قهوة إسبريسو أو الأسْبَرِيسَّة هي قهوة إيطالية الصنع مُركزة وقاتمة اللون. تتكون من القليل من الماء المغلي مع حبوب البن الأصلية المطحونة، يُقدم في فنجان صغير مع صحنه، يشبه في الشكل فنجان القهوة التركي ولكنه غالبا ما يكون سميكاً وأبيض اللون، ويمكن أن يكون شفافاً.

قهوة إسبريسو لها قوام غالباً ما يكون أكثر سُمكاً من مشروبات القهوة الأخرى، وتحتوي على تركيز أعلى من المواد العالقة والذائبة ورغوة الكريما الناتجة عن الضغط إذ أن تركيز هذا المشروب يُعد قوياً في الفنجان النموذجي (60 ملليلتر)، قهوة إسبريسو هي أساس بعض مشروبات القهوة الأخرى مثل كافيه لاتيه، موكا، القهوة الأمريكية، وهي أكثر أنواع القهوة شيوعًا في جنوب أوروبا وخاصة في إيطاليا وإسبانيا والبرتغال وفرنسا.

أصل الكلمة
تعني كلمة إسبريسو في إيطاليا القهوة الطازجة وليست تحريف للكلمة إكسبريس أي السريعة.

لمحة تاريخية

أخترعت آول آلة تعمل بالبخار لصنع قهوة الإسبريسو الفورية على يد الإيطالي أنجيلو موريوندو في عام 1884، ثم أضاف لويجي بيزيرا عددًا من التحسينات لآلة موريوندو لصنع الإسبريسو كان أولها في 19 ديسمبر 1901، ثم أسس رجل الأعمال الإيطالي ديسيديريو بافوني في عام 1903 شركة لا بافاوني لإنتاج الآلة صناعيًا، والتي كانت عبارة عن ورشة صغيرة في ميلان تنتج بمعدل آلة واحدة يوميًا. وكانت آلة بافوني تستغرق 45 ثانية في إعداد فنجان القهوة واحد.

ارتبط ارتفاع استهلاك الإسبريسو بالتوسع الحضري، حيث وفرت مقاهي تقديم الإسبريسو مكانًا للتواصل الاجتماعي. ازدهرت قهوة الإسبريسو في العديد من دول أوروبا بفضل السياحة إلى إيطاليا، وبفضل المقاهي الإيطالية التي كانت تقدم الإسبريسو لطبقة العاملة من المغتربين ذوي الأصول الإيطالية، ثم انتشرت في المملكة المتحدة بين فئة الشباب خلال حقبة الخمسينيات من القرن العشرين. وانتشرت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في الأحياء الإيطالية، مثل نورث إند في بوسطن، وليتل إيتالي في نيويورك، ونورث بيتش في سان فرانسيسكو. تطور من الإسبريسو عدد من المشروبات الأخرى بإضافة بعض المواد إليها، ففي أوروبا تحولت إلى مشروب الكابتشينو بإضافة الحليب ذو لرغوة، وفي الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية اشتهر مشروب اللاتيه الذي قدم لأول مرة في خمسينيات القرن العشرين في مقهى ميديتيرينيوم في مدينة بيركلي بولاية كاليفورنيا على يد لينو ميورين بإضافة بعض المنكهات إلى الإسبريسو، ثم انتشر في مدينة سياتل. وفي أواخر الثمانينيات وأوائل التسعينيات من القرن العشرين، وراحت تقدمه سلسلة مقاهي ستاربكس الشهيرة في العديد من بلدان العالم.

أخذت شعبية الإسبريسو تتزايد في بلدان الشرق الأوسط وآسيا مع افتتاح سلاسل المقاهي الغربية.

المادة الفعالة
يحتوي هذا المشروب على نسبة كافيين أعلى من معظم المشروبات الأخرى حيث يُقدم الفنجان المُعتاد من إسبريسو بحجم 60 ملليلتر ويحتوي على 80-150 مليجرام من الكافيين وفنجان 240 ملليلتر يحتوي على 95-200 مليجرام من الكافيين ولكن نظرا لصغر الحجم المتداول للفنجان الذي يقدم به الإسبريسو مقارنة بالأكواب التي تقدم بها مشروبات القهوة الأخرى، فإن الكمية الإجمالية للكافيين في فنجان الإسبريسو أقل من كمية الكافيين في كوب واحد من الأمريكانو أو القهوة المحضرة طازجا.
و تقدم الإسبريسو أيضاً بما يسمى Double Espresso أو Doppio Espresso أي ضعف الكمية، وهي تقدم في فنجان كبير لمحبي شرب القهوة. والمحترفون عادة يأخذونها بدون تخفيف أو سكر، أما الآخرون فيقدم إليهم السكر الأسمر إن أرادوا تخفيفها كما أن البعض يضع عليها قطرات من نكهة اللوز.

أنواعها
تقدم العديد من أنواع قهوة الإسبريسو في المقاهي المختلفة من بينها قهوة الإسبريسو الباردة (الفريدو إسبريسو)، وهي قهوة إسبرسو تكون معدة مسبقًا ومبردة، أو يضاف إليها مكعبات الثلج، ثم توضع في إناء به ثلج إضافي لتبرد، وتقدم عادة في جنوب أوروبا ويتزايد استهلاكها في فصل الصيف. قدم مشروب الفريدو كابتشينو في مقاهي اليونان منذ عام 1991 أيضًا جنبًا إلى جنب مع الفريدو إسبريسو.

وهنالك أيضا شكلين من الإسبريسو، الأقوى وهو الرستريتو إسبريسو Ristretto، وفيها تُطحن القهوة بشكل أنعم وتُكبس بقوة وتقل كمية المياه فيها قليلا. وشكل أخف وهو مايكل لونجو Lungo، وفيها يتم زيادة كمية المياه قليلا، ويمكن لكليهما أن يُقدما بكمية مضاعفة، Dopio Espresso ristretto وDopio Espresso lungo.

انظر أيضًا
 قهوة مكياتو
 كابتشينو

المصادر

وصلات خارجية

القهوة في إيطاليا
إعداد القهوة
ثقافة القهوة
قهوة إيطالية
مشروبات ساخنة
مشروبات قهوة
مطبخ إيطالي

قهوة إسبريسو


Simone Weil (Paris, Fransa, d. 3 Şubat 1909 – Ashford, İngilitere, ö. 24 Ağustos 1943). Fransız filozof ve Katolik bir mistik.

Hayatı
Weil, 1909'da ataları Musevi olmakla birlikte kendisini ve büyük erkek kardeşini agnostik olarak büyüten bir ailenin çocuğu olarak Paris'te dünyaya geldi. Hayatı boyunca başağrıları ve sinizütten dolayı acı çekti.

Weil'in on iki yaşında Antik Yunanca öğrenerek ileri düzeyde kitapları okuyabilmesi ileride sergileyecek yeteneklerinin bir ön habercisiydi. Ecole Normale Supérieure'deki sınıfının ikincisi olmuştu.

1919'da on yaşındayken Bolşevik olduğunu ilan etti. Gençliğinde işçi hareketine katıldı. Politik yazılar kaleme aldı, gösterilerde yürüdü ve işçi haklarını savundu.

1931'de öğretmenlik diplomasını alarak Le Puy adlı kız okulunda felsefe öğretmeni oldu. Öğretmenliğinin yanı sıra tüm eleştirilere rağmen marksizm'e inanan bir kişi olarak işsiz ve grevdeki işçiler arasına girerek yerel politik eylemlere katıldı. Sonraları Marksist görüşlerinden vazgeçmesine rağmen demokratik ve kapitalist toplumlara ilişkin görüşlerini yazmaya devam etti. Weil kapitalizm ve sosyalizm'in sınırları hakkında kötümser bir görüşe sahipti. 1934'te sıra dışı metotları sebebiyle öğretmenliği bırakmaya zorlandı ve Paris fabrikasında çalışmaya başladı. Kötü sağlığı ve eksik fiziksel gücü sebebiyle fabrikada fazla çalışamadı.

1936'da öğretmenliğe geri dönmüş ancak artık tüm şevkini kaybetmişti. Aynı yıl İspanya'ya gider ve İspanya İç Savaşı'nda anarşist cepheye katılır. Silah kullanmaz ancak cephe gerisinde çalışır. Kaynar suyla yaralanır ve Fransa'ya geri döner.

Savaştan sonra Weil ilgisini dine yöneltir. Tanrı ve onun kendi yaşamı ile ilgili iradesi hakkında daha fazla şey keşfetmenin peşine düşmüştür. İlk mistik deneyimini Solesmes Manastırında keşişlerin söyledikleri ilahileri dinlerken yaşar. Bu deneyiminden sonra hayatının geri kalanını Tanrı'nın kendi yaşamıyla ilgili iradesini keşfetmeye ve deneyimlerinin entelektüel sonuçlarını ifade etmeye adamıştır.

Weil'e 1943'te tüberküloz teşhisi konmuştur. Doktorları tarafından dinlenmesi ve iyi bir diyet programı takip etmesi istendi ancak o, politik eylemlere katılmaya, ülkesindeki direniş sebebiyle duyduğu üzüntüyle yiyeceğini ülkesindeki insanlarının yiyeceği oranında kısıtlar ve çoğu kez çok az yiyecekle yetinir. Paraya önem vermeyişi özel bir tedavi kabul etmesine izin vermez. Sağlığı gittikçe kötüleştiğinden İngiltere'de Ashford'da bir senatoryum'da yatmak zorunda kalır.

Kimilerince 20. yüzyılın en ilginç filozoflarından kabul edilen Simone Weil, 1943 yılının Ağustos ayında 34 yaşındayken kalp yetmezliğinden dünyaya gözlerini kapar. Ölüm raporunda şu ifadeler yer alır; "Merhume zihin dengesini yitirerek yemek yemeği reddedip kendini öldürdü."

Çoğu eseri ölümünden sonra yayınlanmıştır.

Hakkında
Simone Weil'i evinde ağırlayan ve kendisine yazı taslaklarını vererek eserlerinin günümüze taşınmasına önayak olan Gustave Thibon, Weil'in ilk basılan eseri La Pesanteur et la Grâce'''ın önsözünde (Yerçekimi ve Tanrı'nın Lütfu, adıyla Türkçeye çevirilmiştir aşağıdaki alıntı da bu Türkçe çeviriden alınmıştır) şunları söylemektedir:

"Yarım yüzyıl önce yazılan bu satırlara ne ekleyebilirim?

Tin için ışık ve ruh için besin olan Simone Weil'in yapıtının güncelleştirilmeye gereksinimi yoktur, çünkü bu yapıt, bütün zamanların ve bütün yerlerin dışına taşan varlığın doruğundan çıkmaktadır. Platon'un veya Marc-Aurele'in bir düşüncesine, Eschyle'in bir dizesine veya bir Shakespeare kahramanının çığlığına nasıl tarih koyabiliriz? Aynı şey Simone Weil için de söz konusudur. Gerçek ışık sönmüyor ve gerçek kaynakların yenilenmeye gereksinimleri yoktur...."

André Gide için Weil "Bu yüzyılın en spiritüel yazarı", Albert Camus için "zamanımızın en büyük ruhu", T.S.Eliot için "bir azizin sahip olduğu türden deha sahibi bir kadın" idi. Eleştirmen Leslie Fiedler ise onu "yabancılaşma çağında Aziz olarak yabancı" biri olarak tasvir etmişti.

