A contraofensiva de Carcóvia de 2022 foi uma contraofensiva militar realizada pelas Forças Armadas da Ucrânia no território ucraniano ocupado pela Rússia no oblast de Carcóvia, iniciada em 6 de setembro de 2022.

Durante a ofensiva, a Ucrânia libertou 500 assentamentos e 12 mil quilômetros quadrados no território de Carcóvia.

Contexto
As ofensivas russas nos primeiros meses da invasão da Ucrânia conseguiram capturar largos territórios no oblast de Carcóvia, incluindo as cidades estratégias de Izium e Kupiansk. Entretanto, a maior parte do oblast permaneceu sob controle ucraniano, incluindo a capital, Carcóvia, que foi bombardeada incessantemente desde o início das hostilidades com foguetes, artilharia e bombas de fragmentação até meados de agosto.

As forças ucranianas impediram mais avanços russos em Carcóvia e, em março e maio, lançaram contraofensivas empurrando os russos para fora da cidade. Em 6 de junho, um bombardeio russo em Carcóvia matou 606 civis e feriou outros 1.248, de acordo com a Anistia Internacional.

A linha de frente no oblast permaneceu estática pelos meses seguintes, com analistas ucranianos e ocidentais acreditando que a Rússia carecia de forças terrestres para renovar sua ofensiva. O número de mortos em Carcóvia ultrapassou 1 mil em agosto.

Em setembro de 2022, Oleksandr Syrskyi, que estava encarregado da defesa de Kiev no início da invasão e mais tarde recebeu o título de Herói da Ucrânia por seu serviço, foi nomeado para comandar as forças terrestres ucranianas no oblast de Carcóvia. A contraofensiva foi executada sob seu comando.

Contraofensiva

Prelúdio
Após semanas de propaganda ucraniana sobre uma contraofensiva no sul do país, a Rússia realocou milhares de soldados, incluindo unidades de elite, para o oblast de Quérson, deixando suas tropas remanescentes em uma "frente esticada e cansada que se estendia por cerca de 1.300 km — aproximadamente a distância de Londres a Praga".

A chegada da artilharia autopropulsada HIMARS fornecida pelos Estados Unidos permitiu que as forças ucranianas atacassem até 70 quilômetros atrás das linhas russas, visando bases e depósitos de munição até Kupiansk e Kivsharivka nas semanas anteriores à contraofensiva. Esses ataques enfraqueceram ainda mais a logística e moral russas.

Em 29 de agosto, a Ucrânia anunciou que em breve lançaria uma ofensiva na região de Quérson, no sul da Ucrânia. Unidades ucranianas atacaram logo depois, e a atenção da Rússia mudou para o sul. Embora a contraofensiva de Quérson possa ter sido genuína, os analistas ocidentais a veem como parte de uma manobra para desviar as forças russas de Carcóvia antes da contraofensiva do leste, que seria muito maior. Em qualquer caso, as forças russas em Carcóvia ficaram sem apoio e despreparadas nos dias anteriores a 6 de setembro.

As autoridades russas adiaram os referendos de anexação na Ucrânia ocupada pela Rússia em 5 de setembro de 2022 devido a questões de segurança.

Primeira fase (6–12 de setembro de 2022)
Em 6 de setembro de 2022, as forças ucranianas lançaram a contraofensiva na região de Carcóvia, pegando as forças russas de surpresa. Em uma entrevista de 10 de setembro ao The Guardian, o porta-voz das forças especiais ucranianas, Taras Berezovets, afirmou que a Rússia "pensou que [a contra-ofensiva] seria no sul, mas em vez do sul, a ofensiva aconteceu onde menos esperavam, e isso os fez entrar em pânico e fugir".As tropas ucranianas avançaram pelo menos 20 quilômetros em território controlado pela Rússia e recapturaram cerca de 400 quilômetros quadrados de território durante os primeiros dois dias.

Em 9 de setembro, a Ucrânia rompeu as linhas russas, com os militares ucranianos dizendo que haviam avançado quase 50 quilômetros e recapturado mais de 1.000 quilômetros quadrados de território. Este avanço os colocou a aproximadamente 44 quilômetros a noroeste de Izium, a principal base logística russa na região, uma taxa de avanço praticamente inédita desde que a Rússia se retirou de Quieve no início da guerra. O Instituto para o Estudo da Guerra avaliou que as forças ucranianas capturaram aproximadamente 2.500 quilômetros quadrados no avanço.

Um especialista militar disse que foi a primeira vez desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial que unidades russas inteiras foram perdidas em uma única batalha.

Ruptura
Em 6 de setembro, tendo concentrado suas forças em Pryshyb, uma pequena vila a cerca de 15 km a noroeste de Balakliia, as tropas ucranianas lançaram uma contraofensiva no oblast de Carcóvia, que levou as forças russas de volta à margem esquerda dos rios Donets e Serednya-Balakliika. As forças ucranianas envolvidas eram forças especiais, além de tanques, veículos blindados e tropas da 92.ª Brigada Mecanizada.

No mesmo dia, as forças ucranianas capturaram Verbivka, cerca de 8 km a leste de Pryshyb e menos de 3 km a noroeste de Balakliia. Várias fontes relataram que as forças russas demoliram pontes na periferia leste de Balakliia para impedir novos avanços ucranianos.

As tropas ucranianas partiram então para a ofensiva nas direções de Volokhiv Yar, Shevchenkove, Kupiansk e os distritos de Savyntsi e Kunye, situados a leste de Balakliia. De acordo com fontes russas nesta linha de contato, os ucranianos se opuseram em algumas áreas da linha por forças levemente armadas de separatistas de Donets, enquanto fontes ucranianas disseram que as forças nesta região eram soldados russos profissionais, não conscritos do Donets.

No dia seguinte, as forças ucranianas avançaram cerca de 20 quilômetros em território ocupado pela Rússia, recapturando aproximadamente 400 quilômetros quadrados e alcançando posições a nordeste de Izium. Fontes russas afirmaram que esse sucesso provavelmente se deveu à realocação das forças russas para Quérson, em resposta à contraofensiva ucraniana ali.

Em 8 de setembro, as tropas ucranianas avançaram 50 quilômetros nas posições defensivas russas ao norte de Izium. Unidades SOBR da Guarda Nacional Russa perderam o controle de Balakliia, cerca de 44 km a noroeste de Izium, embora a Ucrânia não tenha estabelecido o controle da cidade até 10 de setembro. Perto da cidade, as forças ucranianas recapturaram a maior base de armazenamento de munição da Direção Central de Foguetes e Artilharia das Forças Armadas da Ucrânia. As forças ucranianas também recuperaram o controle sobre mais de 20 assentamentos. No mesmo dia, a mídia ucraniana informou que as forças ucranianas capturaram um oficial russo de alto escalão na frente de Carcóvia. Com base nas imagens do homem, especulou-se que ele era o tenente-general Andrei Sychevoi, comandante do Distrito Militar Ocidental das Forças Armadas da Rússia.

Em 9 de setembro, o governo provisório apoiado pela Rússia ordenou a evacuação para a Rússia da população de Izium, Kupiansk e Velykyi Burluk. Os residentes locais relataram mais tarde que, neste ponto, os soldados russos na área começaram a fugir das aldeias, deixando para trás seu armamento, antes mesmo da chegada das tropas ucranianas. No final do dia, as forças ucranianas chegaram a Kupiansk, um centro vital na junção de várias das principais linhas ferroviárias que abastecem as tropas russas na linha de frente. O Instituto para o Estudo da Guerra disse acreditar que Kupiansk provavelmente cairia nas próximas 72 horas. Em resposta ao avanço ucraniano, unidades de reserva russas foram enviadas como reforços para Kupiansk e Izium.

Em 10 de setembro, as forças ucranianas retomaram Kupiansk e Izium, e avançavam em direção a Lyman. Uma conselheira do chefe do conselho regional de Carcóvia, Natalia Popova, postou fotos no Facebook de soldados segurando uma bandeira ucraniana do lado de fora da prefeitura de Kupiansk. Agentes de segurança e policiais ucranianos se mudaram para os assentamentos recapturados para verificar as identidades daqueles que permaneceram sob a ocupação russa. Mais tarde naquele dia, o governador do oblast de Lugansk, Serhiy Haidai, afirmou que soldados ucranianos haviam avançado para os arredores de Lysychansk, enquanto guerrilheiros ucranianos teriam conseguido capturar partes de Kreminna. Haidai afirmou que as forças russas fugiram da cidade, deixando Kreminna "praticamente vazia".

O The New York Times disse que "a queda da cidade estrategicamente importante de Izium, no leste da Ucrânia, é o golpe mais devastador para a Rússia desde sua humilhante retirada de Kiev". O porta-voz do Ministério da Defesa da Rússia, Igor Konashenkov, respondeu a esses desenvolvimentos afirmando que as forças russas na área de Balakliia e Izium iriam "se reagrupar" na área de Donetsk "para atingir os objetivos declarados da operação militar especial para libertar Donbas". O presidente ucraniano Zelensky disse que "o exército russo hoje em dia está demonstrando o melhor que pode fazer - dando as costas. E, claro, é uma boa decisão." Ele afirmou que a Ucrânia recapturou 2 mil quilômetros quadrados o início da contraofensiva.

Em 11 de setembro, a Newsweek informou que as forças ucranianas "penetraram as linhas russas a uma profundidade de até 70 quilômetros em alguns lugares e retomaram mais de 3 mil quilômetros quadrados de território desde 6 de setembro". Um mapa usado no briefing do Ministério da Defesa russo no mesmo dia confirmou que as forças russas haviam se retirado de Kozacha Lopan, bem como de Vovchansk e de outros assentamentos na fronteira Ucrânia-Rússia. As forças ucranianas também retomaram Velykyi Burluk.

Em 28 de setembro, o Financial Times publicou um artigo com muitos gráficos interativos e deu uma descrição vívida das razões por trás da contraofensiva relâmpago contra Kupiansk. Atribuiu o HIMARS fornecido pelo Ocidente como uma das razões que permitiram à Ucrânia dominar as forças russas em apenas 6 dias, em uma extensão de 90 km (aproximadamente a distância entre Londres a Cambridge), e recuperar mais de 2.500 quilômetros quadrados de terra.

Recuo russo do oblast de Carcóvia
Na tarde de 11 de setembro, o Ministério da Defesa da Rússia anunciou a retirada formal das forças russas de quase todo o oblast de Carcóvia. O ministério "anunciou que uma 'operação para reduzir e transferir tropas' estava em andamento". Às 20h daquele dia, mísseis de cruzeiro russos Kalibr atingiram locais críticos da infraestrutura ucraniana (incluindo a usina de energia Kharkiv TEC-5), deixando Poltava, Sume, Carcóvia, Dnipro, Donetsk e partes do oblast de Odessa sem eletricidade. Enquanto isso, confrontos entre atacantes ucranianos e defensores russos continuaram em Lyman.

Em 12 de setembro, de acordo com o resumo do Estado-Maior das Forças Armadas da Ucrânia, as Forças de Defesa ucranianas liberaram as tropas russas em mais de 20 assentamentos, principalmente em Velykyi Burluk e Dvorichna. O chefe russo da autoridade de ocupação de Carcóvia, Vitaly Ganchev, revelou na mídia estatal russa Rossiya 24 que as forças ucranianas superavam as forças russas em "8 vezes". A fronteira com o oblast de Belgorod foi fechada depois que cerca de 5 mil civis foram "evacuados" para a Rússia.

A Ucrânia retomou todo o oblast de Carcóvia a oeste do rio Oskil em 13 de setembro, com a mídia afirmando que as tropas ucranianas haviam entrado em Vovchansk.

Outros ganhos
Na manhã de 11 de setembro, o governador do oblast de Lugansk, Serhiy Haidai, afirmou que as forças russas haviam deixado Starobelsk. Na mesma mensagem, ele afirmou que as autoridades ocupacionais russas também estavam saindo de áreas que a Rússia controlava desde 2014, embora não houvesse evidências claras para verificar essa afirmação.

