Lagos (; literally "lakes"; from ) is a city and municipality at the mouth of Bensafrim River and along the Atlantic Ocean, in the Barlavento region of the Algarve, in southern Portugal. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 31,049, in an area of 212.99 km2. The city of Lagos proper (which includes only the civil parish of São Sebastião e Santa Maria) has a population of approximately 22,000. Typically, these numbers increase during the summer months, with the influx of visiting tourists and seasonal residents. While the majority of the population lives along the coast and works in tourism and services, the inland region is sparsely inhabited, with the majority of the people working in agriculture and forestry.

Lagos is one of the most visited cities in the Algarve and Portugal, due to its variety of tourist-friendly beaches, rock formations (Ponta da Piedade), bars, restaurants and hotels, renowned for its vibrant summer nightlife and parties. Yet, Lagos is also a historic centre of the Portuguese Age of Discovery, frequent home of Henry the Navigator, historical shipyard and, at one time, centre of the European slave trade. In 2012, travel website TripAdvisor, classified Lagos as the number one travel destination, on a list of "15 destinations on the rise" worldwide.

Lagos, Nigeria, may have been named after it, since, at the time of the 15th century, Lagos, Portugal, was the main centre of Portuguese maritime expeditions down the African coast.

The parish of Praia da Luz, in which Madeleine McCann was disappeared in 2007, becoming the famous place in the municipality.

History

Lagos is an ancient maritime town with more than 2000 years of history. The name Lagos comes from a Celtic settlement, derived from the Latin Lacobriga, the name of the settlement was established during the pre-Punic civilizations. It became an early settlement of the Carthaginians, who recruited Celtic tribesmen in their war against the Romans (the Punic Wars). Owing to its already important harbour, it was colonized by the Romans and integrated into the Roman province of Lusitania, becoming known as Lacobriga. Quintus Sertorius, a rebellious Roman general, helped by the Lusitanians of Lacobriga (who had been oppressed under Roman Generals and members of Lucius Cornelius Sulla party), successfully defeated the Roman army of Caecilius Metellus Pius probably at nearby Monte Molião.

With the fall of Rome, the town of Lagos was occupied in the sixth century by the Visigoths from the Kingdom of Toledo and later by the Byzantines.
The Moors arrived in the 8th century from North Africa, renaming the settlement Zawaia (meaning lago, or lake).  It became part of the much larger coastal region of al-Gharb, which eventually became known as the Algarve. The Moors fortified the town  with Lagos Castle and established important trade links to Northern Africa from their bases in the Iberian peninsula. In 1174, the local wālī gave permission for the Christian peoples to construct a church dedicated to São João Baptista, which was built outside the town's walls (becoming the oldest church in the Algarve).

Kingdom
Even as King Afonso Henriques advanced to the south, the Christian Reconquista never made it into Algarve and Alentejo, and the south remained under Moorish control. King Sancho I, with the support of Crusader forces used Lagos as a stepping stone to attack the fortress of Alvôr. Zawaia was eventually captured by King Afonso III of Portugal in 1241, but was only taken definitively in 1249. From this period on the King began self-styling himself as the "King of Portugal and the Algarve", stressing the fact that the Algarve (which had for so long been ruled by the Moors as a foreign country) had been annexed into the dominion of the Portuguese.
Lagos became an independent jurisdiction under the rule of King Peter I in 1361.

King John I assembled his fleet in the harbour of Lagos, before setting sail for the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta in 1415. This was the first step in opening the Muslim world to medieval Europe, which in fact led to the Age of Discovery with Portuguese explorers sailing across the whole world. By the 15th century, Lagos became the centre of Portuguese maritime exploration, with ships ordered south to trace the shoreline of Africa in order to find routes to India. Infante Henry the Navigator, third son of King John, lived most of the time in Lagos. From here he directed expeditions to Morocco and to the western coast of Africa with caravels, lateen-rigged ships with excellent seafaring capabilities. Lagos was also the home port for Gil Eanes who was the first to sail beyond Cape Bojador in 1434, after a failed attempt in 1433 that put him out of favour with the, then considered the end of the world. The act of rounding the Cape, much like the later rounding of the Cape of Good Hope, permitted Eanes (and the navigators that followed) to advance into the African subcontinent. When, by 1443, Lançarote (then fiscal officer of the crown) had sailed as far as Arguim and brought back 275 Africans, the Portuguese had sufficient slaves to relieve the perpetual handicap of agricultural labour.

Over the following decades, news of discoveries and achievements, and ships loaded with spices and goods would flow into the port of Lagos.  It was also the gateway for the first African slaves into post-medieval Europe. Even before Africa was opened-up to the Portuguese, the seamen of Lagos were already unscrupulous slave traders. From the first slave markets in Lagos (the Mercado de Escravos, which opened in 1444), many Africans were dispersed throughout Europe, bringing a considerable income to the Portuguese monarchy and merchant classes, as well as cheap labour force. As the major sponsor of these expeditions, Prince Henry received one-fifth of the selling price of every slave. The demand for the indentured labour force was so high that, by 1450, profit on Mauritanian slaves was 700 percent.  The discovery of gold by Alfonso Gonçales also increased activities in Lagos, whose residents petitioned the Infante Henry to establish a trading company to pursue gold deposits in the region. This included Juan Dias (ancestor of Bartolomeu Dias who rounded the Cape of Good Hope), Gil Eanes, Lançarote de Freitas, Estevan Alfonso and Rodrigo Alvarez, who provisioned a squadron of six caravels to travel to isle of Garças in 1444, but returned with 150 Africans.

Following the death of Prince Henry, and the expansion into the Atlantic and New World, the port of Lagos continued to receive shipments of goods and slaves, but its role began to decrease. Lisbon began to prosper, with ships returning directly from the colonies of the Azores, Madeira and Brazil, while trading houses began to relocate to the capital. But, even as the wealth arrived in Lisbon and Lagos, the ostentation was widely on display in the royal residences.

