Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky (;  – 18 February 1945) was the youngest-ever  Soviet General of the army. For his leadership during World War II he was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union twice. He died from wounds received outside Königsberg at age 37 while in command of the 3rd Belorussian Front.

Early life
Ivan Chernyakhovsky was born on 29 June 1907 in , Russian Empire (now Ukraine). His father was a railwayman who died of typhus when his son was nine. He was a railway worker until joining the Red Army in 1924. In 1928 he finished the officer school in Kiev. Due to the rapid pre-war expansion of the military and 1937–1938 military purges, he quickly rose in rank. In 1938 he became commander of the 9th Light Tank Brigade. In March 1941 he became the commander of the 28th Tank Division in the Baltic Military District.

World War II
Chernyakhovsky left the 28th Tank Division in late August, but returned to the division on 13 December after it had been converted to the 241st Rifle Division. In June 1942 he was promoted to commander of the 18th Tank Corps defending Voronezh, and only a month later assumed command of the 60th Army.

Battle of Kursk
On 8 February 1943, elements of Chernyakhovsky's 60th Army hoisted a victorious Red Banner over the city of Kursk after a fast advance to the city from Voronezh, which was retaken some two weeks before.

Battles for Belarus

Operation Bagration was launched after a four-month break in activities because of the spring thaw. The Soviets launched their attack on June 22 on four fronts with 146 infantry and 43 armored division. General Bagramyan's 1st Baltic Front and General Chernyakhovsky's 3rd Belorussian Front struck to the north and south of Vitebsk and took the city on June 27. Chernyakhovsky's left wing then took Orsha – this meant that the Moscow–Minsk highway could now be used to threaten the German rear. To the south, General Zakharov's 2nd Belorussian Front, north of the Pripet Marshes, destroyed a force of 70,000 at Babruysk on that day. Chernyakhovsky's army now headed for Minsk. On July 2 his mobile forces reached Stolbtsy within pre-war borders of Poland, 40 miles away. General Rotmistrov's tanks entered Minsk on 3 July and by 10 July , twenty-five of Army Group Centre's thirty-three divisions were encircled.

The offensive pressed on to Baranavichy (8 July) and to Grodno (13 July). In the south Rokossovsky cleared the Pripet Marshes taking Pinsk and Kovel on 5 July. In the north Bagramyan turned to the Baltic States and took Vilnius in Lithuania and Daugavpils in Latvia on 13 July. This split the Army Group North in two (East Prussia and the Baltic States). The Soviets arrived on the current Polish border within 24 days and, after 68 days, claimed to have taken 158,000 men, 2,000 tanks, 10,000 guns, and 57,000 motor vehicles. They also claimed to have killed 381,000 Germans. It was a colossal defeat for the Germans and Hitler dismissed Busch from the command of Army Group Centre, replacing him with Model. The Soviets had swept the Germans from Belorussia by mid-July 1944 and they pressed their advantage by attacking Poland. In the north Generals Chernyakhovsky and Zakharov joined to take Białystok on 18 July.

Arrest of Polish anti-Nazi resistance in Vilnius

On 17 July 1944, as part of a covert operation aimed at disarming Armia Krajowa (AK), Chernyakhovsky, along with the General Ivan Serov, sent by the NKVD, held talks with the leadership of the Wilno Branch of the AK. Under the false pretenses of discussing the further fight against the Nazis, Polish resistance officers were invited to a briefing in the headquarters of the Belarusian People's Front. The meeting was attended by Polish resistance officers Lieutenant Colonel Aleksander Krzyżanowski, nom de guerre "Wolf", and the Chief of Staff Major Teodor Cetys, codename "Fame". Both were immediately disarmed and arrested. On the same day in the village of Bogusze, a similar meeting was announced to brief commanders of other Polish partisan units in the presence of both Krzyżanowski and Chernyakhovsky. However the 'briefing' ended with the disarming and arrest of the Polish officers by the NKVD. In this period, up to 8,000 Polish resistance fighters were arrested. They were either press-ganged into the Soviet Army, sent to the Gulag, or executed.

In Germany

In summer 1944 General Chernyakhovsky pressed the Germans on the frontiers of their own land in East Prussia. His 3rd Belorussian Front drove across the Neman River, taking Kaunas on 1 August, and pressed the eastern border of East Prussia. The center thrust took Suwalki on July 26 and General Bagramyan occupied the Tukums junction on the Gulf of Riga.

Prior to his death in 1945, Chernyakhovsky launched the Soviet East Prussian Offensive against stiff resistance from the 3rd Panzer Army. He was part of the drive on Berlin. Together with Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky's 2nd Belorussian Front, which attacked East Prussia from the south and then headed north-westwards towards the Baltic coast around Danzig (Gdańsk), the 3rd Belorussian Front, commanded by General Chernyakhovsky was ordered to attack from the east towards Königsberg, even though this meant throwing his armies against heavy German defence works. These two fronts mustered 1,670,000 men with 28,360 guns and heavy mortars and 3,300 tanks.

Marshal Rokossovsky's front made contact with Marshal Zhukov's forces at Grudziadz (German: Graudenz) and they wheeled north towards Danzig to cut off East Prussia. More than 500,000 Germans were caught in a pocket, but many were evacuated. On 10 February, Rokossovsky reached the coast near Elbing (Elbląg) and East Prussia was under siege from the south and east by the 3rd Byelorussian Front. From January 1945 until his death, he served as the Soviet Supreme Commander of East Prussia.

On 1 February Chernyakhovsky split the pocket by attacking between Elbing and Königsberg. Just over two weeks later, on 18 February he was killed by shrapnel from artillery fire while inspecting preparations for an offensive.

Legacy
Chernyakhovsky was buried in Vilnius, Lithuania, near a square named in his honor. After Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 and following the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991, Chernyakhovsky's remains were reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow in 1992. A monument to Chernyakhovsky, dismantled by the authorities of Vilnius, was reinstated in the Russian city of Voronezh that was defended in the fall of 1942 and liberated in January 1943 by the 60th Army under his command.

After World War II,due to the Potsdam Agreement, the Soviet Union annexed northern East Prussia and expelled the Germans, the town of Insterburg was renamed Chernyakhovsk in his honor.

In September 2015, a statue of Chernyakhovsky erected after the war in Pieniężno, Poland (former German name: Mehlsack), near where he was killed, was removed by local Polish authorities, prompting protests from the Russian government. From 2013 to 2023, the National Defense University of Ukraine was named in his honor.

Dates of rank
Senior Lieutenant (1936)
Captain (1937)
Major (1938)
Lieutenant Colonel (1939)
Colonel (1941)
Major General (5 May 1942)
Lieutenant General (14 February 1943)
Colonel General (March 1944)
General of the Army (26 June 1944)

Awards
 Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (17 October 1943 and 29 July 1944)
 Order of Lenin (17 October 1943)
 Order of the Red Banner, four times (16 January 1942, 3 May 1942, 4 February 1943, and 3 November 1944)
 Two Orders of Suvorov 1st class (8 February 1943 and 11 September 1943)
 Order of Kutuzov 1st class (29 May 1944)
 Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 1st class (10 January 1944)

References

External links

1907 births
1945 deaths
People from Cherkasy Oblast
People from Umansky Uyezd

Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Army generals (Soviet Union)
Soviet military personnel of World War II from Ukraine
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 1st class
Soviet military personnel killed in World War II
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

Ivan Chernyakhovsky


Neşe Yaşın (* 12. Februar 1959 in Nikosia, Zypern) ist eine türkisch-zyprische Dichterin und Schriftstellerin.

Leben
Neşe Yaşın wurde in Nikosia geboren und hat zyperntürkische Eltern. Ihr Vater ist der Dichter und Schriftsteller Özker Yaşın, ihr Bruder der Dichter Mehmet Yaşın.

Neşe Yaşın hat einen Hochschulabschluss der Technischen Universität des Nahen Ostens in Ankara, wo sie Soziologie studierte. Momentan lehrt sie an der Universität Zypern in Nikosia an der Fakultät für Türkische und Nahost-Studien.

Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre lebt und arbeitet sie in Süd-Nikosia. Seit ihrer Jugend ist sie aktive Friedensaktivistin und Mitglied der Cyprus Conflict Resolution Trainers Group, die 1995 fünfzehn Projekte zur Förderung des Friedens und zur Wiedervereinigung der Insel Zypern bei dem Cyprus Peace Bazaar vorstellte.

Yaşın schreibt hauptsächlich in türkischer Sprache, doch eine beträchtliche Anzahl ihrer Werke wurden ins Griechische und Englische übersetzt. Auch wurden mehrere Gedichte und Artikel von ihr in türkisch- und griechischsprachigen Veröffentlichungen in ethnischen griechischen und türkischen Gemeinschaften und auf der gesamten Insel Zyperns herausgegeben.

Yaşın schreibt und veröffentlicht oft Abhandlungen über Frieden und eine Wiedervereinigung ihrer "geliebten Insel Zypern". Eine dieser Abhandlungen, die viel Aufmerksamkeit bekommen hatte, wurde 1998 auf der Weltkonferenz für Kultur in Stockholm vorgestellt.

Im Jahr 2006 schrieb sie Geschichte, als sie für eine Position im Parlament von Zypern antrat, nachdem die Zypriotische Regierung einem Gesetz zustimmte, das Zyperntürken, die im Süden leben, erlaubt, an den Wahlen teilzunehmen.

Sie war die erste türkisch-zypriotische Person, die seit 1963 an den Wahlen in Zypern teilnahm.

Werkverzeichnis
 Which Half, 1995, Thegona, Nicosia
 Üzgün Kızların Gizli Tarihi (The Secret History of the Sad Girls), 2002, İletişim Yayınları, Istanbul, ISBN 975-05-0096-2
 Ay Aşktan Yapılmıştır (The Moon Is Made of Love), 2001, Gendaş Kültür, Istanbul, ISBN 975-308-300-9

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Person (Nikosia)
Zyperntürke
Geboren 1959
Frau

Neşe Yaşın


Napad Katalonaca na Vis 1483. bio je vojni napad na otok Vis katalonskih snaga koji su bili u službi napuljskog kralja.

Tijek događaja
Napad se zbio 1483. godine. Premda je bio u sastavu moćne pomorske sile Mletačke Republike i što su Višani se povukli živjeti u unutrašnjost otoka, to ih nije spasilo od ovog napada. Katalonski napad je opustošio najveće viško naselje u unutrašnjosti – Velo Selo (Podselje). Okrutnost katalonskih najamnika zabilježena je u narodnoj pjesmi, gdje su nazvani "Turcima Katalanima".

Posljedice
Višane je pretrpljeni napad natjerao na promjene u obrambenom sustavu. Samo doživljenje napada, pretrpljeno pustošenje te sve izvjesniji napadi Turaka i Arapa uvjerili su Višane da moraju promijeniti nešto u obrani otoka.

Razvilo se shvaćanje da se otok može obraniti jedino ako na obali bude postojalo snažno naselje. Stoga su u hvarskoj komuni hvarska gospoda, koja je na Visu imala velike posjede čije je iskorištavanje donosilo im velike prihode, i viški pučani podigli utvrđene kuće uz obale viške luke. Kuće nisu bile isključivo vojne namjene. Služile su i kao stambeni i gospodarski objekti. Tako su nastala naselja Kut i Luka, od kojih je nastao suvremeni Vis.

Povijesna znanost
O katalonskom napadu na Visu pisao je hrvatski povjesničar Aleksandar Gazarović.

