Shimla (; ; also known as Simla, the official name until 1972) is the capital and the largest city of the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. In 1864, Shimla was declared as the summer capital of British India. After independence, the city became the capital of East Punjab and was later made the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. It is the principal commercial, cultural and educational centre of the state.

Small hamlets were recorded before 1815 when British forces took control of the area. The climatic conditions attracted the British to establish the city in the dense forests of the Himalayas. As the summer capital, Shimla hosted many important political meetings including the Simla Deputation of 1906, the Simla Accord of 1914 and the Simla Conference of 1945. After independence, the state of Himachal Pradesh came into being in 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 princely states. Even after independence, the city remained an important political centre, hosting the Simla Agreement of 1972. After the reorganisation of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the existing Mahasu district was named Shimla.

Shimla is home to several buildings that are styled in the Tudorbethan and neo-Gothic architectures dating from the colonial era, as well as multiple temples and churches. The colonial architecture and churches, the temples, and the natural environment of the city attract tourists. Major city centre's attractions include the Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue), Jakhu Temple, Viceregal Lodge, Christ Church, Mall Road, The Ridge and Annadale. The city centre's northernmost point is Jakhoo and the southernmost location is Annadale, the easternmost point is Sanjauli and the western point is Chotta Shimla. The Kalka–Shimla Railway line built by the British, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is also a major tourist attraction. Owing to its steep terrain, Shimla hosts the mountain biking race MTB Himalaya, which started in 2005 and is regarded as the biggest event of its kind in South Asia. Shimla also has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. Apart from being a tourism centre, the city is also an educational hub with several colleges and research institutions.

Etymology
One theory suggests that the name "Shimla" was derived from Shyamalaya, meaning 'blue house', a solitary house made of blue slate on Jakhu Hill, built by a fakir.

According to another version, the city gets its name from Shamli or Shyamala, meaning 'blue lady', referring to the goddess Kali. It is believed that a temple dedicated to goddess Shamli, an incarnation of Kali, used to be on the Jakhu hillside near the Rothney Castle. Many believe that during the British period, the image of the goddess was shifted to a new place, the now-famous Kali Bari Temple.

In 2018, the state government decided to change the city's name from Shimla to Shyamala. However, seeing the negative response of the general public, the state government dismissed the plan.

History
Most of the area occupied by present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only sign of civilisation was the Jakhu Temple and a few scattered houses. The area was called 'Shimla', named after a Hindu goddess, Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of Kali.

The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal in 1806. The British East India Company took control of the territory as per the Sugauli Treaty after the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16). The Gurkha leaders were quelled by storming the fort of Malaun under the command of David Ochterlony in May 1815. In a diary entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area, describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the Assistant Political Agent in the Hill States, set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the Scottish civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first pucca house in the area named Kennedy Cottage in 1822, near Annadale, what is now the home for CPWD office. The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. In 1827, William Amherst, the Governor-General of Bengal, visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, Stapleton Cotton, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the same residence. During his stay, a three-mile road and a bridge were constructed near Jakhoo. In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding land from the chiefs of Keonthal and Patiala in exchange for the Rawin pargana and a portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881.

In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting between the Governor-General Lord William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:

Combermere's successor Earl Dalhousie visited Shimla in the same year. After this, the town was under Nawab (King) Kumar Ghosal of Bally, West Bengal, and saw regular visits from the Governors-General and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. Several young British officers started visiting the area to socialise with the higher-ups; they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their relatives. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties, and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the population increased, several bungalows were built and a big bazaar was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from Sood and Parsi communities, arrived in the area to cater to the needs of the growing European population. On 9 September 1844, the foundation of the Christ Church was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the construction of the Hindustan-Tibet road with a 560-feet tunnel was taken up in 1851–52. This tunnel, now known as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by Major Briggs in 1850 and completed in the winter of 1851–52. The 1857 uprising caused a panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion.

In 1863, the Viceroy of India, John Lawrence, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla. He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, even though it was difficult to reach. Robert Bulwer-Lytton (Viceroy of India 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the Ridge), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as a library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.

During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India, the head of the Indian Army, and many departments of the government. The summer capital of the regional Government of the Punjab moved from Murree, in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed the Shimla Society, which, according to Charles Allen, "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants, and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip, and intrigue".

The  Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium Tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about  in length, was also built in 1905.

The Simla Convention, an ambiguous treaty concerning the status of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the Republic of China, Tibet and Great Britain was signed in Simla in 1913 and 1914. At the convention a demarcation line between Tibet and the North-east region of India was proposed by Sir Henry McMahon. The line came to be known as McMahon Line and is currently the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government. This was also the site of a series of talks held by Viceroy Wavell to discuss a plan for the independence of India with the Indian political leaders of the time. Known as the Simla Conference, the talks failed to bring about a resolution.

Shimla was the capital city in exile of British Burma (present-day Myanmar) from 1942 to 1945.

The Kalka–Shimla railway line, opened in 1903, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient". In 2008, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Following the partition of India, it briefly served as the capital of East Punjab, until construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana). Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.

After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of the integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Shimla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by the issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged into the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. The legislative assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956. Following areas of Punjab State namely Shimla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some areas of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Tehsil of Pathankot district; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on the enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.

The Simla Agreement treaty was signed in Shimla by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the President of Pakistan, and Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India. The agreement paved the way for diplomatic recognition of Bangladesh by Pakistan. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours on the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.

Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge, Assembly Chamber, Auckland House, Christ Church, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and the Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India. The original Peterhoff, another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the Mall Road, which ran along the length of the Ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the viceroy and his wife.

Geography
Shimla is on the south-western ranges of the Himalayas at . It has an average altitude of  above mean sea level and extends along a ridge with seven spurs. The city stretches nearly  from east to west.

The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region. There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the Sutlej, is about  away. Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of Yamuna).

The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over . The main forests in and around the city are of Pine, Deodar, Oak and Rhododendron. Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot. Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.

The city is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of Kalka, 116 km (72 miles) northeast of Chandigarh, 247 km (154 miles) south of Manali and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of Delhi, the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, and Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.

To the east of Shimla stand the Choor Mountains (Chuor, 3647m). A passage over these mountains, from the Tons River to Shimla is described in Views in India, chiefly among the Himalaya Mountains, by George Francis White with accompanying drawings, Village of Khandoo, on the Ascent to the Choor, and two that were subsequently the subject of poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, namely Crossing the Choor Mountains, and Village of Koghera and Deodar Forest, near the Choor

The accompanying notes record that "During a considerable part of the year, the Choor is hoary with snow; and when moonlight falls upon the scene, an effect is produced as if floods of molten silver were poured over the surface. Moonlight in these regions assumes a novel charm."

Shimla city is geographically uniquely positioned in such a way, that if water is poured on the northern slope  at the Ridge ground, it goes to the Arabian Sea via the Sutej River, and if water is poured on the southern slope, it meets the Bay of Bengal through the Yamuna River.

Seven Hills of Shimla

Shimla was built on top of seven hills: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhu Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhu hill, which is at a height of . In recent times the city has spread past the initial seven hills.

Climate

Shimla features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summer.

The average temperature during summer is between , and between  in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between  in November and  in August. It is typically around  per month during winter and spring, and around  in June as the monsoon approaches.

The average total annual precipitation is , which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.

The maximum snowfall received in recent times was  on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received  of snow.

On the weekend of 12–13 August 2023, torrential rains attributed to climate change caused major landslides in Shimla, killing at least 57 people. These were part of the 2023 North India floods.

Economy
Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors. Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of the remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers.

In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals: Indira Gandhi Hospital (Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims to make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot. Major departmental headquarters of the state are also located in Shimla such as Himachal Pradesh Government Printing and Stationery Press, Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board, and Himachal Pradesh Police Headquarters.

The hotel industry is one of the major sources of income generation for the city. Shimla has up to 6500 hotels, including 5-star hotels, most popular is Oberoi Cecil, Peterhoff, Wildflower Hall and Hotel Holiday Home. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest-ranked hotels.

Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present, namely Himachal Pradesh University and Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination) and promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla. Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the economy of the district as well as the state.

The government is trying to promote the technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla.

Civic administration

The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and merged areas of Dhalli, Totu, and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07. Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 41 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the government of Himachal Pradesh. The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics, and other activities. Thirty-three per cent of the seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councillors themselves.

The administrative head of the corporation is the Commissioner who is appointed by the state government.

The two major political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress with a third party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), emerging.

The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha). Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the Police Force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla. The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police.

There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court.

Demographics

Population
According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km2 had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females. Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020. The effective literacy rate of city was 93.63 percent and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14 per cent.

The city area has increased considerably along with time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census, the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km2. A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism. The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population is younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001 – is cause for concern, and much lower than the 974 versus 1,000 for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole.

The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.

Language
Hindi is the lingua franca of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, Pahari languages are spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who form a major part of the population in the city. Punjabi language is prevalent among the ethnic Punjabi migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from West Punjab, who settled in the city after the Partition of India in 1947.

Religion

According to 2011 census, the majority religion of the city is Hinduism practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by Islam (2.29%), Sikhism (1.95%), Buddhism (1.33%), Christianity (0.62%), and Jainism (0.10%).

Culture
The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The Shimla Summer Festival, held every year during peak tourist season, and lasting 3–4 days, is celebrated on the Ridge. The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country. Since 2015, 95.0 BIG FM and Himachal Tourism have been jointly organising a seven-day long winter carnival on the Ridge from Christmas to New Year's.

Shimla has several places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge area in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original 'Tudorbethan' architecture. The former Viceregal Lodge, which now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery, and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built-in 1974).

Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the Ridge, sells souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani,  from the main city, is the name of hot sulphur springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of the River Satluj. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink. State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figures skating events. Due to the effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on the ice every winter has been decreasing in the past few years.

Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. Jakhoo Temple, for the Hindu god Hanuman, is located at the highest point in Shimla. Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about  from the city. The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a Gurudwara near the bus terminus and Christ Church on the Ridge.

Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewellery, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of pine and deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major buildings of Shimla. The various kinds of crafts of Shimla made out of wood include small boxes, utensils, image carvings, and souvenirs.

The carpet-making of Shimla is a great attraction for tourists. Different floral and other motifs are used. Wool is used to making blankets and rugs. The embroidery includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves, and caps.

The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leathercraft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers, and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla include a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery.

The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic Kumauni people with a simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities.

Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins at the start of December and goes on until the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex, a golf course at Annadale and further out from the city is another nine-hole golf course at  Naldehra, the oldest of its kind in India. Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located  from the main city.
Shimla is also part of the wider Western Pahari cultural belt which extends until Murree, Pakistan.

Education

The city has 13 anganwadis and 64 primary schools. There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular convent schools in the city are Bishop Cotton School, Convent of Jesus and Mary (Chelsea), St. Edward's School, Auckland House School, Loreto Convent (Tara Hall). Bishop Cotton School and St. Edward's School are for boys only, whereas, Loreto Convent, Tara Hall and Convent of Jesus and Mary, Chelsea is for girls only. Other public schools include DAV Public School, Shimla Public School, Himalayan International School and S.D. Senior Secondary School.

The medical institutes in Shimla include Indira Gandhi Medical College and St. Bede's, a girls-only college. Government College, Sanjauli is also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal Lodge, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion, and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University (state university of Himachal Pradesh) is also located in Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University Business School (HPUBS) and University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University (UIIT), a premier technical education institute, Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla are also located here.

There is one private university, APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University. It was named the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.

Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge has 7,000.

Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and the National Academy of Audit and Accounts for the training of officers of the Indian Audits and Accounts Service (IA&AS).

Dhami, near Shimla, now hosts the Himalayan Institute for Cultural and Heritage Studies (HICHS), which was earlier based in the Kullu district.

