Charles Camille Saint-Saëns (d. 9 Ekim 1835, Paris - ö. 16 Aralık 1921, Cezayir), Fransız besteci, orkestra şefi, orgcu ve piyanist.

Romantik dönemin önemli bestecilerindendir. Yaşadığı dönemde "Fransız müziğinin Mozart'ı" olarak anılmaktaydı. Piyano Konçertoları, 3. Senfonisi ve Samson ile Dalilah adlı operası, Hayvanlar Karnavalı Suiti ve  Danse macabre adlı senfonik şiir en bilinen eserlerindendir.

Saint-Saëns, Fransa'da Ulusal Müzik Kurumu'nu Cesar Franck ile birlikte kuran bestecilerden birisi idi. Müzisyenliğinin yanı sıra astronomi, hayvan bilimi, botanik, etnoloji gibi çok çeşitli konularla ilgilenmiş bir düşünce adamı idi.

Yaşamı

Ailesi ve çocukluk yılları
1835 yılında Paris'te doğdu.  Babası Fransa İçişleri Bakanlığı'nda memeurJacques-Joseph-Victor Saint-Saëns; annesi, Françoise-Clémence idi. Babası onun doğumundan kısa bir süre sonra  hastalanarak öldüğünden çocukluğunu annesi ve teyzesi Charlotte Masson ile birlikte geçirdi.

Bir "harika çocuk" olduğu erken yaşta görüldü. İki buçuk yaşında okumaya başladı; üç yaşında notaları tanıdı; yedi yaşında cebir problemleri çözüp fizik deneyleri yapmaya başladı.

Öğrenimi

İlk piyano eğitimini teyzesinden aldı. Ardından, 19. yüzyılın en tanınmış piyano öğretmenlerinden olan Camille-Marie Stamaty'nin öğrencisi oldu. 11 yaşında iken Pleyel Salonu'nda Mozart ve Beethoven konçertoları seslendirdi. Bu konser ile büyük başarı kazandı; Hector Berlioz ve Charles Gounod'un dikkatini çekti.

1848'de Paris Konservatuvarı'na kabul edildi; önce orgcu ve besteci François Benoist ile org çalıştı; iki yıl sonra  besteci Halévy'nin kompozisyon öğrencisi oldu. 1851'de konservatuvardan org birincilik ödülüyle mezun oldu. 1852'de Roma Ödülü'ne aday oldu ancak bu ödülü alamadı.

Kariyerinin ilk yılları
1853'te ilk senfonisini besteledi ve eser aynı yıl seslendirildi. Urbs Roma adını verdiği İkinci Senfoni ile 1857'de Azize Cécile Yarışması'nda  birincilik ödülü kazandı.

1853'ten itibaren Paris'in Saint-Merry Kilisesi'nde dört yıl orgcu olarak çalıştıktan sonra 1857'de  Paris'in büyük kiliselerinden Madeleine Kilisesi'nin orgcusu oldu, bu görevi 20 yıl sürdürdü. Bu. dönem zarfında kilise müziği dışında doğaçlamalar besteledi. Org virtüözü ve doğaçlama üstadı olarak tanındı.  Artık tanınmış bir besteci olmasına rağmen, on sene önce alamadığı Roma Ödülü için 1863'te yeniden başvurdu ancak yine ödülü alamadı.

Öğrencilik yıllarından itibaren başta Franz Liszt olmak üzere, Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré,  Rubinstein, Sarasate, Viardot gibi müzisyenlerle çok iyi dostluklar kurdu. 1859-1861 arasında Fransa'da yaşayan besteci Wagner ile sık sık görüştü. Org için yazdığı eserler günümüze gelememiştir.

Astronomi merakı
Çocukluğundan itibaren müziğe olduğu kadar bilime de ilgi duyan Saint-Saëns, özellikle astronomiye meraklıydı. Paris'in birkaç noktasında kurulmuş sokak teleskoplarına sık sık gidip  gözlem yapan sanatçı, 24 yaşında iken piyano ve armonyum için bestelediği 6 parçayı satmış, parasıyla Donati kuyruklu yıldızını görebilmek için bir teleskop almıştır. Besteci,  sonraki yıllarda adaşı ünlü Fransız astronom Camille Flammarion ile arkadaşlık kurdu ve Fransa Astronomi Derneği'ne üye oldu. Derneğin dergisine birkaç makale yayımlayarak katkı verdi.

1860'lar: Eğitimciliği, Fransa-Prusya Savaşı, Ulusal Müzik Topluluğu
Besteciliğinin ve icracılığının yanı sıra öğretmenlik yaptı. Paris'te orgcu ve koro şefi yetiştiren ve  konservatuvara alternatif bir okul olan Niedermeyer Okulu'nun  kurucusu Louis Niedermeyer'in 1861'de ölümü üzerine 1861-1865 arasında okulun idaresini üstlendi. André Messager, Gabriel Fauré ve Eugène Gigout gibi müzisyenler,
konservatuvara alternatif bir okul olan bu kurumda yetiştirdiği öğrencilerdendir.

Fransa-Prusya Savaşı çıkınca  Saint-Saens, Dördüncü Ordu Ulusal Muhafız Birliği'nde askerlik yaptı. 1871'de Paris Komünü sırasında kısa bir süre Paris'i terk etmek zorunda kaldı. Londra'ya gitti ve başarılı resitaller verdi.

Aynı yıl Paris'e geri döndüğünde  Fransız müziğinini dış etkilerden bağımsız gelişmesi, bestecilerin eserlerinin seslendirilmesi ve müzikseverlerle bağ kurulması için kurulan Ulusal Müzik Topluluğu'nun oluşmasında rol oynadı ve kurumun başkan yardımcılığını üstlendi.

1870'ler: Senfonik şiirleri, Evliliği, Operaları
İlk senfonik şiiri olan 'Le Rouet d'Omphale' i (Omphale'in Çıkrığı) 1871 yılında besteledii.  Bunu Phateon (1873),  Danse Macabre (1874) ve  Herkül'ün Gençliği (1877) adlı senfonik şiirleri izledi.

Dans Macabre adlı senfonik şiirinin ilk icrasının gerçekleştiği günler, öğrencilerinden birinin kardeşi olan 19 yaşındaki Marie-Laure Truffot ile 3  Şubat 1875'teki düğününe denk gelir. Evlenen ve çocuk sahibi olan besteci, 1876'dan itibaren Madeleine Kilisesi'ndeki görevinden ayrılıp besteciliğe odaklandı. 1868 yılında bestelemeye başladığı Samson ve Dalila'yı Fransa'da sahneletmekte güçlük yaşadı. Eserin  ilk seslendirilişi,  1877 yılı sonunda, dostu Fransız Liszt'in ön ayak olmasıyla, Almanca olarak Weimar'da gerçekleşti. Yarattığı olağanüstü ilgiden ötürü Alman Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından  Saint-Saens'a Prusya Liyakat Nişanı'nın en üstün derecesi verildi. Eser, uluslararası başarı kazansa da 1892'ye kadar Paris'te sahnelenmemiştir, Saint Saens'in 13 operasından günümüzde sahnelenmeye devam eden tek eserdir.

Marie-Laure Truffot ile evliliğinden iki oğlu olan Saint Saens'in evliliği birkaç yıl sonra büyük bir trajedi ile sonlanmıştır.  1878 yılında büyük oğulları Andre pencereden düşerek, henüz altı aylık olan ikinci çocukları ise ağabeyinin ölümünden 6 hafta sonra  zatürreden öldü. Eşini oğullarının ölümünden sorumlu tutan besteci; çocuklarını kaybettikten üç yıl sonra eşinden boşandı ve bir daha onunla görüşmedi. Eşinden ayrıldıktan sonra dünya üzerinde maceralı geziler yaptı ve sıklıkla da Cezayir'e uğradı.

1880'ler: Konçertoları, Hayvanlar Karnavalı, 3. Senfoni
Besteci, Fransa'da pek ilgi görmeyen konçerto türünde eserler verdi. Beş piyano, iki keman, üç viyolensel konçertosu yazdı.

1886, bestecilikte zirveye çıktığı yıl oldu. Hayvanlar Karnavalı adlı suitini ve orkestra, org ve dört elli piyano için  3. Senfoni'yi (Orglu Senfoni) besteledi.  Hayvan seslerinin taklit edildiği mizahi bir fantezi ola Hayvanlar Karnavalı nedeniyle kendisine "ciddiyetten uzak bir besteci" sıfatının yapıştırılmasından korktu; "Kuğu" bölümü dışındaki bölümlerin sadece özel  toplantılarda seslendirilmesine izin verdi. Bu eser, ölümünden sonra kamuya açık mekanlada seslendirilmeye başlamış ve onun en ünlü eseri olmuştur. 3. Senfoniyi ise Londra Kraliyet Filarmoni Derneği'nin talebi ile besteledi ve o yıl ölen arkadaşı Franz Liszt'e ithaf etti. 1866'da Londra'da ilk seslendirilişinde orkestrayı yönetti ve büyük başarı elde etti. Eser, Fransa'da ilk kez 1887'de icra edildiğinde Charles Gounod, besteciyi "Fransa'nın Beethoven'ı" olarak nitelendirdi.

Seyahatleri
1888 yılında çok sevdiği annesinin kaybeden besteci, Paris'i terk etti. Eşyalarını babasının memleketi Dieppe şehrindeki kuzenine  gönderdi; kendisi ise kimseye haber vermeden Kanarya Adaları'na gitti. Mektuplarını, eşyalarını bağışladığı Dieppe şehrinde bir müze kuruldu.  Kendisi ise Sri Lanka, Kahire, İskenderiye ve ardından Cezayir'e seyahat etti. İskenderiye'de iken piyano ve orkesrta için Afrika adlı eserini besteledi. 1892'de Samson et Delila operasının Paris Operası'nda sahnelenip olağanüstü başarı kazanması ile moral buldu ancak seyahatlerine devam etti. Kanarya Adaları (1897-1898) ve Arjantin'e (1899) gitti. 1906'da ilk Amerika turnesine çıktı.

Son yılları

1908'de Guise Dükü Cinayeti adlı sessiz film için müzik besteledi. Böylece sinema için müzik yapan ilk ünlü besteci oldu. Bu müziği daha sonra  yaylı çalgılar, piyano ve harmonyum için bir orkestra eserine dönüştürdü.

Besteci, müziğin gelişimi konusunda endişe duymakta idi. Ravel ve Debussy'e sert eleştiriler yöneltti, 1913'te Paris'teki Şanzelize Tiyatrosu'nda Stravinsky'nin Bahar Ayini balesini izlediğinde ise girişteki fagot solosunun tiz seslerini duyunca "bu bir fagot ise ben de bir maymunum" diyerek salonu terk ettiği söylenir.

Besteci, I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında sayısız anma ve hayır konserine katıldı. Ömrünün sonuna kadar seyahatlerine devam etti. 1915'te ABD'ye, sonra Brezilya, Arjantin ve Uruguay'a gitti. 16 Aralık 1921'de Cezayir'de Hotel Oasis'te öldü. Cenazesi Noel arifesinde Paris'e getirilerek Madeleine Kilisesi'nde devlet merasimi yapıldı.

