Mar Thoma I (nascido: Parambil Thoma Kathanar, Kuravilangad, Kottayam, Kerala, Índia, ?), também conhecido como Valiya Mar Thoma (Mar Thoma, o Grande) e Arkkadiyokkon Thoma (Arcediago Thomas) em malaiala e Thomas de Campo em português foi o primeiro bispo metropolitano nativo e popularmente escolhido da Igreja Malankara do séc. XVII. Ele foi o último arquidiácono dos indivisos Cristãos de São Tomé de Malankara.

Após a morte do arquidiácono George da Cruz em 25 de julho de 1640, Parambil Thoma Kathanar foi eleito e entronizado como novo arquidiácono, quando ele tinha menos de 30 anos de idade. Ele conduziu a Igreja ao Juramento da Cruz de Coonan em 3 de janeiro de 1653 e ao cisma subsequente na Igreja Nasrani. Após o Juramento, foi eleito Bispo pela Associação Malankara (Yogam) e consagrado como Bispo na Igreja St. Mary's Alangad, pela imposição das mãos de 12 sacerdotes em 22 de maio de 1653. No entanto, algumas facções da comunidade, incluindo duas igrejas sulistas de Kaduthuruthy e Udayamperoor se recusaram a reconhecê-lo como Bispo.

O arquidiácono começou a exercer poderes de ordem episcopal, embora tentasse abertamente regularizar sua consagração episcopal como bispo com a Igreja de Antioquia. Sua consagração episcopal como Bispo foi regularizada no ano de 1665 por Mar Gregorio Abdal Jaleel, delegado patriarcal do Patriarca Ortodoxo siríaco de Antioquia (a data e o lugar exatos deste evento são desconhecidos). Palliveettil Mar Chandy, Kadavil Chandy Kathanar, Vengoor Geevargese Kathanar e Anjilimoottil Ittithomman Kathanar foram os conselheiros do bispo Mar Thoma.

Referências
Cristianismo na Índia
Cristãos de São Tomé
Bispos
Bispos da Índia
Igreja Ortodoxa Síria

Metropolitas de Malankara

Mar Thoma I


Le chemin de fer gouvernemental de Chypre (anglais : Cyprus Government Railway ou CGR) est un ancien réseau ferroviaire à l'écartement étroit de  qui a fonctionné sur l'île de Chypre entre 1905 et 1951.

Histoire
Construit par les autorités britanniques durant la colonisation de Chypre, le chemin de fer était long de  et comportait un total de . Il reliait le port de Famagouste au village d'Evrychou en passant par la capitale de l'île, Nicosie. Financièrement déficitaire, il est définitivement fermé au trafic de passagers en . Un embranchement minier demeure néanmoins en service jusqu'en 1974, date à laquelle l'île est envahie par la Turquie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire de Chypre

Liens externes
 .

Transport à Chypre

Chemin de fer gouvernemental de Chypre


Kantemiroğlu Edvarı 17. yüzyıl sonlarında İstanbul'da yaşamış bir Rumen soylusu olan Dimitri Kantemiroğlu tarafından yazılmış mûsikî bilimi hakkında Türkçe kitaptır. Tam adı Kitab-ı İlmi'l-Mûsikî âlâ Vechi'l-Hurûfât yahut İşârât-i Perdehây-ı Mûsikî olup, kısaca Kantemiroğlu Edvarı diye bilinir. Ebced notası ile yazılmış 17. yüzyıl ve öncesine ait yüzlerce eser notası ihtiva ettiği için çok değerli bir kaynaktır.

Eserin tek yazma nüshası vardır. Müzikolog ve bestekâr Yalçın Tura tarafından hazırlanan yorumlu metni 2001 yılında Yapı Kredi Yayınları tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Bu yayında, eskiyazı asıl metin (tıpkıbasım), metnin transkripsiyonu, ve metnin günümüz Türkçesine aktarılmış şekli mevcuttur. Ayrıca eserin aslında ebced notası ile kaydedilmiş olan mûsikî eserlerinin tümünün batı notasına çevrilmiş şekilleri de kitapta yer almaktadır. Kitaba, örnek eserlerin icra edildiği müzik diski de eklenmiştir.

Yalçın Tura kitabıyla ilgili eleştiriler

Yalçın Tura'nın kitabı içerdiği geniş bilgiler dolayısıyla müzikoloji açısında çok değerli bir kaynak teşkil etmektedir. Ancak bazı yönleri uzmanlar tarafından eleştirilere hedef olmuştur. Eserin adının Mûsikiyi Harflerle Tespit ve İcrâ İlminin Kitabı şeklinde günümüz Türkçesine aktarılması hatalı bulunmuştur. Eskiyazı metnin bütün olarak değil, sayfalara serpiştirilerek verilmesi bazı uzmanlarca uygun görülmemiştir. Kitapla birlikte verilen müzik diskinde, eserlerin olması gerekene göre çok ağır tempoda icra edildiği ileri sürülmüştür. Bu sebeple, eserlerin müzik estetiği açısından taşıdığı değer ortaya çıkamadığı söylenmiştir.

Kantemiroğlu Edvarı'nın asıl değeri ihtiva ettiği notalar sebebiyledir. Yalçın Tura neşrinde batı notasına çevrilen eserler günümüzde geçerli olan nota yazım usûlüne uymamaktadır. Tura bunu Kantemiroğlu'nun eserinde rastladığı bir açıklama sebebiyle yaptığını ifade etmiştir. Ancak böylesi zayıf bir karîneye dayanarak yapılan işlemin, neşredilen kitabın değerine gölge düşürdüğü düşünülmektedir. Profesyonel sanatçılar dahil, bu notalara bakıp eserleri icra etmenin çok zor olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Bu haliyle kitap Sümer veya Asur müziğini günümüze aktaran, uygulama imkânı olmayan akademik eserlere eşdeğer bulunmuştur. Oysa Kantemiroğlu Edvarındaki eserler ölü bir mûsikiye ait değildir.

Bazı müzikologlar Kültür Bakanlığının Kantemiroğlu Edvarı'nın tıpkıbasımını yeniden yapmasını talep etmektedirler. Ayrıca eserin notaları dügâh=la olacak şekilde, günümüzde geçerli olan notasyona göre yeniden yayınlanması istenmektedir.

Dimitri Kantemiroğlu kitapları
Müzikoloji
Türkçe kitaplar

Kantemiroğlu Edvarı


der Club Deportivo Mongomo, kurz CD Mongomo oder Deportivo Mongomo, ist ein Fußballverein aus Äquatorialguinea. Beheimatet ist der Verein in Mongomo. Aktuell spielt der Verein in der ersten Liga, der Primera Division de Honor.

Geschichte
Dem Verein, der seine Heimspiele im Estadio La Libertad in Bata austrägt, gelangen bisher vier nationale Meisterschaften. Ein Pokalsieg dagegen ist ihnen bisher nicht gelungen.

Erfolge
 Äquatorialguineascher Meister: 1980, 1997, 2010, 2022
 Äquatorialguineascher Pokalsieger: 1990, 2015

Stadion

Der Verein trägt seine Heimspiele im Estadio La Libertad in Bata. Das Stadion hat ein Fassungsvermögen von 4000 Personen.

Statistik in den CAF-Wettbewerben

Weblinks

 Deportivo Mongomo in der Datenbank von globalsportsarchive.com

Mongomo
Sport (Mongomo)
Gegründet 1973

Deportivo Mongomo


Federația Română de Alpinism și Escaladă (FRAE), este federația sportivă care reprezintă autoritatea în domeniile alpinism, escaladă și schi alpinism și are ca obiectiv principal performanța sportivă, beneficiind de la Ministerul Tineretului și Sportului (M.T.S.) de venituri destinate dezvoltării și promovării acestor discipline sportive de performanță. Este afiliată la Federația Internațională de Escaladă Sportivă (IFSC) și la Federația Internațională de Schi-alpinism (ISMF).

Istoric
Alpinismul și cățărarea în România în formă organizată a avut mai multe etape înainte de Federația Română de Alpinism și Escaladă. În 1949 se înființează Comitetul pentru Cultura Fizica și Sport, în cadrul căruia funcționează și o secție de alpinism, iar un an mai târziu se înființează Comisia Centrală de Alpinism. În 1967, în cadrul Consiliului Național pentru Educație Fizică și Sport se înființează Federația Română de Turism-Alpinism (aceasta cuprindea și orientarea sportivă și speologia). În 1990, alpiniștii din România hotărăsc constituirea Federației Române de Alpinism și Escaladă, conform cu cele mai noi evoluții pe plan internațional și afilierea acesteia la Uniunea Internațională a Asociațiilor de Alpinism (UIAA). Alpiniștii și cățărătorii români au început astfel să participe la competițiile Europene și Mondiale de Escaladă și de Schi-Alpinism organizate sub egida Federației Internaționale.

Competiții
Federația organizeză în fiecare an următoarele competiții pe plan național:
 Cupa României
 Campionatul Național de Bouldering Seniori
 Campionatul Național de Bouldering Juniori și Copii
 Campionatul Național de Escaladă

Victorii

Cupa europeană juniori

Masterul internațional de paraclimbing

Campionatul mondial de paraclimbing

Cupa mondială de paraclimbing

Vezi și
 Federația Română de Schi Biatlon
 Clubul Alpin Român
 Cățărare

Referințe

Legături externe

Fondări în 1990 în România
Alpinism și Escaladă
România


Narvesen er en norsk kæde af kiosker og convenience storer med 370 forretninger i Norge, 249 i Letland og 260 i Litauen. De sælger blandt andet kioskvarer, læsestof, bagervarer og pølser samt billetter og elektroniske tjenester. I Norge og Letland har Narvesen en dominerende markedsandel.

Narvesen blev etableret i 1894 af Johan Bertrand Narvesen. I nutiden ejes kioskerne af franchisetagere, der driver dem indenfor rammer sat af kædens ejer, Reitan Convenience, en del af Reitangruppen.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Narvesen.no
 Bergen byleksikon på nett, om Narvesen

Nærbutikskæder
Etableret i 1894
Detailvirksomheder fra Norge

Narvesen


Christian Herter (1895–1966) was an American politician who served as Governor of Massachusetts, and Secretary of State.

Christian Herter may also refer to:
Christian Archibald Herter (physician) (1865–1910), American physician
Christian Herter (1839–1883), one of the Herter Brothers, 19th-century New York decorator
 Christian A. Herter Jr. (1919–2007), American diplomat, oil executive, and academic

Christian Herter (disambiguation)


Le métacinéma est une forme scénaristique autoréférentielle qui dévoile ses propres mécanismes par des références explicites. Ce sont les films qui décrivent les mécanismes de fonctionnement du cinéma même. C'est ce cinéma qui, conscient de lui-même, de ses structures et de ses styles, de ses mécanismes de production et d'économie, de son histoire, décide de découvrir la supercherie, de révéler les trucages qui maintienne l'enchantement. Il pousse le spectateur à prendre à revers sa tendance à la suspension consentie de l'incrédulité dans le visionnage d'une œuvre. C'est l'équivalent cinématographique de la métafiction en littérature.