Places of interest

The Mall is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices, and tourist offices. The lower part of Gaiety Theatre lies here.
The Ridge is a large open space, which is situated alongside the Mall Road and hosts all the cultural activities in the city. Christ Church situated on the Ridge, is the second oldest church in Northern India. Inside there are stained glass windows that represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience, and humility. There are State Library and Gaiety Heritage Cultural Complex too which are some of the notable buildings located here.
Jakhoo - Jakhoo temple is 2 km from The Ridge, at a height of 8,000 ft, Jakhoo Hill is the highest peak in the city and has views of the city and the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the hill is an old temple of Hanuman, a Hindu deity which is popular among tourists and locals alike. A 108 feet (33-metre) statue of Hanuman, at 8,500 feet (2,591 metres) above sea level, is the statue standing at the highest altitude among several other masterpieces in the world, overtaking the Christ Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Jakhoo has ropeway also which connects Jakhoo temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.
Kali Bari is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kali's fearless incarnation Shyamala on which Shimla city is named. The extensive views from the temple include such sights as Annadale, Shima Railway Station, Railway Board Building, Old Bus Stand, ARTRAC, TV Tower, etc.
Annadale  was developed as the racecourse of Shimla, Annadale is 2–4 km from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is now used by the Indian Army. It has the Army Heritage Museum which is a notable tourist destination on its own, and also a golf course and a helipad are situated here. Every VVIP, VIP, or celebrity who visits Shimla comes by Annadale helipad. Annadale is one of the prime tourist sites of Shimla. The first Durand Cup Football Tournament was organised here in 1888 by Mortimer Durand.
Indian Institute of Advanced Studies is an educational institute now. This institute is housed at the former Viceregal Lodge, built-in 1884–88.
Himachal Pradesh State Museum - Himachal Pradesh State Museum was opened in 1974, and has tried to protect the hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles, and jewellery of the region.
Summer Hill is at a height of 6,500  ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University is situated here.
Sankat Mochan Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Hanuman. It is situated on the Shimla-Chandigarh highway.
Tara Devi Temple - Tara Devi Temple is 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
Sanjauli is the main suburb of Shimla.
Dhingu Mata Temple is situated atop a hill in Sanjauli. It is the second-highest hilltop temple in Shimla after Jakhoo temple.
Kamna Devi Temple is situated on top of Prospect Hill in Baileuganj.
Chadwick Falls
Kufri is situated near Shimla. Kufri sees the annual sports winter festival in February. Adventure activities like skiing and tobogganing.
 Himalayan Nature Park is situated just outside the city.
Chharabra is near Kufri. It is famous for its natural beauty and Kalyani helipad.
Mashobra is near Shimla. Craignano Park here is a popular spot.
Jutogh is located 8 km from Shimla city centre,  this is an army cantonment, it is near Totu, an important suburb of Shimla city.

Transport

Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Like any other growing city, Shimla is also expanding with new habitats in the vicinity. Transport services in these areas are also expanding rapidly. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited at the Mall, Ridge, and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws which are common in other Indian cities are largely absent.

Road
Shimla is well-connected by road network to all major cities in north India and all major towns and district headquarters within the state. National Highway 5 connects Shimla to the nearest big city of Chandigarh. This road is being widened by four-laning as part of the Shimla-Chandigarh Expressway project, and has been completed until Solan as of July 2021.

Distance between major towns and Shimla:

 Kalka: 90 km
 Chandigarh: 110 km
 Ambala: 148 km
 Patiala: 172 km
 Bathinda: 330 km
 Amritsar: 301 km
 Panipat: 275 km
 Delhi: 343 km
 Dehradun: 224 km
 Jammu: 482 km
 Agra: 568 km
 Jaipur: 629 km
 Haridwar: 278 km
 Srinagar: 787 km
 Pithoragarh: 703 km
 Indore: 1170 km
 Kolkata: 1460 km
 Mumbai: 1742 km

Air

Shimla Airport is situated at Jubbarhatti,  from the city. Regular flights to Delhi operate from the airport. The nearest major airport is Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport in Chandigarh about 116 km away.

Rail

The scenic Kalka Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge track, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km. Kalka, the plains rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. The city has a total of three railway stations with Shimla the main station and two others located at Summer Hill and Totu (Jutogh) respectively. It was built to connect Shimla, the summer capital of India during the British Raj, with the Indian rail system.

In 2007, the government of Himachal Pradesh declared the railway a heritage property. For about a week starting on 11 September 2007, an expert team from UNESCO visited the railway to review and inspect it for possible selection as a World Heritage Site. On 8 July 2008, the Kalka–Shimla Railway was listed as a World Heritage Site, alongside Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.

Media and communications
State-owned All India Radio and Reliance Broadcast owned 95.0 BIG FM have local radio stations in Shimla, which transmit various programmes of mass interest. Apart from a wide range of other national and international TV channels of different languages, the national TV broadcaster Doordarshan also broadcast channels like DD Shimla, DD National and DD Sports in the city. There are several private FM radio channels like 95.0 BIG FM and Radio Mirchi.

Amar Ujala, Punjab Kesari, and Dainik Bhaskar are the widely circulated Hindi dailies while The Tribune, The Times of India, Hindustan Times and Indian Express are popular English newspapers in the city. Other notable newspapers are Devbhumi Mirror and Divya Himachal. ShimlaNow and Himachal Abhi Abhi, We Are Himachali are the online news portals published from Shimla.

Notable people

 M. S. Banga, businessman, former CEO, fund manager
 Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton, writer and activist
 Victor Bulwer-Lytton, politician
 Shahid Javed Burki, Pakistani economist, born during British rule
 Charlie Chauhan, television actress
 Rubina Dilaik, television actress
 Guy Gibson, WWII RAF aviator, VC
 Horatio Boileau Goad, British policeman and former secretary of the municipal corporation of Shimla
 Samuel Boileau Goad, a principal property owner in Shimla
 O.C. Handa, historian
 S.R. Harnot, writer
 Raaja Bhasin, writer, historian, television personality
 Siddharth Pandey, writer, historian, photographer
 John Hunt, British army officer and mountaineer
 Robin Jackman, former England cricket player
 Celina Jaitly, Bollywood actress
 Ursula Jeans, British actress and wife of British actor Roger Livesey
 Shriniwas Joshi, writer and theatre person
 Preneet Kaur, Indian aristocrat of Patiala and Kashmir dynasties, former Minister for External Affairs
 M. M. Kaye, novelist
 Rahat Kazmi, Pakistani television actor
 Anupam Kher, Bollywood actor
 Rudyard Kipling, English author
 Earl Kitchener, British viceroy
 Ram Kumar, painter
 Thakur Ram Lal, politician
 John Lea, Navy officer
 Ankit Love, leader of the One Love Party, Great Britain
 Elsie Mackay, British actress
 Simranjit Singh Mann, Sikh politician
 Jamila Massey, British actress
 Henry McMahon, British Indian army officer
 Ashish R Mohan, film director
 Raja Dina Nath, Sikh Khalsa Diwan member
 Meghna Pant, author and feminist
 Mohinder Singh Pujji, WWII RAF and RIAF pilot, DFC
 Asghar Qadir, Pakistani cosmologist
 Javed Ashraf Qazi, former director of ISI
 Sadiq Hussain Qureshi, Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
 Motilal Rajvansh, Bollywood actor
 Priya Rajvansh, actress
 Sheila Ramani, Miss Shimla
 Hanif Ramay, former Chief Minister of Punjab
 Shafqat Rana, Pakistani test cricketer
 Bruce Seton, British soldier and actor
 Idries Shah, writer on Sufism
 Anand Sharma, Former Union Minister and MP, Rajya Sabha
 Anwar Shemza, Kashmiri writer and radio broadcaster
 Chetan Singh, historian
 Mian Goverdhan Singh, writer and librarian
 Pratibha Singh, politician
 Shakti Singh, Bollywood actor
 Asmita Sood, television actress
 Salman Taseer, Pakistani businessman
 Dhan Singh Thapa, Indian army officer
 Nirmal Verma, Hindi writer
 Sushma Verma, Indian cricketer
 Preity Zinta, Bollywood actress

Sister cities
Sister relationships with towns and regions worldwide include:
 Carbondale, Illinois, United States

See also
 Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan on 3 July 1972
 Simla Accord (1914) was a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914 at the end of a convention held in Shimla. Although its legal status is disputed, it is currently the effective boundary between China and India.

References

External links

 Official website of Shimla district
 Shimla – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Guide
 Official website of Himachal Tourism
 Municipal Corporation Shimla

Cities and towns in Shimla district
Former capital cities in India
1819 establishments in India
Populated places established in 1819

Shimla


Sulissartut Partîat (; ny grønlandsk retskrivning: Sulisartut Partiiat) var et socialistisk arbejderparti i Grønland, der blev grundlagt i foråret 1979 af en kreds omkring fagforeningslederen Odaq Olsen som den politiske fløj af det største grønlandske fagforbund SIK. SIK havde tidligere støttet Siumut, men det formelle samarbejde mellem dem blev afbrudt i efteråret 1978. De havde dog forsat nære relationer, og Sulissartut var allieret med Siumut i alle politiske hovedspørgsmål.; endvidere støttede partiet Siumut ved valget til Europa-Parlamentet i 1979.

Ved valget i 1979 kom Sulissartut ikke i Landstinget.. Partiet stillede derefter op til folketingsvalget i 1979, men fik kun 1 618 stemmer og intet mandat.

Ved valgene til kommunerådene samme år fik Sulissartut 550 stemmer; 156 i Nuuk, 114 i Ilulissat, 81 i Maniitsoq, 76 i Aasiaat, 60 i Qaqortoq, 33 i Narsaq, 23 i Qasigiannguit og 7 i Uummannaq.

Op til landstingsvalget i 1983 valget blev Sulissartut optaget i Inuit Ataqatigiit.

Valgresultater

Landstinget

Kilder: Election Passport, Parties & Elections

Folketinget

Kilde: Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, s. 524

Henvisninger

Socialistiske partier i Grønland
Etableret i 1979
Tidligere politiske partier i Grønland
Socialdemokratiske partier

Sulisartut Partiiat


පරන්තන් යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු පළාත තුල කිලිනොච්චි දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා තිබෙන නගරයකි.

පිහිටුවීම (1936)
යාපනය තුල විරැකියාව සහ අධික ජන ඝනත්වය ලිහිල් කිරීමේ අරමුණ සහිතව 1936 වර්ෂයේදී නව ජනාවාස බිහිකිරීමේ ව්‍යාපෘතියක කොටසක් ලෙස පරන්තන් පිහිටුවන ලදී.

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්‍රදේශ
කිලිනොච්චි දිස්ත්‍රික්කය
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන

පරන්තන්


Irlands U/19-fodboldslandshold er det nationale U/19 fodboldhold i Irland. Det styres af Football Association of Ireland og deltager i i U19-Europamesterskabet.

Holdet har deltaget i adskillige mesterskaber.

Resultater
Irlands U/19-fodboldslandshold har vundet UEFAs europæiske U/18 fodboldmesterskab på Cypern i 1998, hvilket er holdets hidtil bedste resultat.

 U-18 Europamesterskabet i 1998 – 1.-plads (træner Brian Kerr)

I juli 2011 nåede holdet semifinalen i U19-Europamesterskabet i fodbold, som blev afholdt i Rumænien. De tabte deres sidste kamp til Spanien

U/19-fodboldlandshold i Europa
U/19-fodboldlandshold

Irlands U/19-fodboldlandshold


Biserica romano-catolică din Beiuș, cu hramul Sfânta Treime, este un monument istoric și de arhitectură aflat în centrul municipiului Beiuș.

Bibliografie
 József Bíró, A belényesi róm. kath. templom, Budapest, 1935.

Biserici romano-catolice din România
Monumente istorice din județul Bihor
Beiuș
Fondări în 1752
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Treime

Biserica romano-catolică din Beiuș


දිනරාජ වංශය යනු  පලවන විමලධර්ම සූරිය රජු හාකුසුමාසන දේවියගන් ඇරබී රාජ වංශයයි..

