O Cinturão Mineiro corresponde a uma faixa orogênica de idade paleoproterozóica de direção geral NE-SW que bordeja o sul do Cráton do São Francisco.

Possui aproximadamente 180km de extensão e 50 km de largura, e está localizado em porção à sudoeste da região do depósito de ferro de classe mundial do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, estado de Minas Gerais. Tem suas imediações a cidade de Conselheiro Lafaiete, a norte, e o município de Lavras, a sul.

O termo "Cinturão Mineiro" foi introduzido por Teixeira (1985), para designar um conjunto de plútons paleoproterozóicos, de composição félsica à intermediária, intrudidos em ampla sequência de greenstone belts situados às bordas dos núcleos arqueanos, ao sul do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Com o tempo diversos autores contribuíram para ampliar o conhecimento a cerca desse cinturão.
O cinturão mineiro pode ser dividido por alguns lineamentos em terrenos geologicamente distintos. O primeiro corresponde ao Lineamento Jeceaba-Bom Sucesso (LJBS), que ocorre na porção norte e separa terrenos compostos por gnaisses arqueanos do Complexo Bonfim e rochas paleoproterozóicas do Cinturão Mineiro. Ele possui direção NE-SW e é caracterizado por estruturas de campo que apresentam componentes de cisalhamento sinistrais. A leste existe o Lineamento Congonhas-Itaverava (LCI) e separa rochas arqueanas a paleoproterozóicas do Complexo Santo Antônio do Pirapetinga das rochas metavulcanossedimentares e plútons paleoproterozóicos do Cinturão Mineiro. A direção desse lineamento é NW-SE e as zonas de cisalhamento possuem o componente dextral predominante. Além destes, a extremidade sul do Cinturão Mineiro é limitada por um terreno metamórfico de alto grau indiferenciado pertencente ao Cinturão Ribeira (Teixeira et al., 2015).

A formação do Cinturão Mineiro é interpretada como uma acreção de arcos de ilhas e arcos continentais ativos durante o Paleoproterozoico, resultando na gênese de rochas com idades entre 2,46 a 2,09 Ga, tais como ortognaisses e metavulcanossedimentares que, posteriormente, foram intrudidas por granitoides. Os trabalhos realizados no Cinturão Mineiro permitem interpretar que a aglutinação do cinturão se deu por meio da construção de três arcos magmáticos, em ambiente oceânico e continental.

O metamorfismo regional das diferentes unidades litoestratigráficas do cinturão é predominantemente de baixo a médio grau, compatível com as fácies xisto verde a anfibolito. No entanto, também ocorre um metamorfismo de alto grau, que pode ser representado pela fácies granulito (Toledo, 2002; Cherman, 2004; Ávila et al., 2010). (Noce et al. 2007, Seixas et al. 2012, Moreira et al. 2018).

Já a evolução do Cinturão Mineiro está intimamente relacionada à Orogenia Transamazônica, cujos processos compressivos produziram um extraordinário volume de rochas ígneas ácidas de composição metaluminosa a peraluminosa e de tendência calcioalcalina (Ribeiro et al., 1995).

Estratigrafia
O Cinturão Mineiro compreende diferente tipos de ortognaisses Paleoproterozóicos (trondhjemito, granodiorito, granito), corpos ígneos indeformados (gabro, diorito, granito) e sequências supracrustais. Com base em Vieira et al. (2019), a aglutinação do Cinturão Mineiro pode ser atribuída a três arcos magmáticos, correlacionados, pelo espectro de idades, à orogênese Transamazônica.

O primeiro arco pode ser subdividido nas sequências: Restinga de Baixo (características químicas relacionadas a MORB), Resende Costa (ortognaisses de caráter cálcio-alcalino, metaluminoso a peraluminoso) e Lagoa Dourada (uma suíte subalcalina a cálcio-alcalina, metaluminoso a peraluminoso). Já o segundo arco é representado pelas sequências: Rio das Mortes (com características químicas relacionadas a MORB), Alto Maranhão (uma suíte cálcio-alcalina, TTG de alto Al, metaluminoso) e Ritápolis (um metagranitoide cálcio-alcalino, metaluminoso a peraluminoso). Por último, o terceiro arco magmático tem como sequências características: Nazareno/Dores do Campo (afinidade MORB e komatiitos depletados em alumínio) e Serrinha-Tiradentes (suítes cálcio-alcalino, metaluminoso e peraluminoso).

Quanto à estratigrafia do Cinturão Mineiro propriamente dita, Vieira et al. (2019) sugere a divisão em 4 unidades supracrustais paleoproterozóicas: Nazareno, Dores do Campo, Rio das Mortes e Congonhas-Itaverava.

 Congonhas-Itaverava: é uma sequência metavulcanossedimentar que está sob condições de metamorfismo de fácies xisto verde e é intrudida pelo Plúton Congonhas. Da base para o topo apresenta rochas máficas e ultramáficas (komatiitos); formações ferríferas bandadas, mármores e pelitos; grauvacas e folhelhos negros. Deve representar um ambiente intra-oceânico.

 Rio das Mortes: subdividida, da base para o topo, em unidades metamáficas/metaultramáficas (anfibolito cinza-escuro, fino a médio, foliado e com intercalações de gnaisse bandado – tipo TTG), Formação Lafaiete (sequência siliciclástica de metagrauvaca-argilito) e a Formação Santo Amaro (quartzitos sericíticos associados a filitos).

 Nazareno: composta principalmente por rochas máficas e ultramáficas, caracterizada por metakomatiitos com textura spinifex nas porções basais da unidade. Nas seções intermediárias e superiores ocorrem anfibolitos (metabasaltos), filitos, quartzitos e gonditos.

 Dores do Campo: composta essencialmente de anfibolitos, filitos, gonditos e quartzitos, além de rochas metaultramáficas na base da sequência.

Benedito (2020) ainda acrescenta as unidades intrusivas compostas por rochas graníticas do paleoproterozoico: Batólito Cassiterita, Suíte Resende Costa, Suíte Lagoa Dourada, Suíte Serrinha-Tiradentes, Plúton Congonhas, Batólito Ritápolis e Suíte Alto Maranhão.

 Batólito Cassiterita: é o corpo plutônico mais antigo da região até o momento. Segundo datações em U-Pb o batólito pode ter cerca de 2472-2414 Ma (Barbosa 2015). Suas rochas são basicamente tonalito e trondhjemito, contém alguns xenólitos de rochas máficas e ultramáficas, além de ser intrudido por granitoides e pegmatitos.

 Suíte Resende Costa: formada por ortognaisses peraluminosos, assembleias tipo TTG e anfibolitos.

 Suíte Lagoa Dourada: ocorre como uma intrusão de aproximadamente 18 km de extensão e 8km de largura na porção central do Cinturão Mineiro, sendo composta por biotita trondhjemito e tonalitos da série biotita-hornblenda.

 Suíte Serrinha-Tiradentes: de pequena extensão, representam plútons e rochas vulcânicas que intrudem as unidades supracrustais. A Suíte Serrinha apresenta rochas vulcânicas e sub vulcânicas como dacitos e granófiros. Já a Suíte Tiradentes compreende rochas como andesitos, dacitos e granófiros associados a rochas metassedimentares.

 Plúton Congonhas: compreende rochas de composição granodiorítica a trondhjemítica.

 Batólito Ritápolis: ocupando a porção central do Cinturão Mineiro e correspondendo à maior intrusão deste, o Batólito Ritápolis é composto por rochas como leucogranitos, granodioritos e tonalitos foliados. Apresenta também diques pegmatíticos e xenólitos provenientes das rochas encaixantes.

 Suíte Alto Maranhão: composto predominantemente por tonalitos foliados, esta suíte ainda apresenta enclaves máficos e mistura magmática difusa. Intrude sequências vulcanossedimentares da porção nordeste do Cinturão Mineiro.

Estruturas
A geologia estrutural do Cinturão Mineiro, localizado na porção central do estado de Minas Gerais, é caracterizada por uma complexa história de deformação e importante atividade tectônica. Neste contexto, destacam-se os lineamentos Congonhas-Itaverava e Jaceaba-Bom Sucesso, bem como a Zona de Cisalhamento do Lenheiro, que desempenham papéis significativos na evolução estrutural da região.

O lineamento Congonhas-Itaverava, conforme estudado por Toledo (2002), se estende por aproximadamente 60 km na direção nordeste-sudoeste, acompanhando a borda leste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Esse lineamento é caracterizado por uma sequência de rochas metavulcânicas e metassedimentares dobradas e fraturadas, apresentando um padrão de deformação principal de dobramentos em uma escala regional. Essa fase deformacional está relacionada ao evento tectônico denominado Brasiliano, que ocorreu durante o ciclo orogênico Brasiliano-Pan-Africano, entre 750 e 550 milhões de anos atrás.

Já o lineamento Jaceaba-Bom Sucesso, de acordo com estudos de Campos (2004), corta transversalmente o Cinturão Mineiro, estendendo-se por aproximadamente 90 km no sentido noroeste-sudeste. Esse lineamento é caracterizado por uma zona de cisalhamento de direção principal noroeste-sudeste, com movimentação destral. Essa estrutura apresenta evidências de intensa deformação tectônica, como dobramentos, falhas e zonas de cisalhamento associadas. A fase deformacional associada ao lineamento Jaceaba-Bom Sucesso é atribuída ao evento tectônico Brasiliano, ocorrido no mesmo período mencionado anteriormente.

Por sua vez, a Zona de Cisalhamento do Lenheiro, conforme mencionado por Gomes et al. (2010), tem direção aproximada de Leste-Oeste que afeta as rochas do Cinturão Mineiro. Essa zona de cisalhamento é caracterizada por uma série de falhas e fraturas, indicando intensa deformação tectônica. A fase deformacional associada à Zona de Cisalhamento do Lenheiro é atribuída a eventos tectônicos posteriores ao evento Brasiliano.

Em síntese, o Cinturão Mineiro apresenta uma geologia estrutural complexa, com a presença de dobras, falhas e zonas de cisalhamento, que desempenham um papel fundamental na concentração de minerais economicamente importantes. O estudo dessas estruturas e sua relação com os depósitos minerais tem impulsionado a atividade de exploração mineral na região, sendo essencial para o entendimento e aproveitamento de seus recursos geológicos.

Metamorfismo

De acordo com estudos realizados por Toledo (2002), o metamorfismo no Cinturão Mineiro é predominantemente de baixo a médio grau, variando de condições anquizonais a epizonais. Essas condições metamórficas indicam temperaturas moderadas, geralmente entre 200°C e 600°C, e pressões que variam de 1 a 8 kbar. No entanto, também são encontradas fácies de alto grau em algumas áreas, com temperaturas superiores a 700°C e pressões acima de 8 kbar.

A compreensão das fácies de metamorfismo no Cinturão Mineiro tem sido amplamente embasada em estudos mineralógicos e petrográficos detalhados. Cherman (2004) destaca a presença de fácies como xisto verde, anfibolito, granulito, entre outras, que refletem diferentes condições de pressão e temperatura durante o processo metamórfico.

A fácies de xisto verde é uma das fácies mais comuns no Cinturão Mineiro. Essa fácies é caracterizada pela presença de minerais como clorita, biotita, albita e epidoto. Ela indica condições metamórficas de baixo a médio grau, com temperaturas entre 200°C e 400°C e pressões de 1 a 4 kbar. Essa fácies é encontrada em rochas sedimentares e vulcânicas metamorfizadas, sendo comumente associada a zonas de cisalhamento e fraturas nas rochas.

A fácies de anfibolito no Cinturão Mineiro é caracterizada pela presença de minerais como hornblenda, plagioclásio e feldspato potássico. Essa fácies indica condições metamórficas de médio a alto grau, com temperaturas entre 500°C e 700°C e pressões variando de 4 a 8 kbar. Essa fácies é frequentemente observada em rochas metavulcânicas e metassedimentares que foram submetidas a intensas deformações tectônicas.

Além disso, o Cinturão Mineiro também apresenta fácies de alto grau, como a fácies de granulito. Essa fácies é caracterizada pela presença de minerais como granada, ortopiroxênio e clinopiroxênio. Indica condições metamórficas de alto grau, com temperaturas acima de 700°C e pressões entre 8 a 12 kbar. Essa fácies está associada a metamorfismo de rochas ígneas de composição máfica a ultramáfica, como gabros e peridotitos.

