Southern Illinois, also known as Little Egypt, is a region of the U.S. state of Illinois comprising the southern third of the state, principally south of Interstate 70. Part of downstate Illinois, it is bordered by the two most voluminous rivers in the United States: the Mississippi below its connection with the Missouri River to the west and the Ohio River to the east and south, with the Wabash as a tributary.

Southern Illinois' most populated city is Belleville at 44,478. Other principal cities include Alton, Centralia, Collinsville, Edwardsville, Glen Carbon, Godfrey, Granite City, O'Fallon, Harrisburg, Herrin, West Frankfort, Mt. Vernon, Marion, and Carbondale, where the main campus of Southern Illinois University is located. Residents may also travel to amenities in St. Louis and Cape Girardeau, Missouri; Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee; Evansville, Indiana; and Paducah, Kentucky. The region is home to Scott Air Force Base, a major military installation.

The area has a population of 1.2 million people, who live mostly in rural towns and cities separated by extensive farmland and the Shawnee National Forest. The two higher density areas of population are Metro East (pop. 700,000+), which is the partly industrialized Illinois portion of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, and the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area, centered on Carbondale and Marion, a two-county area that is home to 123,272 residents.

The first European settlers were French colonists in the part of their North American territory called Illinois Country. Later settlers migrated from the Upland South of the United States, traveling by the Ohio River. The region was affiliated with the southern agricultural economy, based on enslaved African Americans as workers on major plantations, and rural culture. Some settlers owned slaves before the territory was organized and slavery was prohibited. Many areas developed an economy based on coal mining.

Although part of a Midwestern state, Southern Illinois is more culturally aligned with the Upland South (Western Kentucky, Southwestern Indiana, West Tennessee, and the Missouri Bootheel) rather than the Midwest. The people speak with similar southern accents throughout this area. The region is the earliest settled and was once the wealthiest part of Illinois, and is known for its rich history and the abundance of antebellum architecture remaining in its small towns and cities.

History

Early history

The earliest inhabitants of Illinois are thought to have arrived about 12,000 BC. They were indigenous hunter-gatherers, but they also developed their own system of agriculture. After AD 1000, the production of agricultural surpluses resulted in the development of complex, hierarchical societies. With the rise of the Mississippian culture in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys, tribal leaders organized thousands of workers to build complex urban areas featuring numerous large earthworks – pyramidal, ridgetop and conical mounds used for religious, political and ceremonial purposes. Cahokia, located within the boundaries of present-day Collinsville, Illinois, was the major regional center of this culture. It contains the largest prehistoric earthworks in the Americas, and has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mound builders' culture seems to have collapsed between AD 1400–1500. The Mississippians had abandoned Cahokia long before the first European explorers arrived.

The Illinois tribes, for whom the state is named, and other historic tribes migrated to Southern Illinois around AD 1500. Archaeologists say they were not descendants of the earlier inhabitants; they spoke an Algonquian language of Miami-Illini, shared in dialects among neighboring regional tribes. They had likely migrated from eastern areas, where Algonquian-language tribes emerged along the Atlantic Coast and waterways. The Illini left numerous artifacts, including burial sites, burned-out campfires along the bases of bluffs, pottery, flint implements, and weapons. Structures built by them include stone forts or "pounds". Visitors can see a stone fort in Giant City State Park near Makanda. At least eight other such structures are known in the region.

Illinois Country

In about 1673, French explorers from Quebec became the first Europeans to reach Illinois. The French named the area Illinois after the Indians who had greeted them. The French explored the Mississippi River, establishing outposts and seeking a route to the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. As increasing Indian unrest and warfare began in Northern Illinois over the lucrative fur trade along the Great Lakes, the French concentrated on building outposts in Southern Illinois. The earliest European settlers were concentrated along the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash rivers, which provided easy routes for travel and trade. The settlements including Cahokia town, Kaskaskia and Chartres became important market villages and supply depots between Canada and the French ports on the lower Mississippi River. Other important early outposts in Southern Illinois were at Old Shawneetown and Fort Massac on the Ohio River.

After defeating the French in the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the English ruled the Great Lakes region. At the time, many French settlers moved from towns on the eastern side of the Mississippi to the western side, which was ruled by Spain after the war. It took over all the Louisiana Territory west of the river. During the American Revolutionary War, the Southern Illinois area was the scene of the best known campaign in what was then the American west, when Virginians sought to occupy it against the British.

American settlers

European-American settlers were slow to arrive in Illinois after the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War. By 1800, fewer than 2,000 European Americans lived in Illinois. Soon more settlers came from the backwoods areas of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas. They were mostly of English, German, and Scots-Irish descent.

In 1787, the federal government included Illinois in the Northwest Territory, an unorganized area that included present-day Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Slavery was prohibited in this area, but for some time, slaveholders already in the area were allowed to keep their chattel property. As the areas became more populated with European Americans, they could be admitted as states to the Union. Illinois became a part of the Indiana Territory in 1800. Illinois settlers wanted more control over their own affairs and Illinois became a separate territory in 1809. It was admitted as a free state in 1818. In late 1811 and early 1812, the New Madrid earthquakes struck the region as one of the largest successions of earthquakes, including the most intensive ever inferred (not recorded) in the contiguous United States.

The first bank to be chartered in Illinois was located at Old Shawneetown in 1816. The first building used solely to house a bank in Illinois was built in 1840 in Old Shawneetown and was used until the 1920s. The Old Shawneetown State Bank has been restored as an historical site. Crops of cotton and tobacco were grown in the extreme southern region of Illinois. Cotton was grown mostly for the home weaver, but during the Civil War, cotton was also grown for export, as the regular supply of cotton from the South was not available. Enough tobacco was grown to make it a profitable crop for export. Both crops have been succeeded by other agricultural commodities.

19th century turbulence

A feud between families in Williamson County, called the Bloody Vendetta, lasted nearly ten years and took many lives. In all, 495 assaults with a deadly weapon were committed and 285 murders took place in Williamson County between 1839 and 1876.

In 1858, Abraham Lincoln ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Stephen A. Douglas. A series of debates were held in seven towns in Illinois, including Jonesboro and Alton. Many of the people living in Southern Illinois were first- or second-generation white Southerners. Many of these families had left the slave South to escape the economic institution of slavery despite retaining its racial ideologies. Cairo, Illinois, at the southern tip where the Ohio River joins the Mississippi, grew to considerable commercial importance. On either bank of the rivers were states which, despite remaining loyal to the national government throughout the secession crisis, had numerous residents who, for reasons predominately rooted in racial ideologies, were sympathetic to the Southern rebellion (1860–65). Some prominent Southern Illinoisans were active in the Knights of the Golden Circle, which proposed a southern pan-Caribbean confederation of slaveholding states and nations.

The outbreak of the American Civil War exacerbated sectional tensions in the region. While the vast majority of Southern Illinoisans who served did so as U.S. volunteers, 34 men from the counties of Williamson and Jackson traveled to western Tennessee to enlist within Company G of the 15th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. Far more served in the ranks of U.S. regiments like the 31st Illinois Volunteer Infantry (commanded by famed Southern Illinoisan John A. Logan) or 111th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, both of which were composed exclusively of Southern Illinoisans. Ulysses S. Grant was commander of the District of Cairo when U.S. forces staged expeditions into the border states of Missouri and Kentucky, and the Confederate states of Tennessee and Mississippi.

20th century
Coal mining became an important industry in Southern Illinois around the start of the 20th century, with cities such as Harrisburg prospering, having a population of 16,000 people during the 1920s. Union miners all over the nation went on strike in 1922; during this period, 24 men were killed during a riot in Herrin, in Williamson County. It was called the Herrin Massacre, and the county was known as Bloody Williamson for years to come.

The Shelton Brothers Gang and Charles Birger gangs operated in Southern Illinois in the 1920s during Prohibition. Shoot-outs between these and other rival gangsters and with law enforcement officers were common. After being convicted of ordering the murder of the mayor of West City, the leader of the Birger gang, Charlie Birger, was hanged in 1928. In 1925 the Tri-State Tornado was the deadliest on record, devastating the city of Murphysboro and killing 234 people, the most in a single city in U.S. history.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s caused coal miners to lose their jobs as most mines closed. Farmers could not sell their crops and lost their land; families defaulted on home mortgage loans; and young people from the region began leaving for the cities to find work. After World War II, employment started to rise within the region, but unemployment continued to be a problem for the rural region for decades afterward. When the Clean Air Act of 1990 required many utility companies in the United States to switch to low-sulfur coal for the health of the nation, lacking affordable technology to clean the coal, the Southern Illinois region lost markets and the economy suffered. However, demand for high-sulfur coal mined in the region has rebounded in the 2010s. Agriculture has since become the main economic driver for the Southern Illinois region.

Southern Illinois is gaining a cultural identity apart from its neighbors, as previously-dispersed rural populations become more concentrated around the cities of Marion and Belleville. Marion has grown since 1970 and in the process has been selected for Illinois' first STAR Bonds District for the Millennium Development, a project designed for a city ten times its size.

Populations among the smaller cities and towns have dropped as people moved to the Carbondale-Herrin-Marion combined statistical area and Metro East.

Origin of "Little Egypt" name

In 1799, Baptist minister John Badgley dubbed the fertile highlands and bottoms near Edwardsville the "Land of Goshen". Early Edwardsville was known as Goshen. This was a biblical reference to Ancient Egypt. Geographic features such as the Mississippi and its flood plains were like the fertile Nile valley. The Indian mounds of the area were large at the time and seemed like the pyramids of Egypt. The nickname stuck, and it was reinforced by other events.

In the 1830s, poor harvests in the north of the state drove people to Southern Illinois to buy grain. Others say it was because the land of the great Mississippi and Ohio River valleys were like that of Egypt's Nile Delta. According to Hubbs, the nickname dates back to 1818, when a huge tract of land was purchased at the confluence of the rivers and its developers named it Cairo . Today, the town of Cairo still stands on the peninsula where the Ohio River joins the Mississippi.

Other settlements in the area were also given names with Egyptian, Greek, or Middle Eastern origins: The Southern Illinois University Salukis sports teams and towns such as Metropolis, Thebes, Dongola, Palestine, Lebanon, New Athens, Sparta, and Karnak show the influence of classical culture. (Greek names were also related to the contemporary national pride in the new republic of the early 19th century, and were given to towns throughout the Midwest.)

Although Illinois was a free state before the American Civil War, some residents in the area known as Egypt still owned slaves. Illinois law generally forbade bringing slaves into Illinois, but a special exemption was given to the salt works near Equality. In addition, an exception was made for slaveholders who held long-term indentured servants or descendants of slaves in the area before it achieved statehood.

The Underground Railroad also operated in southern Illinois, moving nearly equally northward and southward with bounties available for returned slaves appealing to the residents there. Slaves were going to "Canaan", the land of milk and honey, for which at first glance Egypt would be an easy mistake. Directions to Underground Railroad travelers were coded in Bible verses or songs, and the story of Moses fleeing Egypt was certainly used as an analog to their own plight. Egypt was the land to escape, and central Illinois represented the biblical Canaan, with Egypt being a treacherous southern Illinois.

The nicknames for this region also arose from the political tensions of the American Civil War period, as regions of the state allied differently with North and South. Because southern Illinois was settled by Southerners, they maintained a sympathy for many issues of their former home states. They supported the continuation of slavery and voted for Democrats at a time when the northern part of the state supported Republicans. The meaning is expressed in this description of the 1858 campaign of Douglas and Abraham Lincoln:

In 1858, debating in northern Illinois, Douglas had threatened Lincoln by asserting that he would 'trot him down to Egypt' and there challenge him to repeat his antislavery views before a hostile crowd. The audience understood Douglas: overwhelming proslavery sentiment and Democratic unanimity in Egypt had led to the nickname.

In the fall of 1861, Democrats took a majority of seats in the state legislature. They worked to pass provisions of a new constitution, an initiative begun in 1860. They proposed reapportionment so the southern region's less populous counties would have representation equal to those in the north, which was growing more rapidly. Northern Illinois residents worried about the state coming under the political will of the southern minority. "Shall the manufacturing, agricultural and commercial interests of northern Illinois be put into Egyptian bondage?" wondered the Aurora Beacon." When Lincoln commissioned the Southern Illinois Democrat, John Alexander McClernand, as a brigadier general, he told him to "keep Egypt right side up".

In addition, southern Illinois had become the center of the Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret group devoted to supporting the Confederacy. With concern rising about armed southern sympathizers, in August 1862, U.S. Marshal David Phillips arrested several Democrats who allegedly belonged to the Knights, including men in respectable positions: Congressmen, state representatives, and judges. One was Circuit Judge Andrew Duff. They were sent to Washington, D.C., where they were held for 68 days before release, but they were never charged. Democrats won across the state in the fall election.