King Sebastian, obsessed with his plans for a great crusade against the Kingdom of Fez, assembled a huge fleet in Lagos in 1578. During this ill-fated attempt he and most of Portugal's nobility were killed in the Battle of Ksar El Kebir in Morocco, eventually causing a succession crisis, that eventually resulted in the Iberian Union.

When Portugal came under Spanish rule, the Portuguese coast became a target for the English fleet.  Lagos, close to the Spanish naval base of Cádiz, was attacked by Sir Francis Drake in the late 1580s, but was defended by its inhabitants, resulting in Drakes sack of Faro. But, the coast was under regular attack of other pirates and corsairs, in addition to the Spanish who bombarded the Algarve during the Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668), which led to the construction of a string of forts all along the coast. One of them was the late-17th-century Fort of Ponta da Bandeira in Lagos, which was completed between 1679 and 1690 (according to the stone inscription over the main door).

From 1576 to 1755, Lagos was a high-profile capital of the Algarve, until the old Portuguese town was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami of 1755. Although some walls from the 16th century still remain, as well as the governor's castle, many of the buildings are from the 17th century.

Two well-known naval battles took place off Lagos, reflecting its strategic location: in the Battle of Lagos (1693) a French flotilla defeated a combined Anglo-Dutch force, while in the Battle of Lagos (1759) a British force defeated a French force.

Geography

Physical geography
By its geographical position (east-northeast to west-southwest orientation) and lithological diversity, the Algarve stands out as a unique stratigraphic and morpho-tectonic region. A peripheral Carboniferous unit of the Variscan orogeny, it constitutes the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary layers, deposited onto two totally distinct superimposed basins. Between the Middle-Upper Triassic to Hettangian, sediments evolved from continental (fluvial red sandstone) to shallow marine over the entire region, which included instances of evaporates, tholeiite fissural magmas, lava flows, volcanic ash and pyroclasts.

The area of Lagos, conforms to the Middle Miocene Lagos-Portimão formation (a band that extends along the coast from Lagos to Albufeira, abutting the Serra do Caldeirão to the north) and which corresponds to marine sedimentation over relatively stable, but a minorly deformed limestone shelf platform. A period of calm during the intra-Miocene (of approximately 2.4 Ma) led to generalized exposure and development of karst, that influences the present day coastline. The conspicuous horizontal bending of this profile in the cliffs of Lagos, much like the remainder of the Lagos-Portimão formation, is formed by alternating bands of siliciclastic and calcareous lithologies. The low degree of cementation in the layers causes a high degree of instability of the cliffs. The littoral and cliff sands are dominated by various bivalve organisms, bryozoans, larger benthic foraminifers and Coralline algae with minor additions of echinoids and balanids implying a shallow-water depositional system of a warm-temperate climatic regime. The locality of Cerro das Mós, from where a large crocodilian (Tomistoma schlegelii) tooth was collected long ago, has also produced some Odontoceti teeth. These may be dated from the Serravallian, which, constitute the oldest marine mammal occurrence in the Algarve.

Climate
Lagos has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Like the rest of the Algarve, Lagos is very sunny, averaging over 3100 hours of sunshine a year. Precipitation is concentrated in the winter months, where highs average around                                             and lows around , wind and humidity are also more prevalent during this season, averaging  of wind and around 80 percent humidity. Summers are warm to hot, very sunny and generally still, the coastal sea breeze helps to cool down the often excessive heat of this season.

Sea temperatures have little seasonal variation and are their highest in September-October and their lowest in March, averaging  in the summer, and   in the winter.

Ecoregions/Protected areas
Lagos has many natural interest sites, including:
 Ponta da Piedade ()
 Grutas da Costa d'Oiro ()
 Laguna de Alvor ()
"Bravura Dam" )
 Mata Nacional de Barão de S.João (), representing a varied flora that includes Pine (Pinaceae), Acacia (Acacia), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus) and Strawberry trees (Arbutus unedo), with six pedestrian trails and six campsites. In the zone of Pedra Branca, is a Paleolithic menhir, called the Menhir of Pedro do Galo, accessible through the pedestrian trails, visitors can use the tables and picnicking areas near the guardhouse for barbecues, while small children have access to a playground. A public sports field and 100 metre interval obstacle course was also constructed to attract activity, near the picnic area.

Beaches

 Meia Praia (Half Beach) —the most popular tourist beach, consisting of soft, white sand, Meia Praia is one of the largest open bays in Europe, resulting in calm seas, permitting conditions for many nautical sports, while cliffs provide sheltered coves from strong windy conditions;
 Praia Solaria (Sunny Beach);
 Praia da Batata (Potato Beach) — a small beach tucked between two small cliffs (where the river meets the Atlantic Ocean).  It is known for the small music festivals that take place there during summer;
 Praia dos Estudantes (Students' Beach);
 Praia da Dona Ana (Dona Ana Beach) - its areal is slightly thicker than the beaches in the surrounding area and it is surrounded by striking rock formations. At high tide the beach is split by the geomorphology of the cliffs;
 Praia do Canavial (Canavial Beach);
 Praia de Camilo (Camilo Beach);
 Praia da Luz (Beach of Light) - located in the parish of Luz, the beach is bounded in the east by Rocha Negra (), providing summer vacationers with a popular escape.
 Praia da Balança- located after Praia da Boneca and Praia dos Pinheiros, it is a sandy cove enclosed by towering cliffs.

Sustainable tourism
In 2012 Lagos received the QualityCoast Gold Award for its efforts to become a sustainable tourism destination. Because of this award, Lagos has been selected for inclusion in the global atlas for sustainable tourism DestiNet.

Human geography
The municipality of Lagos is located approximately  east of the Cape St. Vincent coast, along the southern coast of the Algarve. It is surrounded along its borders by the municipalities of Vila do Bispo (to the west), Aljezur (to the northwest), Monchique (to the northeast) and  Portimão (to the east).

