ogan gibi sözcükler yer almaktadır. Tüm bunlara karşın arılaşmadan söz etmek mümkün değildir.

Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra Mustafa Kemal Atatürk büyük devrimlerinin yanı sıra dilde arılaşma konusuyla da ilgilenmiştir. Türkçe üzerine yapılan bu arılaşma hareketi Dil Devrimi olarak adlandırılmıştır. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün yönergeleriyle 12 Temmuz 1932'de kurulan Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti Türkçenin arılaşması üzerine çalışmalar yaptı. Kurum, konuşma ile yazı dilinde bulunan Arapça ile Farsça kökenli sözcüklerin yerine Türkçe karşılıkların bulunması için halk ağzından, tarihî metinlerden ve gazete anketlerinden yararlandı. Ayrıca var olan Türkçe sözcüklerin kök ile gövdelerine yeni ekler getirerek yeni sözcükler türetmeye çalıştı. Sözcük türetmeleri büyük ölçüde Falih Rıfkı Atay, Saffet Arıkan, İbrahim Necmi Dilmen, Ali Muzaffer Göker, Fuat Köprülü, Saim Ali Dilemre, Fazıl Nazmi Akalın, Yusuf Ziya Özer, Fazıl Ahmet Aykaç, Naim Hazım Onat, Necmettin Sadık, Hasan Fehmi Turhal, Şükrü Akkaya, Besim Atalay, Ahmet Cevat Emre, Ali Canip Yöntem, Hasan Reşit Tankut, Refet Ülgen, İzzet Ulvi Aykurt ve Abdülkadir İnan'dan oluşan Karşılıklar Kılavuzu Kolu üzerinden yürütüldü ve çalışmalar sonucunda Osmanlıcadan Türkçeye ve Türkçeden Osmanlıcaya cep kılavuzları yayımlandı. Bu kılavuzlar ile eski metin taramalarından amaç, basınç, başkan, belge, dergi, durum, evren, kapsamak, karşıt, konut, nicelik, nitelik, öğrenci, övünç, sonuç, tarım, yanıt, yargıç; halk ağzı derlemelerinden anlam, düzenek, eşit, gider, görkem, sorgu, ürün, yoksun, yöntem; anlam ve yazım değişiklikleri yapılarak gazete anketlerinden aday, ayrıntı, çekince, çağdaş, dayanak, deyim, doğa, duyu, etki, güdü, ilgi, kavram, konum, kural, kuram, özgün, saldırgan, sanık, sezi, sığınak, söylenti, tanım, tapınak, yansımak; diğer Türk dillerinden bilim, sınav, tüzük; kök ile gövdelere ek getirilerek anıt, araç, aşama, basın, beğeni, bakan, bencil, birey, çoğul, denge, deprem, dilekçe, direnç, doku, duruşma, düzey, eğitim, etken, etkin, evrim, genel, gösteri, kanıt, kesit, kurum, okul, onay, ödev, öğretmen, önem, önlem, özel, özet, özgür, saldırı, seçmen, somut, soyut, süre, taşıt, tepki, tören, uçak, uzman, üretim, yetenek, yetki, yüzey gibi birçok sözcük Türkçeye kazandırıldı. Ayrıca Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1937 yılında yayımladığı Geometri kitabı ile Arapça ve Farsça geometri terimlerine karşılık açı, açıortay, boyut, uzay, teğet, eğik, yatay, düşey, dikey, yöndeş, üçgen, dörtgen, beşgen, çokgen, köşegen, eşkenar, ikizkenar, yamuk, artı, eksi, çarpı, bölü, toplam, orantı gibi birçok Türkçe sözcük türetmiştir.

Cumhuriyetin erken dönemlerinden sonra her ne kadar arılaşma sürecinde yavaşlamalar olsa da bu akım ilerlemeye devam etti. Nurullah Ataç anlatı, çeviri, eleştiri, etkilemek, ilginç, koşul, kurgulamak, önyargı, örneğin, yapıt gibi onlarca yeni sözcük türetti. Ali Püsküllüoğlu Öz Türkçe Sözlük çalışmasını yayımladı. Bilgisayar mühendisi Aydın Köksal yabancı kavramlara karşılık bilişim, bilgi işlem, bellek gibi Türkçe karşılıklar türetti. Bu sözcüklerden bugün en bilineni ise bilgisayar sözcüğüdür. İngilizce ve Fransızca kökenli sözcüklerin yerine Türkçe karşılıkların bulunması için Türk Dil Kurumu bünyesinde 1970 yılında Batı Kaynaklı Sözcüklere Karşılıklar Komisyonu kuruldu. 1979 yılına kadar çalışmalarını yürüten bu komisyonda süreç içinde Samim Sinanoğlu, Tahsin Saraç, Emin Özdemir, Hasan Eren, Agop Dilâçar, Sadettin Buluç, Tahir Nejat Gencan, Berke Vardar, Cemal Mıhçıoğlu, Semih Tezcan gibi isimler yer aldı ve ileti, iletişim, seçenek, yerleşke gibi birçok yeni sözcük Türkçeye kazandırıldı. 1983 yılında Türk Dil Kurumu'nun dernek tüzel kişiliğine son verilmesiyle Öztürkçecilik çalışmaları büyük ölçüde azalmıştır.

Tartışmalar
Hangi sözcüklerin yabancı kökenli sayılacağı ya da yabancı her sözcüğün atılmasının doğru olup olmayacağı bir tartışma konusudur. Bundan da öte dile karışılıp karışılmayacağı ya da bunun ne düzeyde halk dili tarafından benimsenip benimsenmeyeceği ya da böyle bir girişimin ne denli doğru olacağı spekülasyonlara açık bir alandır. Yine de burada her iki yönde de örnekler olduğu kesindir. İlk olarak belirtilmesi gereken konu, sonradan türetilmiş olan olasılık, olanak, bağımsızlık, ivme gibi pek çok sözcüğün bugün benimsendiğidir. Ancak öte yandan halk kulağı ile söyleyişine uymayan sözcüklerin kabul görmediği de bir gerçektir. Örneğin yazın sözcüğü Edebiyat anlamında kullanılmak istense de çok fazla ilgi görmemiştir. Yine de ilginç bir biçimde yazınsal sözcüğü edebi anlamına gelir ve görece daha çok uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Bunun dışında birdenbire oluveren bir değişim hiçbir zaman herkesçe benimsenmemiş ve kulağa yabancı gelmiştir. Bunun en güzel örneklerinden birisi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün kendisinin sonradan vazgeçtiği kesinlikle öz Türkçe kullanımı amaçlayan uygulamasıdır. Konuğu olan İsveç Prensine yönelterek yaptığı şu konuşma bu durumu özetler niteliktedir.

"Altes Ruayâl,
Bu gece, yüce konuklarımıza, Türkiye'ye uğur getirdiklerini söylerken duyduğum, tükel özgü bir kıvançtır. Burada kaldığınız uzca, sizi sarmaktan hiç durmayacak ılık sevgi içinde, bu yurtta, yurdunuz için beslenmiş duyguların bir yankısını bulacaksınız. İsveç-Türk uluslarının kazanmış oldukları utkuların silinmez damgalarını tarih taşımaktadır. Süerdemliği, önü, bu iki ulus, ünlü sanlı sözlerinin derinliğinde sonsuz tutmaktadır. Ancak, daha başka bir alanda da onlar erdemlerini, o denli yaltırıklı yöntemle göstermişlerdir. Bu yolda kazandıkları utkular, gerçekten daha az özence değer değildir. Avrupa'nın iki bitim ucunda yerlerini berkiten uluslarımız, ataç özlüklerinin tüm ıssıları olarak baysak, önürme, uygunluk kıldacıları olmuş bulunuyorlar; onlar bugün en güzel utkuyu kazanmaya anıklanıyorlar; baysal utkusu.
Altes Ruayâl,
Yetmiş beşinci doğum yılında oğuz babanız, bütün acunda saygılı bir sevginin söyüncü ile çevrelendi. Genlik, baysal içinde erk sürmenin gücü işte bundadır. Ünlü babanız, yüksek kralınız beşinci Güstav'ın gönenci için en ıssı dileklerimi sunarken, Altes Ruvayâl, sizin Altes Ruvayâl, prenses Louise, sevimli kızınız Altes Prenses İngrid'in esenliğine, tüzün İsveç ulusunun gönencine içiyorum."

Böylesine çabuk ve yoğun bir değişimin benimsenmeyeceğini anlayan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk değişimin zamana yayılmasını öngörerek daha esnek bir yaklaşım sergilemiştir. 1935 yılında görüşlerinin bu yönde değiştiği bilinmektedir. Örneğin; 1934 ile 1937 yıllarındaki Dil Günü nedeniyle Türk Dil Kurumu'na çekmiş olduğu telgraflar Atatürk'ün bu konudaki düşüncelerinin değişimini gösterir niteliktedir:

"Dil Bayramı'ndan ötürü, Türk Dili Araştırma Kurumu genel özeğinden, ulusal kurumlarından birçok kutun bitikler aldım, gösterilen güzel duygulardan kıvanç duydum. Ben de kamuyu kutlarım." (26 Eylül 1934)
"Dil Bayramı münasebetiyle Türk Dil Kurumu'nun hakkımdaki duygularını bildiren telgraflarından çok mütehassis oldum. Teşekkür eder, değerli çalışmalarınızda muvaffakiyetlerinizin temadisini dilerim" (27 Eylül 1937)

Bu birer tümcelik yazılarda bile göze çarpan konular şunlardır: İlk yazıdaki söz varlığını bugün bile anlamak güçtür. Buna karşın kimi sözcüklerin (ötürü, ulusal, kurum, kıvanç) zaman içerisinde dilin kullanımına girdiği de bir gerçektir. Sözün özeti, savlandığı gibi türetilmiş ya da derlenmiş sözcüklerin kullanıma sokulması olanaksız ya da şaşılacak bir şey değildir. Ancak öz Türkçenin kesin anlamda sağlanması olanaklı görünmemektedir. Yabancı dillerle alışveriş her zaman belirli bir ölçüde olacaktır ve bu kaçınılmaz bir şeydir. İzlenmesi gereken yol, türetilmiş ya da derlenmiş sözcüklerin doğru seçilmesi, (söyleyiş kolaylığı ve işitmedeki benimseyiş açısından) halk ağzına uygun olması ya da bilimsel kullanımdaki terim niteliğine sahip olması göz önünde tutarak Türkçenin korunmaya çalışılmasıdır. Öbür türlü Bilgisayar sözcüğü yerine gerçekte daha doğru bir tanım içeren "Bilgiişler" sözcüğünü benimsetmeye çalışmak, Türkçe bir sözcüğün benimsenmesi yerine ters bir tepki ile karşılaşma olasılığını ortaya çıkarabilir. Çünkü ikinci türetim söyleyiş açısından daha güç bir yapıya sahiptir.

