Filip Višnjić (Gornja Trnova, 1767. – Grk, danas Višnjićevo, 1834.) jedan je od najpoznatijih srpskih guslara i tvoraca srpskih epskih narodnih pjesama.

S guslama u rukama putovao je po čitavome Bosanskome pašaluku, pa i dalje, sve do Skadra. Po selima i na manastirskima saborima pjevao je Srbima, a prolazeći kroz gradove pjevao je na dvorovima turskih prvaka. Dvije publike tražile su različite pjesme zbog čega je Višnjić imao dva različita repertoara, jedan za svoje kršćanske, a drugi za muslimanske slušaoce. Njegove pjesme o Svetome Savi karakteristične su za manastirski, hagiografski repertoar slijepih pjevača.

Srpski učenik i helenist Miloš N. Đurić nazvao ga je "srpskim Homerom".

Životopis

Rani život
Filip Višnjić rođen je u selu Vilića Guvno, kraj Gornje Trnove, Ugljevik, 1767. godine, gdje je planirana izgradnja replike njegove rodne kuće.

Bio je iz bogate obitelji Vilić. Roditelji su mu se zvali Đorđe i Marija. Otac mu je rano umro. Preudavši se u selo Međaše, majka je četverogodišnjega sina odvela sa sobom. Po njenom nadimku – Višnja – Filip će dobiti prezime.

U osmoj ili devetoj godini Filip Višnjić prebolio je boginje koje su mu ostavile ožiljke na licu i oduzele mu vid. Godine 1787., u 20. godini Višnjićevoga života, Viliće je zadesila nesreća. Svrativši njihovoj kući, neki turski nasilnici udare na čast jedne žene, lijepe Đurđije. Kako bi se osvetile za nanesenu štetu, Vilići jednoga Turčina posijeku, a drugoga objese pred kućom, o šljivu ularom s njegova konja. Kazna ih ubrzo stigne. Svi odrasli muškarci, tri strica i jedan bratić, bili su odvedeni u Zvornik i ubijeni. Obitelji su oduzeli carsko pravo i ime Vilića se skoro zatrlo.

Na starome ognjištu više nije bilo kruha za Filipa, a ni na novome jer mu je tih godina umrla i majka. Naučivši svirati gusle, mladić je napustio Međaše, potucajući se cestama i pjesmom proseći kruh. Putovao je godinama obišavši Bosanski pašaluk, Hercegovinu, došao do Skadra. U selima i oko manastira pjevao je kršćanskoj raji, a svraćao je i na dvorove muslimanskih prvaka koji su ga primali s poštovanjem. Ubrzo je zbog svojih sposobnosti prepričavanja privukle su pažnju mnogih utjecajnih osoba, poput Ivana Kneževića (Knez Ivo od Semberije), obor-kneza 12 sela Bijeljinske nahije. Oko 1798. godine Višnjić se oženio s Nastom Ćuković koja je poticala iz imućne obitelji. S njom je imao šestero djece, od kojih su neka umrla u dojenačkoj dobi.

Prvi srpski ustanak

Prvi srpski ustanak dočekao je u svome zavičaju. Slušao je kako se turske vojske skupljaju na Drini i odlaze kako bi ugušile bunu, kao i njihov bijeg nakon srpske pobjede na Mišaru. Sa srpskom vojskom koja se 1809. godine povlačila iz Semberije pobjegao je u Srbiju. Prvo će živjeti u Loznici, pa u Badovincima i konačno u Salašu Noćajskome gdje se smjestio kod Stojana Čupića. Poslije toga Višnjić je putovao uz Drinu svirajući gusle i recitirajući epske pjesme kako bi podigao moral ustanicima. Nekada će se Višnjić naći usred okršaja, poput 1810. godine kada je svojom pjesmom bodrio ustanike da obrane Loznicu. Poslije boja Višnjić je pjevao i Karađorđu, ćudljivome voždu, koji je s njim progovorio nekoliko riječi. Bio je omiljen gost u kućama ustaničkih vojvoda, Luke Lazarevića i Stojana Čupića. Stojan Čupić Višnjiću je za pjesmu Boj na Salašu darovao bijelca, pa je neko vrijeme kolima putovao po Srbiji.

Razdoblje poslije Prvoga srpskoga ustanka
Godine 1813. srpski ustanici su bili na rubu poraza te je iste te godine ugušen taj devetogodišnji ustanak. Višnjić je sa svojom obitelji i većina ustanika prešao rijeku Savu te tako ušao u Srijem koji je tada bio dio Austrijskoga Carstva. Nakon što je nekoliko godina proveo u izbjegličkome kampu, Višnjić se nastanio u selo Grk, danas Višnjićevo, Šid, Srijem. U Grku je živio na sličan način kao i prije ustanka, ali u sasvim drugačijima prilikama; išao je po selima i gradovima širom Srijema, Slavonije, Bačke, Banata, pjevajući pjesme. No, sada je njegov repertoar bio sasvim različit. U njemu su glavno mjesto zauzimale pjesme o srpskome ustanku koje je sam ispjevao.

Višnjić je u Grku upoznao srpskoga jezikoslovca Vuka Karadžića koji je htio zapisati Višnjićeve pjesme ite ih tako sačuvati. Karadžić je uvjerio Višnjića da ga posjeti u manastiru Šišatovcu kod Fruške gore 1815. godine. Karadžić je zapisao sedamnaest Višnjićevih pjesama, četiri stare i trinaest novih, ustaničkih pjesama. Karadžić je nedugo zatim napustio manastir i uputio se prema Beču gdje je objavio Višnjićeve epske pjesme. Te su se pjesme pojavile u izdanju Narodne srbske pjesnarice.

Kasnije je u Šišatovcu Višnjić često bio gost tadašnjega vodećega srpskoga pjesnika Lukijana Mušickoga. Tim susretima "srpskog Homera" i "srpskog Horacija" dugujemo nekoliko podataka o Višnjićevom životu i načinu rada. Mušickom je ispričao kako je stvarao pjesme: pitao je ratnike, kada su se vraćali s bojišta, tko je predvodio, gdje su se borili, tko je poginuo, protiv koga su išli, itd.

Višnjić je nastavio putovati regijom i recitirati svoje pjesme unatoč njegovoj starosti. Svugdje gdje je nastupao bio je srdačno primljen te je primao i davao skupe poklone. Godine 1816. nastupao je za karlovačkoga mitropola Stefana Stratimirovića. Tada više nije stvarao nove pjesme, već je reinterpretirao starije pjesme. Karadžić i još nekoliko značajnih srpskih akademičara nagovarali su Višnjića da se vrati u Osmansku Srbiju, nadajući se da će tako dobiti inspiraciju za stvaranje novih pjesama. Višnjić je odbio njihove ponude za povratak. Biograf Branko Šašić pripisuje Višnjićevo odbijanje njegovome filozofskome i ideološkome otporu Milošu Obrenoviću koji je 1815. pokrenuo Drugi srpski ustanak protiv Osmanskoga Carstva. Za Višnjića se tvrdi da je rekao kako ne može oprostiti Obrenoviću zbog naređivanja ubojstva Karađorđa. Višnjić i njegova obitelj uspijevali su u Srijemu. Poslao je svojega sina u školu, kupio vlastitoga konja i kočiju i prema Karadžiću, "postao je pravi gospodin".

Smrt
Umro je u Grku, danas Višnjićevo, 1834. godine. Seljaci su ga sahranili u svome groblju i urezali mu gusle na velikoj krstači od hrastovine.

Stvaralaštvo

Višnjić nije stvarao toliko djela kao njegovi suvremenici. Njegov opus sastoji se od četiri starih pjesama kojima je bio redaktor te trinaest novih pjesama o Prvome srpskome ustanku čiji je bio stvaratelj. Sva njegova djela nastala su tijekom Prvoga srpskoga ustanka. Radnja svih trinaest pjesama odvija se tijekom Prvoga srpskoga ustanka te se odvija oko pravih, povijesnih likova, a ne izmišljenih. Njihova središnja tema je borba protiv Osmanskoga Carstva. Radnja deset od trinaest Višnjićevih pjesama odvija se u Podrinju. Sveukupno, njegov se opus sastoji od 5001 stiha. Slijedi popis djela čije se autorstvo isključivo pripisuje Višnjiću:

Početak bune protiv dahija
Boj na Čokešini
Boj na Salašu
Boj na Mišaru
Boj na Loznici
Uzimanje Užica
Knez Ivo Knežević
Luka Lazarević i Pejzo
Miloš Stojićević i Meho Orugdžić
Hvala Čupićeva
Stanić Stanojlo
Bjelić Ignjatije
Lazar Mutap i Arapin

Širom se smatra da je Početak bune protiv dahija Višnjićev magnum opus. Pjesma se fokusira na rane događaje Prvoga srpskoga ustanka i događaje koje su doveli do njega. Za razliku od epskih pjesama iz Kosovskoga ciklusa koji se bavi Bitkom na Kosovu polju i njenima posljedicama, Početak bune protiv dahija slavlje je pobjede, a ne sjećanje poraza.

Višnjić je bio jedan od rijetkih epskih pjesnika 18. i ranoga 19. stoljeća za čija su se djela znala da je on bio autor. Isto vrijedi i za druge epske pjesnike čija je djela Karadžić objavljivao, poput Tešana Podrugovića, slijepe guslarke Jeca, Stepanija i Živena. Zbog pretežitoga usmenoga karaktera srpskoga epskoga pjesništva, imena autora mnogih pjesama izgubila su se s vremenom.

Na raznolik i vijugav stil guslara, zbog kojega riječi u tekstu objavljene pjesme ne bi posve odgovarale svim riječima pjevanim na javnim nastupima, utjecala je priroda same recitacije epske poezije. Prema profesoru slavistike Davidu A. Norrisu guslari "nisu napamet znali vlastite pjesme, nego su se koristili tradicionalnima frazama i formulaičnima izrazima koje bi izgovarali prilikom svakoga pjevanja." Repertoar guslara utemeljen je na tipu ubrzanoga sastavljanja pjesme pri kojem se tijekom svakoga nastupa ti djelići poezije i stihovi uvrštavaju na posebna mjesta. Zbog toga su guslari poput Višnjića mogli izmijeniti sadržaj svojih epskih pjesmi ovisno o publici ili događaju. Epsku je tradiciju prožimala i pjesnička sloboda.

Trinaest Višnjićevih pjesama, s još nekoliko manje značajnih pjesama drugih autora, čine posljednji, ustanički ciklus srpskoga narodnoga eposa. Nove pjesme o novima događajima u to su vrijeme stvarali i drugi pjevači, među njima i jedan od najvećih, Starac Raško, ali one sve zaostaju za pjesmama koje su pjevale o starima vremenima. Filip Višnjić se, međutim, uzdigao među prve upravo novima pjesmama.

Tematika
Kakve je pjesme pjevao turskoj publici nije poznato, no to su svakako morale biti muslimanske pjesme, o podvizima čuvenih bosanskih junaka. Izvjesne pojedinosti u pjesmama s kršćanskome tematikom posredno upućuju na njegovo poznavanje muslimanske epike kao i života i shvaćanja islamskoga svijeta. Na primjer, u pjesmi Smrt Marka Kraljevića postoji poseban odnos između junaka i njegovoga konja. Šarac plače predosjećajući smrt svojega gospodara, a Marko ga, prije smrti, ubija i sahranjuje ("bolje Šarca, neg brata Andriju"). Obje pojedinosti, kao što je pokazao Vladan Nedić, potječu od Turaka, jer samo u muslimanskima pjesmama na Balkanskome poluotoku konji plaču zbog rastanka s gospodarima i samo su islamski ratnici njegovali običaj "zahvalnog sahranjivanja konja". I mnogi drugi detalji u Višnjićevima pjesmama mogu se shvatiti samo ako se u vidu ima to njegovo poznavanje muslimanskoga svijeta izbliza, poznavanje koje je u pojedinima trenutcima prelazilo u svojevrsnu pjesničku identifikaciju s tim svijetom. Višnjić nije samo dao likove turskih nasilnika, Fočić Mehmed-age, Kulin kapetana i dr., već je slikao i likove dobrih Turaka, kakvi su sultan Murat I. ili starac Fočo koji se očinski brinuo o raji ("nego paz'te raju ko sinove" – taj neobični politički savjet sultan Murat daje svojima vezirima, na Kosovu, na samrti).

