Als Riesenbibel werden großformatige Bibel-Handschriften bezeichnet, die ab Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts entstanden.

Geschichte
Im 11. Jahrhundert förderte die päpstliche Reformbestrebung ein vertieftes Bibelstudium. In diesem Zusammenhang entstanden zuerst in Mittel- und Norditalien meist zweibändige Riesenbibeln ("bibbie atlantiche"). Das Großformat unterstrich die Bedeutung der im Buch niedergeschriebenen Heiligen Schrift. Als Textvorlage dienten die karolingischen Bibeln, die zwischen etwa 800 und 850 in Abteien wie Saint-Martin in Tours in einer Art Massenproduktion hergestellt worden waren.

Im 12. Jahrhundert wurden auch nördlich der Alpen Bibeln nach italienischem Vorbild hergestellt, wobei sich ein eigenständiger romanischer Bildmalerei-Stil entwickelte.

Nach Entwicklung des Buchdrucks wurden keine großformatigen Bibelhandschriften mehr erstellt.

Erzeugung
Eine mehrbändige, großformatige Riesenbibel herzustellen, war eine gewaltige Herausforderung für ein Skriptorium. Der Aufwand an Arbeitszeit und Material war enorm. Für die überdimensionalen Pergamentblätter benötigte man in einem überlieferten Fall die Häute von 155 Kälbern. Die Abschrift, Illuminierung und Bindung der Riesenbibel von Tournai dauerte vier Jahre. An der Niederschrift des Textes waren in der Regel mehrere Schreiber beteiligt, die ihre Arbeit in verschiedene Abschnitte aufteilten.

Beschreibung

Die Riesenbibeln sind durchschnittlich etwa 65 cm hoch und 40 cm breit. Die größte Riesenbibel stammt aus Böhmen, der sogenannte Codex Gigas ist 90 mal 50 cm groß und damit eine der größten erhaltenen Handschriften der Welt.

Die mehrere Zeilen hohen Initialen waren nicht nur Zierelemente, sondern dienten wie die Randglossen auch der Orientierung der Vorlesenden, denn die Einteilung des Bibeltextes in Kapitel und Verse wurde erst später vom britischen Erzbischof Stephan Langton im 13. Jahrhundert bzw. vom Pariser Buchdrucker Robert Estienne im 16. Jahrhundert vorgenommen.

Für die Malereien wurden Metallfarben, Deckfarben und teilweise Silber und Gold verwendet.

Verwendung
Aus den Riesenbibeln wurde im Stundengebet und im Gottesdienst laut vorgelesen. Wegen ihres Gewichts konnte eine Riesenbibel nur mühsam von einem Ort zum anderen getragen werden. Eine ständig zum Einsatz kommende Riesenbibel dürfte deshalb das ganze Jahr über im Chor einer Abteikirche auf einem eigenen Lesepult gelegen haben. Durch das häufige Umblättern wurden die meisten Seitenecken stark abgenutzt.

Beispiele
Riesenbibeln in Italien:
 Bibbia del Pantheon (Pantheonbibel), Vatikan, Nr. 12958
 Bibbia di Calci, Riesenbibel der Certosa di Pisa in Calci (1168; 56 × 38 cm)
 Bibbia di Perugia, Perugia, Biblioteca Comunale Augusta, L 59
 Bibbia di Santa Cecilia, Vatikan, Barb. lat. 587

 Bibbia di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florenz, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Edili 125–126
 Bibbia di Todi, Vatikan, Nr. 10405
 Bibbia Urbinate (Bibel des Federico da Montefeltro), Vatikan, Urb. Lat. 1 und 2 (1476–1478; 59,8 × 44,3 cm)

Riesenbibeln in Österreich:
 Admonter Riesenbibel im Stift Admont, Oberösterreich
 Babenberger Riesenbibel im Stift Klosterneuburg, Niederösterreich
 Millstätter Riesenbibel im Stiftsmuseum Millstatt, Kärnten
 Riesenbibel vom Nonnberg (Fragment), Salzburg
 Riesenbibel von St. Florian, Oberösterreich, Codex XI 1 (1140/50; 66 × 48 cm)
 Waltherbibel von Michaelbeuern

Riesenbibeln in Deutschland:
 Gumbertusbibel von Regensburg (spätes 12. Jahrhundert; 67 × 46 cm)
 Mainzer Riesenbibel in der herzoglichen Bibliothek in Gotha, Thüringen (1452–1453; 55 × 40 cm)
 Maximiner Riesenbibel (Riesenbibel von St. Maximin) aus der Reichsabtei St. Maximin bei Trier, heute in der Schatzkammer der Trierer Bibliothek
 Riesenbibel Heinrichs IV. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Nr. 13001

Sonstige Riesenbibeln:
 Codex Gigas aus Böhmen (13. Jahrhundert; 92 × 50 cm)
 Riesenbibel von Tournai, Belgien

Weblinks

 Riesenbibel. In: mittelalter-lexikon.de.

Einzelnachweise

Handschrift
Romanische Buchmalerei

Riesenbibel


Porsa es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Morena, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 168  a 523 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 44 436 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Porsa


Loiri Porto San Paolo (im galluresischen Dialekt: Lòiri-Poltu Santu Paulu ) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Nord-Est Sardegna auf Sardinien. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 8,5 Kilometer südlich von Olbia und etwa 33,5 Kilometer ostsüdöstlich von Tempio Pausania an der Küste zum Tyrrhenischen Meer.

Verkehr
Wenige Kilometer nördlich liegt der Verkehrsflughafen Olbia. Durch die Gemeinde führen die Strada Statale 131 Diramazione Centrale Nuorese von Olbia nach Nuoro sowie entlang der Küste die Strada Statale 125 Orientale Sarda von Cagliari nach Palau.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort auf Sardinien
Weinbauort in Italien

Loiri Porto San Paolo


Kjell Christoffer Ove Adolf Barnekow (født 13. april 1940 i Malmö, død 5. januar 2018 i Stockholm) var en svensk journalist, tv-vært og friherre.

Karriere
Barnekow tog i slutningen af 1950'erne et kursus i radiojournalistik ved Arbetarnas bildningsförbund (ABF) og søgte derefter arbejde ved Sveriges Radio i Malmö. Han fik dog ikke jobbet, men gav sig i stedet til at studere sprog og litteratur ved Lunds Universitet. I en periode arbejdede han som dramalærer. I 1963 var han instruktørassistent på Bo Widerbergs film Ravnekvarteret. I 1969 blev han ansat på det netop oprettede TV 2 i Malmö, hvor han fik til opgave at lave børneudsendelser. Sammen med Staffan Westerberg skrev han manuskript til og producerede serien Vilse i pannkakan i 1975. Han var ansat ved SVT i Malmö i 25 år og bedrev her blandt andet opsøgende journalistik i programmerne Reportrarna, Uppdrag granskning og Rekord-Magazinet.

I Danmark kendes Barnekow nok især fra sin medvirken i tre udgaver af I sandhedens tjeneste med Poul og Nulle. Han lavede desuden seks sæsoner af serien Arkitekturens pärlor, der indgik i Go'kväll. Efter at være gået på pension fra SVT flyttede Barnekow til Stockholm, hvor han stod bag programserien Panorama Stockholm om byens forandring og arkitektur. Han arbejdede samtidig med debatserien Stad i förvandling hos ABF.

Privatliv
Christoffer Barnekow var i perioden 1968-1985 gift med Kerstin Sjögren, med hvem han fik to børn. I 1994 giftede han sig med journalisten Hanne Fokdal.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Journalister fra Sverige
Tv-værter fra Sverige
Friherrer fra Sverige
Christoffer
Svenskere i 1900-tallet
Svenskere i 2000-tallet

Christoffer Barnekow


Lars Brydesen (født 9. januar 1938), er en dansk filmklipper.

Filmografi

 Pigen i søgelyset (1959)
 Gymnasiepigen (1960)
 Komtessen (1961)
 Landsbylægen (1961)
 Jetpiloter (1961)
 Det tossede paradis (1962)
 Oskar (1962)
 Syd for Tana River (1963)
 Bussen (1963)
 Støv for alle pengene (1963)
 April (1963)
 Vi har det jo dejligt (1963)
 Slottet (1964)
 Kampen om Næsbygaard (1964)
 Mord for åbent tæppe (1964)
 Næsbygaards Arving (1965)
 Hold da helt ferie (1965)
 Jensen længe leve (1965)
 Nu stiger den (1966)
 Naboerne (1966)
 Brødrene på Uglegården (1967)
 Den røde kappe (1967)
 Thomas er fredløs (1967)
 De røde heste (1968)
 Dr. Glas (1968)
 Balladen om Carl-Henning (1969)
 Mordskab (1969)
 Manden der tænkte ting (1969)
 Giv Gud en chance om søndagen (1970)
 Havet og menneskene (1970)
 Den forsvundne fuldmægtig (1971)
 Det er nat med fru Knudsen (1971)
 Desertøren (1971)
 Farlige kys (1972)
 Afskedens Time (1973)
 Nitten røde roser (1974)
 Violer er blå (1975)
 Kun sandheden (1975)
 La' os være (1975)
 Hjerter er trumf (1976)
 Historien om en moder (1979)
 Pigen fra havet (1980)
 Jeppe på bjerget (1981)
 Ulvetid (1981)
 Thorvald og Linda (1982)
 Den ubetænksomme elsker (1982)
 Kurt og Valde (1983)
 Den kroniske uskyld (1985)
 Dråben i havet (1985)
 Den vide verden (1986)
 Kajak (1987)
 Skoven som forsvandt (1987/1989)
 Spildevandet blomstrer (1990)
 Den store beslutning (1991)
 I mørke (1992)
 Renere teknologi - vejen til et bedre miljø (1992)
 Abort - et ensomt valg (1996)
 Wiig Hansen - i arbejdets midte (1996)
 Hornbæk ifølge Holger (1997)
 Fremtiden er begyndt (1998)
 Rudolph Tegner (2002)

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Filmklippere fra Danmark
Filminstruktører fra Danmark

Lars Brydesen


වැදි ජන සමාජය තුල මුඛ පරම්පරාගතව පැවත එන ගී, කවි, මන්තර, හා ජනකතා වැනි ජනශ්‍රැතින්ගෙන් සමන්විත වු වැදි බස පදනම් කොට ගෙන නිර්මාණය වු සාහිත්‍යය වැදි සාහිත්‍යය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

වැදි ගී

වැදි සාහිත්‍යයට අයත් බොහෝ දෑ වැදි බසින්ම ඇත.දරුවන්  නැලවීමේදි, නැටීමේදි, හා ශාන්තිකර්මවලදි ගී ගැයිම වැදි ජනයාගේ එක්තරා

ලක්‍ෂණයකි.එම ගී ගායනයේදි ඔවුන් ඒ ඒ අවස්ථාවන්ට උචිත පරිදි විරිත් වෙනස් කිරිම සිදු කරනු ලබයි.ගායනාවල රිද්මයානුකූල නාද මාලාවක් ඇත.ඒ

අනුව වැදි ගි විවිධ අංශ ඔස්සේ දක්නට ලැබේ.ඒ අතර දරු නැළැවිලි ගි , නැටුම් ගි ,ශාන්තිකර්ම ගි ප්‍රමුඛ ස්ථානයක් ගනි.

දරු නැළැවිලි ගි

කැකුලා මොක්කට 		අඬන්නේ

පැට්ටි  මොක්කට    		අඬන්නේ

දෑ මුණු මාලට		අඬන්නේ

සිරිතල  මාලට පැට්ටි	අඬන්නේ

ගෝණල මාලට පැට්ටි	අඬන්නේ

ඌයෙල මාලට  පැට්ටි	අඬන්නේ

		දෑමුණු මාලට නාඬන් 	පැට්ටි

		වම්බොටු මාලට නාඬන් 	පැට්ටි

		ඌයෙල බොක්කිට 	         නාඬාපෝ

		සිරිතල බොක්කිට             නාඬාපෝ

එව්වත් දීපිය 		පැට්ටිට

පැට්ටි මොක්කට                       නැළැවෙන්නේ

ගෝණල මාලට නාඬප	                       පැට්ටි

ඈලල මාලට නාඬප		  පැට්ටි

		අම්මි කොදොය් 	      රොරොය්යා

		අප්පි කොදොය් 	      රොරොය්යා

		දියේ කොරාටත් නාඬප 	                පැට්ටි

		දියේ කොරාටත් 	         නාඬාපෝ

එව්වත් දීපව් 		                පැට්ටිට

පැට්ටි මොක්කට 	    නැළැවෙන්නේ

වම්බටු මාලට නාඬප 	                   පැට්ටි

වම්බටු මාලට 	             නාඬාපෝ

		ඌයෙල බොක්කිට නාඬප 	      පැට්ටි

		ඌයෙල බොක්කිට 		නාඬාපෝ

අම්මි කොදොය් 	රොරොය්යා

අප්පි කොදොය් 	රොරොය්යා

මෙවැනි දරු නැළැවිලි ගීත කිහිපයක්ම වැදි සාහිත්‍යය තුල දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර ළමා ගී ද දක්නට ලැබේ.පහතදැක්වෙන්නේ දරුවන් අතර ප්‍රචලිත ළමා

ගීයකි.