Em 12 de setembro, as forças ucranianas libertaram Sviatohirsk, que as forças russas capturaram em junho de 2022, e se aproximaram da fronteira administrativa entre Carcóvia e do oblast de Donetsk, bem como Lyman, uma cidade ferroviária estratégica no oblast de Donetsk que as forças russas capturaram no final de maio de 2022 após uma batalha feroz.

Relatos de militares russos saindo de áreas que anteriormente controlavam no oblast de Lugansk começaram em 12 de setembro, juntamente com uma retirada da cidade de Svatove. No entanto, as tropas russas retornaram a Svatove em 14 de setembro.

Em 12 de setembro, o presidente Zelensky disse que as forças ucranianas retomaram um total de 6.000 quilômetros quadrados da Rússia, tanto no sul quanto no leste. Em 13 de setembro, durante seu discurso, ele afirmou que os militares ucranianos haviam recapturado 8.000 quilômetros quadrados de território russo.

De acordo com o Oryx, a Rússia havia perdido pelo menos 338 equipamentos militares nos cinco dias anteriores a 11 de setembro. Esse número incluiu caças, tanques e caminhões que foram destruídos, danificados ou capturados.

Após a ofensiva, a Forbes, citando números ucranianos, relatou que dezenas de milhares de soldados russos foram mortos, capturados ou desertaram. Eles também estimaram que metade do 11.º Corpo de Exército de 12 mil homens foi destruída e que eles perderam mais de 200 veículos militares. Os ucranianos também afirmaram que a 64.ª Brigada Separada de Fuzileiros Motorizados, que tinha uma força nominal de 1.500 homens, sofreu 90% de baixas durante a batalha.

Segunda fase (13 de setembro–2 de outubro de 2022)

Avanço do rio Oskil
Apesar da intenção russa de manter a linha de frente ao longo do rio Oskil, as forças ucranianas já cruzaram o rio em 13 de setembro em vários locais. Por volta de 13 de setembro, as forças ucranianas cruzaram o rio perto de Borova e estabeleceram uma ponte. De 24 a 25 de setembro, a Ucrânia estabeleceu pelo menos cinco cabeças de ponte no lado leste do rio.

Em 15 de setembro, algumas fontes russas afirmaram que as forças ucranianas estabeleceram posições de artilharia em Hryanykivka, em frente a Dvorichna, no lado leste do rio Oskil. No mesmo dia, as forças ucranianas recapturaram Sosnove no oblast de Donetsk e forçaram as forças russas a se retirarem de Studenok, uma vila no oblast de Carcóvia e a sudeste de Izium, para evitar o cerco.

Em 16 de setembro, as forças ucranianas capturaram Kupiansk-Vuzlovyi, no lado leste do rio Oskil e em frente a Kupiansk, e a porção leste de Kupiansk, estabelecendo outra cabeça de ponte sobre o rio Oskil. Isso ameaçou ainda mais as linhas de abastecimento russas ao norte do oblast de Lugansk, colocando em risco as operações russas em todo o resto do Donbas.

Em 18 de setembro, os militares ucranianos declararam que haviam atravessado e controlado o lado leste do rio Oskil.

Em 19 de setembro, imagens de vídeo confirmaram que as forças ucranianas haviam libertado a vila de Bilohorivka no oblast de Lugansk, significando que a Rússia não mais mantinha o controle total da região.

Em 22 de setembro, o ISW relatou que "as forças ucranianas ocuparam terreno a leste de Dvorichna e estão lutando em Tavilzhanka, que supostamente ainda é um território contestado". Houve relatos de que as forças ucranianas libertaram Hrianykivka, um assentamento a oeste de Tavilzhanka, em 15 de setembro, quando a Ucrânia estabeleceu posições de artilharia lá. Portanto, é "consistente com relatórios anteriores sobre os contínuos esforços ucranianos para penetrar nas atuais linhas defensivas russas que correm ao longo do rio Oskil e avançam para o leste".

Em 23 de setembro, as Forças Armadas da Ucrânia libertaram a vila de Yatskivka, no oblast de Donetsk, de acordo com Oleksii Hromov, vice-chefe da diretoria de operações do estado-maior da Força Aérea da Ucrânia.

Em 24 de setembro, as forças ucranianas libertaram Horobivka, um assentamento a leste de Hrianykivka e no lado leste do rio Oskil. Além disso, as forças ucranianas libertaram Petropavlivka, 7 quilômetros a leste de Kupiansk, e não muito longe de Kupiansk-Vuzlovyi, também no lado leste do rio Oskil. As forças ucranianas libertaram mais dois assentamentos até 24 de setembro: Kucherivka e Podoly, ambos espremidos entre Kupiansk-Vuzlovyi e Petropavlivka.

Em 25 de setembro, as forças ucranianas provavelmente obtiveram o controle de Maliivka, um assentamento ao norte da fronteira entre Carcóvia e Donetsk e a leste de Pisky-Radkivskyi, durante a Segunda Batalha de Lyman. Em 26 de setembro, a Ucrânia recapturou com sucesso grande parte do distrito de Kupiansk.

Em 26 de setembro, as forças ucranianas avançaram para o norte do oblast de Donetsk e libertaram Pisky-Radkivskyi. O assentamento fica no lado leste do rio Oskil no oblast de Carcóvia, localizado a 35 quilômetros a noroeste de Lyman e diretamente ao sul de Borova.

Em 27 de setembro, mais ganhos foram relatados a leste do rio Oskil, com as forças ucranianas entrando nas cidades de Lidkodub e Korovyi Yar.

Cerco e recaptura de Lyman

Como resultado da "contraofensiva relâmpago" da Ucrânia ao longo de setembro, as forças russas recuaram para Lyman, uma grande cidade no oblast de Donetsk importantíssima para o abastecimento russo. De acordo com o Ministério da Defesa do Reino Unido, "a importância operacional de Lyman deveu-se ao seu comando sobre uma estrada que cruza o rio Siverskyi Donets, atrás do qual a Rússia tem tentado consolidar suas defesas". Em 26 de setembro, o The New York Times relatou um impasse entre as cidades críticas de Lyman, então controlada pela Rússia, e Bakhmut, controlada pela Ucrânia. Com a aproximação do inverno provavelmente paralisando ambos os militares, Lyman foi definida para ser a batalha que decidiria o teatro oriental da guerra.

Em 28 de setembro, as forças ucranianas entraram na cidade de Novoselivka localizada na região de Donetsk, cerca de 12 km a noroeste de Lyman, na margem esquerda do rio Oskil, um ponto de passagem estratégico.

Em 30 de setembro, as forças ucranianas libertaram Yampil, uma vila importante a 8 quilômetros a sudeste de Lyman. Um canal pró-russo do Telegram relatou "As Forças Armadas da Ucrânia conseguiram romper as defesas das Forças Armadas da FR (Federação Russa) e forçar as tropas russas a recuar para a cidade [Lyman]". Zelensky também relatou que as tropas ucranianas capturaram a cidade de Drobysheve, 10 quilômetros a noroeste de Lyman.

Em 1.º de outubro, um vídeo de tropas ucranianas erguendo a bandeira ucraniana na entrada de Lyman foi gravado, e havia cerca de 5 mil soldados russos cercados dentro da cidade. Serhii Cherevatyi, porta-voz das forças orientais da Ucrânia, afirmou que as forças ucranianas cercaram com sucesso as forças russas na cidade. As forças ucranianas avançaram para a cidade e, de acordo com o The Guardian, a batalha em Lyman "foi uma derrota humilhante". Oficiais russos recusaram convites para se render, então as tropas russas fugiram de maneira desorganizada. A cidade foi significativamente danificada durante a ocupação russa, com apenas algumas centenas de moradores ainda morando na cidade que possuía 27 mil habitantes antes da guerra. As autoridades russas confirmaram a perda de Lyman no final da tarde. Inicialmente, não havia estimativas claras de baixas durante a batalha, mas repórteres da Associated Press observaram que pelo menos 18 corpos russos permaneciam abandonados nas ruas em 3 de outubro. Mais tarde, porém, os ucranianos afirmaram ter matado mais de 1.500 soldados russos durante a retomada da cidade.

Os ganhos ocorreram um dia depois que o presidente russo Vladimir Putin anunciou a anexação dos territórios ocupados pela Rússia em uma cerimônia em Moscou, alegando que as regiões ocupadas da Ucrânia, incluindo o Donbas, agora eram território russo integral. O tenente-general aposentado dos Estados Unidos, Ben Hodges, revelou que "[a recaptura de Lyman] mostra que a reivindicação [de Putin] é ilegítima e não pode ser aplicada".

Reações

Rússia

Em 7 de setembro de 2022, um dia após o início da ofensiva ucraniana, Putin afirmou durante seu discurso no Fórum Econômico Oriental em Vladivostoque que "não perdemos nada e não perderemos nada" na guerra na Ucrânia.

O silêncio quase total das autoridades russas sobre a derrota – ou qualquer explicação para os acontecimentos ali ocorridos – gerou uma raiva considerável entre alguns comentaristas pró-guerra e nacionalistas russos nas redes sociais. Em 11 de setembro, alguns pediram que o presidente Vladimir Putin fizesse mudanças imediatas para garantir a vitória final na guerra, com vários blogueiros pró-guerra pedindo mobilização dentro da Rússia. A mídia estatal russa posteriormente criticou a derrota, com um tablóide pró-Kremlin culpando "a escassez de suprimentos e mão de obra, má coordenação e erros táticos orquestrados por oficiais militares".

O ex-comandante separatista e blogueiro militar pró-guerra, Igor Girkin, afirmou que o pelotão de fuzilamento deveria executar o ministro da Defesa russo, Sergei Shoigu, e expressou publicamente sua crença de que "a guerra na Ucrânia continuará até a derrota completa da Rússia. Já perdemos, o resto é apenas uma questão de tempo". Ele disse que a mobilização total na Rússia continua sendo a "última chance" de vitória. O jornalista de guerra pró-Kremlin, Alexander Kots, declarou publicamente: "precisamos fazer algo sobre o sistema, em que nossa liderança não gosta de falar sobre más notícias e seus subordinados não querem perturbar seus superiores".

Enquanto a Ucrânia conduzia sua contraofensiva, Vladimir Putin abriu uma roda-gigante no Centro Panrusso de Exposições e comemorou o Dia da Cidade de Moscou. Blogueiros de guerra o criticaram por continuar com as comemorações.

Em 20 de setembro, a Duma Federal introduziu emendas ao Código Penal, introduzindo os termos "mobilização", "lei marcial" e inserindo os artigos "Saqueamento" e "Rendição voluntária". Em 20 de setembro, as administrações pró-Kremlin em diferentes territórios da Ucrânia ocupados pela Rússia anunciaram "referendos" sobre a fusão desses territórios com a Rússia. Analistas consideram que um dos objetivos dessa anexação formal dos territórios é dar a Putin um pretexto para "defender o território russo" se ele precisar ordenar a mobilização dos recrutas da Rússia.

Em 21 de setembro, o presidente russo, Vladimir Putin, anunciou uma mobilização parcial. Em 26 de setembro, o Ministério da Defesa do Reino Unido disse que muitos mobilizados já estavam sendo enviados para a Ucrânia sem nenhum treinamento ou equipamento adequado. Alguns dos recrutas foram mortos menos de duas semanas depois de serem convocados, incluindo o advogado Andrei Nikiforov, que foi morto perto da cidade ucraniana de Lysychansk em 7 de outubro. Isso indicou que homens russos estavam sendo enviados para o front sem treinamento militar básico, o que contradiz a promessa de Putin de que todos os civis mobilizados passariam por treinamento básico antes de serem enviados para o combate.

Mundo
O Instituto para o Estudo da Guerra observou que o ritmo acelerado da contraofensiva ucraniana estava interrompendo as linhas de comunicação terrestres de longa data do exército russo, usadas para abastecer o exército russo no norte do oblast de Lugansk, e levaria a um sério obstáculo às operações da Rússia de acordo com a análise do ISW. Em 11 de setembro, o ISW observou que as armas ocidentais eram necessárias para o sucesso da Ucrânia, mas não o suficiente, e o planejamento e a execução habilidosos da campanha desempenharam um papel decisivo no sucesso relâmpago. O ISW afirmou que os longos preparativos e o anúncio de uma contraofensiva na região de Kherson confundiram os russos, levando a um desvio da atenção do exército russo para longe da região de Carcóvia, onde o exército ucraniano posteriormente atacou.