Neki trenutci govore da je pjevač imao sluha i za duhovnu kulturu islamskoga svijeta. U pjesmama Starca Raška tajne minulih i budućih vremena čitaju se iz "knjiga starostavnih". Kod Filipa Višnjića istu ulogu imaju muslimanske svete knjige, "knjige indžijele", kako ih pjesnik naziva. Ponekad ta sklonost prema tuđem svijetu dobiva elegični prizvuk, kao npr. u distihu "drumovi će poželjet Turaka, a Turaka niđe biti neće", u kojima je u viziju budućega oslobođenja unesena nostalgična perspektiva poraženoga neprijatelja.

Doba stvaralaštva
Najvažniji trenutak u životu Filipa Višnjića bio je njegov prelazak u Srbiju 1809. godine. Do toga trenutka on nije sastavio niti jednu novu pjesmu. Neposredni dodir s ustaničkima zbivanjima bio je trenutak njegovoga rađanja kao pjesnika. Nekada je lutao po zemlji, pjevajući pjesme od starine, a sada se nalazio na mjestu gdje se stvarala povijest. Družio se s ustaničkima vojvodama, dobivao nagrade i priznanja.

Najviše je živio u blizini drinskoga bojišta. Ponekad se nalazio u samome središtu okršaja. Tako se našao u opsjednutoj Loznici, među njenima braniteljima, o čemu pjeva Sima Milutinović Sarajlija u svojoj "Serbijanki" (pjesma "Dika slijepaca").

Klasifikacija pjesama
Višnjićeve pjesme dijelimo u dvije skupine:
 Pjesme o događajima kojima nije osobno prisustovao, nego su pjevale o događajima koji su sr prenosili s koljena na koljeno
 Pjesme o događajima čiji je osobno bio svjedok

Prvoj skupini, između ostalih, pripadaju i sljedeće pjesme:
 Početak bune protiv dahija
 Boj na Čokešini
 Boj na Salašu
 Boj na Mišaru

Iz druge skupine pjesama izdvajaju se sljedeće:
 Boj na Loznici
 Knez Ivan Knežević
 Miloš Stoićević i Meho Orugdžić
 Hvala Čupićeva

Pjesme iz prve skupine umjetnički su više dograđene, prije svega "Početak bune protiv dahija" i prvi dio pjesme "Boj na Mišaru", dok se u drugoj skupini ističe pjesma osebujne vrijednosti i značaja o knezu Ivanu Kneževiću.

Značaj
Višnjić je širom smatran kao jedan od najboljih epskih pjesnika koji je svirao na guslama. S Karadžićevim objavama zbirki srpskoga epskoga pjesništva, Višnjićeve pjesme našle su europsku publiku te su bile dobro prihvaćene. Ulaskom Srbije u suvremeno doba, epsko pjesništvo prestaje biti utjecajni likovni oblik, zbog čega je književni učenjak Svetozar Koljević opisao Višnjićeva djela kao "labuđi pjev epske tradicije."

Svojim oslobodilačkim poletom Višnjić je najsličniji Petru II. Petroviću Njegošu, s kojim ga i inače povezuje niz zajedničkih crta. Iako je stvarao u tradicionalnima okvirima narodne epike i služio se standardnima formulama i klišeima, Višnjić je umnogome prerastao te okvire i u najboljima svojima trenucima dao epiku novoga tipa, ustaničku, oslobodilačku, revolucionarnu pjesmu, sa snažnima individualnima obilježjima. On stoji na prijelazu između usmenoga i književnoga stvaralaštva, između narodne pjesme i Njegoša.

Nasljeđe
Svakoga studenoga u Gornjoj Trnovi održava se kulturna manifestacija zvana Višnjićevi dani koja privlači pisce, teoretičare i pjesnike te se pruža Srpska pravoslavna komemoracijska misa. Godine 1994. u Gornjoj Trnovi podignuto
je spomen obilježje na mjestu gdje je Višnjić rođen. U Bijeljini njegovo ime nosi Narodna biblioteka "Filip Višnjić". Višnjić je prikazan na grbovima Bijeljine i Ugljevika. Selo Grk u kojem je Višnjić proveo zadnje godine života preimenovano je u Višnjićevo. Mnoge ulice i škole u Srbiji i Republici Srpskoj nose njegovo ime. Tijekom Drugoga svjetskoga rata Vlada narodnoga spasa izdavala je novčanice s Višnjićevim likom. Višnjićev lik također je prisutan na novčanini od 20 bosanskohercegovačkih konvertibilnih maraka (inačica Republike Srpske). Višnjić se nalazi na popisu Sto najznamenitijih Srba kojega je sastavila Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti 1993. godine.

Izvori

Literatura
 Aida Vidan,  "Serbian Poetry". In Greene, Roland; Cushman, Stephen (eds.). The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries. 2016. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 492–494. ISBN 978-1-4008-8063-8.
 Branko Šašić, Znameniti Šapčani i Podrinci, Šabac, Udruženje građana Sport u Podrinju, 1998.
 Cathie Carmichael, A Concise History of Bosnia. 2015. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01615-6.
 David A. Norris, Belgrade: A Cultural History. 2008. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970452-1.
 Duncan Wilson, The Life and Times of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, 1787–1864: Literacy, Literature and National Independence in Serbia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1970. ISBN 978-0-19-821480-9.
 Ismet Ovčina, Zijada Đurđević-Alidžanović, Ida Delić, Vodič kroz javne biblioteke Bosne i Hercegovine. 2006. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine. ISBN 978-9958-500-26-8.
 Ivan Čolović, "Who Owns the Gusle? A Contribution to Research on the Political History of a Balkan Musical Instrument". 2006. In Resic, Sanimir; Törnquist-Plewa, Barbara (eds.). The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe. Riga, Latvia: Nordic Academic Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-91-89116-38-2.
 Ivana Petrović,  "On Finding Homer: The Impact of Homeric Scholarship on the Perception of South Slavic Oral Traditional Poetry". In Efstathiou, Athanasios; Karamanou, Ioanna (eds.). Homeric Receptions Across Generic and Cultural Contexts. 2016. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 315–330. ISBN 978-3-11-047783-2.
 John Neubauer, "Introduction: Folklore and National Awakening". In Cornis-Pope, Marcel; Neubauer, John (eds.). The Making and Remaking of Literary Institutions. 2007. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. 3. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 269–284. ISBN 978-90-272-9235-3.
 Jovan Deretić, Srpska narodna epika, Beograd 2000.
 Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. 2009. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6507-6.
 Tim Judah, The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (2nd ed.). 2000., New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
 Vladan Nedić, Vukovi pevači, Matica srpska, Odeljenje za književnost i jezik, 1981.
 Wayne S. Vucinich,  "Some Aspects of the Ottoman Legacy". In Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (eds.). The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics Since the Eighteenth Century. 1963. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. pp. 56–80. OCLC 395381.
 Zdenko Zlatar, Njegoš, The Poetics of Slavdom: The Mythopoeic Foundations of Yugoslavia. 2007. 2. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8135-7.

Vidi još
 Semberija
 Pjevači Vuka Stefanovića Karadžića
 Spomenik Filipu Višnjiću (Loznica)
 Grob i spomenik Filipu Višnjiću
 Nagrada "Odzivi Filipu Višnjiću"

Vanjske poveznice

 Višnjić, Filip, Hrvatska enciklopedija
 Višnjić, Filip, Proleksis enciklopedija
 Vukove slepe pevačice, Istorijska biblioteka

Srbi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Srpski pjesnici
Srbijanski pjevači
Srbijanski glazbenici
Guslari

Filip Višnjić


In algebraic geometry, a proper morphism between schemes is an analog of a proper map between complex analytic spaces.

Some authors call a proper variety over a field k a complete variety. For example, every projective variety over a field k is proper over k. A scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers (for example, a variety) is proper over C if and only if the space X(C) of complex points with the classical (Euclidean) topology is compact and Hausdorff.

A closed immersion is proper. A morphism is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite.

Definition

A morphism f: X → Y of schemes is called universally closed if for every scheme Z with a morphism Z → Y, the projection from the fiber product

is a closed map of the underlying topological spaces. A morphism of schemes is called proper if it is separated, of finite type, and universally closed ([EGA] II, 5.4.1 ). One also says that X is proper over Y. In particular, a variety X over a field k is said to be proper over k if the morphism X → Spec(k) is proper.

Examples
For any natural number n, projective space Pn over a commutative ring R is proper over R. Projective morphisms are proper, but not all proper morphisms are projective. For example, there is a smooth proper complex variety of dimension 3 which is not projective over C. Affine varieties of positive dimension over a field k are never proper over k. More generally, a proper affine morphism of schemes must be finite. For example, it is not hard to see that the affine line A1 over a field k is not proper over k, because the morphism A1 → Spec(k) is not universally closed. Indeed, the pulled-back morphism

(given by (x,y) ↦ y) is not closed, because the image of the closed subset xy = 1 in A1 × A1 = A2 is A1 − 0, which is not closed in A1.

Properties and characterizations of proper morphisms
In the following, let f: X → Y be a morphism of schemes.
 The composition of two proper morphisms is proper.
 Any base change of a proper morphism f: X → Y is proper. That is, if g: Z → Y is any morphism of schemes, then the resulting morphism X ×Y Z → Z is proper.
 Properness is a local property on the base (in the Zariski topology). That is, if Y is covered by some open subschemes Yi and the restriction of f to all f−1(Yi) is proper, then so is f.
 More strongly, properness is local on the base in the fpqc topology. For example, if X is a scheme over a field k and E is a field extension of k, then X is proper over k if and only if the base change XE is proper over E.
 Closed immersions are proper.
 More generally, finite morphisms are proper. This is a consequence of the going up theorem.
 By Deligne, a morphism of schemes is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite. This had been shown by Grothendieck if the morphism f: X → Y is locally of finite presentation, which follows from the other assumptions if Y is noetherian.
 For X proper over a scheme S, and Y separated over S, the image of any morphism X → Y over S is a closed subset of Y. This is analogous to the theorem in topology that the image of a continuous map from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a closed subset.
 The Stein factorization theorem states that any proper morphism to a locally noetherian scheme can be factored as X → Z → Y, where X → Z is proper, surjective, and has geometrically connected fibers, and Z → Y is finite.
 Chow's lemma says that proper morphisms are closely related to projective morphisms. One version is: if X is proper over a quasi-compact scheme Y and X has only finitely many irreducible components (which is automatic for Y noetherian), then there is a projective surjective morphism g: W → X such that W is projective over Y. Moreover, one can arrange that g is an isomorphism over a dense open subset U of X, and that g−1(U) is dense in W. One can also arrange that W is integral if X is integral.
Nagata's compactification theorem, as generalized by Deligne, says that a separated morphism of finite type between quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes factors as an open immersion followed by a proper morphism.
 Proper morphisms between locally noetherian schemes preserve coherent sheaves, in the sense that the higher direct images Rif∗(F) (in particular the direct image f∗(F)) of a coherent sheaf F are coherent (EGA III, 3.2.1). (Analogously, for a proper map between complex analytic spaces, Grauert and Remmert showed that the higher direct images preserve coherent analytic sheaves.) As a very special case: the ring of regular functions on a proper scheme X over a field k has finite dimension as a k-vector space. By contrast, the ring of regular functions on the affine line over k is the polynomial ring k[x], which does not have finite dimension as a k-vector space.
There is also a slightly stronger statement of this: let  be a morphism of finite type, S locally noetherian and  a -module. If the support of F is proper over S, then for each  the higher direct image  is coherent.
For a scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers, the set X(C) of complex points is a complex analytic space, using the classical (Euclidean) topology. For X and Y separated and of finite type over C, a morphism f: X → Y over C is proper if and only if the continuous map f: X(C) → Y(C) is proper in the sense that the inverse image of every compact set is compact.
 If f: X→Y and g: Y→Z are such that gf is proper and g is separated, then f is proper. This can for example be easily proven using the following criterion.

