Riverfront Stadium, also known as Cinergy Field from 1996 to 2002, was a multi-purpose stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio. It was the home of the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1970 through 2002 and the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL) from 1970 to 1999. Located on the Ohio River in downtown Cincinnati, the stadium was best known as the home of "The Big Red Machine", as the Reds were often called in the 1970s.

Construction began on February 1, 1968, and was completed at a cost of less than $50 million. Riverfront's grand opening was held on June 30, 1970, an 8–2 Reds loss to the Atlanta Braves. Braves right fielder Hank Aaron hit the first home run in Riverfront's history, a two-run shot in the first inning which also served as the stadium's first runs batted in. Two weeks later on July 14, 1970, Riverfront hosted the 1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. This game is best remembered for the often-replayed collision at home plate between Reds star Pete Rose and catcher Ray Fosse of the Cleveland Indians.

In September 1996, Riverfront Stadium was renamed "Cinergy Field" in a sponsorship deal with Greater Cincinnati energy company Cinergy. In 2001, to make room for Great American Ball Park, the seating capacity at Cinergy Field was reduced to 39,000. There was a huge in-play wall in center field visible after the renovations, to serve as the batter's eye. The stadium was demolished by implosion on December 29, 2002.

History
Riverfront was a multi-purpose, circular "cookie-cutter" stadium, one of many built in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s as communities sought to save money by having their football and baseball teams share the same facility. Riverfront, Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia, Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta, Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh, Shea Stadium in New York and Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C., all opened within a few years of each other and were largely indistinguishable from one another; in particular, it was often confused with fellow Ohio River cookie-cutter Three Rivers Stadium by sportscasters because of the two stadium's similar names and similar designs.

One feature of Riverfront that distinguished it from other cookie-cutters was that the field level seats for baseball were divided in half directly behind home plate, with the third-base side stands wheeled to left field and the ones on the first-base side remaining stationary for conversion to a football seating configuration. The AstroTurf panels covering the tracks could be seen in left field during Reds games.

The site Riverfront Stadium sat on originally included the 2nd Street tenement, birthplace and boyhood home of cowboy singer and actor Roy Rogers, who joked that he was born "somewhere between second base and center field."

Riverfront Stadium's scoreboard was designed by American Sign and Indicator, but in its last years was maintained by Trans-Lux.  That scoreboard would be upgraded in the 1980s with the addition of an adjacent Sony JumboTron. The playing field was originally illuminated by 1,648 thousand-watt GTE Sylvania Metalarc lamps.

Big Red Machine
The Reds moved to Riverfront Stadium midway through the 1970 season, after spending over 86 years at the intersection of Findlay Street and Western Avenue – the last 57½ of those years at Crosley Field.  Riverfront quickly earned a place in Cincinnati's century-long baseball tradition as the home of one of the best teams in baseball history. The Reds had only won three pennants in their final 39 years at Crosley Field (1939, 1940, 1961) but made the World Series in Riverfront's first year (1970) and a total of four times in the stadium's first seven years, with the Reds winning back-to-back championships in 1975 and 1976. The World Series would return in 1990, with Cincinnati winning the first two of a four-game sweep of the Oakland Athletics at Riverfront.

Baseball purists disliked Riverfront's artificial turf, but Reds' Manager Sparky Anderson and General Manager Bob Howsam took advantage of it by encouraging speed and line drive hitting that could produce doubles, triples and high-bouncing infield hits. Players who combined power and speed like Joe Morgan, Pete Rose and Ken Griffey, Sr. thrived there. On defense, the fast surface and virtually dirtless infield (see photo) rewarded range and quickness by both outfielders and infielders, like shortstop Dave Concepción who used the turf to bounce many of his long throws to first. Catcher Johnny Bench and first baseman Tony Pérez played here. The artificial turf covered not only the normal grass area of the ballpark but also most of the normally dirt-covered portion of the infield; the infield area boundary where dirt would normally be was denoted with a white lined arc. Only the pitcher's mound, the home plate area (in two circled areas), and cutouts around first, second and third bases had dirt surfaces (which were covered in five-sided diamond shaped areas). This was the first stadium in the majors with this "sliding pit" configuration. Most of the new stadiums with artificial turf that would follow (Veterans Stadium, Royals Stadium, Louisiana Superdome, Olympic Stadium (Montreal), Exhibition Stadium, Kingdome, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, B.C. Place, SkyDome) installed sliding pits as the original layout, and the existing artificial turf fields in San Francisco, Houston, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis would change to the cut-out configuration within the next few years after Riverfront's opening.

Riverfront hosted the MLB All-Star Game twice: first on July 14, 1970, with President Richard Nixon in attendance (51,838 total attendance), and again on July 12, 1988 (55,837 attendance).

Professional football
Despite Cincinnati's love of baseball, it was the prospect of a professional football team that finally moved the city to end 20 years of discussion and build a new stadium on the downtown riverfront. After playing for two seasons at Nippert Stadium on the University of Cincinnati  campus, the Bengals built on the Reds' success in the stadium's first year when they recorded their first winning season and playoff appearance in 1970, just their third year of existence.

Perhaps the most memorable football game at Riverfront was the AFC Championship on January 10, 1982. The game became known as the Freezer Bowl and was won by the Bengals over the San Diego Chargers, 27–7. The air temperature during the game was  and the wind chill was , the coldest in NFL history. The win earned the Bengals their first of two trips to the Super Bowl (XVI) while playing at Riverfront, and the first of three in team history overall.

Riverfront Stadium hosted the 1988 AFC Championship, as the Bengals beat the Buffalo Bills 21–10 to advance to their second Super Bowl appearance.

During the Bengals' tenure, they defeated every visiting franchise at least once, enjoying perfect records against the Arizona Cardinals (4-0), New York Giants (4-0), and Philadelphia Eagles (3-0). They posted a 5–1 record in playoff games played in Riverfront Stadium, with victories over the Buffalo Bills (twice), San Diego Chargers, Seattle Seahawks, and Houston Oilers. Their only home playoff loss came to the New York Jets.

For most of the Bengals' tenure at the stadium, the field contained only the basic markings required for play. Until the late 1990s, there wasn't a logo at midfield or any writing in the end zone, which had long become standard in NFL stadiums.

During the 1988 season as the Bengals were making another Super Bowl run, Riverfront Stadium was nicknamed the Jungle as the Bengals went a perfect 10-0 at home during the regular season and in the playoffs. With the new stadium nickname, the fans and team adopted the Guns N' Roses song "Welcome to the Jungle" as the unofficial theme song for the Bengals.  When Paul Brown Stadium (now Paycor Stadium) opened in 2000, the Jungle theme was incorporated into the stadium design.

College football
Between 1970 and 1990 Riverfront Stadium hosted 25 University of Cincinnati football games to accommodate higher-caliber visiting teams and local rivals which would overwhelm demand in their usual on-campus home, Nippert Stadium (which then could only hold 28,000). Among the Bearcats' opponents were the University of Maryland, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, Boston College, West Virginia University, Penn State University, whose 1985 game took place with the Nittany Lions number one in the coaches' poll, and the University of Miami three times, twice while the Hurricanes were the defending national champions. It would be a temporary full-time home for the Bearcats during the 1990 season, when Nippert Stadium was undergoing renovations.

The Bearcats finished with a 12–13 all-time record at Riverfront.

Final years as a baseball-only stadium

When the Bengals moved to Paul Brown Stadium in 2000, the Reds were left as Cinergy Field's only tenant. Prior to the 2001 baseball season, the stadium was remodeled into a baseball-only configuration, and the artificial turf surface being replaced with natural grass.

To allow room for the construction of Great American Ball Park (which was being built largely over the grounds the stadium already sat on), a large section of the left and center field stands was removed and the distance to the fences was shortened by . A  wall was built in deep center field to prevent easy home runs. The new Great American Ball Park and old Riverfront Stadium were 26 inches apart at their closest point during this time. In the Reds' final two seasons in the stadium, ongoing construction on Great American was plainly visible just beyond the outfield walls while the team played their games. The stadium's final game was played on September 22, 2002, as the Reds lost 4–3 to the Philadelphia Phillies before a crowd of 40,964. Reds third baseman Aaron Boone hit the final home run in Riverfront's history in the loss, an eighth-inning solo home run off Phillies reliever Dan Plesac.

The stadium was demolished by implosion on December 29, 2002. Part of the former Riverfront Stadium site is now occupied by Great American Ball Park (which would open the following April) and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, along with several mixed-use developments and parking facilities. A small portion of the site is now occupied by the Reds' Hall of Fame and Museum and Main Street, which was extended when the new park was built and when the old park was demolished.

Seating capacity

Attendance records
Bold indicates the winner of each game.

Baseball

The 1988 All-Star Game had an attendance of 55,837

Football

Milestones

Baseball

First stadium to have its entire field covered by AstroTurf, except for the cutouts around the bases and pitcher's mound.
First hit: Félix Millán, June 30, 1970.
First home run: Hank Aaron, June 30, 1970.
First Presidential Visit: Richard Nixon, July 14, 1970.
First upper deck home run: Tony Pérez, August 11, 1970.
First World Series game ever played on artificial turf: October 10, 1970 (Reds vs. Baltimore Orioles).
First no-hitter: Ken Holtzman, June 3, 1971.
First pitcher ever to pitch a no-hitter and hit two home runs in the same game: Rick Wise, June 23, 1971.
 Hank Aaron ties the all-time home run record with number 714: April 4, 1974.
 First stadium to display metric distances on the outfield walls (100.58 meters down the lines, 114.30 to the alleys, 123.13 to center): 1976.
 Highest season attendance, 2,629,708: 1976.
 First rain checks issued: August 30, 1978.
 First player to hit for the cycle: Mike Easler, June 12, 1980.
 Pete Rose breaks the all-time hit record with number 4,192: September 11, 1985.
 First player ever to be caught stealing four times in one game: Robby Thompson, June 27, 1986.
Perfect Game: Tom Browning, September 16, 1988.
Umpire John McSherry collapsed and died on April 1, 1996.
Ray Lankford hits two upper-deck home runs on July 15, 1997, becoming the only player to do so in the stadium's history to that point.
Longest home run, 473': Mark McGwire, May 5, 2000.

Football
First touchdown: Sam Wyche, September 20, 1970
First Field goal: Horst Muhlmann, September 20, 1970
Freezer Bowl: lowest wind-chill (2nd lowest temperature) in NFL history, January 10, 1982
Steve Largent becomes the first player in NFL History to catch 100 TD's in career, December 10, 1989.
Corey Dillon breaks the single-game rookie rushing record with 246 yards on December 4, 1997.

Concerts

The Kool Jazz Festival (now the Macy's Music Festival) was an annual fixture.

Religious gatherings
The Jehovah's Witnesses hosted three conventions in the stadium, in 1971, 1974 and 1978.
Promise Keepers held a meeting there in 1997.

Gallery

References

Sources
Dittmar, Joseph J. (1997). Baseball Records Registry: The Best and Worst Single-Day Performances and the Stories Behind Them. McFarland & Company.
Munsey & Suppes (1996–2004). Riverfront Stadium. Ballparks.
Smith, Ron (2000). Riverfront Stadium. The Ballpark Book. The Sporting News.
Riverfront Stadium Opens. BaseballLibrary.com.

External links

 A Farewell to Cinergy Field. MLB.com.
 Cinergy Field: Kiss it Goodbye. Cincinnati.com.
 Riverfront Stadium/Cinergy Field. Ballparks of Baseball.
 Riverfront Stadium/Cinergy Field. Stadiums of Pro Football
 Cinergy Field. BaseballLibrary.com.