Em 10 de setembro, representantes do Ministério da Defesa do Reino Unido sugeriram que o exército russo praticamente fugiu, deixando os territórios conquistados livres para a reconquista ucraniana.

A Reuters e a BBC classificaram a perda de Izium, que o exército russo vinha tentando ocupar há mais de um mês no início da invasão, uma "grande humilhação" para o presidente russo Vladimir Putin e a pior derrota de Moscou desde a retirada de Kiev em março. O Financial Times publicou um artigo em 28 de setembro descrevendo a contraofensiva como "[a] jornada de 90 km que mudou o curso da guerra na Ucrânia". De acordo com o ISW, a recaptura de Izium, ocupada no início de abril, destruiu a perspectiva da Rússia de conquistar totalmente o oblast de Donetsk.

De acordo com o ministro das Relações Exteriores da Ucrânia, Dmytro Kuleba, as contraofensivas da Ucrânia provaram que os militares ucranianos poderiam terminar a guerra mais rapidamente com mais armas ocidentais, uma declaração que o presidente Zelensky repetiu em 12 de setembro. Os sucessos da Ucrânia no oblast de Carcóvia serviram como um impulso de confiança crucial para Kiev, que depende cada vez mais de seus aliados ocidentais para ajuda militar.

Os confrontos entre Armênia e Azerbaijão em setembro de 2022 eclodiram logo depois que a Rússia sofreu reveses na contraofensiva ucraniana de Carcóvia, enfraquecendo sua zona de influência.

Consequências da primeira fase

Valas comuns e evidências de tortura

Após a recaptura bem-sucedida do território ocupado, autoridades ucranianas descobriram câmaras de tortura que as tropas russas usaram durante seu tempo no controle da área, inclusive nas aldeias de Balakliia e Kozacha Lopan. O presidente ucraniano, Volodymyr Zelensky, afirmou que mais de dez câmaras de tortura, juntamente com valas comuns, foram descobertas nas áreas de Carcóvia libertadas pelas tropas ucranianas.

Quando as forças ucranianas entraram nas cidades de Balakliia e Izium, encontraram vários lugares onde as forças de ocupação russas mantinham prisioneiros civis ucranianos, com evidências de tortura e execuções. As forças russas também sequestraram sete estudantes do Sri Lanka. O número de mortos entre civis como resultado do cerco russo inicial e da subsequente ocupação foi inicialmente estimado em 1 mil residentes. Após a expulsão das forças russas, testemunhas descreveram que os russos detiveram, sequestraram, torturaram e executaram residentes locais durante a ocupação, e vários cemitérios foram encontrados.

A exumação dos corpos das valas comuns de Izium enterradas no cemitério de Pishanske começou em 15 de setembro, e a polícia revelou que a maioria das vítimas eram civis. Alguns corpos de civis e soldados tinham vestígios de tortura, mãos amarradas e cordas em volta do pescoço, sugerindo que não foram mortos em batalha ou bombardeio, mas executados como prisioneiros. Diplomatas russos rejeitaram as alegações como uma "provocação" e o porta-voz do Kremlin, Dmitry Peskov, rejeitou as acusações da Ucrânia como uma "mentira", mas imagens de satélite publicadas pela Maxar confirmaram a presença das sepulturas antes da contraofensiva ucraniana. No total, dez locais de tortura e execução foram descobertos na cidade de Izium.

Condecorações militares

Em 15 de setembro, o presidente Zelensky visitou a cidade libertada de Izium e condecorou os soldados que participaram da operação. Em seu discurso, ele nomeou as unidades que participaram: 14.ª e 92.ª Brigadas Mecanizadas Separadas, 25.ª Brigada Aerotransportada Separada, 80.ª Brigada de Assalto Aerotransportada Separada, 107.ª Brigada MLRS, 40.ª, 43.ª, 44.ª Brigadas Separadas de Artilharia, 26.ª Brigada de Artilharia Separada, 15.ª Brigada Separada Brigada de Reconhecimento de Artilharia e Diretoria Principal de Inteligência.

Efeito sobre os referendos russos
Em 12 de setembro, o Meduza informou que, de acordo com duas fontes próximas ao Kremlin, os referendos propostos para a anexação das autoproclamadas Repúblicas Populares de Lugansk e Donetsk foram adiados indefinidamente, após o adiamento anterior de 11 de setembro a 4 de novembro. No entanto, as contraofensivas em Quérson e Carcóvia acabaram levando adiante os referendos de anexação de 2022 na Ucrânia ocupada pela Rússia, que as autoridades russas reagendaram de novembro para o final de setembro de 2022.

Consequências da segunda fase
Em 2 de outubro, as tropas ucranianas recapturaram Dibrova no oblast de Lugansk e em 5 de outubro apareceram imagens em redes sociais de tropas ucranianas na placa de entrada para Hrekivka e Makiivka, 20 km a sudoeste de Svatove. Estas foram as primeiras aldeias a serem libertadas na região de Lugansk.

Em 3 de outubro, algumas fontes ucranianas afirmaram que as forças russas fugiram de Nyzhe Zolone, Pidlyman, Nyznya Zhuravka, Borova e Shyikivka no oblast de Carcóvia, e as autoridades ucranianas recuperaram o controle desses assentamentos. Oficiais ucranianos também alegaram que as forças ucranianas haviam retomado o controle da Rodovia Kreminna-Svatove, embora o ISW contestasse e continuasse a considerá-la controlada pela Rússia em 4 de outubro.

Em 9 de outubro, a Ucrânia informou que havia recapturado mais sete aldeias em Svatove Raion: Novoliubivka, Nevske, Grekivka, Novoyehorivka, Nadiya, Andriivka e Stelmakhivka.

Em 24 de outubro, o Estado-Maior das Forças Armadas da Ucrânia anunciou a recaptura de quatro assentamentos: Nevske, Miasozharivka, Karmazynivka, em Lugansk, e Novosadove em Donetsk.

Durante novembro, houve poucas mudanças territoriais devido ao terreno lamacento, embora batalhas ferozes fossem travadas todos os dias. Grande parte da linha de defesa russa no norte do oblast de Lugansk passou a ser composta por recrutas russos recém-mobilizados ao longo de novembro. No início de dezembro, as forças ucranianas romperam as linhas russas ao redor de Chervonopopivka, com combates principalmente centrados a oeste da rodovia R-66 que conecta Kreminna e Svatove. Em 18 de dezembro, um vídeo geolocalizado mostrou forças ucranianas avançando na floresta Serebryansky ao sul de Kreminna.

Ver também
 Ofensiva do sul da Ucrânia
 Contraofensiva de Quérson (2022)
 Contraofensiva ucraniana (2023)

Referências

Batalhas da invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia em 2022
Ofensiva do leste da Ucrânia
Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia (2022–presente)
Batalhas envolvendo a Ucrânia
Batalhas envolvendo a Rússia
Eventos na Ucrânia
Contraofensiva de Carcóvia

Contraofensiva de Carcóvia (2022)


أيام حياتنا  هو مسلسل اوبرا سوب أمريكي يبث تقريبًا كل يوم من أيام الأسبوع منذ 8 نوفمبر 1965  على شبكة ان بي سي في الولايات المتحدة، ومنذ ذلك الحين متزامن لكثير من البلدان في جميع أنحاء العالم. كما أنه يبث على شبكة اس أو ايه بي طوال ليالي الاسبوع في الحادية عشر مساء. تم إنشاء المسلسل من قبل فريق الزوجين تيد كورداي وبيتي كورداي مع إيرنا فيليبس في عام 1964، ، وكثير من القصص الأولى كتبت بواسطة ويليام بيل.

أيام هو المسلسل الوحيد المتبقي على شبكة ان بى سى في جدول النهار، والبرنامج الوحيد النهاري بخلاف عرض اليوم واليوم الباكر ، جميعهم إنتاجات ان بي سي نيوز.

مع إلغاء جايدنج لايت التي بثت الحلقة الأخيرة من الموعد المقرر علي شبكة سي بي اس في 18 سبتمبر، 2009، أيام حياتنا أصبحت ثالث أطول مسلسل في الولايات المتحدة، بعد المستشفى العام، والتي عرضت لأول مرة في 1 أبريل 1963 تليها كما ينقلب العالم، والتي عرضت لأول مرة في يوم 2 أبريل، 1956.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Official website
 Days of our Lives  on هيئة الإذاعة الوطنية
 Days of our Lives on SOAPnet

 Days of our Lives - SoapCentral.com

برامج تلفزيونية أمريكية عن المثلية الجنسية
برامج تلفزيونية باللغة الإنجليزية
برامج شبكة هيئة الإذاعة الوطنية
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في إلينوي
عروض تلفزيونية صورت في كاليفورنيا
مسلسلات تلفزيونية أمريكية بدأ عرضها في 1965
مسلسلات تلفزيونية توقف إنتاجها بسبب جائحة فيروس كورونا
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 1960
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 1970
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 1980
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 1990
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية أمريكية في عقد 2020
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2010
مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي أمريكية في عقد 2020
مسلسلات شعبية
مسلسلات من إنتاج إستوديوهات سوني بكتشرز

أيام حياتنا


Awenir Alexandrowitsch Jakowkin (; * 21. Mai 1887 in Blagoweschtschensk, Gouvernement Ufa, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 18. November 1974 in Kiew, Ukrainische SSR, Sowjetunion) war ein russischer Astronom.

Er arbeitete von 1910 bis 1931 an der Engelhardt-Sternwarte der Universität Kasan, ab 1928 als deren Leiter. Während dieser Zeit führte er ein umfangreiches Messprogramm durch, dessen Resultat die genaue Bestimmung der Bahnparameter des Mondes war und insbesondere deren Auswirkung auf die Libration.

Von 1937 bis 1945 war er Leiter des Astronomischen Instituts der Gorki-Universität in Swerdlowsk.
Von 1945 bis 1951 arbeitete er an der Universität Kiew und war dort ab 1949 Dekan des Fachbereichs Physik.
Von 1951 bis 1968 arbeitete er am Hauptobservatorium der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kiew, von 1952 bis 1959 als dessen Direktor, danach als wissenschaftlicher Berater.

Er war seit 1951 korrespondierendes Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Ukrainischen SSR. Neben anderen Auszeichnungen erhielt er den Orden des Roten Banners der Arbeit (1944).

Der Mondkrater Yakovkin ist nach ihm benannt.

Weblinks
 Veröffentlichungen von A.A. Jakowkin / Yakovkin im Astrophysics Data System
 Kurzbiografie bei Astronet (russisch)
 Авенир Александрович Яковкин Biografie (russisch)

Einzelnachweise

Astronom (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Staatliche Gorki-Universität des Uralgebiets)
Mitglied der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften der Ukraine
Person als Namensgeber für einen Mondkrater
Hochschullehrer (Nationale Taras-Schewtschenko-Universität Kiew)
Träger des Ordens des Roten Banners der Arbeit
Sowjetbürger
Person (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Russe
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1974
Mann

Awenir Alexandrowitsch Jakowkin


بلدية تشايلتشيس ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 2.638 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

تشايلتشيس


ذا جينتلمانز ماغازين أو مجلة السيد  هي مجلة تأسست في لندن من قبل إدوارد كيف في يناير 1731. وهي تعتبر أول مجلة تصدر في العالم.

طور إدوارد كيف فكرة المطبوعة الدورية التي تغطي جميع المواضيع التي تهم عامة المثقفين بدءاً من التجارة وانتهاءً بالشعر، وحاول إقناع عدة مطابع ودور كتب في لندن بتبني فكرته. وعندما لم يبد أي أحد تحمساً للفكرة قام كيف بإصدار مجلة السيد عام 1731 وفي وقت قصير أصبح أكثر الدوريات شهرة في ذلك الوقت، كما جعلت من صاحبها ثرياً. حيث كان إدوارد كيف هو أول من استخدم كلمة "magazine" والتي هي كلمة من أصل عربي هو مخزن والتي كانت تستخدم في ذلك الوقت لوصف المخازن العسكرية التي تحوي المواد المتنوعة.