Valuative criterion of properness
There is a very intuitive criterion for properness which goes back to Chevalley. It is commonly called the valuative criterion of properness. Let f: X → Y be a morphism of finite type of noetherian schemes. Then f is proper if and only if for all discrete valuation rings R with fraction field K and for any K-valued point x ∈ X(K) that maps to a point f(x) that is defined over R, there is a unique lift of x to . (EGA II, 7.3.8). More generally, a quasi-separated morphism f: X → Y of finite type (note: finite type includes quasi-compact) of 'any' schemes X, Y is proper if and only if for all valuation rings R with fraction field K and for any K-valued point x ∈ X(K) that maps to a point f(x) that is defined over R, there is a unique lift of x to . (Stacks project Tags 01KF and 01KY). Noting that Spec K is the generic point of Spec R and discrete valuation rings are precisely the regular local one-dimensional rings, one may rephrase the criterion: given a regular curve on Y (corresponding to the morphism s: Spec R → Y) and given a lift of the generic point of this curve to X, f is proper if and only if there is exactly one way to complete the curve.

Similarly, f is separated if and only if in every such diagram, there is at most one lift .

For example, given the valuative criterion, it becomes easy to check that projective space Pn is proper over a field (or even over Z). One simply observes that for a discrete valuation ring R with fraction field K, every K-point [x0,...,xn] of projective space comes from an R-point, by scaling the coordinates so that all lie in R and at least one is a unit in R.

Geometric interpretation with disks
One of the motivating examples for the valuative criterion of properness is the interpretation of  as an infinitesimal disk, or complex-analytically, as the disk . This comes from the fact that every power seriesconverges in some disk of radius  around the origin. Then, using a change of coordinates, this can be expressed as a power series on the unit disk. Then, if we invert , this is the ring  which are the power series which may have a pole at the origin. This is represented topologically as the open disk  with the origin removed. For a morphism of schemes over , this is given by the commutative diagramThen, the valuative criterion for properness would be a filling in of the point  in the image of .

Example
It's instructive to look at a counter-example to see why the valuative criterion of properness should hold on spaces analogous to closed compact manifolds. If we take  and , then a morphism  factors through an affine chart of , reducing the diagram towhere  is the chart centered around  on . This gives the commutative diagram of commutative algebrasThen, a lifting of the diagram of schemes, , would imply there is a morphism  sending  from the commutative diagram of algebras. This, of course, cannot happen. Therefore  is not proper over .

Geometric interpretation with curves
There is another similar example of the valuative criterion of properness which captures some of the intuition for why this theorem should hold. Consider a curve  and the complement of a point . Then the valuative criterion for properness would read as a diagramwith a lifting of . Geometrically this means every curve in the scheme  can be completed to a compact curve. This bit of intuition aligns with what the scheme-theoretic interpretation of a morphism of topological spaces with compact fibers, that a sequence in one of the fibers must converge. Because this geometric situation is a problem locally, the diagram is replaced by looking at the local ring , which is a DVR, and its fraction field . Then, the lifting problem then gives the commutative diagramwhere the scheme  represents a local disk around  with the closed point  removed.

Proper morphism of formal schemes
Let  be a morphism between locally noetherian formal schemes. We say f is proper or  is proper over  if (i) f is an adic morphism (i.e., maps the ideal of definition to the ideal of definition) and (ii) the induced map  is proper, where  and K is the ideal of definition of . The definition is independent of the choice of K.

For example, if g: Y → Z is a proper morphism of locally noetherian schemes, Z0 is a closed subset of Z, and Y0 is a closed subset of Y such that g(Y0) ⊂ Z0, then the morphism  on formal completions is a proper morphism of formal schemes.

Grothendieck proved the coherence theorem in this setting. Namely, let  be a proper morphism of locally noetherian formal schemes. If F is a coherent sheaf on , then the higher direct images  are coherent.

See also
 Proper base change theorem
 Stein factorization

References

, section 5.3. (definition of properness), section 7.3. (valuative criterion of properness)

,  section 15.7. (generalizations of valuative criteria to not necessarily noetherian schemes)

External links

Morphisms of schemes

Proper morphism


Die 24. Tischtennis-Europameisterschaft fand vom 29. März bis 6. April 2003 in Courmayeur (Italien) statt. Spielort war das Forum Sport Centre. Insgesamt wohnten 1416 zahlende Zuschauer den Spielen bei, was als enttäuschend gewertet wurde.

Deutschlands Herren gewannen vier Medaillen, die Damen gingen leer aus. Die Herrenmannschaft wurde hinter Belarus Zweiter. Im Einzel gewann Torben Wosik nach seiner Endspielniederlage gegen Wladimir Samsonow Silber, Timo Boll und Jörg Roßkopf holten Bronze. Europameister im Herrendoppel wurde die weißrussische / österreichische Kombination Evgueni Shetinin/Chen Weixing. Bei den Damenwettbewerben gewann das Team des Gastgeberlandes Italien Gold. Otilia Bădescu (Rumänien) im Einzel und Tamara Boroš/Mihaela Șteff (Kroatien/Rumänien) im Doppel siegten in den Individualkonkurrenzen.

Austragungsmodus Mannschaften
Es traten 44 Herren- und 40 Damenteams an.

Der Spielmodus war der gleiche wie bei der vorherigen EM 2002. Allerdings gab es Modifikation dahingehend, dass die Mannschaften des Gastgeberlandes automatisch, unabhängig von der Platzierung in der Europaliga, für das Achtelfinale qualifiziert waren.

Abschneiden der Deutschen
Cheftrainer war Dirk Schimmelpfennig. Istvan Korpa betreute die Herren, Richard Prause trainierte die Damen.

Herrenmannschaft
Aufgrund der Platzierung in der Europaliga, nämlich Platz sieben, musste die deutsche Mannschaft bereits im Achtelfinale antreten. Hier kam sie nach einem 3:0-Erfolg gegen Griechenland ins Viertelfinale, wo sie Serbien und Montenegro mit 3:1 besiegte. Ebenfalls mit 3:1 gewann sie im Halbfinale gegen die ČSSR. Das Endspiel gegen Belarus ging mit 1:3 verloren. Hier holte Zoltan Fejer-Konnerth den einzigen Punkt.

Damenmannschaft
In der Europaliga kamen die deutschen Damen auf Platz vier. Daher griffen sie bei dieser EM erst im Viertelfinale ein. Hier unterlagen sie dem späteren Europameister Italien mit 2:3. In den Spielen um die Plätze 5 bis 8 verloren sie gegen Russland und gewannen gegen Serbien und Montenegro. Dies reichte für Platz 7.

Herreneinzel
 Torben Wosik: Sieg gegen Sergei Andrianov (Russland), Panagiotis Gionis (Griechenland), Jakub Kosowski (Polen), Zoran Primorac (Kroatien), Jean-Philippe Gatien (Frankreich), Jörg Roßkopf (Deutschland), Niederlage im Endspiel gegen Wladimir Samsonow (Belarus)
 Timo Boll: Sieg gegen Alex Perry (England), Adam Michael Robertson (Wales), Chen Weixing (Österreich), Ferenc Pazsy (Ungarn), Michael Maze (Dänemark), Niederlage im Halbfinale gegen Wladimir Samsonow (Belarus)
 Jörg Roßkopf: Sieg gegen Finn Tugwell (Dänemark), Josef Plachý (ČSSR), Karl Jindrak (Österreich), Bojan Tokič (Slowenien), Evgueni Shetinin (Belarus), Niederlage im Halbfinale gegen Torben Wosik (Deutschland)
 Lars Hielscher: Sieg gegen Fabien Simon (Luxemburg), Niederlage gegen Adrian Crișan (Rumänien)
 Bastian Steger: Niederlage gegen Christoph Maier (Österreich)
 Zoltan Fejer-Konnerth: reiste aus familiären Gründen nach den Mannschaftskämpfen ab.

Dameneinzel
Zwei deutsche Damen erreichten das Viertelfinale.
 Nicole Struse: Sieg gegen Ekaterina Ntoulaki (Griechenland), Andrea Bobetic (Kroatien), Jolanta Prūsienė (Litauen), Irina Palina (Russland), Niederlage gegen Silvija Erdelji (Jugoslawien)
 Laura Stumper: Sieg gegen Alba Prades (Spanien), Franziska Wex (Österreich), Katalina Gatinska (Bulgarien), Csilla Bátorfi (Ungarn), Niederlage gegen Otilia Bădescu (Rumänien)
 Elke Wosik: Sieg gegen Sunay Atakan (Türkei), Anne-Claire Palut (Frankreich), Natālija Kļimanova (Lettland), Niederlage im Achtelfinale gegen Andrea Bakula (Kroatien)
 Tanja Hain-Hofmann: Sieg gegen Detelina Petrova (Bulgarien), Yan Chi Mei (San Marino), Niederlage gegen Galina Melnik (Russland)
 Jessica Göbel war nur für den Mannschaftswettbewerb nominiert, um sechs Herren den Start in den Einzelwettbewerben zu ermöglichen.

Herrendoppel
 Jörg Roßkopf/Lars Hielscher: Sieg gegen João Monteiro/Ricardo Oliveira (Portugal), Niederlage gegen Jiang Weizhong/Dragutin Surbek jr. (Kroatien)
 Bastian Steger/Torben Wosik: Sieg gegen Andrew Baggaley/Gareth Herbert (England), Niederlage gegen Allan Bentsen/Martin Monrad (Dänemark)
 Zoltan Fejer-Konnerth/Timo Boll: Zoltan Fejer-Konnerth reiste aus familiären Gründen nach den Mannschaftskämpfen ab.

Damendoppel
 Elke Wosik/Nicole Struse: Sieg gegen Danileja Balic/Dragana Iveljic (Bosnien und Herzegowina), Pia Finnemann/Natalia Tsygankova (Dänemark/Belarus), Niederlage im Achtelfinale gegen Silvija Erdelji/Ana-Maria Erdelji (Jugoslawien)
 Tanja Hain-Hofmann/Laura Stumper: Sieg gegen Biljana Golic/Gordana Plavsic (Serbien), Katalina Gatinska/Asya Ilieva Kasabova (Bulgarien), Niederlage im Achtelfinale gegen Tamara Boroš/Mihaela Șteff (Kroatien/Rumänien)

Mixed
 Lars Hielscher/Tanja Hain-Hofmann: Sieg gegen Damien Delobbe/Karen Opdencamp (Belgien), Andrew Baggaley/Georgina Walker (England), Lehel Demeter/Tatyana Logatzkaya (Ungarn/Belarus), Patrick Chila/Solene Legay (Frankreich), Niederlage im Viertelfinale gegen Werner Schlager/Krisztina Tóth (Österreich/Ungarn)
 Torben Wosik/Elke Wosik: Sieg gegen Tiago Apolónia/Ana Lucia Silva (Portugal), Marcin Kusinski/Patricja Molik (Polen), Yaniv Sharon/Marina Kravchenko (Israel), Niederlage im Achtelfinale gegen Maxim Chmyrev/Oksana Fadeeva (Russland)
 Bastian Steger/Laura Stumper: Sieg gegen Damien Mark Lynch/Tara Fusco (Irland), Sergei Andrianov/Tatjana Kulagina (Russland), Josef Plachý/Martina Smistikova (ČSSR), Niederlage im Achtelfinale gegen Chen Weixing/Viktoria Pavlovich (Österreich/Belarus)

Wissenswertes
 Der Schwede Jan-Ove Waldner verzichtete nach einer Verletzung im Vorfeld auf seine Teilnahme.
 Ni Xialian (Luxemburg) konnte wegen einer Schwangerschaft ihren Titel nicht verteidigen.

ITTF-Meeting
Parallel zu den Wettkämpfen trat der ETTU-Kongress zusammen. Er beschloss, dass bei der nächsten Europameisterschaft maximal 16 Mannschaften starten dürfen. Diese qualifizieren sich über die 1. Division der Europaliga, in der die Teams der Plätze 1 bis 16 der aktuellen EM 2003 starten. Wegen der reduzierten Anzahl von Mannschaften verkürzt sich die Dauer einer Europameisterschaft.

Ergebnisse

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Ausführlicher Bericht in DTS – Zeitschrift DTS, 2003/4 S. 8–24 + 45–53
 Vorschau – Zeitschrift DTS, 2003/3 S. 18–25
 Bericht aus Sicht Österreichs – ÖTTZ – Österreichische Tischtennis Zeitung, 2003 Nr. 52, Mai/Juni S. 4–8

Weblinks
  (abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016)
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  (abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016)
  (abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016)
  (abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016)

Tischtennis-Europameisterschaft
Tischtennisveranstaltung 2003
Europameisterschaft 2003
Sportveranstaltung in Courmayeur

Tischtennis-Europameisterschaft 2003


La ingeniería mecánica eléctrica es una combinación de dos ramas de la ingeniería: la ingeniería mecánica y la ingeniería eléctrica. Es reconocida por contar con los aspectos más importantes de ambas como lo son: el uso eficiente de la energía eléctrica para el desarrollo industrial o la aplicación de las bases de la ingeniería mecánica para la automatización de máquinas y la mejora de procesos en las empresas.  Debido a la gran importancia de esta nueva rama, se ha creado una carrera con el mismo nombre.