දිනරාජ රාජවංශය


"Navio de guerra russo, vá se foder!" (; ) foi a última comunicação feita por Roman Valentinovych Hrybov (), que estava aquartelado na Ilha da Cobra em 24 de fevereiro de 2022 durante o ataque russo à ilha. A frase e suas derivações foram amplamente adotadas, tanto online quanto offline, durante a invasão russa da Ucrânia em 2022. Em 12 de março de 2022, a frase foi comemorada em um selo postal por Ukrposhta. Em sua libertação, Hrybov foi premiado com uma medalha por suas ações. Durante seu cativeiro, sua família solicitou a marca registrada do slogan.

Em 14 de Abril de 2022, o cruzador , que havia pedido a rendição, foi afundado pelas Forças Armadas Ucranianas.

Precedentes
Em 24 de fevereiro de 2022, dois navios de guerra russos iniciaram um ataque a Ilha da Cobra, uma ilha ucraniana localizada no Mar Negro. A ilha possui uma só aldeia, povoada por menos de 30 pessoas, apenas um pequeno contingente de 13 guardas de fronteira que lá estavam no momento do ataque. Durante a investida, um dos navios de guerra russos que participava do cerco da ilha ordenou aos soldados que se rendessem em troca de segurança, momento em que os defensores recusaram a oferta e responderam com a observação. A conversa real traduzida foi:

O autor e acadêmico Alex Abramovich, escrevendo na London Review of Books, observou que uma tradução mais literal de "Йди нахуй", transliterada como "Idi na khuy", é "Vá para um pau". O soldado que se acredita ter falado a frase foi o fuzileiro naval Roman Hrybov.

Posteriormente, a Ilha das Serpentes foi capturada pelas forças navais russas, e anunciado que os treze soldados que a defendiam foram mortos no assalto. O presidente ucraniano, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, anunciou que premiaria "postumamente" os soldados na Ilha da Cobra com a mais alta honra ucraniana, o Herói da Ucrânia.

Em 28 de fevereiro de 2022, a Marinha Ucraniana postou em sua página no Facebook que todos os guardas de fronteira da ilha estavam vivos e detidos pela Marinha Russa.

Em 24 de março de 2022, alguns dos guardas de fronteira da Ilha da Cobra, incluindo Roman Hrybov, foram devolvidos à Ucrânia em uma troca de prisioneiros. Em 29 de março de 2022, Hrybov, retornou à sua região natal, Cherkasy, e recebeu uma medalha por suas ações.

Recepção

As gravações da troca se tornaram amplamente divulgadas na internet e rapidamente se tornaram virais em várias plataformas de mídia social, e desde então se traduziram em um grito de guerra tanto dos militares quanto dos civis ucranianos que protestavam contra a invasão.

O senador dos EUA Ben Sasse mencionou a frase ao falar no plenário do Senado em 28 de fevereiro: "Um ucraniano, após conversar um pouco com alguns de seus colegas em uma gravação que muitos que podem ter ouvido agora, decidiu aumentar o volume e anunciou, 'navio de guerra russo,  '. [. . . ] Esse é agora o grito de guerra da resistência ucraniana".

Andrew Keen, escrevendo no Literary Hub, observou que, como resultado do slogan, "Até a palavra 'F' foi 'armada' e agora era m 'meme popular da Internet de resistência à invasão russa'". O Washington Post disse que "a Ucrânia está revidando, um palavrão de cada vez".

Comparação histórica
The Week comparou a frase com "Lembre-se do Álamo" da Revolução do Texas no século XIX. O Small Wars Journal comparou a frase a outras provocações de batalha notáveis, como "Molon labe" e "Nuts!", entre outros.

A frase também foi comparada à Resposta dos Cossacos Zaporozhianos, quando o Sultão do Império Otomano Mehmed IV pediu a rendição dos Cossacos Zaporozhianos (que viviam no que é hoje Ucrânia Central), que recusaram, respondendo com uma carta carregada de palavrões.

Uso contínuo e viralização

Em 26 de fevereiro de 2022, as Forças Armadas da Ucrânia explodiram um entroncamento ferroviário que ligava as ferrovias ucranianas e russas para impedir que o exército russo transportasse equipamentos militares e pessoal para a Ucrânia por via férrea. Quando os militares russos pediram à Ucrânia para restaurar a junção por razões humanitárias, o despachante ucraniano respondeu: "Trem russo, vá se foder!".

Em 27 de fevereiro de 2022, um navio russo se aproximou de um petroleiro georgiano pedindo combustível. O último respondeu "navio russo, vá se foder" (""). Quando os russos reclamaram que estavam quase sem combustível, eles foram instruídos a usar seus remos.

Em 7 de março de 2022, o navio russo Vasily Bykov, que anteriormente atacou com sucesso a Ilha das Cobras e se aproximava de Odessa, foi supostamente atingido pelas forças de defesa ucranianas. Eles comemoraram com "Nós batemos neles!" e "Navio russo, vá se foder". No entanto, em 16 de março de 2022, Vasily Bykov foi visto entrando em Sevastopol sem danos visíveis.

Em março de 2022, a banda ucraniana Botashe lançou uma música intitulada "PNH" (), que apresenta predominantemente a frase.

Em 29 de março de 2022, o Ministério da Defesa ucraniano lançou o "Oscar militar ucraniano" (em conjunto com o 94º Oscar) e deu o prêmio de Melhor Filme ao naufrágio do Saratov em 21 de março, em Berdiansk, e ao qual atribuiu o título do filme simulado, "Navio de guerra russo, vá F***-se em Berdyansk".

Selo comemorativo
Em 1.º de março de 2022, Ukrposhta, o serviço postal ucraniano, lançou um concurso de design de selos sobre o tema da frase. Em 12 de março de 2022, o primeiro vice-ministro das Relações Exteriores Emine Dzhaparova anunciou que o trabalho do artista Borys Grokh ganhou o voto popular de Ukrposhta para o esboço do selo. O site de checagem de fatos Snopes disse que Grokh viveu em Yevpatoria na Crimeia toda a sua vida e estava estudando para ser artista, mas como resultado da invasão russa da Crimeia em 2014, ele foi forçado a deixar sua casa e se mudou para Kiev e depois para Lviv. Snopes citou que Ukrposhta encorajou os ucranianos a enviar o mesmo para seus "amigos no exterior ou enviar um ardente 'olá' aos russos".

Palavras, frases e expressões em russo
Invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia (2022–presente)
Fenômenos da Internet
Palavras, frases e expressões em ucraniano

Navio de guerra russo, vá se foder


بوتوشاني (بالرومانية: Botoşani) هي مدينة أقصى شمالي شرقي رومانيا عاصمة المحافظة التي تحمل الاسم نفسه والتي تشكل جزء من الحدود مع مولدوفا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 115،070 نسمة (2002).

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لبوتوشاني:

توأمة
لبوتوشاني اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 برست (28 فبراير 2002 - )
 لافال (16 أكتوبر 2007 - )
 كارامان (14 مارس 2012 - )

أعلام

 نفتالي دين
 دايفيد فريدمان
 إسحاق ليون كاندل
 دان لونجو
 ميهاي إمينسكو

مراجع

سينوتول بروت
بلدات رومانيا
مقاطعات عواصم الرومانية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم بوتوشان

بوتوشاني


Botucatu es un municipio brasileño en el interior del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a 22º53'09" de latitud sur, 48º26'42" de longitud oeste, a 920 metros de altitud. Distancia 235 km de la capital São Paulo. La población estimada en 2018 fue de 144.820 habitantes. El nombre del municipio proviene de Ybytu katu, que en tupí significa "buenos aires".'

Política
 Prefecto: Mário Pardini (2017/2020)

 )

Geografía

Botucatu, que en el pasado llegó a representar 1/4 extensión territorial del estado de São Paulo, está localizada en la región centro sur del Estado, ocupando hoy un área de 1.482,87 km².

El clima del municipio es subtropical húmedo, con inviernos amenos y veranos calientes. En el invierno, la temperatura llega a estar abajo de 0 °C.

El municipio es drenado por dos cuencas hidrográficas: del río Tietê, al norte y del río Pardo, al sur.
La cuenca hidrográfica del río Tietê, ocupa un área de aproximadamente 77.300 ha del municipio.
Los afluentes del río Tietê en el municipio son: río Alambari y río Capivara.

El río Alambari, en el límite del municipio de Anhembi posee como principales afluentes los ríos Nueva América, del Rodrigues, Petiço, Oiti y Siete Guarantãs.
El río Capivara posee como principales afluentes los arroyos y ríos Araquá y Capivara.
La vera del río Piracicaba, uno de los principales afluentes del río Tietê, se encuentra también en el municipio de Botucatu.

La cuenca hidrográfica del río Pardo ocupa un área de aproximadamente 72.100 ha de las tierras de Botucatu, siendo el río Pardo un afluente del río Paranapanema. El recorre una extensión de 67 km en el municipio de Botucatu.

Demografía
Crecimiento Poblacional:
 2009 130.348 habitantes (IBGE Estimativa 2009)
 2008 128.397 habitantes (IBGE Estimativa 2008)
 2007 120.800 habitantes (IBGE Conteo 2007)
 2006 121.258 habitantes (IBGE Estimativa 2006)
 2005 119 298 habitantes (Estimativa de julio de 2005)
 2004 117.308 habitantes (Estimativa julio de 2004)
 2003 113.711 habitantes (Estimativa julio de 2003)
 2002 111.998 habitantes (Estimativa julio de 2002)
 2000 108.306 habitantes (Censo 2000)
 1991 90.620 habitantes
 1980 64.545 habitantes
 1950 41.868 habitantes
 1920 33.405 habitantes
 1900 26.047 habitantes
 1890 20.128 habitantes
 1872 16.979 habitantes

 Datos del Censo - 2000

Población Total: 108.306
 Urbana: 103.993
 Rural: 4.313
 Hombres: 52.876
 Mujeres: 55.430
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 72,40

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil):

Expectativa de vida (años): 71 años

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer):

Tasa de Alfabetización: 94&nbspc;%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,822 (56.º en el Estado y 201.º en el País)
 IDH-M Salario: 0,783
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,909
 IDH-M Educación: 0,774

Urbanización
 Transporte
 Aeropuerto de Botucatu (asfaltado)

 Carreteras
 SP-209 - Carretera Profesor Juan Hipólito Martins
 SP-300 - Carretera Marechal Rondon

Cultura

Religión

 El municipio pertenece a la Arquidiócesis de Botucatu

Referencias

Enlaces externos

EncontraBotucatu - Por toda la ciudad de Botucatu

Ciudades arzobispales de Brasil
Municipios de São Paulo

Botucatu


Nové Butovice (Tjekkisk udtale: [novɛː butovɪtsɛ]) er en metrostation i Prag på linje B. Den blev åbnet den 26. oktober 1988.

Prag
Metrostationer

Nové Butovice (Prags Metro)


Uri Geller () este un celebru iluzionist israelian.

În anul 2006, Uri Geller susținea că echipa din armata americană care a ajuns la vizuina lui Saddam Hussein, în anul 2003, a acționat sub ghidarea unui clarvăzător.

Note

Nașteri în 1946
Iluzioniști israelieni

Uri Geller


آرثر بيرنانديس ريباس دا سيلفا فيلهو (بالبرتغالية:Arthur Bernardes Ribas da Silva Filho) ولد في 15 مايو 1955. هو مدرب كرة قدم برازيلي، درب فريق جيجو يونايتد في كوريا الجنوبية، وانتقل إلى نادي الاتحاد الحلبي في سوريا مطلع العام ٢٠٢١.

