බැබිලෝනියාව යනු මධ්‍යම-දක්ෂිණ මෙසපොටේමියාව (වර්තමාන ඉරාකය) පදනම්ව පැවැති පුරාතන සෙමිටික් ජාතික රාජ්‍යයක් සහ සංස්කෘතික ප්‍රදේශයක් වෙයි. ක්‍රිපූ 1894 පමණ වන විට එය ස්වාධීන රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙසින් නැගී ආ අතර, බැබිලන් නගරය එහි අගනුවර විය. හමුරාබි (රාජ්‍ය. මධ්‍ය කාලානුක්‍රමය පරිදී ක්‍රිපූ 1792- 1752 පමණ, හෝ කෙටි කාලානුක්‍රමය පරිදී ක්‍රිපූ 1696 – 1654 පමණ) විසින්  පූර්ව ඇකැඩියානු අධිරාජ්‍යයේ බල ප්‍රදේශයන් භාවිතා කරමින් අධිරාජ්‍යයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව ප්‍රදේශයෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ බලවේගයක් බවට බැබිලෝනියාව පත් විය.

එහි ඇමරයිට් ප්‍රාරම්භකයෝ සහ කැසයිට් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයෝ දේශීය ඇකැඩියානුවන් නොවුනද, බැබිලෝනියාව විසින් එහි  නිල භාවිතය සඳහා  (එහි ස්වදේශීය  මහජනයාගේ භාෂාව ලෙසින්), සෙමිටික් ඇකේඩියානු භාෂාව නියුක්ත කර ගන්නා ලදි.  ආගමික භාවිතය සඳහා සුමේරියානු භාෂාව නියුක්ත කර ගත් නමුදු, බැබිලන් නගරය පිහිටුවා ගත් කාලය වන විට එය තව දුරටත් වාචික භාෂාවක් නොවීය. මුල් ඇකේඩියානු සහ  සුමේරියානු සම්ප්‍රදායයන් බැබිලෝනියානු  (සහ ඇසිරියානු) සංස්කෘතියෙහි ඉමහත් භූමිකාවක් ඉටු කල අතර, බොහෝ කල් පැවති පිටස්තර පාලනය යටතේදී පවා, ප්‍රදේශය වැදගත් සංස්කෘතික කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයක් ලෙසින් පැවතිණි.

බැබිලන් නගරය පිළිබඳ ආදිතම සටහන හමුවන්නේ ක්‍රිපූ 23වන සියවස දක්වා කාල නිර්ණය වන ඇකාඩ්හී සාගෝන්  (ක්‍රීපූ 2334- 2279) රාජ්‍ය සමයෙහි පුවරුව කය. මෙම කාල සීමාව වන විට බැබිලන් නගරය හුදෙක් ආගමික සහ සංස්කෘතික කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයක් පමණක්  වූ අතර ස්වාධීන රාජ්‍යයක් නොවීය; මෙසපොටේමියාවේ සෙසු පෙදෙස්  මෙන්ම එයද, ඇකේඩියානු සහ සුමේරියානු කථකයන් එක් සේසත් කල ඇකේඩියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය යටතේ පාලනය විය.  ඇකේඩියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය බිඳවැටීමත් හා සමගම දශක කිහිපයක කාල සීමාවක් තුල දකුණු මෙසපොටේමියානු ප්‍රදේශය අභිභවනය කලේ  ගූටියන්වරු විසින් වන අතර ඉන් අනතුරුව බැබිලන් ඇතුළු සමස්ත මෙසපොටේමියාව ආවරණය කල සුමේරියානු තෙවන ඌර් රාජවංශයෙහි නැග සීටීම සිදුවිය. ඊළම්වරුන් (ක්‍රිපූ 2002 සාම්ප්‍රදායික, ක්‍රිපූ 1940 කෙටි) හමුවේ "ඌර්-III" රාජවංශය බිඳවැටීමත් හා සමගම,  වෙනත් සෙමිටික් ජනකොටසක් වූ ඇමරයිට්වරු, කුඩා රාජධානි මාලාවක් පිහිටුවාලීම තුලින් දකුණු මෙසපොටේමියාවේ බොහෝ පෙදෙස් මත ක්‍රමයෙන් සිය අණසක පතුරුවාලූ අතර, ඇසිරියානුවෝ උතුරු පෙදෙස්හී ඔවුන්ගේ ස්වාධීනත්වය යළි තහවුරු කර ගත්හ. "ඇමරයිට් යුගය" ලෙසින් හැඳින්වුනු කාලසීමාවෙහි මුල් සියවස් තුලදී, පළමුවන ෂම්සි-අඩාඩ් විසින් ඇසිරියාවේ රාජාසනය පැහැරගෙන  උතුරෙහි මන්දායුෂ්ක අධිරාජ්‍යයක් පිහිටවුවද,  දකුණෙහි බෙහෙවින් බලගතු නගර රාජ්‍යයන් වූයේ  ඉසින් සහ ලාර්සා යන ඒවාය.

බැබිලෝනියානු කලාව හා ගෘහ නිර්මාණකරණය

බැබිලෝනියානු ඉදිකිරීම් වල ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැටි භාවිතා කර ඇති අතර පාෂාණ භාවිතා කිරීමක් එකල දක්නට නොලැබේ. මැටි පාලම්, ආරුක්කු හා කාණු පද්ධති මේ සදහා නිදර්ශන ලෙස ගෙනහැර දැක්විය හැක.

බැබිලෝනියාෙවි ඇති ත්‍රිමාණ ඉදිකිරීම් අතර පැරණිතම නිර්මාණය ලෙස ටෙලෝ (ඔැකකදය) ප්‍රතිමාව සැලකිය හැක. එරට තිබූ පාෂාන වල හිඟකම නිසා ඒවාට විශාල වටිනාකමක් තිබිණි. එමෙන්ම මැණික් කැපීම වැනි ශිල්පයන්ගේද විශාල දියුණුවක් තිබිණි.

ජෝතිශය/තාරකා විද්‍යාව

බැබිලෝනියානු සමාජයේ ජෝතිශය විද්‍යාව හා තාරකා විද්‍යාව වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිතව පැවතිණි. වර්තමානයේ භාවිතාවන රාශි චක්‍රය ද බැබිලෝනියාවෙන් බිහිවූ දෙයකි. ඔවුන් පුරාණයේ සිටම අහසේ තරු වල පිහිටීම අධ්‍යයනය කර ඒවායේ තොරතුරු රජතුමා හට දැන්වීය. තවද බැබිලෝනියානුවන් එකල දින දර්ශනයක් භාවිතා කර ඇති අතර එහි දින හතකින් යුත් සති ද දින පහකින් යුත් සතිද දක්වා ඇත.

පුරාණ බැබිලෝනියානු සෙල්ලිපි වල දක්වා ඇතිපරිදි ඔවුන් එකල විවිධ ගණිත ක්‍රම උපයෝගී කර තාරකා විද්‍යාව සම්බන්ධ විවිධ ගණනය කිරීම් සිදුකර ඇත. තවද ඔවුන්ට ග්‍රහලෝකවල චලිතය පිළිබඳවත් මනා අවබෝධයක් තිබුනු බවටද සාක්ෂි ඇත. මීට හොඳම නිදසුන වනුයේ ඔවුන් පෘථීවිය සිය අක්ෂය වටේ භ්‍රමණය වෙමින් සූර්යයා වටේ පරිභ්‍රමණය වන බවත් එකල සොයාගෙන තිබීමයි.

බැබිලෝනියානු  සෞඛ්‍යය

පුරාණ බැබිලෝනියානු වෛද්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථවල සඳහන් කරුණු වලට අනුව ක්‍රි.පු 2 හි පමණ පැවති රාජ පරම්පරාව දක්වාම දිවයන ඉතිහාසයක් වෙදකමට ඇත.  එකල වෛද්‍ය එසාගිල් කින් අජලි වැනි විද්වතුන් අතින් ලියැවුනු බොසිප්පා (ඊදරිසචච්) වැනි වෙදපොත් මීට නිදර්ශන ලෙස ගෙන හැර දැක්විය හැක.

සමකාලීන ඊජිප්තු වෙදකම හා සබැදුනු පුරාණ බැබිලෝනියානු වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව රෝග නිවාරණය පිණිස ඉතාමත් දියුණු ක්‍රමවේදයන් අනුගමනය කර ඇති බවට සාක්ෂි ඇත.  ඉහත දී සඳහන් කල බොඩිප්පා වෛද්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථයේ මේ පිළිබඳ වැඩිදුරටත් දීර්ඝ ලෙස විස්තර කර ඇත.

සාහිත්‍යය

එකල බැබිලෝනියාවේ සෑම ප්‍රධාන නගරයකම පාහේ පුස්තකාල පැවති බවට සාධක ඇත.  මෙකල බිහිවූ සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණ අතර බොහොමයක් සුමේරියානු පරිවර්තනයන්ය.  ව්‍යාකරණ ආදි වූ භාෂාමය නීතීරිති වලින් මනාව පෝෂණය වූ නිර්මාණ එකල ඔවුන් ලේඛනගත කොට ඇත. ගිග්ලමේෂ් (ටසකට්පැිය) මහා කාව්‍ය වැනි නිර්මාණ ආදි බැබිලෝනියාවේ පැවති සාහිත්‍යමය දියුණුව මොනවට විදහාපායි.

බැබිලෝනියාවේ එල්ලෙන උයන

බැබි‍ලෝනියාවේ එල්ලෙන උයන, සෙමිරමිස් හි එල්ලෙන උයන යනුවෙන්ද හඳුන්වයි. එය අතීත ලෝක පුදුම හතෙන් එකක් ලෙස ද සැලකිණි. ක්‍රි.පූ. 600 ට ආසන්න කාලයේ දී ගොඩනැගුනු එය ඉදිකරන ලද්දේ දෙවන නෙබුකැඩ්නෙසර් රජතුමා විසිනි. ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරුවල සඳහන් වන පරිදි එය ඉදිකර ඇත්තේ ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ වන මිඩියා හී ඇමිටිස් රුජිනගේ තෘප්තිය සඳහාය. එම උයන් සමුහය ක්‍රි.පූ. දෙවන ශතවර්ෂයේ ඇති වූ භූමිකම්පාවක් හේතුවෙන්  විනාශයට පත්විය. එම එල්ලෙන උයන් පිළිබඳ සවිස්තරාත්මක වාර්තා ග්‍රීක ඉතිහාසඥයන් වන, ස්ට්‍රෝබෝ හා ඩ්‍රයඩෝරස් සික්සුලස් විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරනු ලැබීය. කල්යත්ම එම උයන්වල සැබෑ පිහිටීම, නයින්වේ(Nineveh) ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි උයන් සමූහයෙන් වෙන්කර හඳුනාගැනීමට අපහසු වී ඇත. මන්දයත් එම ප්‍රදේශයේ තිබු සෙල්ලිපි වලත්, උයන් සමුහය පිළිබඳව සඳහන් වී තිබිණි.  එම උයන් නිර්මාණයේදී ජලය ඉහළ තැනකට එසවීම සඳහා ආකිමිඩිස් ඉස්කුරුප්පු මුලධර්මයට සමාන වූ ක්‍රමවේදයක් භාවිතා කළ බව එම සෙල්ලිපි වල තවදුරටත් විස්තර වේ.

මෙහි පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ ඇතිවු මතවාද

බැබිලෝනියාවේ එල්ලෙන උයන් හි පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳ මතවාද රාශියකි. එම මතවාද සඳහා මුලික වී ඇත්තේ එය සත්‍යය නිර්මාණයක් ද, නැතහොත් කාව්‍යමය නිර්මාණයක් ද යන්නයි. එයට ප්‍රධාන හේතුව වන්නේ බැබිලෝනියානු ඉතිහාසයේ මෙම උයන් පිළිබඳව අඩු වශයෙන් සඳහන් වී තිබීමයි. මෙම එල්ලෙන උයන් පිළිබඳව පළමුවෙන්ම සඳහන් කරන්නේ 4 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ ජීවත් වූ බෙරෝසස් නම් පූජකතුමාය. පසුකාලීනව එම වාර්තා  සහතික කළ ග්‍රීක ඉතිහාසඥයෝ ඒ සම්බන්ධයෙන් තවත් බොහෝ විචාර ඉදරිපත් කළහ.

ඉරාකයේ රජමාළිගාව ආසන්නයේ මෑතකදී පැවති පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක කැණීම් වලින් අනාවරණය වී ඇත්තේ එය සේප්පු හා ළිං සහිත විශාල ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් බවය. එහෙත් එම ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ පිහිටීම එල්ලෙන උයන් වල පිහිටීම තුළින් වාර්තා වූ පිහිටීමට පටහැනි වේ. ග්‍රීක ඉතිහාසඥයන් මෙම එල්ලෙන උයන යුෆ්‍රටීස් ගඟ අසබඩ ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් ලෙස වාර්තා කිරීම එයට හේතුවයි . නමුත් මෙම ගොඩනැගිල්ල පිහිටා ඇත්තේයුෆ්‍රටීස් ගංගාවට මදක් දුරින් ය.

නව බැබිලෝනියානු යුගය (චාල්දියන් යුගය)

මෙසපොටේමියානු පාලන සමයේ බැබිලෝනියාව යනු ප්‍රබල යටත් විජිතයකි. නමුත් ක්‍රි.පු 627 දී අෂුර් බනිපාල්(Asburbanispul )  නැමැති මෙසපෝටේනියානු නායකයාගේ මරණින් පසුව මෙම තත්ත්වය වෙනස් විය. මෙම සමයේදී මෙසපෝටේනියාවට එරෙහිව බැබලෝනියාව කැරළි ගසන ලදී. ඒ අනුව ක්‍රි.පු. 612 දී බැබිලෝනියාව නැවත නිදහස් රාජ්‍යයක් ලස බලයට පත් විය.