Se considera como el conjunto de conocimientos, manejo y dominio de los principios físicos, mecánicos, mecánica de fluidos así como el estudio de la aplicación de la electricidad, electrónica y electromagnetismo aplicando conocimientos de ciencias físicas, matemáticas, para poder generar y transportar energía eléctrica y elaboración de motores. La Ingeniería Mecánica Eléctrica es una rama muy extensa de la Ingeniería, ya que lleva sus bases en los principios de la física, para análisis y creación de diseños de motores asociados con sistemas eléctricos a gran escala, a diferencia de la Ingeniería  Electrónica  que se encarga de los sistemas a pequeña escala.

Ingeniería mecánica eléctrica (carrera)
Ha sido muy eficaz y por ello casi todas las universidades cuentan con ella, ha evolucionado muy rápido y su demanda es amplia gracias a su gran oferta de empleo y su versatilidad en campos laborales. Su plan de estudio cuenta principalmente con materias enfocadas en el área física-matemática. Algunos ejemplos de las materias principales son: Termodinámica, Circuitos eléctricos, Transformadores, Cálculo diferencial e integral, Dinámica, Estática, Mecánica de materiales entre otras.

Algunas áreas de trabajo para un Ingeniero mecánico eléctrico pueden ser: el área automotriz, metal-mecánico,  aeronáutica, robótica y manufactura. Algunos programas computacionales que ocupan los IME (Ingenieros mecánicos electricistas) son: AutoCAD, Solid Works, Matlab, Maple y Solid Edge. Estos softwares son utilizados para la creación virtual de herramientas de trabajo como: tornillos, tuercas, engranes, flechas, etc. Otros son utilizados para resolver ecuaciones matemáticas o graficar unidades.

Futuro de la ingeniería mecánica eléctrica

El uso eficiente de la energía eléctrica para el desarrollo industrial y la aplicación de la ingeniería mecánica para la automatización y la mejora de procesos en las empresas son los aspectos más importantes de la mecánica eléctrica, una rama de la ingeniería que está cobrando gran importancia en el mundo del futuro.

Organismos

Existe una organización en México denominada CIME (Colegio de Ingenieros Mecánicos Eléctricos) en la cual cualquier IME puede unirse y se desarrollan congresos para la actualización de tecnologías y métodos laborales. Fue fundada en 1945 y su misión es «Lograr la competitividad internacional de ingeniería nacional y construir un mejor país».

Referencias

Ingeniería

Ingeniería mecánica eléctrica


Zsuzsa Diószegi (* 14. Februar 1963 in Budapest) ist eine ungarische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Zsuzsa Diószegi war in Ungarn sechs Mal bei den Juniorenmeisterschaften erfolgreich, bevor sie sich in ihrem letzten Juniorenjahr 1981 erstmals bei den Erwachsenen durchsetzen konnte. 1982 erkämpfte sie sich zwei weitere Titel bei den Einzelmeisterschaften. 1981 und 1985 war sie des Weiteren zweimal bei den Mannschaftsmeisterschaften erfolgreich.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? Band 1 (A–H). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1994. ISBN 963-7806-90-3

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungarischer Meister (Badminton)
Person (Budapest)
Ungar
Geboren 1963
Frau

Zsuzsa Diószegi


Uma variedade de símbolos ou convenções iconográficas são usadas para representar a Terra, seja no sentido de planeta Terra, ou no mundo habitado, ou como um elemento clássico . Um círculo representando o mundo redondo, com os rios do Jardim do Éden separando os quatro cantos do mundo, ou girando 45° para sugerir os quatro continentes, continua sendo uma convenção pictográfica comum para expressar a noção de "mundial". O símbolo astronômico atual para o planeta é um círculo com uma cruz cruzada,. Embora a União Astronômica Internacional (IAU) agora desencoraje o uso de símbolos planetários, isso é uma exceção, sendo usado em abreviaturas como M 🜨 para massa da Terra.

Terra, o elemento clássico
No misticismo chinês, o elemento clássico "Terra" é representado pelo trigrama de três linhas quebradas no I Ching (☷).

O símbolo alquímico ocidental (início da era moderna) para a terra é um triângulo apontando para baixo dividido por uma linha horizontal (🜃). Outros símbolos da terra na alquimia ou misticismo incluem o quadrado e a serpente.

Símbolos astronômicos

Símbolo da Terra


Skie, Ejderha Mızrağı Destanı isimli kitap serisinde Kitiara Uth Matar'a yoldaşlık eden mavi ejderha. Asıl adı Khellendros'dur. Fakat dostlarının onu "Skie" diye çağırmasına izin verir.
Ejderha Mızrağı serisinin 2. kitabı olan Kış Gecesi Ejderhaları kitabının kapağında görülmektedir. Aslen kendisi büyük ejderhaların olduğu başka bir boyuttan gelmiştir. Takhisis'le karşılaşmış ve Takhisis kendi amaçları için onu Kryn'a yerlestirmiş ve ona mavi rengini vermiştir.

Ejderhalar
Ejderha Mızrağı karakterleri
Edebiyat karakterleri

Skie


Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari (; 29 May 194020 October 2010), was a Pakistani politician who served as the eighth president of Pakistan from 14 November 1993 until resigning on 2 December 1997. He was the first Baloch to be elected as President.

Born into a Baloch tribal and influential feudal family, Leghari was educated at Aitchison College, the Forman Christian College in Pakistan, and St Catherine's College, Oxford in United Kingdom. Upon return from the UK, he sat for the Civil Services Exam in 1964 and started his career as a civil servant, remained commissioner sargodha division, prior to getting in to politics in 1973 and tenured as Senator representing the Punjab on the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) platform from 1975 to 1977. He contested the 1977 he won the National Assembly Elections on Pakistan People's Party ticket and was appointed Minister for Industries. In 1980s, he led demonstrations aimed against President Zia-ul-Haq's administration and successfully ran in general elections held in 1988. From 1990 to 1993, he worked under Benazir Bhutto as her deputy Leader of the Opposition and participated in the 1993 Pakistani general elections.

His credential and reputation eventually led him to secure a nomination for the presidency by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and was elected as President in 1993. However, he began receiving criticism over the controversial appointments of Senior Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and was implicated in Mehran Bank scandal. Differences began to emerge with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto on policy issues in 1995 and he surprisingly dismissed his leader's government in 1996. His political ambitions later clashed with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his intervention to retain Justice Sajjad Ali Shah as Chief Justice finally led to his resignation in 1997. He remained active in politics starting his own Political Party "Millat Party" which was party of the "National Alliance" in the 2002 General Elections, the party merged into the PML(Q) in 2004. He returned to the National Assembly in 2008 Elections. Leghari died from a long-term heart illness at the Combined Military Hospital in Rawalpindi on 20 October 2010.

Biography

Farooq Leghari was born on 2 May 1940 in Choti Zareen, a village located in Dera Ghazi Khan District, Punjab, British India. The prefix Sardar, a title of nobility, added before his name that indicated the Tumandar (Chief) of his Leghari Tribe. Leghari's family was a Baloch of Punjab and known for its wealth. Many of its members served as hereditary chiefs, and the family has remained active in politics since the British Raj. His mother was a Pashtun from Mardan district; one of his sisters married the son of the Nawab of Kalabagh. Leghari was 185 cm tall. His father, Nawabzada Muhammad Khan Leghari and his grandfather Khan Bahadur Nawab Sir Muhammad Jamal Khan Leghari were progressive leaders who modernised their tribe. His father took prominent part in the Pakistan Movement and was confined as a political prisoner in 1946. After the partition of India, his father served as minister in the provincial government of Punjab from 1949 until 1955.

Farooq Leghari was initially schooled at the famed Aitchison College in Lahore where he was the "College Prefect" and "Head Boy" and graduated at top of his class winning the coveted "Rivaz Gold Medal" for the "Best Graduating Student" in 1957. He went onto attend the Forman Christian College University where he gained BA with Honours in Economics in 1960. He went to United Kingdom to attend the St Catherine's College, Oxford where he received master's degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE).

Leghari was an avid and competitive sportsman and played tennis, captaining the Aitchison College Tennis team and became a regular on the polo field. In 1974, he represented Pakistan as shooter in 7th Asian Games held in Tehran, Iran. Farooq Leghari was the major landowner in the country and owned approximately  of land. After the death of Farooq Khan Leghari, his son Jamal Khan Leghari became the 23rd Chief of Leghari tribe.

Civil service and politics

Upon returning to Pakistan, he joined the Central Superior Services (CSS) in 1964 and worked as civil servant in East Pakistan before returning to Pakistan. In 1973, he resigned from the civil service and joined the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) on the invitation of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. In 1975, he was elected as Senator for Punjab and participated in general elections held in 1977 in the DG Khan constituency. He was appointed as Minister of Defence Production and was appointed Secretary-General of the PPP in 1978.

In 1980s, he became known as a leading figure of presiding mass demonstrations against President Zia-ul-Haq's administration and was imprisoned several times by Police. Leghari participated in general elections held in 1988 in DG Khan's constituency. He was appointed as Minister for Water and Power under Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. His term was abruptly ended by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan after his dismissal of Prime Minister Bhutto and successfully defended his constituency in general elections held in 1990. He served as Deputy Leader of the Opposition under Benazir Bhutto, serving in opposition against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

In 1993, he witnessed the resignations of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and joined the caretaker cabinet of caretaker Prime Minister Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi as Finance Minister. During this period, he presided over the 21st Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Karachi from 25 to 29 April 1993. He successfully participated well in general elections held in 1993 and retained his seat in the National Assembly as he was the only PPP member from Dera Ghazi Khan.

Leghari was named and appointed as Foreign Minister by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto on 13 November 1993 but soon won the nomination for the presidency.

President of Pakistan

His credentials and "clean reputation" as opposed to politicians accused of mass corruption and white collar crimes won him the support from Prime Minister Bhutto and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). He accepted the nomination and ran in the presidential elections against Wasim Sajjad, the Acting President and PML(N) nominee by Nawaz Sharif.

As a result of indirect voting, Leghari received 274 votes in his favour against 168 votes for Wasim Sajjad. On 13 November 1993, Sardar Farooq Leghari was appointed the President of Pakistan for a term of five years. He vowed to repeal the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and expressed his support for Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. However, no bill was ever presented to repeal the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. The law and order situation in the country worsen, especially in Karachi where the police operation resulted in various and unaccountable deaths.

In 1994–95, a major scandal was revealed by the sting operation led by the FIA that gained national attention. Known as the Mehrangate, Leghari's and Bhutto's name was implicated in the corruption scandal in news media. However, the PPP forcefully suppressed the FIA's investigations and judicial inquires as well as media coverage. Leghari supported the Bhutto administration's internal and foreign policies and staunchly backed Prime Minister Bhutto's initiatives at the national level. Leghari met with Indian Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and Queen Elizabeth when she paid a state visit to Pakistan during his tenure as president.

His political relations with Benazir Bhutto drifted apart over on policy issues concerning the internal politics and judicial nominations for the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1996. In 1993, Leghari confirmed the nomination of Justice Sajjad Ali Shah as Chief Justice of Pakistan who was known to be closer to the PPP's ideology. In 1994, Prime Minister Bhutto nominated 20 senior judges for the appointment to the Supreme Court; of which, 13 had political relations with the PPP. Some of the nominated judges had not been practised judges and controversial reputations in the law circles. The PPP government began pressuring Chief Justice Shah to dissuade him from taking up to appeals against the nominations. President Leghari backed Chief Justice Shah over the appointment and confirmations that created problems with the Prime Minister Bhutto who saw this as a conspiracy being hatch by the Chief Justice Shah. Notoriety over the confirmations of additional judges in the High Courts further maligned Leghari's image as the appointments were seen as "inappropriate."

