Emil Alexander August Ferdinand von Berger (né le  à Bad Segeberg et mort le  à Berlin) est un général d'infanterie prussien.

Biographie

Origine
Emil  est le fils d' (1765-1850) et de son épouse Amalie, née von Döring (1768-1813). Son père est lieutenant général hanovrien et ambassadeur à Berlin. Son frère  (1799-1863) est également lieutenant général hanovrien et commandant de Hanovre.

Carrière militaire
Berger étudie à l'école de Holzminden et s'engage le 1er décembre 1829 comme  avant-gardiste dans le 2e régiment d'infanterie de l'. Il y est promu sous-lieutenant le 4 avril 1830. Début avril 1839, il rejoint l'armée prussienne et est engagé dans le 2e régiment à pied de la Garde. Promu premier lieutenant à la mi-septembre 1843, Berger participe d'abord à la répression de la  en 1848 puis à la première guerre de Schleswig en tant qu'adjudant au commandement général de l'armée schleswigoise-holsteinoise. Il y est utilisé dans les batailles de Schleswig, Düppel, Bau et Hadersleben. À partir de 1849, il reprend le service militaire en tant que commandant de compagnie, devient capitaine et commandant de compagnie en 1850 et devient commandant de bataillon en 1858. Alors qu'il est encore lieutenant-colonel, Berger est nommé le 19 mai 1863 à la tête du  de grenadiers du Corps et est nommé commandant le 22 septembre 1863 avec la promotion au grade de colonel.

En 1864, il participe avec cette unité pendant la guerre contre le Danemark et pris part notamment à l'assaut de la redoute de Düppel. Dans la foulée, Berger est blessé et reçoit pour ses services durant cette guerre, l'Ordre Pour le Mérite, l'Ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 3e classe avec des épées et l'Ordre de la Couronne de fer.

Deux ans plus tard, il commande son régiment lors de la guerre contre l'Autriche et participe aux batailles de Gitschin et de Sadowa. Pour cela, il reçoit l'ordre de la Couronne de 2e classe avec épées. À la suite de la guerre, Berger est chargé le 30 octobre 1866 de commander la 11e brigade d'infanterie en tant que commandant à la suite de son régiment. Le 31 décembre 1866, il est promu au grade de major général et nommé commandant de cette brigade. Libéré de ce commandement le 17 juin 1869, Berger prend ensuite en charge la 4e brigade d'Infanterie de la Garde. Il la dirige pendant la guerre contre la France dans les batailles de Saint-Privat, Beaumont, Sedan, Le Bourget et le siège de Paris. Décoré des deux classes de la croix de fer, Berger est promu lieutenant-général après la paix de Francfort le 18 août 1871 et est commandant de Hanovre jusqu'au 13 mars 1874. Il est ensuite nommé gouverneur de la .

En reconnaissance de ses longues années de service, Berger est décoré le 17 janvier 1875 de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de première classe avec feuilles de chêne et épées sur l'anneau. Il est relevé de son poste de gouverneur le 17 mai 1876 et mis à disposition avec l'attribution du caractère de général d'infanterie avec pension. Le roi de Bavière et le roi de Wurtemberg rendent hommage à son engagement en lui décernant la Grand-Croix de l'ordre du mérite militaire et la Grand-Croix de l'Ordre de la Couronne de Wurtemberg avec épées.

Famille
Berger se marie le 26 février 1851 à Peterwitz près de Jauer avec Emilie, veuve comtesse Bruges, née von Zeuner (1813–1897). De ce mariage sont nés :

 Louis (1851-1907), major prussien, marié :
 en 1879 (divorcé le 12 juin 1897) avec Sophie Henriette Marie von Ramin (née en 1860) (mariée le 11 octobre 1897 avec le conseiller de légation Hermann von Rath)
 le 24 juin 1898 avec Anna Duwald, veuve Hayn (née en 1851)

Bibliographie
 Kurt von Priesdorff: Soldatisches Führertum. Band 7, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, o. O. [Hamburg], o. J. [1939], DNB 367632829, S. 255–256, Nr. 2282.
 Gustav von Glasenapp: Militärische Biographien des Offizier-Corps der Preussischen Armee. Berlin 1868, S. 238.
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Briefadeligen Häuser. 1911. Fünfter Jahrgang, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1910, S. 48.

Liens externes

 Photo d'Emil von Berger au Musée Nord

Références

Général prussien d'infanterie
Personnalité prussienne de la première guerre de Schleswig
Personnalité de la guerre austro-prussienne
Militaire allemand de la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871
Militaire hanovrien
Grand-croix de l'ordre du Mérite militaire (Bavière)
Grand-croix de l'ordre de la Couronne de Wurtemberg
Officier de l'ordre de Léopold
Chevalier de 2e classe de l'ordre de la Couronne (Prusse)
Chevalier de 2e classe de l'ordre autrichien de la Couronne de fer
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Aigle rouge de 1re classe
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de l'Épée
Récipiendaire de la croix Pour le Mérite (ordre militaire)
Récipiendaire de 1re classe de la croix de fer
Ordre royal des Guelfes
Naissance en juin 1813
Naissance à Bad Segeberg
Naissance dans le duché de Holstein
Décès en mars 1900
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 86 ans

Emil von Berger


Man from Plains est un film américain réalisé par Jonathan Demme, sorti en 2007.

Synopsis
Le film suit l'ex-président des États-Unis Jimmy Carter dans la tournée promotionnelle de son livre Palestine : la paix, pas l'apartheid.

Fiche technique
 Titre : Man from Plains
 Réalisation : Jonathan Demme
 Scénario : Jonathan Demme
 Musique : Alejandro Escovedo
 Photographie : Declan Quinn
 Montage : Kate Amend
 Production : Neda Armian et Jonathan Demme
 Société de production : Armian Pictures, Clinica Estetico et Participant Media
 Société de distribution : Sony Pictures Classics (États-Unis)
 Pays :
 Genre : Documentaire
 Durée : 125 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 :  (Mostra de Venise)
 :

Distinctions
Le film a reçu le prix FIPRESCI à la Mostra de Venise 2007 pour la section Orizzonti.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 2007
Film documentaire américain
Film documentaire sur la politique américaine
Prix FIPRESCI à la Mostra de Venise
Film réalisé par Jonathan Demme

Man from Plains


An Bromus mango in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Étienne-Émile Desvaux. An Bromus mango in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bromus

Bromus mango


Chernihiv (, ), also known as Chernigov is a city and municipality in northern Ukraine, which serves as the administrative center of Chernihiv Oblast and Chernihiv Raion within the oblast. Chernihiv's population is

The city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine by the Ukrainian government during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

History

Etymology
The name "Chernihiv" is a compound name, which begins with the root 'Cherni/Cherno,' which means "black" in Slavic.  Scholars vary with interpretations of the second part of the name ("hiv"/gov", "говъ") though scholars such as Dr. Martin Dimnik, Professor of Medieval History at University of Toronto, connect Chernihov with the worship of "the black god" Chernibog.

Early history
Chernihiv was first mentioned (as ) in the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907), but the time of its establishment is unknown. Artifacts from the Khazar Khaganate uncovered by archaeological excavations at a settlement there indicate that it seems to have existed at least as early as the 9th century. Towards the end of the 10th century, the city probably had its own rulers. It was there that the Black Grave, one of the largest and earliest royal mounds in Eastern Europe, was excavated in the 19th century.

The city was the second wealthiest and most important in the southern portion of the Kievan Rus'. From the early 11th century on, it was the seat of the powerful Principality of Chernigov, whose rulers at times vied for power with Kievan Grand Princes, and often overthrew them and took the primary seat in Kiev for themselves.

The grand principality was the largest in Kievan Rus and included not only the Severian towns but even such remote regions as Murom, Ryazan and Tmutarakan. The golden age of Chernigov, when the city population peaked at 25,000, lasted until 1239 when the city was sacked by the hordes of Batu Khan, and entered a long period of relative obscurity.

The area fell under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1353. The city was burned again by Crimean khan Meñli I Giray in 1482 and 1497 and in the 15th to 17th centuries changed hands several times between Lithuania, Muscovy (1408–1420 and from 1503), and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1618–1648), where it was granted Magdeburg rights in 1623 and in 1635 became a seat of Chernihiv Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.

The area's importance increased again in the middle of the 17th century during and after the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the Hetman State Chernihiv was the city of deployment of Chernihiv Cossack regiment (both a military and territorial unit of the time).

Imperial Russia
Under the 1667 Treaty of Andrusovo the legal suzerainty of the area was ceded to the Tsardom of Russia, with Chernihiv remaining an important center of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate. With the abolishment of the Hetmanate, the city became an ordinary administrative center of the Russian Empire and a capital of local administrative units. The area in general was ruled by the Governor-General appointed from Saint Petersburg, the imperial capital, and Chernihiv was the capital of local namestnichestvo (province) (from 1782), Malorosiyskaya or Little Russian (from 1797) and Chernigov Governorate (from 1808).

According to the census of 1897, the city of Chernihiv had 11,000 Jews out of a total population of 27,006. Their primary occupations were industrial and commercial. Many tobacco plantations and fruit gardens in the neighborhood were owned by Jews. There were 1,321 Jewish artisans in Chernihiv, including 404 tailors and seamstresses, but the demand for artisan labor was limited to the town. There were 69 Jewish day-laborers, almost exclusively teamsters. Few, however, were employed in factories.

World War II
During World War II, Chernihiv was occupied by the German Army from 9 September 1941 to 21 September 1943. The Germans operated a Nazi prison and a forced labour battalion for Jews in the city.

Recent history
The Statue of Lenin on Myru Avenue was toppled on February 21, 2014, as part of the demolitions of the statues of Lenin in Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Chernihiv was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Chernihiv Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five, the city was merged into Chernihiv Raion.

In June 2022, Chernihiv signed an agreement with Rzeszów, Poland, to become sister cities.

Siege of Chernihiv

On 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city was under siege by the Russian Armed Forces according to the Russian Ministry of Defense, in its first battle since the Second World War. On 10 March 2022, Mayor Vladyslav Atroshenko announced that the city had been completely encircled by Russian forces.

On 5 April 2022, Governor of Chernihiv Oblast Vyacheslav Chaus stated that the Russian military has left Chernihiv Oblast, but that it had planted mines in many areas.

On 19 August 2023, a Russian missile strike killed seven in the city.

Demographics

Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute between April and May 2023, 53% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 41% spoke Russian.

Geography
Chernihiv stands on the Desna River  to the north-northeast of Kyiv.

The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovytsia Airport prior to 2002, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernihiv air base.

Rivers

Desna River
The city of Chernihiv is crossed by Desna River which is a river in Russia and Ukraine, a major left tributary of the Dnieper river. "Desna" means "right hand" in the Old East Slavic language, is  long, and has drainage basin that covers .

In Ukraine, the river's width ranges from , with its average depth being . The mean annual discharge at its mouth is . The river freezes over from early December to early April and is navigable from Novhorod-Siverskyi to its mouth, for about .

Snov River
Chernihiv also has the Snov river in Bryansk Oblast in Russia and Chernihiv Oblast in Ukraine, right tributary of the Desna River (Dnieper basin). The length of the river is . The area of its drainage basin is . The Snov freezes in November – late January and stays icebound until March – early April. Part of the river forms the Russia–Ukraine border.

According to Ruthenian chronicles, in 1068 a battle took place at the Snov River between Duke of Chernihiv Sviatoslav Yaroslavich and Cumans led by Duke Sharukan.

Climate
Chernihiv has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold, cloudy and snowy winters, and warm, sunny summers. The average annual temperature for Chernihiv is , ranging from a low of  in January to a high of  in July. Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year though precipitation is higher during the summer months and lower during the winter months. The record high was  and the record low was .