Kullanıma sokulacak sözcüklerin nasıl türetileceği ise daha başka bir tartışmanın içeriğini oluşturur. Bu konuda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmayan kişiler ise çoğu zaman karşısına çıkan her yeni sözcüğü sonradan türetilmiş sanma eğilimindedir. Örneğin Yunup sözcüğü Abdest anlamı taşır ancak kesinlikle sonradan türetilme olmayıp Kutadgu Bilig içerisinde geçer. Buna benzer binlerce örnek gösterilebilir. Derleme çalışmaları ile elde edilen ve halk ağzında var olan sözcükleri kullanıma sokmak zaman zaman izlenen bir yöntemdir.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Türkçedeki yabancı kökenli sözcüklerin Türkçe karşılıkları
 Dil Devrimi
 Dilbilimsel Saflık (Dilbilimsel Sadelik)
 Dil planlaması

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Atatürk'ün anlaşılamayan bir nutku! - Ömer Aymalı-Dünya Bülteni / Tarih Servisi
 ATATÜRK'ÜN TÜRK DİL KURUMU - MUSTAFA KEMAL VE TÜRKÇE  (12 Temmuz 1932- 17 Ağustos 1983)
 Aykırı Bakış, Dr. Yusuf Gedikli -  Dil inkılabı: sebepleri ve sonuçları?

Türk milliyetçiliği
Dilbilimsel saflık

Öz Türkçe


132 (CXXXII) pazartesi günü başlayan bir artık yıldır.

Olaylar
 Bar Kohba İsyanı başladı.
 Zhang Heng sismografı icat etti.

Doğumlar
 Cai Yong, Çinli müzisyen (ö. 192)

Ölümler
 Sun Cheng, Çinli siyasetçi

132


Mora de Luna es una localidad del municipio de Los Barrios de Luna situada en la comarca de Luna, en la Provincia de León, España, y en la confluencia del río de Sagüera y el río Luna.
Dista 5 km de Los Barrios de Luna y 40 km de León.
El terreno comunal, muy montañoso, tiene una superficie aproximada de 5 km².
La población es de unos 20 habitantes de hecho en 2023, población que en verano aumenta considerablemente.
Limita al norte con Sagüera de Luna, al este y al sur con Vega de Caballeros y al noroeste con Los Barrios de Luna.
El gobierno de los asuntos locales lo ejerce el alcalde pedáneo por el sistema de concejo abierto.
No tiene edificios notables. La iglesia, dedicada a los santos Justo y Pastor cuya fiesta se celebra el primer fin de semana del mes de agosto, es sencilla y fue reconstruida hacia el año 1962.
A las afueras del pueblo está la central hidroeléctrica dedicada a San Isidoro, construida por ELSA.
Conocida como La Central de Mora, actualmente pertenece a Gas Natural Fenosa. Produce 80 megavatios anuales con el agua que recibe desde el Embalse de Barrios de Luna al que está unida por un túnel de 3,6 km de longitud. Ambas obras se inauguraron en septiembre de 1956.

El clima, como el de la montaña occidental leonesa, es frío con una media de 18º el mes más caluroso y 1º el mes más frío, siendo las temperaturas mínima y máxima absolutas de -25º y 36º. La precipitación media anual es de 1200mm, con unos 40 días de nieve al año.

Comunicaciones
A Mora se va desde León por la carretera conocida como de Villablino o de Caboalles. El tramo de esta carretera hasta Canales-La Magdalena (33 km.), se denomina CL-623 y desde aquí (7 km.), CL-626. Esta última es una carretera de montaña bastante deficiente. .
En Mora de Luna se inicia el camino vecinal de 3 km de longitud, que desde la carretera CL-626 llega hasta Sagüera de Luna.

Evolución
El pueblo, según la tradición oral, nació en la antigüedad como una venta. En el Catastro del Marqués de la Ensenada de 1752 ya figura como pueblo completamente consolidado, con 25 vecinos y donde le define como un pueblo de la comarca de Luna de Arriba, del señorío de los condes de Luna.
La economía tradicional (hoy inexistente) basada en la ganadería mantenía un equilibrio entre el ganado ovino y cabrío que aprovechaba los pastos más agrestes y el vacuno que se mantenía de las vegas circundantes. La agricultura, de menor peso económico, estaba orientada al autoabastecimiento. El río Luna además de regar las vegas, también ha sustentado la economía aportando pesca de truchas, barbos, cangrejos y anguilas.
La población se ha mantenido estable en unos 35 - 40 vecinos hasta la mediados del  cuando alcanzó su época de mayor población debido a la construcción del túnel y la central hidroeléctrica asociados al embalse de Los Barrios de Luna. La muerte de los más mayores y el éxodo de los jóvenes, no compensados con nuevos nacimientos, hace que la población disminuya progresivamente. Ahora ya no se ara la tierra, ni se siega la hierba, ni se siembran ni siegan los cereales, ya no se usan las eras, ni se sacan los rebaños al monte.

Evolución demográfica

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mora de Luna en Pueblos de España
 Mora de Luna en Google maps

Localidades de Los Barrios de Luna
Localidades de Luna

Mora de Luna


El Señorío de Ciran (en francés : Domaine du Ciran) es un jardín botánico y terrenos silvestres de 300 Hectáreas de extensión que permite observar la fauna silvestre de la zona, ubicado en los terrenos que rodean a un castillo del  en Ménestreau-en-Villette, Francia.

Localización
El acceso se sitúa en la carretera departemental 108 (route de Ménestreau), entre Marcilly-en-Villette y Ménestreau-en-Villette.

Domaine du Ciran Ménestreau-en-Villette, Loiret, Centre, France-Francia.

Planos y vistas satelitales,

Está abierto a diario en los meses cálidos del año. Se cobra una tarifa de entrada.

Descripción
El Señorío del Ciran, se organiza alrededor de un castillo del . Se adorna de un parque con ciervos, de un aviario de 3000 m², de un pantano ornitológico y de una explotación. El parque del castillo se compone de una treintena de especies de árboles diferentes. Varios son centenarios incluidos un roble denominado "el roble de Juana de Arco" tendría más de 500 años.

Sendas y observatorios permiten la observación de los animales de Sologne. Se proponen tres sendas de interpretación del medio: la senda de descubrimiento, de un longitud de 5.2 km, la senda de investigación del país de los animales, adaptado a los niños, y el circuito de iniciación a la orientación, compuesto de doce balizas numeradas. El bosque, de una superficie de 220 ha, cubre la parte fundamental del señorío. Los distintos medios cruzados se diversifican: cultivos, prados, bosque, landas y estanques (estanque bajo, estanque de juncos). Se contabilizan una veintena de mamíferos y más de 130 especies de pájaros.

Historia
El proyecto "fundación de Sologne" creado en 1976 tiene por objetivo la apertura de Sologne al público. Esta es una asociación que adquiere las 300 ha de terrenos en 1977. La federación de los cazadores adquiere el terreno en paralelo conjunto de 150 ha. En 1995, un programa de tres años es financiado por la Región Centro y el "Consejo general del Loiret", y se establecen el conservatorio de la fauna salvaje así como la senda descubrimiento, los observatorios y visitas guiadas.

El pantano ornitológico fue rehabilitado en 1999 por la asociación para la fundación Sologne.

Actividades
 Las exposiciones que tienen lugar en el castillo, que incluye también una videoteca con cerca de 150 películas;
 El Señorío propone también animaciones pedagógico al día o a la semana (clases ecológicas);
 Cada año en abril tiene lugar, desde 1997, la fiesta del señorío, con actividades, y presentaciones de oficios antiguos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial del Domine du Ciran
 Pégina sobre el "domaine du Ciran" en la sección "arboretums, parcs et jardins" en el sitio oficial del conseil général du Loiret
 El "domaine du Ciran" en el blog de JardinOscope, con numerosas fotografías.

Ciran, domaine

Domaine du Ciran


الطيران العسكري هو استعمال الطائرة و المكائن الطائرة الأخرى لأغراض إجراء أو تمكين الحرب، يتضمّن ذلك الجسر الجوي الوطني (الشحن) قدرة لتزويد التجهيز اللوجستيكي إلى القوات المتمركّز في مسرح العمليات أو على طول الجبهة.

مراجع

طيران عسكري


Alberto Ramos, né à Puno (Pérou) est un ingénieur agronome et homme politique péruvien. Il est ministre du Développement agraire et de l'Irrigation entre le  et le .

Biographie

Alberto Ramos est diplômé de l' en tant qu'ingénieur agronome et titulaire d'une licence en sciences agronomiques dans la même université.

Il possède une expérience professionnelle publique et privée dans le secteur agricole. Il a notamment été coordinateur pour le département de Lima afin de développer l'agriculture rurale dans des projets fruitiers, la conservation et le reboisement des sols, des travaux de production d'avocats.

En 2012 et 2014, il travaille également pour l'« Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática » en tant que coordinateur départemental et provincial des recensements agricoles et de la population.

Entre 2019 et 2020, il est coordinateur du Programme de développement productif agricole rural.

Entre le et le , il est nommé dans l'éphémère troisième gouvernement de Pedro Castillo, dirigé par le président du Conseil Héctor Valer.

Références

Article connexe
 Politique au Pérou

Naissance à Puno
Ministre péruvien de l'Agriculture

Alberto Ramos


Andrzej Zaucha (d. 1967), Rusya'da yaşayan Polonyalı yazar ve radyo gazetecisidir.