 Kitaplarından

 Yerçekimi ve Tanrı'nın Lütfu adlı eserinden;

"Zaman, açıkçası yoktur (sınır olarak şimdinin dışında) ve buna rağmen biz zamana tabiyiz. Bu bizim durumumuzdur. Varolmayan şeye tabiyiz. İster edilgen olarak acı çekilen -fiziksel acı, bekleyiş, pişmanlık, vicdan azabı, korku gibi - zaman olsun, ister çekip çevrilen - düzen, yöntem, zorunluluk gibi - zaman olsun, her iki durumda da tabi olduğumuz şey var değildir. Ama itaatimiz vardır. Biz, gerçekdışı zincirlerle gerçekten bağlanmışız. Gerçekdışı olan zaman, her şeyi ve bizi gerçekdışılıkla örter."

"İnsan kendini her zaman bir buyruğa adar. Doğaüstü esin dışta tutarsak, bu buyruğun merkezi, ya kendidir ya da özel bir varlıktır (bu özel varlık bir soyutlama olabilir). Buyruk bu varlığın içinde taşınır (askerleri için Napolyon, Bilim, Parti, vs.) Perspektifsel buyruk."

"Görüşler arasında seçim yapma zorunluluğu yoktur; bunların hepsini kabul etmek ama onları dikey olarak sıralamak ve uygun yerlere yerleştirmek gerekir."

"Okumalar. Okuma - belirli bir dikkat niteliği hariç tutulursa - yerçekimine itaat eder. Yerçekimi tarafından telkin edilen görüşler okunur (insanlar ve olaylar üzerine olan yargılarımızda tutkuların ve toplumsal konformizmin büyük payı)"

"Olmak ve sahip olmak. - İnsanın varlığı yoktur, yalnızca sahip olduğu vardır. İnsanın varlığı perdenin arkasında, doğaüstünün olduğu taraftadır. Kendisi hakkında bilebileceği şey, yalnızca koşulların ona verdiği şeydir. Ben benim için gizlidir (ve başkası için de); ben Tanrı tarafındadır, Tanrı'dadır, Tanrı'dır. Gururlu olmak, Tanrı olduğunu unutmaktır... Perde, insanın sefaletidir; İsa için bile bir perde vardır.

 Kitapları
 La Pesanteur et la Grâce (Gravity and Grace) (1947)
 L'Enracinement (The Need for Roots) (1949)
 Attente de Dieu (Waiting on God) (1950)
 Oppression et Liberté (Oppression and Liberty) (1955)

 Simone Weil üzerine
 Jacques Cabaud - Simone Weil (1964)
 Richard Rees - Simone Weil (1966)
 Simone Pétrement - Simone Weil: A Life (1988, orig. French edition 1973)
 Dorothy T. McFarland - Simone Weil (1983)
 Robert Coles - Simone Weil: A Modern Pilgrimage (1987)
 Pat Little - Simone Weil (1988)
 Gabriella Fiori - Simone Weil: An Intellectual Biography (1989)
 Stephanie Strickland - Red Virgin: A Poem Of Simone Weil 1993
 Heiz Abosh - Simone Weil (1994)
 Francine du Plessix Gray - Simone Weil (2001)

 Türkçede Simone Weil
 Yerçekimi ve Tanrı'nın Lütfu'', çev. Mehmet Mukadder Yakupoğlu, Mor Yayınları, Ankara, 1999.

Kaynakça

 Wikipedia Simone Weil maddesi
 Simone Weil: A saint for our time? by Jillian Becker
 Simone Weil's Life
 Simone Weil on Society and Solitude

Dış bağlantılar
 Simone Weil: Love and Language
 Simone Weil
 SIMONE WEIL: Kenotic Thought and "Sainteté Nouvelle"
 Women Philosophers-Wikipedia

1909 doğumlular
10. arrondissement (Paris) doğumlular
1943 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Fransız filozofları
20. yüzyıl Fransız yazarları
20. yüzyılda Hristiyanlar
Fransız filozoflar
Fransız anarşistler
Fransız sendikacılar
Fransa Yahudileri
Fransız Roma Katolikleri
Fransız komünistler
École Normale Supérieur'de öğrenim görenler
Platoncu filozoflar
Sınıf ve kitle sendikacılığı üyeleri
İngiltere'de hastalıktan ölenler
Veremden ölenler
Roma Katolik filozoflar
Hristiyan mistikler
Katolik mistikler
Katolikliğe dönenler
Yahudilikten Katoliliğine geçenler
IV. Henri Lisesinde öğrenim görenler

Simone Weil


EMZ 1001, prvi mikroprocesor ili mikropreradnik proizveden u Sloveniji (tada SR Sloveniji) te ujedno u tadašnjoj SFR Jugoslaviji. Proizvelo ga je poduzeće "Iskra" (slov. Delovna organizacija »Iskra« — industrija elementov za elektroniko, n. sol. o. kraće DO Iskra Elementi n. sol. o.) sa sjedištem u Ljubljani.

Povijest

Iskra je započela razvoj novog mikropreadnika 1975. godine u suradnji s Elektrotehničim fakultetom u Ljubljani te s američkom tvrtkom American Microsystems Inc (AMI) (kasnije AMI Semiconductor). Pošto Iskra nije posjedovala dovoljno naprednu opremu za izradu mikroprocesora i u to vrijeme nije bilo moguće uvesti tu opremu zbog blockade od strane zapadnih zemalja zbog Comecon blockade, nakon uspješnog razvijanja ovog mikroprocesora posao je bio podijeljen tako što je AMI proizvodio silicijske pločice, dok je Iskra vršila završno ispitivanje mikropreradnika. Isto tako prije nego što su se mikropreradnici EMZ 1001 pojavili na jugoslavenskom tržištu, oni su se pojavili na zapadnom tržištu 1977. i nosili su naznaku AMI S2000. Prema iscurenim telegramima s wikileaks Iskra je puno puta kontaktirala američke političke prestavnike da be se ovaj mikropreradnik mogao proizvodiiti u AMIu te da se dozvoljavao izvoz gotovih proizvoda u Jugoslaviju. U rujnu 1978. Iskra Commerce je izdala katalog Iskra – Industrija elementov za elektroniko – Mikroelektronika gdje se spominje mikroračunalnik EMZ 1001. a poslije su proizvodni primjerci proizvedeni u Iskirnoj tvornici i prodavani na jugoslavenskom tržištu 1979. Kod razvoja ovog mikropreradnika američki partner u ovom razvoju trebao je obaviti prijenos te tehnologije proizvodnje no ovo je bilo kočeno puno puta bila je potrebna dozvola od američke države koja je strogo kontrolirala prijenos određenih tehnologija prema zemljama van zapadne političe domene, što je bila uobičajena praksa za vrijeme Hladnog rata. godine. Mikroprocesor poslije nije doživio veću primjenu, zbog slabe programske podrške, nerazvijenog tržišta i cijene. Ako se mikropreradnik EMZ 1001 usporedi s mikropreradnicima svog vremena, iako je bio napredan u mnogim pogledima, i što po arhitekturi je bio fleksibilan, po svojim performansama kaskao je iza mikroprocesora koji su se pojavili u slično vrijeme kao Zilog Z80 (1976.), Intel 8080 te MOS 6502. EMZ 1001 bio je puno sporiji od svojih vršnjaka, nisku memoriju, i 4 bitnu arhitekturu. Isto tako tadašnje jugoslavensko tržište nije imalo mnogo sposobnih manjih inovativnih tvrtki koje bi mogle razviti nove proizvode zasnovane na EMZ 1001.

Tehničke značajke

EMZ1001 Mikroprocesor je radio s binarnim četverobitnim nizovima ulaznih podataka tj. binarno kodiranim decimalnim brojevima ili BCD.

EMZ 1001 možemo nazvati i samostalnim mikroračunalom izvedenim na jednom integriranom sklopu, a sadržavao je vlastiti ROM i RAM. Posjedovao je jedan 13-bitni izlaz, jedan 8-bitni izlaz i dva 4-bitna ulaza.

Unutrašnje uređenje:

 Arhitektura: 4-bitna, CISC, akumulatorska arhitektura
 Broj iglica: 40
 Tehnologija: NMOS
 Takt: 50 Hz/60 Hz, fiksni ciklus od 4.5μs za svaku naredbu
 Broj naredbi: 51
 Broj tranzistora: 13.000
 RAM : 16 (lokacija) x 4 bita x 4 stranice
 ROM : 1kB ugrađeno (stranica 0), moguće maksimalno 8 stranica odnosno priključivanje vanjskih ROMova
 Ugrađeni dekoder za 7 segmentni zaslon

Mikropreadnik bio imao je pakovanje s 40 iglica. Iglice su bile:

 D0-D7 - podatkovne iglice
 A0-A12 - adresne iglice
 VSS
 RUN
 SYNC
 VDD
 VGG (+9V)
 ROMS
 EXT
 KREF
 CLK
 POR
 STATUS
 K1,K2,K4,K8
 I1,I2,I4,I8

Uporaba
Mikroprocesor EMZ 1001 bio je namijenjen kućanskim uređajima, elektroničkim vagama, mjernim instrumentima, elektroničkim igrama (automati za igru), blagajnama, registratorima događaja, jedinicama za sabiranje (skupljanje) uzorkovanih podataka, programatorima (džepni kalkulatori), telekomunikacijski uređaji i sl.

Inačice

EMZ 1001 imala je razne izvedbe koje su imale mogućnosti rada u sljedećim temperaturnim opsezima:

 0 - +55,
 0 - +70,
 0 - +85,
 -40 - +85 °C
 EMZ 1001 B
 EMZ 1001 C
 EMZ 1001 E
 EMZ1001K CP
AMI
 S2000
 S2000A
 S2150
 S2150A

Unutarnje poveznice
 Iskra EMZ 1002 A
 Iskra EMS 6821 A
 Iskradata 100
 Ferranti F100L, prvi europski mikroprocesor, 1976.

Literatura
 Dušan Raič, »Integrirani mikroračunalnik Iskra – EMZ 1001«, Informatica : časopis za tehnologijo računalništva in probleme informatike : časopis za računarsku tehnologiju i probleme informatike : spisanie za tehnologija na smetanjeto i problemi od oblasta na informatikata : journal of computing and informatics, Letnik (Vol.) 3, 1979 — št. (No.) 1, Slovensko društvo Informatika, Ljubljana, 1979., , str. 12. – 23.,
 Davor Miljan, Jurij Šilc, Peter Kolbezen, »Programski simulator — korak k razvoju mikroračunalniških aplikacijskih programov«, Informatica : časopis za tehnologijo računalništva in probleme informatike : časopis za računarsku tehnologiju i probleme informatike : spisanie za tehnologija na smetanjeto i problemi od oblasta na informatikata : journal of computing and informatics, Letnik (Vol.) 6, 1982 — št. (No.) 4, Slovensko društvo Informatika, Ljubljana, 1982., , str. 57. – 63.,
 Gregor Anželj, Janez Brank, Andrej Brodnik, Patricio Bulić, Mojca Ciglarič, Mirko Đukić, Luka Fürst, Marko Kikelj, Alenka Krapež, Helena Medvešek, Nataša Mori, Matjaž Pančur, Peter Sterle, Računalništvo in informatika 1 : e-učbenik za informatiko v gimnaziji, ver. 2.05, Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem, Ljubljana: Založba Fakultete za računalništvo in informatiko Univerze v Ljubljani, Maribor: Založba Fakultete za elektrotehniko, računalništvo in informatiko Univerze v Mariboru, 2015., , , , str. 219., URL: http://lusy.fri.uni-lj.si/ucbenik/

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Mikroprocesori
EMZ 1001

Iskra EMZ 1001


Olaylar
 Osman Bey, Lefke, Akhisar, Mekece ve Geyveyi fethetti.