Architecture

Chernihiv's architectural monuments chronicle the two most flourishing periods in the city's history – those of Kievan Rus' (11th and 12th centuries) and of the Cossack Hetmanate (late 17th and early 18th centuries).

The oldest church in the city and one of the oldest churches in Ukraine is the 5-domed Transfiguration Cathedral, commissioned in the early 1030s by Mstislav the Bold and completed several decades later by his brother, Yaroslav the Wise. The Cathedral of Sts Boris and Gleb, dating from the mid-12th century, was much rebuilt in succeeding periods, before being restored to its original shape in the 20th century. Likewise built in brick, it has a single dome and six pillars.

The crowning achievement of Chernihiv masters was the exquisite Pyatnytska Church, constructed at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries. This graceful building was seriously damaged in the Second World War; its original medieval outlook was reconstructed to a design by Peter Baranovsky.

The earliest residential buildings in the downtown date from the late 17th century, a period when a Cossack regiment was deployed there. Two most representative residences are those of Polkovnyk Lyzohub (1690s) and Polkovnyk Polubutok (18th century). The former mansion, popularly known as the Mazepa House, used to contain the regiment's chancellery. One of the most profusely decorated Cossack structures is undoubtedly the ecclesiastical collegium, surmounted by a bell-tower (1702). The archbishop's residence was constructed nearby in the 1780s. St Catherine Church (1715), with its 5 gilded pear domes, traditional for Ukrainian architecture, is thought to have been intended as a memorial to the regiment's exploits during the storm of Azov in 1696.

Monasteries
All through the most trying periods of its history, Chernihiv retained its ecclesiastical importance as the seat of either a bishopric or an archbishopric. At the outskirts of the modern city lie two ancient cave monasteries formerly used as the bishops' residences.

The caves of the Eletsky Monastery are said to predate those of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Kyiv Monastery of the Caves). Its magnificent six-pillared cathedral was erected at the turn of the 11th to 12th centuries; some traces of its 750-year-old murals may still be seen in the interior. After the domes collapsed in 1611, they were augmented and reconstructed in the Ukrainian baroque style. The wall, monastic cells, and bell-tower all date from the 17th century.

The nearby mother superior's house is thought to be the oldest residential building in the Left-Bank Ukraine. The cloister's holiest icon used to be that of Theotokos, who made her epiphany to Svyatoslav of Chernigov on 6 February 1060. The icon, called Eletskaya after the fir wood it was painted upon, was taken to Moscow by Svyatoslav's descendants, the Baryatinsky family, in 1579.

The nearby Chernihiv Glory Memorial we can find Saint Anthony Caves of Saint Elijah and the Holy Trinity features a small eponymous church, built 800 years ago. The roomy Trinity cathedral, one of the most imposing monuments of Cossack baroque, was erected between 1679 and 1689. Its refectory, with the adjoining church of Presentation to the Temple, was finished by 1679. There are also the 17th-century towered walls, monastic cells, and the five-tiered belfry from the 1780s.

Other historic abbeys in the vicinity of Chernihiv include those in Kozelets and Hustynya, which feature superb examples of Ukrainian Baroque.

Economy

Industry
Cheksil, one of the largest enterprises in the Ukrainian textile industry, is based in Chernihiv. The first stage of the plant was put into operation in 1963. The city also has the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory established in 1933. In 1995 a manufacturer of goods for animals, called COLLAR Company, was established by Yuri Sinitsa.

Education
 Chernihiv has a Chernihiv National University of Technology, Chernihiv State Technological University and Taras Shevchenko National University "Chernihiv College".

Transport

Train
 Chernihiv has a train station with bus station called Chernihiv Ovruch railway. Narrow gauge railway of 76 versts was laid from the Kruty station of the Moscow Kyiv-Voronezh railway towards Chernihiv. In 1893, on the left bank of the Desna River, in the area of a modern automobile bridge, a railway station was built along the Kyiv highway. Passengers were delivered here from the city and back by horse transport.

In 1925, traffic was opened on the Nizhyn to Chernigov section of the Southwest Railway. But rail transport in Chernihiv was postponed until 1928. The bridge over the Desna River was not ready and trains still arrived on the left bank, where the old narrow-gauge railway station was located, and passengers got to Chernihiv by road bridge. According to 2006 data, the volume of freight traffic is 84,737 wagons per year. Over 4.5 million passengers are transported each year.

However, the condition of the rolling stock and the quality of the services provided do not meet modern requirements. Since the introduction of the new high-speed train timetable, the trailed wagons of the 93/94 Chernihiv – Odesa train were canceled. As of 2015, regular trains from Minsk to Odesa, and from St. Petersburg to Kyiv to Kharkiv run through Chernihiv, and there are direct connections with Moscow. Trains to Crimea (Simferopol, Feodosia) were canceled beginning December 27, 2014 due to Russia's annexation of Crimea.

Air transport
The area was served by Chernihiv Shestovitsa Airport, and during the Cold War it was the site of Chernigov air base. The close airport is in Kyiv at the Boryspil Airport located  away, and the smaller, municipally owned Zhulyany Airport located  away on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyiv.

Bus

The best way here from Kyiv is on a marshrutka from Chernihivska and Lisova metro station (₴300, two hours, around every 30 minutes), which drop off outside McDonald's (on pr Pobedy). Buses for Novhorod-Siversky leave hourly from Chernihiv's Central bus station (₴200, three hours), located near the Chernihiv train station.

Local public transport
Public transport includes buses and trolleybuses. There is no direct connection between railway station and Chernihiv-1 bus station to the most central sights on the Val – you will have to take any trolleybus or bus from the station to crossing of Myru Avenue and Prospekt Pobedy (Hotel Ukraine stop; look for the end of the boulevard along Myru Avenue near it), and then walk through historical centre a little.

Trolleybus 1 and bus 38 will take you even one stop further, to Drama Theater stop near Pyatnytska Church, but no further. Consult a map, as different routes come to Hotel Ukraine from different sides, you will have to walk along Myru Avenue along its continuation after boulevard ends.

Sports and facilities

FC Desna Chernhiv

The main Football club of Chernihiv is called FC Desna Chernihiv, the original name of the club was "Avanhard Chernihiv" during its first year of existence. Between 1961 and 1970 the club was called Desna. In 1972 it was replaced with SC Chernihiv (team of the SKA Kyiv) that played in Chernihiv for the next couple of years. In 1977 Desna was revived now in place of the amateur club "Khimik Cherhihiv" that won regional competitions. On 27 May 2018, the team got promoted to the Ukrainian Premier League for the first time in their history.

The original team colours were blue shirts, blue shorts, blue socks.  The team got into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup in the season 2017–18 against Dynamo Kyiv. The club and during the season 2019–20 got again into the Quarterfinals of the Ukrainian Cup for the second time of the history of the club. In Premier League in the season 2019–20, Desna got into the play-offs for the Championship round table and qualified mathematically at least for the Europa League third qualifying round, for the first time in the history of the Club since 1960.

FC Chernihiv
FC Chernihiv is another club in the city of Chernihiv, founded in 2003, which they play in Chernihiv Arena, they won the Chernihiv Oblast Football Championship. The club in 2020, got a certificate for vistup to participate for the Ukrainian Second League for the season 2020–21. For the first time in the entire history, the place will be represented in professional football by two teams, one of which is FC Desna Chernihiv. In 2022 the club was admitted into the Ukrainian First League for the season 2022–23, keeping high the name of the city in the sport sphere.

WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv
WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv is Ukrainian professional women's football club from Chernihiv. The team won 6 times the Top Division, four times the Women's Cup and been in both competition second only behind Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv. The club won also the Italy Women's Cup in 2007. In the 2001–02, 2003–04, 2006–07 seasons they played in the UEFA Women's Cup.

Sport complex

Stadion Yuri Gagarin

The Club of FC Desna Chernihiv played at the Olympic sports training center "Chernihiv" (formerly Stadion Yuriya Gagarina). The Stadion Yuri Gagarin in Chernihiv and it was built in 1936 for 3,000 spectators in eastern portion of a city park (garden) that exists since 1804 and where previously was located residence of the Chernihiv Archbishops.

Chernihiv Arena
The city of Chernihiv has also another sport complex called Chernihiv Arena in Kil'tseva St, 2а, Chernihiv, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine, 14039. Here play the club FC Chernihiv, WFC Lehenda-ShVSM Chernihiv the Ukrainian professional women's football club of city and sometimes by Desna-2 Chernihiv, Desna-3 Chernihiv.

Cemeteries
Old Jewish Cemetery
Old Cemetery
Yatsevo Cemetery
Yelovschyna Cemetery
Kotovske Cemetery
Stara Basan Cemetery
Radomka Cemetery
Palchyky Selo Cemetery
Kholmy Ukraine Cemetery

Gallery

Honorary citizens
 List of honorary citizens of Chernihiv

Notable people

 Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko (1883–1938), Soviet Bolshevik leader and diplomat
 Vladyslav Atroshenko (born 1968) a Ukrainian politician and mayor of Chernihiv.
 Angelica Balabanoff (1878–1965) a Jewish Russian-Italian social democratic activist.
 Xenia Belmas (1890–1981) a Ukrainian soprano, doyenne of the Paris Opera
 Oleksandr Chemerov (born 1981) rock musician and frontman of rock band Dymna Sumish
 Stepan Davydov (1777–1825) an Imperial Russian composer and singer.
 Olga Della-Vos-Kardovskaya (1875–1952) a Russian painter and graphic artist.
 Nikolai Fedorovich Drozdov (1862–1953), scientist and Red Army general
 Alter Esselin (1889–1974) a Jewish-American poet who wrote in the Yiddish language.
 Haim Gamzu (1910–1982) an Israeli art and drama critic.
 Mordechai Hershman (1888–1940) an American Jewish cantor ("chazzan") and singer.
 Isaac of Chernigov (12th C.) a Jewish scholar on questions of Biblical exegesis
 Giennadij Jerszow (born 1967), Polish and Ukrainian sculptor and jewellery designer
 Yehuda L. Katzenelson (1846–1917) a military doctor, writer and publicist of Hebrew Literature.
 Anna Leporskaya (1900–1982), Soviet avant-garde artist
 Oleh Liashko (born 1972) a Ukrainian politician and journalist, leader of the Radical Party.
 Mykola Marchenko (born 1943) sculptor
 Anna Maximovitch (1901–1943) a Russian aristocrat and neuropsychiatrist
 Basile Maximovitch (1902–1944) Russian aristocrat, mining engineer and Soviet agent
 Zelda Mishkovsky (1914–1984), known as Zelda, an Israeli poet.
 Solomon Nikritin (1898–1965) a painter, avant-garde artist, philosopher and author.
 Alexander Ozersky (1813–1880) a noble Russian military geologist and governor of Tomsk.
 Anatoly Rybakov (1911–1998) Soviet and Ukrainian writer of novels and children books
 Valeria Shashenok (born 2001), Ukrainian photographer and 2022 war refugee
 Sviatoslav III of Kiev (1126–1194) ruled Kiev alongside Rurik Rostislavich
 Yulia Svyrydenko (born 1985) First Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine since November 2021.
 Jacob Tamarkin (1888–1945), Russian-American mathematician
 Dora Wasserman (1919–2003) a Jewish-Canadian actress, playwright and theatre director.