1967 yılında Polonya'nın Tarnów şehri yakınlarındaki Zakliczyn kasabasında doğdu. Krakov Üniversitesi Gazetecilik ve Siyasal Bilimler Fakültesinden mezun oldu. 1997'den beri Polonya'nın en büyük gazetesi Gazeta Wyborczanın, sonra da RMF FM radyosunun Rusya özel muhabirliğini yaptı. TVN televizyon ağında çalıştı.  Moskwa. Nord-Ost kitabı, Dubrovka'daki tiyatro merkezinin işgali hakkında dünyada yazılmış kitaplardan en tanınanıdır.

Kaynakça

1967 doğumlular
Polonyalı yazarlar
Polonyalı gazeteciler
Yaşayan insanlar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

Andrzej Zaucha (gazeteci)


Barbunya (Mullus barbatus), Mullidae familyasından bir balık türüdür.

Halk arasında Barbun olarak bilinir.

Vücut yanlardan basık, oval şekilde baş irice yandan görünüşü buruna doğru yuvarlak, alnı dikey, yüzgeçleri sarı, vücudu pembe-kırmızı, baş, vücut büyük, kolayca dökülebilen pullarla kaplı, alt çenenin altında uzunca iki bıyığı vardır. Alt çenede diş yoktur. Yan çizgisi aralıksız ve düzdür. Dorsal yüzgeç renksiz veya düz renklidir.

Barbunya balığı, tekir (Mullus surmuletus) balığından burnunun hemen dik oluşu, ağzın göz hizasına ulaşması, göz çukuru altında üç adet pul bulunması, vücudunun yanları, ilk sırt yüzgecinin bantsız oluşu ile ayrılır.

Barbunya sıcak ve ılık denizlerin kıyıya yakın olan kumlu ve çamurlu diplerinde, az olmakla beraber kayalık yerlerde yaşar. Genelde 17 ila 20 cm arasında olup nadiren 40 cm'ye kadar çıkar. Ortalama ağrlığı 50-75 gram civarında dır.

2 alt türü vardır:

 Mullus barbatus barbatus
 Mullus barbatus ponticus

Kaynakça

Mullidae
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Barbunya (balık)


Alden Shoe Company er en fodtøjsvirksomhed, der blev grundlag i 1884 af Charles H. Alden i Middleborough, Massachusetts. Alden er specialiseret i håndsyede herrestøvler i læder, som oxfords, Blüchers, loafers og Chukka boots.

I 1800-talet fandtes der hundredvis af skomagere i New England, men Aldon er i dag en af de få tilbageværende virksomheder, og det betragtes som fint gammelt firma. Mange af virsomhedens omkring 100 ansatte er anden eller tredje generation, og deres læder kommer hovedsageligt fra små garverier i Europa og USA. Deres cordovan kommer fra garvrier i USA som Horween Leather Company. Alden har brugt Horween so leverandør siden 1930, og det er deres største kunde for cordovan.

Sammen med andre Americana-mærker har Alden oplevet en genoplivningi 2000-tallets herremode. På trods af recessionen omkring 2007-2008 og en relativt høj pris for deres produkter, så er virksomheden vokset, som følge af ny interesse for traditionelle herresko og støvler.

I populærkulturen blev støvlemodellen Alden 405 (ofte omtalt som Alden "Indy" boot) brugt af Harrison Ford i rollen som Indiana Jones.

Se også
 Allen Edmonds
 Florsheim Shoes
 Johnston & Murphy

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodtøjsvirksomheder fra USA
Etableret i 1884

Alden Shoe Company


An Eriochloa in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Eriochloa in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Eriochloa acuminata
 Eriochloa aristata
 Eriochloa australiensis
 Eriochloa boliviensis
 Eriochloa contracta
 Eriochloa crebra
 Eriochloa distachya
 Eriochloa fatmensis
 Eriochloa grandiflora
 Eriochloa lemmonii
 Eriochloa longiflora
 Eriochloa macclounii
 Eriochloa meyeriana
 Eriochloa michauxii
 Eriochloa montevidensis
 Eriochloa nana
 Eriochloa nelsonii
 Eriochloa pacifica
 Eriochloa parvispiculata
 Eriochloa peruviana
 Eriochloa polystachya
 Eriochloa procera
 Eriochloa pseudoacrotricha
 Eriochloa punctata
 Eriochloa rovumensis
 Eriochloa sericea
 Eriochloa setosa
 Eriochloa stapfiana
 Eriochloa stevensii
 Eriochloa subulifera
 Eriochloa succincta
 Eriochloa tridentata
 Eriochloa weberbaueri
 Eriochloa villosa

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eriochloa

Eriochloa


Hubert Reeves  (July 13, 1932 – October 13, 2023) was a Canadian astrophysicist and popularizer of science.

Early life and education

Reeves was born in Montreal on July 13, 1932, and as a child lived in Léry. Reeves attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, a prestigious French-language college in Montreal. He obtained a BSc degree in physics from the Université de Montréal in 1953, an MSc degree from McGill University in 1956 with a thesis entitled "Formation of Positronium in Hydrogen and Helium" and a PhD degree at Cornell University in 1960.

Career

From 1960 to 1964, he taught physics at the Université de Montréal and worked as an adviser to NASA. He had been a Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) since 1965.

Personal life and death

Reeves often spoke on television, promoting science. He resided in Paris, France, where he died on October 13, 2023, at the age of 91.

Honours and recognition

 In 1976, he was made Knight of the Ordre national du Mérite (France).
 In 1986, he was made Knight of the Légion d'Honneur (France). He was promoted to Officer in 1994 and to Commander in 2003.
 In 1991, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 2003.
 In 1994, he was made Officer of the National Order of Quebec. He was promoted to Grand Officer in 2017.
 Asteroid 9631 Hubertreeves is named after Reeves: see Meanings of asteroid names (9501-10000).
 In 2011, the Prix Hubert-Reeves was created.
 In 2019, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France.

Selected publications

 Reeves, Hubert; Boutinot, Nelly; Casanave, Daniel; Champion, Claire (2017). Hubert Reeves nous explique la biodiversité. Bruxelles: Le Lombard. .
 Reeves, Hubert; Boutinot, Nelly; Casanave, Daniel; Champion, Claire (2018). Hubert Reeves nous explique la forêt. Bruxelles: Le Lombard. .
 Reeves, Hubert; Vandermeulen, David; Casanave, Daniel (2019). Hubert Reeves nous explique les océans. Bruxelles: Le Lombard. .
 Reeves, Hubert, Michel Cassé, Étienne Klein, Marc Lachièze-Rey, Roland Lehoucq, Jean-Pierre Luminet, Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille, Nicolas Prantzos, and Sylvie Vauclair. (2019). Petite histoire de la matière et de l'univers.

References

External links

 Biography in English

1932 births
2023 deaths
Albert Einstein Medal recipients
Canadian astrophysicists
Canadian environmentalists
Canadian expatriates in France
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of French descent
Canadian science writers
Companions of the Order of Canada
Cornell University alumni
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
McGill University alumni
Scientists from Montreal
Scientists from Paris
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Université de Montréal alumni
Writers from Montreal
Writers from Paris
20th-century Canadian astronomers
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian physicists
20th-century French physicists
21st-century French physicists
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research

Hubert Reeves


Kanstadfjorden (nordsamisk: Gánasvuotna) er en fjordarm af Vestfjorden som ligger på sydsiden af Hinnøya i Lødingen kommune i  Nordland  fylke  i Norge. Fjorden går 17 kilometer i nordlig retning fra indløbet mellem Rinøya i vest og Nes i øst til Heggedalselvens udløb ved Kanstadbotn i fjordbunden, hvor Austerdalen fortsætter 5,5 kilometer til Gullesfjordbotn. Afstanden til  fylkesgrensen til Troms er 2,3 kilometer fra Kanstadbotn.

Geografi
Kanstadfjorden ligger mellem Stordalsaksla (597 moh.), Erikstadfjordfjellet (552 moh.), Årnipen (704 moh.) og Sneistinden (722 moh.) i vest og Kanstadfjellet og Lødingsaksla i øst. Midt i fjorden går den omtrent 200 m lange Kanstadstraumen som er en populær fiskeplads.

Nord for sundet er navnet Innerfjorden. Syd for sundet går fire fjordarme av Kanstadfjorden: Lonkan (0,8 km) på østsiden samt Erikstadfjorden (4,3 km), Høkfjorden (5,2 km) og Hestfjorden (3,7 km) på vestsiden.

Bosætning og trafik
Langs Innerfjorden, mellem Austre Kanstad og Kanstadbotn, er der i dag kun spredte gårde. Tidligere har der imidlertid været samisk bosætning i området. Europavej E10/Riksvej 85 går langs østsiden. Mellem Austre og Vestre Kanstad krydser Fylkesvej 837 Kanstadstraumen og fortsætter videre mod syd langs den tyndt befolkede vestsiden, med Erikstad, Svensgam, Hesten og Rinøyvåg.

I Kanstadbotn er der et knudepunkt for kraftlinjen fra øst som forgrenes videre til Lofoten, Vesterålen og Lødingen.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Nordland
Lødingen
Hinnøya

Kanstadfjorden


Kickstart Kids is a martial arts character development program non-profit organization, formed by Chuck Norris on August 16, 1990 as the Kick Drugs Out of America Foundation.

History
On August 16, 1990, the Kick Drugs out of America Foundation (dba Kickstart Kids) was formed by martial artist, actor and philanthropist, Chuck Norris. He wanted to provide a martial arts program that came at no cost to the students, a program that would teach kids all the valiant traits the martial arts has to offer.

In 1992, with the help of former President George H. W. Bush, the program was officially implemented in four schools in the Houston area: Burbank, Central, Hamilton, and Hogg.

Today, the program operates in over 59 schools throughout Texas. The program is taught in mostly middle/junior high schools and some high schools. They currently serve more than 9,500 of today's youth, making a positive impact in their lives by teaching character through karate.

In 2003, the foundation was renamed to Kickstart Kids (it still maintains its official name as Kick Drugs Out of America Foundation, but now it has added a "dba" – doing business as – Kickstart Kids).

The stated mission of Kickstart Kids is to teach character through karate to empower youth with core values, such as discipline and respect, to achieve their greatest potential. Kickstart is a center for kids to defend themselves at any moment in need.