Beaucoup des plus grands cinéastes ont réfléchi sur leur travail, sur les beautés et les oublis du métier de réalisateur, parfois dans des déclarations et des interviews, parfois dans des essais explicatifs, et parfois à travers des textes de films (Jean-Luc Godard avec Passion et avec Scénario du film 'Passion''', Federico Fellini avec Huit et demi, François Truffaut avec La Nuit américaine).

 Notes et références

 Annexes
 Articles connexes
 Méta (préfixe)
 Métafiction
 Métaréférence
 Mise en abîme
 Quatrième mur
 Théâtre dans le théâtre

 Liens externes
  Scenario du film Passion (Godard) sur le site d'analyse L'observatoire (simple appareil).
 La dimension métafilmique dans Blow Out de Brian de Palma, dans Projections'', 2014.

Analyse et esthétique du cinéma
Narratologie
Genre cinématographique
Terminologie cinématographique
Sémiotique

Métacinéma


Alexandru M. Petrescu () a fost un general român care a luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Biografie
A absolvit Școala de Ofițeri de infanterie în 1916 și a fost înaintat la gradul de locotenent-colonel la 1 octombrie 1937.

A luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial, fiind înaintat la 11 noiembrie 1941 la gradul de colonel, cu vechimea de la 31 octombrie 1941.

A fost decorat la 4 august 1945 cu Ordinul Militar "Mihai Viteazul" cu spade, clasa III, "pentru destoinicia, curajul și spiritul de
sacrificiu de care a dat dovadă atât în acțiunea de cucerirea Aeroportului Arad, cât și în acțiunea de apărare de pe poziția dela Păuliș Gioroc cu cele 2 bat. ale sale de elevi, întărit cu un Divizion de Artilerie Grea, interzice pătrunderea inamicului în defileul Mureșului, asigurând prin aceasta debușarea trupelor sovietice".

Prin Decretul Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Populare Romîne nr. 500/1964 i s-a conferit Ordinul "23 August" clasa a III-a "pentru merite deosebite în opera de construire a socialismului, cu prilejul celei de a XX-a aniversări a eliberării patriei".

Decorații
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul" cu spade, cl. a III-a (4 august 1945)
 Ordinul "23 August" clasa a III-a (1964)

Note

Nașteri în 1893
Decese în 1977
Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul"
Decorați cu Ordinul 23 August

Alexandru M. Petrescu


Yiğitler, Diyarbakır ilinin Çermik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya

Diyarbakır il merkezine 102 km, Çermik ilçesine 9 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Çermik'in mahalleleri

Yiğitler, Çermik


Celsus Kütüphanesi, İzmir, Selçuk'a bağlı Efes'te bulunan bir kütüphane kalıntısı. İlk çağ uygarlıklarından olan İyonya döneminde  inşa edilen kütüphane iki katlıdır. Zamanında 14.000 kadar kitaba ev sahipliği yaptığı düşünülmektedir.

Yapının kalıntıları üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar, ön cephenin iki katlı görünümüne karşın, yapının üç katlı olduğunu göstermektedir. El yazmaları rulolar halinde, galerilerden oluşan üst katlarda saklanmıştır. 3. yüzyılda bölgeyi etkileyen depremler sırasında okuma salonu yanmış, ancak daha sonra tamir edilmiştir. Ön yüzünün yine Orta Çağ'da yaşanan bir deprem sonucu yıkıldığı sanılmaktadır. Depremde ön cephesi haricinde diğer kısımları yıkıldığından uzunca bir süre sonradan yapılan bir çeşmenin görkemli arka duvarı olarak kullanılmıştır.

Fotoğraflar

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki Dünya Mirasları
İzmir ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
İzmir ilindeki görülecek yerler
İzmir ilindeki kütüphaneler
Celsus Kütüphanesi
Antik kütüphaneler
Antik Roma mimarisi
2. yüzyılda tamamlanan yapılar
1. binyılda yıkılmış yapılar

Celsus Kütüphanesi


Multan (; ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, located on the bank of Chenab River. Multan is one of the five largest urban centres of Pakistan in 2023, with an estimated population of 2.2 million, and is the major cultural, religious and economic centre of Southern Punjab. Multan is known for rich ancient heritage and historic landmarks. The city is one of the oldest and continuously inhabited cities of Asia, with a history stretching deep into antiquity. A historic capital and cultural centre of Punjab and a significant  centre of Indus Valley civilization.  Multan region was centre of many civilizations throughout its 5 millenia old history.

Multan was part of Achaemenid Empire ruled by Darius the Great of Iran in 500 BC era. The city was besieged by Alexander the Great during the Mallian Campaign. It was conquered by the Umayyad military commander Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE after the conquest of Sindh. Multan reached height of its splendour during the Arab rule of 9th and 10th century when it was made a separate state of Emirate of Multan thereby ruling large parts of Punjab and Kashmir.

Later the region came under the rule of empires such as the Ghaznavids, the Ghaurids and the Mamluks. In 1445, it became capital of the Langah Sultanate. Multan province was one of the largest provinces of  Mughal Empire. Afterwards, Multan became part of the Durrani and Sikh empires successively. In 1848, it was conquered by the British Empire and became part of British Punjab.

Multan was among the largest cities of the world in early medieval era. The city was among most important trading centres and a great centre of knowledge and learning in the medieval Islamic Indian subcontinent, and attracted a multitude of Sufi mystics in the 11th and 12th centuries  becoming a great centre of spirituality in entire South Asia, earning the city the sobriquet "City of Saints." The city, along with the nearby city of Uch, is renowned for its large number of Sufi shrines dating from that era.

Etymology
The origin of Multan's name is unclear. An ancient known name of the city was Malli-istan; Malli was the name of a tribe that inhabited the region and city. Some have suggested the name derives from the Old Persian word mulastāna, 'frontier land'. Hukm Chand in the 19th century suggested that the city was named after an ancient Hindu tribe called Malli or Mulu.

History

Origin
Multan was founded by the great grandson of Prophet Noah according to the Persian historian Firishta. Founded before 3000 BC era,  Multan was home to ancient Aryan civilization of ethnic Iranian descent. The region has been the site of much warfare because of its location on a major invasion route between South and Central Asia. The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley civilization from 3000 BCE until 2800 BCE.

According to Hindu religious texts, Multan was founded by the Hindu sage Kashyapa. These texts also assert that Multan was the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom ruled by the Katoch dynasty during the Kurukshetra War that is central to the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata.

Famous Hindu festival of Holi is generally assumed to have originated from Multan.  The city was visited by Greek Admiral Skylax, who passed through the area in 515 BCE on behest of Iran's Darius the great. The city is also mentioned to be explored by the Greek historian Herodotus in 400 BC. Kaspatyrus or Kashyapura (an old name of Multan) was a Gandharan city when conquered by Darius's army of Achaemenid empire, and it was included in the Province of Arachosia in 500 BCE era.

Greek Invasion

Multan is believed to have been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE as part of the Mallian Campaign. The Malli tribe, together with nearby tribes, gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to fight against an army of 50,000 Greeks. This was the largest army faced by Greeks in the entire subcontinent. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander reputedly leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallians leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured.  After a fierce battle at the site of 'Khooni Burj' the Mallian army eventually surrendered, preventing further bloodshed. During Alexander's era, Multan was located on an island in the Ravi river, which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries.

In the mid-5th century CE, the city was attacked by White Huns, a group of Barbarian Hephthalite nomads led by Toramana. After a fierce fight they conquered Multan, but did not stay long.

By the mid 7th century CE, Multan was conquered by Chach of Alor, of the Hindu Rai dynasty. Chach appointed a thakur to govern from Multan, and used his army to settle boundary disputes with Kashmir.

Islamic conquest

Visit by Arab General

Multan was first visited by the Muslim army after the reign of the Khalifa Ali bin abi Talib, in 44 Hijri (664 A.D.), when Mohalib, the Arab General, afterwards an eminent commander in Persia and Arabia, who had fought in the service of Rashidun caliphs, penetrated to the ancient capital of the Malli. He returned with many prisoners of war. The expedition, however, seems to have been directed towards exploration of the country as no attempt was apparently made to retain the conquest.

Umayyad Arab Conquest

After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from the local ruler Raja Dahir following a two-month siege.
Muhammad ibn Qasim's army was running out of supplies, but Multan's defenses were still holding strong. His army was considering a retreat when an unnamed Multani came to him and told him about an underground canal from which they derived their sustenance. He told them that if Muhammad's army were to block that canal, Multan would be under their control. Muhammad ibn Qasim blocked the canal and soon took control of Multan.
Following ibn Qasim's conquest, the city's Subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few decades under the Umayyad Caliphate.

Umayyads after conquering key cities of Uch and Multan inhabited thousands of Arabs in Multan. These Arabs ruled the vast areas of Punjab for next 3 centuries. From their capital in Multan they ruled the far areas of Kashmir. Spreading Islam in subcontinent. Multan was the last conquest of Muhammad bin Qasim after which he returned back to Arabia where  on the way he was killed.

Emirate of Multan (9th and 10th century)

Abbasid Emirate

By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (855–959) also known as the Banu Sama, who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Emirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century.

During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab, "Frontier House of Gold".

The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic Khorasan would assemble. The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri noted that the city of Multan was approximately half the size of Sindh's capital Mansura, but had more population and regional area, which along with Multan were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia. Arabic was spoken in both cities, though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of Persian, reflecting the importance of trade with Khorasan. Polyglossia rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world.

The 10th century Hudud al-'Alam notes that Multan's rulers were also in control of Lahore, though that city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi. During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city named Jandrawār, and would enter Multan once a week on the back of an elephant for Friday prayers.

Ismaili Emirate

Multan became capital of Emirate of Multan in 855. Al Masudi of Baghdad who visited Indus valley in 915 A.D mentioned in his book "Meadows of Gold" that it is one of the strongest frontier places of Muslims and in its neighbourhood there are a hundred and twenty thousand towns and villages".

By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the  influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked Mecca, and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.

The governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas, was a clandestine supporter of the Fatimid movement and the Batiniya influence spread in Southern Punjab. Then, the Qarmatians who had established contacts with the Fatimids in Egypt set up an independent dynasty in Multan and ruled the surrounding areas.

They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and established the Emirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairo.
During this period, Uch and Multan remained a central pilgrimage site for Vaishnavite and Surya devotees, and their admixture with Isma'īlīsm created the Satpanth tradition. Hence, the beginning of the eleventh century witnessed a sacral and political diversity in Uch that was both unique and precarious. The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping the sun, and destroyed the Sun Temple and smashed its revered Aditya idol in the late 10th century. The Qarmatians built an Ismaili congregational mosque above the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers.

11th-16th century CE

Ghaznavid dynasty

Mahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abul Fateh Daud. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism. In 1007, Mahmud led another expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abul Fateh Daud of Multan.

In 1010, Mahmud led his third and punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him.  He restored the city's old Sunni congregational mosque, built by Muhammad bin Qasim.

The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi  reported that the Ismaili community was still living in the city. Mahmud's rule over the region was noted by Al-Biruni to have ruined the region's former prosperity. Following the Ghaznavid invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with the Druze religion, which today survives in Lebanon, Syria, and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death in 1030, Multan regained its independence from the Ghaznavid empire and came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again. Shah Gardez, who came to Multan in 1088, is said to have contributed in the restoration of the city.