To the north of Lagos is the road to Silves, the first capital of the Algarve, Monchique (spa town/mountain), Milfontes, a coastal town and port/harbour of the city of Sines, that winds through the scenic protected landscape of the Southwest Natural Park (Costa Sudoeste Alentejana e Vicentina).

Administratively, the municipality is divided into four civil parishes (freguesias):
 Bensafrim e Barão de São João
 São Gonçalo de Lagos (São Sebastião e Santa Maria)
 Luz, which includes the separate villages of Almádena and Espiche.
 Odiáxere

Twin towns — Sister cities

Lagos is twinned with:
 Torres Vedras, district of Lisbon, Portugal
 Ribeira Grande, island of São Miguel, Azores
 Ribeira Grande de Santiago, island of Santiago, Cape Verde
 Palos de la Frontera, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain
 Ksar El Kebir, city in the province of Larache, Morocco
 Sassenheim, town in the province of South Holland, Netherlands

Economy

Lagos' economy, like many coastal towns in Portugal, has always been closely linked to the sea, and fishing has been an important activity since very ancient times. Since 1960, the city has embraced tourism, which has become its most important economic activity. It has beautiful beaches, good climate, the sea, a scenic coastline, and historical patrimony.

The Marina de Lagos has 460 berths and has become an important centre for long-distance cruisers, and it is also known for its modern drawbridge.

Lagos also has numerous cultural and night-life entertainment venues.

Transportation

Lagos Station is the western terminus of the Linha do Algarve railway line, which connects Lagos to Vila Real de Santo António (via Faro and Tavira). The passenger train service is operated by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Connections are available at Tunes for trains to Lisbon and Porto.

The municipal aerodrome handles only small recreational planes; the nearest airport is Faro.

Architecture

Prehistoric
 Menir da Cabeça do Rochedo ()

Civic

 Barracks of the Guarda Fiscal of Lagos ()
 Building of the Caixa Geral de Depósitos ()
 Building of the Correios, Telégrafos e Telefonos ()
 Building of the Portagem ()
 District Courthouse/Palace of Justice ()
 District Jailhouse of Lagos/Cultural Centre of Lagos ()
 D. Maria Bridge ()
 Fonte Coberta Dam () is a dam measuring 36 metres in length with a height between 2.3 and 1.3 metres built by the Romans. It can be visited in the northwestern part of Lagos.
 Excavations in the northeast of Lagos on Monte Molião (Portuguese: Sítio Arquelógico do Molião) revealed the foundations and walls of a settlement founded in the 4th or 3rd century BC during the Iron Age.
 Gil Eanes Secondary/Commercial-Industrial School ()
 Hotel Tivolli Lagos ()
 Municipal Hall of Lagos ()
 Lighthouse of Ponta da Piedade ()
 Pillory of Lagos ()
 Regional Museum of Lagos () - this modest regional museum is located next to the church of Santo António., housing the eclectic collection of archaeological finds from prehistory and the Neolithic, in addition to minerals, Roman mosaics, Moorish oil-lamps and pottery.  The ethnographic section includes exhibits from life in the Algarve, that includes not only residential, but also military artefacts, such as swords, muskets and cannonballs, and the foral (charter) issued by King Manuel for Lagos. Religious artefacts are also prominent in the displays, that include the sacerdotal vestments worn by the canons who said Holy Mass to King Sebastian (before he left on his ill-fated conquest of Morocco), and a diptych (dating from the 16th century) with scenes from the Annunciation and Presentation of Jesus at the Temple.
 Slave Market/Customshoues of Lagos ()

Military
 Bulwark of Alcaria/Freiras ()
 Bulwark of Porta dos Quartos ()
 Bulwark of Santa Maria/Porta da Vila ()
 Bulwark of São Francisco/Jogo da Bola ()
 Castle of Senhora da Luz ()
 Fort of Meia Praia ()
 Fort of Ponta da Bandeira () - also known as the Forte do Pau da Bandeira, the Forte de Nossa Senhora da Penha de França or the Forte do Registo, the fort, which guarded the entrance to the harbour, was originally dedicated to the Santa Virgem Senhora da Penha de França (to which it was referred). This squat rectangular fort guards the entrance to the harbour, accessed by a small drawbridge, to terraced spaces (that overlook the town, beach and harbour) and the small chapel (decorated with 17th-century azulejos tile). Until the late 20th century, the fort was used as a service depot for military forces and housed services linked to maritime activities (such as supplies for lifeboats and nautical sports). It was restored between 1958 and 1960, and officially acquired by the municipality of Lagos in 1983, where it was converted into exhibition displays of maritime history, with astrolabes and models of caravels.
 Fort of Pinhão ()
 Military Barracks of Lagos ()
 Musketeers' Workshop/Warehouse and Saddlery ()
 Regimental Warehouse/Church of São Brás ()
 Tower of Atalaia ()
 Walled/Tower Fortifications of Lagos ()

Religious

 Chapel/Hermitage of São João Baptista () Its octagonal nave may have been built on the foundations of a mausoleum of a muslim Marabout in the 12th century. The oldest document in which the chapel and its monastery were mentioned dates from the 14th century. The chapel was nearly completely destroyed by the tsunami following the earthquake of 1755. Its reconstruction did not start before 1805. The monastery was dissolved in the 20th century and transformed into a normal residential building. Behind the chapel a large wall painting consisting of painted azulejo tiles is worth a visit. It shows people washing clothes in flat tanks behind the chapel. The tanks still exist today and can be visited behind the chapel.
 Church of Nossa Senhora do Carmo ()
 Church of Nossa Senhora da Luz ()
 Church of Odiáxere ()
 Church of Santa Maria ()
 Church of Santo António () - its simple façade with the asymmetrical bell towers, date from 1715, and contrast sharply with the extravagantly decorated interior, which is covered in gilded wood carvings and blue-and-white 18th-century azulejo tiles (talha dourada) which fill the walls of the nave, while six Baroque paintings by José Joaquim Rasquinho, representing the miracles of Saint Anthony are hung on its walls. The wooden vault was painted with a trompe-l'œil effect, while polychrome statues of cherubs playing with animals and fishes are scattered within the interior. It was one of the few buildings to survive the Great Earthquake of 1755, reconstructed by the local commander of Regimental Infantry, who may have added the polychromatic statue of St. Anthony with military sash. Purportedly, King Sebastian attended his last mass in this church, before his ill-fated expedition to Morocco.* Convent of Nossa Senhora do Loreto ()
 Church of São Sebastião ()
 Hermitage of São Pedro de Pulgão/Nossa Senhora dos Aflitos ()
 Ruins of the Hermitage of Santo Amaro ()
 Ruins of the Convent of the Trinity ()

Culture
Many local traditions are celebrated in the municipality and range from gastronomy to traditional handicrafts.