	තෙන තෙඳිනානා තෙඳිනානේ

	තෙන තෙඳිනානා තෙඳිනානේ

			කදිරං ඇල්ලට බැඳි වියනා //

			දුන්න නමාගෙන දුනු කොබ්බෑවල //

			කුණු ගොන් තඩියෙක් පිටවතුරා ගෙන //

			චප්පි චලපිලි කියන කලට //

	චප්පිගේ බිත්තර දෙකම දෙකයි

	චප්පිගේ බිත්තර දෙකම දෙකයි

මෙවැනි ගී වලට අමතරව වෙනස් ආකාර ගත් ගී රාශියක්ම වැදි සාහිත්‍යය තුල දක්නට ලැබේ.වනයේදි වැවේදි දඩයමට යන විට ගයන ගී මෙන්ම ප්‍රේමය

සම්බන්ධ වු ගී ද දක්නට ලැබේ.

වැව් පොජ්ජේ සීපද පොජ්ජ

සුළං ගසන කොට කෙළිනා මල් 	පොජ්ජ

සීතල බාන කොට මෝරන අල 	පොජ්ජ

අල පොජ්ජෙන් සැදේ සොඳමින් ඇට 	පොජ්ජ

මල් පොජ්ජෙන් සැදේ සොඳමින් ඇට 	පොජ්ජ

		ඇට පොජ්ජෙන් කරු ගච්චන පිටි 	පොජ්ජ

		පිටි පොජ්ජෙන් කරු ගච්චන ගුලි 	පොජ්ජ

		මහම වනන්තර පොජ්ජෙ                කැකුලන්ට

		කැකුලෝ කැවිලිලන්නේ මහ ගුලි 	පොජ්ජ

දිය මතුපිට කෙළි සුදෙමින් මල් පොජ්ජ

සීතල බාන කොට මෝරන අල පොජ්ජ

නැටුම් ගී

තෙන තෙඳිනානා තෙඳිනානෝ

තාලා පාරේ කොබෙයියෝ

කොවුරුං මිටුරුං කියන්නේ

	අඟර නැටුම් 	නටාපෝ

	ඩිංගිරි නැටුම් 	නටාපෝ

	ආටී බිටි 		ගසාපෝ

	බලී බිලී 		ගසාපෝ

	සුදු හුරව 		දකින්ඩයි

	මම දුවගෙන ආවේ 	       මෝ

	කොළඹ රාජව 	දකින්ඩයි

	මම දුවගෙන ආවේ                   මෝ

	ගලේ මුලේ 	                         වැටීලා

	මගේ තොලේ 	    වැදීලා

	ටික්කට මෝලා 	     මරාපී

වැදි ජන ජිවිතයේ සුවිශේෂි අවස්ථාවන් මෙන්ම විවිධ අවස්ථාවන් හා සම්බන්ධව නිර්මාණය වු වැදි ගී දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර කවි ද ප්‍රමුඛස්ථානයක්ගනි.

විශේෂයෙන් වැදි ජනයාගේ කවි නිර්මාණය වි ඇත්තේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශාන්තිකර්ම හා අදහන දෙවි දේවතාවුන්අරඹයාය.

වැදි කවි

කිරි කොරහේ දි ගැයෙන කවි

හෝ...ඒ දෙයියෝ මෙ දෙයියෝ

කන්දේ ගමන් පොජ්ජේ කැවිල්ලාන 			කංකුණා

කන්දේ මං පොජ්ජේ කැවිල්ලාන 			කංකුණා

ඉස්  පොජ්ජේ මස් පොජ්ජ කැවිල්ලාන 			කංකුණා

පය පොජ්ජේ මස් පොජ්ජ 	ඇනඋකාලන 	 	කංකුණා

මේ ඇත්තන්නේ කිරි ගෙජ්ජට  ඇනඋකාලන 		කංකුණා

මේ ඇත්තන්නේ තුඹ පෝරුතනට ඇනඋකාලන 		කංකුණා

මේ ඇත්තන්නේ පැඟිරි කොළ පොජ්ජට ඇනඋකාලන 	කංකුණා

මේ ඇත්ත‍න්නේ කෝනම් පොජ්ජට ඇනඋකාලන	                     කංකුණා

මේ ඇත්තන්නේ දෙපටුල්ලන් තැනට ඇනඋකාලන 	කංකුණා

මේ ඇත්තන්නේ මොරියං කැච්චට ඇනඋකාලන		කංකුණා

කන්දේ දෙයියල ඇත්තෝ ඇනඋකාලන 		කංකුණා

ඉස් ගෙජ්ජේ මස් පොජ්ජ ඇනඋකාලන 		කංකුණා

හොඃ හොඃ හොඃ

කිරි අම්මාවරුන්ගේ කවි

	ඉඳිගොල්ලේ කන්දේ මම යන කල		ට

	ගල්කෑරා මල් සුවඳක් ගැසු ම		ට

	එමල සොයා තනිමාලට යන කල		ට

	ඉඳිගොල්ලේ කිරි අම්මා වැඩි ලෙස		ට

අත්තනමල ලොල සපුමල පිපෙන්		නේ

රෙද්දේ නොවෙද සිත්තර රුව අඳින්		නේ

තිස්සේ නොවෙද රජ්ජුරුවන් දකින්		නේ

කිරි අම්මා නුඹ මානෙල් මලක්		නේ

වැද්දන් පිලිබඳ ජනකවි

	සොරබොර වැවේ එගොඩෙත් ඉන්නේ 	වැද්දෝ

	සොරබොර වැවේ මෙගොඩෙත් ඉන්නේ                  වැද්දෝ

	සොරබොර වැවේ දෙගොඩෙම ඉන්නේ 	වැද්දෝ

	අපටත් නෙළුම් මල් හුලන්නට		දෙද්දෝ

මෙවැනි ජනකවි වැද්දන්ගේ කොළ මඩුව නම් ශාන්තිකර්මයේදි මෙන්ම කිරි කොරහ නටන අවස්ථාවන්හිදි ගායනා කරනු ලබයි.

මන්තර

මන්තර මැතිරිමෙන් තම ජිවිතයට සහනයක් ලැබෙන බව වැදි ජනතාවගේ විශ්වාසයකි.ලෙඩ දුක් සන්සිඳවිමට, වන සතුන්ගෙන් සිදුවන කරදර

මඟහැරවිමට මෙම මන්තරවල විශාල බලයක් ඇතැයි වැදි ජනතාව විශ්වාස කරයි.දෙහි කැපිම, වල් අලින් එලවා දැමිමට,වලසුන් එලවා දැමිමට,

වල් මිහරකුන් එලවා දැමිමට, කොටියා එලවා දැමිමට ආදි ලෙස වෙන් වෙන් වු මන්තර රාශියක් ඔවුන් සතුව ඇත.

වල් අලින් එලවා දැමිමේ මන්තරයක්යාලුවො බලන්න ලැබේවා දෝනී ස්වේතා පාසලට එන්නේ නැ අහුවෙන්න

	ඉච්චට වල්ලයි - පච්චට වල්ලයි

	හරි හොඳ වල්ලයි -දෑල දෙවල්ලයි

	බැහැගං බොටකදානං -බොට කඳීනං

	මංගච්ච බොට කඳා තෝඃ -බොටකඳා

වල් මිහරකුන් එලවා දැමිමේ මන්තරය

	ඉරි දෙයියන්නේ 	ඔක්මා

	සඳ දෙවියන්නේ 	ඔක්මා

	පසේ බුදුන්නේ 	ඔක්මා

	සිටු 	ඔක්මා 	     සිටු

ජන කතා

		වැදි ජනතාවට මෙවැනි විවිධ ක්ෂේත්‍රයන් එකට එක් වු ගීත සාහිත්‍යයක් ඇතිවාක් මෙන්ම ගද්‍ය සාහිත්‍යයක් ද තිබේ.වැද්දන්ගේ

වරිගවල සම්භවය පිලිබඳ පවතින ජන ප්‍රවාද හා කතාන්තර එයට අයත්ය.ඔවුන්ගේ වරිග වන ඌරු වරිගෙ,තලා වරිගෙ,උනාපාන වරිගෙ,මොරාන

වරිගෙ,නබුඩන වරිගෙ යන වරිග ඇති විම පිලිබඳ කතාන්දර මෙම ගද්‍යමය ජනශ්‍රැතිවලට අයත් වේ.එවැනි කථා රාශියක් මේ තුල දක්නට හැකිය.

ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ ආදි වාසින් ලෙස සැලකෙන වැදි ජනතාවට දියුණු යැයි සැලකෙන ජන කොටසක් තරම් දියුණු  සාහිත්‍යයක් නොමැති වුවත් ඔවුන්ටම අනන්‍ය වු

ඔවුන්ගේ භාෂාවෙන්ම නිර්මාණය වු සුවිශේෂි සාහිත්‍යයක් උරුම වි ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත ග්‍රන්ථ

 ආචාර්ය ඊ.ඇම්.රත්නපාල මහතාගේ "ලංකාවේ වැද්දෝ" කෘතියෙනි.

මේ අඩවියත් බලන්න
වැදි ජනයා

වැදි ජනයා

වැදි සාහිත්‍යය


Gal Irski ili samo Gal (o. 550. – o. 640.), irski redovnik i svetac.

Životopis
Sveti Gal zajedno je sa Svetim Kolumbanom oko 590. godine došao na misionarski rad u Franačku iz Belfasta gdje je Gal u tamošnjem samostanu završio naobrazbu. Godine 610. trebali su otići iz Franačke te su posjetili Alemane na obalama Bodenskoga jezera, Gal se ubrzo razbolio te nije mogao s Kolumbanom nastaviti misionarski rad. Kada se ubrzo oporavio, pridružio se đakonu Hilteboldu na hodočasničkim misijama po današnjoj Švicarskoj. U dolini rijeke Steinach osnovao je pustinjačko prebivalište gdje mu je pomagao i Sveti Magnus. Godine 614. bilo mu je ponuđeno mjesto biskupa Konstanze, a 625. godine i mjesto opata u Burgundiji no on je sve te ponude odbio i nastavio živjeti pustinjačkim načinom života. Umro je o 640. godine u Arbonu, a pokopan je na mjestu gdje je 612. osnovao samostan, a Sveti Otmar 719. uzdignuo na rang opatije koja se nalazi na UNESCO-ovom popisu svjetske baštine.

Legende i štovanje
Uz Svetog Gala vežu se mnoge legende, jedna od njih je ona u kojoj je pomogao medvjedu izvaditi trn iz šape te mu je medvjed u znak zahvalnosti pomagao u sakupljanju drva za ogrijev. Također se vjeruje da je istjerao zloduha iz zaručnice franačkog kralja Sigiberta II.

Njegov se spomendan slavi 16. listopada, a zaštitnik je mnogih gradova (poput St. Gallen) i država, a u nekim krajevima se na njegov spomendan obavlja se berba jabuka. a krave se s gorskih pašnjaka vraćaju u zimske staje.

Izvori

Sveci
Irski sveci

Gal Irski


باول تسيلان Paul Celan (ولد في 23 نوفمبر 1920 في تشيرنوفيتس – ومات في 20 أبريل 1970 في باريس) هو شاعر ألماني.

حياته

كانت تشيرنوفيتس حين ولادته في رومانيا وهي تقع حاليا في أوكرانيا. أما اسمه الحقيقي فهو باول أنتشيل Paul Antschel وهويكتب في اللغة الرومانية Ancel، فاشتق منه الاسم المعروف منه عن طريق طريقة تبديل الحروف فأصبح Celan، وهي طريقة كان يعمد إليها بعض الكتاب لصنع أسماء مستعارة لهم.

ولد باول تسيلان في تشيرنوفيتس وهي أهم مدن إقليم بوكوفينا في شمال الكارباتان، في عائلة يهودية تتحدث اللغة الألمانية. وكان الابن الوحيد لليو أنتشيل تايتلر وزوجته فريتسي. وكان منزل العائلة يقع في شارع فاسيلكو في تشيرنوفيتس.