Sport

 Oleksandr Batyuk (born 1960) cross-country skier, team silver medallist at the 1984 Winter Olympics
 Denys Bezborodko (born 1994), Ukrainian footballer with 200 club caps
 Yana Doroshenko (born 1994), Ukrainian-born Azerbaijani volleyball player
 Vitaliy Havrysh (born 1986) retired Ukrainian footballer with 400 club caps
 Yuriy Hruznov (born 1947), goalkeeper and coach, 116 club caps with FC Desna Chernihiv
 Tatiana Kostiuk (born 1982) French chess player and Woman chess Grandmaster.
 Alexander Kovchan (born 1983) a Ukrainian chess Grandmaster
 Tatiana Melamed (born 1974) German Woman chess grandmaster
 Dmytro Mytrofanov (born 1989) a Ukrainian middleweight professional boxer
 Andriy Protsko (born 1947), Ukrainian footballer, over 300 club caps for FC Desna Chernihiv
 Vladimir Savon (1940–2005) a Ukrainian chess player and Grandmaster.
 Yukhym Shkolnykov (1939–2009) Ukrainian coach and Soviet footballer.
 Eduard Weitz (born 1946), Israeli Olympic weightlifter
 Andriy Yarmolenko (born 1989), Ukrainian footballer with 350 club caps and 109 for Ukraine plays for West Ham

Twin towns – sister cities

Chernihiv is twinned with:

 Gabrovo, Bulgaria
 Gomel, Belarus
 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
 Lappeenranta, Finland
 Memmingen, Germany
 Ogre, Latvia
 Petah Tikva, Israel
 Prilep, North Macedonia
 Rzeszów, Poland
 Tarnobrzeg, Poland

Notes

References

Sources

 Ocherk istorii goroda Chernigova 907–1907 gg. (Chernihiv 1908)
 Hrushevs'kyi, M. (ed). Chernihiv i Pivnichne Livoberezhzhia (Kyiv 1928)

 Rybakov, B. Drevnosti Chernigova (Moscow 1949)
 Ignatkin, I. Chernigov (Kyiv 1955)
 Iedomakha, I. Chernihiv (Kyiv 1958)

 Asieiev, Iu. Arkhitektura Kyïvs'koï Rusi (Kyiv 1969)
 Karnabida, A. Chernihiv. Istorychno-arkhitekturnyi narys (Kyiv 1969)
 (1972) Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP – Чернігівська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR – Chernihiv Oblast), Kyiv.
 Asieiev, Iu. Dzherela. Mystetstvo Kyïvs'koï Rusi (Kyiv 1980)

External links

 Chernihiv City Portal
 chernigiv-rada.gov.ua — Official webportal of the Chernihiv City Rada
 Chernihiv guide
 Chernihiv in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 "Chernigov-Gethsemane" Icon of the Mother of God. Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Washington DC. (ROCOR).
 Chernihiv Sketch Map — Sketch Map of Chernihiv
 Chernihiv souvenirs — Chernihiv Gifts and Souvenirs
 History of Jewish Community in Chernigov
 The murder of the Jews of Chernihiv during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

Cities in Chernihiv Oblast
Populated places on the Desna in Ukraine
Chernigovsky Uyezd
Cossack Hetmanate
Chernihiv Voivodeship
Archaeological sites in Ukraine
Severians
Rus' settlements
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine
Populated places established in the 10th century
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine

Chernihiv


Ataol Behramoğlu (d. 13 Nisan 1942, Çatalca), Türk şair, yazar, çevirmen ve edebiyatçı.

Hayatı

1942'de babasının askerlik görevini yaptığı Çatalca'da dünyaya geldi. Azerbaycan kökenli olan ailesinin soyadı Gürus idi. İlk şiirlerinde de takma adı olan "Ataol Gürus'u" kullanmıştır. Aile, soyadını daha sonra Behramoğlu olarak değiştirmiştir. Babası yüksek ziraat mühendisi Haydar Behramoğlu, annesi İsmet Hanım'dır. "Nihat Behram" olarak tanınan gazeteci ve şair Mustafa Nihat Behramoğlu, Diş hekimi Yusuf Turan Behramoğlu ve avukat Namık Kemal Behramoğlu'nun ağabeyidir.

İlkokul üçüncü sınıfa kadar Kars'ta öğrenim gördükten sonra; ilk, orta ve lise öğrenimini babasının Ziraat Müdürü olarak görev yaptığı Çankırı'da tamamladı. İlk şiirleri "Ataol Gürus" adıyla Yeni Çankırı, Yeşil Ilgaz, Çağrı gibi yerel gazete ve dergilerde yayınlandı.

1960 yılında lise öğrenimini tamamlayan Ataol Behramoğlu, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi'nde Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümünden 1966 yılında mezun oldu. 1962'de üyesi olduğu Türkiye İşçi Partisi'nin (TiP) örgütlenme çalışmalarına katıldı. Yükseköğrenimi sırasında Yapraklar, Dost, Evrim, Ataç gibi dergilerde çıkan şiirleriyle dikkat çekti. Bu dönemin şiirlerini bir araya getiren ilk şiir kitabı Bir Ermeni General, 1965'te Ankara'da Toplum Yayınevi'nce basıldı. Gençlik dönemi şiirlerinde Orhan Veli, Attilâ İlhan ve İkinci Yeni şiirinin ortak özellikleri etkindir.

Gerçek şiir kimliği 1965-1971 arasında Papirüs, Şiir Sanatı, Yeni Gerçek, Yeni Dergi ve Halkın Dostlarında çıkan şiirleriyle oluştu. Halkın Dostlarını İsmet Özel ve Murat Belge ile birlikte çıkarmaya başlamışlardır. Fakat dergi 12 Mart askeri muhtırasının ardından kapatılmıştır. Behramoğlu'nun 1960'lar ve 1970'lerin ilk yılları boyunca Özel'le yakın bir dostluğu olmuştur. Behramoğlu'nun bu dönemde yazdığı şiirlerinde toplumcu, etkin bir edebiyat anlayışının örnekleri yer aldı. 1965'te yayımlanan "Bir Gün Mutlaka" adlı kitabı 60'lı yıllar toplumcu kuşağının manifestosu niteliğindeki şiirlerden oluşmaktaydı. Kitaplaşan ilk çevirisi "İvanov" (Anton Çehov) 1967'de basıldı. Mihail Yuryeviç Lermontov'dan ilk şiir çevirilerini de bu dönemde yaptı. Gerçekçi ve toplumcu şiir ilkelerine yönelerek şiielerini yeni tema ve biçim arayışlarıyla beslemiştir.

1970 yılında siyasi nedenlerle yurt dışında çıkan Behramoğlu, 1972'ye kadar Londra ve Paris'te yaşadı. Paris'te Louis Aragon ve Pablo Neruda ile tanıştı. Aragon'un yönetimindeki "Les Lettres Françaises"de, Abidin Dino çevirisiyle, "Bir Gün Mutlaka" dan bir bölüm yayımlandı. 1971'de Paris'te Théatre de Liberté'nin kuruluş çalışmalarına katıldı. İlk oyun "Légendes à Avénir / Geleceğe Masallar" için bölümler yazdı. 1972 yılında kurulan Barış Derneği'nin kuruluşunda yer aldı.

Sovyet Yazarlar Birliği'nin davetlisi olarak 1972'de gittiği Moskova'da yaklaşık iki yıl kaldı. Bu dönemde Moskova Devlet Üniversitesi'nde stajyer olarak Rus Edebiyatı üzerine çalıştı. Daha önceki dönemin ürünü çevirileri (Puşkin, Bütün Hikâye ve Romanları, 1972) ve yurt dışı dönemin ürünü şiirlerden oluşan üçüncü şiir kitabı "Yolculuk, Özlem, Cesaret ve Kavga Şiirleri" 1974'te Türkiye'de yayımlandı.

1974'te af yasasından yararlanarak ülkeye dönen Behramoğlu, Muhsin Ertuğrul yönetimindeki İstanbul Belediyesi Şehir Tiyatroları'nda dramaturg olarak çalışmaya başladı. 1975'te kardeşi Nihat Behram ile çıkardıkları edebiyat-kültür dergisi "Militan" büyük ilgi gördü. Bu dönemde Ataol Behramoğlu'nun "Ne Yağmur…Ne Şiirler…(1976)", "Kuşatmada (1978)", "Mustafa Suphi Destanı" (1979), "Dörtlükler" (1980) adlı kitapları yayımlandı.

1979'da Türkiye Yazarlar Sendikası genel sekreteri oldu. Rus aslıllı Ludmila Denisenko ile evliliğinden kızı Barış o yıl dünyaya geldi.

1980 darbesi sonrasında dramaturgluk görevinden ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. "Ne Yağmur…Ne Şiirler…"'in yeni basımının mahkemece "toplatılması ve imhası"na karar verilen Ataol Behramoğlu bir hafta göz hapsinde tutuldu; kitap daha sonra beraat etti. 1981'de "İyi Bir Yurttaş Aranıyor" başlığı altında topladığı şiirler Türkiye'de "siyasal kabare" türünün ilk örneklerinden biri olarak birçok kez izleyiciye sunuldu. Aynı yıl Yunanistan'da şiirlerinden seçmeler "Türkiye, Üzgün Yurdum, Güzel Yurdum" adıyla yayımlandı. Dünya şairlerinden Rusça, İngilizce, Fransızcadan yaptığı çevirileri "Kardeş Türküler" adlı bir kitapta topladı (1981). "Son Yüzyıl Büyük Türk Şiiri Antolojisi"'nin ilk çalışmalarına başladı.

1982'de Barış Derneği kurucu ve yöneticisi olarak tutuklandı, on ay tutuklu kaldı. Cezaevinde bulunduğu sırada, Asya-Afrika Yazarlar Birliği 1981 Lotus Ödülü'nü kazandı. 1983'te 8 yıl hapse mahkûm edildi. 1984'te ülkeden gizlice ayrılarak Fransa'ya gitti. Bir süre sonra pasaport verilmeyen ailesini de gizlice yurt dışına çıkardı.

Hayatının 1989 yılında kadar süren bu döneminde Paris Sorbonne Üniversitesi'nde Rus edebiyatı ve karşılaştırmalı edebiyat konularında lisans üstü bir çalışma yaptı. 1986'da Paris'te ressam Yüksel Aslan ile birlikte Fransızca Türk edebiyatı dergisi "Anka"yı kurdu ve yönetti. Birçok ülkede katıldığı toplantılarda konuşmalar yaptı, şiirlerini okudu.

Almanya'da "Kızıma Mektuplar" (1985), "Türkiye, Üzgün Yurdum, Güzel Yurdum" (1985) adlı şiir kitapları ve "Mustafa Suphi Destanı"nın yeni bir basımı yayımlandı. Şiirlerinden Macarcaya yapılan bir seçmeler 1988'de Budapeşte'de "Europa" yayınevince yayımlandı Antoloji çalışmalarına da devam eden Behramoğlu bu dönemde "Son Yüzyıl Büyük Türk Şiiri Antolojisi"; "Dünya Şiiri Antolojisi" (Özdemir İnce ile birlikte); "Çağdaş Rus Şiiri Antolojisi"'ni yayımladı. Ayrıca "Çehov-Bütün Oyunları (1. Cilt)", şiir üstüne yazılarını bir araya getiren "Yaşayan Bir Şiir" (1986) ile "Eski Nisan", "Bebeklerin Ulusu Yok" adlı şiir kitapları yayımlandı. Hakkındaki davaların beraatla sonuçlanması üzerine Haziran 1989'da Türkiye'ye döndü.