التاريخ التدريبي
  مادوريرا (1988)
  أميركا مينيرو (1989)
  أتليتيكو مينيرو (1990)
  سبورت ريسيف (1991)
  أميركا إس بي (1991)
  فلومينينسي (1992)
  غوياس (1992)
  ماريليا (1993)
  باهيا (1994)
  اتحاد دا ماديرا (1994-1995)
  فلامينغو (1995)
  نادي الرياض (1996)
  نادي الوصل (1996-1998)
  نادي دبي (1999)
  أليانزا ليما (2000)
  نادي الشباب (2001-2002)
  بوتافوغو (2002)
  نادي دبي (2003)
  نادي الوصل (2003-2004)
  بترو أتلتيكو لواندا (2005)
  ماريليا (2006)
  أتليتيكو يوفنتوس (2007)
  جيجو يونايتد (2008- 2020)
  الاتحاد الحلبي  (2020-الآن)

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في أنغولا
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في السعودية
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في الكويت
رياضيون برازيليون مغتربون في كوريا الجنوبية
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من مدينة ريو دي جانيرو
مدربو أتلتيكو باراناينسي
مدربو أليانزا ليما
مدربو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
مدربو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الثانية
مدربو بوتافوغو ريغاتاس
مدربو جيجو يونايتد
مدربو غانغون إف سي
مدربو فلومينينسي
مدربو فورتاليزا
مدربو كرة القدم مغتربون في تايلاند
مدربو كرة قدم برازيليون
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في أنغولا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في السعودية
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في الكويت
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في بيرو
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في سوريا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في كوريا الجنوبية
مدربو نادي أتلتيكو مينيرو
مدربو نادي أمريكا (ريو دي جانيرو)
مدربو نادي الرياض
مدربو نادي الشباب (السعودية)
مدربو نادي الكويت
مدربو نادي الوصل
مدربو نادي باهيا الرياضي
مدربو نادي سبورت دي ريسيفه
مدربو نادي غاما
مدربو نادي غوياس
مواليد 1955
مواليد في ريو دي جانيرو

آرثر بيرنانديس


Arumäe ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Stadtgemeinde Narva-Jõesuu (bis 2017 Landgemeinde Vaivara). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Einwohnerschaft
Das Dorf hat 26 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2012).

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Vaivara
Geographie (Narva-Jõesuu)

Arumäe


Michael Llewellyn Rutter, ( - ), est la première personne à être nommée professeur de pédopsychiatrie au Royaume-Uni. Décrit comme le , Rutter est professeur de psychopathologie du développement à l′Institute of Psychiatry du King's College de Londres, et psychiatre consultant au Maudsley Hospital, poste qu'il occupe de 1966 jusqu'à sa retraite en . Une enquête du Review of General Psychology, publiée en 2002, classe Rutter comme le  le plus cité du . Il est décédé d'un cancer le , à l'âge de 88 ans.

Enfance
Michael Rutter est l'aîné des enfants de Winifred (née Barber) et de Llewellyn Rutter. Il est né au Liban où son père est médecin, et devient bilingue anglais-arabe à l'âge de 3 ans. Sa famille retourne en Angleterre quand il a 4 ans. En 1940, à l'âge de 7 ans, Rutter est évacué, avec sa sœur cadette, vers l'Amérique du Nord par crainte d'une invasion allemande. Ils sont envoyés dans des foyers différents et il passe un moment beaucoup plus heureux que sa sœur Priscilla. Ils retournent tous deux dans leur famille en 1944, à la fin de la guerre.

Éducation
Rutter fréquente la Moorestown Friends School dans le New Jersey, aux États-Unis. Plus tard, il fréquente la Wolverhampton Grammar School, puis la Bootham School à York. Un professeur de physique l'encourage à lire les œuvres de Freud, et il s'entraîne à se réveiller et à écrire ses rêves. Cela marque le début de son intérêt pour la psychologie. Il poursuit ses études à la faculté de médecine de l'Université de Birmingham, dans l'intention à l'origine de devenir médecin généraliste et de rejoindre son père dans cette pratique. Cependant, il s'intéresse davantage à la relation entre le cerveau, l'esprit et la neurochirurgie, et suit une formation postdoctorale en neurologie et en pédiatrie.

Il est encadré par Aubrey Lewis à l'hôpital Maudsley dans le sud de Londres, qui le forme pour devenir pédopsychiatre. Rutter n'a pas réalisé que cette profession lui conviendrait.

Carrière
Rutter crée l'Unité de recherche en psychiatrie infantile du Medical Research Council au Royaume-Uni en 1984, et le Centre de psychiatrie sociale, génétique et du développement dix ans plus tard, dont il est le directeur honoraire jusqu'en . Il est vice-président du Wellcome Trust de 1999 à 2004, et administrateur de la Nuffield Foundation de 1992 à 2008.

Le travail de Rutter comprend : les premières études épidémiologiques (île de Wight et intérieur de Londres) ; des études de l'autisme impliquant un large éventail de techniques et de disciplines scientifiques, don,t l'étude de l'ADN et la neuro-imagerie ; les liens entre la recherche et la pratique ; les privations ; les influences des familles et des écoles ; la génétique ; les troubles de la lecture ; les facteurs biologiques et sociaux, de protection et de risque ; l'interactions de facteurs biologiques et sociaux ; le stress ; les études longitudinales et épidémiologiques, dont les expériences et les conditions de l'enfance et de l'adulte ; et les continuités et les discontinuités dans le développement normal et pathologique. Le British Journal of Psychiatry lui attribue un certain nombre de « percées » dans ces domaines. Rutter est également reconnu pour sa contribution centrale à l'établissement de la pédopsychiatrie tant que spécialité médicale et biopsychosociale dotée d'une solide base scientifique.

Il a publié plus de 400 articles et chapitres scientifiques et une quarantaine de livres. Il est rédacteur en chef européen du Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders entre 1974 et 1994.

Rutter publie « Maternal Deprivation Reassessed », que New Society décrit comme « un classique dans le domaine des soins aux enfants », dans lequel il évalue l'hypothèse de la privation maternelle proposée par le  John Bowlby en 1951. Bowlby postule que « le nourrisson et le jeune enfant devraient vivre une relation chaleureuse, intime et continue avec leur mère (ou un substitut maternel permanent) dans laquelle tous deux trouvent satisfaction et plaisir » et que ne pas le faire peut entraîner un problème de santé mentale important aux conséquences irréversibles. Cette théorie est à la fois influente et controversée. Rutter apporte une contribution significative, avec sa monographie de 1981 et d'autres articles (Rutter 1972 ; Rutter 1979), constituant l'évaluation empirique définitive et la mise à jour des premiers travaux de Bowlby sur la privation maternelle. Il rassemble d'autres preuves, aborde les nombreux mécanismes sociaux et psychologiques sous-jacents et montre que Bowlby n'avait que partiellement raison et souvent pour de mauvaises raisons. Rutter souligne les autres formes de privation rencontrées dans les soins institutionnels, la complexité de la détresse liée à la séparation, et suggère que le comportement antisocial n'est pas lié à la privation maternelle en tant que telle mais à la discorde familiale. L'importance de ces découvertes autour de l'hypothèse de la privation maternelle permet de la repositionner comme facteur de vulnérabilité plutôt qu'agent causal, avec un certain nombre d'influences variées déterminant l'évolution d'un enfant.

Après la fin du régime de Nicolae Ceaușescu en Roumanie en 1989, Rutter dirige l'équipe d'étude sur les enfants adoptés anglais et roumains, suivant de nombreux orphelins adoptés dans des familles occidentales durant leur adolescence, à travers une série d'études substantielles sur les effets de la privation précoce. Ses études explorent de multiples domaines affectant le développement de l'enfant, dont l'attachement et le développement de nouvelles relations. Les résultats donnent lieu à un certain optimisme.

En juin 2014, Rutter est l'invité de l'émission The Life Scientific de la BBC Radio 4, dans laquelle il se présente comme quaker non-théiste, tout en révélant qu'à l'âge de 80 ans, il travaille encore chaque jour « à partir d'environ  jusqu'à environ quatre heures.

Rutter est professeur de psychopathologie du développement à l'Institute of Psychiatry du King's College de Londres et psychiatre consultant au Maudsley Hospital, poste qu'il occupe depuis 1966 jusqu'à sa retraite en . Une enquête de la Review of General Psychology, publiée en 2002, classe Rutter comme le  le plus cité du . Il a été décrit comme le "père de la psychologie de l'enfant".

Rutter est le premier à reconnaître les contributions que les enfants eux-mêmes peuvent apporter à la recherche en psychologie de l'enfant. Auparavant, leurs témoignages n'avaient pas été considérés comme importants, bien qu'il ait insisté sur le fait que leurs points de vue comptaient et qu'ils devaient être écoutés.

Découvertes et contributions

Recherches sur la résilience

Selon Marie Anaut, Michael Rutter . Pour Bruno Didier, si Boris Cyrulnik a récemment fait connaître le concept de résilience au grand public (Cyrulnik, Un merveilleux malheur, 1999), ses créateurs en sont Michaël Rutter, Norman Garmezy et Emily Werneer, spécialistes de l'enfance, qui ont surtout recherché les formes de résilience sur leur terrain d'étude.

En travaillant auprès d'enfants et d'adolescents issus de milieux défavorisés au Royaume-Uni, sur l'île de Wight et dans la banlieue de Londres, Rutter observe une prévalence des troubles mentaux chez des enfants de 9 à 12 ans vivant au sein de familles très précaires ou à risque, potentiellement pathogènes et défavorables au développement des enfants. Au nombre des critères de risque, sont retenus la discorde conjugale entre les parents, une classe sociale défavorisée, une famille nombreuse, la délinquance ou la criminalité paternelle, des troubles psychiatriques chez la mère et enfin le placement de l'enfant en institution ou en famille d'accueil.

En 1990, Michaël Rutter propose cette définition de la résilience : . Et en 1998, il définit la résilience comme la .

Théorie de l'attachement
Parmi les sujets de recherche de Rutter figure son intérêt accru pour la théorie de l'attachement maternel, telle qu'elle a été étudiée dans son livre de 1974, The Qualitys of Mothering. Dans ce livre, Rutter étudie l'émergence de plusieurs troubles chez les enfants en pleine croissance, notamment le trouble de la personnalité antisociale et la psychopathologie sans affection. La concentration de Rutter se reflète souvent dans ses commentaires sur les environnements d'apprentissage privés et l'environnement émotionnel privé, car ceux-ci affectent la croissance de l'enfant. L'une des principales distinctions que Rutter fait tout au long de son livre intitulé Les qualités du maternage est la différence entre le retard intellectuel chez l'enfant et l'altération de la croissance émotionnelle de l'enfant en tant que non-développement d'une croissance émotionnelle saine.

Autisme

Avec ses travaux publiés à partir du milieu des années 1960, Rutter a une grande influence dans le domaine de l'autisme. Uta Frith et Francesca Happé estiment qu'il en a  la compréhension.

Parmi les questionnaires de dépistage de l'autisme, Michael Rutter a élaboré avec Cathy Lord (Berument et al., 1999), l'ASQ (Autism Screening Questionnaire), qui en 2002 n'a toutefois pas encore été validé sur les plus jeunes enfants.

Il contribue à dissiper le mythe selon lequel l'autisme serait une forme de schizophrénie infantile, ainsi que la croyance qui voyait dans le comportement des parents la cause de l'autisme chez l'enfant.

Dès 1968, il estime que l'autisme , et réfute que son étiologie soit psychogène ou résultat d'un conditionnement parental défectueux, comme le veut la théorie dominante à l'époque. Il postule que des anomalies cérébrales d'origine organique en soient à l'origine. Dès 1968, il déclare que . En 1977, il est à l'origine d'une étude sur des jumeaux qui démontre clairement, pour la première fois au monde, le rôle génétique dans l'héritabilité de l'autisme. Il contribue à éliminer la théorie de la mère réfrigérateur, qui blâmait indûment les mères en les accusant d'être responsables de l'autisme de leur enfant.