Doğumlar
 24 Şubat - İbn Battuta, Orta Çağın en büyük seyyahı ve Rıhlet-ü İbn Battûta diye bilinen seyahatnâmenin yazarı (ö. 1369)
 20 Temmuz - Petrarca, döneminin en büyük bilgini sayılan İtalyan hümanist ve şair (ö. 1374)
 tarihi bilinmeyen
 İbn eş-Şatir, Arap gök bilimci (ö. 1375)

Ölümler
 17 Mayıs - Gazan Han, Moğol İmparatorluğunun İran'daki İlhanlı bölümünün 7. hükümdarı (d. 1272)
 7 Temmuz - XI. Benedictus, papa (d. 1240)
 27 Temmuz - Andrey, Rus prens, Aleksandr Nevskiy'nin oğlu (d. 1255)
 17 Ağustos - İmparator Go-Fukakusa, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 89. imparatoru (d. 1243)

1304


دجوردجيفو (Ђурђево) هي مدينة في محافظة جابالي في مقاطعة جنوب باتشكا في إقليم الحكم الذاتي فويفودينا في صربيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 5475   نسمة.

أعلام
 سيلفستر تاكاك

مراجع

مقاطعة جنوب باتشكا

دجوردجيفو


The Castle of Salir () is an Almohad fortress, located in the civil parish of the same name (Salir (Loulé)), 16 kilometres from the municipality seat of Loulé in the Portuguese Algarve.

History
The castle is a late Islamic castle, built during a period of intense pressure from Christian forces. It was part of the a network of Almohad castles, an extensive line of coastal defenses that stretched into the interior from Castro Marim until Alcoutim. Salir was a rural defensive post, one of several that were aligned towards the interior: it was an advanced outpost. Its function was to protect the farmers from attacks by Christians, and which intensified after the conquest of Tavira by knights of the Order of Santiago. The construction of the castle occurred in the 12th century, but was King Sancho I of Portugal conquered the settlement in 1189. Ever mindful of Moorish counteroffensives, the walls were reinforced at the end of the 12th century. The majority of ceramics discovered on the site date to the period between the 12th and 13th century.

Salir enters the compiled documents of the Portugaliae Monumenta Historica, as the name of a place taken by commander Paio Peres Correia. The master was to await the arrival of Afonso (1248–1279) so that they could unite their forces and remove the last vestiges of resistance in the Algarve. Consequently, the fortification of Salir, within this context, had a strategic role. Later, a fire destroyed the castle, which was reconstructed two times, before actually falling into ruins.

Around 1505, there were less than 87 residential homes in Salir.

By the end of the 16th century, the castle was already abandoned and in a state of ruins.

In 1758, there were 11 homes in Salir, likely due to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake which caused damage to the castle and surrounding countryside.

The civil parish of São Sebastião de Salir had approximately 408 homes in 1798.

The slow deterioration of the castle was, by 1841, semi-complete, as reports from the site suggest that the structure was in ruins.

The first archaeological investigation of the castle and surroundings began in 1987.

Salir was elevated to the status of town in 1993.

Legend
Salir received its name, from the "disappearance" of the daughter of the Moorish alcalde Aben-Fabilla, so a legend suggests, who escaped when he saw his castle being threatened by the army of Afonso III. But, before fleeing, the alcalde buried all his gold, thinking that he could retrieve it later. When the Christians took the castle, they discovered it was empty, except for the beautiful daughter of the alcade who prayed with fervor, and who had preferred to stay in the castle and die a salir. From a nearby mountain, Aben-Fabilia saw his captive daughter in the hands of the Christians and with his right hand made a sign of the Star of David, uttering some mysterious words. At that moment, while the knight Gonçalo Peres was talking to the girl, she was transformed into a statue of rock. The news of the enchanted Moor permeated the castle. But, one day the statue disappeared. The memory of the strange event became linked to Salir, whose towns folk named the village in honour of the courageous youth. The legend concludes with the reflection that, on certain nights, the enchanted statue appears in the Castle.

Architecture

The castle is located in a rural, semi-mountainous isolated location, implanted in an elevated point in the Algarvean Barrocal, located north-northwest from the parish seat of Salir. It is situated in an area of ample visibility over the fertile valleys to the north and west. The elevated hilltop is 250 metres above sea level, relatively close to the highest points of the Serra do Caldeirão. Located to the east is the Roman archaeological site of Torrinha.

The castle is laid-out in a central, but irregular, plan in the form of oval. The articulated spaces are aligned horizontally, but with no roofing (except for the traditional home at its centre and interpretative center).

The main facade is oriented towards the south, where the slope is less accentuated. A main doorway is not identifiable, although there are indications that it was situated on the extreme southeast, corresponding to the principal access-way to the castle. There are five definable walls, defined by the main fate and four separate towers, all rectangular and some state of ruin. Tower "D", also known as the Muro do Meio (Middle Wall) is in the northeast, in an area of accentuated slope, marked by a robust berm. The wall is little more than  wide, that was almost completely destroyed in course of accessing the spaces; what remains is just a section . Tower "C", known as the Torre da Alfarrobeira (Tower of the Carob Tree) is located in the northern flank of the castle, precisely at the point where the slope in relation to the valley is more accentuated. A three-metre () high section of this wall still remains,  in size. Tower "B", referred to as the Muro Maior (Major Wall) is along the northeastern flank, farthest from the main road, and a section that is similar to the rest, with the addition of buildings abutting along the east and south. The south tower is integrated into these constructions, and abutting the southeastern wall. There are also two sections,  wide, that are conserved to about : in the north, that connect Tower "D" and Tower "B", passing through "C"; and a small section in the southeast, known as the Muro da Sabedoria (Wall of Wisdom). This is all that is left of the circuit that encircles the castle and connected to the interior of the grounds.

The excavated area, east of Tower "B" consists of an irregular rectangular area where the discovery of a few constructions were first identified: specifically, they included a kitchen and living spaces dating to the period of the Moorish occupation of the castle.

The paths are gardened/landscaped with Portuguese pavement stone, limited the corners and towers, while bunks were deposited in the garden around Tower "B".

It is difficult to determine the state of the original interiors, articulation of the spaces, illumination or ceilings, due to the state of decay. The principal artery is defined by the Travessa do Castelo, which parts from the main entrance southeast and terminates in the west, dividing the courtyard of the castle in half.

Interpretative Center
Located in the excavated area of the castle, east of Tower "B", it is a rectangular building, with a simple single floor. The principal facade is oriented to the south, towards the public access-way, accessible by a double flight of stairs.

References
Notes

Sources

Salir
Castles in the Algarve
Buildings and structures in Loulé

fr:Salir (Loulé)

Castle of Salir


Sagama (sardisk: Sàgama) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Oristano i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 333 meters højde og har 200 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 11,72 km² og grænser til kommunerne Flussio, Scano di Montiferro, Sindia, Suni og Tinnura.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Oristano

Sagama


William Tanner Vollmann (born July 28, 1959) is an American novelist, journalist, war correspondent, short story writer, and essayist. He won the 2005 National Book Award for Fiction with the novel Europe Central.

Biography
William Vollmann was born in Los Angeles and lived there for five years. He attended public high school in Bloomington, Indiana, and has also lived in New Hampshire, New York, and the San Francisco Bay Area.  His father was Thomas E. Vollmann, a business professor at Indiana University. When he was nine years old, Vollmann's six-year-old sister drowned in a pond while under his supervision, and he felt responsible for her death. According to him, this loss has influenced much of his work.

Vollmann studied at Deep Springs College, and completed a BA, summa cum laude, in comparative literature at Cornell University, where he lived at the Telluride House.

After graduation, Vollmann went on to the University of California, Berkeley, on a fellowship for a doctoral program in comparative literature. He dropped out after one year.

Vollmann lives in Sacramento, California, with his wife, who is a radiation oncologist. Vollmann's daughter Lisa died of complications from alcoholism.

Career
Vollmann worked odd jobs, including a post as a secretary at an insurance company, and saved up enough money to go to Afghanistan in 1982. During this trip, he sought to gather information and images that could determine the most deserving candidates for American aid. He eventually foisted himself upon a group of mujahideen heading for the front lines. He saw battle with the soldiers, who were fighting the Soviet Union, before he came down with dysentery and had to be dragged through the Hindu Kush mountains. His experiences on this trip inspired his first non-fiction book, An Afghanistan Picture Show, or, How I Saved the World, which was not published until 1992.

Upon his return to the US, Vollmann started work as a computer programmer, even though he had virtually no experience with computers. According to a New York Times Magazine profile by the novelist Madison Smartt Bell, for a year Vollmann wrote much of his first novel, You Bright and Risen Angels, after hours on office computers, subsisting on candy bars from vending machines and hiding from the janitorial staff.

His writing influences include Ernest Hemingway, Comte de Lautréamont, Louis-Ferdinand Celine, Yukio Mishima, Yasunari Kawabata, and Leo Tolstoy.

In addition to full-length books, Vollmann has written articles and had stories published in Harper's, Playboy, Conjunctions, Spin Magazine, Esquire, The New Yorker, Gear, and Granta. He has also contributed to The New York Times Book Review. Vollmann identifies as a "hack journalist"; he often does travel writing and reportage while doing research for his larger fiction or non-fiction projects.

In November 2003 (after many delays), his book Rising Up and Rising Down was published. It is a 3,300-page, heavily illustrated, seven-volume treatise on violence. It was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award. A single-volume condensed version was published at the end of the following year by Ecco Press. Vollmann justified the abridgment, saying, "I did it for the money." Rising Up and Rising Down represents more than 20 years of work in which he tries to establish a moral calculus to consider the causes, effects, and ethics of violence. Vollmann based it on his reporting from places of warfare, including Cambodia, Somalia, and Iraq.

Vollmann's other works often deal with the settlement of North America (as in Seven Dreams: A Book of North American Landscapes, a cycle of seven novels); or stories of people (often prostitutes) on the margins of war, poverty, and hope. His novel Europe Central (2005) follows the trajectories of a wide range of characters (including the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich) caught up in the fighting between Germany and the Soviet Union. It won the 2005 National Book Award for Fiction.

In 2008, Vollmann was awarded a five-year fellowship/grant from the Strauss Living Award, which provides $50,000 a year, tax free. In 2009, Vollmann published Imperial, a nonfiction account of life in Imperial County, California, on the border of Mexico.

In 2010, Vollmann published a critical study of Japanese Noh theater entitled Kissing the Mask: Beauty, Understatement, and Femininity in Japanese Noh Theater.

Vollmann became depressed and began cross dressing in 2008 and has developed a female alter ego persona named Dolores which is documented in The Book of Dolores. "'Dolores is a relatively young woman trapped in this fat, aging male body,' Mr. Vollmann said. 'I've bought her a bunch of clothes, but she's not grateful. She would like to get rid of me if she could.'"

As early as 2007 Vollmann was writing ghost and supernatural stories—("Widow's Weeds" was published in AGNI no. 66 in 2007).—which were eventually published by Viking as Last Stories and Other Stories.  In interviews, he has mentioned a book about abortion called The Shame of Our Youth, as well as a study on rape cases in court.

Vollmann's papers were acquired by the Rare Books & Manuscripts Library of Ohio State University.

In his personal life, Vollmann – who eschews not only the fame of authorship but also cellphones, credit cards, and other modern age touchstones – has sometimes been characterized as a misanthrope, even a Luddite. In a 2013 Harper's essay, "Life as a Terrorist", Vollmann revealed how the perception of "anti-progress, anti-industrialist themes" in his early writings had changed his life. Utilizing official files obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, the essay details Vollmann's investigation by the FBI as a suspect in the mid-1990s Unabomber case. Though he was cleared, Vollmann describes a lifetime of unabating negative repercussions from his permanent classified record.