2002 disestablishments in Ohio
American football venues in Ohio
Baseball venues in Ohio
Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
Cincinnati Bengals stadiums
Cincinnati Reds stadiums
Defunct Major League Baseball venues
Defunct National Football League venues
Defunct American football venues in the United States
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Defunct multi-purpose stadiums in the United States
Demolished sports venues in Ohio
Multi-purpose stadiums in the United States
Sports venues completed in 1970
Sports venues demolished in 2002
Sports venues in Cincinnati
1970 establishments in Ohio

Riverfront Stadium


Das Motorrad XL 185 S ist eine japanische Enduro von Honda, die in den Jahren 1979 bis 1999 gebaut wurde.

Modellgeschichte

Scrambler waren in den 1960er Jahren in den USA sehr verbreitet. Das sind Straßenmotorräder mit erhöhter Sitzposition, deren Geländetauglichkeit durch grobstollige Reifen und höhergelegte Auspuffanlagen verbessert wurde. Ende der 1960er legte Honda eine Serie von SL-Modellen auf, die den Übergang vom Scrambler zur Enduro einleiteten. z. B.: Honda SL 90 (1969); Honda SL 175 (1970–1972); Honda SL 70 (1971–1974), 1974 umbenannt in XL 70 (bis 1977)

Sonstiges

Die XL 185 S hat ein 6-Volt-Bordnetz, das sich jedoch relativ einfach auf 12 V umrüsten lässt. Den Motor gab es auch als 125-cm³-Ausführung und mit etwas mehr Leistung (18 PS) in der XR 185. In leicht abgewandelter Form wird dieser Motor nach wie vor (Stand 2012) in einigen chinesischen Lizenzen (Zongshen, Lifan) gebaut.

Technik
Die XL 185 S hat folgende Daten:
Der Motor ist ein fahrtwindgekühlter OHC-Einzylindermotor mit je einem Auslaß- und Einlassventil. Er arbeitet nach dem Otto-Viertaktprinzip. Aus 63 mm Bohrung und 58 mm Hub ergibt sich ein Hubraum von 180 cm³. Die Verdichtung beträgt 9,2. Die Höchstleistung von 16,3 PS (12 kW) liegt bei 8000/min an. Das maximale Drehmoment von 15 N·m wird bei 6500/min erreicht.

Vergaser
Die Gemischaufbereitung erfolgt durch einen Vergaser mit 22 mm Durchlass.

Elektrische Anlage
Der Zündfunke wird durch eine Kontaktzündung über einen Schwunglichtmagnet erzeugt. Das Bordnetz arbeitet mit einer Spannung von 6 Volt und ist damit schwach ausgelegt.

Kraftübertragung
Die Kraftübertragung erfolgt im Primärantrieb durch Zahnräder. Eine Mehrscheibenkupplung im Ölbad trennt die Gänge im klauengeschalteten Getriebe mit 5 Gangstufen.
Den Sekundärantrieb zum Hinterrad übernimmt eine Rollenkette.

Fahrwerk und Bremsen
Das Kraftrad hat einen offenen Stahlrohrrahmen. Die Federung vorne übernimmt eine Teleskopgabel mit 200 mm Federweg. Das Hinterrad wird durch eine Zweiarmschwinge aus Stahlrohr geführt. Zwei einstellbare Federbeine mit einem Federweg von 165 mm federn die Unebenheiten auf der Straße und im Gelände ab. Sowohl das Vorderrad als auch das Hinterrad werden durch Trommelbremsen mit jeweils 110 mm Trommeldurchmesser gebremst.

Maße und Gewichte
Der Radstand beträgt 1320 mm. Die Sitzhöhe ist mit 82 cm angegeben. Das fahrfertige Gewicht beträgt 116 kg. Der Kraftstofftank fasst 7 Liter.

Messwerte

Die Höchstgeschwindigkeit solo liegt bei ca. 110 km/h. Der Verbrauch bei 2,5 bis 4,5 Liter Normalbenzin auf 100 km (im Gelände generell höher als auf der Straße). Die Reichweite beträgt bis zu 250 km.

Modellpflege

Modellgeschichte der Honda XL 185S

 1978–79 Freistehender Scheinwerfer, zwei Rundinstrumente im gemeinsamen Gehäuse
 1980 Der Drehzahlmesser entfällt.
 1981 Zwei (in einzelnen Gehäusen verbaute) Rundinstrumente
 1982 Gleichrichter mit Regler
 1983 Seit 1982 gab es parallel die XL200R.

Literatur

Joachim Kuch: Honda: Motorräder seit 1970. 1. Auflage. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-613-02989-7, Seite 138.

Weblinks
 XL 185 Spezial
Kurzer Film über die Honda XL 185 S (Motor läuft): Dauer 3:14 Minuten

XL 0185 S

Honda XL 185 S


Martin Papanov (né le  à Kran) est un coureur cycliste bulgare.

Biographie

En mars 2018, Martin Papanov intègre la réserve de l'équipe Caja Rural-Seguros RGA. Il évolue ensuite sous les couleurs du club Paris Cycliste Olympique pour la fin de saison, en division nationale 3. L'année suivante, il se classe huitième de la Fatih Sultan Mehmet Edirne Race en Turquie, avec la formation bulgare Hemus 1896.

Il fait son retour en France en 2020 au Martigues SC-Payden & Rygel, club de division nationale 2. Durant l'été, il se classe deuxième du championnat de Bulgarie et participe aux championnats d'Europe de Plouay, dans la catégorie espoirs (moins de 23 ans). En 2021, il est champion de Bulgarie sur route espoirs et deuxième du contre-la-montre.

Palmarès et résultats

Palmarès sur route
 2017
 Memorial Dimitr Yankov :
 Classement général

 2020
  du championnat de Bulgarie sur route espoirs
 2021
  Champion de Bulgarie sur route espoirs
  du championnat de Bulgarie du contre-la-montre espoirs
 2023
  Champion de Bulgarie du contre-la-montre
  de l'Aziz Shusha

Classements mondiaux

Palmarès sur piste
 2021
  Champion de Bulgarie de course aux points
  du championnat de Bulgarie de poursuite par équipes

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste bulgare
Coureur cycliste sur piste
Naissance en octobre 1999
Naissance en Bulgarie

Martin Papanov


Spetsgruppa "A", also known as Alpha Group (a popular English name), or Alfa, whose official name is Directorate "A" of the FSB Special Purpose Center (TsSN FSB) (Russian: Спецназ ФСБ "Альфа"), is a stand-alone sub-unit of Russia's special forces within the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB). It was created by the Soviet KGB in 1974. Although little is known about the exact nature of its primary directives, it is speculated that the unit is authorised to act under the direct control and sanction of Russia's top political leadership, similar to its sister unit, the Directorate "V" (Vympel), which is officially tasked with protecting Russia's strategic installations, as well as conducting black operations inside and outside Russia. It is also available for extended police duties, for paramilitary operations, and for covert operations, both domestically and internationally.

In the Soviet Union

Creation and organization
On 28 July 1974, Alpha Group was created on the orders of the KGB Chairman, Yuri Andropov, in the aftermath of the 1972 Munich massacre. It might have been established as a response to West Germany's creation of the Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (or the GSG 9). By attaching a special-purpose unit to the office of the First Chief Directorate in Moscow (later the Seventh Directorate), it was hoped that the Soviet Union's defensive capacity against terrorist attacks would increase significantly. At the time, other, more offensive special forces of the KGB included the groups Zenit and Kaskad/Omega. Another important mission for Alpha was to provide security for the Soviet leadership against enemy special forces in times of crisis or war.

Later, territorial Alpha units were established across the Soviet Union:
 7th Group formed in the Russian SSR, Khabarovsk Krai
 10th Group formed the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev Oblast – Later forming the basis of Ukraine's Alpha Group
 11th Group formed in the Belarusian SSR, Minsk Oblast – Later forming the basis of Belarus' Alpha Group
 12th Group formed in the Kazakh SSR, Almaty Oblast – Later forming the basis of Kazakh NSC Arystan unit
 13th Group formed in the Russian SSR, Krasnodar Krai
 14th Group formed in the Russian SSR, Sverdlovsk Oblast

Operations
Initially, this special-purpose counter-terrorism unit was involved in delicate operations which necessitated its members have a unique skill set. In 1979, the Alpha Group shot a young Soviet Ukrainian, named Yuri Vlasenko, who was occupying a room in the Consular Section of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow, demanding he be granted asylum in the United States. He was either killed by gunfire, or by the detonation of his home-made bomb, which also slightly damaged the building. Throughout the 1980s, Alpha became increasingly deployed domestically to respond to a rising number of hostage taking situations, including at least two cases which involved buildings being taken over and hostages taken by violent groups of deserters from the Soviet Army, as well as other armed organizations. Notably, the 1983 hijacking of Aeroflot Flight 6833 in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, was thwarted when Alpha stormed the airplane, killing three and capturing three other hijackers who were attempting to escape to the west, which also resulted in the loss of five hostages. The unit also became involved in the ethnic conflicts throughout the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Alpha was also used as the "spearhead" of KGB counterintelligence operations, interdicting hostile intelligence operations on Soviet territory and seizing enemy spies such as CIA agent Adolf Tolkachev in 1985. Two commanding officers of Group "A" were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union: Gen. Viktor Karpukhin and Gen. Gennady Zaitsev.

Foreign operations
Soon, Alpha was assigned missions far exceeding its formal scope. On 27 December 1979, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev launched a surprise armed intervention and regime change operation in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Soviet forces, including KGB commandos who had infiltrated the country on a pretense to guard the Soviet Embassy, were able to quickly secure important government institutions throughout Kabul.  Those institutions included: the Ministry of the Interior; the headquarters of the KHAD security service; the Ministry of Defense (Darul Aman Palace); and the Tajbeg Palace, in which, during a 34-minute storming, they successfully assassinated President Hafizullah Amin, along with his mistress and his young son (the orders were to kill every Afghan in the building). The assault on Tajbeg Palace was given the name Operation Storm-333 and involved a combined force of Soviet Airborne paratroopers (VDV), and special forces groups from the GRU and the KGB, including 24 men from the "Thunder" detachment of Alpha Group. The Alpha detachment were dressed in Afghan uniforms and headed by Grigoriy Boyarinov, commandant of the special operations school of the KGB's Department 8. It was Boyarinov who ordered that all Afghan witnesses of the operation be killed, and he was accidentally shot dead by Alpha troops when he was mistaken for a palace guard. According to Russian sources, the members of this highly trained group performed remarkably well, losing only two men; the lightest casualties of any of the forces involved in the raid. However, the success of Storm-333, and the initial invasion, marked the beginning of the ten-year Soviet–Afghan War, and subsequently, Alpha Group's extensive involvement throughout the conflict.

Six years later, in October 1985, Alpha Group was dispatched to war-torn Beirut, Lebanon. The Kremlin was informed of the kidnapping of four Soviet diplomats by the militant group, the Islamic Liberation Organization (a radical offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood). It was believed that this was retaliation for the Soviet support of Syrian involvement in the Lebanese Civil War. However, by the time Alpha arrived, one of the hostages had already been killed. Through a network of supporting KGB operatives, members of the task-force identified each of the perpetrators involved in the crisis, and once identified, began to take the relatives of these militants as hostages. Following the standard Soviet policy of no negotiations with terrorists, one of the hostages taken by Alpha Group had his testicles removed and sent to the militants before being killed. The warning was clear: more would follow unless the remaining hostages were released immediately. The show of force worked; and, for a period of 20 years, no Soviet or Russian officials were taken captive, until the 2006 abduction and murder of four Russian embassy staff in Iraq. However, the veracity of this story has been brought into question. Another version says that the release of the Soviet hostages was the result of extensive diplomatic negotiations with the spiritual leader of Hezbollah, Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, who appealed to King Hussein of Jordan, and the leaders of Libya and Iran, to use their influence on the kidnappers.