The situation with Prime Minister Bhutto further escalated when President Leghari raised issue of senior ministers' involvement in corruption and Asif Ali Zardari's appointment as Investment Minister. Leghari also suspected Benazir Bhutto and Asif Zardari involvement in controversial murder of Murtaza Bhutto that occurred in 1996, despite Prime Minister Bhutto hinted Leghari's involvement.  On October–November 1996, there were several meetings between President Leghari and Prime Minister Bhutto to resolve the issue but the two sides used the intelligence community against each other. The economic recession further escalated the situation and President Leghari surprisingly dismissed the Benazir's administration using the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution on charges of corruption, economic recession, lawlessness and extra judicial killings.

Resignation and post-presidency
A caretaker set-up was formed under Acting Prime Minister Malik Meraj Khalid and general elections were held in 1997 that witnessed the return of Nawaz Sharif with a heavy mandate in all over the country. Prime Minister Sharif decisively removed the Eighth Amendment by approving the Thirteenth Amendment and oversaw its complete effect that ultimately made President Leghari as figurehead. Leghari seek the nomination for the second term but the chances of his re-election were diminished due to PPP's dilution in the Parliament.

Problems between Chief Justice Shah and Prime Minister Sharif further escalated when Chief Justice Shah decided to listen to appeals against the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment bills and the PML(N) partisan attacked the Shah's court in 1997. President Leghari tried intervened in the matter in support of Chief Justice Shah but this only made it worse for Leghari when Prime Minister Sharif decided to bring the impeachment movement against President Leghari. On 2 December 1997, President Leghari resigned from the presidency to avoid the possible impeachment which also resulted in the resignation of the Chief Justice Shah, also the same year.

His post-presidency marked with his active involvement in politics when he found the Millat Party which entered into a coalition of seven parties, known as the National Alliance, to participate in the general elections held in 2002. The National Alliance won enough seats in the National Assembly to form government as a coalition with the PML(Q) that was supported by President Pervez Musharraf. In 2004, he left his own party and joined the PML(Q) and supported his son, Awais Leghari, becoming the cabinet member. His elder son, Jamal Leghari, was elected as member of Senate on PML(Q) platform.

In 2003, Leghari reportedly remarked that he had dismissed Prime Minister Bhutto after the rules of conducts were violated, while responding to the criticism by the PPP.

Family Political History/Legacy
Grandfather: Khan Bahadur Nawab Sir (Tumandar) Muhammad Jamal Khan Leghari

Punjab Legislative Council 1921, 1923, 1927, 1930
Punjab Legislative Assembly 1937 Minister Public Works, 1946, 1947
"The first sitting was held on 5 January 1948. Sir Robert Francis Mudie, Governor of West Punjab appointed Mr Muhammad Jamal Khan Leghari to perform the duties of Speaker till new Speaker was elected".
Punjab Legislative Assembly 1951,
First Sitting Presided by Sardar Jamal Muhammad Khan Leghari

Father: Nawabzada Sardar Muhammad Khan Leghari, B.A.

Punjab Legislative Assembly 1951
Minister Public Works, Buildings and Roads, Electricity and Transport, Irrigation, Revenue, Excise and Taxation, Resettlements and Colonies.
Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan 1956

Uncle: Nawabzada Sardar Atta Muhammad Khan Leghari

Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1972

Uncle: Nawabzada Sardar Mahmood Khan Leghari

Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1972

Cousin: Sardar Muhammmad Omer Khan Leghari

Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1985
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1988

Cousin: Sardar Jaffar Khan Leghari

District Council Chairman Rajanpur
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1985
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1988
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1993
National Assembly of Pakistan 1997
National Assembly of Pakistan 2002
National Assembly of Pakistan 2008
National Assembly of Pakistan 2013
National Assembly of Pakistan 2018

Cousin: Sardar Maqsood Ahmed Khan Leghari

Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1977
Chairman District Council Dera Ghazi Khan
National Assembly of Pakistan 1985, Minister for Overseas Pakistanis
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1985
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1988
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1990, Minister
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1993, Minister Irrigation
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1997
Zila Nazim Dera Ghazi Khan 2005

Cousin: Sardar Mansoor Ahmed Khan Leghari

Chairman District Council Dera Ghazi Khan
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1990
National Assembly of Pakistan 1993
Senate of Pakistan 1997-2000
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1985

Son: Jamal Leghari

District Nazim Dera Ghazi Khan 2000
Senate of Pakistan 2016-20012
Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 2013

Son: Awais Leghari   Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 1997
   National Assembly of Pakistan 2002, Minister Information Technology and Telecommunication
   National Assembly of Pakistan 2010
   National Assembly of Pakistan 2013, Minister Power
   Provincial Assembly of the Punjab 2018, (Deputy Leader of Opposition)

Death

Farooq Leghari briefly fought a heart illness since 2000s and initial reports claimed that he was ill for some time, owing to complications with his heart. Farooq Leghari died on 20 October 2010 in Rawalpindi due to a heart related illness and he was undergoing surgery at the Combined Military Hospital in Rawalpindi at the time of his death.

Residents of Dera Ghazi Khan and political dignitaries attended his funeral services and he was laid to rest in Choti Zareen, DG Khan District, Punjab, Pakistan on 21 October 2010.

Further reading

See also
1993 in Pakistan
Pakistan Peoples Party
Parliamentary history of Pakistan

References

External links
 Former President Laghari Passes Away
 US Department of State----Pakistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996 under Leghari/Benazir Government

|-

|-

1940 births
2010 deaths
1996 controversies
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Aitchison College alumni
Baloch politicians
Farooq
Foreign Ministers of Pakistan
Forman Christian College alumni
Members of the Senate of Pakistan
Pakistan People's Party politicians
Pakistani civil servants
Pakistani landowners
Pakistani male sport shooters
People from Dera Ghazi Khan District
Presidents of Pakistan
Shooters at the 1974 Asian Games
Tumandars
Water and Power Ministers of Pakistan
Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013
Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007
Asian Games competitors for Pakistan

Farooq Leghari


بلدية تاراثونا دي لا مانتشا (بالإسبانية: Tarazona de la Mancha) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية تاراثونا دي لا مانتشا 6.647 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

أعلام
 جاسبار باناديرو

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية تاراثونا دي لا مانتشا

بلديات البسيط
أماكن مأهولة في البسيط
أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1564
تأسيسات سنة 1564 في إسبانيا

تاراثونا دي لا مانتشا


Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) este un organism profesional care acreditează profesioniștii din sectoarele terenurilor, proprietății, construcțiilor și infrastructurii din întreaga lume.

Profesioniștii care dețin calificări RICS pot utiliza următoarele denumiri după numele lor: MRICS (Membru), FRICS (Fellow), AssocRICS (Associate). Persoanele cu denumirea MRICS sau FRICS sunt, de asemenea, cunoscute sub denumirea de inspectori autorizați.

Prin acreditarea și standardele profesionale ale RICS, aceasta creează încredere în piețe și este cunoscută pentru a face schimbări pozitive în mediile construite și naturale.

Legături externe
 RICS website

Fondări în 1868
Inspecția proprietății


Amerika Köprüsü (İspanyolca: Puente de las Américas; asıl olarak Thatcher Feribotu Köprüsü) Panama'da Büyük Okyanus girişi ile ve Panama Kanalı'nı birbirine bağlayan bir yol köprüsüdür.1962 yılında 20 milyon $ maliyetle yapılmıştır. 2004 yılında Centennial Köprüsü'nün açılışına kadar Kuzey ve Güney Amerika kıtalarını birbirine bağlayan tek kalıcı köprüydü.

Tanım

Amerika Köprüsü Pasifik geçitinden Panama Şehri yakınındaki Panama Kanalı'na Panama Balboa'dan geçer. 1959 ile 1962 yılları arasından Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tarafından 20 milyon dolara yapılmıştır.

Köprü makas kemer tasarımındadır, 14 ayağı vardır ve toplam uzunluğu 1.654 metredir (5.425 ft), ana ayak uzunluğu ise 344 metredir (1.128 ft). Köprünün en yüksek noktası deniz seviyesinden 117 metre (384 ft) yüksekliktedir; ana ayaklar altındaki açıklık denizin kabarması durumunda 61.3 metre (201 ft) olmaktadır. Her iki girişte de geniş girişli rampalar ve her iki tarafta yaya yolları vardır.

1962 yılında tamamlanmasından 2004 yılında Centennial Köprüsü'nün yapımına kadar Amerika Köprüsü Panamerikan karayolu'nun önemli bir parçası olmuştur. 1914 yılında Panama Kanalı'nın açılışından 2004 yılına kadar, Kuzey ve Güney Amerika arasındaki tek geçit ve Panama Kanalı üzerinden geçen tek kalıcı geçiş olmuştur. (Gatún'daki yükseltme havuzuna küçük asma yol köprüsü yapılmıştır, ve yine kanalı geçmek için 1942 yılında Miraflores'de asma yol/demiryolu köprüsü yapılmıştır; fakat bunlar sadece yükseltme havuzları kapalı olduğunda çalışabiliyordu ve sınırlı kapasiteleri vardı.)

Köprünün etkileyici bir görünüşü vardır, ve birçok küçük botun kanalı geçmeden veya geçtikten sonra bağlandığı Balboa Yat Kulübü'nden güzel bir görünüm elde edilebilir. Gündüz ve gece boyunca sayısız gemi Panama Kanalı'na girmek veya ayrılmak için köprünün altından geçmektedir.

Tarih

Köprü ihtiyacı
Kanal yapımı için Fransız projesinin başlamasından başlayarak, Colón ve Panamá şehirlerinin cumhuriyetin geri kalanından kanal ile ayrılacağı fikri kabul görmüştü. Bu konu kanal boyunca inşaat işçilerinin mavnalar ile taşınması durumunda bile sorun olmuştu.

Kanal açıldıktan sonra artan araba sayısı ve Chiriquí'a giden yeni bir yolun yapımı Panama'nın batısında az çok geçiş gereksiniminin artmasına neden olmuştu. Panama Kanalı Mekanik Bölüm'ü bu konuyu 1931 Ağustos'unda belirtmişler ve Presidente Amador ve President Washington feribotlarını görevlendirmişlerdir. Bu hizmet 1940 Ağustos'unda esasen askeri amaçla kullanılan ek mavnalarla genişletilmiştir.

3 Haziran 1942'de, yol/demiryolu asma köprüsü Miraflores yükseltme havuzunda törenle açılmıştır. Ancak sadece gemilerin geçmediği zamanlarda kullanılabiliyordu, bu kanaldan trafik geçiş
isteğinin dinmesini sağlamıştı. Hâlâ daha sağlam bir çözümün gerekli olduğu açıktır. Büyüyen araç trafiği ihtiyacını karşılama için Kasım 1942 tarihinde Presidente Porras isimli başka bir feribot eklenmiştir.

Köprü projesi
Kalıcı bir köprü yapılması fikri önemli bir öncelik olarak daha 1923 tarihinde önerilmişti. Panama'nın sonraki yöneticileri bu konuda kanal bölgesini kontrol eden Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne ısrarcı davranmışlardır, ve 1955'te Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Remón-Eisenhower anlaşması ile köprüyü yapacağına söz vermiştir.

20.000.000 $'lık bir sözleşme John F. Beasly & Company'e verilmiştir ve proje 23 Aralık 1958'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Büyükelçisi Julian Harrington ve Panama Başkanı Ernesto de la Guardia Navarro'nun huzurunda yapılan bir merasim ile başlatılmıştır. Yapımı 12 Ekim 1959'de başlamıştır ve bitmesi yaklaşık 2.5 yıl sürmüştür.

Köprünün açılış töreni 12 Ekim 1962'de büyük bir merasim ile yapılmıştır. Gün ABD Ordusu ve Hava Kuvvetleri'nin ve Panama Ulusal Muhafızları'nın orkestralarının konserleri ile başlamıştır. Bunu konuşmalar, dualar, müzik ve her iki ulusun millî marşları takip etmiştir. Kurdeler Maurice H. Thatcher tarafından kesilmiştir ve sonra orada bulunanların köprü üzerinde yürümelerine izin verilmiştir. Merasimin tamamı ülke çapında radyo ve televizyonlar tarafından verilmiştir, alanda bulunan büyük kalabalığın kontrolü için ciddi tedbirler alınmıştır.