Studies
Full-length critical essays about Vollmann's work have been published in Review of Contemporary Fiction, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, BookForum, Open Letters Monthly, and Science Fiction Studies. In 2010, the German magazine 032c dedicated 40 pages of its 19th issue to Vollmann, and featured a rare interview with the author in addition to reprinted texts.

Michael Hemmingson co-edited, with Larry McCaffery, Expelled from Eden: A WTV Reader (NY: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2004) and published William T. Vollmann: A Critical Study and Seven Interviews (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co) in 2009.

William T. Vollmann: A Critical Companion, edited by Christopher K. Coffman and Daniel Lukes, and including contributions from Larry McCaffery, Jonathan Franzen, Michael Hemmingson, James Franco, Carla Bolte, and others, was published by the University of Delaware in October 2014.

Awards
 (1988) Whiting Award
 (2005) National Book Award for Fiction for Europe Central

Bibliography

Novels and collections

You Bright and Risen Angels (1987)
The Rainbow Stories (1989) (collection)
13 stories and 13 epitaphs (1991) (collection)
The Atlas (1996) (collection)
Europe Central (2005)
Last Stories and Other Stories (2014) (collection)
The Lucky Star (2020)

Seven Dreams series

The Ice-Shirt (1990) (Volume One)
Fathers and Crows (1992) (Volume Two)
Argall: The True Story of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith (2001) (Volume Three)
The Dying Grass (2015) (Volume Five)
The Rifles (1994) (Volume Six)

The "Prostitution Trilogy"

Whores for Gloria (1991)
Butterfly Stories: A Novel (1993)
The Royal Family (2000)

Non-fiction

An Afghanistan Picture Show: Or, How I Saved the World (1992)
Rising Up and Rising Down: Some Thoughts on Violence, Freedom and Urgent Means (2003)
Uncentering the Earth: Copernicus and the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (2006) (Part of the "Great Discoveries" series)
Poor People (2007)
Riding Toward Everywhere (2008)
Imperial (2009)
Kissing the Mask: Beauty, Understatement and Femininity in Japanese Noh Theater (2010)
Into the Forbidden Zone: A Trip Through Hell and High Water in Post-Earthquake Japan (2011) (eBook)
The Book of Dolores (2013)
No Immediate Danger: Volume One of Carbon Ideologies (2018)
No Good Alternative: Volume Two of Carbon Ideologies (2018)
"Just Keep Going North: At the Border" (essay, Harper's, July 2019)
"Four Men" (essay, Harper's, November 2023)

Unpublished and rare works
The Song of Heaven: Grammar and Rhetoric in Literature and Political Action (1981)
Welcome to the Memoirs (autobiography, later reworked as An Afghanistan Picture Show) (1983)
The Convict Bird: A Children's Poem (1988) (bound with steel plates)
The Happy Girls (1990) (hand-painted and bound with metal plates, later included in 13 Stories and 13 Epitaphs)
Wordcraft: Hints and Notes (circa 1990) (writer's handbook)
The Grave of Lost Stories (1993) (bound in steel and marble box, originally included in 13 Stories and 13 Epitaphs)
Burning Songs (circa 2000) (poems)
The Book of Candles (1995–2008) (ten poems, in wooden box)
Shadows of Love, Shadows of Loneliness (2023) (two vols with slipcase, visual art retrospective)
How You Are (forthcoming)
A Table for Fortune (forthcoming)

See also
 1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists
 List of journalists killed in Europe

References

External links
William T. Vollmann Collection, 1980–2000 The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
William T. Vollmann Collection, 2003–2004 The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
William T. Vollmann Collection, 2004–2005 The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
William T. Vollmann Collection, 2001–2007 The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
William T. Vollmann Collection, 2008–2010 The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
"A Conversation with William T. Vollmann" Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio, September 15, 2015. Vollmann reading from The Dying Grass and in conversation with Professor Brian McHale, The Ohio State University Department of English.
Profile of Vollmann in the New York Review of Books, December 2005
TimeOut New York interview
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
"Seeing Eye to Eye", Vollmann on ethics in photography, in Bookforum, Feb/Mar
Critical essay on Vollmann at Open Letters
William Vollmann's Burqa by Guy Reynolds, on Vollmann's "literary globalism."

In Conversation: A Modern Imperialist: William T. Vollmann, The Brooklyn Rail
 You Are Now Entering the Demented Kingdom of William T. Vollmann, The New Republic, July 24, 2014.

 Bookslut, an interview with William T. Vollmann, November 2005.

20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American war correspondents
Cornell University alumni
Deep Springs College alumni
Living people
1959 births
National Book Award winners
Postmodern writers
Writers from Sacramento, California
American male essayists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American essayists
21st-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

William T. Vollmann


الكولشيسين مركب دوائي مستخلص من زهور نبات اللحلاح الخريفي  يستخدم لمعالجة مرض النقرس وداء بهجت وحمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط.

تاريخ استخدامه
تم تطوير العقار من قبل الكيميائين الفرنسيين  و في العام 1820 م. وأول من استخدم هذا الدواء هو الطبيب Materia Medica لمعالجة مرض النقرس.

زهور النبات المستخرج

العشبة من الأعشاب شديدة الشهرة في الطب القديم والحديث علي حد سواء ولها أسماء عديدة ففي سيناء مصر يطلق عليها اسم فريوة الشايب، ومن أسمائها اللحلاح، السورنجان، خميرة العرب، حافر المهر وخميرة العطار.

الأستعمالات السريرية
 النقرس.
 داء بهجت.
 حمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط.
 الصداف.
 السرطان: فقد طورت شركة بريطانية  العقار وأنتجت منه الدواء ZD6126 أو ANG453.
 تشنج الكولون: فقد طورت شركة أسترالية Giaconda وصفة مركبة من الكولشيسن مع مضاد الالتهاب أوسالازين  لعلاج متلازمة تشنج القولون .
 استعمالات غير مصنفة: وهي عديدة فالبعض يوصفه لعلاج ألم الظهر.

التأثيرات الجانبية
 هضمية: وهي تُشكل معظم التأثيرات الجانبية للدواء وتشمل: الاسهال، الغثيان، الإقياءات، تقلصات بالبطن.
 اضطرابات بوظائف الكبد.
 اضطرابات جلدية.
 اضطرابات دموية: قلة في تعداد العدلات (المعتدلات) neutropenia بالدم.
 تأثيرات على نقي العظام مما يؤدي إلى فقر الدم.
 تأثيرات عصبية.
 تشوهات جنينية (عند استخدامه لدى الحامل).
 نقص في عدد الحيوانات المنوية (عقم مؤقت).
 يمكن أن يحدث ضرراً في بعض الصبغيات (الكروموسومات) وقد يؤدي إلى العقم وعدم الإنجاب.

الجرعات
 النقرس الحاد: وهو يُثبِّط بلعمة البالعات لبلورات حمض البول وبالتالي يعرقل سير المرض.
يُعطى الكولشسين بشكل أقراص Tablet 0.6 ملغ بمقدار 3-4 حبات/يوم وذلك في أول 3-4 أيام.
ثم 2 حبة /اليوم مدة 4-5 أيام
ثم 1 حبة/اليوم لمدة شهر على الأقل
يُعتبَر الكولشسين من العلاجات التجريبية (ففي حال شككنا بالنقرس): نُعطي الكولشسين ونراقب: إذا تحسّن المريض حالة نقرس وإذا لم يتحسّن نفكّر باحتمال آخر..
 حمى البحر الأبيض المتوسط : فعالية الكولشيسين في المراحل الحادة للمرض هي فعالية مشكوك فيها، (الكولشيسين له فعالية لمنع تكرار أزمات المرض وكذلك لمنع حدوث داء نشواني)، وأما المرضى الذين لا يتحملون الكولشيسين فيمكن توزيع الجرعات على أربع مرات يومياً وبعد ذلك محاولة زيادة الجرعة تدريجياً.

الجرعة اليومية هي من 1-2 ملغم يومياً وطوال الحياة موزعة على جرعتين أو ثلاث، وبهذه الوسيلة يمكننا منع حدوث أزمات مرضية في حوالي 65% من الحالات، بينما في 30% الباقون فإن استعمال الكولشيسين يجعل أزمات المرض عندهم اقل حدة واقل قوة ومتباعدة أكثر، أما الـ5% المتبقية فإن استعمال الكولشيسين لا يحدث أي تغيير لا في قوة الأزمات ولا في تباعد الفترات بينهما، وبالرغم من ذلك فإن هؤلاء الخمسة بالمائة يستمرون بتناول 2 ملغم يومياً لمحاولة منع حدوث داء النشوانية، ومن الجدير بالذكر أن زيادة كمية الجرعة لا يؤدي إلى استجابة أحسن.

والمرضى الذين لا يستجيبون للكولشيسين يمكن إعطاؤهم انترفيرون ألفا حيث لوحظ أن الانترفيرون قد يستجيب له تلك المجموعة من المرضى.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الكولشيسين يقي من سرطان الكبد عند المصابين بالتهابات كبدية فيروسية

أدوية انتقائية محيطية
أدوية لعلاج النقرس
أدوية يتيمة
أسيتاميدات
أشباه قلويات
تروبونات
سموم نباتية
كيتونات
مثبطات الأنيبيبات الدقيقة
مطفرات
مناهضات مستقبل الغلايسين

كولشيسين


La diócesis de Honolulu ( y ) es una circunscripción eclesiástica de la Iglesia católica en Estados Unidos. Se trata de una diócesis latina, sufragánea de la arquidiócesis de San Francisco. Desde el 17 de mayo de 2005 su obispo es Clarence Richard Silva.

Territorio y organización
La diócesis tiene 16 637 km² y extiende su jurisdicción sobre los fieles católicos de rito latino residentes en el estado de Hawái, en el atolón Johnston y en las islas Midway (estos dos últimos son territorios no incorporados de Estados Unidos).

La sede de la diócesis se encuentra en la ciudad de Honolulu, en la isla de Oahu, en donde se halla la Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz y la Concatedral de Santa Teresa del Niño Jesús.

En 2021 en la diócesis existían 66 parroquias.

La patrona de la diócesis y de todo el archipiélago de Hawái es Nuestra Señora de la Paz.

Es una de las diócesis culturalmente más diversas de los Estados Unidos, utilizándose los siguientes idiomas: hawaiano, inglés, ilocano, tagalog, samoano, tongano, japonés, coreano, español y vietnamita.

Historia
En 1819 falleció el rey Kamehameha I de Hawái y llegó al poder la reina regente protestante Ka'ahumanu. La prefectura apostólica de las Islas Sandwich (nombre con que era conocido el archipiélago de Hawái) fue erigida el 27 de noviembre de 1825. Los primeros misioneros, pertenecientes a la Congregación de los Sagrados Corazones, llegaron a las islas el 7 de julio de 1827, encabezados por el prefecto apostólico Alexis Bachelot. Los misioneros protestantes de Nueva Inglaterra, que habían llegado a las islas siete años antes, convencieron a Ka'ahumanu de ilegalizar el catolicismo en Hawái. Tras la promulgación de la nueva política, los jefes leales a ella deportaron por la fuerza a los sacerdotes católicos franceses al barco Waverly en el puerto de Honolulu el 24 de diciembre de 1831. Los conversos católicos nativos de Hawai fueron arrestados y encarcelados. La mayoría de estos prisioneros fueron liberados una vez que los ministros protestantes los golpearon para que rechazaran el catolicismo. El prejuicio contra los misioneros católicos franceses siguió siendo el mismo bajo el reinado de su sucesor, el Kuhina Nui Kaʻahumanu II.

El 14 de junio de 1833, con el breve In sublimi del papa Gregorio XVI, la prefectura apostólica quedó sujeta al vicariato apostólico de Oceanía Oriental (hoy arquidiócesis de Papeete).