Izvori

Vis
Vis
Povijest Hrvatske (1102. – 1527.)
Vis
Vis

Napad Katalonaca na Vis 1483.


Viscount Esher, of Esher in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 November 1897 for the prominent lawyer and judge William Brett, 1st Baron Esher, upon his retirement as Master of the Rolls. He had already been created Baron Esher, of Esher in the County of Surrey, on 24 July 1885, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. His son, the second Viscount, was a Liberal politician and historian. His grandson, the fourth Viscount, was a noted architect.  the titles are held by the latter's son, the fifth Viscount, who succeeded in 2004.

The family seat is Beauforest House, near Newington, Oxfordshire.

Viscounts Esher (1897)
 William Baliol Brett, 1st Viscount Esher (1815–1899)
 Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher (1852–1930)
 Oliver Sylvain Baliol Brett, 3rd Viscount Esher (1881–1963)
 Lionel Gordon Baliol Brett, 4th Viscount Esher (1913–2004)
 Christopher Lionel Baliol Brett, 5th Viscount Esher (b. 1936)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Matthew Christopher Anthony Brett (b. 1963)
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Jack Alexander Baliol Brett (b. June 1996)

Arms

References

Sources

 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1897
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Esher


Ruki pravilo glasovna je promjena koja se dogodila u satemskim ograncima indoeuropske jezične obitelji, u baltoslavenskom, armenskom, indoiranskom, a prema nekima i u albanskom jeziku. Prema ovom pravilu, izvorni glas *s promijenio se u *š nakon suglasnika *r, *k, *g, *gʰ i *gʰ, poluvokala *w (*u̯) i *y (*i̯), kao i nakon alofona *r̻, *i i *u.

 *s > *š / {*r, *w, *K, *y} _

Početni stupanj uključuje povlačenje sibilanta *s nakon poluvokala, *r ili velara *k, *g ili *gʰ. U drugoj fazi, izjednačavanje sibilantnog sustava rezultiralo je retrofleksijom (usp. sanskrt ष [ʂ] i praslavenski), a kasnije povlačenjem u velar *x u slavenskim i nekim srednjoindijskim jezicima.

Ovo je pravilo prvi put formulirao Holger Pedersen, a ponekad je poznato i kao Pedersenov zakon, premda se ovaj izraz primjenjuje i na drugi zvučni zakon koji se odnosi na naglasak u baltoslavenskim jezicima.

Naziv "ruki" potječe od zvukova (r, u, K, i) koji pokreću glasovnu promjenu. Ime pravila mnemotehničko jer riječ ruki u mnogim slavenskim jezicima znači ruke.

Primjenjivost pravila na jezične grupe
Pravilo je izvorno formulirano za sanskrt. Kasnije je predloženo da vrijedi u određenom stupnju za sve satemske jezike, a bez iznimke za indoiranske jezike. (Čini se da postoji barem jedna iznimka, barem na nekim nuristanskim jezicima.) U baltičkim jezicima i albanskom jeziku ograničeno je ili je u većoj ili manjoj mjeri pod utjecajem drugih glasovnih zakona. Ipak, to je pravilo moralo biti univerzalno u ovim granama indoeuropskih jezika, a nedostatak slavenskih refleksa prije konsonanata vjerojatnije je rezultat njihovog spajanja s refleksima drugih sibilanata.

Iznimke u slavenskim jezicima
U slavenskim je jezicima pravilo redovno prije samoglasnika, ali se ne odvija prije suglasnika. Konačni rezultat je bezučni velarni frikativ *x. Ovaj se velarni frikativ promijenio u *š prije prednjih samoglasnika ili palatalnog aproksimanta *y.

Iznimke u indoiranskim jezicima
U indoiranskim jezicima *r i *l su se stopili, a promjena je djelovala i nakon novog zvuka. Primjerice avestanski karš-, sanskrt कर्षति kárṣati 'orati' < PIE *kʷels-.

Albanski jezik
Prema Orelu, albanski jezik pokazuje ograničeni djelovanje pravila slično pravilu ruki, gdje *s postaje sh tek nakon PIE *y, *w (uključujući njihove vokalne parnjake *i, *u ). Primjeri:

 lesh 'vuna, runo, kosa' <* laysa, usp. slavenski *listъ 'list' < *leys-to-
 dash 'ovan' <* daws, usp. germanski *deuzą < *dʰews-om
 pish ë 'bor' <* pisā, usp. latinski pīnus 'bor' < *pi(t)snos
 prush 'žar' <* prusa, usp. latinski prūna 'žar' <* prusnā; sanskrit ploṣati 'goriti' < *prews-

To se razlikuje od razvoja *rs, *ks i *s nakon ostalih samoglasnika, primjerice:

 djerr 'ledina' <* de rs a, usp. grčki χέρσος 'suha zemlja' <* ǵʰers-
 h rrë 'sirutka' <* ks irā, usp. sanskrt क्षीर / kṣīrá 'mlijeko'
 kohë 'vrijeme' <* k ās ā, usp. slavenski *časъ 'vrijeme' <* kʷeh₁s-eh₂

Izvori

Indoeuropski jezici
Glasovne promjene

Ruki pravilo


La chevauchée de Lancastre de 1356 en Normandie est une offensive anglaise dirigée par Henri de Grosmont, duc de Lancastre, lors de la guerre de Cent Ans. La chevauchée dure du 22 juin au 13 juillet. Au cours de sa dernière semaine, les Anglais sont poursuivis par une armée française beaucoup plus importante, commandée par le roi Jean II, qui ne réussit cependant pas à les contraindre à livrer bataille.

L'opération puise son origine dans les troubles internes qui agitent la Normandie. Pour manifester leur opposition à Jean II, les nobles normands refusent de payer leurs impôts. Pour rétablir son autorité, ce dernier décide d'un coup de force au cours duquel il fait arrêter dix d'entre eux, dont Charles le Mauvais, roi de Navarre mais aussi grand seigneur en Normandie. Loin de régler la contestation, l'action du roi met le feu aux poudres, et la Normandie se soulève, appuyée par le royaume de Navarre. Voyant là une opportunité, Édouard III d'Angleterre détourne une expédition prévue pour le duché de Bretagne, sous les ordres du duc de Lancastre, vers la péninsule du Cotentin, au nord-ouest de la Normandie, pour apporter son soutien aux rebelles normands. De là, après avoir rassemblé quelques renforts locaux, Lancastre ravage le duché de Normandie avec , début . Le roi Jean se dirige alors vers Rouen avec une force beaucoup plus importante, espérant l'intercepter. Après avoir approvisionné la forteresse assiégée de Pont-Audemer, les Anglais se tournent vers le sud. Ils approvisionnent une autre fortification rebelle, Breteuil, puis prennent d'assaut et saccagent l'importante ville de Verneuil-sur-Avre. Jean les poursuit mais manque plusieurs occasions d'acculer les Anglais au combat, permettant à Lancastre de regagner la sécurité du Cotentin le , avec peu de pertes et de très bons résultats militaires : en , les Anglais ont parcouru  ; deux fortifications assiégées ont été ravitaillées, une grande quantité de butin a été prise, y compris de nombreux chevaux ; des dommages ont été causés à l'économie et au prestige français ; de nouvelles alliances ont été cimentées et l'attention du roi de France a été détournée des préparatifs anglais d'une plus grande chevauchée qui allait s'élancer au sud-ouest de la France (la chevauchée du Prince Noir de 1356).

Contexte général
Le , à la suite d'une série de désaccords entre Philippe VI de France et Édouard III d'Angleterre, le Grand Conseil de Philippe à Paris décide que les terres détenues par Édouard III en France doivent être placées sous le contrôle direct du roi au motif qu'Édouard III ne respecte pas ses obligations de vassal. C'est le début de la guerre de Cent Ans, qui dure 116 ans.

En , Édouard mène une armée à travers le nord de la France, battant les Français à la bataille de Crécy et au siège du port de Calais. Les finances et le moral des Français étant au plus bas après Crécy, Philippe ne parvient pas à briser le siège de la ville, qui se rend le . Après de nouvelles manœuvres militaires peu concluantes de part et d'autre, et compte tenu de l'épuisement financier des deux parties, des diplomates envoyés par le pape Clément VI trouvent une oreille attentive. Le , la trêve de Calais, destinée à faire cesser temporairement les combats, est conclue. Elle favorise fortement les Anglais, en confirmant la possession de toutes leurs conquêtes territoriales. La trêve, devant initialement durer neuf mois, jusqu'au , est prolongée à plusieurs reprises au fil des ans jusqu'en . Elle ne met cependant pas fin aux affrontements navals entre les deux pays, ni aux combats de faible ampleur en Gascogne et dans le duché de Bretagne, ni aux combats occasionnels à plus grande échelle. Un traité de paix est négocié à Guînes et signé le . Le nouveau roi de France, Jean II, décide cependant de ne pas le ratifier et ce traité ne prend donc pas effet. La dernière prolongation de la trêve devant expirer le , il est alors clair qu'à partir de cette date, les deux parties s'engageraient dans une guerre à grande échelle .

Préludes

Expédition vers la Picardie
En , Édouard et son conseil, alors que le trésor se trouve dans une situation financière exceptionnellement favorable, décident de lancer cette année-là des offensives dans le nord de la France et en Gascogne. Jean II tente de mettre une forte garnison dans ses villes et fortifications du nord contre la descente attendue d'Édouard III, tout en rassemblant une armée : après la répartition des troupes dans les garnisons, cette armée française est assez peu nombreuse, en grande partie à cause du manque d'argent pour recruter plus d'hommes. Une expédition anglaise vers la Normandie est prévue, initialement avec la coopération de Charles II de Navarre, mais ce dernier se retire. Au lieu de cela, une chevauchée est tentée à travers la Picardie en partant de l'enclave anglaise de Calais en . Le roi de France utilise à cette occasion une politique de la terre brûlée, contraignant les Anglais à rentrer à Calais en dix jours. Cette chevauchée n'eut pas un impact décisif, mais elle détourna une partie des forces françaises de celles que menait parallèlement le Prince Noir dans le sud.

Chevauchée du Prince Noir (1355)

Le fils aîné d'Édouard III, Édouard de Woodstock, plus tard communément appelé le Prince Noir, reçoit le commandement gascon et arrive à Bordeaux, capitale de la Gascogne sous contrôle anglais, le , accompagné de  anglais. Une force anglo-gasconne de  à  hommes marche de Bordeaux à Narbonne puis revient en Gascogne, dévastant sur son passage une large bande de territoire français en mettant à sac de nombreuses villes. Bien qu'aucun territoire n'ait été capturé, d'énormes dommages économiques sont causés : l'historien Clifford Rogers estime notamment que . Les Anglais reprennent l'offensive après Noël avec de grands résultats : plus de 50 villes ou fortifications tenues par les Français dans le sud-ouest sont capturées au cours des quatre mois suivants. Plusieurs seigneurs locaux passent aux Anglais, apportant avec eux 30 autres places fortes.