Publications en tant qu'auteur et coauteur
  « La résilience en face de l'adversité. Facteurs de protection et résistance aux désordres psychiatriques »,  (1985) 147, 598-611. Traduction de Michel Hanus , dans Études sur la mort (Revue de la Société de thanatologie, L'Esprit du temps), 2002/2 (), . DOI : 10.3917/eslm.122.0123.

 COX A.D., RUTTER M., (1985), Diagnostic appraisal and interviewing. In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, Oxford: Blackwell, Rutter M. & Hersov L. (eds).
 GARMEZY N., RUTTER M., (1985), «Acute stress reactions», In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, Oxford: Blackwell, Rutter M. & Hersov L. (eds).
 QUINTON D., RUTTER M. & LIDDLE C., (1984), «Institutional rearing, parenting difficulties, and marital support», Psychological Medecine, , .
 RUTTER M., (1971), «Parent-child separation: psychological effects on the children», Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, , .
 RUTTER M., (1979a) «Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage» In Primary Prevention of Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Social Competence in Children, Hanover, N. H.: University Press of New England, Kent M.W. &Rolf J.E. (eds).
 RUTTER M., (1981a) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 RUTTER M., (1981b) «Stress, coping and development: some issues and some questions», Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, , .
 RUTTER M., (1984a) «Psychopathology and development: I. Childhood antecedents of adult psychiatric discorder», Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, , .
 RUTTER M., (1984b) «Psychopathology and development: II. Childhood experiences and personality development», Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, , .
 WOLKIND S. & RUTTER M., (1985), «Separation, loss and family relationships», In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, Rutter M. & Hersov L. (eds).

Prix et distinctions
Rutter reçoit des diplômes honorifiques des universités de Leiden, Louvain, Birmingham, Edinbugh, Chicago, Minnesota, Gand, Jyväskylä, Warwick, East Anglia, Cambridge et Yale. Il reste en pratique jusqu'à la fin de sa carrière et le Michael Rutter Center for Children and Adolescents, basé à l'hôpital Maudsley de Londres, porte son nom.

Rutter est membre honoraire de la British Academy et membre élu de la Royal Society. Il est membre fondateur de l'Academia Europaea et de l'Academy of Medical Sciences et est fait chevalier lors de la cérémonie d'honneur du Nouvel An 1992.

En 1983, il donne la conférence annuelle de Swarthmore à un grand rassemblement de quakers britanniques, assistant à leur réunion annuelle, publiée plus tard sous le titre A Measure of Our Values: Goals and Dilemmas in the upbring of children.

En 2004, il reçoit le prix de carrière distinguée de la Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.

Vie personnelle et mort
Rutter épouse Marjorie Heys, une infirmière, le . Le couple a trois enfants, Sheila Carol, Stephen Michael, Christine Anne.

Rutter est décédé à son domicile le , à l'âge de 88 ans.

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes

Anxiété de séparation
Héritabilité de l'autisme

Bibliographie
  Marie Anaut, « La résilience : évolution des conceptions théoriques et des applications cliniques », Recherche en soins infirmiers, 2015/2 (), . DOI : 10.3917/rsi.121.0028.

  Bruno Didier, « Facteurs de résilience dans les toxico-dépendances », Psychotropes, 2003/1 (), . DOI : 10.3917/psyt.091.0061.

  Bernadette Rogé, « Le diagnostic précoce de l'autisme : données actuelles », Enfance, 2002/1 (), . DOI : 10.3917/enf.541.0021.

Liens externes

 « Michael Rutter : pionnier de la pédopsychiatrie » sur thelancet.com
 "Le professeur Sir Michael Rutter prend sa retraite après 55 ans à l'IoPPN" sur kcl.ac.uk, par Amelia Remmington, publié le
 "Entretien avec Sir Michael Rutter" dans Journal de l'Académie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent,

Membre de l'Academia Europaea
Knight Bachelor
Membre de la Royal Society
Psychologue britannique
Professionnel de l'autisme
Professeur au King's College de Londres
Naissance en août 1933
Décès en octobre 2021
Décès à 88 ans
Décès à Southwark (borough londonien)

Michael Rutter


Aykut Kocaman (d. 5 Nisan 1965, Sakarya) Türk eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör.

140 gol ile Fenerbahçe tarihinin Süper Lig'de en çok gol atan futbolcusudur. 2010-2011 Sezonu'nda Fenerbahçe ile elde ettiği Şampiyonluk sonrası, Fenerbahçe tarihinde şampiyonluk yaşamış 3 Türk teknik direktörden birisi olmuştur. Ayrıca 2013 yılında, teknik direktör olarak başında bulunduğu Fenerbahçe ile UEFA Avrupa Ligi'nde yarı finale kadar yükselmiştir.

Futbolculuk kariyeri
Profesyonel futbol kariyerine 1984 yılında Sakaryaspor'da başlayan Kocaman, ardından 1988 yılında Fenerbahçe'ye transfer olmuş ve bu takımda 3 defa Süper Lig gol kralı olarak büyük başarıya imza atmıştır. 8 sezon Fenerbahçe'de başarıyla oynadıktan sonra 1996 yılında İstanbulspor'a transfer olmuş, 2000 yılında futbolu bırakmıştır. Süper Lig'de attığı gollerle 100'ler kulübüne girip, toplamda 200 gol atarak Süper Lig tarihinin en golcü 5. futbolcusu olmuştur. 1 kez Türkiye U-21, 12 kez de Türkiye A millî takım olmak üzere toplam 13 kez ay-yıldızlı formayı giymiş, bu maçlarda bir gol atmıştır.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri
2000 yılında futbolu bırakan Aykut Kocaman, İstanbulspor'da teknik direktörlüğe başlamıştır. Öncelikle sırasıyla; Malatyaspor, Konyaspor ve Ankaraspor takımlarını çalıştırmıştır. Ardından 2009-10 sezonunda Fenerbahçe'de sportif direktör olarak görev yapmıştır. (Dönemin teknik direktörü Daum'dur) 2010-2011 sezonunda Fenerbahçe teknik direktörlüğüne getirilmiştir.

Konyaspor
Konyaspor 2005-06 sezonu için Aykut Kocaman ile anlaştı. Konyaspor, Süper Lig'i 7. sırada bitirdi ancak sezona Konyaspor ile Fenerbahçe arasında oynanan maçta yaşananlar damga vurdu. Maçta 2-0 öne geçen Konyaspor, Anelka'nın elle yaptığı müdahale sonrası attığı gol, ardından Nobre'nin ve son olarak yine Anelka'nın attığı golle maçı 4-2 kaybeder. Maç sonrasında Konyaspor teknik direktörü Aykut Kocaman teknik direktörlüğü bıraktığını şu sözlerle açıklar:

Fenerbahçe

2010-11
Daum ile son dakikada kaçan şampiyonluk sonrası, Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü yöneticileri futbol takımını Aykut Kocaman'a emanet etme kararı aldılar. Fenerbahçe, Aykut Kocaman yönetiminde ilk resmi maçına UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi eleme turunda Young Boys deplasmanında çıktı. Maç, Fenerbahçe'den Emre Belözoğlu, Miroslav Stoch; Young Boys'tan Emiliano Ariel Dudar, Moreno Costanzo'nun karşılıklı golleriyle 2-2 berabere bitti. İstanbul'da oynanan rövanş maçında Young Boys, deplasmanda Fenerbahçe'yi Henri Bienvenu'nün 40. dakikada attığı golle 0-1 geçerek Fenerbahçe'yi eledi. Bu sonuçla birlikte UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'nden elenen Fenerbahçe, UEFA Avrupa Ligi eleme turunda PAOK ile eşleşti.

Aykut Kocaman, Süper Lig'de Fenerbahçe'nin başında ilk maçına Antalyaspor mücadelesiyle çıktı. Kadıköy'de oynanan mücadelede Fenerbahçe, Antalyaspor'u 4-0 mağlup etti. Aykut Kocaman yönetimindeki Fenerbahçe, Antalyaspor maçı sonrası UEFA Avrupa Ligi eleme turu maçında PAOK ile karşılaştı. Yunan temsilcisi, Yunanistan'da Fenerbahçe'yi 1-0 mağlup etti. Paok mağlubiyeti sonrası Trabzonspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, Trabzon'da Şenol Güneş'in takımına 3-2 mağlup oldu. Fenerbahçe, Trabzonspor mağlubiyeti sonrası Kadıköy'de Paok ile eleme turunun rövanşında karşılaştı. 50. dakikada Emre Belözoğlu'nun attığı golle durumu 1-0'a getirip maçı uzatan Fenerbahçe, 110. dakikada Zlatan Muslimovic'in golüne engel olamadı ve UEFA Avrupa Ligi'nden de elendi. Paok'a elenen Fenerbahçe, Süper Lig'in üçüncü haftasında Manisaspor'u konuk etti ve maçtan 4-2 galip ayrıldı. Kocaman'ın öğrencileri bir sonraki hafta Kayserispor deplasmanına gittiler ve 2-0 mağlup oldular. Fenerbahçe, ligin 5. haftasında Aykut Kocaman yönetiminde ilk kez bir derbi maçına çıktı. Kadıköy'de Beşiktaş ile oynanan mücadele Mamadou Niang ve Guti'nin karşılıklı golleri ile 1-1 berabere bitti. Derbi karşılaşmasından sonraki hafta Kasımpaşa SK ile Ali Sami Yen Stadyumu'nda oynayan Fenerbahçe, rakip ağlara 6 gol bırakarak maçı 2-6 kazandı. Kasımpaşa maçını rahat kazanan Fenerbahçe, ligin yedinci haftasında Gençlerbirliği'ni konuk etti ve rakibini 3-0 yendi. Bir sonraki hafta Konyaspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, bu deplasmandan da 1-4 galip ayrıldı ve iyi gidişini sürdürdü. Üç hafta üst üste galibiyet serisi yakalayan Fenerbahçe, ligin dokuzuncu haftasında ezeli rakibi Galatasaray'ı konuk etti. Maç golsüz eşitlikle sonuçlandı. Derbide Galatasaray ile puanları paylaşan Fenerbahçe futbol takımı, bir hafta sonra Bursaspor deplasmanına gitti. Maç, Semih Şentürk ile Ivan Ergic'in karşılıklı golleriyle berabere bitti. Galatasaray ve Bursaspor maçlarından beraberlikle ayrılan Fenerbahçe, 11. hafta Kadıköy'de Eskişehirspor'u 4-2 mağlup ederek iki hafta aradan sonra galibiyet elde etti. Eskişehirspor galibiyeti sonra Türkiye Kupası'nda MKE Ankaragücü deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, Ankara'da rakibine 4-2 mağlup oldu ve kupaya mağlubiyet ile başladı. 4-2'lik Ankaragücü yenilgisi sonrası Gaziantepspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, 18. dakika 0-1 öne geçtiği maçta 78 ve 85. dakikada yediği goller ile 2-1 mağlup oldu. Bir sonraki hafta Kadıköy'de Bucaspor'u konuk eden Fenerbahçe rakibini 5-2 mağlup etti. Farklı Bucaspor galibiyeti sonrası 14. hafta İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe 33. dakikada Alex'in attığı golle 0-1 galip geldi. İki hafta üst üste galibiyet ile ilerleyen Fenerbahçe, 15. hafta konuk ettiği Kardemir Karabükspor'u 2-1 mağlup ederek galibiyet serisini üç maça çıkardı. Karabükspor galibiyeti sonrası Ankaragücü deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, rakibine 2-1 mağlup oldu ve galibiyet serisi sona erdi. İlk yarının son maçında Sivasspor'u ağırlayan Fenerbahçe, maçı Alex'in frikik golüyle 1-0 önde tamamladı. Ligde ilk yarı tamamlandığında Fenerbahçe 33 puandaydı ve lider Trabzonspor'un 9 puan gerisindeydi.