كرس إدوارد كيف كل طاقته في المجلة، وكان يغادر مكتبه نادرا وقام بجلب مساهمات العديد من الكتاب المميزين وأشهرهم صمويل جونسون، كما أن إدوارد كيف نفسه قام بالتحرير في مجلته تحت اسم الكتابة سيلفانوس أوربان Sylvanus Urban.

الأعداد
 1731-1735 مجلة السيد أو المخبر الشهري Monthly Intelligencer
 1736 - 1833: مجلة السيد والسجل التاريخي Historical Chronicle
 1834 - 1855 : سلسلة جديدة من مجلة السيد
 1856 - 1868 سلسلة جديدة: مجلة السيد ومراجعة تاريخية
 1869 - 1907 سلسلة جديدة: مجلة السيد

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 صفحات مجلة السيد على الإنترنت من عام 1731 إلى 1750.

انحلالات سنة 1922 في إنجلترا
تأسيسات سنة 1731 في إنجلترا
مجلات توقفت عن الصدور في المملكة المتحدة
مجلات لندنية
مجلات انحلت في 1922
مجلات أسست في 1731

مجلة السيد


El circuncentro de un triángulo es el punto en el que se cortan las tres mediatrices del triángulo.

El circuncentro es también el centro de la circunferencia circunscrita al triángulo, ya que es equidistante a los tres vértices del mismo. El radio de dicha circunferencia se denomina circunradio, y puede calcularse como la distancia del circuncentro a cualquiera de los vértices del triángulo.

En formulación matemática el circuncentro suele denominarse con la letra O, mientras que el circunradio suele denominarse
con la letra R.

Propiedades del circuncentro y el circunradio

 El circuncentro de un triángulo puede ser interior o exterior al mismo, dependiendo de su clasificación por ángulos:
 Si el triángulo rectángulo, el circuncentro se sitúa en el punto medio de la hipotenusa.
 Si el triángulo obtusángulo, el circuncentro será exterior al triángulo.
 Si el triángulo acutángulo, el circuncentro es interior al triángulo.

 El circuncentro, el baricentro y el ortocentro de un triángulo están siempre alineados, y forman parte de la Recta de Euler.
 El diámetro de la circunferencia circunscrita es igual a la longitud de cualquiera de los lados dividida por el seno del ángulo opuesto. Esto relaciona el circunradio de un triángulo directamente con el teorema de los senos, cumpliéndose que .
 El circunradio está relacionado con el área  del triángulo, cumpliéndose que .
 El circunradio también está relacionado con el radio de la circunferencia inscrita de un triángulo  mediante varias fórmulas, cumpliéndose que:

.

Véase también
 Recta de Euler
 Ortocentro
 Baricentro
 Incentro

Enlaces externos

Referencias

Centros del triángulo

Circuncentro


El término Dzibilchaltún puede hacer referencia a:

 Dzibilchaltún, una zona arqueológica localizada en el municipio de Mérida, Yucatán, México;
 Dzibilchaltún, una hacienda y población localizada en el municipio de Mérida, Yucatán, México.

Dzibilchaltún


The voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the Greek chi. The sound is represented by  (ex with underdot) in Americanist phonetic notation. It is sometimes transcribed with  (or , if rhotic) in broad transcription.

Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous  and ). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."

Although they are not normally differentiated in study, languages in which they have been (Hebrew, Wolof, as well as the northern and central varieties of European Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill. It can be transcribed as  (a devoiced and raised uvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of  (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard Dutch: ) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon and West Frisian) spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either medio-velar or post-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly Brabantian and Limburgish but excluding Ripuarian and the dialect of Bergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme . See Hard and soft G in Dutch for more details.

The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed velar or mediovelar and post-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of Arabic, Limburgish and Madrid Spanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is  (a devoiced, raised and advanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch acht  'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch  or , which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.

For a voiceless pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiceless velar fricative.

Features
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:

Occurrence

See also
 Index of phonetics articles
 Voiced uvular fricative

Notes

References

External links

Fricative consonants
Uvular consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Voiceless oral consonants
Central consonants

Voiceless uvular fricative


Anand Panyarachun (, , ; born 9 August 1932) is a retired Thai politician who was Thailand's Prime Minister twice: once in 1991–1992 and again during the latter half of 1992. He was effective in initiating economic and political reforms, one of which was the drafting of Thailand's "Peoples' Constitution", which was promulgated in 1997 and abrogated in 2006. Anand received a Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 1997.

Education career in civil service and business
Anand was the youngest of twelve children of a wealthy family of Mon heritage on his father's side and Thai-Chinese (Hokkien) on his mother's. His father, Sern was a son of a high-ranking official of Mon ancestry. His father studied in England on a king's scholarship, and later oversaw all royal schools and thereafter a successful businessman in the 1930s. His paternal grandfather built an ethnic Mon monastery in Ratchaburi called Wat Khao Chon Phran. According to Anand, he inherited his Chinese heritage from his maternal grandmother, whose surname was Lau (). His Chinese ancestors came to Thailand in the mid-18th century and eventually became one of the country's most prominent Chinese families. He is distantly related to Korn Chatikavanij through this branch of his family. Anand attended Dulwich College and later read law at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with honours in 1955.

Anand spent 23 years in the foreign service, serving at times as the Ambassador of Thailand to the United Nations, Canada, the United States, and West Germany. In January 1976 he was appointed Permanent Secretary of the foreign ministry, and played a leading role in ensuring the US military withdrawal from Thailand. Following that year's October coup, Anand was branded a communist by the military during the subsequent political witch hunts, presumably for the Foreign Ministry's role in the normalisation of diplomatic relations between Thailand and the People's Republic of China. Although the civil service panel set up to investigate the allegations cleared him of any wrongdoing, Anand was put into relatively unimportant posts and in 1979 left the public sector for the private. He became the Vice-Chairman of the Saha-Union Group in 1979 and the Chairman of the Board of Directors in 1991. He has been a Director of Siam Commercial Bank since 1984.

First administration

On 23 February 1991, a military coup led by Generals Sunthorn Kongsompong, supreme commander of the armed forces, and General Suchinda Kraprayoon, the commander-in-chief of the army, imprisoned Chatichai Choonhavan, the democratically elected leader. As in previous Thai coups, the military formed a National Peace Keeping Council (NPKC) to run the country. To shore up its image and gain the trust of King Bhumibol, the NPKC appointed Anand as interim prime minister.

Anand, closely linked to the palace and held in respect by both the bureaucracy and the business community, proved acceptable to the people and the international community. He was regarded as being astute and disciplined, and had never been associated with any financial scandals.

Upon accepting the position of prime minister, Anand was quick to declare that he did not agree with everything the junta had done and that he intended to follow an independent course. He angered the NPKC by suggesting that Chatichai be released immediately upon a cabinet being appointed.

Formation
The interim constitution that was promulgated on 1 March 1991 reconfirmed the intention of the NKPC to retain substantial control. However, Anand was allowed relative freedom to select his own cabinet members. For the entire period of his premiership Anand faced constant pressure from the junta leaders, who tried to influence government decisions in order to gain financial benefits.

Anand filled his cabinet with well-known academics, technocrats, and ex-bureaucrats with proven records. Various commentators, ranging from the president of the Thailand Development Research Institute to the mass-circulation newspaper Thai Rath, described the cabinet as the most impressive Thailand had ever had. The strong guiding hand of privy councillor Prem Tinsulanonda could be seen. Amongst those selected by Anand were Prem's previous finance minister and economic advisor. A senior diplomat during the years Prem served as prime minister became foreign minister. The technocratic orientation of the cabinet substantially diminished the fears of foreign investors.

Reforms
Anand's administration proved harder-working than his predecessors. The administration worked on its task of implementing a long list of much-needed reforms. Its emphasis on education, public health, exports, agriculture, industry, environment, and improvement in living conditions, met with widespread approval. In a Bangkok poll in late-July 1991, 61 percent of respondents felt that the Anand government was more honest than previous administrations.

Arguably the most significant of the reforms was a restructuring of the taxation system, which saw the introduction of a value added tax (VAT) and a reduction in corporate and income taxation. Several measures were taken to free up the flow of funds into and out of the country. Thai nationals were allowed to invest abroad without the approval of the Bank of Thailand. Regulations were altered for foreign banks to open branches and the ceiling on bank interest rates was lifted. In addition, the process for obtaining official operating licences for factories was greatly simplified, while the method of allocating textile and tapioca quotas was made more apparent. In the energy sector, price control barriers were dismantled.

The government was also able to successfully conclude agreements for a number of large-scale infrastructure projects initiated by the Chatichai administration. A regulatory board to oversee the privatisation and private investment in infrastructure projects was established. The projects themselves were also to be independently approved and monitored by agencies outside the government in order to minimise the opportunities for corruption.

In an attempt to spread the benefits of the country's economic growth, civil servants were given a 23 percent raise in wages, state employers a 20 percent wage rise, and the minimum wage was raised by 15 percent. In addition to this, the Anand government allocated six billion baht in the fiscal year 1992 budget to be distributed to villages and spent at their discretion.

Key accomplishments of Anand's government include:
 The establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
 A highly effective anti-AIDS/HIV policy.
 Electricity market reform, including the introduction of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and the initiation of a 10-year liberalisation and privatisation plan for EGAT.  Many have noted that Saha-Union Group, which Anand chaired, won a major bid to build a large coal-fired power plant while Anand was in power.
 Award of a multi-billion baht concession to Telecom Asia (today known as True) to build and operate two million telephone lines in Bangkok.  It was noted by many that General Suchinda, the coup leader who installed Anand as Prime Minister, was appointed chairman of Telecom Asia after he was toppled from power.
 Suspension of the Hopewell rail-train airport link project.

Foreign policy
On the international front Anand performed well. Despite international concern over the coup, foreign administrations had sufficient confidence to resume relations quickly. Anand made visits to China in September 1991 and Japan in December 1991, and went on to meetings with President George H. W. Bush in the United States. He was able to shake off the stigma of being a junta-installed prime minister, instead successfully presenting the image of an administration determined to deregulate, cut red tape, and create an environment conductive to free enterprise.

The Anand government's policies to its neighbours followed the lead of his predecessor Chatichai. Relationships with Laos improved significantly, with Thailand allocating one-half of its 200 million baht aid budget to the nation. Thailand under Anand became deeply involved in the Cambodian peace process, while relations with Vietnam went through a period of fence-mending and confidence-building.

The only foreign relations area where there were serious reasons for criticising Anand's administration was Thailand's soft stance towards the repressive military junta of Burma.

Disagreements with the NPKC
Anand disagreed with the military junta's plans to increase the defence budget. Anand denied the military's request for supplemental funding that would have totaled 53 billion baht. Junta member Air Chief Marshal Kaset Rojananil criticised the government for being too "inefficient" and calling for it to resign. Suchinda justified the military's request by stating that there were still communist fighters in the Indochina region. In November and December Anand publicly repeated his views that the country's security did not lie in military might, but in its economic and political development, on one occasion stating, "Military might is no longer a guarantee of national security. No nation can feel secure as long as its citizens are deprived of freedom of political expression and of the opportunities for a better and more meaningful life."

Anand also voiced disagreement with the junta's draft constitution, although the constitution was ultimately promulgated. At first, he refused to comment as the Constitution Scrutinising Committee, hand-picked by Sunthorn, made changes to what became the final draft constitution.  Then on 16 November, Anand spoke out against clauses that gave the appointed 360 member Senate the same powers as elected members of the House of Representatives as well as a clause allowing permanent public officials and military officers to hold political posts. Anand suggested that the Senate be reduced in size. The military-dominated Constitution Drafting Assembly refused to accept his suggestions and voted unanimously to pass the draft. Anand's response was simple: "I'm disappointed".

Human rights
Anand's refusal to interfere with the junta's actions meant that his administration failed to come to grips with human rights issues. He had a comprehensive environmental bill passed, but it was ignored by the military, which continued its corrupt activities. Not long after it had taken power, the NPKC announced a huge rural development project that would help solve the problems of rural landlessness and encroachment on protected forests, issues that had for decades occupied the king's attention. The military had promised to resettle more than 1.2 million people to permanent farmlands, but instead evicted villagers from forest reserves, where they had lived in some cases for generations, and transferred the lands to corporate plantations. In almost all cases, the army failed to provide new homes and food supplies. When an activist monk led villagers to protest, he and his followers were attacked and arrested.