Fall of the Soviet Union

Intervention in the Baltics
On 11 March 1990, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic made public their intent to secede from the Soviet Union and re-establish the independent Republic of Lithuania. As a result of this pronouncement, on 9 January 1991, the Soviet leadership dispatched Alpha Group to quell the independence movement and maintain Lithuania's status as a Soviet republic. This attempt to re-establish Soviet dominance culminated in the violent seizure of the Vilnius TV Tower on 13 January 1991, during which the Soviet forces killed 13 unarmed Lithuanian protesters, as well as one Alpha operative (Lt. Viktor Shatskikh, who was apparently struck in the back by friendly fire). In 2011, the former commander of Alpha Group, retired KGB Col. Mikhail Golovatov, was detained at Vienna International Airport on a European Arrest Warrant due to this incident, issued by Lithuania, but Austrian authorities released him within 24 hours, claiming that the information provided by Lithuania was "too vague". In response, the Lithuanian parliament discussed breaking diplomatic ties with Austria in protest. A joint statement by the Foreign Ministers of all three Baltic States condemned Golovatov's release, and said that it should have been one of "... the occasions when suspects are detained and extradited, particularly when they are accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity ..." as "... the crimes performed in 1991 in Vilnius and Riga have no limitation ..." ("Riga" referring to a similar crackdown in January 1991, when six Latvian policemen and civilians were killed by Soviet OMON and KGB forces, possibly including Alpha Group members).

1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
During the events of the Soviet coup attempt in August 1991, Alpha Group's commanding officer, Gen. Karpukhin, was commanded by KGB chairman, Vladimir Kryuchkov, to forcibly enter the White House, Russia's acting parliament, after paratroopers secured the entrance, to eliminate the President of the Russian SFSR, Boris Yeltsin, and various other anti-coup leaders assembled there. In addition to Alpha Group, Gen. Karpukhin was also given authority of Vega Group (Vympel), elements of the Soviet Airborne, Internal Troops, special units of the Dzerzhinsky Division (OMSDON), mobilised units of the Moscow OMON, three tank companies, and a squadron of helicopters. On-site analysis of the area was conducted by Airborne deputy commander Alexander Lebed, and other senior officers who mingled with the crowds of anti-coup protesters nearest to the White House. There was a general consensus among the military officials who gathered that day, as evidenced by their statements months after the botched coup attempt, that had they followed through on their endeavour it would have succeeded. The stated mission objectives could have been reached in no more than half-an-hour, but it would have come at a terrible human cost. Shortly after their assessment was made, Gen. Karpukhin and Vympel's Boris Beskov convinced the KGB Deputy chairman, Gennady Ageyev, that such a massive undertaking should be cancelled.

In the Russian Federation

Decorated servicemen

As of 2018, nine officers of Alpha have been awarded the title Hero of the Russian Federation:
 Lt. Gennady Sergeyev (posthumously)
 Col. Anatoly Saveliev (posthumously)
 Maj. Vladimir Ulyanov (posthumously)
 Maj. Yuri Danilin (posthumously)
 Col. Sergei Dyachenko
 Col. Valery Kanakin
 Lt. Artyom Sevshencko
 Maj. Alexander Perov (posthumously)
 Col. Andrei Kum.

Shuffling and reforms
Alpha Group was severely downgraded during the dissolution and collapse of the Soviet Union. After the fall of the USSR, both Alpha and Vympel were transferred to the newly formed Main Guard Directorate (GUO), which was established on the basis of the KGB's Ninth Chief Directorate. In 1993, they were taken from GUO control, and for a time being put under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). As part of the government shakeup following the June 1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in which the Alpha Group had a leading role, Yeltsin fired the first Director of the Federal Security Service (FSB), Sergei Stepashin. Two months later, Alpha and Vityaz were both transferred from the MVD to the FSB. Simultaneously, Mikhail Barsukov became the new head of the organization, and created the FSB Anti-Terrorist Center (ATC), headed by Gen. Viktor Zorkin. Directorate "A" (Alpha) was tasked with protecting transportation and buildings while Directorate "V" (Vega/Vympel) was tasked with protecting strategic sites (another Directorate, "K", was tasked with ideological counterintelligence); "A" and "V" were soon joined in a Tsentr Spetsnaz (Special Purpose Center) under Gen. Vladimir Pronichev.

Meanwhile, Alpha veterans became active in legitimate businesses (such as the private security company Alpha-B co-founded by Col. Golovatov in August 1993) in organised crime, as well as in politics. The Alpha veterans' association, led by Sergey Goncharov, strongly opposed Russian President Yeltsin faction's party, Our Home – Russia, in the legislative election of 1995 (Goncharov later became a State Duma deputy). Gen. Karpukhin, who resigned from the service following the 1991 coup attempt, became chief of security to Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, after which he worked with private security companies in Moscow, and ran unsuccessfully for the Duma as a member of the Union of Patriots in 1995.

Operations
In October 1995, Alpha killed the armed man who hijacked a bus carrying South Korean tourists in Moscow. He had demanded $1 million and to be flown out of the country. In December 1997, Alpha freed the Swedish trade counsellor Jan-Olof Nyström who was kidnapped in Moscow by a gunman similarly demanding a ransom and a flight out of Russia. The hostage was swapped for Alpha's Colonel Anatoly Saveliev (Savelyev), and the hostage-taker was killed during the storming of the embassy. Colonel Savelyev was injured during the action, and died in hospital of a heart attack shortly thereafter.

1993 Russian constitutional crisis
In 1993, during the Russian constitutional crisis, Yeltsin, who by then was President of the Russian Federation, used Alpha and Vympel during a deadly showdown in central Moscow against the pro-parliament forces that sided with Vice-President Alexander Rutskoy (declaring him an acting president). The pro-parliament faction had seized the Russian White House, along with several Supreme Soviet deputies who had been taken hostage. Yeltsin ordered Russian troops to storm the building, including elements of the paratroopers, the Alpha and Vympel Groups, Russian ground forces, and the Internal Troops's special forces unit, Vityaz. However, the Alpha troops initially refused to attack the White House, reportedly bringing their commander, Gen. Zaitsev, to the brink of suicide over the open insubordination of his troops in the face of a presidential order. When one of the Alpha troops, Lt. Sergeyev, who was near the White House, was mortally wounded by sniper fire from the nearby Hotel Ukraina, the unit finally agreed to move. Opposition gunmen were blamed for the shooting, but it is possible that the shots were actually fired by members of a special unit loyal to Yeltsin; it was rumoured that the snipers in the hotel were commanded by Alexander Korzhakov, chief of the Presidential Security Service (SBP). The crisis ended when Yeltsin's forces, paratroopers supported by tanks and armoured personnel carriers, many of which were manned not by conscripts but members of the Union of Afghanistan Veterans, stormed and seized the White House on 4 October 1993, killing dozens, and possibly hundreds, of people, and ensuring the total victory of Yeltsin's faction. In the end, Rutskoy and the other leaders of anti-Yeltsin faction, including Ruslan Khasbulatov, Vladislav Achalov and Viktor Barannikov, all negotiated their surrender to the Alpha troops, who had entered the shelled and burning building after the shooting stopped, and brought them, along with the detained Supreme Soviet deputies, to Lefortovo Prison.

Conflicts in Chechnya and the North Caucasus

The Alpha Group was involved in the First Chechen War of 1994–1996, following the Chechens' declaration of independence from the Russian SFSR and then the Soviet Union in 1990–1991. In the fall of 1994, Alpha provided personal security details for the main commanders of the invasion of Chechnya, Defense Minister Pavel Grachev and federal Interior Minister Viktor Yerin, as they travelled to the Mozdok airbase in North Ossetia, which was the main headquarters, staging area and logistics base for Russian forces entering Chechnya. Later, many Alpha troops served in "mobile anti-terror groups" (), as well as providing security for the pro-Moscow Chechen government complex and the regional FSB headquarters in the Chechen capital Grozny. In August 1996, when the city was retaken by Chechen separatist forces, 35 of them (including 14 members of the territorial Alpha unit from Krasnodar Krai) took part in a defence of the FSB headquarters. The separatist forces began to systematically retake individual buildings which were being defended by cut-off groups of Russian military and security forces. By the war's final ceasefire, the main FSB office was one of the few key structures still being held by federal forces in central Grozny, but at the cost of 70 of its defenders' lives in some of the fiercest fighting during the last battle.

Allegations arose, following the Khasavyurt Accord of August 1996, that the ATC carried out clandestine operations intended to discredit the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, so that it would not receive international recognition of its independence. According to Jonathan Littell, the service "... was most likely deeply involved ..." in many of the high-profile kidnappings which damaged Chechnya's reputation. Littell wrote: "It is impossible to say whether these provocations were part of a more general FSB policy or whether the [ATC] and its departments were running their own show; certainly it did not reflect the official policy of the government, nor of those officials like Ivan Rybkin, the Secretary of the Security Council, tasked with the Chechen dossier between 1996 and 1999."

Alpha was active during the Second Chechen War that began in 1999, as well as the subsequent Insurgency in the North Caucasus. During the 2000 Battle of Komsomolskoye, Alpha snipers attached to Vladimir Shamanov's Western Group of federal forces, were deployed in an attempt to suppress Ruslan Gelayev's snipers in the village. According to the unit's veterans, operations in which Alpha took part led to the arrest of Chechen commander Salman Raduyev in 2000, the killing of Chechen commander Arbi Barayev in 2001, the killing of Chechen separatist President Aslan Maskhadov in 2005, and the killing of foreign militant leader Abu Hafs in Dagestan in 2006. Following the transfer of responsibility for operations in Chechnya from the Ministry of Defence to the FSB in January 2001, and prior to the "Chechenization" policy that began in 2003, Alpha members (along with the other Russian personnel and pro-Moscow Chechen militia) participated in at least 10 mixed "combined special groups" (, SSGs), considered death squads by human rights groups and outside observers. It is believed that the SSGs were behind many of the numerous "name/address cleansings" (imeny/adressny zachistki): usually night-time raids by masked men in unmarked vehicles, targeting specific active or former rebel combatants, their supporters, their relatives, or other civilians for either forced disappearance or outright extrajudicial killing. In 2005, Human Rights Watch declared that the disappearances had reached the scale of a crime against humanity, and that "Russia has the inglorious distinction of being a world leader in enforced disappearances." Chechnya's UFSB also formed a local Alpha unit, believed to be similar in its role to the SSGs.

Mass hostage crises

The group was instrumental in the Russian government's attempts to forcibly bring an end to a series of mass hostage crisis incidents, in which groups of Chechen and other separatist militants took hostages. These events took place in Russia's southern territories near Chechnya as well as in the Russian heartland, and were made up of the Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in June 1995, the Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis in January 1996, the Moscow theatre hostage crisis in October 2002, and the Beslan school hostage crisis in September 2004. Each of these high-profile incidents resulted in hundreds of fatalities and injuries among the hostages and, with the exception of the Moscow siege, significant losses among the unit's personnel.

At Budyonnovsk (Budennovsk) in Stavropol Krai, two abortive storming attempts by Alpha and Vympel killed scores of hostages in a major public relations disaster for the Russian government, as the carnage was televised live across the country. In the first, a pre-dawn raid, only 86 out of more than 1,500 hostages were freed, but more than 30 hostages were killed before the rescuers were forced to retreat after four hours of fighting, which also resulted in the deaths of several men on both sides. After that, the leader of the hostage-takers, Chechen commander Shamil Basayev, agreed to release pregnant and nursing women, and to allow emergency services to put out a fire in the main building and to collect and remove dead bodies. The assault was then resumed at noon and included the use of tear gas; it stopped after over an hour later when Basayev agreed to release the remaining women and children. The overall death toll of more than 120 people included three Alpha members. In the end, the crisis was resolved through negotiations that led to an agreement involving a ceasefire in Chechnya and high-level peace talks, both of which later broke down, with full-scale hostilities resuming in October 1995. Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin claimed that both attacks had not been authorised by the government, but were launched by troops acting without orders.