නිදහස් බැබිලෝනියාවේ ප්‍රථම අධිරාජ්‍යයා වශයෙන් නිදහස් සටනේ පුරෝගාමියා ලෙස කටයුතු කළ නැබෝපොලොසිසාර් (Nabopolassar ) බලයට පත් විය. ඉන්පසු ඔහුගේ පුත් නොවුඩ් නෙසාර් II (Nebuckaclenezzar II) අධිරාජ්‍යයා විය. පොයනිෂියා (Phoenicia) සහ ඊජිප්තුව ආක්‍රමණය කළ ඔහු බැබිලෝනියාව නැවතත් ශිෂ්ඨ ලොව ප්‍රධානතම රාජ්‍යයක් බවට පත් කළේය.

නමුත් ක්‍රි.පු 539 දී සයිරස් නම් ඊලාම් දේශයේ සිට පැමිණි අධිරාජ්‍යයා විසින් බැබිලෝනියාව නැවතත් ආක්‍රමණය කළේය. මේඩිස් රාජ්‍යයේ සහ මෙසපෝටේනියානු රාජ්‍යයන්හි පාලකයා වු ඔහු බැබිලෝනියාව අත්පත් කර ගැනිමෙන් පසුව මුළු මහත් පර්සියාවේම අධිරාජ්‍යය බවට පත් විය.

ක්‍රි.පු. 529 දී සයිරස් අධිරාජ්‍යයා මිය යෑමට වසරකට පෙර ඔහු තම පුත් කැබිඩියස්  II Camvses බැබිලෝනියාවේ රජතුමා බවට නම් කළේය. ඉන්පසු ඩාර්යස් හිස්ටස්පිස් (Dariues Hystaspis)  නම් සොරාස්ට්‍රිස් (Zorastrian) ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැමිණි කැරළිකරුවෙකු පර්සියාවේ ඔටුන්න දැරීය ඩාරියස් පර්සිාව යටතේ කරගත් පසුව බැබිලෝනියාව හට ඉතා කෙටි කාලින නිදහසක් හිමි විය. මෙම කලාවකවානුවේදී  නිඩින්ටා බෙල් හෙවත් නඩුබන්ඩිනෝසාර් III (Nebuckaclenezzar III) රජතුමා  විසින් රාජ්‍යය කරන ලදි. ඔහු ක්‍රි.පු. 522 සිට ක්‍රි.පු 520 අගෝස්තු මස දක්වා ඩාරිසයස් බැබිලෝනියානු අක්‍රමණය කරන තෙක් රාජය පාලනය කළේය. ඉන්පසු ක්‍රි.පු 514 දී බැබිලෝනියාව අරකාත් (Arakka) නම් කැරළිනායකයා යටතේ නැවතත් පර්සියාවට එරෙහිව සටන් වැදුණාහ.

බැබිලෝනියාව

බැබිලෝනියාව


Optix S.A () este o firma din Bulgaria pentru producția de optică, specializat în producția de ansambluri și a dispozitivelor de uz civil militare și optico și optoelectronice. Compania efectuează întregul proces de producție, de la proiectarea și implementarea de prototipuri la producția de serie de componente, ansambluri și dispozitive.

Cifra de afaceri

2006: 11.997 milioane BGN
2007: 23.719 milioane BGN
2012: 26.8 milioane BGN
2013: 25 milioane BGN

Angajați

Note

Legături externe
optixco.com - Site web oficial

Companii de electronice
Optică
Companii din Bulgaria
Fondări în 1998

Optix S.A.


Suzhou kan henvise til disse stednavn i Kina:

 Suzhou – by på præfekturniveau i provinsen Jiangsu
 Suzhou (Anhui) – by på præfekturniveau i den nordlige del af provinsen Anhui
 Suzhou (Jiuquan) – et bydistrikt i kinesiske provinsen Gansu. Det tilhører byprefekturet Jiuquan

 Suzhou (flod) – flod i Kina som løber gennem Shanghais centrum
 Suzhou-talsystemet – talsystem, der blev brugt i Kina før det arabiske talsystem blev indført

Suzhou (flertydig)


Sárdoma es una parroquia del municipio de Vigo, en la comunidad autónoma de Galicia, España.

Datos básicos
Según datos del padrón de 2010, contaba con una población de 2.219 habitantes, repartidos en 9 entidades de población.

Geografía

Parroquia muy próxima al núcleo urbano de Vigo, ocupa una profunda y llana cuenca aluvial en el fondo del valle del Río Lagares. Su territorio posee una elevada densidad industrial, con varios polígonos industriales, como el de Fragosiño.

En Sárdoma se encuentra el Seminario Mayor de la Diócesis de Tuy-Vigo, un importante centro comercial y la ermita de San Roque, copatrón de la ciudad de Vigo y concurrida romería el 16 de agosto. Además posee importantes elementos patrimoniales, como el puente medieval sobre el Lagares, el Pazo da Raposeira (de 1625), el Pazo de San Roque
(de 1688), así como la iglesia parroquial de San Pedro de Sárdoma o la Casa Grande de Aires (construcción palaciega del siglo XVIII)

Referencias

Parroquias de Vigo

Sárdoma


Akrilonitril bütadien stiren veya kısaltılmış ismi ile ABS, (kimyasal formülü (C8H8•C4H6•C3H3N)x) kalıp yolu ile üretilen ürünlerde çok yaygın olarak kullanılan hafif ve sert bir polimerdir. Borular, otomotiv parçaları, koruyucu kasklar ve oyuncaklar (örneğin: Lego) kullanım alanlarında birkaçıdır.

Bu malzeme polibütadien içinde stiren ve akrilonitrilin polimerizasyonu ile elde edilen bir kopolimerdir. İçerdiği madde oranları %15-35 arası akrilonitril, %5-30 arası butadien ve %40-60 arası stiren olarak değişiklik gösterebilir. Sonuç olarak, Polistiren ve akrilonitrilin kısa zincirleri ile polibütadienin uzun zincirlerinin çapraz bağlanmasıdır. Komşu zincirlerden nitril grupları, kutupsal olarak diğer zincirleri çekip bağlayarak, saf polistirenden daha dayanıklı olan, ABS oluşturular. Stiren plastiğe parlaklık ve iyi yüzey verir. Bütadien, kauçuk özelliklerini, düşük sıcaklıkta esnek olabilmeyi sağlar. ABS, en uygun −25 °C ve 60 °C arasında kullanılabilir.

1 kg ABS üretimi için, hammadde olarak 2 kg petrole ve enerjiye ihtiyaç vardır. Dünyadaki en büyük ABS hammadde üreticisi Tayvan'dadır.

Termoplastikler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kimyasal maddeler

Akrilonitril bütadien stiren


Araucaria hunsteinii (klinki o klinkii)  es una especie de  Araucaria oriunda de las regiones montañosas de  Papua Nueva Guinea. Se encuentra en peligro de extinción por perdida de hábitat natural.

Descripción
Es un árbol de hoja perenne y considerables dimensiones, es la especie de más alta dentro de las araucarias y también el árbol de mayor altura en Nueva Guinea. Alcanza entre 50 y 80 metros de longitud, excepcionalmente puede llegar a los 90 de alto y 3 metros de diámetro. Se cultiva para producción de madera en zonas de clima muy húmedo.

Taxonomía
Araucaria hunsteinii fue descrita por Karl Moritz Schumann y publicado en Die Flora von Kaiser Wilhelms Land 11, t. 4, f. 8. 1889.
Etimología
Araucaria: nombre genérico geográfico que alude a su localización en Arauco.

hunsteinii:epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en el Monte Hunstein de Papúa Nueva Guinea.
Sinonimia
 Araucaria klinkii Lauterb.
 Araucaria schumanniana Warb.
 Titanodendron hunsteinii (K.Schum.) A.V.Bobrov & Melikyan
 Titanodendron klinkii (Lauterb.) A.V.Bobrov & Melikyan
 Titanodendron schumanniana (Warb.) A.V.Bobrov & Melikyan

Referencias

Enlaces externos

hunsteinii
Flora de Nueva Guinea
Plantas descritas en 1889
Plantas descritas por K.Schum.
Maderas

Araucaria hunsteinii


Georges Bernanos (født 20. februar 1888 i Paris, død 5. juli 1948 i Neuilly-sur-Seine) var en fransk forfatter. Blandt hans mest kendte værker kan nævnes Under Satans sol og En landsbypræsts dagbog, som begge er filmatiseret, instrueret af Maurice Pialat hhv. Robert Bresson.

Bibliografi
 Sous le Soleil de Satan (Under Satans Sol) (1926)
 Saint Dominique (1927)
 L'lmposture (1927)
 La Joie (1928)
 Jeanne D'Arc (1929)
 La Grande peur des Bien-Pensants (1932)
 Un Crime  (1935)
 Journal d'un Cure de Campagne (En landsbypræsts dagbog) (1936)
 Nouvelle Histoire de Mouchette (Historien om en anden Mouchette) (1937)
 Les Grands Cimetieres sous la Lune (1938)
 Scandale de la Verite (1938)
 Nous autres Francais (1939)
 Lettre aux Anglais (1942)
 Monsieur Ouine (1943)
 Le Chemin de la Croix-des-Ames (1943 og 1944)
 The Open Mind (1945), oversat til engelsk af Geoffrey Dunlop.

Romaner oversat til dansk
 En landsbypræsts dagbog (Journal d'un curé de campagne, 1935-36)
 Historien om en anden Mouchette (Nouvelle histoire de Mouchette, 1937)
 Under Satans Sol (Sous le soleil de Satan, 1926)

Filmatisering
 Under Satans sol (1987)
 En landsbypræsts dagbog (1951)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Romanforfattere fra Frankrig
Personer fra Paris

Georges Bernanos


Maira Bodenhöfer Holzapfel (Santiago, 16 de mayo de 1987) es una actriz chilena de cine, teatro y televisión.

Biografía
Hija del actor Bastián Bodenhofer y de la actriz y directora de la Escuela de Teatro, Consuelo Holzapfel, además profesora de teatro, y hermana menor del también actor Damián Bodenhöfer, comienza a abrirse paso en el mundo de las tablas, especialmente en Santiago. Luego de egresar de la Escuela de Teatro de Casa Central, ya comienza a analizar proyectos relacionados con cine y televisión.

Filmografía

Cine
 Tiempos decentes
 Viudas (cortometraje)
 Calzones rotos (2018) de Arnaldo Valsecchi

Televisión
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Año !! Título !! Papel !! Canal !!Notas
|-
|2005
|Heredia & Asociados
|
|TVN
|-
|2011
|12 días que estremecieron Chile
|Paula
|rowspan=2|Chilevisión
|-
|2014
|Las 2 Carolinas
|Doctora
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|Los años dorados
|Dolores Peña (joven)
|UCV Televisión
|-
|Código rosa
|Natalia
|Mega
|-
|2018
|Grandes pillos
|Verónica Rajii (joven)
|Chilevisión
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|Amar a morir
|Cecilia Donoso (joven)
|TVN
|-
|Isla Paraíso
|Hermana Aurora
|Mega
|-
|2021
|Isabel
|Francisca Llona
|Prime Video
|-
|2021-2022
|Pobre novio
|Sara Fernández
|Mega
|}

 Teatro
 Toc Toc (Dirección: Laurent Baffie)
 Flamenco Infusión (Directora)
 Ese algo que nunca compartí contigo'' (Director: Bastián Bodenhöfer)

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Santiago de Chile
Actrices de cine de Chile
Actrices de teatro de Chile
Actrices de televisión de Chile

Maira Bodenhöfer


مجموعة مكلارين هي مجوعة شركات لصناعة وتطوير سيارات السباق يملكها رون دينيس، مركزها هو مركز مكلارين للتكنولوجيا في بلدة ووكينغ جنوب شرق بريطانيا، عمل الشركة يتمحور حول إدارة وتطوير فريق فودافون مكلارين مرسيدس لسباق سيارات فورميلا 1.

فروع الشركة
 فريق سباق مكلارين : الشركة التي تقف خلف فريق فودافون مكلارين مرسيدس لسباق سيارات فورميلا 1.
 شركة مكلارين للسيارات: شركة لإنتاج سيارت الطرق العادية.
 مكلارين للأنظمة الإلكترونية: وتعنى بتطوير التقنيات الإلكترونية في سيارات السباق.
 مكلارين للتسويق.

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1985 في إنجلترا
تكتل شركات أسست في 1985
تكتل شركات في المملكة المتحدة
سيارات سباقات
شركات بريطانية أسست في 1985
شركات تصنيع في المملكة المتحدة
شركات القطاع الخاص في المملكة المتحدة
شركات سيارات في إنجلترا
شركات صناعة قطع السيارات
شركات قابضة أسست في 1985
شركات قابضة في المملكة المتحدة
شركات مقرها في سري
شركات خاصة في إنجلترا

مجموعة مكلارين


Carlos Percy Liza Espinoza (Chimbote, Província do Santa, Região Áncash, Peru; 10 de maio de 2000) é um futebolista peruano. Joga como atacante e sua equipa actual é o Sporting Cristal da Une 1 de Peru.

Nascido e criado na cidade de Chimbote, aos 16 anos arraigou-se em Lima, onde o Sporting Cristal acedeu a disciplinarlo depois de seu translado à capital. Após uma rápida progressão através da Equipa de Reservas do Clube Sporting Cristal proclamando-se campeão do Torneio de Promoção em 2018, fez sua debut oficial com a primeira equipa aos 18 anos, em abril de 2019. Depois de ser propenso a lesões nos inícios de sua carreira, estabeleceu-se uma temporada mais na reserva atingindo o bicampeonato nesse ano. Ao ano seguinte estabeleceu-se como jogador fundamental para o clube obtendo seu primeiro título como profissional na temporada 2020, durante a que com o Sporting Cristal seria campeão do torneio. Seguiu uma temporada mais, na que Liza atingiu a ganhar o Torneio Apertura, Copa Bicentenario e proclamar-se-ia subcampeón do torneio.