References

External links

Chuck Norris
Non-profit organizations based in Texas

Kickstart Kids


Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen is a 2004 American teen musical comedy film directed by Sara Sugarman from a screenplay by Gail Parent, based on Dyan Sheldon's 1999 novel of the same name. It stars Lindsay Lohan as an aspiring teenage actress whose family moves from New York City to New Jersey, Adam Garcia as her favorite rock musician, Glenne Headly as her mother and Alison Pill as her best friend. The film introduced Megan Fox in her theatrical film acting debut.

The film was released on February 20, 2004, by Buena Vista Pictures. It received mostly negative critical reviews and grossed $33 million worldwide.

Plot
Narrator Mary Elizabeth "Lola" Cep is a 15-year-old girl who grew up in New York City and wants desperately to become a famous Broadway actress. Much to her annoyance, she moves with her family to the suburbs of Dellwood, New Jersey, but she confidently tells the audience, "A legend is about to be born. That legend would be me."

At school, Lola befriends an unpopular girl, Ella Gerard, who shares her love for the rock band Sidarthur. Lola idolizes the band's lead singer, Stu Wolff. She also meets Sam, a cute boy who takes a liking to her, and makes enemies with Carla Santini, the most popular girl in school.

When Lola auditions for the school play, a modernized musical version of Pygmalion called Eliza Rocks, she is chosen over Carla to play Eliza, and Carla promises to make her life miserable. Lola also beats Carla on a dancing video game at an arcade, whereupon Carla reveals that she has tickets to the farewell concert of Sidarthur, which recently decided to dissolve. Afraid of being one-upped by Carla, Lola falsely claims that she and Ella also have tickets. She loses her chance to buy tickets and new clothes when her mother takes away her allowance, and the concert is sold out by the time she persuades Ella to pay for the tickets. However, Lola explains that they can buy tickets from a scalper, and gets Sam to sneak Eliza's dress out of the costume room for her to wear at the concert.

On the night of the concert, Lola and Ella take a train to New York City, but Lola accidentally leaves the money for the tickets on the train, and her plan to sneak into the concert fails. Lola and Ella finally give up and walk through the city to Stu's after-show party. When they arrive there, Stu stumbles drunkenly out of the building and passes out in an alley. The two girls take him to a diner to sober him up, but when he hits a cop with a doughnut, the three of them end up at a police station, where Lola gives her father's New York City address.

At this point, Lola's dishonesty becomes problematic. When she first met Ella, she tried to impress her by telling her a dramatic story about her father dying years earlier. Ella highly values honesty, so she becomes infuriated when she discovers that Lola's story was a lie. After Lola's father arrives, and they explain what happened, Stu gratefully takes them all back to the party, where Ella forgives Lola for lying (on the condition that she will never lie to her again), and the two girls see Carla, who sees them as well, and looks upset. Lola talks with Stu about his work, but is disappointed to discover that he is an alcoholic.

Back at school, Carla humiliates Lola by denying that she saw Lola or Ella at the party and calling Lola a liar. None of the other students believes Lola's story about being arrested with Stu and leaving her necklace at his house.

Afterward, Lola goes home, depressed, and refuses to perform in the play, but encouraged by Ella to return, she arrives backstage just in time to prevent Carla from taking over her part. As she is about to go onstage, her mother wishes her good luck and finally calls her by her nickname, Lola. The modernist interpretation of Pygmalion (Eliza Rocks) ensues. After a great performance that brings a standing ovation, the cast goes to an after-party at Carla's house, where Stu arrives to see Lola. Carla attempts to salvage her pride by saying he is there to see her, but is proved wrong when Stu gives Lola her necklace in front of everyone. As Carla's lies become apparent, she backs away from the crowd on the verge of tears and falls into a fountain, greeted by everyone's laughter. In a conciliatory gesture, Lola helps her up, and Carla accepts defeat. After dancing with Stu, Lola dances with Sam, and they eventually kiss.

Cast
Lindsay Lohan as Mary Elizabeth "Lola" Cep, an eccentric girl and compulsive liar, who wants desperately to be a famous actress and behaves like she is constantly in a movie
Megan Fox as Carla Santini, Lola's enemy and queen bee of the school
Alison Pill as Ella Gerard, Lola's new best friend
Adam Garcia as Stuart "Stu" Wolff, the Sidarthur lead singer, who is drunk and depressing offstage
Eli Marienthal as Sam, a shy boy and Lola's love interest
Tom McCamus as Calum Cep, Lola's father
Glenne Headly as Karen Cep, Lola's mother
Carol Kane as Miss Baggoli, the director of school's play
Sheila McCarthy as Mrs. Gerard
Alison Sealy-Smith as Sgt. Rose
Ashley Leggat as Marcia, one of Carla's best friends
Barbara Mamabolo as Robin, one of Carla's best friends
Maggie Oskam as Paige Cep, Lola's sister
Rachael Oskam as Paula Cep, Lola's sister

Production

Filming
Pre-production began on May 5, 2003, beginning with choreography rehearsals and make-up tests. Produced on a budget of $15 million, filming began on June 4. Behind the camera was Welsh director Sara Sugarman, who was known for directing the musical comedy film Very Annie Mary. While taking place in New Jersey, the film was filmed in the Canadian cities of Toronto, Hamilton, and Oakville. Scenes at Dellwood High School were filmed at King City Secondary School in King City and Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute in Scarborough. Mall scenes were filmed at Erin Mills Town Centre in Mississauga. Scenes depicting the family's move from New York to New Jersey were filmed in Hamilton. It was also filmed on-location for the scenes in New York City. Scenes involving the train station were filmed at the Watchung Avenue Train Station in Montclair, New Jersey, on New Jersey Transit's Montclair-Boonton Line.

Casting
Originally, the role of Lola was offered to Hilary Duff. After Duff backed out of the film, Lindsay Lohan was cast as Lola. "The part that stuck out to me most about the story was how different Lola is", Lohan said. "She's really interesting. As outgoing as she is, she keeps a lot in and I think it's really good to see how her character develops throughout the story." Producer Robert Shapiro said, "Lindsay Lohan is absolutely a 500-watt bulb. She's delightful to watch, she's a typical teenager, and she's very wise, and all of that comes across in the part of Lola."

Alison Pill, who was known for co-starring in the Judy Garland biopic Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows, was cast as Lola's best friend, Ella Gerard. "I think the attraction to play Ella is she changes so completely and goes through this huge transformation from being this girl who's terrified of being herself, and disappointing her parents, and disappointing their expectations, and at the end she says, 'I've just decided to be who I am.'" An unknown at the time, Megan Fox was cast as Carla Santini, Lola's nemesis (Brittany Gray played Fox's dance double). Eli Marienthal was cast as Sam, Lola's interest in high school and her friend. Marienthal had previously starred in Disney film The Country Bears. Glenne Headly was cast as Lola's mother, Karen, while Carol Kane was cast as Miss Baggoli, who directs the school's play. Tom McCamus appears as Lola's father, Calum, who is divorced from her mother and lives in New York City.

Reception

Critical response
  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Dennis Harvey of Variety magazine commented in his review that "Based on Dyan Sheldon's popular youth fiction, Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen emerges a strained showcase for up-and-comer Lindsay Lohan as a sophisticated Big Apple teen unhappily relocated to New Jersey. Minimally funny comedy feels like a Disney Channel pic that got boosted to theatrical after Lohan scored a hit opposite Jamie Lee Curtis in the Freaky Friday remake. Nonetheless, it should have a lock on the 7- to 12-year-old female demo for a couple of weekends before finding longer tube/tape shelf life." UltimateDisney.com reviewed the DVD, saying that it "doesn't garner a recommendation as a film, and its DVD special features are as breezy and shallow as the movie itself. Lindsay Lohan fans and teenage girls are bound to be the most interested, and they might well enjoy it on the surface as light entertainment. But for others, one viewing may be more than enough."

Box office
Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen grossed $29.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $3.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $33.2 million.

The film grossed $9.3 million in its opening weekend (February 20–22, 2004), finishing at number two behind 50 First Dates.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack was released February 17, 2004, by Hollywood Records and features Lindsay Lohan, Lillix, Simple Plan, and various other artists.

Awards
 2004 - Won; Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Movie Actress (Lindsay Lohan)

References

External links

 Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen Disney site, with suppressible music and voice.

2004 films
2004 comedy films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s high school films
2000s musical comedy films
2000s teen comedy films
American high school films
American musical comedy films
American teen comedy films
American teen musical films
Films about actors
Films about music and musicians
Films about teenagers
Films based on American novels
Films based on young adult literature
Films directed by Sara Sugarman
Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh
Films set in New Jersey
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Hamilton, Ontario
Films shot in Montreal
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Toronto
Walt Disney Pictures films

Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen


An Liparis pygmaea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George King ngan Robert Pantling. An Liparis pygmaea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis pygmaea


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za kemiju:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

 Pokrenut hrvatski znanstveni časopis Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly.

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kemija u 1987.


An Bulbine bulbosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Robert Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adrian Hardy Haworth. An Bulbine bulbosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbine, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bulbine

Bulbine bulbosa


Agrilus sexflavoguttatellus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Thomson, 1879.

Referências

sexflavoguttatellus

Agrilus sexflavoguttatellus


The Trebbia (stressed Trèbbia; ) is a river predominantly of Liguria and Emilia Romagna in northern Italy. It is one of the four main right-bank tributaries of the river Po, the other three being the Tanaro, the Secchia and the Panaro.

Along its eastern banks in 218 BC was fought one of the battles of the Second Punic War: the Battle of Trebbia, where Hannibal defeated a Roman consular army.

The  drainage basin is divided among Emilia Romagna, , Liguria, , and Lombardy, . Its principal tributaries are the torrents Aveto and Perino (from the right) and the torrent Boreca (from the left).

Geography
The source of the river, the Trebbia river spring, is in the Ligurian Apennines on the south slopes of Monte Prelà, to the south of Monte Antola in the comune of Torriglia, Province of Genoa. Monte Prelà,  high, is part of the Antola massif.