Los misioneros católicos regresaron a Honululu el 17 de abril de 1837, pero en noviembre de 1837, el rey Kamehameha III volvió a expulsar a los católicos de las islas. El 10 de julio de 1839 el capitán Laplace de la fragata francesa Artémise zarpó hacia Hawái y desembarcó en las islas el 10 de julio de 1839. Bajo la amenaza de guerra, el rey Kamehameha III emitió un Edicto de Tolerancia el 17 de julio de 1839 y pagó una compensación por la deportación de los sacerdotes y el encarcelamiento y tortura de los conversos, accediendo a las demandas de Laplace, otorgando la libertad de culto a los católicos.

Poco después del incidente de Laplace y la emisión del Edicto de Tolerancia, Étienne Rouchouze, vicario apostólico de Oceanía Oriental, se mudó a Honolulu desde Valparaíso, Chile. El obispo desembarcó de su barco en el puerto de Honolulu en compañía de tres padres Picpus (como son conocidos los misioneros de la Congregación de los Sagrados Corazones). Uno de ellos fue el exiliado Louis Désiré Maigret. Su llegada significó oficialmente la victoria católica sobre la persecución en las islas hawaianas y el comienzo de una Iglesia católica permanente en Hawái.

La primera iglesia permanente se construyó en la fiesta conmemorativa de Nuestra Señora de la Paz el 9 de julio de 1840. Nuestra Señora de la Paz había sido la patrona de la Congregación de los Sagrados Corazones de Jesús y María desde la agitación de la Revolución francesa. Los padres Armand, Bachelot y Short habían consagrado las islas hawaianas bajo la protección de Nuestra Señora de la Paz cuando llegaron por primera vez. Durante la misa de la palada inicial, 280 catecúmenos nativos de Hawái recibieron el bautismo y la confirmación. Durante el resto del año, los devotos recolectaron grandes bloques de coral en la costa sur de Oahu para construir lo que se convertiría en la Catedral basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Paz.

En las diversas islas vecinas, el obispo Rouchouze encargó la construcción de otras iglesias permanentes para servir como misiones parroquiales. También comenzaron a construir escuelas improvisadas para enseñar en las tradiciones católicas de la academia. Se llevó una imprenta a Honolulu para la producción de literatura católica, incluidos misales e himnarios escritos en idioma hawaiano.

En enero de 1842, un obispo emocionado Rouchouze, satisfecho con el éxito de su trabajo, decidió navegar de regreso a la casa de la Congregación de los Sagrados Corazones de Jesús y María en París para reclutar más pdres Picpus y hermanos religiosos para servir en la creciente Iglesia católica en Hawái. Trágicamente, el obispo Rouchouze se perdió en el mar durante su viaje de regreso a las islas hawaianas. Su vicario general se hizo cargo del vicariato apostólico de Oceanía Oriental mientras se enviaba un grupo de búsqueda. Años más tarde, la búsqueda terminó oficialmente y el obispo Rouchouze fue declarado fallecido.

El 13 de agosto de 1844, en virtud de la breve Pastorale officium del papa Gregorio XVI, la prefectura apostólica de las Islas Sandwich fue elevada a vicariato apostólico y se independizó del vicariato apostólico de Oceanía Oriental.

En 1848 el vicariato tomó el nombre de vicariato apostólico de las Islas Hawaianas.

El 25 de enero de 1941 el vicariato apostólico fue elevado a la categoría de diócesis y tomó su nombre actual.

El 7 de marzo de 1964, en virtud del decreto Dissita in Pacifico de la Sagrada Congregación Consistorial, la diócesis se amplió para incluir el atolón de Johnston, que hasta entonces no había estado sujeto a ninguna circunscripción eclesiástica.

El 19 de septiembre de 1984, la iglesia de Santa Teresa del Niño Jesús de Honolulu fue elevada al rango de concatedral, por decreto Maiori Christifidelium de la Congregación para los Obispos.

Estadísticas
Según el Anuario Pontificio 2022 la diócesis tenía a fines de 2021 un total de 138 180 fieles bautizados.

|- align="right"
| 1950 || 145 000 || 525 000 || 27.6 || 125 || 6 || 119 || 1160 ||  || 88 || 367 || 55
|- align="right"
| 1966 || 220 000 || 726 310 || 30.3 || 171 || 25 || 146 || 1286 ||  || 147 || 486 || 63
|- align="right"
| 1970 || 210 000 || 807 509 || 26.0 || 162 || 31 || 131 || 1296 ||  || 232 || 362 || 66
|- align="right"
| 1976 || 205 000 || 846 900 || 24.2 || 165 || 46 || 119 || 1242 ||  || 194 || 415 || 66
|- align="right"
| 1980 || 211 000 || 902 000 || 23.4 || 169 || 57 || 112 || 1248 || 1 || 187 || 383 || 64
|- align="right"
| 1990 || 225 028 || 1 112 100 || 20.2 || 167 || 71 || 96 || 1347 || 32 || 151 || 302 || 67
|- align="right"
| 1999 || 236 688 || 1 186 602 || 19.9 || 147 || 69 || 78 || 1610 || 26 || 48 || 180 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2000 || 239 000 || 1 196 000 || 20.0 || 160 || 72 || 88 || 1493 || 26 || 137 || 156 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2001 || 215 000 || 1 185 497 || 18.1 || 155 || 73 || 82 || 1387 || 32 || 138 || 155 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2002 || 260 000 || 1 211 537 || 21.5 || 150 || 65 || 85 || 1733 || 50 || 135 || 161 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2003 || 232 935 || 1 211 537 || 19.2 || 168 || 87 || 81 || 1386 || 52 || 145 || 201 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2004 || 234 588 || 1 244 898 || 18.8 || 157 || 79 || 78 || 1494 || 51 || 125 || 236 || 61
|- align="right"
| 2006 || 239 000 || 1 270 000 || 18.8 || 163 || 86 || 77 || 1466 || 47 || 121 || 190 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2013 || 263 000 || 1 325 000 || 19.8 || 153 || 92 || 61 || 1718 || 60 || 93 || 125 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2016 || 268 900 || 1 431 603 || 18.8 || 134 || 86 || 48 || 2006 || 72 || 74 || 163 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2019 || 148 960 || 1 420 000 || 10.5 || 132 || 84 || 48 || 1128 || 74 || 72 || 146 || 66
|- align="right"
| 2021 || 138 180 || 1 420 530 || 9.7 || 133 || 81 || 52 || 1038 || 74 || 75 || 137 || 66
|- align="right"
|colspan=12 |<small>Fuente: Catholic-Hierarchy, que a su vez toma los datos del Anuario Pontificio.
|}

 Escuelas elementales
 Damien Memorial School, en Honolulu;
 Maryknoll School, en Honolulu;
 Sacred Hearts Academy, en Honolulu;
 Saint Francis School, en Honolulu;
 Saint Louis School, en Honolulu;
 St. Anthony High School, en Wailuku;
 St. Joseph High School, en Hilo.

Episcopologio
 Alexis Bachelot, SS.CC. † (3 de diciembre de 1825-24 de diciembre de 1831 renunció)
 Sede vacante (1831-1839)
 Louis-Désiré Maigret, SS.CC. † (25 de julio de 1839-3 de agosto de 1844 renunció) (prefecto apostólico)
 Simplicien Duboize, SS.CC. † (18 de julio de 1844-30 de agosto de 1846 renunció)
 Louis-Désiré Maigret, SS.CC. † (11 de septiembre de 1846-11 de junio de 1882 falleció) (por segunda vez, como vicario apostólico)
 Bernard Hermann Koeckemann, SS.CC. † (11 de junio de 1882 por sucesión-22 de febrero de 1892 falleció)
 Gulstan Francis Ropert, SS.CC. † (3 de junio de 1892-4 de enero de 1903 falleció)
 Libert Hubert John Louis Boeynaems, SS.CC. † (8 de abril de 1903-13 de mayo de 1926 falleció)
 Stephen Peter Alencastre, SS.CC. † (13 de mayo de 1926 por sucesión-9 de noviembre de 1940 falleció)
 James Joseph Sweeney † (20 de mayo de 1941-19 de junio de 1968 falleció)
 John Joseph Scanlan † (6 de marzo de 1968-30 de junio de 1981 retirado)
 Joseph Anthony Ferrario † (13 de mayo de 1982-12 de octubre de 1993 retirado)
 Francis Xavier DiLorenzo † (29 de noviembre de 1994-31 de marzo de 2004 nombrado obispo de Richmond)
 Clarence Richard Silva, desde el 17 de mayo de 2005

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Ficha de la diócesis en www.gcatholic.org
 (en inglés) Intermountain Catholic - newspaper of the Diocese of Honolulu
 (en inglés) Cronología reportada por www.katolsk.no
 (en inglés) Historia reportada por el sitio web de la catedral

Diócesis de Honolulu


13798 Cecchini este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13798 Cecchini este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la San Marcello Pistoiese de Luciano Tesi și Andrea Boattini. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,91 ua, o excentricitate de 0,09 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

13798 Cecchini


Ciprian este forma în limba română a numelui Cyprianus, folosit ca nume de familie în Roma antică. Numele este derivat de la numele insulei Cipru cu sufixul "-an", astfel semnificând "din Cipru". Printre cei mai cunoscuți purtători ai numelui a fost Sfântul Cyprian, un fost episcop al Cartaginei, devenit martir pe vremea împăratului Valerian în secolul al III-lea.

Numele este adesea întâlnit la popoarele latine, în celelate țări nefiind prea popular. În italiană, portugheză și spaniolă există varianta "Cipriano", dar spaniolii mai folosesc și forma "Cebrián", iar în galiciană se folosește forma "Cibrán".

Printre personalitățile cu acest nume se numără:
Ciprian de Cartagina, episcop din Cartagina martirizat si canonizat
Ciprian Porumbescu, compozitor român, care a compus imnul României Deșteaptă-te, române!
George Ciprian (născut Gheorghe Pana Constantin), actor și dramaturg român
Ciprian Marica, fotbalist român
Ciprian Tătărușanu, fotbalist (portar)

Prenume masculine

Ciprian


In radiometry, irradiance is the radiant flux received by a surface per unit area.  The SI unit of irradiance is the watt per square metre (W⋅m−2). The CGS unit erg per square centimetre per second (erg⋅cm−2⋅s−1) is often used in astronomy. Irradiance is often called intensity, but this term is avoided in radiometry where such usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity. In astrophysics, irradiance is called radiant flux.

Spectral irradiance is the irradiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. The two forms have different dimensions and units: spectral irradiance of a frequency spectrum is measured in watts per square metre per hertz (W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1), while spectral irradiance of a wavelength spectrum is measured in watts per square metre per metre (W⋅m−3), or more commonly watts per square metre per nanometre (W⋅m−2⋅nm−1).

Mathematical definitions

Irradiance
Irradiance of a surface, denoted Ee ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities), is defined as

where
∂ is the partial derivative symbol;
Φe is the radiant flux received;
A is the area.

If we want to talk about the radiant flux emitted by a surface, we speak of radiant exitance.

Spectral irradiance
Spectral irradiance in frequency of a surface, denoted Ee,ν, is defined as

where ν is the frequency.

Spectral irradiance in wavelength of a surface, denoted Ee,λ, is defined as

where λ is the wavelength.

Property
Irradiance of a surface is also, according to the definition of radiant flux, equal to the time-average of the component of the Poynting vector perpendicular to the surface:

where
 is the time-average;
S is the Poynting vector;
α is the angle between a unit vector normal to the surface and S.