Yapım sonrası

Köprü açıldığında Panamerikan karayolu'nun önemli bir parçasıydı. Günlük yaklaşık 9.500 araç taşıyordu, ancak bu zamanla arttı ve 2004'te köprü günlük 35.000 araç taşımaya başladı. Bu nedenle köprü karayolunda ciddi bir engel durumuna gelmeye başladı ve şu anda Panamerikan karayolunu taşımakta olan Centennial Köprüsü'nün yapımına neden oldu.

İsim
Köprü başlangıçta (özellikle Amerikalılar tarafından) kanalın yaklaşık aynı noktasından geçmiş olan feribotun ardından Thatcher Feribot Köprüsü olarak isimlendirilmekteydi. Feribot da kanal kurululunun eski üyesi Maurice H. Thatcher anısına isimlendirilmişti. Thatcher kanalda taşımacılığın kanunlaştırmasını sunmuştur ve köprünün yapımından sonra kurdeleyi kesmiştir.

İsim Panama hükûmeti tarafından rağbet görmemiştir ve Amerika Köprüsü ismi tercih edilmiştir. Amerika Köprüsü ismi Ulusal Meclis tarafından alınan kesin karar ile 2 Ekim 1962 tarihinde, açılış töreninden 10 gün önce resmileştirilmiştir. Kesin karar aşağıda gösterildiği gibidir:

Panama Kanalı'nın üzerindeki köprü Amerika Köprüsü ismini taşıyacaktır.
Söylenen isim sadece söylenen köprüyü tanımlamak için kullanılacaktır.
Panama hükümeti görevlileri köprünün "Amerika Köprüsü" dışında bir isimle isimlendirildiği hiçbir belgeyi kabul etmeyecektir.
Bu kararın bir kopyası, uygun bir biçimle, dünyadaki tüm yasama yetkisi olan makamlara yollanmalıdır, bu sayede tüm hepsi köprüye bu onurlu meclis tarafından seçilen ismi verebilsinler, ve Panama halkının açık kararlarına uysunlar.
Panama şehrinde Ekim'in ikinci gününde bin dokuz yüz altmış iki tarihinde verilmiştir.
Başkan, Jorge Rubén Rosas
Sekreter, Alberto Arango N.

Açılış töreni sırasında, Alt Dışişleri Bakanı George W. Bell konuşmasında şu sözleri söylemiştir: "Bugün bu köprüye bugün artık neredeyse gerçek olan Panamerikan karayolunun gerçekleştirilmesi için yeni ve parlak bir adım olarak bakabiliriz. Açılışını yaptığımız büyük köprü, gerçekten de Amerika'nın köprüsü, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nden Panama'ya olan karayolunun son adımı olacaktır."

Kaynakça
 Puente de las Américas, information.
 Amerika Köprüsü, World Headquarters'dan
 Bir köprünün yapımı, CZ Brats'dan özet bilgi
 Amerika Köprüsü, bridgemeister.com'dan resimler
 Amerika Köprüsü'nün açılış töreni, AlonsoRoy.com'dan
 Structurae: Amerika Köprüsü

Panama Kanalı
Panama'daki köprüler

Amerika Köprüsü


The Kukkuṭika (Sanskrit; ) were an early Buddhist school which descended from the Mahāsāṃghika.

Etymology
It is likely that the name Kukkuṭika or Kukkulika originated from the Kukkuṭrārāma monastery at Pāṭaliputra, which was an early centre for the Mahāsāṃghikas.

There were numerous variations of this name, such as Kukkuṭika, Kukkulika, Kaukkuṭika, Kaurukullaka, and Gokulika.

The name Gokulika means "cinder", and refers to the doctrine that all conditioned phenomena necessarily involve suffering, and that they are like an "inferno of ashes."

Doctrines
The Samayabhedoparacanacakra of Vasumitra regards the Ekavyāvahārika, Kukkuṭika, and Lokottaravāda as being doctrinally indistinguishable. According to Vasumitra, 48 theses were held in common by these three Mahāsāṃghika sects. Of these 48 special theses, 20 points concern the supramundane nature of buddhas and bodhisattvas. According to the Samayabhedoparacanacakra, these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all dharmas in a single moment of the mind. Yao Zhihua writes:

History
The Kukkuṭika sect is believed to have split from the main Mahāsāṃghika sect during the reign of Aśoka utilising early Buddha chronology, and the late second century BCE utilising late Buddha chronology. The Bahuśrutīya and Prajñaptivāda are thought to have split from the Kukkuṭikas in the late third or second century BCE. The Kukkuṭikas seem to have remained in eastern India, and remained strongest in the area around Vārāṇasī.

The sixth-century Indian monk Paramārtha associates the initial composition and acceptance of Mahāyāna sūtras with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism. He wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas initially split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of Mahayana teachings. Paramārtha states that at this time, the Kukkuṭika sect did not accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana ("words of the Buddha"), while the Lokottaravāda sect and the Ekavyāvahārika sect did accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana.

In the early fifth century, the Chinese monk Faxian procured a copy of the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya from a monastery in Pāṭaliputra that he describes as "Mahāyāna". The Kukkuṭikas were a Mahāsāṃghika sect known to exist in Pāṭaliputra, even having alternate names linking them to the Kukkuṭrārāma monastery there.

According to Tāranātha, this school disappeared between the fourth and ninth centuries. In his eighth-century account of the various contemporary Buddhist sects, Vinitadeva does not mention Kukkuṭika. It is possible that this sect had merged completely into Mahāyāna Buddhism by this time.

See also
Schools of Buddhism

References

Nikaya schools
Mahāsāṃghika
Early Buddhist schools

Kukkuṭika


Stilurile de învățare se referă la o serie de teorii concurente și contestate care au scopul de a se ține seama de diferențele în procesul de învățare a indivizilor.

Aceste teorii propun ca oamenii pot fi clasificați în funcție de "stilul" lor de învățare, deși diferitele teorii prezinte opinii diferite privind modul ar trebui să fie definite și clasificate aceste stiluri. Un concept comun este ca indivizii difera in modul în care ei invata.

Ideea de stiluri de învățare individualizate a devenit populară în anii 1970, și a influențat în mare măsură pedagogia, în ciuda criticilor primite din partea unor cercetători .

Susținătorii recomandă ca profesorii să evalueze stilurile de învățare ale elevilor și să se adapteze metodele de clasă pentru a se potrivi cel mai bine stilul de învățare fiecărui elev. Deși există numeroase dovezi ca persoanele își exprimă preferințele pentru modul în care acestea să primească informațiile, criticii spun ca nu este nici o dovadă că identificarea stilului de învățare al unui individ poate produce rezultate mai bune.

Modele teoretice și concepții
Exista peste 80 de modele de învățare care au fost propuse, fiecare având cel putin două stiluri de învățare. Enumerăm câteva dintre aceste modalități de învățareː

Modelul lui David Kolb

Modelul David A. Kolb se bazează pe modelul propus de acesta de învățare experiențială, după cum se explică în cartea sa "Învatare experientială" [8] Modelul lui Kolb prezintă două abordări față de experiență:. "Experiența concretă" si abstractă "Conceptualizarea", precum și două abordări legate față de experiență de transformare: "Observare reflexivă" și 'Experimentare activă."

Conform modelului lui Kolb, procesul de învățare ideală angajează toate cele patru din aceste moduri, ca răspuns la cererile situaționale; ele formează un ciclu de învățare din experiența sa de observație la conceptualizarea la experimentare și înapoi la experiență. În scopul de a învăța să fie eficiente, Kolb postulează că toate cele patru aceste abordări trebuie să fie încorporate. Indivizii încearcă să folosească toate cele patru abordari, ei pot tinde să dezvolte punctele foarte într-o singură abordare apucând experiență și o abordare de transformare, făcându-i să prefere unul din următoarele patru stiluri de învățareː
Acomodabil = Experiența concretă + Experimentare activă = valoroși în practică, a face (de exemplu, fizio - terapeuti)
Convergent = Conceptualizarea + Experimentare activă = puternic în practică prin aplicarea teoriilor (de exemplu, inginerii)
Divergent = Experiența concretă + observație reflexivă = puternic în capacitatea imaginativă și discuții (de exemplu, asistenți sociali)
Asimilator = Conceptualizarea + observație reflexivă = puternic în raționamentul inductiv și crearea teorii (de exemplu, filozofii)

Modelul lui Kolb a dat naștere la Inventarul Stilurilor de învățare, o metodă de evaluare folosită pentru a determina stilul de învățare al unui individ. Conform acestui model, indivizii pot prezenta o preferință pentru una dintre cele patru stiluri - Acomodabil, Convergen, Divergent si Asimilator. În funcție de abordarea lor de învățare în modelul învățării experiențiale lui Kolb

Deși modelul lui Kolb este larg acceptată cu suport empiric substanțial și a fost revizuit de-a lungul anilor, un studiu din 2013 sugerează că Inventarul de învățare are, încă,  "deficiențe grave"

Modelul lui Peter Honey și Alan Mumford

Peter Honey și Alan Mumford au adaptat modelul de învățare experiențială a lui Kolb. În primul rând, ei au redenumit etapele din ciclul de învățare conform cu experiența de conducere: având o experiență, analizând experiența, tragând o concluzie din experiență, iar planificarea următorii pași.În al doilea rând, ei au aliniat aceste etape pentru patru stiluri de învățare, numite:
Activ
Reflexiv
Teoretician
Pragmatic

Aceste patru stiluri de învățare presupun să fie achiziționate preferințe care sunt adaptabile, fie că vrea sau prin circumstanțe modificate, mai degrabă decât să fie fixată caracteristici de personalitate. Modelele lui Peter Honey și Alan Mumford de chestionare de învățare sunt un instrument de auto-dezvoltare și diferă de la stilul de învățare inventat de Kolb prin invitarea managerilor pentru a finaliza o listă de verificare de comportamente legate de muncă, fără a cere în mod direct indrumari de la eucatori cum să învețe. După încheierea auto-evaluării, managerii sunt încurajați să se concentreze pe consolidarea stilurilor insufficient de utilizate în scopul de a deveni mai bine echipate pentru a învăța de la o gamă largă de experiențe de zi cu zi.

Un sondaj MORI comandat de Campania pentru învățare în 1999 a găsit  pe Honey și Mumford LSQ ca fiind sistemul cel mai des utilizat pentru a evalua stiluri de învățare preferate în sectorul administrației publice locale din Marea Britanie.

Modelul lui Felder și Silverman
Felder si Silverman combină modelul lui Kolb și caracterizează fiecare subiect din patru puncte de vedere:
Activ-reflexiv
Senzorial-intuitiv
Vizual-verbal
Secvențial-global

Astfel:
Activii învață mai bine aplicând și probând
Reflexivii lucrează singuri și reflectă asupra materialului
Senzorialii sunt realisti și invață din fapte concrete
Intuitivii sunt inovativi si creativi și preferă materiile abstracte

Modelul lui Meyers Briggs

Modelul lui Bernice McCartnez

Moduri de învățare
Walter Burke Barbe și colaboratorii au propus 3 moduri de învățare distincte (identificate adesea cu acronimul VAK).
 Modul Vizual
 Modul Auditiv
 Modul Kinestetic

Barbe și colaboratorii au remarcat că aceste moduri de învățare pot să se manifeste independent sau în combinație, se pot schimba în timp și pot fi integrate odată cu maturizarea. Ei au subliniat că punctele forte ale unei persoane diferă de  ''preferințele" acesteia. This disconnect between strengths and preferences was confirmed by a subsequent study.

Modelul VAK/VARK al lui Neil Fleming

Modelul VARK  propus de Neil Fleming extinde modelele anterioare bazate pe modalități senzoriale, cum ar fi modelul VAK al lui Barbe si colegii sau a sistemelor de reprezentare ( VAKOG ) din  programarea neuro-lingvistică .

Cele patru modalitati senzoriale în modelul Fleming sunt :
învățare vizuală
învățare auditivă
învățarea prin citire / scriere
învățare kinestezică

Iată în continuare caracteristicile celor 4 stiluri de învățare:
elevii cu dominantă vizuală au o preferință  pentru a vedea (materiale vizuale care reprezintă ideile care utilizează alte cuvinte metode, cum ar fi grafice, diagrame, diagrame, simboluri, etc.).
școlarii care invață auditiv cel mai bine asimilează  prin ascultare (prelegeri, discuții, benzi, etc.).
elevii care învăță prin citire / scriere sunt studioși și asimilează prin documentare în biblioteci, au în general rezultate bune la școală.
elevii cu dominantă kinestezică preferă să învețe tactil,  prin experiență în mișcare, se atingă, și să facă ( explorarea activă a lumii, proiecte științifice, experimente, etc.).