The spring is not on the peak but is at roughly . Across a small ridge to the west, on which sits Torriglia, and slightly further downslope is the source of the Scrivia river. Over a ridge to the northeast is the Brugneto reservoir, water supply for Genoa. The reservoir was created in 1959 by damming Brugneto stream, which formerly joined its waters to the Trebbia, but now only does so when the reservoir is full. A ridge running north from Prelà connects to Monte Druso, then to Monte Cremado, and finally to Monte Antola at . From its peak on a clear day can be seen Genoa, Corsica, the Tuscan Archipelago and the Alps.

From its source the river flows towards north-east for  until it reaches the Po just to the west of Piacenza. The Alta Val Trebbia ("High Trebbia Valley") includes the valley down to Bobbio. It straddles eight comuni of the Province of Genoa: Torriglia, Rondanina, Propata, Fascia, Montebruno, Rovegno, Fontanigorda and Gorreto. Each of these contains numerous hamlets, some on the river, most on the slopes. Gorreto is on the Ligurian side of the border with Piacenza province.

Past Gorreto the Trebbia flows under a few mountain villages arriving at the next town, Ottone. Below Ottone Val Boreca enters from the left opposite the frazione of Losso. The Boreca is a mountain brook falling from the heights of the "four provinces" region generally too small to be shown on maps but visible in satellite photographs. Just below Zerba (from which it is accessed) its waters are impounded by a dam diverting them through the turbines of a hydroelectric power station.

The border with the Province of Pavia in southernmost Lombardy follows the Trebbia for about  where it bends around Ponte Organasco, so that some of the river and bottom lands are in Lombardy. Further downstream the valley opens to accommodate Corte Brugnatella and then closes to form steep sides again. Receiving the Torrente Carlone from the left it enters Bobbio on the left bank. Here the high valley ends and the valley becomes the Val Trebbia.

The river goes on under a good many small communities located up on the flanks of the hills before reaching the next good-sized town on it, Travo, and then Rivergaro. Here the val ends. It widens and merges with the Pianura Padana, "plain of the Po", beyond Rivergaro and a few miles later encounters the suburban communities on the west side of Piacenza before entering the Po. Geologically the course of the lower Trebbia and that of the Po is unstable except where stabilized by man.

Nearly the whole course of the river is paralleled by the Strada statale della Val Trebbia, highway SS45, running between Piacenza and Genoa. It encounters the river at Rivergaro and winds with it through the mountains, breaking away just below the source to bend southwest over the ridges to Genoa.

Ecology

Flora
The following trees are predominant in the forests of Val Trebbia: Fagus silvatica at  to ; over 1500 m: Sorbus aucuparia, Sorbus aria, Laburnum anagyroides, Acer pseudoplatanus, Abies alba, Larix decidua, Alnus incana, Populus tremula; below : Quercus cerris, Quercus sessiflora, Quercus pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia,  Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus, Acer campestre, Ulmus campestris, Populus alba, Populus canescens, Alnus glutinosa, Prunus avium,  Pirus communis, Malus communis, Corylus avellana; below : Castanea sativa.

The shrubbery includes the following species: Juniperus communis, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus idaeus, Polygala chamaebuxus, Daphne mezereum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Cornus mas, Euonymus europaea, Cytisus sessilifolius, Erica arborea, Ruscus aculeatus, Clematis vitalba, Lonicera caprifolium, Crataegus oxyacantha, Rosa canina, Spartium junceum.

The ferns are Polypodium volgare, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Dryopteris filix-mas, Pteridium aquilinum, Notholaena marantae.

Fauna
The Val Trebbia is within the endemic range of Moltoni's warbler, a subspecies of Sylvia cantillans better known in the western Mediterranean islands. The birds forage for insects in mixed shrubland of varying heights and both broad-leaved and coniferous composition.

The other birds include Buteo buteo, Falco tinnunculus, Accipiter nisus, Pernis apivorus, Cinclus cinclus, Charadrius dubius, Motacilla alba, Motacilla flava, Alcedo atthis, Alectoris rufa and Picus viridis.

Geologic history
The northern Apennines are a belt of northeast-southwest mountains on the coast of northwest Italy folded by transverse thrusting from sedimentary rock. The streams draining it run primarily in a northeastern direction perpendicular to the line of the folds and project into the Po river an average of  from the source. The eroded landscape of the north Apennines covers about .

For much of their lengths, these heavily braided streams run through montane terrain that is minimally developed, is known for its wildlife, and remains in a pristine state. The sediment eroded from the mountains is deposited in alluvial fans and terraces in the Po valley, which is heavily populated and in ancient times flooded regularly. Diking has prevented much of the flooding but now due to confinement of deposition within the stream beds significant lengths of stream run entirely above ground, in places as high as the rooftops. This is a development of the previous thousand years.

The native rock differs between the two banks. On the left is mainly sedimentary rock, the Monte Antola limestone, which is actually a marlstone. On the right is both sedimentary and metamorphic rock: ophiolite, serpentinite, basalt, jasper.

Val Trebbia is covered with a blanket of rich soil reddish or brown in color from hematite an average of  deep. It consists of loess deposited in layers during periods of glacial maxima beginning about 400000 years ago in the Middle Pleistocene. The loess initially accumulated on gravelled terraces deriving from native rock.

Cultural history

Judging from the archaeological evidence, the Trebbia valley has been continuously occupied since the end of the Acheulian in the Paleolithic, about 150000 years ago. In the Mesolithic various summer camps for high-altitude hunting were located in the valley. Neolithic cultures were at first diverse (4500 BC). Later in the Neolithic, at about 4000 BC, the Square-mouthed pottery culture began to prevail; at about 3000 BC, the Chassey-Lagozza culture of the Chalcolithic. The Bronze Age population resided in settlements located at positions with natural defenses. Etruscan elements began in the Iron Age, about the 5th century BC. Celtic artifacts immediately preceded the Roman presence.

Along its eastern banks in 218 BC was fought one of the battles of the Second Punic War: the Battle of Trebbia, where Hannibal defeated a Roman consular army.

The name of the river is first known from Polybius, who wrote in the middle Roman Republic, but used materials dating to earlier. Which people first assigned it and during which period remains unclear. Without knowing the probable language the few etymologies are highly speculative.

In 1799 a major battle between the Russians and Austrians under Suvorov with the French took place here.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links
 Kayak pictures of Trebbia river

Rivers of Italy
Rivers of the Province of Genoa
Rivers of the Province of Piacenza
Rivers of the Province of Pavia
Rivers of the Apennines

Trebbia


Gara Saligny Grupa Est este o gară care deservește comuna Saligny, județul Constanța, România.

Saligny Grupa Est

Gara Saligny Grupa Est


La Cascada de Torc se encuentra en la base de la montaña Torc, a unos 8 km de Killarney en el condado de Kerry, Irlanda.

Las caídas son uno de los hitos en el recorrido de 200 kilómetros hasta Kerry, y se encuentran en el Parque Nacional de Killarney. Su fácil acceso y aparcamiento hace que el sitio sea popular entre grupos de excursionistas. Existe además un sendero desde la cascada hasta la cima de la montaña Torc.

En la zona suele verse y oírse al ciervo rojo.

Véase también
Geografía de Irlanda
Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Cascadas de Irlanda

Cascada de Torc


Agrilus silviettae é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti, 2005.

Referências

silviettae

Agrilus silviettae


Death Wish  é um filme estadunidense de 2018, dos gêneros ação, drama criminal e suspense, dirigido por Eli Roth e escrito por Joe Carnahan. É a sexta parte da série Death Wish e um remake do filme de 1974 de mesmo nome, estrelado por Charles Bronson, baseado no romance de 1972 de Brian Garfield. O filme é estrelado por Bruce Willis como Paul Kersey, um médico de Chicago em busca de vingança contra o homem que atacou sua família. Vincent D'Onofrio, Elisabeth Shue, Dean Norris e Kimberly Elise também aparecem.

O filme foi lançado nos Estados Unidos pela Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer e em mercados internacionais pela Annapurna Pictures em 2 de março de 2018.

Sinopse
O filme conta a história de Dr. Paul Kersey, cirurgião que vê as consequências da violência de Chicago quando elas entram urgentemente no hospital, até que sua esposa e sua filha sejam violentamente atacadas em casa nos subúrbios. Paul, ansioso por vingança, persegue os criminosos que agrediram sua família para fazer justiça, enquanto a polícia está sobrecarregada. Os assassinos anônimos de criminosos chamam a atenção da comunicação social e Chicago se interroga se o vigilante mortal é um anjo da guarda ou apenas um vingador da noite.

Elenco

Lançamento
Em junho de 2017, foi anunciado que a Paramount Pictures distribuiria o filme em conjunto com a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer e seria lançado em 22 de novembro de 2017. No entanto, em outubro de 2017, foi anunciado que havia sido adiado para 2 de março de 2018 e que a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distribuiria o filme nos Estados Unidos, enquanto a Annapurna Pictures o distribuiria internacionalmente.

Recepção

Bilheteria
Death Wish arrecadou US$ 34 milhões nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá, e US$ 14,5 milhões em outros territórios, para um total mundial de US$ 48,5 milhões, contra um orçamento de produção de US$ 30 milhões.

O filme foi amplamente criticado pela crítica. No site agregador de críticas Rotten Tomatoes, o filme detém uma taxa de aprovação de 18% com base em 165 resenhas e uma classificação média de 4/10. O consenso crítico do site diz: "Death Wish é pouco mais do que uma releitura mecânica que carece da coragem e convicção do original—e também sofre de um timing espetacularmente ruim." No Metacritic, o filme tem uma pontuação média ponderada de 31 em 100, com base em 32 críticos, indicando "críticas geralmente desfavoráveis". O público consultado pelo CinemaScore deu ao filme uma nota média de "B+" em uma escala de A+ a F.