É importante ressaltar que as fácies de metamorfismo no Cinturão Mineiro não ocorrem isoladamente, mas estão interligadas em zonas de transição. Essas zonas de transição são áreas onde as condições metamórficas mudam gradualmente de uma fácies para outra, refletindo uma evolução temporal e espacial complexa durante a história geológica da região.

Recursos Minerais

O Cinturão Mineiro remobilizou de modo extensivo o núcleo arqueano, nele produzindo estruturas como domos e quilhas, metamorfismo regional, além de outras feições tectônicas reflexas (Alkmim & Marshak, 1998), e que estão tipificadas na região do Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Esta região é reconhecida mundialmente pelas mineralizações de ouro em rochas arqueanas do tipo greenstone belt e de ferro em rochas supracrustais (BIFs) associadas temporalmente ao limiar do Paleoproterozoico (e.g. Alkmim & Noce, 2006).

Além disso, ao longo do lineamento Congonhas-Itaverava ocorrem importantes depósitos de Au hospedados em sequências metavulcanossedimentares (Seixas 1988) e associados com o desenvolvimento de amplas zonas de cisalhamento regionais. As mineralizações auríferas no LCI podem ser classificadas como pertencentes a categoria ouro orogênico, por estarem hospedadas em uma a zonas de cisalhamento e serem sincrônicas à atividade de estruturas de caráter compressivo (Côrrea Neto et al. 2012), possivelmente durante a Orogenia Riaciana. Entretanto, os depósitos de Au localizados no Cinturão Mineiro, ao longo do Lineamento Congonhas-Itaverava, ainda são pouco conhecidos do ponto de vista de sua evolução geológica e metalogenética (Côrrea Neto et al. 2012).

Evolução Geológica
O Cinturão Mineiro, formado durante o Paleoproterozóico, guarda a história geológica de várias fases de um Ciclo de Wilson que ocorreu entre 2,46 e 2,09 bilhões de anos atrás. Esse ciclo envolveu processos como subducção, geração de rochas e processos acrescionários, que levaram ao espessamento da crosta arqueana (Barbosa, 2015). A evolução do Cinturão Mineiro foi responsável pela formação predominantemente de rochas do tipo cálcio-alcalinas, que surgiram a partir da mistura de componentes principalmente do manto terrestre (Ávila, 2000; Noce et al., 2000).

As propostas mais recentes para o contexto geológico do Cinturão Mineiro (Barbosa, 2015) envolvem três estágios evolutivos principais de geração e acresção de arcos juvenis magmáticos, tanto oceânicos quanto continentais. Esses arcos foram formados em períodos e locais distintos. Esses estágios estão relacionados ao evento Orogênico Transamazônico, que consiste na sucessão de dois eventos tectônicos compressionais e dois eventos tectônicos extensionais sobrepostos (Marshak et al., 1992).

Estágio 1
O primeiro estágio evolutivo ocorreu no período que vai de 2,47 Ga a 2,22 Ga e envolve a geração do Arco Resende Costa e do Arco Serrinha, ambos em um ambiente intra-oceânico.

A evolução tectônico-magmática do Arco Resende está relacionado à formação de três segmentos em diferentes períodos: o segmento mais antigo foi gerado de forma distal ao embasamento arqueano do Quadrilátero Ferrífero e é representado pelos ortognaisses do batólito Cassiterita, formados entre 2,47 e 2,41 Ga (Barbosa, 2015), possuindo uma composição tonalítica-granodiorítica. Os dois segmentos mais jovens são relacionáveis entre si, visto que as rochas da Suíte Lagoa Dourada, formada entre 2,36 e 2,35 Ga (Seixas et al., 2012) serviram como protólito para a formação do segmento representado pelo Ortognaisse Rezende da Costa de idade que varia entre 2,35 e 2,32 Ga (Teixeira et al., 2015). É importante salientar que os segmentos do Arco Resende Costa também estão tectonicamente ligados aos cinturões Mantiqueira e Juiz de Fora e sua formação ocorreu ao mesmo tempo dos eventos que levaram à deposição carbonática no Supergrupo Minas.

Já a evolução tectônico-magmática do Arco Serrinha, gerado entre 2,23 e 2,20 Ga (Ávila et al., 2018) em um ambiente, também, intra-oceânico, envolve a formação de rochas vulcânicas, como andesitos e dacitos, e rochas subvulcânicas datadas do Período Riácico, sendo exemplos dessas litologias os granófiros, tonalitos, quartzo dioritos e granodioritos. É importante ressaltar que os arcos Resende e Serrinha possuem diferenças muito evidentes relacionada ao nível crustal e à datação.

Estágio 2

O segundo estágio evolutivo ocorreu no período que vai de 2,17 a 2,09 Ga e está relacionado à subducção do oceano sideriano e à formação do Arco Ritápolis.

O Arco Ritápolis representa o arco de origem continental do Cinturão Mineiro e é o mais recente dentre os três arcos. As rochas das quais ele é composto evidenciam a dominância de um plutonismo mais félsico, característico do período de tempo que ele foi formado entre 2,19 e 2,11 Ga (Ávila et al., 2018). Ele é composto principalmente por gnaisses, dioritos, granodioritos e granitos. Nos estudos de Ávila et al., 2018 foi indicado uma grande contribuição crustal na formação do arco, isso serviu, portanto, como base para a determinação desse arco ter sido gerado em um ambiente continental.

Estágio 3

O terceiro e último estágio evolutivo é marcado por eventos de convergência que levaram ao fechamento do oceano sideriano no Paleoproterozóico, oceano esse que separava os núcleos arqueanos dos paleocontinentes São Francisco e Congo. Tal fechamento, levou à colisão dos arcos magmáticos do Cinturão Mineiro e à subsequente deformação de suas rochas.

A evolução tectônica que levou à formação do Cinturão Mineiro apresenta semelhanças e correlações com outros ambientes orogênicos no Brasil e no mundo. Por exemplo, é possível estabelecer paralelos com o domínio orogênico do Leste da Bahia e com o complexo Kimezian, localizado no cráton Oeste-Congo.

Referências

Cinturão mineiro


Ioan I. Petroianu () a fost un general român, care a luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

A fost decorat pe 25 noiembrie 1941 cu Ordinul "Steaua României" cu spade, în gradul de Comandor, cu panglică de "Virtutea Militară" "pentru destoinicia de care a dat dovadă în luptele din regiunea Odesei, la pregătirea acțiunii artileriei Corpului I Armată, și curajul cu care a condus grupările de ansamblu în momente grele, sub focul intens al aviației inamice în luptele dela 18-24 august 1941 dela Kagarki și cele din ziua de 3 Septembrie 1941, pentru cucerirea satului Vacariani".

Decorații
  Ordinul "Steaua României" cu spade, în gradul de Comandor, cu panglică de "Virtutea Militară" (25 noiembrie 1941)

Note

Nașteri în 1889
Decese în 1978
Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României
Oameni din Câmpulung
Militari români în Al Doilea Război Balcanic
Militari români în Primul Război Mondial

Ioan Petroianu


Leila Duchemann (1976-), une handballeuse internationale française ;
 Lucien Duchemann (1922-1979), un pilote d'avion français.

Duchemann


ميلبراي  هي إحدى مدن مقاطعة سان ماتيو، كاليفورنيا. تم إعطاءها لقب مدينة في 14 يناير، 1948.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لميلبراي:

توأمة
لميلبراي (كاليفورنيا) اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:
 لا سيرينا

أعلام
 روني مونتروز
 تومي ديفيس
 أوغدن ميلز
 داريوس أوغدن ميلز

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة أسست في 1948
تأسيسات سنة 1948 في كاليفورنيا
مدن ساحلية في كاليفورنيا
مدن في مقاطعة سان ماتيو (كاليفورنيا)
مدن كاليفورنيا
مدن منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو

ميلبراي (كاليفورنيا)


Case Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Case Township (Michigan)
 Case Township (Oklahoma)

Case Township


Mohamed Daramy (født 7. januar 2002) er en dansk fodboldspiller, der spiller for den franske Ligue 1 klub Stade Reims. Han har tidligere spillet for F.C. København og AFC Ajax.

Som spiller for F.C. København fik han førsteholdsdebut i en pokalkamp som 16-årig, hvor han scorede og blev den indtil da yngste målscorer i FCK. Han blev solgt til AFC Ajax i sommeren 2021 i det indtil da største salg i klubbens historie..

Opvækst
Daramy er født i Danmark og opnåede dansk statsborgerskab i januar 2020.

Daramy er vokset op i Hvidovre Kommune, hvor han også begyndte at spille fodbold.

Klubkarriere

FCK
Daramy kom fra Hvidovre IF til FC Københavns ungdomsafdeling. I slutningen af oktober 2017 skrev Daramy under på en kontraktforlængelse med FC København. Daramy scorede 18 mål i 26 kampe i U/17 Ligaen 2017-18 og blev nummer fem på sæsonens topscorerliste.

I en alder af 16 år og 263 dage debuterede han for FC Københavns førstehold i en pokalkamp mod Viby IF den 27. september 2018, da han blev skiftet ind efter 72 minutter. Han scorede i sin debut og blev derved den yngste scorende spiller i FC Københavns historie.

Daramy rykkede til FCK's U/19-hold i 2018 og skrev den 3. april 2019 kontrakt med FCK gældende til 31. december 2021 og blev dermed formelt indlemmet i klubbens førsteholdstrup. Daramy skrev senere en kontrakt gældende frem til 2023.

Daramy fik sin debut i Superligaen den 2. december 2018, da han erstattede Dame N'Doye i det 77. minut i en 1-6-sejr ude over AC Horsens.

Daramy blev efter succes i Superligaen solgt til AFC Ajax.

Daramy opnåede under sin første periode i F.C. København 93 kampe for klubben (74 Superligakampe, 5 pokalkampe og 14 europæiske kampe), hvor han scorede i alt 18 mål (12 superliga, 3 pokal og 3 europæiske) og blev noteret for 9 assists (7 superliga og 2 europæisk).

AFC Ajax
AFC Ajax hentede Daramy på en fem-årig kontrakt.  Han debuterede for Ajax den 11. september 2021, da han blev indskiftet i en kamp mod PEC Zwolle. Han scorede sit første mål i sin anden kamp for klubben, da han - efter at være blevet skiftet ind med 28 miunutter tilbage af kampen mod SC Cambuur - scorede til 6-0 og lagde op til kampens sidste mål i Ajax' 9-0 sejr.

Daramy blev i sommeren 2022 udlejet til FC København på en et-årig kontrakt. Efter lejeaftalens udløb blev han solgt til Stade Reims.

Stade Reims
I august 2023 blev det offentliggjort, at Daramy skiftede til Reims på en femårig aftale. Daramy fik debut for Reims den 20. august 2023 mod Clermont Foot og scorede i debutkampen.

Landsholdskarriere
Efter at have opnået danske statsborgerskab debuterede Daramy som 18-årig den 3. september 2020 for det danske U/19-landshold, hvor han scorede i 2-1 sejren over Tyskland i en venskabskamp. Fem dage efter, den 8. september 2020, debuterede han for U/21-landsholdet i en EM-kvalifikationskamp mod Nordirland. Han deltog for U21-landsholdet ved EM-slutrunden i 2021.

I august 2021 blev han udtaget til A-landsholdets bruttotrup. Han fik debut, da han den 1. september 2021 blev indskiftet i Danmarks 2-0 sejr over  i VM-kvalifikationen. Tre dage senere debuterede han i startopstillingen til VM-kvalifikationskampen mod .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Profil på FCK.dk

Fodboldspillere fra Sierra Leone
Fodboldspillere fra FC København
Fodboldspillere fra AFC Ajax

Mohamed Daramy


Emil Wolf (July 30, 1922 – June 2, 2018) was a Czech-born American physicist who made advancements in physical optics, including diffraction, coherence properties of optical fields, spectroscopy of partially coherent radiation, and the theory of direct scattering and inverse scattering. He was also the author of numerous other contributions to optics.

Life and career
Wolf was born into a Jewish family in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He was forced to leave his native country when the Germans invaded. After brief periods in Italy and France (where he worked for the Czech government in exile), he moved to the United Kingdom in 1940. He received his B.Sc. in Mathematics and Physics (1945), and Ph.D. in Mathematics from Bristol University, England, in 1948. Between 1951 and 1954 he worked at the University of Edinburgh with Max Born, writing the famous textbook Principles of Optics now usually known simply as Born and Wolf. After a period on the Faculty of the University of Manchester, he moved to the United States in 1959 to take a position at the University of Rochester. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen and was the Wilson Professor of Optical Physics at the University of Rochester. He was president of the Optical Society of America in 1978. Until his death Wolf resided in Cloverwood in Pittsford, New York, with his wife.