In gastronomy, there are the local specialties: Dom rodrigos and morgados cookies based on local products, such as almonds, figs and eggs. Lagos is also a wine-producing region and is famous for its moscatel wine, and also for a strong alcoholic spirit,  the aguardente de medronho, made of berries of strawberry tree.

Notable citizens

 Gundisalvus of Lagos (c.1370–1422), saint of the Order of Saint Augustine
 Soeiro da Costa  (c.1390–c.1472), navigator and one of the Heroic Twelve of the Lusiadas
 Gil Eanes (1395–15thC), navigator and explorer of the 15th century
 Diogo Gomes (c.1420–c.1500), a Portuguese navigator, explorer and writer
 Pedro de Sintra (15thC), a Portuguese explorer of Sierra Leone around 1462
 Lançarote de Freitas (15thC), navigator and slave trader in the 15th century
 Diogo Rodrigues (c.1501–1577), navigator, captain, Governor of Salsette Island
 Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira (?? in Lagos –1576), the first Archbishop of Goa
 Manuel Pereira de Sampaio (1692–1750), a nobleman and diplomat at the Holy See in Rome
 José Sebastião de Almeida Neto (1841–1920), a Cardinal and Patriarch of Lisbon
 Júlio Dantas (1876–1962), doctor, poet, journalist, screenwriter, politician and diplomat
 José Reis, first Portuguese geriatric physician, founder of the Portuguese Geriatric and Gerontological Society in 1951
 Júlia Barroso (1930–1996), actress, singer and teacher

Sport
 Fernando Cabrita (1923–2014), a footballer with 351 club caps and manager
 Jamila Marreiros (b.1988), a football goalkeeper, 12 caps with Portugal women
 Diogo Viana (b.1990), a Portuguese professional footballer

See also

 Lagos DOC

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Populated places in Faro District
Municipalities of the Algarve
Towns of the Algarve
Disappearance of Madeleine McCann
Seaside resorts in Portugal
Municipalities of Faro District

Lagos, Portugal


Die Dorfkirche von Kirch Mummendorf ist eine frühgotische Backsteinkirche des Übergangsstils von der Romanik zur Gotik in Kirch Mummendorf in der Gemeinde Stepenitztal. Sie gehört heute zur Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirchengemeinde Roggenstorf in der Propstei Wismar im Kirchenkreis Mecklenburg der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Norddeutschland.

Geschichte
Die Kirche wurde erstmals 1230 im Ratzeburger Zehntregister erwähnt und durch den Ratzeburger Bischof Ludolph I. als Bannum ab 1237 dem Dompropst in Ratzeburg zum Ausgleich für Rechtsverluste im Zusammenhang mit der Gründung des Klosters Rehna unterstellt. Zum Kirchspiel Mummendorf gehörte zunächst auch Roggenstorf, welches jedoch zwischen 1318 und 1335 selbstständiges Kirchdorf wurde. Auch Börzow wurde bereits 1298 ein eigenständiges Kirchspiel. Die Mummendorfer Kirche wurde auch durch die Weinspende Heinrich des Pilgers im Jahr 1266 bedacht. Das Kirchspiel umfasste Gebiete auf beiden Seiten der Stepenitz und damit aus beiden Teilen Mecklenburgs: die Dörfer Kirch Mummendorf, Hof Mummendorf, Roxin, Mallentin, Tramm (heute Gemeinde Roggenstorf) und Hanstorf/Benediktenwerk und auf der anderen Seite der Stepenitz, über die ein eigener Kirchstieg führt, die Bauerschaften Papenhusen, Rüschenbeck und Rodenberg im Landesteil Ratzeburg.

Baugeschichte
Die Kirche ist ein Backsteinbau aus der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts. Sie besteht aus dem querrechteckigen Kirchturm, Kirchenschiff und dem für die Bauzeit in dieser Gegend Mecklenburgs typischen Kastenchor mit angebauter Nordsakristei, der bei unklarer Baugeschichte ältester Teil der Kirche ist. Alle Baukörper (auch der Turm) sind mit Satteldächern bedeckt, deren Firste in West-Ost-Richtung verlaufen. Auffällige Gestaltungselemente der Romanik sind die romanischen Lisenen und Rundbogenfriese am Giebel des Chors. Im Innern des Chors befinden sich frühgotische kuppelförmige Kreuzgewölbe mit aufgelegten Bandrippen über den Konsolen. Das breite Schiff der Mummendorfer Kirche weist hingegen eine flache Decke mit Gewölbeansätzen, ursprünglich vielleicht zweischiffig, auf.

Die Kirche wurde vielfach umgebaut und restauriert. Bei einer größeren Renovierung von 1964 bis 1969 wurden die spitzbogigen Fensterschlitze im Hauptschiff wiederhergestellt. Die Emporen wurden verkürzt, der Altarraum neu gestaltet und das Ostfenster erhielt ein Fenster in Betonglastechnik von Lothar Mannewitz. Die Wiedereinweihung der Kirche erfolgte am 22. Juni 1969.