التحق باول في البداية بالمدرسة الأساسية الألمانية ثم بالمدرسة اليهودية، ثم بالمدرسة الثانوية الحكومية الرومانية لمدة خمس سنوات، حتى حصل على الشهادة الثانوية في يونيو 1938 من المدرسة الثانوية الأوكرانية. وفي نفس العام شرع في دراسة الطب في تورس، غير أنه عاد بعد عام إلى رومانيا لدراسة العلوم الرومانية هناك.

وفي عام 1940 قامت القوات السوفييتية باحتلال شمال بوكوفينا بما فيها مسقط رأسه تشيرنوفيتس. استطاع تسيلان في البداية مواصلة الدراسة، غير أنه لما احتلت القوات الرومانية والألمانية في العام 1941 , أجبر اليهود على العيش داخل جيتو. وقد تم ترحيل والديه في عام 1942. أما والده فقد مات في معسكر في ترانسنيسترين جراء مرض التيفوس، وأما والدته فقد أعدمت رميا بالرصاص.

قضى تسيلان ما بين عامي 1942 و1943 مسجونا في معسكرات العمل الرومانية، وأجبر على القيام بالأعمال الإجبارية في شق الطرق في جنوب مولدوفا. وبعد التحرير (حين استولت القوات السوفييتية على تشيرنوفيتس في أغسطس 1944) عاد تسيلان إلى تشيرنوفيتس مرة أخرى واستأنف دراسته بها. وفي عام 1947 رحل عبر المجر إلى النمسا وحط رحاله في باريس عام 1948. وصدرت في نفس السنة في فيينا مجموعة أشعاره الأولى «الرمل من الأوعية» Der Sand aus den Urnen، التي لم تجد في البداية أدنى اهتمام بها.

التقى تسيلان في أغسطس من عام 1948 إنجيبورج باخمان، وربطت بينهما علاقة حب لكنها لم تدم إلا قليلا. وقد حاول الاثنان في خريف 1950 العيش معا من جديد، بيد أن محاولتهما باءت بالفشل، «لأننا لأسباب شيطانية مجهولة لا نستطيع التنفس ونحن معا» كما كتبت باخمان في رسالة إلى هانس فايجل.

وفي باريس تعرف تسيلان في نوفمبر 1951 على الفناة جيزيل دو لسترونج، وتزوجها بعد عان واحد وتعاونا معا في بعض الأعمال.

وفي عام 1952 صدرت من دار نشر أنشتالت الألمانية مجموعته الشعرية «الخشخاش والذاكرة»، التي تضم قصيدته المشهورة Todesfuge التي تتخذ القتل الذي تعرض له يهود أوروبا على أيدي النازيين موضوعا لها. حصل باول تسيلان في عام 1955 على الجنسية الفرنسية، وولد ابنه إريك تسيلان في نفس العام بعدما فقدت لسترونج ابنا قبل عامين. (واسم Eric هو تبديل للحروف لكلمة ècris الفرنسية التي معناها 'اكتب!,).

وفي عام 1960 ازدادت حدة الاتهامات الغير مبررة من جانب كلير جول أرملة الشاعر اليهودي إيفان جول، تجاه تسيلان بأنه ينتحل ويسرق قصائد الشاعرالراحل، وكانت قد ربطت بينهما الصداقة وقام تسيلان بترجمة العديد من قصائده. وقد ظلت تلك الاتهامات بالانتحال تلاحق تسيلان حتى آخر أيام حياته (وكانت تلك الاتهامات تسمى أيضا «قضية جول»).

وقد أدخل تسيلان المشفى أكثر من مرة، وعلى سبيل المثال من 28 نوفمبر 1965 حتى 11 يونيو 1966 لأنه اعتدى وهو في حالة جنون كامل على زوجته لوسترونج وأراد قتلها بالسكين. وحدث الانفصال بينهما في نوفمبر من عام 1967, وانفصل كلاهما عن الآخر في المسكن. غير أنهما ظلا على اتصال دائم.

موته

أحاط الغموض ظروف وتاريخ موت تسيلان. فالمرجح أنه قد حاول الانتحار في العشرين من أبريل 1970 بإلقاء نفسه من فوق جسر ميرابو إلى نهر السين. وانتشلت جثته من نهر السين في الأول من مايو 1970 قرب كوربفوا والتي تبعد 10 كيلومترات عن باريس.
وتم دفنه في الثاني عشر من مايو 1970 في مقبرة تييس في فالدومارن. وفي ذلك اليوم توفيت نيلي زاكس التي ربطتها بتسيلان صداقة من قبل.

ولتكريم تسيلان الذي اشتهر بترجمة الشعر فقد أنشأ صندوق الأدب الألماني في عام 1988 جائزة باول تسيلان لتكريم أعمال الترجمة البارزة.

جوائز حصل عليها
 جائزة مدينة بريمن الأدبية 1958
 جائزة جيورج بوشنر 1960

من دواوينه الشعرية
 الرمل من الأوعية 1948
 الخشخاش والذاكرة 1952
 من عتبة لأخرى 1955
 قضبان اللغة 1959
 الظهيرة 1961
 وردة الوحدة 1963

مراجع

روابط خارجية

انتحار في 1970
أساتذة المدرسة العليا للأساتذة
أسماء قلمية
أشخاص من تشيرنيفتسي
رومانيون كتبوا بالفرنسية
رومانيون مهاجرون إلى فرنسا
شعراء باللغة الألمانية
شعراء رومانيون
شعراء رومانيون في القرن 20
شعراء فرنسيون
شعراء فرنسيون في القرن 20
شعراء منتحرون
شعراء وشاعرات ألمان
شعراء يهود
فائزون بجائزة جورج بوشنر
فرنسيون من أصل يهودي روماني
كتاب دراما ومسرح فرنسيون
كتاب رومانيون في الألمانية
كتاب فرنسيون في الألمانية
مترجمون رومانيون
مترجمون فرنسيون في القرن 20
مترجمون في شارل بودلير
مترجمون من ويليام شكسبير
منتحرون غرقا
مواليد 1920
ناجون من الهولوكوست
ناجون من معسكر الإبادة النازية
وفيات 1970
وفيات في باريس
يهود بوكوفينا
يهود رومانيون
يهود فرنسيون

باول سيلان


Un casse pour des clous () est un film de casse italien réalisé par Maurizio Pradeaux et sorti en 1967.

Synopsis
Un milliardaire français passionné de pierres précieuses a un rêve : s'emparer d'un diamant extrêmement précieux exposé à Rome.
Pour mettre la main dessus, il est prêt à tout, même à engager un groupe de voleurs professionnels. Le casse est préparé et exécuté à la perfection, mais dès qu'il met la main sur le précieux diamant, le milliardaire se rend compte de la supercherie : le diamant est un faux qui ne vaut que quelques dollars.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :  ( « Vingt-Huit Minutes pour trois millions de dollars »)
 Titre français : Un casse pour des clous ou Vingt-Huit Minutes d'angoisse
 Réalisateur : Maurizio Pradeaux
 Scénario : Maurizio Pradeaux
 Photographie :
 Montage : Eugenio Alabiso
 Musique : Piero Umiliani
 Décors :
 Maquillage : Gloria Granati
 Production : Marino Carpano
 Société de production : Magic Film
 Pays de production :
 Langue de tournage : italien
 Format : Couleur par Technicolor - 2,35:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 85 minutes (1h25)
 Genre : Film de casse
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution
Richard Harrison : Jacques
Franca Polesello : Véronique
Claudio Biava : Michel
Ferruccio Viotti : André
Marino Carpano : Lucien
 : le patron
Erna Schürer : Mylène
Conny Caracciolo (sous le nom de « Conny Carol ») : Frida
Antonietta Fiorito
Iva Zanicchi : La chanteuse de la boîte de nuit
Corrado Monteforte

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 1967
Film de casse italien
Film policier italien
Film en italien
Film avec une musique composée par Piero Umiliani
Film tourné à Rome
Film se déroulant à Rome

Un casse pour des clous


Sovetski  es un jútor del raión de Tbilískaya del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situado en las tierras bajas de Kubán-Azov, en la orilla derecha del río Zelenchuk Vtorói, afluente del Kubán, frente a Vesioli, 13km al sur de Tbilískaya y 105km al este de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 144 habitantes en 2010.

Pertenece al municipio rural Guéimanovskoye.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 El municipio en el sitio web del raión
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Tbilískaya del krai de Krasnodar

Sovetski (Tbilískaya, Krasnodar)


දහයේ දෙකෙහි දිනය හෝ දහයේ දෙවන දිනය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන
චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ ජාතික දිනය  යනු, චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ (ROC) ජාතික දිනය වෙයි. චීනයේ  චිං රාජ වංශයේ බිඳ වැටීමට හා  1912 ජනවාරි 1 දිනදී, චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව පිහිටුවීමට  හේතු පාදක වූ, 1911 ඔක්තොම්බර් 10 දිනදී ඇරඹුනු වූ චං කැරැල්ල එදිනදී අනුස්මරණය කෙරෙයි.

චීන සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන්, ප්‍රධාන භූමි ප්‍රදේශයේ බලය අහිමි වූ චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ රජය,  1949දී තායිවානය වෙත ස්ථානගත විය. ජාතික දිනය වර්තමානයෙහි ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සිහිකරනුයේ තායිවානයේ වන අතර, සමහරක් පාරසමුද්‍ර චීන ජාතිකයන් විසින්ද එය සිදුකෙරෙයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුවේ ජාතික දිනය


Earl of Cromer is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, held by members of the Baring family, of German descent. It was created for Evelyn Baring, 1st Viscount Cromer, long time British Consul-General in Egypt. He had already been created Baron Cromer, of Cromer in the County of Norfolk, in 1892, Viscount Cromer, of Cromer in the County of Norfolk, in 1899, and was made Viscount Errington, of Hexham in the County of Northumberland, and Earl of Cromer, in the County of Norfolk, on 8 August 1901. These titles are also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. A member of the influential Baring banking family, Lord Cromer was the son of Henry Baring, third son of Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl, a diplomat and civil servant. His son, the third Earl, was also a diplomat and served as British Ambassador to the United States between 1971 and 1974. In 2010 the titles are held by the latter's son, the fourth Earl, who succeeded in 1991.

Evelyn Baring, 1st Baron Howick of Glendale, was the third son of the first Earl.

Cromer refers to Cromer in the county of Norfolk.

The family seat is Drayton Court, near Drayton, Somerset.

Earls of Cromer (1901)

Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1841–1917)
Rowland Thomas Baring, 2nd Earl of Cromer (1877–1953)
George Rowland Stanley Baring, 3rd Earl of Cromer (1918–1991)
Evelyn Rowland Esmond Baring, 4th Earl of Cromer (b. 1946)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Alexander Rowland Harmsworth Baring, Viscount Errington (b. 1994)

Family tree

See also
Baron Northbrook
Baron Revelstoke
Baron Ashburton
Baron Howick of Glendale

References

External links

Earldoms in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1901
Earl
Cromer

Earl of Cromer


Cortinarius gentilis, Cortinariaceae familyasından çok tehlikeli bir zehirli mantar türüdür. Taşıdığı zehirin en önemli özelliği, etkilerinin çok uzun bir süre hissedilmemesidir. 20 güne kadar geciken ve böbreklerde yıkıma yol açan etki nedeniyle tedavisi çok güç olabilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Cortinarius cinsi mantarlar listesi

gentilis
Zehirli mantarlar
1796'da tanımlanan mantarlar

Cortinarius gentilis


Dido, reina de Cartago (título original en inglés,  Dido, Queen of Carthage) es una ópera en tres actos del compositor inglés Stephen Storace (Londres, 1762 – Londres, 1796) sobre el libreto de Dido abbandonata de Pietro Metastasio, traducido al inglés por Prince Hoare, cuyo estreno tuvo lugar en el King's Theatre in the Haymarket de Londres, el 23 de mayo de 1792.

Antecedentes
El libreto de Didone abandonata fue escrito por Metastasio para que fuera utilizado por el compositor italiano Domenico Natale Sarro para componer una ópera homónima en tres actos, cuyo estreno tuvo lugar en el Teatro San Bartolomé de Nápoles, el 1 de febrero de 1724. Posteriormente a Sarro fueron más de 70 los compositores que crearon óperas sobre el mismo libreto, entre ellos Händel, Hasse, Paisiello o Päer, siendo el último Carl Gottlieb Reissiger cuya Dido se estrenó en Dresde justo 100 años después, en 1824.