Wolf predicted a new mechanism that produces redshift and blueshift, that is not due to moving sources (Doppler effect), that has subsequently been confirmed experimentally (called the Wolf effect). Technically, he found that two non-Lambertian sources that emit beamed energy, can interact in a way that causes a shift in the spectral lines. It is analogous to a pair of tuning forks with similar frequencies (pitches), connected together mechanically with a sounding board; there is a strong coupling that results in the resonant frequencies getting "dragged down" in pitch. The Wolf effect can produce either redshifts or blueshifts, depending on the observer's point of view, but is redshifted when the observer is head-on. A subsequent 1999 article by Sisir Roy et al. have suggested that the Wolf effect may explain discordant redshift in certain quasars.

Wolf remained an active teacher, researcher and author well into his 80s. He died on June 2, 2018, aged 95.

Works
Wolf was a very well known book author in the field of optics. Along with Max Born, he co-wrote Principles of Optics one of the standard textbooks of optics commonly known as "Born and Wolf". In addition he co-authored, with Leonard Mandel, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics. He also authored Introduction to the Theory of Coherence and Polarization of Light and Selected Works of Emil Wolf with Commentary (World Scientific Publishing, 2001, ). Furthermore, he edited the Progress in Optics series of books, for Elsevier, from its inception in 1962.

Awards, memberships and degrees

Awards
Frederic Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America (1977)
Albert A. Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute (1980)
Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America (1987)
Marconi Medal of the Italian National Research Council (1987)
Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science (1991)
Medal of the Union of Czechoslovak Mathematicians and Physicists (1991)
Gold Medal of Palacký University of Olomouc, Czechoslovakia (1991)
 Esther Hoffman Beller Medal (2002)
 G. G. Stokes Award of SPIE (2010)

Memberships
Honorary member of the Optical Society of America (President in 1978)
Honorary member of the Optical Societies of India and Australia

Honorary degrees
University of Groningen, the Netherlands (1989)
University of Edinburgh (1990)
Palacký University of Olomouc (1992)
University of Bristol (1997)
Université Laval, Quebec (1997)
University of Franche-Comté, France (1999)
Aalborg University, Denmark (1999).

See also
Past presidents of the Optical Society of America
Progress in Optics

References

External links

 Emil Wolf. Home Page at University of Rochester.
 Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light (English) Sample chapters.

 Articles Published by early OSA Presidents Journal of the Optical Society of America
 Gregory J. Gbur (2018) RIP Emil Wolf, 1922-2018)

1922 births
2018 deaths
American physicists
Optical physicists
Fellows of Optica (society)
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United Kingdom
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Czech Jews
Scientists from Prague
Alumni of the University of Bristol
University of Rochester faculty
Presidents of Optica (society)
People with acquired American citizenship
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism

Emil Wolf


In financial mathematics and economics, the Fisher equation expresses the relationship between nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and inflation. Named after Irving Fisher, an American economist, it can be expressed as real interest rate ≈ nominal interest rate − inflation rate.

In more formal terms, where  equals the real interest rate,  equals the nominal interest rate, and  equals the inflation rate, then . The approximation of  is often used instead since the nominal interest rate, real interest rate, and inflation rate are usually close to zero.

Applications

Borrowing, lending and the time value of money
When loans are made, the amount borrowed and the repayments due to the lender are normally stated in nominal terms, before inflation. However, when inflation occurs, a dollar repaid in the future is worth less than a dollar borrowed today. To calculate the true economics of the loan, it is necessary to adjust the nominal cash flows to account for future inflation.

Inflation-indexed bonds
The Fisher equation can be used in the analysis of bonds. The real return on a bond is roughly equivalent to the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate. But if actual inflation exceeds expected inflation during the life of the bond, the bondholder's real return will suffer. This risk is one of the reasons inflation-indexed bonds such as U.S. Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities were created to eliminate inflation uncertainty. Holders of indexed bonds are assured that the real cash flow of the bond (principal plus interest) will not be affected by inflation.

Cost–benefit analysis
As detailed by Steve Hanke, Philip Carver, and Paul Bugg (1975), cost benefit analysis can be greatly distorted if the exact Fisher equation is not applied. Prices and interest rates must both be projected in either real or nominal terms.

Monetary policy
The Fisher equation plays a key role in the Fisher hypothesis, which asserts that the real interest rate is unaffected by monetary policy and hence unaffected by the expected inflation rate. With a fixed real interest rate, a given percent change in the expected inflation rate will, according to the equation, necessarily be met with an equal percent change in the nominal interest rate in the same direction.

See also
Real versus nominal value (economics)
Yield
Yield curve
Interest rate
Inflation

References

Further reading
.

Mathematical finance
Monetary economics
Eponyms in economics
Equations
Fixed income analysis
Inflation
Interest rates

Fisher equation


المروحية العسكرية هي مروحية مستخدمة من طرف القوات العسكرية. تتعدد أدوار المروحيات العسكرية فمنها الأدوار الهجومية وأدوار النقل التكتيكي وغيرها.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
 *
 طائرة عسكرية

مراجع

طيران الجيش

مروحية عسكرية


رالي اكتشف سوريا رالي وسباق سيارات على مراحل لاكتشاف معالم أثرية وسياحية في سوريا يقام سنوياً برعاية وزارة السياحة. انطلقت النسخة الأولى من الرالي في 16 تموز 2003 بمشاركة 38 سيارة، ورفع علم الانطلاق وزير السياحة السابق سعد الله آغة القلعة. شارك في الرالي عدد من المشاهير العرب الرياضيين والفنانين. وأصبح يقام كحدث سنوي منذ سنة 2003 حتى توقف سنة 2009 نتيجة الثورة السورية والإضرابات المحلية.

تاريخ
أقيمت النسخة السادسة من الرالي في 16 / 4 / 2008 وشارك فية 187 متسابق ومتسابقة من دول أوروبية وعربية وأفريقية من ضمنهم عدد من الفنانات والفنانين (ممثلين - مطربات - مطربين - مخرجين) وإعلاميين ومشاهير، وكان عدد المشاركين في الرالي إضافة للمتسابقين 350 شخصا تتضمن فرق عمل وإداريين وفنيين وعدد السيارات المشاركة في السباق بلغ 70 سيارة من مختلف الأنواع، وقطع المتسابقين مسافة تزيد على 950 كم انطلاقا من دمشق إلى حمص واللاذقية وادلب وحلب ونقطة النهاية كانت في مدينة الناصرة بالقرب من حمص وسط سوريا وتضمن رالي اكتشف سوريا عدة مراحل مرورا بعدد من المناطق الأثرية والقلاع والمناطق السياحية إضافة للمدن الرئيسية الواقعة ضمن خريطة الرالي، واقيمت حفلات منوعة في نهاية كل يوم من أيام السباق إضافة لمسابقات اكتشف سوريا في مراحل الرالي وعددها ست مراحل ومن المشاركين في الدورة السادسة للرالي:

 - 6 فرق من بريطانيا
 - 1 فريق من ألمانيا
 - 1 فريق من جنوب أفريقيا
 - 2 فريقين من إسبانيا
 - 1 فريق من هولندا
 - عدد من المشاركين من لبنان
 - عدد من المشاركين من الأردن
 - عدد من المشاركين من سوريا
 - مشاركين فنانات وفنانين سوريين وعرب
 - مشاركين مشاهير من دول أوروبا

مراجع

الرياضة في سوريا
جغرافيا سوريا
منافسات رالي في سوريا

رالي اكتشف سوريا


Die Nationalstraße 314 (), chin. Abk. G314, ist eine 1.948 km lange, in Ost-West-Richtung verlaufende Fernstraße im Westen Chinas im Autonomen Gebiet Xinjiang. Sie führt von der Provinzhauptstadt Ürümqi über Toksun, Korla, Bügür, Wensu, Aksu, Artux, Kaschgar, Shufu und Taschkorgan an den 4.733 hohen Kunjirap-Pass, der die Grenze zu Pakistan bildet. Der Teil von Kaschgar an den Kunjirap-Pass ist Teil des Karakorum Highways.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite des chinesischen Verkehrsministeriums

Nationalstraße in der Volksrepublik China
Nationalstrasse China314
Straße in Xinjiang

Nationalstraße 314 (China)


محمود الذوادي أستاذ علم الاجتماع في جامعة تونس، صاحب نظرية الرموز الثقافية ودورها في اطالة عمر الجنس البشري.
خريج الجامعات الكندية يكتب ويتكلم بثلاثة لغات العربية والفرنسية والإنجليزية له العديد من البحوث بهذه اللغات من بين كتبه "التخلف الآخر:عولمة أزمات الهويات الثقافية في الوطن العربي والعالم الثالث" وكتاب آخر "أضواء جديدة على محددات العقل العمراني الخلدوني" وكذلك " الثقافة بين تأصيل الرؤية الإسلامية واغتراب منظور العلوم الاجتماعية"-بيروت 2006 و"المقدمة في علم الاجتماع الثقافي برؤية عربية إسلامية" بيروت 2010. كما ساهم في العديد من الدوريات العلمية بمقالات عديدة ولكنها تدور كلها حول ما يمكن أن يسمى "أسلمة علم الاجتماع " وخاصة عام الاجتماع الثقافي وذلك خاصة منذ أواسط تسعينات القرن الماضي.و الملفت للانتباه ان أعمال الدكتور لم تلق تجاوبا كبيرا لا في تونس بلده ولا في الوطن العربي والعالم الإسلامي رغم تدريسه في الجزائر والسعودية وماليزيا وسلطنة عمان. في المقابل ظهرت أخيرا دراسة نقدية مطولة حول أعماله نشرها باحث يسمى بيرم ناجي وهي تحمل عنوان "الإسلام وعلوم الاجتماع :محاولة في الدفاع عن العلم ضد "المنظور الثقافي الإسلامي" عند الدكتور محمود الذوادي وهي منشورة على الأنترنيت في موقع "الحوار المتمدن" ومتوفرة على غوغل ويمكن تنزيلها بشكل حر.

انظر أيضا
 خريطة الثنائيّات اللغويّة في الوطن العربي لمحمود الذوادي

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء مجلس الهيئة العليا لتحقيق أهداف الثورة والإصلاح السياسي والانتقال الديمقراطي
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
علماء اجتماع تونسيون

محمود الذوادي


Fade es una banda japonesa/estadounidense compuesta por cinco miembros. La banda se caracteriza por su sonido ecléctico y con influencias del rock americano y a la vez con sonidos a la vanguardia de la escena del rock contemporáneo japonés. La fuerza de esta banda y el alcance es su capacidad para recurrir a la dualidad cultural de la música y la experiencia compartida entre los cinco miembros.

Historia
La banda se formó en 1991 en Nueva York, de la mano de Rui y de Kansei. Una de las influencias de la banda es su aspecto multicultural, debido a que al menos cuatro de los cinco miembros se han criado y/o nacido en EE. UU. El estilo de música de fade está inspirado en el rock clásico de los 80, con el poderoso sonido de guitarras gemelas para complementar las composiciones originales de la banda.

Ellos se describen como un "Rollo California del Rock" haciendo alusión al rollo de sushi que tiene el mismo nombre. La razón es que ellos son una mezcla de la cultura norteamericana con la japonesa, reflejando eso en la forma de hacer música.

Desde su origen hasta 2001, la banda se constituyó sin un vocalista principal, tocando en bares y otros locales hasta que decidieron mudar a Tokio. Es en 2001 que la banda conoce al estudiante americano de intercambio Jon Underdown, el cual luego de escuchar un par de pistas decide unirse a la banda.

A partir de 2003, la banda comenzó a consolidarse lanzando EP. Su primera gran oportunidad llegó con el álbum A moment of Truth con la canción «Beautiful» la cual fue seleccionada para ser parte del soundtrack de la película japonesa Rainbow Song(2006) del director Shunji Iwai.
Durante 2007 y 2008 la banda se embarga en promocionar su nuevo EP, To Find a Better Tomorrow y efectuando una serie de live tours en Osaka y Kyoto para promocionarlo, además de participar en festivales como MINAMI WHEEL 2008 y SUPER DRY B-JAM.
En 2009 son invitados a tocar en el ETPFEST 2009 en Corea, compartiendo escenario con bandas tan importantes como Keane, Nine Inch Nails y Limp Bizkit.

