Veliki Magellanov oblak je galaktika u zviježđima Zlatnoj ribi, Stolu i Tukan, na južnom nebu. Satelitska je galaktika naše galaktike Mliječni Put. Klasificiran je kao Magellanska spiralna galaksija. Radijalne je brzine 278 ± 3 km/s. Mase je 1010. Veličine je oko 14.000 svj.g. (oko 4,3 kiloparseka) u promjeru.

Lokacija

Treća je po blizini galaktika Mliječnom Putu, poslije patuljaste eliptične patuljaste eliptične galaktike u Strijelcu (~ 16 kpc) i patuljaste galaktike u Velikom Psu ili prekogustoće ("overdensity") (~ 12.9 kpc, premda se njen status galaktike osporava) nalazi bliže galaktičkom središtu. Veliki Magellanov oblak je mase od približno 1010 Sunčevih masa što je jedna stotina mase Mliječnog Puta. Četvrta je po veličini galaktika u Mjesnoj skupini, poslije Andromede (M31), Mliječnoga Puta i galaktike Trokuta (M33).

Fizičke karakteristike

U središtu mu je prominentna prečka, što sugerira da bi mogla biti prečkasta patuljasta spiralna galaktika prije nego što su poremećeni njeni spiralni kraci, vjerojatno gravitacijom Mliječnog Puta. Današnji nepravilni oblik Velikog Magellanova oblika je vjerojatno rezultat plimnih međudjelovanja i s Kumovom slamom i s Malim Magellanovim oblakom (SMC).

I Veliki i Mali Magellanov oblak obiluju svim vrstama zvijezda i međuzvjezdana tvoriva. Oba oblaka imaju ovojnicu od rijetkog i hladnog vodika. Njihova se ovojnica izdužuje u uzak Magellanov potok prema Kumovoj slami, vjerojatno pod djelovanjem privlačne sile. Oba oblaka su poslužila u znanosti kao ispitno polje za upoznati galaktičke i izvangalaktičke objekte.

Veliki Magellanov Oblak sadrži najveću poznatu H II regiju, maglicu 30 Doradus, poznata i kao Tarantula Nebula. Riječ je o najaktivnijoj H II regiji u Mjesnoj skupini.

Supernova SN 1987A eksplodirala je u Velikom Magellanovom oblaku.

Sudar s Mliječnim putem

Veliki Magellanov oblak katastrofalno će se sudariti s Mliječnim putem unutar sljedećih tri milijarde godina. Posljedice ovog sraza bit će u najblažu ruku veličanstvene, a u najgorem slučaju strašne. Oko naše galaksije kruže manje, satelitske galaksije i taj njihov ples može neometano trajati milijarde godina. Ponekad, one mogu skrenuti prema Miječnoj stazi, sudariti se njom i nestati u većoj galaksiji. Veliki Magellanov oblak prilično je nova pojava u orbiti Mliječnog puta. U orbitu Mliječnog Puta je ušao prije otprilike 1,5 milijardi godina. Sada je to najsvjetlija satelitska galaksija koju imamo, udaljena 163.000 svjetlosnih godina od Mliječnog puta.

Znanstvenici su sve do nedavna mislili kako će tiho orbitirati, ili će se odbiti od gravitacije Mliječnog puta i potom nastaviti svoj put kroz svemir. No sad nova mjerenja pokazuju da je ova mala satelitska galaksija svo vrijeme skrivala veliku tajnu i da ima mnogo veću masu nego što se mislilo. To znači da Veliki Magelanov oblak gubi energiju, što će je potaknuti da se sudari s Mliječnim putem. To ne bi trebalo utjjecati na naš Sunčev sustav, postoji mala vjerojatnost da nas dohvate posljedice sudara dviju galaksija, izbace nas iz iz Mliječnog puta i pošalju u međuzvjezdani prostor. Nadolazeći sudar našeg Mliječnog puta s Magellanovim oblakom je već započeo. Dugačak trag plina proteže se iz Magellanovih oblaka, a koji nazivamo Magellanov potok. Taj trag plina proteže se kroz galaktički južni pol Mliječne staze. Magellanovi oblaci trebali bi se u pravom smislu te riječi sudariti s našom galaksijom za nekoliko milijardi godina, ali prema podacima koje su 8. siječnja 2020. astronomi predstavili na skupu Američkog astronomskog društva (AAS) u Honoluluu, čini se da su se već sada pojavili prvi znakovi kolizije. Naime, prilikom spajanja galaksija obično se stvaraju nove zvijezde, a astronomi su nedavno na periferiji naše galaksije, u blizini Magellanovog potoka, uočili mladi zvjezdani skup. Na tom predjelu se inače nalaze najstarije zvijezde naše galaksije, a stručnjaci su otkrili kako su zvijezde ovoga skupa sastavljene od materijala iz Magellanovog oblaka.

Prema istraživanju koje je u siječnju 2019. objavljeno u znanstvenom časopisu Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Veliki Magellanov oblak zasigurno će se sudariti s našom galaksijom, i to mnogo prije nego što se ranije mislilo. Do tog otkrića znanstvenici su došli nakon što su izradili kompjuterske simulacije kretanja LMC-a. Umjesto da na sigurnoj udaljenosti kruži oko naše Mliječne staze, kao što to čine druge slične galaksije, Veliki Magellanov oblak će se nakon nekog vremena sudariti s njom. Znanstvenici procjenjuju da je LMC trenutno od nas udaljen oko 163.000 svjetlosnih godina i da se udaljava brzinom od 400 kilometara u sekundi. No simulacije astrofizičara sa Sveučilišta Durham pokazuju da će Veliki Magellanov oblak u jednom trenutku usporiti, okrenuti se prema nama i sudariti se s našom galaksijom. Sudar bi se trebao dogoditi za oko 2,5 milijardi godina.

Vidi
 Magellanovi oblaci
 Magellanov most
 Crni Magellanov oblak

Izvori

Galaktike
Mjesna skupina

Veliki Magellanov oblak


Astrodirekt TV war ein privater Standbild-Fernsehsender. Der Sender konnte über Astra in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. empfangen werden. Astrodirekt TV stellte die analoge Ausstrahlung über Astra wieder ein. Als Begründung wurde angegeben, dass von Standbildkanälen auf Bewegtbilder und Live-TV-Shows gewechselt wird, was lediglich dem technologischen Fortschritt zu verdanken sei.

Der Eintrag im Handelsregister des Betreibers Visionfon wurde 2015 aufgrund fehlender Voraussetzungen gemäß  von Amts wegen gelöscht.

Programm
Das Programm von Astrodirekt TV beschäftigte sich hauptsächlich mit den Bereichen der Astrologie, des Kartenlegens, der Lebensberatung und dem Hellsehen. Interessierte Nutzer und Zuschauer konnten unter einer kostenpflichtigen Rufnummer anrufen und die Beratungsdienstleistungen der AstroDirekt-TV-Berater in Anspruch nehmen.

Kritik
Unter anderem wurde häufig kritisiert, dass Aussagen der Astrodirekt-Vertreter vage seien, sodass die getätigten Aussagen auf jeden Menschen zutreffen könnten. Auch das Anbieten von kostenpflichtigen Rufnummern spreche nicht für Seriosität. Zudem gelangte nicht jeder Anrufer, der die Rufnummer für den Zufallsgenerator zur Gratisberatung benutzte, zum gewünschten Ergebnis oder in den Genuss der versprochenen Gratisberatung.

Matthias Pöhlmann, Sektenbeauftragter der Evangelischen Zentralstelle für Weltanschauungsfragen, sieht zudem eine seelische Abhängigkeit als großes Risiko.

Empfang
AstroDirekt TV war über die Astra 19,2° Ost, Frequenz 12,2460 GHz, Transponder 92 empfangbar. Zusätzlich wurde Astrodirekt TV zu bestimmten Sendezeiten auf regulären Fernsehprogrammen oder im Teletext beworben. Jedoch konzentrierte sich Astrodirekt TV zunehmen auf eine Vermarktung im Internet. Werbespots und Live-TV-Show-Übertragungen wurden zudem im regulären Programm und auf anderen Sendern eingespielt.

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehsender (Deutschland)

Astrodirekt TV


Kudensee Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim yeri. 3,04 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 168 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Horst Nagel tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.wilstermarsch.de

Steinburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Kudensee


200 m butterfly for damer under Sommer-OL 2020 fandt sted den 27. juli - 29. juli 2021 i Tokyo Aquatics Centre.

Turneringsformat
Konkurrencen bliver afviklet med indledende heats, semifinaler og finale. Efter de indledende heats går de 16 bedste tider videre til semifinalerne, hvor det bliver afgjort hvilke otte tider, der er de bedste. Disse går til finalen, hvor medaljerne bliver fordelt.

Tidsplan
Nedenstående tabel viser tidsplanen for afvikling af konkurrencen:

Resultater

Heats
De seksten hurtigste svømmere, uanset heat, gik videre til semifinalen.

Siden Katinka Hosszú trak sig fra øvelsen, var alle de resterende seksten svømmere garanteret semifinalen.

Selvom FINA's regler ville have gjort det muligt at springe de indledende heats over og kun at afholde to semifinaler, blev beslutningen taget om at beholde det oprindelige setup.

Semifinaler
De otte hurtigste svømmere, uafhængig af heat, gik videre til finalen.