After the war, other reasons were proposed for the nickname. Political divisions continued in the state. In the later 19th century, the central and southern agricultural areas joined the Populist Movement. Chicago and the industrial North aligned with similar areas and continued as predominantly Republican into the 20th century.

In 1871 Judge Andrew Duff wrote an article in which he ignored the war years and preceding political divisions. He claimed the name of Egypt related to Southern Illinois' role in supplying grain to northern and central Illinois following the "Winter of the Deep Snow" in 1830–31. Following a long winter and late spring, Upper Illinois lost much of its harvest in an early September frost. Southern Illinois's weather gave it good crops, so it could ship grain and corn north. The nickname supposedly arose from similarities of the events to the Bible story of Jacob's sons going to Egypt for grain to survive a famine. The nickname persisted through the 1890s, when, according to progressive journalist and Toledo mayor Brand Whitlock, members of the Illinois General Assembly whose districts lay south of the O&M Railway were called "Egyptians."

Belly dancer Farida Mazar Spyropoulos' appearance as "Little Egypt" at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago brought notoriety to the name, but she had no connection to the Illinois region. Other dancers took up the stage name which popularized it further in the early 20th century.

One of the earliest uses of the phrase "Little Egypt" is found in the Troy Weekly Call of Troy, Illinois, in 1912. A state news brief was headlined, "Two New Little Egypt Pastors." about two new Presbyterian pastors about to be installed at Brookport and Salem, Illinois. The Chicago Tribune appears to have first used the phrase "Little Egypt" in reference to Southern Illinois on April 25, 1920 in an article about fruit grown in the region. The title character in the comic strip "Moon Mullins" had a girlfriend named Little Egypt. The strip's creator Frank Willard, was a native of Anna and Southern Illinois.

Microregions

Northern boundary
"Southern Illinois" is not a formal geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern Illinois vary. Many Southern Illinois residents consider the area along and south of Interstate 70 as the dividing line between the Central and Southern parts of the state. The geography of Illinois becomes gradually hillier as one travels farther South. One can see this driving south along Interstate 57. The Mattoon/Charleston area is fairly flat. Terrain becomes noticeably less flat as one gets to Effingham. Around and south of Effingham on the interstate, one sees more trees and terrain that is too hilly for most large farms.

Metro East

The most populous region of Southern Illinois is the Illinois side of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area. Noted areas are Cahokia Mounds, the American Bottom, and East St. Louis, which has had a turbulent history related to industrialization and labor, immigration and the struggle for equal rights.

Population: 702,579

Counties
Clinton
Madison
Monroe
St. Clair
Bond
Jersey
Calhoun

Principal cities
 Belleville (St. Clair)
 Alton (Madison)
 Granite City (Madison)
 O'Fallon (St. Clair)
 East St. Louis (St. Clair)
 Collinsville (Madison)
 Edwardsville (Madison)

City populations
 41,256
 25,676
 27,549
 32,289
 26,359
 24,366
 26,808

East-Central Southern Illinois (Wabash Valley)

Located on the Wabash River, East-Central Southern Illinois is noted by the town of Salem, the birthplace of William Jennings Bryan, the G. I. Bill of Rights and Miracle Whip salad dressing.

Population: 155,988

Counties
Marion
Clay
Lawrence
Richland
Wayne
Edwards
Wabash

Principal cities
 Centralia (multiple counties)
 Olney (Richland)
 Salem (Marion)
 Mount Carmel (Wabash)
 Fairfield (Wayne)
 Flora (Clay)

City populations
 13,032
 9,115
 7,485
 7,284
 5,154
 5,070
 12,604

West-Central Southern Illinois

Chester Illinois within West-Central Southern Illinois is noted as the "Home of Popeye", where many of the influences for the characters were located. Kaskaskia, the first state capital of Illinois is located near the Mississippi River. This area also contains the ending point of the Kaskaskia River near the Fort Kaskaskia State Historic Site. Rend Lake is located in this area.
Population: 148,930

Counties
Franklin
Perry
Randolph
Jefferson
Washington

Principal cities
 Mount Vernon (Jefferson)
 Chester (Randolph)
 West Frankfort (Franklin)
 Benton (Franklin)
 Du Quoin (Perry)
 Pinckneyville (Perry)
 Nashville (Washington)

City populations
 15,277
 8,586
 8,182
 7,087
 6,109
 5,648
 3,258

Southwest Illinois

Located within the western reaches of the Cache River, Southwest Illinois is the second most populated region. The region's most notable institution is the main campus of Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, winner of the 1971 All-America City Award, finalist in the 2009 contest, and the fastest growing city in Southern Illinois outside the Metro East, Marion, Illinois. Both cities are centered in the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area, home to 123,272 residents. In the southern reaches of the region Alto Pass and Bald Knob Cross are located near the orchards. The large Crab Orchard lake is the largest in the region. Historic Cairo sits at the far southern end near the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
Population: 158,782

Counties
Jackson
Williamson
Union
Alexander
Pulaski

Principal cities
 Carbondale (Jackson)
 Marion (Williamson)
 Herrin (Williamson)
 Murphysboro (Jackson)
 Anna/Jonesboro (Union)
 Carterville (Williamson)
 Cairo (Alexander)

City populations
 26,241
 17,315
 12,696
 7,970
 6,295
 5,589
 2,831

Southeastern Illinois

The least populated region, Southeastern Illinois is marked by being within the Shawnee Hills and the Shawnee National Forest. The area includes many state parks and Garden of the Gods Wilderness. The historic town of Shawneetown is located on the Ohio River which is the eastern border of the region. The northern reaches of Southeastern Illinois include the Harrisburg Coal field, which are roughly  of abandoned coal mines dating to around the start of the 20th century near Harrisburg, Illinois, the largest city in the Southeastern Illinois area. The Saline River forks through the region as well.
Population: 90,425

Counties
Gallatin
Hamilton
Hardin
Johnson
Massac
Pope
Saline
White

Principal cities
 Harrisburg (Saline)
 Eldorado (Saline)
 Metropolis (Massac)
 Carmi (White)
 McLeansboro (Hamilton)
 Carrier Mills (Saline)
 Vienna (Johnson)

City populations
 9,034
 4,122
 6,570
 5,240
 2,883
 1,653
 1,434

Television and radio
Southern Illinois is home to a variety of television and radio sources. The primary news station is WSIL-TV operating out of Carterville, Illinois. The region is also home to WSIU channel 8 in Carbondale Illinois. Some Southern Illinois radio stations are run off of River Radio who operates 101.5 CIL-FM, Magic 95.1, New Country Z-100, WGGH, 97.7FM, among others. Withers Broadcasting and Dana Communications operate sixteen radio stations in Southern Illinois including WMIX 94.1 in Mt. Vernon and WDDD 107.3 in the Marion-Carbondale area.  Viewers also tune in to WSIL 3 operating in Carterville, IL, KFVS 12 out of Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and WPSD 6 operating in Paducah, Kentucky.

Geography
Illinois has been partially covered at times by continental ice sheets.  Specifically, Southern Illinois was only partially covered by continental ice sheet during the Illinoian Stage and not at all during the Wisconsin Stage.  Thus, the geography of Southern Illinois is considerably more hilly and rocky than central or northern Illinois.  Areas of Southern Illinois are more similar to the Ozarks than to central or northern Illinois.

Additionally, the rich farm land of northern and central Illinois is generally not found in Southern Illinois.  Significant exceptions are the American Bottom along the Mississippi River and the alluvial soils of the Gulf Coastal Plain, a large region that has its northernmost extent in the two river valleys of Southern Illinois.

The region's other major river, the Ohio River, winds generally southwest, past Shawneetown, Cave-in-Rock, Elizabethtown, and Golconda. Its waters join the Mississippi at Cairo. In ancient times, the Ohio is thought to have flowed a more northerly course through Pope and Pulaski counties. It carved a broad valley there, fit for a major river. But today the underfit Bay Creek and Cache River occupy those valleys.

The hills of Little Egypt can be divided into two areas. The western area, more closely related to the Ozarks of Missouri, is chiefly in southern Jackson, Union, northern Alexander and Johnson counties. The eastern area, more closely related to the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone, is mostly in northern Pope, southern Saline, Gallatin, eastern Johnson and southern Williamson counties. The Shawnee National Forest covers a large territory, including seven wilderness areas: Garden of the Gods, Bay Creek, Clear Springs, Bald Knob, Burden Falls, Lusk Creek, and Panthers Den.

Of southern Illinois' rivers, only the Mississippi and the Ohio are navigable for modern commerce. The Big Muddy River, Marys River, Saline River and Cache River run their courses in deep southern Illinois. The Kaskaskia River and Wabash River are nearby.

Shawnee National Forest
More than  of Shawnee National Forest lie to the south of its gateway city Harrisburg. The Shawnee National Forest offers much to see and do. The national forest has  of roadways, some  of streams and frequent waterfalls, numerous ponds and lakes as large as  (some with swimming beaches), 13 campgrounds, many picnicking sites, and seven wilderness areas where trails are designed for hiking and horseback riding.

Plant life is extremely diverse and ranges from sun-loving species to those that grow in dense shade. Tree cover dominates the publicly owned land, and is a significant component on privately owned lands. Oak-hickory is the predominant timber type, however, many other commercially important timber species also occupy significant land. More than 500 wildlife species can be found in the Forest, including 48 mammals, 237 birds, 52 reptiles, 47 amphibians, and 109 species of fish. There are seven federally listed threatened and endangered species that inhabit the Forest, as well as 33 species which are considered regionally sensitive, and 114 Forest-listed species.

Climate
Southern Illinois lies on the border between humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The region has neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature and, thus, it is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico and, along with the rest of the midwestern United States, is home to some of the largest temperature extremes in the world. The region has four distinct seasons. Spring is the wettest season and produces erratic severe weather ranging from tornadoes to winter storms. Summers are hot and humid with only occasional and brief respite, and the humidity often makes the heat index rise to temperatures feeling well above . Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries usually forming in late November. Winters are cold with periodic snow and temperatures often below freezing, however thaws are usually frequent. Winter storm systems, such as Alberta clippers and Panhandle hooks, can bring days of heavy freezing rain, ice pellets, and snowfall.

The normal high temperature in July is 90 °F (32 °C), and the normal low temperature in January is 21 °F (−6 °C), although this varies from year to year. Both  and  temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year. The official record low is  on February 2, 1884 in Harrisburg, and the record high is  on July 14, 1954 in East St. Louis.

Southern Illinois experiences thunderstorms about 50 days a year on average. Thunderstorms contribute over half of the annual precipitation. Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Southern Illinois has been affected on more than one occasion by particularly damaging tornadoes.

A period of warm weather late in autumn known as Indian summer can occur – roses will still be in bloom as late as November or early December in some years.

Seismic zones

Southern Illinois sits upon the verging point of two major fault systems, the New Madrid Seismic Zone and the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone. In the 1970s after the 5.4 Richter magnitude scale 1968 Illinois earthquake, scientists realized that there was an unknown fault under Saline County, just north of Eldorado, Illinois. This fault is called the Cottage Grove Fault, a small tear in the Earth's rock, in the Southern Illinois Basin. Seismographic mapping completed by geologists reveal that monoclines, anticlines, and synclines are present within the region; these signs suggest deformation during the Paleozoic, coincident to strike-slip faulting nearby.

A fault plane solution of the earthquake confirmed two nodal planes both striking north–south and dipping approximately 45 degrees to the east and to the west. This faulting suggests dip slip reverse motion, and to a horizontal east–west axis of confining stress. Although there are no confirmed faults in the immediate epicentral region, the motion indicated corresponds to that along the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone roughly  east of the region, responsible for the 2008 Illinois earthquake. The rupture also occurred partially on the New Madrid Fault, responsible for the great New Madrid earthquakes in 1812, consisting of the most powerful earthquakes to hit the contiguous United States.

Transportation

Passenger rail

Southern Illinois at one time had an extensive network of railroads. Now only Amtrak, the U.S. passenger rail system, provides service to and through the area. Carbondale is served with three trains daily to and from Chicago, and one train daily to and from Memphis and New Orleans. Several trains each day run to and from Chicago and St. Louis, with Alton the major stop in Southern Illinois. Intercity passenger rail stations in Southern Illinois include Alton station, Carbondale station, Centralia station, and Du Quoin station.