En 2011, la banda lanza un nuevo álbum Kings of Dawn y el sencillo «One Reason», cuya canción es el opening del anime Deadman Wonderland. En diciembre de 2011, la banda lanza su álbum Kings of Dawn versión Europa, de la mano de Gan-Shin Records.

Para el año 2014, lanzan su nuevo álbum Crossroad, el primero bajo el sello de Universal Records Japan. Sin embargo, a pocas semanas de su lanzamiento, la banda anuncia su separación luego de una serie de tours finales por diferentes escenarios alrededor de Japón.

Actualmente cada uno de los integrantes colabora con diferentes artistas del medio japonés.

 Integrantes

 Jon Underdown (Jonathan "Jon" Matthew Underdown) (8 de junio de 1979): Nació en Fallbrook California, EE. UU. Es el vocalista de la banda, aunque su carrera no se limita a fade, ya que también fue cantante en la banda que conformó junto a GACKT  ,  YELLOW FRIED CHICKENz  . También ha formado parte del soundtrack del videojuego Gran Turismo 5 y ha sido modelo e imagen para United Arrows y Jean Paul Gaultier.

 Rui Watanabe (31 de enero de 1978): Nacido y criado en Nueva York, es hijo de padres japoneses. Él es el líder de la banda, compositor en su mayoría de las canciones de la banda y miembro fundador junto a Kansei, además de ser el baterista de la misma. Ha formado parte del soundtrack de la serie de anime Nana.

 Kansei Miyagi (3 de marzo de 1978): Nacido y criado en Nueva York. Ocupa el puesto de guitarrista principal de la banda y es uno de los miembros fundadores de esta. Fuera de la banda, también ha colaborado para la serie de anime Nana.

 Noriyuki Hashimoto (9 de abril de 1977): Nacido en Kioto pero criado en Nueva York. Es el bajista de la banda.

 5° (Godo) (Shingo Terasawa)(7 de julio de 1977): Nacido Shingu-shi Wakayama, Japón. Es el segundo guitarrista de la banda. Godo es destacado por su capacidad artística abstracta, pues ha ganado premios y una de las más clares muestras de su arte es el body painting que utiliza en los conciertos y sesiones de fotos. El mismo hace los diseños y pinta su cuerpo. Sus mayores influencias han sido Picasso, Chagall, Matisse, Dali, Kandinsky, Klee, Modigliani, Utrillo, G. Richter, J.M. Basquiat and Taro Okamoto.

 Discografía

 EP
 23 de diciembre de 2011: Kings of Dawn (EU Edition)
 27 de abril de 2011: Kings of Dawn
 6 de agosto de 2008: To Find A Better Tomorrow
 27 de julio de 2005: Under The Sun
 23 de marzo de 2005: A Moment Of Truth
 2003: fade

 Álbumes

 Under the Sun [Mini-álbum] (2005.07.27)

Segundo Mini-álbum de la banda, lanzado el 27 de julio de 2005. Tracklist:

 Better Scarred
 Under the Sun
 Nature of Rain
 Out of Body Experience
 You
 Beautiful (Live)

 Age Of Innocence [álbum] (2009.11.11)

Primer álbum completo de la banda, lanzado el 11/11/2009. Tracklist:

 Last Man Standing
 So Far Gone
 Reflection
 Let it Go
 The Age of Innocence
 Trapped
 Reality Lost
 face
 SPIN
 It was you

 Kings of Dawn [Mini-álbum] (2011.04.27)

Mini-álbum lanzado el 27/04/2011. Tracklist:

 Born Ready
 Cosmicalism
 BLACK HEARTS&DOLLAR $IGN$
 Tides of change
 Kings of Dawn
 Livin' on a Prayer

 Ten [álbum] (2012.06.06)

Es el álbum más reciente de la banda, lanzado el 06/06/2012. Tracklist:

 In the End.
 Chase for Daylight (Featuring Toyo from New Breed)
 Reimei
 Ever Free
 Close to you (Japanese version)
 Moment of Life
 Keep the Faith
 Wake up the World
 Pain Inside
 Million to One
 Always and Forever
 Ten
 Beautiful (2012 version)
 Close to You (English version)

 CrossRoad [álbum] (2014.02.26)

 CROSS ROAD
 Yurenonaka / ユレノナカ
 One shot dealer
 Beautiful
 She
 Better Scarred
 Under the Sun
 Filter
 Last Man Standing
 So Far Gone
 Cosmicalism / コズミカリズム
 Kings of Dawn
 One Reason
 Ever Free
 Close to you
 Ten
 Livin' on a prayer (Bonus Track Edición Limitada)

 Sencillos

Primer Maxi-Single de la banda, lanzado el 27/04/2011. La canción principal de este single "One Reason" es el tema principal de la serie de animación japonesa (anime) titulada "DEADMAN WONDERLAND". Tracklist:

 One Reason
 From the Heart
 One reason (Instrumental)
 From the Heart (Instrumental)

 Anime

La banda colaboró con el sencillo «One Reason» para el Opening del Anime Deadman Wonderland'. Además, los miembros por separado han participado de soundtracks para otros animes como NANA.

Videojuego

El vocalista de la banda, Jon Underdown, colaboró junto a Daiki Kasho para el videojuego Gran Turismo 5 con el tema «SURV1V3» y para el videojuego Sonic Forces, con El tema «Space Port».

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial (en inglés)
  fade online official Facebook
  fade online official Ameblo [blog Japonés/Inglés]
  fade Official Youtube Channel

Grupos de rock alternativo de Japón

Fade (banda)


Das Viaduc de Lavaur ist eine Eisenbahnbrücke über den tief eingeschnittenen Agout in Lavaur, Tarn, in der französischen Region Okzitanien, die Lavaur auf der Bahnstrecke Montauban-Ville-Bourbon–La Crémade mit Castres weiter im Südosten verbindet. Die Brücke dient heute den regionalen Expresszügen des TER Midi-Pyrénées. Der Pont de Lavaur, eine 1791 fertiggestellte Straßenbrücke rund 200 m weiter südlich, ist sonst die einzige Brücke, die in Lavaur den Fluss überquert.

Beschreibung
Die Steinbogenbrücke überquert den Agout mit einem einzigen großen und auffallend schlanken Segmentbogen mit einer Spannweite von 61,50 m, dessen Scheitel rund 21 m über dem Niedrigwasser liegt. Seine Gestaltung und die Profilierung der Bogenwangen lehnen sich an den benachbarten Pont de Lavaur an. Der Bogen ist fast bis zu dem hier sehr tragfähigen Hangboden heruntergezogen, um besonders aufwendige Widerlager zu sparen.  Auf beiden Hälften des Bogens stehen je drei gemauerte Rundbögen mit Spannweiten von 4,50 m, die die durch ein eigenes Profil betonte Brückentafel tragen. Dieser Hauptbogen wird an beiden Seiten durch mächtige, bis zur Brückentafel reichende Pfeiler begrenzt, von denen aus Vorbrücken mit zwei gemauerten Rundbögen mit je 8 m Spannweite zur Talkante führen. Das insgesamt 123,50 m lange Brückendeck wird über dem Hauptbogen durch eine Balustrade, über den Pfeilern und den Vorbrücken durch kleine Mauern begrenzt.

Geschichte
Mit dem Bau der Brücke von Le Castelet im Département Ariège in den Pyrenäen, dem Viaduc de Lavaur und dem auf der gleichen Bahnstrecke rund 27 km weiter südöstlich liegenden Pont Antoinette in den Jahren 1882–1884 erwarb sich der erst 33 Jahre alte Paul Séjourné breite Anerkennung für die Weiterentwicklung des Baus gemauerter Steinbogenbrücken.

Bei Brücken mit größer werdenden Spannweiten wird naturgemäß auch das Lehrgerüst, das das Gewicht des vollständigen Bogens tragen soll, immer größer, aufwendiger und teurer. Um dies in Grenzen zu halten, wandte Séjourné die zwar schon den Römern bekannte, aber wieder in Vergessenheit geratene Methode an, auf einem vergleichsweise leichten Lehrgerüst zunächst nur eine dünne Bogenlage zu mauern. Diese Lage kann anschließend ihr eigenes Gewicht und das der nächsten Bogenlage tragen und somit selbst die Funktion des Lehrgerüsts übernehmen. Beim Viaduc de Lavaur ließ Séjourné den Hauptbogen aus drei aufeinander liegenden Bogenlagen anfertigen.

Eine weitere Neuerung war die vollständige Öffnung der Bogenzwickel. Séjourné erwähnt dafür zwar ältere Vorbilder, bei denen die Öffnungen aber eher in schmalen Durchlässen bestanden, um bei Hochwasser den seitlichen Wasserdruck auf die Brücke zu verringern. Ein geschlossener, mit Mauerwerk gefüllter Zwickel trägt wenig zur Stabilität der Brücke, aber erheblich zu ihrem Gewicht bei, das von dem Bogen zu tragen ist. Séjourné ersetzte daher die gemauerten Zwickel durch je drei, von schmalen Pfeilern getragene Rundbögen. Er schuf damit das Vorbild für viele spätere Bogenbrücken nicht nur aus Stein, sondern auch aus Beton.

Weblinks

 Paul Séjourné: Construction des ponts du Castelet, de Lavaur et Antoinette. Annales des Ponts et Chaussées 1886, II. Band XII, S. 409–549. Digitalisat auf BnF Gallica

Lavaur
Lavaur
Lavaur
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Brücke in Okzitanien
Brücke in Europa
Lavaur (Tarn)
Labastide-Saint-Georges

Viaduc de Lavaur


Emmett Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Emmett Township (Kansas)
 Emmett Township (Michigan)

Siehe auch:
 Emmet Township

Emmett Township


La Nokere Koerse 2022 (officiellement Danilith-Nokere Koerse) est la  de cette course cycliste masculine sur route. Elle a eu lieu le  dans la province de Flandre-Orientale en Belgique, entre Deinze et Nokere. Elle fait partie du calendrier UCI ProSeries 2022 en catégorie 1.Pro.

Présentation

Parcours
Le départ de la course est donné à Deinze et l'arrivée est jugée à Nokere, sur le Nokereberg, un secteur pavé après .

Équipes

Favoris
La Nokere Koerse se termine souvent par un sprint entre les hommes forts. Les deux principaux favoris sont le Belge Tim Merlier (Alpecin Fenix) et le Français Hugo Hofstetter (Arkea Samsic) tous deux auteurs d'un intéressant début de saison. Le jeune Belge Arnaud De Lie, qui a vingt ans ce jour, ainsi que son coéquipier de l'équipe Lotto-Soudal Victor Campenaerts  peuvent aussi jouer la victoire. Sans oublier l'Allemand Pascal Ackermann (UAE-Team Emirates), le Néerlandais Cees Bol (Team DSM) et les Belges Jordi Meeus (Bora-hansgrohe), Arne Marit (Sport Vlaanderen Baloise), Timothy Dupont (Bingoal WB) et Sep Vanmarcke (Israel Premier Tech).

Récit de la course
Une première échappée de cinq hommes se produit dès le début de la course, compte jusqu'à trois minutes d'avance sur le peloton mais est reprise par celui-ci à environ 90 kilomètres du terme. Une autre échappée, cette fois de quatre coureurs, se produit à 70 kilomètres de l'arrivée mais elle est aussi reprise par le peloton alors qu'il reste 23 kilomètres. Le Britannique Samuel Watson (Groupama FDJ) s'isole en tête à 16 kilomètres de l'arrivée mais il est rattrapé par le peloton à une dizaine de km du terme. Un peloton de 42 coureurs se présente pour la victoire à Nokere où le Belge Tim Merlier, plus puissant dans la dernière ligne droite pavée et en légère montée, s'impose facilement.

Classements

Classement final

Classement UCI
La course attribue des points au classement mondial UCI 2022 selon le barème suivant :

Liste des participants

Notes et références

Liens externes

2022
Cyclisme en Belgique en 2022
Cyclisme sur route en 2022
Cyclisme en mars 2022
Sport en Belgique en mars 2022

Nokere Koerse 2022


මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් අවුට්ලුක්(Microsoft Outlook) නොහොත් හුදෙක් අවුට්ලුක්(Outlook) යනු මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ඔෆිස් කට්ටලයේ කොටසක් ලෙස ලබා ගත හැකි මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් හි පුද්ගලික තොරතුරු කළමනාකරුවෙකි . මූලික වශයෙන් ඊමේල් යෙදුමක්, එයට දින දර්ශනයක්, කාර්ය කළමනාකරු, සම්බන්ධතා කළමනාකරු, සටහන් ගැනීම, ජර්නලය සහ වෙබ් බ්‍රව්සින් ද ඇතුළත් වේ.

