Neopitagorismul este un curent filozofic de origine alexandrină care a reactualizat pitagorismul, îmbinându-l cu platonismul și accentuând tendințele sale mistice.

Istorie
Principalele învățături filozofice religioase sunt neopitagorismul și neoplatonismul.

Neopitagorismul îl propune pe Dumnezeu ca baza unică a lumii, ca esența pură, spirituală ce stă mai sus de toate contradicțiile. Reprezentantul acestei învățături este Numenis. El consideră cǎ în structura ierarhică a existenței, locul suprem îl ocupă primul Dumnezeu, prima rațiune, care este nemișcată. Alături de nus coexista materia nerațională haotică si incognoscibilă. Între acestea se plasează demiurgul care contemplează prima rațiune și prin rațiune tinde spre materie, a doua rațiune spre deosebire de prima este mobilă, creatoare, aduce materia in ordine, dă naștere armoniei si cosmosului. Cosmosul este al treilea Dumnezeu.

Neopitagorismul reînvie mistica grecească a numerelor. Ideea centrală a acestei învățături este credința intr-o singură divinitate și în minuni. Învățătura lui Philon a influențat noua religie prin intermediul noțiunii de Logos (ordine, rațiunea cosmică). Philon a înfăptuit o amplă sinteză a filozofiei ebraice și a filozofiei grecești. După Philon logosul ca rațiune supremă este în divinitate și este însăși divinitatea.

După recunoașterea creștinismului ca religie oficială a Imperiului Roman în anul 313 de către împăratul Constantin, aceste învățături au fost interzise fiind declarate ca învățături păgâne. Interzicerea a avut loc în anul 529 prin decretul împăratului Iustinian.

Note

Curente filozofice

Neopitagorism


Agrilus nigerrimus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Deyrolle, em 1864.

Referências

nigerrimus

Agrilus nigerrimus


بوياني (Бояни) هي مدينة في مقاطعة تشيرنيفيتسكا في أوكرانيا.

مراجع

بوكوفينا
مدن أوكرانيا
أماكن مأهولة في بروت

بوياني


Valencia CF Femenino, tidligere kendt som AD DSV Colegio Alemán, er en spansk fodboldklub for kvinder fra Valencia.

Aktuel trup

Kilde: LaLiga

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindefodboldklubber i Spanien

Valencia CF Femenino


In mathematics, the ring of integers of an algebraic number field  is the ring of all algebraic integers contained in . An algebraic integer is a root of a monic polynomial with integer coefficients: . This ring is often denoted by  or . Since any integer belongs to  and is an integral element of , the ring  is always a subring of .

The ring of integers  is the simplest possible ring of integers. Namely,  where  is the field of rational numbers.  And indeed, in algebraic number theory the elements of  are often called the "rational integers" because of this.

The next simplest example is the ring of Gaussian integers , consisting of complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts are integers. It is the ring of integers in the number field  of Gaussian rationals, consisting of complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts are rational numbers. Like the rational integers,  is a Euclidean domain.

The ring of integers of an algebraic number field is the unique maximal order in the field. It is always a Dedekind domain.

Properties
The ring of integers  is a finitely-generated -module.  Indeed, it is a free -module, and thus has an integral basis, that is a basis  of the -vector space  such that each element  in  can be uniquely represented as

with .  The rank  of  as a free -module is equal to the degree of  over .

Examples

Computational tool
A useful tool for computing the integral closure of the ring of integers in an algebraic field  is the discriminant. If  is of degree  over , and  form a basis of  over , set . Then,  is a submodule of the  spanned by . pg. 33 In fact, if  is square-free, then  forms an integral basis for . pg. 35

Cyclotomic extensions
If  is a prime,  is a th root of unity and  is the corresponding cyclotomic field, then an integral basis of  is given by .

Quadratic extensions
If  is a square-free integer and  is the corresponding quadratic field, then  is a ring of quadratic integers and its integral basis is given by  if  and by  if . This can be found by computing the minimal polynomial of an arbitrary element  where .

Multiplicative structure
In a ring of integers, every element has a factorization into irreducible elements, but the ring need not have the property of unique factorization: for example, in the ring of integers , the element 6 has two essentially different factorizations into irreducibles:

A ring of integers is always a Dedekind domain, and so has unique factorization of ideals into prime ideals.

The units of a ring of integers  is a finitely generated abelian group by Dirichlet's unit theorem.  The torsion subgroup consists of the roots of unity of .  A set of torsion-free generators is called a set of fundamental units.

Generalization
One defines the ring of integers of a non-archimedean local field  as the set of all elements of  with absolute value ; this is a ring because of the strong triangle inequality.  If  is the completion of an algebraic number field, its ring of integers is the completion of the latter's ring of integers.  The ring of integers of an algebraic number field may be characterised as the elements which are integers in every non-archimedean completion.

For example, the -adic integers  are the ring of integers of the -adic numbers .

See also

 Minimal polynomial (field theory)
 Integral closure – gives a technique for computing integral closures

Notes

Citations

References

Ring theory
Algebraic number theory

Ring of integers


Acer oliverianum er lauftré af ættkvísl hlyna (Acer) sem er frá Kína. Hann getur orðið allt að 7 m hár.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer oliverianum


Richard David "Dave" Robinson (* 3. Mai 1941 in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler. Er spielte als Linebacker in der National Football League (NFL) bei den Green Bay Packers und den Washington Redskins.

Spielerlaufbahn

Collegekarriere
Dave Robinson wurde in New Jersey geboren, wo er an der High School als Basketballspieler aktiv war und dreimal die Staatsmeisterschaft gewann. Nach seinem Schulabschluss studierte er an der Pennsylvania State University Bauingenieurwesen und spielte College Football für die Penn State Nittany Lions von 1960 bis 1962 als Defensive End und End. 1961 gewann Robinson mit seiner Mannschaft mit einem 30:15-Sieg den Gator Bowl gegen das Georgia Institute of Technology. 1962 musste er sich mit seinem Team im Gator Bowl der Mannschaft der University of Florida mit 17:7 geschlagen geben. Trotz der Niederlage wurde er nach dem Spiel zum MVP ernannt. Im selben Jahr wurde Robinson zum All American gewählt. Sein College zeichnete ihn für seine sportlichen Leistungen dreimal aus.

Profikarriere
David Robinson wurde im Jahr 1963 von den Green Bay Packers in der ersten Runde an 14. Stelle in der NFL Draft ausgewählt. Auch die San Diego Chargers aus der American Football League (AFL), einer Konkurrenzliga der NFL, zogen ihn in der AFL Draft in der dritten Runde an 17. Stelle. Interesse an einer Verpflichtung von Robinson hatten auch die Montreal Alouettes aus der Canadian Football League (CFL). Robinson war schon im Begriff einen Vertrag bei den Chargers zu unterschreiben, als er mitbekam, dass diese ihn unmittelbar nach seiner Verpflichtung an die Buffalo Bills abgeben wollten. Da ihm die klimatischen Bedingungen in Buffalo nicht zusagten, entschloss er sich einen Vertrag bei den von Vince Lombardi betreuten Green Bay Packers zu unterschreiben. Lombardi setzte Robinson als Linebacker in der Defense der Mannschaft ein. Die Packers waren der amtierende NFL-Meister und hatten zahlreiche Spitzenspieler in ihren Reihen. Erst in den Jahren 1964 und 1965 konnte sich Robinson die Stammposition sichern.

Im dritten Spieljahr gelang es Robinson seinen ersten NFL-Titel zu gewinnen. Die Packers spielten im Endspiel gegen die Cleveland Browns und die Mannschaft aus Cleveland unterlag mit 23:12. Auch die nächsten beiden Spieljahre sollten für Robinson jeweils mit dem Gewinn des NFL-Titels enden. 1966 schlug Robinsons Team im Endspiel die Dallas Cowboys mit 34:27. Robinson hatte am Sieg seiner Mannschaft maßgeblichen Anteil. Kurz vor der eigenen Endzone zwang er den Quarterback der Cowboys, Don Meredith, zu einer folgenschweren Interception, die letztendlich den Vorsprung der Packers sicherte. Nach der Regular Season 1967 gingen im NFL-Endspiel, der als Ice Bowl in die Geschichte des Footballsports eingehen sollte, die Cowboys erneut als Verlierer vom Platz. Bei widrigsten Umständen, das Spiel wurde bei −25 Grad Celsius und bei mit Eis bedeckter Spielfläche ausgetragen, lagen die Packers bis kurz vor Spielende mit 17:14 in Rückstand. Wenige Sekunden später setzte Bart Starr mit Jerry Kramer und Ken Bowman als Vorblocker überraschend zu einem Lauf an und konnte so den Spielball zum entscheidenden Touchdown in die Endzone der Cowboys tragen. Beide Spiele bedeuteten für die Mannschaft von Robinson jeweils den Einzug in das AFL-NFL World Championship Game. Das Championship Game zwischen den noch getrennt agierenden Ligen American Football League (AFL) und der NFL sollte später in Super Bowl umbenannt werden. Im Super Bowl I trafen die Packers auf die Kansas City Chiefs, die mit einer 35:10-Niederlage den Platz verlassen mussten. Ein Jahr später wurden im Super Bowl II die Oakland Raiders mit 33:14 besiegt. Robinson gelang es im Spiel einen Fumble zu sichern. Nach dem zweiten Super-Bowl-Sieg verließ Lombardi die Mannschaft aus Wisconsin, die danach nicht mehr an die großen Leistungen der Vorjahre anschließen konnte. Lediglich im Jahr 1972 gelang Robinson mit den Packers nochmals der Einzug in die Play-offs, wo man allerdings frühzeitig an den Washington Redskins scheiterte. Nach zwei weiteren Spieljahren bei der Mannschaft aus Washington, D.C. beendete Robinson seine Profilaufbahn.

