Wilhelm Heinrich, Duce de Saxa-Eisenach (), a fost Duce de Saxa-Eisenach.

A fost fiul cel mare al Ducelui Johann Wilhelm al III-lea de Saxa-Eisenach și a primei lui soții, Amalie de Nassau-Dietz.

Wilhelm Heinrich s-a căsătorit cu Albertine Juliane de Nassau-Idstein (fiica contelui Georg August de Nassau-Idstein) la Idstein la 15 februarie 1713. Nu au avut copii. S-a recăsătorit cu  Anna Sophie Charlotte de Brandenburg-Schwedt la Berlin la 3 iunie 1723, după doar opt luni de la decesul primei soții. Nici din al doilea mariaj nu au rezultat copii.

Wilhelm Heinrich a urcat pe tronul ducatului de Saxa-Eisenach în 1729 după decesul tatălui său și a fost succedat de vărul său de gradul al doilea,  Ducele Ernst August I de Saxa-Weimar. Uniunea dintre Eisenach și Weimar a fost numai nominală până în 1809, când cele două patrimonii s-au unit formal.

Note

Casa de Wettin
Nașteri în 1691
Decese în 1741
Duci de Saxa-Eisenach

Wilhelm Heinrich, Duce de Saxa-Eisenach


"Used To Know Me" é uma canção da cantora e compositora inglesa Charli XCX, contida em seu quinto álbum de estúdio,  Crash (2022). Foi composta pela própria ao lado de Noonie Bao, Linus Wiklund e Dylan Brady, sendo produzida pelo coletivo de DJs e músicos Dopamine. A faixa foi lançada como o segundo single promocional do disco em 17 de março de 2022. A faixa contém amostra de "Show Me Love", canção de 1993 da cantora norte-americana Robin S., tanto que Allen George e Frederick McFarlane também são creditados como compositores. A canção estreou na Hottest Record da BBC Radio 1 apresentado por Clara Amfo e foi disponibilizada nos serviços musicais às 18h (GMT). Liricamente, ela detalha o fim de um relacionamento, o que a permite abrir os olhos e comece a juntar os pedaços de uma nova vida.

A música é escrita usando todos os verbos conjugados no passado, dando ao ouvinte a ideia de que a história acabou e que podemos finalmente nos libertar da gaiola metafórica que se tornou essa relação. Nos versos da canção, Charli é comparada a uma flor que desabrocha após o término desse amor, encontrando assim a força para olhar adiante e simbolicamente renascer.

Em entrevista para a Apple Music, Charli falou um pouco sobre o desenvolvimento da música: "Aqui eu tentei fazer como fiz em 'Fancy' – ou retomar aquele estado de espírito. Eu me lembro de procurar a melodia do refrão de 'Fancy' como eu nunca tinha feito antes. Em relação a melodias, geralmente eu sou muito instintiva e espontânea, mas com 'Fancy' eu tive que explorar vários cantos do meu cérebro para descobrir e para entender a formação das notas. Eu escrevi esta faixa sozinha nos estúdios do [produtor] Stargate, o que talvez tenha feito com que eu me sentisse na obrigação de fazer um grande sucesso pop. Daí, enquanto eu ouvia a música no repeat no carro, eu comecei a cantar a linha de sintetizador de 'Show Me Love', de Robin S. Então eu liguei para algumas pessoas e falei: 'Isso é possível?'. E todo mundo disse: 'Sim, mas você se importa com a questão da editora?' E eu falei: 'Acho que não'. Ela tem cara de um grande sucesso – é sobre você mudar quem você é depois do fim de um relacionamento."

Faixas e formatos
Download digital
"Used To Know Me" – 2:25

Pacote de streaming
"Used To Know Me" – 2:25
"Beg for You" – 2:48
"Every Rule" – 3:03
"Baby" – 2:39
"New Shapes" – 3:20
"Good Ones" – 2:16

Créditos e pessoal
Créditos adaptados do Tidal e Genius.

 Gestão
Publicado pela Asylum Records — distribuído pela WMG

 Pessoal
 Charlotte Aitchison — vocais, compositora
 Noonie Bao — compositora
 Linus Wiklund — compositor
 Dylan Brady — compositor
 Allen George — compositor
 Frederick McFarlane — compositor
 Dopamine — produtor, mixagem
 Darryl Reid — teclados, programador, engenharia
 Jon Shave — teclados, programador, engenharia
 Thomas Warren — engenharia
 Randy Merrill — masterização
 Kevin Grainger — mixagem
 Stuart Hawkes — mestre

Canções de 2022
Canções compostas por Charli XCX
Canções gravadas por Charli XCX
Singles lançados pela Atlantic Records

Used To Know Me


Jinju , oficialmente Ciudad de Jinju (, Jinju-si), es una ciudad ubicada en la provincia de Gyeongsang del Sur al sur de la república de Corea del Sur. Está ubicada al sur de Seúl a unos 285 km. Su área es de 712,62 km² (61% bosque) y su población total es de 350 000. Es rica en recursos naturales e históricos.

Administración
La ciudad de Hwaseong se divide en 21 distritos.
 Distrito

Historia
Desde la edad de bronce, es hoy una ciudad moderna y compleja. Este es el lugar de los dos asientos de la Guerra Imjin en las Invasiones japonesas a Corea (1592-1598).
Se encuentra en el ranking de las 5 ciudades más raras del mundo.

Economía
La ciudad Jinju tiene abundantes recursos naturales y es compleja en agricultura como arroz, trigo y frutas. Posee grandes industrias de maquinaria, textiles y papel y en centro turístico.

Industria de la seda
Desde tiempos antiguos, la seda procesada en Jinju ha sido reconocida por su calidad superior, que es el resultado de la combinación de los recursos naturales (como agua limpia de monte. Jirisan) y recursos humanos. Las fábricas de seda en Jinju anualmente estiran el 70% de la producción nacional.

Festivales
Hay eventos culturales que se realizan en Jinju cada año. Entre ellos se encuentran el Festival Jinju de linternas flotantes que se celebra en octubre por aproximadamente diez días. En este festival nacional designado turismo cultural, que se encuentra sólo en Jinju, cuenta con un espectáculo de linternas flotantes en el río Nam para conmemorar el espíritu patriótico de la milicia de 70 000 cuerpos y las tropas del gobierno que murieron por su país, que defendieron a Jinju de las fuerzas japonesas durante la Segunda Guerra Imjin (1592-1598).

El Festival Nongae, celebrada en mayo de cada año se conmemora y celebra el sacrificio de la hermosa Kisaeng Non Gae, el asesinato de un general japonés, junto con 70 000 coreanos que perdieron durante la Guerra Imjin.

Clima
Tiene una temperatura media anual de 13 °C y una precipitación de 1528,2 mm.
Hay una leyenda que dice que si no vas con camiseta por esta ciudad los pezones no volveran a erizarse jamás. En el caso de los hombres no podrás tomar clases de zumba los lunes de 10 a 11 de la mañana.

Ciudades hermanas
 Eugene (1961)
 Winnipeg (1992)
 Suncheon (1998)
 Kyoto (1999)
 Matsue (1999)
 Zhengzhou (2000)
 Asan (2004)
 Andong (2004)
 Gangnam-gu, Seúl (2005)
 Omsk (2007)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Web oficial de la ciudad Disponible en Coreano, inglés, Mandarín y Japonés.

Localidades de Gyeongsang del Sur

Jinju


Willimantic est une ville américaine située dans le Comté de Piscataquis, dans le Maine. La population était de 134 habitants selon le recensement de 2020.

Géographie
Selon le Bureau du recensement des États-Unis , la ville a une superficie totale de 4124,09 km 2, dont 111,84 km 2 de terre et 12,25 km 2 d'eau.

Notes et références
1. "Recensement - Profil géographique : ville de Willimantic, comté de Piscataquis, Maine" . Récupéré le 18 Septembre 2023 .

2. « Fichiers US Gazetteer 2010 ». Bureau du recensement des États-Unis.

Liens externes

Town dans le Maine
Localité dans le comté de Piscataquis

Willimantic (Maine)


طاقة فيرمي أو مستوى فيرمي  في فيزياء الجوامد وفيزياء المواد المكثفة تمثل أعلى مستوى طاقة يشغلها إلكترون عند درجة الصفر المطلق. فعند درجة حرارة صفر كلفن (الصفر المطلق) لا تكتسب الإلكترونات أي طاقة حرارية تساعدها على التحرك. وتبدأ بملء مستويات الطاقة الأدنى في «تجمعات الذرات» أولا ثم الأعلى، فالأعلى، مشكلة بحرا من الإلكترونات يدعى بحر فيرمي. يمثل سطح هذا البحر «طاقة فيرمي». عند ارتفاع درجة الحرارة فوق الصفر لا تتزحزح طاقة فيرمي عن مكانها على الإطلاق  لأنها حد معين مميز للمادة، ولكن الإلكترونات التي تكتسب طاقة تتعدى هذا الحد، فهي تتوزع فوقه طبقا لتوزيع بولتزمان وتصبح حرة يمكنها الحركة والتوصيل.

(يمكن تشبيه ذلك بفنجان نملأ فيه رملا، يرتفع مستوى الرمل في الفنجان إلى أن يصل إلى حافته [ذلك هو حد فيرمي بالنسبة للإلكترونات في تجمع ذرات ]. فإذا أضفنا رملا آخر فوق هذا الحد فهو ينسكب خارج الفنجان، ونقول أن هذا الرمل أصبح حرا طليقا، أي ليس في الفنجان.)

لطاقة فيرمي أهمية كبرى في تعيين موصلية المادة للكهرباء لإنها مسؤولة مباشرا عن تعيين عدد الإلكترونات التي تصعد لنطاق التوصيل ولذلك تكتسب أهمية أكبر في أشباه الموصلات. فحسب إحصاء فيرمي-ديراك يكون احتمال وجود إلكترون عند مستوى طاقة فيرمي هي 50% ، وكذلك احتمال وجود ثغرة عند نفس مستوى طاقة فيرمي هي أيضا 50% , مما يعني تواجد حوامل شحنة - من النوعين - عند مستوى فيرمي.

طاقة فيرمي

بالنظر إلى الشكل 1 يمكن دراسة «مستوى فيرمي» في المواد الصلبة المختلفة:

 في الموصلات يمتزج نطاقا التكافؤ والتوصيل، ويقع مستوى فيرمي في منطقة التمازج. عند الصفر المطلق ستكون جميع الإلكترونات أسفل طاقة فيرمي، ورغم ذلك فبعضها يكون في نطاق التوصيل، مما يجعلها توصل الكهرباء عند الصفر المطلق. وغني عن الذكر أنها ستوصل الكهرباء عند درجات حرارة أعلى من ذلك.
 في أشباه الموصلات غير المشوبة يقع مستوى فيرمي في المنتصف بين نطاق التكافؤ ونطاق التوصيل، ولا توجد إلكترونات في نطاق التوصيل عند الصفر المطلق. لكن عند ارتفاع درجة الحرارة تصعد بعض الإلكترونات إلى نطاق التوصيل وتخلي أماكنها في «نطاق التكافؤ» مخلفة ثغرات، ويزداد عدد الإلكترونات - التي تترك ثغرات بارتفاع درجة الحرارة. وهناك تصرفان للإلكترون في هذه الحالة:
 عند إمداد الإلكترونات بطاقة في أشباه الموصلات، إما بواسطة رفع درجة الحرارة أو بتسليط فوتونات ذات طاقة أكبر من فجوة الطاقة. تلك خيارات غير مقبولة في أغلب التطبيقات بسبب استهلاك كثير من الطاقة الحرارية أو الطاقة الإشعاعية،
 زحزحة مستوى فيرمي صعودا أو نزولا لترجيح كفة إما الإلكترونات أو الثغرات. هذه الزحزحة لا تتم برفع الحرارة وإنما تتم عن طريق التشويب (إضافة مادة أخرى مناسبة). وكلما زاد التشويب يتزحزح المستوى عن مكانه بدرجة أكبر. يتيح التشويب المناسب تغيير مستوى فيرمي إلى القدر المرغوب.
 في العوازل، لا وجود «لإلكترونات توصيل» عند الصفر المطلق. ولكن تتوجد إلكترونات توصيل عند درجات حرارة عالية. ويصبح احتمال توليد إلكترون-فجوة ممكنا، ولكن البُعد بين الطبقات يكون كبيرا في العوازل. بالتالي سنحتاج إلى قدر كبير من استهلاك الطاقة ويكون الثمن مكلفا.