Ausstattung
Zur Ausstattung gehörte der barocke Altar von 1749, der um 1860 eine gemalte Kruzifix-Darstellung von Theodor Fischer-Poisson erhielt und bei der Kirchenrenovierung in den 1960er Jahren durch ein gotisches Kruzifix ersetzt wurde, das vorher auf einer der Emporen hing. Der Kanzelkorb mit geschnitzten Figuren stammt aus der Spätrenaissance zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts. An der Brüstung befinden sich Nischenfiguren des Salvator mundi und der Apostel Andreas, Paulus, Petrus und Johannes. Neben der Taufe aus dem 17. Jahrhundert mit einer Messingschale als Einlage ist auch der gotische Taufstein aus Granit erhalten. Zwei Zinnleuchter von 1729 wurden 1992 gestohlen.

Orgel
1794 erfolgte durch den Dobbertiner Orgelbauer Heinrich Schmidt die Umsetzung einer Hausorgel aus Lübeck.

Die heutige Orgel (I/P/5+1T) mit dem klassizistischen Prospekt von 1846/1854 ist ein Werk des Orgelbauers Friedrich Friese II unter Mitwirkung des Sohnes Friedrich Friese III. Sie wurde 1935 durch Marcus Runge und zuletzt 1999 restauriert.

Glocken
Nach Friedrich Schlie verfügte die Kirche 1898 über drei Glocken: Die größte Glocke wurde 1730 von dem Lübecker Ratsgießer Laurentius Lorenz Strahlborn gegossen und führte neben einer Versinschrift auch den Namen des damaligen Patrons der Kirche Herzog Carl Leopold und des Pastors auf. Die mittlere Glocke aus dem Jahr 1597 trug ebenfalls eine Inschrift mit Hinweis auf den Glockengießer Clawes Bincke, also Claus Bincke in Wismar. Die kleinste und älteste Glocke wurde 1425 gegossen; sie ist unter der Inschrift mit der gotischen Minuskel "m" versehen, möglicherweise ein Gießerzeichen. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg mussten zwei dieser Glocken abgeliefert werden, von denen nur eine auf dem Hamburger Glockenfriedhof bei Kriegsende wiedergefunden wurde, so dass nach ihrer Rückkehr 1949 zwei Glocken vorhanden waren, die 1960 eine elektrische Läutemaschine erhielten.

Sonstiges
Am Kirchturm befindet sich eine Höhenmarke des Ur-Nivellements (1868-1918) der Königlich Preußischen Landesaufnahme mit der damaligen Höhe von 15,641 m über Normal-Null.

Literatur
 Gottlieb Matthias Carl Masch: Geschichte des Bisthums Ratzeburg. F. Aschenfeldt, Lübeck 1835. (Digitalisat)
 Friedrich Schlie: Die Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Grossherzogthums Mecklenburg-Schwerin. II. Band: Die Amtsgerichtsbezirke Wismar, Grevesmühlen, Rehna, Gadebusch und Schwerin. Schwerin 1898, Neudruck Schwerin 1992, ISBN 3-910179-06-1, S. 402–405.
 Horst Ende: Dorfkirchen in Mecklenburg. Berlin 1975, S. 60, 139.
 Gerd Baier, Horst Ende, Brigitte Oltmanns, Gesamtredaktion Heinrich Trost: Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der mecklenburgischen Küstenregion mit den Städten Rostock und Wismar. Henschel Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-362-00523-3.

Weblinks

 Kirchengemeinde St. Johannes Roggenstorf

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Europa
Kirchengebäude der Propstei Wismar
Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Nordwestmecklenburg
Backsteingotik in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kirchengebäude der Backsteingotik
Baudenkmal in Stepenitztal
Erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert

Dorfkirche Kirch Mummendorf


Olaylar
 Birinci Efes Konsili, Efes Meryem Ana kilisesinde, İstanbul Patriği Nestorius'un tartışmalı öğretileri yüzünden toplandı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

431


Al Cooke est un acteur américain né le  à Los Angeles (Californie), et mort le  à Santa Monica (Californie).

Biographie

Filmographie partielle
 1920 : Don't Weaken! de Malcolm St. Clair
 1931 :  (The Mystery Train) de Phil Whitman
 1931 : Catch-As Catch-Can de Marshall Neilan
 1932 : Girl Crazy de William A. Seiter
 1932 : Hold 'Em Jail de Norman Taurog

Liens externes

Acteur américain
Naissance à Los Angeles
Naissance en septembre 1880
Décès en juillet 1935
Décès à Santa Monica
Décès à 54 ans

Al Cooke


Vladimir Petrovich Kondrasin, en Ruso:Владимир Петрович Кондрашин (nacido el 14 de enero de 1929 en San Petersburgo, Rusia y muerto en San Petersburgo, Rusia el 23 de diciembre de 1999) fue un entrenador soviético de baloncesto. Consiguió seis medallas en competiciones internacionales con la selección de la Unión Soviética.

En la ficción
En el año 2017 el actor ruso Vladimir Mashkov interpretó al entrenador soviético Vladimir Kondrašin en la película 3 segundos, una película sobre la polémica final olímpica en los Juegos Olímpicos de Múnich 1972, la cual tuvo un notable éxito de taquilla en Rusia.

Enlaces externos
 Página en Hall of Fame

Entrenadores de baloncesto de Rusia
Entrenadores de baloncesto de la Unión Soviética
Nacidos en San Petersburgo
Fallecidos en San Petersburgo
Galardonados con la Orden de la Amistad de los Pueblos

Vladimir Kondrašin


is another name for Mount Fuji.