Medya

Camille Saint-Saëns La-Minör Viyolonsel Konçerto No.1 Op.33

Dipnotlar

Ayrıca bakınız

 Ünlü operalar listesi
 Opera bestecileri listesi

Dış bağlantılar

 Saint-Saëns İngilizce Wikipedia "Camille Saint-Saëns" maddesi   (Erişme:30.10.2010)
  IMSLP websitesinde "Saint-Saëns,_Camille" maddesi   (Erişme:30.10.2010)
 WIMA: Werner Icking Music Archive websitesinde "Camille Saint-Saëns" maddesi  (Erişme:30.10.2010)
  ChoralWiki websitesinde "Camille Saint-Saëns" maddesi    (Erişme:30.10.2010)
  "Açık Dizin Projesi"  "Saint-Saëns,_Camille" maddesi   (Erişme:30.10.2010)

1835 doğumlular
Paris doğumlu müzisyenler
1921 yılında ölenler
Lepidopteristler
Académie des Beaux-Arts üyeleri
Fransız klasik müzik bestecileri
Roma Katolik besteciler ve müzisyenler
19. yüzyıl klasik müzik bestecileri
19. yüzyıl Fransız bestecileri
20. yüzyıl klasik müzik bestecileri
20. yüzyıl Fransız bestecileri
Montparnasse Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Çocuk klasik müzisyenler
Piyano bestecileri
Conservatoire de Paris'te öğrenim görenler
Fransız müzik eleştirmenleri
Fransız opera bestecileri
Légion d'honneur Büyük Haç Nişanı sahipleri
Erkek opera bestecileri
Oratorio bestecileri
En İyi Çocuk Müziği Albümü Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri

Camille Saint-Saëns


سلوم انجليل الدمشقي ( 1845 م - 1918 م ) موسيقي وعازف بارع سوري ولد في دمشق سنة 1845 ميلادي واشتهر كعازف على آلة العود وآلة القانون ويعد من الموسيقيين الكبار في عصره وأستاذ مرجعي بالفن ، كان اهتمامة بالفن كبيرا ودرس على يديه الكثير من الفنانين والموسيقيين .

توفى في دمشق سنة 1918 م.

أشخاص من دمشق
عازفون سوريون

سلوم انجليل الدمشقي


Le Menuet, op. 14, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis, datant de 1889.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose son Menuet pour piano en 1889. L'œuvre est publiée chez Durdilly en 1889, puis elle est rééditée en 2006 chez les éditions Furore.

Analyse
Le Menuet fait partie des pièces du type du pastiche des musiques du . D'après Jann Pasler et Carlo Caballero, cette mode est très en vogue au début du . La compositrice elle-même compose une Suite dans le style ancien. D'autres compositeurs, français ou non, composent des œuvres dans ce goût, à l'image de Vincent d'Indy ou Edvard Grieg. Le style sera très prisé de compositeurs français comme Emmanuel Chabrier, Erik Satie, Claude Debussy et Maurice Ravel. La Bourrée fait partie d'un groupe comprenant le Rondo dans le genre ancien, sa Bourrée, la Pavane et la Sarabande.

Réception

Edition actuelle
 In Mel Bonis, œuvres pour piano, Volume 2 - Pièces pittoresques et poétiques A; éd. Furore, 2006

Discographie
 Mel Bonis, pièces pour piano, par Lioubov Timofeïeva, Voice of Lyrics C341, 1998
 L'ange gardien, par Laurent Martin (piano), Ligia Digital LIDI 01033181-07, 2007
 Regards : œuvres choisies de Mel Bonis, par Cécile Chaminade, Clara Schumann, Marianna von Martinez - Didier Castell-Jacomin (piano), Continuo Classics/Integral classic INT 221.250, 2011
 Le diamant noir, par Laurent Martin (piano), Ligia Digital, 2016

Références

Sources

Liens externes

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Œuvre pour piano
Œuvre réalisée en 1889

Menuet de Bonis


هي لعبة فيديو ناشر لعبة سيجا و تطوير من قبل سونيك تيم صدرت على الجهاز سيجا 32إكس الذي يضاف على الجهاز سيجا ميجا درايف.

الشخصيات
 النضناض ناكلز
 فريق كيوتيكس

روابط خارجية

مراجع

ألعاب القنفذ سونيك
ألعاب حصرية على سيجا 32إكس
ألعاب سيجا 32إكس
ألعاب فيديو 1995
ألعاب فيديو تعاونية
ألعاب فيديو تقع أحداثها في متنزهات ملاهي
ألعاب فيديو سيجا
ألعاب فيديو فردية وجماعية
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في اليابان

ناكلز كيوتيكس


Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon (アーマード・コアVI ファイアーズオブルビコン) é um próximo jogo de combate veicular baseado em mecha desenvolvido pela FromSoftware e publicado pela Bandai Namco Entertainment. A primeira entrada na série Armored Core desde Armored Core: Verdict Day (2013), está programado para ser lançado para PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One e Xbox Series X/S em 2023.

História
Armored Core VI se passa em um planeta distante, Rubicon 3. Lá, a humanidade encontrou uma nova fonte de energia que poderia aumentar dramaticamente suas capacidades tecnológicas. No entanto, essa substância causou um evento cataclísmico, envolvendo todo o sistema estelar em chamas.  Após sua redescoberta meio século depois, a humanidade mais uma vez tenta obter controle sobre esse recurso misterioso.  O jogador controla um mercenário independente pilotando um dos Armored Cores titulares, assumindo trabalhos de mega corporações extraterrestres e grupos de resistência opostos.

O gameplay de Armored Core é bastante envolvente e único, proporcionando uma experiência empolgante no gênero de jogos de mechas. O jogo coloca os jogadores no controle de um "Armored Core", que é um robô de combate altamente personalizável e equipado com uma variedade de armas e acessórios.

Desenvolvimento
Em setembro de 2016, o presidente da FromSoftware Hidetaka Miyazaki mencionou que uma nova entrada na série Armored Core estava em desenvolvimento inicial. Em janeiro de 2022, o desenvolvimento de uma nova parcela potencial da série Armored Core vazou devido a um teste de focus. O jogo foi anunciado formalmente em The Game Awards 2022 em dezembro. Está sendo dirigido por Masaru Yamamura, sua estreia no papel depois de ser o principal designer de jogos em Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice. Ele substituiu Miyazaki, que liderou o desenvolvimento inicialmente. Yasunori Ogura servirá como produtor do jogo.  Miyazaki e Yamamura esclareceram que não fizeram um esforço intencional para levar o jogo a um estilo de jogo Soulslike.

Referência

Ligações externas

Jogos para PlayStation 4
Jogos para PlayStation 5
Jogos de tiro
Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão
Jogos para Xbox One
Jogos para Xbox Series X e Series S
Jogos para Windows

Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon


Oscar Cifuentes Solar (Santiago, 28 de enero 1892 - ibidem, 26 de junio de 1952) fue un médico y político socialista chileno. Se desempeñó como ministro de Estado durante la llamada "República Socialista de Chile", presidida por Arturo Puga. Posteriormente, entre 1937 y 1941, ejerció como diputado de la República y luego diplomático de su país, sirviendo como cónsul en La Habana, Cuba.

Familia y estudios
Nació en Santiago de Chile, el 28 de enero de 1892; hijo de Melitón Cifuentes y Aminta Solar. Realizó sus estudios primarios y secundarios en el Colegio San Pedro Nolasco. Continuó los superiores en la carrera de medicina en la Universidad de Chile, donde se graduó de médico cirujano en 1915. Su tesis se tituló  Procedimiento de diagnóstico serológico de la sífilis. Posteriormente, cursó un diplomado en higiene, en la Universidad de París (Francia), en el año 1922. También fue alumno de la Academia de Guerra.

Ejerció su profesión en las ciudades de Valparaíso, Antofagasta, Santiago, Valdivia, Mulchén y Chillán. Fue médico de la Beneficencia. En Antofagasta dirigió los servicios de sanidad municipal; en Valparaíso fue ayudante de estos mismos servicios. Fue médico del Ejército, donde llegó al grado de mayor.

Se casó con Gabriela Herrera, con quien tuvo dos hijos.

Trayectoria política

El 4 de junio de 1932, tras la instauración de la Junta de Gobierno de la denominada «República Socialista» presidida por el militar Arturo Puga, fue nombrado ministro de Salubridad Pública, ejerciendo el cargo hasta el 16 de junio de ese mismo año. Paralelamente fue colaborador del diario La Opinión.

Militante de la Nueva Acción Pública (NAP), en 1933 fue uno de los fundadores del Partido Socialista de Chile (PS). Viajó a Bolivia en 1935, luego de ser deportado por el presidente liberal Arturo Alessandri Palma, en el marco de su segundo gobierno.

Regresó al país en 1937, y en las elecciones parlamentarias de ese mismo año, fue elegido como diputado por la Segunda Agrupación Departamental (correspondiente a los departamentos de Tocopilla, El Loa, Antofagasta, y Taltal), por el período legislativo 1937-1941. Durante su gestión integró la Comisión Permanente de Asistencia Médico Social e Higiene. Aceptó un cargo diplomático como encargado de negocios en Noruega, Haití y Santo Domingo, en el año 1939; el 7 de noviembre de ese año, se incorporó a la Cámara de Diputados en su reemplazo, Vicente Ruiz Mondaca.

Fue delegado de Chile al 1° Congreso de Medicina Militar Internacional, celebrado en Bruselas; y al Primer Congreso de la Cruz Roja Internacional, realizado en Ginebra. Fue cónsul general de Chile en la Habana.

Falleció el 26 de junio de 1952.

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Diputados del XXXVIII Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile
Ministros de Salud de Chile
Políticos de Chile
Socialistas de Chile
Alumnado de la Universidad de Chile
Nacidos en Santiago de Chile

Oscar Cifuentes Solar


Deocriste Portekiz'de Viana do Castelo belediyesine bağlı olan, 6,39 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 742 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viana do Castelo

Deocriste


الربقة قرية سعودية واقعة في السراة في منطقة الباحة وتتبع محافظة بلجرشي. عمل أهلها سابقا في رعاية الماشية ومنهم فلاحين ومنهم بنائين وكانوا أيضا يتنقلون بماشيتهم بين السراة وتهامة. وتشتهر أراضيهم الزراعية بالخصوبة حيث كانوا يزرعون (التوت) (الفراولة) (الخوخ). تشتهر الربقة بجبالها وآبارها وحصونها.

انظر أيضا

 منطقة الباحة
 محافظة بلجرشي
 غيلان
 حزنة
 الحمران
 الصقاع

مراجع

قرى بلجرشي
محافظة بلجرشي

الربقة (قرية)


El plan para un asentamiento judío en el Japón Imperial hubiera significado el desplazamiento de judíos a Japón y desde allí a las zonas que ocupaba en China antes y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en forma coincidente con la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa.  El comienzo de la guerra en Europa por parte de la Alemania Nazi tuvo como consecuencia las persecuciones en masa y genocidio de los judíos en lo que se denomina Holocausto.

A pesar de que existe muy escasa evidencia que sugiera que los japoneses hayan considerado el establecimiento de un Estado judío o una región autónoma judía, en 1979 Rabbi Marvin Tokayer y Mary Swartz escribieron el libro 'The Fugu Plan'. En este relato parcialmente ficticio, Tokayer y Swartz denominaron como el  a los memorandums que se escribieron durante la década de 1930 en el Japón Imperial proponiendo asentar en territorios japoneses a refugiados judíos que escaparan de los territorios ocupados por los nazis en Europa. Tokayer y Swartz sostenían que el plan, cuyos proponentes lo consideraban riesgoso pero potencialmente ventajoso para Japón, fue denominado con la palabra japonesa para pez globo, un platillo exquisito que puede ser sumamente venenoso si no ha sido preparado en forma correcta.

Las afirmaciones de Tokayer y Swartz están basadas en dichos del capitán Koreshige Inuzuka. Ellos afirman que dicho plan fue discutido por primera vez en 1934 y consolidado en 1938, siendo apoyado por personajes importantes tales como Inuzuka, Ishiguro Shiro y Norihiro Yasue; sin embargo, la firma del Pacto Tripartito en 1941 junto con otros eventos hicieron que nunca fuera implementado en forma completa. Los memorandums no se denominaban El Plan Fugu.

Ben-Ami Shillony, un profesor de la Universidad Hebrea en Jerusalén, indicó que las afirmaciones a partir de las cuales Tokayer y Swartz basaron su caso fueron sacadas de contexto, y que la traducción a partir de la cual ellos trabajaron poseía errores. La opinión de Shillony es compartida por Kiyoko Inuzuka (esposa de Koreshige Inuzuka). En el artículo 'Los judíos y los japoneses: Los extranjeros exitosos', él pone en duda que los japoneses alguna vez hayan considerado establecer un Estado judío o una región autónoma judía.