By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being a "large city" commanded by a citadel that was surrounded by a moat. In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned the Sandesh Rasak, the only known Muslim work in the medieval Apabhraṃśa language.

Ghaurid dynasty

In 1175, Muhammad Ghori conquered Ismaili-ruled Multan, after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178. Multan was then annexed to the Ghurid Sultanate, and became an administrative province of the Mamluk Dynasty — the first dynasty based in Delhi. Multan's Ismaili community rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghaurids later in 1175.

Mamluk dynasty
Following the death of the first Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule of Nasiruddin Qabacha, who in 1222, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire, whose origins were rooted in Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan. Uch and Sindh were also in control of Qabacha.

Qabacha also captured Lahore many times and ruled all these regions. He repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on Multan city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city. He gathered a large army from Uch, Multan and Bukkhar (Sukkur) and Mongols were repulsed.

Following Qabacha's death that same year, the Turkic king Iltutmish, the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition. The Punjabi poet Baba Farid was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.

Qarlughids attempted to invade Multan in 1236, while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore - though they were repulsed. The Mongols under Sali Noyan then successfully held the city to ransom in 1245–6, before being recaptured by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban, the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year. Multan was then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled to Iraq where he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls. The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were dealt a decisive defeat.

Khaljis invasion

Emperor Alauddin Khalji of Delhi dispatched his brother Ulugh Khan in 1296 to conquer Multan region which was governed by surviving family members of his predecessor. (Sultan Jalal-ud-din Khalji)

After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to conquer key region of Multan which was governed by Arkali Khan and the surviving family members of Jalaluddin were present there. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000-40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan to Multan who successfully invaded the city after two months of siege.

Amir Khusrau, the famous Indo-Persian sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar visited Multan on the invitation of Khan Muhammad. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from Baghdad, Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.

Tughluq dynasty

In the 1320s Multan was conquered by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, he was made the governor of Multan and South Punjab, Sindh regions and of Depalpur. He was the founder of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty, the third dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Earlier he spent his time in Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved the regions from advances of Mongols. He wrote in the jamia Masjid of Multan that he had fought 28 battles against Mongols and had survived, people gave him the title Ghazi ul Mulk.

Ghiyath al din's son Muhammad bin Tughlaq was born in Multan. After Ghiyath's death he became the Sultan and ascended the throne in Delhi. The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during the reign of Ghiyath's son, Muhammad Tughluq. In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated.

The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam was completed during the Tughluq era, and is considered to be the first Tughluq monument. The shrine is believed to have been originally built to be the tomb of Ghiyath ad-Din, but was later donated to the descendants of Rukn-e-Alam after Ghiyath became Emperor of Delhi.

The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe. Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq.

Timurid dynasty

In 1397, Multan was besieged by Tamerlane's grandson Pir Muhammad. Pir Muhammad's forces captured the city in 1398 following the conclusion of the 6 month-long siege. Khizr Khan the governor of Multan allied with Amir Timur. Timur captured Lahore and gave its control to Khizr khan as reward for his support. Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's Governor Khizr Khan together sacked Delhi. The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure. Khizr Khan ruled the subcontinent on the name of Timur. In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi, and established the short-lived Sayyid dynasty — the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi mentions in his Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan was a descendant of prophet Muhammad.

Langah Sultanate

Multan then passed to the Langah, who established the Langah Sultanate in Multan under the rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah. The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to be most illustrious of the Langah Sultans. Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn. The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot, including present day Faisalabad. Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah.

Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the Arghun dynasty, who were either ethnic Mongols, or of Turkic or Turco-Mongol extraction.

Suri dynasty

In 1541, the Pashtun king Sher Shah Suri captured Multan, and successfully defended the city from the advances of the Mughal Emperor Humayun. In 1543, Sher Shah Suri expelled Baloch dynasty, who under the command of Fateh Khan Mirrani had overrun the city. Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan in order to connect Multan to his massive Grand Trunk Road project. Sher Shah Suri also built (or renovated) Delhi-Multan road, the ancient trade route had existed since the time of King Ashoka or earlier. In order to improve transit in the areas between Delhi and Multan, leading to Kandahar and Herat in Afghanistan, eventually to Mashhad capital of Khorasan province of Iran. It then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards West Asia.

Medieval trade

Multan served as medieval Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world. It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals. The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe. Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq.

The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the Multani Caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan — which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city. Legal records from the Uzbek city of Bukhara note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.

Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era. Many of Multan's merchants then migrated to Shikarpur in Sindh, and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century.

Mughal period (Province of Multan)

Following the conquest of Upper Sindh by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under the command of Bairam Khan in 1557, thereby re-establishing Mughal rule in Multan. The Mughals controlled the Multani region from 1524 until around 1739. Emperor Akbar established province of Multan at Multan city, which was one of his original twelve subahs (imperial top-level administrative provinces) roughly covering southern Punjab, parts of Khyber and Balochistan bordering Kabul Subah, Lahore Subah, Ajmer Subah, Thatta Subah, Kandahar subah and the Persian Safavid empire. It was one of Mughal Empire's largest provinces by land area and population.

In 1627, Multan was encircled by walls that were built on the order of Murad Baksh, son of Shah Jahan. Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperor Aurangzeb was appointed Governor of provinces of Multan and Sindh — a post he held until 1652.

In 1680, the renowned Punjabi poet, Bulleh Shah, who is regarded as a saint by both Sufis and Sikhs, was born in Uch, Multan province.

In the second half of the 17th century, Multan's commercial fortunes were adversely affected by silting and shifting of the nearby river, which denied traders vital trade access to the Arabian Sea. Multan witnessed difficult times as the Mughal Empire waned in power following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.

Dar al-Aman era
Under Mughal rule, Multan enjoyed 200 years of peace in a time when the city became known as Dar al-Aman ("Abode of Peace"). During the Mughal era, Multan was an important centre of agricultural production and manufacturing of cotton textiles. Multan was a centre for currency minting, as well as tile-making during the Mughal era.

Multan was also host to the offices of many commercial enterprises during the Mughal era, even in times when the Mughals were in control of the even more coveted city of Kandahar, given the unstable political situation resulting from frequent contestation of Kandadar with the Persian Safavid Empire.

Afsharid invasion
Nader Shah conquered the region as part of his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Despite invasion, Multan remained northwest India's premier commercial centre throughout most of the 18th century.

Durrani and Maratha invasions
In 1752 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Multan, the city which was also his birthplace, and the city's walls were rebuilt in 1756 by Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani, who also built the Ali Muhammad Khan Mosque in 1757. In 1758, the Marathas under Raghunathrao briefly seized Multan, though the city was recaptured by Durrani in 1760. After repeated invasions following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Multan was reduced from being one of the world's most important early-modern commercial centres, to a regional trading city.

Sikh empire
In 1772, Ahmed Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah lost Multan to Sikh forces. However, Multan's association with Sikhism predates this, as the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak, is said to have visited the city during one of his journeys.

The city had reverted to Afghan rule under the suzerainty of Nawab Muzaffar Khan in 1778. In 1817, Ranjit Singh sent a body of troops to Multan under the command of Diwan Bhiwani Das to receive from Nawab Muzaffar Khan the tribute he owed to the Sikh Darbar. In 1818, the armies of Kharak Singh and Misr Diwan Chand lay around Multan without making much initial headway, until Ranjit Singh dispatched the massive Zamzama cannon, which quickly led to disintegration of the Multan's defences. Misr Diwan Chand led Sikh armies to a decisive victory over Muzaffar Khan. Muzzafar Khan and seven of his sons were killed before the Multan fort finally fell on 2 March 1818 in the Battle of Multan.

The conquest of Multan established Ranjit Singh's superiority over the Afghans and ended their influence in this part of the Punjab. Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra was appointed to govern the city, remaining in his post for the following 25 years. Following the Sikh conquest, Multan declined in importance as a trading post, however the population of Multan rose from approximately 40,000 in 1827 to 60,000 by 1831. Sawan Mal adopted a policy of low taxation which generated immense land revenues for the state treasury. Following the death of Ranjit Singh, he ceased paying tribute to a successor and instead maintained alliances of convenience with selected Sikh aristocrats. He was assassinated in 1844, and succeeded by his son Diwan Mulraj Chopra, who unlike his father was seen as a despotic ruler by the local inhabitants.

1848 Multan Revolt

The 1848 Multan Revolt and subsequent Siege of Multan began on 19 April 1848 when local Sikhs loyal to Diwan Mulraj Chopra murdered two emissaries of the British Raj, Vans Agnew and Lieutenant Anderson. The two British visitors were in Multan to attend a ceremony for Sardar Kahan Singh, who had been selected by the British East India Company to replace Diwan Mulraj Chopra as ruler of Multan.

Rebellion engulfed the Multan region under the leadership of Mulraj Chopra and Sher Singh Attariwalla. The Multan Revolt triggered the start of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, during which the sajjada nashin of the Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya sided with the British to help defeat the Sikh rebels. The revolt eventually resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849.

British Raj

By December 1848, the British had captured portions of Multan city's outskirts, and destroyed the Multan Fort while bombarding the city. In January 1849, the British had amassed a force of 12,000 to conquer Multan. On 22 January 1849, the British had breached the walls of the Multan Fort, leading to the surrender of Mulraj and his forces to the British. The British conquest of the Sikh Empire was completed in February 1849, after the British victory at the Battle of Gujrat. Between the 1890s and 1920s, the British laid a vast network of canals in the Multan region, and throughout much of central and Southern Punjab province. Thousands of "Canal Towns" and villages were built according to standardized plans throughout the newly irrigated swathes of land.

After Independence of 1947

Multan lost its very important position as soon as the British stronghold over the sub-continent grew stronger and stronger. Although peace prevailed in the region but no real progress was made. After independence was achieved in 1947, Multan had become less significant politically. Though it was still 3rd largest district and division of the country but city and the large population of South Punjab region lacked self governance. The site of the Old Fort was in ruins. Thorny bushes and ditches were in plenty whispering the awful tale of its ruination. Majority of the roads were unmetalled and the sewerage system too defective to explain.

The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India en masse, while some Muslim refugees from the newly independent Republic of India settled in the city. Today, it is one of the country's six largest urban centres and remains an important settlement in the Southern Punjab.

Geography

Topography
Multan is located in Punjab, and covers an area of . The nearest important cities are Dera Ghazi Khan and Bahawalpur. Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The area around the city is a flat, alluvial plain surrounded by orchards and deserts that is used for citrus and mango farms.

Multan is surrounded by Sulaiman mountain range which is the extension of Southern Hindu Kush mountain range of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The most well-known peak of the Sulaiman mountains is the twin-peaked Takht-e-Sulaiman or "Throne of Prophet Solomon" at 3,487 metres (11,440 ft).

Climate

Multan features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The normal annual precipitation measures .

Multan is known for having some of the hottest weather in Pakistan. The highest recorded temperature is approximately , and the lowest recorded temperature is approximately .