එය තනිවම භාවිතා කළ හැකි යෙදුමක් ලෙස භාවිතා කළ හැකිය, නැතහොත් හවුල් තැපැල් පෙට්ටි සහ දින දර්ශන, පොදු ෆෝල්ඩර හුවමාරු කිරීම, ෂෙයාර්පොයින්ට් ලැයිස්තු සහ රැස්වීම් කාලසටහන් වැනි ආයතනයක බහු පරිශීලකයින් සඳහා මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් එක්ස්චේන්ජ් සර්වර් සහ මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ෂෙයාර්පොයින්ට් සර්වර් සමඟ වැඩ කළ හැකිය. මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් විසින් iOS සහ ඇන්ඩ්‍රොයිඩ් ඇතුළු බොහෝ ජංගම වේදිකා සඳහා ජංගම යෙදුම් නිකුත් කර ඇත. මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් විෂුවල් ස්ටුඩියෝ භාවිතයෙන් Outlook සහ Office සංරචක සමඟ ක්‍රියා කරන ඔවුන්ගේම අභිරුචි මෘදුකාංගයක් සංවර්ධකයින්ට නිර්මාණය කළ හැකිය.  මීට අමතරව, වින්ඩෝස් දුරකථන උපාංගවලට අවුට්ලුක් දත්ත සියල්ලම පාහේ අවුට්ලුක් මොබයිල් වෙත සමමුහුර්ත කළ හැකිය.

2020 මාර්තු මාසයේදී මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් සිය කණ්ඩායම් වේදිකාවේ ව්‍යාපාරික ගනුදෙනුකරුවන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගැනීම සඳහා නව විශේෂාංග මාලාවක් දියත් කරන බව නිවේදනය කළේය. මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් සිය කණ්ඩායම් වේදිකාව සඳහා නව විශේෂාංග සමූහයක් සමඟ පෙබරවාරි අවසන් වේ. චැට් සහ සහයෝගීතා මොඩියුලයට දැන් වඩාත් කාර්යක්ෂම හා වඩා ඒකාබද්ධ මාර්ග ලකුණු ඇතුළත් වන අතර සමාගම් සඳහා කණ්ඩායම් වැඩ සරල කිරීම සහ මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වේදිකාව අනුගමනය කිරීමට ඔවුන් දිරිමත් කිරීම සඳහා නිර්මාණය කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් සමාගමේ විශිෂ්ටත්වයේ කතාබස් වේදිකාව බවට පත්වේ. ප්‍රධාන නව අංගය, කණ්ඩායම් සහ අවුට්ලුක් ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම, එයින් අදහස් කරන්නේ පරිශීලකයන්ට දැන් බොත්තමක් ක්ලික් කිරීමෙන් සෘජුවම අවුට්ලොක් සිට කණ්ඩායම් කතාබස් වෙත විද්‍යුත් සංවාදයක් ගෙන යා හැකි අතර කණ්ඩායම් වෙතින් සංවාදයක් අවුට්ලූක් හි විද්‍යුත් තැපෑලකට බෙදා ගත හැකි බවයි. මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ආයතනයක සාමාජිකයින්ට ටැගයක් පැවරීමේ හැකියාව ද එකතු කර ඇති අතර එමඟින් පරිශීලකයින්ට ඔවුන්ගේ පණිවිඩ වඩා හොඳින් ඉලක්ක කර ගත හැකිය. [2]

වෙබ් යෙදුම්

Outlook.com
Outlook.com යනු මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් අවුට්ලුක් හා සමාන පරිශීලක අතුරුමුහුණතක් සහිත නොමිලේ වෙබ්මේල් ය . එය 2012 දී Outlook.com ලෙස නැවත නම් කිරීමට පෙර එය හොට්මේල් ලෙස හැදින්විය. එය Microsoft Outlook හි වෙබ් පාරිභෝගික අනුවාදයකි.

වෙබ් මත අවුට්ලුක්
මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් අවුට්ලුක් හි වෙබ් ව්‍යාපාර අනුවාදයක් ලෙස වෙබයේ අවුට්ලොක් ඔෆිස් 365, එක්ස්චේන්ජ් සර්වර් සහ එක්ස්චේන්ජ් ඔන්ලයින් හි ඇතුළත් කර ඇත.

අනුවාද
මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් අවුට්ලුක් විසින් මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් හි පෙර උපලේඛන හා තැපැල් වැඩසටහන්, උපලේඛන + සහ හුවමාරු සේවාදායකයා වෙනුවට ආදේශ කර ඇත.

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් අවුට්ලුක් හි නිරන්තර අනුවාදවලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් ඔෆිස්
මයික්‍රෝසොෆ්ට්
පරිගණක මෘදුකාංග
තොරතුරු තාක්ෂණය
 ඊමේල්

මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් අවුට්ලුක්


The Boulder River is a  tributary of the Jefferson River in southwestern Montana in the United States.

It rises in the Rocky Mountains at the continental divide in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest in western Jefferson County. It flows east and southeast through the mountains past Boulder, then south to join the Jefferson near Cardwell.

Game fish in the river include brook, brown, and rainbow trout, and mountain whitefish. Brown trout are most prevalent in the last , near the mouth, and the other three species are more prevalent in the reach upstream of the town of Boulder. The lowermost  of the river is affected by irrigation withdrawals, and the reach below the community of Basin is affected by seepage from old mines and tailings.

See also

List of rivers of Montana
Montana Stream Access Law

References

External links
Southwestern Montana relief map
Boulder River Pictures & Information
U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge near Boulder

Rivers of Montana
Bodies of water of Jefferson County, Montana

Boulder River (southwestern Montana)


Contraband  (dt. Fernsehtitel Contraband – Gefährliche Fracht) ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller unter der Regie von Baltasar Kormákur. Der Film ist eine Neuverfilmung des isländischen Films Reykjavík – Rotterdam.

Handlung

Chris Farraday ist ein gewiefter Ex-Schmuggler in New Orleans, der inzwischen Alarmanlagen installiert und mit seiner Frau Kate zwei kleine Söhne hat. Kates Bruder Andy landet verletzt im Krankenhaus; so erfahren sie, dass Andy auf einem Frachtschiff Drogen geschmuggelt hatte und bei einer Razzia durch den US-Zoll die Ware über Bord werfen musste. Andys Auftraggeber Tim Briggs verlangt daraufhin von ihm Schadensersatz. Darüber hinaus bedroht er Chris und dessen Familie.

Um seinen Schwager aus dieser Lage zu retten, verlässt Chris noch einmal sein friedliches Familienleben und übernimmt eine Schmuggeltour, bei der eine große Menge Falschgeld in die USA geschleust werden soll. Er bittet seinen besten Freund, den Bauunternehmer Sebastian Abney, solange auf seine Familie aufzupassen.

Unter dramatischen Verwicklungen gelingt es Chris, die Ware an den Zollkontrollen vorbei aus Panama in die USA zu schmuggeln. Er schiebt seinen Feinden, der Bande um Briggs und dem verhassten Kapitän Drogen unter und erreicht, dass diese von der Polizei festgenommen werden.

Sebastian, der von Anfang an mit den Gangstern unter einer Decke steckte,  hat zwischenzeitlich in angetrunkenem Zustand Kate bedrängt und sie bei einem Gerangel vermeintlich getötet. Während Sebastian versucht, ihren Körper auf seiner Baustelle einbetonieren zu lassen, trifft Chris ein und kann seine Frau in letzter Sekunde retten. Sebastian wird zu einer Gefängnisstrafe verurteilt und wird im Gefängnis als Ausgestoßener behandelt. Chris kann das geschmuggelte Falschgeld und ein gestohlenes Gemälde von Jackson Pollock zu Geld machen und erwirbt so mehrere Millionen. Die Schlussszene zeigt ihn mit seiner genesenen Frau in einem luxuriösen Haus am Strand.

Kritiken

Die Deutsche Film- und Medienbewertung FBW in Wiesbaden verlieh dem Film das Prädikat wertvoll.

Trivia
Der Film hatte ein Budget von 25 Millionen US-Dollar und spielte ca. 96 Millionen wieder ein. Eines der gezeigten Schiffe ist die BBC Romania der Reederei Briese aus Leer.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2012
US-amerikanischer Film
Filmdrama
Kriminalfilm
Thriller

Contraband (Film)


More Christmas 2012 er et dansk opsamlingsalbum med julemusik udgivet den 5. november 2012 på disco:wax, MBO og Sony Music Albummet modtog i december 2012 guld for 10.000 solgte eksemplarer.

Spor

CD 1
Queen - "Thank God It's Christmas"
Wham! - "Last Christmas"
MC Einar - "Jul det' cool"
Drengene fra Angora - "Jul i Angora"
Juice, S.O.A.P., Christina & Remee - "Let Love Be Love"
Thomas Helmig & Søs Fenger - "Når sneen falder"
Brenda Lee - "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
José Feliciano - "Feliz Navidad"
Diskofil - "Søren Banjomus"
Gnags - "Gnags' julesang"
Frederik - "Juletræet med sin pynt"
Ida Corr - "Merry Christmas to U All"
Pernille Vallentin - "Santa Baby"
Anne Linnet - "Lille Messias"
Dicte - "Drømte mig en lille drøm"
Troels Lyby - "Lad det sne"
Sys Bjerre - "Det'cember"
Martin Brygmann & Maria Lucia - "Julen rammer som en lammer"
Dalton - "Daltons julesang"
Gasolin' - "Endelig jul igen"

CD 2
Band Aid - "Do They Know It's Christmas?"
Elton John - "Step into Christmas"
Shu-bi-dua - "Den himmelblå"
Bing Crosby - "White Christmas"
Dean Martin - "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!"
Tony Bennett - "Winter Wonderland"
Liz Mitchell - "This Holy Night"
Natasha Bedingfield - "Shake Up Christmas" 2011 (Official Coca-Cola Christmas Song)
Aqua - "Spin Me a Christmas"
Lady Gaga - "Christmas Tree" (Feat. Space Cowboy)
Britney Spears - "My Only Wish (This Year)"
The Killers - "Don't Shoot Me Santa"
'N Sync - "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays"
Jessica Simpson & Nick Lachey - "Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Søs Fenger - "I'll Be Home for Christmas"
Elvis Presley - "Blue Christmas"
Frank Sinatra - "Jingle Bells"
Martin Brygmann & Bent Fabricius-Bjerre - "When You Wish Upon a Star"
Céline Dion - "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)"
D-A-D - "Sad Sad Xmas"

CD 3
 Slade - "Merry Xmas Everybody"
 Darleens - "It's Gonna Be a Cold Cold Christmas"
 The Jackson 5 - "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
 The Supremes - "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer"
 Stevie Wonder - "Silver Bells"
 Anden - "Jul På Vesterbro"
 De Glade Sømænd - "Jeg så julemanden kysse mor"
 Johnny Logan - "Another Christmas Song"
 The Antonelli Orchestra - "This Christmas"
 Fallulah - "Carol of the Bells"
 Chris de Burgh - "On a Christmas Night"
 OneRepublic - "Christmas Without You"
 Jimmy Jørgensen, Annika Aakjær & Chapper - "Stjernestøv"
 Szhirley - "Se Det Sne"
 Kaya Brüel - "Silent Night"
 Nicolas Bro - "Når du ser et stjerneskud"
 Vocaloca - "The Christmas Song"
 Stig Rossen - "Nu tændes 1000 julelys"
 Diana Krall - "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
 ABBA - "Happy New Year"

Hitlister og certificeringer

Hitlister

Certificeringer

Kilder

Album fra 2012
2012

More Christmas 2012


U astronomiji, višestruki tranzit je istovremeni prijelaz dvaju ili više manjih nebeskih tijela ili sjena manjih tijela preko kruga većega tijela, npr. prirodnih satelita ispred planeta. U rijetkim slučajevima jedan planet može proći ispred drugog. Ako se najbliži planet čini manjim od udaljenijeg, događaj se naziva zajedničkim planetarnim tranzitom.