At Pervomayskoye, a small settlement on the outskirt of Kizlyar in Dagestan, in an operation that was conducted under the direct control of Barsukov, Alpha Group was mostly held in reserve during multiple failed storming attempts spearheaded by Vityaz and the SOBR (a special forces unit of the Moscow police), supported by tanks and armoured vehicles. Further attacks were conducted with heavy artillery, including Grad launchers firing salvos of rockets into the village, and helicopter gunship support. According to statements made to justify the use of unlimited force, the FSB had been informed, falsely, that the hostages had been executed by their captors, prior to the commencement of military operations. This full-scale offensive continued for three days, until the Chechen militants fought their way through the siege lines in a night-time break-out, escaping with many of the surviving hostages in another major humiliation for the Kremlin. 26 out of the 150 hostages lost their lives (most of the original 2,000 hostages had been released in Kizlyar), and in all the incident resulted more than 300 fatalities, mostly among the Russian forces. Although they avoided the kind of devastating losses that decimated the Moscow SOBR (including the death of their commanding officer) and the 22nd Independent Brigade of Spetsnaz GRU, Alpha Group still suffered casualties at Pervomayskoye.  These included a friendly fire incident which occurred after fighting had ended, when a regular soldier accidentally fired his vehicle's Grom gun, killing two Alpha members.  When the Alpha Group was deployed, they were sent in without winter clothing and quartered in unheated buses. One of the unit's commanders claimed they were "set up", saying: "The first day it was 15 below and we were standing in the fields with no warm clothes. There were no sleeping bags, no water, no food. The hostages were being destroyed, the rebels were being destroyed and we were being destroyed there. That's what happened."

Several highly controversial actions made the force susceptible to criticism revolving around the loss of life among the hostages. One of these actions was the use of an unknown chemical agent to assist Alpha Group and the SOBR break the October 2002 Moscow hostage crisis, by knocking out the people inside the building. The FSB chemical attack resulted in the deaths of at least 129 hostages and serious damage to the health of many others, yet was hailed by the group's officers as their "... first successful operation for years". In 2011, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ordered Russia to pay compensation to 64 survivors of the siege for their physical and emotional suffering, and to prosecute the officials who committed the human rights violations, ruling that the authorities had failed to minimise the risks to the hostages. Russia failed to uphold the ECHR ruling, paying the compensation to victims but not launching an investigation into the violations.

Another controversy was the use of tank cannons, portable flamethrowers, and other weapons such as grenade launchers in Beslan, North Ossetia. On 3 September 2004, the local school was taken over by Chechen-led militants from Ingushetia, and was subsequently raided by the heavily armed FSB special forces of Alpha and Vympel. The operation was overseen by the head of the Special Purpose Center, Gen. Alexander Tikhonov, who forbade extinguishing the fire in the school, while the actual attack was personally led by Gen. Pronichev, and supported by tanks, armoured personnel carriers and attack helicopters. John McAleese, a member of the Special Air Service (SAS) team which had liberated the Iranian Embassy in London in 1980, immediately called it one of the worst hostage rescue attempts he had seen or heard about. The Beslan siege turned out to be particularly bloody, costing the lives of more than 333 people, including 186 children (age 1 to 17), 111 relatives, guests and friends, 17 school staff members and 10 Alpha members. No ballistic tests were carried out, and prosecutors were not allowed to examine the special forces' weapons to determine who exactly killed the hostages. In 2007, 447 survivors and relatives of victims of the Beslan massacre brought a complaint against the Russian government in seven applications to the ECHR.

In other post-Soviet states

Ex-Soviet regional Alpha units

In Belarus

The Minsk territorial unit of Alpha continues to exist within the State Security Committee (KGB) of Belarus, known simply as "Alfa" («Альфа»).

In Kazakhstan
The Almaty territorial unit of Alpha was turned into the special unit Arystan (meaning "Lions" in Kazakh) of the National Security Committee (KNB) of Kazakhstan. In 2006, five members of Arystan were arrested and charged with the kidnapping of the opposition politician Altynbek Sarsenbayuly, his driver, and his bodyguard; the three victims were then allegedly delivered to the people who murdered them.

In Ukraine

Special Group "Alpha" is a branch of the Security Service of Ukraine; and a successor of the Soviet Union's Alpha Group. It has continued to be informally called "Alpha".

Self-styled new units

In Georgia
Georgia established its own Alpha unit in 1992. It was created as one of the three special forces units belonging to the Ministry of State Security, the other two being named Delta and Omega. In 1995, members of Alpha and the Minister of State Security, Igor Giorgadze, were blamed for the failed bombing attempt on the life of President Eduard Shevardnadze. After that, Giorgadze fled to Moscow, and Georgia's Alpha was purged and reorganised.

In Kyrgyzstan
A special unit named "Alfa" Special Operations Executive (ASOE) was established within the State Committee on National Security (GKNB) of Kyrgyzstan. In 2010, eight members of ASOE, including five snipers and the unit's commander, were charged with shooting and killing unarmed people during the Second Kyrgyz Revolution. Criminal cases were brought to the court under the articles: 97 (murder), and 305 part 2 (exceeding the limits of authority).

In Tajikistan

Equipment

As a 'Tier 1' force, Alpha Group operators have access to a wide array of small arms.

Assault rifles
Various AK-74 variants
AS Val
AK-12
AK-105
M4A1 or AR-15 variants (Limited Use)
HK417
AN-94 (Limited Use)

Light machine guns
PKP Pecheneg
PKM

Sniper and designated marksman rifles
Various Dragunov variants
H&K MR308(civilian version of the HK417).
Vintorez
Accuracy International AWM
Orsis T-5000
Lobaev Arms M2 Urbana and M4 Dark Matter

Submachine guns and personal defense weapons
Heckler & Koch MP5
Vityaz-SN
Brügger & Thomet MP9

Handguns
Glock 19
Glock 17
Strizh
MP-443
Stechkin APS
Makarov PM
OTs-33 Pernach

See also
 Vympel

Citations

General sources
 , pages 389–391

External links

  Alpha Group veterans association
  Alpha Group veterans association magazine
  Alpha Group veterans association (Ukraine)

Beslan school siege
Federal Security Service
KGB
Moscow theater hostage crisis
Military counterterrorist organizations
Law enforcement units
Special forces of Russia

Alpha Group


Odontocheila es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Contiene las siguientes especies:

 Odontocheila amabilis Chaudoir, 1860
 Odontocheila angulipenis W. Horn, 1933
 Odontocheila annulicornis Brulle, 1837
 Odontocheila atripes Rivalier, 1970
 Odontocheila baeri Fleutiaux, 1903
 Odontocheila batesii Chaudoir, 1860
 Odontocheila camposi W. Horn, 1925
 Odontocheila camuramandibula Huber, 1999
 Odontocheila cayennensis (Fabricius, 1787)
 Odontocheila chiriquina Bates, 18817
 Odontocheila chrysis (Fabricius, 1801)
 Odontocheila cinctula Bates, 18813
 Odontocheila confusa (Dejean, 1825)
 Odontocheila cyanella Chaudoir, 1860
 Odontocheila cylindrica (Dejean, 1825)
 Odontocheila cylindricoflavescens W. Horn, 1922
 Odontocheila dilatoscapis Huber, 1999
 Odontocheila divergentehamulata W. Horn, 1929
 Odontocheila euryoides W. Horn, 1922
 Odontocheila exilis Bates, 1884
 Odontocheila eximia Lucas, 1857
 Odontocheila fulgens (Klug, 1834)
 Odontocheila gilli Johnson, 2000
 Odontocheila hamulipenis W. Horn, 1933
 Odontocheila howdeni Br. van Nidek, 1980
 Odontocheila ignita Chaudoir, 18603
 Odontocheila iodopleura Bates, 1872
 Odontocheila iodopleuroides Mandl, 1972
 Odontocheila jordani W. Horn, 1898
 Odontocheila luridipes (Dejean, 1825)
 Odontocheila marginata (Fischer, 1821)
 Odontocheila margineguttata (Dejean, 1825)
 Odontocheila marginilabris Erichson, 1847
 Odontocheila mexicana Castelnau, 18352
 Odontocheila molesta Br. van Nidek, 1957
 Odontocheila nicaraguensis Bates, 1874
 Odontocheila nigrotarsalis W. Horn, 1929
 Odontocheila nitidicollis (Dejean, 1825)
 Odontocheila nodicornis (Dejean, 1825)
 Odontocheila parallelaruga Huber, 1999
 Odontocheila quadrina Chevrolat, 18353
 Odontocheila rondoniana Huber, 2000
 Odontocheila rufiscapis Bates, 1874
 Odontocheila rutilans (Klug, 1834)
 Odontocheila salvini Bates, 18749
 Odontocheila scapularis W. Horn, 1896
 Odontocheila simulatrix W. Horn, 1894
 Odontocheila spinipennis Chaudoir, 1843
 Odontocheila sternbergi W. Horn, 1898
 Odontocheila suareziana Huber, 1999
 Odontocheila tawahka Johnson, 1996
 Odontocheila tricuspipenis W. Horn, 1933
 Odontocheila trilbyana Thomson, 1857
 Odontocheila vermiculata Bates, 1872
 Odontocheila yunga Huber, 1999

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Prothymina

Odontocheila


Kratica za Mathematical Inequalities and Applications, međunarodni znanstveni časopis sa sjedištem u Hrvatskoj
MIA's, belgijska glazbena nagrada
IATA-ina oznaka za Međunarodnu zračnu luku Miami

MIA


La théorie du supercycle de la dette est une théorie économique selon laquelle la dette publique obéit à un cycle économique spécifique de long terme.

Concept
La théorie du supercycle de la dette soutient que les économies développées sont entrées, depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dans un cycle d'endettement de long terme du fait de la diffusion des politiques budgétaires expansionnistes d'inspiration keynésienne, et de la hausse des dépenses sociales. Toutefois, la perpétuation d'un supercycle de la dette serait liée à la capacité des agents économiques à s'endetter. Dans le cas où les États sont particulièrement endettés, ils aspirent des capitaux qui auraient pu servir à financer des entreprises, et réduisent par un effet d'éviction la croissance économique.

Le XXIe siècle serait celui de la fin de ce super-cycle long commencé après la Seconde guerre mondiale, les agents économiques ayant dans cette hypothèse atteint leur capacité de financement maximale. Selon Kenneth Rogoff, l'économie occidentale atteint la fin de son supercycle, tandis que la Chine serait en train d'y entrer.

Postérité
La théorie du supercycle de la dette a été complétée par la théorie de la crise de bilan (balance sheet recession), théorisée par Richard Koo, chef économiste de la banque Nomura. Selon cette théorie, une économie très endettée est obligée d'entrer dans une phase d'assainissement de ses finances qui provoque une baisse de la consommation et de l'investissement, causant une chute de la croissance et une augmentation du chômage.

Notes et références

Macroéconomie
Théorie économique

Théorie du supercycle de la dette


Everything, Everything is a live album by Underworld, released 4 September 2000 on Junior Boy's Own. The album is named after the lyrics in one of the songs, "Cowgirl".

A companion DVD was released separately soon after the album's release. The DVD features live footage of the band mixed with videography and artistic effects by the design group Tomato, with Jono Griffith of Ernest Edits as 'Creative Editor'. The DVD also features several songs not on the album – "Moaner", "Puppies", "Kittens", and "Rowla".

Reception
Select gave the album a four out of five rating, stating that "like most live LPs this is ultimately an artefact for fans rather than newcomers, but it's quite some artefact".