Multan's climate is primarily influenced by:
 Western Disturbances which generally occurs during the winter months between December and February. The Western Disturbance provokes moderate rainfall, with hailstorms also sometimes occurring.
 Deforestation, dust storms occur during summer months. The region has seen large scale deforestation in last decades resulting in dust storms. Multan's dust storm sometimes produce violent wind.
 Heat waves occur during the hottest months of May and June, and can result in temperatures approaching
 South West Monsoon occurs following the hottest months of the year, and lasts between June and September. Monsoon rains moderate temperatures, and can sometimes produce heavy rain storms.
 Continental air prevails during the remaining months generally yields clear weather with little to no precipitation.

Cityscape

Multan's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as Peshawar, Lahore, and Delhi - all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city, as well as a royal citadel. Unlike those cities, Multan has lost its royal citadel, as it was largely destroyed by the British in 1848, which negatively impacted the urban fabric of the city.

Multan's old neighbourhood homes exemplify Muslim concerns regarding privacy, and defense against the city's harsh climate. The urban morphology is characterized by small and private cul-de-sacs branching off of bazaars and larger arteries.

A distinct Multani style of architecture began taking root in the 14th century with the establishment of funerary monuments, and is characterized by large brick walls reinforced by wooden anchors, with inward sloping roofs. Funerary architecture is also reflected in the city's residential quarters, which borrow architectural and decorative elements from Multan's mausolea.

Demographics

Multan city had a population of 1,078,245 in the 1998 census. As of 2017 census, Multan's population jumped to 1.827 million. Multan had a sex ratio of 950 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 74.69%: 77.50% for males and 71.74% for females. 440,112 (24.09%) were under 10 years of age.

Language
At the time of the 2017 census, 42.10% of the population spoke Saraiki, 29.25% Punjabi, 26.77% Urdu and 1.18% Pashto as their first language.

Religion
Islam is the predominant religion, with 98.99% of the population and 0.86% Christian. 1,728 are Hindus and 104 Sikhs.

Civic Administration
Administrators who are government servants have the powers of Nazims (Mayor). Multan district is spread over an area of 3,721 square kilometres, comprising four tehsils: Multan City, Multan Saddar, Shujabad and Jalalpur Pirwala.

Area under Multan Development Authority (MDA) is 560km square, covering almost all important establishments like BZU, Pak Arab fertilizers and industrial estate etc. In 2022 MDA increased its metropolitan area limit from 280 Km square to 560 Km square adding an extra population of 375,000 with grand total population of 2.2 million making the city 4th most populous city of Pakistan.

In 2005 Multan was reorganised as a City District composed of six autonomous towns:

 Bosan
 Shah Rukan e Alam
 Mumtazabad
 Sher Shah
 Shujabad
 Jalalpur Pirwala

Residential areas

 Shah Rukan e Alam
 Multan Cantt
 Shah Faisal Colony
 Gulgasht Colony
 Zakariya Town

Transportation

Motorways
Multan is connected to operational motorways M4 on northside connecting to Faisalabad and M5 on south side connecting Sukkar. M4 is further connected to M3 connecting Lahore and M2 connecting Islamabad and Peshawar to Multan. While M5 will be connecting to Karachi via Karachi-Lahore Motorway in future.

Multan is situated along the under-construction 6-lane Karachi–Lahore Motorway (M3) connecting Southern and northern Pakistan that is being built as part of the $54 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Currently, Lahore to Multan travel time is 4 hours on motorway M3 and M4.

The 6-lane, 392 kilometre long M-5 section of the motorway is built between Sukkur and Multan at a cost $2.89 billion. The M-5 is open since 2019. It is connecting Multan to Sukkar and will connect to Karachi when Sukkar-Karachi Motorway will be opened.

Multan is also connected to the city of Faisalabad via the M-4 motorway, which in turn is connected to the M-1 and M-2 motorways that provide access to Islamabad and Peshawar. Further links with the Karakoram Highway will provide access to Xinjiang, China, and Central Asia.

Construction of the M3 motorway also at a cost of approximately $1.5 billion, and was launched in November 2015 The motorway is branch off of the M-4 motorway and connects Lahore to the M-4 at Abdul Hakeem. The M4 is now operational.

Rail

Multan is connected by rail with all parts of the country and lies on the main track between Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta. The Main Line-1 Railway that links Karachi and Peshawar passes through Multan district is being overhauled as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. As part of the project, railways will be upgraded to permit train travel at speeds of up to 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track, The project is divided into three phases, with the Peshawar to Multan portion to be completed as part of the project's first phase by 2018, and the entire project is expected to be complete by 2021.

From Multan, links to Khanewal, Lodhran and Muzafargarh are offered by rail. Multan Cantonment railway station is the main railway station of Multan.

Bus rapid transit (Metro Bus)

The Multan Metrobus is a bus rapid transit line which commenced service in January 2017, at a cost of 28.8 billion rupees. The BRT route serves 21 stations over the course of 18.5 kilometres, of which 12.5 kilometres are elevated. 14 stations are elevated, while the remainder are at street level. The BRT route begins at Bahauddin Zakariya University in northern Multan, and heads southward to pass by the eastern edge of Multan's old city at the Daulat Gate before turning east to finally terminate at the Kumharanwala Chowk in eastern Multan.

The route will be served initially by 35 buses, serving up to 95,000 passengers per day (or less than this but mostly students are using it). The Multan Metrobus is planned to ultimately have total of 4 BRT lines covering 68.82 kilometres, which will be complemented by feeder lines.

Air

Multan International Airport is located 10 km west of Multan's city centre, in the Multan Cantonment. The airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Persian Gulf States.

In March 2015, a new terminal building was formally inaugurated by Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Following the opening of the new terminal, passenger traffic soared from 384,571 in 2014–2015, to 904,865 in 2015–2016.

Education

Bahauddin Zakariya University is the main source of higher education for this region which is the 2nd largest university of Punjab.

Other universities include Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Air University Multan Campus, the NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nishat School and College Nishtar Medical University, Emerson University, Multan Public School, University of Education campus, Times Institute, Multan Medical and Dental College, Institute of Southern Punjab, Bakhtawar Amin Medical College and Women University Multan. In July 2021, Pakistan opened its first ever government-run school for transgender students in the city of Multan.

Heritage

Prahladpuri Temple

The Prahladpuri Temple is located on top of a raised platform inside the Fort of Multan, adjacent to tomb of Hazrat Baha'ul Haq Zakariya. A mosque has been subsequently built adjacent to temple.

The original temple of Prahladpuri is said to have been built by Prahlad, son of Hiranyakashipu, the king of Multan (Kashya-papura) in honor of Narsing Avatar, an incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu, who emerged from the pillar to save Prahlada.

Notable saints of Multan

 Shah Yousaf Gardezi (d. 1136), tomb located inner Bohar Gate Multan
 Mai Maharban (11/12th Century), tomb located near Chowk Fawara, children complex Multan
 Bahauddin Zakariya (1170–1267), tomb located in Multan Fort
 Makhdoom Abdul Rasheed Haqani (1170 - 1260), tomb located in Makhdoom Rasheed Multan
 Shah Rukne Alam (1251–1335), tomb located in Multan Fort
 Khawaja Awais Kagha (d. 1300)3, tomb located in Dera Basti graveyard Multan
 Syed Musa Pak (d. 1592)
 Hafiz Muhammad Jamal Multani (1747–1811)
 Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari (1892–1961), buried in Jalal Bakri
 Syed Noor ul Hassan Bukhari (1902-1983), buried in Jalal Bakri
 Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (1913-1986), buried in Eid Gah, Multan
 Hazrat Qazi Hisamuddin Multani known as Qazi Jamaluddin Multani Badauni
 Peer Ali Mardan Awaisi (Tomb Located on Gali Peer Ali Mardan Akbar Road, Multan

Sports
The Multan Cricket Stadium has hosted many international cricket matches. Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium is the other stadium in Multan which is usually used for football along with other sports activities.

Multan is home to the Multan Sultans, the franchise of Pakistan Super League. Multan Tigers, the domestic cricket team which had participated in domestic limited over tournaments was also based in the city. Multan and its division has produced many international cricketers like Inzamam-ul-Haq, Waqar Younis, Mushtaq Ahmed, Elahi Brothers, Mohammad Zahid, Sohaib Maqsood, Rahat Ali, Asmavia Iqbal and Sania Khan.

Notable people

 Rukn-e-Alam, 13th/14th century Saint and poet
 Aurangzeb, governor of province Multan,  Mughal emperor of Indian subcontinent
 Yousaf Raza Gillani, politician and former Prime Minister of Pakistan
 Ghiyath al din Tughlaq, Governor of Multan and emperor of Indian subcontinent
 Shah Mehmood Qureshi, politician and present Foreign Minister of Pakistan
 Khizr Khan, 15th century Emperor of Indian subcontinent
 Javed Hashmi, politician
 Malik Muhammad Rafique Rajwana, lawyer and politician
 Malik Aamir Dogar, lawyer and politician
 Fariduddin Ganjshakar, 12th-century Punjabi Muslim preacher and mystic
 Inzamam-ul-Haq, former cricketer and captain
 Diwan Mulraj Chopra, governor
 Mazhar Kaleem, writer
 H. Gobind Khorana (Nobel Laureate)

Sister cities
  Rome, Italy
  Konya, Turkey
  Rasht, Iran
  Shihezi, China
  Ganja, Azerbaijan
  Xi'an, China (28 March 2019)

See also
 Climate of Multan
 City Wall of Multan
 Festivals in Multan
 History of Multan
 List of places in Multan
 Multan District
 Multan Division
 Multan Fort
 Multan International Airport
 Multan City railway station
 Multan Museum
 Siege of Multan (disambiguation)
 Battle of Multan
 Mausoleums of Multan
 Hindu temples in Multan
 List of educational institutions in Multan
 Mosques of Multan
 Subah of Multan
 Multan Sun Temple

Notes

References

External links

 Multan City government website
 Britannica: Multan

Metropolitan areas of Pakistan
Sufism in Pakistan
Ismailism in Pakistan
Qarmatians

Multan


Hüseyinli, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Yerleşim yerleri
 Hüseyinli, Sincik - Adıyaman ili Sincik ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hüseyinli, Kızılırmak - Çankırı ili Kızılırmak ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hüseyinli, Ümraniye - İstanbul ili Ümraniye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hüseyinli, Kastamonu - Kastamonu ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hüseyinli, Develi - Kayseri ili Develi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hüseyinli, Boztepe - Kırşehir ili Boztepe ilçesine bağlı köy
 Hüseyinli, Pamukova - Sakarya ili Pamukova ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hüseyinli, Defne - Hatay ili Defne ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Hüseyinli, Alaplı - Zonguldak ili Alaplı ilçesine bağlı köy

Hüseyinli


T66 peut faire référence à :
 Cooper T66, une formule 1 du constructeur britannique Cooper Car Company ;
 Effets de rayonnements, sans précision, d'après la classification internationale des maladies ;
 Solar T66, un turbomoteur américain.

Voir aussi
 Sigles d'une lettre suivie de deux chiffres

T66


Ekonomski forum u Krynici-Zdróju – godišnji, međunarodni susret predstavnika ekonomskih i političkih krugova iz središnje i istočne Europe, koji se svake godine (od 1992.) održava u prvoj polovini rujna. Inicijator tog događaja je Zygmunt Berdychowski, a organizator – Institut za istočne studije u Varšavi.