Elevii pot utiliza modelul pentru a identifica stilul de învățare preferat și, se pretinde, a maximiza învățarea lor prin concentrarea asupra modului care le aduce beneficii mai mult.

Modelul lui Anthony Gregorc

Anthony Gregorc și Kathleen Butler au organizat acest model  care își are originea în modul în care indivizii achiziționează si procesează informațiile diferit. Acest model postulează că abilitățile de percepție ale unui individ sunt fundamentul punctelor sale forte  specifice de învățare, sau stiluri de învățare.

În acest model, există două calități de percepție: concrete și abstracte, și două abilități prin care se dispune:. Aleatoare și secvențială  Percepțiile concrete implică înregistrarea de informații prin cele cinci simțuri, în timp ce percepțiile abstracte implică înțelegerea idei, calități, și concepte care nu poate fi văzut.

În ceea ce privește cele două abilități prin care se dispune, prin care se dispune secvențială presupune organizarea informațiilor într-un mod liniar, mod logic, și ordonarea aleatoare presupune organizarea de informații în bucăți și în nici o ordine specifică. Modelul postulează că ambele calități perceptuale și ambele abilitățile comanda sunt prezente în fiecare individ, dar unele calități și abilități prin care se dispune sunt mai dominante în anumite persoane. Există patru combinații de calități perceptive și abilități prin care se dispune pe baza poziției dominante: secvențiale concrete, abstract aleatoare secvențiale, abstracte, și aleatoare din beton. Modelul postulează că indivizii cu diferite combinații învață în moduri diferite, ei au diferite puncte forte, lucruri diferite au sens pentru ei, lucruri diferite sunt dificile pentru ei, iar ei cer diferite întrebări pe tot parcursul procesului de învățare.

Validitatea modelului Gregorc a fost pus la ]ndoial[ de către Thomas Oier și Albert Wiswell în urma studiilor experimentale. Gregorc susține că criticii săi au "puncte de vedere științific limitat" și că ei resping în mod greșit "elementele mistice" ale "spiritului", care poate discerne doar printr-un "instrument uman subtil".

Abordarea cognitivă

Anthony Grasha și Sheryl Riechmann, în 1974, au formulat Scala Grasha - Reichmann Learning Style. Aceasta a fost dezvoltata pentru a analiza atitudinile studenților și modul în care acestia abordau tehnica de invatare. Testul a fost proiectat inițial pentru a oferi profesorilor o perspectivă cu privire la modul de abordare a planurilor de instruire pentru studenti.
In mare parte Grasha a fost în procesele cognitive și tehnici de adaptare. Spre deosebire de unele modele de stiluri cognitive care sunt relativ non-judecatoare, Grasha și Riechmann disting între stilurile adaptive și maladaptative.

Denumirile Grasha și RIECHMANN pentru stilurile de învățare sunt :

Evitant
Participativ
Competitiv
Colaborativ
Dependent
Independent

Cu scopul de a explica de ce testele de aptitudini, notele și performanțele de clasă de multe ori nu reușesc să identifice capacitatea reală, Robert Sternberg a enumerat diverse dimensiuni cognitive  in cartea sa, " Moduri de gândire".

O serie de alte modele sunt, de asemenea, de multe ori folosite atunci când se cauta stiluri cognitive,unele dintre aceste modele sunt descrise în cărțile pe care Sternberg le-a reeditat, cum ar fi, "Perspective asupra gândirii", "Invățare" și "Stiluri cognitive ".

NASSP

Profilul stilului de invatare NASSP  ( LSP ) este un instrument de a doua generație pentru diagnosticul stilurilor cognitive ale studentilor, răspunsurile de percepție, și preferințele de studiu și de instruire. LSP este un instrument de diagnosticare conceput ca bază pentru evaluare cuprinzătoare unui stil cu studenții în al șaselea an cu cele 12 grade.
Acesta a fost dezvoltat de către Asociația Națională a departamentului secundar de cercetare în colaborare cu directorii de școală cu o forță națională si experți în stil de învățare.
Profilul a fost dezvoltat în patru faze cu activitatea inițială efectuată de la Universitatea din Vermont ( elemente cognitive ), Ohio State University (elemente afective ), și Universitatea St. John (elemente de mediu fiziologice). Validarea rigidă și studiile normative au fost realizate prin metode analitice ale factorului pentru a asigura validitatea de construct puternic și independența subscala.

LSP conține 23 de scale reprezentând patru factori de ordin superior: stiluri cognitive, răspunsurile de percepție, preferințele de studiu și preferințele de instruire ( afectiva si elemente fiziologice ).

Scalele LSP sunt: abilitate analitică, abilitate spațială, abilitate discriminare, abilitate categorisire, abilitate de procesare secvențială, abilitate de procesare simultana, abilitate de memorie, ca răspuns perceptive: vizual raspuns, perceptive: auditiv, raspuns perceptive: emotivă, orientare persistenta, orientare risc verbală, preferința verbală - spațială, preferința de manipulare, de preferință timp de studiu: dimineața devreme, preferința timp de studiu: dimineața târziu, preferința timp de studiu: după-amiază, preferința timp de studiu: seara, preferinta gruparea, preferinta postura, preferința de mobilitate, preferința de sunet, de preferință iluminat, temperatură de preferință.

Modelul bazat pe emisferele cerebrale
Asselin si Mooney consideră că din punctul de vedere al stilurilor de învățare există două categorii:
 cel global - bazat pe emisfera dreaptă - cei cu stil global percep lucrurile ca pe un întreg, holistic și fac diferențe generale între concepte.
 cel analitic centrat pe emisfera stângă. - cei cu stil analitic percep lucrurile rațional, prin părțile lor componente și mai puțin ca pe un întreg.

Referințe

Psihologie educațională

Stiluri de învățare


Marmolejo, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden, ülkenin güneyinde bulunan Endülüs otonom bölgesinin Jaén eyaletine bağlı doksan yedi belediyesinden biridir. 2002 yılı sayımlarına göre belediyenin nüfusu 7.576 kişidir.

Marmolejo, Jaén


Există mai multe localități în Statele Unite cunoscute cu numele de Varșovia (Warsaw):
 Warsaw, Illinois
 Warsaw, Indiana
 Warsaw, Kentucky
 Warsaw, Missouri
 Warsaw, New York – două localități.
 Warsaw, North Carolina
 Warsaw, Ohio
 Warsaw, Virginia

Mai sunt și în alte țări localități numite Varșovia (Warsaw):
 Warsaw, Ontario

Vezi și
 Varșovia (dezambiguizare)

Warsaw (dezambiguizare)


An Thelasis celebica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Thelasis celebica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Thelasis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Thelasis

Thelasis celebica


Harry Potter y el misterio del príncipe (título original en inglés: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince) es un videojuego de acción-aventura y de disparos en tercera persona desarrollado por EA Bright Light Studio y distribuido por Electronic Arts. Es la versión en videojuego del libro y película del mismo nombre.

El juego fue lanzado el 30 de junio de 2009 en Norteamérica y el 2 de julio del mismo año en Europa para PSP, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, Wii y Microsoft Windows. Este juego fue el último de la saga de Harry Potter en ser lanzado para PlayStation 2 y PSP.

Jugabilidad
Harry Potter y el misterio del príncipe cuenta al igual que con el juego anterior con la exploración total de Hogwarts, y se obtienen recompensas al encontrar emblemas de Hogwarts, que pueden encontrarse en cualquier parte del colegio, aunque más de la mitad de los emblemas totales son inaccesibles hasta tener el hechizo adecuado para que lleguen hacia Harry. También pueden aparecer mini-emblemas en los objetos que brillan con mucha intensidad que al final, juntando muchos mini-emblemas pueden construir emblemas.

También se pueden jugar otros mini-juegos como hacer pociones en las clases del profesor Slughorn, jugar partidos de Quidditch en Hogwarts contras las diferentes casas, y Dumbledore reabre un club de duelo, donde Harry puede participar diversas oleadas para convertirse en campeón de duelo.

Videojuegos para Windows
Videojuegos para Nintendo DS
Videojuegos para Wii
Videojuegos para Xbox 360
Videojuegos para PlayStation 2
Videojuegos para PlayStation Portable
Videojuegos de Electronic Arts
Harry Potter 6
Videojuegos de 2009
Videojuegos desarrollados en Reino Unido
Videojuegos con motor RenderWare

Harry Potter y el misterio del príncipe (videojuego)


Charlotte Rae Lubotsky (April 22, 1926 – August 5, 2018) was an American character actress and singer whose career spanned six decades.

Rae was known for her portrayal of Edna Garrett in the sitcoms Diff'rent Strokes and its spin-off, The Facts of Life (in which she had the starring role from 1979 to 1986). She received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy in 1982. She also appeared in two Facts of Life television films: The Facts of Life Goes to Paris in 1982 and The Facts of Life Reunion in 2001. She voiced the character of "Nanny" in 101 Dalmatians: The Series and Aunt Pristine Figg in Tom and Jerry: The Movie. She also appeared as Gammy Hart in Girl Meets World.

In 2015, she returned to film in the feature film Ricki and the Flash, with Meryl Streep, Kevin Kline, and Rick Springfield. In November 2015, Rae released her autobiography, The Facts of My Life, which was co-written with her son, Larry Strauss.

Early life
Charlotte Rae Lubotsky was born April 22, 1926, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Her parents, Esther (née Ottenstein) and Meyer Lubotsky, were Russian Jewish immigrants. Mr. Lubotsky was a retail tire business owner. Rae's mother, Esther Lubotsky, had been childhood friends with Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Rae was the second of three sisters, in between Beverly and Miriam (called "Mimi"). For the first ten years of her life, Rae's family lived in an apartment built for them above her father's Milwaukee tire store. In 1936, her parents purchased a home for the family in nearby Shorewood, Wisconsin. She graduated from Shorewood High School in 1944.

Rae attended Northwestern University, although she did not complete her studies. While there, she met friend Cloris Leachman. Many years later, Leachman succeeded Rae on The Facts of Life for the show's last two seasons. At Northwestern she met several then unknown stars and producers, including Agnes Nixon, Charlton Heston, Paul Lynde, Gerald Freedman, Claude Akins and songwriter Sheldon Harnick. In a 2016 interview with Milwaukee Talks, she said about her decision in appearing in only dramatic television: "When I started out, I wanted to be a serious actor, I never thought I'd get into comedy." When a radio personality told her that her last name would not do, she dropped it, to her father's chagrin.

Career

Acting
In 1954, Rae made her TV debut on episodes of Look Up and Live and The United States Steel Hour. This led to roles on other similar variety shows such as Armstrong Circle Theatre, Kraft Television Theatre, NBC Television Opera Theatre, The Philco Television Playhouse, The Colgate Comedy Hour, The DuPont Show of the Week, and The Phil Silvers Show.

Her first significant success was on the sitcom Car 54, Where Are You? (1961–1963), in which she played Sylvia Schnauzer, the wife of Officer Leo Schnauzer (played by Al Lewis). This was followed by roles in 'Way Out; The Defenders; Temperatures Rising; The Love Boat; The Partridge Family; Love, American Style; McMillan & Wife; Barney Miller; Phyllis; 227; Murder, She Wrote; St. Elsewhere; Diagnosis: Murder; All in the Family; and Good Times. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her supporting role in the 1975 drama Queen of the Stardust Ballroom. In January 1975, Rae became a cast member on Norman Lear's ABC television comedy Hot l Baltimore, wherein she played Mrs. Bellotti, whose dysfunctional adult son Moose, who was never actually seen, lived at the "hot l" (the "E" on the hotel's neon sign was burnt out). Mrs. Bellotti, who was a bit odd herself, would visit Moose and then laugh about all the odd situations that Moose would get into with the others living at the hotel. Rae also appeared in an early season of Sesame Street as Molly the Mail Lady.

Rae was a regular on the Rich Little Show, a variety show that ran for 11 episodes in 1976.