Véase también
 Abraham Kaufman, un sionista prominente de Harbin
Hakko Ichiu
 Historia de los judíos en Japón
 Gueto de Shanghái, organizado por el gobierno japonés durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial
 Informe Slattery, una propuesta de Estados Unidos de llevar los refugiados judíos a Alaska.
 Propuestas para un Estado judío y territorialismo

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Goodman, David. "Jews in the Japanese Mind". Free Press, 1994, ISBN 0-02-912482-4.
 Inuzuka Kiyoko, "Kaigun Inuzuka kikan no kiroku: Yudaya mondai to Nippon no kōsaku" (Tokyo: Nihon kōgyō shimbunsha, 1982).
 Kase Hideaki, "Nihon no naka no Yudayajin".
 Levine, Hillel. "In Search Of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked His Life To Rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust", University of Michigan, ISBN 0-684-83251-8.
 Pallister, Casey J. "Japan's Jewish "Other": Antisemitism in Prewar and Wartime Japan". University of Oregon.
 Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner. "Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees: A World War II Dilemma", Praeger Publishers, 1998, ISBN 0-275-96199-0.
 Shillony, Ben-Ami. Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan", Oxford University Press, 1991.
 Szpilman, Christopher W.A., "Fascist and Quasi-Fascist Ideas in Interwar Japan, 1918-1941, in Japan in the Fascist Era".
 Shillony, Ben-Ami. Defending Japan's Pacific War: The Kyoto School Philosophers. The Journal of Japanese Studies - Volume 32, 2006.
 Shillony, Ben-Ami. "Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
 Sugita Rokuichi, Higashi Ajia e kita Yudayajin".

Historia de los judíos
Manchukuo

Asentamiento judío en el Japón Imperial


Jean-Claude Andruet (13 de agosto de 1942) es un piloto de rally francés, actualmente retirado que ha competido en el Campeonato de Europa de Rally, siendo vencedor en 1970  y subcampeón en 1981. Logró dos campeonatos de Francia, en 1968 y 1970.

Trayectoria

Andruet también participó en el Campeonato Mundial de Rally donde logró tres victorias. Compitió con Lancia y Citroën.

Victorias WRC

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en Rallybase
 Sitio Oficial
 Jean-Claude Andruet en Juwra.com;
 Jean-Claude Andruet en www.rallye-info.com;
 Jean-Claude Andruet en www.ewrc-results.com;
 Palmares de la Lancia Stratos.

Pilotos de rally de Francia
Campeones del Campeonato Europeo de Rally
Pilotos de las 24 Horas de Le Mans
Pilotos de Lancia en el Campeonato Mundial de Rally

Jean-Claude Andruet


බැකප් ඇන්ඩ් රෙස්ටෝර් (මීට පෙර වින්ඩෝස් බැකප් ඇන්ඩ් රෙස්ටෝර් සෙන්ටර්) යනු පරිශීලකයන් හට උපස්ථ සෑදීම සදහා ඉඩදෙන මයික්‍රොසොෆ්ට් වින්ඩෝස් සංරචකයකි. මෙය වින්ඩෝස් විස්ටා මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතියත් සමග හදුන්වා දුන් අතර ඉන්පසුව ආ සෑම සංස්කරණයක් සමගම අඩංගු කෙරිණි. පෙර වින්ඩෝස් සංස්කරණවල පැවති NTBackup සංරචකය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම මෙමගින් සිදු කරන ලදී.

බැකප් ඇන්ඩ් රෙස්ටෝ


William Alfred Fowler (  ) was an American nuclear physicist, later astrophysicist, who, with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is known for his theoretical and experimental research into nuclear reactions within stars and the energy elements produced in the process and was one of the authors of the influential BFH paper.

Early life
On , Fowler was born in Pittsburgh. Fowler's parents were John MacLeod Fowler and Jennie Summers Watson. Fowler was the eldest of his siblings, Arthur and Nelda.

The family moved to Lima, Ohio, a steam railroad town, when Fowler was two years old. Growing up near the Pennsylvania Railroad yard influenced Fowler's interest in locomotives. In 1973, he travelled to the Soviet Union just to observe the steam engine that powered the Trans-Siberian Railway plying the nearly  route that connects Khabarovsk and Moscow.

Education
In 1933, Fowler graduated from the Ohio State University, where he was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. In 1936, Fowler received a Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California.

Career
In 1936, Fowler became a research fellow at Caltech. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1938. In 1939, Fowler became an assistant professor at Caltech.

Although an experimental nuclear physicist, Fowler's most famous paper was "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars", coauthored with Cambridge cosmologist Fred Hoyle and in collaboration with two young Cambridge astronomers, Margaret Burbidge and Geoffrey Burbidge.  That 1957 paper in Reviews of Modern Physics categorized most nuclear processes for origin of all but the lightest chemical elements in stars.  It is widely known as the BFH paper.

In 1942, Fowler became an associate professor at Caltech. In 1946, Fowler became a Professor at Caltech. Fowler, along with Lee A. DuBridge, Max Mason, Linus Pauling, and Bruce H. Sage, was awarded the Medal for Merit in 1948 by President Harry S. Truman.

Fowler succeeded Charles Lauritsen as director of the W. K. Kellogg Radiation Laboratory at Caltech, and was himself later succeeded by Steven E. Koonin. Fowler was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Gerald Ford.

Fowler was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1962, won the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society in 1963, elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965, won the Vetlesen Prize in 1973, the Eddington Medal in 1978, the Bruce Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1979, and the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983 (shared with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar) for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe .

Fowler's doctoral students at Caltech included Donald D. Clayton.

Personal life
A lifelong fan of steam locomotives, Fowler owned several working models of various sizes.

Fowler's first wife was Adriane Fay (née Olmsted) Fowler (1912–1988). They had two daughters, Mary Emily and Martha.

In December 1989, Fowler married Mary Dutcher (1919–2019), an artist, in Pasadena, California.
On , Fowler died from kidney failure in Pasadena, California. He was 83.

Publications

Obituaries

References

External links

 Oral history interview transcript with William Fowler on 8 June 1972, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I
 Oral history interview transcript with William Fowler on 9 June 1972, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II
 Oral history interview transcript with William Fowler on 5 February 1973, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session III
 Oral history interview transcript with William Fowler on 6 February 1973, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session IV
 Oral history interview transcript with William Fowler on 30 May 1974, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session V
 1983 Audio Interview with William Fowler by Martin Sherwin Voices of the Manhattan Project
 W.A. Fowler: Radioactive elements of a low atomic number, Ph.D. dissertation
  including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1983 Experimental and Theoretical Nuclear Astrophysics; the Quest for the Origin of the Elements
 Guide to the Papers of William A. Fowler, 1917-1994
 Caughlan and Fowler 1988: THERMONUCLEAR REACTION RATES, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
 Interview with William A. Fowler, Caltech Archives Oral Histories Online

1911 births
1995 deaths
American astronomers
American Nobel laureates
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Medal for Merit recipients
Nobel laureates in Physics
Ohio State University alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Presidents of the American Physical Society
Members of the American Philosophical Society
California Institute of Technology fellows

William Alfred Fowler


Ásdís Kristjánsdóttir (fædd 28. september 1978) er bæjarstjóri Kópavogs. Hún tók við embættinu af Ármanni Kr. Ólafssyni 15. júní 2022.

Ásdís er alin upp í Seljahverfinu í Breiðholti í Reykjavík og gekk í Seljaskóla. Hún lauk stúdentsprófi frá Verslunarskóla Íslands og er með BSc í iðnaðarverkfræði frá Háskóla Íslands og MSc í hagfræði.

Ásdís var viðskiptastjóri hjá Lánstrausti frá 2002-2004, var sérfræðingur í fjármálaráðuneytinu árið 2005, efnahagsgreinandi í greiningardeild Arion banka frá 2005-2011 og forstöðumaður deildarinnar frá 2011-2013. Hún hóf störf hjá Samtökum atvinnulífsins árið 2013 og starfaði þar sem forstöðumaður efnahagssviðs til ársins 2022. Hún gaf kost á sér í fyrsta sætið í prófkjöri Sjálfstæðisflokksins í Kópavogi fyrir sveitarstjórnarkosningarnar árið 2022 og var oddviti flokksins í kosningum. Hún tók við stöðu bæjarstjóra í Kópavogi þann 15. júní 2022.

Hún var fulltrúi í Samráðsvettvangi um aukna hagsæld árið 2013, hefur verið í stjórn fulltrúaráðs Verslunarskóla Íslands, í stjórn Félags viðskipta- og hagfræðinga, var í verkefnastjórn um endurskoðun peningastefnunnar frá 2017-2018, í stjórn Arctic Adventure frá 2018-2020 og í aðalstjórn HK frá 2018-2022.

Ásdís er gift Agnari Tómasi Möller, verkfræðingi, og eiga þau þrjú börn.

Heimildir

 "Kopavogur.is: Bæjarstjóri". Sótt 28. júní 2022.
 "Mannlif.is: Ásdís vill bæjarstjórastólinn". Sótt 28. júní 2022.

Bæjarstjórar Kópavogs
Íslenskar konur
Íslenskir hagfræðingar
Stúdentar úr Verslunarskóla Íslands

Ásdís Kristjánsdóttir


Au Bangladesh, la peine de mort est une sanction légale prévue par le code pénal. Elle est activement appliquée.

Crimes punis de la peine de mort
Les crimes passibles de la peine de morts sont :
 le meurtre,
 les infractions liées à la drogue,
 la sodomie,
 l'enlèvement
 la traite d'enfants à des fins immorales ou illégales,
 la traite des êtres humains,
 l'exploitation sexuelle/l'esclavage (en particulier des enfants ou des femmes),
 le terrorisme,
 le viol,
 le vol à main armée,
 la sédition,
 le sabotage,
 le détournement d'avions,
 les infractions militaires telles que la mutinerie, la lâcheté ou la désertion,
 la tentative de meurtre avec dot,
 l'encouragement ou complot en vue de commettre des infractions passibles de la peine capitale,
 le parjure causant une exécution,
 l'espionnage,
 les crimes de guerre,
 la trahison.

Procédure / Application selon les infractions

Procédure judiciaire

Recours en grâce

Exécution
Le code pénal établir que la sentence doit être exécutée par pendaison. La cour suprême a cependant établit que l'accusé peut être condamné à être fusillé.

Histoire

Condamnés célèbres
Le , le Tribunal international des crimes du Bangladesh condamne à mort l'ancien ministre Motiur Rahman Nizami pour crime de guerre. La sentence a été exécutée par pendaison le .

Actualité

Condamnations à mort récentes
 Le 8 décembre 2021, 20 étudiants ont été condamnés à mort (et 5 autres ont été condamnés à la prison à vie) pour avoir lynché un autre étudiant sur le campus de l'université d'ingénierie et de technologie du Bangladesh
 Le 31 janvier 2022, deux officiers de police sont condamnés à mort pour le meurtre d'un militaire haut gradé.

Exécutions récentes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Bangladesh
Droit au Bangladesh

Peine de mort au Bangladesh


තස්ලිමා නස්රීන

චරිතාපදානය

ඇය ජගත් විචාරකයන්ගේ සම්භාවනාවට පාත්‍රවූයේ මුස්ලිම් ලෝකයේ නොපනත් කම් ගැන ලියූ නිසාවෙනි. මෙම ග්‍රන්ථය ඇගේ මව් භාෂාව වූ බෙංගාලි බසින් ද හින්දි, මරාති, මලයාලම්, ඉංග්‍රීසි, ප්‍රංස, ජර්මන්, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, ස්වීඩන්, අරාබි භාෂාවලින් ද පළවී තිබේ. ඈ ලියූ ග්‍රන්ථ අතර Oporpokkho (The Opponent) 1992 Shodh (Revenge) 1992 Nimontron (invitation) 1993 Phera (Return) 1993 Bhromor Koio Gia (Tell him the Secret) 1994 Lajja (Shame) Forashi Premik (French love) යන ග්‍රන්ථ ප්‍රධාන වේ.