Prêmios
39º Prêmio Framboesa de Ouro (23 de fevereiro de 2019)

 Pior Ator (Bruce Willis) (indicado)
 Pior Remake, Plágio ou Sequência (indicado)

Notas

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2018
Filmes de drama de ação dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de suspense dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de drama de ação da década de 2010
Filmes de suspense da década de 2010
Filmes de drama criminal
Reinícios de filmes
Filmes da Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Filmes baseados em romances de autores dos Estados Unidos
Filmes sobre medicina
Violação de domicílio em filmes
Filmes gravados em Montreal
Filmes gravados em Chicago
Filmes ambientados em hospitais
Filmes ambientados em Chicago
Filmes com trilha sonora de Ludwig Göransson
Filmes dirigidos por Eli Roth
Filmes sobre assassinos
Filmes sobre vingança
Filmes em língua inglesa

Death Wish (2018)


Bryales nom. cons, red pravih mahovina. Šest porodica

Porodice
 Bryaceae Schwägr.
 Leptostomataceae Schwägr.
 Mniaceae Schwägr.
 Phyllodrepaniaceae Crosby
 Pleurophascineae M. Fleisch.
 Pulchrinodaceae D. Quandt, N.E. Bell & M. Stech

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Bryanae

Bryales


Anthony James Leon (born 15 December 1956) is a South African politician who served as leader of the opposition from 1999-2007 as leader of the Democratic Alliance (DA). He led the DA from its inception in 2000, until his retirement from leadership in 2007. Before that, he led the Democratic Party from 1994. He is the longest serving leader of the official opposition in parliament since the advent of democracy in 1994. Although still a member of the DA, he served as the South African Ambassador to Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay under the ANC government from 2009 to 2012.

Since 2012, Leon has been serving as Executive Chairman of Resolve Communications (Pty) Ltd - a South African-based advocacy for reputation management and strategic communications consultancy, and a consultant to various international companies. Leon is also a contracted columnist to Arena Holdings Ltd, with his columns appearing weekly or monthly in Business Day, Sunday Times, and Business Live. He is also the author of five books.

Early life
Leon was born and raised in Durban during the apartheid era. He was educated at Clifton School (Durban) and Kearsney College near Durban. His father Ramon Leon was a High Court Judge. Both his parents were active in the liberal, anti-apartheid Progressive Party (which later became the Democratic Party). He is Jewish.

Political career
In 1974 at the age of 18 he became an organiser for the Progressive Party, one of the two opposition parties represented in parliament at the time. After this, he qualified as an attorney at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was President of the Law Students' Council and Vice-President of the Students' Representative Council, and became a lecturer in the Law Department in 1986. He has accredited Harry Schwarz and Helen Suzman as his biggest inspirations. In the same year he was elected to the Johannesburg City Council for Yeoville. When the results for the election were released, it was announced that the NP candidate Sam Bloomberg had won. However Harry Schwarz, his political mentor, uncovered that this was untrue, and Leon was declared the winner. He became leader of the opposition in the city council.

In 1989 he was elected to Parliament for the Houghton constituency, representing the Progressive Party's successor, the Democratic Party.

From 1990 to 1994 he chaired the DP's Bill of Rights Commission, and as such was an advisor to the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) and a delegate to the multi-party negotiations that led to the end of apartheid and the establishment of a non-racial democracy in 1994.

At the 1994 general elections, Leon was again elected to Parliament in the first democratic National Assembly, as well as leader of the Democratic Party. At the time, the Democratic Party was perceived as merely a minor party of white liberals, an oddity in the first non-racial democratic government of South Africa. Yet between 1994 and 1999 its seven members managed to become the most vocal, active and involved legislators.

In 1998, Leon published his first book on the eve of the second democratic election, entitled 'Hope & Fear: Reflections of a Democrat' (Jonathan Ball, 1998). With the second democratic elections in 1999 and the New National Party only retaining 28 seats (down from 82 in 1994), he became Leader of the Opposition as the DP took 38 seats, showing a growth of over five-fold.

After the 2004 general elections, the DA under Leon had a vote increased by 2.8%, as did the ANC with an increase of 3.3%. These gains came at a cost to three of the five minor opposition parties, with only the Independent Democrats – a newcomer in the elections – also attracting support.

Leon built a high media profile as opposition leader by criticising the ANC government under Nelson Mandela but more so under his successor, President Thabo Mbeki.

Post Politics
On 26 November 2006, Leon announced that he would step down from the leadership of the DA in 2007, and would not accept nomination for the leadership of the party at the party's congress in May 2007. He officially stepped down at that conference, and Helen Zille was elected to be the new party leader on 6 May 2007. Leon, nevertheless, kept his seat in Parliament until 2009, when its term expired.

One of South Africa's leading political commentator, Justice Malala wrote about him: "Every South African should wake up today and say a little thank you to Tony Leon ... he was fearless when many were fearful, vocal when many had lost their voices, openly critical when many would only speak in whispers ... the man has done a remarkable job."

Leon was voted 16th in the TV channel SABC3's Top 100 Great South Africans.

From September to December 2007, Leon was a Fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

On 29 November 2007, Mr. Leon was a guest at the prestigious Yale Political Union, keynoting a student debate on the topic "Resolved: The Nation Should Not Be Tied To Ethnicity." After a vigorous debate, the motion passed.

In 2008, Leon released his autobiography 'On the Contrary'. The book was favourably received, The Economist  describing it as "eloquent, funny and rich... an important record of South Africa's young democracy, witnessed from the other side of the fence". The book was also serialized by the Johannesburg Sunday Times. The book won the Recht Malan Prize in the Via Afrika Book Awards for the best work of non-fiction in 2009.

In the last quarter of 2008 Leon was a visiting fellow at the Cato Institute Center for Liberty and Global Prosperity in Washington DC. His research paper: The State of Liberal Democracy in Africa - Resurgence or Recession was published in May 2010.

Leon published a series of articles in Business Day from the campaign trail of the 2009 South African general election.

After Leon completed his over 20 years as an MP, he was invited to write two weekly columns in leading South African Sunday paper "Sunday Times" and in leading daily paper "Business Day", winning excellent reviews for his writing and analysis even from previous political opponents.

Since 2012, Leon has been a contracted columnist to Arena Holdings Ltd with his columns appearing weekly or monthly in Business Day, Sunday Times, and the Business Live, respectively.

South African ambassadorship and return to South Africa
In August 2009, President Zuma appointed Leon as Ambassador to Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. After receiving diplomatic training, Leon took up his post in September. Leon followed many DA and Democratic Party members who became ambassadors, such as Harry Schwarz, Zach de Beer, Douglas Gibson and Sandra Botha.

On his return in January 2013, he was awarded a fellowship at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advance Study (STIAS). He wrote a paper entitled 'Where in the World is South Africa?', which was subsequently published in the South African journal of International Affairs, 2013, Vol.20, No.3,447-457 Leon also published a memoir of his ambassadorial life titled 'The Accidental Ambassador: From Parliament to Patagonia' (Pan MacMillan, 2013). The book received critical acclaim with Business Day, where it was said to be "fascinating... Leon is an excellent writer and recounter... eloquent and heartwarming." (Sue Grant-Marshall). The Cape Times described the book as "intelligent, engaging and incredibly funny" (Shaun Swingler).

Nelson Mandela

Shortly after former President Nelson Mandela's death in December 2013, Tony Leon published yet another book, this time concerning Mandela's presidency and leadership from the perspective of the parliamentary opposition. 'Opposite Mandela: Encounters with South Africa's Icon' was published in May 2014 by Jonathan Ball Publishers. Sue Grant-Marshall in Business Day wrote: "It is no surprise that in the year after Mandela's death a cascade of books by those who know the international icon are flooding the shops and bookshelves. Leave space for this one - it's written from Leon's particular perspective as Mandela's political opponent. It does not disappoint in this, his fourth book, for he tells fascinating tales with characteristic frankness and vigour."

New Book: Future Tense, Reflections of My Troubled Land, 2021.
In March 2021, Jonathan Ball Publishers released Tony Leon's latest book: Future Tense - Reflections on My Troubled Land. Drawing from his vantage points of years in active politics and his subsequent career as an opinion former and columnist, this book captures and analyses recent South African history, with a focus on the squandered and corrupted years of the past decade. It also provides an insider view, for the first time, of the power struggles within the Democratic Alliance and plots the country's likely future trajectory. The book was favourably reviewed by Niall Ferguson.

Personal life
In 2000, Leon married Michal (formerly Even-Zahav) from Israel, the mother of his two stepchildren, Noa and Etai Even-Zahav.

References

External links
Democratic Alliance website
Personal website
 On The Contrary - Tony Leon's latest book
 Tony Leon's Book at Exclusive Books
 South African Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina

1956 births
Living people
Alumni of Kearsney College
White South African people
Harvard Kennedy School staff
Democratic Alliance (South Africa) politicians
Jewish South African politicians
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Progressive Party (South Africa) politicians
Democratic Party (South Africa) politicians
Members of the House of Assembly (South Africa)
Ambassadors of South Africa to Argentina
Ambassadors of South Africa to Paraguay
Ambassadors of South Africa to Uruguay

Tony Leon


San Juan Bautista is the Spanish-language name of Saint John the Baptist. It may refer to:

Places

Bolivia
San Juan Bautista, Bolivia, Jesuit mission ruins near the village of San Juan de Taperas

Chile
San Juan Bautista, Chile, Juan Fernández Islands

Guatemala
San Juan Bautista, Suchitepéquez

Mexico
San Juan Bautista, Coahuila
San Juan Bautista, Guerrero
a mission founded 1699/1700 near Guerrero, Coahuila
San Juan Bautista, Nayarit
San Juan Bautista de la Villahermosa, Tabasco
Misión San Juan Bautista Malibat, Baja California Sur
Visita de San Juan Bautista Londó, Baja California Sur
any of several other Spanish missions in Mexico
San Juan Bautista Atatlahuca, Etla, Valles Centrales, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Coixtlahuaca, Mixteca, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Cuicatlan, Cuicatlan, Cañada, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Guelache, Etla, Valles Centrales, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Jayacatlán, Etla, Valles Centrales, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista lo de Soto, Jamiltepec, Costa, Oaxaca.
San Juan Bautista de Sonora, Cumpas, Sonora
San Juan Bautista Suchitepec, Huajuapan, Mixteca, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Tlacoatzintepec, Cuicatlan, Cañada, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Tlachichilco, Silacayoapam, Mixteca, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec, Oaxaca
San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional, Tuxtepec, Papaloapan, Oaxaca