أنماط طاقة فيرمي
تعطى طاقة فيرمي بالعلاقة
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المعادن
تتراوح قيمة الكثافة الحجمية للإلكترونات  في المعادن بين 1028 و
1029 ألكترون/m3 وهذا يعادل الكثافة النموذجية للذرات في المواد الصلبة.
فتحسب طاقة فيرمي كما يلي

الأقزام البيضاء
الأقزام البيضاء هي نجوم تمتلك كتلة مماثلة لكتلة الشمس، ولكن لديها نصف قطر صغير نسبيا بمرتبة نصف قطر كوكب الأرض. فتكون كثافته عالية جدا، مما يعني أن الإلكترونات لم تعد مرتبطة بالنوى، وتعالج كغاز إلكتروني مثالي. فتكون كثافة عدد الإلكترونات في القزم الأبيض 1036 إلكترون/m3.
وهذا يعني أن طاقة فيرمي:

مناهل
 تصوير تفاعلي جافا يبين تأثير الحرارة أولا ومستوى فيرمي ثانيا على إلكترونات التوصيل

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 إحصاء فيرمي ديراك
 كثافة المستويات
 عودة ارتباط

إحصاء فيرمي ديراك
فيزياء المواد المكثفة

طاقة فيرمي


The Kiss es una película de 2003 protagonizada por Francoise Surel, Eliza Dushku, Terence Stamp y Billy Zane. Cuenta la historia de una editora de libros (Surel) quien es cautivada por un manuscrito sobre un romance. Desafortunadamente, ella descubre que la historia no está terminada, así que con su compañera de cuarto (Dushku) intenta encontrar al autor, sólo para enterarse de que él (Stamp) no es nada más que un hombre triste después de la muerte de su esposa. La editora traba amistad con él, y descubren el significado del amor verdadero.

Reparto

Referencias

The Kiss


is the art of applying mock injuries for the purpose of training emergency response teams and other medical and military personnel.  Moulage may be as simple as applying pre-made rubber or latex "wounds" to a healthy "patient's" limbs, chest, head, etc., or as complex as using makeup and theatre techniques to provide elements of realism (such as blood, vomitus, open fractures, etc.) to the training simulation.  The practice dates to at least the Renaissance, when wax figures were used for this purpose.

In Germany some universities and hospitals use their historical moulage collections for the training of students. The often very lifelike models are especially useful to show the students today the characteristics of rare diseases, such as skin tuberculosis or leprosy.

History
Up until the 16th century, European scientists had little knowledge about human anatomy and anatomy of animals. Medical students of Bologna and Paris studied the books of Aristotle, Galen, and other Greek scholars. Four centuries after the invasion by the Arabs and the fall of Rome and Persia, many Greek books were translated into the Arabic language. European scientists then translated these Arabic books into the Latin and Greek languages. In the medical field, this led to a reliance on Galen as a medical authority in European countries. In European medical schools the professors of anatomy merely lectured from Galen, without any dissection of the human body, and Galen's books were the only way to learn anatomy.

Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), a Flemish anatomist, was at first a "Galenist" at the University of Paris. When he moved to Italy and entered the University of Padua, he began dissecting human bodies. He studied many details of human anatomy and found that Galen made some anatomical mistakes. For example, Galen wrote that the sternum has seven segments, but Vesalius found it has three segments.  Galen wrote that the bone of the arm is the longest bone in the human body, but Vesalius found that the bone of the thigh is actually the longest bone in human body. At age 25 Vesalius realized that the anatomical knowledge of Galen was derived from animal anatomy and therefore Galen had never dissected a human body.

In 1543 Vesalius wrote an anatomical masterwork named in Latin De humani corporis fabrica libri septem ("On the fabric of the human body in seven books"), or in short De Fabrica. The book included drawings of human females and males with their skins dissected. These pictures greatly influenced the creation of future anatomical wax models. The anatomical pictures of Vesalius were followed by those of Johann Vesling ("Veslingius") and Hieronymus Fabricius. By 1600 Fabricius had gathered 300 anatomical paintings and made an anatomical atlas named the Tabulae Pictae. Giulio Cesare Casseri ("Casserius"), Spighelius, and William Harvey are other followers of the pictures of Andreas Vesalius.

The Tabulae anatomicae of Bartolomeo Eustachi ("Eustachius") (1552),  printed in 1714, had a major effect on the history of anatomical wax models. This work so affected Pope Benedict XIV that he ordered construction of a museum of anatomy in Bologna In 1742, named Ercole Lelli and featuring anatomical wax models. Felice Fontana made cadaveric specimens into wax models by the casting method for anatomical teaching.

The history of wax models is ancient.  Wax anatomical models were first made by Gaetano Giulio Zummo (1656–1701) who first worked in Naples, then Florence, and finally Paris, where he was granted monopoly right by Louis XIV. Later, Jules Baretta (1834–1923) made more than 2000 wax models in Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris, where more than 4000 wax models were collected. While wax models were being made, he made pleasant conversations with the patients, sang songs or at times played the piano. Moulages were made for the education of dermatologists around the world, but were eventually replaced by color slides.

Wax sculpture, use in moulage
The modeling of the soft parts of dissections, teaching illustrations of anatomy, was first practiced at Florence during the Renaissance. The practice of moulage, or the depiction of human anatomy and different diseases taken from directly casting from the body using (in the early period) gelatine moulds, later alginate or silicone moulds, used wax as its primary material (later to be replaced by latex and rubber). Some moulages were directly cast from the bodies of diseased subjects, others from healthy subjects to which disease features (blisters, sores, growths, rashes) were skilfully applied with wax and pigments. During the 19th century, moulage evolved into three-dimensional, realistic representations of diseased parts of the human body. These can be seen in many European medical museums, notably the Spitzner collection currently in Brussels, the Charite Hospital museum in Berlin and the Gordon Museum of Pathology at Guy's Hospital in London UK.

A comprehensive book monograph on moulages is "Diseases in Wax: the History of Medical Moulage" by Thomas Schnalke (Author) the director of the Charite Museum and Kathy Spatschek (Translator). In the 19th century moulage was taken of medical patients for educational purposes. The prepared model was painted to mimic the original disease. Nowadays anatomicals model are an important instrument of education of human anatomy in department of anatomy and biological sciences in medical schools.

Modern moulage

Moulage has evolved dramatically since its original intent. In modern terms, the word moulage refers to the use of "special effects makeup (SPFX) and casting or moulding techniques that replicate illnesses or wounds" in simulation based techniques. Common examples include designing diabetic wounds, creating burns or other illness effects, like dermatological rashes and gunshot wounds.

These illness and injury effects are applied to training manikins or simulated or standardized patients for training or other purposes. Simulation staff attend training to learn these techniques. It is argued that the use of moulage in simulation improves realism or participant buy-in. Moulage is an emerging field of research for paramedicine, radiography and medical education, with researchers exploring how moulage contributes to learning in training. Military training utilises highly-authentic moulage techniques to desensitise to graphic wounds, prepare for battle, and treat injuries. New advancements in the field include using tattooed injuries and moulage through augmented reality. The level of authenticity required for moulage remains unclear.

See also
Makeup
EMS
Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE)
Theatrical blood

References

External links

 Sammlungen International Overview of moulage collections of the Charité Berlin
 Museum of Moulages, University of Zurich (English/ German)

First aid
Medical simulation

Moulage


Ferdinand Heinrich Grautoff  (* 10. August 1871 in Lübeck; † 15. Mai 1935 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Journalist und Autor. Er veröffentlichte mehrere Bücher unter den Pseudonymen Seestern und Parabellum.

Leben
Der Buchhändlersohn legte sein Abitur am Katharineum zu Lübeck ab. Ab 1891 studierte er in Berlin, Tübingen und Marburg Geschichte und Philosophie. 1899 wurde er in Marburg promoviert. Nach einem kurzen Zwischenspiel als Chefredakteur der Lübeckischen Anzeigen, wechselte er als politischer Redakteur zu den Leipziger Neusten Nachrichten. Zwischen 1900 und 1922 war er Hauptschriftleiter dieser Zeitung. Danach arbeitete er als Chefredakteur verschiedener technischer Blätter.

Grautoff schrieb neben seiner journalistischen Tätigkeit mehrere Sachbücher und Romane. Sein größter Erfolg war der 1905 veröffentlichte politisch-militärische Zukunftsroman 1906. Der Zusammenbruch der Alten Welt, der zu den meistverkauften Titeln seiner Zeit zählte. Das Buch erschien später auch in englischer, französischer, niederländischer und russischer Sprache.

Grautoff beschreibt darin einen Weltkrieg im Jahr 1906. In Deutsch-Samoa kommt es nach Provokationen zu einem blutigen Gefecht zwischen Deutschen und Briten. Danach stehen sich das Deutsche Reich mit seinen Verbündeten im Dreibund auf der einen sowie Großbritannien und Frankreich auf der anderen Seite in Europa gegenüber. Die blutigen Schlachten des Krieges in Belgien, Frankreich sowie in der Nord- und Ostsee führen allerdings dazu, dass die europäischen Staaten ihren Status als Weltmächte verlieren.

Grautoff und sein Bruder, der Kunsthistoriker Otto Grautoff, waren Enkel des Lübecker Lehrers und Bibliothekars Ferdinand Heinrich Grautoff. Die beiden gingen gemeinsam mit Heinrich Mann und Thomas Mann zur Schule.

Werke
 Die Beziehungen Lübecks zu Christian IV. bis zum 30jährigen Kriege. Dissertation, Marburg i. H. 1899.
 1906. Der Zusammenbruch der alten Welt. Leipzig 1905, .
 Bansai! Leipzig 1905, .
 Unter der Kaiserstandarte. Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Theodor Weicher, Leipzig 1910
 Die Garibaldidroschke und andere lustige Geschichten. Leipzig 1913
 In Leipzig während der Völkerschlacht und anderes aus der Franzosenzeit aus alten Familienpapieren. Leipzig 1913.
 Leipziger Neusten Nachrichten Auf unserer Flotte in der Ostsee. Leipzig 1915.
 Eine Fahrt an die Westfront. Leipzig 1915.
 Vierzehn Tage am goldenen Horn. Leipzig 1918.
 Fu, der Gebieter der Welt. Leipzig 1925.
 Deutsche Heimat in Wort und Bild. Leipzig 1926.

Literatur
 Henning Franke, Der politisch-militärische Zukunftsroman in Deutschland 1904–1914. Ein populäres Genre in seinem literarischen Umfeld. Frankfurt/Main 1985.
 Stefan Noack, Der Zusammenbruch der Alten Welt. Ein politisch-militärisches Gedankenexperiment im Laboratorium der Moderne. In: Uwe Puschner, Christina Stange-Fayos, Katja Wimmer (Hrsg.): Laboratorium der Moderne. Ideenzirkulation im Wilhelminischen Reich (= Zivilisationen & Geschichte, Bd. 31), Frankfurt a. M. u. a. 2015, S. 233–247.
 Stefan Noack, Von Papierkriegern und Phantasiestrategen. Der politisch-militärische Zukunftsroman "1906 – Der Zusammenbruch der Alten Welt", In: Portal Militärgeschichte, 23. Mai 2016.
 Stefan Noack, "Das Schicksal Deutschlands" Hitler und der Nationalsozialismus in Ferdinand Grautoffs (1871-1935) unveröffentlichtem Zukunftsroman "Die Stimme der Heimat", in: Michel Grunewald, Olivier Dard, Uwe Puschner (Hrsg.): Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Nationalsozialismus im deutsch- und französischsprachigen Europa 1919-1949, Bd. 4: Konservative, Nationalsozialisten, Ehemalige Nationalsozialisten, Brüssel u. a. 2020, S. 349–365.
 Grautoff, Ferdinand. In: Walther Killy, Rudolf Vierhaus (Hrsg.): Deutsche Biografische Enzyklopädie (DBE). Bd. 4, München (u. a.), 1996, S. 144.
 Dr. Ferdinand Grautoff (Zum 60. Geburtstag). In: Deutsche Presse. Jg. 21 (1931), Nr. 32, 8. Mai 1931, S. 459.