Türkiye'ye dönüşünden sonra Pendik Belediyesi'nde kültür danışmanlığı, ardından Simavi Yayınları'nda editörlük yaptı. 90'lı yıllarda "Sevgilimsin" (1993) adlı şiir kitabını ve çeşitli yazılarını bir araya getiren, "İki Ateş Arasında" (1989), "Nâzım'a Bir Güz Çelengi" (1989), "Mekanik Gözyaşları" (1990), "Şiirin Dili-Ana Dil" (1997) yayımlandı. Aziz Nesin ile ilgili anılarını "Aziz Nesin'li Fotoğraflar" (1995); yurt dışı gezi yazılarını "Başka Gökler Altında" (1996) adlı kitaplarda topladı. Vera Tulyakova'nın anılarından ve Nâzım Hikmet'in şiirlerinden oluşturduğu "Mutlu ol Nâzım" adlı bir oyunu; belgesel bir oyun çalışması olan "Lozan" adlı eseri vardır.

1995'te Türkiye Yazarlar Sendikası Genel Başkanı seçilen şair; bu görevi 1999'a kadar iki dönem sürdürdü. 2002'de Türkiye P.E.N. Yazarlar Derneği "Dünya Şiir Günü Büyük Ödülü"'nü aldı. 2008 yılında şiirlerinden geniş bir seçmeler Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde yayınlandı. Aynı yıl kendisine Rusya Federasyonunca uluslararası Puşkin Nişanı verildi.

1992'de İstanbul Üniversitesi'nde başladığı Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı öğretim üyeliğini 2003'te aynı üniversitede doçent, 2009'da Beykent Üniversitesi'nde profesör olarak sürdürdü. Şimdi İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi öğretim kadrosundadır. Cumhuriyet gazetesinde köşe yazarlığı yapmaktadır.KAFA Dergisinde yazıları bulunmaktadır.

2015 yılının Nisan ayında Behramoğlu'nun 50. sanat yılı sebebiyle İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi iki konser düzenlemiştir.

2016 yılında Beşiktaş Belediyesi, Ataol Behramoğlu'nun heykelini Beşiktaş Şairler Sofası Parkı'na dikti.

Eserleri

Şiir
 Her Şey Şiirdir (1955)
 Bir Ermeni General (1965)
 Bir Gün Mutlaka (1970)
 Yolculuk Özlem Cesaret ve Kavga Şiirleri (1974)
 Ne Yağmur... Ne Şiirler... (1976)
 Kuşatmada (1978)
 Mustafa Suphi Destanı (1979)
 Dörtlükler (1983)
 İyi Bir Yurttaş Aranıyor (1983, Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu tarafından oyunlaştırılmıştır.)
 Türkiye Üzgün Yurdum, Güzel Yurdum (1985)
 Kızıma Mektuplar (1985)
 Şiirler 1959-1982 (1983)
 Eski Nisan (1987)
 Bebeklerin Ulusu Yok (1988)
 Bir Gün Mutlaka-Toplu Şiirler I (1991)
 Yaşadıklarımdan Öğrendiğim Bir Şey Var-Toplu Şiirler II (1991)
 Kızıma Mektuplar-Toplu Şiirler III (1992)
 Sevgilimsin (1993)
 Aşk İki Kişiliktir (1999)
 Yeni Aşka Gazel (2002)
 İki Ağıt (2007)
 Beyaz İpek Gibi Yağdı Kar (2008)
 Okyanusla İlk Karşılaşma (2008)
 Hayata Uzun Veda (2008)
 Ne Çok Hain (2017)
 Bir Çocuğa Layık Olmak (2018)

Deneme-İnceleme
 Yaşayan Bir Şiir (1986, eklerle yeni basım 2007)
 Şiirin Dili-Anadil (1995, eklerle yeni basım 2007)
 Utanıyorum (1996)
 Mekanik Gözyaşları (1997)
 Nazım'a Bir Güz Çelengi (1997, eklerle yeni basım: Nazım Hikmet-Tabu ve Efsane (2008))
 İki Ateş Arasında (1998)
 Kimliğim İnsan (1999)
 Başka Bir Açı (2000)
 Gerçeklik Duygusunun Kaybolması(2001)
 Rus Edebiyatı Yazıları (2001)
 Rus Edebiyatında Puşkin Gerçekçiliği (2001)
 Kendin Olmak ya da Olmamak (2003)
 Yeni Ortaçağın Saldırısı (2004)
 Biriciktir Aşk (2005)
 Rus Edebiyatının Öğrettiği (2008)
 Sivil Darbe (2009)
 Benim Prens Adalarım (2010)
 Yolculuk, cesaret ve kavga şiirleri

Anı
 Aziz Nesinli Anılar (2008)

Gezi
 Başka Gökler Altında (1996, eklerle yeni basım 2010)
 Yurdu Teninde Duymak (2008)

Oyun
 Lozan (1993)

Mektup
 Genç Bir Şairden Genç Bir Şaire Mektuplar (İ.Özel'le mektupları, 1995)
 Şiirin Kanadında Mektuplar (M.Demirtaş'la mektupları, 1997)

Çocuk
 Yiğitler Yiğiti ve Uçan At Masalı (şiir-masal)
 Dünya Halk Masalları (çeviri-uyarlama)
 Düşler Kuruyorum (kitapta bölüm)
 M.Zoşçenko-Lastik Papuçlar (çeviri)

Antoloji
 Büyük Türk Şiiri Antolojisi (2 cilt, 1987, eklerle yeni basım)
 Dünya Şiiri Antolojisi (4 cilt, 1997 Ataol Behramoğlu-Özdemir İnce)
 Çağdaş Bulgar Şiiri Antolojisi (1983, Özdemir İnce-Ataol Behramoğlu, eklerle yeni basım 2008)
 Çağdaş Rus Şiiri Antolojisi (eklerle yeni basım, 2008)
 Uçur Diye, Ey Aşk (Tematik Aşk Şiirleri, 2007)

Çeviri
 Anton Çehov-Büyük Oyunlar (İvanov-Orman Cini-Vanya Dayı-Martı-Üç Kızkardeş-Vişne Bahçesi)
 Aleksandr Puşkin-Bütün Öyküler, Bütün Romanlar
 Aleksandr Puşkin-Seviyordum Sizi (şiirler)
 Aleksandr Puşkin-Erzurum Yolculuğu
 Maksim Gorki-Yaşanmış Hikâyeler
 Maksim Gorki-Bozkırda
 İvan Turgenev-Arefe
 Mihail Lermontov-Hançer (şiirler)
 Jose Marti-Göklerde Eriyip Gitmek İsterdim (şiirler)
 E. Babayev-Nâzım Hikmet
 V. Tulyakova-Nâzımla Son Söyleşimiz
 A. Fevralski-Nâzım'dan Anılar
 S. Viladimirov, D. Moldvaski-Mayakovski
 A. M. Şamsuddinov-Türkiye Ulusal Kurtuluş Savaşı Tarihi
 Fyodor Dostoyevski-Puşkin Üzerine Söylev

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 14 Şubat 2015 tarihinde Sputnik ile yaptığı röportaj

Yaşayan insanlar
1942 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu yazarlar
Azeri asıllı Türkler
Türk çevirmenler
İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları sanatçıları
İstanbul Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Beykent Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
Cumhuriyet (gazete) kişileri
BirGün kişileri
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
İngilizceden Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
Rusçadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
Fransızcadan Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
İstanbul doğumlu çevirmenler
Türk marksistler
Türk sosyalistler

Ataol Behramoğlu


An Hetaeria finlaysoniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gunnar Seidenfaden. An Hetaeria finlaysoniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hetaeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hetaeria

Hetaeria finlaysoniana


අග්‍රධරයා, ඉංග්‍රීසි වචනය ප්‍රයිමේට් ( ලතින් භාෂාවෙහි ප්‍රයිමාස්, අග්‍ර ස්ථාන යන්නෙන් නිරුක්තිවී ඇත) යනු  සමහරක් ක්‍රිස්තියානි සභාවන්හී  රදගුරු වහන්සේලාට පිරිනමනු ලබන්නාවූ අභිධානයක් හෝ අනුස්ථානයකි.  අදාල සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුකූලව, එය විසින් එක්කෝ අධිකරණ බලමය අධිකාරයක්  (අධිකාරමය අභිධානය) හෝ  සම්මානමය  ප්‍රමුඛතාවයක් (ගෞරවාන්විත අභිධානය) හෝ අදහස් විය හැක. බොහෝ රටවල, අග්‍රධරයාගේ පදනම වන්නේ නගරයක් මිස අගනගරය නොවේ. රටක් පළමුවෙන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි බවට පත්වන  විට අග්‍රධරයා එහි අගනගරයේ ස්ථානගත වෙමින් පසුවී ඉක්බිතිව අනාගාමික රජයක් වෙතින් සභාවේ ස්වාධිපත්‍යය රැකගැනුමට අග්‍රධරයා වෙනත් නගරයක විසීම තෝරාගත් ඓතිහාසික වාතාවරණයන් මෙම සම්ප්‍රදායය තුලින් ප්‍රදක්ෂිණා වෙයි.

රෝමානු කතෝලික සභාව

මෙයද බලන්න: කතෝලික සභාවේ ධූරාවලිය#අග්‍රධරයා  සහ රදගුරු වහන්සේ (කතෝලික සභාව)#අග්‍රධරයා

කතෝලික දහම

අග්‍රධරයා (රදගුරු වහන්සේ)


The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program that ran on the CBS network from 1957 until 1966.  The series produced 112 historical compilation films and 107 "originally photographed documentaries" or contemporary documentaries, each running a half-hour. Productions were narrated by Walter Cronkite and drew on the resources of CBS News. The compilations mixed newsreel footage and eyewitness interviews, focusing on great events, unfamiliar historical episodes, and biographical portraits, including contemporary men in the arts, sciences, law, and politics.  As the series progressed, the compilation films were gradually outnumbered by the contemporary documentaries, similar to the work being done in the CBS Reports series, but often treating social and political change overseas rather than in the U.S.  Popular and critically-acclaimed, audiences averaged 13 million viewers a week, and the series was an influential forerunner to many subsequent television documentary series.

The program was sponsored during its entire run by the Prudential Insurance Company, whose Rock of Gibraltar symbol was often the backdrop for the opening and closing credits.  But the company approved the topics and limited the treatment of issues it felt to be potentially upsetting to a large audience, particularly social and religious subjects.  Prudential -– and the Department of Defense which provided film footage and cooperation for many episodes—also wanted an uncritical portrayal of the U.S. military.  Prudential withdrew sponsorship after the ninth season when sports programming seriously cut into the number of its 6 pm Sunday timeslots, and contemporary subjects came to dominate productions.

The series' theme music, in which a ragtime-tinged orchestral cacophony abruptly changes to a triumphal contemporary march, was famous in its day.  Aired in several versions, it was written by the erstwhile avant-garde composer George Antheil and is arguably his most heard work.  (Curiously, the theme never had an on-screen credit and has been available only on copies of the original broadcasts.)  Many episodes had original scores commissioned from a wide range of contemporary classical and film composers, including Antheil, Auric, Creston, Gould, Hovhaness, Kay, Kubik, Milhaud, Nascimbene, Rosenthal, Shapero, Siegmeister, Tcherepnin, and Waxman. Alfredo Antonini composed half the scores and led the CBS Orchestra in performances.

Successor series

The series was replaced in 1967 with a spin-off, The 21st Century. Produced by many of The Twentieth Century team and narrated by Cronkite, the new series focused on what humankind could shape and expect by examining aspects of the future already evident in the present.  It was sponsored by Union Carbide ("The Discovery Company"). The 21st Century ran only three seasons (its final broadcast was on 4 January 1970). The reason given was that the writers had run out of topics, but CBS may have wanted a more commercially successful program.

The original program concept was revived in 1994 with The 20th Century with Mike Wallace.  The new series was produced by CBS News Productions in association with A&E Network and premiered on The History Channel.  166 episodes were produced and aired during 1994-2005.  Peter Fish arranged, adapted, and extended the original theme music, for which Antheil remained uncredited.