The St. Louis MetroLink is the light rail transit system in the Greater St. Louis area of Missouri and Illinois connecting the Metro East to downtown St. Louis. The entire system currently consists of two lines (Red Line and Blue Line) connecting Lambert-St. Louis International Airport and Shrewsbury, Missouri with Scott Air Force Base near Shiloh, Illinois, through downtown St. Louis. The system features 37 stations and carries an average of 61,573 people each weekday.

Transit

Interstate freeways
The Metro East area near St. Louis has these additional freeways:
  Interstate 55
  Interstate 70
  Interstate 255
  Interstate 270

Southern Illinois has 4 major interstate freeways that connect with Missouri, Indiana, and Kentucky. Depending on the definition of Little Egypt's boundaries, there are four interstates in the region. I-57 is the main north–south freeway through Southern Illinois. It runs through the center of the area. South of Marion is the western terminus of I-24. It runs southeast, crossing into Paducah, Kentucky near Metropolis.  South of its junction with I-24, I-57 bends to the southwest and crosses into Missouri near Illinois' southernmost point by Cairo. I-70 runs east–west from St. Louis to central Indiana. I-64 runs east–west from St. Louis to southern Indiana. It is cosigned with I-57 for a short stretch at Mt. Vernon.
  Interstate 24
  Interstate 57
  Interstate 64

U.S. highways
U.S. Route 40
U.S. Route 45 runs from the Brookport Bridge across the Ohio River east of Paducah, Kentucky, and through Shawnee National Forest. Saline County, Illinois is its most populated stretch in Southern Illinois, connecting the towns of Stonefort, Carrier Mills, Harrisburg, and Eldorado, all within the county. The highway continues north through the Chicago metropolitan area and to the Wisconsin border east of Antioch. With a length of  in Illinois, U.S. 45 is the longest numbered route in Illinois.
U.S. Route 50
U.S. Route 51 roughly follows the Illinois Central Railroad line north–south through the middle of the entire state. Illinois Route 1 runs north–south along the eastern edge of Little Egypt; Illinois Route 3 parallels the Mississippi River along the western edge of the area.
U.S. Route 60
U.S. Route 62
Historic U.S. Route 66
U.S. Route 67

State highways

Bridges and ferries

Bridges and ferries are an important feature in the region, being it is surrounded on three sides by major rivers, the Ohio and Wabash rivers to the east and south, and the Mississippi River to the west.

Indiana:
 Red Skelton Memorial Bridge at Vincennes, Indiana, carries U.S. 50/150 to Lawrenceville, Illinois
 Lincoln Memorial Bridge, a deck arch bridge carrying Business U.S. Route 50 over the Wabash River between Vincennes, Indiana and Lawrence County, Illinois
 Wabash Cannonball Bridge at St. Francisville, carries a farm road from Knox County, Indiana to Lawrence County, Illinois
 Mount Carmel Bridge at Mount Carmel, carries IL 15/IN 64
 Interstate 64 Bridge, located  south of Grayville, Illinois between Posey County, Indiana, Gibson County, Indiana, and White County, Illinois.
 New Harmony Bridge, toll bridge that formerly carried IL 14/IN 68
 Wabash Memorial Bridge, spans the Wabash River between Indiana State Road 62 and Illinois Route 141, east of New Haven, continues to Evansville, Indiana

Kentucky:
 Illinois Route 13 at Old Shawneetown, Illinois
 Brookport Bridge, U.S. Route 45 at Brookport, Illinois
 Interstate 24 Bridge near Brookport/Metropolis
 Cairo Ohio River Bridge, U.S. Route 51/60/62 near Cairo, Illinois and Wickliffe, Kentucky

Missouri:
 Cairo Mississippi River Bridge, a cantilever bridge carrying U.S. Route 60 and U.S. Route 62 across the Mississippi River between Bird's Point, Missouri and Cairo, Illinois.
 Cairo I-57 Bridge, an arch bridge carrying 4 lanes of Interstate 57 across the Mississippi River between Charleston, Missouri and Cairo, Illinois
 Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge connecting Missouri's Route 34 and Route 74 with Illinois Route 146 across the Mississippi River between Cape Girardeau, Missouri and East Cape Girardeau, Illinois
 Chester Bridge, a truss bridge connecting Missouri's Route 51 with Illinois Route 150 across the Mississippi River between Perryville, Missouri and Chester, Illinois

Mississippi River in the St. Louis area:

 Clark Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge between West Alton, Missouri and Alton, Illinois, carries U.S. Route 67
 Eads Bridge, combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River, connecting St. Louis and East St. Louis
 Jefferson Barracks Bridge, a pair of bridges that span the Mississippi River on the south side of St. Louis, Missouri, that carry traffic for Interstate 255 and U.S. Route 50
 Martin Luther King, Jr. Bridge, carries 3 lanes (1 westbound and 2 eastbound) of Route 799 between St. Louis and East St. Louis
 McKinley Bridge, steel truss bridge connecting northern portions of St. Louis with Venice, Illinois
 New Chain of Rocks Bridge, a pair of bridges, currently carries traffic for Interstate 270, near Granite City, Illinois and Bellefontaine Neighbors, Missouri
 Poplar Street Bridge, carries Interstate 55, Interstate 64, and U.S. Route 40 across the Mississippi between St. Louis and East St. Louis
 Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge began carrying Interstate 70 between St. Clair County, Illinois, and St. Louis in 2014.

A free ferry crosses the Ohio River at Cave-in-Rock. A toll ferry crosses the Mississippi at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, near Chester, Illinois. Four other ferries operate in Calhoun County.

Airports
Benton Municipal Airport
Carmi Municipal Airport
Centralia Municipal Airport
Effingham County Memorial Airport
Fairfield Municipal Airport (Illinois)
Harrisburg-Raleigh Airport
Lawrenceville-Vincennes International Airport
Metropolis Municipal Airport
MidAmerica St. Louis Airport / Scott Air Force Base
Mount Vernon Airport
Pinckneyville-DuQuoin Airport
Southern Illinois Airport
Sparta Community Airport (Hunter Field)
St. Louis Downtown Airport
St. Louis Metro-East Airport
St. Louis Regional Airport
Williamson County Regional Airport

Out of state airports
Barkley Regional Airport
Cape Girardeau Regional Airport
Evansville Regional Airport
Lambert-St. Louis International Airport
Spirit of St. Louis Airport

Colleges and universities
 Blackburn College (Carlinville)
 East St. Louis Community College Center (East St. Louis)
 Greenville College (Greenville)
 John A. Logan College (Carterville)
 Kaskaskia College (Centralia)
 Lewis and Clark Community College (Godfrey)
 McKendree University (Lebanon)
 Olney Central College (Olney)
 Principia College (Elsah)
 Rend Lake College (Ina)
 Shawnee Community College (Ullin)
 Southeastern Illinois College (Harrisburg)
 Southern Illinois University Carbondale (Carbondale)
 Frontier Community College (Fairfield)
 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (Edwardsville)
 Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine (Alton)
 Southwestern Illinois College (Belleville)
 Wabash Valley College (Mount Carmel)

Historical politics
Southern Illinois has historically been a conservative Democratic region.  Even as the political parties have changed, Southern Illinois has consistently voted for Democratic candidates more times than not since 1818. In the early months of the Civil War, some residents in Williamson County voted for secession from the Union.  On April 15, 1861 the citizens of Marion passed a resolution calling for the division of Illinois and the secession of Southern Illinois.  The resolution was soon repealed, but General Benjamin Prentiss left a company of men near Marion for defense as he passed by on his way to a garrison in Cairo.  Despite some southern sympathizers, most young men in the region joined the Union Army.

Democratic roots in Southern Illinois relate to the region's shared culture with the South, where the Democratic Party before the American Civil War and after Reconstruction was dominant until the 1960s.  Democratic affiliations were strengthened during the Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. There are, however, some long-time Republican counties in the region, most notably, Edwards County.

However within the last decades, Southern Illinois has trended GOP due to nationwide support for the GOP among rural areas, while Northern Illinois due to outward migration from Democratic-leaning Cook County has trended Democratic. Democratic candidates were competitive in the counties of Southern Illinois until around 1996. Beginning as recently as the presidential election of 2000, Democrats have under-performed in Southern Illinois despite winning Illinois consecutively.

Economy

There are two main centers of commerce for Southern Illinois.  They consist of the St. Louis, Missouri metropolitan area (home to approximately 2.8 million people), and the Carbondale, Marion, Herrin, Harrisburg area (home to approximately 245,000 people).

The main agricultural products of Southern Illinois are crops such as corn and soybeans. Apples, peaches, grapes, are commonly found throughout Southern Illinois as well as the occasional sunflower, cotton, wheat, hay, and milo fields.  In recent years there has been development of wineries in the Shawnee Hills region. Additional growth has occurred with the local foods movement as Southern Illinois' climate allows for fruit and vegetable production. Southern Illinois is also the home to aquaculture, beef, swine, equine, sheep, goats, and other livestock production. Agricultural efforts in the region are greatly aided by a small University of Illinois Extension research station near Dixon Springs and extensive research from Southern Illinois University – Carbondale's College of Agricultural Sciences. SIUC is home to the state's only non-land grant research-focused university with an agricultural college which provides practical research to the scientific and agricultural communities both in Southern Illinois as well as the rest of the state and the broader region.

Southern Illinois also has significant coal deposits; however, since the late 1980s, the coal industry has suffered significant decline due to the decreased demand for high-sulfur coal, which causes more pollution.  The collapse of the coal industry had profound and lasting impact on the region's economy. With the introduction and application of scrubber technology at power plants, demand for high-sulfur has made a return in the 2010s.

The Illinois oil basin is located mostly in Little Egypt.  During the early 1940s and 1950s, Little Egypt had a modest oil boom in towns such as Carmi, McLeansboro, and Lawrenceville.  Oil production reached more than  per year in the 1940s, but dropped to  per year by 1995.  Oil wells in the region have relatively low yield and produce oil with a high sulfur content, making it expensive to process.  There has been no significant drilling activity in the basin since the late 1970s.

Manufacturing in Southern Illinois is typically clustered in the largest towns of each county, with the people of smaller towns and villages often commuting to work in the factories. Many of these towns have a number of light factories  and other industrial facilities in their industrial parks.  Products include industrial electronics, minor electrical items, automobile parts, and packaging materials.  Related services include large-scale printing as well as transportation and distribution of warehoused materials and goods. A high percentage of local jobs are in these light industries.

Culture
Southern Illinois is influenced culturally by the rest of Illinois, neighboring Missouri, and Upper Southern states like Kentucky and Tennessee.  The immigration route from the east coast ran along the Ohio River, which joined settlements on both sides. In addition, the Cumberland River flowed northwest through Kentucky and Tennessee before joining the Ohio near Paducah, Kentucky, affording a migration route from the interior of those states. Thus, settlers who came to Southern Illinois were from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with most of these being of northern English and Scots-Irish descent, who formed the last major migration from the British Isles to the colonies before the Revolutionary War, and settled mostly in the backcountry. Some migrated further west into Missouri. A road between Golconda and Jonesboro carried settlers and commerce across Southern Illinois, as well as the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.

Little Egypt exists at the confluence of the North Midland and South Midland dialects of American English. South Midland becomes more prominent as one approaches the Ohio River.  The dialect change is not a continuum, but rather occurs in pockets, with certain towns and regions notably favoring one dialect over the other.  This difference can be found between lifelong residents of the same town. No stigma is associated to either dialect within southern Illinois. According to David Hackett Fischer in his book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways to America, the dialect of this region is Southern Highland.  It was derived from the linguistics of the people of the Southern Appalachian region. This is consistent with the majority of the early settlers of this region migrating from the Upper South.  The older term for this type of dialect was "Scotch-Irish" speech (the correct term today is Scots-Irish.)

Tourism
Southern Illinois prides itself in tourism as a quaint rural area. There are many state parks in the area, benefiting from the scenery of the Shawnee National Forest. Additionally, Southern Illinois is the oldest part of the state with many historical landmarks to be seen in the area and numerous historical markers dotting the counties.