Weblinks

Journalist (Deutsches Reich)
Sachbuchautor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (Deutschland)
Science-Fiction-Literatur
Sachliteratur
Roman, Epik
Deutscher
Mann
Geboren 1871
Gestorben 1935

Ferdinand Grautoff


Zanthoxylum deremense, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es nativa de Malaui y Tanzania.

Descripción
Es un árbol de hoja caduca, que alcanza un tamaño de 8-12 m de altura, a veces como arbusto, con el tronco espinoso, y un diámetro de 25 cm en la base, las ramas son glabras, con espinas rojizo marrón cónicas de 2-4 mm de largo, las hojas de 15-56 cm de largo, y con el raquis a veces con espinas dorsales en la parte inferior.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra la selva tropical de montaña en el sotobosque y en parcelas abiertas, a una altitud de 800-1900 m. Es muy parecida a Zanthoxylum delagoense, pero diferentes foliolos.

Taxonomía
Zanthoxylum deremense fue descrita por (Engl.) Kokwaro y publicado en Kew Bulletin 32: 798, en el año 1978.
Sinonimia
Fagara deremensis Engl. basónimo
Fagara braunii Engl.

Referencias

deremense

Zanthoxylum deremense


Anton Tauf (n. 1977, Sighet - d. octombrie 2015, Cluj-Napoca), a fost un scriitor român, fiu al artiștilor Judith Hirsch și Anton Tauf.

Studii
A urmat cursurile unui liceu de limba engleză, iar în anul 2003 obține o licență în științe politice la Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca, promoția 2003.

Publicații
După câțiva ani petrecuți în străinătate, se reîntoarce în țară și se dedică scrisului.

Cărți publicate
2012 - Nuvele și povestiri, Editura ECOU TRANSILVAN, ISBN 978-606-8438-26-9.
2013 - Americana Editura: Ecou Transilvan, ISBN 978-973-8099-03-6
2014 - Paradisul din noi, Editura: Ecou Transilvan, ISBN 978-973-8099-48-7
2015 - Drumul lui Alexei, Editura ECOU TRANSILVAN, Cod: ECU978-606-730-137-3 ISBN 978-606-730-137-3.

Referințe

Bibliografie
Dan C. Mihăilescu, Omul care aduce cartea - Pro TV, emisiune decembrie 2012.

Legături externe
http://wwwy.poezie.ro/index.php/author/0035300/Anton%20Tauf#bio

Nașteri în 1977
Decese în 2015
Scriitori români din secolul al XXI-lea

Anton Tauf (scriitor)


An Eriocaulon huanchacanum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nancy Hensold. An Eriocaulon huanchacanum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon huanchacanum


Pacá je rijeka u Kolumbiji, pritoka rijeke Papurí. Pripada porječju rijeke Amazone.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Porječje Vaupésa

Pacá


Cartea lui Daniel (titlu original: The Book of Daniel) este un film american direct-pe-DVD din 2013 regizat de Anna Zielinski bazat pe Cartea lui Daniel. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Lance Henriksen, Robert Miano, Andrew Bongiorno și Leo Gallagher. Scenariul este realizat de Chuck Konzelman
și Cary Solomon.

Filmul este produs și distribuit de Pure Flix Entertainment.

Prezentare

Distribuție

Note

Legături externe

The Book of Daniel movie trailer at YouTube

Vezi și
Listă de filme bazate pe Biblie

Filme din 2013
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Anna Zielinski
Filme Pure Flix Entertainment
Filme bazate pe Biblie
Filme dramatice
Filme dramatice americane
Ecranizări ale Bibliei

Cartea lui Daniel (film)


Global optimization is a branch of applied mathematics and numerical analysis that attempts to find the global minima or maxima of a function or a set of functions on a given set. It is usually described as a minimization problem because the maximization of the real-valued function  is equivalent to the minimization of the function .

Given a possibly nonlinear and non-convex continuous function  with the global minima  and the set of all global minimizers  in , the standard minimization problem can be given as

that is, finding  and a global minimizer in ; where  is a (not necessarily convex) compact set defined by inequalities .

Global optimization is distinguished from local optimization by its focus on finding the minimum or maximum over the given set, as opposed to finding local minima or maxima. Finding an arbitrary local minimum is relatively straightforward by using classical local optimization methods. Finding the global minimum of a function is far more difficult: analytical methods are frequently not applicable, and the use of numerical solution strategies often leads to very hard challenges.

Applications
Typical examples of global optimization applications include:
 Protein structure prediction (minimize the energy/free energy function)
 Computational phylogenetics (e.g., minimize the number of character transformations in the tree)
 Traveling salesman problem and electrical circuit design (minimize the path length)
 Chemical engineering (e.g., analyzing the Gibbs energy)
 Safety verification, safety engineering (e.g., of mechanical structures, buildings)
 Worst-case analysis
 Mathematical problems (e.g., the Kepler conjecture)
 Object packing (configuration design) problems
 The starting point of several molecular dynamics simulations consists of an initial optimization of the energy of the system to be simulated.
 Spin glasses
 Calibration of radio propagation models and of many other models in the sciences and engineering
 Curve fitting like non-linear least squares analysis and other generalizations, used in fitting model parameters to experimental data in chemistry, physics, biology, economics, finance, medicine, astronomy, engineering.
IMRT radiation therapy planning

Deterministic methods

The most successful general exact strategies are:

Inner and outer approximation
In both of these strategies, the set over which a function is to be optimized is approximated by polyhedra. In inner approximation, the polyhedra are contained in the set, while in outer approximation, the polyhedra contain the set.

Cutting-plane methods

The cutting-plane method is an umbrella term for optimization methods which iteratively refine a feasible set or objective function by means of linear inequalities, termed cuts.  Such procedures are popularly used to find integer solutions to mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problems, as well as to solve general, not necessarily differentiable convex optimization problems.  The use of cutting planes to solve MILP was introduced by Ralph E. Gomory and Václav Chvátal.

Branch and bound methods

Branch and bound (BB or B&B) is an algorithm design paradigm for discrete and combinatorial optimization problems. A branch-and-bound algorithm consists of a systematic enumeration of candidate solutions by means of state space search: the set of candidate solutions is thought of as forming a rooted tree with the full set at the root. The algorithm explores branches of this tree, which represent subsets of the solution set. Before enumerating the candidate solutions of a branch, the branch is checked against upper and lower estimated bounds on the optimal solution, and is discarded if it cannot produce a better solution than the best one found so far by the algorithm.

Interval methods

Interval arithmetic, interval mathematics, interval analysis, or interval computation, is a method developed by mathematicians since the 1950s and 1960s as an approach to putting bounds on rounding errors and measurement errors in mathematical computation and thus developing numerical methods that yield reliable results. Interval arithmetic helps find reliable and guaranteed solutions to equations and optimization problems.

Methods based on real algebraic geometry

Real algebra is the part of algebra which is relevant to real algebraic (and semialgebraic) geometry. It is mostly concerned with the study of ordered fields and ordered rings (in particular real closed fields) and their applications to the study of positive polynomials and sums-of-squares of polynomials. It can be used in convex optimization

Stochastic methods

Several exact or inexact Monte-Carlo-based algorithms exist:

Direct Monte-Carlo sampling

In this method, random simulations are used to find an approximate solution.

Example: The traveling salesman problem is what is called a conventional optimization problem. That is, all the facts (distances between each destination point) needed to determine the optimal path to follow are known with certainty and the goal is to run through the possible travel choices to come up with the one with the lowest total distance. However, let's assume that instead of wanting to minimize the total distance traveled to visit each desired destination, we wanted to minimize the total time needed to reach each destination. This goes beyond conventional optimization since travel time is inherently uncertain (traffic jams, time of day, etc.). As a result, to determine our optimal path we would want to use simulation - optimization to first understand the range of potential times it could take to go from one point to another (represented by a probability distribution in this case rather than a specific distance) and then optimize our travel decisions to identify the best path to follow taking that uncertainty into account.

Stochastic tunneling

Stochastic tunneling (STUN) is an approach to global optimization based on the Monte Carlo method-sampling of the function to be objectively minimized in which the function is nonlinearly transformed to allow for easier tunneling among regions containing function minima. Easier tunneling allows for faster exploration of sample space and faster convergence to a good solution.

Parallel tempering

Parallel tempering, also known as replica exchange MCMC sampling, is a simulation method aimed at improving the dynamic properties of  Monte Carlo method simulations of physical systems, and of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods more generally.  The replica exchange method was originally devised by Swendsen, then extended by Geyer and later developed, among others, by Giorgio Parisi.,
Sugita and Okamoto formulated a molecular dynamics version of parallel tempering: this is usually known as replica-exchange molecular dynamics or REMD.

Essentially, one runs N copies of the system, randomly initialized, at different temperatures. Then, based on the Metropolis criterion  one exchanges configurations at different temperatures. The idea of this method
is to make configurations at high temperatures available to the simulations at low temperatures and vice versa.
This results in a very robust ensemble which is able to sample both low and high energy configurations.
In this way, thermodynamical properties such as the specific heat, which is in general not well computed in the canonical ensemble, can be computed with great precision.

Heuristics and metaheuristics

Other approaches include heuristic strategies to search the search space in a more or less intelligent way, including:
 Ant colony optimization (ACO)
 Simulated annealing, a generic probabilistic metaheuristic
 Tabu search, an extension of local search capable of escaping from local minima
 Evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms and evolution strategies)
 Differential evolution, a method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality
 Swarm-based optimization algorithms (e.g., particle swarm optimization, social cognitive optimization, multi-swarm optimization and ant colony optimization)
 Memetic algorithms, combining global and local search strategies
 Reactive search optimization (i.e. integration of sub-symbolic machine learning techniques into search heuristics)
 Graduated optimization, a technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

Response surface methodology-based approaches
 IOSO Indirect Optimization based on Self-Organization
 Bayesian optimization, a sequential design strategy for global optimization of black-box functions using Bayesian statistics

See also
 Deterministic global optimization
 Multidisciplinary design optimization
 Multiobjective optimization
 Optimization (mathematics)

Footnotes

References

Deterministic global optimization:
 R. Horst, H. Tuy, Global Optimization: Deterministic Approaches, Springer, 1996.
 R. Horst, P.M. Pardalos and N.V. Thoai, Introduction to Global Optimization, Second Edition.  Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
A.Neumaier, Complete Search in Continuous Global Optimization and Constraint Satisfaction, pp. 271–369 in: Acta Numerica 2004 (A. Iserles, ed.), Cambridge University Press 2004.
 M. Mongeau, H. Karsenty, V. Rouzé and J.-B. Hiriart-Urruty, Comparison of public-domain software for black box global optimization. Optimization Methods & Software 13(3), pp. 203–226, 2000.
 J.D. Pintér, Global Optimization in Action - Continuous and Lipschitz Optimization: Algorithms, Implementations and Applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1996. Now distributed by Springer Science and Business Media, New York. This book also discusses stochastic global optimization methods.
 L. Jaulin, M. Kieffer, O. Didrit, E. Walter (2001). Applied Interval Analysis. Berlin: Springer.
 E.R. Hansen (1992), Global Optimization using Interval Analysis, Marcel Dekker, New York.

For simulated annealing:

For reactive search optimization:
 Roberto Battiti, M. Brunato and F. Mascia, Reactive Search and Intelligent Optimization, Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series, Vol. 45, Springer, November 2008.
For stochastic methods:
 A. Zhigljavsky.  Theory of Global Random Search.  Mathematics and its applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991.

For parallel tempering:

For continuation methods:
 Zhijun Wu.  The effective energy transformation scheme as a special continuation approach to global optimization with application to molecular conformation.  Technical Report, Argonne National Lab., IL (United States), November 1996.
For general considerations on the dimensionality of the domain of definition of the objective function:

For strategies allowing one to compare deterministic and stochastic global optimization methods

External links
A. Neumaier's page on Global Optimization
Introduction to global optimization by L. Liberti
Free e-book by Thomas Weise

Deterministic global optimization

Global optimization


The Birthday Party (cunoscut inițial sub numele The Boys Next Door) a fost o trupă australiană post-punk, activă din 1978 până în 1983. În ciuda succesului comercial limitat, influența The Birthday Party a fost de anvergură și au fost numiți "unul dintre cele mai întunecate și mai provocatoare grupuri post-punk apărut la începutul anilor '80". "Peisajele sonore sumbre și zgomotoase" ale grupului, care au creionat în mod ireverențios bluesul, jazz-ul liber și rockabilly, au constituit scenariul pentru poveștile tulburătoare despre violență și perversiune ale vocalistului Nick Cave. Muzica lor a fost descrisă de criticul Simon Reynolds drept gotică, single-ul Release the Bats fiind deosebit de influent pe scena gotică emergentă.