Ekonomski frum je napredovao – na prvu konferenciju (1992.) je došlo oko 100 sudionika, većinom iz Poljske. Danas se Ekonomski forum smatra kao najveći i najprepoznatiji događaj na političkoj i poslovnoj razini u središnjoj i istočnoj Europi.

Kao kažu organizatori, glavna misao Ekonomskog foruma je kreiranje povoljne atmosfere za razvoj političke te ekonomske suradnje u Europi.  Svake se godine tijekom Foruma raspravlja o bitnim problemima ekonomske politike, a sudionike Foruma se citiraju u svjetskim medijima.

Gosti

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Paul Twitchell (born Jacob Paul Twitchell) (died September 17, 1971) was an American author and spiritual teacher who created and directed the development of the new religious movement known as Eckankar.  Twitchell described himself as "The Mahanta, the Living ECK Master" from 1965 onward. These are terms without proven historical use prior to 1965 and founder Twitchell's usage. He also ascribed to himself the name Peddar Zaskq in his writings.

Birth and early life
Paul Twitchell was born in Paducah, Kentucky to Effie Dorothy and Jacob Noah Twitchell. His date of birth has been given variously between 1908 and 1922, with the Library of Congress' Name Authority File giving 1908 and a spring 1910 census suggesting 1909. Upon Twitchell's death in 1971, his second wife Gail told the medical examiner that Paul was born on October 22, 1922, the same date presented in their marriage certificate. However, his marriage certificate with his first wife, Camille Bellowe, gave his date of birth as October 22, 1912.

Twitchell himself provided varying accounts of the circumstances of his birth. In his book The Spiritual Notebook, calling himself by his "spiritual name" Peddar Zaskq, Twitchell claimed to have been "born on a packetboat in the midst of the Mississippi River, a few minutes after a great earthquake shook the mid-South and formed a great lake in this region." That version echoed the tradition that a new Buddha is born
near water. In his biography In My Soul I am Free, authored by Brad Steiger, he claimed to have been born in a place called China Point, the location of which is not clear.

Following graduation from high school in Paducah, Twitchell attended Murray State Teachers College in Murray, Kentucky for two years before going to Western Kentucky State Teachers College, which he left in 1934 without having obtained a degree.

His first marriage was to Camille Ballowe, from Paducah, in Providence, Rhode Island, on August 12, 1942. He claims to have served in the United States Naval Reserve during World War II, from February 1942 until August 1945 when as Lieutenant Jg. he was honorably discharged. Twitchell became a correspondent for Our Navy magazine after the war for a short time. He later went on to become a freelance journalist, though he found success elusive.

Eckankar
Twitchell investigated a number of diverse spiritual movements and became an avid reader of spiritual, philosophical, religious and occult books at the library. In 1950, he joined Swami Premananda Giri's Self-Revelation Church of Absolute Monism, an offshoot of Paramahansa Yogananda's Self-Realization Fellowship. He lived on the grounds of the church, and edited its periodical, The Mystic Cross. In July 1955 Twitchell was arrested following violent fights with others living in the Swami's compound. The Swami's group terminated its relationship with Twitchell. A few months later his wife left him, they formally separated, and she remained in the compound for a short time. Their divorce was finalized in 1960.

Twitchell was initiated into the Surat Shabd Yoga by Kirpal Singh, Master of the Sant Mat group named "Ruhani Satsang," in October 1955 in Washington, D.C. He immediately became a devoted student of Singh, acknowledged experiences during Initiation and later on wrote to his master of his appearing in Twitchell's apartment and dictating discourses to him which he would type up and mail to Singh in New Delhi, India. By 1966 reports to Singh that Twitchell was teaching a program very similar to Sant Mat caused a serious disagreement between them which was never repaired. Weeks before Twitchell died he sent a letter to Singh denying he ever saw him as a 'master,' denied that he ever received any initiation from Singh because Singh had no power to give initiation, and claiming that Twitchell's spiritual achievements were gained years before they met. Twitchell also suggested that he never spiritually benefited from his connection with Singh.

However, in December 1963 Twitchell reportedly asked Singh to allow him to dedicate a book, The Tiger's Fang, in Singh's name. Twitchell wanted Singh's help to get it published and sent the manuscript for Singh's approval. Twitchell never received a positive response from Singh and following their disagreement in 1966 he asked for its return. He published it himself in 1967.

Twitchell's first known connection with L. Ron Hubbard (also a US Naval Reserve Officer during WW2 and pulp fiction author) was around 1950 during the Dianetics period. He again became involved in the Church of Scientology from about 1956 to 1959, becoming a member of the Church's staff and one of the first Scientologists to achieve the status of clear it was claimed. Twitchell taught classes, audited others, wrote articles for the magazines, and other activities for Scientology. He made many long term friendships during this time with the exception of Hubbard himself who later, circa 1968, listed Twitchell and Eckankar on their suppressive persons/groups list. Hubbard described Twitchell not as 'a clear', as Twitchell always claimed, but as 'aberrant'.

Moving to Seattle, Washington, in late 1960 after the death of his sister Kaydee (Katharine) in 1959, he met Gail Ann Atkinson in 1962. She was working part-time at the library, where they met, while doing an under-graduate degree. Twitchell later introduced her to the Ruhani Satsang teachings, as well as others, and Gail was also formally initiated by Singh in early December 1963 in San Francisco, during his second tour of the US. At the same time Twitchell relocated to San Francisco permanently. They married soon after on January 16, 1964, when Twitchell began more seriously writing and compiling materials about his new teaching, Eckankar. The first draft manuscript for The Far Country was written during this year. Twitchell also began having articles about Eckankar published in various newspapers and magazines.

In late 1964, they moved south to San Diego, where Twitchell gave his first lectures on Eckankar and what was then termed the "bilocation" technique, which he would later call "Soul Travel." Gail quit her studies to work full-time so that Twitchell could dedicate himself to establishing Eckankar as a new business venture. In spring 1965, he began a long-term series of regular lectures and workshops on Eckankar at the California Parapsychology Foundation in San Diego and also started selling monthly "Discourses" to interested students. By late 1965 the Twitchells had together founded the Eckankar Corporation as well as Illuminated Way Press, registering both as companies in California.

It is believed it was Twitchell's second wife who suggested that he adapt some of his spiritual education into a new religion. Twitchell said her encouragement was a spark for him to do something more with his writings. Critics state that at first Twitchell claimed his teachings were new but that he eventually referred to them as an ancient science that pre-dated all other major religious belief systems. Others say this interpretation is based on comments Twitchell made before he officially started Eckankar, when he was promoting what he called his "Cliff-Hanger" philosophy, which was an "outsider's" view on modern society. Those were indeed his own views and ideas. However, once he launched Eckankar in October 1965, he always referred to it as being an ancient teaching. In his book Eckankar: The Key to Secret Worlds, Twitchell lays out wide-ranging examples of the teaching down through history, while also explaining his own personal experiences with his teacher, "ECK master Rebazar Tarzs." The actual existence of "Rebazar Tarzs," like that of other Theosophical and ECK masters, remains disputed, since there is no evidence that anyone has seen Tarzs, other than the faith claims of Twitchell and his followers. Some believe Tarzs was a persona created by Twitchell to cover his previous associations with Kirpal Singh etc., or to provide the public with the image of a personally powerful and intellectual teacher.

After founding Eckankar, Twitchell wrote and published a series of books and personal study discourses, gave talks around the world, wrote thousands of letters to students, and continued to write articles for magazines. He wrote a series of articles shortly after starting Eckankar that some critics have raised concerns about. In a series that Twitchell referred to as "The Man Who Talks To God," he poked fun at gurus, including himself. He says that he wrote the series in exchange for getting a booklet printed on Eckankar, during a time when he couldn't afford it himself. In that column he gave out spiritual advice, claiming to communicate with God about the problems of those who wrote to him. He included prophecy, predicting that the Vietnam War would end in 1968 and that Lyndon Johnson would be elected President of the United States for a second time. Many of his answers were concluded with the words "I HAVE SPOKEN!"

As a writer
In 1984, Harold Klemp, the current spiritual leader of Eckankar—which keeps an archive of Twitchell's writings—commented on Twitchell as a writer: "He was an avid letter-writer, and he always kept a carbon copy ... At one time Paul made his living by writing for pulp magazines. He also wrote public-relations copy for the Navy... He sincerely cared about spiritual unfoldment and growth. He went through volumes of books on consciousness, a subject which was not in vogue in those days... he thrived on the study of different philosophies."

Klemp also describes Twitchell as a master compiler: "The high teachings of ECK had been scattered to the four corners of the world. The different masters each had parts and pieces of it, but they attached little requirements ... You must be a vegetarian, or you have to meditate so many hours a day ... Paul gathered up the whole teaching and took the best. Though it may be strange to say, in this sense I see him as a master compiler. He gathered the golden teachings that were scatted around the world and made them readily available to us."

In Paulji, A Memoir, Patti Simpson reveals how Twitchell put her in charge of a monthly communication to students called the Mystic World. It often contained many mistakes: stories that were supposed to continue on a certain page but didn't, stories stopping in mid-sentence, or the wrong names under pictures. Twitchell told her, "You have no idea ... how much help it will be to me if you can learn how to take care of this publication for me. I have so many books to get out, and I need to spend time on them."

Twitchell told famed writer on the paranormal Brad Steiger that he expected The Tiger's Fang to be controversial, having announced that it "would shake the foundation of the teachings of orthodox religions, philosophies, and metaphysical concepts."

Allegations of plagiarism
In a 2006 article published in the 5 volume Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, David C. Lane, a professor of philosophy and sociology at Mt. San Antonio College, noted that a lot of Twitchell's Eckankar books contained lengthy passages from other authors' books without proper attribution or citation. In particular, Lane claims Twitchell's 1966 book The Far Country plagiarizes over 400 paragraphs from the books With a Great Master in India and The Path of the Masters by Julian Johnson without any acknowledgement. Three other books of Twitchell's, including The Tiger's Fang, Letters to Gail, and Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad, contain "almost verbatim" extracts from Johnson's 1939 book The Path of the Masters according to Lane. Lane notes that Twitchell wrote in at least two publications that he considered a book edited by Johnson—Sar Bachan—to be his "Bible".

Harold Klemp has responded to the plagiarism allegations by stating that Twitchell's role was that of "master compiler", saying "He gathered the golden teachings that were scattered around the world and made them readily available to us." However, Surat shabda yoga and the Sikh/Hindu guru systems were already available in 1965 through groups faithful to their sources.
In 2007, a member of Eckankar's clergy and Eckankar apologist since 1983, Doug Marman, published The Whole Truth, a biography of Paul Twitchell that disputes claims Lane made in The Making of a Spiritual Movement.
Lane has published commentary on Marman's book, reaffirming his view that Twitchell plagiarized several authors.

Lane has also alleged that Twitchell lied about his past and tried to cover up his earlier associations. Marman has responded by presenting documentation related to Twitchell's career and personal information.