Finale

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

200 m butterfly (damer)

Svømning under sommer-OL 2020 – 200 m butterfly (damer)


NGC 239 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în anul 1886 de către Francis Leavenworth. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată de către Ormond Stone și încă o dată de către Max Wolf.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 238
 NGC 240

Legături externe
 NGC 239 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 239 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1886
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Francis Leavenworth

NGC 239


Vladimir Grigorjevitj Sjukhov (, ; født 16. august/28. august 1853 i Grajvoron, Belgorod ujesd, Kursk guvernement (nu Kursk oblast), Det Russiske Kejserrige, død 2. februar 1939 i Moskva, Sovjetunionen) var en russisk ingeniør, som ofte sammenlignes med Edison og Eiffel for sit innovative arbejde med metalliske strukturer (GUM).

Allerede mens han levede kaldtes Sjukhov for Ruslands Leonardo da Vinci. Han fik den officielle titel "Det russiske imperiums første ingeniør". Totalt tegnede Sjukhov over 500 broer, over 100 vandtårne, utallige højovne og han opfandt verdens første anlæg til olieboring. I overensstemmelse med hans projekt blev Ruslands første gasledning senere udlagt. Sjukhov konstruerede også en mekanisk drejescene til Moskvas teater.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Peter Gössel, Gabriele Leuthäuser, Eva Schickler: "Architecture in the 20th century", Taschen Verlag; 1990,  and
 Sjuchovtornet fyller 85 år RUVR
 Fausto Giovannardi: "Vladimir G. Shukhov e la leggerezza dell'acciaio" , Borgo San Lorenzo, 2007.

Personer fra Kursk oblast
Ingeniører fra Rusland
Arkitekter fra Rusland
Personer fra Belgorod

Vladimir Sjukhov


Çoturtepe, Balıkesir ilinin Sındırgı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 76 km, Sındırgı ilçesine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Sındırgı'nın mahalleleri

Çoturtepe, Sındırgı


'طالب عمران مواليد طرطوس 1948. أحد رواد الخيال العلمي العرب الأوائل الذي أخلص لهذا النوع من الأدب .

شهاداته ومناصبه

 دكتوراه في الهندسة التفاضليّة والفلك - جامعة عليكرة  – الهند..
 دكتوراه في كليّة الهندسة المدنيّة – جامعة دمشق
 عضو اتحاد الكتاب العرب منذ عام 1980.
 عضو اتحاد الصحفيين العرب منذ عام1978
 عضو الجمعيّة السوريّة لتاريخ العلوم منذ عام 1989.
مدير ورئيس تحرير مجلّة المعلّم العربي من عام 2005 حتّى 2009.
أسّس وأدار الفضائيّة التربويّة السوريّة منذ عام 2007 حيث بدأت البثّ
عمل كأستاذ جامعي في: الجزائر، الهند، سلطنة عمان
أسّس مجلّة الخيال العلمي التي تصدر عن وزارة الثقافة ويرأس تحريرها منذ  عام 2008 حتّى الآن .
رئيس رابطة «كتّاب الخيال العلمي العرب» التي أسست في حزيران –يونيو 2007.

 أسّس  وترأس تحرير مجلّة الأدب العلمي التي تصدر عن جامعة دمشق وهي مجلّة علميّة ثقافيّة شهريّة
له نشاطات إعلاميّة عديدة في الصحافة المقروءة في صحف ومجلاّت  عربيّة ( سوريّة ولبنانيّة ومصريّة وتونسيّة وليبيّة ... ) حيث كتب العديد من المقالات الأدبيّة والإستراتيجيّة والعلميّة وأدب الرحلات.

أبحاثه
نشر العديد من الأبحاث في اختصاصه العلمي :
RESEARCH PAPERS:

1)	Almost product structures (Aligarh.Bull.Maths 11-12) 1984.

2)	 Lifts of structures on Manifolds (publication of the Mathematics Institute Beograd Yougoslavia 1984)

3)	Almost product structures in principal fibre bundles over almost paracontract manifolds (Journal of University of Kuwait 1989)

4)	Lifts of structures from a manifolds to its contangent bundles (Journal of A.M.U Bull. Math 26) 1990

5)	Prolongation of structures to the tangent bundles (Damascus University Science 1992

6) Almost product structure on manifolds (XXI the week of Science University of Tishreen Nov. 1992)

7) F-Structures in Manifolds (Maths. Bull. 18 - 1996 B.H.U) INDIA)

8) Structures on f-Manifolds and its Catangent Bundles (Journal of Damascus University Dec 2002)

أعماله في التلفزيون
آفاق علميّة
 خلق الله
علوم العرب
 حكايات من المجهول
 قصص من الخيال العلمي
 الصوت والصدى
 شمس العرب
 الكوارث
 الكون يكشف أسراره
 حضارة العرب
 الكون من حولنا
 حكايات عن وقائع غير مألوفة
 ظواهر مدهشة
 أمواج المدّ البحري

أعماله في الإذاعة
 في إذاعة دمشق: ظواهر مدهشة، حكايات من المجهول.
 في إذاعة سلطنة عمان: قصص عن وقائع غير مألوفة.

مؤلفاته

دراسات
 العالم من حولنا ( وزارة الثقافة دمشق 1976)
 نافذة على كوكب الحياة ( وزارة الثقافة – دمشق 1980)
 في الخيال العلمي ( ابن رشد – بيروت ,1980 )
 في العلم والخيال العلمي ( وزاي – الهيئة العامّة للكتاب –وزارة الثقافة – دمشق 2014
 القدرات الخارقة –استخدم طاقاتك الكامنة ( دار الحياة – القاهرة – مصر- يناير –ك2 – 2014)
الشمس وكواكبها  ( وزارة الثقافة – هيئة الكتاب 2015)
صنّاع الحضارة ( محطات في التراث العلمي – الكتاب الشهري جامعة دمشق 2016)

قصص وروايات من الخيال العلمي
 ضوء في الدائرة المعتمة (اتحاد الكتاب العرب – دمشق 1980 )
 أسرار من مدينة الحكمة (اتحاد الكتاب العرب – دمشق 1988 ).. ( \ط2- دار الفكر – دمشق 2009) ترجم إلى الإنكليزيّة –عام 1997ونشر في الهند –نيودلهي )
	تلك الليلة الماطرة (اتحاد الكتاب العرب – دمشق 1991 )
 مساحات للظلمة  ( وزارة الثقافة – دمشق 1992
 السبات الجليدي  ( اتحاد الكتاب العرب – دمشق – 1992 )
 ثقب في جدار الزمن ( الهيئة المصريّة العامّة للكتاب – القاهرة 1992 ) - (ط2- دار الفكر 2009)
 خفايا النفس البشريّة ( دار الكاتب العربي – دمشق 1994 )
 الخروج من الجحيم ( وزارة الثقافة – دمشق 1995 )- (ط2- دار الفكر 2009)
 بئر العتمة   ( دار علا – دمشق 1996 )
 الذي أرعب القرية الآمنة ( وزارة الثقافة – دمشق 1996 )
 شحنة الدماغ ( اتحاد الكتاّب العرب – دمشق 1997 )
 النفق ( دار الفكر –دمشق – 2000) ط4 ( 2006 )
 ابن الغابة ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2000) ط4 ( 2006 )
 بوابة خان الخليلي ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2000) ط4 ( 2006 )
 زمن القبعات المنتفخة والألسن الطويلة ( دار الفكر المعاصر-  بيروت 2000) ط4 ( 2006 )
 شفافيّة أشبه بالصدى ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2000) ط4 (2006 )
 التحوّل الكبير ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2000) ط3( 2006)
 الأصابع السحريّة ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2002) ط3 ( 2006)
 الظلال الأخرى ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2002 ) ط3 ( 2006)
 امرأة من عالم مختلف ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2002 ) ط3 (2006)
 طيور وسط النيران  ( دار الفكر المعاصر – بيروت 2002 ) ط3 (2006 )
 البحث عن عوالم أخرى ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2002 )ط3(2006)
 أمومة لا تعرف اليأس ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2004 )  ط2(2006)
 طيور الليل ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2004)ط2(2006)
	ملامح من الفوضى القادمة ( وزارة الثقافة – دمشق 2005 )
 جزيرة الموت ( قصص – اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 2007) ترجمت إلى الفارسيّة عام 2009
 أسرار الكائنات المضيئة ( قصص - دار الفكر – دمشق 2009)
 بيوض الأفاعي (قصص – اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 2011)
 العابرون خلف الشمس ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 1979 )
 ليس في القمر فقراء ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 1983- دار الفكر 1997) ط3 (2001) ط4 (2004) ط5 (2006)
 خلف حاجز الزمن ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 1985 )
 مدينة خارج الزمن ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 1996 )
 عوالم من الأمساخ ( دار الفكر – دمشق – 1997 )ط4 (2006)
 رجل من القارّة المفقودة ( دار الفكر – دمشق – 1997 ) ط4(2006)
 فضاء واسع كالحلم ( دار الفكر – دمشق – 1997 )ط4 ( 2006)
 البعد الخامس ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 1998 )
 الزمن الصعب ( دار الفكر دمشق – 1999 ) ط4 ( 2006 )
 رواد الكوكب الأحمر ( دار الفكر – دمشق  1999 ) ط4 ( 2006)
 أحزان السندباد ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 2002 )
 الأزمان المظلمة ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2003 )ط4 ( 2010) ترجمت إلى الفرنسيّة  2009 وإلى الفارسيّة 2013..
 في كوكب شبيه بالأرض ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2004 )ط2 (2006)
 مثلّث الأسرار ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2004 )ط2 ( 2006 )
 البدائل المذهلة ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2004 ) ط2(2006)
 الفتية الأغرار وأسفار الكشف ( اتحاد الكتّاب العرب – دمشق 2005 )
 مزون (الجدّة والحفيد ) ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2005 ) ط2( 2007)
 مزون (أنفاق الأزمنة المقبلة ) ( دار الفكر-دمشق 2007)
 دوامات الخوف ( دار الفكر – دمشق 2009)
 أهل الكهف ( دار الكهف – دمشق 2009)
  الجاحظ وعلم التصنيف الحيواني ( وزارة الثقافة – هيئة الكتاب 2014 )
مدينة الخلاص – من مسرح الخيال العلمي(هيئة الكتاب - وزارة الثقافة 2014)
بدء السنوات العجاف ( قصص- وزارة الثقافة 2015)
الضباع الضاحكة ( قصص – وزارة الثقافة 2015)
  دوائر المحن ( قصص- الكتاب الشهري – جامعة دمشق 2015)
حين تبكي الألواح ( قصص – هيئة الكتاب 2016)
  حصاد السموم ( قصص – وزارة الثقافة – 2016)
سارقو الأحلام (قصص- وزارة الثقافة – 2017 )
مزون  ( سيرة الزمن القادم ) ( دار الفكر- دمشق -  يناير – ك2 2015)
نداءات الأرض ( الكتاب الشهري – جامعة دمشق – فبراير- شباط 2015 )
دوائر الرعب ( دار نوفا – الكويت ) - آب – 2015
أنفاق الأزمنة ( الكتاب الشهري – جامعة دمشق – 2016)
ضباب القلوب (دار عقل – دمشق 2017 )
ممرّات الرعب ( دار عقل – دمشق 2017 )
سيدة القصر ( دار عقل – دمشق 2017 )
من خفايا الحياة ( اتحاد الكتاب العرب – دمشق 2017)
مزون الجزء الثالث ( الكتاب الشهري – جامعة دمشق 2018)
ما وراء المكان (دار نوفا الكويت – 2018 )