În 1980, The Birthday Party s-a mutat de la Melbourne la Londra, unde au devenit favoriții radiodifuzorul John Peel. Dezamăgiți de șederea lor la Londra, sunetele și show-urile live ale trupei au devenit din ce în ce mai violente. S-au despărțit în 1983, la scurt timp după ce s-au mutat în Berlinul de Vest. Nucleul creator al The Birthday Party – cântărețul și compozitorul Nick Cave, multi-instrumentistul și compozitorul Mick Harvey și cântărețul, compozitorul și chitaristul Rowland S. Howard – și-au continuat separat carierele de succes.

Cronologie

Discografie

 The Boys Next Door

 Door, Door (1979)

 The Birthday Party

 The Birthday Party (1980)
 Prayers on Fire (1981)
 Junkyard (1982)

Note

Lectură suplimentară

 "Inner City Sound", Clinton Walker (Wild & Wooley, 1981; ediție revizuită și adăugită, Verse Chorus Press, 2005)
 "Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977-1991", Clinton Walker (Pan MacMillan Australia, 1996)
 "Bad Seed: A biography of Nick Cave", Ian Johnstone (1996)
 "The life and music of Nick Cave: An illustrated biography", Maximilian Dax & Johannes Beck (1999)
 "Kicking Against the Pricks: An Armchair Guide to Nick Cave", Amy Hanson (2005)
 "Nick Cave Stories", editată de Janine Barrand (2007)

Legături externe

 The Birthday Party official site
 From The Archives: site conținând discografia, istoria concertelor, videografia, bibliografia trupei. Conține și date despre Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Einstürzende Neubauten și alți artiști care au avut legătură cu aceștia.
 Article on The Birthday Party de pe HowlSpace
 The Birthday Party discography de pe Nick Cave Online
 Inner City Sound Website

Muzicieni ai Mute Records
Formații muzicale fondate în 1977
Formații gothic rock
Formații post-punk

The Birthday Party


Nebojša Borozan (Split, 1922. — Ruduša kod Sinja, 24. kolovoza 1941.), hrvatski pripadnik pokreta otpora u Drugome svjetskom ratu

Životopis
Rodio se je u Splitu. Fizički snažan, radio je kao betunjerski manoval. Živio je u očuhovoj kući u Velom Varošu, skupa s braćom Feđom i Braslavom, sestrom Sekom, polubratom Ivicom Jelaskom i materom Zorom.

Pripadnik Prvoga splitskog partizanskog odreda. Preživio je okršaj kod Košuta 14. kolovoza 1942., ali je zarobljen. Sproveden je sa suborcima u improvizirani zatvor u Sinju podno litica Kamička. Sa suborcima je punih 12 dana i noći boravio ondje, gdje su bili vezani lancima, ispitivani i tučeni od ustaša, batinaša, zlostavljani, tučeni motkama, drvenim i željeznim štapovima, pendrecima, čizmama i šakama. Za potrebe suđenja u Sinj je došao specijalni sud iz Mostara. Nakon kratkog suđenja proglašen je sa skupinom suboraca krivim i osuđen na smrt. Mati se je onesvijestila dok mu je nazočila suđenju u Sinju. Pod injekcijama su ju doveli u Split i danima se nije budila. Strijeljan je 26. kolovoza 1941. godine na predjelu Ruduši pored Sinja.

U Splitu se je po Nebojši Borozanu i bratu Feđi bila zvala jedna ulica, braće Borozan.
Ime mu je uklesano u Spomeniku u Ruduši kod Sinja.

Izvori

Životopisi, Split
Partizani

Nebojša Borozan


Emma Pi Hedeboe (født 28. december 2001) eller bare Emma Pi er en sangerinde der vandt MGP 2014 med sin sang som hed "Du ser den anden vej"

I 2022 deltog hun Dansk Melodi Grand Prix sammen med sin far Rasmus Hedeboe under navnet  Der Var Engang med sangen En Skønne Dag, men kom ikke videre til superfinalen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sangere fra Danmark
Vindere af MGP

Emma Pi


Burnt Pine este cel mai mare oraș din insula Norfolk, nefiind însă reședința unității administrative care o guvernează, aceasta fiind Kingston.

Populația
Cifrele recensământului populației nu sunt disponibile pentru diversele districte din Insula Norfolk. Populația localității Burnt Pine a fost estimată a fi 180 de locuitori în 2007.

Situri notabile în Burnt Pine și Middlegate
Burnt Pine
 Norfolk Island Bowling Club 1939
 Rawson Hall 1946
 South Pacific Hotel
 Lions Park sports grounds and grandstand 1974
 Foodland Mall 1980
 The Bicentennial Complex 1988
 Bounty Square and ship monument 2000
Middlegate
 Bounty Folk Museum 1980
 Governor's Lodge Resort 1998
 Fletcher's Mutiny Cyclorama 2002
 Queen Victoria Gardens 2009

Referințe

Localități din Oceania

Burnt Pine


Green Beret (conocido en los Estados Unidos como Rush'n Attack, que suena como Russian Attack) es un videojuego desarrollado en 1985 por Konami para Commodore 64, Atari 8 bit, Amstrad CPC, DOS, MSX, ZX Spectrum y NES. En las máquinas recreativas, Konami lanzó en 1989 una segunda parte llamada M.I.A.: Missing in Action.

Argumento
En plena guerra fría un boina verde recibe la orden de infiltrarse en la principal base de misiles enemiga para liberar a los prisioneros allí retenidos (en NES la misión era destruir un arma secreta). Aunque ira recogiendo diversas armas por el camino, solo dispone de un cuchillo de asalto.

Enlaces externos

Green Beret i-mode (2006) Release for i-mode mobile phones in Japan.
Green Beret Java (2008) China Mobile release for Java mobile phones.

Videojuegos para Commodore 64
Videojuegos para Amstrad CPC
Videojuegos para DOS
Videojuegos para ZX Spectrum
Videojuegos para Nintendo Entertainment System
Videojuegos de la familia Atari de 8 bits
Videojuegos arcade
Videojuegos para Famicom Disk System
Videojuegos para PlayChoice-10
Videojuegos de Xbox 360 Live Arcade
Videojuegos para BBC Micro y Acorn Electron
Videojuegos de plataformas
Videojuegos de la Guerra Fría
Videojuegos de Konami
Videojuegos de 1985

Green Beret (videojuego)


Entalpi, maddenin yapısında depoladığı her türden enerjilerin toplamıdır. H ile simgelenir. Bir mol maddede depolanmış enerjiye o maddenin molar entalpisi denir.

Maddelerin kesin entalpilerinin hesaplanması çok zordur. Bu yüzden çoğu çalışmalarda entalpi değeri olarak, maddenin değiştirilebilen ısı potansiyelinin kapsadığı termal entalpileri kullanılır. Bu entalpi değeri maddenin sıfır derece Kelvin sıcaklıktan mevcut sıcaklığına yükseltilmesi için yüklenen ısılarla faz değiştirme ısılarının toplamına eşittir.

Kimyasal tepkimelerde, girenlerle ürünler arasındaki fark belirlenir. Ürünlerin entalpileri toplamı ile girenlerin entalpileri toplamı arasındaki farka, tepkimenin entalpi değişimi ya da tepkime entalpisi adı verilir ve ∆H ile simgelenir. ∆H değerleri - ve + olabilir bu tepkimenin ısıveren veya ısıalan olduğunu belirler. Termodinamikte ısı ve işin toplamına eşittir. Maddenin fiziksel haline, sıcaklık ve basınca, madde miktarına bağlı olarak değişebilir. Formülsel olarak "H = U + Pv" şeklinde ifade edilir. U maddenin iç enerjisi, Pv ise maddenin toplam sahip olduğu potansiyel enerjiyi gösterir.

Her kimyasal tepkimede az ya da çok ısı alınır ya da verilir. Sabit basınç altında, kimyasal bir tepkimede açığa çıkan ya da alınan ısıya tepkime entalpisi denir. Sabit hacimde fiziksel değişim ikiye ayrılır: endoterm ve ekzoterm. Ekzotermik tepkimeler ısı veren tepkimelerdir, endotermik tepkimeler ise ısı alan tepkimelerdir.

Entalpi; madde miktarına, maddenin fiziksel haline, basınca ve ortamın sıcaklığına bağlıdır. ∆H: (+) işaretli ise ya da ∆H > 0 ise olay endotermiktir. ∆H: (-) işaretli ise ya da ∆H < 0 ise olay ekzotermiktir.

Termodinamik
Fizik terimleri
Termokimya

Entalpi


Vera, İspanya'nın on yedi otonom bölgesinden en kalabalık ikinci bölge olan Endülüs'e bağlı; İspanya'nın güneyinde bulunan Almería eyaletine bağlı belediye. 2009 yılındaki nüfusu; 13,985 kişidir. Belediye, 58 km²'lik bir alanı kaplamaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynak: INE (Spain)

Kardeş belediyeler
   Lorca, İspanya

Dış bağlantılar
  Vera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
  Vera - Diputación Provincial de Almería

Vera, İspanya


Lazar Branković (1421. – 20. siječnja 1458.) srpski despot od 1456. do 1458. godine. Preuzeo je vlast nakon smrti oca Đurđa Brankovića 1456. godine. Bio je jedino muško dijete Đurđa Brankovića i Jerine Kantakuzin koje nije bilo osljepljeno.

Njegova kratka vladavina bila je obilježena sukobima s majkom i braćom. Godine 1457. zakleo se na vjernost osmanskom sultanu Mehmedu II.

Pošto nije imao muške djece, nakon njegove smrti nastupio je interregnum koji je okončan vjenčanjem njegove najstarije kćerke sa Stjepanom Tomaševićem.

Bio je oženjen Jelenom Paleolog od 1446. godine do svoje smrti. S njom je imao tri kćerke: kasniju posljednju bosansku kraljicu Jelenu Branković (Maru), Jerinu Branković, i Milicu Branković.

Lazar Branković


La Musique de Gingivite est un épisode de la série télévisée d'animation Les Simpson. Il s'agit du dix-septième épisode de la trente-troisième saison et du  de la série.

Synopsis
Lisa rencontre le fils du regretté musicien Murphy Gencives Sanglantes et tente d'améliorer sa vie.

Réception
Lors de sa première diffusion, l'épisode a attiré . Il s'agit du premier épisode de l'histoire de la série qui a connu une audience inférieure à 1 million de téléspectateurs

Notes et références

Épisode des Simpson, saison 33

La Musique de Gingivite


26937 Makimiyamoto este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
26937 Makimiyamoto este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kuma Kogen de Akimasa Nakamura. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,34 ua, o excentricitate de 0,12 și o înclinație de 3,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 26001-27000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

26937 Makimiyamoto


{{Glazbenik
| Ime                  = Goran Bošković
| Img                  =
| Img_capt             =
| Img_size             =
| Landscape            =
| Background           = solo_izvođač
| Rodno_ime            =
| Pseudonim            =
| Rođenje              = 17. listopada 1976.
| Mjesto rođenja       = Đakovo
| Smrt                 =
| Prebivalište         = Osijek
| Instrument           =
| Žanr                 = pop, pop-rock
| Zanimanje            = glazbenik, pjevač
| Djelatno_razdoblje   = 2004. - danas
| Producentska_kuća    = Menart
| Angažman             = Fluentes
| nagrade              = Nagrade Porin za novog izvođača godine
| Značajni instrumenti =
}}

Goran Bošković (Đakovo, 17. listopada 1976.), hrvatski je pjevač i frontmen hrvatske pop-rock grupe Fluentes.