For a propagating sinusoidal linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave, the Poynting vector always points to the direction of propagation while oscillating in magnitude. The irradiance of a surface is then given by

where
Em is the amplitude of the wave's electric field;
n is the refractive index of the medium of propagation;
c is the speed of light in vacuum;
μ0 is the vacuum permeability;
ε0 is the vacuum permittivity;
Z0 is the impedance of free space.

This formula assumes that the magnetic susceptibility is negligible; i.e. that μr ≈ 1 where μr is the magnetic permeability of the propagation medium. This assumption is typically valid in transparent media in the optical frequency range.

Point source
A point source of light produces spherical wavefronts. The irradiance in this case varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source.

where
 is the distance;
 is the radiant flux;
 is the surface area of a sphere of radius .

For quick approximations, this equation indicates that doubling the distance reduces irradiation to one quarter; or similarly, to double irradiation, reduce the distance to 0.7.

In astronomy, stars are routinely treated as point sources even though they are much larger than the Earth. This is a good approximation because the distance from even a nearby star to the Earth is much larger than the star's diameter. For instance, the irradiance of Alpha Centauri A (radiant flux: 1.5 L☉, distance: 4.34 ly) is about 2.7 × 10−8 W/m2 on Earth.

Solar irradiance

The global irradiance on a horizontal surface on Earth consists of the direct irradiance Ee,dir and diffuse irradiance Ee,diff. On a tilted plane, there is another irradiance component, Ee,refl, which is the component that is reflected from the ground. The average ground reflection is about 20% of the global irradiance. Hence, the irradiance Ee on a tilted plane consists of three components:

The integral of solar irradiance over a time period is called "solar exposure" or "insolation".

SI radiometry units

See also

Albedo
Fluence
Illuminance
Insolation
Light diffusion
PI curve (photosynthesis-irradiance curve)
Solar azimuth angle
Solar irradiance
Solar noon
Spectral flux density
Stefan–Boltzmann law

References

Physical quantities
Radiometry

Irradiance


التأسيس
هيئة كهرباء ومياه دبي في الأول من يناير عام 1992 م بموجب مرسوم أصدره الشيخ مكتوم بن راشد آل مكتوم، لدمج شركة كهرباء دبي ودائرة مياه دبي اللتين كانتا تعملان بشكل مستقل منذ سنوات عديده، واللتان أسستا عام 1959 م، وقد قدمت حكومة دبي الدعم الكامل لشركة الكهرباء ودائره المياه بهدف توفير ما يحتاج إليه مواطنو دبي والمقيمون فيها من الطاقة الكهربائية والمياه باستمرار وبصورة مستقرة

إن الفلسفة الأساسية التي تنتهجها هيئة كهرباء ومياه دبي تتمثل في النظر إلى المستقبل دائما والاستعداد له بالتخطيط العلمي بهدف تلبية الطلب المتزايد للمستهلكين على الطاقة الكهربائية والمياه. وبتطبيقها لهذه السياسة تمكنت هيئة كهرباء ومياه دبي من المضي قدما في خدمة المستهلكين، وهي بذلك تؤدي دورها في المساهمة في النمو والازدهار الاقتصادي لدبي

الموظفين
ويعمل في هيئة كهرباء ومياه دبي حاليا ما يقرب من 7696 موظف يبذلون جميعا كل جهدهم لضمان أن تكون الخدمات التي توفرها الهيئة سواء من حيث الكمية أو النوعية على أعلى مستوى الكفاية وباستمرار. وتقوم الهيئة حاليا بخدمة أكثر من 366 ألف مستهلك للطاقة الكهربائية وأكثر من 305 ألف مستهلك للمياه في إمارة دبي

التوسعة
تواصل الهيئة توسيع ودعم إمكانياتها وخدماتها حتى تتمكن من توفير الإمدادات التي تغطي الطلب المتزايد سواء على الطاقة الكهربائية أو على المياه. وبناء على ذلك فإن الهيئة تواصل جهودها لدعم كيانها وقدراتها حتى تواصل أداء دورها منتهجة أكثر الأساليب العلمية تقدما مستخدمة أحدث ما توصلت إليه التكنولوجيا، حتى تواصل بثقة مسيرتها الناجحة في المستقبل.

انظر أيضا
 جمعية الشرق الاوسط لصناعات الطاقة الشمسية

مراجع

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الإلكتروني: http://www.dewa.gov.ae

القدرة الكهربائية في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
تأسيسات سنة 1992 في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
سلطات وهيئات الكهرباء
شركات تمتلكها حكومة الإمارات العربية المتحدة
شركات مقرها في دبي
وكالات حكومية في دبي

هيئة كهرباء ومياه دبي


Cerik je naselje u općini Tuzla, Federacija BiH, BiH.

Kultura
Džematski odbor Cerika istakao se lijepom gestom. U pravom duhu ekumenske suradnje muslimani iz Cerika pomogli su 2014. godine izgradnju nove katoličke crkve Rođenja BDM na Husinu.

Stanovništvo

Izvori

Naseljena mjesta u Tuzli

Cerik (Tuzla, BiH)


Agrilus pacholatkoi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Jendek, 1994.

Referências

pacholatkoi

Agrilus pacholatkoi


فيركنيايا تيشانكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة فورونيج أوبلاست في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 3511 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة فورونيج

فيرخنيايا تيشانكا (فورونيج)


Máximo Manuel García Amigo ( Fuentespreadas, Zamora, 2 de octubre de 1933 - Fallecido en Santibáñez el Alto, Cáceres, 26 de enero de 2012) fue un jurista, ganadero y político español.

Biografía
Se doctoró en Derecho en las Universidades de Salamanca y Bolonia y obtuvo la beca Maximilianeum de Múnich. Fue Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y catedrático de Derecho Civil en las Universidades de La Laguna (Tenerife), Oviedo, Zaragoza y Complutense de Madrid.

Como político, fue vicepresidente nacional de Alianza Popular (1980-1982), presidente del Consejo Político Nacional de AP (1982-1984), diputado al Congreso por Alianza Popular en la II Legislatura (1982- 1986) encabezando la circunscripción de Zaragoza. En 1985 fue designado diputado al Parlamento Europeo hasta 1994, siendo vicepresidente del Grupo del Partido Popular Europeo entre 1992 y 1994.

Fue ganadero en el pantano de Borbollón (al norte de Cáceres) en el municipio de Santibáñez el Alto.

Obras
Además de dirigir numerosas tesis doctorales, es el autor de los siguientes libros:
 La cesión de los contratos (1965) Editoriales de Derecho Reunidas, S.A. /978-84-7130-062-1
 Cláusulas limitativas de la responsabilidad (1969)Editoriales de Derecho Reunidas, S.A. /978-84-7130-150-5
 Condiciones generales de los contratos (1965) Editorial Tecnos /978-84-309-0150-0
 Instituciones de Derecho civil (1979) Editoriales de Derecho Reunidas, S.A. /978-84-7130-288-5
 Teoría General de las obligaciones y contratos (1995) MacGraw-Hill
 Derecho Civil de España (1997) con Manuel García Cobaleda. Universidad Complutense de Madrid /978-84-89764-78-1

Referencias

Nacidos en Fuentespreadas
Diputados por la provincia de Zaragoza
Diputados de la II Legislatura de España
Eurodiputados de España de la Legislatura 1984-1989
Medalla Robert Schuman
Eurodiputados de España de la Legislatura 1989-1994
Eurodiputados del Partido Popular
Eurodiputados del Partido Popular Europeo
Políticos de Alianza Popular
Políticos del Partido Popular
Alumnado de la Universidad de Salamanca en el siglo XX
Políticos de la provincia de Zamora
Abogados de la provincia de Zamora
Juristas de la provincia de Zamora
Fallecidos en la provincia de Cáceres

Manuel García Amigo


غرديليكا (Грделица) هي مدينة في يابلانيتسا في مقاطعة وسط صربيا في صربيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2350 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في صربيا
أماكن مأهولة في منطقة يابلانيكا
ليسكوفاتس

غرديليتسا


TX Cancri (TX Cnc) es una estrella binaria en la constelación del Cangrejo.
Es miembro del cúmulo abierto M44, conocido como «El Pesebre».
De acuerdo a su paralaje, se encuentra a 626 años luz del sistema solar.

TX Cancri es una binaria de contacto de tipo espectral F8V o F5V.
En este tipo de binarias cercanas, las dos estrellas comparten sus capas exteriores de gas; las temperaturas respectivas de las dos componentes de TX Cancri son 6250 y 6121 K.
La estrella más caliente, que es la menos masiva y luminosa, tiene un 9% más de luminosidad que nuestro Sol y un radio equivalente al 89% del radio solar.
Su masa es el 60% de la masa solar mientras que su compañera —más masiva y luminosa— tiene una masa de 1,32 masas solares.
Con el doble de luminosidad que el Sol, su radio es un 27% más grande que el del radio solar.
La relación entre las masas de ambas componentes, q, es igual a 0,596.

Clasificada como variable W Ursae Majoris, el brillo de TX Cancri fluctúa entre magnitud aparente +10,00 y +10,35 a lo largo de su período orbital de 0,38288 días (9,19 horas).
El plano orbital está inclinado 62,2º respecto al plano del cielo y los eclipses son sólo parciales.

Véase también
Lista de estrellas variables

Referencias

Estrellas binarias
Estrellas variables
Constelación de Cáncer

TX Cancri


La masonería uruguaya es el quinto libro del uruguayo Fernando Amado. El mismo fue editado por la Editorial Sudamericana en 2011.

Reseña
El libro La masonería uruguaya. El fin de la discreción es la continuación de la investigación sobre masonería uruguaya que iniciara autor en el 2007. Que diera como resultado el libro En penumbras, éxito de superventas, que fuera reconocido con el Premio Bartolomé Hidalgo Revelación y el Premio Libro de Oro en 2008. Ambos libros giran sobre el entorno histórico reciente de la francomasonería en Uruguay.

El libro se presentó en el Museo Zorrilla.

Referencias

Libros de 2011
Libros de Uruguay
Libros de Fernando Amado
Libros en español
Francmasonería en Uruguay

La masonería uruguaya


Yohei Kajiyama (født 24. september 1985) er en japansk fodboldspiller. Han var en del af den japanske trup ved Sommer-OL 2008.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yohei Kajiyama


Robert "Choc" Thornton (born 14 July 1978 in Darlington) is a retired English National Hunt jockey.

Robert "Chocolate" Thornton (known as Choc) was one of the United Kingdom's leading National Hunt jockeys. After growing up riding hunters with his father (a noted professional Huntsman) he started working for trainer David Nicholson in 1997 as an amateur and after immediate success became a Conditional jockey riding 71 winners during his first season in the sport. He won the Conditional Jockey's title the following year.

After making his professional debut, Thornton's performance was consistent, if unspectacular, and he consistently featured in the top 10 of the British Jumps Jockey Championship. Thornton's most successful season was the 2007/2008-season, during which he broke the 100-winner barrier for the first time, by winning 105 of his 597 races.
Robert Thornton shies away from the spotlight and he did not talk to the television cameras until he spoke to his owners and trainer.

Robert Thornton's greatest achievements are all linked to the Cheltenham Festival, at which he showed a knack for riding winners in major hurdles races.  Thornton won his first Cheltenham Festival feature race in 2006, when he rode My Way de Solzen to victory in the World Hurdle.

Thornton has since won the Champion Hurdle and Triumph Hurdle. He also achieved good results in some of the Cheltenham Festival's most prestigious chases, winning the Queen Mother Champion Chase on Voy Por Ustedes in 2007, and the Arkle Challenge Trophy in the same year. Thornton won the Top Jockey title at the Cheltenham Festival in 2007, by riding 4 winners during the meeting. In 2008 he rode three winners including a notable 1st day double. Thornton rode his 1,000th career winner on Araldur at Towcester on 28 March 2011.