Infância e inícios

Carlos Percy Liza Espinoza nasceu em Chimbote, no departamento de Ancash. Percy crio-se numa família cristã e num lar de condições médias. Começou a destacar entre seus colegas da Escola de Futebol José Gálvez FBC, seu primeiro clube e onde trabalhava. Tinha como ídolos a Paolo Guerreiro e Karim Benzema. Em 2014, passar a fazer parte do Clube Desportivo José Olaya, esse mesmo ano contínuo sua carreira no Centro de Formação Chimbote. Liza passo a fazer parte da Academia SiderPerú em 2015. Ao ano seguinte, seguiria sua carreira juvenil na Universidade San Pedro até a seguinte temporada, depois de jogar pela Região Ancash num Torneio Regional disputando as etapas finais em Ponte Pedra. Em 2017, o área de scouting do elenco celeste realizou uma prova para fichar pelo Clube Sporting Cristal e passo a fazer parte do clube de Lima, a capital peruana, tendo que se mudar sozinho e afastar de sua família.

Uma vez finalizado o translado, começou seu novo periplo na disciplina do clube limeño a partir da temporada 2018. Na cantera dirigida por Pablo Zegarra atribuíram-lhe, junto ao resto de seus colegas —entre eles Jesús Castillo, Freddy Castro, Paulo Gallardo, Rafael Lutiger e Diego Soto—, psicólogos, tutores personalizados que lhe orientavam em seus estudos e médicos que observavam seu crescimento físico, o que contribuiu a sua formação como pessoa e futebolista. Percy Liza conseguiria o bicampeonato com a equipa de reservas (2018 e 2019) e seria um dos goleadores das canteras.

Carreira em clubes

Club Sporting Cristal

Debut e primeiros anos (2019-presente)
Seu grande desenvolvimento futebolístico acabou-lhe levando a jogar seus primeiros minutos com a primeira equipa o 30 de janeiro de 2019, num partido amistoso contra o Emelec, naquele tempo treinado por Ismael Rescalvo, no Estádio George Capwell. O 3 de fevereiro, foi convocado para jogar outro amistoso, desta vez contra a Academia Cantolao pelo Dia da Raça Celeste.

A inícios de abril Liza assinou seu primeiro contrato profissional com o clube para 2 anos. Claudio Vivas fazer debutar em partido oficial contra o Ayacucho FC, no Estádio Cidade de Cumaná o 6 de abril de 2019. Com dezoito anos, dez meses e vinte e seis dias, sendo um dos canteranos em debutar em Primeira Divisão. O 22 de maio debutó na Copa Sudamericana ante a União Espanhola; no entanto para o partido de volta foi separado por indisciplina. Marcou seu primeiro golo oficial ao Clube Universitário de Desportos, na sétima jornada do campeonato de Une o 20 de novembro de 2020. O 12 de dezembro, o Sporting Cristal jogou o partido de volta pelos Play-offs de une-a 1 contra o Ayacucho FC onde Liza anotou o último golo assegurando o passe de equipa à final. Leste foi, depois de jogar-se a final contra Universitário, o primeiro título da temporada que ganhou com a equipa celeste.

Durante o início do 2021, Liza renovou seu contrato com o clube celeste por duas temporadas. No entanto teve uma discreta participação pela Fase 1. O 6 de maio debutó na #Copa Libertadores ante Rentistas, partido no que sofreu uma lesão de joelhos. Depois de uma má participação até mediados de ano, Liza jogaria um de seus melhores partidos no início da Fase 2 anotando um golo de cabeça e fomentando um penal para sua equipa na vitória ante Cantolao por 4-2. O 27 de julho, Liza ganhou seu segundo título no futebol peruano, a Copa Bicentenario, após anotar dois golos na vitória de Cristal por 2-1 ante o Carlos A. Mannucci, com esta vitória classificar-se-ia à Supercopa Peruana 2022. O 23 de agosto, anotou um golo sobre o Cusco FC 4-1. O seguinte golo conseguiu-o o 27 de agosto, numa vitória por 1-0 sobre o FBC Melgar. Dias depois, o 17 de setiembre marcaria um golo na vitória sobre a Universidade Técnica de Cajamarca por 6-1. No seguinte partido anotaria um golo na derrota 1-3 em frente a Mannucci. Liza reapareceria com uma participação magistral, anotando e assistindo na vitória em frente a Binacional por 4-3. Percy Liza disputaria a final em frente ao Clube Aliança Lima onde obteve o subcampeonato com Cristal depois de perder com um resultado global por 1-0. Depois de uma boa temporada recebeu o prêmio ao Jogador Revelação e seria eleito no onze ideal de une-a 1, ademais foi elogiado por Paolo Guerreiro. Liza após terminar a temporada seu valor se quintuplico, sendo interesse de vários clubes e depois de estar de férias por Europa, foi directo a Bélgica para presenciar um partido do Anderlecht em Bruxelas em frente ao quadro do Zulte Waregem onde esteve ao lado de seu representante pelo que diversos meios desse país sustentaram que poderia ser uma aposta pelo quadro belga; seu compatriota, Andrés Mendoza, afirmou que o jogador deveria poder deixar seu clube, se adaptar e ficar em Europa, ademais mencionou que seu estilo de jogo faz que facilmente se adaptasse ao futebol belga.

Depois de especulações com o clube belga, Liza seguiria no clube limeño devido a isso se incorporou à pretemporada na Flórida.

Perfil de jogador

Estilo de jogo
Liza tem sido descrito por Roberto Mosquera como um "grande talento futebolístico". Seu talento e precoces actuações com Sporting Cristal em 2021 também o levaram a ser comparado com Kylian Mbappé nos meios. Um atacante versátil, Liza joga com frequência como extremo e é capaz de jogar em qualquer flanco, devido a sua habilidade com ambos pés. É capaz de cortar para o centro com seu pé direito mais forte desde a asa esquerda, e também é capaz de criar oportunidades e brindar assistências a seus colegas de equipa desde a direita devido a sua visão. Também é capaz de jogar no centro como atacante principal, devido a seu compostura, acabamento clínico e olho para o golo. Um jogador muito hábil, Liza também é conhecido por sua excelente capacidade de regate, bem como por sua explosiva aceleração, agilidad, rapidez de pés e criatividade quando está em posse da bola, como se demonstrou mediante o uso de fintas elaboradas, passos de salto ou mudanças repentinas de ritmo ou direcção para vencer aos oponentes em situações de um contra um. Apesar de sua figura alta e robusta, também é um jogador atlético, dotado de força física.

Um atacante criativo, hábil, rápido, ágil e prolífico, que é bom no ar e capaz de jogar sobre os ombros do último defensor, Liza tem sido um referente de imenso talento, forte e um potente rematador desde o interior do área com ambos pés, bem como com a cabeça, apesar de ser naturalmente diestro. Um atípico número 9, ainda que geralmente se despliega como atacante centro e pode operar como um atacante absoluto, Liza também é capaz de jogar em várias outras posições ofensivas, e se utilizou no asa, ou inclusive como criador de jogo por trás do atacante principal, já seja no papel número 10 como mediocampista ofensivo ou como atacante profundo. Além de seus golos, Liza é conhecido por sua disposição e habilidade para cair em posições mais profundas ou mais amplas, e já seja jogar com os mediocampistas ou usar sua força e habilidade técnica para sustentar a bola à portería para proporcionar ajuda aos colegas de equipa, cortesía de sua visão, criatividade, passes e olho para a pelota final; por seu estilo de jogo, tem sido descrito como um "ágil e veloz" nos meios.

Além de suas habilidades técnicas, Liza também é muito apreciado por seu excelente ritmo e controle próximo da bola ao pechinchar, bem como por seu excelente movimento, inteligência táctica e capacidade para vencer à linha defensiva fazendo carreiras de ataque ao espaço tanto em e fora da pelota. O futebolista Danilo Carando assinalo seu jogo por fora, bom um contra um e seu biotipo como bom, lhe revelando um grande futuro.

Estatísticas
Atualizadas até 28 de novombre de 2021.

 a. Jogos da Copa Bicentenario (2021)
 b. Jogos da Copa Sul-Americana (2019/21) y Copa Libertadores (2021).

Títulos

 Sporting Cristal

 Campeonato Peruano de Futebol: 2020

 Copa Bicentenario: 2021
 Torneo Apertura: 2021

Nascidos em 2000
Naturais de Chimbote
Futebolistas do Peru
Futebolistas do Club Sporting Cristal

Percy Liza


Translations ist ein Drama des nordirischen Autors Brian Friel. Es besteht aus drei Akten. Es ist ein Bühnenstück der Field Day Theatre Company, dessen Uraufführung in der Guildhall in Derry, Nordirland, stattfand und auf den 23. September 1980 datiert.

Aus gattungstheoretischer Perspektive kann das Werk dem historischen Drama zugeschrieben werden, wobei in diesem Fall lediglich der Kontext der Handlung realgeschichtlich ist, nicht die Figuren.

Handlung
Das Stück spielt in Baile Beag im britisch besetzten Irland im Jahr 1833 und handelt oberflächlich von der Rekartographierung des Landes und der Umbenennung (Übersetzung) der irischen Orts-, Flur- und Gewässernamen in englische Namen durch die so genannte Ordnance Survey, eine Exekutivbehörde der britischen Krone. Primärer Handlungsraum ist dabei eine notdürftig eingerichtete Landschule, in der die Schüler in irischer Kultur und klassischer Philologie unterrichtet werden. Verantwortlich für die Umsetzung der Umbenennungen in der Region ist die Figur Captain Lancey, ein idealtypischer britischer Kolonist. Die eigentliche Arbeit haben der ihm unterstellte Lieutenant Yolland und der Ire Owen, der Sohn des Rektors der Landschule, zu bewältigen. Im Laufe der Handlung entwickeln sich einzelne Figuren recht stark und die Sphären "irisch" und "britisch" nähern sich einander an. Yolland und Owen erkennen die Absurdität ihres Auftrags und freunden sich an. Höhepunkt ist schließlich eine kurze Liebesszene mit Yolland und der sehr modernistisch, pro-englisch eingestellten Irin Maire, die sich trotz Verständigungsproblemen ineinander verlieben. Danach verschwindet Yolland spurlos und die gegenseitigen Annäherungsversuche scheitern.

Ausgaben
 Brian Friel: Translations (Selected Plays). Faber, London 1984, ISBN 0-571-11742-2.
 deutsch: Translations. In: Der Wunderheiler. Henschelverlag Kunst & Gesellschaft, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-362-00166-1.

Literatur
 Glenn Hutchinson: The Drama of Naming Ireland. Brian Friel's "Translations" and "The Communication Cord". In: Names. A Journal of Onomastics, Band 49, 2001, Heft 2, S. 121–134,

Weblinks

Drama
Literatur (Irisch)

Translations (Drama)


An Dendrobium eymanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Paul Ormerod. An Dendrobium eymanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium eymanum


The National Museum of the Romanian Peasant () is a museum in Bucharest, Romania, with a collection of textiles (especially costumes), icons, ceramics, and other artifacts of Romanian peasant life. One of Europe's leading museums of popular arts and traditions, it was designated "European Museum of the Year" for 1996.

Description
Located on Șoseaua Kiseleff, near Piața Victoriei, the museum falls under the patronage of the Romanian Ministry of Culture. Its collection includes over 100,000 objects.

First founded in 1906 by and originally managed by Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș, the museum was reopened 5 February 1990, a mere six weeks after the downfall and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu. During the Communist era, the building housed a museum representing the country's Communist party; the museum's basement still contains a room devoted to an ironic display of some artifacts from that earlier museum. The building, which uses traditional Romanian architectural features, was built on the former site of the State Mint (Monetăria Statului). Initially intended as a museum of Romanian art, it was designed by Nicolae Ghica-Budești and built between 1912 and 1941. The building is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and National Identity.

The museum was devastated during the June 1990 Mineriad, due to being confused with the headquarters of the National Peasants' Party.

One of the museum's most famous exhibits—originally the work of Tzigara-Samurcaș—is "the house in the house". The house, which originally belonged to peasant Antonie Mogos of Ceauru village in Gorj County. From the first, the house was displayed in a non-naturalistic way: objects that would normally be in the interior were displayed in various manners outside; outbuildings were suggested by fragments. The Communist regime displayed the house much more conventionally, outdoors at the Village Museum; it returned to the Peasant Museum in 2002. The current display at the Peasant Museum revives the original non-naturalistic approach. For example, from a platform, museum visitors may peer into the attic, part of whose wall is stripped away; various objects are arranged inside.

In 2002, the museum's exhibit space was greatly expanded as the museum store and offices moved into a new building behind the old one, freeing up a considerable amount of floor space in the museum proper.

Gallery

References

External links

Museum official website

Peasant
Historic monuments in Bucharest
Society of Romania
Textile museums
Decorative arts museums
Ethnographic museums in Romania
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1941
Neo-Brâncovenesc architecture

Romanian Peasant Museum


The 2 Bears est un groupe d'indietronica britannique créé en 2009.

Biographie
Raf Rundell, ancien attaché de presse, et Joe Goddard, membre du groupe Hot Chip, se sont rencontrés en travaillant pour les fêtes organisées par le label Greco-Roman.

Le duo a produit des remix pour de nombreux artistes comme : Santigold, Metronomy, Toddla T et The View.