Sampling
A sampling of three significant passages from Julian Johnson's The Path of the Masters (1985–1988 pagination), appearing in Twitchell's and Darwin Gross's works, displays the prose which has proven appealing to Western seekers:

Appropriated terms
The Eckankar corporate body claims rights to a number of Indian language terms, including the following:

EK / ECK

Eckankar

Mahanta

Vairagi (Bairagi)

Satsang

Death
Twitchell died of a heart attack on September 17, 1971, in Cincinnati while attending an Eckankar seminar. Despite having formulated the Eckankar doctrine of named succession, he had not in fact designated anyone as his successor and his sudden death created difficulties for the movement's leadership group. It fell upon his widow to make the final decision, and she selected a second initiate and her current boyfriend Darwin Gross, who was himself succeeded later by Harold Klemp.

Books
Twitchell, Paul (1939, 1972) Coins of Gold. First edition: Paducah, Ky.: Press Pub. Co. Second edition Illuminated Way Press.
Twitchell, Paul (1966) Introduction to ECKANKAR. First edition Illuminated Way Press. no ISBN.
Twitchell, Paul (1967, 1988) The Tiger's Fang. First edition Lancer Books. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1968, 1985) The Key to ECKANKAR. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1969, 2010) The Flute of God. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1969, 1987) Eckankar: The Key to Secret Worlds.  Foreword by Brad Steiger. First edition Lancer Books. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1969, 1987) Anitya. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1970) The Drums of ECK. First edition Illuminated Way Press.
Twitchell, Paul (1970) The Way of Dharma. First edition Illuminated Way Press.
Twitchell, Paul (1970, 1972, 1990) Dialogues with the Master. First edition Stockton-Doty Trade Press. Second edition Illuminated Way Press. Third edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1970, 1971, 1990) The Far Country. First edition Stockton Trade Press. Second edition Illuminated Way Press. Third edition ECKANKAR.  PDF
Twitchell, Paul (1970, 1976, 1987) Stranger by the River. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition Illuminated Way Press (non-standard). Third edition Eckankar.
Twitchell, Paul (1970, 1987) The Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad, Book I. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition Eckankar.
Twitchell, Paul (1971, 1988) The Shariyat-Ki-Sugmad, Book II. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition Eckankar.
Twitchell, Paul (1971, 1990) The Spiritual Notebook. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.  PDF
Twitchell, Paul (1971, 1986) Herbs: The Magic Healers. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 86-80814
Twitchell, Paul (1972, 2010) The Eck-Vidya: Ancient Science of Prophecy. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1973, 1987) Letters to Gail, Volume I. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1974) Talons of Time. First edition Illuminated Way Press. No ISBN or LCCN.
Twitchell, Paul (1975) Eckankar: Illuminated Way Letters, 1966-1971. Letters he wrote until his death in 1971.
Twitchell, Paul (1975) Eckankar: Compiled Writings, Volume 1. First edition Illuminated Way Press.
Twitchell, Paul (1975) Eckankar Dictionary. First edition Illuminated Way Press.
Twitchell, Paul (1977, 1987) Letters to Gail, Volume II. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Second edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1978) East of Danger. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Copyright Gail Twitchell Gross.
Twitchell, Paul (1978) The Three Masks of Gaba. First edition Illuminated Way Press.
Twitchell, Paul (1980) Difficulties of Becoming the Living ECK Master. First edition Illuminated Way Press. Compiled by Burnadine Burlin.
Twitchell, Paul (1980) The Wisdom Notes. First edition ECKANKAR.
Twitchell, Paul (1990) Letters to Gail, Volume III. First edition ECKANKAR. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 90-83659.
Twitchell, Paul (1999) Talons of Time. Graphic Novel. Authorized Eckankar edition. Illustrated by Mar Amongo. Ed. Harold Klemp and Joan Klemp. No ISBN or LCCN.
Twitchell, Paul (2004) The Tiger's Fang. Graphic Novel. Authorized Eckankar edition. Illustrated by Mar Amongo. Ed. Harold Klemp and Joan Klemp.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Jarvis, Jack, "Paul Twitchell, Man of Parts" in Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 9, 1963.
 Johnson, Ford. Confessions of a God Seeker: A Journey to Higher Consciousness. "One" Publishing, 2003.
 Johnson, Julian, The Path of the Masters: The Science of Surat Shabd Yoga: The Yoga of the Audible Life Stream, France, 1939; US, 1957; Beās, East Pañjāb: Radha Soami Satsang Beas, 1972, 1985, 1993.
 Klemp, Harold. The Secret Teachings: Mahanta Transcripts, Book 3. Eckankar, 1989. LCCN 89-84193
 Lane, David Christopher, The Making of a Spiritual Movement: The Untold Story of Paul Twitchell and Eckankar, Del Mar Press, 1993.
 Marman, Doug (2007), The Whole Truth: The Spiritual Legacy of Paul Twitchell. First edition, Spiritual Dialogues Project.
 Simpson, Patti, Hello, Friend. Illuminated Way, 1981. . 2nd edition, Eckankar, 2002.
 Simpson, Patti (1985), Paulji, A Memoir. First edition, ECKANKAR. Library of Congress Catalog Number 85-81716.
 Steiger, Brad (1968), In My Soul I Am Free. First edition, Illuminated Way Press.  (Note: Almost 35% of the text is Paul Twitchell's own words.)
 Sykes, Joe, 2020, The Truth About Eckankar, 3rd edition. Independently published.
 Wilson, George Tipton, "From Paducah to Eckankar" in The Courier-Journal, Louisville, Kentucky, 1982.

External links
Paul Twitchell article archive
 Dialogue in the age of Criticism
 A short biography of Paul Twitchell
 David C. Lane: The Making of a Spiritual Movement. Note: This book is also available online for free .
 Review of The Making of a Spiritual Movement

1971 deaths
Age controversies
American former Scientologists
American male non-fiction writers
American spiritual writers
Eck Masters
Founders of new religious movements
Murray State University alumni
People from Paducah, Kentucky
Telekinetics
Western Kentucky University alumni
Year of birth uncertain

Paul Twitchell


La palagonita es un material de color amarillento a café que se forma producto de la alteración de vidrio volcánico. Es un material heterogéneo que puede ser transparente e isotrópico calificado como gel o ser transluciente, anisotrópico con partículas fibrosas o granulares. La palagonitización es el proceso en el que un vidrio volcánico se convierte en palagonita.

Fuentes
Palagonite - a review, Stroncik, Nicole; y Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich. International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 91, Issue 4, pp. 680-697 (2002).

Meteorización
Rocas volcánicas
Vidrios naturales

Palagonita


An Eriocaulon jaliscanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sereno Watson. An Eriocaulon jaliscanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon jaliscanum


كامد اللوز هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء البقاع الغربي في محافظة البقاع.
ترتفع عن سطح البحر 870 متر.

كامد اللوز موقع أثري في جنوب شرقي سهل البقاع، وكان أكبر التلال المسكونة فيه، أبعاده 300×240م تقريباً، وتقع إلى الجنوب منه قرية كامد اللوز التي تُردِّد اسمَها المصادرُ المصرية القديمة وفي وثائق العمارنة باسم كوميدي Koumidi.

قامت بالتنقيب في الموقع بعثة ألمانية مشتركة من جامعة مينز Mainz وجامعة ساربروكين Saarbrücken بين عامي 1963 و1965، بإدارة آرنولف كوشك A.Kuschke، ثم نقبت فـيه عام 1966 حتى عام 1981 جامعة سـاربروكيـن بـإدارة رولف هاخـــمـان R.Hachmann، وجرت التنقيبات على مساحة بلغت ثلاثة آلاف وثمانمئة متر مربع.

في عام 1997 استأنفت جامعة فرايبورغ Freiburg الألمانية الحفريات تحت إشراف مارليز هاينز M.Hinz، كما قامت بين عامي 2001و2002 بإجراء أعمال مسح أثري في الموقع تحت إشراف دومينيك بوناتز D.Ponahz.

تعود أقدم آثار كامد اللوز إلى الألف الخامس قبل الميلاد تقريباً، وتمثلها الأدوات الحجرية التي كشفت في الموقع. لكن الاستقرار المدني فيه بدأ في العصر البرونزي القديم، وتعد كامد اللوز أوسع مستوطنات عصر البرونز الوسيط على الإطلاق، وإليها يعود المعبد المؤرخ على هذا العصر، كما ظهرت فيه آثار استيطان من عصر البرونز الحديث الذي دل عليه عدد من المباني المهمة، منها قصر يحوي أجنحة عدة، ومعبدان مع ملحقاتهما، يضم أحدهما باحتين، ومذبح يحده عمودان خشبيان، وتبين أن هذه الأبنية قد رممت مرات عدة، كما كُشف عن شارع رئيس كان يصل بين القصر والمعبدين، وشارع آخر كان يصل بين القصر وأبواب المدينة. وكُشف كذلك عن مساكن وورشات ومشاغل متخصصة في صناعة البرونز وتصنيع الحلي من الذهب والمعادن الأخرى، وعجينة الزجاج المكونة من الرمل والصودا، وفي صناعة أشكال زجاجية صغيرة ملونة للعقود والأساور.

كشف في منطقة القصر عن سور مزود بغرف صغيرة مقببة ومقابر من عصور مختلفة، ومجموعة من المصنوعات الدقيقة ذات التقنية العالية، ومن بينها تماثيل صغيرة للآلهة وعاجيات ونماذج مصغرة لمعابد وبيوت، كما عثر على أوانٍِ فخارية يحمل بعضها زخارف ميسينية، وكتابات متنوعة، منها الهيروغليفية المصرية والمسمارية الأكادية والمسمارية الأبجدية من النمط الأوغاريتي، إضافة إلى بعضٍ من أقدم الكتابات غير المسمارية، وعثر بجانب القصر على قبر ملكي، أطلق عليه المنقبون اسم الكنز، لأنه حوى بداخله أكثر من ألف قطعة نفيسة، بعضها محطم وبعضها الآخر سليم.

يزخر الجبل الذي تقوم عند سفحه بلدة كامد اللوز الحالية بالمدافن والمغاور المنحوتة في الصخر وبالكتابات الآرامية، وقد استخدم أيام الخليفة الأموي الوليد بن عبد الملك كمقلع للحجارة التي بنيت منها مدينة عنجر الأثرية في أوائل القرن الثامن الميلادي.

وتعود الطبقات العليا في التل إلى عصر الحديد والعصر الهلنستي وبداية العصر الروماني والعصر البيزنطي، وأعطت هذه الاكتشافات أبعاداً جديدة للموقع الذي طالما عُرف بأنه يعود إلى العصر البرونزي.

ازدهرت كامد اللوز عبر التاريخ القديم، ولاسيما في العصر البرونزي الحديث، بسبب موقعها الجغرافي بوصفها نقطة التقاء للطرق التي تربط الساحل الفينيقي بالداخل، كما أن موقعها هذا جعل منها إبان السيطرة المصرية مقراً للحاكم المصري ومركزاً إدارياً لمقاطعة مصرية شملت أراضيها مناطق شمالي الحرمون إضافة إلى الجولان ودمشق وحوران وإربد.

وكغيرها من المدن الكنعانية، فقد تعرضت كامد اللوز في أواخر العصر البرونزي الحديث للتهدم والدمار، وانقطعت الصلات الثقافية والتجارية التي كانت تربطها بمصر وسورية وفلسطين وبمنطقة بحر إيجة، وتراجعت مكانتها إلى تجمع قروي بسيط.