ඇය තරම් මුස්ලිම් ලෝකයේ වෛරයට පාත්‍රවූ රචිකාවක් සොයාගැනීම දුර්ලභය. ඇය අද ස්වීඩනයේ අප්‍රකට ජීවිතයක් ගතකරන්නේ ඇය මරා දැමීමට මුස්ලිම් අන්තවාදීන් තැත්කරන හෙයිනි. ඇය ලොව පහළවූ අභීත ලේඛිකාවකි.

ලෝකයේ ගමන් මඟ වෙනස් කළ මේ කතුවරියන් තුළ තුබූ අභීත භාවයත් සමස්ත ධරණීතලයේ සුන්දරත්වය හා අසාධාරණ සංස්කෘතීන්වල සංඝට්ටනයත්, ආගමික හස්තයේ ක්‍රෑරත්වයත් පුරුෂාධිපත්‍යයේ නව මුහුණුවරත්, කාන්තා හදවතේ අසමසම සුන්දරත්වයත් වනන්නට සමත් උත්කෘෂ්ට ප්‍රතිභාව හා වජ්‍ර බුද්ධියත් සුළුකොට තැකිය නොහැකිය.

මේ කතුවරියන්ගේ ආගමනයත් සමඟම ලෝකයේ පුරුෂයන් විසින් අත්කරගත් සාහිත්‍ය ක්‍ෂේත්‍රය ක්‍රම ක්‍රමයෙන් තමන් සතු කොට ගනිමින් සාහිත්‍ය හරහා පුරුෂයන් වැපිරූ ප්‍රෝඩාවේ ඊනියා සුන්දරත්වයට පහර දෙමින් නව වීමංශනාක්ෂියකින් වනිතාවන්ට ලෝකය දෙස බලන්නට අවස්ථාව ද චින්තනය ද උරුම කර දී තිබේ.

කාන්තාව ඉතා දුර්වල සත්ත්වයෙකැයි කියන්නන්ට ද කාන්තාව සෑම පැත්තකින්ම පුරුෂයන්ට වඩා පහත් යැයි තර්ක කරන්නන්ට ද කාන්තාව ලිංගික කාර්යයේදී වඩාත් පහත් සත්වයෙකැයි පවසා ජුගුප්සාජනක කතා කියන්නන්ට ද නවාල් එල් සාදාවි හා තස්ලිමා නස්ලින් වැනි ලේඛිකාවන් මරු පහර එල්ල කොට ඒ අඥාන අතාර්කික මත සුණුවිසුණු කොට ඇත.

සාහිත සටන් බිමේ මහ ගජනා ප්‍රහාර පුරුෂ පක්ෂය වෙනත් ආගමික සංස්කෘතික නෛතික බැමි වෙතත් එල්ල කළ ඇසිල්ලේ පුරුෂ පක්ෂය මේ අභීත කතුවරියත් ඝාතනය කිරීමට කැසකවමින් සිටියි.

මේ නිසා සමහර අභීත කතුවරියන්ට සිරගෙවල්වල ලගින්නට ද මව්බිමින් එපිට වෙස්වළාගත් ජීවිත ගතකරන්නට ද සිදුවී තිබේ.

කාන්තාව සැබෑ ජීවමාන සත්වයකු බවට පත්කර ඇත්තේ බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ ධර්මයෙන් හා කාල්මාක්ස්ගේ සමාජවාදී සංකල්පයෙන් පමණක් බවද රුසියානු මාතාවගේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ ලේඛක පරපුර වෙතින් පමණක් ඇය ජීවිතය යළි ලද බවද මැදහත් විදග්ධ විචාරකයෝ පෙන්වාදෙති.

කෙසේ වුවද කාන්තාවත් පිරිමියාත් අතර වෙනස ශරීරාවයවවලින් පමණක් බවද ඇයට රටක් වුවද පාලනය කළ හැකි බවද ලෝකයේ විශිෂ්ට කාන්තා චරිත පෙන්වා දී ඇත. කාන්තාවන් වෙනුවෙන් අභීත අදහස් රළ පෙළ ලොවට දා කළ ලේඛිකාවන්ගේ සාහිත්‍ය ව්‍යාපාරය අදත් හෙටත් බැබළෙනු නොඅනුමානය.

ඇය ලිවූ පොත්

විවිධ
Nirbachito column (Selected Columns)
Jabo na keno jabo (Why shouldn't I go? I will)
Noshto meyer noshto goddo (Impure prose from an impure girl)
ChoTo choTo dukkho kotha (small sad stories)

නව කථා
Opprpokkho (Opposition) 1992
Shodh (Revenge) 1992
Nimontron (Invitation) 1993
Phera (Return) 1993
Bhromor Koio Gia (Tell Him The Secret) 1994
Forashi Premik (French Lover) 2002
Lajja (Shame)

ස්වයංලිඛිත චරිතාපදාන
Amar Meyebela (My Girlhood)1st part
Utal Hawa (Wild Wind)2nd part
Ko (Speak Up) 3rd part
Dwikhandito (Split in Two) 3rd part (another name for Ko)
Sei Sob Andhokar (Those Dark Days) 4th part
 Meyebela, My Bengali Girlhood - A Memoir of Growing Up Female in a Muslim World ISBN 1-58642-051-8

පද්‍ය
The Game in Reverse: Poems and Essays by Taslima Nasrin 1995
Shikore Bipul Khudha (Hunger in the Roots), 1986
Nirbashito Bahire Ontore (Banished Without  and Within ), 1989
Amar Kichu Jay Ashe Ne (I Couldn't Care Less), 1990
Atole Ontorin (Captive In the Abyss), 1991
Balikar Gollachut (Game of the Girls), 1992
Behula Eka Bhashiyechilo Bhela (Behula Floated the Raft Alone), 1993
Ay Kosto Jhepe, Jibon Debo Mepe (Pain Come Roaring Down, I'll Measure Out My Life for You), 1994
Nirbashito Narir Kobita (Poems From Exile), 1996
Jolopodyo (Waterlilies), 2000
Khali Khali Lage (Feeling Empty), 2004
Kicchukhan Thako( Stay For A While), 2005

ඇය ලද සම්මාන
 Ananda Award, India, 1992
 Natyasava Award, Bangladesh, 1992
 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thoughts from the  European  Parliament, 1994
 Human Rights Award from the Government of France, 1994
 Kurt Tucholsky Prize, Swedish PEN, Sweden, 1994
 Hellman-Hammett Grant from Human Rights Watch, USA, 1994
 Humanist Award from  Human-Etisk Forbund, Norway, 1994
 Feminist  of the Year from Feminist Majority Foundation, USA, 1994
 Honorary Doctorate from Ghent University, Belgium, 1995
 Scholarship From DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst), Germany, 1995
 Monismanien Prize from Uppsala University, Sweden, 1995
 Distinguished  Humanist Award from International Humanist and Ethical Union, Great Britain, 1996
 Humanist Laureate from International Academy for Humanism, USA, 1996
 Ananda Award, India, 2000
 Global Leader for Tomorrow, World Economic Forum, 2000
 Erwin Fischer Award, IBKA, Germany, 2002
 Free-thought Heroine Award, Freedom From Religion Foundation, USA, 2002
 Fellowship at Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard  University, USA, 2003
 UNESCO  Prize for the promotion of tolerance and non-violence, 2004
 Honorary Doctorate from American University of Paris, France, 2005
 Grand Prix International Condorcet-Aron 2005, from the French-Parliament in Belgium, 2005

බාහිරට යොමු
Taslima Nasrin: Gone with the wind!
Taslima Nasrin's homepage
Taslima Nasrin: "Are These Stones Not Striking You?"
For freedom of expression - by Taslima Nasrin
Bulletin # 102 - Rationalist International
Bangladeshi Writer Wins UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize - IFEX
Irshad Manji's interview with Taslima Nasrin
ISIS interview with Taslima Nasrin
Profile: Taslima Nasrin
'Islam is history', says Taslima

ජීවමාන ජනයා
1962 උපත්

තස්ලිමා නස්රීන්


Duke of Berwick () () is a title that was created in the Peerage of England on 19 March 1687 for James FitzJames, the illegitimate son of James II and VII, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland and Arabella Churchill.  The title's name refers to the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in England, near the border with Scotland.

The titles of Baron Bosworth and Earl of Tinmouth were created at the same time, and they are subsidiary to the English dukedom. As a noted Jacobite, the 1st Duke did not receive a Writ of Summons to take his place in the House of Lords after 1695, and thus the title has long been assumed to be dormant. However, as its creation is not considered part of the illegitimate Jacobite peerage, and no Writ of attainder was issued by Parliament for the Dukedom (although it was for the Duke himself), the title is still considered by some as theoretically extant, albeit dormant, in the Peerage of England and could be petitioned for reinstatement by the legitimate heirs male of the body (as detailed below in the list of Jacobite succession).

Since 13 December 1707,  when Philip V, King of Spain confirmed the title in his country, and conferred the dignity of Grandee to the 1st Duke of Berwick, the dukedom is also a title of Spanish nobility. However, unlike the English peerage, the Spanish title follows the rule of absolute primogeniture, which allows a female to succeed if she is the first-born child. Thus following the death of the 10th Duke of Berwick in September 1953, who had only a daughter, the succession has divided into two separate lines.

At this point, the English title was inherited by the nephew of the 10th Duke, Don Fernando Fitz-James Stuart y Saavedra, 19th Duke of Peñaranda (1922–1971), and subsequently Fernando's son Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Gómez, 20th Duke of Peñaranda (born 1947), who became the 12th Duke of Berwick in 1971. The heir presumptive to the Dukedom is the 12th Duke's younger brother Don Luis Fitz-James Stuart y Gómez, 14th Marquess of Valderrábano (born 1950). Under the English rule of male primogeniture, since Jacobo and his brother Luis do not have male issue, it is expected that the English peerage title will become extinct, and with it the agnatic House of Stuart.

In contrast, in 1953, the Spanish title was inherited by the 10th Duke's only daughter, Doña Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba (1926-2014), who was, in her own right, the 11th Duchess of Berwick. When she died in 2014, her son Don Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba (born 1948) succeeded to the title. The heir apparent to the dukedom is his eldest son Don Fernando Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Huéscar (born 1990).

History
The peerage and its subsidiary titles were generally considered to have been forfeit by the English parliament in 1695, when James FitzJames was attainted following the enforced exile of his father. The College of Arms in its Roll of the Peerage does not list any such title, which means that it is non-existent today in England.

Nevertheless, the titles were recognized in France as de facto Jacobite peerages by Louis XIV, King of France to please the exiled James II & VII, along with other Jacobite peerages recognized in France, like Duke of Perth, Duke of Melfort, etc. On 13 December 1707, Philip V confirmed or issued the title in Spain, and he conferred the dignity of Grandee of Spain on James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick. The grandeeship is attached to the Spanish title of Duke of Berwick.

If the English peerage title was still extant, that title is only inheritable in the male line. At the death of Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba and 10th Duke of Berwick, the English title would have been inherited by his nephew Don Fernando FitzJames Stuart, 15th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero (1922–1971), and subsequently by Fernando's son Don Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 16th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero and current head of the House of FitzJames (born in 1947 and without children).

The Spanish title, with the accompanying dignity of Grandee of Spain, follows the inheritance rules of that country. Spanish noble titles historically have followed the rule of male-preference primogeniture, which allows a female to succeed if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants. With the death of the 10th Duke of Berwick in September 1953, his only child, Doña Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba, succeeded him in his Spanish titles, including the Spanish dukedom of Berwick. With her death in November 2014, the dukedom passed to her eldest son, Don Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo.

Dukes of Berwick (1687–1695)

Jacobite Dukes of Berwick (1695–present)

Spanish Dukes of Berwick (1707–present)
Before 1953, the Spanish Dukes were also the Jacobite Dukes of Berwick. The line split due to the differences between the Spanish and Jacobite  succession laws (male-preference primogeniture and agnatic primogeniture respectively).