Libreto
Las fuentes a las que acudió Metastasio para escribir el libreto fueron La Eneida  y  Los Fastos  de los poetas romanos Virgilio y Ovidio respectivamente.
El libreto es el segundo de la producción de Metastasio, estando comprendido entre Siface, re di Numidia  (1723) y  Siroe, re di Persia (1726).

Personajes

Argumento

La acción se desarrolla en Cartago.

Dido, viuda de Siqueo, tras serle asesinado el marido por su hermano Pigmalión, rey de Tiro, huyó con inmensas riquezas a África donde, comprando suficiente territorio, fundó Cartago.

Fue allí solicitada como esposa por muchos, particularmente por Jarbas, rey de los moros, rehusando siempre, pues decía querer guardar fidelidad a las cenizas del extinto cónyuge.

Mientras tanto, el troyano Eneas, habiendo sido destruida su patria por los griegos, cuando se dirigía a Italia fue arrastrado por una tempestad hasta las orillas de África, siendo allí recogido y cuidado por Dido, la cual se enamoró de él ardientemente; pero mientras este se complacía y se demoraba en Cartago por el cariño de la misma, los dioses le ordenaron que abandonara aquel cielo y que continuara su camino hacia Italia donde le prometieron que habría de resurgir una nueva Troya. Él partió, y Dido, desesperadamente, después de haber intentado en vano retenerlo, se suicidó.

Todo esto lo cuenta Virgilio, uniendo el tiempo de la fundación de Cartago a los errores de Eneas, en un bello anacronismo.

Ovidio, en el tercer libro de sus Fastos, recoge que Jarbas se apoderó de Cartago tras la muerte de Dido, y que Ana, hermana de la misma, a la que llamaremos Selene, estaba ocultamente enamorada de Eneas.

Por comodidad de la representación se finge que Jarbas, atraído por ver a Dido, se introduce en Cartago como embajador de sí mismo, bajo el nombre de Arbace.

Influencia

Metastasio tuvo gran influencia sobre los compositores de ópera desde principios del  a comienzos del . Los teatros de más renombre representaron en este período obras del ilustre italiano, y los compositores musicalizaron los libretos que el público esperaba ansioso. Didone abbandonata fue utilizada por más de 70 compositores para componer otras tantas óperas de las que casi ninguna de ellas ha sobrevivido al paso del tiempo.

Véase también
 Anexo: Óperas tituladas "Dido abandonada".
 Anexo: Óperas con libreto de Metastasio

Referencias

 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2ª Ed. (2001)

Óperas de Stephen Storace
Óperas en inglés
Óperas de 1792
Óperas estrenadas en Londres
Reina de Cartago

Dido, reina de Cartago


Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, also known as Baron Dahrendorf and Lord Dahrendorf,  (Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Fellowship of the British Academy: 1 May 1929 – 17 June 2009) was a German-British sociologist, philosopher, political scientist and liberal politician. A class conflict theorist, Dahrendorf was a leading expert on explaining and analysing class divisions in modern society. Dahrendorf wrote multiple articles and books, his most notable being Class and Conflict in Industrial Society (1959) and Essays in the Theory of Society (1968).

During his political career, he was a Member of the German Parliament, Parliamentary Secretary of State at the Foreign Office of Germany, European Commissioner for Trade, European Commissioner for Research, Science and Education and Member of the British House of Lords, after he was created a life peer in 1993. He was subsequently known in the United Kingdom as Lord Dahrendorf.

He served as director of the London School of Economics and Warden of St Antony's College, University of Oxford. He also served as a Professor of Sociology at a number of universities in Germany and the United Kingdom, and was a Research Professor at the Berlin Social Science Research Center.

Biography

Family
Dahrendorf was born in Hamburg, Germany, in 1929, the son of Lina and Gustav Dahrendorf and brother of Frank Dahrendorf.

Dahrendorf was known for strongly supporting anti-Nazi activities. As a child, Ralf was a member of the Deutsches Jungvolk, the youngest branch of the Hitler Youth. When Ralf was only a teenager, he and his father, an SPD member of the German Parliament, were arrested and sent to concentration camps for their anti-Nazi activities during the Nazi regime. One of the activities consisted of Dahrendorf distributing leaflets that were encouraging people not to join the regime. After this, his family moved to Berlin. In 1944, during the last year of the Second World War, he was arrested again for engaging in anti-Nazi activities and sent to a concentration camp in Poland. He was released in 1945.

Marriages and children
Dahrendorf was married three times. He married his first wife, Vera, in 1954. She was a fellow student at the London School of Economics. Together they had three daughters: Nicola, Alexandra and Daphne Dahrendorf. Nicola Dahrendorf has worked for the United Nations and as the West Africa Regional Conflict Adviser to the UK Government.

From 1980 to 2004, he was married to historian and translator Ellen Dahrendorf (née Ellen Joan Krug), the daughter of Professor James Krug. When he was created a peer in 1993, his wife became known as Lady Dahrendorf. Ellen Dahrendorf, who is Jewish, has served on the board of the Jewish Institute for Policy Research, been chair of the British branch of the New Israel Fund, and is a signatory of the Independent Jewish Voices declaration, which is critical of Israeli policies towards the Palestinians.

Dahrendorf's first two marriages ended in divorce. In 2004 he married Christiane Dahrendorf, also known as Lady Christiane Dahrendorf, a medical doctor from Cologne.

Education and career
Ralf Dahrendorf studied philosophy, classical philology, and sociology at Hamburg University between 1947 and 1952. He continued his academic research at the London School of Economics under Karl Popper as a Leverhulme Research Scholar in 1953–1954, gaining a PhD degree in sociology in 1956. At this early stage in Dahrendorf's academic career, he took an interest in Marxist theory and wrote his PhD thesis on Karl Marx's theory of justice. After completing his doctorate he returned to Germany, where he was a professor of sociology at Hamburg (1957–1960), Tübingen (1960–1964) and Konstanz (1966–1969) universities. He was one of the founders (1964) of the University of Konstanz.

From 1957 to 1959, Dahrendorf talked about "this ability to organize as the principle between quasi-groups and interest groups." Quasi-groups are defined as "those collectives that have latent identical role interests but do not experience a sense of "belongingness". Interest groups, on the other hand, "have a structure, a form of organization, a program or goal, and a personnel of members." The interest groups identity and sense of belonging are produced when people have the ability to communicate, recruit members, form leadership, and create a unifying ideology In 1960, he became a visiting professor of Sociology at Columbia University in New York.

From 1967 to 1970, he was Chairman of the German Sociological Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie), resigning it when he took up his office at Brussels. Between 1976 and 1979 he led the educational sub-committee of the Benson Commission.

From 1968 to 1969, Dahrendorf was a member of the Parliament of Baden-Württemberg, and also in 1968, his links with Harvard University began. Dahrendorf decided to become a member of the Bundestag in 1969 during the time when Brandt formed his first SPD-FDP coalition government. After joining, he was appointed parliamentary secretary to the foreign minister. Because he was placed third on the ladder of command in the foreign ministry, he did not enjoy the experience. From 1969 to 1970 he was a member of the German parliament for the Free Democratic Party (the German liberals). From 1969 to 1970 he was also a Parliamentary Secretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1970 he became a Commissioner in the European Commission in Brussels. He was dedicated to the EU as a guarantor of human rights and liberty.

In 1974, the BBC invited him to present the annual Reith Lectures. In this series of six radio talks, entitled The New Liberty, he examined the definition of freedom.

From 1974 to 1984, Dahrendorf was director of the London School of Economics, when he returned to Germany to become Professor of Social Science, Konstanz University (1984–86).

In 1986, Ralf Dahrendorf became a Governor of the London School of Economics. From 1987 to 1997, he was Warden of St Antony's College at the University of Oxford, succeeding the historian Sir Raymond Carr.

In 1982, Dahrendorf was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1988, he acquired British citizenship. and became known as Sir Ralf Dahrendorf (as only KBEs who are British subjects are entitled to use that title). On 15 July 1993, he was created a life peer with the title Baron Dahrendorf of Clare Market in the City of Westminster. Clare Market is near the London School of Economics, and is also used for car parking by LSE staff. Dahrendorf chose this name to honour the School in this way, and also as a sign of his liberal humour. He sat in the House of Lords as a cross-bencher.

Between 2000 and 2006, Dahrendorf served as Chairman of the Judging Panel of the FIRST Award for Responsible Capitalism. He received the FIRST Responsible Capitalism lifetime Achievement Award in 2009. Dahrendorf insisted that even the most basic civil rights, including equality and freedom of expression, be given constitutional legitimacy. On 11 July 2007, he was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Social Studies.

In January 2005, he was appointed a Research Professor at the Social Science Research Center in Berlin (WZB).

Dahrendorf held dual citizenship in the UK and Germany. After retiring, he lived partially in Germany and partially in the United Kingdom, with one home in London and one in Bonndorf in south-western Germany. When asked which city he considered his home, he once said, "I am a Londoner". He also once said that his life was marked by a conflict between the obligation he felt to the country of his birth, Germany, and the attraction he felt for Britain.

He favored laws and policies that encouraged personal freedom, a sense of citizenship, and a broadening of social, economic and political opportunities. He argued that Germany's problems have stemmed from a belief in absolute answers and in the yearning for an all-powerful leader to put them into effect.

Death
Dahrendorf died in Cologne, Germany, aged 80, on 17 June 2009, after suffering from cancer.

He was survived by his third wife, three daughters, and one grandchild. His death was confirmed in a statement from Chancellor Angela Merkel, who said, "Europe has lost one of its most important thinkers and intellectuals."

Concepts

Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society
In 1959, Dahrendorf published in his most influential work on social inequality, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Despite later revisions and affirmations of his work, the book still remains as his first detailed and most influential account of the problem of social inequality in modern, or post-capitalist societies.

In analysing and evaluating the arguments of structural functionalism and Marxism, Dahrendorf believed that neither theory alone could account for all of society. Marxism did not account for evidence of obvious social integration and cohesion. Structural functionalism, on the other hand, did not focus enough on social conflict. He also asserted that Karl Marx defined class in a narrow and historically-specific context. During Marx's time, wealth was the determining factor in attaining power. The wealthy and therefore the powerful ruled, leaving no way for the poor to gain any power or increase their position in society.

Drawing on aspects of both Marxism and structural functionalists to form his own beliefs, Dahrendorf highlighted the changes that have occurred in modern society. Dahrendorf believed in two approaches to society, Utopian and Rationalist. Utopian is the balance of values and solidity and Rationalist is the dissension and disagreement. While he believes that both are social perspectives, the Utopian approach is most apparent in modern-day society, leaving Dahrendorf to create a balance between the two views. Dahrendorf discusses literary utopias to show that the structural-functionalists idea of the social system is utopians in itself because it possess all the necessary characteristics. Specifically, with democracy came voting for political parties, and increased social mobility. He believes that the struggle for authority creates conflict. Money, political power, and social status were all controlled by the same group – the capitalist – which gave the workers little incentive to accept the status quo.

Furthermore, he believes that traditional Marxism ignores consensus and integration in modern social structures. Dahrendorf's theory defined class not in terms of wealth like Marx, but by levels of authority. Dahrendorf combines elements from both of these perspectives to develop his own theory about class conflict in post-capitalist society. Dahrendorf agrees with Marx that authority, in the 19th century, was based on income, and thus the rich bourgeoisie ruled the state. Yet things have changed then, where workers formed trade unions and allowed them to negotiate with the capitalist.

Class conflict theory
Dahrendorf proposed a symbolic model of class conflict with authority as the generic form of domination, combined with a strong systematic view of society and the structuration of class relationships. This new theory is said to have taken place in reaction to structural functionalism and in many ways represents its antithesis. The conflict theory attempts to bring together structural functionalism and Marxism.

According to Dahrendorf, functionalism is beneficial while trying to understand consensus while the conflict theory is used to understand conflict and coercion. In order to understand structural functionalism, we study three bodies of work: Davis and Moore, Parsons, and Merton. Dahrendorf states that capitalism has undergone major changes since Marx initially developed his theory on class conflict. The new system of capitalism, known as post-capitalism, is characterised by diverse class structure and a fluid system of power relations. Thus, it involves a much more complex system of inequality than Marx originally outlined. Dahrendorf contends that post-capitalist society has institutionalised class conflict into state and economic spheres. For example, class conflict has been habituated through unions, collective bargaining, the court system, and legislative debate. In effect, the severe class strife typical of Marx's time is not longer relevant.