المراجـع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة دمشق
كتاب خيال علمي
كتاب سوريون في القرن 20
كتاب سوريون في القرن 21
مواليد 1948
مواليد في طرسوس

طالب عمران


Marcelline Claire Gbêha-Afouda, née le  au Bénin, est une magistrate et ancienne présidente de la Haute Cour de justice du Bénin.

Biographie

Enfance et formation
Marcelline Gbêha-Afouda  est née le 16 janvier 1955 au Bénin. Magistrate de formation, elle est  titulaire d'un diplôme d'études supérieures de Magistrature et d'une maîtrise en Sciences juridiques.

Parcours politique
Marcelline Gbêha-Afouda est ancienne secrétaire générale et vice-présidente de la Cour constitutionnelle du Bénin. Elle est aussi ancienne procureure générale à la Cour d'appel de Cotonou.

Le 12 juin 2013, elle est élue présidente de la Haute Cour de justice pour également un mandat de 5 ans.

Marcelline Gbêha-Afouda a été la présidente de la Haute cour de justice du Bénin durant deux mandats consécutifs; une première fois en 2013 et une seconde fois en 2015.

Prix et distinctions
Le 14 janvier 2019, elle reçoit la distinction de Commandeur de l'Ordre national du Bénin .

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Condition des femmes au Bénin

Naissance en janvier 1955
Personnalité béninoise du XXe siècle
Personnalité béninoise du XXIe siècle
Magistrate béninoise

Marcelline Gbêha-Afouda


Alles Lüge ist der Name folgender Filme:
 Alles Lüge (1948), österreichische Komödie
 Alles Lüge (1991), deutsche Komödie
 Polizeiruf 110: Alles Lüge, deutscher Kriminalfilm
 Wilsberg: Alles Lüge, 69. Folge der Fernsehfilmreihe Wilsberg (2020)
 Eröffnungstrack des Albums Rio I. (1986)

Alles Lüge


ŽNL Šibensko-kninska u sezoni 2022./23. predstavlja ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometa. U ligi je sudjelujovalo ukupno devet klubova, od kojih je jedan odustao uoči proljetnog dijela, te nisu sve predviđene utakmice odigrane.
Prvak lige je postao "DOŠK" iz Drniša.

Sustav natjecanja
Devet klubova igra dvokružnim ligaškim sustavom (18 kola, 16 utakmica po klubu).

Sudionici
 Dinara - Knin
 DOŠK -  Drniš
 Janjevo - Kistanje
 Mihovil – Šibenik
 Mladost - Tribunj
 Rudar - Siverić, Drniš
 Šibenik II - Šibenik
 Vrlika – Vrlika  (klub iz Splitsko-dalmatinske županije)
 Zagora II - Unešić  <small> (također kao "Zagora Juniori") </small>

 Ljestvica
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: right"
!mj. !!klub !!ut. !!pob. !!ner. !!por. !!gol+ !!gol- !!bod
|- bgcolor="gold"
|1. ||align="left"|DOŠK Drniš ||14 ||13 ||0 ||1 ||55 ||6 ||39
|-
|2. ||align="left"|Dinara Knin ||14 ||10 ||1 ||3 ||38 ||15 ||31
|-
|3. ||align="left"|Rudar Siverić ||14 ||8 ||2 ||4 ||44 ||20 ||26
|-
|4. ||align="left"|Šibenik II ||14 ||5 ||5 ||4 ||24 ||20 ||20
|-
|5. ||align="left"|Vrlika ||14 ||3 ||5 ||6 ||18 ||24 ||14
|-
|6. ||align="left"|Mladost Tribunj ||12 ||3 ||3 ||8 ||9 ||39 ||12
|-
|7. ||align="left"|Janjevo Kistanje ||14 ||1 ||5 ||8 ||11 ||36 ||8
|-
|8. ||align="left"|Mihovil Šibenik ||14 ||2 ||1 ||11 ||15 ||54 ||7
|-
| ||align="left"|Zagora II Unešić ||colspan="7"|<center> <small> odustali
|}

Rezultati
''Ažurirano: 13. kolovoza 2023. (kraj sezone)

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više pogodaka:

Povezani članci
 ŽNL Šibensko-kninska
 3. NL – Jug 2022./23.
 1. ŽNL Dubrovačko-neretvanska 2022./23.
 1. ŽNL Splitsko-dalmatinska 2022./23.
 1. ŽNL Zadarska 2022./23.

Vanjske poveznice
 1. ŽNL Šibensko-kninska, facebook stranica
 forum sportnet.hr, 1.ŽNL Šibensko-kninska
 sibenskiportal.rtl.hr, Sport
 sibenski.slobodnadalmacija.hr, Sport / Nogomet
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, Vijesti / Šibensko-kninska ŽNL

Izvori

 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, ŠIBENSKO-KNINSKA ŽNL
  rsssf.org, Croatia 2022/23 / Sixth Level (1st County Leagues)
 semafor.hns.family, ŽNS Šibensko-kninski / 1.ŽNL 22/23 / 2022/2023, pristupljeno 7. rujna 2023.
 semafor.hns.family, ŽNS Šibensko-kninski / 1.ŽNL 22/23 / 2022/2023, wayback arhiva
 semafor.hns.family, ŽNS Šibensko-kninski / 1.ŽNL 22/23 / 2022/2023 / Detaljno, pristupljeno 7. rujna 2023.
 semafor.hns.family, ŽNS Šibensko-kninski / 1.ŽNL 22/23 / 2022/2023 / Detaljno, wayback arhiva
  sofascore.com, 1. ŽNL Šibensko-kninska - 22/23
  tipsscore.com, 1. ŽNL Šibensko-kninska - 2022-2023
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, Kreće Šibensko – kninska ŽNL jača za dva kluba, objavljeno 25. rujna 2022., pristupljeno 9. ožujka 2023.
 dalmatinskinogomet.hr, Kreće Šibensko-kninska ŽNL: Najava i raspored prvog dijela, objavljeno 7. listopada 2022., pristupljeno 9. ožujka 2023.

2022-23
Šibensko-kninska

ŽNL Šibensko-kninska 2022./23.


The Italian campaign of World War II, also called the Liberation of Italy following the German occupation in September 1943, consisted of Allied and Axis operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to 1945. The joint Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) was operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre and it planned and led the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, followed in September by the invasion of the Italian mainland and the campaign in Italy until the surrender of the German Armed Forces in Italy in May 1945.

It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945, 60,000–70,000 Allied and 38,805–50,660 German soldiers died in Italy. The number of Allied casualties was about 330,000 and the German figure (excluding those involved in the final surrender) was over 330,000. Fascist Italy, prior to its collapse, suffered about 200,000 casualties, mostly prisoners-of-war taken in the invasion of Sicily, including more than 40,000 killed or missing. Over 150,000 Italian civilians died, as did 35,828 anti-fascist partisans and some 35,000 troops of the Italian Social Republic. On the Western Front of World War II, Italy was the most costly campaign in terms of casualties suffered by infantry forces of both sides, during bitter small-scale fighting around strongpoints at the Winter Line, the Anzio beachhead and the Gothic Line.

The invasion of Sicily in July 1943 led to the collapse of the Fascist Italian regime and the fall of Mussolini, who was deposed and arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July. The new government signed an armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943. However, German forces soon took control of Northern and Central Italy; Mussolini, who was rescued by German paratroopers, established a collaborationist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic (RSI), to administer the German-occupied territory. The Germans, sometimes with Italian fascists, also committed several atrocities against civilians and non-fascist troops. The Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the RSI and its German allies, alongside the large Italian resistance movement, while other Italian troops continued to fight alongside the Germans in the National Republican Army; this period is known as the Italian Civil War. In April 1945, Mussolini was captured by the Italian resistance and summarily executed by firing squad. The campaign ended when Army Group C surrendered unconditionally to the Allies on May 2, 1945, one week before the formal German Instrument of Surrender. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican, both surrounded by Italian territory, also suffered damage during the conflict.