Discographie
Albums
Be Strong (2012)
The Night Is Young (2014)

Notes et références

Duo musical britannique
Groupe de musique électronique
Groupe musical formé en 2009

The 2 Bears


إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن الحسن (97هـ - 145هـ / 716م - 763م) هو إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب الهاشمي القرشي أحد الأمراء الشجعان، أحد الامراء الاشراف، أحد الأمراء الأشراف الشجعان، من سلالة آل البيت ومن رواة الحديث النبوي الشريف حيث روى عنه فضيل بن مرزوق. يذكر اسم إبراهيم بن عبد الله في الغالب مقترنا باسم أخيه الإمام محمد النفس الزكية ويعود هذا الاقتران لمشاركتهما في المحنة والثورة على الحكم العباسي، ولذلك يتكرر في المصادر الإسلامية بشكل ملحوظ ذكرهما معا عند الكلام في الخروج على أبي جعفر. كان كذلك شاعرا وعالما بأخبار العرب بأيامهم وأشعارهم. وكما ساند الإمام أبو حنيفة النعمان الإمام زيد بن علي زين العابدين في محنة هذا الأخير السياسية وثورته على الحكم الأموي، آزر أيضا إبراهيم بن عبد الله في ثورته على حكم بني العباس حيث أرسل إليه أبو حنيفة الأمير إبراهيم بن عبد الله أربعة آلاف درهم لم يكن عنده حينذاك غيرها، ويحكى عن أبي حنيفة أن غزوة مع إبراهيم بعد حجة الإسلام أفضل من خمسين حجة، وقبل ذلك كان أبو حنيفة النعمان قد أجرى اتصالات علمية مع عبد الله والد إبراهيم ومحمد النفس الزكية.

نسبه وعائلته
هو : إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب بن عبد المطلب بن هاشم بن عبد مناف بن قصي بن كلاب بن مرة بن كعب بن لؤي بن غالب بن فهر بن مالك بن النضر بن كنانة بن خزيمة بن مدركة بن إلياس بن مضر بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان الإسماعيلي الإبراهيمي.

أمه : هند بنت أبي عبيدة بن عبد الله بن زمعة بن الأسود بن المطلب بن أسد بن عبد العزى بن قصي.

ذريته :
 الحسن (أمه: أمامة بنت عصمة بن عبد الله بن حنظلة بن الطفيل بن مالك بن جعفر بن كلاب من بني عامر بن صعصعة).
 علي لأم ولد.

صفته
روي أنَّه كان: سائل الخدين، خفيف العارضين، أقنى الأنف، حَسَن الوجه، قد أثر السجود في جبهته وأنفه، وكان تلو أخيه محمد في العلم والدِّين والشجاعة، وكان خطيباً فصيحاً جَيِّد النقد للشعر، حسن البديهة، ذكر المفضل أن سبعين قصيدة من أول اختياراته اختياره، وأنه كان متوارياً في منزله قبل ظهوره، فطلب منه من الدفاتر ما يأنس بالنظر فيه، فأخرج إليه شيئا من الشعر؛ فاختار منه ذلك، وله في مرثية أخيه النفس الزكية:

سأبكيك بالبيض الرِّقاق وبالقنا *** فإنَّ بها ما يدرك الطالب الوتر

ولست كمن يبكي أخاه بعَبْرةٍ *** يعصرها من جفن مقلته عصر

ولكنني أشفي فؤادي بغارة *** ألَهِّب في قطري كتائبها جمر

بيعته
قد كان خرج إلى البصرة قبل ظهور أخيه النفس الزكية بالمدينة داعياً إليه، وتوارى بها مدة، وكان أخوه عَهِد إليه ونص بالإمامة بعده عليه، فأقام هناك مدة يدعو إليه، فلما ظهرت دعوته بالمدينة أظهر هو الدعاء إليه، وذلك ليلة الاثنين غرة شهر رمضان سنة خمس وأربعين ومائة، وأخذ البيعة لأخيه واستولى على البصرة، وقام بالأمر هناك على خلافته، إلى أن ورد عليه نعيه أول يوم من شوال سنة خمس وأربعين ومائة وهو يريد أن يصلي بالناس صلاة العيد، فصلى بالناس ثم رقى المنبر وخطب وذكر قَتْلَه ونعاه إلى النَّاس، وتمثل بهذه الأبيات:

أبا المنازل يا خير الفوارس من *** يُفْجَع بمثلك في الدنيا فقد نجِعَ

اللّه يعلم أني لو خشيتهم *** أو أوجس القلب من خوف لهم فزعاً

لم يقتلوك ولم أسلم أخَيَّ لهم *** حتى نموت جميعا أو نعيش معاً

سيرته
- أخذ عاملاً لأبي جعفر فقال له بعض أصحابه سَلِّمه مني، قال له: وما تصنع به؟ قال: أعذبه ليخرج المال الذي عنده. فقال: لاحاجة لي في مال لا يستخرج إلا بالعذاب.

- وكان يقول متى أراد أن ينزل عن المنبر: ﴿اتَّقُوْا يَوْماً تُرْجَعُوْنَ فِيْهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ تُوَفَّى كُلُّ نَفْسٍ مَا كَسَبَتْ وَهُمْ لاَ يُظْلَمُوْنَ﴾ [البقرة: 281].

- وقال يوماً وهو على المنبر بعد ما خطب: «اللهم إن ذكرت اليوم أبناء بآبائهم وآباء بأبنائهم، فاذكرنا عندك بمحمد صلى اللّه عليه وعلى آله يا حافظ الآباء في الأبناء والأيتام للآباء، إحفظ ذرية نبيئك». فارْتَجَّ المصلى بالبكاء.

- وكان محمد بن عطية مولى باهلة وَلِيَ بعض أعمال فارس لأبي جعفر؛ فظفر به أصحابه وحملوه إليه، فقال: هل عندك مال؟ قال: لا. قال: اللّه. قال: اللّه. فقال: خلوا سبيله. فخرج ابن عطية وهو يقول بالفارسية: ليس هذا من رجال أبي جعفر. يعني أنَّه كان ينبغي له أن لا يقتصر منه على اليمين وأن يستخرج منه المال، وإن المحق الذي يراعي أمر الدين فيما يفعله لا يقاوم المبطل الذي لا يبالي بما يقدم عليه.

- وأتاه قوم من أصحاب الصباغ فقالوا: يا ابن رسول اللّه إنا قوم من غير العرب، وليس لأحد علينا عَقْدٌ ولا ولاء، وقد أتيناك بمال فاستعن به. فقال: من كان عنده مال فليعن أخاه فأما أنْ آخذه فلا!!

- وكان يقول: هل هي إلا سيرة علي أو النار.

- وأرسل إلى عبد الحميد بن لاحق بأنه بلغني أن عندك مالاً لهؤلاء الظلمة، فقال: ما لهم عندي مال، قال: اللّه. قال: اللّه. فخلى سبيله وقال: إن ظهر أن لهم عندك مالا عددتك كذَّأباً.

- وحكى شيبة كاتب مسعود المورباني أن جماعة من الزيدية دخلوا عليه فنالوا منه، وقالوا: هات ما معك من مال الظلمة. [قال شيبة:] وأدخلوني إلى إبراهيم فرأيت الكراهة في وجهه، فاستحلفني فحلفت فخلى سبيلي، فكنت أسال عنه بعد ذلك وأدعو له حتى نهاني مسعود.

- وخطب يوما على المنبر فقال: «أيها النَّاس إني وجدت جميع ما يطلب العباد من جسيم الخير عند اللّه في ثلاثة: في المنطق، والنظر، والسكوت، فكُلُّ منطق ليس فيه ذِكْرٌ فهو لغو، وكل سكوت ليس فيه فِكْرٌ فهو سهو، وكل نظر ليس فيه اعتبار فهو غفلة، فطوبى لمن كان منطقه ذكراً، ونظره اعتباراً، وسكوته تفكراً، ووسعه بيته، وبكى على خطيئته، وسلم المسلمون منه». فعجب النَّاس من كلامه.

- وأَسَرَ أصحابه رجلا يعرف بمحمد بن يزيد من موالي أبي جعفر، وكان تحته فرس يحاذي رأسُه رأسَه، قال محمد بن يزيد: فحبسني إبراهيم ثم أرسل إلى: بعني فرسك، قال: فقلت: هو لك يابن رسول اللّه، فقال لأصحابه: كم يساوي؟. فقالوا: ألفي درهم. فبعث إلي بألفين وخمسمائة درهم، فلما أراد المسير إلى الحرب أطلقني.

- قال محمد بن أبي طلحة العذري: بعث إبراهيم إلى أبي أيام ظهوره وهو مستتر عنه بأن عندك مالا لأبي جعفر، فأخرجه إلينا. فأرسل إليه أبي: أجل إن عندي مالا لأبي جعفر فإن أخذته مني غَرَّمَنِيه أبو جعفر. فأضْرَبَ عنه.

- ووجد في بيت مال البصرة ألف ألف درهم، ففرق ذلك في عسكره، فأصاب كل واحد منهم خمسين خمسين، وكانوا يأخذون ذلك ويقولون: خمسون والجنة.

عماله
وَلَّى قضاء البصرة عباد بن منصور، وبيت المال سلمان بن أبي واصل، وَوَلَّى هارون بن سعد واسط وأعمالها، وَوَلَّى المغيرة بن الفرع الأهوار، فخرج إليها وطرد أصحاب أبي جعفر عنها وتمكن منها، فأنفذ أبو جعفر بخازم بن خزيمة مع أربعة آلاف رجل إليه فحاربه المغيرة وهزمه.

مقتله
خرج من البصرة لقتال أبي جعفر وعلى ميمنته: عيسى بن زيد، وعلى ميسرته: برد بن لبيد اليشكري، وأنفذ أبو جعفر: عيسى بن موسى في عسكر عظيم، والتقوا بـ (باخمرا) بين البصرة والكوفة، فـانهزم عيسى وأصحابه، وإبراهيم واقف على فرس له ينظر إلى المنهزمين، حتى جاءه سهم غائر فأصاب جبينه، فاعتنق فرسه واحتوشه الزيدية، وأنزلوه عن فرسه وأخذه بشير الرحال، وأسنده إلى صدره، حتى قضى، وبشير يردد: ﴿وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَراً مَقْدُوْراً﴾ [الأحزاب: 38]، وذلك يوم الاثنين في أول ذي الحجة من سنة خمس وأربعين ومائة، وقيل لخمس بقين من ذي القعدة، وأُخِذ رأسه وحُمِل إلى أبي جعفر، ودفن بدنه بباخمرا صلوات اللّه ورضوانه عليه.

ثم بكى، ثم قال: «اللهم إن كنت تعلم أن محمداً إنما خرج غضباً لك، ونفياً لهذه النكتة السوداء، وإيثاراً لحقك فارحمه واغفر له واجعل له الآخرة خيراً مرداً ومنقلباً من الدنيا». ثم جَرَضَ بريقه لعظم ما ورد عليه، وتردد الكلام في فيه، وتلجلج ساعة ثم أجهش باكياً منتحباً وبكى النَّاس.

فلما نزل بايعه بالإمامة علماء البصرة وفقهاؤها وزهادها، وبايعه المعتزلة، ولم يتأخر عن بيعته من فضلاء البصرة أحد، إلا أن المعتزلة اختصوا به مع الزيدية، ولزموا مجلسه وتولوا أعماله، واستولى على واسط والأهوار وكورها وعلى أعمال فارس.

وكان أبو حنيفة يدعو إليه سراً ويكاتبه، وكتب إليه: «إذا أظَفَّرَك اللّه بعيسى بن موسى وأصحابه فلا تسر فيهم بسيرة أبيك في أهل الجمل، فإنه لم يقتل المنهزم، ولم يغنم الأموال، ولم يتبع مدبراً، ولم يذفف على جريح، لأنَّ القوم لم يكن لهم فئة، ولكن سِرْ فيهم بسيرته يوم صفين فإنه ذفف على الجريح، وقسم الغنيمة؛ لأنَّ أهل الشام كان لهم فئة». فظفر أبو جعفر بكتابه فستره، وبعث إليه فأشخصه وسقاه شربة فمات منها، ودفن ببغداد.

وبعث أبو جعفر [المنصور] إلى البصرة: المعروف بأبي سيف مولى الجعفري ليتحسس له ويعَرِّفه أحوال إبراهيم، فلما رجع إليه قال له أبو جعفر: كيف رأيت بشيراً الرَّحَّال ومطراً الورَّاق فقال: رأيتهما يدخلان إلى إبراهيم وعليهما السلاح. فقال: ما كنت أرى أن الصوم أبقى منهما ما يُحْمَل به السلاح.

وبايعه: هارون بن سعد وكان فقيهاً معروفاً بالصلاح والدين، قد روى عن الشعبي ولقي إبراهيم النخعي.

وخطب إبراهيم بن عبد اللّه النَّاس ونعى على أبي جعفر أفعاله وقتلَه آل رسول اللّه صلى اللّه عليه وعلى آله، وظُلْمَ النَّاس، وأخذه الأموال ووضعها في غير مواضعها، فأبلغ في القول حتى أبكى النَّاس، ورَقَّت لكلامه قلوبهم، فاتَّبَعه: عباد بن العوام، ويزيد بن هارون، وهشيم بن بشير، وشعبة بن الحجاج، وبايعوه.

وقال أبو إسحاق الفزاري: جئت إلى أبي حنيفة فقلت له: ما اتقيت اللّه حيث أفتيت أخي في الخروج مع إبراهيم بن عبد اللّه بن حسن حتى قتل! فقال لي: قَتْلُ أخيك حيث قُتِل يعادل قَتْلَه لو قتل يوم بدر، وشهادته مع إبراهيم خير له من الحياة!! قلت: فما منعك أنت من ذاك؟ قال: ودائع كانت للناس عندي.

وكان الأعمش يدعو إليه ويقول: ما يُقْعِدُكم عنه، أما إني لو كنت بصيراً لخرجت.

وظهر غُرَّة شهر رمضان، وورد عليه نعي أخيه النفس الزكية يوم الفطر، وقتل في ذي الحجة.

فكانت مدة ظهوره على خلافة أخيه عليهما السلام شهراً واحداً، ومدة قيامه بالأمر شهرين وأياماً.

من أقواله
 كلّ منطق ليس فيه ذكر فهو لغو، وكلّ نظر ليس فيه عبرة فهو غفلة، وكلّ سكوت ليس فيه تفكّر فهو سهو، فطوبى لمن كان منطقه ذكرا، ونظره عبرا، وسكوته تفكّرا، ووسعه بيته، وبكى على خطيئته، وسلم المسلمون منه.