Troubles internes en Normandie

Du fait de tous ces événements, l'argent et l'enthousiasme pour la guerre s'épuisent en France au début de l'année 1356. Une grande partie du nord du royaume défie ouvertement Jean II et Arras se rebelle. Les grands nobles de Normandie refusent de payer les impôts. Face à cette situation, le roi de France décide d'intervenir par un coup de force. Le , les nobles normands dînent avec le fils aîné de Jean II, Charles (le , mais qui est aussi duc de Normandie), lorsque le roi fait irruption, accompagné d'hommes armés, et arrête dix de ces nobles turbulents dont quatre seront sommairement exécutés par la suite. L'un des prisonniers est le traître notoire Charles II de Navarre, l'un des plus grands propriétaires terriens de Normandie. Les nobles normands qui n'avaient pas été arrêtés envoient des troupes au frère cadet de Charles le Mauvais, Louis, qui administre le royaume de Navarre en tant que lieutenant-général. Dès qu'il apprend la nouvelle, Louis commence à lever des troupes pour affronter le roi de France, tandis que les nobles normands prennent les armes et se tournent vers Édouard III pour obtenir de l'aide dans le conflit qui les oppose à leur suzerain.

Déroulement

Guerre en Normandie et implication anglaise

L'armée française prend le contrôle au début de l'année 1356 de la majeure partie de la Normandie et assiège les fortifications tenues par les rebelles qui refusent de se rendre. Le fils de Jean II, Charles, en sa qualité de duc de Normandie, se charge de la suppression de ces résistances. Il prend personnellement le commandement du siège d'Évreux, capitale des possessions navarraises en Normandie et ordonne plusieurs assauts, qui échouent . La ville de Pont-Audemer, autre possession normande du roi de Navarre, refuse également de se rendre. La ville tombe par la force aux mains d'une force française commandée par Robert de Houdetot, mais le château résiste à plusieurs assauts des forces françaises. Philippe de Navarre, autre frère cadet de Charles le Mauvais, prend le commandement de plusieurs partisans de son frère et se retire dans le nord du Cotentin, tandis que le roi de France concentre à Chartres une armée pour répondre à tout mouvement des Anglais et convoque l' le . Preuve du manque d'enthousiasme que suscite la guerre, l'appel est répété à la fin du mois de mai, puis à nouveau au début du mois de juin.

Face aux assauts des Français, les rebelles de Normandie négocient une alliance avec Édouard III. Les Anglais préparaient une expédition vers le Bretagne sous les ordres de Henri de Grosmont, duc de Lancastre, dans le cadre de la guerre de succession de Bretagne : Édouard III la détourne vers la Normandie pour soutenir les rebelles français. Le , une force initiale de ,  et  quitte Southampton, sans le duc de Lancastre, à bord de , pour débarquer près de Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue dans le nord-est du Cotentin, sur les mêmes plages sur lesquelles les Anglais avaient débarqué dix ans plus tôt au début de la campagne qui allait les mener à la victoire de Crécy. La troupe est contrainte de se reposer quelques jours afin que les chevaux puissent récupérer de la traversée.

Le , Henri de Grosmont arrive et porte les effectifs à  et , bientôt renforcés par  sous les ordres de Philippe de Navarre. Le commandant anglais Robert Knolles rejoint le duc de Lancastre à Montebourg avec 800 autres hommes détachés des garnisons anglaises en Bretagne. Clifford Rogers estime donc à  les forces anglaises présentes en Normandie en . Puis au cours du mois suivant, jusqu'à  provenant des fortifications tenues par les Navarrais viennent les renforcer.

Aller

L'objectif principal de Lancastre était de soulager les forteresses navarraises assiégées de Pont-Audemer, Breteuil, Tillières-sur-Avre et Évreux. Au moment où il débarque, seules les trois premières places résistent encore. En effet, au début de juin, l'armée du dauphin Charles avait lancé un assaut réussi sur Évreux : au terme de celui-ci la garnison navarraise se retira dans la citadelle, brûlant la majeure partie de la ville derrière elle mais, après des négociations, livre la place au dauphin pour gagner Breteuil. En plus de ces objectifs spécifiques, la chevauchée conduite par le duc de Lancastre a, comme les autres chevauchées anglaises, des objectifs plus généraux. Comme l'exemple de Lancastre va le montrer, le but n'est pas de chercher l'affrontement direct avec les forces ennemies, puisque les Anglais n'ont pas pour ambition de conquérir les territoires qu'ils traversent (le résultat d'une bataille est trop hasardeux, et la conception de la guerre a changé depuis l'époque des chansons de geste). Ces opérations visent davantage à discréditer le roi de France en montrant son incapacité à assurer l'une des fonctions royales par excellence : la protection des populations. C'est également un moyen pour les Anglais de mener une guerre très lucrative, tout en prenant un minimum de risques et en infligeant des dégâts très lourds à l'économie adverse en ravageant les structures essentielles que sont les moulins ou les granges, en plus des récoltes.

L'armée de Lancastre, retardée plusieurs jours à Montebourg, se met finalement en route le 22 juin et arrive le lendemain à Carentan,  au sud. Jusqu'alors, les Anglais se trouvaient en territoire relativement ami, mais le 24, ils se dirigent vers la partie de la Normandie contrôlée par les Français. La campagne commence alors véritablement, et prend la forme d'une chevauchée typique : toute la troupe est à cheval (ce qui permet de se déplacer plus rapidement que les autres armées), et la progression se fait en maximisant les dégâts pour la région traversée. En effet, la troupe principale se concentre sur la destruction des villages sur le chemin et contourne les places fortes, tandis que de chaque côté de cette colonne, des détachements plus petits font un maximum de dégâts. Le duc de Lancastre est cependant prêt à livrer une bataille rangée mais ne la cherche pas activement.

Le 24 juin, les forces anglaises se dirigent vers le sud, traversent la Vire à Torigni-sur-Vire, et s'y arrêtent pour le 25 juin. Le 26, ils bifurquent vers l'est, traversant le pont fortifié sur la Dives après que la garnison française l'a abandonné. Lancastre arrive à Pont-Audemer quatre jours après avoir quitté Torigni-sur-Vire, soit une distance de . La ville est sur le point de tomber, car les Français ont presque réussi à enfoncer leurs sapes sous ses murs. Ils s'enfuient cependant en apprenant l'approche de Lancastre, abandonnant leurs bagages et leurs matériels de siège, qui viennent renforcer l'équipement des Anglais. Ces derniers passent deux jours à approvisionner Pont-Audemer et à combler les sapes françaises. Détachant  pour renforcer la garnison, Lancastre reprend sa marche vers le sud le 2 juillet. Le lendemain, il atteint Conches-en-Ouche, prend d'assaut son château et l'incendie.

Pendant ce temps, Jean II, qui avait quitté Chartres avec une force importante, s'établit d'abord à Mantes. Lorsque Lancastre marche vers l'est après avoir traversé le pont fortifié sur la Dives le 26 juin, le roi de France croit qu'il se dirige vers Rouen et y déplace son armée. Il prend également des mesures pour bloquer les gués de la Seine, croyant que les Anglais se dirigeaient vers Calais. Une fois qu'il est devenu clair que Lancastre se dirige vers le sud depuis Pont-Audemer, le roi de France suit son adversaire.

Le  au matin, les Anglais marchent sur Breteuil. Ses assiégeants se retirent en bon ordre, et la place est suffisamment réapprovisionnée pour supporter un siège d'un an. Lancastre, qui a donc atteint deux de ses trois objectifs, décide peut-être par tempérament aventurier de s'emparer en plus de Verneuil, distante d'une dizaine de kilomètres. Les Anglais atteignent la ville dans l'après-midi, la prennent, la pillent et font prisonniers tous ceux dont ils estiment qu'ils pourraient valoir une rançon. Les hommes les plus riches de la région s'étaient cependant fortifiés dans le donjon de Verneuil avec leurs familles et leurs objets de valeur avant l'arrivée des Anglais. À  du matin le 6 juillet, ses défenseurs négocient une reddition : ils sont autorisés à partir, mais à condition d'abandonner tous leurs biens. Le donjon est ensuite pillé et démoli. L'historien Alfred Higgins Burne émit l'hypothèse que le matériel de siège français qui avait été capturé à Pont-Audemer fut utilisé pendant la suite de la chevauchée, ce qui explique les facilités qu'avait Lancastre pour prendre les places qu'il trouvait sur sa route. L'attaque sur Verneuil fut probablement motivée par l'attrait du butin que les Anglais y firent effectivement. Cependant, cette prise marque la fin de la phase offensive de la chevauchée de Lancastre, car à partir de là, il ne cherche plus à atteindre son dernier objectif, Tillières-sur-Avre, situé pourtant à seulement  à l'est de Verneuil.

Retour

Au moment où la démolition du donjon de Verneuil est terminée, le soir du 6 juillet, des rapports sur l'approche de l'armée française sont reçus par Lancastre. Les forces françaises sont beaucoup plus nombreuses que les troupes anglaises, avec peut-être dix fois plus d'hommes. S'étant déplacées de Rouen à Condé-sur-Iton, elles se trouvaient donc alors à  de Breteuil, que les Anglais venaient d'approvisionner, et seulement  de Verneuil. Le 7, Lancastre laisse au repos ses hommes et leurs chevaux mais les dispose en ordre de bataille à l'extérieur de Verneuil, pour être prêt à réagir en cas d'attaque des Français. Ces derniers sont à Condé-sur-Iton et se reposent également, ayant marché durement pour y arriver en deux jours depuis Rouen. Jean II souhaite également temporiser, attendant que tous ses traînards et détachements rejoignent son armée avant de chercher à engager une bataille. Le 8, les Anglais marchent  vers l'ouest jusqu'à L'Aigle. Jean II les suit et leur envoie des hérauts pour proposer à Lancastre d'engager ses forces dans une bataille. Ce dernier répond de manière ambiguë, mais le roi de France, convaincu que la principale raison du débarquement de Lancastre en Normandie était de chercher une bataille, croit qu'un accord a été conclu et campe pour la nuit, .

Le lendemain matin, les Français se préparent au combat, surveillés de loin par un détachement de cavalerie navarraise, et partent à midi pour constater l'absence des Anglais : ceux-ci ont levé le camp pendant la nuit pour s'engager dans une longue marche de  vers Argentan. Tenter une poursuite étant manifestement sans espoir, les Français retournent à Breteuil et y rétablissent le siège de la forteresse. Une force est également envoyée à Tillières-sur-Avre, qui capitule aussitôt, étant donné que Lancastre n'a pas ravitaillé cette forteresse. Un détachement suit cependant la troupe de Lancastre dans son repli, ce qui explique la précipitation du duc anglais qui croyait qu'il s'agissait de l'avant-garde de l'armée du roi de France.

La troupe de Lancastre revient à Montebourg, son point de départ, le 13 juillet. En , les Anglais avaient parcouru , un exploit pour l'époque. L'expédition de trois semaines avait été couronnée de succès : deux des places assiégées avaient été réapprovisionnées ; les participants avaient saisi une grande quantité de butin, dont de nombreux chevaux ; des dommages avaient été causés à l'économie et au prestige français ; l'alliance avec les nobles normands avait été cimentée ; il y avait eu peu de pertes et le roi de France avait été distrait des préparatifs du Prince Noir pour une plus grande chevauchée dans le sud-ouest de la France.

Suites
Philippe de Navarre et Geoffroy d'Harcourt reconnaissent Édouard III comme roi de France et lui rendent hommage pour leurs terres normandes, . À la suite de sa chevauchée réussie, Lancastre se rend en Bretagne avec . De là, il marche vers le sud à la mi-août, dans l'intention de rejoindre le Prince Noir qui remonte du sud-ouest, dans les environs de Tours. Il ne parvient cependant pas à franchir la Loire et retourne en Bretagne où il assiège la capitale, Rennes.