Conflict theorists like Dahrendorf often took the exact opposite view of functionalists Whereas functionalists believe that society was oscillating very slightly, if not completely static, conflict theorists said that "every society at every point is subject to process of change". Conflict theorists believe that there is "dissension and conflict at every point in the social system" and "many societal elements as contributing to disintegration and change". They believe order comes from coercion from those at the top, and that power is an important factor in social order.

In developing his conflict theory, Dahrendorf recognised consensus theory was also necessary to fully reflect society. Consensus theory focuses on the value integration into society, while conflict theory focuses on conflicts of interest and the force that holds society together despite these stresses. In the past, structural functionalism was the commanding theory in sociology, until the conflict theory came along as its major challenger. However, both structural functionalism and the conflict theory have received major criticisms. In fact, Dahrendorf asserted that there has to be consensus to have conflict, as he said that the two were prerequisites for each other. The opposite is also true, he believed –– conflict can result in cohesion and consensus. However, Dahrendorf did not believe the two theories could be combined into one cohesive and comprehensive theory. Instead, Dahrendorf's thesis was "the differential distribution of authority invariably becomes the determining factor of systematic social conflicts". "In the end, conflict theory should be seen as a litte more than a transitional development in the history of sociological theory. Although the theory failed because it didn't go far in the direction of Marxian theory, it was still early in the 1950s and 1960s for American sociology to accept a full-fledged Marxian approach. However, conflict theory was helping in setting the stage for the beginning of the acceptance by the late 1960s".

The Liberal Order
While Dahrendorf acknowledged that liberal market societies are prone to conflicts, he admonished that, at the same time, they were in the best position to handle the conflict. Instead of being suppressed, the tensions become factors that help societies move forward. It's up to governments to turn the tension and conflict into solutions. The need is, then, for conflict management if this is to happen peacefully. Dahrendorf saw conflict in modern societies as stemming from more than just different individual interests and expectations. He saw conflict arising from outgrowing the unavoidable tensions that modern societies have to negotiate and balance between the competing values of justice, liberty, and economic well-being, and between economic efficiency, identity, and security. He sought to understand how societies could develop into just and prosperous nations. The essence of Dahrendorf's ideas about the future of the liberal order is about identifying both latent and manifest tensions at the different levels in which they exist, the potential for conflict, and identifying the options available for solutions and resolving conflict.

Authority
Dahrendorf opposed those who studied authority on an individual level. He was very critical of those who focused on the psychological or behavioral characteristics of the individuals who occupy such positions. He went even further to say that those who adopted that approach were not sociologists. Dahrendorf believed that Marx's theory could be updated to reflect modern society and Roman society. He rejects Marx's two-class system as too simplistic and overly focused on property ownership. Due to the rise of the joint stock company, ownership does not necessarily reflect control of economic production in modern society. Instead of describing the fundamental differences of class in terms of property, Dahrendorf claims that we must "replace the possession, or non-possession, of effective private property by the exercise of, or exclusion from, authority as the criterion of class formation". A crucial component to Dahrendorf's conflict theory is the idea of authority. Although it initially appears to be an individual issue and psychological, Dahrendorf argues that authority is related to positions and not to individuals. In this way, subordination and authority are products of expectation specified by society, and if those roles are not adhered to, sanctions are imposed. Dahrendorf expands on this idea with the notion that roles of authority may conflict when in different positions that call for different things. According to Dahrendorf, these different defined areas of society where people's roles may be different are called imperatively coordinated associations. The groups of society in different associations are drawn together by their common interests. Dahrendorf explains that latent interests are natural interests that arise unconsciously in conflict between superordinates and subordinates. He defines manifest interests as latent interests when they are realised. In conclusion, Dahrendorf believes that understanding authority to be the key to understanding social conflict.

Dahrendorf, like Merton, looked at latent and manifest interests and further classified them as unconscious and conscious interests. He found the connection between these two concepts to be problematic for the conflict theory. Dahrendorf believed that the basis of class conflict was the division of three groups of society: quasi groups, interest groups, and conflict groups. Thus, society can be split up into the "command class" and the "obey class". The command class exercises authority, and the obey class has no authority and is also subservient to that of others. With a clear interplay between both class types class conflict theory sought to explain that interplay. Quasi groups are "aggregates of incumbents of positions with identical role interests". Interest groups are derived from the quasi groups and they are organised with members, an organisation, and a program or goal. The main difference between quasi groups and interest groups are that interest groups organise and have a sense of "belonging" or identity. Darhendorf acknowledged that other conditions like politics, adequate personnel, and recruitment would play a role along with the groups. He also believed that under ideal circumstances, conflict could be explained without reference to other variables. Unlike Marx, however, he did not believe that random recruitment into the quasi group would start a conflict group. In contrast to Lewis Coser's ideas that functions of conflict maintained the status quo, Dahrendorf believed that that conflict also leads to change (in social structure) and development. His belief in a changing society separated Dahrendorf's ideas from Marx, who supported the concept of a utopia.

Marx and Dahrendorf's perspectives on class formation
Marx believed history to be defined as class struggle. He defined class as the difference between the dominating class and those who dominate. He believed that in modern society, there were three types of classes: capitalists, workers and petite bourgeoisie. The proletariat and the bourgeoisie are the pillars in the formation of classes. The Capitalists and bourgeoisie are the ones that own the means of production and are able to purchase the labor of others. The proletariat do not own any means of production or have the ability to purchase labor but can only sell their own. Marx believed that the battle between the different classes formed the concept of class phenomenon.

Marx understood that there are two classes: the rulers who control the means of production and the ruled who worked with the means of production. Every society needs both. The conflicts between them causes a destruction of the existing societal order so that it can be replaced by a new one.

On the other hand, Dahrendorf believed that the formation of classes was the organisation of common interests. That further means that people who are in positions of authority are supposed to control subordination, meaning that sanctions could be put into effect against people who fail to obey authority commands, resulting in fines and further punishments. Dahrendorf argues that society is composed of multiple units that are called imperatively coordinated associations. He saw social conflict as the difference between dominating and subject groups in imperatively-coordinated associations.

Marx believed that class formation was based on the ownership of private property. On the contrary, Dahrendorf argued that class formation was always based on authority. He defined authority as a facet of social organisations and as a common element of social structures. There is also another difference between Marx and Dahrendorf concerning the structure of societies. Dahrendorf believed that society had two aspects: consensus and conflict, static and change, order and dissension, cohesion and the role of power, integration and conflict, and lastly consensus and constraint. He saw them all as equally the double aspects of society. On that point, Dahrendorf asserted that society could not survive without both consensus and conflict. He felt that way because without conflict, there can be no consensus, and although consensus leads to conflict, conflict also leads to consensus.

Criticism
The most prevalent criticism to Dahrendorf's conflict theory is that it only takes a macrosociological perspective. The theory fails to address much of social life. In increasingly modern, multicultural societies, the contested concept and construct of identity received growing emphasis, and was the focus of many debates. As a consequence of the debates over identity, and inevitably in a globalising, modern, multicultural world, the issues of citizenship came into play. Specifically, the discussions analysed the ways in which citizenship contributed to the formation and construction of identities. Dahrendorf's adherence to a Marxian position seemingly prevented him from participating in these debates. Absent from Dahrendorf's theory were any significant discussions of culture, and therefore, citizenship and identity.

Relationship to other classical theorists and perspectives
Unlike many of the other works published by social theorists in the 1950s, Dahrendorf's work acknowledges the same class interests that worried Marx. Like Marx, Dahrendorf agreed that conflict is still a basic fact of social life. Dahrendorf believed that class conflict could have beneficial consequences for society, such as progressive change. Dahrendorf is recognised for being one of the best departures from the structural functionalist tradition of the 1950s. Dahrendorf criticised and wanted to challenge the "false, utopian representation of societal harmony, stability, and consensus by the structural functionalist school." Nevertheless, Dahrendorf still shares key ideas with structural functionalists, such as a general faith in the efficacy of political and economic institutions. Like Weber, Dahrendorf criticises Marx's view that the working class will ultimately become a homogeneous group of unskilled machine operators. Dahrendorf points out that in postcapitalist society there are elaborate distinctions regarding income, prestige, skill level, and life chances. Dahrendorf's pluralist view of class and power structures and belief that hierarchies of authority are inevitable in modern societies also reflect Weberian ideas.

The Ralf Dahrendorf Prize
Since 2019, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) has been awarding certain research projects with the Ralf Dahrendorf Prize. The prize honors excellent research and supports the communication of scientific results to the public. Every two years, the BMBF awards prizes to researchers participating in the EU framework programme for research who have achieved exceptional success. The prize awards the winning research project with 50,000 euros, enabling winners to not only continue their research but explore different communication ideas. There is a jury made up of high class scientists and media personalities that help decide who should receive funding for their projects. The most recent winner of the Ralf Dahrendorf Prize was the Children Born Of War. Children Born Of War – Past, Present, Future, saw researchers from eleven research institutions in the European Union studied the life courses of children, fathered by foreign soldiers and born to local mothers, who were conceived during and after armed conflicts – a topic about which families, local communities and entire societies, often remain silent. Examples include children of the occupations during and after the Second World War in Germany and Austria, or children conceived through rape during the Bosnian War.

Further reading
 Marius Strubenhoff, 'Materialist Method, Agonistic Liberalism: Revisiting Ralf Dahrendorf's Political Thought', in History of Political Thought 39 (2018), 541–567
 Julie Smith, Ralf Dahrendorf (Lord Dahrendorf) in Brack et al. (eds.) Dictionary of Liberal Biography; Politico's 1998 pp. 89–90
 Julie Smith, Ralf Dahrendorf in Brack & Randall (eds.) Dictionary of Liberal Thought; Politico's 2007 pp83–85
Edward G. Grabb, "Theories of Social Inequality: Classical and Contemporary Perspectives." Ontario: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1997

Publications in printed in other languages

Works available in English
 Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1959) Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press
 Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1968) Essays in the Theory of Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press
 Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1967) Society and Democracy in Germany. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company
 "The Modern Social Conflict". University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1988
 Dahrendorf, Ralf (1974) The New Liberty BBC Radio Reith Lectures
 Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1975) The Crisis of Democracy, Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission.Excerpts of remarks by Ralf Dahrendorf on the governability study. NY: New York University Press.
 Dahrendorf, Ralf (1990) Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: In a letter intended to have been sent to a gentleman in Warsaw. New York: Random House
 Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1979) Life chances: Approaches to Social and Political Theory. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,

Works available in French
 Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1972) Classes et conflits de classes dans la société industrielle. (Introduction by Raymond Aron), Paris: Gallimard

Works available in German
 Gesellschaft und Freiheit: Zur soziologischen Analyse der Gegenwart. Piper, München 1961
 Die angewandte Aufklärung: Gesellschaft u. Soziologie in Amerika. Piper, München 1962
 Homo Sociologicus: ein Versuch zur Geschichte, Bedeutung und Kritik der Kategorie der sozialen Rolle. Westdeutscher Verlag, Köln/Opladen 1965
 Gesellschaft und Demokratie in Deutschland. Piper, München 1965
 Konflikt und Freiheit: auf dem Weg zur Dienstklassengesellschaft. Piper, München 1972,
 Pfade aus Utopia: Arbeiten zur Theorie und Methode der Soziologie. Piper, München 1974,
 Lebenschancen: Anläufe zur sozialen und politischen Theorie. Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt a.M. 1979,
 Die neue Freiheit: Überleben und Gerechtigkeit in einer veränderten Welt. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt a.M. 1980,
 Die Chancen der Krise: über die Zukunft des Liberalismus. DVA, Stuttgart 1983,
 Fragmente eines neuen Liberalismus. DVA, Stuttgart 1987,
 Der moderne soziale Konflikt: Essay zur Politik der Freiheit. DVA, Stuttgart 1992,
 Die Zukunft des Wohlfahrtsstaats. Verl. Neue Kritik, Frankfurt a.M. 1996
 Liberale und andere: Portraits. DVA, Stuttgart 1994,
 Liberal und unabhängig: Gerd Bucerius und seine Zeit. Beck, München 2000,
 Über Grenzen: Lebenserinnerungen. Beck, München 2002,
 Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Ordnung: Vorlesungen zur Politik der Freiheit im 21. Jahrhundert. Beck, München 2003,
 Der Wiederbeginn der Geschichte: vom Fall der Mauer zum Krieg im Irak; Reden und Aufsätze. Beck, München 2004,
 Werner Bruns, Döring Walter (Hrsg): Der selbstbewusste Bürger. Bouvier Verlag
 Engagierte Beobachter. Die Intellektuellen und die Versuchungen der Zeit, Wien: Passagen Verlag 2005
 Versuchungen der Unfreiheit. Die Intellektuellen in Zeiten der Prüfung . München 2006,