Takvi tranziti uključuju:

 Prijelaz dvaju ili više Jupiterovih mjeseca (obično Galilejanskih) preko Jupiterovog diska
 Dvostruki Venerin i Merkurov tranzit preko Sunca (sljedeći će se dogoditi 26. travnja 69163. godine)
 Pomrčina Sunca i tranzit nekog unutarnjeg planeta (Potpuna pomrčina sunca i Venerin prijelaz istovremeno će se dogoditi 5. travnja 15232.)
 Tranzit Zemlje i Mjeseca preko Sunca - tranziti Zemlje preko Sunca su vidljivi samo kod vanjskih planeta. Posljednji tranzit Zemlje vidljiv s Marsa je bio 11. svibnja 1984., a sljedeći će biti 10. listopada 2084. Tranzit Zemlje i Mjesce preko Sunca vidljiv sa Saturna se zadnji put zbio 14. siječnja 2005., na dan kada je letjelica Huygens sletjela na Titan. Istovremeni prijelaz Venere i Zemlje vidljiv s Marsa dogodit će se 571741.
 13/14. studenog 2236. g. će se u isti mah dogoditi tranzit Merkura i djelomična pomrčina Mjeseca. To znači da će na Mjesecu biti moguće promatrati tranzit Merkura i pomrčinu Sunca Zemljom

Vidi još

 Tranzit (astronomija)

Izvori

Astrometrija

Višestruki tranzit


Astragalus cibarius es una  especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas. Se encuentra en Estados Unidos.

Distribución
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia que se encuentra en  Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah y Wyoming.

Taxonomía
Astragalus cibarius fue descrita por  Edmund Perry Sheldon y publicado en Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3): 149–150, en el año 1894.
Etimología
Astragalus: nombre genérico derivado del griego clásico άστράγαλος y luego del Latín astrăgălus aplicado ya en la antigüedad, entre otras cosas, a algunas plantas de la familia Fabaceae, debido a la forma cúbica de sus semillas parecidas a un hueso del pie.

cibarius: epíteto latíno que significa  "de alimento".
Sinonimia
Astragalus arietinus M.E. Jones
Astragalus cuspidocarpus E. Sheld.
Astragalus lentiginosus var. cuspidocarpus (E.Sheld.)M.E.Jones
Astragalus missouriensis var. cuspidocarpus (E.Sheld.)M.E.Jones
Astragalus thermalis Greene
Astragalus webberi var. cibarius (E.Sheld.)M.E.Jones
Xylophacos cibarius (E. Sheld.) Rydb.
Xylophacos cuspidocarpus (E. Sheld.) Rydb.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).
 Minnesota Botanical Studies 1(3):149.  1894

cibarius
Flora de Estados Unidos
Plantas descritas en 1894
Plantas descritas por E.Sheld.

Astragalus cibarius


MGP 2016 var den 16. årlige MGP-sangkonkurrence for håbefulde sangere i alderen 8 til 15 år, afholdt i Forum Horsens i Horsens den 20. februar 2016. Arrangementet var et MGP, et melodigrandprix for børn, og ti sange dystede om at vinde konkurrencen. Den var opbygget med to runder, hvor seerne i første runde bestemte, hvilke tre sange der gik videre til superfinalen, hvor de tre finalister endnu en gang skulle fremføre deres sange. Vinder blev Ida og Lærke med deres sang "Bar' for vildt".

De ti finalister var blevet afsløret den 15. januar 2016.

Værterne var Joakim Ingversen og Sofie Østergaard.

Deltagere

Superfinale
I superfinalen skulle de tre mest populære fra første runde synge igen, og seerne stemte endnu engang, hvorved konkurrencens vinder blev fundet.

Referencer

2016
Begivenheder i 2016

MGP 2016


Chris Roberts (born May 27, 1968) is a British-American video game designer, programmer, film producer and film director. He created the Wing Commander series while at Origin Systems and since 2010 has been working on the crowdfunded space simulator Star Citizen.

Early life
Roberts was born in Redwood City, California to a British father and an American mother, and grew up in Manchester, England. He attended Parrs Wood High School, the same school as computer music composer Martin Galway. As a teenager, he created several video games for the BBC Micro, including Stryker's Run, Wizadore, and King Kong.

Career

Origin
Roberts returned to the United States in 1986 to visit his parents, who had settled in Austin, Texas. He found a job at Origin Systems, where he created Times of Lore, published in 1988. The game's interface had a strong influence on other Origin products such as the popular Ultima series. A similar game system was used in Roberts's next release for Origin, Bad Blood (1990).

Wing Commander was published later in 1990 and was highly acclaimed. Wing Commander (and the franchise it spawned) soon became Origin's most successful product. Roberts wasn't as heavily involved in the sequel Wing Commander II, which he only produced. He instead concentrated on Strike Commander. First shown to the public at Summer CES 1991, the project suffered from numerous delays and was not released until 1993. He returned to Wing Commander soon after, devising the original concept for the spin-off Wing Commander: Privateer (which his brother, Erin Roberts, produced) and being more deeply involved in Wing Commander III and Wing Commander IV. For these sequels, Roberts directed the live-action cinematic scenes. Roberts's major role in developing the Wing Commander games led Next Generation to name him one of their "75 Most Important People in the Games Industry of 1995".

Following the traditions of Origin Systems, Chris Roberts's residence at the outskirts of Austin, Texas was named "Commander's Ranch", a reference to the Wing Commander series.

Digital Anvil
Roberts left Origin in 1996 and founded Digital Anvil with Tony Zurovec and his brother Erin Roberts. He cited disillusionment with working with large development teams and Origin parent company Electronic Arts' unwillingness to give substantial funding to games that weren't sequels. The fledgling studio set up shop in Austin and for several years worked quietly, inking a publishing deal with Microsoft in 1997.

Roberts had stated that he desired to produce films as well as games with Digital Anvil. The 1999 feature film release of Wing Commander directed by Roberts himself, starring Freddie Prinze Jr. and featuring visual effects from Digital Anvil, failed to attract either critical praise or financial success.

Digital Anvil's first finished game was Starlancer, released to a generally favorable critical reception in 2000. Developed jointly between Warthog and Digital Anvil, the game was produced by the Roberts brothers, and Eric Peterson. The company was acquired by Microsoft soon after, who sold two of Digital Anvil's projects, Conquest: Frontier Wars led by Eric Peterson, and Loose Cannon led by Tony Zurovec to Ubisoft. Roberts left the company after the acquisition, abandoning the director position of his ambitious project Freelancer, although he remained with the game in a consulting role for a while. The game was commonly regarded as vaporware due to its promised release date of 2001; however, it was eventually released in 2003 with a markedly different feature set than the initial plans.

Point of No Return Entertainment/Ascendant Pictures
After leaving Digital Anvil, Roberts founded Point of No Return Entertainment, planning to produce films, television and games. However, no projects materialized from Point of No Return. Roberts founded Ascendant Pictures in 2002 and served as a producer for a number of Hollywood productions including Edison, Timber Falls, Outlander, Who's Your Caddy?, The Big White, Ask the Dust, Lucky Number Slevin and Lord of War, which were almost entirely financed by a loophole in the German tax laws that was finally closed in 2006. Robert's activities as a film producer ended with the depletion of the funds raised by this controversial financing scheme. In 2005, actor Kevin Costner sued Ascendant Pictures for breach of contract on an unreleased film. The company was acquired by Bigfoot Entertainment in 2010.

Cloud Imperium Games

In 2011, Chris Roberts founded Cloud Imperium Games with his wife Sandi Roberts, as well as business partner and long-time international media attorney Ortwin Freyermuth, to work on a new game. In October 2012, Cloud Imperium Games launched a crowdfunding campaign on their website to produce a space simulation game, Star Citizen, and later added a Kickstarter campaign in conjunction. By November 2012, they had earned US$6,238,563, surpassing all stretch goals set for the campaigns, and breaking video game industry crowdfunding records. Chris Roberts had stated that if at least $23 million could be raised over the course of the crowdfunding campaign, no outside investors' or developers' funding would be required. This goal was reached October 18, 2013.

As of February 22, 2022, Cloud Imperium Games has raised over US$474 million in crowdfunding and over $63.25 million in external investments. Cloud Imperium Games' other title in development, Squadron 42, a single-player campaign set in the Star Citizen universe, is still in development and has no confirmed release date as of March 2022, although Cloud Imperium Games has announced they are allocating more resources toward its development.

Works
Video games

Films

References

External links

1968 births
American computer programmers
Film producers from California
American video game designers
Film directors from California
Living people
Origin Systems people
Mass media people from Manchester
People from Redwood City, California
American video game directors
American video game programmers
Video game writers
Wing Commander (franchise)
People educated at Parrs Wood High School

Chris Roberts (video game developer)


Beautification is the process of making visual improvements to a town, city, or urban area. This most often involves planting trees, shrubbery, and other greenery, but frequently also includes adding decorative or historic-style street lights and other lighting and replacing broken pavement, often with brick or other natural materials. Old-fashioned cobblestones are sometimes used for crosswalks; they provide the additional benefit of slowing motorists.

Beautification projects are often undertaken by city councils to refurbish their downtown areas, in order to boost tourism or other commerce. Often, this is also spurred by broken sidewalks, which pose a safety hazard for pedestrians and potentially insurmountable obstacles for wheelchair users. These projects are frequently part of other larger projects such as construction, especially in conjunction with ones for transit, such as streets and roads and mass transit.

The Laurel Hill Association of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1853, is the oldest incorporated village beautification society in the United States. The Memphis City Beautiful Commission, the oldest city beautification project in the United States, was established in 1930.

See also
 Aesthetics
 Urban life
 Landscape design
 Beautification and conservation plant
 City Beautiful movement
 The Ugly Indian

Further reading
 Selin Arowolo Glamour

References

Urban studies and planning terminology
Aesthetic beauty

Beautification


Crkva Presvetog Srca Isusova katolička je župna crkva u Šurkovcu, u općini Prijedor u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Na širem području Šurkovca, katoličanstvo se spominje od srednjeg vijeka. Sjedište župe bilo je Vodičevo pa nakon progona Turaka Volar, a župni stan je u Šurkovcu od 1801. godine. Početkom osamdesetih godina 19. stoljeća uz župni stan podignuta je crkva i župnik je sagradio školu u kojoj je sam podučavao. U blizini tadašnje crkve sagrađeni su nova crkva i kuća za župnika od 1936. do 1942. godine, a brzo nakon završetka obje su izgorjele u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Nova crkva devastirana je u Ratu u Bosni i Hercegovini devedesetih.

Godine 1998. sagrađena je manja crkva. Velika sadašnja crkva Presvetog Srca Isusova također s dva tornja ponovno je sagrađena i svečano blagoslovljena 11. kolovoza 2012. godine. Župom upravljaju franjevci Bosne Srebrene, a župnik od 2009. godine je karizmatik Ivo Pavić, koji na svojim molitvenim susretima okuplja desetke tisuća ljudi.

Izvori

Prijedor
Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini
Crkve Presvetog Srca Isusova

Crkva Presvetog Srca Isusova u Šurkovcu


Southern Television-udsendelsesafbrydelsen var en udsendelsesafbrydelse gennem Independent Broadcasting Authoritys Hannington-sender i Storbritannien kl. 17:10 den 26. november 1977. Udsendelsens meddelelse anses almindeligvis for at være et fupnummer, men identiteten af kapreren er ukendt.

Beskrivelse
En taler afbryder den almindelige udsendelse i seks minutter og påstår at være en repræsentant for en "intergalaktisk forening". Denne hændelses rapporter varierer, nogle kalder taleren "Vrillon"
eller "Gillon", andre "Asteron".

Stemmen, som var sløret og ledsaget af en dyb brummen, brød ind i den lokale udsendelse fra ITV station Southern Television, overtog UHF lydsignalet fra de tidlige aftennyheder, som blev oplæst af Andrew Gardner fra ITN for at advare seerene om at "All your weapons of evil must be removed" og "You have but a short time to learn to live together in peace."

Afbrydelsen ophørte kort efter erklæringen var blevet leveret, udsendelsen returnerede til normal fjernsynslyd efter slutningen af Looney Tunes tegnefilmen. Senere denne aften undskyldte Southern Television for, hvad som blev beskrevet som et "a breakthrough in sound" for nogle seere. ITN rapporterede også hændelsen i dens egen sene aftennyheder Saturday bulletin.

Udsendelsesafbrydelsen overtog kun fjernsynslyden, hvorimod videosignalet var uændret, bortset fra lidt billedforvrængning.