Casinos
 Argosy Casino (Alton)
 Harrah's (Metropolis)
 Casino Queen (East St. Louis)

Wineries and orchards
Southernmost Illinois - Things To Do

See also
Map of Shawnee Hills Wine Trail

Parks

Prominent State Parks within the Shawnee Hills and Shawnee National Forest region Include:

 Beall Woods State Park
 Cave-in-Rock State Park
 Cache River State Natural Area
 Wildcat Hollow State Habitat Area
 Crawford County State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Dixon Springs State Park
 Eldon Hazlet State Recreation Area
 Ferne Clyffe State Park
 Fort Massac State Park
 Giant City State Park
 Golconda Marina State Recreation Area
 Hamilton County State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Horseshoe Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Kaskaskia River State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Kinkaid Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Lake Murphysboro State Park
 Mermet Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Newton Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Pyramid State Recreation Area
 Randolph County State Recreation Area
 Ramsey Lake State Recreation Area
 Red Hills State Park
 Rend Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Saline County State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Sam Dale Lake State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Sam Parr State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Sielbeck Forest Natural Area
 South Shore State Park
 Stephen A. Forbes State Recreation Area
 Tunnel Hill State Trail
 Ten Mile Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Trail of Tears State Forest
 Union County State Fish and Wildlife Area
 Washington County State Recreation Area
 Wayne Fitzgerrell State Recreation Area
 Du Quoin State Fairgounds

Sports

Notes

References

 Nolan, John Matthew "2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River" Discusses Charles T. Hinde, one of the silent investors of the Hotel del Coronado and how the Hotel del Coronado influenced the Grand Rapids Hotel in Wabash County, Illinois.

See also

 Central Illinois
 Ku Klux Klan in Southern Illinois
 Northern Illinois
 Southern Illinois Speech and Acting League

External links
 "Civil War Democrats and Republicans in Illinois", Northern Illinois University Library
 ''The Southern" newspaper
 Southern Illinois University Carbondale
 Southern Illinois related archival collections at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center

History of Illinois
Regions of Illinois

Southern Illinois


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The Territory of Arizona (also known as Arizona Territory) was a territory of the United States that existed from February 24, 1863, until February 14, 1912, when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Arizona. It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War.

History

Following the expansion of the New Mexico Territory in 1853, as a result of the Gadsden Purchase, several proposals for a division of the territory and the organization of a separate Territory of Arizona in the southern half of the territory were advanced as early as 1856. These proposals arose from concerns about the ability of the territorial government in Santa Fe to effectively administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory.

The first proposal dates from a conference held in Tucson that convened on August 29, 1856. The conference issued a petition to the U.S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory and elected Nathan P. Cook as the territorial delegate to Congress. In January 1857, the bill for the organization of the territory was introduced into the House of Representatives, but the proposal was defeated on the grounds that the population of the proposed territory was yet too small.  Later, a similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. The proposal for creation of the territory was controversial in part because of the perception that the New Mexico Territory was under the influence of southern sympathizers who were highly desirous of expanding slavery into the southwest.

In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona territory, but with a north–south border along the 109th meridian, with the additional stipulation that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona.

In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, a convention of 31 delegates met in Tucson and adopted a constitution for a provisional territorial government of the area south of 34°N. The delegates elected Dr. Lewis S. Owings as provisional governor.

American Civil War

At the outbreak of the Civil War, sentiment in the territory was in favor of the Confederacy. Territorial secession conventions called at Mesilla and Tucson in March 1861 adopted an ordinance of secession, established a provisional Arizona Territory with Owings as its governor, and petitioned the Confederate Congress for admission.

The Confederacy regarded the territory as a valuable route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean, with the specific intention of capturing California. In July 1861, a small Confederate force of Texans under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor assaulted Fort Fillmore at Mesilla in the eastern part of the territory. After the fort was abandoned by the Union garrison, Baylor's force cut off the fleeing Union troops and forced them to surrender. On August 1, 1861, Baylor issued a "Proclamation to the People of the Territory of Arizona", taking possession of the territory for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as the capital and himself as the governor, establishing Confederate Arizona. Baylor's subsequent dismantling of the existing Union forts in the territory left the white settlers at the mercy of the Apache, who quickly gained control of the area and forced many of the white settlers to seek refuge in Tucson.

On August 28, a convention met again in Tucson and declared that the territory formed the previous year was part of the Confederacy. Granville H. Oury was elected as delegate to the Confederate Congress. Oury drafted legislation authorizing the organization of the Confederate Territory of Arizona. The legislation passed on January 13, 1862, and the territory was officially created by proclamation of President Jefferson Davis on February 14.

The following month, in March 1862, the U.S. House of Representatives, now devoid of the southern delegates and controlled by Republicans, passed a bill to create the United States Arizona Territory using the north–south border of the 109th meridian. The use of a north–south border rather than an east–west one had the effect of denying a de facto ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory. The house bill stipulated that Tucson was to be the capital. The final bill passed the Senate in February 1863 without the Tucson-as-capital stipulation, and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on February 24, the date of the official organization of the U.S. Arizona Territory.

Capital

The first capital was established in 1864 at Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area. The capital was moved to Tucson in 1868, and back to Prescott in 1877. The capital was finally moved to Phoenix on February 4, 1889.

Boundary

The boundaries for the original territory, if they had kept their same size, would have made present-day Las Vegas part of Arizona. In 1867, though, Congress transferred the Arizona Territory's northwestern corner, specifically most of its land west of the Colorado River, to the state of Nevada.  This reduced the territory to its current area.

Statehood
The territory was admitted to the Union as the 48th state on February 14, 1912.

Territorial proclamation
Proclamation to the People of Arizona.

See also

 American Civil War, 1861–1865
 Territory of Arizona (Confederate States), 1861–1862
 Apache Wars, 1851–1886
 Pah-Ute County, "Arizona's Lost County" 1865–1871
 Camp Grant Massacre, 1871
 Gadsden Purchase, 1853
 Governors of the Territory of Arizona
 History of Arizona
 James Reavis, The "Baron of Arizona"
 Mexican–American War, 1846–1848
 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
 Navajo Wars, 1846–1865
 Territorial evolution of the United States

References
Notes

Further reading
 Cheek, Lawrence W. (1995). Arizona. Oakland, CA: Compass American Guides. .

External links

 Compiled Laws And Revised Statutes Of Arizona Territory

Former organized territories of the United States
History of Arizona
History of the American West
New Mexico Territory
Utah Territory

1863 establishments in New Mexico Territory

States and territories established in 1863
States and territories disestablished in 1912
Cochise County conflict

Arizona Territory


චින්තාමණීස්වර් ශිව දේවාලය යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ ඔරිස්සා ප්‍රාන්ත අගනුවර වන භුබනේස්වර්හි පිහිටි ශිව දෙවියන් උදසා කැපකළ හින්දු දේවාලයකි. මෙය පිහිටියේ පැරණි නැවතුමේ බසාරය අසල චුත්තක්-පූරි මාර්ගයේ ශාඛාවක් වන චින්තාමණීස්වර් මාර්ගය අවසානයේ ය. බටහිරට මුහුණලා ඇති මෙම දේවාලයේ වන්දනාවට ලක්වන ප්‍රධාන දේව ප්‍රතිමාව වනුවේ යෝනිපීඨයක් මත පිහිටි ශිව ලිංගයයි.

දේවාලය
මෙම දේවාලයේ ඉතිහාසය ක්‍රි.ව. 14න සියවස තෙක් ඈතට දිවයයි. ප්‍රදේශයේ පුරාවෘත්ත අනුව, දේවාලය ගොඩනංවන ලද්දේ කේශරීවරුන් (සෝමවංශීන්) විසිනි. ශිවරාත්‍රී, ශිව විවාහ, ජාලසාය, රාද්‍රභිෂේක වැනි උත්සව ගණනාවක් මෙහි පැවැත්වේ. විවාහ සහ නූල් මංගල්‍යයන් ද මෙහි පැවැත්වේ.

ගෘහනිර්මාණ ලක්ෂණ
සැලැස්ම අතින්, මෙහි සතරැස් ගර්භගෘහයක් ඇති අතර, රේඛා සම්ප්‍රදායේ විමානයක් ද දැකගත හැක. දේවාලයේ පහළ සිට ඉහළට පිළිවෙලින් බාදා, ගන්දි සහ මස්තක යන අංග පිහිටයි. මෙහි කොටස් පහකින් යුත් පංචාංග බාදාවක් ඇති අතර, පභාගයේ පාදමෙහි ඛුර, කුම්භ, පට, කණි සහ බසන්ත ලෙස බොරදම් පහක් ඇත. දේවාලයේ ඛුර කොටස අර්ධ වශයෙන් පොළොවෙහි වැළලී ඇත. මෙහි ඇති ජංඝ නම් කොටස තල ජංඝ සහ උපර ජංඝ ලෙස බෙදෙන්නේ බන්ධනා කොටසේ ඇති බොරදම් තුනක් සහ බරන්ද කොටසේ ඇති බොරදම් හතක් මගිනි. ගන්දි කොටසෙහි කිසිදු මෝස්තරයක් දක්නට නොලැබෙන අතර, මස්තක කොටසෙහි ඔරිස්සා දේවාලවල දක්නට ලැබෙන බේකි, ආමලක, ඛාපූරි සහ කලස යන අංග දක්නට ලැබේ.

නැගෙනහිර නිකේතනයෙහි අත් සතරක් ඇති කාර්තිකේය රුවක් වේ. ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන වමතින් වරද මුද්‍රාවත්, දකුණතින් සෙංකෝලයකුත් දරා සිටියි. ඔහුගේ ඉහළට එසවූ පසුපස වමතින් කුකුළෙක් දරා සිටින අතර පසුපස දකුණත මොනරාගේ හිස මත තබාගෙන සිටියි. දකුණු නිකේතනයෙහි අත් සතරක් සහිත ගනේෂ රුවක් වේ. ගනේෂ සි ඉදිරි දකුණතන් නවගුණ වැලක් ද, වමතින් මෝදක පත්‍රයක් ද දරා සිටියි. ඉහළට එසවූ පසුපස දකුණතික් අංකුශයක් සහ වමතින් බිඳුණු දළයක් ද දරා සිටියි. උතුරු රාහ නිකේතනයේ පාර්වතී දෙවඟනගේ රුවක් වේ.

චින්තාමණීස්වර් පොකුණ

මෙම දේවාල පරිශ්‍රය තුළ දේවාල පොකුණක් ද පිහිටා ඇත. ප්‍රෙද්ශවාසීන්ට අනුව මෙ පොකුණ ද කනවන ලද්දේ කේශරීන් විසිනි. කාර්තික පූර්ණිම සහ ශ්‍රවණ පූර්ණිම වැනි මංගල්‍යයන් මෙම ස්ථානයේ සිදුකරනු ලබයි. ඍජුකෝණාස්‍රාකාර හැඩැති මෙම පොකුණ ලැටරයිට්වලින් තනා ඇත. එහි දිග 22.40 m ද, පළල 11.20 m සහ ගැඹුර 3.00 m ද වේ. මෙම පොකුණ ජලය සැපයෙන්නේ ස්වාභාවික අල්පතක් ඔස්සේ භුගල ජලයෙනි. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස වර්ෂය පුරාම මෙහි ජල මට්ටම නියතව පවතියි. අතිරික්ත ජලය මුදාහැරීමට මෙහි නැගෙනහිර බිත්තියේ බිහිදොරක් ඇත.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 භුබනේස්වර්හි දේවාල ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි
http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda041.pdf

ඔඩිෂාවේ ශිව දේවාල
භුබනේස්වර්හි හින්දු දේවාල
14වන සියවසේ හින්දු දේවාල

චින්තාමණීස්වර ශිව දේවාලය


සියවස් ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ බදු බොහෝ අරමුණු වෙනුවෙන් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබ ඇති අතර කලින් කල පැවැති සමාජ, ආර්ථික තතවයන් මත මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ලබපැවැත්වුනු නෛතික නියාමනයන් වෙනස්වී ඇත. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස 18 වන සියවස සහ 19 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී පමණ කාර්මීකරණය වූ රටවල කාර්මික නගරයන්හි නාගරික ප‍්‍රදේශවල දේපල ලබාගැනීමේ වැදගත් ක‍්‍රමයක් බවට  බදුකරයන් පත්වන තුරු බදුකරයන් භාවිතා කරනු ලැබූයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික අරමුණු වෙනුවෙන් පමණකි.