Nach der Spielerlaufbahn
Dave Robinson arbeitete in der spielfreien Zeit und nach seiner Spielerlaufbahn als Ingenieur bei den Firmen Campbell Soup Company und Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, bevor er sich 1984 mit einer Vertriebsgesellschaft für Brauereiprodukte selbständig machte. Nachdem er sich aus der Geschäftsleitung der Firma teilweise zurückgezogen hatte, arbeitete er für eine Firma die Kunstrasen herstellt. David Robinson ist zudem Vorstandsmitglied der Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Ehrungen
Robinson spielte dreimal im Pro Bowl und wurde viermal zum All Pro gewählt. Er ist Mitglied in der Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame, in der College Football Hall of Fame, in der Gator Bowl Hall of Fame und im NFL 1960s All-Decade Team. Im Jahr 2013 erfolgte die Aufnahme in die Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Quelle
 Chuck Carlson, Game of My Life: 25 Stories of Packers Football, Sports Publishing LLC, 2004, ISBN 978-1-58261-814-2
 Bob Berghaus, Black and Blue: A Smash-Mouth History of the NFL's Roughest Division, Clerisy Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57860-320-6

Weblinks
 Dave Robinson in der Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame
 Dave Robinson in der Gator Bowl Hall of Fame
 Dave Robinson am College
 Kurzbiografie

Einzelnachweise

American-Football-Funktionär
American-Football-Spieler (Penn State Nittany Lions)
American-Football-Spieler (Green Bay Packers)
American-Football-Spieler (Washington Redskins)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1941
Mann

Dave Robinson


Die Pferdebestattung von Wulfsen ist eine frühmittelalterliche Bestattung dreier Pferde, die 1974 auf einem altsächsischen Gräberfeld in der Gemeinde Wulfsen im Landkreis Harburg gefunden wurde. Der Fund ist als Lackpräparat erhalten und wird in der Dauerausstellung des Archäologischen Museums Hamburg gezeigt.

Fund
Die Fundstelle befand sich am nordöstlichen Rand der Abbruchkante einer Sandgrube bei Wulfsen, wo ein Fossiliensammler im Sommer 1974 eine Bodenverfärbung beobachtete, die er für archäologisch interessant hielt. Er meldete seine Beobachtung dem Museum für das Fürstentum Lüneburg, das die Meldung an das für die Region zuständige Helms-Museum weiterleitete. Bei den folgenden Ausgrabungen auf dem durch den Sandabbau gestörten Gräberfeld konnten insgesamt 35 Körperbestattungen und eine Pferdebestattung dokumentiert werden. Die menschlichen Bestattungen waren aufgrund des sandigen Bodens relativ schlecht erhalten. Es wurden 26 ältere, in Süd-Nord-Richtung orientierte und neun jüngere in West-Ost-Richtung orientierte Bestattungen ergraben. Die Gräber wiesen bis auf zwei Pfeilspitzen im Grab eines Jugendlichen keine Beigaben auf.

Pferdebestattung
In einer 230 × 240 cm messenden, steilwandigen Grube wurde eine Bestattung von drei Pferden angetroffen. Von den Tieren waren lediglich Knochen und Zähne vollständig vorhanden, die Knochen lagen aber nur mürbe und brüchig vor. Beigaben wie Zaumzeug waren nicht nachweisbar. Alle Pferde lagen auf der linken Seite in Süd-Nord-Richtung, ihre Köpfe waren auf einem erhöhten Teil der Grube in aufgerichteter Haltung abgelegt. Das mittlere Pferd lag mit dem Hinterleib in Bauchlage, seine Beine und die des östlich liegenden Tieres waren stark angewinkelt. Die Beine des westlich liegenden Pferdes lagen in halb ausgestreckter Position, es belegte etwa die Hälfte der Grube. Zur Bergung wurden die Knochen von einer Arbeitsbühne aus vorsichtig freigelegt und mit Kaltleim getränkt, die Grube wurde anschließend mit Lack und leimgetränktem Krepppapier kaschiert. Die Knochen wurden zusätzlich mit Draht und Nadeln gesichert. Anschließend wurde die Grube mit Hartschaum aufgefüllt und die Bestattung in einem Holzverschlag als Block geborgen. Der gesamte Fund befindet sich auf der etwa drei bis vier Millimeter starken, präparierten Sandschicht, mit den darin eingebetteten Knochen.

Der Erhaltungszustand der Knochen erschwerte die zoologischen Untersuchungen. Das westlich liegende Pferd war höchstwahrscheinlich eine Stute, die übrigen Hengste. Die Tiere waren mit Widerristhöhen von 130 bis 140 cm für heutige Verhältnisse relativ klein, hatten aber für damalige Zeiten übliche Körpergrößen. Die Lebensalter der Tiere lagen zwischen fünf und sieben Jahren.

Aufgrund der Befundsituation, wie die geographische Orientierung der Körpergräber und ihre Beigabenführung wird der Fund in den Zeitraum um 700–800 n. Chr. datiert.

Deutung

Die Bestattungen entsprechen aufgrund der Beigabenführung und ihrer geographischen Orientierung heidnischen Traditionen. Die jüngeren Bestattungen fallen in einen Zeitraum kurz bevor diese Region vollständig christianisiert wurde, in dessen Folge sich auch die Bestattungssitten grundlegend änderten. Die Pferdebestattung konnte keinem der Kriegergräber eindeutig zugeordnet werden. Aus diesem Grund ist unklar, ob hier eine individuelle Tierbestattung oder eine Beigabe zu einem der menschlichen Bestattungen vorliegt. Bestattungen einzelner Pferde sind für das Frühe Mittelalter nicht ungewöhnlich, wie es beispielsweise das Reitergrab von Schnelsen aufzeigt, jedoch ist diese Dreifachbestattung von Pferden im nordöstlichen Niedersachsen bisher einmalig. Weitere Dreifachbestattungen liegen beispielsweise aus Mühlhausen und Griefstedt (Thüringen) und Beckum aus Nordrhein-Westfalen vor.

Für die Sonderausstellung LEGO Zeitreise des Archäologischen Museums Hamburg wurde Anfang 2013 ein Modell der Ausgrabungsarbeiten der Pferdebestattung aus Lego-Steinen angefertigt.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Archäologischer Fund (Niedersachsen)
Archäologischer Fund (Germanen)
Wulfsen
Archäologisches Museum Hamburg
8. Jahrhundert
Tierkult
Pferdebestattung
Opfer (Religion)

Pferdebestattung von Wulfsen


Bibiana Beglau (Braunschweig, 16 de julho de 1971) é uma atriz alemã. Ela ficou conhecida por seu papel no filme A Lenda de Rita de Volker Schlöndorff, pelo qual foi premiada com o Urso de Prata de melhor atriz no Festival de Cinema de Berlim em 2000.

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1971
Atores da Alemanha
Urso de Prata de melhor atriz
Naturais de Brunsvique

Bibiana Beglau


El Hotel Ucraina , hoy conocido como Hotel Radisson-Royal , es uno de los siete rascacielos moscovitas diseñados durante el período estalinista y conocidos como los rascacielos de Stalin.

Características
Su construcción se inició en septiembre de 1953 y concluyó en 1957. Fue diseñado por los arquitectos Arkadi Mordvínov (1896-1964) y Viacheslav Oltarzhevski (1880-1966). La torre principal tiene 34 pisos y una altura de 198 metros, siendo así el segundo edificio más alto de los rascacielos de Stalin después la torre principal de la Universidad Estatal de Moscú.

Hasta 1976, año en que fue completado el Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel de Atlanta (Estados Unidos), fue el hotel más alto del mundo. El edificio fue reestructurado entre 2007 y 2010 y cambió su nombre por el de Radisson Royal Hotel, que cuenta con 505 habitaciones, 38 apartamentos, restaurantes, salas de conferencias y un spa.

Referencias

Véase también
 Anexo:Edificios más altos de Rusia
 Anexo:Edificios más altos de Europa
 Rascacielos de Stalin

Enlaces externos

 Datos del edificio en emporis.com (en inglés)
 Historia de los rascacielos de Moscú (en ruso)
 Sitio oficial  del hotel Ucraina (en ruso)
 Sitio oficial  del hotel Radisson-Royal (en inglés)

Hoteles de Moscú
Rascacielos de Stalin
Arquitectura de Rusia del siglo XX
Arquitectura de 1957

Hotel Ucrania


Auf dem Berliner Reichstag, 2. Mai 1945 ist der Titel einer Serie von 36 Aufnahmen des sowjetischen Fotografen Jewgeni Chaldei, die während der Schlacht um Berlin am Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges entstanden. Das bekannteste Foto der Serie zeigt den historischen Augenblick des Hissens der Flagge der Sowjetunion auf dem Reichstagsgebäude. Das Foto gilt als Ikone der Bildgeschichte und symbolisiert "das Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges" und damit "das Ende des deutschen Faschismus". Das Foto ist unter zahlreichen Namen wie Hissen einer Flagge auf dem Reichstag ("Raising a flag over the Reichstag"), Das Banner des Sieges auf dem Reichstag ("Знамя Победы над Рейхстагом") und Die Sowjetfahne über dem Reichstag bekannt.

Die Identität der abgebildeten Soldaten der Roten Armee war lange Zeit umstritten. Das Bild zeigt nicht die tatsächliche erste Flaggenhissung und wurde retuschiert veröffentlicht, was zu Fälschungsvorwürfen führte.

Entstehung

Soldaten und Führung der Roten Armee sahen im Reichstagsgebäude eines der Schlüsselsymbole des Deutschen Reichs, was unter anderem mit der in der UdSSR zum Medienereignis gewordenen triumphalen Verteidigung Georgi Dimitrows im Reichstagsbrandprozess 1933 zusammenhängt. Nach heftigen Kämpfen vom 28. April bis zum späten Abend des 1. Mai 1945 wurde das Gebäude von der 150., 171. und 207. Schützendivision des 79. Schützenkorps der 3. Stoßarmee der Weißrussischen Front und anderen Kampfverbänden eingenommen. Neun rote Sowjetfahnen waren aus Moskau eingeflogen worden. Am 30. April 1945 wurde die Fahne der 150. Schützendivision als "Banner des Sieges" zunächst über dem Eingangsportal und gegen 22:40 Uhr auch auf dem Dach des Gebäudes aufgepflanzt. Politoffiziere verbreiteten später, die Fahne habe bereits gegen 14:25 Uhr über Berlin geweht. Gegen 15 Uhr hatte der Befehlshaber der 3. Stoßarmee, Generaloberst Kusnezow, im Gefechtsstand bei Marschall der Sowjetunion Schukow angerufen und diesem gemeldet: "Unser rotes Banner weht auf dem Reichstag!" Er teilte Schukow aber auch mit: "An einigen Stellen der oberen Stockwerke und in den Kellern wird immer noch gekämpft." Das später verbreitete Foto Chaldeis wurde wegen der anhaltenden Kämpfe erst am Morgen des 2. Mai 1945 nachgestellt.

Chaldei hatte seit Juni 1941 verschiedene Teilstreitkräfte der sowjetischen Armee an Kriegsschauplätzen als Fotograf begleitet. Nach der Eroberung Berlins durch die sowjetische Armee suchte er nach einem passenden Motiv mit hohem Symbolwert. Ob er Joe Rosenthals wenige Monate zuvor entstandenes Foto Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima kannte, ist umstritten. Vom Hausmeister der Nachrichtenagentur TASS erhielt er rote Tischdecken und ließ daraus bei einem befreundeten Schneider drei sowjetische Fahnen schneidern. Mit drei Soldaten, die er im Eingangsbereich des brennenden Reichstags traf, stieg er auf das Dach des Gebäudes und fotografierte sie beim Hissen der Fahne. Danach reiste er zurück nach Moskau.