انظر أيضا
أهل البيت
زيد بن علي
محمد النفس الزكية
أبو حنيفة النعمان

مراجع

حجازيون
حسنيون
شعراء العصر العباسي
شعراء بالعربية في القرن 8
ضحايا قتل عراقيون
عرب في القرن 8
مواليد 716
مواليد 97 هـ
هاشميون
وفيات 145 هـ
وفيات 763 هـ
شعراء بصريون

إبراهيم بن عبد الله بن الحسن


Pedro César Dominici (Carúpano, estado Sucre, Venezuela, 18 de febrero de 1873 - Buenos Aires, Argentina, 23 de agosto de 1954) fue un escritor, dramaturgo y diplomático venezolano.

Biografía
Cofundador de la revista Cosmópolis junto a Luis Manuel Urbaneja Achepohl y su amigo y escritor Pedro Emilio Coll. Publicó varias obras para la revista El Cojo Ilustrado y fue fundador de dos periódicos de Carúpano, El Noticiero y El Bien Público. Fue director de la revista Venezuela entre 1905 y 1909 en París; esta revista circulaba sólo en forma clandestina en Venezuela. Sus textos dramáticos están inscritos en el período de la primera modernidad del teatro en Venezuela (1909-1957).

Representó a Venezuela en el Gobierno de Juan Vicente Gómez como Enviado Extraordinario y Ministro Plenipotenciario en Italia, España, Inglaterra, Argentina, Chile y Uruguay. En año 189 fue Cónsul General en Roma.

Teatro
 El hombre que Volvió (drama, 1949)
 La casa (comedia dramática, 1949)
 La Venus triste (comedia, 1950)
 Angélica (comedia dramática, 1950)
 La jaula de oro (comedia dramática, 1950)
 Amor rojo, El Drama de las Multitudes (1951)

Obras
 Ideas e impresiones (París, 1897)
 La tristeza voluptuosa (novela, Caracas, 1899)
 El triunfo del ideal (novela, París, 1901)
 Una sátrapra (novela, Caracas 1901)

 De Lutecia. Arte y crítica (crónicas, ensayos, estudios literarios y reseñas, París, 1907)

Dionysos. Costumbres de la antigua Grecia (novela, 1907)
Libro apolíneo (crónicas y ensayos, Caracas, 1909)
Tronos vacantes (críticas, Buenos Aires, 1914)
El cóndor (novela, Buenos Aires, 1925)
Bajo el sol del otoño (Buenos Aires, 1947)
Evocación (La novela de un amor infeliz) (novela, 1949)

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Posa modernista Biografía
Literanova Los Dominici padre e hijo, grandes novelistas.

Carupaneros
Escritores de Venezuela
Cuentistas de Venezuela
Novelistas de Venezuela
Miembros de la Academia Venezolana de la Lengua
Embajadores de Venezuela en Argentina
Embajadores de Venezuela en Chile
Embajadores de Venezuela en España
Embajadores de Venezuela en el Reino Unido
Embajadores de Venezuela en Uruguay
Escritores de Venezuela del siglo XIX

Pedro César Dominici


Weapon X is a fictional government genetic research facility project appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They were conducted by Department K, which turned willing and unwilling beings into living weapons to carry out covert missions like assassination or eliminating potential threats to the government. It was similar to human enhancement experiments in the real world, but it captured mutants and did experiments on them to enhance their abilities such as superpowers, turning them into human weapons. They also mutated baseline humans. The Weapon X Project produced Wolverine, Leech, Deadpool, Sabretooth, and Weapon H.

The fictional experiment X, or the brutal adamantium-skeletal bonding process, written by Barry Windsor-Smith in his classic story "Weapon X" (originally published in Marvel Comics Presents #72-84 in 1991), was eventually revealed as part of the "Weapon X Project." Grant Morrison's  New X-Men in 2002 further revealed that Weapon X was the tenth of a series of such projects, collectively known as the Weapon Plus Program, and the X in "Weapon X" referred not to the letter X but the Roman numeral for the number 10. The first project, Weapon I, pertained to the Super Soldier Project that created Captain America.

Publication history
The Weapon X organization first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #180 and was created by Len Wein and John Romita Sr. and remains a relevant character in today's comics.

Fictional organization biography

Original installment

The code name Weapon X was originally mentioned in the first appearance of Wolverine in The Incredible Hulk #180 in 1974 since which it has been implied that he was connected to a shady and malevolent government program. In the 1991 Marvel Comics Presents story arc Weapon X, the project was designated Experiment X, and it was revealed that it was responsible for bonding the adamantium to Wolverine's skeleton, making him indestructible. It also subjected him to brainwashing in order to bring out his most basic murderous instincts and to transform him into the perfect assassin. The scientists christened their new killing machine "Weapon X".

Wolverine's solo series issues #48-50 (1992) revealed that Project X also created fabricated memories in the minds of several of its subjects.

Weapon X operated through Canada's Department K and was directed by Professor Andre Thorton. At his side were Dr. Abraham Cornelius, Dr. Carol Hines, and Dr. Dale Rice. John Sublime, the director of Weapon Plus, was always behind the scenes. Some of the work of Weapon X was based on the experiments detailed on the journals of Nazi scientist Nathan Essex which were obtained by Weapon Plus after the end of World War II.

The project's original test subjects were the members of Team X, a covert ops CIA team (consisting of Wolverine/Logan, Sabretooth/Victor Creed, Maverick/Christoph Nord, Silver Fox, Mastodon, Major Arthur Barrington, Psi-Borg/Aldo Ferro, Wildcat/Noel Higgins and Kestrel/John Wraith). The telepath Psi-Borg was involved in the creation of the victims' memory implants, in exchange for being endowed with immortality. The test subjects were policed by an adaptive robot enforcer, called Shiva, should any of the agents go rogue.

What Wolverine and his fellow X-Men ignored for many years is that Weapon X was part of a larger program called Weapon Plus, a United States super-soldier program created in the 1940s with the purpose of creating super-soldiers and assassins not only to be employed in conventional wars, but also to be employed for the extermination of mutants. Weapon X was the first iteration in Weapon Plus that victimized mutants.

What the Weapon X scientists did not foresee is that the experimentation on Wolverine would cause him to go on a murderous rampage, which allowed the escape of the other test subjects, and caused the death of Dale Rice, among dozens of other members of Weapon X staff, both scientists and military.

The Deadpool

Weapon X was temporarily shut down, but eventually was reinstated. Subsequent attempts at recreating the success seen by Weapon X with Wolverine include Native, Kimura and X-23 (the 23rd attempt to clone Wolverine who was designed to also hunt down rogue agents). The Weapon X Re-Creation Project a.k.a. The Facility was headed by Director Martin Sutter, Dr. Dale Rice's son Dr. Zander Rice, and Dr. Sarah Kinney. Like Weapon X once did, the Facility has also branched off from the main Weapon X Program. Latter creations of The Facility, now under the direction of Dr. Adam Harkins, include Predator X.

Second installment
At some point, Weapon X branched off from Weapon Plus' control and was solely headed up by Canada's Department K. A new generation of agents were created: Deadpool, Garrison Kane (who took on the moniker "Weapon X"), Slayback, Sluggo, Wyre, Wildchild, and Ajax, among others. Weapon X used Logan's DNA in order to endow its agents with healing powers. The batch produced many additional failures, which were sent to a facility for dissection to determine the cause of their failures. These rejects were freed by Deadpool when he escaped from the facility.

A smaller experiment was later developed by Department K with a New Zealand terrorist (who would become the third individual to be known as Weapon X) merging him with Thetagen-24: the most dangerous lethal symbiotic bacterial colony ever created.

Typhoid Mary was also a subject, when she was captured by an Antarctic facility continuing research for the Weapon X Project, specifically the mental faculties of the mutant mind. Their experiments helped give birth to Mary's "Bloody Mary" persona, which exhibited increased psychokinetic powers.

Third installment
In Weapon X series number 6, director Malcolm Colcord forms the third version of the Weapon X Project, designed to monitor and eliminate mutants. Colcord, once a security guard at the first Weapon X project, suffered severe facial lacerations during an escape attempt by the mutant Wolverine. Unlike the previous two installments of Weapon X, the third Project was completely U.S.-based and focused not only on the creation of living weapons, but also on the ultimate goal of Colcord, the creation of death camps.

The Director initially uses Weapon X as his personal strike force to exact revenge against Wolverine. He soon begins using its resources for the capturing and imprisonment of mutants in the secret government death camp called Neverland. Mutants who are not suitable to be used as military weapons would be executed, while those that are suitable are given the choice to join Weapon X or die. A number of mutants, such as Cecilia Reyes, Maggott, Ape, Tarbaby, Leech and many others were arrested by Weapon X's agents and sent to Neverland. Those mutants deemed useless to the project were killed in gas chambers, while others were brainwashed to become Weapon X operatives. The organs of the executed prisoners were then sent to the U-Men.

The agents of the third Weapon X were Agent Brent Jackson, a former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent; Sabretooth, who was given new adamantium implants; the shapeshifter Copycat; Deadpool; and Mauvais. Later on, Deadpool went rogue and new operatives were recruited into Weapon X, many of whom had their powers enhanced or were brainwashed into servitude. Maverick was saved from certain death and his powers were enhanced with the purpose of assassinating Wolverine, thus Agent Zero was created. Former member of Alpha Flight Wildchild was brainwashed and further mutated into a Nosferatu-like feral humanoid.

Former mutant terrorist Marrow had her powers set to a controllable level, restoring the young woman's natural beauty. Sauron's personality was merged with that of his Karl Lykos self and his energy-draining powers enhanced so he could fire energy blasts. Garrison Kane was further transformed into a cybernetic being. Aurora was kidnapped and brainwashed, like Madison Jeffries, who was extracted from the terrorist group known as the Zodiac and used to create hundreds of Boxbots loyal to Weapon X to serve as guards at Neverland.

Washout had his powers enhanced, though at a heavy cost. Each usage of his powers endangered his life and eventually, he dies trying to kill Colcord. Mesmero joins willingly, while Reaper and Wildside (former members of the Mutant Liberation Front) became agents of the program in exchange for their lives. The psychic mutant Jack-in-the-Box joins after his legs and arms were amputated. He becomes a living polygraph.

Unbeknownst to all except Sabretooth, Mister Sinister was disguised as the head scientist at the Neverland facility, Doctor Robert Windsor. As Windsor, Mister Sinister supposedly helped some mutants escape from Neverland, but he was only taking them to his own secret labs.

After some time, Brent Jackson (the only human officially on the team) took over as Director, during a mutiny by the team in conjunction with an attack by mutants from the Underground. Cable led this group, in a mission to destroy Weapon X and expose its existence and its human rights violations. Washout and Garrison Kane died in the event, while Sabretooth was washed away into the sewers after a battle with Marrow. Marrow used the battle to escape from Weapon X, eventually taking over the Mutant Underground, now reformed as the third incarnation of Gene Nation.

Colcord fled Weapon X with the always loyal Jeffries and Aurora as well. Director Brent Jackson's team consisted of Wildchild, Sauron, Agent Zero, Mesmero, Jack-in-the-Box, and newly recruited Chamber, whose face was restored by the program's scientists. Chamber was originally a double agent working for the X-Men, but was subsequently brainwashed into Jackson's service. Mister Sinister, under the alias of Dr. Windsor, remains at Weapon X. At some point, Jackson's team fought with Colcord's Boxbots. Colcord regains control of Weapon X.

Following M-Day, both Chamber and Mesmero are rendered powerless. Neverland is shut down and the prisoners, either powered or depowered, are executed by hosts of Boxbots. Records of the massive executions are discovered by Beast in the Endangered Species storyline, which also hints that some of the bodies of the prisoners executed prior to M-Day were sent to Ord and used in the research to develop the cure for mutation.

In the aftermath of the Avengers vs. X-Men storyline, Cyclops and his team of Uncanny X-Men have taken up residency in the Weapon X facility, which they have rebuilt into a school named the New Charles Xavier's School for the new mutants that began appearing.

Fourth installment
As part of the RessurXion event, a fourth installment of the Weapon X Project debuted. During the Weapons of Mutant Destruction storyline, the Weapon X Project is interested in Lady Deathstrike, Warpath, Domino, Wolverine, and Sabretooth for a new experiment. It is shown that the Weapon X Project is turning civilians into cyborgs made of Adamantium sent to hunt a specific group of mutants, forcing Old Man Logan to team up with Sabretooth to stop them. Old Man Logan and his allies alongside Amadeus Cho's Hulk form discover that Weapon X has been experimenting on humans by grafting the DNA of Wolverine and Hulk into them while also applying Adamantium to their bones. In addition, it is shown that the director of the latest incarnation of the Weapon X Project is a somehow-revived William Stryker.

The latest project H-Alpha emerges where it kills the lesser experiment H-Beta. Unfortunately, Dr. Aliana Alba lost control of it even when Amadeus Cho's Hulk form joins the battle while William Stryker and Dr. Alba get away. Following the fierce battle, H-Alpha flees causing Old Man Logan's group to go after it before the Weapon X Project plans to regain control of it.

When the Weapon X Project caught up to H-Alpha, Dr. Alba regained control of H-Alpha. She then stated to the controlled H-Alpha that he has a killer instinct where he is to kill anyone that the Weapon X Project wants him to kill. As Old Man Logan's group faces off against H-Alpha, X-23's Wolverine appearance was able to free Weapon H from Dr. Alba's control enabling Weapon H to leave the area so that he can remember who he was.

The "Hulkverines" miniseries showed Hulk and Wolverine's reactions to the Weapon X Project creating Weapon H and their search for them as well as dealing with the collaboration of Leader and Dr. Alba.

Implosion and Xeno emergence
Following Professor Charles Xavier founding a sovereign nation state for mutants on the living island Krakoa, he made sure all shadow agencies around the world were defunded and disbanded, Weapon X among them.