පොදු නීති රටවල ඉඩම් හිමියා සහ කුලීවැසියා පිලිබඳ නූතන නීතිය පොදු නීතියේ බලපෑම දරා සිටින අතර රාජ්‍ය නිර්බාධ ප‍්‍රතිපත්තිය ආධිපත්‍යය දැරූ 19 වන සියවසේ ගිවිසුම් නීතියේ සහ දේපල නීතියේ බලපෑම එතුල මනාව නිරූපනය වේ. පාරිභෝජනවාදයේ වර්ධනයත් සමඟ ගිවිසුමක පාර්ශ්වයන් අතර සමාන කේවල් කිරීමේ බලයක් පවතින්නේය යන උපකල්පනය නිවැරදි නොවන බව පෙනීයාමේ ප‍්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස පාරිභෝගික ආරක්‍ෂණ නීති බිහිවිය. මිට සමාන්තරව කුලී නිවැසි නීතීන්ද කුලී නිවැසියන් ආරක්‍ෂා කරන ආකාරයෙන් නිර්මාණය වියයුතු බවට අවධානය කෙරින. වර්තමානයේ කුලී නිවැසියන් ආරක්‍ෂා කරන නීතීන් සාමාන්‍යයක් බවට පත්ව ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

 Advance tax ruling
 Black market
 DIRTI 5
 Excess burden of taxation
 Fiscal capacity
 Fiscal incidence
 Fiscal sociology
 Government budget balance
 International taxation
 List of taxes
 Price ceiling
 Price floor
 Revolutionary tax
 Shadow economy
 Tax competition
 Tax exporting
 Tax haven
 Taxpayer receipt
 Tax revenue
 Tax resistance
 Tax shelter

රට හෝ කලාපය අනුව
 List of countries by tax rates
List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP
Revenue service
 :Category:Taxation by country

මූලාශ්‍ර

වැඩිදුර අධ්‍යයනය සඳහා

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Tax introduction database – A dataset of the introduction of taxes in 220 countries, 1750-2018.
 OECD tax statistics
 OECD portal on Tax
 ICTD/UNU-WIDER, Government Revenue Dataset compilation of tax data mainly from OECD and IMF

ආර්ථිකය
3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt
Egyptian inventions
30th-century BC establishments

බදු


Armazón es en armamentística, el esqueleto, armadura, marco o bastidor de algún utensilio, en especial los aparatos o máquinas compuestas de varias piezas que se colocan en él para su funcionamiento. Se aplica en el arte militar a las armas de fuego, maquinaria, etc.

Historia
Históricamente se pueden citar a los siguientes tipos de armazones:
Armazón para camisas de embreadas bastidor cuadrilátero con tejido de alambre.
Armazón para carcasas casquetes esféricos, chapeados de hierro, unidos por cuatro varillas del mismo metal. El interior se llenaba de materias inflamables y el conjunto se encerraba en un saco. Análoga a esta era el armazón para pollada.
Armazón de revólver pieza de fundición, de acero, que suele comprender el cañón, la caja que contiene las piezas del mecanismo y el perfil de la empuñadura o culata.

Referencias

Partes de un arma de fuego

Armazón (arma)


Granat-4, est un drone de reconnaissance tactique russe.

Description
Son véhicule porteur est le KamAZ-4350. Il est utilisé pour la reconnaissance électronique/SIGINT et comme piquet radio/relai aérien. Son rayon d'action est de . Il peut voler durant 6h à 140 km/h.

Histoire opérationnelle

Un exemplaire a été capturé en Ukraine en Novembre 2022 par les Force De Defense Territoriale Ukrainienne dans la region de Kharkiv.

Opérateurs militaires

Galerie d'images

Notes et références

Drone de reconnaissance
Drone russe

Granat-4


Žimutice (deutsch Schimutitz) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt sieben Kilometer südöstlich von Týn nad Vltavou in Südböhmen und gehört zum Okres České Budějovice.

Geographie

Žimutice befindet sich in der Talmulde des Baches Židova strouha in der Lischauer Schwelle. Am nordöstlichen Ortsausgang erstreckt sich der Teich Žimutický rybník mit der Mühle Žimutický mlýn unterhalb des Dammes, südlich liegen der Farský rybník und der Mnichovec. Im Osten erhebt sich der Sobětický vrch (503 m).

Nachbarorte sind Hvíždalka, Čenkov u Bechyně, Záhoří, Cihelna und Krakovčice im Norden, Hrušov im Nordosten, Hartmanice im Osten, Sobětice, Dubové Mlýny und Bzí im Südosten, Modrá Hůrka, Pořežánky, Štipoklasy und Červený Dvůr im Süden, Dolní Kněžeklady und Hněvkovice na pravém břehu Vltavy im Südwesten, Třitim und Kozlovák im Westen sowie Předčice, Dobšice und Bečice im Nordwesten.

Kozlovák, Branovice und Dobšice im Norden, Bečice und Dolní Kněžeklady im Nordosten, Sobětice, Dubové Mlýny und Štipoklasy im Osten, Červený Dvůr, Modrá Hůrka und Pořežánky im Südosten, Pořežany und Hroznějovice im Süden, Litoradlice im Südwesten, Hněvkovice na pravém břehu Vltavy und Zvěrkovice im Westen sowie U Bulků, Čihovice, Břehy, Třitim und Předčice im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Archäologische Funde belegen eine vorzeitliche Besiedlung des Gemeindegebietes. Die 1970 südwestlich der Kirche am Teich Mnichovec entdeckte jungsteinzeitliche Siedlung erlangte internationales Aufsehen in der Vorgeschichtsforschung, da bis dahin davon ausgegangen worden war, dass in Südböhmen während des Neolithikums keine dauerhafte Besiedlung bestanden hat.

Die erste schriftliche Erwähnung des Pfarrdorfes Zimenticz erfolgte im Jahre 1261. Wahrscheinlich seit dem Übergang vom 13. zum 14. Jahrhundert bestand im Ort eine kleine Feste. Der erste nachweisbare Vladike war 1318 Jindřich von Žimutice. Die Herren von Žimutice waren mit den Vladiken von Kněžeklady eng verwandt. Nachdem sie das Gut Kněžeklady erworben hatten, dienten ihnen die Festen Žimutice und Dolní Kněžeklady abwechselnd als Sitz. Im Jahre 1414 besaß Lipolt von Kraselov das Gut Žimutice. 1511 verkauften die Kraselovský die Herrschaft Žimutice, zu der neben Žimutice noch sechs weitere Dörfer gehörten, an den Pfandherrn der Herrschaft Týn nad Vltavou, Jan Čabelický von Soutice. Dabei wurde die Feste als wüst beschrieben. Jan Čabelickýs gleichnamiger Enkel kaufte 1554 von Johann d. Ä. von Schwanberg noch den anderen Teil von Hartmanice und die Dörfer Doubí und Korákov hinzu. Nach Jan Čabelickýs Tod wurde die Herrschaft Týn nad Vltavou unter seinen vier Söhnen aufgeteilt. Karel Čabelický erhielt Žimutice und ließ zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts die Feste erneuern; von seinen Brüdern kaufte er Hartmanice und Korákov hinzu. 1623 wurde er wegen der Teilnahme am Ständeaufstand von 1618 mit dem Verlust seines Besitzes verurteilt und zog nach Soběslav, später wurde er begnadigt und sein Sohn Václav Čabelický erhielt den Besitz zurück. Václav Čabelický verkaufte Žimutice 1630 an Johann Philipp Cratz von Scharffenstein (Jan Filip Kras ze Šafrštejna). Nach dessen Hinrichtung fielen seine Güter der böhmischen Krone zu; 1642 erhielt Václav Čabelický die Herrschaft zurück. Am 2. Mai 1648 verkaufte er die durch den Dreißigjährigen Krieg verödete Herrschaft Žimutice mit der verfallenen Feste, der Brauerei sowie den niedergebrannten und wüsten Dörfern Žimutice, Štipoklasy, Hartmanice, Krakovčice, Korákov und dem Hof Sobětice an Johann von Eckersdorf (Jan z Ekrštorfu). Dessen Sohn Wenzel Albrecht von Eckersdorf verschuldete sich stark. Am 5. September 1676 überschrieb er die Herrschaft mit den Höfen Žimutice, Štipoklasy und Sobětice sowie den Dörfern Žimutice und Hartmanice seinem Gläubiger Johann Adolf I. von Schwarzenberg, der sie mit dem Gut Bzy vereinigte und an seine Herrschaft Wittingau anschloss. Die marode Feste stand fortan leer, sie wurde zu landwirtschaftlichen Zwecken genutzt und später zu einem Getreidespeicher umgebaut. Im Jahre 1840 bestand Schimutitz/Žimutice aus 21 Häusern mit 170 Einwohnern. Im Ort bestanden unter dem Patronat des Religionsfonds eine Lokalkirche, das Lokalistengebäude und eine Schule. Außerdem gab es einen herrschaftlichen Meierhof, eine emphyteutische Mühle mit Brettsäge (Žimutický mlýn) sowie abseitig eine herrschaftliche Ziegelbrennerei (Cihelna). Schimutitz war Pfarrort für Ober Knjžeklad, Unter Knjžeklad (Dolní Kněžeklady), Betschitz, Krakowtschitz (Krakovčice), Hruschow (Hrušov), Dobschitz, Zahořj und Čenkow. Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb das Dorf immer dem an die Herrschaft Wittingau angeschlossenen Gut Bzy untertänig.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Žimutice/Schimutitz ab 1850 einen Ortsteil der Gemeinde Bečice in der Bezirkshauptmannschaft und dem Gerichtsbezirk Týn nad Vltavou/Moldauthein. 1910 lebten in dem Dorf 231 tschechischsprachige Einwohner. Im Jahre 1924 löste sich Žimutice mit Hrušov und Korákov von Bečice los und bildete eine eigene Gemeinde. Zwischen 1943 und 1945 waren Čenkov, Záhoří und Krakovčice eingemeindet. Nach der Aufhebung des Okres Týn nad Vltavou wurde die Gemeinde 1961 dem Okres České Budějovice zugeordnet. Am 14. Juni 1964 wurden Bečice (mit Čenkov), Hartmanice, Krakovčice und Sobětice (mit Dubové Mlýny) eingemeindet. Ab dem 1. Januar 1976 kamen noch Dobšice (mit Branovice, Třitim und Smilovice), Pořežany (mit Tuchonice) und Štipoklasy (mit Dolní Kněžeklady, Horní Kněžeklady, Modrá Hůrka, Pořežánky). Dadurch wurde Žimutice zum Sitz einer Großgemeinde mit 17 Ortsteilen. Nach Referenden lösten sich Bečice, Branovice, Čenkov, Dobšice, Dolní Kněžeklady, Hartmanice, Horní Kněžeklady, Modrá Hůrka, Pořežánky und Štipoklasy zum 24. November 1990 von Žimutice los und bildeten eigene Gemeinden.

Gemeindegliederung
Die Gemeinde Žimutice besteht aus den Ortsteilen Hrušov (Hruschow), Krakovčice (Krakowtschitz), Pořežany (Groß Porscheschan), Smilovice (Smilowitz), Sobětice (Sobietitz), Třitim (Tritim), Tuchonice (Tuchonitz) und Žimutice (Schimutitz) sowie den Ansiedlungen Budáček, Dubové Mlýny (Eichmühl), Korákov (Korakow), Korákovská hájenka, Kozlovák, Židova Strouha und Žimutický Mlýn. Grundsiedlungseinheiten sind Dubové Mlýny, Hrušov, Krakovčice, Pořežany, Smilovice, Sobětice, Třitim, Tuchonice und Žimutice.

Das Gemeindegebiet gliedert sich in die Katastralbezirke Krakovčice, Pořežany, Smilovice u Týna nad Vltavou, Sobětice u Žimutic, Třitim, Tuchonice und Žimutice. Es besteht aus drei nicht zusammenhängenden Teilen. Den nördlichen Teil bildet Smilovice, den östlichen Krakovčice, Hrušov, Korákov, Žimutice, Sobětice und Dubové Mlýny, den südwestlichen Třtim, Pořežany und Tuchonice. Dazwischen liegen die Gemeinden Bečice, Dobšice, Horní Kněžeklady und Modrá Hůrka.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche des hl. Martin in Žimutice, erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert, der ursprünglich gotische Bau wurde im 18. Jahrhundert barock umgestaltet
 Friedhof um die Kirche, er wird von einer Mauer mit einem barocken Tor und der Nischenkapelle des hl. Johannes von Nepomuk aus dem 18. Jahrhundert umgeben.
 Kapelle der Unbefleckten Empfängnis der Jungfrau Maria in Třtim, erbaut 1904 nach Plänen des Baumeisters Jaroslav Tyn aus Týn nad Vltavou
 Nischenkapelle des hl. Johannes von Nepomuk aus dem 19. Jahrhundert, an der Straße von Třtim nach Hněvkovice na pravém břehu Vltavy
 Kapelle auf dem Dorfplatz von Tuchonice, erbaut 1836
 Reste des ehemaligen Artillerieübungsplatzes und des Großen Depots (Velký Depot) bei Smilovice und Wäldchen mit barocker Statuengruppe Štátule zum Gedenken an die Opfer der Explosion des Pulverturmes am 21. Juni 1753 bei der 80 Artilleristen starben und 40 schwer verletzt wurden
 Bildstock bei Smilovice am Wegekreuz nach Čenkov, geschaffen im 18. Jahrhundert
 Kapelle der Jungfrau Maria von Lourdes in Pořežany, errichtet 1936
 Bildstock am Platz Na Bábě bei Pořežany, geschaffen zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts
 ehemalige Mühle Budáček bei Pořežany
 Privatmuseum alter Kutschen und historischer Landtechnik in Pořežany
 Gehöfte im Moldautheiner Stil des südböhmischen Bauernbarock

Söhne und Töchter der Gemeinde
 Šimon Bárta (1864–1940), Bischof von Budweis

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Präsentation auf selskebaroko.cz

Ersterwähnung 1261

Žimutice


Keen Eddie es una comedia de televisión de origen anglo - estadounidense. Keen Eddie se enfocaba en un detective de la policía de Nueva York (Estados Unidos) que debe viajar a Londres cuando uno de sus casos no termina bien y es obligado a trabajar con la Scotland Yard. A pesar de sus errores como detective de Scotland Yard es aprobado en dicha institución policial londinense.