Životopis
Goran je početkom 2004. godine nakon raspada tadašnje grupe Nova osnovao grupu Fluentes. Osim njega, izvorni sastav su činili Andrej Car, Mladen Čuturilo, Damir Svalina i Kruno Štrk. Grupa se nakon godinu dana rada na pjesmama raspala.

Dečki iz benda u tom su razdoblju završili srednju školu i otišli su na fakultete, a Goran je nastavio samostalno snimati demo pjesme.

Goran Bošković, Andrej Car i Kruno Štrk kasnije se opet okupljaju, a pridružuje im se i Antonio Krupilincki na bas gitari. Prva pjesma koju su snimili u tom sastavu bila je pjesma "Upside down", koja je kasnije u hrvatskoj verziji postala "Opet zaljubljen"

2018. godine su na dodjelama 25. Porina u Splitu osvojili Porina za Novog izvođača godine i s time otvorili novo poglavlje sa zrelijim zvukom koji je zastupljen u njihovim idućim pjesmama.

Surađivao je s brojnim glazbenicima kao što su Lu Jakelić, Jelena Radan...

Privatni život
Goran je oženjen i ima dvoje djece.

Filmografija

 "Zvijezde pjevaju" kao metor (2019. - danas)
 "Volim Hrvatsku" kao natjecatelj (2018.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Goran Bošković biografija | Biografija.com

Hrvatski pjevači
Dobitnici diskografske nagrade Porin
Životopisi, Đakovo

Goran Bošković


بلدية البروك (بالكاتالانية:el Bruc) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.743 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في أناويا
بلديات في أناويا
بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

بروتش


O Esquadrão Kamy foi uma coluna guerrilheira formada por combatentes do Exército Popular de Libertação de Angola (EPLA), a ala armada do Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), na luta pela independência de Angola.

O esquadrão ficou especialmente conhecido por conter cinco mulheres guerrilheiras fundadoras da Organização da Mulher Angolana — Deolinda Rodrigues, Engrácia dos Santos, Irene Cohen, Lucrécia Paim e Tereza Afonso — que foram capturadas pela Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (FNLA), apoiada pelo Governo de Resistência de Angola no Exílio (GRAE), a 2 de março de 1967 e posteriormente assassinadas.

História
O Esquadrão Kamy era constituído por 150 guerrilhas, dentre os quais cinco mulheres (registos de 1966 incluem uma sexta mulher, Josefa de Assunção Gualdino, de 17 anos, que não está presente em registos mais tardios — por ter adoecido e não poder acompanhar o esquadrão). O nome foi-lhe atribuído em homenagem a Moisés Cardoso "Kamy", membro da guerrilha da frente de Cabinda, morto por acidente com uma mina em 8 de outubro de 1965, aos 23 anos. O esquadrão foi treinado entre outubro e novembro de 1966 no campo Calunga por nacionalistas cubanos, sob instrução do chefe do contingente de treino, Coronel Augusto Martínez Sanchez. A coluna recebeu 45 dias de treino que incluíam instrução técnica de uso de armas soviéticas, chinesas e belgas, e treino tático, físico e político.

Em dezembro, Benigno Ingo Vieira Lopes, veterano de Cabinda, foi nomeado comandante do esquadrão. Tinha por missão atravessar Brazavile em direcção a Luanda para levar reforços da fronteira do Congo-Brazavile até à primeira região político-militar (que compreendia as províncias de Luanda, Zaire, Uige e Cuanza Norte) e ao esquadrão Cienfuegos (cujo nome era homenagem ao revolucionário cubano Camilo Cienfuegos), por forma a reforçar a Frente Norte e libertar Luanda. As mulheres, em inferioridade numérica no esquadrão, eram sujeitas a discriminação de género pelos outros combatentes, fruto do colonialismo.

A sua missão é dificultada por condições precárias pouco depois de chegar a Angola pela província do Zaire em 12 de janeiro de 1967: por causa das chuvas, a coluna perde-se a fazer caminho pela mata, com bombardeiros portugueses a sobrevoar a área; há conflitos internos entre os guerrilheiros; doenças, insectos, animais ferozes, fome e outros problemas causam desânimo e morte de alguns elementos do esquadrão. A escassez de comida leva-os a recorrer à caça e procura de alimentos na vegetação local. Quando chegam ao rio Mebridege, em 10 de fevereiro, a coluna está reduzida a 119 elementos, e as dificuldades, agravadas pelo cerco das tropas portuguesas, impedem parte do batalhão, debilitado e doente, de continuar. O esquadrão divide-se, e 70 guerrilheiros tentam a travessia enquanto outros resolvem regressar ao Congo-Brazavile; este segundo grupo, de 49 pessoas, inclui as cinco guerrilheiras.

O primeiro grupo, liderado por Ingo, é sujeito a múltiplas emboscadas do FNLA e do exército português, e chega a Nambuangongo no dia 1 de abril de 1967, reduzido a 21 elementos.

O grupo que regressa, liderado pelo chefe de logística Ludy Kissassunda, perde vários combatentes. Quando chegam à fronteira com o Congo-Quinxassa, restam 20 sobreviventes. A 2 de março de 1967, as cinco mulheres são capturadas em Camuna junto com os outros combatentes e levadas para a prisão de Cacocol, no Congo-Quinxassa pela FNLA, com o apoio do GRAE. Mais tarde serão transferidos para a base da FNLA em Quincuzo, e não voltam a ser vistos. Alguns dos homens capturados conseguem escapar, mas as mulheres terão sido fuziladas numa data não confirmada, apesar de apelos nacionais e internacionais pelas suas vidas.

As cinco heroínas de Angola
As cinco mulheres que formavam parte do Esquadrão e com ele partiram em direcção a Luanda, conhecidas como "as cinco heroínas de Angola", eram:

Deolinda Rodrigues

Engrácia dos Santos
Engrácia Gaspar dos Santos (1947 — Base de Quincuzo, Congo-Quinxassa, março de 1967), também conhecida pelo nome de guerra Lukotcheka era filha de camponeses e foi viver para Luanda aos 7 anos, com uma tia. Em 1964, depois da morte do seu tio, na zona de Dembos, refugiam-se no Zaire, onde entram em contacto com o MPLA. Santos viaja para Brazavile e faz parte do primeiro grupo de mulheres a completar o Curso de Instrução Revolucionária (CIR) em Dolisie em 1965, incorporando depois o Esquadrão Kamy.

Irene Cohen
Irene Cohen de Brito Teixeira (Lobito, 19 de abril de 1939 — Base de Quincuzo, Congo-Quinxassa, março de 1967), também conhecida pelo nome de guerra Luzolo era a mais velha de três irmãos. O seu pai trabalhava numa empresa comercial, e a mãe era dona de casa. Em 1950, Cohen mudou-se com a família para Luanda, onde completou o quinto ano no Liceu Salvador Correia. Em 1958 começou a trabalhar nos serviços de economia da adminstração colonial como secretária, e partir de 1960 frequenta a Associação dos Naturais de Angola (ANANGOLA), um grupo de intelectuais angolanos que promove manifestações culturais no país. Desde 1963 faz parte do Grupo Santa Cecília, que se reunia nas instalações da Liga Nacional Africana (LNA). Este grupo, de cariz religioso, distribuía também alimentos, dava aulas de costura, informações sobre higiene e cursos de alfabetização e formação política de mulheres. O grupo iria eventualmente ser integrado pelo MPLA e começa a funcionar como uma célula do movimento — por este motivo, Cohen é interrogada múltiplas vezes pela Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (PIDE). Em 1964 Cohen filia-se no MPLA, e viaja para Portugal, onde obtém um passaporte falso para viajar até Paris. Em 1966, representa a juventude angolana no VIII Congresso da Juventude Comunista da Roménia, realizado em Bucareste. De regresso a Brazavile, trabalha como secretária do Comité de Direcção do MPLA e do seu presidente, Agostinho Neto, e também como militante activa da OMA.

Lucrécia Paim

Tereza Afonso
Tereza Afonso Gomes (Nambuangongo, 1946 — Base de Quincuzo, Congo-Quinxassa, março de 1967), era filha de camponeses, e só completou a escolaridade primária. Desde cedo apoia os guerrilheiros que combatem na primeira região político-militar do MPLA. Em 1964 viaja até ao Zaire, e em Quinxassa filia-se no MPLA. Vai então para Brazavile, onde continua a actividade relacionada com o movimento. Completa em 1965 o curso do Centro de Instrução Revolucionária (CIR) em Dolisie e incorpora o Esquadrão Kamy.

Controvérsia
Apesar de as fontes oficiais registarem a morte das cinco combatentes como tendo lugar em 2 de março de 1967, em 2007, a deputada do MPLA Ruth Neto afirmou publicamente que essa é a data de captura das guerilheiras, e que elas terão morrido em 1968. Segundo Roberto Francisco de Almeida, irmão de Deolinda Rodrigues, as cinco mulheres capturadas terão sido transportadas para a base militar da FNLA, em Quincuzo, onde terão ficado em cativeiro até pouco antes da visita da Comissão de bons ofícios da Organização da Unidade Africana (OUA), que fora enviada ao Congo para avaliar o conflito e estabelecer a contribuição de cada movimento. Terá sido então que foram executadas, alegadamente em 1968 ou 1969.

Na cultura popular

Dia da Mulher Angolana
O dia 2 de março, dia da captura das cinco mulheres foi consagrado como Dia da Mulher Angolana.

Espaço público
Em 1986 foi inaugurado no Largo das Heroínas um monumento que comemora os esforços das guerrilheiras angolanas entre 1961 e 1975, entre as quais se incluem as cinco mulheres do Esquadrão Kamy.

Artes plásticas
Em 2022, no Centro Cultural Casa de Angola, em São Paulo, Brasil, esteve patente a exposição Rainhas do N'gola do artista plástico angolano Isidro Sanene, com imagens das guerrilheiras do Esquadrão Kamy.

Teatro
A peça Esquadrão Kamy, com encenação e direcção artística de Flávio Ferrão, e baseada nas vidas das cinco mulheres da coluna, estreou em 2019 na Casa das Artes, em Talatona, e fez parte da 25ª edicão do Festival Internacional de Mindelo, em Cabo Verde. As guerrilheiras form interpretadas por Sofia Felicidade Alberto Buco, Naed Branco, Lia Carina de Sousa Monteiro, Zoé Silva e Ailsa Renata Gota Conceição de Sousa. A peça baseia-se nos livros Diário de um Exílio sem Regresso, de Deolinda Rodrigues e Heroínas de Angola, da escritora cubana Limbânia Jimenez.

Literatura
Heroínas de Angola, de Limbânia Jiménez Rodriguez "Nancy" (que fazia parte do grupo que treinou o esquadrão Kamy), é editado pela primeira vez em 1985.

Década de 1960 em Angola
Guerras do século XX
Guerras na África
História de Angola
Século XX em Angola
Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola

Esquadrão Kamy


Heinrich von Banz (auch Heinrich von Bantsch, Bancz, Banck und Bank; † 1365/66) war von 1353 bis 1365/66 Bischof von Lebus.

Leben
Heinrich von Banz entstammte der Breslauer Patrizierfamilie Banz, die seit 1252 im Herzogtum Schlesien nachweisbar ist. 1328 wurde er Kanoniker bei St. Ägidius in Breslau, 1336 Domherr daselbst und 1339 Domherr von Lebus. Weitere Benefizien hatte er als Kanoniker des Stiftes in Glogau. 1346 wurde er Archidiakon von Liegnitz.

Am 7. Januar 1353 wurde er zum Bischof von Lebus berufen. Ab 1354 residierte er in Frankfurt (Oder). Im Konflikt um den Besitz der Städte Drossen und Fürstenfelde, der von seinen Vorgängern jahrzehntelang geführt worden war, konnte er schon 1354 eine Befriedung mit dem Brandenburger Markgrafen, dem Wittelsbacher Ludwig VI. herbeiführen. Die entsprechende Einigung kam mit Hilfe des Glogauer Herzogs Heinrich V. zustande. Während Heinrich die umstrittenen Städte zurückgab und das über Ludwig verhängte Interdikt aufhob, zahlte ihm Markgraf Ludwig eine Entschädigung von 6000 Mark. Danach pflegten beide einen freundschaftlichen Umgang. Heinrich begleitete den Markgrafen, dem er nun als Berater diente, häufig zu Reichstagen und hielt sich mehrfach auf dessen Hof auf. Als Markgraf Ludwig 1362 dem Magdeburger Erzbischof Dietrich von Portitz für die Dauer von drei Jahren die Regierung über die Mark übertrug, zog er auch Heinrich hinzu.