Lige verilen arada Türkiye Kupası'nda mücadele eden Fenerbahçe, Kadıköy'de Bucaspor'u ağırladı ve 2-3 mağlup oldu. Bucaspor yenilgisi sonrası kupada Malatyaspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe Malatya'da rakibine 2-1 mağlup oldu ve kupada çıktığı 3 maçta da galibiyet alamadı. İkinci yarının ilk lig maçında Antalyaspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe Gökhan Gönül'ün golüyle 0-1 galip geldi ve ikinci yarıya galibiyet ile başladı. Kupada üç maçtır kazanamayan Fenerbahçe, dördüncü maçta Gençlerbirliği'ni konuk etti ve 2-1 mağlup etti. Böylece kupada ilk ve son kez galibiyet almış oldu. C grubunu 3 puanla son sırada bitirerek gruptan çıkamadı. Ligin 19. haftasında lider Trabzonspor'u konuk eden Fenerbahçe, 20. dakikada Diego Lugano'nun ve 23. dakikada Mamadou Niang'ın golleriyle 2-0 galip geldi. Böylece lider Trabzonspor ile puan farkını 4'e indirdi. Ligde üst üste üç hafta kazanma başarısını gösteren Fenerbahçe, 20. hafta Manisaspor deplasmanında 1-3 kazanarak galibiyet serisini 4 maça çıkardı. Bir sonraki hafta Kayserispor'u ağırlayan Fenerbahçe, bu maçı da 2-0 kazandı ve seriyi 5 maça çıkarmış oldu. Seri galibiyetlerle ilerleyen Fenerbahçe, ligin 22. haftasında ezeli rakibi Beşiktaş'a konuk oldu. 5. dakikada Necip Uysal'ın kendi kalesine attığı golle 0-1 öne geçen Fenerbahçe, 43'te Ekrem Dağ, 50'de İbrahim Toraman'dan yediği gollerle 2-1 geri düştü. 65, 72 ve 75. dakikalarda Alex de Souza'nın ayağından bulduğu gollerle birlikte maçı 2-4 kazandı. Seri galibiyetler ile form yakalayan Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş maçı sonrası evinde konuk ettiği Kasımpaşa SK'u 2-0 mağlup etti ve Trabzonspor'un evinde Kayserispor ile 3-3 berabere kalmasıyla birlikte liderliğe yükseldi. Üst üste galibiyetler ile liderlik koltuğunu ele geçiren Fenerbahçe, 24. hafta Gençlebirliği deplasmanından 2-4 galip ayrıldı ve galibiyet serisini 8 maça yükseltti. 25. haftada Konyaspor'u ağırlayan Fenerbahçe, bu maçtan da 2-0 galip ayrıldı. Ligin 26. haftasında Türk Telekom Arena'da ilk Galatasaray-Fenerbahçe derbisi oynandı. Maça etkili başlayan Galatasaray, 14. dakikada Colin Kâzım-Richards'ın ayağından bulduğu golle öne geçti. Fenerbahçe 75 ve 87'de bulduğu gollerle maçı çevirdi ve 1-2 galip geldi. Böylece galibiyet serisi 10 maça çıkmış oldu. Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray maçından bir hafta sonra Bursaspor'u ağırladı ve maç golsüz eşitlikle sonuçlandı. Bu sonuçla birlikte Trabzonspor yeniden lider oldu. Bir sonraki hafta Eskişehirspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, 1-3'lük galibiyet ile lider Trabzonspor'u takibini sürdürmeye devam etti. 29. hafta Gaziantepspor'u konuk eden Fenerbahçe, 90 dakika boyunca gol bulamadı. Uzatmalar oynanırken 90+5'te André Santos'un ayağından bulduğu golle maçı 1-0 kazandı. Gaziantespor galibiyeti sonrası Bucaspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, deplasmanda 3-1'den dönerek maçı 3-5 kazandı. Aynı hafta Trabzonspor'un Eskişehirspor'la golsüz berabere kalmasıyla birlikte ligin sonuna 4 hafta kalmışken liderliğe yükseldi. Lider Fenerbahçe, 31. hafta İBB'yi konuk etti ve 2-0 galip geldi. 32. hafta Kardemir Karabükspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, 66. dakikada Lugano'nun attığı tek golle maçı 0-1 kazandı ve ligin bitimine iki hafta kala liderliği sürdürdü. Bitime iki hafta kala Ankaragücü'nü Kadıköy'de konuk eden Fenerbahçe, Alex'in 5 gol attığı maçta rakibini 6-0 mağlup etti ve ligin son haftasına lider girdi. Bu galibiyet ile birlikte Fenerbahçe, Aykut Kocaman yönetiminde ligde çıktığı son 17 maçtan 16 galibiyet 1 beraberlik ile ayrılmış oldu. Son hafta Sivasspor deplasmanına giden Fenerbahçe, deplasmanda 3-4 galip geldi ve puanını 82 yaptı. Trabzonspor ise Karabükspor'u deplasmanda 0-4 mağlup edip 82 puana ulaştı. Fakat Fenerbahçe, deplasmanda 3-2 mağlup olduğu Trabzonspor'u evinde 2-0 yenip ikili averajda üstün geldiği için şampiyon olan taraf oldu. Trabzonspor ligi 82 puanla 2. sırada tamamlarken, aynı puanda tamamlayan Fenerbahçe 2010/2011 şampiyonu oldu. Şenol Güneş'in yönettiği Trabzonspor'u saf dışı bırakarak 2010/2011 kupasını kaldıran Fenerbahçe, Aykut Kocaman yönetiminde ilk şampiyonluğuna ulaşmış oldu. Kulüp tarihinde de 18. şampiyonluğunu kazandı.

2011-2013
Fenerbahçe Teknik Direktörü Aykut Kocaman, sarı lacivertli kulüpte en fazla galip gelen teknik direktör olma unvanını yakaladı. Süper Lig'de Fenerbahçe'nin başında 39 maça çıkan Aykut Kocaman; 30 galibiyet, 5 beraberlik ve 4 mağlubiyet ile yüzde 76.9'luk bir galibiyet oranı elde etti. 1995-1996 sezonunda Fenerbahçe'yi şampiyon yapan Carlos Albeto Parreira, 38 maçta 28 galibiyet, 6 beraberlik ve 4 yenilgiyle yüzde 76.4'lük bir galibiyet oranı yakalamıştı. 2012 senesinde Fenerbahçe'nin 28 yıllık Türkiye Kupası hasretine son vermiştir. 2013 yılında ligi 2. sırada bitirmiş olup Türkiye Kupası'nı bir kez daha müzesinde götürmüştür. Bu dönemde en büyük başarısını da 2012-13 UEFA Avrupa Ligi'nde takımı yarı finale çıkararak yaşamıştır, bu Fenerbahçe tarihinin en büyük Avrupa başarılarından biridir. 2012-2013 yılında takımıyla beraber 64 resmi maça çıkmış olup bu anlamda da bir rekor sahibidir.

2010-2011 sezonunda son 18 maçın 17'sini kazanan takımın teknik direktörüdür. Fenerbahçe tarihinde üst üste 108 lig maçında takımın başında çıkarak bu dalda rekoru elinde bulunduran teknik direktör olmuştur. Göreve gelişinin 3. sezonunun 9. haftasına kadar takımı evinde yenilmemiştir. 29 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde Fenerbahçe'den istifa etmiş ve istifası yönetim tarafından kabul edilmiştir.

Konyaspor (2. dönem)

27 Ekim 2014 itibarıyla Torku Konyaspor'la anlaşmaya varmış, 8 yıl aradan sonra Konyaspor'un başına geçmiştir.

Konyaspor'la 2015-2016 sezonu 3. bitirerek Konyaspor tarihinde ilk kez Avrupa Ligine katılmaya hak kazanmıştır. 66 puan toplamıştır ve bu Konyaspor tarihinin en yüksek puanıdır. 2016-2017 sezonunda takımı ligde pek bir varlık gösteremese bile Türkiye Kupası'nda finalde Başakşehir'i penaltılarda yenmiş ve Konya şehrine ilk kez kupa getirmiştir. Sezon sonunda Konyaspor ile olan sözleşmesini karşılıklı anlaşarak fesh etmiştir. 16 Haziran 2017'de Fenerbahçe "YUVANA HOŞ GELDİN AYKUT KOCAMAN" başlığı ile Aykut Kocaman ile anlaşıldığını duyurmuştur.

İstanbul Başakşehir
30 Ocak 2021 tarihinde Okan Buruk'tan boşalan İstanbul Başakşehir FK'nin teknik direktörlük koltuğuna getirilmiştir. İlgili kulüpten yapılan açıklamada, "Kulübümüz, teknik direktör Aykut Kocaman ile prensip anlaşmasına varmıştır. Detaylı bilgiler, Pazartesi günü kamuoyuyla paylaşılacaktır." denildi.

Son olarak İttifak Holding Konyaspor'da görev yapan 55 yaşındaki teknik adam 2020 yazından beri takım çalıştırmıyordu.

1 Şubat 2021 tarihinde teknik direktör Aykut Kocaman İstanbul Başakşehir FK ile 2.5 yıllık sözleşme imzaladı. 2 Ekim 2021 tarihinde İstanbul Başakşehir FK yönetimine verdiği istifası kabul edildi.

Teknik direktörlük istatistikleri

Özel hayatı
Aykut Kocaman, Arzu Kocaman ile evli olup Ekin ve Yağmur adında 2 kız çocuğu vardır.

Başarıları

Futbolcu olarak
Fenerbahçe
 Süper Lig: 1988-89, 1995-96
 Türkiye Süper Kupası: 1990
 Başbakanlık Kupası: 1989, 1993
 TSYD Kupası: 1994, 1995

Sakaryaspor
 Türkiye Kupası: 1987-88

Bireysel
 Süper Lig Gol Kralı: 1988-89 (29 gol), 1991-92 (25 gol), 1994-95 (27 gol)
 100'ler kulübü (200 gol)

Teknik direktör olarak
Fenerbahçe (3 kupa)
 Süper Lig (1): 2010-11
 Türkiye Kupası (2): 2012, 2013
 Uefa Avrupa Ligi (Yarı final): 2012-13

Konyaspor (1 kupa)
 Türkiye Kupası (1): 2017

Hakkında yazılan kitap
Barış Tut tarafından kaleme alınan ve Aykut Kocaman'ı konu alan "Kocaman Bir Adam Sıradışı Bir Teknik Direktörün Portresi" isimli kitap 2004 yılında yayınlanmıştır. Kitabın arka kapağındaki tanıtım yazısı "Aykut Kocaman, bu ülkenin futbol çölünde bir vahadır" cümlesiyle başlar.

Haşim Şahin 2001 yılında ilk kez yayımladığı "Kral ve İmparator" adlı kitabında Aykut Kocaman ve Oğuz Çetin'in yaşamlarını anlatmıştır. Kitabın ikinci basımı 2011 yılında yayımlanmış olup Aykut Kocaman ağırlıklıdır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Goal.com Profili

Yaşayan insanlar
1965 doğumlular
Geyve doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türk teknik direktörler
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Sakaryaspor futbolcuları
İstanbulspor futbolcuları
İstanbulspor teknik direktörleri
Malatyaspor teknik direktörleri
Konyaspor teknik direktörleri
Ankaraspor teknik direktörleri
Fenerbahçe teknik direktörleri
Süper Lig gol kralları
Süper Lig 100'ler kulübü futbolcuları
Kocaman
Süper Lig şampiyonluğu kazanan teknik direktörler
1. Lig futbolcuları
Forvet futbolcular
Süper Lig futbolcuları
Sakarya doğumlu futbolcular
İstanbul Başakşehir FK teknik direktörleri

Aykut Kocaman


Titu Maiorescu - 150 este un film românesc din 1990 regizat de Erich Nussbaum.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1990 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1990

Titu Maiorescu - 150


Géographie
 Brescia est une ville italienne de la province de Brescia, dont elle est le chef-lieu, en Lombardie.
 Province de Brescia est une provinces d'Italie en Lombardie, avec pour capitale Brescia.