In mid-June 1991, the outspoken president of the Labour Congress of Thailand, Thanong Phoarn, mysteriously disappeared. The deputy defence minister, a military man, casually brushed the matter aside, claiming that Thanong had probably fled his wife. He has not been seen since.

With respect to the freedom of information, the Anand administration also disappointed many. With the NPKC in full control of the media, any criticism of the military was censored. News of rallies and demonstrations on a wide range of issues of public concern were kept from the public. The transparency of the denials of censorship by the military-dominated Interior Ministry must have been apparent to Anand, but he chose to do nothing about them.

Anand was succeeded by General Suchinda, who was appointed by parliament after general elections.

Second government
Suchinda resigned on 24 May 1992, following an intervention by the king that ended the violent military crackdown on massive popular protests against his government. The five coalition parties that made up his administration still attempted to cling to power, however, despite calls for their resignation by the opposition and the press, and nominated Air Chief Marshal Somboon Rahong, leader of the Chart Thai Party, for the premiership. At the time it looked as if House Speaker Arthit Urairat was set to submit Somboon's name to the king. Arthit however held back the nomination of Somboon following a meeting with privy councillor Prem, who was thought to have been exerting pressure on behalf of the king. The House Speaker instead announced that no decision would be made until the constitutional amendments were passed on 10 June 1992, adding that the next prime minister would be a civilian.

On 10 June 1992, Arthit surprised the country by recommending Anand's name instead of Somboon's to the king. The announcement was greeted with almost universal approval and even relief. Only the coalition parties of the previous government were dismayed, turning at first on Arthit, who they saw as having betrayed them.

Four days later Anand announced the formation of his cabinet, which included twenty respected technocrats who had held ministerial portfolios during his previous tenure as prime minister. The top tasks of Anand's government were the rehabilitation of the economy, the organisation of free and fair elections, and the removal of top armed forces commanders from their posts.

The Internal Peacekeeping Law, which allowed for the use of military force against demonstrators, was abolished on 29 June, and on 1 August, he removed Air Chief Marshal Kaset, General Issarapong, and General Chainarong, the First Regional Army Commander, from their posts.

Anand was succeeded by democratically elected Chuan Leekpai later in 1992.

Post-political career
Anand rejoined the Saha-Union Group as chairman after the general elections of 1992. His government had awarded Saha-Union a major Independent Power Producer concession. He resigned from Saha-Union Group in 2002.

Constitution Drafting Assembly
In 1996, Anand was elected as a member of the Constitution Drafting Assembly and was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee. He oversaw the drafting of what became known as the "Peoples' Constitution" of 1997. The constitution was abrogated in 2006 after a military coup against Thaksin Shinawatra that Anand supported. The People's Constitution instituted several important reforms, including:

 Decentralisation of government, including the establishment of elected Tambon Administrative Organisations (TAOs) and Provincial Administrative Organisations (PAOs).  School administrations were also decentralised, although opposition from teachers delayed implementation of this reform
 Establishment of several independent government agencies, including the Election Commission, the Office of the Auditor-General, and the National Human Rights Commission
 Stipulated that candidates for parliament must hold at least a bachelor's degree
 Mechanisms to increase political stability by favouring large parties over small ones, and hence singular governments over coalition governments

National Reconciliation Commission
From March 2005, Anand served as chairman of the National Reconciliation Commission (NRC), tasked with overseeing that peace was restored to the troubled south. A fierce critic of the Thaksin government, Anand frequently criticised his handling of the southern unrest, and in particular the State of Emergency Decree. He has been quoted to have said, "The authorities have worked inefficiently. They have arrested innocent people instead of the real culprits, leading to mistrust among locals. So, giving them broader power may lead to increased violence and eventually a real crisis." Unfortunately, the situation deteriorated from 2005 to 2006, with escalating violence, especially among teachers and civilians.  Despite much criticism of the Thaksin-government's policies, Anand refused to submit the NRC's final report, choosing instead to wait for the results of the 2006 legislative election.

Anand finally submitted the NRC's recommendations on 5 June 2006.  Among them were
 Introducing Islamic law
 Making ethnic Pattani-Malay (Yawi) an official language of the region
 Establishing an unarmed peacekeeping force
 Establishing a Peaceful Strategic Administrative Centre for southern border provinces

The recommendations were rejected by Privy Council President Prem, who stated, "We cannot accept that [proposal] as we are Thai. The country is Thai and the language is Thai... We have to be proud to be Thai and have the Thai language as the sole national language".

Other positions
Anand is a member of the Trilateral Commission and the International Advisory Board of American International Group (AIG). Anand is a member of the Carlyle Group and sits on the Carlyle Group's advisory board for Asia-Pacific.

He served as UNICEF Ambassador for Thailand since 1996. During November 2003 and December 2004, Anand was requested by then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to chair the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change   of the United Nations. The panel of former presidents, prime ministers, and scholars was tasked to prepare recommendations for possible UN reform.

Support for the 2006 military coup
Anand supported the 2006 military coup that abrogated the People's Constitution and overthrew the government of Thaksin Shinawatra.  Anand had been a sharp critic of Thaksin for several years prior to the coup, and he blamed the coup on Thaksin.  He also stated fears that the military junta would fail and that Thaksin could make a comeback.  "When the [Chatichai] government disappeared from the scene [after the 1991 coup] there was no fear it could make a comeback. But over the past five years Thaksin and his party have become too powerful. They have consolidated their hold over the government machinery and certain sectors of the armed forces and parliament. So I think it's a more precarious situation." Anand claimed that the coup was well received by the people and that the military junta's ban against opposition or political activity would not last long.  He also noted surprise at the international community's condemnation to the coup.

Criticism of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn
In a private meeting with US Ambassador Ralph Boyce, whose post-meeting report was leaked by WikiLeaks, Anand was critical of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn. Anand noted that although the Crown Prince would succeed his father according to the law, the kingdom would be better off if other arrangements could be made. However, Anand noted that King Bhumibol would not likely change the succession. Anand also said that the Prince's succession would face "complicating factors" he continued interfering in politics or could not avoid embarrassing financial transactions, and that it was the consensus view among many Thai was that the Crown Prince could not stop either, nor would he be able, at age 57, to rectify his behaviour.  Anand neither confirmed nor denied that he made the statements. Anand's alleged negative opinion of the Crown Prince was repeated by Privy Counsellor Prem Tinsulanonda and Siddhi Savetsila in their meetings with the US Ambassador, the reports of which were all leaked by Wikileaks.  Criticism of the royal family is illegal in Thailand.

Royal decorations
Anand has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:
 1991 -  Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
 1988 -  Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
 2003 -  Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn
 1991 -  Knight Grand Commander (Second Class, higher grade) of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao
 1967 -  King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (Third Class)

Foreign decorations
 1961 -  Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Third Class)
 1970 -  Order of Diplomatic Service Merit Grand Gwanghwa Medal (First Class), Republic of Korea
 1971 -  Star of Merit 1st Class, Indonesia
 1990 -  Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown (Second Class), Belgium
 1991 -  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
 1996 -  Honorary Knight Commander of the Civil Division of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE), United Kingdom
 2007 -  Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star, Sweden

Volunteer Defense Corps of Thailand rank
 Volunteer Defense Corps General (Honour rank)

See also
 List of prime ministers of Thailand
 Constitution of Thailand

References

Further reading

External links
 Anand Panyarachun's website
 Biography of Anand Panyarachun (United Nations)
 Profile of Khun Anand Panyarachun (Asean News Network)

Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
UNICEF people
Anand Panyarachun

Anand Panyarachun
People educated at Dulwich College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun

American International Group
The Carlyle Group people
Anand Panyarachun

Anand Panyarachun
Anand Panyarachun
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star

1932 births
Living people

Anand Panyarachun


La Estación Ferroviaria de Viseo (en portugués. Estação Ferroviária de Viseu), igualmente conocida como Estación de Viseo, fue una plataforma ferroviaria de las líneas del Dão y Voga, que servía a la ciudad de Viseo, en el distrito de Viseo, en Portugal.

Características y servicios

Localización y accesos
Las antiguas instalaciones de la estación se situaban en la convergencia de las actuales avenidas Dr. António José de Almeida y Capitão Homem Ribeiro.

Servicios
Esta infraestructura se encuentra retirada del servicio.

Historia
Los inversores ferroviarios en el distrito de Viseo, siempre fueron considerados prioritarios, debido a la importancia económica de esta región. Así que fue definida la construcción de la línea de Beira Alta (inaugurada en 1882), luego se pensó en la construcción de un ferrocarril que uniera Viseo al resto de la red ferroviaria y al norte del país.

De este modo, después de varios estudios de localización, fue aprobada la construcción de la Línea del Dão, en vía estrecha que, comenzando en Santa Comba Dão (en la línea de Beira Alta) terminaría en Viseo. La línea del Dão, construida en una solo fase, fue inaugurada en 1890, como la Estación de Viseo.

Los primeros estudios para la construcción de la línea del Voga, que establecería la conexión entre Viseo y el norte del país, se remontaban a 1877. En 1901, fue publicado un contrato para la construcción de una línea férrea entre Espinho (localidad a unos 16 km de Porto) y la Línea del Dão, en Torre de Eita (actual Torredeita), siendo común esta última línea en el tramo entre Torredeita y Viseo. No obstante, dificultades técnicas y financieras supusieron el abandono de esta propuesta. Después de algunos años de estancamiento, en 1907, surge una empresa francesa con interés en el proyecto, y después de la concesión de la construcción de la vía, se inician las obras en 1908. La línea del Voga, que establecía la conexión entre Espinho y Viseo, contando también con un ramal entre Sernada do Vouga y Aveiro, llegaría a Viseo en 1913, con la inauguración del tramo Bodiosa-Viseo. No obstante, esta línea no sería concluida hasta el año siguiente, con la inauguración del tramo Vouzela-Bodiosa, convirtiéndose así Viseo en la estación terminal de dos líneas de vía estrecha.

En 1972, la línea del Voga es cerrada con la justificación de que las locomotoras a vapor provocaron diversos incendios forestales. En 1974, después del golpe militar del 25 de abril, la circulación es restablecida. En la década de 1980, Viseo era servida por servicios regionales de la CP, muchos de los cuales eran servidos por automotores diésel. No obstante, en septiembre de 1989, la circulación en la totalidad de la Línea del Dão es suprimida, ocurriéndole lo mismo al tramo Sernada do Vouga-Viseo, de la línea del Voga, 3 meses después, el 1 de enero de 1990, privando a Viseo definitivamente de transporte ferroviario.

A lo largo de la década de 1990, se procede al desmantelamiento de la infraestructura ferroviaria en las dos líneas que servían Viseo, con el arranque de carriles y la desocupación del lecho ferroviario. En 1994, el municipio de Viseo procede a la demolición del edificio principal de la estación de Viseo, construyéndose en su lugar una rotonda que marca el inicio de la Avenida Europa.

A finales de la década de 2000, la Línea del Dão es convertida en una autopista. En lo que respecta a la estación de Viseo, el muelle de mercancías, junto con algunos edificios de apoyo a la antigua estación, son demolidos para la construcción de un acceso al Parque Urbano de Aguieira. De este modo, de todas las estructuras de la antigua estación, prácticamente solo restan los depósitos de agua.

Fuentes y Bibliografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Viseo
Viseo
Viseu
Viseo

Estación de Viseo


Mack Trucks, Amerikan bir ticarî araç üreticisidir. Şirket 1900 yılında Mack Brothers Company olarak kurulmuştur ve 2001 yılından beri İsveçli Volvo Group'un bir parçasıdır.