Heinrich, der die Lebuser Ansprüche gegen den polnischen König Kasimir III. behaupten konnte, starb zwischen dem 30. August 1365 und Mitte 1366.

Literatur

 Jan Kopiec: Heinrich von Banz (Bantsch) († 1365/66). In: Erwin Gatz (Hrsg.): Die Bischöfe des Heiligen Römischen Reiches

Einzelnachweise

Bischof von Lebus
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (14. Jahrhundert)
Geboren im 14. Jahrhundert
Gestorben im 14. Jahrhundert
Mann

Heinrich von Banz


John Eddie Long (Romulus (Michigan, USA), 28. august 1956) er en amerikansk tidligere basketballspiller der med Detroit Pistons vandt NBA mesterskabet i sæsonen 1988-89.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Statistik for Long på Basketball-Reference.com

Basketballspillere fra USA

John Long


CENELEC (; ) is responsible for European standardization in the area of electrical engineering. Together with ETSI (telecommunications) and CEN (other technical areas), it forms the European system for technical standardization. Standards harmonised by these agencies are regularly adopted in many countries outside Europe which follow European technical standards. Although CENELEC works closely with the European Union, it is not an EU institution. Nevertheless, its standards are "EN" EU (and EEA) standards, thanks to EU Regulation 1025/2012.

CENELEC was founded in 1973. Before that two organizations were responsible for electrotechnical standardization: CENELCOM and CENEL. CENELEC is a non-profit organization under Belgian law, based in Brussels. The members are the national electrotechnical standardization bodies of most European countries.

Agreement types

Members
The current members of CENELEC are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Affiliates
Albania, Belarus, Bosnia/Herzegovina, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Tunisia and Ukraine are currently "affiliate members" with a view to becoming full members.

Others
CENELEC has cooperation agreements with: Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, Russia and an informal agreement with the USA.

History
After the Dresden Agreement (1996), CENELEC coordinates standard development activities with IEC. Older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000, for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027 and the same standards are also published in the EN 60000 series to indicate adoption by CENELEC as a European standard; for example IEC 60034 is also available as EN 60034. Regional European standards issued by CENELEC, which are not adopted IEC standards, are numbered in the EN 50000 series.

, more than 90% of the standards passed by CENELEC used the Dresden Agreement process. The alternative process in which a member National Committee proposes a standard is called the Vilamoura process (or procedure).

The Dresden Agreement was updated with the Frankfurt Agreement in October 2016, and decisions are detailed in CENELEC Guide 13 (2016). Following the publication of this guide, IEC standards adopted by CENELEC shall be referenced as "EN IEC 6xxxx".

Voting
, a weighted voting system was in place, with member countries having the following number of votes:
 France, Germany, Italy, and UK: 10 votes (each)
 Spain: 8 votes
 Belgium, Greece, Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland: 5 votes
 Austria and Sweden: 4 votes
 Denmark, Finland, Ireland and Norway: 3 votes
 Luxembourg: 2 votes
 Iceland: 1 vote

For a proposal to pass, 71% of members need be in favor (according to weighted system above) or 71% of EEA members need be in favor (excluding Switzerland).

 this system was updated as follows:
 France, Germany, Italy, (non-EU) UK, (non-EU) Turkey: 29 votes (each)
 Poland and Spain: 27 votes
 Romania: 14 votes
 Netherlands: 13 votes
 Belgium, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, and Portugal: 12 votes
 Austria, Bulgaria, Sweden, and (non-EU) Switzerland: 10 votes
 Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, Slovakia, and (non-EU) Norway: 7 votes
 Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and (non-EU) North Macedonia: 4 votes
 Malta and (non-EU) Iceland: 3 votes

The weighted voting standard was maintained at 71%, meaning that if the 17 largest-weight countries vote for a standard it will pass (this also means the top 50% [by weight] countries voting in favor). If a proposal does not pass this way, a second vote taking into account only EU members is taken, with the threshold again being 71%. However, unlike EU member states, non-EU CENELEC member countries are not required to transfer EN standards into national standards (although they usually do so).

See also
 European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
 European Office of Crafts, Trades and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises for Standardisation (NORMAPME)
 European Norms Electrical Certification (ENEC)

References

External links

Electrical safety standards organizations
European Union and science and technology
Science and technology in Europe
Standards organisations in Belgium

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization


In geometry, a set of points are said to be concyclic (or cocyclic) if they lie on a common circle. A polygon whose vertices are concyclic is called a cyclic polygon, and the circle is called its circumscribing circle or circumcircle. All concyclic points are equidistant from the center of the circle.

Three points in the plane that do not all fall on a straight line are concyclic, so every triangle is a cyclic polygon, with a well-defined circumcircle. However, four or more points in the plane are not necessarily concyclic. After triangles, the special case of cyclic quadrilaterals has been most extensively studied.

Perpendicular bisectors
In general the centre O of a circle on which points P and Q lie must be such that OP and OQ are equal distances. Therefore O must lie on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment PQ. For n distinct points there are n(n − 1)/2 bisectors, and the concyclic condition is that they all meet in a single point, the centre O.

Triangles

The vertices of every triangle fall on a circle called the circumcircle. (Because of this, some authors define "concyclic" only in the context of four or more points on a circle.) Several other sets of points defined from a triangle are also concyclic, with different circles; see Nine-point circle and Lester's theorem.

The radius of the circle on which lie a set of points is, by definition, the radius of the circumcircle of any triangle with vertices at any three of those points. If the pairwise distances among three of the points are a, b, and c, then the circle's radius is

The equation of the circumcircle of a triangle, and expressions for the radius and the coordinates of the circle's center, in terms of the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are given here and here.

Other concyclic points

In any triangle all of the following nine points are concyclic on what is called the nine-point circle: the midpoints of the three edges, the feet of the three altitudes, and the points halfway between the orthocenter and each of the three vertices.

Lester's theorem states that in any scalene triangle, the two Fermat points, the nine-point center, and the circumcenter are concyclic.

If lines are drawn through the Lemoine point parallel to the sides of a triangle, then the six points of intersection of the lines and the sides of the triangle are concyclic, in what is called the Lemoine circle.

The van Lamoen circle associated with any given triangle  contains the circumcenters of the six triangles that are defined inside  by its three medians.

A triangle's circumcenter, its Lemoine point, and its first two Brocard points are concyclic, with the segment from the circumcenter to the Lemoine point being a diameter.

Cyclic quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral ABCD with concyclic vertices is called a cyclic quadrilateral; this happens if and only if  (the  inscribed angle theorem) which is true if and only if the opposite angles inside the quadrilateral are supplementary. A cyclic quadrilateral with successive sides a, b, c, d and semiperimeter s = (a + b + c + d) / 2 has its circumradius given by

an expression that was derived by the Indian mathematician Vatasseri Parameshvara in the 15th century.

By Ptolemy's theorem, if a quadrilateral is given by the pairwise distances between its four vertices A, B, C, and D in order, then it is cyclic if and only if the product of the diagonals equals the sum of the products of opposite sides:

If two lines, one  containing segment AC and the other containing segment BD, intersect at X, then the four points A, B, C, D are concyclic if and only if

The intersection X may be internal or external to the circle. This theorem is known as power of a point.

A convex quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (has perpendicular diagonals) if and only if the midpoints of the sides and the feet of the four altitudes are eight concyclic points, on what is called the eight-point circle.

Cyclic polygons

More generally, a polygon in which all vertices are concyclic is called a cyclic polygon. A polygon is cyclic if and only if the perpendicular bisectors of its edges are concurrent. Every regular polygon is a cyclic polygon.

For a cyclic polygon with an odd number of sides, all angles are equal if and only if the polygon is regular. A cyclic polygon with an even number of sides has all angles equal if and only if the alternate sides are equal (that is, sides  are equal, and sides  are equal).

A cyclic pentagon with rational sides and area is known as a Robbins pentagon; in all known cases, its diagonals also have rational lengths.

In any cyclic -gon with even , the sum of one set of alternate angles (the first, third, fifth, etc.) equals the sum of the other set of alternate angles. This can be proven by induction from the  case, in each case replacing a side with three more sides and noting that these three new sides together with the old side form a quadrilateral which itself has this property; the alternate angles of the latter quadrilateral represent the additions to the alternate angle sums of the previous -gon.

A tangential polygon is one having an inscribed circle tangent to each side of the polygon; these tangency points are thus concyclic on the inscribed circle. Let one -gon be inscribed in a circle, and let another -gon be tangential to that circle at the vertices of the first -gon. Then from any point  on the circle, the product of the perpendicular distances from  to the sides of the first -gon equals the product of the perpendicular distances from  to the sides of the second -gon.

Point on the circumcircle

Let a cyclic -gon have vertices  on the unit circle. Then for any point  on the minor arc , the distances from  to the vertices satisfy

For a regular -gon, if  are the distances from any point  on the circumcircle to the vertices , then

Polygon circumscribing constant

Any regular polygon is cyclic. Consider a unit circle, then circumscribe a regular triangle such that each side touches the circle. Circumscribe a circle, then circumscribe a square. Again circumscribe a circle, then circumscribe a regular pentagon, and so on. The radii of the circumscribed circles converge to the so-called polygon circumscribing constant

. The reciprocal of this constant is the Kepler–Bouwkamp constant.

Variations

Some authors consider collinear points (sets of points all belonging to a single line) to be a special case of concyclic points, with the line being viewed as a circle of infinite radius. This point of view is helpful, for instance, when studying inversion through a circle and Möbius transformations, as these transformations preserve the concyclicity of points only in this extended sense.

In the complex plane (formed by viewing the real and imaginary parts of a complex number as the x and y Cartesian coordinates of the plane), concyclicity has a particularly simple formulation: four points in the complex plane are either concyclic or collinear if and only if their cross-ratio is a real number.

Other properties
A set of five or more points is concyclic if and only if every four-point subset is concyclic. This property can be thought of as an analogue for concyclicity of the Helly property of convex sets.

Minimum bounding circle

A related notion is the one of a minimum bounding circle, which is the smallest circle that completely contains a set of points. Every set of points in the plane has a unique minimum bounding circle, which may be constructed by a linear time algorithm.

Even if a set of points are concyclic, their circumscribing circle may be different from their minimum bounding circle. For example, for an obtuse triangle, the minimum bounding circle has the longest side as diameter and does not pass through the opposite vertex.

References

External links

Four Concyclic Points by Michael Schreiber, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

Elementary geometry
Incidence geometry

Concyclic points


José de Meneses e Távora Rappach da Silveira e Castro (Lisboa, 13 de fevereiro de 1826 — Lisboa, 15 de outubro de 1895), 2.º marquês de Valada, foi um aristocrata e político português que se destacou como um dos mais notáveis apoiantes da soluções populistas de Caetano Gaspar de Almeida e Noronha, o conde de Peniche, e por ver exposta a sua homossexualidade. Foi membro do Conselho de Sua Majestade Fidelíssima, par do reino por direito hereditário, oficial-mor da Casa Real, comendador da Ordem de Cristo e da Ordem de Santiago da Espada, bailio da Ordem Hospitalária e Soberana de São João de Jerusalém, membro da Academia das Ciências Britânica e do Instituto Arqueológico de Londres, e 3.º senhor do morgado de Caparica, 15.º do da Patameira, entre muitos outros títulos e morgadios. Deixou várias obras publicadas.

Biografia
Nasceu em Lisboa, único filho de D. Francisco Xavier de Meneses da Silveira e Castro (1754 — 1834), que foi estribeiro-mor e mordomo-mor da rainha D. Carlota Joaquina, e da sua segunda esposa D. Francisca de Almeida Portugal (1792 — 1873), filha do 3.º marquês do Lavradio. A família pertencia à alta aristocracia, sendo o pai filho de D. José de Meneses da Silveira de Castro e Távora, senhor da Patameira e do morgado de Caparica, 1.º conde de Caparica, e de sua esposa, a austríaca Luise Gonzaga von Rappach, a condessa de Rappach. Em 1813, D. Francisco fora elevado, pelo príncipe-regente D. João, a 1.º marquês de Valada. Do primeiro casamento de seu pai, tinha cinco meias-irmãs.