Forklaring
Hannington UHF fjernsynssenderen var dengang usædvanlig ved, at den var én ud af nogle få sendere, som repeterede et fjernsynssignal modtaget trådløst fra en anden fjernsynssender (Southern Television's Rowridge-fjernsynssenderen på Isle of Wight), i stedet for at modtage fjernsynssignal via kabel. Som en konsekvens var Hannington-fjernsynssenderen åben for sådan en form for signalovertagelse, da selv en relativ lille sendereffekt tæt på Hannington-modtageren kunne overstyre det rigtige signal, hvilket resulterede i at den uautoriserede sending blev forstærket og genudsendt over et meget større område. IBA udtalte at det ville kræve betydelig viden at udføre et sådant fupnummer
og en talsmand for Southern Television bekræftede "A hoaxer jammed our transmitter in the wilds of North Hampshire by taking another transmitter very close to it."
Men ligesom Max Headroom-udsendelsesabrydelsen et tiår senere, blev indtrængerens identitet aldrig afsløret.

Udskrift
En fuldstændig udskrift af den sendte meddelelse lyder:

This is the voice of Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command, speaking to you.

For many years you have seen us as lights in the skies. We speak to you now in peace and wisdom as we have done to your brothers and sisters all over this, your planet Earth. We come to warn you of the destiny of your race and your world so that you may communicate to your fellow beings the course you must take to avoid the disaster which threatens your world, and the beings on our worlds around you. This is in order that you may share in the great awakening, as the planet passes into the New Age of Aquarius. The New Age can be a time of great peace and evolution for your race, but only if your rulers are made aware of the evil forces that can overshadow their judgments.

Be still now and listen, for your chance may not come again. All your weapons of evil must be removed. The time for conflict is now past and the race of which you are a part may proceed to the higher stages of its evolution if you show yourselves worthy to do this. You have but a short time to learn to live together in peace and goodwill.

Small groups all over the planet are learning this, and exist to pass on the light of the dawning New Age to you all. You are free to accept or reject their teachings, but only those who learn to live in peace will pass to the higher realms of spiritual evolution.

Hear now the voice of Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command, speaking to you. Be aware also that there are many false prophets and guides at present operating on your world. They will suck your energy from you – the energy you call money and will put it to evil ends and give you worthless dross in return.

Your inner divine self will protect you from this. You must learn to be sensitive to the voice within that can tell you what is truth, and what is confusion, chaos and untruth. Learn to listen to the voice of truth which is within you and you will lead yourselves onto the path of evolution.

This is our message to our dear friends. We have watched you growing for many years as you too have watched our lights in your skies. You know now that we are here, and that there are more beings on and around your Earth than your scientists admit. We are deeply concerned about you and your path towards the light and will do all we can to help you. Have no fear, seek only to know yourselves, and live in harmony with the ways of your planet Earth.

We of the Ashtar Galactic Command thank you for your attention. We are now leaving the planes of your existence. May you be blessed by the supreme love and truth of the cosmos.

Se også
 Captain Midnight-udsendelsesafbrydelsen
 Max Headroom-udsendelsesafbrydelsen

Kilder/referencer

Liv i rummet
Hoax
Mysterier


Ostatci antičkog brodoloma nalaze se nedaleko od plićine Pupak uz otočić Galijulu, koji administrativno pripada gradu Komiži.

Opis
Nedaleko plićine Pupak, koja se nalazi oko 700 metara istočno od hridi Galijula, na kamenoj padini i na pješčanom dnu nalaze se ostaci brodoloma. Na površini su vidljive samo krhotine. Riječ je o teretu keramičkog posuđa južnoitalskog tipa, mortaria i hispanskih amfora tipa Dressel 2-4, Richborough 527, Dressel 38 i Haltern 70. Brodolom je datiran u 1. stoljeće. Pod pijeskom se još uvijek nalaze ostaci brodske konstrukcije uz dio tereta.

Godine 2018., skupina hrvatskih istraživača pod vodstvom arheologa Jurice Bezaka otkrila je 2200 godina stari te gotovo potpuno očuvani plod masline, još uvijek s vidljivom teksturom ovojnice. Plod je pronađen u amfori grčko-italskog tipa, koje su se proizvodile tijekom trećeg i drugog stoljeća pr. Kr. i u kojima se, po dosadašnjim spoznajama, transportiralo vino.

Osim ploda masline, istraživači su otkrili i nekoliko u javnosti nepoznatih nalazišta antičkih i novovjekovnih brodoloma. Antički brodolom s 12 ingota olova, predstavlja prvi nalaz i dokaz takvog tipa tereta na ostacima antičkih brodova u hrvatskom podmorju. Među ostacima brodoloma pronađene su i amfore koje su se proizvodile u tadašnjoj rimskoj provinciji Hispaniji tijekom druge polovine prvog stoljeća pr. Kr.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-233 zavedeni su kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Palagruško otočje
Ostatci antičkih brodoloma u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene podvodne arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji

Antički brodolom kod hridi Pupka


في نظرية الطابور فإن عملیات الوصول الماركوفیة تستخدم لتمثیل وصول الزبائن إلى الطابور. العملیات الأكثر شیوعا تتضمن عملیات بواسون، عملیات الوصول الماركوفیة، ودفعة عملیات الوصول الماركوفية.

خلفية
عملیات الوصول الماركوفیة لها طریقتین، الطریقة الأولى عملیة ماركوف المتصلة الوقت  وهي عملية ماركوف تتولد بواسطة مولد أو مصفوفة المعدل.
العملیة الثانیة هي عملیة العد  التي لدیها فضاء  (وھي مجموعة من جمیع الأعداد الطبيعية)، ( N(t تزداد كل مرة یتم فیها الانتقال في ( j(t التي تكون معلمّھ وملحوظة.

عمليات بواسون

في عملیة وصول بواسون أو عملية بواسون تعد الواصلین، وكل منها لدیه توزیع أسي للوقت بین الوصول، في معظم الحالات بالإمكان تقدیم ذلك بمصفوفة المعدل.

في الحالة المتجانسة یكون أكثر بساطة.

هنا كل انتقال یكون مُلاحظ.

عملية الوصول الماركوفي
عملیة الوصول الماركوفي هو تعمیم لعملیة بواسون وذلك بعدم استخدام التوزیع المتزاید للوقت بین الوصول، وفي الحالة المتجانسة لدیه مصفوفة معدل

في كل مرة یتم الوصول یحدث انتقال الذي یزید من مستوى (الانتقال المعلّم).
مثال ذلك الانتقال في جزء من المصفوفة , الأجزاء من المصفوفة  و لدیها عناصر من ، ومعدل من عملیة بواسون بحیث أن

و

هناك العدید الحالات الخاصة لعملیة الوصول الماركوفیة.

عملیة بواسون المنظمة الماركوفیة
في عملية بواسون المنظمة الماركوفیة(MMPP), هذه العملیة التي یكون فیها M من عملیات بواسون تتبدل فیما بینها بواسطة عملیات ماركوف الأساسیة، إذا كل من M من عملیات بواسون یتم بمعدل  والعملية الأساسیة یتم تولیدها بواسطة مولد  مصفوفة مولدة  إذاً في تمثیل MAP,

مصفوفة قطریة لمعدلات عملیة بواسون، أیضا

عملیة التجدید طوریة النوع
عملیة التجدید طوریة النوع هي عملیة وصول ماركوفیة بتوزیع مرحلي بین الوصولات، على سبیل المثال في عملیة الوصول المتداخلة إذا كان التوزیع ما بین أوقات الوصول PH مع متجه للخروج رمز له بـ , وعملیة الوصول لها مصفوفة مولده.

دفعة من عملیة الوصول الماركوفیة
دفعة من عملیة الوصول الماركوفیة (BMAP)هو تعمیم لعملیة الوصول الماركوفیة عن طریق عملیات الوصول ذات الحجم الأكبر من 1، في الحالة المتجانسة یوجد مصفوفة المعدل.

كل مرة تحدث عملیة وصول من الحجم K یحدث فیها انتقال في المصفوفة الفرعیة . المصفوفة الفرعیة  لدیها عناصر , ومعدل من عملیة بواسون، بحیث أن:

و

انظر أيضاً
 نظرية الطابور
 عملية بواسون

مراجع

عمليات ماركوف
نظرية الطابور

عمليات الوصول الماركوفية


2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය යනු 20 වන ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය වන අතර එහි සත්කාරකත්වය දරන්නේ බ්‍රසීලය යි. මෙම ජාත්‍යන්තර පිරිමි පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය, 2014 ජුනි මස 13 වන දින කාණ්ඩ මට්ටමෙන් ඇරඹී 2014 ජූලි මස 14 වන දින අවසන් මහා තරගය ත් සමග අවසන් වීමට නියමිත ය. 1950 වසරෙන් පසුව බ්‍රසීලය මීට සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දෙන්නේ දෙවන වරට ය. 1978 වසරේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවෙන් පසුව පස් වන වරට දකුණු ඇමරිකානු රටක මෙම තරගාවලිය පැවැත්විය යුතු බවට ජාත්‍යන්තර පාපන්දු සංගමය විසින් 2007 දී තීන්දු කළ පසුව බ්‍රසීලය අභියෝග විරහිත ව 2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලියේ සත්කාරකත්වය සඳහා තේරී පත් විය.

සහභාගීවන කණ්ඩායම් හා නිලයන්

කණ්ඩායම් තෝරාගැනීම

2013 ඔක්තෝබර් ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් වලට අනුව පහත කණ්ඩායම් 32 ලෝක කුසලාන තරගාවලිය සඳහා තෝරාගෙන ඇත.

AFC (4)
 (62)
 (43)
  (46)
  (57)

CAF (5)
  (22)
  (56)
  (37)
  (23)
 (44)

OFC (0)
 සුදුසුකම් ලබා නැත. (මෙක්සිකෝව වෙතින් තරගාවලියෙන් නවසීලන්තය  ඉවත් කෙරිණි)

CONCACAF (4)
  (31)
  (34)
  (24)
  (13)

CONMEBOL (6)
  (3)
  (11) (සත්කාරක)
  (12)
  (4)
  (22)
  (6)

UEFA (13)
  (5)
  (16)
  (18)
  (10)
  (21)
  (2)
  (15)
  (9)
  (8)
  (4)
  (19)
  (1)
  (7)

ක්‍රීඩාංගන

ඉදි කිරීම (2012)

කාණ්ඩ අවධිය

පහත සියලුම කාල වේලා දක්වා ඇත්තේ බ්‍රසීලියා හි වේලාව (යූටීසී−3) ට අනුකූලවය.

A කාණ්ඩය

B කාණ්ඩය

C කාණ්ඩය

D කාණ්ඩය

E කාණ්ඩය

F කාණ්ඩය

G කාණ්ඩය

H කාණ්ඩය

පිළිමළුන් පිටුදැකීමේ අදියර

කණ්ඩායම් 16 වටය

අර්ධ අවසාන පූර්ව තරග

අර්ධ අවසාන තරග

තෙවන ස්ථානය සඳහා තරගය

අවසාන මහා තරගය

Tournament Team Ranking

මූලාශ්‍ර

2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය


Mulchic es un yacimiento arqueológico perteneciente a la cultura maya en la denominada región Puuc, ubicado en el sur del estado de Yucatán en México. Se encuentra a poca distancia de Santa Elena entre Uxmal y Kabáh. Cerca también del sacbé que une Nohpat con los últimos dos sitios mencionados.

Descripción general del sitio
Mulchic fue un centro ceremonial que constituyó un sitio de transición para las poblaciones de Uxmal y Kabáh en la región Puuc. Su poblamiento principal tuvo lugar según el arqueólogo Ignacio Marquina hacia fines del periodo clásico entre los años 600 y 800 d. C. Cuenta con varias estructuras, entre las cuales un templo de aproximadamente 300 m² en el que fueron encontrados importantes frescos que para ser preservados y evitar su depredación, fueron trasladados a la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, en cuyo museo arqueológico pueden ser observados.

La estructura aludida consta de una gran sala abovedada de lajas saledizas con una cresteria semidestruida en la fachada, cuya decoración en estuco representa figuras humanas y de animales.

El arqueólogo mexicano Román Piña Chan considera el sitio como un desarrollo del periodo clásico tardío. En los frescos encontrados y trasladados a Mérida, hay una escena de una ceremonia de petición de lluvia con sacrificios humanos (prisioneros de guerra) en la que se da la presencia de sacerdotes mayas con atributos de las principales deidades mayas. También hay en los frescos escenas de guerra.