He is unrelated to the jockey Andrew Thornton.

His worst moment in racing was when Strong Promise died in the 2000 Martel Cup at Liverpool.

Cheltenham Festival Winners

See also
 List of jockeys

References

1978 births
English jockeys
Lester Award winners
Living people

Robert Thornton (jockey)


Maltepe, Adana ilinin Sarıçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Adana iline 30 km, Sarıçam ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Sarıçam'ın mahalleleri

Maltepe, Sarıçam


Maria di Rudenz (título original en italiano; en español, María de Rudenz) es una ópera en tres actos con música de Gaetano Donizetti y libreto en italiano de Salvatore Cammarano. La ópera se estrenó en el Teatro La Fenice de Venecia el 30 de enero de 1838 obteniendo un fracaso. Parte de la música fue reutilizada para Poliuto y Gabriella di Vergy.

Tras un largo período de olvido volvió a la escena en La Fenice en el año 1981 con Katia Ricciarelli como Maria, y Leo Nucci como Corrado.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Notas, discografía y libreto (italiano / español) en Kareol

Óperas de Gaetano Donizetti
Óperas de 1838
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Venecia

Maria de Rudenz


Antonio Šančić (Brežice, 23. studenoga 1988.) hrvatski je tenisač, natjecatelj u pojedinačnoj konkurenciji i parovima.

Karijera
Rođen je u slovenskim Brežicama, nakon čega se njegova obitelj preselila u Samobor, gdje je s 14 godina osvojio gradsko prvenstvo. Pohađao je tenisku akademiju u Valenciji. U pojedinačnoj juniorskoj konkurenciji osvojio je dva Futuresa i još na dvama igrao u završnici. U kolovozu 2009. postigao je najbolji plasman karijere, 362. mjesto na ATP ljestvici, ali nije ga uspio dugo zadržati.

Polako je prelazio na parove, koje je i prije toga igrao prilično uspješno, 2008. osvojio je prvi Futures u Austriji (u paru s Vilimom Viškom), a potom s istim partnerom i još dva u Srbiji i jedan u Hrvatskoj. Ukupno je osvojio 11 Futuresa u paru, a potom je krenuo na Challengere, uglavnom u paru s Dinom Marcanom. Nakon kraće igračke stanke zbog ozljede koljena, 2014. s Marcanom osvaja turnire u Banja Luci i Kenitri u Maroku. Prvu ATP završnicu igrao je u srpnju 2016. na Međunarodnom prvenstvu Hrvatske u Umagu, gdje je zajedno s Nikolom Mektićem izgubio od slovačko-španjolskog para Kližan-Marrero.

Prije nastupa na Wimbeldonu u ljeto 2017., osvaja jaki turnir u Heilbronnu iz serije Challenger. U paru s Nysom prošao je wimbeldonsko prednatjecanje bez izgubljenog seta. No, s jednakom uvjerljivošću započeli su i s mečevima glavnog turnira. U prvom su kolu sa 6:3, 6:1, 6:2 pobijedili Gruzijca Basilašvilija i Austrijanca Haider-Maurera, u drugom sa 6:3, 6:4, 6:4 13. nositelje Francuza Martina i Kanađanina Nestora. Šančiću su to bile prve pobjede na nekom od Grand Slam turnira.

Osobni život
Trenutno živi u Samoboru.

Izvori

Životopisi, Samobor
Hrvatski tenisači

Antonio Šančić


Alexander John Randall, Baron Randall of Uxbridge,  (born 5 August 1955) is a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Uxbridge from 1997 to 2010 and for Uxbridge and South Ruislip until 2015, before being awarded a life peerage in 2018. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Government Deputy Chief Whip from May 2010 and October 2013, as well as Environment Adviser to Theresa May from 2017 to 2019.

Lord Randall is a trustee and Vice-Chair of the Human Trafficking Foundation and in February 2016 was appointed Special Envoy on modern slavery to the Mayor of London, alongside Anthony Steen.

Early life

Randall's family have lived in Uxbridge for many years. The family owned the major local department store Randalls of Uxbridge on Vine Street, which was founded by his great-grandfather Philip Randall in 1891, and closed in 2015.

Born in Uxbridge, Randall was educated at Rutland House School, an independent school in Hillingdon in the west of Greater London and at Merchant Taylors' School in Moor Park, Hertfordshire. In 1979, he graduated from the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (which is now part of University College London) with an Upper Second Class Honours BA degree in Serbo-Croatian language and literature.

Randall later became managing director of Randall's and one of three shareholders in the business. In 1994, he became Honorary Treasurer of Uxbridge Conservative Association, which later elected him Chairman.

He announced in 2014 that the family store would close, citing decreased turnover and competition from online shopping as causes. Speaking about the closure, he criticised other employers for using zero-hours contracts to cut their costs.

Parliamentary career

House of Commons
Randall was elected Member of Parliament for Uxbridge in a by-election following the death of Sir Michael Shersby in the wake of the Labour Party's 1997 landslide election victory. Randall had been an election agent for Shersby throughout the 1997 General Election campaign. He became the first Conservative candidate to win a parliamentary by-election since the party's recently elected leader William Hague's victory in Richmond in 1989.

During his political career he has sat on the Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and its Environment Sub-Committee. He is strongly against the expansion of Heathrow Airport.

In 1999 he was appointed as an Opposition Whip, but, due to his opposition to Britain's involvement in the Iraq War, he resigned as a matter of conscience in March 2003. He was later reappointed as a Whip in 2003. At the end of 2005 he was promoted to Conservative Assistant Chief Whip. In 2010 he was appointed the joint Deputy Chief Whip and Treasurer of Her Majesty's Household in the Coalition Government.

He was appointed as a Privy Counsellor on 9 June 2010.

He resigned from the government with praise to David Cameron on 6 October 2013, amid a cabinet reshuffle. On 21 October 2013 it was announced that he was to receive a knighthood, having the accolade bestowed by The Prince of Wales on 12 February 2014. On 10 July 2014, Randall announced that he would not be standing as a parliamentary candidate for the seat at the 2015 general election.

House of Lords
On 18 May 2018, it was announced he would be elevated to the House of Lords. On 25 June, he was created a life peer as Baron Randall of Uxbridge, of Uxbridge in the London Borough of Hillingdon.

Outside Parliament
In February 2016 he was appointed Special Envoy on Modern Slavery to the Mayor of London, alongside Anthony Steen CBE.
He is President of the Colne Valley Regional Park.

Personal life

Lord Randall married Katherine Frances Gray in 1986; the couple have two sons and a daughter. Randall is a keen supporter of Uxbridge Football Club and Saracens Rugby Club.

References

External links
 John Randall MP Official website
 Biography, House of Lords website
 John Randall General Election 2010 Campaign site for Uxbridge and South Ruislip Constituency
 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: John Randall MP
 TheyWorkForYou.com – John Randall MP

1955 births
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies
Alumni of the University of London
UK MPs 2010–2015
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Uxbridge

John Randall, Baron Randall of Uxbridge


El término Twister puede referirse:

 a la película Twister;
 a Twister, un juego de habilidad producido por Hasbro;
 como denominación paródica, a la red social Twitter, en el programa de televisión colombiano Kikirikí el notizin;
 a Twister, alternativa P2P a la red social Twitter.

Twister


San Juan Island is the second-largest and most populous of the San Juan Islands in northwestern Washington, United States. It has a land area of 142.59 km2 (55.053 sq mi) and a population of 8,632 as of the 2020 census.

Washington State Ferries serves Friday Harbor, which is San Juan Island's major population center, the San Juan County seat, and the only incorporated town in the islands.

History

The name "San Juan" originates from the 1791 expedition of Francisco de Eliza, who named the archipelago Isla y Archipiélago de San Juan to honor his patron sponsor, Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo. One of the officers under Eliza's command, Gonzalo López de Haro, was the first European to discover San Juan Island. During the Wilkes Expedition, American explorer Charles Wilkes renamed the island Rodgers Island; the Spanish name remained on British nautical charts and over time became the island's official name.

The island saw seasonal use for salmon fishing. The island was also occupied by Native Americans, many of whom arrived seasonally for fishing. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established the first permanent, non-native settlement on the island on December 13, 1853, in order to create a sheep farm. The Belle Vue Sheep Farm, set up by Chief Factor and Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas, was intended to assert British sovereignty over the disputed San Juan Islands.

Both the British and Americans asserted control of the island. A small force of American soldiers was sent to the island over concern for this issue and with Native American raids on American settlers. The territorial dispute over this island and the rest of the San Juan Islands heightened when an American settler shot an HBC pig, starting the Pig War in 1859. By November 1859, an agreement was reached for a joint British–American control of the island until the matter was resolved by negotiation. In 1861, the HBC decided to give up the sheep farm due to disruption of HBC sheep by Americans, the subsequent demoralization of HBC employees, and lack of British government support. In 1862, Chief Trader Charles John Griffin left the island and leased the Belle Vue Sheep Farm to Robert Firth, a shepherd, from 1864 to 1873.

The dispute was finally resolved in favor of the Americans in 1872.

The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic swept through the region, killing large numbers of indigenous people. Smallpox Bay, on the west side of San Juan Island, was named for victims of this epidemic.

Island life

San Juan Island has a number of weekly newspapers and two online daily news sites: the San Juan Islander and the Island Guardian. The Island is dotted with numerous farms, and is a tourist-driven economy. The island hosts two substantial marinas, one in Friday Harbor, the other in Roche Harbor. Both count tall ships and large yachts as frequent visitors.

The Island has a hospital, the Peace Health Peace Island Medical Center.

Transportation to the Island is by boat, Washington State Ferries, seaplane, or by conventional aircraft. If traveling by seaplane, Friday Harbor is serviced by Northwest Seaplanes and Kenmore Air, both longtime operators in the area. The Friday Harbor Airport terminal is 1.3 miles from the Ferry Landing. Outside of Friday Harbor, the only major commercial establishment resort is the village of Roche Harbor, located on the northwest side of the island.

Other landmarks are the old English and American Camps at opposite ends of the island, which together comprise the San Juan Island National Historical Park, which commemorates the 1859 Pig War. Interpretive centers and reconstructed buildings, formal gardens, etc. recall the history of early European settlement in the area.
The University of Washington runs Friday Harbor Laboratories, a marine research lab and campus outside Friday Harbor. The campus has been extant since 1909 and has dormitories, a food service, and classrooms for holding lectures.

San Juan Island is considered a "small town" community, in that it is relatively quiet rural living with few distractions or incidents aside from tourism.  One notable resident would be Lisa "Ivory" Moretti, a retired female professional wrestler of World Wrestling Entertainment fame. In addition, many Hollywood stars and celebrities spend time on the island to avoid publicity and to seek some peace and quiet.

It has several attractions including The Whale Museum; a contemporary Art Museum building completed in 2015; the San Juan Community Theatre; the Sculpture Park (near Roche Harbor); the San Juan Historical Museum; and Lime Kiln Point State Park where visitors can watch orca pods swim by. Lime Kiln Park is so named because it housed a lime kiln and is home to the historic Lime Kiln Light. Camping is also available around the island.

Schools
Public schools are operated by the San Juan Island School District #149.  It operates four schools:  Friday Harbor Elementary School, Friday Harbor Middle School, Friday Harbor High School, Griffin Bay Schools (alternative high school, parent-partner home school program, online courses, and virtual school), and Stuart Island School (K-8). There are also two privately operated schools.

Ecology
The waters surrounding San Juan Island are home to a variety of species including red sea urchins and pinto abalone. Though no commercial fishing of abalone has ever been allowed in this area, recreational fishing of abalone was outlawed in 1994. The National Marine Fisheries Service listed pinto abalone as a Species of Concern in 2004.