Paraguay
San Juan Bautista, Paraguay
San Juan Bautista de Ñeembucú, Ñeembucú
Roman Catholic Diocese of San Juan Bautista de las Misiones, suffragan of Asunción

Peru
San Juan Bautista District, Maynas, Loreto Region
San Juan Bautista District, Ica, Ica Region
San Juan Bautista, Ica, capital of the aforementioned district
San Juan Bautista District, Huamanga, Ayacucho Region
San Juan Bautista, Huamanga, capital of the aforementioned district

Puerto Rico
The original name of Puerto Rico
San Juan, Puerto Rico, a truncation of its complete name Municipio de la Ciudad Capital San Juan Bautista
Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in Puerto Rico (Catholic Church)
Catedral San Juan Bautista (San Juan de Puerto Rico) (Episcopal Church)
Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Maricao, Puerto Rico)
San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
Iglesia San Juan Bautista y San Ramón Nonato, Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico
Old San Juan, Puerto Rico

Spain
San Juan Bautista (Madrid), an area in the city of Madrid.
Sant Joan de Labritja, a village and municipality in Ibiza / Eivissa, Balearic Islands.
San Juan Bautista de Corias, a monastery in Corias (Narcea), Asturias
Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (San Tirso de Abres), Asturias
Church of San Juan Bautista, Baños de Cerrato, Palencia
Santiuste de San Juan Bautista, Segovia, Castile and León
Castle of St John the Baptist (Castillo de San Juan Bautista), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
Church of San Juan Bautista (Talamanca de Jarama), Talamanca de Jarama
Church of San Juan Bautista (Arganda del Rey)
Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Chiclana de la Frontera), Chiclana de la Frontera

United States
Mission San Juan Bautista, San Benito County, California, officially "La Misión del Glorios Precursor de Jesu Cristo, Nuestro Señor, San Juan Bautista"
San Juan Bautista, California
Rancho San Juan Bautista, Santa Clara County, California
San Juan County, Washington (formally San Juan Bautista County, named for Saint John the Baptist)

Venezuela
San Juan Bautista, Nueva Esparta
Pao de San Juan Bautista Municipality, Cojedes
John the Baptist Monument, San Juan de los Morros, Guárico, Venezuela

Art
Painting
 St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness (1489), painting by Hieronymus Bosch. Lázaro Galdiano Museum, Madrid, Spain.
 Saint John the Baptist (1508-1513), painting by Leonardo DaVinci, Musée du Louvre, Paris, France.
 Saint John the Baptist (c. 1600), painting by El Greco, Legion of Honor, California, USA.
 Saint John the Baptist (c. 1600-1605) painting by El Greco, Museu de Belles Arts de València, Valencia, Spain.
 Sain John the Baptist in the desert (1620), painting by Diego Velázquez, Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Sculpture
 Saint John the Baptist (1438), wood sculpture by Donatello, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venecia, Italy.
 Saint John the Baptist (1455), wood sculpture by Donatello, Siena Cathedral, Italy.

Other uses
San Juan Bautista (Mutsen) a native people and language in California
Japanese warship San Juan Bautista, built in 1613
Spanish warship San Juan Bautista, a Spanish 60-gun ship 1724-1741
Church of San Juan Bautista (disambiguation)

See also
 Bautista
 San Juan (disambiguation)
 Saint-Jean-Baptiste (disambiguation)
 St. John the Baptist (disambiguation)

San Juan Bautista


O White Wing (ou Aerodrome #2) foi uma aeronave pioneira projetada por Frederick Walker Baldwin e construída pela equipe da "Aerial Experiment Association" (AEA) em 1908 tendo efetuado seu primeiro voo naquele mesmo ano.

Características e histórico
Incomum para aeronaves de sua época, o White Wing apresentava um trem de pouso com rodas. As asas eram equipadas com ailerons controlados por um cinto usado ao redor do corpo do piloto; inclinar-se em uma direção faria com que a aeronave se inclinasse para segui-la.

Foi pilotado pelo próprio Baldwin em 18 de maio de 1908 e a aeronave voou muito bem. O White Wing foi então pilotado pelo Tenente Thomas Selfridge em Hammondsport, Nova York, em 19 de maio de 1908 (tornando-se o primeiro oficial do Exército dos EUA a pilotar um avião) e então Glenn Curtiss fez um vôo de 1.017 pés (310 m) nele em 21 de maio. Em 23 de maio, o White Wing caiu durante um pouso de John McCurdy e foi danificado além das condições de reparo.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

 Aerial Experiment Association White Wing

White Wing
White Wing
White Wing
White Wing
White Wing
Aeronaves com primeiro voo em 1908

AEA White Wing


Haakon, also spelled Håkon (in Norway), Hakon (in Denmark), Håkan (in Sweden), or Háukon or Hákon,  is an older spelling of the modern Norwegian form of the Old Norwegian masculine first name Hákon meaning "High Son" from há (high, chosen) and konr (son, descendant, kin). An old English form is Hacon as in Haconby, Hacon's Village. The name appears in Scottish Gaelic as Àcainn, as seen in the place-name Kyleakin, meaning 'Haakon's Narrows', being named after King Haakon IV of Norway.

Haakon or Håkon was the name of several Norwegian rulers (see Norwegian royalty):

Rulers
 Haakon I of Norway (c. 920–961), known as Haakon the Good
 Haakon Sigurdsson (c. 937–995), also known as Earl Haakon, effective ruler of Norway from about 975 to 995
 Haakon Ericsson (died c. 1029–1030), grandson of Haakon Sigurdsson, ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles from 1016 until his death, and vassal ruler of Norway under Cnut the Great from 1028
 Haakon Ivarsson,  (c. 1027–1080), earl of Västergötland under King Stenkil of Sweden and later earl of Halland under King Sweyn II of Denmark
 Haakon Magnusson of Norway (1068–1095), partially recognised as king from 1093 to 1095
 Haakon II of Norway (1147–1162), known as Haakon Herdebrei
 Haakon III of Norway (1182–1204), known as Haakon Sverreson
 Haakon IV of Norway (1204–1263), known as Haakon the Old
 Óspakr (died 1230), who took the regnal name Hákon when briefly appointed King of the Isles by Haakon IV in 1230
 Haakon V of Norway (1270–1319), known as Haakon V Magnusson
 Haakon VI of Norway (1340–1380), known as Haakon VI Magnusson
 Haakon VII of Norway (1872–1957), born Prince Carl of Denmark
 Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway, the current heir to the Norwegian throne, who is expected to succeed as Haakon VIII

Others
 Håkon Bleken (born 1929), Norwegian painter
 Haakon Chevalier (1901–1985), American translator and friend of J. Robert Oppenheimer
 Håkon Five (1880–1944), Norwegian politician
 Håkon Gebhardt (born 1969), Norwegian musician and record producer
 Håkon Haugli (born 1969), Norwegian jurist, administrator and politician for the Labour Party
 Haakon Lie (1905–2009), Norwegian politician and centenarian
 Håkon Lundenes (born 1954), Norwegian ice hockey player
 Håkon Opdal (born 1982), Norwegian footballer
 Håkon Skogseid (born 1988), Norwegian footballer
 Håkon Tysdal (1947–2019), Norwegian writer
 Håkon Wium Lie (born 1965), Norwegian web pioneer and inventor of CSS

Fictional characters
 Haakon Haakonsen, protagonist of the 1990 film "Shipwrecked", which was based on Norwegian author Oluf Falck-Ytter's book Haakon Haakonsen: En Norsk Robinson (Haakon Haakonsen: A Norwegian Robinson).
 Håkon, one of the two mascots of the 1994 Winter Olympics
 Hakon One-Eye, one of the Ancient Nord Heroes who fights and vanquishes Alduin the World-Eater (a dragon god) in the 2011 video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim

See also
 Haakon, a Varangian mentioned in the inscription on the Piraeus Lion
 Hakon Jarl runestones
 Haakon County, South Dakota

References

See also
Hagen (surname), a Danish surname
Hakan, a Turkish name

Norwegian masculine given names
Masculine given names

Haakon (given name)


Morfovoúni, en , est un village du dème du lac Plastiras, district régional de Kardítsa, en Thessalie, Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Thessalie
Karditsa

Morfovoúni


Oymadal, Tunceli ilinin Mazgirt ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi "Reşmezraa" olup 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren Oymadal adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaktadır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 49 km, Mazgirt ilçesine 15 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Mazgirt belde ve köyleri

Oymadal, Mazgirt


Nassourdine Imavov (en russe : Нассурдин Имавов), né le  à Khassaviourt au Daghestan (Russie), est un pratiquant d'arts martiaux mixtes (MMA) français d'origine daghestanaise. Il combat actuellement dans la catégorie des poids moyens de l'Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

Jeunesse et débuts en arts martiaux mixtes
Né le  au Daghestan, sujet de la fédération de Russie, Nassourdine Imavov commence la boxe à l'âge de 10 ans lorsque sa famille s'installe à Salon-de-Provence, dans les Bouches-du-Rhône. Par la suite, à l'âge de 19 ans, il découvre les arts martiaux mixtes (MMA) et s'installe à Paris avec son frère aîné Daguir. Tous deux rejoignent alors la MMA Factory, la salle de sports de combat de Fernand Lopez.

Carrière dans les arts martiaux mixtes

Début de carrière (2016-2019)
Le , il affronte le Français Majdeddine Ayadi à Paris, en France, et perd le combat par soumission. Le , il affronte le Russe Said Magomed Tachaev à Nîmes, en France, et remporte le combat par soumission. Le , il affronte le Français Yanis Cheufre à Saint-Étienne, en France, et remporte le combat par soumission. Le , il affronte l'Irlandais Paul Lawrence à Paola, à Malte, et remporte le combat par KO technique. Le , il affronte le Polonais Michał Michalski à Wrocław, en Pologne, et perd le combat par décision unanime. Le , il affronte le Maltais Gary Formosa à Paola, à Malte, et remporte le combat par KO technique.