Retusche
In Moskau sollte das Bild am 13. Mai 1945 erstmals im Magazin Ogonjok gedruckt werden. Kurz vor der Veröffentlichung des Fotos fiel einem Redakteur auf, dass einer der Soldaten  an jedem Handgelenk eine Armbanduhr trug. Daraufhin zerkratzte Chaldei die Uhr am rechten Arm des Soldaten im Negativ, denn "das Bild musste sofort veröffentlicht werden", wie er sich 1997 erinnerte.

In späteren Versionen wurden das Handgelenk besser retuschiert und Rauchschwaden im Hintergrund des Bildes geschwärzt, sodass sie bedrohlicher wirkten. Zuletzt wurde auch eine neue Fahne abgebildet, die sich dramatischer im Wind bauschte.

Beteiligte Personen
Laut offizieller sowjetischer Geschichtsschreibung wurde die Flagge von den drei Soldaten Meliton Kantaria, Michail Alexejewitsch Jegorow und Konstantin Samsonow gehisst. Alle drei wurden als "Helden der Sowjetunion" mit mehreren Orden dekoriert und erhielten in Anerkennung ihrer herausragenden Leistungen im Kampf gegen den Faschismus eine lebenslange Rente. Der ebenfalls beteiligte Alexei Berest wurde im Gegensatz zu den genannten drei und weiteren an der Erstürmung des Reichstages beteiligten Soldaten nicht als "Held der Sowjetunion" ausgezeichnet, sondern erhielt lediglich den massenhaft verliehenen Rotbannerorden und wurde nach dem Krieg drei Jahre im Gulag interniert.

Mitte der 1990er Jahre enthüllte Chaldei in einem Interview mit britischen Journalisten die Namen der drei tatsächlich beteiligten Soldaten. Die Aufnahmen zeigten den Ukrainer Alexei Leontjewitsch Kowaljow, den Kumyken Abdulchakim Issakowitsch Ismailow und den Weißrussen Leonid Goritschew. Josef Stalin selbst hatte sich für eine Gruppe aus allen an der Erstürmung des Reichstages beteiligten Soldaten entschieden und wählte mit Kantaria einen georgischen Landsmann als Flaggenhisser, die beiden anderen waren Russen. Alle weiteren Beteiligten, darunter der Fotograf und die tatsächlich abgebildeten Soldaten, wurden zu strengster Geheimhaltung verpflichtet.

Beim Tod Michail Petrowitsch Minins im Januar 2008 wurde bekannt, dass Minin und weitere Soldaten bereits am Abend des 30. April 1945 eine Sowjetflagge auf dem Reichstag gehisst hatten. Auch andere Soldaten brachten in den beiden Tagen danach weitere Flaggen auf dem Gebäude an. Da diese Vorgänge aber nicht oder nur unzureichend durch Fotos dokumentiert wurden, wurde das Hissen durch Chaldei am 2. Mai noch einmal neu in Szene gesetzt. Neben Chaldei hatten mindestens drei weitere sowjetische Fotografen am 1. und 2. Mai am und auf dem Reichstag Soldaten mit Flaggen fotografiert. Schlussendlich setzte sich jedoch Chaldeis Foto durch.

Literatur
 Ernst Volland: Das Banner des Sieges. 1. Auflage. Berlin Story Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-929829-91-4 (80 Seiten).
 Bilder, die lügen. Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung der Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Hrsg.). Bouvier, Bonn 2003, ISBN 3-416-02902-X, S. 44–47.

Weblinks

 Banner des Sieges bei berlin-magazin.info

Einzelnachweise

Schlacht um Berlin
Foto
Propaganda im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Krieg (Bildende Kunst)
Medien (Militär)
Reichstagsgebäude
Ereignis 1945

Auf dem Berliner Reichstag, 2. Mai 1945


Pauli matrisleri 2 × 2' lik, karmaşık sayılar içeren Hermisyen ve üniter matrislerden oluşan bir settir. Genellikle Yunan alfabesindeki 'sigma' (σ), harfiyle sembolize edilirler. Bu matrisler:

İsim onları bulan Wolfgang Pauli' den gelmektedir.

Özellikler
I birim matris olmak üzere.

 Pauli matrislerinin determinant ve izleri:

Dolayısıyla bu matrislerin özdeğerlerinin σi ±1 olduğu açıkça görülebilir.

 Birim matris I (bazen σ0 olarak da gösterilir) ile birlikte Pauli matrisleri gerçel Hilbert uzayında, 2 × 2 karmaşık Hermisyen matrisler olarak veya kompleks Hilbert uzayında 2 × 2 matrisler olarak orthogonal (birbirine dik ve normalize) bir baz oluştururlar.

Komutasyon bağıntıları

 Yukarıdaki ifadeler kullanılarak  Levi-Civita sembolü,  Kronecker delta ve I is the birim matris olmak üzere şu komutasyon ve anti komutasyon ilişkileri elde edilir:

Yukarıdaki bağıntılar şöyle özetlenebilir:

.

Pauli vektörü şu şekilde tanımlıdır:

Bu komutasyon bağıntıları ve pauli vektör tanımı kullanılarak aşağıdaki ifadeler elde edilebilir:

(a ve b vektörleri pauli matrisleriyle değişme özelliğine sahip olması durumunda)
en genel tanımıyla  olarak verilen bir a vektörü için

(1)' in ispatı
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(2)' nin ispatı
Çift kuvvetler için

tek kuvvetler için

Üstel açılımının çift ve tek kuvvetlerinin sinüs ve kosinüs fonksiyonlarının Taylor açılımlarını verdiği anımsanırsa:
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 yerine koyularak

sonuçta,

ifadesine ulaşılır.

Fizik
Kuantum mekaniğinde Pauli matrisleri spin ½ sistemlerin spinlerini konum uzayında betimler. Sistemin durumu iki bileşenli bir spinörle ifade edilir. Spin operatörleri bu matrislerle verilirler.

Pauli matrislerinin özdeğerlerinin ±1 olması spin operatörlerinin özdeğerlerinin  olması, dolayısıyla bir eksen yönünde yapılan spin ½ sistemin spininin iki değerden birini alması anlamına gelir. Bu konuyla daha kapsamlı bilgi için Stern-Gerlach deneyi incelenebilir.

Simetri
Matrisler

Pauli matrisleri


Sırçalı, Çorum ilinin Mecitözü ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1928 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 53 km, Mecitözü ilçe merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Mecitözü belde ve köyleri

Sırçalı, Mecitözü


Sami Abdullah Sami el-Cabir (d. 11 Aralık 1972, Riyad), Suudi millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör.

Kulüp kariyeri
Futbol hayatına 17 yaşında başladı. Çünkü o zaman Suudi Arabistan'da futbol yasağı kaldırıldı. 2000 yılına kadar bu takımda oynayan Sami el-Cabir, 421 maçta 336 gol attı ve 247 asist yaptı. 2000 yılında kısa süreliğine Premier League takımlarından Wolverhampton Wanderers'a kiralandı. 2001 yılında takımına geri döndü. 2008 yılında futbolu bırakana kadar Al-Hilal takımında 305 maçta 143 gol atmıştır.

Millî takım kariyeri
Millî takım formasını ilk kez 1992'de giydi. 163 kez millî olup 44 gol ve 27 asist yapmıştır. 4 Dünya Kupası görmüştür. 1994, 1998, 2002 ve 2006 Dünya Kupası'nda yer alan futbolcu bu turnuvadan sonra millî takımı bıraktı.

Kişisel başarıları
 Dûrî el-Muhtarifin es-Suudî gol kralı (3): 1993-94, 1996-97, 2002-03
 Suudi Arabistan Altın Palmiye Ödülü: 2004
 Asya En İyi Forvet Ödülü: 1996

Dış bağlantılar

1972 doğumlular
1992 Kral Fehd Kupası futbolcuları
1992 AFC Asya Kupası futbolcuları
1994 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
1995 Kral Fehd Kupası futbolcuları
1996 AFC Asya Kupası futbolcuları
1997 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2000 AFC Asya Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Suudi futbolcular
Suudi Arabistan millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Wolverhampton Wanderers FC futbolcuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Forvet futbolcular
Suudi gurbetçi futbolcular
AFC Asya Kupası kazanan futbolcular
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
English Football League futbolcuları
Suudi teknik direktörler
El-Hilâl (Suudi Arabistan) teknik direktörleri
Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'ndeki gurbetçi teknik direktörler
El-Hilâl (Suudi Arabistan) futbolcuları
Eş-Şebab (Suudi Arabistan) teknik direktörleri
FIFA Century Club
Dûrî el-Muhtarifin es-Suudî futbolcuları
Riyad doğumlu sporcular
Dûrî el-Halîc'el-Arabî teknik direktörleri

Sami el-Cabir


Fork-bomba (eng. fork bomb,  rabbit virus, wabbit) je oblik napada ukraćivanjem resursa (DoS napad, eng. Denial of Service attack). Pri ovoj vrsti napada jedan se proces neprekidno umnaža radi usporenja rada ili rušenja računala na kojem se izvodi. Nedostatak resursa osim toga može spriječiti normalan rad "legalnih" servisa. Sve se to događa jer su pogođenom računalnom sustavu resursi izgladnjeli. Fork bomba može se dogoditi ne zbog napadača, nego zbog neiskusnog korisnika. Kod običnih korisnika prijavljenih u Linuxovu ljusku (shell), ako se propustilo administrativno postaviti ograničenje odnosno zabranu, onda obični korisnik može povećati tzv. "mekanu" granicu (soft limit) odnosno broj dopuštenih otvorenih datoteka. Ne postoji li granica (hard limit), to znači da je resurse moguće iscrpiti do kraja.

Vrlo stara inačica fork bombe zabilježena je oko 1978. godine. Fork bomba zvana wabbit zabilježena je da se izvela na System/360. Možda je potjecala od sličnog napada zvanog RABBITS o kojemu je izviješćeno 1969. na Burroughs 5500 na Sveučilištu Washingtona.

Vidi
Logička bomba

Izvori

Računalna sigurnost

Fork bomba


Iceberg es el tercer álbum de estudio de la banda de rock chilena Congelador, lanzado en 2001 bajo su propio sello independiente Quemasucabeza.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Álbumes de Chile de 2001
Álbumes de Quemasucabeza
Álbumes de Congelador
Álbumes en español

Iceberg (álbum)


The  is a mountain railway in Japan operated by the Hakone Tozan Railway. The company belongs to the Odakyu Group, which also owns the Hakone Tozan Cable Car.