References

External links
Hernando Fitzjames-Stuart in Spanish

Berwick-upon-Tweed
Dukedoms of Spain
Grandees of Spain
Forfeited dukedoms in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1687
Dukedoms in the Jacobite Peerage

Duke of Berwick


Sarıçiçek, Posof - Ardahan ili Posof ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Bingöl - Bingöl ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Mutki - Bitlis ili Mutki ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Boğazkale - Çorum ili Boğazkale ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Karayazı - Erzurum ili Karayazı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Sarıçiçek, Gümüşhane - Gümüşhane ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Bozkurt - Kastamonu ili Bozkurt ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Şarkışla - Sivas ili Şarkışla ilçesine bağlı köy
 Sarıçiçek, Turhal - Tokat ili Turhal ilçesine bağlı köy

Sarıçiçek


Lješanska nahija () is a historical region in eastern Montenegro. It was a nahija (sub-district) of the Ottoman Empire. In the administration of the Principality of Montenegro, the nahija was part of Old Montenegro, alongside Katun, Rijeka and Crmnica. The Serbian Gradac Monastery was once located within the region.

Lješanska nahija included the area to the Riječka nahija, and was the most impoverished and smallest part of the Principality of Montenegro, consisting of several brotherhoods, which due to some differences among them (especially religious) could not in its entirety establish itself as other tribes.
It was also home to the Albanian tribe of the Goljemadi.

The region was bordered by Lješkopolje, an Ottoman frontier which was not part of Montenegro prior to the Congress of Berlin (1878).

Settlements

Gradac
Šteke
Štitari
Draževina
Kornet
Liješnje
Orasi
Relezi
Podstrana
Briđe
Brežine
Bigor
Đalci
Buronji
Goljemadi
Barutana
Liješnje
Donje Liješnje
Begova Glavica
Popratnica

History
The toponym derives from a Slavicized variant of the Albanian masculine name Lesh  (Lješ).  According to a local tradition, the ancestor arrived from the city of Lezhë, however the actual name is regarded as being much older since
as early as 1496 Đurađ Crnojević mentions the nobleman Radovan Lъšević (Lješević) in the area of Lješanska nahija, while its inhabitants as Lьšane (Lješane).

The name (Lješanska nahija) is first mentioned in 1692. Traditionally, Vojvodas (The Dukes) came from the House of Uskoković.

Notable people
Mardarije Kornečanin, Metropolitan of Cetinje (1637–59)
Pavle Đurišić, leader of Montenegrin Chetniks in WW2
Dejan Stojanović, Serbian poet, writer and essayist
Stevan Raičković, Serbian poet, writer and academic
Gojko Čelebić, Montenegrin writer and diplomat
Vojislav Vukčević, Serbian politician and former minister of diaspora
Sergej Ćetković, Montenegrin singer
Simon Vukčević, Montenegrin footballer
Marina Vukčević, Montenegrin handball player
Dušan Vukčević, retired Serbian basketball player
Dragiša Burzan, Montenegrin politician and diplomat
Igor Burzanović, Montenegrin footballer
Dragoljub Brnović, former Montenegrin footballer
Branko Brnović, former Montenegrin footballer and current coach
Bojan Brnović, Montenegrin footballer
Nenad Brnović, Montenegrin footballer, brother of the above-mentioned Bojan
Veljko Uskoković, retired Montenegrin water polo player

See also
Lješ (disambiguation)

References

Historical regions in Montenegro
Principality of Montenegro

sr:Љешанска нахија

Lješanska nahija


A torsion spring is a spring that works by twisting its end along its axis; that is, a flexible elastic object that stores mechanical energy when it is twisted.  When it is twisted, it exerts a torque in the opposite direction, proportional to the amount (angle) it is twisted. There are various types:
A torsion bar is a straight bar of metal or rubber that is subjected to twisting (shear stress) about its axis by torque applied at its ends.
A more delicate form used in sensitive instruments, called a torsion fiber consists of a fiber of silk, glass, or quartz under tension, that is twisted about its axis.
A helical torsion spring, is a metal rod or wire in the shape of a helix (coil) that is subjected to twisting about the axis of the coil by sideways forces (bending moments) applied to its ends, twisting the coil tighter.
Clocks use a spiral wound torsion spring (a form of helical torsion spring where the coils are around each other instead of piled up) sometimes called a "clock spring" or colloquially called a mainspring. Those types of torsion springs are also used for attic stairs, clutches, typewriters and other devices that need near constant torque for large angles or even multiple revolutions.

Torsion, bending
Torsion bars and torsion fibers do work by torsion. However, the terminology can be confusing because in helical torsion spring (including clock spring), the forces acting on the wire are actually bending stresses, not torsional (shear) stresses. A helical torsion spring actually works by torsion when it is bent (not twisted).
We will use the word "torsion" in the following for a torsion spring according to the definition given above, whether the material it is made of actually works by torsion or by bending.

Torsion coefficient
As long as they are not twisted beyond their elastic limit, torsion springs obey an angular form of Hooke's law:

where

  is the torque exerted by the spring in newton-meters, and  is the angle of twist from its equilibrium  position in radians

  is a constant with units of newton-meters / radian, variously called the spring's torsion coefficient, torsion elastic modulus, rate, or just spring constant, equal to the change in torque required to twist the spring through an angle of 1 radian.

The torsion constant may be calculated from the geometry and various material properties. It is analogous to the spring constant of a linear spring.  The negative sign indicates that the direction of the torque is opposite to the direction of twist.

The energy U, in joules, stored in a torsion spring is:

Uses
Some familiar examples of uses are the strong, helical torsion springs that operate clothespins and traditional spring-loaded-bar type mousetraps.   Other uses are in the large, coiled torsion springs used to counterbalance the weight of garage doors, and a similar system is used to assist in opening the trunk (boot) cover on some sedans.  Small, coiled torsion springs are often used to operate pop-up doors found on small consumer goods like digital cameras and compact disc players.  Other more specific uses:

A torsion bar suspension is a thick, steel torsion-bar spring attached to the body of a vehicle at one end and to a lever arm which attaches to the axle of the wheel at the other.   It absorbs road shocks as the wheel goes over bumps and rough road surfaces, cushioning the ride for the passengers.  Torsion-bar suspensions are used in many modern cars and trucks, as well as military vehicles.
The sway bar used in many vehicle suspension systems also uses the torsion spring principle.
The torsion pendulum used in torsion pendulum clocks is a wheel-shaped weight suspended from its center by a wire torsion spring.  The weight rotates about the axis of the spring, twisting it, instead of swinging like an ordinary pendulum. The force of the spring reverses the direction of rotation, so the wheel oscillates back and forth, driven at the top by the clock's gears.
Torsion springs consisting of twisted ropes or sinew, were used to store potential energy to power several types of ancient weapons; including the Greek ballista and the Roman scorpio and catapults like the onager.
The balance spring or hairspring in mechanical watches is a fine, spiral-shaped torsion spring that pushes the balance wheel back toward its center position as it rotates back and forth.  The balance wheel and spring function similarly to the torsion pendulum above in keeping time for the watch.
The D'Arsonval movement used in mechanical pointer-type meters to measure electric current is a type of torsion balance (see below).  A coil of wire attached to the pointer twists in a magnetic field against the resistance of a torsion spring.  Hooke's law ensures that the angle of the pointer is proportional to the current.
A DMD or digital micromirror device chip is at the heart of many video projectors.  It uses hundreds of thousands of tiny mirrors on tiny torsion springs fabricated on a silicon surface to reflect light onto the screen, forming the image.
Badge tether

Torsion balance

The torsion balance, also called torsion pendulum, is a scientific apparatus for measuring very weak forces, usually credited to Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who invented it in 1777, but independently invented by John Michell sometime before 1783.  Its most well-known uses were by Coulomb to measure the electrostatic force between charges to establish Coulomb's Law, and by Henry Cavendish in 1798 in the Cavendish experiment to measure the gravitational force between two masses to calculate the density of the Earth, leading later to a value for the gravitational constant.

The torsion balance consists of a bar suspended from its middle by a thin fiber.  The fiber acts as a very weak torsion spring.  If an unknown force is applied at right angles to the ends of the bar, the bar will rotate, twisting the fiber, until it reaches an equilibrium where the twisting force or torque of the fiber balances the applied force.  Then the magnitude of the force is proportional to the angle of the bar.  The sensitivity of the instrument comes from the weak spring constant of the fiber, so a very weak force causes a large rotation of the bar.

In Coulomb's experiment, the torsion balance was an insulating rod with a metal-coated ball attached to one end, suspended by a silk thread.  The ball was charged with a known charge of static electricity, and a second charged ball of the same polarity was brought near it.  The two charged balls repelled one another, twisting the fiber through a certain angle, which could be read from a scale on the instrument.  By knowing how much force it took to twist the fiber through a given angle, Coulomb was able to calculate the force between the balls.  Determining the force for different charges and different separations between the balls, he showed that it followed an inverse-square proportionality law, now known as Coulomb's law.

To measure the unknown force, the spring constant of the torsion fiber must first be known.  This is difficult to measure directly because of the smallness of the force.  Cavendish accomplished this by a method widely used since: measuring the resonant vibration period of the balance.  If the free balance is twisted and released, it will oscillate slowly clockwise and counterclockwise as a harmonic oscillator, at a frequency that depends on the moment of inertia of the beam and the elasticity of the fiber.  Since the inertia of the beam can be found from its mass, the spring constant can be calculated.

Coulomb first developed the theory of torsion fibers and the torsion balance in his 1785 memoir, Recherches theoriques et experimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'elasticite des fils de metal &c.  This led to its use in other scientific instruments, such as galvanometers, and the Nichols radiometer which measured the radiation pressure of light.  In the early 1900s gravitational torsion balances were used in petroleum prospecting.  Today torsion balances are still used in physics experiments.  In 1987, gravity researcher A. H. Cook wrote:

The most important advance in experiments on gravitation and other delicate measurements was the introduction of the torsion balance by Michell and its use by Cavendish.  It has been the basis of all the most significant experiments on gravitation ever since.In Eötvös experiment torsion balance was used to prove equivalence principle - the idea that inertial mass and

Torsional harmonic oscillators

Torsion balances, torsion pendulums and balance wheels are examples of torsional harmonic oscillators that can oscillate with a rotational motion about the axis of the torsion spring, clockwise and counterclockwise, in harmonic motion.  Their behavior is analogous to translational spring-mass oscillators (see Harmonic oscillator Equivalent systems).  The general differential equation of motion is:

If the damping is small, , as is the case with torsion pendulums and balance wheels, the frequency of vibration is very near the natural resonant frequency of the system:

Therefore, the period is represented by:

The general solution in the case of no drive force (), called the transient solution, is:

where:

Applications

The balance wheel of a mechanical watch is a harmonic oscillator whose resonant frequency  sets the rate of the watch. The resonant frequency is regulated, first coarsely by adjusting  with weight screws set radially into the rim of the wheel, and then more finely by adjusting  with a regulating lever that changes the length of the balance spring.

In a torsion balance the drive torque is constant and equal to the unknown force to be measured , times the moment arm of the balance beam , so .  When the oscillatory motion of the balance dies out, the deflection will be proportional to the force:

To determine  it is necessary to find the torsion spring constant .  If the damping is low, this can be obtained by measuring the natural resonant frequency of the balance, since the moment of inertia of the balance can usually be calculated from its geometry, so:

In measuring instruments, such as the D'Arsonval ammeter movement, it is often desired that the oscillatory motion die out quickly so the steady state result can be read off.  This is accomplished by adding damping to the system, often by attaching a vane that rotates in a fluid such as air or water (this is why magnetic compasses are filled with fluid).  The value of damping that causes the oscillatory motion to settle quickest is called the critical damping:

See also
 Beam (structure)
 Slinky, helical toy spring

References

Bibliography

 .  Detailed account of Coulomb's experiment.
 .  Shows pictures of the Coulomb torsion balance, and describes Coulomb's contributions to torsion technology.
 .  Describes the Nichols radiometer.
 .  Description of how torsion balances were used in petroleum prospecting, with pictures of a 1902 instrument.