Fugaku may also refer to:

 Nakajima G10N Fugaku, a planned Japanese heavy bomber designed during World War II
 Fugaku (supercomputer), a Japanese supercomputer
 Fugaku Uchiha, a Naruto character

See also
 , the ukiyo-e series created by Hokusai

Fugaku


Benedikt Carpzov eller Benedict Carpzov henviser til:

 Benedikt Carpzov den ældre (1565-1624)– tysk jurist
 Benedikt Carpzov den yngre (1595-1666) – tysk jurist
 August Benedikt Carpzov (1644-1708) – tysk jurist
 Friedrich Benedict Carpzov (1649-1699) – tysk jurist
 Johann Benedikt Carpzov I (1607-1657) – tysk luthersk teolog
 Johann Benedikt Carpzov II (1639-1699) − tysk luthersk teolog
 Johann Benedikt Carpzov III (1675-1739) – tysk historiker og jurist
 Johann Benedikt Carpzov IV (1720-1803) – tysk teolog och filolog
 Samuel Benedikt Carpzov (1647-1707) – tysk luthersk teolog

Benedikt Carpzov


OpenROAD (açılımı: "Open Rapid Object Application Development") Actian şirketinin 1990'ların başında piyasaya sürdüğü programlama aracıdır. Bu programlama aracı Windows ve Unix/Linux platformlarında çalışabilir. Bu programlama aracı IDE ile yazılmıştır. Macintosh Beta versiyonunda da çalışabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Makine dili

Dördüncü nesil programlama dilleri

OpenROAD


N-acetilantranilna kiselina je vrsta tvari koja se može uporabiti za izradu droga ("prekursor"). Uvršten je u Hrvatskoj na temelju Zakona o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga na Popis tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga - Europski klasifikacijski sustav ovisno o mogućnostima zlouporabe, Službeni list Europske unije od 18. veljače 2004. Kemijsko ime po CAS-u je (benzoic acid, 2-(acetylamino)-), KN oznaka je 2924 23 00, CAS-ov broj je 89-52-1.

Izvori

Psihoaktivne droge

N-acetilantranilna kiselina


Uludağ göknarı (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından 30-40 metre boylanabilen, bir göknar alt türü. Yöresel olarak küner, verdinar (Bolu), iledenaz (Kastamonu) gibi isimlerle de bilinir. Doğal yayılım aralığı sadece Anadolu'da bulunan endemik bir alttürdür. Bolu Sülüklügöl tabiat parkı Ankara Çamkoru tabiat parkında bulunur.

Morfolojik özellikleri

Piramidal gelişme gösterir, tepeden, tabana kadar çok sık dallıdır. Gövde kabuğu gridir. Alt dallar yanlara doğru yatay uzanır. Yan sürgünlerin ucundaki tomurcuklar reçinelidir. İğne yaprakları 2-3,5 cm boyunda, parlak koyu yeşil, uç kısımları hafif oyukludur. Yaprakların alt yüzündeki iki adet belirgin, gümüşî renkli stoma bandı, aynı zamanda yapraklarının üst yüzeyinde de görülür.

Ortalama 15–16 cm boyunda ve 5 cm çapında kırmızı-kahverengi kozalakları vardır. Dallar üzerinde dik duran kozalakların dış pulları, iç pullarından daha uzundur ve bol reçinelidir. Dış pullar sivri bir uçla sonuçlanır ve geriye doğru kıvrıktır.

Ekolojik istekleri
Toprak ve rutubet istekleri fazladır, ışık istekleri azdır, gölgeye dayanıklıdır.

Kaynakça

Abies
Türkiye'deki odunsu taksonlar
Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen iğne yapraklılar

Uludağ göknarı


Dicheirus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Se encuentran en el oeste de Estados Unidos.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Dicheirus dilatatus Dejean, 1829
 Dicheirus obtusus LeConte, 1852
 Dicheirus piceus Menetries, 1845
 Dicheirus pilosus G. Horn, 1880
 Dicheirus strenuus G. Horn, 1868

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anisodactylina

Dicheirus


Le Royal Canal (en gaélique, An Chanáil Ríoga) est un canal construit à l'origine pour le transport de marchandises et de passagers de Dublin à  Longford en Irlande. C'est l'un des deux canaux jumeaux reliant Dublin à la Shannon. Il a été construit en concurrence directe avec le Grand Canal.

Le canal est tombé en ruine à la fin du  mais une grande partie a depuis été restaurée pour la navigation. La quasi-totalité du canal jusqu'à la Shannon a été rouverte le  mais un dernier embranchement, vers Longford Town, reste fermé.

Histoire

Construction

En 1755, Thomas Williams et John Cooley mènent une étude pour trouver une voie navigable artificielle à travers le nord du Leinster, de Dublin au Shannon. Ils prévoient à l'origine d'utiliser une série de rivières et de lacs, dont la Boyne, Blackwater, Deel, Yellow, Camlin et Inny et Lough Derravaragh. Un directeur mécontent de la Grand Canal Company a demandé de l'aide pour construire un canal de Dublin à Cloondara, sur le Shannon dans le comté de Longford ouest.

Les travaux sur ce projet d'importance ont commencé en  à Cross Guns Bridge, Phibsborough, en direction de l'ouest vers Ashtown. Ceci est commémoré sur la plaque sous la clé de voûte du pont Ranalagh. Vingt-sept ans plus tard, en 1817, le canal atteint le Shannon.
Le coût total de la construction est de . La construction est étonnamment chère et le projet est semé de problèmes ; en 1794, la Royal Canal Company est déclarée en faillite. Le duc de Leinster, membre du conseil d'administration, a insisté pour que la nouvelle voie navigable passe dans sa ville locale de Maynooth. Les constructeurs ont dû s'écarter de l'itinéraire prévu et ont dû réaliser un « fonçage profond » entre Blanchardstown et Clonsilla.
Le détournement a également nécessité la construction de l'aqueduc Ryewater, à Leixlip.

Fonctionnement
Le tarif original de 1796, de Dublin à Kilcock, était beaucoup moins cher que la diligence.

Dans les années 1830, le canal transportait  de fret et  par an.

 En 1843, alors qu'il marchait avec sa femme le long du Canal Royal, Sir William Rowan Hamilton  a réalisé la formule des quaternions et a gravé ses premières pensées dans une pierre sur le Broom Bridge au-dessus du canal.
L'Hamilton Walk, marche annuelle, commémore cet événement.
En 1845, le canal a été acheté par la Midland Great Western Railway Company. Il est alors envisagé de drainer le canal et de construire une nouvelle voie ferrée sur son lit. Il est finalement décidé de construire la voie ferrée à côté du canal. Les deux vont côte à côte de Dublin à Mullingar.