The section of the line from Odawara Station to Hakone-Yumoto Station began operating in 1919, with the current terminus of Gōra being reached in 1930. Since 2006, only Odakyū Odawara Line trains run on the section from Odawara Station to Hakone-Yumoto Station, as that section was converted from dual-gauge (standard and narrow) to just narrow-gauge. From Gora, travelers can continue up the mountain on the Hakone Tozan Cable Car.

The railway is capable of climbing one meter vertically for every  of horizontal distance, with a maximum gradient of 8%. The line traverses Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, so the line was carefully designed to limit the impact on the scenery. Due to the difficult topography, the line has three switchbacks used to ascend particularly steep sections.

The section of the line between Hakone-Yumoto and Gora was suspended in October 2019 due to heavy damage caused by Typhoon Hagibis. On 9 July 2020, after repairs had been completed, test trains began running over the line and full service was restored on 23 July.

Description

 Length:
 Gauge:
 Odawara - Iriuda:
 Iriuda - Hakone-Yumoto: / (dual gauge)
 Hakone-Yumoto - Gōra:
 Stations: 11 (including termini)
 Track: single
 Power:
 Odawara - Hakone-Yumoto: 1,500 V DC overhead supply
 Hakone-Yumoto - Gōra: 750 V DC overhead supply
 Block system: Automatic (cab signal/digital) (CTC)

Stations
 Trains: "S" = All stop, "|" = All pass.

 Transfers:
 At Odawara Station:
  Odakyū Odawara Line
  Tōkaidō Line,  Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
  Tōkaidō Shinkansen
  Izu-Hakone Railway Daiyūzan Line
 At Gōra Station:
  Hakone Tozan Railway -  Hakone Tozan Cable Car
 Hakone-Yumoto Station is the terminus for all Hakone Tozan Line trains.
 On the Odawara - Hakone-Yumoto section, Limited Express "Romancecar" and Local trains run through to and from the Odakyu Odawara Line.
 Odakyu LE, Super Hakone, Hakone and Homeway services run from/to Shinjuku Station.
 Odakyu LE Metro Hakone runs between Hakone-Yumoto and Kita-Senju Station, on Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line at weekends only.
 Local trains runs between Odawara and Hakone-Yumoto, partly from/to Shin-Matsuda Station using 4-car Odakyu EMUs.
 Section between Hakone-Yumoto and Gōra is operated by local trains only, using Hakone Tozan 2/3-car EMUs.
 Trains stop at three signal stops which have no passenger platforms.
 There are three switchbacks: Deyama, Ōhiradai, and Kami-Ōhiradai.
 Journey time between Odawara - Hakone-Yumoto is approximately 15 minutes, Hakone-Yumoto - Gōra is approximately 40 minutes, Shinjuku - Hakone-Yumoto is approximately an hour and 25–35 minutes by limited express.

Signal stops
There are three signal stops on the Hakone Tozan Line in addition to the regular passenger stations. All of them have a siding track and two of them have switchbacks.

Deyama Switchback
Signal stop with a switchback. 234 m AMSL.

Kami-Ōhiradai Switchback
Signal stop with a switchback near Ōhiradai station which also has a switchback. 359 m AMSL.

Sennindai Signal Stop
Signal stop without a switchback. 410 m AMSL.

Rolling stock

Hakone Tozan Railway (Hakone-Yumoto - Gōra)
 MoHa 1
 MoHa 2
 1000 series ("Bernina", named after the Rhätische Bahn railway of the same name in Switzerland)
 2000 series ("St. Moritz", after the Swiss resort town and Bernina Railway terminus)
 3000 series (since November 2014)
 3100 series two-car EMU (since May 2017)
 MoNi 1 (non-revenue car)

All trains are based at Iriuda Depot.

Former
 MoHa 3
 Yu 1 (as goods wagon)

Odakyu Electric Railway (Shinjuku - Odawara - Hakone-Yumoto)

Romancecar EMUs
 Odakyu 7000 series LSE
 Odakyu 10000 series HiSE
 Odakyu 20000 series RSE
 Odakyu 30000 series EXE
 Odakyu 50000 series VSE
 Odakyu 60000 series MSE (also from Kita-Senju)

Commuter EMUs
 Odakyu 1000 series
 Odakyu 5000 series
 Odakyu 8000 series

History

 October 1, 1888: Odawara Horse-drawn Railway opens from Kōzu Station via Odawara Station, to Hakone-Yumoto Station.
 October 31, 1896: Operating company name is changed to Odawara Electric Railway.
 March 21, 1900: Line is electrified (as a tram, 600 V DC).
 June 1, 1919: Line opens between Hakone-Yumoto and Gōra as an electrified (600 V DC) funicular railway.
 December 16, 1920: Tram line closes between Kōzu - Odawara, and connected with the JGR (now JR) Tōkaidō Main Line at Odawara.
 August 16, 1928: Hakone Tozan Railway is founded.
 October 1, 1935: Mainline railway is extended from Hakone-Yumoto to Odawara. Tram line remains between Odawara - Hakone-Itabashi, and is renamed the "Odawara Town Line".
 December 20, 1940: Tram section is renamed "Odawara City Line".
 June 1, 1948: Hakone Tozan Railway becomes part of the Odakyu Group.
 August 1, 1950: Odakyu Electric Railway begins operating Limited Express and Express trains from Shinjuku to Hakone-Yumoto. The line voltage is changed to 1,500 V DC for the dual gauge section between Odawara and Hakone-Yumoto.
 June 1, 1956: Odawara City Line (tram) is abandoned.
 July 14, 1993: Hakone-Yumoto - Gōra section is uprated from 600 to 750 V DC. Operations start using 3-car EMUs.
 March 18, 2006: Hakone Tozan Railway discontinues operation using its own units between Odawara and Hakone-Yumoto. Dual-gauge section reduced to Iriuda - Hakone-Yumoto.
 March 15, 2008: New Odakyu "Romancecar" through service starts from Kita-Senju Station.
 October 12, 2019: The section between Hakone-Yumoto and Gora closed due to severe damage caused by Typhoon Hagibis. The heavy rains caused landslides over the tracks and washed away ballast. In November 2019, the railway announced that repairs would keep the line closed until the fall of 2020.
On July 9, 2020, test trains began running on the fixed line with services scheduled to begin on July 23.

Microsoft Train Simulator
This route appears in Microsoft Train Simulator complete with scenarios simulating prototypical operation (Only from Odawara to Hakone-Yumoto).

References

External links

 Hakone Tozan Railway Official Site
 Hakone Navi (Odakyu official sightseeing guide, in English)

Lines of Hakone Tozan Railway
Hakone, Kanagawa
Railway lines opened in 1919
Standard gauge railways in Japan
750 V DC railway electrification
Railways with Zig Zags

Hakone Tozan Line


Lupta de la Odorhei a fost o acțiune militară de nivel tactic, desfășurată pe Frontul Român, în timpul campaniei din anul 1916 a participării României la Primul Război Mondial. Ea s-a desfășurat în perioada 2/15 septembrie - 5/18 septembrie 1916 și a avut ca rezultat cucerirea orașului Odorheiul Secuiesc de către trupele române, în ea fiind angajate forțe române din Divizia 7 Infanterie română și forțe ale Puterilor Centrale din Brigada 19 Landstrum Munte ungară. A făcut parte din acțiunile militare care au avut loc în operația ofensivă în Transilvania.

Contextul operativ strategic

Forțe participante

Dispozitivul forțelor române

Dispozitivul forțelor inamice

Comandanți

Comandanți români
General Ioan Istrate

Comandanți ai Puterilor Centrale
Colonel Szabo

Planurile de luptă

Desfășurarea acțiunilor militare

Rezultate și urmări

Note

Bibliografie
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918, vol I, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989

Vezi și

 Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial

Bătălii de pe frontul românesc în Primul Război Mondial

Lupta de la Odorhei (1916)


Sir Ernest Alexander Campbell MacMillan,  (18 August 1893 – 6 May 1973) was a Canadian orchestral conductor, composer, organist, and Canada's only "Musical Knight". He is widely regarded as being Canada's pre-eminent musician from the 1920s through the 1950s. His contributions to the development of music in Canada were sustained and varied, as conductor, performer, composer, administrator, lecturer, adjudicator, writer, humourist, and statesman.

Biography

Early life and education (1893–1914)

Ernest Alexander Campbell MacMillan was born in Mimico (Etobicoke), Ontario. His first musical influences were his parents. From a very young age, he became fascinated while watching his mother play piano and decided to learn music. His father, who was a minister at St. Enoch's Presbyterian Church, bought an organ for a new house the family moved to in 1898. The house had an adjoined drawing room and study room, with enough space for both an organ and piano. Thereafter, Macmillan was officially hooked.

Macmillan started studying the organ at the age of 8 with Arthur Blakely. A child prodigy, he gave his first organ recital at the age of ten. His talents astonished the public and critics alike in 1904 when he performed in the "Festival of Lillies", which "firmly established him a prodigy". 4000 people were known to attend. Moreover, he was the appointed organist at St. Enoch's, which gave him a sense of importance and great experience in accompanying singers. Between 1908 and 1910, MacMillan held his first professional appointment as an organist and choirmaster in Toronto at Knox (Presbyterian) Church.   In 1910 he had his first official organ recital. After that, he performed elsewhere in Toronto until 1914. He earned the associateship and fellowship diplomas of the Royal College of Organists, and from 1911 to 1914 studied modern history at the University of Toronto, earning a BA. He was a member of the Canadian fraternity, Phi Kappa Pi.

Internment in Germany (1914–1919)

MacMillan travelled to Paris in the spring of 1914 and began to study piano privately with Thérèse Chaigneau. He was visiting Bayreuth, Germany, to attend performances of the Bayreuth Festival, when the First World War began in August, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria on 28 June. MacMillan was initially detained by the German police, and then imprisoned as an enemy alien, as Canada had declared war on Imperial Germany on 5 August. MacMillan was subsequently interned for the duration of the war at Ruhleben, a British civilian detention camp, located on the site of a former horse racing track, on the outskirts of Berlin. During this period, he became a prominent member of the Ruhleben Musical Society and directed performances of The Mikado (with orchestra) and a pantomime version of Cinderella.  MacMillan transcribed the music for the former from memory with the help of four other musicians, including Benjamin Dale. Among those attending these performances was James W. Gerard, the United States Ambassador to Germany. MacMillan was also a member of the Ruhleben Drama Society and acted in productions of  Othello, Twelfth Night, and The Importance of Being Earnest.  MacMillan gave lectures on each of the nine symphonies of Beethoven; at the end of each lecture, MacMillan and Dale would perform a four hand piano arrangement of the symphony under discussion. MacMillan was later interviewed about his experiences as an internee at Ruhleben, as part of a series of CBC interviews with Canadian First World War veterans.