External links

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1957 American television series debuts
1970 American television series endings
CBS original programming
1950s American television news shows
1960s American television news shows
1970s American television news shows
1950s American documentary television series
1960s American documentary television series
1970s American documentary television series
Black-and-white American television shows

The Twentieth Century


Francisco Manrique de Lara (Nájera, 1503-Toledo, 11 de noviembre de 1560) fue un eclesiástico español.

Fue hijo natural del duque de Nájera Pedro Manrique de Lara y de Inés de Mendoza y Delgadillo.
Capellán mayor de Carlos I y su embajador en Francia para ajustar las paces con Francisco I,
obispo de Orense desde 1542,
asistente al Concilio de Trento entre 1552 y 1556, a su regreso a España fue promovido a la sede de Salamanca.
Nombrado obispo de Sigüenza en 1560, murió en Toledo antes de viajar a su diócesis.

Referencias

Nacidos en Nájera
Fallecidos en Toledo
Obispos de Orense
Obispos de Salamanca
Obispos de Sigüenza
Obispos de España del siglo XVI
Padres conciliares en Trento

Francisco Manrique de Lara


Die Bat Conservation International (BCI) ist eine der größten internationalen Non-Profit-Organisationen im Bereich des  Fledermausschutzes. Ziel der 1982 von Merlin Tuttle gegründeten Organisation ist der Schutz der Fledermäuse weltweit sowie der Schutz ihrer Lebensräume und Ökosysteme.

Geschichte und Ziele
Die Organisation wurde am 2. Oktober 1982 von dem Biologen und Umweltschützer Merlin Tuttle in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, gegründet. Tuttle war zum Zeitpunkt der Gründung Kurator für den Bereich Säugetiere am Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Public Museum. 1986 wurde der Sitz nach Austin, Texas, verlegt, wo er bis heute ist. Die Mitgliederzeitschrift BATS erscheint seit 1983.

Seit ihrem Bestehen ist die Bat Conservation International international tätig und arbeitet mit zahlreichen Organisationen zusammen. Sie kooperiert mit dem United States Fish and Wildlife Service und veröffentlichte zahlreiche Schriften, Filme, Ausstellungen und andere Materialien zum Schutz der Fledermäuse. Sie organisiert zudem Workshops, Stipendien und Forschungsarbeiten zu diesem Thema. Als Bat Specialist Group erarbeitet sie mit der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Profile über den Gefährdungsstatus von Fledermäusen und Flughunden. Nach eigenen Angaben beschäftigt die Organisation aktuell 30 Mitarbeiter.

Neben der allgemeinen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit zur Information über Fledermäuse und ihren sonstigen Aktivitäten liegen aktuelle Schwerpunkte auf der Identifizierung und Bekämpfung des White-Nose-Syndroms, einer Pilzerkrankung bei Fledermäusen, die sich in Nordamerika ausbreitet, sowie der Windenergie und ihren Effekten auf die Fledermauspopulationen.

Belege

Weblinks
 Bat Conservation International
 Year of the Bat

Internationale Organisation (Naturschutz)
Organisation (Austin)
Non-Profit-Organisation
Gegründet 1982
Fledermausschutz

Bat Conservation International


Andrzej Ratusiński (* 9. November 1949 in Starachowice) ist ein polnischer Pianist und Klavierpädagoge, der seit 1982 in Deutschland wirkt.

Er studierte bei der polnischen Pianistin Margerita Trombini-Kazuro von 1968 bis 1973 Klavier an der Höheren Staatlichen Musikhochschule in Warschau und setzte seine Ausbildung bei Vladimir Horowitz, Artur Rubinstein sowie Jorge Bolet fort. Ratusiński nahm erfolgreich teil an den Klavierwettbewerben Ferruccio Busoni 1973 in Bozen und am Tschaikowski-Wettbewerb 1974 in Moskau. 1982 zog er nach Deutschland um, wo er 1990 zum Professor an der Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Stuttgart berufen wurde und dort die Klavierklasse leitet. Neben der pädagogischen Tätigkeit trat er mit Konzerten auf, begleitet u. a. vom Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, den Berliner Philharmoniker, dem Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich mit Werken klassischer Komponisten, wie auch Komponisten Polens von Frédéric Chopin bis Witold Lutosławski über Krzysztof Penderecki.

Bibliografie
Andrzej Ratusiński bei der Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Stuttgart
Biografie und Porträt (englisch)

Klassischer Pianist
Pädagoge (21. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1949
Pole
Mann

Andrzej Ratusiński


The Estádio do Dragão (; English: Dragon Stadium) is an all-seater football stadium in Porto, Portugal, and the home ground of FC Porto since 2003. It has a seating capacity of 50,033, making it the third largest football stadium in Portugal.

Designed by Portuguese architect Manuel Salgado, the stadium was constructed to replace Porto's former ground, the Estádio das Antas, along with becoming one of the host venues for the UEFA Euro 2004 final tournament. The inauguration took place on 16 November 2003 with a friendly match against Barcelona, setting an attendance record of 52,000 spectators.

A UEFA category four stadium, it has held several international club and national team competition matches, including the 2019 UEFA Nations League Final and 2021 UEFA Champions League Final.

Construction and inauguration
Construction works began in late 2001, and were completed in November 2003, some months after what was expected, since in February 2002, Porto mayor Rui Rio changed the estate distribution, criticizing the plan for including high-scale housing and shopping for the area. These actions forced the chairman of FC Porto, Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, to halt all building operations, which were only resumed after a consensus was reached.

Designed by Portuguese architect Manuel Salgado and built by Portuguese contractor Somague, it cost €97,755,318, of which €18,430,956 was subsidized by the government. To help underwrite costs, each stand carries one or two sponsor names: Super Bock (south), tmn (east), meo (west), and Coca-Cola (north stand). Away fans are placed in the right corner of the upper tier of the east stand, while home Ultra groups, Super Dragões and Colectivo Ultras 95, occupy the south stand and the north stand, respectively, like on the old stadium.

The stadium was inaugurated on November 16, 2003, with a match against FC Barcelona, which featured the debut of a 16-year-old Lionel Messi in the Spanish side. Porto won 2–0 with goals by Derlei and Hugo Almeida. Due to severe turf problems, however, Porto was forced to return and play in the old Estádio das Antas, until the turf was replanted by mid-February 2004.

The stadium is characterized by a frame of 21 000 m2 of azulejos.

Naming
Prior to the inauguration, the stadium's name was debated internally between elements of Porto's administration, with various alternatives in consideration, such as retaining the old name, Estádio das Antas (officially, unlike the former stadium), or name it after some of the club's biggest historical figures like former player Artur de Sousa Pinga, manager José Maria Pedroto or president Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, the latter being, the one with most gathered consensus but ended dismissed by the president himself. After a deliberation period, the name Estádio do Dragão was revealed to the general public.

International matches

Portugal national team matches
The following national team matches were held in the stadium.

UEFA Euro 2004
Constructed to become one of the venues of the UEFA Euro 2004 tournament, it staged the inaugural match between hosts Portugal and eventual winners Greece, as well as three group stage, one quarterfinal, and one semifinal fixtures.

2019 UEFA Nations League Finals
One of the venues of the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals.

2021 UEFA Champions League Final

The final originally planned at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, but was moved due to travel restrictions by England government caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, the final hosts were shifted back a two-year, with Istanbul instead hosting the 2023 final. Chelsea FC won the match 1-0 against Manchester City, with Kai Havertz scoring the only goal.

Other uses

A major source of income granted by the infrastructure is the planned capability to monetize on organizing events outside of regular football matches. Those extend from business meetings, congresses, summits, festivals, expos and other sports competitions. For example, the ROC committee picked the stadium to host the 2009 Race of Champions South Europe Regional Final, therefore, the grass pitch was converted into an asphalt course in order to accommodate the race. The 2019 ESSMA Summit is also noteworthy by having joined several clubs, leagues and federations representatives together at the venue to discuss matters on the developments and trends of the football industry.

In addition, through different music promoters and specialized event management companies, the stadium already served as a concert venue to four international tour schedules from recognized musical artists along with selected opening acts.

Access and transportation

Access by vehicle is possible through the VCI (Via de Cintura Interna), a roadway that passes right next to the stadium, granting a direct connection. In the event of coming from the city center, driving down the main Alameda da Antas is another viable route towards the destination. In spite of this, the recommendation is the use of the public transports, which results in a better flux of public movement around the perimeter. Having its own station combined with the infrastructure, the metro functions as the main way of reaching the stadium, with different lines linking the various city areas and a direct connection to the international Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport. Alternatively, the STCP bus service also grants routes for the purpose and there are 150 bicycle parking spots available.

References

Bibliography

External links

Estádio do Dragão Official website
Estádio do Dragão at Structurae

FC Porto
Dragao
Dragao
Sports venues in Porto
Sports venues completed in 2003

Estádio do Dragão


Helmuth von Scheven (* 11. Februar 1901; † 6. März 1988) war ein deutscher Schauspieler und Regisseur.

Leben
Von Schevens künstlerischer Schwerpunkt lag zeitlebens auf dem Theater. Zwischen 1938 und 1943 war er am Staatstheater Kassel im Rollenfach des Charakterliebhabers engagiert. Weitere Bühnenstationen waren das Nationaltheater Mannheim (bis 1952) sowie die Bühnen der Hansestadt Lübeck. Dort spielte er zahlreiche Charakterrollen wie den "Diego" in Agustín Moretos Donna Diana, den General in Peter Lotars Bild des Menschen, den "Botzenheim" in Jaroslav Hašeks Abenteuern des braven Soldaten Schwejk, den "Lt. Cmdr. Queeg" in Herman Wouks Meuterei auf der Caine, den "Merkur/Sosias" in Heinrich von Kleists Amphitryon und den "Philipp II." in Schillers Don Carlos.

Daneben führte von Scheven auch vermehrt Regie. So inszenierte er in Mannheim Kleists zerbrochenen Krug sowie 1948 die Erstaufführung von Claude-André Pugets "Ein kleiner Engel ohne Bedeutung".

In Film und Fernsehen war von Scheven ein seltener Gast. Hier wirkte er beispielsweise in Helmut Käutners Bel Ami mit. Einem breiten Publikum wurde er schließlich durch seine Rolle als "Lord Hamilton", Mitglied des Excentric Clubs, bekannt, den er über 30 Folgen lang in der Abenteuer-Serie Percy Stuart verkörperte.

Außerdem war von Scheven auch als Sprecher für Hörspiel und Synchron tätig. Er sprach den "Diafoirus" in Walter Knaus' Produktion von Molières eingebildetem Kranken, den "Richebon" in einer Produktion von Marcel Pagnols Schieber des Ruhms und den "Brutus" in Walter Knaus' Produktion von Shakespeares Tod nach Hermann Rossmann. Als Synchronsprecher lieh er unter anderem Fred Johnson in Dämonen der Südsee seine Stimme.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
1968: Bel Ami
1969–1970: Percy Stuart

Hörspiele (Auswahl)
1950: Der Zauberlehrling von Bajadoz, SDR Heidelberg
1950: Die weiße Dame, SDR Heidelberg
1951: Du wirst ein Mensch sein, SDR Heidelberg
1951: Der Schatten eines Strohhalms oder Die neue Zeit ist da (nach Josef Martin Bauer), SDR Heidelberg
1951: Der General oder Keine Schuld wäscht die andere, SDR Heidelberg
1951: Der eingebildete Kranke, SDR Heidelberg
1951: Die Karriere des Don Sequeira, SDR Heidelberg
1952: Der Tramp, SDR Heidelberg
1952: Shakespeares Tod, SDR Heidelberg
1953: Schieber des Ruhms, RB
1958: Odyssee zu zweit, Regie: Otto Kurth, WDR

Literatur
 Herbert A. Frenzel, Hans Joachim Moser (Hrsg.): Kürschners biographisches Theater-Handbuch. Schauspiel, Oper, Film, Rundfunk. Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz. De Gruyter, Berlin 1956, , S. 642.