However remnants of those agencies gathered together and establishe Xeno a global organization with ties to anti-mutant politicians and business leaders.  Xeno are dedicated to bioengineering themselves into weapons. Upon discovering this, Professor X tasked Domino to infiltrate the organization to gather intel. Domino was discovered during her infiltration, and The Xeno's operatives used grafts of her skin on their genetically altered soldiers to allow them to evade Krakoa's security protocols.  The Xeno strike team was able to attack Krakoa, and assassinate Xavier.

The Weapon X codename
 In mainstream Marvel, Logan was the first individual known as Weapon X. After Wolverine, Garrison Kane went by the alias of Weapon X before leaving the Canadian Government to work as a mercenary again.
 A short time later, a New Zealand terrorist was captured by the Canadian Government and subjected to an experiment which bonded him to a bacteria colony, called Thetagen-24. This symbiosis proved dangerous as the union created a deadly energy field which could only be contained by an armored suit that was powered by the energy field.
 In the "Age of Apocalypse" alternate universe, Logan was known as Weapon X.

Series called Weapon X

1991 storyline
The chronicle of Wolverine's days with the Weapon X project, from the bonding of adamantium to his bones to his escape from the project, were revealed in the Weapon X story arc, written and illustrated by Barry Windsor-Smith and published in installments in the anthology series Marvel Comics Presents in 1991. An expanded version of the story has been produced by writer Marc Cerasini and published by Pocket Star Books in 2004. The story intertwines with some of Wolverine's past, and eventually ends with Wolverine's rampage being described in full, only to be revealed as the work of a Virtual reality system which actually predicted the events of Wolverine's escape which then occur in real life moments later.

Age of Apocalypse series
In 1995, Weapon X became the name of the Age of Apocalypse variation of Wolverine's ongoing series (during the "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, each X-Men series was renamed and renumbered for four monthly issues and then reverted to the original name and numbering after the storyline ended).

2002 ongoing series
Weapon X is the name of a 28-issue ongoing series published by Marvel from 2002 to 2004, featuring the third installment of the Weapon X project. It was written by Frank Tieri, who previously wrote the ongoing Wolverine title and had created the group's most recent incarnation in the pages of said book. The series began in 2002 and quickly gained critical praise for its use of minor characters as well as reviving characters such as Cable, who at the time wasn't featured in a monthly title. However, sales sagged following the removal of Cable from the book after the first year, on orders of Rob Liefeld, who was working on a new X-Force project.

Frank Tieri was forced to drop nearly all of his subplots, including the introduction of a mutant concentration camp run by Mr. Sinister that featured many popular B-List mutant characters, and take the book into the controversial direction involving the introduction of X-23, and Wolverine and Sabretooth's quest to find the recently revived John Sublime. The new direction failed to catch on, mainly due to the books' over-exposure of Wolverine and the drastic change in tone of the book. It was cancelled with all of its storylines unresolved.

2005 limited series
A limited series Weapon X: Days of Future Now in 2005 was released that resolved all of the dangling storylines and revealed that Wolverine's disfigurement of Weapon X Director Malcolm Colcord was the catalyst for the creation of a future similar to the "Days of Future Past" scenario.

Wolverine: Weapon X
An ongoing series launched in 2009 titled Wolverine: Weapon X. The series was written by Jason Aaron and illustrated by Ron Garney.

2017 ongoing series
As part of their RessurXion event, a new ongoing series for Weapon X written by Greg Pak and illustrated by Greg Land was launched along with other new ongoing X-Men titles. This series takes place after the events seen in X-Men Prime when Lady Deathstrike gets kidnapped by the new version of Weapon X.

Membership

Other versions

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse alternate timeline, Logan was never actually called Wolverine; he retained the "Weapon X" codename, through his entire career.

Dead Man Wade, the AoA counterpart of Deadpool, did not receive his healing factor from the Weapon X program but from Apocalypse, apparently after Apocalypse dismantled the program, and became part of Apocalypse's elite assassin trio dubbed the 'Pale Riders'.

Exiles

In the series Exiles, whose cast is a group of characters from alternate timelines who travel to other realities, Weapon X is a group of superbeings that have been torn from their respective realities to fulfill various missions for the Exiles' employer, the Timebroker. To return home, they have been forced to jump from reality to reality, repairing the broken links in the chain of time. Unlike their more heroic counterparts, the Exiles, this ruthless assemblage will resort to any means necessary to attain their goals. They act without mercy and without conscience.

The team's membership has changed through time. The first known mission given to Weapon X was to capture the Hulk. At the time, the membership of Weapon X consisted of Sabretooth (Victor Creed of the Age of Apocalypse, the father figure of the Exiles' leader Blink), Deadpool and Garrison Kane. Later it was revealed that the team also included Wolverine, Maverick and Mesmero. The six chose the name 'Weapon X' due to their common ties to the Project in their native timelines, although, save for Sabretooth, the background of all the other members are a mystery. The Exiles completed the mission without realizing the existence of Weapon X, but the Weapon X trio saw the Exiles and their leader, Blink.

When the two teams met face-to-face for the first time, Weapon X was already a sextet: Sabretooth, Deadpool, the Spider (Peter Parker, an alternate version of Spider-Man, here a psychotic murderer with the symbiotic alien costume of Carnage), Storm (Ororo Munroe, here only sixteen years old and already ruler of more than half of Africa), the Vision (a version that remained an emotionless robot), and the Hulk (Jennifer Walters, normally called the She-Hulk, here a former mob bookkeeper transformed into an eight-foot green-skinned powerhouse). It was mentioned that the Vision had replaced Kane and that the Spider had replaced Matt Murdock (Daredevil). Later, Iron Man replaced Deadpool.

The next time the team was seen, Angel (now a gun-toting assassin) replaced Iron Man and the team leader was now Gambit instead of Sabretooth. Later, the Hulk was replaced by Colossus, and eventually Angel was replaced by Ms. Marvel (Carol Danvers).

When Storm died, she was replaced by Hyperion. Later, Colossus and the Vision were replaced by the Hulk (Bruce Banner) and Firestar. These two, along with Gambit, tried to stop Hyperion, the Spider and Ms. Marvel when they decided to abandon their mission and rule a world. They failed, and the next mission given to both the Exiles and Weapon X was to kill enough members of each team so that there would be only six survivors in total. Ultimately, all members of this Weapon X team were killed in the fight.

Ultimate Marvel
In Ultimate X-Men, which takes place in the Ultimate Marvel universe, the Weapon X project has a similar intention and similar methodology as its Marvel Universe counterpart, as it was also responsible for bonding adamantium to Wolverine's skeleton.

Ultimate Weapon X was headed by Colonel John Wraith, a mutant-hating commando, and Dr. Cornelius. The program was sanctioned by S.H.I.E.L.D. sometime before or during the Gulf War to capture mutants and force them to carry out covert missions for the US Government. Their main facility was located in Finland (as opposed to the mainstream that was originally located in Canada).  The lineup included, at times, Wolverine/Logan aka "Lucky Jim", Sabretooth, Rogue, Juggernaut, Nightcrawler, and the rest of the original Ultimate X-Men, for a short time after the program invaded Xavier's mansion and took them captive.

What If?

In an issue of What If? entitled "What If Wolverine Battled Weapon X," an alternate reality was shown in which Logan was never apprehended by the Weapon X Project. Weapon X attempted to kidnap Logan, but he managed to subdue his attackers and escape. Weapon X then turned their attention to a former Mountie and Marine named Guy Desjardins, who was brainwashed and subjected to the adamantium bonding process. Instead of claws, Desjardins manifested adamantium spikes that permanently protruded from his forehands (as 616-Logan's claws were the result of his mutation) and elbows. The experiment broke Guy's mind causing him to become fierce and go on a killing spree in the Weapon X facility. This made Guy Desjardins seem to be prone to violent outbursts and highly uncontrollable. Due to this, he had cybernetic armor that pumped adrenaline and narcotics into him. Unfortunately, this was ineffective because when Weapon X was released from the drugs, he went on a killing spree until the Weapon X soldiers drugged him once more.

To pass their failure onto someone else, the head of Weapon X had his men drop his body off at Department H with instruction saying "His codename is Weapon X. Make use of him." He was taken in by James Hudson for the Canadian superhero team dubbed The Flight much to the objection of Dr. Walter Langkowski. Guy Desjardins broke loose and went on another killing spree starting with Walter Langkowski. Dr. James Hudson had to use The Flight due to the lack of training. Guy Desjardins made it to Kenora where he killed Thomas who was the husband of Logan's friend Rose. When The Flight arrived, Stitch tried to use her powers on Guy Desjardins' harness only to be impaled by Guy Desjardins's adamantium spikes. When Smart Alec suggests that they call in the Avengers for help, Dr. James Hudson tells them that Department H cut off their communication when The Flight left and that it would take the Avengers too long to get to Canada. James Hudson then notified his assistant Chantilly to prep the Groundhog armor for him. Smart Alec thought of a plan and got close enough to disrupt the harness. This was partially successful where his body managed to compensate for the loss of adrenaline where Smart Alec was killed in the process.

When the remaining members pursued Guy Desjardins to Calgary, Saint Elmo grabbed Guy Desjardins and carried him into the air only for Weapon X to knock him out and cause Saint Elmo to get impaled upon a church's cross. Logan set out to hunt down Weapon X and discovered their ties with Department H. When Snowbird and Dr. James Hudson (wearing the Groundhog armor) were killed, Logan confronted Desjardins. After removing Desjardin's helmet, Logan managed to kill Desjardins. Government soldiers arrived to arrest Logan for the theft of government records. After Logan dove into the river to escape the soldiers, they thought he was dead when they found some of his blood. Days later, a news report that was all over the news had exposed the existence of the Weapon X Project and their involvement in Desjardins' attack upon people as well as Department H's role in the creation of The Flight. Watching television, Logan recovered from his wounds and found inner peace after avenging Thomas.

Wolverine: The End
In a possible future of Wolverine: The End, Wolverine attempts to hunt down the people involved in Weapon X, and discovers not only that they have been dead and gone for many decades, but also what may have been the very first subject of the project: his elder brother John Howlett, who he had been told died when he (Wolverine) was still just a baby. In addition to having bone claws, enhanced senses and a healing factor, the elder Howlett appeared to have some kind of ethereal form which allowed him to phase through things and somehow conduct energy blasts. John Howlett claimed that he was driven mad at first by his parents' seeming abandonment of him when his powers first manifested. Had he been in his insane state of mind when he first encountered Wolverine, he claims he would likely have attempted to kill him.

X-Men Noir
Set in Marvel Noir, this Weapon X is a 1940s German based government agency led by the "Red Rose"/Jiamine Szardos/Amanda Selfron, a former circus artist. She that employs agents like Andreas Strucker/Fenris and boyfriend "the Demon". However the spy Calvin Rankin revealed that Weapon X is named after him as Berlin seeks to replicate his skills in warfare.

In other media

Television
 In the X-Men animated series, the Weapon X program was responsible for Wolverine's adamantium implants and memory alterations. The program (directed by Professor Oyama and Dr. Cornelius) captured Logan, Sabretooth, Silver Fox, and Maverick and used a combination of false memory implants and brainwashing techniques in order to turn them into an elite team of mind-controlled assassins. Most of the experiments and training were administered at a secret research compound in Canada. There, Thorton and Cornelius forcibly laced Logan's skeleton with adamantium. Enraged by what was done to him, Logan broke free of his restraints and rampaged his way out of the facility. During the ensuing chaos, Sabretooth, Silver Fox, and Maverick were also able to escape.
 In X-Men: Evolution, Wolverine and Sabretooth were both shown to be subjects of Weapon X with a scientist operating a lab in Canada. Omega Red later mentioned other members such as Wraith.
 Weapon X is featured in the Wolverine and the X-Men episodes "Past Discretions" and "Stolen Lives". Like in the comics, Sabretooth, Maverick, and X-23 are agents of Weapon X while the program is led by Professor Andre Thorton and Dr. Abraham Cornelius. A proposed second season would have introduced Deadpool as part of Weapon X. A flashback also shows that Wolverine and Mystique were also part of Weapon X.
 Weapon X is mentioned in the Iron Man: Armored Adventures episode "The X-Factor." Pepper Potts was talking to War Machine and Iron Man via com-link about the background of Magneto. Magneto also reveals to Annie Claremont that as a boy, the Weapon X scientists did experiments on him (which hinted a link with Magneto and Weapon X).
 Weapon X briefly appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Behold...The Vision". The Weapon X guards are briefly seen fighting Vision to no avail as Vision successfully steals Weapon X's adamantium supply.

Film

Live action
 In the X-Men film franchise, Wolverine is an amnesiac searching for clues to his past, which definitely includes participation in a paramilitary program that bonded adamantium to his skeleton, although the program was not named, nor was the program's country of affiliation mentioned. He also encounters Lady Deathstrike, who has been put through a similar procedure. X2: X-Men United introduced Colonel William Stryker, a military scientist who is directly involved in Wolverine's past, having invented the adamantium-bonding process and has performed other experiments on mutants such as developing a mind-controlling drug that he used on Lady Deathstrike, Magneto, Nightcrawler, and Cyclops. William Stryker is the film adaptation of the former military man turned-reverend in the God Loves, Man Kills graphic novel upon which X2 is partially based.
 In the 2009 film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, Wolverine is thrust into the Weapon X Program by Colonel William Stryker as a promise to kill his brother Victor Creed, who had faked the murder of Logan's girlfriend Kayla Silverfox to manipulate him. In the Alkali Lake Weapon X facility, Wolverine's skeleton bonds with adamantium. He then escapes the facility when he overhears that his memory will be erased. Weapon XI was portrayed in the film as a genetically-altered Wade Wilson / Deadpool. Weapon XI is referred to by Stryker as a "deadpool" possessing powers extracted from several mutants.
 Deadpool actor Ed Skrein revealed to MTV at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con that his character Ajax is part of Weapon X. While the program Wade enters isn't explicitly called "Weapon X" in the movie, it's still an underground facility that has scientists experiment on people to enhance their mutant powers similar to Weapon X in the comics. Ryan Reynolds, who portrays the titular character, confirmed in the Deadpool Honest Trailer that the facility was Weapon X.
 The program under the younger Stryker appears in the film X-Men: Apocalypse. Hugh Jackman appears as Weapon X, wearing headgear and costume based on Barry Windsor-Smith's designs from the Marvel Comics Presents #72-84 story arc.
 The Weapon X program is mentioned in Logan, where both Logan and Zander Rice acknowledge Rice's father as one of the men responsible for Logan's adamantium bonding in the new timeline.