Awards and honours
 1975: elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1977: Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) awarded by the University of Bath.
 1977: elected member of the American Philosophical Society
 1977: elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
 1982: Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 1989: Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 1993: Life Peer (Baron Dahrendorf)
 1997: Theodor-Heuss-Preis
 1999: Medal of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
 1999: Honorary Senator of the University of Hamburg
 2002: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 2003: Pour le Mérite

See also
 Dahrendorf hypothesis
 List of liberal theorists

References

External links

 2011 Dahrendorf Symposium – Changing the Debate on Europe – Moving Beyond Conventional Wisdoms
 2011 Dahrendorf Symposium Blog
 Straddling Theory with Practice – Conversation with Sir Ralf Dahrendorf by Harry Kreisler of the Institute of International Studies; 4 April 1989
 Daily Telegraph obituary
 Biography at the Liberal Democrat History Group
 New York Times Obituary
 Lecture of Dahrendorf (25 May 1989) about 'The Decline of Socialism' at Gresham College (audio and pdf transcript)

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Ralf Dahrendorf


Jelena Petric (Zenica, 1988.), hrvatska slikarica

Životopis
Rodila se u Zenici. Studentica je diplomskog studija, smjer Slikarstvo, u klasi profesora Ante Rašića na Nastavničkom odsjeku ALU u Zagrebu. Sudionica je programa WHW Akademija u 2018./2019. godini. Izlagala je samostalno i na skupnim izložbama. Članica je Udruge Kružok. Sudjelovala je na manifestacijama land arta i likovnih radionica. Dobitnica je Pohvalnica za uspješan rad ALU-a za akademske godine 2015./2016. i 2016./2017. te posebne Rektorove nagrade u godini 2014./2015. za svjetsku praizvedbu opere Madame Buffault u HNK Zagreb. Na 54. Zagrebačkom salonu dobila je nagradu za mladu umjetnicu za rad koji pokazuje aktivan interes za refleksiju vlastite prakse i utjecaja nju, rad "ob2" (2018.).

Izvori

Životopisi, Zenica
Hrvatski slikari

Jelena Petric


The Latrobe Valley is an inland geographical district and urban area of the Gippsland region in the state of Victoria, Australia. The traditional owners are the Brayakaulung of the Gunai nation. The district lies east of Melbourne and nestled between the Strzelecki Ranges to the south and the Baw Baw Ranges, part of the Great Dividing Range, to the north. Mount St Phillack () is the highest peak to the north of the Latrobe Valley, due north of Moe. The highest peak to the south is Mt Tassie (), south of Traralgon.

The area has three major centres, from west to east, , Morwell and Traralgon, with minor centres including , , , and . The population of the Latrobe Valley is approximately 125,000.

The valley draws its name from the Latrobe River which flows eastward, through the valley. According to Les Blake, in 1841 William Adams Brodribb, an early European settler, named the river in honour of Charles La Trobe, Lieutenant Governor of the Port Phillip District. A. W. Reed also attributes Brodribb to naming the river in honour of La Trobe; yet Reed claims that the river was discovered by Angus McMillan in 1840 who named the watercourse as Glengarry River.

Geography
While the Latrobe River flows into Lake Wellington to the east of  and includes in its drainage basin a significant part of central Gippsland, the region conventionally known as the Latrobe Valley occupies an inland area between the Strzelecki Ranges and Baw Baw Ranges between Drouin and Rosedale – with three major urban areas Moe, Morwell and Traralgon, between the Strzelecki Ranges to the south and the westernmost reaches of the Victorian Alps to the north.

Climate
It has a temperate climate meaning mild temperatures with large amounts of rain, the occasional frost and snow on neighbouring hills. February is the warmest month in the Latrobe Valley with an average temperature range of  and the coldest month is July with an average temperature range of . The most rain occurs in late winter and spring, and average yearly rainfall is approximately .

Temperatures on Mount Baw Baw, to the north of Moe, generally peak around  cooler than the major urban areas during the day.

Demographics
There are three major population centres in the Latrobe Valley, all located within the City of Latrobe local government area:

 Moe west Latrobe Valley
 Morwellcentral Latrobe Valley
 Traralgoneastern Latrobe Valley

The primary hospital is the Latrobe Regional Hospital located on the Princes Highway between Morwell and Traralgon.

Smaller towns are Tyers, Newborough, Yinnar, Yallourn North, Churchill (site of the local campus of Federation University) and Boolarra.

Economy
Key industry sectors include health care, power generation, retail, paper manufacture, timber mills, agriculture, dairy, timber, information technology, engineering and education. The valley provides 85% of Victoria's electricity and has a substantial engineering sector supporting the power generation, pulp and paper production and food processing industries, etc. The tertiary education sector attracts local, interstate and international students.

Despite its outside image as a regional economy dominated by mining and electricity, the region employs more hospital and aged care workers than power industry workers and has important service, health care and education sectors. Hospitals are the largest employer in the regional economy at 5% of the workforce, followed by power industry workers at 4.2%, supermarket and grocery store workers at 3%, and aged care workers at 2.9%.

Logging is also an important industry in the hills to the north and south, with a major paper mill located at Maryvale, near Morwell. In the rugged north of the region is located the historic gold-mining town of Walhalla, amid mountains forming the west of Alpine National Park and nearby Baw Baw National Park, which includes a small winter ski resort.

Industry

The Latrobe Valley is significant as the centre of Victoria's energy industry, specifically the mining and burning of brown coal to produce electricity. The area produces a total of approximately 85% of the electricity for the entire state of Victoria and supplies some electricity to New South Wales and Tasmania. The valley is home to four of the highest electricity producing thermal power stations in Australia. Power plants located in the Latrobe Valley include Loy Yang Power Stations A & B, Yallourn Power Station, Jeeralang Power Station (Gas) plus the former Hazelwood Power Station (closed 2017) and Energy Brix Power Station (closed August 2014). The Latrobe power stations emit more mercury than hard coal stations.

Governance
Local government within the Latrobe Valley is administered by the Latrobe City Council and the Baw Baw Shire Council.

Latrobe City LGA has a population of approximately 75,000 with four major population centres: Moe, Morwell, Churchill and Traralgon, with smaller townships including Boolarra, Glengarry, Toongabbie, Tyers, Traralgon South, Yallourn North, and Yinnar, with the administrative headquarters located in Morwell.

Transport
The Princes Freeway runs through Latrobe Valley, bypassing most major rural cities and connecting the region to both Melbourne and East Gippsland. The centrally located centre of Moe is approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes drive from the central business district of Melbourne.

V/Line runs a rail service from metropolitan Melbourne to the Latrobe Valley and also runs services that go through the Latrobe Valley to East Gippsland. Some rail services run limited express to the Latrobe Valley – stopping in the major population centres of Warragul, Moe, Morwell and Traralgon. Other services – including the Gippslander rail service – stop at all stations in the area. Services to the Latrobe Valley run between Melbourne and Traralgon, whilst Gippsland services run between Melbourne and Bairnsdale. The Latrobe Valley/Gippsland rail line is connected to the metropolitan Melbourne Pakenham line.

Latrobe Valley Bus Lines are operated by Valley Transit, which runs connecting bus services in the Latrobe Valley area between Moe and Traralgon – consisting of inter-city services that run between Moe and Traralgon to nearby towns such as Morwell, Churchill and Yallourn North – and connecting town services that run in each major centre.

Latrobe Valley Airport (IATA: LTB, ICAO: YLTV) is located in the Latrobe Valley approximately two hours east of Melbourne, off Princes Highway, on the west side of Traralgon.

Education
The Gippsland campus of Federation University is home to  on-campus students,  off-campus students and nearly 400 staff. The campus sits in the Latrobe Valley town of Churchill,  east of Melbourne on  of landscaped grounds. The campus offers many undergraduate degrees, and attracts many students from the Latrobe Valley, East and West Gippsland. The Centre for Gippsland Studies is a research and community engagement facility which has conducted research and community outreach since 1985.

The Gippsland Medical School, offering postgraduate entry Bachelor of Medicine / Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) courses was officially opened by the Federal Minister for Health and Ageing, Nicola Roxon on 5 June 2008, providing students with an opportunity to learn medicine in a rural setting working with rural practitioners. The Gippsland Medical School was subject to some local criticism in 2016 and 2017 when it was revealed that there were only 12 Gippsland-origin students among the cohort of 50 studying medicine at the regional campus. The only direct pathway to the medical degree was through a course offered at Monash University's Melbourne-based Clayton campus, whilst graduates from Federation University in Gippsland were not offered a direct pathway to the degree. Federal Member for Gippsland, Darren Chester, criticised Monash University arguing that: 'We should not be saying to our students who are completing year 12 this year that they have to move to Melbourne to access the Monash graduate medical program when we had an existing pathway in Gippsland.'

Sport

Australian Rules Football

The area has a rich and intricate Australian Football history. There are currently approximately thirty players on Australian Football League team lists from the Latrobe Valley and Gippsland. The region is represented in the Victoria State TAC Cup Under 18's competition by the Gippsland Power. Gippsland Power played its first season in the TAC Cup competition in 1993. The Power have won one premiership to date in 2005 – and been runner-up on two occasions in 1999 and 2010. Over sixty players have been drafted from Gippsland Power onto Australian Football League club lists since the first player was drafted in 1993. Gippsland Power has had three players win the TAC Cup Under 18's Morrish Medal – the award for the best and fairest player in the TAC Cup as voted by the umpires; Matthew Stolarczyk in 1999, Jarryd Blair in 2008 and Dyson Heppell in 2010.

Football leagues
The Gippsland League Football competition is the largest league in the region and one of the largest and highest standard football leagues in Victoria outside of Melbourne. Five of the ten teams in the Gippsland League are based in the Latrobe Valley. The most recent premiership won in the Gippsland League (or equivalent) by a team based in the Latrobe Valley was Traralgon Maroons in 2005. The Mid Gippsland Football League is the second largest football league in the area and comprises 10 teams – all of which are exclusively based in the Latrobe Valley. Nine of the ten teams in the Gippsland Soccer League are based in the Latrobe Valley (the other team is based in Sale). The Central & Southern Gippsland Competition league was founded in 2019.

Racing Industry

The Moe Racing Club schedules around fourteen race meetings a year. The racecourse is in Waterloo Road within a very short walk of the Moe central business district and V/Line train station. Raceday race calling can be heard in the central business district of Moe during race meetings. The two largest race meeting in Moe are the GPG Mobil Moe Cup meeting in mid October – which is one of the largest regional race meetings outside of Melbourne on the Victorian Racing calendar – and the Melbourne Cup Day meeting on the first Tuesday in November. The Moe Racing Club is the largest capacity racecourse in Gippsland. The club also offers members and guests other facilities, including Turfside Tabaret, the Turfside Bistro and the Turfside Function Centre.

Glenview Park in Traralgon hosts both horse and greyhound racing. Traralgon greyhounds race at the Glenview Park Racing Complex which is owned by the Latrobe City Council. It was specifically designed for the racing of horses and greyhounds. The inaugural greyhound race was held in 1973. Typical greyhound races at Glenview are run over a distance of 298, 513, 658 and 730 meters.

Other sports
There are a large number of golf courses in the Latrobe Valley area within an approximate 35 km radius of Moe. They include the Moe Golf Club, nestled next to Lake Narracan, Churchill & Monash Golf Club, which is located near Federation University Campus in Churchill, and Yallourn Golf Club and Yallourn Bowling Club at Newborough.

Within the Latrobe Valley there are also large communities within various other sports associations, including; soccer, basketball, netball, dancing, gymnastics, tennis, swimming, Baseball and cricket.

Media

Newspapers
The area is serviced by the Latrobe Valley Express, which is delivered free of charge to residences in the Latrobe Valley region twice per week on Monday & Thursday and has a current circulation of approximately 34,128 (CAB). In the past there was also the Moe-Narracan News, the Morwell Advertiser and the Traralgon Journal, which were distributed free of charge once per week on Tuesday and has a circulation of approximately 11,034 (CAB).

Latrobe Valley is also home to The Gippslander Newspaper which covers the entire Gippsland region.

The now defunct Latrobe Valley Voice was a new paper to the region, having been established in March 2011. The Latrobe Valley Voice was delivered free of charge to over 30,000 residences in the Latrobe Valley region on Wednesdays. The paper collapsed on 7 May 2011 after its financial backers withdrew their support.

Radio
Warragul commercial radio stations Triple M Gippsland (94.3 and 97.9 MHz) and 3GG (531 kHz) service the region along with the Traralgon based commercial stations - TRFM (99.5 MHz) and Gold 1242.