Ürünler
Mack markası, ABD'de öncelikle uzun mesafeli taşımacılık ve inşaat sektörüne yönelik ağır kamyonlarıyla tanınır. Sağlam araçlar üretme konusunda bir üne sahiptir ve bu da Amerika'da "Mack kamyonu gibi üretilmiştir" deyimine dönüşmüştür. Kuzey Amerikalı kamyon üreticileri için alışılageldiği üzere, özellikle serbest çalışan kamyoncular arasında büyük bir popülerliğe sahip olan uzun çekişli araçlar, Mack'in ürün yelpazesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Öte yandan, ABD'li üreticiler için alışılmadık olan şey, Mack'in geleneksel olarak kendi araçları için dizel motorları ve şanzımanları kendisinin geliştirmesidir. Oysa diğer Kuzey Amerika ağır hizmet kamyonlarında bu parçalar, genellikle tedarikçilerden gelir (örneğin Caterpillar veya Cummins'ten dizel motorlar, Eaton veya Allison'dan şanzımanlar) ve alıcı tarafından serbestçe seçilebilir. Bu durum, Mack'in de bazı modellerde sunduğu bir seçenektir.

Mack Trucks'ın yönetim merkezi, 2009 yılına kadar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Pensilvanya eyaletinde Allentown şehrinde idi. Daha sonra Kuzey Karolina eyaletinin Greensboro şehrine taşındı.

Mack markası ile  ürünleri Lehigh County, Salem, Virginia'da ve Hagerstown, Maryland'da üretilir. Ayrıca Avustralya ve Venezuela'da ek montaj tesislere sahipler. Ayrıca Hayward, Kaliforniya ve Oakville, Ontario'da Mack fabrikası da vardı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Mack şirketinin resmi web sitesi

Volvo
Mack Trucks
Volvo Trucks
Kamyon üreticileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri kamyon üreticileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri otobüs üreticileri
Dizel motor üreticileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri elektrikli araç üreticileri
Otobüs üreticileri
Troleybüs üreticileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli motor üreticileri
Acil durum taşıtları
Dizel motorları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli savunma şirketleri
Greensboro, Kuzey Karolina
Kuzey Karolina merkezli şirketler
Allentown, Pensilvanya
Pensilvanya merkezli imalat şirketleri
1900'de New York eyaletinde kurulan oluşumlar
1900'de kurulan imalat şirketleri
Volvo Group

Mack Trucks


مانو خليل مخرج سينمائي سوري من أصل كردي من مواليد عام 1964. ويحمل الجنسية السويسرية.

حياته
بدأ بدراسة التاريخ والحقوق في جامعة دمشق من 1981 ولغاية 1985 وفي عام 1986 انتقل إلى تشيكوسلوفاكيا ودرس الإخراج بتركيز على الأفلام الروائية السينمائية ليتخرج عام 1993 بدرجة امتياز ويحصل على رسالة الماجستير في الإخراج السينمائي والتلفزيوني. عمل في التلفزيون التشيكوسلوفاكي كمخرج، حتى تم تقسيم تشيكوسلوفاكيا، واستمر بعد التقسيم في العمل في التلفزيون السلوفاكي. ما بين العامين 1990 ـ 1996. شارك في العديد من الأعمال الدرامية التلفزيونية وكممثل سينمائي. منذ استقراره في سويسرا عام 1996 وحتى اليوم صور أكثر من ألف تقرير تلفزيوني أو فيلم إعلاني. كان يقوم بإخراج برنامج في التلفزيون السويسري لمدة خمس سنوات يدعى بارتي بيوبل ويشارك في تصوير واعداد برامج أخرى عديده قبل أن يتفرغ حصريا للعمل السينمائي كمنتج ومخرج ومدير تصوير مستقل لأفلام وثائقيه وروائية.

أخرج حتى الآن 14 فيلماً، كان آخرها فيلمي الأنفال (2005) ودايفيد توليهلدان (2006) فيلم زنزانتي بيتي. فيلم سينمائي دوكودراما من إنتاج التلفزيون السويسري وقناة 3 سات الألمانية تحت عنوان "جنان عدن، قصص من حدائق سويسرا"  ويعمل حالياً على فيلم روائي جديد تحت عنوان السنونوة مزمع الانتهاء منه في نهاية عام 2012. وفيلم دوكودراما تحت عنوان طعم العسل.

تتعرض أفلام مانو خليل للرقابة، ومن أشهر حالات المنع التي تعرضت لها أعماله منع عرض فيلم دايفيد توليهلدان قبل ساعات فقط من موعد العرض بعد تدخل من الحكومة التركية. كما نجح التدخل التركي أخيرا في سنغافورة عندما استطاع ممثلو تركيا إقناع السلطات هناك بإلغاء عرض أحد أفلامه.

مسيرته الفنية
من افلامه القصيرة:
 1988 ـ أخ دنيا، فيلم رائي قصير 16 مم 20 دقيقه.
 1989 ـ ألمي وأملي، فيلم روائي قصير، 16 مم 20 دقيقة.
 1990 ـ السفارة: فيلم روائي قصير 16 مم 22 دقيقة.
 1991 ـ الاب، فيلم روائي قصير، 21 دقيقه 35 مم.
أفلام سينما وتلفزيون:
 1991 ـ يا إلهي، فيلم وثائقي 22 دقيقه 16 مم، من إنتاج التلفزيون التشيكوسلوفاكي.
 1992 ـ هناك حيث ينام الله، فيلم وثائقي 30 دقيقه 16 مم¸من إنتاج التلفزيون التشيكوسلوفاكي، والمخرج مانو خليل.
 1994 ـ السينما عين ـ فيلم وثائقي،22 دقيقه 16 مم ¸ من إنتاج التلفزيون السلوفاكي.
 1998 ـ انتصار الحديد ـ فيلم وثائقي، روائي مختلط 31 دقيقه، بيتاكام، إنتاج، كاميرا وإخراج مانو خليل.
 2003 ـ أحلام ملونة  ـ فيلم روائي طويل 60 دقيقه للتلفزيون السويسري، إنتاج وإخراج مانو خليل.
 2006 ـ الانفال، بسم الله والبعث وصدام ـ فيلم وثائقي طويل، إنتاج التلفزيون السويسري، كاميرا وإخراج مانو خليل.
 2006/2007 ـ دافيد تولهيلدان فيلم وثائقي طويل، ديجيتال بيتاكام، إنتاج مشترك للتلفزيون السويسري، اللغات الفرنسي، الألماني والإيطالي وإخراج مانو خليل.
 2009 زنزانتي، بيتي ،  فيلم وثائقي من إنتاج وإخراج مانو خليل
 2009"جنائن عدن، قصص من حدائق سويسرا فيلم سينمائي من إنتاج التلفزيون السويسري وقناة 3 سات الألمانية.
 2011"طعم العسل  سينمائي دوكودراما، 90 دقيقة من إنتاج التلفزيون السويسري، وتلفزيون ارتي إنتاج واخراج مانو خليل
 2016"السنونوة  سينمائي روائي، 102 دقيقة من إنتاج التلفزيون السويسري، وتلفزيون ارتي إنتاج واخراج مانو خليل
 2018"حافظ ومارا، فيلم وثائقي 88 دقيقه، من إنتاج التلفزيون السويسري وشركه فرام فيلم. التمويل سويسرا.
 2021"جيران، فيلم روائي 124 دقيقه، من إنتاج سويسرا. تمويل التلفزيون السويسري وقناة ارتي وشركه فرام فيلم.التمويل سويسرا.

جوائز
جوائز:
 1988 ـ جائزة المشاهدين الشباب لافلام الطلبة في تشيكوسلوفاكيا السابقة
 1993 ـ الجائزة الأولي لفيلم "هناك حيث ينام الله" في مهرجان أوغسبرغ الألماني.
 1994 ـ منحة دراسية لعام 1994 من شركة مرسيدس بينز الألمانية لفيلم "هناك حيث ينام الله".
 1999 ـ جائزة البنك السويسري الاتحادي لفيلم " انتصار الحديد" في مهرجان سولوتورن السويسري
 2000 ـ اختيار فيلم [http://انتصارالحديد%22 فيلم روائي من إنتاج واخراج مانو خليل، تمويل سويسرا وشركة فرام فيلم السينمائيه في
 2010 انتصار الحديد" "][8]" كواحد من أفضل خمسة أفلام قصيرة لعام 2001 في سويسرا
 2001 ـ جائزة اتحاد الكتاب السويسريين لسيناريو "كالا" كأفضل سيناريو في مهرجان لوكارنو السينمائي.
 2003 ـ جائزة أفضل موسيقى تصويريه لفيلم " أحلام ملونة" في العاصمة السويسريه بيرن.
 2010 ـ جائزة بيرن للسينما عن فيلم جنان عدن
 2011 ـ ترشيح فيلم جنان عدن كأفضل فيلم سويسري لجائزة سويسرا السينمائية الوطنية كوارتز 2011 *
 2011 ـ  جائزة لجنة التحكيم الخاصة لفيلم الانفال، شظايا من الحياة والموت في مهرجان الخليج السينمائي في دبي
 2011 ـ جائزة اللؤلؤه  السينمائية السويسرية كأفضل فيلم وثائقي في سويسرا للعام 2010 ـ2011 في مهرجان لوكارنو السينمائي
 2011 ـ ميدالية الملكة بيرثا (Königin Bertha Medaille) للعام 2011
 2012 ـ جائزة الاعلام الأوروبي سيفيس في بروكسل 2012
 2013 ـ جائزة السينما السويسريه في مهرجان سولوثورن السينمائي
 2013 ـ الجائزة الاولي لقسم الافلام الالمانيه في مهرجان ميونيخ السينمائي 2013
 2013 ـ الجائزة الاولي في مهرجان دهوك السينمائي
 2013 ـ الجائزة الفضيه في مهرجان لسينيا الإيطالي السينمائي
 2014 ـ الجائزة الاولي في مهرجان بوتزن السينمائي
 2014 ـ الجائزة الفضيه في مهرجان بوزجادا السينمائي التركي