Animation
 The Weapon X organization appears in the Wolverine portion of Hulk Vs. Professor Andre Thorton sends Team X (consisting of Omega Red, Sabretooth, Deadpool and Lady Deathstrike) to capture both Hulk and Wolverine in Professor Andre Thorton's plan to wipe their memories and use them as weapons. Short scenes of Logan past with Weapon X are shown in the movie like how he was captured and later cloned (a ref. to X-23). The Weapon X headquarters was destroyed during Team X's fight with Wolverine and Hulk.

Video games
 In Wolverine's Capcom fighting game appearances, such as Marvel Super Heroes, "Weapon-X" is also the name of a super move where Wolverine starts with a swift dash followed by an automatic combo then he finishes it off by leaping into the air head-first creating an energy X over his opponent.
 Weapon X is featured in X2: Wolverine's Revenge. It is the first level when Wolverine recounts what he remembers to Beast. Wolverine later returns there to find a cure for the deadly Shiva Strain Virus that acts as a failsafe implanted in Weapon X test subjects. Weapon X is also shown to be associated with the Void (a maximum security mutant detention center that's similar to the Vault, but holds mutant criminals).
 Weapon X is featured in X-Men Legends. A flashback level features Wolverine escaping from the Weapon X facility.
 The Weapon X facility is a hub in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse
 X-Men: The Official Game expands upon Wolverine and Lady Deathstrike's involvement with Weapon X. Wolverine fights his way through the Weapon X Testing labs at Alkali Lake. Lady Deathstrike mentions that mutants were repeatedly burned to a crisp to test their healing factors, and that she and Wolverine are the only candidates to have survived the adamantium bonding process. Along the way through the labs, there are several names of victims of Weapon X above holding pens like Wolverine, Sabertooth, Maverick, and Deadpool.
 Weapon X is featured in the video game adaption to X-Men Origins: Wolverine. Known members are William Stryker, Dr. Abraham Cornelius, Dr. Carol Hines-Frost, and Nathaniel Essex (who was mentioned in a work log as one of the earliest scientists of the Weapon X Program).

Collected editions

First series

Second series

Third series

References

External links
 Weapon X at Marvel.com
 Knightmare6.com - Weapon Project FAQ
 Mutant High - Mutant Profiles
 weaponx.net.ru Alkali Lake

Villains in animated television series
Marvel Comics titles
X-Men titles
Fictional organizations in Marvel Comics
Works by Len Wein
X-Men supporting characters

Weapon X


Goncourt () is a station on line 11 of the Paris Métro in the 10th and 11th arrondissements. It is named after the nearby rue des Goncourt, which was named after the writers Edmond de Goncourt (1822–1896) and his brother Jules de Goncourt (1830–1870). Edmond de Goncourt left funds to create the Académie Goncourt which awards the Prix Goncourt literary prize.

History
The station opened as part of the original section of the line from Châtelet to Porte des Lilas on 28 April 1935.

As part of the "Un métro + beau" programme by the RATP, the station was renovated and modernised on 25 April 2003.

On 1 April 2017, half of the nameplates on the station's platforms were temporarily replaced by the RATP as part of April Fool's Day, along with 10 other stations by adorning the stations with original puns and illustrated pop culture references. It was humorously renamed "Nº1 au Goncourt de Beauté".

As part of modernization works for the extension of the line to Rosny-Bois-Perrier in 2023 for the Grand Paris Express, the station was closed from 9 January 2019 to 26 February 2019 to raise its platform levels and its surface tiled to accommodate the new rolling stock that will be used (MP 14) to accommodate the expected increase in passengers and to improve the station's accessibility. On 30 July 2021, 2 new entrances were opened at rue d'Aix and rue Bichat.

In 2019, the station was used by 2,192,190 passengers, making it the 234th busiest of the Métro network out of 302 stations.

In 2020, the station was used by 1,829,817 passengers amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, making it the 132nd busiest of the Métro network out of 305 stations.

Passenger services

Access
The station has 6 entrances:

 Entrance 1: Hôpital Saint-Louis
 Entrance 2: rue du Faubourg-du-Temple
 Entrance 3: avenue Parmentier
 Entrance 4: rue des Goncourt
 Entrance 5: rue d'Aix
 Entrance 6: rue Bichat – Canal Saint-Martin

Station layout

Platforms
The station has a standard configuration with 2 tracks surrounded by 2 side platforms.

Other connections
The station is also served by lines 20, 46, and 75 of the RATP bus network, and at night, by lines N12 and N23 of the Noctilien bus network.

Nearby

 Canal Saint-Martin
 Église Saint-Joseph-des-Nations
 Hôpital Saint-Louis
 Palais des glaces
 Square Jules-Verne

Gallery

References

Paris Métro line 11
Paris Métro stations in the 10th arrondissement of Paris
Paris Métro stations in the 11th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1935

Goncourt station


Electroacoustic music is a genre of popular and Western art music in which composers use technology to manipulate the timbres of acoustic sounds, sometimes by using audio signal processing, such as reverb or harmonizing, on acoustical instruments. It originated around the middle of the 20th century, following the incorporation of electric sound production into compositional practice. The initial developments in electroacoustic music composition to fixed media during the 20th century are associated with the activities of the  at the ORTF in Paris, the home of musique concrète, the Studio for Electronic Music in Cologne, where the focus was on the composition of elektronische Musik, and the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York City, where tape music, electronic music, and computer music were all explored. Practical electronic music instruments began to appear in the early 20th century.

Tape music

Tape music is an integral part of musique concrète, which uses the tape recorder as its central musical source. The music can utilise pre-recorded sound fragments and the creation of loops, which can be altered and manipulated through techniques such as editing and playback speed manipulation. The work of Halim El-Dabh is perhaps the earliest example of tape (or, in this case, Wire recording) music. El-Dabh's The Expression of Zaar, first presented in Cairo, Egypt, in 1944, was an early work using musique concrète–like techniques similar to those developed in Paris during the same period. El-Dabh would later become more famous for his work at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, where in 1959 he composed the influential piece Leiyla and the Poet.

Composer John Cage's assembly of the Williams Mix serves as an example of the rigors of tape music. First, Cage created a 192-page score. Over the course of a year, 600 sounds were assembled and recorded. Cut tape segments for each occurrence of each sound were accumulated on the score. Then the cut segments were spliced to one of eight tapes, work finished on January 16, 1953. The premiere performance (realization) of the 4'15" work was given on March 21, 1953, at the University of Illinois, Urbana.

Electronic music

In Cologne, elektronische Musik, pioneered in 1949–51 by the composer Herbert Eimert and the physicist Werner Meyer-Eppler, was based solely on electronically generated (synthetic) sounds, particularly sine waves. The beginning of the development of electronic music has been traced back to "the invention of the valve [vacuum tube] in 1906". The precise control afforded by the studio allowed for what Eimert considered to be the subjection of everything, "to the last element of the single note", to serial permutation, "resulting in a completely new way of composing sound"; in the studio, serial operations could be applied to elements such as timbre and dynamics. The common link between the two schools is that the music is recorded and performed through loudspeakers, without a human performer. The majority of electroacoustic pieces use a combination of recorded sound and synthesized or processed sounds, and the schism between Schaeffer's and Eimert's approaches has been overcome, the first major example being Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gesang der Jünglinge of 1955–56.

Circuit bending
Circuit bending is the creative short-circuiting of low voltage, battery-powered electronic audio devices such as guitar effects, children's toys and small synthesizers to create new musical instruments and sound generators. Emphasizing spontaneity and randomness, the techniques of circuit bending have been commonly associated with noise music, though many more conventional contemporary musicians and musical groups have been known to experiment with "bent" instruments.

Examples of notable works
 Milton Babbitt – Philomel (1964)
 Luciano Berio – Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) (1958–59)
 Johanna Beyer – Music of the Spheres (1938)
 Konrad Boehmer – Aspekt (1964–66), Apocalipsis cum figuris (1984)
 Pierre Boulez – Répons (1981–84)
 John Cage – Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939)
 Mario Davidovsky – Synchronisms No. 6 for Piano and Electronic Sound (1970)
 Halim El-Dabh – Leiyla and the Poet (1961)
 Karel Goeyvaerts – Nummer 5 met zuivere tonen (1953)
 Tim Hecker –  Virgins (2013)
 Jean-Michel Jarre – Deserted Palace (1972)
 Phil Kline – Unsilent Night (1992), for cassettes in boomboxes
 Gottfried Michael Koenig – Project 1 (1964), Project 2 (1966)
 Alvin Lucier – I Am Sitting in a Room (1969)
 Ivo Malec – Triola, ou Symphonie pour moi-même (1977–78)
 Luigi Nono – La fabbrica illuminata (1964), A floresta é jovem e cheia de vida (1966), Contrappunto dialettico alla mente (1968), Como una ola de fuerza y luz (1971–72)
 Pauline Oliveros – Sonic Meditations, "Teach Yourself to Fly" (1961)
 Else Marie Pade – Symphonie Magnétophonique (1958)
 Henri Pousseur – Scambi (1957), Trois Visages de Liège (1961), Paraboles-Mix (1972), Seize Paysages planétairesl (2000)
 Steve Reich – Pendulum Music (1968), for microphones, amplifiers, speakers and performers
 Pierre Schaeffer – Cinq études de bruits (1948)
 Karlheinz Stockhausen – Gesang der Jünglinge (1955–56), Kontakte (1958–60), Mixtur (1964), Mikrophonie I & II (1964 and 1965), Telemusik (1966), Hymnen (1966–67), Oktophonie (1991), Cosmic Pulses (2006–2007)
 James Tenney – For Ann (rising) (1969)
 Edgard Varèse – Poème électronique (1958)
 Charles Wuorinen – Time's Encomium (1969)
 Iannis Xenakis – Persepolis (1971)

Electronic and electroacoustic instruments

 Birotron (1974), Dave Biro
 Buchla 100 and 200 serie (1960s–70s), Buchla Lightning I (1991) and Buchla Lightning II (1995) by Don Buchla
 Cembaphon (1951), Harald Bode
 Chamberlin (1946)
 Clavinet (1964)
 Clavioline (early 1950s) and Concert Clavioline (1953), Harald Bode
 Clavivox, Circle Machine, Bass Line Generator, Rhythm Modulator, Bandito the Bongo Artist, and Electronium (1950s–60s), Raymond Scott
 DX7 (1983), Yamaha
 Elektronium (in German)
 EMS Synthi AKS (1972)
 Fairlight CMI (1978)
 Gravikord (1986), Robert Grawi
 Kraakdoos / Cracklebox (1960s–70s), Michel Waisvisz
 Mellotron (1960s)
 Melochord (1947–49), Harald Bode
 Melodium (1938), Harald Bode
 Moog synthesizer (1965), Robert Moog
 Ondioline (1939), Georges Jenny
 Optigan (1971)
 Orchestron (1975), Vako Synthesizers
 Polychord (1950) and Polychord III (1951), Harald Bode
 Electronic Sackbut (1945), Hugh Le Caine
 Sampler (musical instrument)
 Synclavier (1975), Jon Appleton, Sydney A. Alonso and Cameron Jones
 Telharmonium (1897), Thaddeus Cahill
 Theremin (1928), Leon Theremin
 Tuttivox (1953), Harald Bode
 UPIC (1977), Iannis Xenakis and CEMAMu
 Warbo Formant organ (1937), Harald Bode

Centers, associations and events for electroacoustics and related arts
Important centers of research and composition can be found around the world, and there are numerous conferences and festivals which present electroacoustic music, notably the International Computer Music Conference, the international conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, the Electroacoustic Music Studies Conference, and the Ars Electronica Festival (Linz, Austria).

A number of national associations promote the art form, notably the Canadian Electroacoustic Community (CEC) in Canada, the Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States (SEAMUS) in the US, the Australasian Computer Music Association in Australia and New Zealand, and Sound and Music (previously the Sonic Arts Network) in the UK. The Computer Music Journal and Organised Sound are the two most important peer-reviewed journals dedicated to electroacoustic studies, while several national associations produce print and electronic publications.

Festivals

There have been a number of festivals that feature electroacoustic music. Early festivals such as Donaueschingen Festival, founded in 1921, were some of the first to include electroacoustic instruments and pieces. This was followed by ONCE Festival of New Music in the 1950s, and since the 1960s there has been a growth of festivals that focus exclusively on electroacoustic music.

60x60 (Intl.)
Akousma (Canada)
Ars Electronica (Austria)
Berlin Atonal (Germany)
Cybersonica (UK)
Dias de Música Electroacústica (Intl.)
Electro-music (UK)
Electroacoustic Music Days (Greece)
Electronic Music Midwest (US)
Electrofringe (Australia)
Expo '70 (Japan)
International Computer Music Conference (Intl.)
International Electroacoustic Music Festival (Cuba)
L'espace du son (Belgium)
Les Siestes Electroniques (France)
Music For People & Thingamajigs Festival (US)
New Interfaces for Musical Expression (Int.)
Numusic (Norway)
NWEAMO (US)
Olympia Experimental Music Festival (US)
ONCE Festival of New Music (US)
Présences Électroniques (France)
Pro Musica Nova (Germany)
Spark Festival (US)
TodaysArt (The Netherlands)

Conferences and symposiums
Alongside paper presentations, workshops and seminars, many of these events also feature concert performances or sound installations created by those attending or which are related to the theme of the conference / symposium.