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Theaterregisseur
Deutscher
Geboren 1901
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Helmuth von Scheven


Harold Edward Joseph "Bullet Joe, Joe" Simpson (* 13. August 1893 in Selkirk, Manitoba; † 25. Dezember 1973) war ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und -trainer, der in seiner aktiven Zeit von 1912 bis 1933 unter anderem für die New York Americans in der National Hockey League gespielt hat.

Karriere
Joe Simpson begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in seiner Heimatprovinz Manitoba, in der er zwischen 1912 und 1915 im Amateurbereich jeweils ein Jahr lang für die Winnipeg Strathconas, Selkirk Fishermen und Winnipeg Victorias aktiv war. Anschließend trat er im Laufe des Ersten Weltkriegs in den aktiven Militärdienst ein und gewann mit der Armeemannschaft Winnipeg 61st Battalion 1916 den Allan Cup, den kanadischen Amateurmeistertitel. Anschließend diente er drei Jahre lang an der Front in Europa und wurde mehrfach im Kampf verwundet. Nach seiner Rückkehr aus Europa spielte er zwischen 1918 und 1920 für seinen Ex-Club Selkirk Fishermen. In der Saison 1920/21 spielte er für die Edmonton Eskimos in der Big-4 League sowie von 1921 bis 1925 in der Western Hockey League. Von 1925 bis 1931 war der Verteidiger Stammspieler bei den New York Americans in der National Hockey League. Für die Mannschaft erzielte er in der NHL in insgesamt 230 Spielen 40 Scorerpunkte, davon 21 Tore.

In der Saison 1931/32 war Simpson als Cheftrainer für die New Haven Eagles aus der Canadian-American Hockey League tätig. In der folgenden Spielzeit lief er selbst wieder als aktiver Spieler auf, für die Windsor Bulldogs in der International Hockey League sowie die Castors de Québec in der Canadian-American Hockey League. Die Saison 1935/36 begann der Kanadier erneut als Cheftrainer der New Haven Eagles aus der CAHL, wurde im Laufe der Spielzeit auf dieser Position jedoch durch den ehemaligen NHL-Profi Norman Himes ersetzt. Von 1936 bis 1938 trainierte er die Minneapolis Millers aus der American Hockey Association. Mit der Mannschaft wurde er 1937 Meister. Ein Jahr später unterlag er mit seiner Mannschaft im Finale. Im Jahr 1962 wurde Simpson in die Hockey Hall of Fame aufgenommen.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1916 Allan-Cup-Gewinn mit dem Winnipeg 61st Battalion
 1937 AHA-Meisterschaft mit den Minneapolis Millers (als Trainer)
 1962 Aufnahme in die Hockey Hall of Fame

NHL-Statistik

Weblinks

Eishockeyspieler (New York Americans)
Eishockeytrainer (New York Americans)
Mitglied der Hockey Hall of Fame
Mitglied der Hall of Fame des kanadischen Sports
Kanadier
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1973
Mann

Joe Simpson (Eishockeyspieler)


WSTR (94.1 MHz, "Star 94") is an FM radio station licensed to Smyrna, Georgia, and serving the Atlanta metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., it broadcasts a rhythmic adult contemporary format. Its studios are located at Colony Square in Midtown Atlanta, while the station transmitter resides in Atlanta's Reynoldstown neighborhood.

History

Early years
The station signed on as WDJK on January 1, 1964, founded by WSMA (1550 AM) owner Mitchell Melof; WDJK operated as a simulcast of WSMA.

Jupiter Broadcasting of Georgia, then the owner of WQXI (790 AM), purchased WDJK in January 1965, with Kent Burkhart serving as vice president and general manager. WDJK's call sign was changed to WKXI and a beautiful music format was installed, with studios at 2970 Peachtree Road NW in Atlanta. The Pacific and Southern Company, forerunners to the modern-day Gannett and Tegna Inc., purchased WQXI and WKXI in November 1967.

WQXI-FM (1969-1989)
In 1969, the station changed its call letters to WQXI-FM to match its AM sister station.  In mid-1977, the station started calling itself "94Q" when WQXI's contemporary hit radio format was moved to the FM station.

Around 1987, WQXI-FM's audience share began to dwindle.  Various tweaks were made to the music mix, followed by an outright change of direction in late 1988 that competed head-to-head with then-dominant Top 40 outlet WAPW (99.7 FM) as "Atlanta's Hit Music, 94Q."  However, by the following spring, WQXI-FM had been soundly beaten, and the station began to purge most of its management and on-air talent.

WQXI-FM notably carried a smooth jazz-themed program called Jazz Flavors during the late 1980s. Despite the seeming incompatibility between it and contemporary hits, this program ran on WQXI-FM for several years, eventually serving as the genesis for the "Jazz Flavors" branding on WJZF (104.1 FM) when that station became the first one in the Atlanta market to adopt the format full-time.

WSTR (1989-present)
At midnight on November 15, 1989, "94Q" signed off after 12 years, with the final song being "Imagine" by John Lennon. 94.1 would then relaunch as "Star 94" with the call letters WSTR. The first song on "Star 94" was "Oh Atlanta" by Little Feat. The station's format was a hybrid of Hot AC and Top 40, best described as Adult Top 40. The station initially avoided most hip hop and rhythmic-oriented music hitting the Top 40 charts, though it added some rhythmic songs in the mid-1990s. Steve McCoy was brought in as morning show host and was paired with Vikki Locke; McCoy and Locke would helm the station's morning drive for the next 17 years.

After WAPW flipped to modern rock as WNNX in October 1992, WSTR was considered the "default" hit music station in Atlanta due to the lack of a mainstream Top 40 outlet; Atlanta once again had a mainstream Top 40 station in 2001 when WWWQ (100.5 FM) signed on (when WBTS debuted in 1999, that station briefly aired a Top 40 format, though it would quickly shift to rhythmic).

Hot AC era (2010-2020)

In September 2010, Nielsen BDS moved WSTR from the CHR/Top 40 panel to the Adult Top 40 (Hot AC) panel, as the station became more identified with a Hot AC playlist.  WSTR changed its on-air slogan to "Your Life...Your Music," to emphasize its shift to Hot AC.  In February 2011, WSTR began programming all-1990s weekends, called "Big 90s Weekends" in response to the all-1980s weekends on WSB-FM (98.5). However, in the Fall of 2011, the station dropped the All-90s weekends.

Jefferson-Pilot Communications (and later Lincoln Financial Media) had owned WSTR and WQXI since 1974.  On December 8, 2014, Entercom announced its purchase of Lincoln Financial Media's entire 15-station lineup, including WSTR and WQXI, for $106.5 million.  The stations were operated under a local marketing agreement (LMA) until the sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Entercom officially took over WSTR and WQXI on July 17, 2015; WQXI was spun off to Atlanta Radio Korea in 2016.

In November 2017, Entercom merged with CBS Radio, making WSTR co-owned with WZGC, WVEE-FM and WAOK.

In 2019, the station aired Christmas music during the holiday season for the first time.

Rhythmic AC era (2020-present)
On September 17, 2020, the station began teasing a "big announcement" to come at 3 p.m.; the use of the word "big" seemed to allude to previous reports the station was soon to flip to adult hits as "Big 94" (matching a similar recent format change on cross-country sister station WBGB in Boston). At that time, after playing "Closing Time" by Semisonic, WSTR instead relaunched with a rhythmic adult contemporary format, maintaining the Star branding while promoting the new focus as "The NEW Star 94" under the slogan "The Rhythm of ATL", with the first song being "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" by Michael Jackson.

Notable alumni
Several influential air personalities have worked at the station, including Ryan Seacrest. Seacrest interned on the night show with Tom Sullivan, who also helped train him; Sullivan gave Ryan his first "on air" shift, and eventually he began working weekends, Ryan did this while still attending Dunwoody High School.

HD Radio
The HD2 digital subchannel formerly aired a classic hits format under the brand "Star 94.1 HD2".

The HD3 channel formerly aired Audacy's LGBTQ+ talk/dance format "Channel Q". It has since moved to HD2 with the HD3 channel being turned off.

References

External links

STR
Rhythmic adult contemporary radio stations
Radio stations established in 1964
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

WSTR (FM)


Domenicus ver Wilt var en nederlandsk kunstner, der var virksom i Sverige mellem 1556 og 1566. Han malede blandt andet et portræt af Kong Erik 14.

Wilt blev medlem af Antwerpen's kunstnersamfund Sankt Lukasgildet i 1555. Han kom til Sverige i 1556, og blev omtalt der for første gang den 6. januar 1557. Han kom snart i hertug Eriks tjeneste og fulgte ham år 1558 til Kalmar. Han virker først og fremmest at have været ansat til at udarbejde kartoner som forlæg for vævede tapeter.

Kilder
 Upmark, Gustaf: Tapetväfveriet i Sverige under de första vasakonungarne. 1886.

Eksterne henvisninger

Malere fra Nederlandene
Portrætmalere
Nederlændere i 1500-tallet
Personer fra Antwerpen

Domenicus ver Wilt


Sangrur (en punyabí: ਸੰਗਰੂਰ) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Punyab. Código ISO: IN.PB.SA.

Comprende una superficie de 5021 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Sangrur.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 1654408 habitantes, de los cuales 775780 eran mujeres y 878628 varones.

Localidades
 Chhajli
 Cheema

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial.

Sangrur

Distrito de Sangrur


In computing, a parent process is a process that has created one or more child processes.

Unix-like systems
In Unix-like operating systems, every process except  (the swapper) is created when another process executes the fork() system call. The process that invoked fork is the parent process and the newly created process is the child process. Every process (except process 0) has one parent process, but can have many child processes.

The operating system kernel identifies each process by its process identifier.  is a special process that is created when the system boots; after forking a child process   becomes the swapper process (sometimes also known as the "idle task"). , known as , is the ancestor of every other process in the system.

Linux
In the Linux kernel, in which there is a very slim difference between processes and POSIX threads, there are two kinds of parent processes, namely real parent and parent. Parent is the process that receives the SIGCHLD signal on child's termination, whereas real parent is the thread that actually created this child process in a multithreaded environment. For a normal process, both these two values are same, but for a POSIX thread which acts as a process, these two values may be different.

Zombie processes

The operating system maintains a table that associates every process, by means of its process identifier (generally referred to as "pid") to the data necessary for its functioning. During a process's lifetime, such data might include memory segments designated to the process, the arguments it's been invoked with, environment variables, counters about resource usage, user-id, group-id and group set, and maybe other types of information.

When a process terminates its execution, either by calling exit (even if implicitly, by executing a return command from the main function) or by receiving a signal that causes it to terminate abruptly, the operating system releases most of the resources and information related to that process, but still keeps the data about resource utilization and the termination status code, because a parent process might be interested in knowing if that child executed successfully (by using standard functions to decode the termination status code) and the amount of system resources it consumed during its execution.

By default, the system assumes that the parent process is indeed interested in such information at the time of the child's termination, and thus sends the parent the signal SIGCHLD to alert that there is some data about a child to be collected. Such collection is done by calling a function of the wait family (either wait itself or one of its relatives, such as waitpid, waitid or wait4). As soon as this collection is made, the system releases those last bits of information about the child process and removes its pid from the process table. However, if the parent process lingers in collecting the child's data (or fails to do it at all), the system has no option but keep the child's pid and termination data in the process table indefinitely.