Most ABC stations are rebroadcast locally and available in the Latrobe Valley, along with 774 ABC Melbourne which is able to be received directly from Melbourne and the local ABC Gippsland station (100.7 MHz). National ABC stations Triple J (96.7 MHz) and ABC Classic FM (101.5 MHz) are also broadcast from Mount Tassie. Some Melbourne stations both on the AM band and the FM band can be heard across the region, however DAB+ is not available without a vertically polarized roof-top antenna.

Community radio stations Gippsland FM (104.7 MHz) and Life FM (103.9 MHz) are also broadcast into the Latrobe Valley.

Television
The area was the first in Australia to receive its own regional television station, GLV-10 Gippsland (now Southern Cross 10), when it launched on 9 December 1961.

Programs from the three main commercial television networks (Seven, Nine and Ten) are all re-broadcast into Latrobe Valley by their regional affiliates - Prime7 (AMV), WIN (VTV) and Southern Cross Austereo (GLV). All broadcast from the Latrobe Valley transmitter at Mount Tassie.  All the commercial stations are based in Traralgon and have local commercials placed on their broadcasts.

Local news is available on all three commercial networks:
WIN broadcasts a half-hour WIN News bulletin each weeknight at 5:30pm, produced from studios in Wollongong.
Southern Cross Austereo and Prime7 broadcast short local news and weather updates throughout the day, produced and broadcast from Prime7's Canberra studios and SCA's Tasmanian studios.
Nine previously produced a local news bulletin branded Nine News Gippsland and later Nine News Local for a brief period between 2017 and 2021 that aired on the Southern Cross Austereo primary channel when it was previously affiliated with Nine.

Both national public broadcasters, ABC (ABC TV) and SBS (SBS TV) are broadcast into the Latrobe Valley as well, via Mount Tassie, as well as from the Dandenong Ranges transmitters located east of Melbourne.

Additional digital multi-channels broadcast by all the networks in addition to the ones listed above are available on the digital service called Freeview to viewers in the Latrobe Valley region. These channels include HD simulcasts of the primary channel (available on channels 20, 30, 50, 60 and 80). As well as ABC TV Plus, ABC Me, ABC News, SBS Viceland, SBS World Movies, 10 Bold, 10 Peach, 10 Shake, 7two, 7mate, 7flix, 7Bravo, 9Gem, 9Go!, 9Life and Sky News Regional.

Television transmissions from Mount Dandenong for the Melbourne market (Seven, Nine and Ten) can also be received in digital in the Latrobe Valley with a suitable roof-top antenna with.  Reception in the west Latrobe Valley, namely Moe, can receive these Melbourne transmissions clearly.

Subscription television service Foxtel (previously Austar until 2014) is available via satellite.

See also

 Gippsland Aeronautics
 List of valleys of Australia

References

External links
 ABC Gipsland
 Latrobe City Council official website
 Latrobe Valley Express

Gippsland (region)
Landforms of Victoria (state)
Valleys of Australia

Latrobe Valley


Goro Yamada (3. marts 1894 - 9. marts 1958) var en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var i perioden 1925 træner for Japans fodboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Goro Yamada


اليزا دوشكو  (30 ديسمبر 1980) هي ممثلة أمريكية ظهرت في عدد من أفلام هوليوود مثل True Lies,The New Guy ,Bring It On, وWrong Turn.
كما تعرف بتمثيلها أدواراً تلفزيونية، مثل دور فايث في مسلسل بافى مصاص الدماء ومسلسلها آنجيل، فضلاً عن دورها، ترو دافيس، في بطولة حلقات فوكس القصيرة استرجاع ترو. حالياً تنتج وتمثل حلقات مسلسل بيت الدمية في دور ايكو، إنتاج جوس وييدون صانع مسلسلى بافى وآنجيل.

بداية حياتها
ولدت دوشكو بمدينة ووترتاون. ماساشيستوس، لأب يدعى فيليب آر دوشكو، مدير ومدرس بمدارس بوستن العامة، وزوجته السابقة جوديث «جودى» (راسموسين), أستاذ العلوم السياسية بجامعة سافولك في بوستن. فيعتبر والدها أمريكي ألبانى الأصل ووالدتها أمريكية هولندية الأصل عن جديها وأمريكة إنجليزية عن جدتيها. ولقد درست دوشكو بمدرسة ولاية بيفر بتشيست نت هيل، وتخرجت من مدرسة ووترتاون الثانوية. كما تدين بالمورمنية، ديانة أمها (برغم عدم تدينها). ولديها ثلاثة أشقاء أكبر منها: آرون، بينيامين (بين، مواليد 5 فبراير 1976), وناثانيال (نايت، مواليد 8 يونيو،1977، في بوستن، ماساشيستوس)، الأخير منهما يعمل ممثلا وعارضا. ولقد انفصل أبويها عندما كانت طفلة. كما أنها زارت أسرتها في ألبانيا عام 2005 عندما تلقت دعوة شخصية من رئيس البلاد. كما قامت بزيارة المجتمع الألبانى في كوسوفو ورسمت وشما على مؤخرة رقبتها يحمل النسر الألبانى.

حياتها المهنية

الحياة المهنية المبكرة
ولقد حازت دوشكو على اهتمام العملاء الفنيين عندما كانت في العاشرة من عمرها. وتم اختيارها بعد بحث دام خمسة شهور من قبل الولايات المتحدة للقيام بدور أليس، مع جولييت لويس في فيلم تلك الليلة That NightK وفي عام 1993 حصلت على دور بيريل أمام روبرت دينيرو وليوناردو دى كابريانو في فيلم حياة ذلك الولد This Boy's Life مما فتح لها العديد من الأبواب. في العام التالي، لعبت ابنة أرنولد شوارزنيغر وجيمي لي كورتيس في أكاذيب حقيقية. وفي العام التالي، لعبت دور ابنة أرنولد شوارلزينجر المراهقة وجايمى لى كورتيس. كما لعبت دور ابنة بول ريسير في بأي بأي، يا حب، كسيندر جونسون مع هال بيرى وجيم بيلوشى في سباق الشمس Race the Sun بالإضافة إلى أدوارها في الأفلام التلفزيونية وفي الأفلام القصيرة.

ولقد ابتعدت دوشكو عن التمثيل لفترة وذلك لاستكمال دراستها في السنوات الأولى والأخيرة من المرحلة الثانوية. كما تم قبولها في جامعة جورج واشنطن بمقاطعة واشنطن بالإضافة إلى جامعة سافولك في بوسطن، حيث تعمل والدتها كأستاذ جامعى للحكومة وخدمت كعميد سابق بمعسكر داكار، السنغال.

أدوارها اللاحقة

وبعد استكمال دراستها الثانوية، عادت دوشكو للتمثل في دور فايث بمسلسل بافى مصاص الدماء، في دور أشرس من شخصية المسلسل الرئيسية بافى سامرز. وكان من المقرر ظهورها في خمس حلقات، وبرغم ذلك، أصبحت أكثر شهرة حتى ظلت للموسم الثالث وعادت لتظهر مرتين في الموسم الرابع، وبعده لعبت دورا في الجزء الأول لقصتها القوس آنجيل. وعادت مرة أخرى لتلعب البطولة في دورها فايث في عدة حلقات من مسلسل آنجيل ولكن مع شعورها بالندم والأسف بالإضافة إلى آخر خمس حلقات من مسلسل بافى. وانغمر صندوق البريد الإلكترونى برسائل المعجبين بدوشكو من السجناء. وقالت:

وفي عام 2000, أدت دوشكو دور البطولة في أرواح الناجون Soul Survivors لتعود لتشارك بطل سباق الشمس Race The Sun كايسى آفليك. ولقد وصف أحد النقاد الفيلم قائلا«إنها 84 دقيقة من الوقت الضائع لأى فرد». وتابعت ذلك بالفيلم الكوميدى المنافسة Bring It On مع كريستين دانست. وفي عام 2001, ظهرت أمام دى جا كوالس في الشاب الجديد The New Guy وأمام روبرت دينيرو وجايمس فرانكو في مدينة على البحر City by the Sea ولقد حاز الفيلم الأخير على اعجاب أغلبية الجماهير الشابة بالإضافة إلى آراء النقاد. وفي نفس العام، قام كيفين سميث بدعوة دوشكو لتنضم إلى فيلم عودة جاى وسايلانت بوب Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back الذي أدت فيه دورا أمام شانون اليزابيث، ألى لارتر، وبين أفليك.

وفي عام 2003، ظهرت دوشكو في فيلم الدور الخاطئ wrong turn، فيلم رعب أدت فيه دور البطولة، وفيلم القبلة The Kiss , أدت فيه دورا كوميديا-دراما مستقلا. كما شاركت في مسلسل جديد لتلفزيون فوكس في نفس العام، نداء ترو، Tru Calling, حيث لعبت دور الشخصية الرئيسية، ترو دافيس. بعدما سحبت منها المنحة، اضطرت ترو للعمل في مشرحة محلية حيث اكتشفت قدرتها على "استرجاع" أحداث اليوم الماضي مرة أخرى وتستخدمها للكشف عن القتلة وتقديمهم للعدالة. كما لعبت دورا في مسلسل بافى مصاص الدماء Buffy The Vampire Slayer في دور فايث. لقد لعبت العديد من أدوار "الفتاة السيئة" في أفلامها واستمتعت بتلك الفرص. وفي مقابلة معها في مايو 2001 صرحت قائلة،"من السهل لعب دور فتاة سيئة، ليس عليك سوى فعل كل شئ قد نهيت عن فعله قي الماضى، وليس عليك أن تواجه العواقب، حيث انه مجرد تمثيل.

ولقد شاركت دوشكو قي مسرحية من إنتاج برودواى بعنوان Dog Sees God قي ديسمبر 2005 حيث لعبت دور«شقيقة فان»، شخصية متوافقة مع لوسى فان بيلت في مشهد بيى ناتس Peanuts الكوميدى التي قامت عليه تلك المسرحية. ولقد انسحبت في فبراير 2006 شأنها شأن العديد من الأعضاء الأخرى ن وذلك نظرا لاستغلال المنتج السئ، الذي أدى بدوره إلى استبعاده لاحقا.

كما أنها قد لعبت دور الشخصية الرئيسية في الممرضات Nurses , مسلسل كوميدى على شبكة فوكس. ويعتبر ثان دور رائد لها على شبكة فوكس، لكنه لم ينتشر. ولقد ظهرت في فيديو كليب فرقة الخطة البسيطة Simple Plan ,"انا مجرد طفل"، "I'm Just a Kid" في دور الحبيبة وفي فيديو فرقة نيكلباك Nickelback's , نجوم الروك"، Rockstar"".

وشاركت قي دور البطولة قي لعبتى فيديو جايم. حيث أدت صوت يومى ساوامورا قي نسخة لعبة ياكوزا Yakuza الإنجليزية قي البلاى ستاشنز 2, PlayStation2 , الذي نشر وتطور من قبل شركة سيجا SEGA, والتي صدرت قي سبتمبر 2006. كما أنها أدت دور شوندى Shaundi, إحدى الشخصيات الرئيسية قي لعبة صف القديسين2 Saints Row 2، التي أنتجتها شركة فويليشن Volition ونشرتها شركة THQ. وقد صدرت قي (شمال أمريكا) قي 14 أكتوبر، 2008 قي البلاي ستاشن 3 PlayStation 3 واكس بوكس 360 Xbox 360. كما ظهرت قي جوائز تلفزيون سبايك لألعاب الفيديو قي ديسمبر 2008.

 المشاريع الحالية

وفي 1 أكتوبر 2005، أعلنت قي وورلد بوسطن ويزارد عن بدء التصويت لجائزة نوبل سان التي سوف تؤدى دور البطولة أمام آلان ريكمان، داني ديفيتو، بيل بولمان، وبيتر بويل. أنتج الفيلم قي عام 2007 في مهرجان تريبيكا السينمائي. بالإضافة إلى مشروع آخر في برودواي، وهو فيلم مستقل تم تصويره في مسقط رأسها بوسطن  حيث تلقى الفيلم العديد من النقد، وسلط القليل منه الضوء على أداء دوشكو. كما يجري حاليا عرضه في العديد من مهرجانات الأفلام المستقلة وسبق أن فاز بست جوائز.