Career

As a conductor

Upon return to Canada in 1919, MacMillan was appointed organist and choirmaster in Toronto at the Timothy Eaton Memorial Church. He was especially known there for his performances of Handel's Messiah and Brahms' Requiem His career as a conductor truly began when he conducted a performance of Bach's St. Matthew Passion in the Timothy Eaton Memorial Church in 1923. MacMillan conducted annual performances of this work for the next 30 years. Another annual tradition Macmillan initiated during his career includes the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir's Christmas-time performance of Handel's Messiah.

Throughout his time with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, MacMillan accomplished many of the major achievements of his conducting career. His authority as a composer influenced some major changes within the orchestra. During the Depression, he changed the concert times from 5 pm to a more "evening hour".

As many theatre musicians were out of work during the Depression era, MacMillan hired them to play in these evening concerts on a regular basis. As a result, MacMillan was able to select much more ambitious repertoire for this stronger performing force, as well as lengthening its season, and increased their number of concerts.

MacMillan tried to make concerts fun and entertaining. The Christmas Box Symphony Concerts were a great example of this. Not only did MacMillan conduct, but he dressed up as Santa Claus and had the audience participate by singing along. He also "appeared in overalls with a monkey wrench for a baton to conduct Alexander Mosolov's Iron Foundry".

The entry of Canada into WWII proved to be "a difficult period", but it was during the post-war years that his conducting was regaled as being "the most successful in the Toronto Symphony Orchestra's history". MacMillan innovations in his repertoire changed yet again. He included Canadian music, as well as works by Hungarian and Russian composers Béla Bartók, and Dmitri Shostakovich.

During World War II, he gained fame as a guest conductor in the United States. He conducted many Hollywood Bowl concerts, and the National Broadcasting Company Symphony Orchestra in NYC. In Canada, he guest-conducted the Orchestre symphonique de Montréal and the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. By the end of the 1940s, he had conducted the Vancouver Symphony on 45 different occasions, and 25 different occasions in Montreal. MacMillan toured Australia as well for three months and conducted 30 concerts in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.

Later in his career (1948–1953), MacMillan introduced Canada to entirely new prospects of recording and broadcasting. A good number of performances he conducted were recorded for Beaver Records;  these were also broadcast nationally by CBC Radio. However, his silence over the Symphony Six issue prompted criticism.

As a composer

While a prisoner in Ruhleben, MacMillan wrote what is seen to be his most significant composition, titled String Quartet in C-minor. Influenced by the "war-time style and themes", the first performance of this piece was heard on 8 February 1925, by the Hart House String Quartet, and was conducted by MacMillan himself. Although MacMillan's composing abilities were much praised during this performance, he stated composition was not his main preoccupation; he preferred conducting to composing.

Nevertheless, not only did the musical language of the 19th century romantic period influence MacMillan, but he was interested in Folklore music also. In 1927, he travelled alongside Marius Barbeau to the Nass River region of British Columbia to "hear, record and notate music of the Tsimshian People". As a result, he composed Three Songs of the West Coast, arranged for voice and piano.

MacMillan composed less during his commitment to the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Still, he managed to compose Scottish and French songs for the ballad opera "Prince Charming". In addition, he composed Te Deum Landamus in E Minor (1936) and Song of Deliverance (1944), both choral works.

His only work composed strictly for the organ was named Cortège académique. In 1953, he was asked both to compose and to perform it at the University College in Toronto.

Apart from composing his own works, MacMillan made arrangements of works by composers such as Bach, Beethoven, Handel, and Tchaikovsky, all of whom he said had great influence on his style. Both Canadian and US orchestras have performed his orchestra arrangement of Bach's Prelude and Fugue in C Minor.

As a performer

MacMillan became well known in Toronto music circles after he first started giving performances in his earlier career. Upon returning to Canada after the war, MacMillan relaunched his later career as a performer by giving 5 organ recitals commissioned by the Canadian Academy of Music from November 1919 to March 1920. In addition, he gave recitals at the Timothy Eaton Memorial Church after each Sunday service. MacMillan gave "all Bach recitals" which attracted members of the congregation and Toronto musicians.

CBC Radio in the 1920s helped to heighten MacMillan's talent as a performer. Thus, he became acknowledged as far west as Vancouver. He was frequently asked to perform there, as well as in the United States, and at the 1935 Convention of the Royal College of Organists in Toronto.

In the early 1940s, MacMillan formed "The Canadian Trio". Alongside musicians Zara Nelsova (cellist) and Kathleen Parlow (violinist), MacMillan often performed in Toronto and occasionally elsewhere. Amazingly, they once performed Beethoven's Triple Concerto in C Major with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra at Massey Hall. Furthermore, MacMillan founded "The Canadian Duo" with Kathleen Parlow; their performances were broadcast on CBC Radio as well.

MacMillan gave 100 concerts and recitals between the 1920s and 1950s. He eventually stopped performing due to his other responsibilities as a conductor, composer and an educator.

As an educator

Throughout his professional life, MacMillan put emphasis on music education, and "contributed to the foundations of the development of music in Canada." In the year 1919, MacMillan was selected for a staff position at the Canadian Academy of Music, though he had little training in teaching. He taught theory, harmony, counterpoint, piano and organ. MacMillan was sent to lead examination tours at McGill University in Southern Ontario, and in various parts of the west coast on the Academy's behalf.

Eventually, MacMillan was appointed the Dean of the Faculty of Music at the University of Toronto. He made many innovations during his tenure with its music department. He then established a conservatory choir in 1927, because he felt that the vocal students "needed experience in choral singing". He also started the first opera classes at the conservatory in 1920, with performances of Hansel and Gretel, The Sorcerer, Dido and Aeneas and Hugh the Drover. He improved the library, made improvements to the college's sight reading/ear tests, and prepared teaching materials which include "The Modern Piano Student" in 1931 and "On the Preparation of Ear Tests" in 1938.

MacMillan was interested as well in youth education. He worked in children's concerts and secondary school concerts, which were presented by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. To enrich children's musical experience, he introduced a series called "Music for Young Folk" in 1942. Focusing on all primary, junior and senior levels, the program ran for 45 minutes with soloists accompanied by the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.

Alongside composing, conducting and performing, MacMillan became recognized internationally as an adjudicator starting in 1924, when he adjudicated for the Ottawa Music Festival. In 1937, he was the first Canadian to adjudicate at the National Eisteddfod of Wales; and he adjudicated at various festivals in Jamaica and the United States.

Honours and awards

For his "services to music in Canada", MacMillan was knighted in 1935 by King George V on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, R. B. Bennett.

He became an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Music in 1938, and was made a recipient of the University of Alberta National Award in Music (1952). MacMillan received the Canada Council Medal twice (1964 and 1973) for "outstanding achievements in the arts, humanities or social sciences".

The University of Toronto's Faculty of Music received a new facility in 1964, named the new theatre "The MacMillan Theatre". It holds up to 815 people, and the orchestra pit is large enough to sit 60 musicians.

MacMillan's sons, Keith and Ross MacMillan, established the Sir Ernest MacMillan Memorial Foundation. To this day, the annual awards endow  up to 10,000 dollars for "advanced education at a graduate level".

Sir Ernest MacMillan died in Toronto in 1973.

The Sir Ernest MacMillan Collection at Library and Archives Canada

Background

The collection of Sir Ernest MacMillan's personal papers and music was established in the Music Archives, of the National Library of Canada, in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1984. The Sir Ernest MacMillan Collection is now included as part of the overall collections of Library and Archives Canada (LAC). This new organization which was created 21 May 2004, by Order of the Governor in Council, through the merger of the National Library of Canada and the National Archives of Canada.

The Sir Ernest MacMillan Collection at Library and Archives Canada consists of 21.7 linear metres of material.

A Finding aid for the Collection written by Curator Maureen Nevins, is available:. -- "Numerical List of the Sir Ernest MacMillan Fonds". -- Ottawa: National Library of Canada. -- November 1992. 435 p. (unpublished).

Sir Ernest MacMillan (1893–1973): Portrait of a Canadian Musician

A special Exhibition, Sir Ernest MacMillan (1893–1973): Portrait of a Canadian Musician was mounted by the former National Library of Canada from 17 October 1994 to 12 March 1995. The Exhibition's Curator, Maureen Nevins, wrote that MacMillan's "story should be known by all aspiring Canadian musicians and students of Canadian culture as a model of personal achievement and service to profession and country".

The Sir Ernest MacMillan Memorial Foundation

The Sir Ernest MacMillan Memorial Foundation (Fondation commémorative Sir Ernest MacMillan) was founded in 1984 by Sir Ernest's sons, Keith and Ross MacMillan, with a donation from the MacMillan family. Additional funds have been obtained through the generosity of other donors.

The principal goal of the Foundation is to assist young musicians in their advanced education at the graduate level and in so doing commemorate a great Canadian and his unique career.

In 1993, the Foundation played a major role in celebrating the centenary of Sir Ernest's birth. The Foundation encouraged many commemorative activities throughout the country, and collaborated with the Music Division of the former National Library of Canada in presenting at Roy Thompson Hall part of the Library's comprehensive MacMillan exhibit.

The Foundation accepts donations from individuals and organizations interested in furthering the musical arts in Canada through its awards program.

Examples of MacMillan's recordings and music

MacMillan conducted the Toronto Symphony Orchestra in two films produced by the National Film Board of Canada in 1945. In the first film, Toronto Symphony No. 1 the TSO performed Jamaican Rhumba, À St. Malo (one of MacMillan's own compositions), and the overture to the opera Colas Breugnon. The film is 12 minutes in length. In the second film, Toronto Symphony No. 2, the TSO performed the third movement of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony in B Minor. The film is 9 minutes in length. In 1942, MacMillan conducted the Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO) in a recording of the orchestral suite The Planets, by Gustav Holst, recorded on 78 RPM phonograph records, for RCA Victor. During the Second World War, MacMillan conducted the TSO in a recording of Pomp and Circumstance March No. 2, by Sir Edward Elgar, recorded on 78 RPM phonograph records, for RCA Victor. This was reportedly the first recording of this work made outside of the United Kingdom.
MacMillan conducted the TSO in a number of recordings with Canadian pianist Glenn Gould as soloist, playing works by various composers, including Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven.  An RCA Victor recording by the TSO of Tchaikovsky's fifth symphony was also issued by their budget label, RCA Camden.

Sir Ernest MacMillan Home
What is now referred to as the Sir Ernest MacMillan Home was constructed in 1931 for Ernest MacMillan and his wife Elsie née Keith in the Rosedale area of Toronto. The house is designated a heritage property.