External links

Torsion balance interactive java tutorial
Torsion spring calculator
Big G measurement, description of 1999 Cavendish experiment at Univ. of Washington, showing torsion balance[link broken]
How torsion balances were used in petroleum prospecting (web archive link)
Mechanics of torsion springs. Web archive link, accessed December 8, 2016.
Solved mechanics problems involving springs (springs in series and in parallel)
Milestones in the History of Springs

Articles containing video clips
Pendulums
Springs (mechanical)
Torque

Torsion spring


Portuguese creoles () are creole languages which have Portuguese as their substantial lexifier. The most widely-spoken creoles influenced by Portuguese are Cape Verdean Creole, Guinea-Bissau Creole and Papiamento.

Origins
Portuguese overseas exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries led to the establishment of a Portuguese Empire with trading posts, forts and colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Contact between the Portuguese language and native languages gave rise to many Portuguese-based pidgins, used as linguas francas throughout the Portuguese sphere of influence.  In time, many of these pidgins were nativized, becoming new stable creole languages.

As is the rule in most creoles, the lexicon of these languages can be traced to the parent languages, usually with predominance of Portuguese;

These creoles are (or were) spoken mostly by communities of descendants of Portuguese, natives, and sometimes other peoples from the Portuguese colonial empire.

Until recently creoles were considered "degenerate" dialects of Portuguese unworthy of attention. As a consequence, there is little documentation on the details of their formation. Since the 20th century, increased study of creoles by linguists led to several theories being advanced. The monogenetic theory of pidgins assumes that some type of pidgin language — dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese — based on Portuguese was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast. According to this theory, this variety may have been the starting point of all the pidgin and creole languages. This may explain to some extent why Portuguese lexical items can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous grammatical similarities shared by such languages, such as the preposition na, meaning "in" and/or "on", which would come from the Portuguese contraction na, meaning "in the" (feminine singular).

Origin of the name

The Portuguese word for "creole" is crioulo, which derives from the verb criar ("to raise", "to bring up") and a suffix -oulo of debated origin.  Originally the word was used to distinguish the members of any ethnic group who were born and raised in the colonies from those who were born in their homeland.  In Africa it was often applied to locally born people of (wholly or partly) Portuguese descent, as opposed to those born in Portugal; whereas in Brazil it was also used to distinguish locally born black people of African descent from those who had been brought from Africa as slaves.

In time, however, this generic sense was lost, and the word crioulo or its derivatives (like "Creole" and its equivalents in other languages) became the name of several specific Upper Guinean communities and their languages: the Guinean people and their Kriol language, Cape Verdean people and their Kriolu language, all of which still today have very vigorous use, suppressing the importance of official standard Portuguese.

Concise list

Upper Guinea
 Cape Verdean Creole:  Vigorous use, Cape Verde Islands.
 Guinea-Bissau Creole:  Vigorous use. Lingua franca in Guinea-Bissau, also spoken in Casamance, Senegal. Growing number of speakers.
 Papiamento: Official language in Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. Although situated in the Caribbean, it belongs to this language family. It has a growing number of speakers.
Gulf of Guinea
 Angolar: A heavy substrate of Kimbundu, spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
 Annobonese: Vigorous use. Spoken on Annobón island, Equatorial Guinea
 Forro: Forro is becoming the language of social networks. Spoken on São Tomé Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
 Principense: Almost extinct. Spoken on Príncipe Island, São Tomé and Príncipe.
Indo-Portuguese
Indo-Portuguese
Indo-Portuguese
Malabar–Sri Lankan Portuguese, grouping Sri Lankan Portuguese, Battilocan Portuguese, Malabar Indo-Portuguese. Spoken in the coastal cities of Sri Lanka and Malabar, India.
Northern Indo-Portuguese
Daman and Diu Portuguese, spoken in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India. (old decreolization)
Korlai Indo-Portuguese, spoken in Korlai, India.
Southeast Asian
Macanese:  Spoken in Macau and Hong Kong, China. (old decreolization)
Malayo-Portuguese
Kristang: spoken in Malaysia and emigrant communities in Singapore and Perth, Western Australia.
Português de Bidau: extinct.

Africa

Upper Guinea
The oldest Portuguese creole are the so-called crioulos of Upper Guinea, born around the Portuguese settlements along the northwest coast of Africa. Portuguese creoles are the mother tongues of most people in Cape Verde and the ABC Islands. In Guinea-Bissau, the creole is used as lingua franca among people speaking different languages, and is becoming the mother tongue of a growing population. They consist of two languages:

 Guinea Creole (Kriol): lingua franca of Guinea-Bissau, also spoken in Casamance, Senegal and in Gambia.
 Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu, Kriol): a dialect continuum on the islands of Cape Verde.
  Papiamento (Papiamentu), spoken in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.

Gulf of Guinea
Another group of creoles is spoken in the Gulf of Guinea, in São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea.

 Angolar (Ngola, N'góla): in coastal areas of São Tomé Island.
 Annobonese (Fa d'Ambu): on Annobón Island.
 Forro: in São Tomé.
 Principense (Lunguyê) (almost extinct): on Príncipe Island.
 Tongas Portuguese (Português dos Tongas): variety of Cape Verdean Creole spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe.

Many other Portuguese creoles probably existed in the former Portuguese feitorias in the Gulf of Guinea, but also in the Congo region.

Portuguese pidgins
Portuguese pidgins still exist in Angola and Mozambique.

South Asia

India

The numerous Portuguese outposts in India and Sri Lanka gave rise to many Portuguese creole languages, of which only a few have survived to the present.  The largest group were the Norteiro languages, spoken by the Norteiro people, the Christian Indo-Portuguese in the North Konkan.  Those communities were centered on Baçaim, modern Vasai, which was then called the "Northern Court of Portuguese India" (in opposition to the "Southern Court" at Goa). The creole languages spoken in Baçaim, Salsete, Thana, Chevai, Mahim, Tecelaria, Dadar, Parel, Cavel, Bandora (modern Bandra), Gorai, Morol, Andheri, Versova, Malvan, Manori, Mazagão, and Chaul are now extinct.  The only surviving Norteiro creoles are:

Daman and Diu Portuguese Creole: in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
Kristi: in Korlai, Maharashtra.

These surviving Norteiro creoles have suffered drastic changes in the last decades. Standard Portuguese re-influenced the creole of Daman in the mid-20th century.

The creoles of the Coast of Coromandel, such as of Meliapor, Madras, Tuticorin, Cuddalore, Karikal, Pondicherry, Tranquebar, Manapar, and Negapatam, were already extinct by the 19th century. Their speakers (mostly the people of mixed Portuguese-Indian ancestry, known locally as Topasses) switched to English after the British takeover.

Most of the creoles of the Coast of Malabar, namely those of Cananor, Tellicherry, Mahé, Cochin (modern Kerala), and Quilon) had become extinct by the 19th century. In Cananor and Tellicherry, some elderly people still spoke some creole in the 1980s. The only creole that is still spoken (by a few Christian families only) is Vypin Indo-Portuguese, in the Vypin Island, near Kerala.

Christians, even in Calcutta, used Portuguese until 1811. A Portuguese creole was still spoken in the early 20th century. Portuguese creoles were spoken in Bengal, such as at Balasore, Pipli, Chandannagore, Chittagong, Midnapore and Hooghly.

Sri Lanka
Significant Portuguese creoles flourished among the so-called Burgher and Kaffir communities of Sri Lanka:

Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese: around Batticaloa and Trincomalee (Portuguese Burghers) and Puttalam (Kaffirs).

In the past, Portuguese creoles were also spoken in Myanmar and Bangladesh.

Southeast Asia

The earliest Portuguese creole in the region probably arose in the 16th century in Malacca, Malaysia, as well as in the Moluccas.  After the takeover of those places by the Dutch in the 17th century, many creole-speaking slaves were taken to other places in Indonesia and South Africa, leading to several creoles that survived until recent times:

Kristang (Cristão): in Malacca (Malaysia) and Singapore.
Mardijker (extinct in the 19th century): by the Mardijker people of Batavia (Jakarta)
Papiá Tugu (extinct in 1978): in Kampung Tugu, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Portugis (extinct around 1950): in the Ambon, Ternate islands and Minahasa, Indonesia
Bidau Portuguese (extinct in the 1960s): in the Bidau area of Dili, East Timor.

The Portuguese were present in the island of Flores, Indonesia since the 16th century, mainly in Larantuka and Sikka; but the local creole language, if any, has not survived.

Other Portuguese creoles were once spoken in Thailand (In Kudi Chin and Conception) and Bayingy in Burma.

Macau
The Portuguese language was present in Portugal's colony Macau since the mid-16th century. A Portuguese creole, Patua, developed there.
Macanese (Macaista, Patuá): in Macau and, to a lesser extent, in Hong Kong.

South America
A few Portuguese creoles are found in South America:

Saramaccan of Suriname.
Cupópia of Brazil is nearly extinct.

There is no consensus regarding the position of Saramaccan, with some scholars classifying it as Portuguese creole with an English relexification. Saramaccan may be an English creole with Portuguese words, since structurally (morphology and syntax) it is related to the Surinamese creoles (Sranan, Ndyuka and Jamaican Maroon), despite the heavy percentage of Portuguese origin words. Other English creole languages of Suriname, such as Paramaccan or Kwinti, have also Portuguese influences.

Although sometimes classified as a creole, the Cupópia language from the Quilombo do Cafundó, at Salto de Pirapora, São Paulo, discovered in 1978 and spoken by less than 40 people as a secret language, is better classified as a Portuguese variety since it is structurally similar to Portuguese, in spite of having a large number of Bantu words in its lexicon. For languages with these characteristics, H. H. do Couto has forged the designation of anticreole, which would be the inverse of a creole language, as they are seen by the non-European input theories (i.e.: creoles = African languages grammar + European languages lexicon; anticreoles = European languages grammar + African languages lexicon).

There is a Portuguese dialect in Helvécia, South of Bahia that is theorized as presenting signs of an earlier decreolization. Ancient Portuguese creoles originating from Africa are still preserved in the ritual songs of the Afro-Brazilian animist religions (Candomblé).

Brazil
It has been conjectured that the vernacular of Brazil (not the official and standard Brazilian Portuguese) resulted from decreolization of a creole based on Portuguese and native languages; but this is not a widely accepted view. Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous and mutually intelligible with European Portuguese, and in fact quite conservative in some aspects.
Academic specialists compiled by linguist Volker Noll affirm that the Brazilian linguistic phenomena are the "nativização", nativization/nativism of a most radically Romanic form. The phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese are Classical Latin and Old Portuguese heritage. This is not a creole form, but a radical Romanic form. Regardless of borrowings and minor changes, it must be kept in mind that Brazilian Portuguese is not a Portuguese creole, since both grammar and vocabulary remain "real" Portuguese and its origins can be traced directly from 16th century European Portuguese. Some authors, like Swedish Parkvall, classify it as a semicreole in the concept defined by Holm: a semicreole is a language that has undergone "partial restructuring, producing varieties which were never fully pidginized and which preserve a substantial part of their lexifier's structure (...) while showing a noticeable degree of restructuring". Nevertheless, scholars like Anthony Julius Naro and Maria Marta Pereira Scherre demonstrated how every single phenomenon found in Brazilian Portuguese can also be found in regional modern European Portuguese and 1500s and 1600s European Portuguese, such as the epic poetry of Luís de Camões, as well as other Romance languages such as Aranese Occitan, French, Italian and Romanian, classifying these phenomena as a natural Romance drift. Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese and its phonetics is more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of a koiné formed by several regional European Portuguese variations brought to Brazil and its natural drift.

North America
One Portuguese-based creole language spoken in North America is:

Papiamento is spoken on Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao.