Keen Eddie fue cancelada después de solo siete episodios por la cadena Fox durante la temporada 2003. Pese a que fue cancelada después de solo siete episodios, Keen Eddie fue lanzada en DVD hace algunos años con 13 episodios.

El primer capítulo de la serie comenzó a emitirse el 3 de junio de 2003 culminando ese año la temporada con siete episodios. El último capítulo se emitió el 14 de abril de 2004.

Estilo de serie

La serie evoca el tono y el estilo de la serie Luz de luna, y recuerda bastante a películas de Guy Ritchie como Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels y Snatch.

Trama

Comienza con un mal trabajo realizado por Eddie Arlette (Mark Valley), un desacreditado detective neoyorquino, quien comete un espectacular fallo en una redada antidrogas, a causa de una información saboteada por una misteriosa y sexy informante por la cual Eddie se siente atraído. Evidentemente después de tan garrafal error por involucrar sus sentimientos con su criterio profesional, Eddie se presta a presentar su renuncia al Departamento de Policía de Nueva York NYPD, pero en lugar de aceptar su renuncia, el superior a cargo del caso, le ordena transferirse a Londres, último paradero conocido del químico farmacéutico que sintetizaba la droga oxicodona, para ponerlo bajo arresto y procesarlo.

Temporalmente en Londres, Eddie se une a Scotland Yard para resolver el caso como muestra de cooperación entre los departamentos de investigación del gobierno inglés y norteamericano. Para ello se le asigna como compañero al inspector Monty Pippin (Julian Rhind-Tutt), para asesorarlo sobre la legislación local y al mismo tiempo informar sobre el proceso al Superintendente Nathanial Jonhnson (Colin Salmon). Eddie acostumbrado al estilo americano de realizar las cosas en Nueva York no se adapta fácilmente al modus vivendi de Londres y recurrentemente comete errores que no solo lo avergüenzan a él, sino a todo el departamento de policía que representa. Al mismo tiempo Eddie debe lidiar con otros problemas de su vida personal puesto que para su estadía temporal en Londres decide rentar un departamento de una amiga londinense el cual se supone estaría disponible, no obstante Eddie se encuentra con que la casa vive Fiona Bickerton (Sienna Miller), un sexy y caprichosa rubia. Luego de las presentaciones formales y un desagradable primer encuentro, puesto que Fiona se encontraba jugando sexualmente con su novio Nigel. Eddie argumenta que se supone que el departamento estaría desocupado puesto que la hija de su amiga estaba como alumna interna en la universidad, Fiona, quién es hija de la amiga de Eddie a quién él rentó el departamento, no está dispuesta a dejarle vivir allí aludiendo a que se debe a un error cometido por su madre, pero las pesquisas de Eddie le llevan a descubrir que Fiona realmente ha abandonado la universidad sin que su madre lo sepa, al mismo tiempo el resultado de sus investigaciones concernientes al caso de las drogas empiezan a rendir frutos y su suerte en Londres comienza a cambiar. En una audaz jugada, Eddie consigue chantajear a Fiona; No dirá a su madre que ella ha abandonado sus estudios a cambio de que él pueda quedarse en el departamento arguyendo que él rentó y ya hizo el pago y de que compartan los gastos y responsabilidades de la manutención del lugar. Al mismo tiempo trae consigo su perro "Pete", un temperamental bull terrier que hace la vida de Fiona y de su gata "Duchess" un pequeño infierno debido a su mal carácter y a sus inclinaciones posesivo-destructivas con haberes personales de Fiona como su teléfono celular o su ropa, todo ello sumado a que las inclinaciones sexuales de "Pete" hacia "Duchess" provocan las rabietas de Fiona.

Finalmente luego de resolver exitosamente el caso y retirar de las calles de Londres la oxicodona, Eddie se prepara a regresar a Nueva York con su honor restituido y su carrera limpia. Sin embargo gracias a los resultados obtenidos en su trabajo para la Scotland Yard, el Superintendente Nathaniel Jonhnson le ofrece un puesto en su equipo de trabajo a lo cual no oculta su descarada intención de que gracias al trabajo de Eddie, él podrá ascender vertiginosamente en su carrera profesional hacia el puesto que desea en la Scotland Yard. Por su parte Eddie, quien hace el intento de marcharse; ve en ello una oportunidad para recibir el respeto que desea, y establecerse definitivamente en Londres como detective adjunto del Departamento de Policía de Nueva York para la Scotland Yard, además de que compartirá vivienda con su insufrible compañera, entre quienes ya se ha dejado ver cierto grado de atracción a pesar de sus continuos ataques de sarcasmo y desplantes.

Protagonistas

Estrenos

 EE. UU.:	 3 de junio de 2003
 Islandia: 7 de septiembre de 2003
 Italia:	 04 2004
 Suecia:	 16 de enero de 2005
 Finlandia: 22 de febrero de 2005
 Eslovenia: 18 de mayo de 2005
 Hungría: 22 de octubre de 2005

Lista de capítulos

Temporada 1

 Temporada 1, Episodio 1: Piloto: Eddie
Fecha-3 Transmisión original junio de 2003:
El detective Eddie Arlette (NYPD) estaba trabajando desde hace meses en un caso de drogas, sino que va completamente equivocado. Él tiene la culpa, y una oportunidad de redimirse a sí mismo: ir a Londres y coger el camino, por lo que se separa a Scotland Yard, donde se asocia con el inspector Monty Pippin. Sin embargo, los delincuentes de drogas prueban un fruto seco muy duro de roer, siempre lleno de sorpresas desagradables.

 Temporada 1, Episodio 2: Caballo Heredero
Fecha-10 de aire original, junio de 2003

 Temporada 1, Episodio 3: Achtung, Baby
Fecha-17 de aire original, junio de 2003

 Temporada 1, Episodio 4: Eddie le encanta el béisbol
Fecha-24 de aire original de junio de 2003

 Temporada 1, Episodio 5: Sucker Punch
Fecha-1 Transmisión original julio de 2003

 Temporada 1, Episodio 6: The Amazing Larry Dunn
Fecha-8 Transmisión original, julio de 2003

 Temporada 1, Episodio 7: Negro como yo
Fecha-24 de aire original de julio de 2003

 Temporada 1, Episodio 8: Sticky Fingers
Fecha-27 de aire original, enero de 2004

 Temporada 1, Episodio 9: Incidente Incitar
Transmisión original-17 de febrero de 2004

 Temporada 1, Episodio 10: Ciudadano Cecil
Fecha-2 Transmisión original marzo de 2004

 Temporada 1, Episodio 11: ¿Quién quiere ser en un club que me como un miembro?
Fecha-24 de aire original de marzo de 2004

 Temporada 1, Episodio 12: Guardando las apariencias
Fecha-7 Transmisión original abril de 2004

 Temporada 1, Episodio 13: Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
Fecha-14 de aire original de abril de 2004

Premios

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Series de televisión de comedia
Series de televisión de Estados Unidos
Series de televisión de los años 2000
Series de televisión de Reino Unido
Series de televisión iniciadas en 2003

Keen Eddie


මොහාන් ප්‍රියදර්ශන ද සිල්වා (උපත 1966 දෙසැම්බර් 23) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලනඥයෙක්, හිටපු කැබිනට් අමාත්‍ය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි. ඔහු අයත් වන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා පොදුජන පෙරමුණටය. මොහාන් පී ද සිල්වා වෘත්තියෙන් නීතිඥයෙකු වන අතර ඔහු අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ ගාල්ල ශාන්ත ඇලෝසියස් විද්‍යාලයේය. 2022 ශ්‍රී ලංකා විරෝධතා හමුවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයේ විශාල ඉල්ලා අස්වීමෙන් පසුව, 2022 අප්‍රේල් 18 වන දින ජනාධිපති ගෝඨාභය රාජපක්ෂ මහතා විසින් ජල සම්පාදන අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස ඔහු පත් කරන ලද අතර, ඔහු 2022 මැයි 9 වන දින දක්වා මෙම භූමිකාවේ කටයුතු කළේය.

යොමු කිරීම්

1966 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා

මොහාන් ද සිල්වා (දේශපාලඥ)


Vilhelmine Caroline af Oranien-Nassau-Diez (født 28. februar 1743 i Leeuwarden, død 5. marts 1787 i Kirchheimbolanden) var datter af arvestatholder Vilhelm 4. af Oranien og den britisk fødte prinsesse Anne.

Caroline af Oranien stod til rådighed som en mulig regentinde i Nederlandene. I kraft af sit ægteskab var hun fyrstinde af Nassau-Weilburg.

Regentinde i Nederlandene
Som datter af arvestatholderen havde Caroline en nær arveret til Nederlandene. Hun var tronfølger i to perioder. I 1765–1766 var hun Nederlandenes regentinde.

På grund af Carolines nære arveret til embedet som arvestatholder forlangte Generalstaterne, at hun – sammen med sin mand og deres børn – skulle bo i Nederlandene.

I de første år efter deres bryllup var fyrst Karl Christian kun på korte besøg i Nassau-Weilburg. I det meste af tiden passede han sine embeder i Nederlandene. Han var bl.a. guvernør i Maastricht i 1772–1781 og i Bergen op Zoom i 1773–1784.

Forældre
Caroline af Oranien-Nassau-Dietz var datter af arvestatholder Vilhelm 4. af Oranien og prinsesse Anne af Storbritannien (datter af Georg 2. af Storbritannien).

Familie
Caroline af Oranien var gift med fyrste Karl Christian af Nassau-Weilburg.
De fik 16 børn. Fem døtre og én søn nåede voksenalderen.
 George Willem Belgicus af Nassau-Weilburg (1760-1762)
 Willem Lodewijk Carel af Nassau-Weilburg (1761-1770)
 Augusta Maria Carolina af Nassau-Weilburg (1764-1802), nonne i Quedlinburg og Herford
 Wilhelmina Louise af Nassau-Weilburg (1765-1837), gift med Henrik 8. af Reuss
 Frederik Vilhelm, fyrste af Nassau-Weilburg (1768-1816), gift med borggrevinde Isabelle af Sayn-Hachenburg-Kirchberg (1772–1827), forældre til hertug Vilhelm 1. af Nassau (1792–1839).
 Carolina Louise Frederica (1770-1828), gift med Karl Ludwig fyrste til Wied
 Karel Lodewijk af Nassau-Weilburg (1772)
 Karel Frederik Willem af Nassau-Weilburg (1775-1807)
 Amalia Charlotte Wilhelmina Louise af Nassau-Weilburg (1776-1841), gift med Victor 2. af Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
 Henriëtte (1780-1857), gift med Ludvig, prins af Württemberg
 fem unavngivne børn (1767, 1778, 1779, 1784 og 1785)

Nederlandske statholdere
Huset Oranien-Nassau
Ottoniske linje af Huset Nassau
Walramiske linje af Huset Nassau

Caroline af Oranien-Nassau-Diez


Gerdekkaya, Alaca - Çorum ili Alaca ilçesine bağlı köy
 Gerdekkaya, Pasinler - Erzurum ili Pasinler ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Gerdekkaya


හල්දුම්මුල්ල බලකොටුව (කටුගොඩැල්ල බලකොටුව),  පෘතුගීසීන් විසින් පෘතුගීසි ලංකාවේ හල්දුම්මුල්ලේ ඉදිකරනු බලකොටුවකි. ක්‍රි.ව. 17වන සියවසේ බලකොටුව එහි පදනම හැරුණු විට, වර්ථමානයේ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම විනාශ වී ගොස් තිබේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

බලකොටු - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

හල්දුම්මුල්ල බලකොටුව


He is a founding member of the improvisational comedy group "Chuckle Duster", which performs occasionally in East London.