Track listing

CD
All songs by Underworld unless noted
"Juanita / Kiteless" – 12:35
"Cups" – 3:26
"Push Upstairs" – 7:28
"Pearl's Girl" – 8:17
"Jumbo" – 8:33
"Shudder/King of Snake" (Bellotte/Moroder/Summer/Underworld) – 12:17
"Born Slippy .NUXX" – 10:56
"Rez / Cowgirl" – 11:47

DVD
"Opening Credits" – 0:38
"Intro" – 0:21
"Juanita / Kiteless" – 11:36
"Cups" – 3:26
"Push Upstairs" – 7:28
"Pearl's Girl" – 8:17
"Jumbo" – 8:33
"Shudder/King of Snake" (Bellotte/Moroder/Summer/Underworld) – 12:17
"Born Slippy .NUXX" – 10:56
"Rez / Cowgirl" – 11:47
"Moaner" – 8:45
"Ending Credits" – 4:29 (features an instrumental of the song "Puppies" from the "Pearl's Girl" single)

Bonus Tracks
The bonus tracks are presented with a slideshow of monochromatic patterns.
"Kittens" – 8:47
"Rowla" – 7:48
"Outtakes" – 3:57

Personnel
Tommy Morrison	 – 	assistant engineer
Darren Emerson	 – 	programming
Karl Hyde	 – 	vocals, guitar, programming
Mike Nielsen	 – 	engineer, mixing
Rick Smith	 – 	programming, producer
John Coulling	 – 	technical assistance
Robin Kelly	 – 	technical assistance
Will Shapland	 – 	engineer
Ian Sylvester	 – 	consultant
Colin Birch	 – 	technical assistance
Rob Buckler	 – 	technical assistance
Phil Dore	 – 	spoken word
Mike Gillespie	 – 	project coordinator
Murray Harris	 – 	consultant
Stuart Kelling	 – 	spoken word
Ollie Meacock	 – 	mastering, assistant engineer
Tim Shaxson	 – 	technical assistance
Stuart Thomas	 – 	technical assistance

Charts

References

Underworld (band) albums
Live video albums
2000 live albums
2000 video albums
V2 Records live albums
V2 Records video albums

Everything, Everything (album)


Montenegrin may refer to:

 Adjective for anything related to Montenegro
 Demonym referring to the people of Montenegro, see Demographics of Montenegro
 Ethnonym, referring to Montenegrins, the ethnic group associated with Montenegro
 Montenegrin language, a variety of Serbo-Croatian spoken by ethnic Montenegrins
 Montenegrin (party), a liberal political party in Montenegro

See also
 Montenegrin Campaign (World War I)
 Montenegrin Cup (women), the national women's association football cup competition in Montenegro.
 Montenegrin Football Championship (1922–1940)
 Montenegrin Football Championship (1925-1940)
 Montenegrin Prince-Bishop
 Montenegrin Republic Cup (1947–2006), cup competition for Montenegrin lower-tier clubs
 Montenegrin independent championship (1992–99), the unofficial football and futsal competition in Montenegro,
 Montenegrins (disambiguation)
 Montenegro (disambiguation)
 Montenegrin Church (disambiguation)
 Montenegrin Orthodox Church (disambiguation)
 Montenegrin independence referendum (disambiguation)

Language and nationality disambiguation pages

Montenegrin


La Internacional Sonora Balkanera es una agrupación mexicana de música electrónica, rock, world beat y balkan beat que cobró notoriedad en 2011 después de haberse presentado a lo largo de dicho año en eventos musicales importantes como el Festival de Glastonbury, el Vive Latino y Cumbre Tajín.

La banda también ha destacado por su participación en otros festivales estatales de menor impacto mediático como el Festival Internacional de Puebla, el Festival de San Luis, el Festival Internacional Nuevos Vientos, el Festival Internacional de la Sierra Pahuatlán Puebla 2013 y el Festival Tamoanchán, así como en foros populares de la ciudad de México como el Lunario del Auditorio Nacional, el Pasagüero, la Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola de la UNAM, el Bar Pata Negra de la Colonia Condesa, el Circo Volador o el Multiforo Cultural Alicia. En septiembre de 2014 emprendieron una gira por Nueva York, presentándose en sitios emblemáticos del world music y la música balcánica de dicha ciudad, como el Barbès, el Mehanata Bulgarian Bar y el Bizarre.

Su primera producción discográfica en forma fue producida por Roberto Mendoza "Panóptica", quien fuera uno de los miembros fundadores del Nortec Collective.

La Internacional Sonora Balkanera se formó en la ciudad de México en 2008, a la par del movimiento cultural local del balkan beat inspirado en la música y estética gitana de Europa del Este; originalmente, la banda estaba conformada por tres integrantes, un programador (DJ Sultán), un guitarrista (Watty) y un percusionista (Chukupaka).

En un principio, la propuesta de la agrupación estaba más dirigida a la labor de un sound system, es decir, que realizaban remixes de canciones de otros artistas, y solo tocaban algunas piezas originales.

Posteriormente se unieron a la banda dos clarinetistas (Enrique Pérez y Pablo Ramírez), un segundo percusionista (Mario Salas) y un visualista o VJ (Mi+Mo). A partir de entonces comenzaron a crear piezas originales y durante esa etapa realizaron un remix a la pieza "Pico Selector" de Panóptica Orchestra, a partir del cual surgió el interés del tijuanense Roberto Mendoza por producir a la banda del DF. En abril de 2012, para su concierto en la Feria Nacional de San Marcos, la banda anunció el ingreso de un nuevo guitarrista, Zabad Castro.

La Internacional Sonora Balkanera fue firmada en 2011 por LOV/RECS, disquera comandada por el legendario artista canadiense Pascal Languirand, integrante de Trans-X y creador de "Living On Video", uno de los mayores éxitos del Hi-NRG de la década de 1980. Con este debut discográfico, la banda fue nominada en dos categorías de los Indie-O Music Awards, ganando el premio a Disco de Jazz/Funk/Fusión en conjunto con "Boquita Pintada", tercer álbum de estudio de la banda Paté de Fuá.

En noviembre de 2013 la banda lanzó su segundo álbum, "Balkanazo Tropical", con la disquera Casete Upload, codirigida y fundada por Camilo Lara del Instituto Mexicano del Sonido. Este trabajo producido por Bruno Bartra y Zabad Castro también recibió la nominación a Disco de Jazz/Funk/Fusión para la edición 2014 de los Indie-O Music Awards.

Con el apoyo del Fondo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, en febrero de 2016 La Internacional Sonora Balkanera lanzó su tercera producción discográfica, "Etno Pachanga Sound System", para la cual invitaron a colaborar a diversos músicos destacados, como Dr. Shenka de Panteón Rococó o la pionera del rap mexicano Jezzy P, así como el conjunto huasteco Trío Chicamole, con quienes grabaron una versión particular de la tradicional "Malagueña", así como un son original.

Discografía y participaciones especiales

 Tan lejos de Sarajevo (demo, 2009)
 Live@MX 2010 (demo 2010)
 La Internacional Sonora Balkanera (LOV/RECS, 2011)
 Balkanazo Tropical (Casete Upload, 2013)
 Etnopachanga Sound System (Casete Upload, 2016)

Colaboraciones

 "Pico Selector (Internacional Sonora Balkanera Version)" en Panoptica Orchestra (Edición Especial) (LOV/RECS, 2011) de Panoptica Orchestra.
 "L.O.V. 2011 (Sonora Balkanera Living On Balkan Remix)" en L.O.V. 2011 EP Vol. 1 (LOV/RECS, 2011) de Trans-X.

Reconocimientos
 2012 Ganadora al Disco de Jazz/Funk/Fusión en la quinta entrega de los Indie-O Music Awards por su álbum debut La Internacional Sonora Balkanera.
 2012 Nominada a Artista Nuevo en la quinta entrega de los Indie-O Music Awards.
 2014 Ganadora al Disco de Jazz/Funk/Fusión en la séptima entrega de los Indie-O Music Awards por su segundo álbum Balkanazo Tropical.
 2014 Nominada a Mejor Banda Mexicana en los Premios UFI de la Música Independiente (España) por su segundo álbum Balkanazo Tropical.

Referencias

Elances externos
Especiales Musicales - La Internacional Sonora Balkanera Documental de Canal 11 sobre La Internacional Sonora Balkanera
Balkanazo Tropical para Finalizar el Año Reseña del segundo disco.

 Vive Latino
Dan a conocer nuevos temas Entrevista en el Publimetro
 Lunario
La Internacional Sonora Balkanera en la Casa del Lago
Sitio de La Internacional Sonora Balkanera
Reseña de Tan lejos de Sarajevo

Entrevista en Indie Rocks!

Grupos de música de México
Grupos de rock de México
Grupos de música formados en 2008

La Internacional Sonora Balkanera


عيرون هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء المتن في محافظة جبل لبنان.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء المتن
أماكن مأهولة في محافظة جبل لبنان
قرى لبنان
مدن لبنان

عيرون


L'esule di Granata («El exilio de Granada») es una ópera en dos actos con música de Giacomo Meyerbeer y libreto en italiano de Felice Romani, basado en las rivalidades entre los zegríes y los abencerrajes en los últimos días del reino de Granada. Se estrenó en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán el 12 de marzo de 1822. Es la quinta de las óperas italianas de Meyerbeer pero solo tuvo tres representaciones confirmadas en el .

Historia
El estreno tuvo lugar en La Scala, Milán, el 12 de marzo de 1822. Se han rastreado otras dos representaciones, una en La Pergola en Florencia en 1826, la otra en Londres en 1829. Una representación planeada en París en 1828 fue abandonada.

Personajes

Grabaciones
Se ha grabado una amplia selección de la obra por Opera Rara.

Referencias
Notas

Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas de Giacomo Meyerbeer
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1822
Óperas estrenadas en Milán
Óperas ambientadas en España

L'esule di Granata


Herbert Arthur Robert Hervey,  marquis de Bristol ( - ), est un pair et homme politique britannique.

Jeunesse
Le  marquis est né le 10 octobre 1870 dans la maison familiale d'Ickworth House près de Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Il est le cinquième fils d'Augustus Henry Charles Hervey (1837–1875), député de West Suffolk, et de Mariana, née Hodnett (décédée le 30 janvier 1920). Augustus Hervey est le frère cadet de Frederick Hervey (3e marquis de Bristol), et le fils cadet de Frederick Hervey (2e marquis de Bristol). Il fait ses études au Clifton College .

Carrière politique
En 1892, Hervey rejoint le service diplomatique de Sa Majesté, devenant consul au Chili en 1892 pendant trois ans. Pendant un an, il est chargé d'affaires à Montevideo et au Guatemala, et est consul en Abyssinie de 1907 à 1909. Il est répertorié comme attaché commercial en 1913, mais élevé au statut d'envoyé extraordinaire et de ministre plénipotentiaire, en Colombie en 1919-1923 et au Pérou et en Équateur en 1923-1928, prenant sa retraite en 1929.

Il reçoit la Grand-Croix de l'Ordre du Soleil par le gouvernement péruvien et succède à son frère Frederick Hervey (4e marquis de Bristol) en 1951.

Mariages
Lord Hervey s'est marié deux fois :

 19 octobre 1914 (divorce en 1933) à Lady Jean Cochrane (décédée le 5 janvier 1955), fille du  comte de Dundonald, et a un fils, Victor Hervey (6e marquis de Bristol)
 15 décembre 1952, à Dora Frances Emblin (décédée le 27 mars 1953), fille unique de George Marshall et veuve de Don Pedro de Zulueta.

Références

Liens externes

Ambassadeur du Royaume-Uni en Colombie
Grand-croix de l'ordre du Soleil
Décès en avril 1960
Élève du Clifton College
Naissance en octobre 1870
Décès à 89 ans
Marquis de Bristol

Herbert Hervey (5e marquis de Bristol)


Halloween este joc video este un joc creat în 1983 pentru Atari 2600. Este inspirat din seria de filme Halloween. Filmul Halloween este un film despre un criminal în serie care la cinci ani îmbrăcat în costum de clovn în noaptea de halloween care și-a omorât sora cu un cuțit de bucătărie.

Note

Jocuri pentru Atari 2600Jocuri video din 1983

Halloween (joc video)


Johann Wilhelm Adolf Kirchhoff (6 January 1826 – 26 February 1908) was a German classical scholar and epigraphist.