Automobile
 Grand Prix automobile d'Italie de Brescia, est une compétition automobile italienne de 1921.
 Bugatti Brescia est une série de voiture de sport Bugatti à moteur 4 cylindres 16 soupapes « Brescia ».

Brescia (homonymie)


The Bisnovat 5 (Бисноват 5) was a supersonic research aircraft designed in the USSR in the late 1940s, inspired by the German DFS 346 aircraft that was captured by Soviet troops towards the end of World War II.

The Bisnovat 5 was ordered into development to provide an all-Soviet alternative to an aircraft built with foreign technology. Originally intended to take-off from the ground, gliding flights were carried out from a Petlyakov Pe-8 mothership, similar to the way that the Bell X-1 was dropped from a B-29 Superfortress mothership.

Unpowered flight tests revealed poor stability and dangerous landing characteristics with 5-1,(first prototype), being damaged beyond repair after the third gliding flight. Flight tests with Aircraft 5-2, fitted with a 45 degree swept fin of greater aspect ratio to improve directional stability, resumed on 26 January 1949, but further delays were caused by the pilot landing off the runway causing serious damage. To improve the landing stability 5-2 was modified with wing-tip skids, at the end of downturned wing-tips with 45 degrees anhedral, and a single skid on the centreline, as well as a ventral fin at the rear.
Flying and landing qualities were much improved, but progress was slow  and the Bisnovat 5 was cancelled without the aircraft making a single powered flight and only sixteen gliding flights, between 14 July 1948 and November 1949, during which a maximum speed of 0.775M was attained.

Specifications (Bisnovat 5)

References

References

External links

1940s Soviet experimental aircraft
Bisnovat aircraft
Cancelled aircraft projects

Bisnovat 5


ملعب بريست 29  أو كما يُعرف اختصارًا باسم بريست ، هو نادي كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب في الدوري الفرنسي. تأسس النادي عام 1903، ويقع مقره في بريست. حصل الفريق على الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية مرة واحدة، وعلى كأس غامبارديلا مرة واحدة، وعلى دوري الشرف 4 مرات، وعلى كأس بريتاني مرة واحدة، وعلى بطولة الرعاية الفرنسية مرة واحدة.

التاريخ
تختلفُ المصادر حول تاريخ تأسيس النادي الذي أكَّد في موقعه الرسميّ أنه تأسَّسَ عام 1950 بعدَ اندماج خمس نوادٍ محليّة. عوَّض ستاد بريست عندَ تأسيسهِ نادي أرموريكين دي بريست الذي تأسَّسَ عام 1903 ليكون وريثه كرويًا حيث حلَّ محله في مختلفِ المنافسات والبطولات.

أرموريكين دي بريست (1903-1950)
أنشأ مركزُ الرعاية في سانت لويس عام 1903 قسمًا رياضيًا له سُميَّ أرموريكين دي بريست . نشطَ القسم الرياضي الجديد خلال تلك الفترة وازداد نشاطه مع مرور السنين وهو ما ساهمَ في زيادة نشاط مركز الرعاية الذي كان يحضر لهُ – قبل بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى – حوالي 500 شاب و 400 طفل من أجل المشاركة في مختلف أنشطة المركز بما في ذلك التدريب العسكري والرماية وكرة القدم وألعاب القوى والجمباز الرجالي والمسرح والجوقة وغيرها من الأنشطة. تسبَّبت الحرب العالميّة في إضعافِ نشاط نادي أرموريكين دي بريست الذي سُرعان ما عاد بعد نهايتها لاستئناف نشاطه.

انتقل أرموريكين دي بريست عام 1922 إلى ملعبٍ جديدٍ في منطقة بِيتِي باريس الذي كان يلعبُ فيه نادي الملعب الفرنسي  للرغبي. اتفقَ الفريقانِ على افتتاح الملعب في التاسع من شباط/فبراير 1923، وهي الفترة التي بدأ فيها نادي أرموريكين دي بريست بضمِّ لاعبين جدد لصفوفه على غِرار حارس المرمى المعروف أليكس ثيبو وروبرت كوات وخوان جوجين وآخرون.

شارك النادي حينها في عددٍ من البطولات بما في ذلك كأس فرنسا عامي 1921 و 1927 ثم عاد ليُشارك في نفس البطولة في مواسم 1923 و 1926 و 1928 و 1930 و 1931 و 1935 فيما حقَّقَ اللقب لأول مرةٍ في تاريخه عام 1926 حينما فازَ في المباراة النهائية على نادي سانت خوان دي لويز  بثلاثيّة نظيفة. على جانبِ اللاعبين، يُعتبر الحارس أليكس ثيبو أبرز من مثَّل النادي في هذه الفترة حتى أنه كان الحارس الأساسي للمنتخب الفرنسي بعد المستوى الجيّد الذي قدمه مع ناديه أرموريكين دي بريست.

ستاد بريست (1950-1982)
تقرر عام 1950 دمجُ خمسة نوادي كاثوليكيّة صغيرة وهي أرموريكين دي بريست وأفونير دي سانت مارتن وفلام دي بيليي روج وميليس سي سانت ميشيل وجون دي سانت مارك من أجل تشكيلِ نادٍ واحدٍ كبيرٍ هو ستاد بريست. كان الهدفُ من تشكيلِ هذا الأخير هو منافسة نادي آس بريست الذي عُرف بعلمانيته في تلك الفترة. ترأسَ جان أوفريه النادي منذ تأسيسه (أي عام 1950) وبقي رئيسًا فخريًا للفريقِ حتى وفاته عام 1998.

بدأ ستاد بريست اللعب القسم الأول في بريتاني حيث عوَّض نادي أرموريكين دي بريست، ثم صعد في العام الموالي من تأسيسه للقسم الممتاز في بريتاني (محليًا) قبل أن يصعد لما كان يُعرف حينها بقسم الشرف الإقليمي عام 1952 ثمّ وصل في العام 1953 لقسم الشرف. صَعَدَ ستاد بريست أخيرًا إلى دوري الدرجة الرابعة (وكانت تُعرف حينها باسمِ بطولة الهواة) عام 1958 مستفيدًا من انسحاب نادي فولتيجور دو شاتوبريانت . بدأ النادي مع مرور الوقت ومع عقد صفقاتٍ جديدةٍ في منافسة آس بريست ومع أنه هبط لقسم ما تحتَ الهواة (الدرجة الخامسة) عام 1963 إلا أنه عاد سريعًا للقسم الرابع عام 1966.

تمكَّن ستاد بريست في الصعود لدوري الدرجة الثانيّة عام 1970، وهو العام الذي شهد فيه الفريق إعادة هيكلة ووُسّع ملعبه وأشياء أخرى حتى تنطبق عليه لوائح وشروط الاتحاد الفرنسي لكرة القدم. نجحَ النادي الفرنسي عام 1979 في الصعودِ لدوري الدرجة الأولى لأول مرةٍ في تاريخه، لكنّ ظهوره الأول لم يكن جيّدًا حيث أنه احتلَّ المركز الأخير في جدول الترتيب فعاد لدوري الدرجة الثانية في في الموسم التالي. عيّنت إدراةُ النادي رئيسًا جديدًا هو فرانسوا يفينك ومعه شهد الفريق بعض النجاحات حيث نجحَ في العودة لدوري الدرجة الأولى واستطاعَ البقاء في دوري الأضواء لعدة مواسم.

بريست أرموريك (1982-1991)
قرَّرَ رئيس النادي فرانسوا يفينك عام 1983 تغيير اسم النادي من ستاد بريست إلى إف سي بريست أرموريك  من أجلِ تحديد الموقع الجغرافي للنادي (من خلال اسمه) بشكلٍ أفضل. كان عام 1986 نقطة تحولٍ في حياة النادي، حيث برزت اعتبارًا من هذا الموسم عدّة فرق كرويّة بما في ذلك فريق ساوث أمريكان ستارز  الذي قدم موسمًا تاريخيًا في القسم الأول عام 1987.

تراجع مستوى النادي في ظلِّ بروز أندية أخرى، كما فشلت صفقات الفريق فمع أنه ضمَّ عددًا من اللاعبين الشباب بما في ذلك بول لوجوين وفينسنت غيران وباتريك كوليتر إلى أنَّ الفريق هبطَ لدوري الدرجة الثانيّة عام 1988. سُرعان ما عاد النادي لدوري الأضواء بعدما حقّق مركزًا مؤهلًا، ثمّ لعب المباراة الفاصلة أمامَ راسينغ كلوب دي ستراسبورغ وفاز عليه كاتبًا صفحة جديدة في صفحات تاريخ النادي.

مع عودته لدوري الدرجة الأولى، عقدَ بريست أرموريك عدّة صفقاتٍ حيث ضمَّ لصفوفه عددًا من الشبان الصاعدين بما في ذلك كورينتين مارتينز ودافيد جينولا وروبيرتو كاباناس وستيفان غيفارش. تمكَّن الفريق بفضل لاعبيه الجُدد من البقاء في الدوري في الموسم الأول بعدما حقَّق نتائج طيّبة في مبارياته، كما حلَّ في الموسم الثاني في المركز الحادي عشر في الجدول النهائي لترتيب الدوري لكنّ الفريق هبطَ لدوري الدرجة الثانيّة بقرارٍ من الاتحاد الفرنسي لكرة القدم بعد فشله في تسوية وضعيّته الماليّة والإداريّة.

انتهى الأمر بالنادي في الدخول في دوامةٍ من المشاكل الماديّة، لكنّه كافحَ في دوري الدرجة الثانيّة لعله يعودُ للدرجة الأولى بالتزامنِ مع تحسين وضعية الفريق. كان هذا التخطيط الإداري صعب التنفيذ حيث تفاقمت المشاكل منذ البداية فدخل النادي في دوامةٍ من النتائج السلبيّة ثم ازدادت الأمور تعقيدًا حينما اقتحمَ أنصار الفريق ملعب المباراة خلال مقابلةٍ أمامَ نادي غانغون وهو ما أثار الكثير من الجدل وجرَّ انتقاداتٍ لا نهاية لها للنادي ولإدارته التي أفلست رسميًا بعدما بلغت ديون النادي ما مجموعهُ 150 مليون فرنك. حُلَّ الفريق نهائيًا نتيجةً لكلّ هذا، فشطبَ الاتحاد الفرنسي لكرة القدم على كلّ نتائجه في ذلك الموسم فيما غادر لاعبو الفريق صوب فُرق أخرى في فرنسا أو خارجها.

الهواة (1991-2004)
استمرَّ الفريق الرديف للنادي – مع كلّ المشاكل التي أحاطت بالفريقِ الأول وما ترتب عنها – في النشاطِ في أقسام الهواة تحتَ المسمّى القديم ستاد بريست. صعد النادي عام 1993 إلى دوري الدرجة الثالثة، لكنّه لم يُطوّل كثيرًا حيث هبطَ للقسم الرابع عام 1997 والذي بقي فيهِ لثلاث مواسم. عاد ستاد بريست بعد عشرِ سنوات قضاها في مختلف أقسام الهواة لدوري الدرجة الثانية عام 2000 حيثُ بقي فيها لأربعة مواسم.