ජීවමාන ජනයා
He was populared by acting the role of Jason in a TV series created by BBC named Atlantis.

ජැක් ඩාෙනෙලි


1. svibnja
U pismu predsjednika Predsjedništva BiH Alije Izetbegovića predsjedniku Republike Hrvatske dr. Franji Tuđmanu upozorava se da provedba Washingtonskog sporazuma kasni.
Hrvatski nezavisni demokrati održali su osnivačku skupštinu u Zagrebu. Za predsjednika stranke izabran je Stjepan Mesić, a za potpredsjednike Josip Manolić, fra Tomislav Pavao Duka, Slavko Degoricija, Perica Jurič te Dragutin Hlad, svi bivši članovi HDZ-a.
U Zagrebu je održan kongres ujedinjenja Socijaldemokratske stranke Hrvatske (SDSH) i Sodijaldemokratske partije Hrvatske (SDP) u jedinstvenu SDP, te obilježena stogodišnjica socijaldemokracije u Hrvatskoj.
Borislav Mikelić, tzv. predsjednik krajinske vlade, donio naredbu o zabrani susreta razdvojenih obitelji kao i zabranu svakog ulaska u plavu zonu kod Mošćenice Srbima i malobrojnim Hrvatima iz okupirane Petrinje i Banije.
Nakon što su Srbi unutar zaštićene zone Goražda napali postrojbe engleskog UNPROFOR-a, to su isto učinili i danskim postrojbama u Tuzli, a vojni konvoj UN-a kod Sarajeva srpska je paravojska blokadom spriječila da uđe u grad.

2. svibnja
Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman odgovorio na pismo Alije Izetbegovića, u kojem ističe kako je od interesa za obje zemlje da se sporazum iz Washingtona što prije oživotvori.
U Chicagu utemeljen Savez Hrvata BiH radi okupljanja Hrvata iz te republike koji žive na sjeveroameričkom kontinentu a koji se zalaže za cjelovitost BiH.
Izetbegović posjetio slobodno brčansko područje, te istakao kako ovdje dobro organiziran suživot Muslimana i Hrvata mora biti model čitavoj mladoj državi BiH.
Nedaleko od Tuzle plave kacige uzvratile na napad i ubile 9 srpskih vojnika, dok su kod Sarajeva protiv srpskih snaga morali intervenirati i NATO-vi zrakoplovi.
Premijer BiH Haris Silajdžić kritizirao ulogu UN na prostoru bivše Jugoslavije ocijenivši da bi UN trebali otići ako nisu spremni braniti vlastitu Povelju i vlastite rezolucije.

3. svibnja
Mještani Moščenice, sela nedaleko Siska, ponovno blokirali cestu koja vodi od Siska do zaposjednute Petrinje u znak prosvjeda protiv nedjelotvornosti UNPROFOR-a koji ih ne štite već se otvoreno stavljaju na stranu pobunjenih Srba.

4. svibnja
U zapadnoj Slavoniji Srbi i dalje ne poštuju Zagrebački sporazum, po kojemu bi zaraćene strane trebale izvući teško naoružanje i ljudstvo na dogovorenu udaljenost od crte bojišta.
Bivša britanska premijerka Margareth Thatcher ponovno uputila poziv za zračne napade protiv Srba i ukidanje embarga na oružje za BiH i Hrvatsku.

5. svibnja
Dok bosanski Srbi i dalje prikupljaju svoje snage u okolici strateški važnog grada Brčkog, Zapad razgovara o tajnoj strategiji zastrašivanja Srba, ne bi li se na taj način došlo do mira na Balkanu, piše njemački Die Welt.
Tristo tona nafte dnevno Srbi pljačkaju u Đeletovcima u istočnoj Slavoniji, što traje već dvije godine uz pomoć UN-a, koji ništa ne poduzimaju da to spriječe, iako je na snazi Rezolucija 757 Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a o ekonomskom embargu protiv Srbije.
Predsjedništvo BiH odlučilo zatražiti ostavku izaslanika glavnog tajnika UN Yasushija Akashija zbog njegove pristranosti.
Čelnici bosanskih Srba, nakon razgovora s ministrom u britanskom Foreign Officeu Douglasom Hoggom, odbili ustupiti dio teritorija koje su osvojili u borbama u BiH kako bi se postigao mir.
Sjedinjene Američke Države i Rusija izrazile zabrinutost zbog nastavka nestabilnosti u BiH, te pozvale Srbe i Muslimane na primirje i pregovore.
Konvoj UNPROFOR-a, nakon četiri dana prisilnog zadržavanja od strane bosanskih Srba kod Rogatice, konačno stigao u Goražde.

6. svibnja
U Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova Republike Hrvatske dr. Mate Granić i veleposlanik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država Peter Galbraith potpisali sporazum o gospodarskoj suradnji između Hrvatske i SAD.
Međunarodna zajednica, na vojno zaoštravanje oko Brčkog, upozorava da ni Zapad niti Rusija nisu zainteresirani za vojni poraz bosanskih Srba, odnosno Srbije, jer žele mirovno rješenje bez apsolutnog pobjednika.
Samozvani premijer lokalnih Srba u UNPA područjima Hrvatske Borislav Mikelić odbacio bilo kakvu mogućnost podređenog položaja Krajine u gospodarskim odnosima s Hrvatskom.
Brod Cvijeta Zuzorić, prvi od 18 brodova duge plovidbe dubrovačke Atlantske plovidbe skinuo maltešku zastavu po kojom je plovio od kad je izbio rat u Hrvatskoj i stavio hrvatsku trobojnicu, te tako postao prvi brod koji plovi pod hrvatskim stijegom.

7. svibnja
Međunarodna zajednica na vojno zaoštravanje oko Brčkog, upozorava da ni Zapad ni Rusija nisu zainteresirani za vojni poraz bosanskih Srba, odnosno Srbije, jer žele moriovno rješenje bez apsolutnog pobjednika.

8. svibnja
Na pregovorima Hrvata i Muslimana u Beču, dogovoren vanjske granice Federacije prema Srbima, koja će obuhvaćati najmanje 51 posto bosanskohercegovačkog teritorija.
U Goraždu su Ujedinjeni narodi izgubili čast, ali su ostvarili primirje - izjavio Yasushi Akashi - te dodao da je Zapad nepravedan prema Srbima.
Oko bihaćke enklave nastavljene borbe između srpskih i hrvatsko-muslimanskih postrojbi.

9. svibnja
KOMISIJA BiH za ratne zločine prikupila više od 2.500 slučajeva koji upućuju da su na teritoriju BiH počinjeni teški zločini nad civilnim stanovništvom, a oko 1.000 slučajeva će predati predsjedniku Komisije UN-a za ratne zločine Sharifu Bassoudiju.
NAKON što su mjesec dana bili žrtve pravosudne pogreške, 11-orici francuskih državljana iz humanitarne udruge Premiere Urgence, po naređenju Radovana Karadžića, produžen pritvor, te su tako postali njegovi taoci kojima ucjenjuje Zapad.

10. svibnja
ARMIJA BiH minobacačima od 122 mm napala Brčko.

11. svibnja
U BEČU završeni hrvatsko-muslimanski pregovori, te potpisani sporazumi, po kojima su se obje strane sporazumjele o vanjskim granicama hrvatsko-muslimanske Federacije, a karta Federacije obuhvaćala bi 58 posto teritorija BiH.

12. svibnja
PREDSJEDNIK BiH Alija Izetbegović ocijenio da će najteži dio sporazuma o hrvatsko-muslimanskoj federaciji biti spajanje HVO-a i Armije BiH u jedinstvenu vojsku te da treba sačuvati Predsjedništvo, jer ono simbolizira BiH kao cjelinu.
NAKON tjedan dana razgovora, tijesnom većinom američki Senat izglasao jednostrano ukidanje embarga na oružje za BiH.

13. svibnja
PREDSJEDNIK dr. Tuđman na primanju predstavnika hrvatskog naroda u BiH u Predsjedničkim dvorima izrazio zahvalnost na svemu što su učinili na obrani hrvatstva i istakao da su potpisivanjem washingtonskih i bečkih sporazuma uspjeli sačuvati hrvatstvo u BiH.
U ŽENEVI održan ministarski sastanak o rješavanju krize u BiH, na kojemu je zaključeno da se, radi podrške prekidu neprijateljstava, UNPROFOR-u potrebna pojačanja, te da se teritorijalni kompromis temelji na 51 posto za bošnjačko-hrvatsku zajednicu i 49 posto za bosanske Srbe.

14. svibnja
PREDSJEDNIK TUĐMAN uputio pismo američkom predsjedniku Clintonu, te ministrima vanjskih poslova sedam zemalja u povodu okončanih pregovora Hrvata i Muslimana u Beču, u kojem izražava zadovoljstvo potpisanim sporazumom.
PRIGODOM susreta hrvatskog premijera Nikice Valentića i njegovog slovenskog kolege Janeza Drnovšeka u Otočcu, zaključeno da obje zemlje moraju s Italijom gajiti prijateljske odnose, no ni Hrvatska niti Slovenija ne mogu prihvatiti raspravu o Osimskim sporazumima, ili njihovoj reviziji.
NAKON svečanog potpisivanja bečkih dokumenata u Ženevi, predsjednik Predsjedništva BiH Alija Izetbegović u Sarajevu je ponovno istaknuo kako će ostati na mjestu predsjednika Predsjedništva BiH, te da nema nikakvog dualizma vlasti u odnosu na organe hrvatsko-bošnjačke federacije.
U OTVORENOM pismu osječko-baranjskog župana Branimira Glavaša Philipu Corwinu, koordinatoru za civilina pitanja UNPROFOR-a, istaknut problem pljačke hrvatske imovine, koja se još uvijek prenosi u Srbiju, te naseljavanja Srba iz drugih područja.
NA PRIJAMU u američkoj misiji u Ženevi u povodu bečkih sporazuma, dr. Mate Granić istaknuo kako su bečki sporazumi krucijalni dokument za funkcioniranje Federacije, koja ima snažnu podršku Hrvatske, te naglasio kako Hrvatska ima dva politička prioriteta: mirnu integraciju UNPA područja, te postizanje pravednog mira u BiH kroz pregovore, oživotvorenje Federacije BiH i njezine konfederacije s Hrvatskom.

15. svibnja
IZASLANSTVO grada Daruvara upoznalo predsjednika Tuđmana s tragičnim dokazom neučinkovitosti UNPROFOR-a: tragičnim ubojstvom petorice mještana Vukovje, koje su ubili njihovi bivši susjedi Srbi, a selo je bilo pod zaštitom UNPROFOR-a.
ARMIJA BiH i HVO službeno uspostavili zajedničko zapovjedništvo u Sarajevu, a vode ga generali Ante Roso i Fikret Muslimović.
MIROVNA misija Zaštitnih snaga UN-a u očima je mnogih prešutno postala oslonac Srbima u njihovim teritorijalnim osvajanjima, i u BiH i u UNPA područjima u Hrvatskoj, ocjenjuje se u izvješću dvojice stručnjaka američkog Senata upućenom njegovu Vanjsko-političkom odboru.

16. svibnja
ZAJEDNIČKI vojni stožer HVO-a i Armije BiH službeno počeo s radom u Sarajevu.
FRANCUSKI ministar vanjskih poslova Alaina Juppea smatra da Srbi neće potpisati nikakav mir u Bosni, ako ne dobiju minimum 49 posto teritorija, piše Le Monde.
ZAMJENIK ruskog ministra vanjskih poslova i posebni Jeljcinov opunomoćenik za područje bivše Jugoslavije Vitalij Čurkin razgovarao u Beogradu sa Slobodanom Miloševićem, koji je izjavio da se slaže sa zaključcima sastanka u Ženevi, prema kojima bi se trebalo postići primirje u BiH ali ne i oko teritorijalnih ustupaka.
PREDSJEDNIK Predsjedništva BiH Alija Izetbegović otputovao na hodočašće u Meku.