In 2015, San Juan Island became a protected location under The Antiquities Act. On March 25 of that year, former President Barack Obama included San Juan Island and approximately 75 other sites located in the Salish Sea into the San Juan Islands National Monument.

Attractions
There are a few small, family-run aquaculture farms in the San Juan Islands including Westcott Bay Shellfish Co, where visitors can buy oysters, clams, and mussels and see shellfish farming operations. Whale watching and night-time bioluminescence tours depart from Friday Harbor.

Notable people

Guthrie Burnett-Tison, performing artist

References

External links

San Juan Islander - daily news site
San Juan Island Chamber of Commerce

San Juan Island Heritage Historical collections from the San Juan Island Library District and local partners.
American Biography  A New Cyclopedia VOL 5  Page 28  San Juan Island and Northwest Boundary Survey by Archibald Campbell led to it being in the USA instead of Canada

San Juan Islands
Lime kilns in the United States
Places with bioluminescence

San Juan Island


Olaylar
 Dioecesis Orientis kuruldu.
 Dioecesis Asiana kuruldu.
 Dioecesis Pontica kuruldu.
 Dioecesis Pannoniarum kuruldu.
 Dioecesis Thraciae kuruldu.

Doğumlar
 Libanios, Geç antik çağın en önemli Yunan hatiplerinden biri (ö. 393)

Ölümler
 10 Ocak - Miltiades, papa

314


Adrien Treuille, né le  à Châtellerault et mort le  à Menton, est un ingénieur polytechnicien, entrepreneur et homme politique français.

Il est notamment maire d'Availles-en-Châtellerault de son élection en 1890 à sa mort en 1917, dernier entrepreneur privé de la Manufacture d'Armes de Châtellerault à partir de novembre 1889 jusqu'en 1895, et Comte Romain par bref papal en 1897.

Biographie

Origines familiales
Adrien Treuille naît le  dans la ville de Châtellerault, dans le département de la Vienne, d'Alphonse Treuille, marchand de fer, et de Olympe Lavallée. Sa famille est plutôt nombreuses : il a un grand frère, de deux années son aîné, et deux sœurs jumelles, nées en 1844.

La branche châtelleraudaise de la famille Treuille, à laquelle il appartient, fut fondée par François Treuille, un apprenti orfèvre de la fin du  qui s'installa à Châtellerault. L'un de ses ancêtres, Sieur des Richardières, fut procureur au Présidial de Poitiers durant le .

Il épouse Jeanne Delphine de La Fouchardière, petite-fille de Paul Proa et tante de Georges de La Fouchardière.

Entrepreneur de la Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault

Commande de fusils par la Russie
En 1891,  la Russie d'Alexandre III, affaiblie économiquement et "pour des raisons stratégiques", décide de passer une commande de  fusils Mossine à la France. S'entame alors des négociations entre la France et la Russie, Adrien Treuille négociant lui-même la commande avec le général-baron de Fréedéricksz, avant qu'un accord ne soit finalement trouvé le .

Le début des travaux est difficile : sous la pression, le président Sadi Carnot viendra lui-même à la Manufacture, , pour suivre l'avancée de la production. Pour garder un œil sur la production de fusils, plusieurs hommes russes sont envoyés à Châtellerault, dont le prince impérial André Gagarine, qui s'installa dans une demeure avec sa famille. Les russes, qui maitrisent le français, s'intègrent rapidement parmi la population, et Adrien Treuille les invite de manière récurrente à des banquets qu'il organise, probablement à la Tour d'Oyré.

La commande s'achève le , à terme et comme convenu :  fusils de la marque Mossine auront été produits et envoyés en Russie. De nombreux banquets et manifestations sont organisés par fêter l'évènement et le départ de la mission russe, et Adrien Treuille devient commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Stanislas, en reconnaissance pour son service à la Russie.

La Cloche Russe
À la mort brutale du Tsar, le , Adrien Treuille insiste auprès de l'évêque de Poitiers pour que des prières en sa mémoire soient faites publiquement. Des hommages et des célébrations publics en l'honneur du défunt Tsar auront par la suite lieu. Touché par cet acte de reconnaissance, le colonel Solkérine demanda à Adrien Treuille et au curé Guérin ce qu'ils désiraient en retour. Les deux hommes répondirent alors qu'une cloche serait la bienvenue, et la demande fut présentée au Tsar Nicolas II, qui accepta de grâce.

La cloche est fondue dans la ville de Petrograd, où les russes gravent en lettres latines et cyrilliques "Sonnez la paix et la fraternité des peuples". Gigantesque (plus de  de haut et plus d' de diamètre), la cloche est acheminée en France, où elle sera baptisée par l'archevêque de Bordeaux, sous le parrainage d'Adrien Treuille lui-même. Elle sera ensuite installée dans le clocher de l'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste, à Châtellerault, où avait eu lieu les prières pour le Tsar.

Maire d'Availles-en-Châtellerault
Adrien Treuille est le maire d'Availles à avoir été réélu le plus de fois (6 fois). Il devient maire par les élections du , et restera à son poste jusqu'à sa mort, en 1917. C'est notamment sous ses nombreux mandats qu'apparaîtront les premiers moyens de transports publics dans la commune d'Availles et le premier réseau téléphonique. Il chercha également à organiser une foire chaque 28 mars et chaque 28 septembre de chaque année, mais son projet n'aboutira pas.

Politique
Interrogé à propos d'une élection sénatoriale, Adrien Treuille donna son opinion sur la politique qu'il souhaitait engager en tant que maire :

Il se considère comme républicain conservateur.

Notes et références

Naissance en mai 1842
Naissance à Châtellerault
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Stanislas (russe)
Comte créé par Léon XIII
Élève de l'École polytechnique
Ingénieur français
Entrepreneur français
Industriel français du XIXe siècle
Maire de la Vienne
Décès en avril 1917
Décès à Menton (Alpes-Maritimes)
Décès à 74 ans

Adrien Treuille


Leucogeranus é um género de aves da família Gruidae, vulgarmente conhecidas como grous.

Este género contém apenas uma espécie:

 Grou-siberiano (L. leucogeranus)

Referências

Leucogeranus
Gruidae

Leucogeranus


Baron Monteagle of Brandon, in the County of Kerry, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Before his final exile, James II had intended the title to be conferred upon one of his supporters, Stephen Rice in the Jacobite peerage. Instead, it was created in 1839 in the reign of Queen Victoria for the Whig politician Thomas Spring Rice, a descendant of Stephen Rice. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1835 and 1839. He was succeeded by his grandson, the second Baron, his eldest son the Hon. Stephen Edmund Spring Rice having predeceased him. The second Lord Monteagle was a unionist politician and was made a Knight of the Order of St Patrick in 1885. On his death, the title passed to his son, the third Baron. He held minor diplomatic office. He was succeeded by his uncle, the fourth Baron. He was the younger son of the aforementioned the Hon. Stephen Edmund Spring Rice, eldest son of the first Baron.  the title is held by the fourth Baron's great-grandson, the seventh Baron, who succeeded his father in 2013.

The diplomat Sir Cecil Spring Rice, British Ambassador to the United States from 1912 to 1918, was the son of Hon. Charles William Thomas Spring Rice, second son of the first Baron Monteagle of Brandon.

The family seat was Mount Trenchard House, near Foynes, County Limerick.

Barons Monteagle of Brandon (1839)
Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon (1790–1866)
Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon (1849–1926)
Thomas Aubrey Spring Rice, 3rd Baron Monteagle of Brandon (1883–1934)
Francis Spring Rice, 4th Baron Monteagle of Brandon (1852–1937)
Charles Spring Rice, 5th Baron Monteagle of Brandon (1887–1946)
Gerald Spring Rice, 6th Baron Monteagle of Brandon (1926–2013)
Charles James Spring Rice, 7th Baron Monteagle of Brandon (b. 1953)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's uncle Hon. Michael Spring Rice (b. 1935).
The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Jonathan Spring Rice (b. 1964)
The heir presumptive's heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Jamie Alexander Spring Rice (b. 2003).

Notes

References

Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1839
Noble titles created for UK MPs
 *
 *

Baron Monteagle of Brandon


Ichijo Tadaka (em japonês: 条 忠香) foi um importante líder japonês do século XIX, que viveu durante o período do final do Xogunato Tokugawa e início do Período Meiji. Ele é mais lembrado por ser o pai de Ichijo Shoken, que foi imperatriz do Japão, líder intelectual e conselheira do Imperador Meiji.

Vida e carreira
Ichijo Tadaka nasceu em 25 de Março de 1812, em Quioto, em uma influente família nobre. Ele era descendente direto do 26º imperador do Japão, Keitai. Tadaka recebeu uma educação rigorosa em literatura e cultura chinesa e era conhecido por seu talento poético e habilidade na caligrafia. Em 1842, Tadaka foi nomeado vice-governador de Nara, onde ele fez importantes contribuições para a restauração e preservação de templos históricos e monumentos. Ele também serviu como governador em várias outras províncias antes de se aposentar do serviço público em 1871. Ichijo Tadaka apoiou as ambições políticas de sua filha (Ichijo Shouken)e ajudou a criar a base para sua carreira bem-sucedida. Ele também era conhecido por ser um apreciador de Kimonos e artefatos tradicionais japoneses, e muitos de seus objetos pessoais foram preservados e são exibidos em museus em todo o Japão.

Legado
Ichijo Tadaka é frequentemente subestimado como uma figura política do Período Meiji, mas sua liderança e contribuições para a restauração cultural e histórica do Japão foram inestimáveis. Ele foi um poeta habilidoso e um homem de grande cultura. Sua influência na política do final do Período Tokugawa e início do Período Meiji é reconhecida por muitos estudiosos. Fontes confiáveis As fontes confiáveis para a história de Ichijo Tadaka incluem registros históricos da corte imperial japonesa, diários de outros políticos e membros da nobreza japonesa da época, bem como documentos históricos relacionados à arte e à literatura japonesa. Alguns desses documentos estão disponíveis em museus e bibliotecas em todo o Japão, enquanto outros foram digitalizados e estão disponíveis online para pesquisa.

Títulos
Ichijo Tadaka era um nobre da corte japonesa e possuía vários títulos ao longo de sua vida. Alguns de seus títulos incluíam:

 Jugoinoge (um título honorífico conferido a membros da corte imperial japonesa)
 Gon-Chunagon (um posto de alto escalão na corte imperial)
 Naidaijin (um dos Três Departamentos encarregados de governar o Japão feudal)
 Dainagon (um alto posto na corte imperial, abaixo apenas do chanceler)
 Daijokan (o Conselho de Estado, responsável por tomar as principais decisões políticas no Japão feudal)

Citação
"Ichijo Tadaka foi um poeta habilidoso e um homem de grande cultura. Sua influência na política do final do Período Tokugawa e início do Período Meiji é frequentemente subestimada, mas sua liderança e contribuições para a restauração cultural e histórica do Japão foram inestimáveis."

Segundo Okamoto Kidô, um escritor japonês e crítico literário do final do Século XIX

Japoneses
Nascidos no século XIX
Chefes de Estado da Ásia

Ichijō Tadaka


Baltimore-Washington International Airport (Fuldt navn: Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport IATA: BWI, ICAO: KBWI, FAA LID: BWI) er en international lufthavn for byerne Baltimore og den amerikanske hovedstad, Washington, DC.

Lufthavnen er beliggende i Anne Arundel County i staten Maryland i USA. Det blev åbnet i 1950 under navnet Friendship International Airport.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport hjemmeside

Lufthavne i USA
Washington International Airport
Washington D.C.

Baltimore–Washington International Airport