Lorsque le roi Jean reçoit la nouvelle que le Prince Noir a commencé sa propre chevauchée avec une force anglo-gasconne se déplaçant vers le nord depuis Bergerac, il met fin au siège de Breteuil. Il rassemble alors une armée royale à Chartres, poursuit les Anglo-Gascons, coupe leur retraite et les contraint à la bataille de Poitiers. Cependant, l'armée française est lourdement battue par les forces anglo-gasconnes, pourtant moins nombreuses, et Jean II est capturé.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bibliographie

Bibliographie complémentaire

 .
 , , .

Bataille de 1356
Bataille de la guerre de Cent Ans

Chevauchée de Lancastre (1356)


NGC 5827 est une galaxie spirale située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5827 a été découverte par l'astronome français Édouard Stephan en 1880.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5827 est I-II. C'est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés. De plus, c'est une galaxie du champ, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'appartient pas à un amas ou un groupe et qu'elle est donc gravitationnellement isolée. Selon la base de données Simbad, NGC 5827 est une galaxie à noyau actif.

À ce jour, trois mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5827 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5827
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie LINER
Galaxie active
Galaxie du champ
Objet céleste découvert en 1880
Objet céleste découvert par Édouard Stephan

NGC 5827


فيكتور لياندرو  مواليد 21 يناير 1983 في البرازيل، هو لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي يلعب لنادي أتلتيكو مينيرو ومنتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم كحارس مرمى. سبق له أن لعب في كأس العالم لكرة القدم مع منتخب بلاده.

مرحلة الشباب

أندية لعب لها
 باوليستا

المسيرة الاحترافية

أندية لعب لها
 باوليستا
 غريميو بورتو أليغرينزي
 نادي أتلتيكو مينيرو

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رومان كاثوليك برازيليون
لاعبو أتليتيكو مينيرو
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري البرازيلي لكرة القدم الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو باوليستا
لاعبو غريميو بورتو أليغرينزي
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كأس القارات 2009
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 2011
لاعبو منتخب البرازيل لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي إيتوانو
لاعبون فائزون بكأس القارات
مواليد 1983

فيكتور لياندرو


Os Paços do Concelho de Odemira, ou Câmara Municipal de Odemira, consistem num imóvel histórico onde estão sediados os serviços do município de Odemira, na região do Alentejo, em Portugal.

Descrição
O edifício situa-se na Praça da República, em Odemira. Embora o imóvel em si não esteja classificado, está integrado na área protegida do Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina.

O imóvel apresenta uma planta irregular, de forma sensivelmente rectangular, sendo coberto por um telhado de quatro águas. Destaca-se pela sua fachada, que apresenta uma miscelânea de estilos de épocas diferentes, embora date da década de 1860. Assim, alguns dos vãos foram inspirados pela tradição popular barroca, a balaustrada, o frontão e os óculos são de influência neoclássica, e os ferros forjados integram-se na corrente revivalista neogótica.

A fachada está dividida em três panos, separados por pilastras coroadas por urnas, e possui três pisos, cujos pontos de divisão estão marcados na fachada por frisos em argamassa. Os panos laterais são encimados por cornijamento e balaustrada, enquanto que o central, de menor largura, termina num frontão triangular, rematado por uma composição de volutas. Dentro do frontão está esculpido um medalhão com as armas de Odemira, e emoldurado por grinaldas. No piso térreo, ambos os panos laterais são abertos por três janelas no rés-do-chão, de verga curva e moldura de cantaria, enquanto que no pano central rasga-se o portal principal, com arco de volta perfeita e moldura de cantaria com chave saliente, com a inscrição C. M. 1865. O portal é rematado por um frontão triangular, suportado por secções de pilastras estriadas. No primeiro piso, cada pano lateral possui três janelas de sacada, de verga curva, com as mísulas e molduras em cantaria, e grades em ferro. Entre as primeira e segunda janelas, a contar do centro, abre-se um óculo, que no lado esquerdo é cego. No pano central, este piso é marcado por uma janela em arco de volta perfeita com uma moldura em cantaria e um gradeamento. Quanto ao segundo piso, cada pano tem três janelas, sendo as laterais de sacada, com verga recta e moldura e mísula de cantaria, e um gradeamento em ferro fundido, e a central de verga recta e moldura de cantaria, sem sacada. Neste piso também se situam dois óculos, com a mesmo disposição do inferior. O pano central possui uma janela de sacada em arco de volta perfeita e com moldura de cantaria, e um gradeamento de ferro.

A fachada virada a Sul está organizada em três panos não complanares e dois pisos. No primeiro pano, rematado por beirado abre-se uma janela no rés-do-chão e outra no segundo piso, com moldura de cantaria. O segundo pano, também coroado por beirado, tem uma porta de verga curva e moldura de cantaria, com acesso por quatro degraus. Por cima da porta abre-se uma janela em moldura de cantaria, que é encimada por um vão para iluminação, em arco de volta perfeita. Sobre o segundo pano encontra-se a torre sineira, com molduras em argamassa, e um frontão de forma triangular onde se situa o mostrador do relógio. É ladeado por platibandas, rematado por urnas em cerâmica nos cantos, sendo a cobertura em coruchéu, coroado por uma estrutura em ferro, onde se ergue uma sineta. O terceiro pano é encimado por uma cornija e platibanda, continuando o conjunto da fachada oriental, e possui uma janela de verga curva e sacada no piso inferior, com moldura e mísula em cantaria, e um gradeamento em ferro fundido. No piso superior abre-se uma segunda janela, em moldura de cantaria.

História
O edifício foi provavelmente construído no século XVIII. Em 1865 sofreu grandes obras de remodelação, durante as quais foi modificada a fachada e a escadaria central, Pinho Leal refere na sua obra Portugal antigo e moderno, publicada em 1875, que «Possue Odemira alguns prédios bons; merecendo especial menção os paços do concelho, que são os melhores do districto administrativo, e com capacidade para acommodar todas as repartições publicas. Foram restaurados e ampliados, em 1865».

Em 1901 foi novamente alvo de obras de adaptação, durante as quais foi instalada a torre sineira. O concurso para a instalação do relógio foi aberto em Abril desse ano, tendo sido aceite a única proposta, que foi feita pela empresa Furnituria Suissa - Gonçalves Arroja, pelo valor de 290$000. Porém, verificou-se que seriam necessárias extensas obras na torre para poder colocar o relógio, trabalhos que custaram 350 mil Réis. O orçamento foi aprovado pela Comissão Distrital em Agosto, iniciando-se em seguida as obras de modificação da torre e de instalação do relógio.

Entre 1993 e 1998, o interior foi alvo de obras de adaptação.

Ver também
Lista de património edificado em Odemira
Casa da Câmara de Entradas
Casa na Rua Alexandre Herculano n.º 1, Odemira
Castelo de Odemira
Paços do Concelho de Castro Verde
Fontanário da Praça Sousa Prado
Paços do Concelho de Ferreira do Alentejo
Igreja da Misericórdia de Odemira
Igreja Paroquial de Santa Maria de Odemira
Marcos da Barca de Odemira
Moinho de Vento de Odemira

Bibliografia

Leitura recomendada

Ligações externas

Odemira
Paços do concelho de Portugal
Arquitetura de Portugal do século XVIII
Arquitetura barroca em Portugal
Arquitetura neoclássica em Portugal

Paços do Concelho de Odemira


الجَلَّابِيَّة  هي ثوب فضفاض يلبسه السودانيون، وهو بمعنى الجِلْباب.

الجلابية عبارة عن قطعة قماش مزخرفة تفصل على مقاس وحجم الجسم وتكون واسعة معظم الأوقات ولها أشكال وألوان عديدة وتختلف من بلد لآخر، وتسمى أيضاً الدشداشة والكندورة في عدد من البلاد العربية. وتعتبر زي قومي في السودان، وصعيد مصر والريف المصري، وهي تختلف عن الثوب العربي.

يستخدم في تصنيع الجلابيات أنواع من الأقمشة كالقطن والبوليستر والخيط نسبة لحرارة الجزء. ولا يستخدم الحرير لأنه محرم على الرجال.

الجلابية المصرية
هي لباس أهل البلد في الريف المصري وصعيد مصر من الرجال والنساء. وتختلف الجلابية المصرية من محافظة لأخرى، حيث أن الجلابية النسائية في الريف تميل للألوان المبهجة والزخرفة أكثر من الجلابية النسائية في الصعيد. أما عن الرجال فالجلابية في الريف المصري يتم صنعها من القطن المصري المحلي وتمتاز بفتحة الصدر الواسعة. الألوان السائدة للجلابية الرجالي في مصر هي أبيض، رمادي، مائل للأزرق أو مائل للبنية.

الجلابية السودانية
الزي القومي السوداني، وهي ليست الزي الوحيد بالسودان المترامي الأطراف، الزاخر بالتنوع الإرثي والثقافي والمناخي، وإنّما أصبحت تمثل زي السودان القومي لأنها صارت بمرور الزمان الزيّ الأساسي لسكانه.

والجلابية السودانية هي بالطبع زي رجالي صرف إلاّ أنها ليست على شاكلة واحدة ونمط لا يتغير وإنّما هي أشكال عدّة، وتقف خلف هذا التعدد عوامل كثيرة منها المناخي حيث يتميز السودان بتعدد مناخي كبير يتدرج من الصحراوي شمالاً إلى الاستوائي جنوباً، ومن هذه العوامل أيضاً عوامل تاريخية ودينية ومهنية وجمالية.
اعتاد السودانيون على ارتداء الجلابية السودانية في الأعياد، وقد يقوم الرجل السوداني بانتقاء أحدث أنواع الأقمشة والذهاب بها إلى أمهر الخياطين المشهورين بخياطة الجلاليب، حيث تكتمل الفرحة بارتداء جلابية جديدة في العيد كجزء من التقاليد السودانية.
الجلابية السودانية متعددة الأنواع بفعل عوامل كثيرة، وكذلك فإن ملحقاتها التي تعتبر لازمة وضرورية لها تتعدد هي أيضاً بفعل نفس العوامل، فترى من هذه الملحقات (الصديري) بالنسبة لسكان الشرق الجبليين، و(الملفحة والشال) بالنسبة لسكان المدن، أما العمامة (العِمة) والطاقية و(المركوب) فهي مما لا يصح ارتداء الجلابية بدونها وإلاّ فقدت رمزيتها القومية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

ثقافة مصرية
فساتين
ملابس إفريقية
ملابس سودانية
ملابس سورية
ملابس شرق أوسطية
ملابس عربية
ملابس مصرية
موضة

جلابية


Peter Munch Larsen (født 30. oktober 1982) er en dansk fodbolddommer, der siden 2016/2017-sæsonen har dømt i den danske Superliga. Før oprykningen til Superligaen var han dommer i 1. og 2. division.

Peter Munch Larsen havde sin debut som Superliga dommer den 5. august 2016 i kampen mellem Silkeborg og Lyngby BK.

I sommeren 2019 blev Peter Munch Larsen igen rykket ned som divisions dommer.

Referencer

Fodbolddommere fra Danmark

Peter Munch Larsen


දසනායක මුදියන්සෙලාගේ දසනායක (අප්‍රේල් 29, 1953 – ජනවාරි 8, 2008) යනු පුත්තලම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය නියෝජනය කල ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලනඥයෙකි . කොළඹ සිට සැතපුම් දොළොසක් උතුරින් පිහිටි ජා-ඇලදී, 2008 ජනවාරි 8 දිනදී මාර්ගය අසබඩ බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාරයකින් ඝාතනය කෙරෙන විට, හේ    ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි අසුන් ගෙන සිටි මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකු සහ ජාතිය ගොඩනැගීමේ කැබිනට්-නොවන අමාත්‍යවරයාද විය. ත්‍රස්තවාදී දෙමළ කොටි සංවිධානය විසින් සිදුකලේ යැයි චෝදනා කෙරුණු මෙම ප්‍රහාරය නිසා තිදෙනෙක් මිය ගොස් තවත් දසදෙනෙක් තුවාල ලැබූහ.  .