ستاد بريست (2004-2013)
قدم الفريق في دوري الدرجة الثانيّة أداءً جيدًا وذلك بقيادة اللاعب الفرنسي فرانك ريبيري، لكنه كان بعيدًا من الصعود لدوري الدرجة الأولى في ظلّ المنافسة القويّة من باقي الفرق. تمكّن الفريقُ أخيرًا في الموسم الكرويّ 2009-10 تحت قيادة المدرب المحنّك أليكس دوبونت في احتلالِ المركز الثاني في جدول الترتيب ثمّ خاض المباراة الفاصلة أمام نادي تور في الثلاثين من نيسان/أبريل 2010 فهزمهُ بهدفينِ نظيفينِ ضامنًا بذلك الصعود لدوري الدرجة الأولى. قدَّمَ الفريقُ في ذلك الموسم أداءً جيدًا فبالإضافةِ لضمان الصعود لدوري الدرجة الأولى، وصلَ النادي في كأس فرنسا لدور الستّة عشر قبل أن يُغادره أمام نادي لانس في الوقت الإضافي. واصل الفريق تقديم عروضٍ مقبولة، حيثُ ضمن البقاء في الموسم الأول في التاسع والعشرون من أيار/مايو 2011 على الرغم من الهزيمة على أرضه أمام تولوز، كما ضمن في الموسم الكرويّ 2011–12 البقاء حتى الجولة الأخيرة حينما تغلَّب على نادي إيفْيان خارج أرضه محققًا بذلك أول فوزٍ له خارج الديار طوال جولات الدوري.

قائمة المدربين
هذه قائمةٌ بمدربي نادي بريست الفرنسي منذ تأسيسهِ رسميًا عام 1950:

 فرانسيس شوبان (1950–62)
 ألبرت توريس (1962–63)
 سركيس جارابديان (1963–76)
 أرماند فويلين (1963–76)

 إرنست رانو (1964–66)
 آلان دي مارتيجني (1976–82)
 دوشان ننكوفيتش (1982-84)
 روبرت ديويلدر (1984–86)

 ريمون كيروزوري (1986-87)
 برنارد ماليجورن (1987–89)
 سلافولجوب موسلين (1989-1991)
 أرماند فويلين (1991-1993)

 إيفون لو رو (1991-1993)
 إيف تودوروف (1993-1994)
 بيير جارسيا (1994-95)
 دينيس جوافيك (1995-1997)

 باسكال روبرت (1997-99)
 آلان دي مارتيجني (2) (1999-02)
 سيلفان ماتريشيانو (2002–03)
 ألبرت روست (يوليو 2003 - مارس 2006)

 تييري جوديت (مارس 2006 - ديسمبر 2006)
 باسكال جانين (يناير 2007 - أكتوبر 2008)
 جيرالد باتيكل (نوفمبر 2008 - مايو 2009)

 أليكس دوبونت (مايو 2009 - أبريل 2012)
 لاندري شوفين (مايو 2012 - أبريل 2013)
 كورنتين مارتينز (أبريل 2013 - مايو 2013)

 أليكس دوبونت (يونيو 2013 - مايو 2016)
 جان مارك فورلان (مايو 2016 - مايو 2019)
 أوليفييه دال أوجليو (مايو 2019 - الآن)

الفريق

التشكيلة الحالية
آخر تحديث للتشكيلة كان بتاريخ 6 فبراير 2021:

لاعبون معارون
آخر تحديث كان بتاريخ 6 فبراير 2021:

لاعبين بارزين
فيما يلي أبرز اللاعبين السابقين والحاليين الذين مثلوا نادي بيرست في الدوري وفي المنافسات الدولية منذ تأسيس النادي في عام 1903. للظهور في القسم أدناه، يجب أن يكون اللاعب قد لعب ما لا يقل عن 80 مباراة رسمية للنادي أو مثل منتخبه الوطني سواء أثناء اللعب مع بريست أو بعد مغادرة النادي.

للحصول على قائمة كاملة بلاعبي نادي بيرست، أنظر تصنيف:لاعبو بريست.

  خوسيه لويس براون
  خورخي هيغوين
  خوليو سيزار دا سلفا
  جيرارد بوشر
  باتريك كولتر
  دافيد جينولا
  فنسنت غيران
  ستيفان غيفارش
  برنارد لاما
  بول لوجوين

  إيفون لو رو
  كورينتين مارتينز
  بيرنارد باردو
  باسكال بيير
  فرانك ريبيري
  نولان رو
  روبيرتو كاباناس
  دراغو فابيك

الجهاز الفني
آخر تحديث كان بتاريخ 24 ديسمبر 2020 :

بطولات وإنجازات الفريق

محلي
 الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية (لقب وحيد) :
 الفائز (1): 1980–81
 الوصيف (3): 1978-1979، 2009–10، 2018–19.
 الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثالثة
 الوصيف (1): 2003-2004.
 الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الرابعة
 بطل المجموعة 1999-2000.
 كأس غامبرديلا (لقب وحيد) :
 1990
 بطولة رعاية كرة القدم الفرنسية (لقب وحيد)
 الفائز (1): 1926
 بطولة القسم الثالث الفرنسي
 وصيف المجموعة الغربية أعوام 1981 و 1993.
 دوري الشرف (4 ألقاب) :
 الفائز (4): 1966، 1972، 1977، 2005
 الوصيف (3): 1958، 1964، 1965.
 بطولة رعاية كرة القدم الفرنسية (4 ألقاب)
 الفائز (4): 1956، 1957، 1969، 1976.
 الوصول إلى النهائيات: 1958، 1962، 1966، 1970

أقليمي

 كأس فوليارد (لقب واحد)
 الفائز (1): 1920

دولي
 كأس بريتاني (لقبين) :
 الفائز (2): 1969، 2015.
 النهائي (1): 1972
 بطولة الرعاية الفرنسية (لقب وحيد) :
 1923

الأداء في البطولات

دوري الفرنسي الممتاز
أفضل مركز وصل إليه نادي بيريست في الدوري الفرنسي الممتاز الحصول على المركز الثامن موسم 1986–87.

كأس فرنسا
أفضل إنجاز وصل إليه نادي بيريست في كأس فرنسا الوصول إلى ربع النهائي مرتين مواسم 1982–83، و 2014–15.

كأس الرابطة الفرنسية
أفضل إنجاز وصل إليه نادي بيريست في كأس الرابطة الفرنسية الوصول إلى ربع النهائي في موسم 2019–20.

كأس الصيف
أفضل إنجاز وصل إليه نادي بيريست في كأس الصيف الوصول إلى دور نصف النهائي في عام 1984.

إحصائيات
جدولٌ يُلخّص إحصائيات نادي بريست الفرنسيّ من موسم 1997–98 حتى موسم 2019–20:

شراكة
يرعى ستاد بريست 29 نظيره الأمريكي في نيويورك نادي الهاوي ستاد بيريست نيويورك منذ سبتمبر 2011.

انظر أيضًا
 الدوري الفرنسي
 الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية

مراجع

روابط خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لملعب بريست 29 (باللغة الفرنسية)

الرياضة في بريست (فرنسا)
أندية الدوري الفرنسي
ب
ب
أندية كرة قدم في بريتاني
أندية كرة قدم في فرنسا
تأسيسات سنة 1950 في فرنسا

نادي بريست


Szalkszentmárton é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Bács-Kiskun. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 2.752 habitantes.

Localidades de Bács-Kiskun

Szalkszentmárton


was a Japanese jazz instrumental band consisting of five men, dubbed "The Samurai Jazz Band." They were signed onto Sony Music Japan from 2008 until their split in 2015.

History
PE'Z began their music careers playing live on the streets of Shibuya in the center of Tokyo during the summer of 2000. Word of mouth spread quickly and they began pulling in large crowds which sometimes totaled up to 600.

In just three years, the band played in ten outdoor music festivals throughout Japan, including Newport Jazz Festival '02 in Madaro, Mt. Fuji Jazz Festival 2002 in Shizuoka, and Rising Sun Rock Festival in Hokkaido. In September 2002 their first full album, Kugatsu no Sola (September Sky) was released, reaching No.10 on the billboard. In March 2003 they received an award for "New Artist Of The Year" at the 17th annual Japan Gold Disc Awards.

In August 2003 they participated in the re-mix of Japanese duo called Chemistry's 8th single "Ashita E Kaeru/Us" ("Return to Tomorrow").

That same year, Masayuki Hiizumi joined Shiina Ringo's backing band as a keyboard player for her nationwide tour. In 2004, he joined Shiina's new band Tokyo Jihen, but eventually left the group to focus his attention back to PE'Z in the next year. He later released a solo album entitled 5+2=11 under the moniker H Zett M.

In October 2005 PE'Z performed at UK's In the City along with fellow Japanese artists DMBQ and The Rodeo Carburettor. The quintet followed that with numerous performances in Europe (including a live show on the street in Amsterdam). The following year, 2006, they participated in both Canadian Music Week (CMW) and South by Southwest (SXSW), as well as giving a live performance in South Korea in between. Their gig at SXSW was subsequently followed with their first-ever US tour as part of Japan Nite, performing in New York City, Cambridge, Philadelphia, Chicago, Denver, Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.

In September 2006, PE'Z released a three-track EP with the British soul singer Nate James, featuring an original track, "Live for the Groove," a reworked Nate James track, "Universal," and a cover of "Hard to Handle" by Otis Redding. They subsequently released a 32-track double album entitled Funny Day & Hard Night on March 25, 2007. This was followed by a second Realive DVD, which featured the band playing an outdoor Venue, with two sets which followed the Day/Night themes of the double CD, with the first played roughly at sundown and the second at night, with house and LED lighting.

In 2014 they released a new original album called Chisou, but in December 2014, drummer Kou posted to the band's official webpage that the group would dissolve in the following year. The band went on a final tour of Japan from January to April 2015 as well as appearing in several Japanese music festivals.

pe'zmoku
In 2007, the band collaborated with the alternative folk singer suzumoku, with whom they co-founded pe'zmoku. pe'zmoku performed for the first time during the encore of PE'Z's annual special live "EN-MUSUBI" at the end of the same year.

In 2008, they started in earnest. They recorded the ending theme "Gallop" for the anime series Bleach, and the ending theme "Ano Kaze ni Notte" for Valkyria Chronicles.

Following a brief disappearance by suzumoku, impromptu cancellations of several concerts were forced on the band in March 2009. As of October 2009 the band is on an indefinite hiatus.

Personnel
 Wataru "B.M.W" Ohyama, born in Kanagawa, trumpet
 Kouske "Jaw" Kadota, born in Ehime, saxophone
 Masahiro Nirehara, born in Niigata, double bass
 Kou, born in Tokyo, drums
 Masayuki "HZM" Hiizumi, born in Kobe, keyboard & vocals

Discography

Albums
[09.11.2002] Kugatsu no Sola
[01.29.2003] Realive Tour 2002 (Odoranya Son Son In Tokyo)
[12.10.2003] KIWAMARI ZUKI
[12.07.2005] Pe'z Realive 2005 Fushi
[03.15.2006] Best 1st Stage
[07.26.2006] Nippon No Jazz - Samurai Spirit
[03.28.2007] Kite Neru: Funny Day & Hard Night
[02.27.2008] Samurai Meets The Enemy
[12.20.2008] PE'Z BEST STAGE -YAMIKUMO-
[09.24.2010] 銀幕のジャズ -SAMURAI FLYS INTO THE SCREEN-
[03.16.2011] Samurai Jazz - Compact Disc -
[04.20.2011] Jazz-SAMURAI KILLS HIMSELF-of Kinema
[02.14.2012] OH! YEAH! PARTY!!
[03.06.2013] JumpUP!

Mini-Albums
[02.21.2001] pe'z
[06.21.2001] Hayato
[10.24.2001] OKOKOROIRE
[04.11.2002] Akatsuki
[03.09.2003] Tsu Ku Shi N Bow
[05.28.2003] Hana Saku Don Bla Go!
[08.04.2004] Suzumushi
[11.23.2005] Chitose Dori
[02.03.2010] 1・2・MAX
[06.09.2010] I WANT YOU

Singles
[07.17.2002] Hale No Sola Sita - La Yellow Samba
[06.06.2003] DRY! DRY! DRY!
[11.19.2003] Daichisanshou
[09.21.2004] AUCTION
[09.20.2006] Live for the Groove
[08.19.2010] Uha-Uha / Boushoku-kei Danshi!!

References

External links

 Pe'Z at Oricon

Japanese jazz ensembles
Defstar Records artists
Musical groups from Tokyo

Pe'z