    جائزة نقاد أفلام سان فرانسيسكو لعام 2021 - أفضل فيلم في الولايات المتحدة
    جائزة برنهارد فيكي الثانية - جائزة الجمهور - مهرجان إمدن السينمائي لعام 2021 - ألمانيا
    جائزة بيرنر فيلمبرايز - أفضل فيلم روائي لعام 2021 - سويسرا
    أفضل فيلم في مهرجان غانجنغ للأفلام لعام 2021 - كوريا الجنوبية
    أفضل فيلم - جائزة SIGNIS للأفلام - مهرجان أفلام الديانة اليومية لعام 2021 - إيطاليا
    جائزة أفضل فيلم - مهرجان CineAlma السينمائي لعام 2021 - فرنسا
    جائزة أفضل فيلم - مهرجان تيرني السينمائي لعام 2021 - إيطاليا
    مهرجان وارسو لأفلام اليهود - إشادة خاصة من لجنة التحكيم لعام 2021 - بولندا
    جائزة بريميو أوتوبيا في مهرجان كاستيليناريا الدولي للأفلام لعام 2021 - سويسرا
    جائزة أفضل سيناريو في مهرجان البحر الأحمر الدولي للأفلام لعام 2021 - المملكة العربية السعودية
    "جائزة القيم الإنسانية" - جائزة أفضل فيلم من البرلمان اليوناني. مهرجان أولمبيا السينمائي الدولي لعام 2021 - اليونان.
    "جائزة القيم الأوروبية" - جائزة أفضل فيلم من البرلمان الأوروبي - مهرجان أولمبيا السينمائي الدولي لعام 2021 - اليونان.
    "ميدالية الملاك" لأفضل فيلم وجائزة النقاد - مهرجان تيرني السينمائي لعام 2021 - إيطاليا
    جائزة الجمهور - مهرجان أفلام اليهود في بوسطن، الولايات المتحدة
    جائزة الجمهور لأفضل فيلم طويل في مهرجان ثقافة اليهود في سبوكان - الولايات المتحدة، واشنطن لعام 2022
    جائزة الجمهور (أفضل فيلم) - مهرجان ثقافة اليهود في سبوكان لعام 2022
    "الجائزة الكبرى" أفضل فيلم مستقبلي في مهرجان مونس السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022
    جائزة الجمهور في مهرجان مونس السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022
    أفضل فيلم في مهرجان ميووود ميلانو للأفلام لعام 2022
    جائزة الجمهور في مهرجان ميووود ميلانو للأفلام لعام 2022
    جائزة لجنة التدريس في مهرجان ميووود ميلانو للأفلام لعام 2022
    أفضل فيلم في مهرجان هوليوود لأفلام العرب
    أفضل ممثل في مهرجان هوليوود لأفلام العرب
    جائزة أفضل فيلم في مهرجان كراسنويارسك الدولي للأفلام للأطفال والشباب "هيرو" في روسيا.
    جائزة Südwind للجمهورية النمساوية في مهرجان إنسبروك السينمائي لعام 2022
    أفضل فيلم في مهرجان Amicorti السينمائي الدولي - إيطاليا لعام 2022
    أفضل سيناريو في مهرجان Amicorti السينمائي الدولي - إيطاليا لعام 2022
    جائزة أفضل ممثل "سرهد خليل" دور "سيرو" في مهرجان Amicorti السينمائي الدولي - إيطاليا لعام 2022
    جائزة أفضل مخرج في مهرجان روتردام للسينما العربية الدولي - هولندا لعام 2022
    جائزة أفضل مخرج لـ - مهرجان سيول السينمائي الدولي للأفلام الوثائقية - كوريا الجنوبية لعام 2022
    جائزة أفضل فيلم من قبل الجمهور في مهرجان تورونتو لأفلام اليهود لعام 2022 - كندا
    جائزة أفضل فيلم في مهرجان موسكو لأفلام الأكراد الدولي لعام 2022 - روسيا
    جائزة أفضل فيلم في مهرجان Imago السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 - إيطاليا
    جائزة أفضل سيناريو في مهرجان Imago السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 - إيطاليا
    جائزة الجمهور لأفضل فيلم في مهرجان Neue Heimat السينمائي الدولي - النمسا لعام 2022
    جائزة اللجنة التحكيم الخاصة لأفضل فيلم روائي في مهرجان Neue Heimat السينمائي الدولي - النمسا لعام 2022
    Signis PREMIO ESPECIAL DEL JURADO / جائزة في مهرجان فيسيب الدولي للأفلام السياسية في بوينس آيرس لعام 2022
    MENCION ESPECIAL من قبل لجنة التحكيم الدولية في مهرجان فيسيب الدولي للأفلام السياسية في بوينس آيرس لعام 2022
    Leo Award لأفضل فيلم في مهرجان كونستفيلمفيست شفيرين الألماني لعام 2022
    أفضل فيلم في مهرجان Imagine India السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 في مدريد - إسبانيا
    أفضل سيناريو في مهرجان Imagine India السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 في مدريد - إسبانيا
    أفضل تحرير في مهرجان Imagine India السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 في مدريد - إسبانيا
    أفضل موسيقى في مهرجان Imagine India السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 في مدريد - إسبانيا
    أفضل ممثل أطفال في مهرجان Imagine India السينمائي الدولي لعام 2022 في مدريد - إسبانيا
    جائزة لجنة الشباب لأفضل فيلم في مهرجان فاماك الدولي لأفلام العرب في ميتز - فرنسا لعام 2022
    جائزة لجنة التحكيم لأفضل فيلم في مهرجان META السينمائي في دبي - الإمارات لعام 2022
    جائزة لجنة الشباب لأفضل فيلم في مهرجان آسيا السينمائي في هونغ كونغ لعام 2022
    جائزة أفضل فيلم في أيام السينما العربية في أوسلو
    جائزة أفضل فيلم في مهرجان لارغوس السينمائي في سانتياغو دي تشيلي لعام 2023
    جائزة لجنة التحكيم الخاصة في مهرجان الأفلام الدولية ومهرجان حقوق الإنسان في برشلونة - إسبانيا لعام 2023
    جائزة نقاد السينما النرويجيين لعام 2023 كأفضل فيلم في مهرجان هوغسوند السينمائي الدولي في النرويج

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة دمشق
مخرجو أفلام أكراد
مخرجو أفلام سوريون
مهاجرون إلى تشيكوسلوفاكيا
مهاجرون سوريون
مهاجرون سوريون إلى تشيكوسلوفاكيا
مواليد 1964
مواليد في القامشلي

مانو خليل


Les Legionellaceae sont une famille de Proteobacteria (désormais Pseudomonadota). Ce sont des bactéries à Gram négatif contenant un seul genre de bactéries intracellulaires facultatives, les Legionella, pathogènes pour l'homme.

Description
Les Legionellaceae sont, avec les Coxiellaceae, une des deux familles de bactéries appartenant à l'ordre des Legionellales. Cette famille ne contient actuellement qu'un seul genre, les Legionella.

Les Legionella provoquent la maladie du légionnaire et la fièvre de Pontiac.

Les Legionellaceae sont des bacilles à Gram négatif, de 0.3 à 0.9 µM de largeur et de 2 à 20 µM de longueur. Ils ne sporulent pas et ne forment pas de microcystes. La plupart des espèces sont mobiles par le moyen d'un à plusieurs flagelles latéraux ou polaires. Pour leur croissance, ces bactéries sont aérobies et nécessitent de la L-cystéine et des sels de fer. Ces bactéries sont catalase positives et oxydase négative (ou faiblement positives).

Taxonomie
Cette famille a été décrite en  par Brenner  lors de la description du genre Legionella. Les Legionellaceae ont compté jusqu'à trois genres bactériens en même temps avec la description des genres Fluoribacter et Tatlockia en  qui sont devenus des synonymes de Legionella. En , l'appartenance à cette famille à l'ordre des Legionellales est validé dans la liste de validation n°106.

Références

Liens externes

Gammaproteobacteria
Bactérie
Pseudomonadota
Bactérie décrite en 1979

Legionellaceae


Le Bagheera, anciennement Beacon Rock, est une goélette historique normalement amarrée au  à Portland, dans le Maine. Il s'agit d'une goélette gréée à deux mâts, construite en 1924 par le célèbre architecte naval John G. Alden, et connue pour ses succès en course sur les Grands Lacs. Elle est maintenant détenue et exploitée par la Portland Schooner Company, qui propose des excursions en voilier dans la baie de Casco, en utilisant Bagheera et Wendameen. Elle a été inscrite au registre national des lieux historiques le 4 novembre 2009.

Historique
Bagheera est une goélette auxiliaire à coque en bois. Sa charpente est en chêne blanc, avec des planches, des planchers et des plafonds en pin. Ses rails sont en acajou, et son beaupré et ses espars sont en épicéa de Sitka. Le pont est en fibre de verre (en remplacement du teck d'origine), posé sur des poutres en chêne. L'extérieur de la coque est peint en noir. Son gréement actuel, similaire à l'original, est un gréement aurique. La puissance auxiliaire est fournie par un c. 2000 Moteur diesel Westerbeke de 82 chevaux. L'intérieur conserve des boiseries et des équipements importants, y compris sa roue d'origine.

Bagheera a été construit au chantier naval Rice Brothers à Boothbay dans le Maine, en 1924, sur une conception de John G. Alden, alors déjà un concepteur bien connu de voiliers. Elle a été construite pour Marion Eppley et s'appelait à l'origine Beacon Rock et a été vendue en 1928 à Robert Benedict. Il l'a rebaptisée Bagheera et l'a déplacée à Chicago, où elle s'est lancée dans une carrière de course réussie sur les Grands Lacs, qui a duré environ jusqu'en 1938. Elle a été utilisée comme navire-école pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et a été expédiée en mer Méditerranée en les années 1950 et retourna aux États-Unis. En 1948, son gréement aurique est remplacé par un gréement Marconi. Dans les années 1980, elle a servi de voilier-charter sur la côte ouest.

Bagheera est maintenant utilisé comme navire-école pour les étudiants et les professeurs  de sciences de l'environnement du Saint Joseph's College . Quand le temps le permet, la goélette devient un laboratoire, transportant l'équipage deux semaines pour étudier le changement climatique et la géologie glaciaire, les méthodes de terrain, l'écologie marine et l'océanographie.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Site officiel Portland Schooner Co.
 Bagheeeraz - Sailing ship Maine

Liens internes

 Wendameen et Timberwind

Bateau lancé en 1923
Goélette
Voilier inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques dans le Maine
Registre national des lieux historiques en 2009
Portland (Maine)

Bagheera (goélette)


Fulgence Razakarivony MS (* 16. August 1963 in Betsiholany) ist Bischof von Ihosy.

Leben
Fulgence Razakarivony trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Missionare Unserer lieben Frau von La Salette am 19. September 1985 bei, legte die Profess 1990 ab und empfing am 8. August 1993 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 16. Juli 2011 zum Bischof von Ihosy. Der Bischof von Antsirabé, Philippe Ranaivomanana, weihte ihn am 6. November desselben Jahres zum Bischof; Mitkonsekratoren waren Philibert Randriambololona S.J., Alterzbischof von Fianarantsoa, und Fulgence Rabemahafaly, Erzbischof von Fianarantsoa.

Weblinks
 Eintrag über Fulgence Razakarivony auf catholic-hierarchy.org (englisch)

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Madagasse
Salettiner
Geboren 1963
Mann
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Madagaskar
Person des Christentums (Madagaskar)
Ihosy (Distrikt)

Fulgence Razakarivony


Vajkovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 914 locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Vajkovce este atestată documentar din 1630.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vajkovce


Parodia buiningii ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Parodia in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton buiningii ehrt den niederländischen Kakteenliebhaber und Spezialisten für brasilianische Kakteen Albert Frederik Hendrik Buining.

Beschreibung
Parodia buiningii wächst einzeln. Die grasgrünen niedergedrückt kugelförmigen Triebe erreichen Wuchshöhen von bis zu 8 Zentimeter und Durchmesser von 12 Zentimeter. Der Triebscheitel ist nicht bewollt. Die etwa 16 dünnen und etwas gehöckerten Rippen sind bis zu 2 Zentimeter hoch. Die auf ihnen befindlichen länglichen, anfangs wolligen und später kahlen Areolen sind unter den Höckern eingesenkt. Die vier über Kreuz stehenden gelben Dornen besitzen eine dunklere Basis. Sie weisen Längen von 2 bis 3 Zentimeter auf.

Die gelben Blüten erreichen Durchmesser von 8 Zentimeter und Längen von bis zu 7 Zentimeter. Ihr Perikarpell ist mit brauner Wolle und nadeligen Borsten besetzt. Die Narbe ist rot. Die behaarten Früchte sind bis zu 3 Zentimeter lang. Die Früchte enthalten mattschwarze Samen, die gehöckert sind.

Verbreitung, Systematik und Gefährdung
Parodia buiningii ist im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Rio Grande do Sul bei Santana do Livramento sowie in Uruguay im Departamento Rivera verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Notocactus buiningii durch Franz Buxbaum wurde 1968 veröffentlicht. Nigel Paul Taylor stellte die Art 1987 in die Gattung Parodia. Ein nomenklatorisches Synonym ist Ritterocactus buiningii  (1999).

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als "", d. h. als vom Aussterben bedroht geführt.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Parodia (Kakteen)
Buiningii

Parodia buiningii


Die Comarca A Barcala (spanisch La Barcala) ist eine Verwaltungseinheit Galiciens. Die Fläche von  km² entspricht 0,72 % der Fläche Galiciens.

Gemeinden

Siehe auch
 Liste der Comarcas in Spanien

Barcala
Barcala

A Barcala


Caroline Myss (pronounced mace; born December 2, 1952) is an American author of 10 books and many audio recordings about mysticism and wellness. She is most well known for publishing Anatomy of the Spirit (1996). She also co-published The Creation of Health with Dr C Norman Shealy MD - ex Harvard professor of neurology. Her most recent book, Archetypes: Who Are You? was published in 2013. Myss describes herself as a medical intuitive and a mystic.

She was on The Oprah Winfrey Show several times including her 2002 appearance. In 2001 she hosted a TV series titled The Journey With Caroline Myss on the Oxygen (TV network), co-owned by Oprah Winfrey, exploring the spiritual and psychological roadblocks of life in an intimate workshop setting. The TV Specials "Three Levels of Power & How to Use Them" and "Why People Don't Heal & How They Can," based on her work.