බාහිර සබැඳි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජයේ නිල පුවත් ද්වාරය
 ද ගාඩියන්

1953 උපත්
2008 මරණ
ඝාතනය කෙරුණු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ
දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානය විසින් ඝාතනය කෙරුණු ජනයා
දුරස්ථ පාලන පිපිරුම් උපක්‍රම මගින් මරණ
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 10වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 11වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 12වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 13වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු

ද. මු. දසනායක


Auto klub Opatija Motorsport, hrvatski automobilistički klub iz Opatije, sa sjedištem u Ičićima. Uspješni član kluba je Igor Puž, uspješan na Nagradi Tar-Vabrige, Edi Kuharić i dr.

Osnovala ga je početkom 2009. godine nekolicina vozača i zaljubljenika u autošport, od kojih su neki gotovo dva desetljeća u tom športu. Klub je športska neprofitna udruga. Namjera osnivača bila je promicati autošport i organizirati natjecanja. Klub danas ima tridesetak članova od čega 23 aktivna vozača i suvozača koji sudjeluju u prvenstvu Hrvatske, ali i u inozemstvu.

U klupske uspjehe ulazi osvajanje Mitropa Rally Challenge Cupa te Prvenstva Hrvatske u klasi 3 u rallyju 2013. godine, čime je klub došao do prvog mjesta u poretku klubova.

AK Opatija Motorsport je organizator i suorganizator raznih manifestacija, među kojima je bio suorganizator 40. Croatia Rallyja, zatim Međunarodne brdske auto utrke "Učka", čiju je organizaciju 2012. godine Hrvatski auto i karting savez proglasio najboljom odnosno najbolje organiziranom brdskom auto utrkom za Prvenstvo Hrvatske. AK Opatija Motorsport od 2013. godine organizira utrku Inter Cars Učka koja se boduje za HAKS-ov kup u vožnjama Formula drivera.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službene stranice
Facebook AK Rijeka
Racing.hr

Hrvatski automobilistički klubovi
Šport u Opatiji

AK Opatija Motorsport


රාවණ සොයුරෝ යනු ස්වාධීන ඉතිහාස ගවේශණක කරනු ලබන සංවිධානයකි.

ඇරැඹුම

රාවණ සොයුරෝ නයුවෝ
ධම්මික හෙට්ටිආරච්චි

සැබැඳුම් තතු
ඉ-ලිපි යොමුව: firstname.lastname@example.com

ඇසුර
http://ravanabrothers.com
දිගම සිංහල ගීත ලැයිස්තුව

 රාවන සොයුරෝ

රාවන සොයුරෝ


ඩී. ඩී. ටී. (එහි සාමාන්‍ය නාමය ඩයික්ලෝරෝ ඩයිෆීනයිල් ට්‍රයික්ලෝරෝඑතේන් ය.) යනු කෘත්‍රීම පලිබෝධනාශයකි.

එය ආවේනික හා මතභේදයට තුඩු දෙන දීර්ඝ ඉතිහාසයකින් යුත් රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යයකි .

1874 ප්‍රථම වරට සංස්ලේෂණය කරන ලද DDT වල කෘමිනාශක ගුණය 1939 තෙක් සොයා ගෙන නොතිබුණි. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේ මුල් කාලයේ දී DDT, හමුදා හා සිවිල් ජනගහනය අතර මැලේරියා, ටයිපස් උණ ව්‍යාප්ත කරන මදුරුවන් හා අනෙකුත් කෘමීන් නිසා ඇතිවන ලෙඩරෝග පාලනය කිරීම සඳහා විශාල වශයෙන් යොදා ගැනුණි. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත ජාතික රසායනඥයෙකු වූ පෝල් හර්මන් මූලර්ට 1948 දී " සන්ධිපාදකයන් කිහිපයකට එරෙහිව ස්පර්ශ විෂ ප්‍රභේදයක් ලෙස DDT හි අතිශය කාර්යක්ෂම බව සොයා ගැනීම" වෙනුවෙන් කායික විද්‍යාව හෝ වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාව පිලිබඳ නොබෙල් සම්මානය පිරිනැමුණි. යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව DDT කෘෂිකාර්මික කෘෂිනාශක ලෙස යොදා ගැනීම ආරම්භ කළ අතර ඉතා ඉක්මනින් එහි නිෂ්පාදනය හා භාවිතය ඉහල යන ලදී.

1962 දී ඇමරිකානු ජීව විද්‍යාඥයෙකු වූ රැචෙල් කාසන්ගේ "Silent Spring" නැමැති ග්‍රන්ථය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. එම ග්‍රන්ථය මඟින් අඛණ්ඩව DDT භාවිතය මඟින් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඇති වන පාරිසරික බලපෑම් සාකච්ඡාවට බඳුන් කළ අතර එමඟින් පරිසර විද්‍යාවට හෝ මානව සෞඛ්‍යයයට ඒවායේ බලපෑම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම තේරුම් නොගෙන රසායන ද්‍රව්‍ය විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් පරිසරයට නිකුත් කිරීමේ තර්කනය ගැටළුවට බඳුන් කරන ලදී. එම ග්‍රන්ථය මඟින් DDT හා අනෙකුත් පලිබෝධනාශක මඟින් පිළිකා ඇති කළ හැකි බව දැක්වූ අතර ඒවායේ කෘෂිකාර්මික භාවිතය වන ජීවිතයට (විශේෂයෙන් කුරුල්ලන්ට) හානි කර බව ද දැක්වීය. එහි ප්‍රකාශනය පාරිසරික ව්‍යාපාර ඇති වීමේ සන්ධිස්ථානයක් විය. Silent Spring ග්රන්ථය නිසා විශාල මහජන හඬක් ගොඩ නැඟුනු අතර එමඟින් 1972 දී DDT භාවිත බොහොමයක් ඇමරිකාවෙන් ඉවත් වන ලදී. ඉන්පසුව DDT ලොව පුරාම කෘෂිකාර්මික භාවිතවලින් ඉවත් වූ නමුත් එහි රෝගාබාධ පාලනයේ සීමා සහිත භාවිතය වර්තමානය දක්වාම ලෝකයේ සමහර කොටස්වල භාවිතා කරන අදටත් මතභේදයට තුඩු දුන් කරුණක්ව තිබේ.

උපද්‍රවයට පත්වූ සත්ව විශේෂ පිළිබඳ නීති පනතත් සමඟ DDT සඳහා වූ ඇමරිකානු තහනම විද්යාඥයින් විසින් දකින ලද්දේ ආසන්න ඇමරිකාවේ bald eagle හි නැවත පැමිණීමේ ප්රධාන සාධකයක් ලෙසය.

මුලින්ම සංස්ලේෂණය කරන ලද්දේ 1874දී ය. ඩී.ඩී.ටී. වල කෘමිනාශක ගුණය 1939 වන තුරුම අනාවරණය කරගෙන නොතිබුණි.

රසායන විද්‍යාව

ඩී.ඩී.ටී


Cetățenii pentru Dezvoltarea Europeană a Bulgariei (în , transliterat: Graždani za evropejsko razvitie na Bǎlgarija, având acronimul  ГЕРБ / GERB, "blazon" în bulgară) este un partid politic bulgar de centru-dreapta.

Fondat în 2006 de Boiko Borisov, atunci primar al Sofiei, a reușit să ajungă direct pe al doilea loc la alegerile europene din 2007. În 2009, a reușit la alegerile europene, apoi la cele legislative, ceea ce i-a permis lui Borisov să formeze un guvern minoritar.

S-a impus la alegerile locale din 2011, în timp ce candidatul său la alegerile prezidențiale, Rosen Plevneliev, s-a impus în al doilea tur de scrutin. La alegerile legislative din 2013 s-a clasat pe primul loc.

Istorie

Fondare și începuturi

Partidul a fost creat la 13 mai 2006 de către primarul Sofiei, Boiko Borisov, după o organizație neguvernamentală, denumită GERB – Cetățenii pentru Dezvoltarea Europeană a Bulgariei, creată ceva mai devreme, în același an. Congresul fondator al formațiunii s-a ținut la 13 decembrie 2006 și l-a desemnat pe Țvetan Țvetanov, adjunct al primarului capitalei, drept președinte al partidului nou-înființat. Începând cu luna următoare GERB avea 14% din intențiile de vot, plasându-se pe a doua poziție în sondaje, după Partidul Socialist Bulgar (PSB) Și-a fixat prioritățile: lupta împotriva crimei, contra corupției, ocrotirea familiei ca element fundamental al societății și independența energetică.

La Alegerile Europene Speciale din 20 mai 2007, lista condusă de Dușana Zdravkova s-a clasat în frunte cu 21,7% din voturi, chiar în fața listei PSB. La 6 iunie următor, membrii GERB și-au depus candidatura de aderare la Partidul Popular European (PPE), devenind membri ai acestuia la 7 februarie 2008. În octombrie 2007, formațiunea și-a păstrat primăria Sofiei cu 46,4%, respectiv 53,4% pentru Borisov.

2009, anul victoriilor

Condusă de deputata europeană Rumiana Jeleva, lista GERB pentru Alegerile Europene din 7 iunie 2009 și-a confirmat primul loc obținând 24,4 % din sufragiile exprimate, cu un avans de aproape șase puncte față de lista socialiștilor. La 5 iulie următor, partidul ajunge în mod clar în fruntea alegerilor legislative obținând 39,7% din voturi și 116 locuri de deputați din 240, ratând cu puțin majoritatea absolută. Boiko Borisov și-a asigurat susținerea, fără participare la guvernare, a Uniunii Naționale Ataka, formațiune de extremă dreaptă, a Coaliției albastre (SK) și a coaliției Ordine, Lege și Justiție (RZS), coaliție și partide conservatoare, care dispuneau împreună de 45 de locuri, formând un guvern minoritar la 27 iulie 2007.

Partidul la putere
La congresul organizat la 10 ianuarie 2010, Borisov a fost ales președinte al GERB înlocuindu-l pe Țvetanov, de acum ministre de Interne și care a devenit, cu această ocazie, vicepreședinte al partidului. Ordine, Lege și Justiție și-a retras totuși sprijinul, trei luni mai târziu, opunându-se procedurii de destituire a președintelui Republicii, Gheorghi Părvanov.

Deși a pierdut apoi și sprijinul Coaliției albastre și a Uniunii Naționale Ataka, GERB a continuat să guverneze în minoritate, mulțumită sprijinului deputaților independenți și abținerii celor de la Ataka. În 2011 Borisov a renunțat să candideze la alegerile prezidențiale și l-a desemnat pe Rosen Plevneliev, ministru al Dezvoltării regionale și membrul cel mai popular din cabinet, pentru a reprezenta partidul. Acesta a câștigat al doilea tur, cu peste 52 % din voturi.

Șeful guvernului și-a anunțat demisia la 20 februarie 2013, după importante manifestații contra scumpirii vieții și contra corupției. La alegerile anticipate din 13 mai următor, partidul a ajuns în frunte cu 30,5 % din voturi și 97 de deputați. Dacă era prima dată când partidul aflat la putere obține din nou primul loc la legislative, GERB a pierdut douăzeci de fotolii, găsindu-se fără majoritate, în timp ce celelalte partide reprezentate în Adunare au anunțat că nu vor susține un nou guvern de centru-dreapta.