Biography
The son of historical painter Johann Jakob Kirchhoff, he was born in Berlin, and educated there.  He then taught in various colleges until, in 1865, he was appointed professor of classical philology at the University of Berlin, where he remained for the rest of his life. Kirchhoff's scientific studies covered a wide range in linguistics, antiquities, and Greek epigraphy. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1888.

Writings
Die Homerische Odyssee (1859), putting forward an entirely new theory as to the composition of the Odyssey
edition of Plotinus (1856)
edition of Euripides (1855 and 1877–1878), the first critical edition based on a careful collation of all the manuscripts
edition of Aeschylus (1880)
Hesiod (Works and Days, 1881)
Xenophon, Respublica Atheniensium (On the Athenian Constitution; 3rd ed., 1889)
Über die Entstehungszeit des Herodotischen Geschichtswerkes (2nd ed., 1878)
Thukydides und sein Urkundenmaterial (1895).

The following works are the result of his epigraphical and palaeographical studies:
Die Umbrischen Sprachdenkmäler (1851)
Das Stadtrecht von Bantia (1853), on the tablet discovered in 1790 at Oppido near Banzi, containing a plebiscite relating to the municipal affairs of the ancient Bantia (the Stadtrecht)
Das Gotische Runenalphabet (1852)
Die Fränkischen Runen (1855)
Studien zur Geschichte des Griechischen Alphabets (4th ed., 1887).

The second part of vol. iv. of the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (1859, containing the Christian inscriptions) and vol. i. of the Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum (1873, containing the inscriptions before 403) with supplements thereto (vol. iv. pts. 13, 1877–1891) are edited by him. From 1860 to 1902, he was in charge of the Inscriptiones Graecae.  He edited Hermes (1866–81).

References

Attribution

1826 births
1908 deaths
German classical scholars
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Writers from Berlin
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Latin epigraphers
Textual scholarship
German male writers

Adolf Kirchhoff


Hugh Taylor ist der Name folgender Personen:

*Hugh P. Taylor (1932–2021), US-amerikanischer Geochemiker
 Hugh Page Taylor, US-amerikanischer Autor
 Hugh Stott Taylor (1890–1974), englischer Chemiker

Hugh Taylor


La corbeille à pollen (également nommée corbicula) est une structure spécialisée dans le stockage et le transport du pollen et de la propolis. Elle est située sur les pattes arrière des femelles ou des ouvrières de certaines espèces d'abeilles comme l'Abeille européenne, les Bourdons, les Mélipones et les Abeilles à orchidées (euglossines). La corbeille à pollen est un type de scopa.

La corbeille à pollen est située sur la face externe des tibias postérieurs et consiste en une surface lisse et concave entourée de soies courbes qui forment un réceptacle.

Mouvements de l'Abeille européenne

L'Abeille butine de fleur en fleur, son corps étant chargé d'électricité statique attire à lui de très nombreux grains de pollen jusqu'à s'en recouvrir. Une fois en vol, la butineuse balaie les grains sur ses poils grâce au peigne situé à l'extrémité des tibias postérieurs et les ramasse avec le peigne de son autre patte passant de gauche à droite alternativement, tout en les humidifiant de nectar pour améliorer leur adhérence formant ainsi une petite pelote. Puis, la pelote de pollen est poussée contre une fente de la face externe de la patte. Les pressions exercées de bas en haut la repoussent vers le haut pour s'accumuler progressivement dans la concavité de la corbeille et finalement former une grosse pelote presque sphérique retenue par les soies latérales. Toutes ces opérations sont très rapidement menées. Revenue à la colonie, la butineuse se décharge de ses pelotes qui seront utilisées pour confectionner le pain d'abeille.

Les mouvements liés à la récolte de la propolis sont similaires à ceux concernant la récolte du pollen mais ils demandent plus d'efforts. En effet, avant de pouvoir la stocker dans ses corbeilles, la butineuse doit préalablement gratter de ses mandibules la résine des bourgeons ou suintante de l'écorce.

Espèces concernées
La corbeille à pollen concerne les abeilles appartenant à quatre tribus de la famille des Apidae et de la sous-famille des Apinae : les Apini, les Bombini, les Euglossini et les Meliponini. Des structures ayant une fonction similaire, appelées scopa, existent chez la plupart des espèces d'abeilles, mais elles sont généralement plus simples et formées d'une masse dense de poils entre lesquels le pollen est empilé. Chez les Mégachiles, le pollen est transporté par l'intermédiaire d'une brosse ventrale qui est constituée de poils raides orientés vers l'arrière.

Références

Anatomie de l'insecte
Apidae

Corbeille à pollen


LUnion des femmes du Niger (abrégé UFN) est une organisation de femmes au Niger. Elle est active de 1959 à 1974.

Histoire

Fondée le 17 mars 1959, l'Union des femmes du Niger est issue de l'Association des femmes, fondée en 1956. Historiquement la première association de femmes au Niger, elle est établie dans la capitale Niamey. L'UFN est affiliée au Parti progressiste nigérien au pouvoir. Aïssa Diori, épouse du président Hamani Diori en a été la présidente d'honneur. La présidente de l'UFN était l'institutrice Fatou Djibo, les deux vice-présidentes étaient également enseignantes, et une autre membre notable était l'entrepreneure Jeannette Schmidt Degener .

Les groupes d'entraide de femmes avaient déjà une longue tradition au Niger. L'Union des femmes du Niger a étendu cette orientation aux revendications politiques. L'objectif primordial de l'organisation était l'égalité des droits pour les femmes et les hommes. Elle a promu l'éducation des femmes, amélioré les infrastructures sanitaires et créé des emplois spécifiques aux femmes. Elle a également fait partie des soutiens financiers du musée national du Niger. L'UFN n'a pas réussi à exiger des réformes juridiques sur le droit du mariage et le prix de la mariée ainsi que l'introduction du droit de la famille. Les membres de l'UFN ont également tenté de s'inscrire sur la liste des candidats aux élections législatives de 1970 ; finalement, il n'y eut aucune femme sur celle-ci.

La fin de l'Union des femmes du Niger survient avec le coup d'État militaire du , lorsque toutes les structures politiques existantes sont dissoutes. Une organisation qui lui a succédé, l'Association des femmes du Niger, a été fondée en 1975 sous le régime du Conseil militaire suprême.

Références

Association ou organisme lié au féminisme
Association ou organisme ayant son siège au Niger
Organisme fondé en 1959
Organisme disparu en 1974

Union des femmes du Niger


Müssen, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı bölge. 11,46 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 958 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Uwe Riewesell tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.buechen.de

Herzogtum Lauenburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Müssen


Curtici () es una ciudad con estatus de oraș de Rumania en el distrito de Arad.

Geografía

Se encuentra a una altitud de 104  a 567 km de la capital, Bucarest.

Demografía
Según estimación 2012 contaba con una población de 5 933 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades del distrito de Arad

Curtici


Alanyurt,  Aksaray ilinin Güzelyurt ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1919'den beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Aksaray il merkezine 35 km, Güzelyurt ilçe merkezine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Güzelyurt belde ve köyleri

Alanyurt, Güzelyurt


أوبريت مداعبات قبل الزواج،أوبريت غنائي جميل جمع الثنائي عبد الحسين عبدالرضا وسعاد عبد الله، قدم في العام 1975 وهو الجزء الأول من ثلاثة أجزاء لهذا الاوبريت.

صاغ ألحان وكلمات هذا الأوبريت الملحن الكبير أحمد باقر وأخرجه للتلفزيون المخرج سعيد عياده
حقق شهره واسعه وكبيره في الخليج العربي بالخصوص بسبب حبهم القيم التي يحملها الأوبريت وهي قيم إنسانيه بسيطه.

قصته

تدور حول راشد الإنسان البسيط الفقير الذي يعمل محصل للكهرباء يعجب بالفتاة الرقيقه والجميله أمينه أو أمون كما اشتهرت في هذا الاوبريت. يأتي راشد يومياَ الي بيتها متذرعاً بتحصيل الكهرباء وهو يأتي فقط ليراها ويداعبها وترفضه بالبداية إلى أن يغني لها فتعجب وتنجبر فيه وتقع في غرامه.

كلمات الأوبريت

أمون :

ياربي شهالأذيه والله دوخة راس.. ترى عويذ الله من شرك يا ولد الناس
تأدب يالله عاد ويهد.. تراني أكرهك يا ولد..و لافكرت أحبك ابد
جبح هالويه ما تعجبني هالاجناس

راشد :

أعجبج ولاما أعجبج تراني ياي.. لأبوج اليوم أخطبج أسحبج وياي
أنا شفتج وحالي دمر.. وقلبي من مكانه طمر
أنا اليريور وإنتي بحر.. ومن دونج حياتي ليل وانتي سراي

أمون :

أشوفك جنك مسبه وفكرك داج.. ولاتدري شكثر سببت لي إحراج
اه يا مسيكين أثاري تحب.. ومطلوبك طريقه صعب.. بنات الناس ما هي لعب
تحبني أنت شكثر علمني جانك صاج

راشد :

أحبج.. أحبج.. أحبج كثر ما يحب الطفل للطيور
أحبج.. أحبج.. أحبج كثر مت يحب القطو الصبور

تعالي وافهمي طلبي.. وحكريني بقفص ذهبي
و إذا ماكو قفص ذهبي أنا ماعندي مانع حتى لو قرقور

أمون :

يا حافظ عاد قرقور.. أنت راسك داخ
اقل ما فيها نصنع لك قفص من شاخ
أظن مو مشكلتنا قفص.. ولاتفكر حجينا خلص
ولا هالويه شينه نقص.. واخاف انك على هالويه أبو شلاخ

راشد :

أنا ماني حلو لكني ماني شين
و لاني من اللي يلعب على الحبلين
أحب بيتي أحب عملي.. وانتي منيتي وأملي
تعالي نستوي فاميلي بنص دينار وبالج تطلبين الفين

أمون :

عبالك بتزوج بس جذي ببلاش.. أظن لو تسمع اللي بطلبه بتنحاش
أبي فيلا على طلبي.. قسم غربي وقسم عربي
و أبي سياره ويا صبي.. وأبي تعلمني كم باليوم ربحك كاش

راشد :

أنا عايش على قدي وعندي بيت
و عندي موتر صغير ولا له ليت
أنا بالليل مالي شغل.. إذا صار المغرب بظل في وسط البيت ويمي نقل
أكسر وانتي يمج هالكثر برميت

أمون :

جذي دمك خفيف مصيبه مدري شلون
بديت أشعر بإنك أحلى مافي الكون

راشد :

عيل ليش التغلي عيل
و الشروط اللي جنها جبل

أمون :

بطفرك ما نبي إلا دبل

و أهلنا لي تفاهمنا ترى بيرضون

و ينتهي هذا الجزء وهما يرددان : وأهلنا لي تفاهمنا ترى بيرضون

أوبريتات كويتية

أوبريت مداعبات قبل الزواج


Das GutsMuths-Denkmal ist ein Denkmal für Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths, den Begründer der deutschen Turnbewegung und bedeutenden Reformpädagogen.

Lage
Das Denkmal befindet sich auf dem GutsMuths-Platz in Quedlinburg, der Geburtsstadt GutsMuths, in Sachsen-Anhalt. In der Nähe, an der Adresse Pölle 39, steht das GutsMuths-Geburtshaus. Im Quedlinburger Denkmalverzeichnis ist es als Denkmal eingetragen.

Gestaltung und Geschichte
Die Errichtung des Denkmals erfolgte im Jahr 1904 auf dem damaligen Mummentalplatz, der 2009 in GutsMuths-Platz umbenannt wurde. Es wurde durch den Berliner Bildhauer Richard Anders geschaffen und am 20. Mai 1904 eingeweiht. Die Stiftung war durch den Deutschen Turnlehrerverein erfolgt.