Strategic background
Even before the victory in the North African campaign in May 1943, there was disagreement among the Allies on the best strategy to defeat the Axis. The British, especially the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, advocated their traditional naval-based peripheral strategy. Even with a large army, but greater naval power, the traditional British answer against a continental enemy was to fight as part of a coalition, blockading with their navy and mount small peripheral operations designed to gradually weaken the enemy. The United States, with the larger U.S. Army, favoured a more direct method of fighting the main force of the German Army in northwestern Europe. The ability to launch such a campaign depended on first winning the Battle of the Atlantic.

The strategic disagreement was fierce, with the U.S. service chiefs arguing for an invasion of France as early as possible, while their British counterparts advocated a policy centred on operations in the Mediterranean. There was even pressure from some Latin American countries to stage an invasion of Spain, which, under Francisco Franco, was friendly to the Axis nations, although not a participant in the war. The American staff believed that a full-scale invasion of France at the earliest possible time was required to end the war in Europe, and that no operations should be undertaken that might delay that effort. The British argued that the presence of large numbers of troops trained for amphibious landings in the Mediterranean made a limited-scale invasion possible and useful.

Eventually the U.S. and British political leadership reached a compromise in which both would commit most of their forces to an invasion of France in early 1944, but also launch a relatively small-scale Italian campaign. A contributing factor was Franklin D. Roosevelt's desire to keep U.S. troops active in the European theatre during 1943 and his attraction to the idea of eliminating Italy from the war. It was hoped that an invasion might knock Italy out of the conflict, or at least increase the pressure on it and weaken it. The elimination of Italy would enable Allied naval forces, principally the Royal Navy, to dominate the Mediterranean Sea, securing the lines of communications with Egypt and thus Asia. Italian divisions on occupation and coastal defence duties in the Balkans and France would be withdrawn to defend Italy, while the Germans would have to transfer troops from the Eastern Front to defend Italy and the entire southern coast of France, thus aiding the Soviet Union.

Campaign

Invasion of Sicily

The initial plan was for landings in the south-east, south and north-west areas of the island which would lead to the rapid capture of key Axis airfields and except for Messina, all the main ports on the island. This would allow a rapid Allied build-up, as well as denying their use to the Axis. This was altered into a reduced number of landings but with more concentration of force.

The Allied invasion of Sicily , Operation Husky, began on 9 July 1943 with both amphibious and airborne landings at the Gulf of Gela. The land forces involved were the U.S. Seventh Army, under Lieutenant General George S. Patton, the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade under the command of Major-General Guy Simonds and the British Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery.

The original plan required a strong advance by the British northwards along the east coast to Messina. The Canadians took the central position, with the British on their right and the Americans on the left.  The Canadian War Cemetery in Agira is testament to the sacrifice made driving the Germans from the rugged terrain.  The Americans had the important role of pushing Axis forces out of mainland Sicily on left flank.  When the Eighth Army were held up by stubborn defences in the rugged hills south of Mount Etna, Patton amplified the American role with a wide advance northwest toward Palermo and then directly north to cut the northern coastal road. This was followed by an eastward advance north of Etna towards Messina, supported by a series of amphibious landings on the northern coast that propelled Patton's troops into Messina shortly before the first units of the Eighth Army. The defending German and Italian forces were unable to prevent the Allied capture of the island, but they succeeded in evacuating most of their troops to the mainland, with the last leaving on 17 August 1943. The Allied forces gained experience in opposed amphibious operations, coalition warfare, and large airborne drops.

Invasion of mainland Italy

Forces of the British Eighth Army, still under Montgomery, landed in the 'toe' of Italy on 3 September 1943 in Operation Baytown, the day the Italian government agreed to an armistice with the Allies. The armistice was publicly announced on 8 September by two broadcasts, first by General Eisenhower and then by a proclamation by Marshal Badoglio. Although the German forces prepared to defend without Italian assistance, only two of their divisions opposite the Eighth Army and one at Salerno were not tied up disarming the Royal Italian Army.

On 9 September, forces of the U.S. Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, expecting little resistance, landed against heavy German resistance at Salerno in Operation Avalanche; in addition, British forces landed at Taranto in Operation Slapstick, which was almost unopposed. There had been a hope that, with the surrender of the Italian government, the Germans would withdraw to the north, since at the time Adolf Hitler had been persuaded that Southern Italy was strategically unimportant. However, this was not to be; although, for a while, the Eighth Army was able to make relatively easy progress up the eastern coast, capturing the port of Bari and the important airfields around Foggia. Despite none of the northern reserves having been made available to the German 10th Army, it nevertheless came close to repelling the Salerno landing. The main Allied effort in the west initially centred on the port of Naples: that city was selected because it was the northernmost port that could receive air cover by fighter planes flying from Sicily. In the city itself, anti-Fascist Forces began an uprising, later known as the Four days of Naples, holding out despite continuous German reprisals until the arrival of Allied forces.

As the Allies advanced, they encountered increasingly difficult terrain: the Apennine Mountains form a spine along the Italian peninsula offset somewhat to the east. In the most mountainous areas of Abruzzo, more than half the width of the peninsula comprises crests and peaks over  that are relatively easy to defend; and the spurs and re-entrants to the spine confronted the Allies with a succession of ridges and rivers across their line of advance. The rivers were subject to sudden and unexpected flooding, which had the potential to thwart the Allied commanders' plans.

Allied advance on Rome

In early October 1943, Hitler was persuaded by his Army Group Commander in Southern Italy, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, that the defence of Italy should be conducted as far away from Germany as possible. This would make the most of the natural defensive geography of Central Italy, whilst denying the Allies the easy capture of a succession of airfields, each one being ever closer to Germany. Hitler was also convinced that yielding southern Italy would provide the Allies with a springboard for an invasion of the Balkans, with its vital resources of oil, bauxite and copper.

Kesselring was given command of the whole of Italy and immediately ordered the preparation of a series of defensive lines across Italy, south of Rome. Two lines, the Volturno and the Barbara, were used to delay the Allied advance so as to buy time to prepare the most formidable defensive positions, which formed the Winter Line – the collective name for the Gustav Line and two associated defensive lines on the west of the Apennine Mountains, the Bernhardt and Hitler lines (the latter had been renamed the Senger Line by 23 May 1944).

The Winter Line proved a major obstacle to the Allies at the end of 1943, halting the Fifth Army's advance on the western side of Italy. Although the Gustav Line was penetrated on the Eighth Army's Adriatic front, and Ortona was liberated with heavy casualties to Canadian troops, the blizzards, drifting snow and zero visibility at the end of December caused the advance to grind to a halt. The Allies' focus then turned to the western front, where an attack through the Liri valley was considered to have the best chance of a breakthrough towards the Italian capital. Landings behind the line at Anzio during Operation Shingle, advocated by Churchill, were intended to destabilise the German Gustav line defences, but the early thrust inland to cut off the German defences did not occur because of disagreements that the American commander, Major General John P. Lucas, had with the battle plan, and his insistence that his forces were not large enough to accomplish their mission. Lucas entrenched his forces, during which time Kesselring assembled sufficient forces to form a ring around the beachhead. After a month of hard fighting, Lucas was replaced by Major General Lucian Truscott, who eventually broke out in May.

It took four major offensives between January and May 1944 before the line was eventually broken by a combined assault of the Fifth and Eighth Armies (including British, American, French, Polish, and Canadian corps) concentrated along a  front between Monte Cassino and the western seaboard. In a concurrent action, Clark was ordered to break out of the stagnant position at Anzio and cash in on the opportunity to cut off and destroy a large part of the German 10th Army retreating from the Gustav Line between them and the Canadians. But this opportunity was lost on the brink of success, when Clark disobeyed his orders and sent his U.S. forces to enter the vacant Rome instead. Rome had been declared an open city by the German Army so no resistance was encountered.

The American forces took possession of Rome on 4 June 1944. The German 10th Army was allowed to get away and, in the next few weeks, may have been responsible for doubling the Allied casualties in the next few months. Clark was hailed as a hero in the United States though postwar assessments have been critical of his command decisions.

Allied advance into Northern Italy

After the capture of Rome, and the Allied invasion of Normandy in June, the U.S. VI Corps and the French Expeditionary Corps (CEF), which together amounted to seven divisions, were pulled out of Italy during the summer of 1944 to participate in Operation Dragoon, codename for the Allied invasion of Southern France. The sudden removal of these experienced units from the Italian front was only partially compensated for by the gradual arrival of three divisions, the Brazilian 1st Infantry Division, the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division, both in the second half of 1944, and the U.S. 10th Mountain Division in January 1945.

In the period from June to August 1944, the Allies advanced beyond Rome, taking Florence and closing up on the Gothic Line. This last major defensive line ran from the coast some  north of Pisa, along the jagged Apennine Mountains chain between Florence and Bologna to the Adriatic coast, just south of Rimini. In order to shorten the Allied lines of communication for the advance into Northern Italy, the Polish II Corps advanced towards the port of Ancona and, after a month-long battle, succeeded in capturing it on 18 July.