Ideologie
Gruparea Cetățenii pentru Dezvoltarea Europeană a Bulgariei este un partid politic conservator, liberal, atlantist și proeuropean, care afirmă că se inspiră din democrația creștină. Partidul dorește să se asigure respectarea libertăților și drepturile fundamentale, să lupte contra corupției, să întărească statul și instituțiile sale, rolul societății civile, să restaureze valorile morale, spirituale, culturale. Înțelege să reabiliteze munca, să întărească libera inițiativă, să reformeze ajutorul social, să promoveze egalitatea șanselor și dezvoltarea individuală. În sfârșit, se pronunță pentru o politică externă care vizează o deplină integrare a Bulgariei în "structurile euro-atlantice".

Conducători

Rezultate electorale

Alegeri parlamentare

Alegeri europene

Alegeri prezidențiale

Referințe

Legături externe
  Site oficial

Partide politice din Bulgaria
Fondări în 2006


Juliane Hund (nascida Meyer; Darmstadt,  – Leverkusen, ) foi uma enxadrista alemã. No xadrez epistolar venceu o campeonato alemão duas vezes, ganhou a medalha de prata na primeira Olimpíada de xadrez feminino e o primeiro campeonato europeu feminino em 1998.

Profissão e vida privada
Juliane Hund cresceu antes do fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial em Königsberg, estudou teoria geral do direito em Marburg, Lausanne (1952/53) e em Frankfurt am Main, onde passou no seu primeiro exame estadual. Durante esse tempo aprendeu o jogo de xadrez com seu pai em Gießen. Em Frankfurt am Main fundou um clube de xadrez estudantil, onde conheceu melhor seu futuro marido em 1955. Em 1957 casou com o matemático e jogador de xadrez Gerhard Hund e fundou com ele uma família alemã de xadrez mundialmente famosa.

Suas quatro filhas Susanne van Kempen (nascida Hund, * 1958), Barbara Hund (Grande Mestre de Xadrez das mulheres 1982, * 1959), Isabel Hund (Mestre FIDE das Mulheres, * 1962) e Dorothee Maiwald (nascida Hund, * 1966) tornaram-se fortes jogadoras de xadrez. Em 1961 a família mudou-se de Darmstadt para Leverkusen, onde acolheram Allart Meyer (* 1956, † 2006) como filho adotivo, também jogador de xadrez. Tornou-se avó no outono de 1993, seguindo duas netas em 1998.

Juliane Hund morreu em dezembro de 1999.

Seus ancestrais conhecidos são Johannes Schneidewind e August Wilhelm Reinhart. Além disso, Lucas Cranach, o Velho, é um ancestral dela.

Conquistas como jogador de xadrez

Xadrez direto

Além do campeonato alemão, Juliane Hund participou de diversos torneios internacionais. Em vez de férias, foi a torneios de xadrez com a família. O primeiro torneio conjunto aconteceu entre o Natal e o Ano Novo de 1973, para o qual ela viajou a Berlim com cinco filhos e o marido. La conheceu o Mestre Internacional de Xadrez de Berlim Heinz Lehmann, que também participou do torneio. No primeiro turno venceu Finkenzeller seguido por torneios na França, Suíça, Espanha, Praga, Islândia e Finlândia. Também participou das Olimpíadas de Xadrez em Siegen 1970, Luzern 1982, Tessalônica 1984 e 1988, Dubai 1986 e Manila 1992.

Outubro de 1959 Juliane Hund venceu pela primeira vez o campeonato de Hessen para mulheres, depois ficou em segundo lugar no campeonato alemão em 1959 em Dahn, atrás de Friedl Rinder, 13 dias antes do nascimento de sua filha Barbara. Participou com frequência em campeonatos femininos alemães, conquistando o segundo lugar em 1959 em Dahn, em 1975 em Zell am Harmersbach e em 1981 em Brilon. Em 1989 ganhou o 1º Campeonato Alemão Sênior Feminino em Bad Wörishofen.

No 6º torneio de xadrez da família da Turíngia em 1997 em Erfurt, Juliane e Gerhard Hund ganharam o campeonato por equipes. Além disso, ela jogou várias vezes nos campeonatos mundiais seniores, cada vez com os homens, mais recentemente em 1997 em Bad Wildbad.

Xadrez por correspondência

Por causa do nascimento de seus filhos, começou a jogar xadrez por correspondência em 1959. Em 1964/1967 ganhou o 5º campeonato alemão de xadrez feminino por correspondência. Classificou-se para a final do 1º Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez por Correspondência Feminino. Na final (1968-1971) marcou 5,5 pontos em onze jogos, Olga Rubtsova sagrou-se campeã mundial. Com a seleção nacional (Juliane Hund, Edith Mechelke, Elke Beyer e Rita Heigl) Juliane Hund conquisou a primeira medalha de prata das Olimpíadas de Xadrez por Correspondência para mulheres. Venceu, entre outras, Éva Karakas da Hungria. A seleção soviética (Olga Rubzowa, Marta Litinskaya,Luba Kristol e Lyudmila Belawenez) conquistou a medalha de ouro.

Ligações externas

Referências

Jogadores de xadrez da Alemanha

Juliane Hund


Solid modeling (or solid modelling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer modeling of three-dimensional shapes (solids). Solid modeling is distinguished within the broader related areas of geometric modeling and computer graphics, such as 3D modeling, by its emphasis on physical fidelity. Together, the principles of geometric and solid modeling form the foundation of 3D-computer-aided design and in general support the creation, exchange, visualization, animation, interrogation, and annotation of digital models of physical objects.

Overview

The use of solid modeling techniques allows for the automation process of several difficult engineering calculations that are carried out as a part of the design process. Simulation, planning, and verification of processes such as machining and assembly were one of the main catalysts for the development of solid modeling. More recently, the range of supported manufacturing applications has been greatly expanded to include sheet metal manufacturing, injection molding, welding, pipe routing, etc. Beyond traditional manufacturing, solid modeling techniques serve as the foundation for rapid prototyping, digital data archival and reverse engineering by reconstructing solids from sampled points on physical objects, mechanical analysis using finite elements, motion planning and NC path verification, kinematic and dynamic analysis of mechanisms, and so on. A central problem in all these applications is the ability to effectively represent and manipulate three-dimensional geometry in a fashion that is consistent with the physical behavior of real artifacts. Solid modeling research and development has effectively addressed many of these issues, and continues to be a central focus of computer-aided engineering.

Mathematical foundations
The notion of solid modeling as practised today relies on the specific need for informational completeness in mechanical geometric modeling systems, in the sense that any computer model should support all geometric queries that may be asked of its corresponding physical object. The requirement implicitly recognizes the possibility of several computer representations of the same physical object as long as any two such representations are consistent. It is impossible to computationally verify informational completeness of a representation unless the notion of a physical object is defined in terms of computable mathematical properties and independent of any particular representation. Such reasoning led to the development of the modeling paradigm that has shaped the field of solid modeling as we know it today.

All manufactured components have finite size and well behaved boundaries, so initially the focus was on mathematically modeling rigid parts made of homogeneous isotropic material that could be added or removed. These postulated properties can be translated into properties of regions, subsets of three-dimensional Euclidean space. The two common approaches to define "solidity" rely on point-set topology and algebraic topology respectively. Both models specify how solids can be built from simple pieces or cells.

According to the continuum point-set model of solidity, all the points of any X ⊂ ℝ3 can be classified according to their neighborhoods with respect to X as interior, exterior, or boundary points. Assuming ℝ3 is endowed with the typical Euclidean metric, a neighborhood of a point p ∈X takes the form of an open ball. For X to be considered solid, every neighborhood of any p ∈X must be consistently three dimensional; points with lower-dimensional neighborhoods indicate a lack of solidity. Dimensional homogeneity of neighborhoods is guaranteed for the class of closed regular sets, defined as sets equal to the closure of their interior. Any X ⊂ ℝ3 can be turned into a closed regular set or "regularized" by taking the closure of its interior, and thus the modeling space of solids is mathematically defined to be the space of closed regular subsets of ℝ3 (by the Heine-Borel theorem it is implied that all solids are compact sets). In addition, solids are required to be closed under the Boolean operations of set union, intersection, and difference (to guarantee solidity after material addition and removal). Applying the standard Boolean operations to closed regular sets may not produce a closed regular set, but this problem can be solved by regularizing the result of applying the standard Boolean operations. The regularized set operations are denoted ∪∗, ∩∗, and −∗.

The combinatorial characterization of a set X ⊂ ℝ3 as a solid involves representing X as an orientable cell complex so that the cells provide finite spatial addresses for points in an otherwise innumerable continuum. The class of semi-analytic bounded subsets of Euclidean space is closed under Boolean operations (standard and regularized) and exhibits the additional property that every semi-analytic set can be stratified into a collection of disjoint cells of dimensions 0,1,2,3. A triangulation of a semi-analytic set into a collection of points, line segments, triangular faces, and tetrahedral elements is an example of a stratification that is commonly used. The combinatorial model of solidity is then summarized by saying that in addition to being semi-analytic bounded subsets, solids are three-dimensional topological polyhedra, specifically three-dimensional orientable manifolds with boundary. In particular this implies the Euler characteristic of the combinatorial boundary of the polyhedron is 2. The combinatorial manifold model of solidity also guarantees the boundary of a solid separates space into exactly two components as a consequence of the Jordan-Brouwer theorem, thus eliminating sets with non-manifold neighborhoods that are deemed impossible to manufacture.

The point-set and combinatorial models of solids are entirely consistent with each other, can be used interchangeably, relying on continuum or combinatorial properties as needed, and can be extended to n dimensions. The key property that facilitates this consistency is that the class of closed regular subsets of ℝn coincides precisely with homogeneously n-dimensional topological polyhedra. Therefore, every n-dimensional solid may be unambiguously represented by its boundary and the boundary has the combinatorial structure of an n−1-dimensional polyhedron having homogeneously n−1-dimensional neighborhoods.

Solid representation schemes
Based on assumed mathematical properties, any scheme of representing solids is a method for capturing information about the class of semi-analytic subsets of Euclidean space. This means all representations are different ways of organizing the same geometric and topological data in the form of a data structure. All representation schemes are organized in terms of a finite number of operations on a set of primitives. Therefore, the modeling space of any particular representation is finite, and any single representation scheme may not completely suffice to represent all types of solids. For example, solids defined via combinations of regularized boolean operations cannot necessarily be represented as the sweep of a primitive moving according to a space trajectory, except in very simple cases. This forces modern geometric modeling systems to maintain several representation schemes of solids and also facilitate efficient conversion between representation schemes.

Below is a list of common techniques used to create or represent solid models. Modern modeling software may use a combination of these schemes to represent a solid.

Primitive instancing
This scheme is based on notion of families of object, each member of a family distinguishable from the other by a few parameters. Each object family is called a generic primitive, and individual objects within a family are called primitive instances. For example, a family of bolts is a generic primitive, and a single bolt specified by a particular set of parameters is a primitive instance. The distinguishing characteristic of pure parameterized instancing schemes is the lack of means for combining instances to create new structures which represent new and more complex objects. The other main drawback of this scheme is the difficulty of writing algorithms for computing properties of represented solids. A considerable amount of family-specific information must be built into the algorithms and therefore each generic primitive must be treated as a special case, allowing no uniform overall treatment.