Entre los hallazgos arqueológicos se da cuenta de que este templo o estructura principal fue, transcurrido el tiempo, rellenado con piedras, levantándose sobre él una nueva estructura escalonada que ha perdido toda su porción superior, pero que evidencia con toda claridad una superposición que se construyó en tiempos diferentes. Los vestigios de cerámica que se encontraron en el sitio corresponden plenamente al estilo Puuc, pero las estructuras carecen de los elementos decorativos que caracterizan al propio estilo de la región. De ahí la noción de que el lugar tuvo un carácter transicional, sin que por ello pueda considerarse que Mulchic careció de importancia en la zona.

Véase también
 Otros yacimientos arqueológicos mayas
 Nohpat
 Labná
 Sayil

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Video de 15 minutos conteniendo una exploración a Mulchic conducida por Eduardo González Arce Consultado el 12 de enero de 2012.
 Citas diversas de Mulchic en Google Académico. Consultado el 12 de enero de 2011.
 Se cita el Informe preliminar de Román Piña Chan sobre Mulchic.
 Pintura Mural Maya por Leticia Staines Cicero, investigadora de arte prehispánico del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, UNAM. Consultado el 12 de enero de 2011.

Yacimientos arqueológicos del estado de Yucatán
Yacimientos arqueológicos de la cultura maya en México

Mulchic


Jermaine Pennant (d. 15 Ocak 1983, Nottingham), eski İngiliz futbolcudur.

Liverpool takımında orta sahada görev yapmakta iken İspanyol kulübü Real Zaragoza'ya transfer olmuştur.Zarogoza'dan sonra İngiltere'nin Stoke City takımına transfer olmuş ve burada 3 sezon boyunca forma giymiştir.

İngiliz futbolcular
1983 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Liverpool FC futbolcuları
Real Zaragoza futbolcuları
Stoke City FC futbolcuları
Arsenal FC futbolcuları
Watford FC futbolcuları
Notts County FC futbolcuları
Leeds United FC futbolcuları
Birmingham City FC futbolcuları
Portsmouth FC futbolcuları
Jamaika asıllı İngilizler
İngiltere 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
Kanat futbolcuları
Bury FC futbolcuları
İngiltere genç millî takım oyuncuları
English Football League futbolcuları
İngiliz gurbetçi futbolcular
Hindistan'daki İngiliz gurbetçiler
İspanya'daki İngiliz gurbetçiler
İngiliz tutuklular ve hükümlüler
Hindistan'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Singapur'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
FC Pune City futbolcuları
Indian Super League futbolcuları
La Liga futbolcuları
Nottingham doğumlu sporcular
Wigan Athletic FC futbolcuları
Wolverhampton Wanderers FC futbolcuları

Jermaine Pennant


Villeurbanne (; ) is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.

It is situated northeast of Lyon, with which it forms the heart of the second-largest metropolitan area in France after that of Paris. Villeurbanne is the second-largest commune in the metropolitan area of Lyon and the 20th most populated in France, and the most populous commune that is not a prefecture or a sub-prefecture. In 2013, Villeurbanne was elected the city with the best administration of France, which attracts more and more people.

History

The current location of downtown Villeurbanne is known to have been inhabited as far back as 6000 BC. Its current name comes from a Gallo-Roman farming area, established at about the same time as Lyon (then Lugdunum) and known as the Villa Urbana ("town house"). It would then become Urbanum, then Villa Urbane and, ultimately, Villeurbanne.

Villeurbanne has belonged to the kingdom of France since 1349. It was then separated from La Guillotière (A former city lately incorporated into Lyon as the 3rd, 6th, 7th and 8th Arrondissement) by the river La Rize, a former branch of the Rhône River.

Until the 19th century, the city was merely a patchwork of distinct villages separated by fields and undeveloped land. These villages have mostly survived, and nowadays form the neighborhoods of Charpennes, Cusset, Croix-Luizet, Maisons-Neuves, etc.

With the industrial era, Villeurbanne's economy soared: the textile industry was the first to bloom, followed by mechanical and chemical ones. The factories lured in numerous immigrants, most notably from Italy.

20th century
Transforming from a rural community to an industrial town, Villeurbanne underwent a tremendous demographic boom in the late 1920s. From 3,000 inhabitants in 1928, its population rocketed to 82,000 in 1931. Mayor Lazare Goujon (elected 1924) engaged the city in a vast public works initiative. Arguably the most visible heritage of this program is the , a housing complex made up of two Art Deco towers and annex smaller buildings, lining up along the Avenue Henri Barbusse. These structures built between 1924 and 1934 are the work of architect Môrice Leroux, with a contribution of Tony Garnier. They are one of the most notable Art Deco structures in France and the 19-story twin towers have become an emblem of the city.

Villeurbanne city hall was built by Robert Giroud, a disciple of Tony Garnier (architect) and friend of Môrice Leroux.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public senior high schools:
Lycée Faÿs
Lycée Alfred de Musset
Lycée Marie Curie Villeurbanne
Lycée Pierre Brossolette
Lycée Magenta

Private schools:
Institution Scolaire Immaculée Conception is a private school from elementary to high school/sixth-form with three campuses, two elementary and one secondary.
École Beth Menahem (a Jewish school from preschool to senior high/sixth-form)

Colleges and universities
Many colleges and universities of the Lyon metropolitan area are located in Villeurbanne. Many of these are located on the La Doua campus, home to the Claude Bernard University (Lyon I), a public university, CPE Lyon and the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, one of the premier engineering institute (Grandes écoles) in France, very well known for high quality education and for research in France.

Weekend schools
The Association Pour le Developpement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises (ADLCJ; リヨン補習授業校 Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the Maison Berty Albrecht in Villeurbanne. It was formed in 1987.

Transport
Villeurbanne is well served by the Lyon area public transit system, the TCL (Transports en Commun Lyonnais). The east branch of subway line A runs through the city heart, and the new tramway lines T1 and T4 connects the La Doua campus to the Lyon business and commercial district of La Part-Dieu and the Presqu'île downtown.

Twin towns – sister cities

Villeurbanne is twinned with:
 Abanilla, Spain
 Abovyan, Armenia
 Bat Yam, Israel
 Mogilev, Belarus

In addition, Villeurbanne has a friendship declaration with:
 Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh

Demography

In terms of population, Villeurbanne is the second largest city in the Metropolis of Lyon, the fourth largest in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and the 21st largest in France.

Notable people
Henry Bertrand, silk weaver
Henri Cochet (1901–1987), tennis player
Charles Hernu (1923–1990), politician, mayor of Villeurbanne (1977–1990)
Sébastien Philippe (born 1975), racing driver and team principal of ART Grand Prix
Mourad Benhamida (born 1986), footballer
Laure Manaudou (born 1986), swimmer, world record holder
Jean-Karl Vernay (born 1987), race car driver
Florent Manaudou (born 1990), swimmer
Gnonsiane Niombla (born 1990), handball player
Xavier Chavalerin (born 1991), footballer
Amos Youga (born 1992), footballer
Willem Geubbels (born 2001), footballer

See also
 Communes of the Metropolis of Lyon

References

External links

 Villeurbanne Message Board

Communes of Lyon Metropolis
Dauphiné
Cities in France

Villeurbanne


An Phloeophila oricola in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni H.Stenzel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carlyle August Luer. An Phloeophila oricola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phloeophila, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Phloeophila

Phloeophila oricola


A trade war is an economic conflict often resulting from extreme protectionism in which states raise or create tariffs or other trade barriers against each other in response to trade barriers created by the other party. If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as  customs wars, toll wars, or tariff wars; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports (Perju, 2009). Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their autarky position. Minor trade disagreements are often called trade disputes when the war metaphor is hyperbolic.

Trade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the Massacre of the Bandanese after alleged violations of a new treaty. The First Anglo-Dutch War was caused by disputes over trade; the war began with English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was for control over the seas and trade routes, where England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War started over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The Shimonoseki Campaign after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The First Opium War which started after the Qing government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined British traders, resulted in the dispatch of the British Navy to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the Battle of Kowloon. The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of Hong Kong, and the Second Opium War, which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the British possessions on the island.

Exploration of an example (1920s)
One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the Weimar Republic and Poland, in the German–Polish customs war. The Weimar Republic, led by Gustav Stresemann wanted to force Poland, by creating an economic crisis by increasing the tolls for coal and steel products developed there, to give up its territory. As a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to fast development of the port of Gdynia, which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany.

In September 1922, the Fordney–McCumber Tariff (named after Joseph Fordney, chair of the House Ways and Means Committee, and Porter McCumber, chair of the Senate Finance Committee) was signed by U.S. President Warren G. Harding.  In the end, the tariff law raised the average American ad valorem tariff rate to 38 percent.

Trading partners complained immediately.  Those injured by World War I said that, without access by their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war loans.  But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects.  Democratic Representative Cordell Hull said, "Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell.  Our own [high] tariffs are an important factor in each.  They injure the former and invite the latter."

Five years after the passage of the tariff, American trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree.  France raised its tariffs on automobiles from 45% to 100%, Spain raised tariffs on American goods by 40%, and Germany and Italy raised tariffs on wheat. This customs war is often cited as one of the main causes of the Great Depression.

Dispute settlement mechanisms

Compromis
Economic integration
European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union
EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (post-Brexit)
Free trade agreements
Free-trade areas
List of multilateral free-trade agreements
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947-present; modified by WTO formation in 1994-1995)
World Trade Organization, created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect
History of the World Trade Organization (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution)
Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization
Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO
List of WTO dispute settlement cases
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
Investor-state dispute settlement
Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
TRIPS Agreement
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

List of trade wars or trade disputes

Pre-20th century
Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1784)
Opium Wars (1839–1860)

20th century
Japan–Korea disputes (1876-1945)
Banana Wars (1898–1934)
Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies
Anglo-Irish trade war (1932–1938)
Chicken War (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community

21st century
Beef hormone controversy (Beef War) (1989-2008)
Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute (1995-2000)
Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes (1996–1997)
Broomcorn brooms dispute (1996-2014)
Brazil–United States cotton dispute (2002-2014)
US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping (2006-2009)
EC-IT product dispute (2008-2010)
Milk War (2009)
Trade war over genetically modified food (2010–2011)
South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute (2012)
Argentina–United States lemon dispute (2012)
Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute (2014)
Rare earths trade dispute (2012-2015)
Trump tariffs (2018 U.S.-Canada trade dispute)
Japan–South Korea trade dispute (2019–2023)
Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II), part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s-present)
Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute (1982-present)
Catfish Dispute, U.S. versus Vietnam (2001-present)
China–United States trade war (2018–present)

See also

Balance of trade
Currency war
Economic sanctions
Economic warfare
Trade barrier
Water conflict

References

Bibliography

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN:  or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1435993

Economic warfare
Customs duties
Metaphors referring to war and violence

Trade war


Als Umfassungsmauer wird in der altägyptischen Architektur eine Mauer bezeichnet, die einen Pyramiden-, einen Tempelbezirk oder eine Stadt umgeben konnte.

Bei Tempelbezirken dienten Umfassungsmauern einerseits zur Abgrenzung von der umgebenden Siedlung oder freien Flächen, aber auch zum Schutze des Tempels vor Bevölkerungsunruhen oder Invasionen. Sie wurden aus einfachen Lehmziegeln errichtet, die man über ein Gerüst aus Holzbalken und Schilfmatten baute. Zur Zeit des Neuen Reiches waren solche Außenwände sehr verbreitet und wurden zunehmend auch um Städte angelegt. Um ihre Zerstörung zu verhindern wurden viele mit einer Stärke von zehn Metern oder mehr gebaut und mit abgerundeten Zinnen versehen. Zur Befestigung wurden gelegentlich Bollwerke oder stabile Torbögen hinzugefügt.

Bei der Ziegelkonstruktion der Außenwälle wechselten sich häufig konkave und konvexe Abschnitte ab. Das sich daraus ergebende wellenförmige Muster diente wahrscheinlich dazu, die Bildung von Rissen in den Mauern zu verhindern. Auch eine symbolische Bedeutung als Wasser des mythischen Urozeans ist möglich.

Literatur

Architektur (Altes Ägypten)
Mauer
Tempel (Architektur)

Umfassungsmauer (Altägypten)


An Eleocharis loefgreniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johann Otto Boeckeler. An Eleocharis loefgreniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis loefgreniana


Dukađinović (alb. Dukagjini), albanska obitelj
Dukađinska Kneževina
Dukađinsko gorje
Dukađinska visoravan ili Metohija
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