Le , il affronte le Suisse Gregor Weibel à Lucerne, en Suisse, et remporte le combat par décision unanime. Le , il affronte l'Italien Francesco Demontis à Quartu Sant'Elena, en Italie, et remporte le combat par soumission. Le , il affronte le Polonais Mateusz Głuch à Kozienice, en Pologne, et remporte le combat par soumission. Le , il affronte le Canadien Jonathan Meunier à Dakar, au Sénégal, et remporte le combat par KO technique.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (depuis 2020)
Le , il affronte l'Américain Jordan Williams à Abou Dabi, aux Émirats arabes unis, et remporte le combat par décision unanime. Le , il affronte l'Américain Phil Hawes à Las Vegas, dans le Nevada, et perd le combat par décision majoritaire. Le , il affronte l'Américain Ian Heinisch à Las Vegas, dans le Nevada, et remporte le combat par KO technique. Le , il affronte l'Américain Edmen Shahbazyan à New York, dans l'État de New York, et remporte le combat par KO technique.

Le , il affronte l'Américain Joaquin Buckley à Paris, en France, à l'occasion de l'UFC Fight Night : Gane vs. Tuivasa et remporte ce combat par décision unanime. Le , il affronte l'Américain Sean Strickland à Las Vegas, dans le Nevada, et perd cette fois le combat par décision unanime.

Palmarès en arts martiaux mixtes

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1995
Naissance au Daghestan
Pratiquant américain d'arts martiaux mixtes
Combattant de l'UFC
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Nassourdine Imavov


Patrick M'Boma (født 15. november 1970) er en tidligere camerounsk fodboldspiller.

Camerouns fodboldlandshold

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||1||1
|-
|1997||10||6
|-
|1998||8||1
|-
|1999||4||3
|-
|2000||9||9
|-
|2001||9||4
|-
|2002||10||5
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||4||4
|-
!Total||57||33
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

 RSSSF

Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1998
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2002
Fodboldspillere fra Cameroun
Personer fra Doula

Patrick M'Boma


Louise de Ponsonnas, née le  et morte le  à Aix-en-Provence est une religieuse cistercienne, réformatrice de la congrégation des bernardines réformées.

Famille et naissance
Louise de Ponsonnas naît le  de Georges de Borel seigneur de Ponsonnas et Louise Alleman, sœur d'Alexandre Alleman vicomte de Pâquier et marquis de Trièves.

Jeunesse et premiers vœux
Elle entre à l'abbaye cistercienne des Ayes à Crolles à sept ans. Cette abbaye est dans la maison du vicomte de Pâquier et sa sœur Marie Louise en est la supérieure ; l'aînée de ses deux filles entre également au monastère et en devient coadjutrice dès sa profession à l'âge de 16 ans. Les religieuses de cette abbaye se comportent de façon peu édifiante, sortent de la clôture, y reçoivent des visites et s'y livrent à toutes les mondanités.

La volonté de réforme
Louise de Ponsonnas ressent le besoin de réformer son ordre conformément aux propositions de François de Sales, venu prêcher le carême en 1617 et 1618 dans le monastère. Elle se lie d'amitié avec Claudine de Buissonrond qui fait profession le même jour qu'elle et est victime avec elle de l'hostilité de leurs compagnes qui résistent à leur volonté. En 1622, elle se retire avec elle et Louise de Pâquier, la coadjutrice convertie à leurs idées, grâce au vicomte de Pâquier qui leur loue une maison à Grenoble après une entrevue avec Louise de Ballon. Sur la recommandation de l'abbé de Tamié, elles sont admises au couvent des Bernardines de Rumilly où elles se forment durant près de deux ans. Le , elles fondent l'abbaye Sainte-Cécile de Grenoble, dont Louise de Ponsonas devient la première abbesse, malgré le peu d'entrain de Pierre Scarron, évêque de Grenoble.

Les tensions
Sa forte personnalité l'oppose vite à Louise de Ballon, en particulier sur la rédaction des Constitutions de la nouvelle congrégation que Louise de Ponsonas réécrit en 1631 tout en modifiant à son avantage l'histoire de la réforme. Une partie notable des nouvelles fondations s'effectuant en France, elle argue de sa nationalité face à Louise de Ballon qui est savoyarde, donc étrangère, pour la supplanter progressivement à la direction et dans l'histoire de l'Ordre. Cette erreur à propos de la fondatrice des Bernardines réformées subsiste au moins jusqu'au début du . Alors que Rumilly se range sous la houlette de Louise de Ponsonnas, sa fille de La Roche-sur-Foron restée fidèle à Louise de Ballon est à l'origine des couvents de Toulon en 1637, Annecy en 1639, Cuers en 1640 et plus tard de Fréjus.

Fin de vie
Son corps devint contrefait et … sa taille se recourbant avec beaucoup de difformité elle perdit tout ce qu'elle avait dans l'extérieur qui pouvait plaire aux yeux. Atteinte d'infirmité Louise de Ponsonnas meurt à Aix-en-Provence le  à l'âge de 54 ans.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Articles connexes
 François de Sales
 Jeanne de Chantal
 Louise de Ballon

Religieuse catholique française
Cistercien
Fondateur français d'ordre
Naissance en septembre 1602
Naissance à Bellegarde-sur-Valserine
Naissance dans le duché de Savoie

Louise de Ponsonnas


Eberhard Röhm (* 11. September 1928) ist ein deutscher Religionspädagoge.

Leben
Bis 1972 war Röhm Religionslehrer am Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium in Leonberg. Von 1972 bis 1993 wirkte er als Pfarrer und Dozent am Pädagogisch-Theologischen Zentrum Stuttgart und war zugleich Redakteur der Zeitschrift entwurf. Er ist Gründer der KZ-Gedenkstätteninitiative Leonberg, dessen Vorsitzender er bis 2012 war. 2003 erhielt er den ersten Ehrendoktor der Erziehungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln. Gemeinsam mit Eckhart Marggraf gab er die Reihe Oberstufe Religion heraus. Er arbeitete auch am Grundkurs Judentum (hrsg. von Dieter Petri und Jörg Thierfelder) mit.

Veröffentlichungen
 Evangelische Kirche zwischen Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Bilder und Texte einer Ausstellung. Calwer, Stuttgart 1981, 19833, 4., unveränd. Aufl. 1990, ISBN 3-7668-0688-2.
 Sterben für den Frieden. Spurensicherung: Hermann Stöhr (1898–1940) und die ökumenische Friedensbewegung. Calwer, Stuttgart 1985.
 Kirche – Staat – Politik. Zum Öffentlichkeitsauftrag der Kirche. Calwer, Stuttgart 1985.
 (Mit Jörg Thierfelder):  Juden, Christen, Deutsche 1933-1945 (= Calwer Taschenbibliothek. Bd. 8 [u. weitere in loser Folge]). 4 Bände in 7 Teilbänden. Calwer, Stuttgart 1990–2007, ISBN 978-3-7668-3934-3 (Bd. 1-4.2), 3-7668-3934-9 (Bd. 1-4.2).
 (Mit Wolfgang Schiele): Auf den Spuren von KZ und Zwangsarbeit in Leonberg. Hrsg. von der Stadt, Stadtarchiv und der KZ-Gedenkstätteninitiative Leonberg e.V., Leonberg 2003, ISBN 3-933636-08-6.
 (Mit Hartmut Ludwig u. Jörg Thierfelder): Evangelisch getauft – als "Juden" verfolgt. Theologen jüdischer Herkunft in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Ein Gedenkbuch. Calwer Verlag, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-7668-4299-2, S. 70f. (Kurztext, abgerufen am 22. März 2016).
 Das KZ Natzweiler-Struthof in den Vogesen und seine Außenlager in Baden, Württemberg und Hohenzollern. Eine Handreichung zum Besuch der Gedenkstätten (incl. CD-ROM mit weiteren Bildern, Dokumenten, Texten und Unterrichtsvorschlägen). Hrsg. von der Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Baden-Württemberg in Zusammenarbeit mit der Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Gedenkstätten in Baden-Württemberg. Erarb. von: Eva Bernhardt, aktualis. von Sibylle Thelen, Torsten Liebig. Red.: Eberhard Röhm, Konrad Pflug. 2., aktualisierte Aufl., LpB, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-945414-10-1.

Literatur
 Ich erzähle dir meine Wege . Eberhard Röhm zum 65. Geburtstag am 11. September '93. Hrsg. vom Pädagogisch-Theologischen Zentrum der Evang. Landeskirche in Württemberg (Stuttgart), Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-933636-08-6.

Weblinks

 Homepage der KZ-Gedenkstätte Leonberg, abgerufen am 22. März 2016.
 Foto von Eberhard Röhm

Einzelnachweise

Religionspädagoge (Christentum)
Evangelischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Schulbuchautor
Person (Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes am Bande
Ehrendoktor der Universität zu Köln
Deutscher
Geboren 1928
Mann

Eberhard Röhm


Eliakim Sibanda est un enseignant chercheur de l'université de Winnipeg au Canada, né au Zimbabwe.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts

Titulaire de plusieurs diplômes d'études supérieures en éducation, en histoire puis en droits de l'homme, Eliakim Sibanda a fait ces études aux États-Unis. Eliakim Sibanda détient un doctorat en changement social, spécialisé dans les droits de l'homme  qu'il obtient à l'Université de Denver et de la Iliff School of Theology et d'un autre doctorat en histoire de l'Université du Colorado à Boulder aux États-Unis.

Carrière
Eliakim Sibanda a été directeur fondateur du Global College. Il est alors chargé d'élaborer le programme d'études sur les droits de l'homme et les études mondiales. Professeur et ancien directeur du département d'histoire, il a également dispensé au sein de ce même établissement dès sa fondation, des cours de droits de l'homme. Titulaire d'un doctorat, il est aussi consultant auprès des organisations menant des recherches sur la paix et les conflits. Le Dr. Eliakim M. Sibanda est actuellement professeur, responsable des études supérieures, programme conjoint sur la paix et les conflits à l'université de Winnipeg .
En 2008, Eliakim Sibanda apporte grâce à ses articles, des contributions sur une encyclopédie internationale de la révolution et de la protestation publiée par Wiley Blackwell.

Publications
 L'Union populaire africaine du Zimbabwe, 1961-1987 : Une histoire politique de l'insurrection en Rhodésie du Sud.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Liens externes

Écrivain zimbabwéen
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)
Naissance au Zimbabwe
Étudiant de l'université de Denver
Étudiant de l'université du Colorado à Boulder

Eliakim Sibanda