Das Denkmal besteht aus einer überlebensgroßen figürlichen Darstellung GutsMuths, der als Wanderer in Begleitung seines Lieblingsschülers Carl Ritter dargestellt ist. Ritter gilt als einer der Mitbegründer der wissenschaftlichen Geographie und ist ebenfalls gebürtiger Quedlinburger. Die Figurengruppe steht auf einem hohen aus Granit gefertigten Postament. Die Gestaltung der Figurengruppe lehnt sich an das Francke-Denkmal in Halle (Saale) an.

Der Sockel ist am Boden achteckig und geht dann in eine zylindrische Form über. Ursprünglich befanden sich am Denkmal vier von stilisierten Eichen getrennte Sockelreliefs, die Szenen aus dem Leben GutsMuths darstellten. Die im Jugendstil geschaffenen Reliefs wurden um 1995 rekonstruiert, befinden sich jedoch nicht mehr am Denkmal.

Am Rand des Sockels verweist eine umlaufende Schrift auf GutsMuths.

Im Jahr 1945 wurden am Denkmal befindlichen Bronzetafeln entfernt und 1989 anlässlich von Feierlichkeiten zum 200. Geburtstag GutsMuths wieder angebracht.

Trivia
In Quedlinburg wird zum Teil behauptet, das Denkmal verweise auch noch auf zwei weitere Quedlinburger. So sei der Gehrock GutsMuths eine Anspielung auf den Dichter Gerok und der Stock in der linken Hand Ritters ein Symbol für den Dichter Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock.

Literatur
 Werner Bernhagen: Quedlinburg. Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung Beuermann, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-87584-367-3, S. 56.
 Falko Grubitzsch in: Georg Dehio: Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 1: Ute Bednarz, Folkhard Cremer u. a.: Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg. Neubearbeitung. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, S. 764.
 Wolfgang Hoffmann: Quedlinburg. Ein Führer durch die Weltkulturerbe-Stadt. 13. Auflage. Schmidt-Buch-Verlag, Wernigerode 2010, ISBN 978-3-928977-19-7, S. 49 f.
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen-Anhalt (Hrsg.): Denkmalverzeichnis Sachsen-Anhalt. Band 7: Falko Grubitzsch, unter Mitwirkung von Alois Bursy, Mathias Köhler, Winfried Korf, Sabine Oszmer, Peter Seyfried und Mario Titze: Landkreis Quedlinburg. Teilband 1: Stadt Quedlinburg. Fliegenkopf, Halle 1998, ISBN 3-910147-67-4, S. 218.

Einzelnachweise

Denkmal in Sachsen-Anhalt
Kulturdenkmal in Quedlinburg
GutsMuths, Johann Christoph Friedrich
Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
GutsMuthsstraße (Quedlinburg)
Hölle (Quedlinburg)
Pölle (Quedlinburg)
Mummental (Quedlinburg)

GutsMuths-Denkmal


Das Fort du Bois d'Oye (zeitweise Fort Eblé genannt) war ein Fort à cavalier (auch als Obere Batterie bezeichnet) im Süden der Festung Belfort. Als Teil des Befestigungsringes um Belfort gehörte es zum Système Séré de Rivières. Es liegt in einer Höhe von  auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Bermont. Seine Aufgabe war die Unterstützung des Fort Lachaux durch die Überwachung des Vallée de la Savoureuse, der Straße nach Montbéliard und nach Norden der Lücke vor Belfort. Außerdem sicherte und deckte es die Zwischenräume zum Fort de Vézelois, Fort Lachaux und Fort du Mont-Vaudois. Außerdem hatte es den Zugang feindlicher Kräfte auf das Plateau von Dorans-Botans zu unterbinden.

Benennung
Kurzzeitig war es nach Général Jean-Baptiste Eblé benannt. Per Präsidialdekret vom 21. Januar 1887 setzte der Kriegsminister Georges Boulanger um, dass alle Forts, befestigten Artillerieanlagen und Kasernen des Système Séré de Rivières die Namen von ehemaligen Militärkommandanten zu tragen hätten. Am 13. Oktober 1887 wurde das vom Nachfolger Boulangers, Théophile Ferron, rückgängig gemacht und das Fort erhielt seinen jetzigen Namen zugeteilt.

Geschichte
Im Jahre 1890 wurde nördlich des Forts ein Unterstand gebaut (l'abri-caverne de Dorans), der im Falle eines Angriffs auf die Festung Belfort Reservetruppen aufnehmen sollte. Hier sollten sie geschützt verbleiben, bis eine etwaige Beschießung der Festung beendet wäre.

1893 wurde das Fort, wie eine Reihe anderer, an das strategische Eisenbahnnetz angeschlossen.

 Bauzeit: 11. Juli 1883 bis 31. Dezember 1887
 Besatzung: 17 Offiziere, 32 Unteroffiziere, 624 Mannschaften
 Krankenrevier: 27 Betten
 Bäckerei:
 2 × Backöfen System Lamoureux mit einer Kapazität von 250 Broten täglich in der Friedenskasematte
 2 × Backöfen System Lamoureux mit einer Kapazität von 250 Broten täglich in der Kriegskasematte
 Zisternen:
 1 × Zisterne zu 336,7 m³
 1 × Zisterne zu 310,5 m³
 1 × Zisterne zu 156,4 m³
 2 × Pulvermagazin zu je 80 Tonnen Schwarzpulver
 1 × Kartuschenmagazin

Friedensmäßig waren 598 Schlafplätze vorhanden.

Der Zugang erfolgte über eine Zugbrücke. Eine optische Verbindung per Lichtsignal zu den anderen Werken bestand nicht, jedoch war das Fort an das Telegraphennetz der Festung Belfort angeschlossen.

Baubeschreibung

Das Fort hat die Form eines ungleichmäßigen Sechsecks und war mit der Front nach Südosten gerichtet. Es verfügt über zwei Facen im ausspringenden Winkel, der leicht von der Mitte nach links versetzt ist. Dadurch sind die rechte Face und die rechte der beiden Flanken jeweils länger als die beiden anderen. Die Kehle ist im einspringenden Winkel nach innen gebrochen. Die Anlage ist von einem trockenen Graben umgeben. Dieser wurde in der Spitze von einer Doppelkaponniere nach links und rechts im Frontbereich und von jeweils einer Kaponniere am Schulterpunkt im Flankenbereich gesichert. Der Zugang zu diesen Kaponnieren erfolgte durch Poternen vom Hauptbau aus. Der Kehlgraben konnte durch Grabenstreichen links und rechts des Eingangstores bestrichen werden. Der Aufbau des Forts war aus Kalksteinblöcken errichtet und frontseitig mit Erde angeschüttet. Auf dem Komplex befanden sich die Geschützstellungen, die gegeneinander durch Traversen abgetrennt waren. Später wurden im Rahmen der Modernisierungsmaßnahmen Betonverstärkungen angebracht und Panzerstände eingebaut. Auch wurde der rechte Flügel der Aufbauten (Friedenskaserne genannt) durch eine betonierte Anlage ersetzt. Die Kaponnieren wurden entfernt und dafür in die Contreescarpe vier Grabenstreichen eingebaut. Im linken Schulterpunkt zur Deckung des linken Flankengrabens, in der Spitze zur Deckung der linken Face, im rechten Schulterpunkt zur Deckung der rechten Face und des rechten Flankengrabens und im rechten Kehlpunkt zur Deckung des Kehlgrabens. Im zurückgezogenen Teil des Torbereichs befand sich unterhalb des Niveaus in der inneren Grabenwand eine weitere Friedenskaserne, von deren Fenster aus ebenfalls der Graben bestrichen werden konnte. Links und rechts der Zugbrücke rückten die inneren Grabenwände ein und schufen so die Kehlgrabenstreiche von der aus dieser Bereich in Kreuzfeuer genommen und auch der Kehlgraben gedeckt werden konnte. Es hatte ursprünglich den gleichen Bauplan wie das Fort de Vézelois.

Vorgesehene Modernisierungen gemäß Etat von 1900
Bau einer Unterkunft mit 200 Plätzen, Ersatz der drei Kaponnieren durch eine doppelte und drei einfache Grabenstreichen. Verstärkung des Kartuschenmagazins. (Veranschlagte Kosten: 1.563.000 Goldfranc)

Im Jahr 1908 wurden die Modernisierungsplanungen von 1900 um die folgenden Panzerteile erweitert.
 1 × Gepanzerte Beobachtungskuppel (Observatoire cuirassé) mit Ersatz der Zwischenraumstreiche (Casemate de Bourges) durch einen Geschützpanzerturm 75 R 05
 Ersatz des Geschützpanzerturms 155L durch einen vom Typ 155 R 07
 Bau einer Panzerbatterie mit zwei Geschütztürmen vom Typ  155 C außerhalb der Anlage. (Diese Arbeiten waren für 1915–1916 vorgesehen.)

Durchgeführte Modernisierungsmaßnahmen
 1890–1895: Bau eines Unterstandes mit 247 Plätzen außerhalb des Forts. Dieser wurde als "Abri de Dorans" bezeichnet.
 1908–1909: Ersatz der drei Kaponnieren durch eine doppelte und drei einfache Grabenstreichen.
 1909–1915: Bau eines betonierten Unterstandes mit 586 Plätzen, (443 Schlafplätze und 143 Sitzplätze.) Installation einer internen Kommunikationsanlage und Bau einer Zwischenraumstreiche zum Schutz der Flanke von Fort du Mont Vaudois.
 1910–1911: Installation eines Geschützpanzerturms 75 R 05, von vier gepanzerten Beobachtungskuppeln (Observatoire cuirassé) und einem Geschützpanzerturm 155 R 07
 1912–1913: Installation von drei gepanzerten Maschinengewehrtürmen, die am 6. Februar 1913 feuerbereit waren.
 1913–1914: Anschluss an das Stromnetz und Installation elektrischer Beleuchtung, Einbau elektrisch betriebener Ventilation in den betonierten Teilen des Forts und Einrichtung eines Elektrizitätswerks zur Notstromversorgung mit zwei Motoren und zwei Dynamos.
 1913–1914: Die Arbeiten an der externen Geschützbatterie mit zwei Panzertürmen 155 C wurden nach Kriegsausbruch eingestellt.

Bewaffnung

1886

1903

1906

1907

1912

1914

Kriegsgeschehen
Während des Ersten Weltkrieges und auch des Zweiten Weltkrieges war das Fort in keine Kampfhandlungen verwickelt. Nach 1940 wurden die Stahlteile von der deutschen Besatzung ausgebaut und der Verschrottung zugeführt. Es befindet sich in einem relativ guten Zustand und ist im Besitz der französischen Armee. Ein Betreten ist nicht möglich.

→ siehe auch: Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières

Literatur
 Le Petit Larousse de l'histoire de France, Éditions Larousse
 Alain Hohnadel et Philippe Bestetti: La Bataille des forts, Editions Heimdal, Bayeux 1995, ISBN 2-8404-8087-5

Weblinks

 Fort du Bois d'Oye (französisch)

Anmerkungen

B
B
B
B
Festung in Europa
Fort

Fort du Bois d’Oye


Das Município ist eine Verwaltungseinheit Portugals und die zweite Stufe der Körperschaften (autarquias) in der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung in Portugal. Ein Município besteht aus Freguesias. Während Freguesias als kleinste Verwaltungseinheit in Portugal in etwa einer Gemeinde entspricht, ist das Município ein Gemeindeverband respektive eine Verbandsgemeinde.

Der Begriff Concelho wird häufig synonym verwendet. Ursprünglich beschreibt Município die Verwaltung und den Verwaltungsort, während Concelho das verwaltete Gebiet bezeichnet.

Nicht verwechselt werden sollte Município mit dem ähnlichen Wort Munícipe, welches "Bürger" bzw. "Bürgerin" bedeutet.

Begriff
Der Begriff município stammt aus der Zeit der römischen Besetzung (2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.), wo vor deren Kolonialisierung bereits vorhandene Siedlungen als municipium anerkannt wurden, womit bestimmte Vorrechte der eigenen Verwaltung erhalten blieben.