17. svibnja
POLICIJA doznala imena trojice od četvorice zločinaca srpske nacionalnosti, koji su 11. svibnja ubili petoricu civila iz Vukoja, sela pokraj Daruvara.
MUSLIMANI u BiH izigravaju dogovor prema kojemu bi se trebalo brže riješiti pitanja zarobljenih i nestalih osoba, priopćio Ured za razmjenu zarobljenika i traženje nestalih osoba HR Herceg-Bosne.
PODRŽAVAJUĆI rad Srpskog građanskog vijeća, kao istinskog zastupnika Srba u BiH, Hrvatsko narodno vijeće poziva srpski narod u BiH da se pridruži dogovoru Hrvata i Bošnjaka o BiH kao državi triju ravnopravnih naroda.
MAJOR MacKENZIE opovrgnuo vijest o pokretu tenkova HVO-a južno od Tomislavgrada, a koju je izrekao glasnogovornik UNPROFOR-a Eric Chaperona.
IVAN ZVONIMIR ČIĆAK i Stipe Mesić pojavili se na drugom programu Njemačke televizije (ZDF) kao svjedoci optužbe protiv hrvatske države i Tomislava Merčepa za ratne zločine.

18. svibnja
NASTAVLJAJUĆI etničko čišćenje u banjalučkoj regiji, Srbi protjerali 250 Hrvat i Muslimana, a u prelasku prognanika u Hrvatsku tom su prilikom pomogli predstavnici povjerenstva Međunarodnog Crvenog križa.
PILOTI triju UNPROFOR-ovih zrakoplova, koji su trebali sletjeti u Tuzlu, odbili poletjeti iz Zagreba, zbog opasnosti da bosanski Srbi bombardiraju tuzlansku zračnu luku.

19. svibnja
SRPSKI teroristi, oko 16 sati i 30 minuta, napali osobno vozilo na cesti Pakrac-Požega u mjestu Branešci, a nakon toga napali i tamošnji kontrolni punkt UNPROFOR-a, no ne zna se koliko je terorista sudjelovalo u napadu, izjavili predstavnici UNPROFOR-a.
DUŽNOSNICI SAD, Rusije i EU pokušavaju zauzeti zajednički stav glede rata u BiH, a na idućim sastancima sagledat će opcije za nove mirovne pregovore sa zaraćenim stranama u BiH.
SAD neće poduprijeti muslimanske zahtjeve za 58 posto teritorija BiH u novim mirovnim pregovorima.

20. svibnja
SEDAMDESET I PET tisuća žrtava ratnih zločina poimenično evidentirala Komisija za prikupljanje činjenice o ratnim zločinima, koja radi u Sarajevu.
STALNI predstavnik Republike Hrvatske pri UN dr. Mario Nobilo uputio pismo predsjedniku Vijeća sigurnosti Ibrahimu Gamariju, u kojemu upozorava Vijeće na radikalne izjave samozvanih srpskih dužnosnika iz Knina na okupiranom području Republike Hrvatske.

21. svibnja
PREDSJEDNIK Republike Hrvatske dr. Franjo Tuđman pri otkrivanju spomenika don Mihovilu Pavlinoviću u Podgori rekao čvrsto NE svim aspiracijama talijanskih neofašista na hrvatsku obalu, ali se založio da Hrvatska održava prijateljske odnose s demokratskom Italijom.
SRBI se nisu uistinu nikada povukli iz zone od tri kilometra od središta Sarajeva, već su svoje vojnike preobukli u policijske odore, potvrdio je to glasnogovornik Mirovnih snaga Rob Annink.

22. svibnja
CRNOGORCI iznenada odlučili vratiti oko 600 slika, skica i crteža poznatog dubrovačkog slikara Milovana Stanića, koje su prilikom agresije opljačkali iz njegove kuće u Štikovici i odnijeli ih u Crnu Goru.
OD DANAS će cijeli Mostar, prvi puta nakon izbijanja hrvatsko-muslimanskog sukoba, moći slobodno prijeći iz istočne na zapadnu stranu grada.

23. svibnja
U MOSTARU počela provedba sporazuma o prelasku civila iz jednog u drugi dio grada, potpisanog u Međugorju, preko nadzorne točke u središte grada dvjesto civila otišlo u posjet rodbini na lijevoj i desnoj obali Neretve.
GLASNOGOVORNIK UNHCR-a Peter Kessler drži da Srbi nepropuštanjem humanitarnih konvoja za Bihać žele taj grad ugušiti.
NAKON višednevnih priprema, tijekom kojih se ojačala topništvom i dovela svježe ljude, vojska bosanskih Srba napada crte obrane slobodne hrvatske zajednice Usore.
IZJAVA hrvatskog predsjednika Tuđmana glede talijanskih pretenzija prema Istri i Dalmaciji nema opravdanja - rekao talijanski ministar vanjskih poslova Antonio Martino i dodao - uopće ne dovodimo granicu u pitanje.
SNAGE bosanskih Srba nisu ispunile sporazum o povlačenju iz tri kilometra široke zone oko zaštićenog područja Goražda, izjavio glasnogovornik UNPROFOR-a Rob Annink.
NEMA napretka u odmrzavanju hrvatsko-srpskih odnosa nakon otvaranja Ureda Hrvatske u Beogradu i Biroa u Zagrebu, jer Srbi ne prihvaćaju Hrvatsku.

24. svibnja
U SABORU Republike Hrvatske izabrani novi predsjednici Zastupničkog doma - dr. Nedjeljko Mihanović - i Županijskog doma - dr. Katice Ivanišević.
MINISTRI obrane zemalja NATO-a izjasnili se protiv jednostranih odluka o povlačenju plavih kaciga iz BiH, posebice aludirajući na Francusku i Veliku Britaniju.
UNPROFOR izvijestio o teškim borbama koje su se u proteklih 24 sata vodile u sjevernoj Bosni i koje su izazvane napadom Armije BiH na srpske položaje zapadno od Tešnja.

25. svibnja
U KNINU zasjedala vlada tzv. republike srpske krajine, javio Radio Beograd, dodajući kako je odlučeno da se organizatori Mirovne konferencije o bivšoj Jugoslaviji i hrvatsko-srpskih pregovora obavijeste da tzv. republike srpska krajina ne odustaje od Ženeve kao mjesta pregovora.
ZAPOVJEDNIK UNPROFOR-a za BiH Michael Rose ocijenio pred izaslanstvom NATO-a da je rat u BiH dosegao mrtvu točku i da muslimanske snage nemaju izgleda postići odlučujuću pobjedu.

26. svibnja
PREDSJEDNIK Tuđman priopćio novinarima u Zagrebu da je parlamentarna kriza, koju su izazvali predsjednici Zastupničkog i Županijskog doma, Mesić i Manolić, prevladana izborom novih predsjednika obaju domova Sabora, a HDZ je ostao i dalje većinska stranka.
AMERIČKI predsjednik Bill Clinton uputio poruku Kongresu, u kojoj zahtijeva da se i dalje primjenjuju ekonomske sankcije protiv Srbije i Crne Gore, jer je politika kakvu provodi SRJ stalna prijetnja SAD-u.
RUSIJA zatražila od veleposlanika pri UN da preuzme inicijativu za razgovore u Vijeću sigurnosti o nastavku ofenzivnih vojnih akcija koje provodi Armija BiH protiv bosanskih Srba.

27. svibnja
U povodu Dana državnosti predsjednik Tuđman u Predsjedničkim dvorima razgovarao s urednicima hrvatskih listova i tom prigodom, među ostalim, rekao kako je 17. kolovoza 1990., kada se vraćao iz Splita, naredio da se rastjera Martić i društvo, no nisu to učinili oni koji su sada htjeli izazvati krizu (Manolić i Mesić).
U Mostaru moraju biti glavne hrvatske institucije, hrvatsko sveučilište, hrvatsko kazalište, hrvatski nogometni klub i institucije sada Hrvatske Republike Herceg-Bosne, dok se ne ostvari federacija, rekao novinarima u Zagrebu predsjednik Tuđman.
U Parizu završila dvodnevna konferencija o stabilnosti u Europi prihvaćanjem završnog dokumenta te dogovorom o organiziranju dvaju okruglih stolova o baltičkim zemljama i o zemljama srednje i istočne Europe, kojim bi se trebalo spriječiti da balkanska vatra ne izbije i drugdje.

28. svibnja
PREDSJEDNIK Udruge starosjedilaca Srbije Vlajko Popović izjavio kako u MUP-u Srbije radi 28.000 policajaca iz tzv. krajine.

29. svibnja
PRVI dosje sa svjedočenjima predan je tužitelju Međunarodnog suda za ratne zločine učinjene na prostorima bivše Jugoslavije, objavilo u Parizu društvo Liječnici svijeta.
PISMO, koje su poslali Mesić i Manolić američkom kongresu, 23. svibnja, smatra se vjerodostojnim, izjavio novinarima u Zagrebu zamjenik ministra vanjskih poslova Republike Hrvatske dr. Ivo Sanader. U pismu je Hrvatska optužena za vojno sudjelovanje u ratu u BiH.

30. svibnja
Proslavljen Dan državnosti.
Hrvatski dinar zamijenjen novom valutom - kunom i lipama - jedna kuna se mijenjala za 1.000 hrvatskih dinara a, zamjena se mora izvršiti do ponoći 5. lipnja.
Iako je prošlo dva mjeseca od potpisivanja zagrebačkog sporazuma, mještani Glinske Poljane, koji su se već i prije počeli vraćati u svoje selo, morali su ga napustiti jer su tako odlučili pripadnici francuskog bataljuna UNPROFOR-a.
Na Drugom zasjedanju Ustavotvorne skupštine Federacije BiH, koja je održana u Sarajevu, Krešimir Zubak je ustvrdio da bi uspostava srpskog koridora značila prejudiciranje globalnih političkih rješenja i narušavanje integriteta BiH.
Tuzlanska zračna luka Dubrave, koja je pod kontrolom UNPROFOR-a, bombardirana od strane Srba upravo u trenutku kada je trebao sletjeti zrakoplov čiji let osigurava UNPROFOR.

31. svibnja
U intervjuu za ljubljansko Delo o imovinskim i financijskim odnosima s Hrvatskom, direktor državne agencije za sanaciju banaka Lojze Deželak izjavio da dugovi Ljubljanske banke u Zagrebu ni u kom slučaju neće ići u javni dug, te da će dug od 900 milijuna njemačkih maraka hrvatskim štedišama biti bitno snižen ili uključen u sukcesiju.
Na zasjedanju Ustavotvorne skupštine Federacije BiH za predsjednika izabran Krešimir Zubak, a za potpredsjednika Federacije izabran dr. Ejup Ganić.
Prema pisanju The Timesa, srpski predsjednik Milošević prosperira usprkos sankcijama koje je UN točno prije dvije godine uveo protiv Srbije i Crne Gore.

Izvori

1994/5

Kronologija Domovinskog rata: svibanj 1994.


Matvæla- og lyfjaeftirlit Bandaríkjanna (enska: United States Food and Drug Administration, skammstafað FDA) er ríkisstofnun í Bandaríkjunum.

Ríkisstofnanir í Bandaríkjunum

Matvæla- og lyfjaeftirlit Bandaríkjanna


Ein Aufbaulehrgang ist eine Bildungsmaßnahme, die auf einem Grundlehrgang oder einer anderen Qualifikation aufbaut.

Insbesondere der Aufbaulehrgang, eine Schulform in Österreich, die als Lehrgang Absolventen einer berufsbildenden mittleren Schule (BMS, Fachschule) die Reifeprüfung (Matura) wie auch ein der berufsbildenden höheren Schule (BHS) vergleichbares Diplom vermittelt, wird darunter verstanden.

In anderen Zusammenhängen können die Bezeichnungen anbieterspezifisch sein.

Berufsbildung

Aufbaulehrgang


A Cage of Nightingales (en francés: La Cage aux rossignols) es una película francesa de 1945 dirigida por Jean Dréville. Estuvo nominada al Premio Óscar por Mejor Historia, y sirvió como inspiración para la película Les Choristes.

Trama
Clement Mathieu busca publicar su novela sin éxito. Con la ayuda de un amigo que es periodista, su historia sobre la 'jaula de los ruiseñores' se desliza subrepticiamente en un periódico.

Elenco
Noël-Noël como Clément Mathieu.
Micheline Francey como Micheline.
Georges Biscot como Raymond.
René Génin como Le père Maxence.
René Blancard como Monsieur Rachin.
Marguerite Ducouret como La mère de Micheline.
Marcelle Praince como La présidente.
Marthe Mellot como Marie.
Georges Paulais como Monsieur Langlois.
André Nicolle como Monsieur de la Frade.
Richard Francoeur como Monsieur de Mézères.
Jean Morel como el director.
Roger Vincent
Michel François como Lequerec.
Roger Krebs como Laugier.

Referencias
 IMDb

Películas de Francia
Películas en francés
Películas de 1945

A Cage of Nightingales