Papiamento (spoken on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao in the Caribbean) is closely related to the Upper Guinea Creoles: Guinea-Bissau Creole and especially with Cape Verdean Creole. Papiamento has a Portuguese basis, but has undergone a large Spanish and considerable Dutch influence.

Traces of a Portuguese-based pidgin have also been detected among the enslaved population in New Netherland.

See also
Sri Lankan Portuguese creole
Sabir (language)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
The Origins of Negation in the Gulf of Guinea Creoles
Reconstructing Kriol syllable structures
The Portuguese Language Heritage in the East
Malacca Portuguese Eurasian Association
Malacca Portuguese Settlement
Singapore Eurasian Association Kristang page
Declaraçon di mundo intêro di Dréto di tudo homi co tudo mudjer Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kriolu of Santiago
Declaraçom Universal di Diritu di Omis Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kriol
Declaraçón Universal di Dirêtu di Hómé Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Forro
Dutch Portuguese Colonial History Dutch Portuguese Colonial History
Association for Portuguese and Spanish Lexically Based Creoles (ACBLPE)
Associação Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares (ABECS)

Creole languages, Portuguese-based

Portuguese-based creole languages


Cherlie Rivage est une poétesse, opératrice culturelle et linguiste haïtienne née le 25 mars à Saint-Jean du Sud, une commune du département du Sud.

Biographie
Cherlie Rivage est née le 25 mars dans la commune de Saint-Jean du Sud. Elle a étudié à la Faculté Linguistique Appliquée, une unité de formation et de recherche, composante de l'université d'État d'Haïti chargée de la formation de linguistes et de chercheurs dans le domaine de la linguistique.

Passionnée de livres, elle est linguiste, bibliothécaire, poétesse et opératrice culturelle. Elle a une passion pour l'Éducation aux Droits Humains. En conséquence, elle a fait une étude à l'Institut International des Droits de l'Homme-Fondation René Cassin. Elle écrit de la poésie dans l'objectif d'insuffler un peu d'amour et d'humanité au monde entier.

Cherlie Rivage est membre du Comité des femmes écrivaines du Centre Pen Haïti. En outre, elle fait partie du Podium Littéraire Unis pour un Mouvement d'Écriture (PLUME). En tant qu'écrivaine, elle a plusieurs recueils à son actif parmi lesquels on peut citer : « Mots d'Ailes »   publié en 2015 aux Éditions des Vagues et «Kadans»  en 2021 à la maison d'édition Floraison.

Elle a pris part au deuxième colloque organisé par le Laboratoire LangSÉ avec son article intitulé «L'analogie dans le processus de lexicalisation et de sémantisation en créoles guadeloupéen, guyanais, haïtien et martiniquais». Cet article a été publié aux Éditions Lambert-Lucas.

L'auteure de Kadans est cofondatrice, Responsable et Gestionnaire de contenus du Banquet poétique, une plateforme où sont publiés quotidiennement, sous des formes plus ou moins variées, des poèmes  et qui organise aussi le festival "Les Rendez-vous de la Poésie Contemporaine" organisé du 19 au 23 avril 2021, se tient dans le département du sud.

Œuvres

 Mots d'Ailes paru en 2015 aux Éditions des Vagues
 Kadans publié en 2021 à la Maison d'édition Floraison

Références

Liens Externes

 Pourquoi lire Jacques Stephen Alexis en 2022 ?
 About Human rights, every one is born equal.

Écrivain haïtien
Poétesse haïtienne

Cherlie Rivage


Gustav Adolf Bilfinger (* 6 de marzo de 1840 en Elsass; † 29 de marzo de 1914 en Stuttgart) fue un historiador, pedagogo y especialista en cronología de Alemania.

Biografía
Gustav Adolf Bilfinger nace como segundo hijo en una familia acomodada de origen suabo. A los diecseis años se traslada junto con su familia a la ciudad de Stuttgart. Allí se cursa estudios y se inscribe en el Seminario de Urach. Llegando a estudiar en la Universidad de Tübingen, donde se especializa en teología.

Obras
 1883: Antike Stundenzählung - Trata sobre las horas temporarias
 1886: Zeitmesser der antiken Völker
 1888: Der bürgerliche Tag
 Die babylonische Doppelstunde
 Die antiken Stundenangaben
 1891: Die Sterntafeln von Biban-el-Moluk
 1892: Die mittelalterlichen Horen und die modernen Stunden
 1899: Untersuchungen über die Zeitrechnung der alten Germanen - 1. Das altnordische Jahr
 1901: Untersuchungen über die Zeitrechnung der alten Germanen - 2. Das germanische Julfest

Referencias

Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XIX
Historiadores de Alemania del siglo XX
Pedagogos de Alemania

Gustav Bilfinger


3. armija (rum. Armata 3) je bila vojna formacija rumunjske vojske u Prvom svjetskom ratu. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata djelovala je na Rumunjskom bojištu.

Povijest
Treća armija formirana je 27. kolovoza 1916. sa sjedištem stožera u Bukureštu. Zapovjednikom armije imenovan je divizijski general Mihail Aslan kojemu je načelnik stožera bio brigadni general Gheorghe Mardarescu. Armija se sastojala od 150.000 vojnika, te je prema rumunjskom ratnom Planu Z bila zadužena za obranu južne rumunjske granice duž Dunava i Dobrudže. Armija se sastojala od dva korpusa i to VI. korpusa kojim je zapovijedao brigadni general Gheorghe Valeanu, te VII. korpusa pod zapovjedništvom brigadnog generala Ioana Rascua. U sastavu armije nalazila se i 20. divizija pod zapovjedništvom brigadnog generala Davida Praporgescua, Utvrđeno područje Turtucaia kojim je zapovijedao zapovjednik 17. divizije brigadni general Constantina Teodorescu, te Utvrđeno područje Silistra pod zapovjedništvom zapovjednika 9. divizije brigadnog generala Ioanu Basarabescua

Iako je 27. kolovoza 1916. Rumunjska objavila rat Austro-Ugarskoj, isti nije objavila i Bugarskoj koja se također borila na strani Centralnih sila, Međutim, 1. rujna Bugarska je objavila rat Rumunjskoj, te su odmah idućeg dana jedinice bugarske 3. armije pod zapovjedništvom Stefana Toševa počele prelaziti rumunjsko-bugarsku granicu. Arslan je odlučio braniti Turtucaiu i Silistru dok ne pristigne ruski XLVII. korpus kojim je zapovijedao general Andrej Zajončkovski kojemu je podredio 19. diviziju. Međutim, bugarsko-njemačke snage ubrzo su probile rumunjsku obranu, te su opkolile Turtucaiu. Arslan je naložio 9. diviziji pod zapovjedništvom Ioana Basarabescua koja je bila smještena u Silistri da pomogne opkoljenoj tvrđavi, ali su jedinice 9. divizije naišavši na snažan bugarski otpor kod Sarsinlara povukle. Na kraju 6. rujna bugarsko-njemačke snage zauzimaju Turtucaiu u kojoj gotovo u potpunosti uništavaju rumunjsku 17. diviziju. U međuvremenu, ruski XLVII. korpus i 19. divizija su pokušale zauzeti Dobrič koji su okupirale bugarske snage, ali su u Bitci kod Dobriča (5. – 7. rujna 1916.) također poražene. Dva dana nakon pada Turtucaiae, rumunjski Glavni stožer odlučio je evakuirati Silistru, te je 9. diviziju povukao iz navedenog grada.

Pad Tutucaiae imao je teške posljedice na rumunjsku vojsku i 3. armiju. Zapovjednik 3. armije je Mihail Aslan je 7. rujna smijenjen, a smijenjeni su zapovjednici 17. i 9. divizije Constantin Teodorescu i Ioan Basarabescu. Novim zapovjednikom 3. armije imenovan je divizijski general Alexandru Averescu koji je u Prvoj bitci kod Cobadina (17. – 19. rujna 1916.) uspio zaustaviti njemačko-bugarsko napredovanje kroz Dobrudžu. Na Ratnom vijeću održanom 15. rujna 1916. prihvaćen je Averescuov plan za daljnje djelovanje. Suspendirana je ofenziva u Transilvaniji, te je odlučeno da se bugarsko-njemačke snage napadnu s leđa na način da se prijeđe Dunav kod Flamande. U tu svrhu formirana je Grupa armija Jug, te je zapovjednikom iste imenovan Averescu koji je ujedno zapovijedao i 3. armijom. U sastav Grupe armija Jug, osim 3. armije, ušla je novoustrojena Dobrudžanska armija kojom je zapovijedao Zajončkovski, a koja je istodobno s napadom kod Flamande trebala poduzeti ofenzivu prema Cobadinu i Kurtbunaru. Treća armija je ujedno i pojačana, te su u njezin sastav ušle 10. divizija, koja se do tada nalazila u pričuvi Glavnog stožera, te novoformirane 21. i 22. divizija, kao i 1. konjička divizija koja se do tada nalazila u sastavu 2. armije.

Flamandska operacija (29. rujna – 5. listopada 1916.) započela je 29. rujna 1916. na 80 km dijelu bojišta od Flamande do Zimnicee. Ujutro 1. listopada počeo je prelazak najprije 10., a potom i 21. divizije. Tog istog dana sagrađen je i pontonski most koji je međutim u noći tri puta prekidan. Idućeg dana most su napali i monitori austrougarske Dunavske flotile tako da je prilazak prekinut. Most je ponovno napadnut 3. listopada kada je ponovno oštećen. Zbog sve teže vojne situacije u Transilvaniji rumunjski Glavni stožer je naredio prekid operacija tako da su sve rumunjske jedinice tijekom 4. i 5. listopada povukle na lijevu (sjevernu) obalu Dunava.

Nakon neuspjeha Flamandske operacije, 3 armija je 7. listopada 1916. rasformirana. Njezine su jedinice raspoređene u 1. i 2. armiju rumunjske vojske.

Zapovjednici
Mihail Aslan (27. kolovoza 1916. – 8. rujna 1916.)
Alexandru Averescu (7. rujna 1916. – 7. listopada 1916.)

Bitke
Opsada Turtucaiae (2. – 6. rujna 1916.)
Bitka kod Dobriča (5. – 7. rujna 1916.)
Prva bitka kod Cobadina (17. – 19. rujna 1916.)
Flamandski manevar (29. rujna – 5. listopada 1916.)