Spatial occupancy enumeration
This scheme is essentially a list of spatial cells occupied by the solid. The cells, also called voxels are cubes of a fixed size and are arranged in a fixed spatial grid (other polyhedral arrangements are also possible but cubes are the simplest). Each cell may be represented by the coordinates of a single point, such as the cell's centroid. Usually a specific scanning order is imposed and the corresponding ordered set of coordinates is called a spatial array. Spatial arrays are unambiguous and unique solid representations but are too verbose for use as 'master' or definitional representations. They can, however, represent coarse approximations of parts and can be used to improve the performance of geometric algorithms, especially when used in conjunction with other representations such as constructive solid geometry.

Cell decomposition
This scheme follows from the combinatoric (algebraic topological) descriptions of solids detailed above. A solid can be represented by its decomposition into several cells. Spatial occupancy enumeration schemes are a particular case of cell decompositions where all the cells are cubical and lie in a regular grid. Cell decompositions provide convenient ways for computing certain topological properties of solids such as its connectedness (number of pieces) and genus (number of holes). Cell decompositions in the form of triangulations are the representations used in 3D finite elements for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. Other cell decompositions such as a Whitney regular stratification or Morse decompositions may be used for applications in robot motion planning.

Surface mesh modeling
Similar to boundary representation, the surface of the object is represented.  However, rather than complex data structures and NURBS, a simple surface mesh of vertices and edges is used.  Surface meshes can be structured (as in triangular meshes in STL files or quad meshes with horizontal and vertical rings of quadrilaterals), or unstructured meshes with randomly grouped triangles and higher level polygons.

Constructive solid geometry

Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is a family of schemes for representing rigid solids as Boolean constructions or combinations of primitives via the regularized set operations discussed above. CSG and boundary representations are currently the most important representation schemes for solids. CSG representations take the form of ordered binary trees where non-terminal nodes represent either rigid transformations (orientation preserving isometries) or regularized set operations. Terminal nodes are primitive leaves that represent closed regular sets. The semantics of CSG representations is clear. Each subtree represents a set resulting from applying the indicated transformations/regularized set operations on the set represented by the primitive leaves of the subtree. CSG representations are particularly useful for capturing design intent in the form of features corresponding to material addition or removal (bosses, holes, pockets etc.). The attractive properties of CSG include conciseness, guaranteed validity of solids, computationally convenient Boolean algebraic properties, and natural control of a solid's shape in terms of high level parameters defining the solid's primitives and their positions and orientations. The relatively simple data structure and elegant recursive algorithms have further contributed to the popularity of CSG.

Sweeping
The basic notion embodied in sweeping schemes is simple. A set moving through space may trace or sweep out volume (a solid) that may be represented by the moving set and its trajectory. Such a representation is important in the context of applications such as detecting the material removed from a cutter as it moves along a specified trajectory, computing dynamic interference of two solids undergoing relative motion, motion planning, and even in computer graphics applications such as tracing the motions of a brush moved on a canvas. Most commercial CAD systems provide (limited) functionality for constructing swept solids mostly in the form of a two dimensional cross section moving on a space trajectory transversal to the section. However, current research has shown several approximations of three dimensional shapes moving across one parameter, and even multi-parameter motions.

Implicit representation

A very general method of defining a set of points X is to specify a predicate that can be evaluated at any point in space. In other words, X is defined implicitly to consist of all the points that satisfy the condition specified by the predicate. The simplest form of a predicate is the condition on the sign of a real valued function resulting in the familiar representation of sets by equalities and inequalities. For example, if   the conditions , , and  represent, respectively, a plane and two open linear halfspaces.  More complex functional primitives may be defined by boolean combinations of simpler predicates. Furthermore, the theory of R-functions allow conversions of such representations into a single function inequality for any closed semi analytic set.  Such a representation can be converted to a boundary representation using polygonization algorithms, for example, the marching cubes algorithm.

Parametric and feature-based modeling
Features are defined to be parametric shapes associated with attributes such as intrinsic geometric parameters (length, width, depth etc.), position and orientation, geometric tolerances, material properties, and references to other features. Features also provide access to related production processes and resource models. Thus, features have a semantically higher level than primitive closed regular sets. Features are generally expected to form a basis for linking CAD with downstream manufacturing applications, and also for organizing databases for design data reuse.  Parametric feature based modeling is frequently combined with constructive binary solid geometry (CSG) to fully describe systems of complex objects in engineering.

History of solid modelers

The historical development of solid modelers has to be seen in context of the whole history of CAD, the key milestones being the development of the research system BUILD followed by its commercial spin-off Romulus which went on to influence the development of Parasolid, ACIS and Solid Modeling Solutions. One of the first CAD developers in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), ASCON began internal development of its own solid modeler in the 1990s. In November 2012, the mathematical division of ASCON became a separate company, and was named C3D Labs. It was assigned the task of developing the C3D geometric modeling kernel as a standalone product – the only commercial 3D modeling kernel from Russia. Other contributions came from Mäntylä, with his GWB and from the GPM project which contributed, among other things, hybrid modeling techniques at the beginning of the 1980s. This is also when the Programming Language of Solid Modeling PLaSM was conceived at the University of Rome.

Computer-aided design

The modeling of solids is only the minimum requirement of a CAD system's capabilities. Solid modelers have become commonplace in engineering departments in the last ten years due to faster computers and competitive software pricing. Solid modeling software creates a virtual 3D representation of components for machine design and analysis. A typical graphical user interface includes programmable macros, keyboard shortcuts and dynamic model manipulation. The ability to dynamically re-orient the model, in real-time shaded 3-D, is emphasized and helps the designer maintain a mental 3-D image.

A solid part model generally consists of a group of features, added one at a time, until the model is complete. Engineering solid models are built mostly with sketcher-based features; 2-D sketches that are swept along a path to become 3-D. These may be cuts, or extrusions for example. Design work on components is usually done within the context of the whole product using assembly modeling methods. An assembly model incorporates references to individual part models that comprise the product.

Another type of modeling technique is 'surfacing' (Freeform surface modeling). Here, surfaces are defined, trimmed and merged, and filled to make solid.  The surfaces are usually defined with datum curves in space and a variety of complex commands. Surfacing is more difficult, but better applicable to some manufacturing techniques, like injection molding. Solid models for injection molded parts usually have both surfacing and sketcher based features.

Engineering drawings can be created semi-automatically and reference the solid models.

Parametric modeling
Parametric modeling uses parameters to define a model (dimensions, for example). Examples of parameters are: dimensions used to create model features, material density, formulas to describe swept features, imported data (that describe a reference surface, for example). The parameter may be modified later, and the model will update to reflect the modification. Typically, there is a relationship between parts, assemblies, and drawings. A part consists of multiple features, and an assembly consists of multiple parts. Drawings can be made from either parts or assemblies.

Example: A shaft is created by extruding a circle 100 mm. A hub is assembled to the end of the shaft. Later, the shaft is modified to be 200 mm long (click on the shaft, select the length dimension, modify to 200). When the model is updated the shaft will be 200 mm long, the hub will relocate to the end of the shaft to which it was assembled, and the engineering drawings and mass properties will reflect all changes automatically.

Related to parameters, but slightly different, are constraints. Constraints are relationships between entities that make up a particular shape. For a window, the sides might be defined as being parallel, and of the same length. Parametric modeling is obvious and intuitive. But for the first three decades of CAD this was not the case. Modification meant re-draw, or add a new cut or protrusion on top of old ones. Dimensions on engineering drawings were created, instead of shown. Parametric modeling is very powerful, but requires more skill in model creation. A complicated model for an injection molded part may have a thousand features, and modifying an early feature may cause later features to fail. Skillfully created parametric models are easier to maintain and modify.  Parametric modeling also lends itself to data re-use. A whole family of capscrews can be contained in one model, for example.

Medical solid modeling

Modern computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanners can be used to create solid models of internal body features called voxel-based models, with images generated using volume rendering. Optical 3D scanners can be used to create point clouds or polygon mesh models of external body features.

Uses of medical solid modeling;
 Visualization
 Visualization of specific body tissues (just blood vessels and tumor, for example)
 Designing prosthetics, orthotics, and other medical and dental devices (this is sometimes called mass customization)
 Creating polygon mesh models for rapid prototyping (to aid surgeons preparing for difficult surgeries, for example)
 Combining polygon mesh models with CAD solid modeling (design of hip replacement parts, for example)
 Computational analysis of complex biological processes, e.g. air flow, blood flow
 Computational simulation of new medical devices and implants in vivo

If the use goes beyond visualization of the scan data, processes like image segmentation and image-based meshing will be necessary to generate an accurate and realistic geometrical description of the scan data.

Engineering

Because CAD programs running on computers "understand" the true geometry comprising complex shapes, many attributes of/for a 3D solid, such as its center of gravity, volume, and mass, can be quickly calculated. For instance, the cube with rounded edges shown at the top of this article measures 8.4 mm from flat to flat. Despite its many radii and the shallow pyramid on each of its six faces, its properties are readily calculated for the designer, as shown in the screenshot at right.

See also

 Wire frame modelling
 Free-surface modelling

 Computational geometry
 Computer graphics
 Engineering drawing
 Euler boundary representation
 List of CAx companies
 PLaSM – Programming Language of Solid Modeling.
 Technical drawing

References

External links
 sgCore C++/C# library
 The Solid Modeling Association

3D computer graphics
Computer-aided design
Euclidean solid geometry

Solid modeling


Palma de Mallorca (Katalanca: Palma), Batı Akdeniz'de, İspanya'nın doğu sahiline yakın, İspanya'nın özerk bölgesi olan Balear Adaları'na ait Mallorca adasında bulunan bir belediye.

Demografi

Palma de Mallorca belediye sınırları içinde nüfus (2011 tahmini itibarıyla) 405.318 kişidir. Bölge alanı 208,63 km², nüfus yoğunluğu ise 1.942,76 kişi/km²'dir. Ada nüfusunun yaklaşık olarak yarısı Palma de Mallorca ve etrafında bulunan şehirleşmiş bölgelerde yaşamaktadır. 2009 tahmini ile bu şehirleşmiş metropoliten Palma nüfusu 517.285 kişi olup tüm İspanya'da şehirleşmiş metropolite bölgeler içinde 12. sırayı almaktadır.

Palma de Mallorca belediye sınırları içinde 1842'den itibaren nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya

İklim

Kardeş şehirler

Palma de Mallorca'nın şu resmî kardeş şehir bağlantıları bulunmaktadır:

Resimler

Palma de Mallorca

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Mayorka
 Balear Takımadaları

Dış bağlantılar

 Palma resmi sitesi
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140517191022/http://mallorcabars.eu/

Palma de Mallorca


الطريق النبيل الثماني هو أحد التعاليم الرئيسية لبوذا، الذي وصفه بأنه الوسيلة التي تؤدي إلى وقف المعاناة وتحقيق صحوة الذات. فهو يستخدم لتطوير نظرة ثاقبة في الطبيعة الحقيقية للظواهر (أو الواقع) والقضاء على الجشع والحقد والوهم. الطريق النبيل الثماني هو الحقيقة النبيلة الرابعة لبوذا، والعنصر الأول من الطريق النبيل الثماني هو بدوره فهم الحقائق النبيلة الأربع.