حيث أعلنت فارايتى في 2 أغسطس، 2006 بأن دوشكو سوف تشارك البطولة مع النجم ماكولاي كولكين في الجنس والإفطار، كوميديا سوداء من تأليف وإخراج مايلز براندمان. حيث وصف أحد النقاد دوشكو بأنها «مذهلة» وأعطى شخصية الفيلم «حافزا». في وتم صدور الفيلم في لوس انجليس في 30 نوفمبر 2007 وعلى دي في دي في 22 يناير، 2008. كما أدت دور البطولة في القبور المفتوحة Open raves فيلم رعب من إنتاج عام 2008 حول لعبة شيطانية بطولة مايك فوجال. سوف تلعب دور الشخصية الريسية في قضية ثاكر The Thacker Case وقاتل الحروف and The Alphabet Killer , كلا منهما يحكى أحداثا واقعية وقصصا مستقبلية، أخرج أحدهم روب سكيميدت التي سبق لها أن عملت معه في الدور الخطأ Wrong Turn. وسيتم إعلان الفيلمين في عام 2008. حيث يضم فيلم قاتل الحروف أول مشهد تعرى لدوشكو. وحصل الفيلم على آراء متباينة، لكن أثنى النقاد على أداء دوشكو. معلقين «تسيطر اليزا دوشكو على الشاشة لكنها لا تستطيع معالجة أخطاء السيناريو بالإضافة إلى جدول الأعمال المتخم». كما ظهرت أمام آلان ريكمان، بيل بولمان، كريس باين، وراشيل تايلور في صدمة الزجاجة، دراما حول خمر وادى نابا. وأخرج الفيلم راندال ميلر الذي حصل على نوبل سان.

وفي 26 أغسطس، عام 2007، وقعت دوشكو اتفاقا مشتركا مع شبكة فوكس التلفزيونية وشركة فوكس للقرن العشرين. وبموجب هذا الاتفاق، تتولى الشبكة والاستديو مشاريع عمل الأفلام المتعلقة بالممثلة. كما تشرف على السيناريوهات والأدوار الخاصة بالممثلة.

وبالتالي، فقد أعلن في 31 أكتوبر بأن دوشكو قد أغرت جوس ويدين، الشهير بمسلسله بافى فامباير سلاير وسلسلة فايرفلاى، والعودة إلى التلفزيون، لأنهم وافقوا على إنشاء عرض جديد يسمى دولهاوس Dollhouse. حيث لعبت دوشكو الشخصية الرئيسية، 'ايكو'، وكان بمثابة منتج العرض، الذي تم بته على شبكة فوكس التلفزيونية خلال موسم 2009-2008 وذكر أحد النقاد بأن دوشكو «فعلت أشياء رائعة إلى أقصى درجة، ولكن لم ينلها من هذا الغموض سوى، شخصية ذات طابع متغير خلقت لها نوعا من التشويش.»  وفي لإحدى المقابلات، تحدثت دوشكو حول بدأت فكرة دولهاوس، وكيف ارتبطت أعمالها مع ويدون:

دعوت ويدون لتناول الغداء بعد عقد الصفقة التجارية، وقررت أن شبكة فوكس، حيث كنت على علاقة جيدة معها في الماضي، وأردت أن أفعل شيئا آخر، وكنت أرغب في العودة إلى برنامج تلفزيوني. كنت أحتفظ بالفكرة قي عقلى ولكنى لم استرجعها حتى الآن، ولكنى قررت التغيير ووضع الأمور في نصابها مع فوكس، واتصلت حينذاك بجوس. ذهبنا لغداء دام لمدة أربع ساعات حيث استخدمت حيلى كأنثى. لا لقد كنا مجرد أصدقاء، مثل الأشقاء أخ وأخته، حيث كان مراقب لما أفعله منذ لحظة وصولى للمرة الأولى إلى لوس انجيلوس عندما كان عمري 17 وكنت حينها مجرد طفلة شقية. لقد راقبنى وساعدني وعلمني على مر السنين. قلت له إلى أي درجة كنت أرغب بمساعدته وأحتاج إلى إعادة الأمور إلى سابق عهدها وها نحن الآن.

فلقد وصفت دوشكو هيدون «هو بمثابة العبقري المفضل لدى... صديقى المفضل... اخى الأكبر... والشخص الوحيد هنا الذي يمكننى الوثوق به، لأنه لم يخذلني ولو لمرة.»  وقد تم تجديد دول هاوس بيت الدمية لموسم ثان. ولقد وضع المنتجون ثقتهم في خيال ويدون وما له من أفلام تسجيلية عالية كأسباب من شأنها انجاح العرض.

ولقد أعلنت دوشكو مؤخرا بوصفها صوت العقد الحازم «روبي مالون» في العمل الفنى القادم ويت، جنبا إلى جنب مع الممثلين مالكولم ماكدويل وآلان كومينغ. وقدمت حقوقا حصرية لتقديم «اللحظة المثالية» واستعانت بأوندى تايمونر. وقدمت حقوقا حصرية لتقديم «اللحظة المثالية» واستعانت بأوندى تايمونر.

ولقد استغلت دوشكو صوتها، وسوف تظهر أيضا في فيلم فاليديكشن Valediction المقرر عرضه في عام 2010.

حياتها الشخصية
تقيم دوشكو في لوريل كانيون، لوس انجلس، كاليفورنيا. حيث تعمل دوشكو الرئيس التنفيذي لشركة إنتاج خاصة بها بوسطن ديفا، وتعتبر بمثابة منتج أصدرت مؤخرا حلقات مسلسل الخيال العلمى فوكس، دول هاوس بيت الدمية. كما أنها مشجعة متعصبة لفريق بوسطن للعب البيسبول بوسطن ريد سوكس.

وطوال مشوارها الفنى، رفضت دوشكو أن تظهر في مشاهد عارية، قائلة أن هؤلاء الناس لديهم «فرصة أفضل لرؤية الله من رؤيتى عارية.»  بيد أنها ظهرت عارية الصدر في قاتل الحروف. كما لم ترتد في دورها بنوبل سان إلا مايوه. لإضافة إلى ذلك فلقد ظهرت عارية في صور الدعاية الخاصة بفيلم بيت الدمية دول هاوس. والتقطت صورا لمجلة أليور Allure في ايار / مايو 2009.

وواعدت براد بينى المغنى المراوغ السابق بلوس انجلوس، ولكن في فبراير 2009 أعلنت انتهاء تلك العلاقة بإذاعة هوارد ستيرن. وهي تواعد حاليا النجم ريك فوكس نجم لاكرز بلوس أنجلوس.

الجوائز والترشيحات

رشحت مرتين في عام 2004 : من أجل جوائز اختيار الممثلات الشابة لجائزة اختيار نجمة صاعدة—ممثلة عن فيلم ترو كولينج ولجائزة ساتيرن من قبل أكاديمية الخيال العلمي، أفلام الخيال والرعب لجوائز ساتيرن الثلاثين لأفضل ممثلة في مسلسل تلفزيوني استرجاع ترو.

وقد صنفت مجلة مكسيم دوشكو في المرتبة السادسة ضمن قائمة «100 من النساء الجميلات لعام 2009»  كما تم ترشيح دوشكو في عام 2009 لجائزة سكريم في جوائز سكريم عن أفضل ممثلة خيال علمى عن دورها ايكو. '

 قائمة أفلامها

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|- style="background:#b0c4de;text-align:center"
! عام
! فيلم
! الدور
! ملاحظات أخرى
|-
| 1992
| في تلك الليلة
| أليس بلوم
| أول دور
|-
| 1993
| حياة الفتى
| بيرل
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994
| الصيد مع جورج
| غير موجود
|
|-
| أكاذيب حقيقية
| دانا تاسكر
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995
| وداعا وداعا الحب
| إيما
|
|-
| رحلة
| كات
| فيلم تلفزيوني
|-
| 1996
| سباق الشمس
| سيندي جونسون
|
|-
| 2000
| المنافسة Bring It On
| ميسى بانتون
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001
| عودة جاى وسايلانت بوب Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back
| سيسي
|
|-
| أرواح الناجون
| أنابيل
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002
| الرجل الجديد
| دانيال
|
|-
| مدينة على البحر
| جينا
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| الدور الخاطئ
| جيسي برلينجيم
|
|-
| القبلة
| ميجان
|
|-
| 2006.
| العشاء الأخير
| نادلة
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2007.
| قي برودواي'
| لينا ويلسون
|
|-
| نوبل سان
| شارون ساحة "المدينة" Sharon "City" Hall
|
|-
| الجنس والإفطار
| رينيه
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2008
| صدمة الزجاجة
| جو
|
|-
| قاتل الحروف
| ميغان بايج
| مساعد منتج
|-
| قضية ثاكر
| مونيكا رايت
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| القبور المفتوحة
| ايريكا
|
|-
| Noah's Ark: The New Beginning
| زالبيث
| في مرحلة ما بعد الإنتاج
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2010
| الوداع Valediction
| رينيه
| في مرحلة ما بعد الإنتاج
|}

في التلفزيون

ألعاب الفيديو

الظهور الخاص
 عرض الليلة The Tonight Show مع جاي لينو  (حلقة 1 «، 9 مايو 2002»، 2002)
 هايباسبايس HypaSpace (الحلقة 1، # 1.113، 2002)
 الاضافي (الحلقة 1 «، 21 أكتوبر 2003»، 2003)
 العرض المتأخر مع ديفيد ليترمان حلقات، "# 9.205" و«7 أبريل 2003». 2002-2003، 6 أكتوبر 2009)...
 The Late Late Show سهرة متأخرة  (3 حلقات، «9 نوفمبر 2002»، «20 يناير 2004» و«12 أبريل 2004»، 2002-2004)
 هايباسبايس HypaSpace (1 حلقة 1، "# 1.113"، 2002)
 قناة E!  الأخبار  (حلقتين، «20 مايو 2003» و«19 أكتوبر 2005»، 2003-2005)
 Late Night with Conan O'Brien مع كونان اوبراين (4 حلقات، «23 مايو 2003»، «20 نوفمبر 2003» و«17 يناير 2006 كانت»، «12 فبراير 2009» 2003-2009)
 Last Call with Carson Daly برنامج آخر مكالمة مع كارسون دالي  (1 حلقة «25 نوفمبر 2003»، 2003)
 جيمي كيميل على الهواء ! (حلقتين، «23 فبراير 2004». و«6 أغسطس 2008»، 2004-2008)
 On Air with Ryan Seacrest على الهواء مع ريان سيكريست  (الحلقة 1، «23 فبراير 2004». 2004)
 عرض شارون أوزبورن (الحلقة 1 «، 26 فبراير 2004». 2004)
 ريتشارد وجودي (الحلقة 1 «، 19 أبريل 2004»، 2004)
 اختيار جوائز أطفال نيكيلوديون '04(2004) (تلفزيون)
 جوائز اختيار الفتيات 2004 (2004) (تلفزيون)
 مع توني دانزا  (حلقة 1، "# 2.73"، 2005)
 مع ريجيس وكيلي على الهواء (حلقتين، «2 ديسمبر 2005»، 2005 «، 12 فبراير 2009»)
 الجائزة الكبرى لفيديو سباق اليورو  (2006) (التلفزيون)... مذيعة
 مع هوارد ستيرن  (الحلقة 1 «، 12 فبراير 2009»، 2009)
 مع بوني هانت  (الحلقة 1 «، 21 أبريل 2009»، 2009)

المراجع

الروابط الخارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أشخاص من وترتاون
أعلام ديزني
أعلام مارفل كومكس
أمريكيون من أصل ألباني
أمريكيون من أصل ألماني
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل دنماركي
إعلاميون أمريكيون
خريجو جامعة جورج واشنطن
ديمقراطيون من ولاية ماساتشوستس
رئيسات تنفيذيات أمريكيات
ممثلات أداء صوتي أمريكيات
ممثلات أطفال أمريكيات
ممثلات أفلام أمريكيات
ممثلات ألعاب فيديو أمريكيات
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 20
ممثلات أمريكيات في القرن 21
ممثلات تلفزيون أمريكيات
ممثلات من أصل بريطاني
ممثلات من بوسطن (ماساتشوستس)
ممثلات من لوس أنجلوس
ممثلات من ماساتشوستس
ممثلون وممثلات من ولاية ماساتشوستس
مواليد 1980
مواليد 1981
مواليد في وترتاون
ناشطون من بوسطن
ناشطون من لوس أنجلوس

إليزا دوشكو


بطولة الاتحاد العالمي للمصارعة الترفيهية للنساء (WWE Women's Championship)، هي بطولة مصارعة محترفة من تأسيس دبليو دبليو إي تم إنشائها عام 1956  واستمرت حتى سنة 2010، حيث تعتبر ليلى إل اخر مصارعة فازت باللقب.

رياضات نسائية
مصارعة حرة

بطولة النساء دبليو دبليو إي