Different Strokes

In 1978, NBC was losing to both CBS and ABC in sitcom ratings, and Fred Silverman, future producer and former head of CBS, ABC, and NBC, insisted that Norman Lear produce Diff'rent Strokes. Knowing that Rae was one of Lear's favorite actresses (in addition to Hot l Baltimore, she also appeared in a 1974 episode of All in the Family) he hired her immediately for the role of housekeeper Edna Garrett, and she co-starred with Conrad Bain in all 24 episodes of the first season. In "The Girls' School" episode, Mrs. Garrett is asked to help out at Kimberly Drummond's (actress Dana Plato) private school for girls called East Lake (later changed to Eastland). At the end of the episode, Mrs. Garrett decides to return to her housekeeping job at the Drummond residence.

The Facts of Life

In July 1979, Rae proposed the idea for a spinoff based on "The Girls' School" episode from Diff'rent Strokes. NBC approved the show, to be called The Facts of Life, which would portray a housekeeper turned housemother for boarding students in a prestigious private school. The program would deal with issues facing teenagers such as weight gain and dieting, depression, drugs, alcohol, and dating. Rae had a stipulation written into her contract that said she could return to Diff'rent Strokes if the new spinoff was not successful.

After working as a character actress/comedienne in supporting roles or in guest shots on television series and specials, The Facts of Life not only gave Rae her best-known role but also finally made her a television star.

The Facts of Life had marginal ratings at first, but after a major restructuring including some cast alterations, plus a time change for the second season, the show became a ratings winner between 1980 and 1986. Between the first and second seasons, Rae went on a very stringent diet and at the start of the second season had lost an enormous amount of weight. As a result, it was briefly mentioned in the second-season premiere two-part episode "The New Girl" and in the sixth installment "Shoplifting" that Rae's character of Mrs. Garrett had also gone on a diet and lost weight. As the seasons passed, the show's success and Rae's popularity continued to grow. In 1982, Rae received an Emmy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Edna Garrett in The Facts of Life. However, midway through both the 1984–85 and 1985–86 seasons, the series was undergoing a gradual transition. It was at this time that Rae's appearances on the show were reduced at her request, and as a result, she was not seen in several episodes. The reason for this was that Rae felt that the girls' characters were maturing and not requiring as much of Mrs. Garrett's rearing and advice.

Towards the end of the seventh season, Rae began to contemplate leaving the series. She wanted to spend more time doing theater as well as do some traveling. The producers of the show tried to persuade Rae to continue with The Facts of Life for at least another two years, but she felt her time on the program had run its course and decided to leave at the end of the 1985–86 season. Academy and Emmy Award-winning actress Cloris Leachman was signed as her replacement. In order to help with the transition, Rae agreed to make her last appearance on the show in the two-part eighth-season premiere "Out of Peekskill". In that episode, Edna Garrett would marry, leave Peekskill with her new husband (played by Robert Mandan), and they both would move to Africa to work in the Peace Corps. In that same installment, Leachman would be introduced as Mrs. Garrett's sister, Beverly Ann Stickle, who would attend the wedding, and then with Mrs. Garrett's departure, she would then take over as a mother figure and friend for the girls. Rae and Leachman were very good friends having known each other since they were students at Northwestern University. Leachman inherited Rae's top billing in the cast and her character remained for the show's last two years. The part of Beverly Ann was quite similar to Leachman's character of Phyllis Lindstrom on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Phyllis from the 1970s. The cast change from Rae to Leachman did not seriously affect viewership. The series continued to garner healthy ratings until it ended in the spring of 1988. NBC wanted to renew the show for a tenth season, but cast members Nancy McKeon and Mindy Cohn wanted to move on to other things.

After her departure from The Facts of Life, Rae still kept busy acting. In 1993, she voiced the villainess, Aunt Pristine Figg, in Tom and Jerry: The Movie. In 2000, she starred as Berthe in the Paper Mill Playhouse production of Pippin.

In 2001, Rae, Lisa Whelchel, Mindy Cohn, and Kim Fields were reunited in a TV movie, The Facts of Life Reunion. In 2007, the entire cast was invited to attend the TV Land Awards where several members of the cast, including Rae, sang the show's theme song.

In 2007, she appeared in a cabaret show at the Plush Room in San Francisco for several performances. In the 2008 movie You Don't Mess with the Zohan, Rae had a role as an older woman who has a fling with Adam Sandler's character. On February 18, 2009, she appeared in a small role as Mrs. Ford in the Life episode "I Heart Mom".

In a 2015 interview with Entertainment Tonight, Rae said that  The Facts of Life series had an off-stage scale to weigh the girls, but that the pressure had the opposite effect producers were hoping for; "The more they tried to pressure them and weigh them and threaten them, the more they would eat. It's not the way you handle adolescence. You don't do that."

On April 19, 2011, the entire cast was reunited again to attend the TV Land Awards, where the show was nominated and won the award for Pop Culture Icon. The same day, Nancy McKeon and Kim Fields (who played Jo and Tootie, respectively) gave a speech in honor of her 85th birthday. The cast did likewise on ABC's Good Morning America, where at the end of the segment, reporter Cynthia McFadden wished Rae a happy birthday, and the cast sang the show's theme song.

Singing
In 1955, she released her first (and only) solo album, Songs I Taught My Mother, which featured "silly, sinful, and satirical" songs by Sheldon Harnick, Vernon Duke, John La Touche, Cole Porter, Rodgers & Hart and Marc Blitzstein, among others.

She appeared in Ben Bagley's revue The Littlest Revue (and on its cast album) in 1956, appearing alongside Joel Grey and Tammy Grimes, among others, and singing songs by Sheldon Harnick ("The Shape of Things"), Vernon Duke ("Summer is a-Comin' In"), and Charles Strouse and Lee Adams ("Spring Doth Let Her Colours Fly"), a parody of opera singer Helen Traubel's Las Vegas night club act, among others.

Rae later recorded Rodgers & Hart Revisited with Dorothy Loudon, Cy Young, and Arthur Siegel, singing "Everybody Loves You (When You Sleep)" and in several other duets and ensembles for Bagley's studio. Rae received two Tony Award nominations during her Broadway career. The first was in 1966 for Best Featured Actress in a Musical in Pickwick; the second came in 1969 for Best Actress in a Play for Morning, Noon and Night.

Theater
A stage actress since the 1950s, she appeared on Broadway in Three Wishes for Jamie (1952), The Threepenny Opera (1954), Li'l Abner (1956) and Pickwick (1965), among others. In 1973, Rae played the role of Southern Comfort in Terrence McNally's spoof Whiskey at Saint Clements' Theatre Off-Broadway. She appeared in The Vagina Monologues Off-Broadway in 1999.

Personal life

Rae married composer John Strauss on November 4, 1951. In the mid-1970s, he came out as bisexual, and the couple divorced in 1976. Strauss died in 2011 at age 90 following a long battle with Parkinson's disease. Rae had two sons with Strauss: Lawrence, a high school teacher, and his older brother Andrew (1955–1999). Andy was autistic and suffered from epilepsy.

Rae joined Alcoholics Anonymous in the early 1970s. The organization became an important part of her personal life.

Health issues and death
In 1982, Rae had a pacemaker implanted. With periodic alterations, the same pacemaker worked for over 30 years, but it stopped abruptly several years before her death. Her heart rate was around 35 beats per minute prior to entering emergency surgery to install a new pacemaker. The old pacemaker was left in place on the left side of her chest and the new, smaller pacemaker was placed on the right side. It functioned well until her death. In addition to pacemaker replacement, Rae had open-heart surgery to replace her mitral valve with a mechanical equivalent. Her left carotid artery was cleared of blockage as well.

In 2009, due to the frequency of pancreatic cancer in her own family, Rae was screened, diagnosed early, and became cancer-free after six months of chemotherapy. Her mother, an uncle, and her elder sister Beverly all reportedly died from pancreatic cancer. In 2017, aged 91, she was, however, diagnosed with bone cancer.

Rae died at her home in Los Angeles, California, on August 5, 2018. She was 92 years old.

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Video games

Discography

Studio albums
 Songs I Taught My Mother (1955)
 Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera (1956)

Published works

The Facts of My Life (2015), co-written with her son, Larry Strauss

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Charlotte Rae's album at PS Classics
 Charlotte Rae recording as Berthe in Pippin

1926 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from Milwaukee
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Audiobook narrators
Comedians from Wisconsin
Deaths from bone cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American female comedians
Jewish singers
Singers from Wisconsin
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
Shorewood High School (Wisconsin) alumni
Jewish women singers

Charlotte Rae


Paralemanea, rod slatkovodnih crvenih algi iz porodice Lemaneaceae, dio reda Batrachospermales. Taksonomski je priznat kao zaseban rod s 12 priznatih vrsta iz Sjeverne Amerike.

Vrste
 Paralemanea annulata (Kützing) M.L.Vis & R.G.Sheath
 Paralemanea brandegeeae Blum
 Paralemanea californica Blum
 Paralemanea catenata (Kützing) M.L.Vis & Sheath
 Paralemanea deamii Blum
 Paralemanea gardneri Blum
 Paralemanea grandis (Wolle) S.Kumano
 Paralemanea mexicana (Kützing) M.L.Vis & R.G.Sheath
 Paralemanea parishii Blum
 Paralemanea parvula (Sirodot) S.L.Xie & Z.X.Shi
 Paralemanea torulosa (Roth) Sheath & A.R.Sherwood
 Paralemanea tulensis Blum

Izvori

Lemaneaceae

Paralemanea


Jackson Abacatu (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 24 de novembro de 1982) é artista visual, animador, cineasta e músico.

Formado em Cinema de Animação e Escultura na Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, já trabalhou com diversas técnicas de animação, passando pelo recorte, 2D tradicional, stop motion, areia, recorte digital e pintura em vidro. Seus filmes já foram exibidos em divesos países, como Argentina, Colômbia, Canadá, Itália, Portugal, Irlanda e Armênia. Ganhou diversos prêmios, especialmente em animação.

Filmografia

 Balanço (2006)
 Essáuna (2006)
 Libertas (2009)
 Animajazz (2009)
 Musicaixa (2010)
 Tembîara (2011)
 Em Quadros (2011)
 De martelos e serrotes (2012)
 O Homem que pintava músicas (2013)
 3 temas para 60 janelas (2014)
 O extraordinário caso do Sr.A (2014)
 Fatia de mutação (2015)
 Matiz (2015)
 KETZ (2016)
 Contrastes – impressões de Israel (2018)
 Pingo de respiro (2019)
 100m (2020)
 Controle de tráfego (2021)

Videoclipes

 Faísca de pó - Isabella Bretz (2021)

Pequenezas

No projeto "Pequenezas", em parceria com os artistas Isabella Bretz e Rodrigo Lana, Jackson Abacatu cria animações que fazem reflexões sobre a vida. As obras já foram selecionadas para diversos festivais, conquistando prêmios:

Dentro do mesmo projeto, o trio lançou em 2022 um livro de poesia ilustrado por Jackson Abacatu, que contou com o prefácio do escritor José Luís Peixoto. O livro acompanha um álbum com 16 minicanções.

Discografia

 Trilhas sonoras de filmes quiméricos (2018)
 Abstract Works (2019)

Prêmios

 7º PRÊMIO BDMG CULTURAL – FCS de estímulo ao curta-metragem de baixo orçamento 2021 (Controle de tráfego)

 Premiados Melhores Minutos 2020 – Festival Minuto 2021 (100m)

 Melhor animação brasileira – Baixada animada – RJ – 2018 (Contrastes)

 Melhor montagem, roteiro e melhor filme do júri popular (animação) – 10. Encontro de Cinema e Vídeo dos Sertões - Floriano – PI – 2015 (O extraordinário caso do Sr.A) - 2015

 Menção  – 10.Festival de Cine latinoamericano de La Plata, FESAALP – 015

 Melhor videoclipe – Curta-se 15 Festival Iberoamericano de cinema de Sergipe 2015

 Melhor vídeo Festival 15 segundos – 2014

 Melhor trilha sonora (animação) – 7º Encontro de Cinema e Vídeo dos Sertões (Floriano –PI) - 2012

 Melhor animação – 1o Maranime – (São Luis/MA) – 2011 (Libertas)

 Melhor vídeo no Festival do Minuto - tema livre – julho 2011 (Em quadros)

 Menção Honrosa – 38o Jornada Internacional de Cinema da Bahia (Tembîara)

 Melhor animação – Categoria video - 33º Festival Guarnicê de Cinema (São Luis/MA) – 2010 (Libertas)

 Melhor animação – Júri - 8ª Mostra Minas (Belo Horizonte/MG) - 2010 (Musicaixa)

Referências

Jackson Abacatu