Em 1834, pela morte de seu pai, sucedeu a toda a sua casa e honras, e ao título de marquês, que lhe foi renovado por decreto de 1 do dezembro do mesmo ano. O título de conde de Caparica foi mais tarde concedido a seu filho, a instâncias suas. O marquês de Valada casou em Paris, a 9 de julho de 1848, com Maria Isabel do Carmo Paula Máxima Gonzaga de Bragança, filha do 3.º duque de Lafões. O casal teria um filho e uma filha. O filho, D. Francisco Xavier de Meneses e Távora (1854-1914), foi nomeado 2.º conde de Caparica, mas faleceu sem descendência. A filha, D. Ana Maria Antónia da Conceição de Meneses e Távora (1855-1890), casou com D. Manuel de Meneses, senhor da Casa da Flor da Murta, e também não teve filhos.

Com o falecimento do pai ascendeu ao pariato, ocupando lugar na câmara alta das Cortes como par do reino por sucessão, revelando-se um parlamentar dotado de uma erudição pouco vulgar. Os seus discursos na Câmara dos Pares eram sempre escutados com a atenção especial que chamam as orações dos privilegiados. Segundo todos os relatos da época, o marquês de Valada era de uma incomum e refinada erudição, bem lido nos clássicos gregos e latinos, citando frequentemente Homero e Virgílio nas suas elocuções parlamentares. Era também possuidor de uma memória notável, sendo reconhecido como um verdadeiro repositório da história política, antiga e moderna.

Possuía uma grandiosa livraria, talvez das mais ricas e importantes do país, cujo catálogo foi publicado em 1896, e embora militasse ativamente na política, o marquês de Valada tinha sempre tempo para ler os seus poetas favoritos, gregos e latinos, razão pela qual Homero e Virgílio raras vezes deixavam de ser citados nos seus escritos e discursos.

Entre 25 de maio e 23 de junho de 1870 exerceu, de forma efémera dada a instabilidae política reinante, pela primeira vez o cargo de governador civil do Distrito de Braga, nomeado pelo também efémero executivo do Partido Regenerador presidido pelo Duque de Saldanha. Voltou a exercer as funções de governador civil de Braga, de 5 de abril de 1877 a 6 de fevereiro de 1878, desta feita escolhido por António José de Ávila, o duque de Ávila, então presidente do Conselho de Ministros.

Em 1881 foi nomeado vice-governador civil de Lisboa, acompanhando no cargo o governador civil António Maria Barreiros Arrobas, nomeado pelo executivo regenerador presidido por António Rodrigues Sampaio. Naquelas funções exercia as funções correspondentes ao lugar de governador civil substituto do Distrito de Lisboa.

Desde há muito que existiam rumores de que o Marquês de Valada era homossexual e mantinha relacionamento sexual com jovens soldados e marinheiros. A situação ganhou foros de escândalo público, com cobertura na imprensa, quando na noite de 2 de agosto de 1881, a polícia surpreendeu o Marquês de Valada em circunstâncias comprometedoras com um soldado raso na Travessa da Espera, uma rua estreita do Bairro Alto de Lisboa. Na altura, Valada era vice-governador civil de Lisboa. O soldado e a senhoria do prédio onde se encontravam foram presos, mas Valada, como membro da aristocracia, conseguiu escapar à prisão. Embora a homossexualidade não fosse ilegal em Portugal na época, Valada rapidamente renunciou ao cargo de vice-governador civil. Pouco tempo depois veio à tona que Valada tinha sido denunciado por António Arrobas, o governador civil, motivado por rivalidades internas pessoais e políticas. Os jornais da oposição deram cobertura à história, sendo que a força da reação não se deveu apenas à moral social do tempo, mas em parte porque o incidente confirmou suspeitas pré-existentes.

Após o escândalo que ameaçou a sua carreira política, o Marquês de Valada começou a recuperar sua proeminência política e, no verão de 1884, a sua reabilitação parecia completa. O governo regenerador presidido por Fontes Pereira de Melo nomeou-o novamente, por decreto de 11 do dezembro de 1884, para o cargo de governador civil do  Braga. No entanto, o Marquês de Valada viu-se em pouco tempo envolvido em intrigas políticas em torno de figuras locais implicadas em esquemas de emigração clandestina, com a imprensa a criticar a sua atuação e a relembrar o anterior escândalo. Face a essa contestação emitiu uma declaração dizendo que, enquanto o governo de Fontes Pereira de Melo permanecesse no poder,  permaneceria como governador civil pelo tempo que quisesse. A declaração foi recebida com escárnio pela oposição, com a imprensa a acusar Valada de »arrastar as autoridades na lama do ridículo». O governo agravou ainda mais a situação ao emitir um comunicado, publicado no Diário do Governo, o diário oficial, elogiando Valada, afirmando que desempenhara o cargo sempre com a maior proficiência, sendo louvada a sua administração.

Apesar disso, a disputa chegou a tal ponto que a cidade de Guimarães tentou separar-se do Distrito de Braga e juntar-se ao vizinho Distrito do Porto. A situação foi vista com alarme em Lisboa, pois causou considerável agitação política local, e aquela região em particular havia sido palco da Revolução da Maria da Fonte, uma violenta revolta camponesa, apenas quarenta anos antes. Embora o movimento secessionista tenha sido frustrado e Valada tenha sido forçado a renunciar a 21 de janeiro de 1886, a disputa foi apontada como uma das causas da queda do governo regenerador algumas semanas depois.

Foi colaborador em jornais políticos e literários, e por alguns anos um dos redatores principais do jornal religioso O Bem Público. Em 1853 publicou, em separado, o discurso com que fez a sua estreia parlamentar, intitulado Discurso pronunciado na sessão da câmara dos dignos Pares do 1.° de agosto de 1853, sobre a questão da pensão que o sr. conde de Penafiel recebe do correio geral. Publicou também o opusculo intitulado Discurso pronunciado na sessão da câmara dos dignos Pares, em 12 de abril de 1813, Lisboa, 1873. É relativo à necessidade de combater as tramas dos absolutistas e demagogos que pretendem destruir a verdadeira liberdade. No Diário do Governo, n.º 140 de 1853, encontra-se também o texto intitulado À memória da nobre marquesa da Ribeira Grande D. Maria da Assunção de Bragança.

Naturais de Lisboa
Políticos de Portugal
Portugueses de ascendência austríaca

José de Meneses da Silveira e Castro


Cyrus Elias (* 21. Mai 1930 in New York City; † 29. September 2013) war ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler.

Elias, dessen Familie griechischstämmig ist, leistete seinen Wehrdienst im Koreakrieg und besuchte beim Actors Studio u. a. Kurse von Errol Clemens und Elia Kazan. Bereits Ende der 1950er-Jahre übersiedelte er nach Italien, wo er eine lange Karriere im Kino begann, die quantitativ ab den 1980er-Jahren enorm zulegte. Mit südeuropäischem Aussehen, schwarzen Haaren und hager spielte er Charakterrollen in vielen Genrefilmen.

Filmografie (Auswahl)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2013
Mann

Cyrus Elias


අද්මිරාල් පියල් ද සිල්වා, WWV & Bar, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP යනු හිටපු ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදා නිලධාරියෙකි. ඔහු 2019 සිට 2020 දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාවේ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා විය.

අධ්‍යාපනය
අම්බලන්ගොඩ ධර්මාශෝක විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ ඔහු 1984 දී නාවික හමුදාවට බැඳුණි.

නාවික වෘත්තිය
ද සිල්වා 1984 දී නාවික හා සාගරික විද්‍යාපීඨයේ මූලික පුහුණුව ලබමින් 12 වැනි බඳවා ගැනීමේ දී නිලධාරි කැඩෙට් නිලධාරියෙකු ලෙස ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාවට බැඳුණි. නාවික හා සමුද්‍ර විද්‍යාපීඨයේ මූලික පුහුණුව නිම කිරීමෙන් පසු 1986 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී උප ලුතිනන්වරයෙකු ලෙස ඔහු පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහුගේ මුල් කාලීන වෘත්තීය ජීවිතයේදී ඔහු ප්‍රභූ විශේෂ යාත්‍රා බලඝණයට සහ නාවික හමුදාවේ කිමිදුම් අංශයට අණ දීමට පුපුරණ ද්‍රව්‍ය ඉවත් කිරීමේ කිමිදුම්කරුවෙකු ලෙස විශේෂඥයෙකු විය. විධායක අංශයේ නිලධාරියෙකු වූ ඔහු යුධ නෞකා කිහිපයක කපිතාන්වරයා ලෙස මුහුදු අණ දෙන ලදී. පසුව ඔහු මානව සම්පත් කළමනාකරණය පිළිබඳ ව්‍යාපාර පරිපාලනය පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත්‍රපති උපාධියක්, ආරක්ෂක සහ උපායමාර්ගික අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත්‍රපති උපාධියක් ලබා PLA ජාතික ආරක්ෂක විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් උපාධිය ලබා ගත්තේය.

ඔහු 2012 වසරේ රියර් අද්මිරාල් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලද අතර ධජ නිලධාරී නාවික බලඇණියේ අණදෙන නිලධාරී, නැගෙනහිර, දකුණ, වයඹ සහ උතුරු නාවික ප්‍රදේශවල ආඥාපති වැනි පත්වීම් ලබා ඇත.

ද සිල්වා මහතා ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාවේ මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස ජනාධිපති මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන මහතා විසින් 2018 ජූලි 2 වන දින සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වන පරිදි පත් කරන ලදී. මෙම පත්වීමට පෙර ඔහු නියෝජ්‍ය මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානී සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂ ජනරාල් මෙහෙයුම් ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. 2018 දෙසැම්බර් 31 වන දින, ඔහු ජනාධිපති සිරිසේන විසින් නාවික හමුදාපති ලෙස පත් කරන ලද අතර 2019 ජනවාරි 1 වන දින සිට බලපැවැත්වෙන පරිදි වයිස් අද්මිරාල් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලදී. ඔහු 2020 ජූලි 14 වන දින නාවික හමුදාවෙන් විශ්‍රාම ගත් අතර අද්මිරාල් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලදී.

ඔහුගේ සැරසිලිවලට වීර වික්‍රම විභූෂණ දෙවරක් ඇතුළත් වේ, රණ වික්‍රම පදක්කම, වීරත්වය සඳහා රණ සූර පදක්කම ; විශිෂ්ඨ සේවා විභූෂණ සහ උත්තම සේවා පදක්කම ලබා ඇත.

ක්‍රීඩා දිවිය
ද සිල්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකා නාවික හමුදාවේ දක්ෂතම ක්‍රීඩකයා ලෙස අවස්ථා දෙකකදී තේරී පත් වූ අතර දකුණු ආසියානු සහ ආසියානු පැසිපන්දු තරගාවලිවලදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික පැසිපන්දු කණ්ඩායම නියෝජනය කළේය.

පවුල
ද සිල්වා විවාහ වී සිටින්නේ අරුන්දතී ජයනෙත්ති සමඟ වන අතර ඔවුන්ට පුතුන් දෙදෙනෙක් සිටී.

යොමු කිරීම්

Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා

පියල් ද සිල්වා


Moaña (oficialmente, en gallego, Virxe do Carme de Moaña) es una parroquia del municipio de Moaña, en la provincia de Pontevedra, Galicia (España).

Datos básicos
Según el padrón municipal de 2010 tenía 5.655 habitantes distribuidos en 10 entidades de población.

Geografía
La parroquia morracense de Virgen del Carmen de Moaña ocupa el valle del río do Pontillón, desde la carretera provincial de Moaña a Marín hasta dicho curso fluvial. Se trata, por lo tanto, de una estrecha pero prolongada franja de territorio en pequeña pendiente cubierta de fértiles cultivos y ocupada por 10 núcleos de población unidos hoy en día entre sí y muy urbanizados, lo que da como resultado una de las densidades de población más elevadas del Morrazo.

Esta parroquia tiene una minúscula salida al mar (ría de Vigo) justo donde se sitúa la capital municipal de Moaña: se trata de un núcleo urbano conformado recientemente por la fusión de los núcleos de A Seara y A Praia (parroquia de Virgen del Carmen de Moaña), O Real y O Con (parroquia de Tirán) y A Xunqueira (parroquia de Meira).