Citations and references

Bach-cantatas.com Sir Ernest MacMillan biography

Cited sources

Further reading
 McCready, Louise G. "Sir Ernest Campbell MacMillan", in her Famous Musicians, in series, Canadian Portraits (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Co., 1957), p. 1–28, ill. with sketched ports.

External links

 Collection of research material at University of Toronto Music Library
 Toronto Symphony Orchestra
 Toronto Symphony Orchestra/About/History ["...Following the death of Luigi von Kunits in 1931, Sir Ernest MacMillan was appointed Music Director and would become the Orchestra's longest-standing Music Director, presiding from 1931 until 1956. During MacMillan's 25 seasons on the podium, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra soared in stature and scope, introducing Toronto audiences to then-contemporary composers such as Holst, Sibelius, and Stravinsky, who conducted the Orchestra in performances of his own music in 1937..."]
 Heritage Toronto Moment: Sir Ernest MacMillan [28 November, 2011 11:05 am | by Editor]
 CBC Concert Hour - The opening show of the regular season (14 October 1954) featured Sir Ernest MacMillan [The CBC Concert Hour originated in Montreal, and concentrated on serious and classical music, with an emphasis on chamber music.]
 Sir Ernest MacMillan 1967 by Yousuf Karsh. Photo by Yousuf Karsh 8x10, Shelton Chen Collection [Flickr - Photo Sharing!]
115 Park Road, Toronto, Ontario. Located in South Rosedale Heritage Conservation District 6, (enacted 2003): City of Toronto, Heritage Preservation Services
 Historic property listing for 115 Park Road, Toronto, constructed c. 1931-1932 for Sir Ernest and Lady MacMillan. [Located in City of Toronto, South Rosedale Heritage Conservation District, (enacted 2003)]. Source: City of Toronto, Heritage Preservation Services.
 South Rosedale Heritage Conservation District Study. Toronto, Ontario: South Rosedale Ratepayers' Association (SRRA), November 2002 . [pdf file]
 Toronto Downtown Heritage Conservation Districts 1-8 . [South Rosedale is Heritage Conservation District 6].
 Heritage listing for 115 Park Road in South Rosedale Ratepayers Association (SRRA) Heritage Properties Database. [To see the listing for 115 Park Road, type "115" for Street Number, "Park Road" for Street Name, and click "Search". Then, click on the blue/orange coloured icon shown at 115 Park Road for a contemporary photo of the house].

1893 births
1973 deaths
Canadian classical musicians
Male conductors (music)
Canadian Presbyterians
Companions of the Order of Canada
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Musicians from Toronto
People from Etobicoke
Composers awarded knighthoods
Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods
University of Toronto alumni
World War I civilian detainees held by Germany
Academic staff of The Royal Conservatory of Music
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
20th-century Canadian conductors (music)
20th-century composers
20th-century Canadian male musicians

Ernest MacMillan


A Segunda Divisão do Campeonato Piauiense de Futebol de 2022 será a 18ª edição desta competição anualmente realizada pela Federação de Futebol do Piauí (FFP). A competição contará com a presença de quatro clubes participantes e será realizada de 20 de agosto até setembro.

Regulamento
Os cinco clubes participarão da Primeira Fase jogando todos contra si em jogos de ida, totalizando 5 rodadas. Ao final da fase, os quatros melhores clubes serão classificados para a Fase Final, o campeão e vice garantirão vaga na Série A de 2023.

Na Fase Final, os quatros clubes classificados da fase anterior farão um confronto semifinais de ida e volta, sendo que o clube de melhor índice técnico será o mandante do segundo jogo. Ao final os clubes vencedores se classificarão as finais, jogando partidas de ida e volta, o clube de melhor desempenho será o campeão da competição.

 Em caso de empate nos confrontos, a disputa pelo título será realizada em cobranças de penalidades máximas.

Participantes

Fase Principal

Classificação

|}

Fase Final

Classificação final

Premiação

Técnicos

Referências

Campeonato Piauiense de Futebol de 2022
Campeonato Piauiense de Futebol - Segunda Divisão

Campeonato Piauiense de Futebol de 2022 - Segunda Divisão


Get happy or get out este un film românesc din 2013 regizat de Andreia Dobrotă.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2013 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2013

Get happy or get out


Cantharellus cinereus, (Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1798 ex Elias Magnus Fries, 1821) sin. Craterellus cinereus, (Christian Hendrik Persoon, 1825), cunoscut în România sub numele trâmbiță/trâmbițe, este o ciupercă comestibilă a încrengăturii Basidiomycota din ordinul Cantharellales, în familia Cantharellaceae și de genul Craterellus, a cărei epitet este derivat din cuvântul latin (=cenușă, praful focului, cenușa morților). Această specie care coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor), este destul de răspândită în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord și crește aproape mereu în tufe mai mari, dezvoltându-se în primul rând în păduri de foioase mai ales sub fagi, numai rar în cele de conifere care se bucură de soluri bazice și umede. Începând în august, sezonul important al apariției este de la mijlocul lunii septembrie până toamna târziu, în noiembrie, înainte de primul ger. Soiul se găsește adesea împreună cu trâmbița morților.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 2-7 (9) cm, este subțire, mătăsoasă și foarte fin solzoasă spre mijloc, fiind inițial convexă, apoi plată cu centrul adâncit, dar destul de repede lățită la vârf în formă de pâlnie precum deschisă în fund spre picior, cu marginile ondulate sau lobate, răsucite înspre exterior. Coloritul este gri închis până brun-negricios cu aspect negru la umezeală și bătrânețe.
 Stinghiile:  sunt destul de groase, marcante, cu o lungime de până la 1 mm, ferm conectate la corpurile de fructificare, lung decurente la picior, mereu clar bifurcate și reticulate, sub formă de nervuri. Coloritul este cenușiu la gri-albăstrui, în vârstă brumat alb, dar  niciodată cu tonuri gălbuie.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 4-8 cm și o grosime de 0,4-0,8 cm, este lung, fibros, gol pe dinăuntru, ascuțit spre bază și lărgit spre pălărie în formă de trompetă. Coloritul este gri-brun până brun-negricios.
 Carnea: tot organismul este subțire, vâscos, în vârstă aproape lemnos cu un miros fructuos de prune, similar trâmbiței morților și gust plăcut.
 Caracteristici microscopice: Sporii sunt elipsoidali și apiculați, netezi, hialini (translucizi), neamiloizi (nu intră într-o reacție chimică cu iod) și au o mărime de 8-10 x 5-6 microni. Datorită pulberii albe, ciuperca apare astfel la bătrânețe alb-brumată. Basidiile fără catarame cu 4-6 sterigme fiecare sunt clavate, măsurând 50-60 x 6-9 microni. Cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție) de mărime și aspect asemănător sunt rotunjite la vârf.

Confuzii
În mod general, acest burete precum variația sa poate fi confundat numai cu alte soiuri cu toate comestibile de genul Cantharellus, Craterellus sau Gomphus, ca de exemplu cu Cantharellus carbonarius sin. Geopetalum carbonarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Craterellus sinuosus, sin. Pseudocraterellus undulatus, Craterellus tubaeformis, respectiv cu Camarophyllopsis atropuncta (necomestibil),  Gomphus clavatus, Helvella corium (probabil otrăvitor) sau Urnula craterium'' (necomestibil).

Ciuperci asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Bureții proaspeți, tăiați foarte mărunt, pot fi pregătiți ca ciulama, de asemenea împreună cu alte ciuperci de pădure sau adăugați la un sos de carne, cu preferință de porc, pui sau iepure de casă.

Cel mai bun fel de aplicare este uscatul. De abia atunci ciupercile dezvoltă aroma precum gustul lor extraordinar, amintind la acel de trufă. Ele se pot de asemenea adăuga ca praf la supe și alte sosuri sau ca ingredient la producerea de ketchup de ciuperci precum esență de bureți.

În 2012, această specie a fost ciuperca anului în Germania.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Giacomo Bresadola: "Iconographia Mycologica, vol. IX, Editura Società Botanica Italiana, Milano 1929
 Bruno Cetto, vol. 1-4 (vezi sus)
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: "Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci", Editura Casa, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISBN 9786068527147
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Cantharellus cinereus, film în limba sârbească

Cantharellus
Micoriză
Ciuperci comestibile
1790 în știință

Cantharellus cinereus


A Estação Cannon Street, também conhecida como London Cannon Street, é um terminal ferroviário central de Londres e uma estação do Metropolitano de Londres na Zona 1 do Travelcard localizada em Cannon Street na Cidade de Londres e gerenciada pela Network Rail. É um dos dois terminais londrinos da South Eastern Main Line, sendo o outro Charing Cross, enquanto que a estação de metrô fica nas linhas Circle e District, entre Monument e Mansion House.

A estação foi construída no local da aciaria medieval, a base comercial na Inglaterra da Liga Hanseática. Foi construída pela South Eastern Railway para ter um terminal ferroviário na cidade e competir com a rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway. Isso exigiu uma nova ponte sobre o Rio Tâmisa, que foi construída entre 1863 e 1866. A estação era inicialmente uma parada para serviços continentais de Charing Cross, e essa rota era conveniente para viagens entre a cidade e o West End, até a construção da District Railway. Ela permaneceu popular entre os passageiros, embora seus serviços fora de pico tenham sido interrompidos no início do século 20, levando-o a ser fechado aos domingos por quase 100 anos. O hotel original na estação não teve sucesso e acabou fechado. A estação foi reformada de forma controversa no final da década de 1950 por John Poulson, enquanto outras construções no topo do prédio da estação ocorreram durante o boom imobiliário da cidade na década de 1980. O edifício Poulson foi substituído em 2007 como parte de uma reforma geral da estação para torná-la mais acessível. Como parte do desenvolvimento do Thameslink Programme na década de 2010, foi reaberto aos domingos e passou a oferecer mais serviços de longa distância no lugar do Charing Cross.

História

Estrutura original

A estação de Cannon Street foi construída em um local onde a siderúrgica dos mercadores hanseáticos estava localizada desde o século X até 1598. O local foi proposto em 1860 pela South Eastern Railway (SER) em resposta à sua rival, a London, Chatham & Dover Railway (LC&DR), estendendo uma linha para a Cidade de Londres até o norte de Ludgate Hill. O SER já tinha planeado alargar a sua linha até Charing Cross, mas decidiu que deveria complementar com um terminal na Cidade.

Em 1861, a companhia obteve um contrato para uma estação em Cannon Street, a uma curta distância da Mansion House e do Bank of England. Além de tirar o tráfego da LC&DR, a nova estação forneceria uma ligação ferroviária direta entre a cidade e o West End, sobre a qual uma viagem poderia ser feita em uma fração do tempo necessário para viajar por estrada. A abordagem foi de  ramal da linha para Charing Cross, a oeste de London Bridge. As obras da estação e sua aproximação começaram em julho de 1863. As obras de construção foram realizadas por Lucas Brothers.