Auch der Begriff concelho stammt aus dieser Zeit. Er geht wohl auf das lateinische con-cilium zurück, wobei weitere Ableitungen nicht einheitlich sind (intercalare, convocare, con-sedere).

Geschichte

Als sich Portugal erstmals nach westgotischer und maurischer Herrschaft bildete, wurden Gebiete, denen auch mehrere Gemeinden angehören konnten, als concelho bezeichnet. Das Concelho wurde als der königlichen Gewalt gegenüberstehende eigene Rechtspersönlichkeit begriffen. Über Jahrhunderte kennzeichnete der Begriff Concílio und später dann Concelho daher überörtliche Einheiten.

Nach der Staatsgründung 1143 trieb der König die Aufteilung und Verwaltung des Landes nach der neuen Interessenlage voran. Mit der Vergabe der Cartas de Foral (Stadtrechte) und der damit verbundenen Gliederung in Concelhos schützte die Zentralregierung die somit ihrer Verwaltung unterstehenden Gebiete vor der Vereinnahmung durch den Feudaladel.

In den folgenden fast 900 Jahren bis heute ist der Concelho eine Konstante in der administrativen Gliederung geblieben, zumindest im europäischen Festland-Portugal. Die Stellung und Zuständigkeiten wurden dabei jedoch immer wieder von der jeweiligen Zentralregierung stark verändert. Auch ihre Anzahl variierte im Laufe der Jahrhunderte und der verschiedenen Verwaltungsreformen.

Unter König Manuel I. (1469–1521) fand zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts eine allgemeine Verwaltungsreform statt, in der das unmittelbare königliche Herrschaftsgebiet in sechs Comarcas eingeteilt wurde. Das waren Gebiete, die jeweils durch einen administrativen und einen juristischen Magistrat im Auftrage des Königs verwaltet wurden. Kirchliche und feudale Gebietsherrschaften waren hiervon bis 1790 ausgenommen. Im 17. Jahrhundert wurden die Comarcas zu Teilen der neu gebildeten Provinzen, wobei aber den Provinzen außer einer militärischen eine mehr statistische Bedeutung zukamen. Die Comarcas wurden während der Zeit immer häufiger in Concelhos unterteilt, denen ein Provedor (Vorsteher) als Repräsentant des Präfekten der Comarca vorstand und dem ein später von den Bürgern gewähltes Organ beratend zur Seite stand, der Vorläufer der Câmara Municipal. Bei den großen Verwaltungsreformen der Jahre 1832 und 1835 wurden innerhalb der Provinzen Distrikte gebildet, denen die Concelhos angehörten. Eine Vielzahl von Concelhos, die oftmals nur größere Gemeinden waren, wurden aufgelöst. 1836 wurde mit dem Código Administrativo das erste Verwaltungsgesetzbuch Portugals geschaffen. Die von Manuel da Silva Passos mit angestossene Verwaltungsreform erhöhte die lokale Autonomie und reduzierte zugleich die Zahl der Concelhos von 800 auf 351.

Im Zuge der Demokratisierung nach der Nelkenrevolution wurde in der Verfassung von 1976 die kommunale Selbstverwaltung zuletzt deutlich gestärkt. Die heute 308 Municípios bilden seither ein starkes Gegengewicht zur Zentralregierung.

Neuzeit
In der Neuzeit setzte sich auch in Portugal der Begriff Município zur Bezeichnung der territorialen Gebietskörperschaft, die mehrere Gemeinden umfasste, durch, wie in der ersten modernen Regelung der Autarquias Locais in der Verfassung von 1976. Der Begriff Concelho blieb aber erhalten und wird in der Umgangssprache heute vielfach in gleicher Bedeutung wie Município gebraucht. Dies entspricht aber nicht der korrekten Bedeutung. Concelho kennzeichnet heute das räumliche Gebiet des Municípios. Eine Gemeinde gehört somit zwar einem Município an, liegt aber in einem Concelho. Daher bezeichnen sich in räumlicher Hinsicht die Municípios als Concelho. Man kann Concelho deswegen mit dem deutschen Begriff Kreis gleichsetzen, wie er jedenfalls in den Bundesländern Verwendung findet, die die entsprechende kommunale Körperschaft als Landkreis bezeichnen. Der Zuständigkeit nach gleicht ein Município wegen seiner weitgehenden originären Befugnisse in nach deutschem Rechtsverständnis kommunalen Bereichen aber mehr einer kreisfreien Stadt.

Als Ergebnis der Portugiesischen Kolonialgeschichte finden sich ähnliche Bezeichnungen in allen portugiesischsprachigen Ländern. In Kap Verde etwa ist die administrative Gliederung der in Portugal bis heute sehr ähnlich. So besteht in beiden Ländern ein Unterschied zwischen den Begriffen des Municípios und des Concelhos. In Brasilien beispielsweise hat sich trotz aller administrativen Ähnlichkeiten in Aufbau und Begrifflichkeiten kein Unterschied mehr gehalten, und der Begriff Concelho ist darüber hinaus nicht mehr gebräuchlich und wurde durch die Prefeitura ersetzt.

Verwaltungsstruktur
In Portugal gibt es 308 (am Festland: 278) Concelhos mit zusammen 3091 Gemeinden (Freguesias). Bis zur administrativen Neuordnung 2013 umfassten sie 4259 Freguesias. Es existieren in Portugal sieben Concelhos, die nur aus einer Freguesia bestehen. Die höchste Anzahl an Freguesias hat der Concelho Barcelos mit 61 Gemeinden, bis 2013 waren es gar 89.

Die Câmara Municipal ("Städtische Kammer") bezeichnet als Ortsangabe das Rathaus, und ist der Name der dort untergebrachten Verwaltung und Regierung des Concelho. Sie ist die lokale Exekutive. Die Assembleia Municipal ("Stadtversammlung") ist die lokale Legislative, das kommunale Parlament, das die Câmara Municipal wählt. Die Versammlung setzt sich aus den gewählten Bürgermeistern der Kreisgemeinden als geborene Mitglieder und aus den auf Ebene des Município bei Kommunalwahlen gewählten Mitgliedern zusammen, deren Anzahl die geborenen Mitglieder um einen Sitz übersteigen muss.

Im Rahmen der statistischen Gliederung der EU bilden die Municípios die vierte Stufe (LAU 1; siehe auch: NUTS:PT).

Siehe auch
 Liste der Municípios in Portugal
 Municipio

Einzelnachweise

Kommunalpolitik (Portugal)
Verwaltungseinheit in Portugal

Município (Portugal)


Le pinai ou hagahai, aussi appelé pinai-hagahai, est une langue piawi parlée en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée dans les provinces Enga et de Madang.

Écriture

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Langue en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée

Pinai-hagahai


Musetorn er en stedsegrøn dværgbusk med bladlignende, omdannede stængler. Blomsterne er ganske små og stærkt omdannede, og de sidder midt på "bladet". Det samme gør de røde bær. Grene af planten bruges ind imellem som fyld i buketter af afskårne blomster.

Kendetegn
Musetorn (Ruscus aculeatus) er en dværgbusk med en stiv og opret vækst. Kortskuddene er omdannet til bladlignende fyllokladier. Langskuddene er grønne, runde i tværsnit og furede. "Bladene" sidder er spredt stillede, og de er elliptiske mede buede ribber og helrand. Bladspidsen er omdannet til en stiv og meget spids torn. Begge side af fyllokladierne er hårløse og mørkegrønne. Blomstringen foregår i juni-juli. De ustilkede blomster sidder enkeltvis midt på de bladagtige fyllokladier,. De er 3-tallige og stærkt omdannede med lysegrønne eller hvidlige kronblade. Frugterne er røde, blanke bær.

Rodsystemet består af en tyk, vandret jordstængel, der bærer grove trævlerødder. Musetorns bær er giftige, og det skyldes deres indhold af saponiner, bl.a. rucogenin.

Musetorn når en højde og bredde på ca. 0,5 m.

Hjemsted
Musetorn hører hjemme i skove og langs skovbryn i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten og det sydlige og sydøstlige Europa med nordgrænse i England. Planten er varmeelskende og fryser hastigt bort, når den står lysåbent. Den findes som skovbundsplante og i buskadser på varm, stenet jordbund. I den sydlige del af udbredelsesområdet findes den under skove, domineret af Almindelig humlebøg, og længere nordpå hører den til under bøge- og egeskove. Ved Strofila i det nordvestlige Peloponnes vokser der flere typer skove langs kysten. Skove med Aleppofyr er de tætteste og bedst udviklede i området. Jordbunden er gruset og rig på kalk. Her findes arten sammen med bl.a. Almindelig loppeurt, Almindelig myrte, Almindelig rishirse, Erica manipuliflora (en art af Lyng), Fladhovedet bakketidsel, Fransk anemone, Harehale, Hypochoeris achyrophorus (en art af Kongepen), Kermeseg, Mastikstræ, Oliven (vildtvoksende), Orientalsk sarsaparil, Rubus ulmifolius (en art af Brombær), Rødfrugtet ene, Skovstilkaks, Stipa bromoides (en art af Fjergræs), Stor hjertegræs, Toårig hør, Tusindfryd og Ørnebregne

Galleri

Noter

Stedsegrønne
Skovbundsplanter

Musetorn


حيزوقهي قرية لبنانية من قرى قضاء عكار في محافظة الشمال. تقع في تجمع للقرى يسمى نجد عكار.

تبعد حيزوق حوالي 122 كلم (75.8108 مي) عن بيروت عاصمة لبنان. ترتفع حوالي 300 م (1) (984.3 قدم - 328.08 يارد) عن سطح البحر وتمتد على مساحة تُقدَّر بـ 300 هكتاراً (3 كلم²- 1.158 مي² (2)).

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء عكار
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
الشفت
تجمعات أرثوذكسية شرقية في لبنان
تجمعات سنية في لبنان
قرى لبنان

حيزوق


Aşağıgölyazı, Samsun ilinin Ladik ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Mahallenin bilinen ilk ismi "İnoz"dur.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 87 km, Ladik ilçesine 6 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Ladik'in mahalleleri

Aşağıgölyazı, Ladik


Tommi Evilä (d. 6 Nisan 1980, Tampere, Finlandiya) Uzun atlama dalında yarışan Fin atlet. 1,94 metre boyunda ve 83 kilogramdır. Dünya Atletizm Şampiyonası tarihinde Finlandiya'ya uzun atlama dalında madalya getiren ilk atlet oldu.

Başarıları
 27 Ağustos 2005 günü Göteborg'da 8,19 m atlayarak Finlandiya'nın ulusal rekorunu kırdı.
 2005 Dünya Atletizm Şampiyonası'nda 8,25 m atlayarak bronz madalyayı aldı. (rüzgâr 2,9 m/sn)

1980 doğumlular
Fin uzun atlayıcılar
Yaşayan insanlar
Fin Olimpiyat atletleri
2008 Yaz Olimpiyatları atletleri

Tommi Evilä


حي الفلاح حي شعبي من أحياء مدينة الزرقاء الأردنية، يقع في منطقة عوجان بجانب جبل الأمير حسن، وجبل الأميرة رحمة، ومن الشرق التطوير الحضري ومن الجنوب إسكان الملك طلال، ومن الشرق حي الملك طلال.

يحتوي الحي على عدة مدارس منها: مدرسة المدينة المنورة المختلطة (حكومية)، ومدرسة وروضة الفلاح الإسلامية (خاصة). يحتوي الحي أيضًا على مسجدين: مسجد صلاح الدين الأيوبي، ومسجد المهاجرين. وهناك خزان ماء مركزي يغذي جبل الأمير حسن وجبل الأميرة رحمة وجبل الأمير حمزة وبشكل رئيسي حي الفلاح.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة الزرقاء
مناطق مدينة الزرقاء

حي الفلاح