During Operation Olive, which commenced on 25 August, the Gothic Line defences were penetrated on both the Fifth and Eighth Army fronts; but, there was no decisive breakthrough. Churchill, the British Prime Minister, had hoped that a major advance in late 1944 would open the way for the Allied armies to advance northeast through the "Ljubljana Gap" (the area between Venice and Vienna, which is today's Slovenia) to Vienna and Hungary to forestall the Red Army from advancing into Eastern Europe. Churchill's proposal had been strongly opposed by the U.S. Chiefs of Staff as, despite its importance to British postwar interests in the region, they did not believe that it aligned with overall Allied war priorities.

In October, Lieutenant General Sir Richard McCreery succeeded Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese as the commander of the Eighth Army. In December, Lieutenant General Mark Clark, the Fifth Army commander, was appointed to command the 15th Army Group, thereby succeeding the British General Sir Harold Alexander as commander of all Allied ground troops in Italy; Alexander succeeded Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson as the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theatre. Clark was succeeded in command of the Fifth Army by now-Lieutenant General Truscott In the winter and spring of 1944–45, extensive partisan activity in Northern Italy took place. As there were two Italian governments during this period, (one on each side of the war), the struggle took on some characteristics of a civil war.

The poor winter weather, which made armoured manoeuvre and the exploitation of overwhelming air superiority impossible, coupled with the massive losses suffered to its ranks during the autumn fighting, the need to transfer some British troops to Greece (as well as the need to withdraw the British 5th Infantry Division and I Canadian Corps to northwestern Europe) made it impractical for the Allies to continue their offensive in early 1945. Instead, the Allies adopted a strategy of "offensive defence" while preparing for a final attack when better weather and ground conditions arrived in the spring.

In late February-early March 1945, Operation Encore saw elements of the U.S. IV Corps (1st Brazilian Division and the newly arrived U.S. 10th Mountain Division) battling forward across minefields in the Apennines to align their front with that of the U.S. II Corps on their right. They pushed the German defenders from the commanding high point of Monte Castello and the adjacent Monte Belvedere and Castelnuovo, depriving them of artillery positions that had been commanding the approaches to Bologna since the narrowly failed Allied attempt to take the city in the autumn. Meanwhile, damage to other transport infrastructure forced Axis forces to use sea, canal and river routes for re-supply, leading to Operation Bowler against shipping in Venice harbour on 21 March 1945.

The Allies' final offensive commenced with massive aerial and artillery bombardments on 9 April 1945. The Allies had 1,500,000 men and women deployed in Italy in April 1945. The Axis on 7 April had 599,404 troops of which 439,224 were Germans and 160,180 were Italians. By 18 April, Eighth Army forces in the east had broken through the Argenta Gap and sent armour racing forward in an encircling move to meet the U.S. IV Corps advancing from the Apennines in Central Italy and to trap the remaining defenders of Bologna. On 21 April, Bologna was entered by the 3rd Carpathian Division, the Italian Friuli Group (both from the Eighth Army) and the U.S. 34th Infantry Division (from the Fifth Army). The U.S. 10th Mountain Division, which had bypassed Bologna, reached the River Po on 22 April; the 8th Indian Infantry Division, on the Eighth Army front, reached the river on 23 April.

By 25 April, the Italian Partisans' Committee of Liberation declared a general uprising, and on the same day, having crossed the Po on the right flank, forces of the Eighth Army advanced north-northeast towards Venice and Trieste. On the front of the U.S. Fifth Army, divisions drove north toward Austria and northwest to Milan. On the Fifth Army's left flank, the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division (the "Buffalo Soldiers Division") went along the coast to Genoa. A rapid advance towards Turin by the Brazilian division on their right took the German–Italian Army of Liguria by surprise, causing its collapse.

Between 26 April and 1 May there were the Battles of Collecchio-Fornovo di Taro, which resulted in the surrender of the 148th German Infantry Division to Brazilian soldiers of the FEB; the Brazilian soldiers captured about 15,000 Italian and Nazi soldiers, the end of these battles marked the end of the conflicts in Italy and the end of the Italian fascist army.

As April 1945 came to an end, the German Army Group C, retreating on all fronts and having lost most of its fighting strength, was left with little option but surrender. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, who had taken command of Army Group C after Albert Kesselring had been transferred to become Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front (OB West) in March 1945, signed the instrument of surrender on behalf of the German armies in Italy on 29 April, formally bringing hostilities to an end on 2 May 1945.

Progress of the campaign

War crimes

Axis crimes

Research in 2016 funded by the German government found the number of victims of Nazi war crimes in Italy to be 22,000. The victims were primarily Italian civilians, sometimes in retaliation for partisan attacks, and Italian Jews.

Approximately 14,000 Italian non-Jewish civilians, often women, children and elderly, have been documented to have died in over 5,300 individual instances of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany. The largest of those was the Marzabotto massacre, where in excess of 770 civilians were murdered. The Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre saw 560 civilians killed while the Ardeatine massacre saw 335 randomly selected people executed, among them 75 Italian Jews. In the Padule di Fucecchio massacre up to 184 civilians were executed.

Allied crimes

Allied war crimes during the conflict were reported, including killing of civilians (such as the Canicattì massacre), execution of prisoners (such as two massacres at Biscari airfield on 14 July 1943), and rape (most notably the marocchinate).

See also

 Italian front (World War I)
 Liberation of France
 Military history of Italy during World War II
 Italian Co-Belligerent Army
 Italian Co-Belligerent Navy
 Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
 Italian Social Republic
 Italian resistance movement
 Italian Civil War
 List of British military equipment of World War II
 List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II
 List of German military equipment of World War II

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

 Winter Line Stories Original stories from the front lines of the Italian campaign by US Army Liaison Officer Major Ralph R. Hotchkiss
 World War II
 Ortona and the Italian campaign – 65th Anniversary
 Canadians in Italy, 1943–1945   Media, photos and information on Canadians in the Italian theatre.
 Brazilian WWII Veterans website
 Brazilian Expeditionary Force Website   with histories, biographies, photos, and videos on the Italian campaign.
 New Zealand Official War History Italy volume I: From The Sangro to Cassino, Italy Volume II: From Cassino to Trieste
 Memoirs of Lt-Col Donald, NZEF (Italy, Chapters 8–15)
 Dal Volturno a Cassino, website (in Italian) covering the autumn /winter of 1943 – 44
 World War II propaganda leaflets – use in Italy : A website about airdropped, artillery-delivered or rocket-fired propaganda leaflets. Italian campaign.
 BBC's flash video of the Italian campaign
 Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War – The Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, 1943–1945
 Liberatori: A website on the Po river breakout and the liberation of the small town of Cornuda.
 Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Second World War (Italian Campaign)
 CBC Digital Archives – The Italian Campaign
  La Città Invisibile Collection of signs, stories and memories during the Gothic Line age.
  Italian Partisan Collection of stories and memories from Italian partisan.
 Italy Volume I, The Sangro to Cassino the New Zealand Official War History
 Italy Volume II, From Cassino to Trieste the New Zealand Official War History
 Canada and the Italian campaign

Battles and operations of World War II involving Brazil
Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada
Military history of Canada during World War II
Battles and operations of World War II involving France
Battles and operations of World War II involving Greece
Battles and operations of World War II involving India
Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy
Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland
Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand
Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa
Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States
Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia
Modern history of Italy
World War II campaigns of the Mediterranean Theatre
Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

Italian campaign (World War II)


Shikumen (, Shanghainese: zaq⁸ khu¹ men⁶, IPA: [zᴀʔ¹¹ kʰu¹¹ mən²⁴]) is a traditional Shanghainese architectural style combining Western and Chinese elements that first appeared in the 1860s. At the height of their popularity, there were 9,000 shikumen-style buildings in Shanghai, comprising 60% of the total housing stock of the city; however, the proportion is currently much lower, as most Shanghainese live in large apartment buildings. Shikumen is classified as one type of lilong residences, sometimes translated as "lane houses" in English.

In 2010, "construction techniques of shikumen lilong architecture" was recognised by the Chinese government on the national non-physical cultural heritage register (no. VIII-210).

Shikumen houses were also introduced to other port cities in China. For example, many were built in the foreign concessions of Hankou (now part of Wuhan), and some can still be seen there today. Shikumen terraces can even be found as far afield as Beijing, where the two shikumen lanes Huakang Li and Tai'an Li, dating from the 1920s, are undergoing restoration.

Structure
Shikumens are two or three-story structures resembling Western terrace houses or townhouses, distinguished by high brick walls enclosing a narrow front yard. The name "stone gate" references these strong gateways.

Each residence abuts another and all are arranged in straight side alleys called longtang (, Shanghainese: lon⁶ daon⁶, IPA: [loŋ¹¹ dɑ̃²⁴], sometimes written as 衖堂<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Qian | first1 = Nairong | year = 2007 | title = 上海话大词典 | publisher =Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House |author-link1=Qian Nairong | isbn = 9787532622481}}</ref>). The entrance to each alley is usually surmounted by a stylistic stone arch.

The shikumen is a cultural blend of the elements found in Western architecture with traditional Lower Yangtze architecture and social behavior. Traditional Chinese dwellings had a courtyard, and the Shikumen was no exception. Yet, to compromise with its urban nature, it was much smaller and provided an interior haven to the commotions in the streets, allowing for raindrops to fall and vegetation to grow freely within a residence. The courtyard also allowed sunlight and improved ventilation into the rooms.