A estação foi inaugurada em 1 de setembro de 1866 a um custo de £ 4 milhões (agora £ 394 milhões). O edifício original foi projetado por Sir John Hawkshaw e John Wolfe-Barry e foi caracterizado por suas duas torres estilo Christopher Wren,  quadrado e  alto, que dava para o rio Tamisa. As torres suportavam um galpão de ferro,  comprido e coroado por um único arco alto, quase semicircular, de vidro e ferro. A estação é transportada pela Upper Thames Street em um viaduto de tijolos,  de comprimento e contendo 27 milhões de tijolos.  Abaixo deste viaduto existem os restos de uma série de edifícios romanos, que formam um monumento marcado. A ponte foi aberta aos pedestres entre 1872 e 1877; eles pagaram um pedágio de ½ d.

O City Terminus Hotel, de cinco andares, em frente à estação, foi inaugurado em maio de 1867. Era um hotel e pátio de estilo italianato, projetado por EM Barry, e fornecia muitas das instalações de passageiros da estação, bem como um frontispício arquitetônico adequado à rua. Esse arranjo era muito semelhante ao implementado em Charing Cross. O hotel também foi construído por Lucas Brothers. O hotel não era lucrativo, e tinha mais de £ 47.000 (agora £ 4 784 000) em dívidas em 1870. O City Terminus Hotel foi renomeado para Cannon Street Hotel em 1879. Em julho de 1920, o hotel foi o local para o Congresso de Fundação do Partido Comunista da Grã-Bretanha. A maior parte do hotel foi fechada em 1931, mas as salas públicas foram mantidas abertas para reuniões. O resto foi convertido em escritórios e renomeado Southern House. O hotel é referido na seção The Fire Sermon de The Waste Land, de TS Eliot.

Após a sua abertura, a estação Cannon Street era um ponto de parada para todos os serviços de e para Charing Cross, incluindo trens de barco para a Europa Continental. Um serviço de transporte entre as duas estações funcionava a cada 20 minutos e se tornou uma maneira popular de viajar entre a cidade e o West End. No entanto, a abertura da District Railway até Blackfriars fez com que o tráfego diminuísse, e sua extensão para Mansion House no ano seguinte o reduziu ainda mais. A rota do SER não podia competir com o metrô, que era mais direto e confiável, mas o tráfego suburbano para Cannon Street permaneceu popular, e a ponte foi ampliada para  no final da década de 1880, permitindo dez faixas com desvios. A ponte reconstruída foi inaugurada em 13 de fevereiro de 1892 As caixas de sinalização fora da estação foram atualizadas no ano seguinte.

A SER se fundiu com a LC&DR em 1899 para formar a South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). No ano seguinte, a estação foi destinada a fechamentos de meio período, pois dependia principalmente de viagens de negócios, mas isso foi rejeitado. Uma outra proposta era um monotrilho entre London Bridge e Cannon Street, a um custo estimado de £ 100.000; isso também foi abandonado. A London and South Western Railway (LSWR) se interessou em usar a Cannon Street como terminal, pois permitiria uma conexão entre Waterloo e a City.

Anos de guerra
Trabalho no reforço da ponte, com a adição de seis novas vigas de 443 ft (135 m) entre as existentes, foi concluída em 1913.

A maioria dos serviços de trem Cannon Street cessou durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Os trens de barcos continentais foram parados em 15 de novembro de 1914 e redirecionados para Victoria. A estação deixou de ser servida pelos serviços de Charing Cross em 31 de dezembro de 1916, e foi fechada aos domingos. Os serviços foram reduzidos ainda mais em 1 de maio de 1918, quando foi fechado após as 15 h aos sábados e entre as 11 h e 16 h de segunda a sexta. Isso permitiu que a Cannon Street fosse usada como depósito de mercadorias para suprimentos de guerra.

Entre 5 e 28 de junho de 1926, a estação foi fechada para permitir que a Southern Railway realizasse diversas obras, incluindo a reconstrução das plataformas, retransmissão dos trilhos e instalação de um novo sistema de sinalização elétrica – o esquema de luzes coloridas em quatro aspectos. A estação também foi reformada e o telhado de vidro limpo. O número de plataformas foi reduzido de nove para oito, sendo cinco reservadas para os novos trens elétricos. A caixa de sinalização que abrange a largura da ponte ferroviária foi removida. Em julho de 1939, a Cannon Street foi fechada por uma semana após um incêndio no Borough Market que impediu o acesso de trens.

A estação, que havia sido objeto de negligência estrutural antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial, sofreu extensos danos por bombas e foi atingida por vários dispositivos incendiários que danificaram o telhado. Um alto explosivo também atingiu a plataforma 8. O teto de vidro original havia sido removido antes da guerra, na tentativa de salvá-lo; no entanto, a fábrica em que o telhado foi armazenado foi gravemente bombardeada, destruindo o telhado.

Redesenvolvimento

Após a nacionalização das ferrovias em 1948, a estação foi administrada pela Região Sul das British Railways. A localização privilegiada da estação, juntamente com o boom imobiliário da década de 1950 e a necessidade da British Rail de buscar fluxos de receita alternativos, tornaram a Cannon Street, danificada pela guerra, um alvo importante para os promotores imobiliários. Os trens a vapor pararam de funcionar da Cannon Street em 1961

Vários planos foram discutidos para a reconstrução da estação, desde a instalação de uma nova bilheteria e saguão sob a Southern House em 1955 como parte do Plano de Modernização da British Rail até a construção de um estacionamento estimado em £ 125.000 (agora £ 3.489.000) e até um heliporto. Em 1962, a British Transport Commission firmou um acordo com a Town & Country Properties para a construção de um prédio de escritórios de vários andares acima da estação com 154 000 sqft (14 300 m2) de área útil. O custo do desenvolvimento foi de £ 2,35 milhões (agora £ 48 milhões) e foi programado para ser concluído em junho de 1965.

Em preparação para o redesenvolvimento, os restos do telhado do galpão de trem foram demolidos em 1958, e o hotel Barry's (que era usado como escritórios desde 1931) logo seguiu em 1960. O arquiteto selecionado para projetar o novo edifício foi John Poulson que era um bom amigo de Graham Tunbridge, um agrimensor da British Rail que ele conheceu durante a guerra. Poulson aproveitou essa amizade para ganhar contratos para a reconstrução de vários terminais da British Rail. Ele pagou a Tunbridge uma renda semanal de £ 25 e recebeu em troca contratos de construção, incluindo a reconstrução das estações de Waterloo e East Croydon. Em seu julgamento em 1974, Poulson admitiu que, pouco antes de receber o contrato de construção da Cannon Street, ele havia dado a Tunbridge um cheque de £ 200 e um terno no valor de £ 80. Poulson foi posteriormente considerado culpado de acusações de corrupção e recebeu uma sentença concomitante de sete anos; Tunbridge recebeu uma pena suspensa de 15 meses e uma multa de £ 4.000 por seu papel no caso.

Tudo o que resta agora da arquitetura original da estação são as torres gêmeas de 120 ft (37 m) de tijolos amarelos na extremidade do campo e partes dos muros baixos de flanco.

Era moderna

As torres gêmeas de tijolos da estação foram listadas como Grau II em 1972. Em 1974, a estação foi fechada por cinco semanas, de 2 de agosto a 9 de setembro, para permitir que fossem feitas alterações na pista e que as aproximações à London Bridge fossem ressignificadas. O tráfego foi desviado para London Bridge, Charing Cross e Blackfriars. Em 4 de março de 1976, uma bomba do Exército Republicano Irlandês Provisório (IRA) de cerca de 10 libras (4,5 kg) explodiu em um trem vazio saindo da Cannon Street, ferindo oito pessoas em outro trem que viajava ao lado.

Em 15 de fevereiro de 1984, foi relatado no The Times que a Cannon Street seria fechada. Na época, a estação havia sido fechada para fins de semana e noites, e a publicação do novo horário da British Rail para 1984-1985 revelou que perderia todos os seus serviços diretos fora de pico para o sudeste. Os serviços de Sevenoaks, Orpington, Hayes, Dartford, Sidcup, Bexleyheath, Woolwich, Lewisham e Greenwich terminariam na London Bridge exceto nos horários de pico. Isso foi negado pelo gerente da British Rail (Southern), David Kirby, que apontou que havia investido £ 10 milhões em redesenhar a ponte ferroviária, e que os passageiros que viajam do sudeste fora do horário de pico provavelmente visitariam o West End e não a City.

Em 1986, as torres gêmeas foram restauradas em um projeto que custou £ 242.000 (agora £ 3.397.000). Os trabalhos revelaram que a torre leste ainda continha um grande tanque de água que era usado durante os dias de tração a vapor para reabastecer locomotivas e alimentar os sistemas hidráulicos da estação. A alvenaria foi reparada, limpa e repontilhada, e os cata-ventos dourados para complementar a cúpula da Catedral de São Paulo nas proximidades. Este trabalho foi um dos primeiros projetos do Railway Heritage Trust e coincidiu com uma exposição realizada na estação em agosto do mesmo ano para marcar seu 150º aniversário.

Na década de 1980, houve outro boom imobiliário e a British Rail novamente começou a procurar outros usos comerciais do espaço terrestre da Cannon Street, incluindo    de espaço de escritório. Os direitos aéreos sobre as plataformas na parte traseira do escritório de Poulson foram vendidos para a Speyhawk, que nomeou a Bovis Construction para construir uma estrutura independente composta por dois blocos de escritórios em um deck de aço de 6.000 toneladas construído sobre as oito plataformas da estação. O Cannons Club, um clube esportivo, foi fundado sob os arcos da estação nessa época e rapidamente se tornou um dos clubes de squash mais prestigiados do país. InterCity, o braço de alta velocidade da British Rail, posteriormente patrocinou o Campeonato Nacional de Squash e o Desafio Nacional de Squash.

O bloco de escritórios maior, o "Edifício Atrium", oferece  de escritórios em seis pisos e está ligado ao edifício mais pequeno, o "Edifício River", através de uma ligação envidraçada elevada através de um átrio central envidraçado. O edifício do Rio, de dois pisos, está construído sobre o tabuleiro de aço e contido nos dois flancos da estação, que foram reconstruídos, disponibilizando  de espaço de escritório. Este edifício se projeta um pouco além das torres gêmeas restauradas que formam o limite ribeirinho do empreendimento. O edifício Atrium foi posteriormente alugado para a London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (Liffe). O edifício do rio tem uma  jardim no telhado. O projeto custou cerca de £ 500.000 e foi estabelecido para cumprir as restrições de planejamento que exigiam que o edifício fosse baixo e plano para manter as linhas de visão de St Paul's a Tower Bridge.