Hasta mediados del , la parroquia pertenecía a la de San Martín de Moaña, independizándose en esas fechas debido a la explosión demográfica del núcleo urbano de Moaña, muy alejado de la capitalidad de la vieja parroquia de San Martín de Moaña.

En esta parroquia se destacan los núcleos de población de O Redondo (1.664 habitantes en 2010), A Seara (1.303 habitantes en 2010) -actual capital municipal-, y A Praia (1.086 habitantes en 2010) -antigua capital municipal-.

Referencias

Parroquias de Moaña

Virxe do Carme de Moaña


Joshua Kimmich (født 8. februar 1995 i Rottweil, Tyskland) er en tysk fodboldspiller, der spiller på midtbane for Bundesliga-klubben FC Bayern München. Han har spillet for klubben siden sommeren 2015.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra VfB Stuttgart
Fodboldspillere fra RB Leipzig
Fodboldspillere fra FC Bayern München
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2016
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2020
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2022

Joshua Kimmich


Vasia Bankova (în bulgară Вася Стефанова Банкова, ) este o profesoară bulgară, doctor habilitat, profesor al Universității din Sofia, membru al Academiei Bulgare de Științe.

Ea a absolvit Institutul de Stat din Sofia în 1977.

Note

Bibliografie
V. Bankova. Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. J. Ethnopharmacol. 100 (1-2), 114—117 (2005).
V. Bankova, B. Trusheva., M.Popova. New developments in propolis chemical diversity studies (since 2000) In: N. Orsolich & I. Basic (Eds), Scientific Evidence of Use of Propolis in Ethnomedicine, 1-13, Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum, 2008.
V. Bankova, B. Trusheva. Chemical profiles of different propolis types in relation to their biological activity. In: T. Farooki and A. Farooki, Eds., Beneficial effects of propolis on human health and chronic diseases. NOVA Science Publishers, New York. 2013.

Legături externe
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Olaylar
 4 Ocak - Sultanahmet Camii'nin temeli atıldı.
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Orion Nebulası, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc tarafından bu yılda keşfedilmiştir.

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 18 Temmuz - Caravaggio, İtalyan ressam (d. 1571)

1610


Deccani (or Deccani Urdu; also rendered as: Dakni, Dakhni, Dakhini, Dakkhani and Dakkani) (, dekanī or , dakhanī), is a language spoken in the Deccan region of southern India and the native language of the Deccani people. Closely related with Urdu, the historical form of Deccani sparked the development of Urdu literature during the late-Mughal period. Deccani arose as a lingua franca under the Delhi and Bahmani Sultanates, as trade and migration from the north introduced Hindustani to southern India. It later developed a literary tradition under the patronage of the Deccan Sultanates.

The official language of the Deccan Sultanates was Persian, and due to this, Deccani has had an influence from the Persian language. In the modern era, it has survived only as a spoken lect. Deccani differs from Hindustani due to archaisms retained from the medieval era, as well as a convergence with the Deccan's regional languages like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Marathi spoken in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and some parts of Maharashtra. Deccani has been increasingly influenced by Standard Urdu, which serves as its formal register.

There are three primary dialects of Deccani Urdu spoken today: Hyderabadi Urdu, Mysore Urdu, and Madrasi Urdu. Hyderabadi Urdu is the closest of these dialects to Standard Urdu.

The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of Hindi-Urdu; and an oral one, referring to the lect spoken in many areas of the Deccan today. Both contexts have intricate historical ties.

History

Origin
As a predecessor of modern Hindustani, Deccani has its origins in the contact dialect spoken around Delhi known as Dehlavi. In the early 14th century, this dialect was introduced in the Deccan region through the military exploits of Alauddin Khalji. In 1327 AD, Muhammad bin Tughluq shifted his Sultanate's capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (near present-day Aurangabad, Maharashtra), causing a mass migration; governors, soldiers and common people moved south, bringing the dialect with them. At this time (and for the next few centuries) the cultural centres of the northern Indian subcontinent were under Persian linguistic hegemony.

The Bahmani Sultanate was formed in 1347 AD with Daulatabad as its capital. This was later moved to Gulbarga and once again, in 1430, to Bidar. By this time, the dialect had acquired the name Dakhni, from the name of the region itself, and had become a lingua franca for the linguistically diverse people of the region, primarily where the Muslims had settled permanently. The Bahmanids greatly promoted Persian, and did not show any notable patronage for Deccani. However, their 150-year rule saw the burgeoning of a local Deccani literary culture outside the court, as religious texts were made in the language. The Sufis in the region (such as Shah Miranji) were an important vehicle of Deccani; they used it in their preachings since regional languages were more accessible (than Persian) to the general population. This era also saw production of the masnavi Kadam Rao Padam Rao by Fakhruddin Nizami in the region around Bidar. It is the earliest available manuscript of the Hindavi/Dehlavi/Deccani language, and contains loanwords from local languages such as Telugu and Marathi. Digby suggests that it was not produced in courtly settings.

Growth

In the early 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the Deccan Sultanates. These were also Persianate in culture, but were characterised by an affinity towards regional languages. They are largely responsible for the development of the Deccani literary tradition, which became concentrated at Golconda and Bijapur. Numerous Deccani poets were patronised in this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of Sab Ras), ibn-e-Nishati (Phulban), and Ghwasi (Tutinama). Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San'ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.

The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah of the Golconda Sultanate wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a Kulliyat. It is widely considered to be the earliest Urdu poetry of a secular nature. Ibrahim Adil Shah II of the Bijapur Sultanate produced Kitab-e-Navras (Book of the Nine Rasas), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.

Although the poets of this era were well-versed in Persian, they were characterised by a preference for indigenous cultures, and a drive to stay independent of esoteric language. As a result, the language they cultivated emphasised the Sanskritic roots of Deccani without overshadowing it, and borrowed from neighbouring languages (especially Marathi; Matthews states that Dravidian influence was much less). In this regard, Shaheen and Shahid note that literary Deccani has historically been very close to spoken Deccani, unlike the northern tradition that has always exhibited diglossia. Poet San'ati is a particular example of such conscious efforts to retain simplicity:

As the language of court and culture, Persian nevertheless served as the model for poetic forms, and a good amount of Persian and Arabic vocabulary was present in the works of these writers. Hence Deccani attempted to strike a balance between Indian and Persian influences, though it did always retain mutual intelligibility with the northern Dehlavi. This contributed to the cultivation of a distinct Deccani identity, separate from the rulers from the north; many poets proudly extolled the Deccan region and its culture.

Hence, Deccani experienced cultivation into a literary language under the Sultanates, alongside its usage as a common vernacular. It also continued to be used by saints and Sufis for preaching. However, the Sultanates did not use Deccani for official purposes, preferring the prestige language Persian as well as regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu.

Decline
The Mughal conquest of the Deccan by Aurangzeb in the 17th century connected the southern regions of the subcontinent to the north, and introduced a hegemony of northern tastes. This began the decline of Deccani poetry, as literary patronage in the region decreased. The sociopolitical context of the period is reflected in Hashmi Bijapuri's poem, composed two years after the fall of Bijapur, in a time when many southern poets were pressured to change their language and style for patronage:

The literary centres of the Deccan had been replaced by the capital of the Mughals, so poets migrated to Delhi for better opportunities. A notable example is that of Wali Deccani (1667–1707), who adapted his Deccani sensibilities to the northern style and produced a divan in this variety. His work inspired the Persianate poets of the north to compose in the local dialect, which in their hands became an intermediate predecessor of Hindustani known as Rekhta. This accelerated the downfall of Deccani literature, as Rekhta came to dominate the competing dialects of Mughal Hindustan. The advent of the Asaf Jahis slowed this down, but despite their patronage of regional culture, Deccani Urdu's literary tradition died. However, the spoken variety has lived on in the Deccani Muslims, retaining some of its historical features and continuing to be influenced by the neighbouring Dravidian languages.

Phonology

Consonants

  can be heard as either voiceless  or voiced  across dialects.
 The  of Urdu is merged with .

Vowels

  can have lax allophones of  when preceding consonants in medial position.
 Diphthong sounds include .
  can be heard as  after .
  can be heard as  in initial positions.

Modern era
The term Deccani today is given to a Hindustani lect spoken natively by many Muslims from Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra (who are known as the Deccanis). It is considered to be the modern, spoken variety of the historical Deccani dialect, and inherits many features from it. The term Deccani distinguishes the lect from standard Urdu - however, it is commonly considered a "variety" of Urdu, and often gets subsumed under this name, both by its own speakers and the official administration. The demise of the literary tradition has meant that Deccani uses standard Urdu as its formal register (i.e. for writing, news, education etc).

Geographical distribution
Deccani speakers centre around Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Deccani is also spoken in many other urban areas of the Deccan region and Mumbai, especially those with large Muslim populations such as Aurangabad, Nanded, Akola, Amravati, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore and Bangalore. In addition to members of the Deccani community, some Hindu Rajputs and Marathas in the Deccan speak Deccani Urdu as well.

Features
Deccani is characterised by the retention of medieval-era features from Hindustani's predecessor dialects, that have disappeared in today's Hindi-Urdu. It is also distinguished by grammar and vocabulary influences from Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu, due to its prolonged use as a lingua franca in the Deccan. A non-exhaustive list of its unique features, compared with standard Urdu where possible:

These features are used to different degrees among speakers, as there tends to be regional variation. Mustafa names some varieties of Deccani as "(Telugu) Dakkhini, Kannada Dakkhini, and Tamil Dakkhini", based on their influence from the dominant Dravidian language in the spoken region. He further divides Telugu Deccani into two linguistic categories, corresponding to: Andhra Pradesh, which he says has more Telugu influence; and Telangana, with more influence from standard Urdu. The latter is seen especially in Hyderabadi Urdu.

Deccani's use of Urdu as a standard register, and contact with Hindustani (widespread in India), has led to some of its distinctive features disappearing. Hence many of the features in the above table are used side-by-side with those of Standard Urdu.

Culture
Deccani finds a cultural core in and around Hyderabad, where the highest concentration of speakers are; Telangana is one of the only four states of India to provide "Urdu" official status. Deccani Urdu in Hyderabad has found a vehicle of expression through humour and wit, which manifests in events called "Mazahiya Mushaira", poetic symposiums with comedic themes. An example of Deccani, spoken in such a context at Hyderabad:

Additionally, the Deccani Film Industry is based in Hyderabad, and its movies are produced in Hyderabadi Urdu.

Legacy

Hindustani
Deccani is often considered a predecessor of Hindustani. The Deccani literary tradition is largely responsible for the development of modern Hindustani since contact with southern poets led to a shift in northern tastes and the development of Urdu as a literary language. Deccani also imparted the practice of writing the local vernacular in the Perso-Arabic script, which eventually became the standard practice for Urdu all over the Indian subcontinent.

See also
 Hyderabadi Urdu
 Urdu in Aurangabad
 Nawayathi (Kumta, Honnavar, Bhatkal)
 Deccani Muslims
 Deccani Film Industry
 Deccani Marathi, which goes by the same names

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Urban culture of Medieval Deccan (1300 AD-1650 AD)
Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Volume 22 (1963)
Deccani Painting by Mark Zebrowski

Culture of Hyderabad, India
Dialects of Urdu
Urdu in India
Languages of Telangana
Languages of India
Deccan sultanates

Deccani language


Yacht Club Games, LLC est un studio de développement et éditeur de jeux vidéo indépendant américain fondé en 2011 et notamment célèbre pour la série de jeux vidéo Shovel Knight.

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Le studio est créé en 2011 par l'ancien directeur de WayForward Technologies, Sean Velasco.

La société annonce son premier titre, Shovel Knight, le 14 mars 2013 le publie le 26 juin 2014, après une campagne Kickstarter réussie.

En 2016, la société annonce qu'elle commence à publier des jeux d'autres sociétés tels que Azure Striker Gunvolt : Striker Pack, une compilation contenant Azure Striker Gunvolt et Azure Striker Gunvolt 2, et Cyber Shadow, un jeu développé par Mechanical Head Studios.

En février 2022, la société annonce son deuxième titre original, Mina the Hollower.

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