History

Origin

This style of housing originally developed when local developers adapted Western-style terrace houses to Chinese conditions. Migrant labourers from surrounding provinces entered Shanghai in large numbers with the establishment of Shanghai as a treaty port in 1843. The 1853 Small Swords Rebellion and the Taiping Revolution drove more migrants and refugees into Shanghai. With the upsurge in demand, property developers began to build a large number of residential buildings for the new Chinese residents of the city. At first, these tended to be wooden buildings that were cheap and quick to build. These wooden buildings were built as terraces, and usually name with "Li" (, Shanghainese: li⁶) as suffix. These were the first "lilong" buildings in Shanghai. Within 10 months from 1853, 800 dwellings of this type were built.

Because of their flammability, this type of construction was banned by concession authorities in Shanghai. However, with a burgeoning property development market in Shanghai, developers adapted these wooden terraces into the Shikumen. They used the traditional Chinese "litie" technique of wooden frame and load-bearing brick veneer construction, and for each residence used the traditional three-sided courtyard or four-sided courtyard layouts commonly found in the Jiangnan region.

Development
Shikumen residences had a much smaller footprint than traditional courtyard residences, and were accessed by narrow lanes. They were also cheaper to build than Western-style houses. Although more expensive to build than the wooden terraces they replaced, they were sturdier and so attracted higher rents. They were first built in the British concession (later part of the International Settlement; and still later, the pre-merger Huangpu District), but quickly became popular throughout the Old City and Chinese zones, and came to become the predominant form of residential construction in Shanghai. The high profit attracted a whole swathe of property companies to enter the shikumen market.

From the 1910s, various innovations were made to the shikumen in response to social change. With a burgeoning middle class, designers increased the width of lanes between terraces, but the width of each dwelling decreased - from a three-bay hall and two side wings (as was standard in the 19th century) to a two-bay or one-bay hall, and one side wing. Decorations became more elaborate: the main doors of the houses acquired the characteristic elaborate lintels, featuring architraves, archivolts and pediments. By around 1919, increasing population pressures and an increasing wealth gap encouraged the development of smaller, but better equipped, "new type" shikumen. "New type" shikumen were three storeys tall instead of two, and were equipped with modern sanitary equipment. Great emphasis was placed on natural lighting, with most shikumen orientated towards the south, and an internal staircase skylight or atrium to supplement the front and back courtyards. Developments became larger, with a trunk lane leading off the street, and branch lanes leading off the trunk lane. Cars became more popular, so the trunk lanes were typically designed to accommodate cars.

Later history
The heyday of the "new type" shikumen was in the 1920s. From the 1930s they were replaced by newer building types, including newer types of lilong residences, as well as larger modern apartment buildings, before the civil war and the Second Sino-Japanese War completely disrupted the property market in Shanghai.

It was common for families who could not afford the rent on a whole house to sub-let some of the rooms. They were known as "second landlords" (, èr fángdōng) (as opposed to the head-landlord (, dà fángdōng)). "Second landlords" often lived in the same shikumen residence with their tenants. The phenomenon blossomed after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War: with refugees rushing into the unoccupied concessions from the Chinese zones in Hongkou and Zhabei, and further afield, there was dramatically increased demand for housing in the concessions. "Second landlords" used increasingly creative ways to sub-divide rooms and build add-ons and lean-tos in the courtyards and on the terraces. Shikumen residences became known for being crowded and disorderly. It was not uncommon for a single shikumen residence to be inhabited by dozens of families. A famous satirical comedy of the time, set in one of these houses, was called "The 72 Tenant Families" ().

Use
Although designed to be residential, other types of enterprises often operated from shikumen buildings as well, hidden within longtang developments. These include money lenders, traders, scribes, factories, entertainment venues and even schools. For example, one larger shikumen development, Xingren Li, featured more than 20 money lenders. Often, traders would use the ground floor rooms for storage, and live in the upper floors. Chemical and dye dealers were common. Even light industry was found within shikumen communities, such as sock factories and cosmetics factories. Even more common (and common even today in surviving and renovated shikumen lanes) are grocers, restaurants, inns and bath houses.

Densely populated shikumen neighbourhoods provided camouflage for revolutionaries. The Chinese Communist Party held its first conference in a shikumen residence in Shude Li, and its second conference in another shikumen residence in the French Concession. The Communist Youth League first operated out of a shikumen residence on Avenue Joffre.

Shikumen neighbourhoods were also often used for less salubrious trades. The lanes Huile Li and Qunyu Fang, on Foochow Road (now Fuzhou Road), formed the epicentre of Shanghai's red light district before 1949. Gambling and opium dens commonly appeared in shikumen neighbourhoods, along with fortune tellers.

Demise
By the late 1930s, shikumen buildings were already on their way out, overtaken by newer styles of lilong residences, and large apartment buildings. Commercial property development in Shanghai virtually ceased during the Second World War and the Chinese Civil War that followed it. After the end of the war 1949, shikumen construction ceased completely, replaced with planned construction of residential buildings on collectivist principles. In the early 1950s, it was calculated that there were more than 9000 shikumen buildings, comprising 65% of residential housing stock by area in Shanghai. While constructions of new residential buildings decreased this percentage over time, most shikumen neighbourhoods remained unchanged in their crowded state until economic reforms in the 1980s and 90s began the wave of demolition and reconstruction which, by the early 21st century, has left only a few shikumen developments intact. In Xuhui District alone, it has been calculated that shikumen residences had decreased from 2.68 million square metres in 1949, to 0.25 million square metres by the late 1990s. The forced demolition of crowded and stable shikumen communities gave rise to controversies, such as a 2005 incident where a developer resorted to arson to persuade residents to leave, resulting in the death of two elderly residents.

Classification and architecture

Architectural historians classify shikumen into two types, the "old type" and the "new type". The old type was predominantly built from the 1860s until the end of the First World War, while the new type prevailed from after the First World War until the development of shikumen ceased after 1949. Old type shikumen is further divided into an early period and a late period.

The defining characteristic of a shikumen building is the prominent main gate - which also gives rise to the name "shikumen". Typically, this gate is located on the central axis of each dwelling, with twin doors made of heavy wood, painted glossy black. Typical width is around 1.4 metres, with a height of around 2.8 metres. The doors usually possess brass or iron knockers. The original documented name for such buildings was "shigumen" (, Shanghainese: zaq⁸ ku¹ men⁶), which in Shanghainese Wu meant "gate framed with stone", but over time corrupted into the similar-sounding "shikumen". Each individual dwelling displays typical characteristics of traditional Jiangnan architecture, while the layout of the development as a whole is adopted from Western terrace houses.

Old type

Early period

Early period old type shikumen were built between 1869 and 1910. They retained more of the style of traditional Chinese houses, but with a much condensed footprint. There are typically 3 to 5 bays to each dwelling, and two storeys. They used the traditional litie () (or "brick nogging") style of brick veneer for load-bearing walls. The houses possessed walls of equal height at the front and back, so that each dwelling (despite being part of a terrace) was an enclosed whole, separated from the outside world. This made them popular with the upper end of the residential property market.

The early period shikumen also possessed more features of traditional Chinese architecture: on the external façade of the terrace there are often typically Chinese matou ("horse head") style or Guanyin dou ("Guanyin hood") style gables; the main hall uses floor-to-ceiling windows; decorative boards below eaves; and grid windows on the side wings. However, in contrast to later shikumen buildings, the gates of early period shikumen were not elaborately decorated, and were simply framed in stone. In terms of layout, the shikumen of this period were arranged in lanes of about 3 metres wide - narrower than later buildings - and the attention to orientation, and organization of trunk lanes and branch lanes, both features of later shikumen, were also absent.

In terms of internal lay-out, immediately within the main gate is the front courtyard (tianjing ), flanked by wings (xiangfang ) of the house on the left and right. At the centre, facing the courtyard is the hall, or ketang jian (). This large room typically has an area of about 12 square metres, and is used like a modern sitting room or living room. On either side of the hall are the cijian () or "secondary rooms". Stairs to reach the first floor are located behind the cijian. Behind the hall and the cijian is the back courtyard (houtianjing ), which is about half the size of the front courtyard. The well, which provided water for the house, was located here (though later houses were connected to tap water instead). At the back of the back courtyard are back buildings, usually used as the kitchen, toilet and storage room. On the whole, each dwelling preserved the main features required for traditional Chinese day-to-day living, while saving the land required.

Most early period old style shikumen have been demolished or rebuilt. Representative examples include the Xingren Li, built in 1872 (demolished 1980), and Mianyang Li and Jixiang Li, both located near the Shiliupu dock area.

Late period

Late period shikumen were mostly built between 1910 and 1919. The three-bay wide frontage with two side wings was reduced to one- or two-bay wide, with one side wing. The back courtyard was reduced, but more attention was paid to natural lighting, and the laneways were widened. More Western architectural details found favour: bannisters, doors and windows, staircase, pillar capitals and arch buttresses all used Western decorative styles. The lintel of the main gate also became increasingly elaborate, decorated with semicircular archivolts, triangular pediments or rectangular architraves.

Late period old type shikumen are far better preserved than early period examples. Representative examples include the west and east Siwen Li (in the process of being demolished),  north Shude Li, and Daqing Li, built in 1915. One of the few old type shikumen developments to be preserved largely intact is Bugao Li, or Cité Bourgogne (built in the 1930s), in the former French Concession.

New type

New type shikumen were typically built from 1919 to the 1930s. They were also called "reformed style" shikumen residences. The main structural difference between new type and old type shikumen is that new style buildings are three storeys high. They were built of reinforced concrete, rather than brick veneer. Some were equipped with modern sanitary equipment, and natural lighting became a key concern. Developments are typically laid out with a main, trunk lane, with houses arranged along branch lanes leading from the trunk lane. With the advent of motor cars, the trunk lanes were usually built wide enough to accommodate cars. Instead of one lane with one or two rows of houses, new style shikumen were typically developed in large blocks. Standard triangular gables and party walls replaced the more elaborate matou or Guanyin dou styles, with concrete tops. Exposed brick was used for external walls. The main gate frame also switched from stone to brick and painted stone cladding. The architectural style became far more Westernised overall.