Such a terminated process whose data has not been collected is called a zombie process, or simply a zombie, in the UNIX parlance. The name is a humorous analogy due to considering terminated process as "no longer alive" or "dead"—since it has really ceased functioning—and a lingering dead process still "incarnated" in the "world of the living" processes—the process table—which is therefore actually "undead", or "zombie".

Zombie processes might pose problems on systems with limited resources or that have limited-size process tables, as the creation of new, active processes might be prevented by the lack of resources still used by long lasting zombies.

It is, therefore, a good programming practice in any program that might spawn child processes to have code to prevent the formation of long lasting zombies from its original children. The most obvious approach is to have code that calls wait or one of its relatives somewhere after having created a new process. If the program is expected to create many child processes that may execute asynchronously and terminate in an unpredictable order, it is generally good to create a handler for the SIGCHLD signal, calling one of the wait-family function in a loop, until no uncollected child data remains. It is possible for the parent process to completely ignore the termination of its children and still not create zombies, but this requires the explicit definition of a handler for SIGCHLD through a call to sigaction with the special option flag SA_NOCLDWAIT.

Orphan processes

Orphan processes are an opposite situation to zombie processes, referring to the case in which a parent process terminates before its child processes, which are said to become "orphaned". Unlike the asynchronous child-to-parent notification that happens when a child process terminates (via the  signal), child processes are not notified immediately when their parent finishes. Instead, the system simply redefines the "parent PID" field in the child process's data to be the process that is the "ancestor" of every other process in the system, whose PID generally has the value of 1 (one), and whose name is traditionally "init" (except in the Linux kernel 3.4 and above [more info below]). Thus, it was said that init "adopts" every orphan process on the system.

A somewhat common assumption by programmers new to UNIX was that the child processes of a terminating process will be adopted by this process's immediate parent process (hence those child processes' "grandparent"). Such assumption was incorrect unless, of course, that "grandparent" was the init itself.

After Linux kernel 3.4 this is no longer true, in fact processes can issue the prctl() system call with the PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER option, and as a result they, not process #1, will become the parent of any of their orphaned descendant processes. This is the way of working of modern service managers and daemon supervision utilities including systemd, upstart, and the nosh service manager.

This is an abstract of the manual page, reporting that:
A subreaper fulfills the role of init(1) for its descendant processes. When a process becomes orphaned (i.e., its immediate parent terminates) then that process will be reparented to the nearest still living ancestor subreaper. Subsequently, calls to getppid() in the orphaned process will now return the PID of the subreaper process, and when the orphan terminates, it is the subreaper process that will
 receive a SIGCHLD signal and will be able to wait(2) on the process to discover its termination status.

References

Process (computing)

Parent process


"Alice's Restaurant Massacree", commonly known as "Alice's Restaurant", is a satirical talking blues song by singer-songwriter Arlo Guthrie, released as the title track to his 1967 debut album Alice's Restaurant. The song is a deadpan protest against the Vietnam War draft, in the form of a comically exaggerated but largely true story from Guthrie's own life: while visiting acquaintances in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, he is arrested and convicted of dumping trash illegally, which later endangers his suitability for the military draft. The title refers to a restaurant owned by one of Guthrie's friends, artist Alice Brock. Although Brock is a minor character in the story, the restaurant plays no role in it aside from being the subject of the chorus and the impetus for Guthrie's visit.

The song inspired the 1969 film Alice's Restaurant, which starred Guthrie and took numerous liberties with the story. The work has become Guthrie's signature song and he has periodically re-released it with updated lyrics. In 2017, it was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant".

Characteristics
The song consists of a protracted spoken monologue, with a constantly repeated fingerstyle Piedmont blues ragtime guitar backing and light brush-on-snare drum percussion (the drummer on the record is uncredited). This is bookended by a short chorus about the titular diner. Guthrie has used the brief "Alice's Restaurant" bookends and guitar backing for other monologues bearing the Alice's Restaurant name.

The track lasts 18 minutes and 34 seconds, occupying the entire A-side of the Alice's Restaurant album. Due to Guthrie's rambling and circuitous telling with unimportant details, it has been described as a shaggy dog story.

Guthrie refers to the incident as a "massacree", a colloquialism originating in the Ozark Mountains that describes "an event so wildly and improbably and baroquely messed up that the results are almost impossible to believe". It is a corruption of the word massacre, but carries a much lighter and more sarcastic connotation, rather than describing anything involving actual death.

Story

Prologue
Guthrie states that the song is entitled "Alice's Restaurant" but clarifies that this is only the name of the song, not the business owned by his friend Alice. He then sings the chorus, which is in the form of a jingle for the restaurant, beginning with "You can get anything you want at Alice's restaurant" twice, and continuing with directions to it before restating the slogan once more.

Part One

Guthrie recounts events that took place in 1965 (two years prior at the time of the original recording), when he and a friend spent Thanksgiving Day at a deconsecrated church on the outskirts of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, which their friends Alice and Ray Brock had been using as a home. As a favor to them, Guthrie and the friend volunteered to take their large accumulation of garbage to the local dump in their VW Microbus, not realizing until they arrived there that the dump would be closed for the holiday. They eventually noticed another pile of trash that had previously been dumped off a cliff near a side road, and added theirs to the accumulation before returning to the church for Thanksgiving dinner.

The next morning, the church received a phone call from the local policeman, Officer Obie, saying that an envelope in the garbage pile had been traced back to them. Guthrie, stating "I cannot tell a lie" and with tongue in cheek, confessed that he "put that envelope underneath" the garbage. He and his friend drove to the police station, expecting a verbal reprimand and to be required to clean up the garbage, but they were instead arrested, handcuffed, and taken to the scene of the crime. There, Obie and a crew of police officers from the surrounding areas collected extensive forensic evidence of the litter, including "twenty-seven 8-by-10 color glossy pictures with circles and arrows and a paragraph on the back of each one explaining what each one was, to be used as evidence against us" amid a media circus of local media trying to get news stories on the littering. The young men were briefly jailed, with Obie taking drastic precautions to prevent Guthrie from escaping or committing suicide. After a few hours, Alice bailed them out and held another Thanksgiving dinner.

Guthrie and his friend stood trial the next day. When Obie saw that the judge relied upon a seeing-eye dog, he realized that the officers' meticulous work had been foiled by a literal "case of American blind justice", as the judge would not be able to see the evidence. Guthrie and his friend paid a $50 fine to the court and were ordered to pick up the garbage, in the snow.

Part Two

Guthrie then states that the littering incident was "not what I came to tell you about" and shifts to another story, this one based at the Army Building on Whitehall Street in New York City as Guthrie appeared for a physical exam related to the Vietnam War draft. He tried various strategies to be found unfit for military service, including getting drunk the night before so he was hung over, and attempting to convince the psychiatrist that he was homicidal, which only earned him praise.

After several hours, Guthrie was asked whether he had ever been convicted of a crime. He nodded, began to tell his story, and was sent to the "Group W" bench to file for a moral waiver. The other convicts ("mother-rapers... father-stabbers... father-rapers") were initially put off that his conviction had been for littering, but accepted him when he added "and creating a nuisance". When Guthrie noticed one of the questions on the paperwork asked whether he had rehabilitated himself since the crime, he noted the irony of having to prove himself reformed from a crime of littering when the realities of war were often far more brutal. The officer in charge of the induction process commented, "We don't like your kind", rejecting Guthrie and sending his fingerprints to the federal government to be put on file.

Epilogue
In the final part of the song, Guthrie explains to the live audience that anyone finding themselves in a similar situation should walk into the military psychiatrist's office, sing the opening line from the chorus and walk out. He predicts that a single person doing it would be rejected as "sick" and that two people doing it, in harmony, would be rejected as "faggots", but that once three people started doing it they would begin to suspect "an organization" and 50 people a day would be recognized as "the Alice's Restaurant Anti-Massacree Movement". As he continues fingerpicking, he invites the audience to sing the chorus along with him "the next time it comes around on the guitar". When they do so, Guthrie claims that their singing "was horrible", and challenges them to sing it with him "with four-part harmony and feeling". Guthrie and the crowd then sing the chorus, and he wraps it up.

Development
Guthrie cited the long-form monologues of Lord Buckley and Bill Cosby, and the movies of Charlie Chaplin, as inspirations for the song's lyrics, and a number of different musicians (in particular Mississippi John Hurt) as inspirations for the Piedmont fingerstyle guitar accompaniment, noting that he took about "two seconds" to come up with the accompaniment because he wanted something easy to play mindlessly while narrating the story. The song was written as the events happened over the course of approximately one year; it grew out of a simple joke riff Guthrie had been working on in 1965 and 1966 before he appeared before the draft board (the opening was originally written as "you can hide from Obanhein at Alice's restaurant", which is how the restaurant got tied into the original story), and he later added his experience before the draft board to create the song as it is known today. Additional portions of the song were written during one of Guthrie's many stays with the English songwriter and music journalist Karl Dallas and his family in London. Guthrie sent a demo recording of the song to his father Woody Guthrie on his deathbed; it was, according to a "family joke", the last thing Woody heard before he died in October 1967. Because of the song's length, Guthrie never expected it to be released, because such extended monologues were extremely rare in an era when singles were typically less than three minutes.

Response

1960s

"Alice's Restaurant" was first performed publicly with Guthrie singing live on Radio Unnameable, the overnight program hosted by Bob Fass that aired on New York radio station WBAI, one evening in 1966. The initial performance was part of an impromptu supergroup at the WBAI studios that included David Bromberg, Jerry Jeff Walker and Ramblin' Jack Elliot. Guthrie performed the song several times live on WBAI in 1966 and 1967 before its commercial release. The song proved so popular that at one point Fass (who was known for playing songs he liked over and over again in his graveyard slot) started playing a recording of one of Guthrie's live performances of the song repeatedly; eventually the non-commercial station rebroadcast it only when listeners pledged to donate a large amount of money.  (Fass subverted it and occasionally asked for donations to get him to stop playing the recording.)

"Alice's Restaurant" was performed on July 17, 1967, at the Newport Folk Festival in a workshop or breakout section on "topical songs", where it was such a hit that he was called upon to perform it for the entire festival audience. The song's success at Newport and on WBAI led Guthrie to record it in front of a studio audience in New York City and release it as side one of the album Alice's Restaurant in October 1967.

The original album spent 16 weeks on the Billboard 200 album chart, peaking at #29 during the week of March 2, 1968, then reentered the chart on December 27, 1969, after the film version was released, peaking that time at #63. In the wake of the film version, Guthrie recorded a more single-friendly edit of the chorus in 1969. Titled "Alice's Rock & Roll Restaurant", it included three verses, all of which advertise the restaurant, and a fiddle solo by country singer Doug Kershaw; to fit the song on a record, the monologue was removed, bringing the song's length to 4:43. This version, backed with "Ring Around the Rosy Rag" (a cut from the Alice's Restaurant album),  peaked at #97 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #64 in Canada. Because the single did not reach the popularity of the full version, which did not qualify for the Hot 100 because of its length, Billboard officially classifies Guthrie as a one-hit wonder for his later hit "City of New Orleans".

After the release of the original album, Guthrie continued to perform the song in concert, regularly revising and updating the lyrics. In 1969, for instance, he performed a 20-minute rendition of the song that, instead of the original narrative, told a fictional story of how Russian and Chinese military operatives attempted to weaponize "multicolored rainbow roaches" they had found at Alice's restaurant, and the Lyndon Johnson administration orchestrated a plan for the nation to defend itself. A recording of this version titled "Alice: Before Time Began" was released in 2009 on a CD distributed by Guthrie's Rising Son Records label; another recording of this version, titled "The Alice's Restaurant Multicolored Rainbow Roach Affair", was also released on that label.