المراجع

أماكن كانت مأهولة في جنوب غرب آسيا
أماكن مأهولة في قضاء البقاع الغربي
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
الوادي المتصدع الكبير
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
رسائل تل العمارنة
سهل البقاع
مدن قديمة
مدن لبنان
مواقع أثرية في لبنان
مواقع رسائل تل العمارنة

كامد اللوز


François, Duce de Montmorency (17 iunie 1530 – 6 mai 1579) a fost fiul cel mare al primului Duce de Montmorency, Anne.

El a fost Duce de Montmorency, Conte de Dammartin, Baron de Chateaubriant, Senior de L'Isle-Adam, Mare Maestru al Franței și pair al Franței.

Biografie
La opt ani după nașterea sa, tatăl său, Anne de Montmorency, a devenit conetabil al Franței (1538–1567). François l-a însoțit pe regele Henric al II-lea la granița cu Germania și a fost prezent la capturarea orașelor Damvillers și Ivoy în 1552. A luat parte la eroica rezistență a orașului Thérouanne împotriva atacului trupelor lui Carol Quintul. În cele din urmă cade prizonier la 30 mai 1553.

La întoarcerea din captivitate este făcut cavaler al Sfinților Arhangheli Mihail și Gavriil și i se asigură guvernarea Parisului și a Île-de-France (1556). A luat parte la Bătălia de la Saint-Quentin la 10 august 1557, apărând Picardia împotriva spaniolilor și a ajutat în asediul orașului Calais, în 1558. Regele l-a trimis cu o ambasadă la regina Elisabeta I a Angliei, pentru a obține de la ea angajamentul de a respecta tratatul de pace de la Cateau-Cambrésis. Odată cu moartea regelui Henric al II-lea, el a trebuit să cedeze titlul de Mare Maestru, moștenit de la tatăl său, Ducelui de Guise. Apoi regele i-a dat poziția de mareșal al Franței în 1559.

S-a căsătorit împotiva dorinței sale, în 1557, cu Diane de Franța, fiica nelegitimă a regelui Henric al II-lea.

În 1560, a participat la Stările Generale care s-au ținut în Orléans. În tulburările războaielor religioase care au avut loc, el a fost de partea catolicilor, a participat la bătălia de la Dreux la 19 decembrie 1562 și la capturarea orașului Le Havre. De asemenea, el a luat parte la bătălia de la Saint-Denis (10 noiembrie 1567), unde a murit tatăl său.

Odată ce a devenit Duce, François a continuat rivalitatea cu Casa de Guise. În 1570, el a avut sarcina foarte dificilă de a face ca pacea de la Saint-Germain să fie acceptată la Paris. În 1572 a fost trimis la regina Elisabeta I a Angliei pentru a obține o să semneze o alianță cu Franța. Cu această ocazie a fost creat cavaler onorific al Ordinului Jartierei. În Franța, François era mai nepopular ca niciodată.

Incapacitatea lui de a controla parizienii răzvrătiți a dus la renunțarea sa din postul de guvernator al orașului. El a părăsit orașul cu câteva zile înainte de masacrul din Noaptea Sfântului Bartolomeu.

În 1574, regele Carol al IX-lea l-a chemat la Curte însă din cauza urei puternice dintre el și Ducele de Guise, a trebuit să plece din nou. Neavând nimic de pierdut, a luat parte la "Complotul Nemulțumiților", împreună cu ducele de Alençon, însă a fost oprit și închis la Bastilia cu mareșalul de Cossé-Brissac. A fost eliberat în aprilie 1575 iar regele i-a recunoscut nevinovăția prin scrisori înregistrate în Parlament. A murit la castelul Écouen la 6 mai 1579.

Note

Nașteri în 1530
Decese în 1579
Casa de Montmorency
Francois de
Mareșali ai Franței

François de Montmorency


Shikla (Cikla), Shikla je transformerska figura, vrsta heroja uobičajena u mitologiji mnogih plemena na sjeverozapadnoj obali, koji je unio ravnotežu u svijet koristeći svoje moći da promijeni ljude, životinje i krajolik u oblike kakve imaju danas. U nekim verzijama mitova kod Chinooka postojala je jedna Shikla, dok su kod drugih bila dva.

Izvori

Indijanska mitologija (heroji kulture)
Indijanska mitologija (transformeri)
Chinook

Shikla


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Müstencid, Abbâsî Halifesi (ö. 1170)

Ölümler
 12 Haziran - Hasan Sabbah, Haşhaşiler tarikatı lideri (d. y. 1050)

1124


بلدية غارغانتا ديل فيار (بالإسبانية: Garganta del Villar) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية غارغانتا ديل فيار 49 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية غارغانتا ديل فيار

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

غارغانتا ديل فيار


Maria Theresa af Begge Sicilier (født 6. juni 1772 på kongeslottet i Napoli, død 13. april 1807 på Hofburg i Wien) var gift med kejser Frans 1. af Østrig (1768–1835). I 1792–1806 var hun den sidste kejserinde i Det tysk-romerske Rige, og i 1804–1807 blev hun den første kejserinde i Østrig.

Forældre
Hun var datter af Ferdinand 1. af Begge Sicilier (1751–1825) og Maria Karolina af Østrig (1752–1814). Hun var sønnedatter af Karl 3. af Spanien  (1716–1788) samt datterdatter af den tysk–romerske kejser Frans 1. Stefan  (1708–1765) og regerende kejserinde Maria Theresia af Østrig (1717–1780).

Overlevende børn
Syv af hendes 12 børn overlevende barndommen:
 Marie Louise af Østrig (1791–1847), kejserinde af Frankrig 1810–1814. I 1814–1847 var hun  regende hertuginde af Parma. Gift tre gange, første gang med Napoleon 1. af Frankrig (1769–1821). De blev forældre til Napoleon 2., titulær konge af Rom (1811–1832).

 Ferdinand 1. af Østrig (1793–1875), kejser af Østrig 1835–1848, var gift, men fik ingen børn.

 Maria Leopoldina af Østrig (1797–1826), kejserinde af Brasilien 1822–1826. I to måneder i 1826 var hun også dronning af Portugal.

 Maria Clementina af Østrig (1798–1881), gift og fik en datter, der blev gift med Henri af Orléans, hertug af Aumale (femte søn af kong Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig).

 Maria Karolina af Østrig (1801–1832), kronprinsesse af Sachsen, gift med den senere kong Frederik August 2. af Sachsen (1797–1854).

 Franz Karl af Østrig, far til bl.a. kejserne Franz Joseph 1. af Østrig-Ungarn (1830–1916) og Maximilian 1. af Mexico (1793–1875) samt farfar til kronprins Rudolf af Østrig (1858-1889) og til den østrig–ungarske tronfølger Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914). Desuden oldefar til kejser Karl 1. af Østrig–Ungarn (1887–1922).

Referencer

Tysk-romerske kejserinder
Kejserinder af Østrig
Dronninger af Ungarn
Dronninger af Bøhmen
Ikke-regerende dronninger
Prinsesser fra Italien
Personer fra Østrig-Ungarn
Personer fra Napoli

Maria Theresa af Begge Sicilier


Crkva Navještenja, zaštićeno kulturno dobro u Dubrovniku.

Opis dobra
Smještena je u istočnom dijelu povijesne jezgre, uz Unutrašnja vrata od Ploča, do crkve sv. Luke. Longitudinalna kamena jednobrodna građevina pravilne orijentacije, s pravokutnom apsidom, presvođena je križno-rebrastim svodom podijeljenim pojasnicama u tri traveja koje se na ziđu nastavljaju na lezene. Sagrađena je 1537. godine, a njenu vrsnu i bogatu arhitektonsku plastiku izradio je Petar Marka Andrijić, glasoviti korčulanski majstor.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5917 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao sakralna graditeljska baština. Nije pod zaštitom UNESCO-a.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Navještenja
Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji

Crkva Navještenja u Dubrovniku


Bătălia de la Pima Butte (sau Bătălia de la izvoarele Maricopa) a avut loc pe 1 septembrie 1857 la Pima Butte, Arizona lângă Maricopa Wells în Sierra Estrella. Triburile Yuma, Mohave, Apași și Yavapai au atacat satul Secate al tribului Maricopa într-unul din cele mai mari conflicte din istoria Arizonei. Bătălia a fost ultimul mare conflict al indienilor Yuma și ultimul conflict major desfășurat doar între ameridienii din America de Nord.

Desfășurarea conflictului
Înainte de 1857, triburile Yumas și Maricopa au fost în conflict timp de sute de ani. Deseori cele două triburi își adunau luptătorii pe culmea muntelui Berdache unde după un schimb de replici acide începeau luptele. Căpetenia tribului Yuma, Francisco, a condus o armată formată din cel puțin 300 de indivizi spre teritoriile din vecinătatea satului Secate pe 31 august 1857. Francisco a inițiat atacul în următoarea dimineață, capturând și incendiind satul tribului Maricopa. Obosiți și înfometați după o călătorie de 8 zile în care au parcurs 257km, indienii Yuma și aliații acestora au decis să rămână în satul recent incendiat și să mânânce hrana indienilor Maricopa. Decizia căpeteniei Francisco se va dovedi într-un final fatală.

Atacați de către tribul Yuma, supraviețuitorii s-au adăpostit în Pima Butte, aflat la sud de satul tribului Maricopa. Indienii din acest sat - alături de cei din satele vecine - au inițiat un atac împotriva forțelor lui Francisco, însă înainte sosirea triburilor Pima și Maricopa, toți indienii Apași, Yavapai și majoritatea indienilor Mohave, aliați ai tribului Yuma, au părăsit câmpul de bătălie, moment în care indienii căpeteniei Francisco au fost depășiți numeric. Forțele Maricopa și Pima i-au înconjurat pe aceștia înainte de a-i anihila. O mare parte din aceștia au fost uciși, inclusiv căpetenia. În jur de 11 septembrie, voiajorul John B. Hilton a vizitat câmpul de luptă unde a observat nouăzeci de cadavre adunate într-un singur loc.

Note

Istoria statului Arizona
Bătăliile Statelor Unite
Lower Colorado River Valley
Istoria populațiilor native din statul Arizona

Bătălia de la Pima Butte


El rostro del asesino  (Love from a Stranger en su versión original) es una obra de teatro de Frank Vosper, adaptación de un relato de Agatha Christie titulado Philomel Cottage. La obra se estrenó en 1936.

Argumento
Cecily, ha roto con su novio de todo la vida, pero pronto recupera la felicidad al descubrir que ha sido agraciada con el premio máximo en la lotería.Con el dinero del premio, emprende un largo viaje.En el transcurso del mismo, conoce y se enamora de un hombre, con el que no duda en casarse, pese a las advertencias de sus amigos.Al poco del matrimonio, Cecily, comienza a asustarse, ya que piensa que se ha casado con un hombre perturbado y muy peligroso, que se pasa prácticamente todo el tiempo en el sótano de la casa de campo en que viven.Dicho pánico, aumentará cuando descubra que su marido, es un auténtico cazafortunas que se dedica a casarse con mujeres ricas, para después asesinarlas.Finalmente, Cecily logrará desenmascarar al asesino y salvar su vida.