Her work has been criticized by some as being unsubstantiated and pseudoscientific.

Biography
Caroline Myss was born on December 2, 1952, in Chicago and grew up with her parents and two brothers, one elder and one younger, in the Melrose Park, Illinois neighborhood near Chicago. She was raised a Catholic in a large Polish American family, and attended the Mother Guerin High School, River Grove, Illinois, run by the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. She completed her Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from the Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College in Indiana in 1974, and started her career in journalism in Chicago.

During the course of her career, she interviewed Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, the author of the famous book On Death and Dying, which inspired her to pursue a master's degree in theology from Mundelein College, Chicago, which she completed in 1979. In 2008, she wrote the foreword to Kübler-Ross's revised version of "On Life After Death".

She started giving medical intuitive readings in 1982 and co-founded a small New Age publishing company, Stillpoint Publishing in Walpole, New Hampshire, where she also worked as an editor in 1983. Next she began consulting with holistic doctors, which in 1984, led to her extensive collaboration with C. Norman Shealy, physician and founder of the American Holistic Medical Association, with whom she later co-authored AIDS: Passageway to Transformation, in 1987, followed by The Creation of Health: The Emotional, Psychological, and Spiritual Responses that Promote Health and Healing, in 1988. Deriving from her practice as a medical intuitive, she started writing books, in the field of energy medicine, and healing, five of which became New York Times Best Sellers. Myss wrote Anatomy of the Spirit: The Seven Stages of Power and Healing (1996), which was followed by Why People Don't Heal and How They Can (1998), which explored the reasons people do not heal through her concept of "woundology." Her next book, Sacred Contracts: Awakening Your Divine Potential (2002) dealt with the issue of finding "Life Purpose," while describing Sacred Contracts as "a set of assignments that our soul had formed around before incarnation". She has since appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show numerous times.

By 2000, she discontinued doing private medical intuitive readings, and began teaching how to do them through her workshops, seminars, radio shows and guided tours. She tours internationally as a speaker on spirituality and mysticism, and lives in Oak Park, Illinois, near Chicago. In 2003, she founded the Caroline Myss Educational Institute (CMED) in Chicago, Illinois, with business partner David Smith, offering weekend workshops on her books and teachings.

Her 2007 book, "Entering the Castle" draws upon the writings of Saint Teresa of Ávila, a 16th-century Carmelite nun, who wrote her most important work, The Interior Castle (1577), towards the end of her life. Her next book, Defy Gravity, Healing Beyond the Bounds of Reason (2009) took the ideas further with mystical laws, the seven shadows and also seven graces inherent in all of us.

Myss started hosting a weekly Call-in Talk radio show, "Sacred Contracts" around 2005, at Hay House Radio, an Internet radio site, run by Hay House publishing, where she gave online intuitive readings to callers. Then in 2009, the show was renamed "Defy Gravity" after her book by the same name was released in October 2009.

In June 2012, Myss appeared on a Super Soul Sunday episode with Oprah Winfrey, on OWN Network.

Criticism
In Michael Shermer's book The Skeptic: Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, Phil Molé says "Caroline Myss offers no tangible evidence to support any of her claims. Her hypothetical energy system cannot be detected, her intuitive diagnostic abilities are unproven, and her holistic philosophy is riddled with inconsistencies and unsubstantiated judgments."

Joe Nickell, a paranormal investigator, says, "Myss provides no proof of her alleged abilities. She intuits, of course, her intuitive power, offers only hearsay testimonials and anecdotal evidence as support." He has also described Myss as having "many of the traits associated with a fantasy prone personality."

Books and recordings
Her first three books have consecutively been on The New York Times Best Seller list: Anatomy of the Spirit (1998), Why People Don't Heal and How They Can (1998), Sacred Contracts (2002)

 AIDS: Passageway to Transformation, with C. Norman Sheally, Stillpoint Publishing, Walpole, NH. 1987. . .
 The Creation of Health: The Emotional, Psychological, and Spiritual Responses that Promote Health and Healing, with C. Norman Sheally, Three Rivers Press, 1988. .
 Anatomy of the Spirit: The Seven Stages of Power and Healing 1996;
 Why People Don't Heal and How They Can, Three Rivers Press, 1997 (paperback);
 The Creation of Health: The Emotional, Psychological, and Spiritual Responses That Promote Health and Healing, Three Rivers Press, 1998 (Audio CD);
 Spiritual Power Spiritual Practice, Three Rivers Press, 1998 (audio cassette);
 Spiritual Madness, Sounds True Audio, 2001 (audio CD);
 Invisible Acts of Power: Personal Choices That Create Miracles, Free Press, 2002. .
 Sacred Contracts: Awakening Your Divine Potential (paperback); Three Rivers Press; 2003.
 Archetype Cards, an 80 Card Deck with Instruction Booklet; copyright 2003;
 Three Levels of Power and How to Use Them, Sounds True Inc., 2004 (audio CD);
 Invisible Acts of Power: Personal Choices that Create Miracles, Sounds True, 2004 (Audio CD);
 Spiritual Power, Spiritual Practice, Sounds True, 2004. .
 Entering the Castle: An Inner Path to God and your Soul, 2007, (hard cover);
 The Sacred Contract of America: Fulfilling the Vision of Our Mystic Founders, 2007, Sounds True. (Audio CD), .
 Defy Gravity: Healing Beyond The Bounds Of Reason, Hay House, 2009, .
 Archetypes: Who Are You?, Hay House, 2013, .

Bibliography
 Foreword True Coming of Age: A Dynamic Process That Leads to Emotional Well-Being, Spiritual Growth, and Meaningful Relationships, by John T. Chirban. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2004. .
 Made in Image of God – Caroline Myss The Fabric of the Future: Women Visionaries of Today Illuminate the Path to Tomorrow, by Mary Jane Ryan, Patrice (INT) Wynne, Ken Wilber, Published by Conari, 2000. . Page 120-124.
 Online articles of Caroline Myss
 Why People Don't Heal and How They Can – Caroline Myss – Chapter 1 at The New York Times
 Foreword to Entering the Castle by Ken Wilber
 A Gift of Light, A Gift For The Soul... by Caroline Myss
 Caroline Myss articles at The Oprah Winfrey Show
 Caroline Myss articles at The Huffington Post

References

Sources
 Myss.com – Biography of Myss

External links

1952 births
Living people
Writers from Chicago
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College alumni
American self-help writers
American spiritual teachers
American spiritual writers
New Age writers
New Thought writers
American health and wellness writers
American women non-fiction writers
Women mystics
People from Melrose Park, Illinois
American talk radio hosts
American women radio hosts
Place of birth missing (living people)
American people of Polish descent
Nautilus Book Award winners
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers

Caroline Myss


Cykelpigen er et gavlmaleri malet af Seppo Mattinen i 1993 på bygningen Nørrebrogade 14 i København.

Baggrund
I begyndelsen af 1990'erne besluttede Københavns Kommune at give støtte til kunst på byens gavle. Gavlen på Nørrebrogade 14 var ledig, fordi ejendommen, der engang husede varehuset Bulldog på Nørrebrogade 16, blev brændt ned under generalstrejken i 1944, da ejeren var tyskvenlig. Siden har kun en bygning i én etage, der nu huser supermarkedet Fakta, optaget Nørrebrogade 16, hvorfor gavlen stadig er fri. Den finske kunstner Seppo Mattinen fik tilbudt at udsmykke gavlen, og i 1993 blev værket, der er inspireret af Nørrebrogades cykelkultur, indviet.

Maleriet fjernes
I begyndelsen af 2019 kom det frem, at cykelpigen risikerede at forsvinde pga. renovering af ejendommen Nørrebrogade 14. Ny Carlsbergfondet tilbød at betale for en redning, men i juni 2019 stod det klart, at maleriet alligevel går tabt, da der skal etableres franske altaner i ejendommen.

Referencer

Gadekultur
Nørrebro

Cykelpigen (gavlmaleri)


El Posito, antiguo edificio del  totalmente rehabilitado, es actualmente un espacio turístico y expositivo en el que descubrir la esencia del municipio de Linares, situado en la provincia de Jaén, (España). El centro recoge toda la historia y el patrimonio cultural de la ciudad, donde la Minería, y el Arte del Toreo y del Flamenco tienen un lugar destacado mostrando de forma espectacular a los principales representantes linarenses del talento y la creatividad artística.

Adecuación y rehabilitación

En las obras de rehabilitación se ha tratado de recuperar la estructura original del edificio, dejando constancia de los distintos usos que ha tenido a lo largo de su historia. Terminado de construir en el año 1757 con destino a pósito de grano, se utilizó también como cárcel del partido judicial un siglo después hasta que fue clausurada como tal en 1967. Tras albergar el Centro de Educación Especial, el edificio quedó sin utilización, lo que provocó su acelerado deterioro.

Áreas

Este edificio aglutina la historia y el patrimonio cultural de la ciudad, teniendo la minería y el arte del toreo y del flamenco un lugar destacado "mostrando a los principales representantes linarenses del talento y de la creatividad artística".

El Museo de Raphael está integrado por la colección personal que este artista linarense ha cedido a la ciudad y que cuenta con numerosas piezas y documentos personales de toda su trayectoria artística, incluyendo mobiliario, trajes, discos y premios.

Además, el Centro de Interpretación de la ciudad dispone de diferentes espacios que se han dividido en cuatro áreas temáticas. La primera es 'Historia y Patrimonio', que muestra un recorrido por la historia de Linares desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad; la segunda es 'Evolución Urbana', integrada por una instalación multimedia que enseña cómo se ha desarrollado el municipio.

La tercera área es 'Linares, leyenda del toreo' en la que el visitante se verá inmerso en una proyección y se enfrentará a seis módulos expositivos sobre este tema y la cuarta área es 'Linares, cuna de la Taranta', un espacio "lleno de emoción y sentimiento, donde el visitante te encuentra bajo el vuelo de unos mantones multimedia que le llevarán a conocer el duende de este arte'.

Véase también
 Anexo:Patrimonio Histórico Andaluz en Sierra Morena

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Linares
Posito
Posito
Cultura de Linares
Arquitectura de Linares
Arquitectura de España del siglo XVIII
Arquitectura de 1757

El Pósito de Linares


Pseudozonaria nigropunctata est une espèce de petits escargots de mer de la famille des Cypraeidae (les « porcelaines »).

Description
La taille de la coquille adulte varie entre . La surface du dos est généralement brun foncé ou verdâtre, tandis que la base peut être brun pâle, jaunâtre ou rosâtre, avec de petites taches brun foncé sur le bord ventral.

Distribution
Cette espèce se trouve dans les îles Galápagos, en Équateur et dans le nord du Pérou.

Systématique
L'espèce Pseudozonaria nigropunctata a été décrite pour la première fois en 1828 par le zoologiste britannique John Edward Gray (1800-1875) sous le protonyme Cypraea nigro-punctata.

Publication originale

Notes et références

  Keen M. (1971) Sea shells of tropical West America. Marine mollusks from Baja California to Perú, ed. 2. Stanford University Press. 1064 pp.
  WoRMS

Liens externes

Cypraeidae
Espèce de gastéropodes (nom scientifique)

Pseudozonaria nigropunctata


"Hey Mamma!" er en sang fremført af gruppen SunStroke Project som deltog i Eurovision Song Contest 2017, hvor de repræsenterede Moldova. Sangen opnåede en 3. plads.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Singler fra 2017
Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Moldova

Hey Mamma!


Amt Breitenfelde er et amt i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten. Administrationen ligger i byen Mölln, som de siden 1. januar 2007 har haft et Verwaltungsgemeinschaft med. I kommunen Breitenfelde er der et kontor med borgersevice.

Kommuner i amtet

Historie
Amtsbezirk Breitenfelde opstod i 1889 under den preussiske regering. Det er det ældste amt i Lauenburg. I 1948 omfattede amtet 10 kommuner. Ved nedlæggelsen af Amt Gudow-Sterley 1. januar 2007 indtrådte kommunerne Grambek og Lehmrade i Amt Breitenfelde. Kommunen Tramm, der indtil da hørte under amtet skiftede samtidig til Amt Büchen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Amt Breitenfelde

Breitenfelde

Amt Breitenfelde