See also
Acousmatic music
Computer music
Digital signal processing
Experimental music
International Documentation of Electroacoustic Music
Japanoise
List of acousmatic-music composers
Live electronic music
Sonology
Sound recording and reproduction
Sound art

References

Works cited

Further reading

 Anon. 2007. "Untitled". The Wire 275–280.
Beecroft, Norma. 2009. "Electronic Music in Toronto and Canada in the Analogue Era." eContact! 11.2 – Figures canadiennes (2) / Canadian Figures (2) (July 2009). Montréal: CEC.
Chadabe, Joel. 1997. Electric Sound: The Past and Promise of Electronic Music. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. .
Doornbusch, P. 2015. "A Chronology / History of Electronic and Computer Music and Related Events 1906 – 2015" http://www.doornbusch.net/chronology/
Emmerson, Simon (ed.). 1986. The Language of Electroacoustic Music. London: Macmillan.  (cased);  (pbk).
Emmerson, Simon (ed.). 2000. Music, Electronic Media and Culture. Aldershot (UK) and Burlington, Vermont (US): Ashgate Publishing. .
Gann, Kyle. 2000a. "It's Sound, It's Art, and Some Call It Music." The New York Times (January 9).
Gann, Kyle. 2000. "Music; Electronic Music, Always Current." The New York Times (July 9).
Griffiths, Paul. 1995. Modern Music and After: Directions Since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  (cloth)  (pbk).
Guérin, François. 1983. Les musiques électroacoustiques. À l'écoute de la musique d'ici 2. Montréal: Centre de musique canadienne. [N.B.: Bibliographical list of Canadian electro-acoustic works.] Without ISBN.
Heifetz, Robin Julian. 1989. On the Wires of Our Nerves: The Art of Electroacoustic Music. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses. .
Kahn, Douglas. 2001. Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. .
Licata, Thomas (ed.). 2002. Electroacoustic Music: Analytical Perspectives. Contributions to the Study of Music and Dance, 0193-9041; no. 63. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. .
Manning, Peter. 2004. Electronic and Computer Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.  (hardback)  (pbk).
 Normandeau, Robert. n.d. "Robert Normandeau Interview". Interview with Robert Normandeau On Outsight Radio Hours about electroacoustic compositions and if they are "music".
Roads, Curtis. 1996. The Computer Music Tutorial. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.  (cloth)  (pbk).
 Smalley, Denis. 1997. "Spectromorphology: Explaining Sound-Shapes." Organised Sound 2, no. 2:107–126.
 Wishart, Trevor. 1996. On Sonic Art. New and revised edition. Contemporary Music Studies 12. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.  (cloth)  (pbk)  (CD).
Wright, Edward. 2010. "Symbiosis: A Portfolio of Work Focusing on the Tensions Between Electroacoustic and Instrumental Music". PhD diss. Bangor: Bangor University.

External links
eContact!. Freely available online, four themed issues published each year by the Canadian Electroacoustic Community.
"Electroacoustic Bibliography" published in eContact! 8.4 – Ressources éducatives / Educational Resources (Montréal: CEC), an annotated list of journals publishing articles related to electroacoustics.

Electronic music genres
Experimental music genres

Electroacoustic music


21581 Ernestoruiz este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
21581 Ernestoruiz este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,02 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 9,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 21001-22000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

21581 Ernestoruiz


Las elecciones estatales de Chihuahua de 1956 se llevaron a cabo el domingo 1 de julio de 1956, y en ellas se renovaron los siguientes cargos de elección popular :

 Gobernador de Chihuahua. Titular del Poder Ejecutivo del estado, electo para un periodo de seis años no reelegibles en ningún caso, el candidato electo fue Teófilo Borunda. Aunque bajo graves acusaciones y denuncias de fraude electoral.
 12 diputados del Congreso del Estado. Electos por mayoría relativa en cada uno de los distritos electorales uninominales.
 66 ayuntamientos. Compuestos por un presidente municipal y regidores, electos para un periodo de tres años no reelegibles para el periodo inmediato.

Se trató de la primera elección en la que fueron escogidos el Gobernador, los Ayuntamientos y el Congreso al mismo tiempo, luego de las reformas a la Constitución Política del Estado y al Código Municipal promovidas por el exgobernador Oscar Soto Maynez en noviembre de 1954, en las que se establecía que las elecciones de todos los poderes del estado fueran concurrentes.

Resultados electorales

Gobernador

Ayuntamientos

Ayuntamiento de Chihuahua
 Esteban Uranga Prado

Ayuntamiento de Juárez
 René Mascareñas Miranda

Congreso del Estado de Chihuahua

Impugnaciones
El Comité Regional del PAN denunció que el candidato del PRI, Teófilo Borunda no cumplía con los requisitos legales para ser candidato a gobernador toda vez que no se separó del cargo de senador con al menos seis mese de antelación al día de la elección, presentando ante esta situación una denuncia en la Procuraduría General de la República. Sin embargo, la Comisión Especial del Congreso del Estado que calificaría la elección consideró que al no tener como Senador una jurisdicción de tipo ejecutiva en el estado no era inelegible al puesto ya que el no solicitar la licencia con seis meses de antelación tampoco podía hacer que coaccionara al vaoto.

Por su parte, el candidato del Partido Revolucionario Institucional a presidente municipal de Ciudad Juárez, René Mascareñas Miranda fue acusado de fraude por el candidato del Partido Acción Nacional, Alfonso Arronte Domínguez, alegando que Mascareñas solo había obtenido el veinte por ciento de la votación, pues luego de la elección se habían anulado arbitrariamente los sufragios emitidos en 19 secciones electorales.

Véase también
 Elecciones estatales de México
 Chihuahua

Referencias

Chihuahua
Elecciones de Chihuahua

Elecciones estatales de Chihuahua de 1956


Kristina Ohlsson (Kristianstad, 2 de março de 1979) é uma cientista política sueca e escritora premiada.

Biografia
Kristina Ohlsson nasceu em Kristianstad, no sul da Suécia, e hoje vive em Estocolmo. É cientista política, ex-analista estratégica de segurança da Polícia Nacional da Suécia.

Ela cresceu em Kristianstad e depois mudou-se para Gotemburgo, onde estudou Ciências Políticas. Em seguida, ela obteve um mestrado em ciências políticas e gerenciamento de crises pela Universidade Sueca em Estocolmo. Ohlsson trabalhou como Oficial de Combate ao Terrorismo na Organização para Segurança e Cooperação na Europa; trabalhou também para o Serviço de Segurança Sueco, para o Ministério Sueco dos Negócios Estrangeiros e para o Colégio de Defesa Nacional Sueco.

Obras

Série Fredrika Bergman
 Askungar (2009)
 Tusenskönor (2010) Silenciadas (Vestigio, 2016)
 Änglavakter (2011) Desaparecidas (Vestigio, 2017)
 Paradisoffer (2012) Indesejadas (Vestigio, 2014)
 Davidsstjärnor (2013)
 Syndafloder (2017)

Série Martin Brenner
 Lotus BLues (2014)
 Mios BLues (2015)

Pessoas vivas
Naturais de Kristianstad (cidade)
Nascidos em 1979
Escritoras de literatura policial
Romancistas da Suécia
Cientistas políticos da Suécia

Kristina Ohlsson


Nadvojvoda Leopold V. Tirolski (Graz, 9. listopada 1586. – Schwaz, 13. rujna 1632.) bio je sin nadvojvode Karla II. i brat cara Ferdinanda II., otac od Ferdinanda Karla. Bio je biskup Passaua i Strasbourga (do 1625.), vladar Tirola i Prednje Austrije i vođa opatije Murbach.

Austrijski vladari
Habsburgovci

Leopold V. Tirolski


Kathe Kollwitz යනු ජර්මානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියෙක් , මුද්‍රණ නිර්මාපකයෙක් හා ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පියෙක් වන අතර 20 වන ශත වර්ෂයේ මුල් භාගයේ මානවීය පසුබිමට දායක වු නිර්මාණ කරුවෙකි. අවසානාවන්ත ලෙස ඔහුගේ නැඹුරුව පැවතියේ වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධව සිතුවම් කරණය, නිරේඛනය ලී කැටයම් හා ශෛල්‍යමය නිර්මාණ තුළින් දුප්පත්කමේ කුසගින්නේ හා යුද්ධයේ ගොදුරු වැළද ගැනීමටය. ආරම්භයේදී ඔහුගේ නිර්මාණ පාදක වුයේ ස්වභාවික වාදය වන අතර පසුව ප්‍රකාශන වාදි ගති ගුණ මත පාදක වු නිර්මාණ සිදු කළේය.

කතේ කොල්විට්


Fun (skrevet som fun.) er et amerikansk indiepop-band fra New York City. Bandet blev grundlagt af Nate Ruess (tidligere forsanger fra The Format), sammen med Andrew Dost (fra Anathallo), og Jack Antonoff (fra Steel Train og Bleachers). Fun har udgivet to albums: Aim and Ignite i august 2009 og Some Nights i februar 2012.

Gruppen er mest kendt for deres tre hitsingler fra Some Nights: den Grammy Awardvindende "We Are Young" (featuring Janelle Monáe), "Some Nights" og "Carry On". "We Are Young" nåede nummer 1 på den amerikanske Billboard Hot 100 og Digital Songs-hitlisten. Den toppede også som nummer 1 i Storbritannien på UK Singles Chart. "Some Nights" blev udgivet som albummets anden single i juni 2012 og nåede nummer 3 på Hot 100 chart og blev Funs anden Top 10 single, samt gruppens anden sang, der solgte platin i USA.

Den 10. februar 2013 vandt Fun Grammy Award for bedste nye kunstner og Grammy Award for årets sang for "We Are Young". Derudover var gruppen for nomineret til fire andre Grammy Awards: Årets Album og Bedst Pop Duo eller Grupp eller gruppe (begge for "We Are Young") samt Årets album og Bedste Popalbum (begge for Some Nights).

Diskografi
 Aim and Ignite (2009)
 Some Nights (2012)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Alter the Press Interview
 March 18, 2012 NPR story and interview by Guy Raz

Etableret i 2008
Musikgrupper fra USA

Fun (band)


Jane Lauretta Anne Goldman (nacida el 11 de junio de 1970) es una guionista, autora, modelo y presentadora de televisión británica. Entre los años 2003 y 2004 protagonizó su propia serie de sucesos paranormales, Jane Goldman Investigates, en el canal Living.

Vida personal
Goldman nació en Hammersmith, Londres, hija de Amanda y Stuart Goldman, promotor inmobiliario. Su padre era judío y su madre budista. Conoció y tuvo su primer romance con el popular presentador de televisión Jonathan Ross cuando apenas tenía 16 años y era colunista pop del periódico Daily Star, se casó con él en 1988 tras cumplir los 18. Desde entonces han tenido tres hijos: Betty Kitten (llamada así por Bettie Page y Kitten Natividad) nacida en julio de 1991, Harvey Kirby (en honor al artista de cómics Jack Kirby) nacido en marzo de 1994 y Honey Kinny nacida en febrero de 1997. La familia reside en Hampstead Garden Suburb, Londres.

Carrera
Goldman trabajó como miembro del personal escribiendo en la revista de videojuegos de PC multi-formato Zero, en las ediciones publicadas entre 1990–1992.

Goldman escribió la novela Dreamworld, cuatro libros de no-ficción para jóvenes adultos, y la serie de dos volúmenes de no-ficción, The X-Files Book of the Unexplained , sobre la popular serie de televisión Americana. Goldman aparece como personaje en la mini historieta de Neil Gaiman "The Facts in the Case of the Departure of Miss Finch" (1996).

Con el paso del tiempo logró hacerse un hueco como guionista, consiguió ser parte del equipo de redacción de los breves episodios de comedia de situacíon de David Baddiel, Baddiel's Syndrome. Jane fue la coescritora del guion para la película Stardust, basada en la novela de Gaiman, que le sirvió para ganar en 2008 un Premio Hugo. Después de Stardust, Goldman se convirtió en colaboradora habitual del director Matthew Vaughn, escribiendo y produciendo conjuntamente sus siguientes películas, la adaptación cinematográfica del cómic Kick-Ass y X-Men: primera generación. Kick-Ass ha causado gran controversia debido a uno de sus personajes, Hit-Girl (Chloë Grace Moretz) una letal asesina de 11 años, violenta y extremadamente sarcástica entrenada por su padre Big-Daddy (Nicolas Cage). Goldman ha defendido a su personaje argumentando, "No es una película para niños, no es algo que los niños deban ver. Obviamente ningún niño pequeño podría ir por ahí haciendo tales cosas." También escribió el guion para el thriller dramático The Debt protagonizada por Helen Mirren. Actualmente se encuentra adaptando el guion de la novela de Susan Hill The Woman in Black.

En junio de 2008 fue nombrada mejor cineasta del año en los Women of the Year awards de la revista Glamour.

Jane Goldman Investigates
Goldman trata con diversos tópicos paranormales en su programa, Jane Goldman Investigates. Tiene varios episodios individuales sobre distintos aspectos de lo paranormal, incluyendo fantasmas, clarividencia, astrología, etc. Goldman se involucra personalmente en los hechos que investiga e intenta transmitir sus experiencias al espectador de la forma más verídica posible, participando activamente en lecturas del Tarot, astrología... Dedica un mes a cada tópico, comenzando por entrevistar a expertos y testigos en los respectivos campos paranormales; al final de cada mes hace una síntesis para ver como se han asimilado los datos, testimonios y experiencias recogidas dando al espectador un visión lo más objetiva posible.

Goldman presta mucha atención a la parte científica de cada tema a tratar llevando a cabo experimentos para una mejor progresión de sus investigaciones. Por ejemplo, ideó un experimento de magia rúnica para ver si las personas podían elegir sus respectivas lecturas dentro de un grupo numeroso. Mientras que la mayoría de sus programas son divertidos y amenos, algunos indagan en la parte más oscura de lo paranormal, como el Voodoo, las maldiciones y los poltergeist.

Modelo
Goldman fue modelo de lencería para la firma Fantasie bras.

Filmografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Review en DooYoo

Presentadores de televisión de Reino Unido
Productores de televisión de Reino Unido
Guionistas de televisión del Reino Unido
Nacidos en Londres

Jane Goldman