Representaciones
 New Theatre, Londres, 31 de marzo de 1936. Estreno
 Intérpretes: Frank Vosper, Muriel Aked, Norah Howard, Marie Ney.

 Teatro Alcazar, Madrid, 7 de julio de 1965. Estreno en España
 Dirección: José María Morera.
 Versión Libre: Frank Vosper y Enrique Ortenbach.
 Intérpretes: Irene Daina, José Luis Pellicena, María Dolores Cordón, Trini Alonso, María Jose Goyanes, Enrique Cerro, José Montijano, Roberto Llamas.

Referencias
http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1965/07/09/063.html
http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1965/07/31/058.html
http://www.um.es/tonosdigital/znum15/secciones/estudios-6-AgathaChristie.htm

Obras de teatro del Reino Unido
Obras de teatro en inglés
Obras de teatro del siglo XX
Obras de teatro de 1936

El rostro del asesino (obra de teatro)


.gm Gambiya için internet ülke kodu üst seviye alan adıdır. (CcTLD)

Gambiya
gm

.gm


Teodor de Gabriel, în germană Theodor Josef August von Gabriel (n. 17 decembrie 1861, Brünn – d. 21 noiembrie 1944, Innsbruck) a fost un Feldmarschall-Leutnant în Armata Imperială Austro-Ungară. C. Sigmirean pretinde într-un interviu cu A. Grama în cadrul unei dezbateri la Școală de vară de la Universitatea Petru Maior din Târgu Mureș despre Primul Război Mondial, că generalul ar fi fost de origine română din Transilvania, ca de exemplu și Traian Băcilă, Ioan Boeriu sau Dănilă Papp.

Biografie

Perioada premergătoare Marelui Război
Deja în 1878, în timpul Campaniei austro-ungare în Bosnia și Herțegovina, a luptat pe front ca sub-cadet în regimentul 12 vânători, fiind rănit ușor la umăr. După ce Gabriel a fost primit și a urmat cursurile Academiei Militare Tereziene de la Wiener Neustadt, pe care le-a terminat cu mult succes la 18 august 1883, a căpătat gradul de locotenent, fiind transferat la batalionul de vânători (Feldjäger) nr. 22 în Eger. La 1 noiembrie 1888 a devenit locotenent-major și alocat în 1891 Statului Major General.

Gabriel, deja căpitan de clasa 1 (de la 1 noiembrie 1893) în Statul Major al regimentului infanterie nr. 1 din Viena și profesor la școala de cadeți al Landwehr, a fost decorat cu ordinul Crucea de Ofițer al Ordinului împărătesc austriac Franz Joseph la 15 martie 1900, numit maior cu rang de la 1 mai al anului și transferat la corpul XV Armată.

Avansat la gradul de locotenent-colonel la 1 mai 1904, Gabriel a fost transferat de la comanda Statului Major General al k. k. Landwehr la cel al corpului I Armată pe 1 mai 1906.. El a fost avansat la gradul de colonel la 1 mai 1907.

La 1 mai 1912 (rang de la 13 iunie al anului) a fost numit general-maior (Generalmajor, GM) și în iulie 1914 a fost șef al Brigăzii de Munte nr. 2 la Trebing în sudul Bosniei ca parte al Diviziei 18 Infanterie sub comanda Feldmarschalleutnantului Ignaz Trollmann staționat în Mostar.

În și după Primul Război Mondial
La 1 octombrie 1914, ofițerul a fost decorat de către împăratul Franz Joseph al Austriei cu Cavaler al Ordinului Leopold cu decorație de război pentru operațiunile sale militare efective în timpul Campaniei din Serbia.

La 1 mai 1915 (rang de la 17 mai al anului), Teodor de Gabriel a fost avansat la gradul de Feldmarschall-Leutnant (FML) și la 1 octombrie al anului împăratul Franz Joseph al Austriei l-a decorat cu Crucea de Merit Militar de clasa a 2-a cu decorație de război ca semn de recunoaștere preaînaltă a serviciilor sale excelente ca șef al diviziei 48  la bătălia de la Isonzo.

La 1 octombrie 1916, Teodor de Gabriel a fost decorat cu Ordinul Coroana de Fier de clasa a 2-a cu decorație de război pentru conducerea trupelor sale cu mult succes împotriva forțelor inamice.

Generalul  a fost înnobilat prin cea mai înaltă rezoluție a împăratului Carol I al Austriei cu titlul "von Gabriel" la Viena, în ziua de 19 iunie 1917. și onorat în plus, la 15 noiembrie 1917, cu Ordinul Leopold de Comandor cu decorație de război și săbii pentru conducerea eficientă unei divizii în fața inamicului.

În ultimele luni ale războiului (din mai) a fost comandantul militar de Innsbruck (Corpul XIV Armată). După ce a demisionat din această funcție la 21 noiembrie 1918 și 35 de ani de serviciu militar, generalul a fost pensionat în ziua de 1 ianuarie 1919 și s-a retras în permanență din armată, rămânând la Innsbruck. Totuși a fost onorat de către Adolf Hitler printr-o scrisoare, datată 18 august 1943, pentru "60 de ani soldat".

Onoruri (selecție)
 1893: Medalia de merit militar "Signum Laudis" la banda roșie
 1900: Crucea de Ofițer al Ordinului împărătesc austriac Franz Joseph
 1914: Cavaler al Ordinului Leopold cu decorație de război
 1915: Crucea de Merit Militar de clasa a 2-a cu decorație de război (KD.) și săbii
 1915: Ordinul al Crucii de Fier de clasa 1
 1916: Ordinul Coroana de Fier de clasa a 2-a cu decorație de război
 1917: Înnobilarea generalului
 1917: Ordinul Leopold de Comandor cu decorație de război și săbii

Note

Toate articolele din ziare sunt publicate de "Anno" în cadrul ÖNB.

Nașteri în 1861
Nașteri pe 17 decembrie
Decese în 1944
Decese pe 21 noiembrie
Generali austrieci
Feldmarschalleutnant
Nobili austrieci
Militari români în Austro-Ungaria
Purtători al Ordinului Coroanei de Fier (Austria)
Purtători al Ordinului Leopold (Austria)
Decorați cu Crucea de Merit Militar (Austria)
Decorați cu Ordinul Franz Joseph
Decorați cu Medalia Signum Laudis

Teodor de Gabriel


Babamın Bavulu, Orhan Pamuk'un 2006 yılında Nobel Ödül Töreni'nde yaptığı konuşma metninin başlığı ve 2007 yılında İletişim Yayınları'ndan çıkan kitapçığının adı.

Kitapçıkta, Orhan Pamuk'un 2006 yılı Aralık ayında Stockholm'de Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'nü almadan önce yaptığı Babamın Bavulu başlıklı konuşmasının tam metni bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Oklahoma Üniversitesi Puterbaugh Konferansı'nda yaptığı "İma Edilen Yazar" ve Almanya Yayıncılar Birliği Barış Ödülü'nü alırken yaptığı "Kars'ta ve Frankfurt'ta" başlıklı konuşmalarının da metinleri yer almaktadır.

Kitapçığın sonunda Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü ve Almanya Yayıncılar Birliği Barış Ödülü'nü kazananların ve Oklahoma Üniversitesi Puterbaugh Konferansı Onur Konukları'nın da birer listesi vardır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Konuşmanın tam metni

Orhan Pamuk kitapları
2006 kitapları
Konuşmalar

Babamın Bavulu


Aurel Vlaicu este un film biografic românesc din 1978 regizat de Mircea Drăgan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Gabriel Oseciuc, Radu Beligan și Octavian Cotescu.

Rezumat

Distribuție

 Gabriel Oseciuc — ing. aviator Aurel Vlaicu
 Radu Beligan — ziaristul Ilarie Chendi
 Octavian Cotescu — scriitorul Alexandru Vlahuță
 Toma Dimitriu — Dumitru Vlaicu, tatăl lui Aurel
 Maria Voluntaru — Ana Vlaicu, mama lui Aurel
 Violeta Andrei — Elena Caragiani, prima femeie aviator din România
 Emanoil Petruț — profesorul și omul politic Spiru Haret
 Dina Cocea — marea actriță Aristizza Romanescu
 Gheorghe Cozorici — deputatul D.D. Pătrășcanu
 Valentin Teodosiu — publicistul Ion Rusu Abrudeanu, prietenul lui Aurel
 Ritta Feldmayer — studenta germană Lotte, iubita lui Aurel de la München
 Ioana Drăgan — soția prim-ministrului
 Alexandru Repan — prințul Valentin Bibescu, aviator român
 George Paul Avram — avocatul lui Aurel Vlaicu
 Dem Rădulescu — scriitorul Ion Luca Caragiale
 Ștefan Tapalagă — ing. aviator Traian Vuia
 Günter Drescher — secretarul Universității din München
 Liviu Rozorea — poetul Octavian Goga
 Adrian Pintea — poetul Ștefan Octavian Iosif
 Peter Schuch — profesorul german Ebbert
 Constantin Dinulescu — ministrul liberal Vasile Morțun
 Michael Bleitziffer — studentul german Müller
 Valentin Mihali — mecanicul militar Ion Ciulu
 Ion Pascu — moș Gligor, sătean din Binținți
 Mircea Bașta — col. Miclescu, comandantul Arsenalului Militar
 Raimund Binder — Rudolf Wells, reprezentantul austriac al companiei Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company din Chelmsford
 Ionel Popovici — Ion Vlaicu, fratele lui Aurel
 Constantin Bărbulescu — regele Carol I al României
 Constantin Brînzea — lt. aviator Mircea Zorileanu
 Chiril Economu — politicianul conservator Nicolae Filipescu
 Constantin Brezeanu — colecționarul de artă Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești
 Eugen Popescu Cosmin — avocatul Mihail Cerchez, creatorul primului aerodrom din România
 Ion Henter — afaceristul englez
 Iulius Szabo — generalul austriac
 Cornelia Oseciuc — Miruna Tănăsescu, iubita lui Aurel
 Marcel Iureș — aviatorul francez Michel Molla
 Ion Micu — aviatorul francez Roland Garros
 Ioana M. Drăgan — Valeria Vlaicu, sora lui Aurel
 Mihai Boghiță — mecanic militar
 Niculae Urs (menționat Nicolae Urs)
 Virginia Rogin
 Karol Erdösch
 Vasile Ardeleanu
 Alexandrina Pascu
 Alexandru Fole
 Simion Negrilă
 Rodica Postelnicu
 Ion Lupu
 Mihai Mihail
 Aurelia Șotropa
 Grigore Alexandrescu
 Ion Niciu — crainicul mitingului aviatic al lui Louis Blériot
 Emil Mureșan
 Mariana Cristea
 Constantin Bîrliba
 Victor Lache
 Viorica Hodel
 Ionel Bobocel
 Gabriela Vlad
 Wilhelmina Câta
 Herbert Schmith
 Roxana Strîmbeanu
 Maria Mazilu
 Radu Dunăreanu

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.799.796 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Filme din 1978
Filme regizate de Mircea Drăgan
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme biografice
Filme istorice românești
Aurel Vlaicu
Filme în limba germană
Filme despre aviație

Aurel Vlaicu (film)