Developing tradition

It has become a tradition for many classic rock and adult album alternative radio stations to play the song each Thanksgiving. Despite its use of the slur "faggots", radio stations generally present the song as originally recorded, and the Federal Communications Commission has never punished a station for playing it. When performing the song in later years, Guthrie began to change the line to something less offensive and often topical: during the 1990s and 2000s, the song alluded to the Seinfeld episode "The Outing" by saying "They'll think you're gay—not that there's anything wrong with that," and in 2015, Guthrie used the line "They'll think they're trying to get married in some parts of Kentucky", a nod to the controversy of the time surrounding county clerk Kim Davis.

By the late 1970s, Guthrie had removed the song from his regular concert repertoire. In 1984, Guthrie, who was supporting George McGovern's ultimately unsuccessful comeback bid for the Democratic presidential nomination, revived "Alice's Restaurant" to protest the Reagan Administration's reactivation of the Selective Service System registrations. That version has not been released on a commercial recording; at least one bootleg of it from one of Guthrie's performances exists. It was this tour, which occurred near the 20th anniversary of the song (and continued as a general tour after McGovern dropped out of the race), that prompted Guthrie to return the song to his playlist every ten years, usually coinciding with the anniversary of either the song or the incident. The 30th anniversary version of the song includes a follow-up recounting how he learned that Richard Nixon had owned a copy of the song, and he jokingly suggested that this explained the famous 18½-minute gap in the Watergate tapes.

Guthrie rerecorded his entire debut album for his 1997 CD Alice's Restaurant: The Massacree Revisited, on the Rising Son label, which includes this expanded version. The 40th anniversary edition, performed at and released as a recording by the Kerrville Folk Festival, made note of some parallels between the 1960s and the Iraq War and George W. Bush administration. Guthrie revived the song for the 50th anniversary edition in 2015, which he expected would be the last time he would do so. In 2018, Guthrie began the "Alice's Restaurant: Back by Popular Demand" Tour, reuniting with members of his 1970s backing band Shenandoah. The tour, which features Guthrie's daughter Sarah Lee Guthrie as the opening act, was scheduled to wrap up in 2020. To justify bringing the song back out of its usual ten-year sequence, he stated that he was doing so to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the film version of the song. The tour ended in 2019 and was later confirmed to have been Guthrie's last; he suffered a career-ending stroke in November of that year and announced his retirement in October 2020.

Artist's reflections

In a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, Guthrie said he believed there are such things as just wars, and that the message of this song was targeted at the Vietnam War in particular. Interviews with Ron Bennington in 2009 and NPR in 2005 describe the song not so much as anti-war but as "anti-stupidity". Guthrie considered the song as relevant in 2015 as it was in 1965, particularly in that millennials and Generation Z were, much like the Baby Boomers of his era, beginning to coalesce as a bloc in opposition to the "very sophisticated manipulation" from major authority figures and institutions of the era, something that Guthrie believed Baby Boomers would find familiar.

Historicity
Most of the events of the story are true; the littering incident was recorded in the local newspaper at the time it happened, and although Guthrie made some minor embellishments, the persons mentioned in the first half of the story all granted interviews on the subject, mostly verifying that part of the story. The second half of the story does not have as much specific corroborating evidence to support it; the public exposure of COINTELPRO in 1971 confirmed that the federal government was collecting personal information on anti-war protesters as Guthrie alleged, and Guthrie's father was known to have been on the FBI watchlists due to his Communist sympathies.

Alice, Ray and the restaurant
The Alice in the song was restaurant-owner Alice May Brock (born 1941). In 1964, shortly after graduating from Sarah Lawrence College, Alice used $2,000 supplied by her mother to purchase a deconsecrated church in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, where Alice and her husband, Ray Brock (1929–August 1, 1979), would live. Alice was a painter and designer, while Ray was an architect and woodworker who originally was from Hartfield, Virginia; the two had met while in Greenwich Village in 1962. Both worked at a nearby private academy, the music and art-oriented Stockbridge School, from which Guthrie (then of Howard Beach, a neighborhood in Queens, New York City) had graduated.
Alice Brock operated a restaurant called "The Back Room" in 1966, at 40 Main Street in Stockbridge, located behind a grocery store and directly underneath the studios of Norman Rockwell. The Back Room was already closed by the time the song was released; it ceased operations in April 1966. (Theresa's Stockbridge Café was last known to occupy the site; the café's sign makes note that the space was "formerly Alice's Restaurant".) After a breakup and abortive reconciliation, Alice divorced Ray in 1968; she went on to launch two more restaurants (a take-out window in Housatonic in 1971 and a much larger establishment in Lenox in the late 1970s) before leaving the restaurant business in 1979. Ray returned to Virginia after the divorce and took on various projects until his death in 1979.

Alice owned an art studio and gallery in Provincetown, Massachusetts, until 2016. She illustrated the 2004 children's book Mooses Come Walking, written by Guthrie, and authored and illustrated another, How to Massage Your Cat.

In 1969, Random House published The Alice's Restaurant Cookbook () which featured recipes and hippie wisdom from Alice Brock, as well as photos of Alice and Guthrie, and publicity stills from the movie. A tear-out record was included in the book with Brock and Guthrie bantering on two tracks, "Italian-Type Meatballs" and "My Granma's Beet Jam".

The church

The church, originally built as the St. James Chapel in 1829, was enlarged in 1866 and renamed Trinity Church. Ray and Alice Brock purchased the property in 1964 and made it their home. Alice sold the building shortly after the film adaptation was released, commenting that the song and film had brought a great deal of unwanted publicity. The building changed ownership several times in the 1970s and 1980s until Guthrie bought the facility in 1991 and converted it to the Guthrie Center, a nondenominational, interfaith meeting place.

In the main chapel area is a stage on which Officer Obie's chair sits as a reminder of the arrest. A set of private rooms in which Alice and Ray once lived remains.

In later years, the Guthrie Center became a folk music venue, hosting a Thursday evening hootenanny as well as the Troubadour Concert series annually from Memorial Day to Labor Day. Musical guests have included John Gorka, Tom Paxton, Ellis Paul, Tom Rush, The Highwaymen folk group and Arlo Guthrie. The Troubadour series helps to support the church's free community lunch program which is held at the church every Wednesday at noon. On Thanksgiving, the church hosts a "Thanksgiving dinner that can't be beat" for the local community. The annual "Garbage Trail Walk", retracing the steps of Arlo and folksinger Rick Robbins (as told in the song), raises money for Huntington's disease research.

The littering incident
The incident which Guthrie recounts in the first half of the song was reported in The Berkshire Eagle on November 29, 1965. It describes the conviction of Richard J. Robbins, age 19, and Arlo Guthrie, age 18, for illegally disposing of rubbish, and a fine of $25 each, plus an order to remove the trash. The arresting officer was Stockbridge police chief William J. Obanhein ("Officer Obie"), and the trial was presided over by Special Judge James E. Hannon. It identifies the incriminating evidence as an envelope addressed to a male resident of Great Barrington (presumably Ray Brock) rather than Guthrie. In a 1972 interview with Playboy's Music Scene, Obanhein denied handcuffing Guthrie and Robbins. He also said the real reason there was no toilet seat in the jail cell was to prevent such items from being stolen, not as a suicide deterrent as Guthrie had joked. Guthrie also admitted in 2020 that the police photographs were in black-and-white, not in color. The Microbus that Guthrie and Robbins used to dispose of the garbage was eventually scrapped; the Guthrie Center later acquired a replica that Guthrie occasionally drives.

The draft
The Armed Forces Examination and Entrance Station was part of a large complex at 39 Whitehall Street in New York City from 1884 to 1969. By the late 1960s, the building had become a target for anti-war protesters, and two bombings left minor damage to the building, prompting the building to be vacated. The building has since been repurposed as a mixed-use development and its address changed (it is now 3 New York Plaza).

The brief mention of "faggots" being rejected for military service in the song's epilogue was based on military policy at the time, which rejected all homosexuals and expelled anyone caught engaging in homosexual behavior with a section 8 dishonorable discharge. The policy was modified in 1993 and fully repealed in 2012.

Guthrie acknowledged that he was never in danger of being drafted because he had been given a high draft number. A fellow friend commented that he and Guthrie were "not going to get called unless there's a squirrel invasion in New Hampshire."

Legacy

Alice's Restaurant of Sky Londa, California, founded in the 1960s, was originally founded by Alice Taylor with no direct connection to Alice Brock. Subsequent owners of the restaurant kept the original name as a homage to the song, eventually adding a "Group W bench," because the name had made the restaurant a tourist attraction that was "good for business."

Feature film

The song was adapted into the 1969 movie Alice's Restaurant, directed and co-written by Arthur Penn, who had heard the song in 1967 while living in Stockbridge and immediately wanted to make the song into a movie. Guthrie appears as himself, with Pat Quinn as Alice Brock and James Broderick as Ray Brock, William Obanhein and James Hannon appearing as themselves, and Alice Brock making a cameo appearance.

The film was released in August 1969, a few days after Guthrie appeared at the Woodstock Festival, and a soundtrack album was released by United Artists Records. The soundtrack includes a studio version of "Alice's Restaurant", which was originally divided into two parts (one for each album side). A compact disc reissue on the Rykodisc label presents this version in full and adds several bonus tracks to the original LP.

See also
 List of anti-war songs

References
Notes

Further reading
Lee, Laura. Arlo, Alice & Anglicans: The Lives of a New England Church. Berkshire House Publishers, 2000; W.W. Norton, 2000 paperback.
Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. Mass Moments, "Arlo Guthrie Convicted of Littering, November 28, 1965"
Wilson, John S. "Newport is His Just for a Song; Arlo Guthrie Festival Hero With 'Alice's Restaurant'", The New York Times, July 18, 1967, p. 30 (also reprinted in the CD liner notes).

External links

[ All Music entry for Alice's Restaurant (1967)]
[ All Music entry for Alice's Restaurant (1997)]

The Guthrie Center

1967 songs
1969 singles
Reprise Records singles
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Songs of the Vietnam War
Stockbridge, Massachusetts
Songs based on actual events
Thanksgiving songs
Arlo Guthrie songs
Songs written by Arlo Guthrie
Song recordings produced by Fred Hellerman
United States National Recording Registry recordings
Blues songs
Songs about New York City
Satirical songs
LGBT-related songs
American folk rock songs
Songs about restaurants

Alice's Restaurant


El buco pío,  buco pinto, chacurú de pecho blanco, chacurú pechiblanco, juancito negro, bobo coronado, buco enano y buco pío mayor,  (Notharchus tectus''') es una especie de ave piciforme de la familia Bucconidae que vive en Sudamérica.

Descripción

El buco pío mide unos 15 cm de largo y pesa alrededor de 27 g. Como su propio nombre indica su plumaje es blanco y negro. Sus partes superiores son principalmente negras y sus partes inferiores principalmente blancas. Tiene listas oculares y lorales negras, y una banda negra que rodea la parte superior de su pecho a modo de collar. Su pico es robusto y también negro. Los juveniles tienen las partes superiores negro parduzcas, con manchas de color blanco anteado en las coberteras alares.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en las selvas húmedas tropicales de regiones bajas de Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, la Guayana francesa, Guyana, Panamá, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 http://www.damisela.com/zoo/ave/otros/pic/bucconidae/notharchus/tectus/index.htm
 https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=ES&avibaseid=70D5AC76A370FD48

Aves de América del Sur
Tectus
Animales descritos en 1783
Taxones descritos por Pieter Boddaert

Notharchus tectus