A permissão de planejamento foi concedida em março de 2007 para substituir o edifício Poulson por um novo edifício de direitos aéreos projetado pela Foggo Associates. Hines, o desenvolvedor dos EUA, liderou um prêmio de £ 360 milhões envolvendo a demolição do prédio de escritórios de Poulson, substituindo-o por um empreendimento de uso misto contendo mais de    de escritórios ao lado de   do espaço de varejo da estação. A remodelação foi parte de um programa de regeneração mais amplo realizado pela Network Rail para modernizar e "desbloquear o potencial comercial" dos principais terminais de Londres;  e London Bridge também foram reconstruídos. O diretor de propriedades comerciais da Network Rail disse que a estação finalizada seria "menos congestionada e mais acessível para os passageiros". Cannon Street ganhou o prêmio de "Major Station of the Year" no National Rail Awards de 2013.

Em janeiro de 2015, o horário de funcionamento da estação foi estendido para 05:00-01:00 de segunda a domingo (antes disso, a estação havia sido fechada aos domingos e durante a noite), e vários serviços que anteriormente terminavam em Charing Cross foram desviados para Cannon Street como um resultado dos trabalhos do Thameslink Programme. Alguns desses serviços voltarão a terminar em Charing Cross após a conclusão das obras, enquanto os serviços da linha de Greenwich e de New Cross e St Johns serão executados permanentemente na Cannon Street devido à remoção do Spa Road Junction.

Metrô de Londres
A estação de metrô de Londres é subterrânea, situada imediatamente abaixo da estação da linha principal. É servido pelas linhas District e Circle. As entradas estão localizadas na Cannon Street, Dowgate Hill e no saguão da linha principal no andar de cima da estação Ferroviária Nacional, fornecendo uma interconexão para os passageiros. Um intercâmbio fora da estação com a estação Bank está em execução desde 2018.

Em 1876, a Metropolitan Railway (MR) e a District Railway (DR) construíram a maior parte do Inner Circle (agora a linha Circle), atingindo Aldgate e Mansion House respectivamente. As empresas estavam em disputa sobre a conclusão da rota, pois o DR estava com dificuldades financeiras e o MR estava preocupado que a conclusão afetaria suas receitas por meio do aumento da concorrência do DR na área da cidade. Em 1874, os financistas da cidade que estavam ansiosos para ver a linha concluída estabeleceram a Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway (MICCR) para ligar Mansion House a Aldgate. Forçado a entrar em ação, o MR comprou a empresa, e ele e o DR começaram a construção da seção final do Inner Circle em 1879.

A estação de metrô passou por uma grande reconstrução ao mesmo tempo que a estação da linha principal, tendo as obras sido concluídas em 2012. A partir de 14 de dezembro de 2014, o horário de funcionamento da estação mudou significativamente, com a estação abrindo aos domingos e não fechando mais cedo à noite. A estação anteriormente tinha horário de funcionamento restrito porque atendia principalmente o setor de serviços financeiros local, então havia baixa demanda por serviços fora do horário de expediente. No entanto, com o horário de funcionamento da estação da linha principal sendo estendido devido ao Thameslink Programme, o horário de funcionamento da estação de metrô foi alterado para acomodar os passageiros adicionais.

Ligações externas
 Informações da estação na estação ferroviária de Cannon Street da Network Rail

Cannon Street
Cannon Street

Estação Cannon Street


Harriett Low Hillard (* 18. Mai 1809 in Salem; † 1877 in Brooklyn, New York City) war eine US-Amerikanerin, die durch ihre Briefe und Tagebücher bekannt wurde. Von 1829 bis 1833 lebte sie in der portugiesischen Kolonie Macau an der Küste des Südchinesischen Meeres und wurde so eine der ersten jungen Amerikanerinnen, die in China lebten. Low gehörte einer unitaristischen Gemeinde an. Während ihres Aufenthaltes dort schrieb sie in Form von Briefen, die sie an ihre ältere Schwester Molly (eigentlich Mary Ann, 1808–1851) verschickte, ein Journal und wurde mit vielen der einflussreichen Bewohner in der Kolonie bekannt. Nach ihrer Rückkehr in die Vereinigten Staaten heiratete sie und zog mit ihrem Mann nach London. 1848 kehrte das Ehepaar mit seinen fünf Töchtern nach New York City zurück. Das Journal ist Bestandteil der Low-Mills-Sammlung in der Library of Congress.

Leben
Harriet Low wurde 1809 als zweites von zwölf Kindern des Ehepaares Seth Low und Mary Porter Low in Salem, Massachusetts geboren. Ihr Vater war ein gutsituierter Kaufmann und Reeder mit Niederlassungen in Salem, New York City, London und Kanton. Seth Low war einer der führenden Einwohner von Brooklyn und einer der Mitbegründer der Unitarier in dieser Stadt. Als eine von vier Töchtern in der großen Familie war Harriet in die Führung des Haushalts eingebunden, etwa beim Nähen und Flicken von Kleidung.

1829 bereiteten sich ihr Onkel William Henry Low und dessen Frau Abigail Knapp Low auf einen fünfjährigen Aufenthalt in China vor. Während William Henry Low geschäftliche Interessen für Russell & Co. im seinerzeit für Frauen unzugänglichen Kanton wahrnehmen sollte, würde seine Ehefrau in Macao bleiben. Sie fragten Harriet, ob diese das Ehepaar begleiten und ihrer Tante Gesellschaft leisten wolle, während diese in Macao zurückbleiben sollte. Die drei gingen an Bord des Schiffes Sumatra, mit dem sie auf einer vier Monate dauernden Reise über den Atlantik und den Indischen Ozean, einschließlich eines dreiwöchigen Aufenthaltes in Manila, nach China gelangten. Harriet kam am 29. September 1829 in Macao an. Sie ließ sich in dem Haus 2, Pátio da Sé in Calçada de S. João nieder und machte bald Bekanntschaft mit den meisten der einflussreichen und bekannten Bewohner Macaos, darunter dem Maler George Chinnery, der später ihr Porträt malte, und dem Arzt Thomas Richardson Colledge. Durch die Kontakte ihres Onkels lernte sie alle Angestellten der Britischen Ostindienkompanie und andere wohlhabende britische Kaufleute in der Stadt kennen. Sie war die einzige unverheiratete junge Frau in der Kolonie und wurde deswegen häufig zu Bällen, Tanz, Tee und Abendessen eingeladen.

Low verspürte einen starken Drang, Kanton zu besuchen, was damals die einzige erlaubte Handelsenklave in China war. Die Regeln der Dreizehn Faktoreien verboten es jedoch Frauen strikt, Kanton zu besuchen. Low und ihre Tante verkleideten sich als junge Männer und fuhren mit dem Schiff nach Kanton, wo sie sich direkt in die amerikanische Faktorei begaben. Als die Chinesen die wahre Identität der beiden Frauen entdeckten, drohten sie damit, den gesamten Handel in Kanton einzustellen, was Low und ihre Tante zum Verlassen der Stadt nötigte. Während ihres Aufenthaltes in Macao verlobte sich Low in aller Stille mit einem Mr. Wood, doch als sie ihren Onkel von dieser Verlobung unterrichtete, zwang dieser sie zur Lösung der Verbindung.

1833 stand Low dem Maler George Chinnery für ein Porträt Modell. Das Gemälde zeigt sie mit einem tief ausgeschnittenen Kleid nach dem letzten Stand der Mode aus Kalkutta, dessen Ärmel mit Kissen aus Daunen aufgepolstert waren. Im Jahr 1833 verließ Harriet China mit Tante und Onkel und kehrte nach Salem zurück. Der ernsthaft erkrankte Onkel starb auf der Heimreise in die Vereinigten Staaten.

Drei Jahre nach der Rückkehr, 1836, heiratete sie John Hillard (1813–1859), den in Richmond, Virginia geborenen Sohn britischer Eltern. Das Paar ließ sich in London nieder, wo John Teilhaber in einer Bank war. Das Ehepaar hatte drei Söhne und fünf Töchter, doch nur die Mädchen überlebten; Mary Hillard Loines wurde als Suffragette aktiv.

Im Jahr 1848 machte Hillard Pleite, und die Familie kehrte in die Vereinigten Staaten zurück, wo sie zu Harriets Vater in Brooklyn zog. Hillard wurde instabil und krank und war arbeitsunfähig. Nach seinem Tod 1859 wurde Harriet von ihrer Familie bis zu ihrem Tod 1877 finanziell unterstützt. Ein Neffe von Harriet Low war Seth Low, der als Präsident der Columbia University und als Bürgermeister von Brooklyn und New York City bekannt wurde.

Journal

Harriet beschrieb die multikulturellen Lebenserfahrungen in der unter portugiesischer Verwaltung stehenden Stadt und das soziale Leben seiner englischen und amerikanischen Bewohner in einem Journal, das sie in Form von Briefen an ihre Schwester Mary Ann verfasste. Sie beschrieb die vielen gesellschaftlichen Gelegenheiten, Abendessen, Partys und Bälle und die Unterhaltung durch Musikveranstaltungen, Kartenspiele, Amateurtheateraufführungen und Opern. Die Frauen verbrachten den Rest ihrer Zeit mit Lesen, Briefeschreiben, Nähen, dem Erlernen von Sprachen – Harriet erlernte die spanische Sprache –, mit Spaziergängen, Ausritten und dem Klatsch. Als Unitarierin fühlte sich Harriet unwohl mit der Dominanz des Katholizismus in Macao.

Ihre Journaleinträge reichen von 1829 bis 1834 und füllen neun Bände, insgesamt 947 Seiten. Im Jahr 1900 gab Harriet Lows Tochter Katharine eine gekürzte Version des Tagebuches unter dem Titel My Mother's Journal: A young lady's diary of five years spent in Manila, Macao, and the Cape of Good Hope from 1829-1834 heraus. Eine neu herausgegebene Version, der Briefe Harriets an ihre Familie beigefügt waren, wurde 1953 von ihrer Enkelin Elma Loines in The China Trade Post-Bag publiziert. In voller Länge wurde das Journal 2002 in Lights and Shadows of a Macao Life: The journal of Harriett Low, travelling spinster, Part I gedruckt. Das in Ich-Form geschriebene Journal gilt als wichtiges historisches Dokument für den Chinahandel.

Vermächtnis
Ein aus Bronze gefertigter Trinkbrunnen, der dem Andenken an Harriet Low Hillard gewidmet ist, wurde 1910 von ihrer Enkelin Elma Loines in Auftrag gegeben und steht im Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Belege

Autor
Person (New York City)
Person (Macau)
Brief (Literatur)
Tagebuch
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1809
Gestorben 1877
Frau

Harriet Low