Each dwelling was one to two bays wide. Two-bay wide houses "inherited" only one side wing, while one-bay wide houses discarded wings completely. Stairs became less steep. The new second floor typically contained bedrooms, along with a front and a back terrace (shaitai, ). The ground floor were equipped with kitchens (zaopi jian ). At the back of the house, a "back wing" was added, as well as the tingzi jian () or "pergola room", located above the kitchen and below the terrace. This was typically small, with low ceilings, and faced north, making it the least attractive room in the house. They were usually used for storage, or as living quarters for servants.

Numerous new type shikumen have survived. Some well known examples include Jianye Li (now revamped into an upmarket hotel, commercial and residential complex), Siming Cun, and Mingde Li located on Avenue Joffre.

Names
In Chinese, shikumen developments are typically named with a suffix of Li (, "neighbourhood"), Fang (, "ward"), Long (, "lane") or Cun (, "village"). The first two are traditional suffixes for names of urban precincts, in common use since at least the Tang Dynasty. Where an English name was used, "Terrace" was a common suffix.

The first part of the name typically derives from one of three sources. The first kind takes the name of the freeholder or related party: for example Siming Cun is named after the Chinese name ("Siming Bank") of the project's main sponsor, the Ningpo Commercial & Savings Bank; similarly, Meilan Fang takes one syllable from each of the two owners' names - brothers Wu Meixi and Wu Silan. The second kind takes the name of a nearby road or landmark, for example Bao'an Fang is named after the nearby Temple to the Bao'an Situ. The third type uses an auspicious words: such as Jixiang Li ("auspicious"), Ruyi Li ("happiness") and Ping'an Li ("safety"). The Chinese name for Cité Bourgogne, Bugao Li, is both phonetically similar to the French name and has an auspicious meaning of "stepping upwards".

The names are typically inscribed, along with the year of construction, on the arch above the lane entrance.

Notable shikumen neighbourhoods today

Few old type shikumen neighbourhoods survive. Xingren Li, built in 1872, was regarded as a characteristic old type shikumen development. It was located on East Beijing Road, and composed of 24 two-storey residences, which varied in size between three-bay wide and five-bay wide styles. The main lane was 107.5 metres long, and the end walls featured Guanyin dou-style gables. It was demolished in 1980.

Another notable now-demolished development was Siwen Li, located on Xinzha Road. This late period old type shikumen development occupied 4.66 hectares, with 48,000 square metres of floor space. There were a total of 706 residences of two or three storeys. Most of these buildings were one-bay wide, without modern sanitary equipment. The house gates were noted for intricate baroque style lintels. Originally a middle-class neighbourhood, the area became dense slums due to the influx of refugees in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The entire neighbourhood was razed progressively in 2012–2014.Cité Bourgogne (Bugao Li), located on South Shanxi Road, is a typical old type shikumen development despite being built in the 1930s. The neighbourhood includes 87 two-storey brick veneer residences with a red brick exterior. The trunk lane is about 2.5 wide, and there are numerous branch lanes. The lanes are noted for their main gateways, modeled after traditional Chinese pailou gates. Cité Bourgogne is well preserved in situ as a municipal heritage site, and remains mostly residential.

The largest shikumen neighbourhood which survives in a mostly original state is Jianye Li (), also heritage protected. A new type development located on West Jianguo Road and Yueyang Road, the development is composed of 260 residences, all of which are two storey red brick buildings. This development is noted for its use of traditionally Chinese matou gables, and arched doorways. In 2003, the original residents were relocated, and the buildings were somewhat controversially renovated to become serviced apartments and to house restaurants and other commercial uses.Shangxian Fang (), located on the site of the main hall of the International Institute of China of Gilbert Reid, is another heritage protected shikumen precinct, which is now being renovated to become "shikumen hotels". Other re-developed shikumen precincts include Xintiandi, where the buildings were extensively reconstructed, and Tianzi Fang, which has been redeveloped for small businesses with an artistic bent, while largely preserving the fabric of the buildings. All of these redevelopment projects have been controversial.

Other than Cité Bourgogne, Shangxian Fang and Jianye Li, other heritage protected shikumen precincts are Siming Cun, Meilan Fang and Rongkang Li''.

Gallery

Different types of end-wall gables

Different types of house gates

Different types of lane entrances

See also
 Shikumen Open House Museum
 Xintiandi
 Tianzifang

References

External links

The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
Historic Shanghai

Architecture in China
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
History of Shanghai
Tourist attractions in Shanghai

Shikumen


الصَبِر الحقيقي أو الأَلْوَة الحقيقية أو ألوي فيرا  وكذلك  نوع من النباتات في جنس الصبر أصله من جنوب أفريقيا ومدغشقر وشبه الجزيرة العربية، ينمو في المناخ الجاف ويخزن الماء في أوراقه السميكة.

وقد استخدم منذ نحو 6000 سنة واستخدمها المصريون القدماء لتضميد الجروح وشفاء الالتهابات وتخفيف الحروق والتقرحات.

فوائد الالوفيرا
يحتوي نبات الألوفيرا على خصائص مطهرة مكافحة للبكتيريا، العفن، الفطريات والفيروسات

معرض صور

المراجع

صبر
نباتات تجميل
نباتات زينة في إفريقيا
نباتات شبه الجزيرة العربية
نباتات طبية
نباتات مقاومة للجفاف

صبر حقيقي


Agrilus bruchianus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1933.

Referências

bruchianus

Agrilus bruchianus


Smaridul (Spicara smaris) este un pește migrator, marin, de cârd, de până la 20 cm  (obișnuit 15-18 cm) din ordinul Perciformes, din Oceanul Atlantic, Marea Mediterană și Marea Neagră; pătrunde rar și în apele salmastre. În Marea Neagră este destul de rar, se întâlnește pe litoralul turcesc, bulgăresc, românesc și ucrainean (Crimeea) al Mării Negre. În România întâlnit în tot lungul litoralului Mării  Negre. Intră sporadic din Marea Neagră în limanul Nistrului.

Are corpul alungit, ușor comprimat lateral și acoperit complet cu solzi mici. Solzii lipsesc pe fața dorsală a capului. Profilul dorsal și cel ventral uniform arcuite. Pedunculul caudal comprimat lateral. Linia laterală completă, mai mult sau mai puțin paralelă cu spatele. Capul comprimat lateral și ascuțit. Ochii mari, situați în jumătatea anterioară a capului, privesc lateral. Botul alungit, cu gura mică, terminală, foarte protractilă și cu dinți mărunți, ascuțiți, dispuși în formă de perie pe premaxilare și dentar.  Dorsala unică este alungită și înaltă, divizată în 2 părți aproximativ egale, una anterioară cu 11 radii spinoase subțiri nedivizate, alta posterioară cu 11 radii divizate. Anala relativ lungă, cu 3 spini în partea anterioară. Dorsala și anala sunt adăpostită, în repaus, într-un șanț larg bine dezvoltat, mărginit de solzi. Caudala scobită; lobul ei superior puțin mai lung decât cel inferior. Pectoralele ascuțite. Ventralele situate puțin în urma pectoralelor, ascuțite și foarte apropiate între ele. Coloritul corpului cenușiu roșcat, cu dungi și pete albăstrui. Câteva pete mai întunecate în lungul liniei laterale și una pe opercul. Înotătoarele au culoarea generală a corpului, dorsala și caudala fiind puțin mai întunecate și cu câteva serii de pete.

Hrana constă atât din alge, cât și din animale (crustacee, viermi, pești mici). Depune icrele pe alge sau pe fund, în mai-iunie (în Marea Neagră). Dimorfismul sexual este pronunțat, masculii având culori mai vii (dungi albastre) și aripioarele mai lungi. Are carnea gustoasă, însă specia este mult prea rară la noi, anual se prind câteva sute de kilograme și nu prezintă valoare economică.

Bibliografie
 Petru Bănărescu. Fauna Republicii Populare Române. Vol. XIII : Pisces - Osteichtyes (Pești ganoizi și osoși). București. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare România, 1964.
 Sergiu I. Cărăușu. Tratat de ichtiologie. Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, Bucuresti 1952, 804 p.
 George D. Vasiliu. Peștii apelor noastre. București : Edit. Științifică, 1959.
 Th. Bușniță, I. Alexandrescu. Atlasul peștilor din apele R.S. România. București, 1971.
 L. Lustun, I. Rădulescu, V. Voican. Dicționar piscicol. Editura Ceres. București 1978.
 Васильева Е. Д. Рыбы Черного моря. Москва: Изд-во ВНИРО, 2007.
 Spicara smaris în "FAO. Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Volume II. Vertébrés. Rome 1987"

Legături externe

 Peștii din Marea Neagră. EcoMareaNeagra
 G. Radu, F. Verioti. Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758). Black Sea Red Data Book
 Spicara smaris  (Linnaeus, 1758). FishBase
 Spicara smaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
 Picarel, Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758). DORIS

Centracanthidae
 Pești din România
Pești din Republica Moldova

Smarid


Galerija Kristian Kreković je umjetnička galerija u Tuzli.