En , pendant la Grande Famine, les locataires du Major Denis Mahon (officier de l'armée britannique), quittent son Strokestown Park, domaine dans le comté de Roscommon. Les locataires, qui deviendront connus localement sous le nom de "Missing 1490", s'étaient vu offrir le choix entre l'émigration avec passage assisté, la famine dans leurs fermes de pommes de terre flétries ou une place dans l'hospice local. Affaiblis par la famine, les  ont marché pendant des jours le long des chemins de halage du Canal Royal jusqu'à Dublin, où ils ont été mis sur des bateaux à destination de Liverpool, et de là ont voyagé jusqu'à Grosse Île, Québec, sur quatre « navires-cercueils » - des cargos qui étaient également, ironiquement, chargés de céréales en provenance d'Irlande,  et « ne convenaient pas » aux passagers. On estime que la moitié des émigrants sont morts avant d'atteindre Grosse-Île. Ce fut le plus grand exode complet de locataires pendant la famine. Mahon a été assassiné en , après que des nouvelles soient parvenues à Roscommon sur le sort de ses anciens locataires. Une promenade annuelle sur les berges du canal commémore ces événements.

L'arrivée des chemins de fer a progressivement concurrencé les activités du canal. Dans les années 1880, le tonnage annuel est tombé à environ  tonnes et le trafic de passagers a pratiquement disparu.

Le canal a connu une brève résurrection pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : les chevaux et les péniches sont revenus. La CIÉ a repris le canal en 1944. Avec le retour du trafic ferroviaire et routier, le canal est tombé en désuétude.

En 1974, des volontaires de l'Inland Waterways Association of Ireland ont formé le Royal Canal Amenity Group, pour sauver le canal. En 1990,  de canal, de la  de Blanchardstown à Mullingar, étaient à nouveau ouverts à la navigation. En 2000, le canal a été repris par Waterways Ireland, un organisme transfrontalier chargé d'administrer la navigation intérieure irlandaise. Le , toute la longueur du canal a été officiellement rouverte.

Gestion
Depuis le début du , le canal a été entretenu par huit agences successives : la Royal Canal Company, les Commissioners of Inland Navigation, la New Royal Canal Company, Midland Great Western Railway Company, Great Southern Railways, CIÉ, (à partir de 1986) l'Office of Public Works et Waterways Ireland. À noter la restauration et l'entretien par les bénévoles du Royal Canal Amenity Group.

Itinéraire
Le canal traverse Maynooth, Kilcock, Enfield, Longwood, Mullingar et Ballymahon a un éperon à Longford. La longueur totale de la navigation principale est de , le système dispose de 46 écluses. L'alimentation principale (de Lough Owel) entre dans le canal à Mullingar.

Liaisons de transport

Le Royal Canal devait à l'origine se terminer à Dublin à Broadstone, pour desservir le quartier de résidence alors à la mode, ainsi que King's Inns et les marchés voisins, mais il a été prolongé de sorte que maintenant, à l'extrémité de Dublin, le canal atteint la Liffey à travers une large séquence de quais et d'écluses à Spencer Dock, avec une dernière écluse pour gérer l'accès à la rivière et à la mer.

La ligne de chemin de fer Dublin – Mullingar a été construite le long du canal sur une grande partie de sa longueur. Le tracé sinueux du canal a entraîné de nombreuses courbes de limitation de vitesse sur la voie ferrée. Le canal a été acheté par le Midland Great Western Railway pour fournir une voie vers l'ouest de l'Irlande. Le plan initial étant de supprimer le canal et de construire le chemin de fer le long de son lit.

Le canal traverse l'un des principaux carrefours de l'autoroute M50 où elle croise la route N3, grâce un aqueduc construit spécialement.

Époque actuelle
Aujourd'hui, Waterways Ireland gère le canal. C'est sous sa direction, en association avec le Royal Canal Amenity Group, que le Royal Canal a été officiellement rouvert de Dublin au Shannon le .

Des points d'accès existent actuellement près de Leixlip et à Maynooth,  Enfield, Thomastown, Mullingar, Ballinea Bridge et Ballynacargy.

En 2006, une borne commémorative a été érigée à Piper's Boreen, Mullingar, pour marquer les  passés depuis que le canal a atteint Mullingar, en 1806.

Royal Canal Way

Le Royal Canal Way est un  sentier de grande longueur de  qui suit le chemin de halage du canal de Ashton à Cloondara, comté de Longford.
Il est classé Sentier balisé national par le National Trails Office de l'Irish Sports Council, géré par Waterways Ireland.

En 2015, le conseil municipal de Dublin a commencé à étendre la piste cyclable et pédestre le long du canal royal d'Ashtown à Sheriff Street Upper. Le Royal Canal se connecte à la Westmeath Way à l'ouest de Mullingar et formera éventuellement l'extrémité est du Dublin-Galway Greenway, la dernière partie de l'EuroVelo Route 2, une piste cyclable de Moscou à travers l'Europe, à Galway.

Le Royal Canal Greenway est la partie englobant le Royal Canal Way entre Maynooth et Cloondara, avec un embranchement vers Longford. Il a été lancé en .

Culture populaire

The Auld Triangle
Le Canal Royal a été immortalisé par les vers de Brendan Behan dans le poème The Auld Triangle.

Un monument représentant Behan assis sur un banc a été érigé sur la rive du canal à Binn's Bridge à Drumcondra en 2004.
Il porte les inscriptions :

And the auld triangle went jingle jangle,
All along the banks of the Royal Canal.

Superstition
Les bateliers du canal royal pensaient que la  de Deey Bridge, entre Leixlip et Maynooth, était hantée. Ce conte est devenu le sujet d'un poème de Arthur Griffith, The Spooks of the Thirteenth Lock, qui à son tour a inspiré le nom du groupe The Spook of the Thirteenth Lock.