جميع العناصر الثمانية للطريق لها صفة «السليم» أو «الحق»، والتي هي ترجمة لكلمة samyañc (في اللغة السنسكريتية). ودلالة هذه الكلمة هو الاكتمال، العمل الجماعي، والترابط، ويمكن أيضا أن تشير إلى معاني «الكمال» أو «المثالية».، وبالتالي هي النظر السليم، النية السليمة، الكلمة السليمة، العمل السليم، كسب الرزق السليم، الجهد السليم، الذهن السليم، والتركيز السليم.

في رمزية البوذية، يمثل الطريق النبيل الثماني غالبا باستخدام عجلة دارما، والتي لها ثمانية عوارض تمثل الطريق الثماني.

مراجع

أخلاقيات بوذية
تأمل بوذي
تجارب روحية بوذية
مصطلحات بوذية
مفاهيم فلسفية بوذية

الطريق النبيل الثماني


Niže crkvene službe su službe u kršćanskim Crkvama uveden radi ispomoći Crkvi i višim službama.

Uveo ih je papa Higin radi ispomoći Crkvi i "većim" službama. U te službe ostijarij, lektor, egzorcist, akolit i subđakon.

U ranom kršćanstvu su se niže službe nazivale i nižim redovima. Dio je do kraja ostao samostalna služba, dok je dio ostao kao "stuba" prema svećeništvu. Svim su se kandidatima za svećeništvo dijelile posebnim obredom, koji je po sebi već prestao biti znakom. Stoga ga je Drugi vatikanski sabor i dokinuo. Premda je dio služba ostao, gubitak je što se često pri podjeljivanju tih služba izostavlja i liturgijski obred. Kod lektora je obred i služba opstala.

Motuproprijem Ministeria quaedam (MQ ) "O nižim službama" pape Pavla VI. od 15. kolovoza 1972. godine reformirane su niže službe. Ovdje je Pavao VI. donio nove odredbe, kojima je preuredio disciplinu u latinskoj Crkvi glede prve tonzure, niže redove i subđakonat, reforma u disciplinu i naučavanje.  Niži crkveni redovi od tada se zovu službama (ministeria). Službenici ma nižih služba dodijeljene su neke nove mogućnosti, uloge i prava. Glede današnjih prilagođenih potreba, u čitavoj latinskoj Crkvi zadržane su samo službe lektora i akolita koje prema tradiciji Crkve ostaje samo za muškarce i ostaju kao uvjet za đakonat i svećenstvo.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Zvonik, br. 177-178 Andrija Kopilović: Upoznajmo govor liturgijskih znakova - Liturgijski znakovi sakramenata - Sakrament svetog reda: biskup, prezbiter i đakon, srpanj-kolovoz 2009.
Zvonik, br. 180  Andrija Kopilović: Upoznajmo govor liturgijskih znakova - Liturgijski znakovi sakramenata

Crkvene službe

Niže crkvene službe


Hi Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 Hulyo 1889 – 11 Oktubre 1963) in usa ka Fransesa panuratan, dramaturgo, pagpintor, okultista, disenyador, kritiko nga sinema.

Mga natawo han 1889
Mga namatay han 1963

Jean Cocteau


Ouăle lui Tarzan este un film românesc din 2017 regizat de Alexandru Solomon.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2017 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2017
Filme regizate de Alexandru Solomon
Filme documentare românești

Ouăle lui Tarzan


The Music of Andalusia encompasses a range of traditional and modern musical genres which originate in the territory of Andalusia in southern Spain. The most famous are copla and flamenco, the latter being sometimes used as a portmanteau term for various regional musical traditions within Andalusia. Today, Andalusia has a rich and thriving musical scene, which draws from its own musical traditions as well as from external influences such as salsa, jazz or pop music.

Historical influences on Andalusian music
Andalusia was probably the main route of transmission of a number of Near-Eastern musical instruments used in classical music; the rebec (ancestor of violin) from the Maghreb rebab, the guitar from qitara and naker from naqareh. Further terms fell into disuse in Europe; adufe from al-duff, alboka from al-buq, anafil from al-nafir, exabeba from al-shabbaba (flute), atabal (bass drum) from al-tabl, atambal from al-tinbal,
the balaban, sonajas de azófar from , the conical bore wind instruments, the  from the sulami or fistula (flute or musical pipe),
the shawm and dulzaina from the reed instruments  and al-zurna,
the gaita from the Rhaita, rackett from  or , geige (German for a violin) from ghichak and the theorbo from the tarab.

According to historical sources, William VIII, the father of William, brought to Poitiers hundreds of Muslim prisoners. Trend acknowledges that the troubadors derived their sense of form and the subject matter of their poetry from Andalusia. The hypothesis that the troubador tradition was created, more or less, by William after his experience of Moorish arts while fighting with the Reconquista in Spain was also championed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal in the early twentieth-century, but its origins go back to the Cinquecento and Giammaria Barbieri (died 1575) and Juan Andrés (died 1822). Meg Bogin, English translator of the female troubadors, also held this hypothesis. Certainly "a body of song of comparable intensity, profanity and eroticism [existed] in Arabic from the second half of the 9th century onwards." Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited

Andalusia is a modern autonomous community of Spain that is best known for flamenco, a form of music and dance, mostly performed by artists and ordinary people from Andalusia.

Improvised flamenco songs of ancient Andalusian origin are called cante jondo, and are characterized by a reduced tonal ambiance, a strict rhythm, baroque ornamentation and repetition of notes. Cante jondo is sung by a single singer (cantaor).

Structure
There are two forms of flamenco songs: cante jondo and cante chico. Cante jondo are slower and usually feature sad lyrics about disappointed love or death, while cante chico are much quicker, more popular and dance-oriented.  The concept of duende is very important in flamenco.  Loosely, defined, duende is a spiritual or emotional bond between the performer and audience, created by the performer's intense concentration and passion.

There are multiple styles (palos) of flamenco, including:
fandango
fandangos de Huelva
granadínos - from Granada
malagueñas - from Málaga
saeta
sevillana
siguiriyas
soleares
Tangos

The guitar is a vital instrument to flamenco; it marks the measure of a song, and is frequently used in expressive solos during which the guitarist will improvise short variations called falsetas. Ramón Montoya was the most influential early guitarist, known for having solidified the guitar as a solo instrument.  His successors included Manolo Sanlúcar and Paco de Lucía.

History
The golden age of flamenco is said to be 1869 to 1910, later becoming more and more popularized internationally and influenced by South American music, especially the tango.  Musicians from the golden age performed at bars called café cantantes, such as Café de Chinitas in Málaga, which was made famous by the poetry of García Lorca.  Other musicians of the early 20th century include Manolo Caracol, who walked from Jerez to participate in a cante jondo competition, which he won.

Though the golden age had long since passed, the 1950s saw flamenco achieving increased respectability in Spain. Hispavox, a Spanish record label, released Antología del Cante Flamenco in 1956; the recording's collection of most all of the greatest flamenco singers was very popular.  In 1956, the first national cante jondo competition was held in Cordoba, followed by a Chair of Flamencology being established at Jerez in 1958.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Antonio Mairena and similar artists kelped kickstart a flamenco revival as American and British rock began dominating the Spanish music scene.  Emerging from this, Camarón de la Isla became one of the most popular and critically acclaimed performers of the century.  His 1969 debut Con la Colaboracion Especial de Paco de Lucia inspired a new generation of performers that invented Nuevo Flamenco.

In the 1970s and 80s, salsa, blues, rumba and other influences were added to flamenco, along with music from India. Ketama's 1988 debut, Ketama, was especially influential.  At the beginning of the 1990s, the Madrid label Nuevos Medios became closely associated with the new flamenco fusion music, which came to be called nuevo flamenco.

See also

Music of Spain

References

^ Haïm Zafrani (2002). Juifs d'Andalousie et du Maghreb . Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 228. .
^ Rachid Aous; Mohammed Habib Samrakandi (2002). Musiques d'Algérie . 47. Presses Univ. du Mirail. .
^ María Rosa Menocal; Raymond P. Scheindlin; Michael Anthony Sells (2000). The literature of Al-Andalus . title=Cambridge history of Arabic literature. 4 Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73. .
^ Arab-Andalusian Music of Morocco during the Centuries / scientific publication of D. Eisenberg (Hispanic Journal of Philosophy 1988)
^ (Farmer 1978, p. 137)
^ (Farmer 1978, p. 140)
^ (Farmer 1978, pp. 140–1)
^ (Farmer 1978, p. 141)
^ (Farmer 1978, p. 142)
^ (Farmer 1978, p. 143)
^ (Farmer 1978, p. 144)
^ M. Guettat (1980), La Musique classique du Maghreb (Paris: Sindbad).
^ J. B. Trend (1965), Music of Spanish History to 1600 (New York: Krause Reprint)
^ Bogin, Meg. The Women Troubadours. Scarborough: Paddington, 1976. .
^ "Troubadour", Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie, London: Macmillan Press

External links
Other examples of music from Andalusia
Juifs et musique Arabo Andalouse 1
Juifs et musique Arabo Andalouse 2

Bibliography

Andalusia
Andalusian music

Music of Andalusia


Le Grand Chalon (vor 2016: Communauté de communes de Chalon Val de Bourgogne) ist ein französischer Gemeindeverband mit der Rechtsform einer Communauté d'agglomération im Département Saône-et-Loire in der Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Sie wurde am 21. Dezember 1993 gegründet und umfasst heute 51 Gemeinden, der Verwaltungssitz befindet sich in der Stadt Chalon-sur-Saône.

Historische Entwicklung
 1. Januar 1994: Die CCCVB (Communauté de communes de Chalon Val de Bourgogne) nimmt ihre Arbeit auf. Mitglieder sind: Chalon-sur-Saône, Champforgeuil, Châtenoy-le-Royal, Demigny, Dracy-le-Fort, Farges-lès-Chalon, Fontaines, Givry, La Charmée, Lessard-le-National, Marnay, Oslon, Saint-Ambreuil, Saint-Marcel, Saint-Rémy, Saint-Loup-de-Varennes und Varennes-le-Grand
 1. Januar 1996: Beitritt von Épervans und Sevrey
 1. Januar 1997: Beitritt von Sassenay
 1. Januar 2001: Mit dem Beitritt von Châtenoy-en-Bresse, Crissey, Fragnes, Gergy, La Loyère, Lans, Lux und Virey-le-Grand wird aus der Communauté de Communes eine Communauté d'agglomération
 1. Januar 2004: Beitritt von Barizey, Charrecey, Jambles, Mellecey, Mercurey, Saint-Denis-de-Vaux, Saint-Désert, Saint-Jean-de-Vaux, Saint-Mard-de-Vaux und Saint-Martin-sous-Montaigu.
 1. Januar 2008: Beitritt von Rully
 1. Januar 2016: Fusion von Fragnes und La Loyère
 1. Januar 2017: Beitritt von Saint-Loup-Géanges sowie Zugang von Aluze, Bouzeron, Chamilly, Charrecey, Chassey-le-Camp, Cheilly-lès-Maranges, Dennevy, Remigny, Saint-Bérain-sur-Dheune, Saint-Gilles, Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune, Saint-Sernin-du-Plain und Sampigny-lès-Maranges aus der aufgelassenen Communauté de communes des Monts et des Vignes.

Mitgliedsgemeinden

Weblinks
 INSEE - Dossier Complet

Quellen

Le Grand Chalon
Gemeindeverband im Département Saône-et-Loire
Gegründet 1993

Le Grand Chalon


96 (ستة وتسعون) هو عدد طبيعي يلي العدد 95 ويسبق العدد 97.

في الرياضيات

مراجع

أعداد صحيحة

96 (عدد)