Povijest
Otvorena je 10. listopada 2006. godine u Franjevačkom samostanu sv. Petra i Pavla u Tuzli. Nazvana je po Kristanu Krekoviću, poznatom hrvatskom umjetniku iz Bosne, podrijetlom iz Like, koji je u Tuzli pohađao srednju školu. Galerija je obnovljena uz potporu Vlade Republike Hrvatske i Vlade Županije Soli. Projekt su zajednički ostvarili Franjevački samostan Sv. Petra i Pavla u Tuzli i HKD Napredak Tuzla. Galerija nema veliki prostor i neobična je oblika. Prozori su kosi i na plafonu. Prva izložba bila je na samom otvorenju. Izložene su slike tuzlanskog akademskoga slikara Srećka Galića. Franjevački samostan Tuzla i HKD Napredak najavili su da će barem jednom mjesečno biti jedna izložba nekoga akademskoga umjetnika ili neko kulturno događanje u Galeriji kao dramsko-scenski nastupi, predstavljanja knjiga i studentske tribine. Izlagali su poznati i široj javnosti "nepoznati umjetnici", slikari i kipari:  Ilija Skočibušić, Natalija Cimeš, Mladen Ivešić, Nada Pivac, Lacković i drugi. Osim njih, u galeriji su predviđena mjesta za djela nastala na likovnim kolonijama u Breškama te ostala umjetnička djela stvarana na soljanskom području i šire.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Facebook - gradovrh.com 14 umjetnika na 14. koloniji, Simbioza vlastite poetike s temom sakralnog prizvuka, Objava 28. siječnja 2014.
Dnevni list 14 umjetnika na 14. koloniji, Simbioza vlastite poetike s temom sakralnog prizvuka, 25. siječnja 2014.

Kultura u Tuzli
Franjevci u Bosni i Hercegovini
Kultura Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine

Galerija Kristian Kreković


Theuma schultzei est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Prodidomidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce se rencontre en Afrique du Sud au Cap-du-Nord et au Nord-Ouest et en Namibie.

Description
La femelle syntype mesure .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite par Purcell en 1908.

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Leonhard Schultze.

Publication originale
 Purcell, 1908 : « Araneae (I). Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika. Erster Band: Systematik und Tiergeographie. Zweite Lieferung. » Denkschriften der Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Prodidomidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)

Theuma schultzei


Deliorman ya da Deli Orman (Bulgarca: Лудогорие Ludogorie), Aşağı Tuna Ovası'nda yer alan; Rusçuk, Razgrad, Silistre, Şumnu, Eski Cuma ve Dobriç şehirlerini de kapsayan geniş bir bölgedir. Bu bölge hâlâ Türklerin yoğun olarak oturdukları yerlerden biridir.

Yerli halk tarafından böyle adlandırılmasının sebebi ağırlıklı olarak Meşe, Gürgen ve Kızılcık ağaçlarından oluşan çok sık ve geçit vermez ormanlarla örtülü olmasından ileri gelmektedir. Osmanlı arşivlerinde ise ismi "Deli orman" olarak geçmektedir. 1942'de Bulgaristan hükûmeti Slav kökenli olan "Polesie" (orman tarafındaki yer) ismini koyduysa da bu isim asla yaygın kullanıma geçmedi ve 1952'de şu anki adına çevrildi. Bulgarca isim, Türkçeden mot-a-mot (kelimesi kelimesine) tercüme ile "Deli" (Луд Lud), "Orman" (гора gora) oluşturulmuştur.

Bölge tarihte pehlivanları ile ün yapmıştır. Deliormanlı güreşçiler arasında Koca Yusuf, Ahmet Kara, Hergeleci İbrahim, Kurtdereli Mehmet Pehlivan ve Katrancı Mehmet Pehlivan başta gelir.

Bölgeye ilk gelen Türkler, Kıpçaklar ve Peçeneklerdir. Daha Osmanlı Devleti kurulmadan çok önceleri Selçuklu Prensi İzzeddin Keykavus ve Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli'nin öğrencisi Sarı Saltuk binlerce Türkmen'le birlikte buraya gelmişler ve Kıpçak-Peçenek toplulukları ile karışmışlardır. Osmanlı Devleti kurulduktan sonra ilk zamanlar bölgeye pek fazla iskan olmamıştır, Osmanlı Devleti daha çok Güney Bulgaristan'daki şehirlere, ele geçirdiği beyliklerin ahalisini yerleştirmekteydi, fakat Kuzeyde bulunan Deliorman ve Dobruca'ya iskân yapmamaktaydı. Bu durum Yavuz Sultan Selim dönemiyle değişti, Şah İsmail ile yapılan savaştan sonra Anadolu'daki Alevî inanışlı bâzı Türkmenler, Osmanlı Devleti'nden soğudular. Bunun üzerine Osmanlı yönetimi isyana katılan Türkmen aşiretlerini parçalayıp bir kısmını Balkan dağlarının ardında bulunan, Kuzey ülkelerinden ve Leh Kazaklarından gelecek saldırıda ilk zarara uğrayacak bölge olan Deliorman'a sürgün etmeye başladı. Kırşehir, Kırıkkale, Yozgat gibi illerdeki Alevi nüfusun önemli bir kısmı Deliorman'a sürüldü. Alevi Türkmenlerin ezici çoğunlukta olduğu Tokat, Sivas ve Malatya gibi şehirlerdeki Alevî nüfustan da büyük oranlarda Deliorman'a sürgün yaşandı. Sürgünle birlikte Deliorman'a gelen Türkmen toplulukları 16. yüzyılda Deliorman'da azınlık olan Türk nüfusunu çoğunluğa çevirdiler, yerli Sarı Saltuk Türkleriyle karışarak Deliorman Türk topluluğunu oluşturdular, 16. yüzyılda sürgün ile gelen Türkmenler Deliorman'a çabuk ısındılar çünkü burada 1200'lü yıllarla başlayan bir Horasani kültür vardı. Bu tarihi ve kültürel özelliklerinden dolayı Deliorman bölgesi Tasavvufi düşüncelerin ve özellikle de Bektaşilik, Babailik, Bedreddinilik gibi tarikatların çok yoğun olduğu bir bölge olarak anıldı, II. Mahmud döneminde özellikle Bektaşi tekkelerinin birçoğunun kapatılması açık kalanların ise birçoğuna Nakşibendi şeyhlerin atanması neticesinde Deliorman'ın Alevi-Bektaşi yönü azalmaya başladı, bir kısmı Sünnîleşti. Bulgaristan topraklarının elden çıkmasıyla halk Anadolu'ya göç etmeye başladı, özellikle Trakya ve Ege bölgesine ve Adana-Mersin civarına yerleşen Deliormanlılar toplu halde köyler kurarak kendi kültürlerini yaşattılar.

Kaynakça

Türkçe yer adları

Deliorman


Élodie Gossuin (født den 15. december 1980) er en fransk model, radio- og tv-vært, debattør og regionalpolitiker. Hun har vundet skønhedskonkurrencerne Miss Picardy 2000, Miss France 2001 og Miss Europe 2001. Siden 2016 har hun været den franske talsperson ved Eurovision Song Contest.

Personer fra Reims
Modeller fra Frankrig
Deltagere i Miss Universe
Skønhedskonkurrencedeltagere

Élodie Gossuin


The Wintun are members of several related Native American peoples of Northern California, including the Wintu (northern), Nomlaki (central), and Patwin (southern). Their range is from approximately present-day Lake Shasta to San Francisco Bay, along the western side of the Sacramento River to the Coast Range. Each of these tribes speak one of the Wintuan languages.  Linguistic and archaeological evidence suggests that the Wintun people probably entered the California area around 500 AD from what is now southern Oregon, introducing bow and arrow technology to the region (Golla 2011: 205).

Federally recognized Wintun tribes
 Cachil DeHe Band of Wintun Indians of the Colusa Indian Community of the Colusa Rancheria
 Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians
 Kletsel Dehe Wintun Nation, formerly known as the Cortina Indian Rancheria
 Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians
 Redding Rancheria
 Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation
 Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation formerly known as the Rumsey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indians

See also
 Wintu-Nomlaki traditional narratives
 Patwin traditional narratives
 Patwin
 Patwin language
 Wyntoon

Notes

References

 Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. .
 Golla, Victor. California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. .

Further reading

 Goddard, Ives. 1996. "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America." In Languages, Ives Goddard, ed., pp. 290–324. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 17, W. C. Sturtevant, general ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. .
 Liedtke, Stefan. 2007. The Relationship of Wintuan to Plateau Penutian. LINCOM studies in Native American linguistics, 55. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
 Shipley, William F. 1978. "Native Languages of California." In California, Robert F. Heizer, ed., pp. 80–90. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 8, W. C. Sturtevant, general ed. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. .
 Washington, F. B. 1989. Notes on the Northern Wintun Indians. Berkeley, Calif.: California Indian Library Collections Project [distributor].
Whistler, Kenneth W. 1977. "Wintun Prehistory: An Interpretation based on Linguistic Reconstruction of Plant and Animal Nomenclature." ''Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 19–21. pp. 157–174. Berkeley.

External links
 Siskiyous.edu: Wintu peoples
 Native Tribes, Groups, Language Families and Dialects of California in 1770 (map after Kroeber)

Native American tribes in California
Sacramento Valley
History of Amador County, California
History of Butte County, California
History of Colusa County, California
History of El Dorado County, California
History of Glenn County, California
History of Mendocino County, California
History of Napa County, California
History of Nevada County, California
History of Placer County, California
History of Sacramento County, California
History of Shasta County, California
History of Sierra County, California
History of Tehama County, California
History of Yolo County, California
History of Yuba County, California

Wintun