Les écluses, de Liffey au Shannon

Voir aussi
 EuroVelo
  List of bridges over the Royal Canal in Greater Dublin
  Canals of Ireland
  Rivers of Ireland
  Transport in Ireland

Références

Liens externes

  IWAI – Guide to the Royal Canal of Ireland
  Bond Bridge, Maynooth
   The Royal Canal(Longford Branch)
   Royal Canal Amenity Group
   Royal Canal Walk
   Broadstone station history
   Broadstone line walk

Géographie de Dublin
Canal en Irlande

Royal Canal


Salguera puede referirse a:
El nombre común de la planta Rhamnus frangula.
El nombre común de la planta Salix alba.
El nombre común de la planta Salix atrocinerea.
El nombre común de la planta Salix cantabrica.
El nombre común de la planta Salix caprea.
El nombre común de la planta Salix eleagnos.
El nombre común de la planta '''''Salix purpurea.

Salguera


Isobel Mary "Izzy" Christiansen (født 20. september 1991) er en engelsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som midtbanespiller eller angiber for Everton og .

Danske rødder
Izzy Christiansen har danske rødder, hendes fars forældre, Thorbjørn og Janet Christiansen, kom fra Kalundborg, men flyttede til England, da faderen var fire år gammel. Izzys far boede de første fire år af sit liv i Raklev ved Kalundborg, derefter boede familien i England. Izzy kom på Englands ungdomslandshold som 13-14 årig, og der spillede hun flere gange mod Danmark, hvor hun kom til at kende Katrine Veje. Senere kom hun på A-landsholdet og den 1. juli 2017 spillede hun for første gang mod Danmarks A-landshold.

Klubkarriere
Christiansen har spillet i UEFA Women's Champions League med Everton, Birmingham City og Olympique Lyon, hvor hun med Lyon vandt titlen i 2018–19.

Den 7. februar 2014 underskrev hun kontrakt for den nye WSL klub Manchester City Women. Den 16. oktober 2014 scorede hun Manchester City eneste mål i sejren mod Arsenal Ladies og vandt FA WSL Continental Cup 2014. I april 2016 vandt hun tre hæderspriser, af hvilke to var PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year og PFA WSL Team of the Year. Efter at have vundet priserne sagde hun: "I'm pretty shocked. Three awards is a great achievement and I'm so pleased to have been able to have done that for the team."
(på dansk: Jeg er ret chokeret. Tre priser er en stor hæder og jeg er så glad for at have kunnet gøre det for holdet) I 2018 og 2019 spillede hun for Olympique Lyonnais Féminin.

Hæder

Klub
Manchester City
FA WSL Continental Cup: 2014

Olympique Lyonnais

Division 1 Féminine: 2018–19
Coupe de France: 2019
UEFA Women's Champions League: 2018–19
Trophée des Championnes: 2019

England
 SheBelieves Cup: 2019

Individuel
PFA Women's Players' Player of the Year: 2015–16

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra England
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Olympique Lyon (kvinder)
Fodboldspillere fra Manchester City W.F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Everton F.C. (kvinder)

Izzy Christiansen


Joana Maduka (née en 1941) est une ingénieure nigériane. Elle est devenue la première femme membre du  (COREN) en 1974, puis sa première femme présidente, ainsi que la première femme présidente de la  en 2016.

Enfance et éducation
Maduka est née le  à Ilesha, dans l'actuel État d'Osun. Elle est le premier enfant de M. Daniel Dada et Olufunmilayo Layinka. Elle est allée à l'école méthodiste d'Otapete pour ses études primaires. Elle a fréquenté l'école méthodiste pour filles puis est allée à l'école Queen's en 1955. Elle a obtenu son B.Sc en physique appliquée de l'Université d'Ife en 1965. Elle a obtenu sa maîtrise en ingénierie du Trinity College de Dublin en 1969. En 1966, Maduka passe l'examen d'obtention du diplôme de l' et le réussit.

Carrière
Maduka a travaillé comme ingénieur assistant diplômé pour la  (WNTV) à Ibadan en 1965. Elle était une apprentie diplômée de la division d'ingénierie de la Western Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation à Ibadan de 1965 à 1966. De 1966 à 1970, elle a été maître de conférences au département de physique appliquée de l'Université d'Ife. Elle a rejoint Leccom Associates, un cabinet d'ingénieurs-conseils, en 1970 et en est devenu le principal associé en 1975.

En 1993, Maduka fonde des Amis de l'environnement (Friends of the Environment), une innovation qui cherche à améliorer les énergies renouvelables, à gérer les déchets et à autonomiser les femmes.

Elle a également fondé l'Association of Professional Women Engineers of Nigeria (APWEN).

Maduka a été nommée présidente du Power Sector Group, créé par la  en 2014 pour assurer des améliorations dans le secteur de l'électricité et protéger les intérêts des parties prenantes.

Le 23 juin 2016, elle est devenue la neuvième présidente et la première femme présidente de la Nigerian Academy of Engineering.

Prix et distinctions
Elle est devenue la première femme membre du  (COREN) en 1974. Elle est également membre de l', de la  et de la . Elle a été nommée membre honoraire du Nigerian Institute of Science Technology en 1987 et du  en 1988. Elle a été honorée en tant que membre de l'Ordre de la République fédérale en 2008. Elle est la première femme présidente du COREN.

Elle est l'actuelle présidente de la société Ijesha.

Vie personnelle
Elle est mariée à , ancien directeur général de la Nigerian Television Authority (NTA). Ils ont quatre enfants

Références

Liens externes

Membre de l'ordre de la République fédérale
Étudiant de Trinity College (Dublin)
Étudiant de l'université Obafemi-Awolowo
Naissance en mai 1941
Naissance à Ilesha
Ingénieur nigérian
Naissance dans la colonie et protectorat du Nigeria

Joana Maduka