Vojni raspored 3. armije u kolovozu 1916.
Zapovjednik: divizijski general Mihail Aslan
Načelnik stožera: brigadni general Gheorghe Mardarescu

Grupa Centar
20. divizija (brig. gen. David Praporgescu)
1. mješovita brigada
IV. bojna 3. pukovnije
IV. bojna 43. pukovnije
IV. bojna 42. pukovnije
IV. bojna 19. pukovnije
IV. bojna 59. pukovnije
Doljska bojna milicije
41. mješovita brigada
81. pukovnija
IV. bojna 71. pukovnije
IV. bojna 1. pukovnije
IV. bojna 41. pukovnije
IV. bojna 66. pukovnije
IV. bojna 26. pukovnije
IV. bojna 58. pukovnije
Bojna milicije Mehedinti
Bojna milicije Rovine
Bojna milicije Calafat

Grupa Zapad (VI. korpus) (brig. gen. Gheorghe Valeanu)
16. divizija (brig. gen. Constantin Anastasiade)
41. brigada
81. pukovnija
82. pukovnija
42. brigada
83. pukovnija
84. pukovnija
11. artiljerijska brigada
26. artiljerijska pukovnija
27. artiljerijska pukovnija
18. divizija (brig. gen. Alexandru Referendaru)
2. mješovita brigada
2. pukovnija ganičara
pješačka pukovnija A
3. mješovita brigada
pješačka pukovnija B
pješačka pukovnija C
IV. bojna 21. pukovnije
13. artiljerijska pukovnija
1. konjička divizija (brig. gen. Ioan Herescu)
1. konjička brigada
1. konjička pukovnija
10. konjička pukovnija
2. konjička brigada
4. konjička pukovnija
9. konjička pukovnija
3. konjička brigada
5. konjička pukovnija
3. konjička pukovnija
2. konjička brigada
Kraljevska prateća pukovnija
4. konjička pukovnija

Grupa Istok (VII. korpus) (brig. gen. Ioan Rascu)
17. divizija (Utvrđena zona Turtucaia) (brig. gen. Constantin Teodorescu)
18. brigada
36. pukovnija
76. pukovnija
39. brigada
79. pukovnija
 IV. bojna 40. pukovnije
 IV. bojna 75. pukovnije
 IV. bojna 80. pukovnije
 Bojna milicije Buzau
 Bojna milicije Prahova
 Bojna milicije Vasile Lupu
 Bojna milicije Mircea
9. divizija (Utvrđena zona Silistra) (brig. gen. Ioan Basarabescu)
17. brigada
34. pukovnija
40. pukovnija
18. brigada
35. pukovnija
36. pukovnija
39. brigada
63. pukovnija
79. pukovnija
9. artiljerijska brigada
13. artiljerijska pukovnija
18. artiljerijska pukovnija
9. streljačka pukovnija
19. divizija (Utvrđena zona Cernovoda) (brig. gen. Nicolae Arghirescu)
17. brigada
40. pukovnija
9. streljačka pukovnija
5. mješovita brigada
39. pukovnija
IV. bojna 33. pukovnije
IV. bojna 73. pukovnije
IV. bojna 34. pukovnije
IV. bojna 74. pukovnije
6. mješovita brigada
IV. bojna 24. pukovnije
IV. bojna 64. pukovnije
IV. bojna 12. pukovnije
IV. bojna 52. pukovnije
IV. bojna 11. pukovnije
IV. bojna 51. pukovnije
Černovodski mostobran
IV. bojna 39. pukovnije
Bojna milicije Constanta
5. konjička brigada
10. konjička pukovnija
9. konjička pukovnija

Izvori
Glenn E. Torrey, Romanian Battlefront in World War I, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2011.
Michael B. Barrett, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2013.
Osterreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914-1918, Edmund Glaise-Horstenau (urednik), Austrian Militarwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, Beč, 1931.
Petar Tomac, Prvi svetski rat 1914-1918, Vojnoizdavački zavod, Beograd, 1973., str. 406-413

Vanjske poveznice
     Operacije 3. armije na stranici Greatwarforum.org

03
Armije u Prvom svjetskom ratu

3. armija (Kraljevina Rumunjska)


Ewans ist der Familienname der folgenden Personen:

 Kai Ewans (1906–1988), dänisch-amerikanischer Jazzmusiker
 Roy Ewans (1917–2012), britischer Flugzeugingenieur

Ewans


Le château des Quatre-Fils-Aymon est un ancien château fort, du , dont les vestiges se dressent sur la commune française de Cubzac-les-Ponts dans le département de la Gironde, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Les ruines du château font l'objet d'une inscription au titre des monuments historiques.

Localisation
Les vestiges du château des Quatre-Fils-Aymon sont situés sur une hauteur rocheuse d'environ  de diamètre, en plein centre bourg, sur la commune de Cubzac-les-Ponts, dans le département français de la Gironde. Le château commandait le trafic fluvial au débouché de la Dordogne sur la Gironde et la route du nord donnant accès à Bordeaux proche, capitale de l'Aquitaine.

Historique
La porte d'entrée de la forteresse est flanquée des restes de deux tours. Mais ces quelques pierres sont extraordinairement chargées d'histoire et de légende. Cependant, ce château dont témoignent ces modestes vestiges, n'est pas celui des quatre fils Aymon qui vécurent, peut-être, au temps de Charlemagne.

L'étude historique et archéologique détaillée consacrée au site de Cubzac, ainsi qu'à l'histoire de la seigneurie éponyme, (située entre Bourg-sur-Gironde et Libourne) , a démontré que les actuelles ruines, se trouvant sur un oppidum gaulois, sont seulement celles de la porte principale et remontent à un édifice fortifié construit en 1249 par Simon V de Montfort. Il est vrai que le récit historique d'un moine anglais (Matthieu Paris) indique qu'un peu avant cela, en 1206, Jean Sans Terre, le roi d'Angleterre (dernier fils d'Aliénor d'Aquitaine) se serait vengé du roi de France Philippe Auguste (qui l'a fait accuser de forfaiture et déchu de ses fiefs) en se livrant des exactions diverses, aurait pris d'assaut le château de Cubzac et l'aurait détruit. Mais tout indique que, en réalité, ce ne fut pas le cas, d'une part parce que rien n'atteste (historiquement ou archéologiquement) qu'il existait un château sur le site avant 1249, et d'autre part parce que Cubzac était, en 1206, déjà une possession anglaise et rend cette hypothèse d'un supposé château anglais prétendument attaqué par le roi anglais, très improbable.

Les premiers textes prouvent que, dès 1249, Cubzac était le siège de la seigneurie du Cubzaguais, attribuée par le roi d'Angleterre à Simon de Montfort, comte de Leicester (fils du terrible et sanglant vainqueur de la croisade des Albigeois), qui  avait fait construire pour son roi une forteresse réputée imprenable. Réputée comme telle parce que son plan, à l'époque était novateur : c'était celui d'une bastide, c'est-à-dire d'un projet de mise en valeur territorial précis qui accompagnait l'édifice fortifié. Il n'en reste aujourd'hui que les ruines de la monumentale porte d'entrée.

Dès 1250, Cubzac fut attaqué par les barons gascons révoltés contre Simon de Montfort, l'entrée en fut probablement abîmée et l'ensemble fut restauré aux , ce qui expliquerait la non-symétrie des deux tours, très atypique dans ce type d'architecture.

Le plan de Cubzac, restitué pour la première fois dans son ensemble, témoigne de l'existence d'une bastide et suggère qu'il était alors l'une des premières construites par les Anglais en Aquitaine ; mais sa gestion a été contrariée par plusieurs facteurs, et ce fut une tentative de développement territorial qui échoua, au profit de la plus ancienne et toute voisine petite ville de Saint-André-de-Cubzac dont le plan en sauveté, suggère un autre type de projet de développement, plus ouvert, comme en témoignaient les marchés qui assuraient son développement économique, voire démographique.

Après la victoire de Castillon, en 1453, toutes les possessions anglaises, y compris Cubzac, reviennent dans le giron français. À demi saccagé, Cubzac servit encore de résidence seigneuriale, jusqu'au déménagement de la seigneurie au Bouilh. Par la suite, il servit de carrière de pierres aux habitants locaux.

La tradition locale raconte que Cubzac aurait été bâti sur l'emplacement d'un édifice plus ancien, datant de l'époque carolingienne, dont il ne reste rien. Il n'y a de cela aucune preuve archéologique. Selon la Légende des « Quatre fils Aymon », les fils d'un duc franc, Allard, Renaud, Guichard et Richard avec l'aide de l'enchanteur Maugis et du merveilleux cheval Bayard (qui pouvait les porter tous les quatre sur son dos) étaient en guerre ouverte de rébellion contre Charlemagne. Leur allié local, Huon de Bordeaux, qu'ils avaient aidé dans son combat contre les Sarrasins, leur accorda le droit de construire un château sur un petit mont, non loin d'un confluent de deux rivières. Selon l'interprétation de l'une des plus célèbres chansons de gestes Renaud de Montauban, Montauban serait le nom carolingien d'un piton rocheux (monta alba) que nombre d'érudits locaux ont identifié au « plateau des Quatre Fils Aymon », où se trouvent les actuelles ruines du cubzaguais. La vieille épopée médiévale nous décrit la construction d'un château avec du « mortier de première qualité » et une « tour de marbre face au vent dominant ». D'autres lieux revendiquent l'honneur d'avoir abrité le château de « Mautauban » entouré de sa « forêt d'Ardenne »…  Les noms prêtent à confusion. Le texte de la chanson de geste semble sans équivoque : tout cela se passe au-dessus de la Gironde, « au confluent des deux fleuves », mais certains y décèlent, parmi plusieurs hypothèses, le tertre de Fronsac que l'on sait déjà, avec des éléments plus sûrs, avoir été occupé sous Charlemagne.

Description
Il ne subsiste que des fragments de la vaste enceinte maçonnée et le châtelet d'entrée avec ses deux tours.

Protection aux monuments historiques
Les ruines du château des Quatre-Fils-Aymon sont inscrites par arrêté du .

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chanson des quatre fils Aymon
 Liste des châteaux de la Gironde
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Gironde

Liens externes

Notes et références

Quatre-Fils-Aymon
Monument historique inscrit en 1938

Château des Quatre-Fils-Aymon


جوناثان ديم  (22 فبراير 1944 - 26 أبريل 2017) مخرج أفلام أمريكي. حاصل على جائزة الأوسكار 1991 كأفضل مخرج عن فيلم صمت الحملان.

الأعمال

الأفلام
 ملفن وهاورد (1980)
 صمت الحملان (1991)
 فيلادلفيا (1993)
 ريتشل تتزوج (2008)
 ريكي والوميض (2015)

المسلسلات
 مسلسل كولمبو (1968 - 2003)
 مسلسل ساترداي نايت لايف (1975)
 مسلسل القتل (2011)
 مسلسل عاموس واندرو (1993)
 مسلسل تبني (2002)

وفاته
فارق المخرج الأمريكيّ الشهير جوناثان ديمي Jonathan Demme الحياة، بعد معاناة طويلة مع مرض سرطان المريء، عن عمر ناهر الـ 73 عامًا.

مواقع خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص من بالدوين (نيويورك)
أشخاص من روكفيل سنتر (نيويورك)
خريجو جامعة فلوريدا
صانعو أفلام وثائقية أمريكيون
فنانون من ميامي
كتاب سيناريو أمريكيون
كتاب سيناريو من ولاية نيويورك
مخرجو أفلام رعب
مخرجو أفلام من فلوريدا
مخرجو أفلام من ولاية نيويورك
مخرجو أفلام وثائقية أمريكيون
مخرجو تلفزيون أمريكيون
مخرجو فيديوهات موسيقية أمريكيون
مخرجون حائزون على جائزة الأوسكار لأفضل مخرج
مخرجون حائزون على جائزة الدب الفضي لأفضل مخرج
منتجو أفلام أمريكيون
مواليد 1944
مواليد في بالدوين (نيويورك)
وفيات 2017
وفيات السرطان في نيويورك
وفيات بسبب سرطان المريء
وفيات في نيويورك
وفيات مرتبطة بالمرض في ولاية نيويورك

جوناثان ديم


Odabaşı Camii, Has Odabaşı Camii ya da Has Odabaşı Behruz Ağa Cami; bir Mimar Sinan camisidir. Etrafındaki yerleşim bölgesi de Odabaşı semti olarak adlandırılır.

Tarih
I. Süleyman'ın odabaşısı Behruz Ağa tarafından 1562 tarihinde sıbyan mektebi çeşmesi ve günümüze ulaşmayan hamamıyla birlikte inşa ettirilmiştir. Mimar Sinan eseri olan cami 1782 yılında yanmış, 1836'da II. Mahmud tarafından tamir ettirilmiştir. 1983'teki bir tadilat çalışmasından sonra son şeklini almıştır.

Konumu ve mimarisi
Çapa'ya çıkan Başvekil caddesi ile Mevlanakapı caddesi ve Ahmet Vefik Paşa caddeleri kavşağındaki Odabaşı semtindedir. Mevlanakapı caddesindeki ana kapısından avluya girildiğinde Has Odabaşı Behruz Ağa'nın mezarı soldadır. Sağda şadırvan, tuvalet, imam odaları vardır. İkinci avlu kapısı kıble yönündeki caddededir.

Behruz Ağa cami ahşap ve tek minarelidir. Çatısı kırma çatıdır. Dikdörtgen planlıdır ve tahta kapıdan girdikten sonraki sağlı sollu yüksek platform son cemaat yeri olarak cami içindedir. İkinci kapıdan sahna girilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 İshak Ağa Çeşmesi, Behruz Ağa'nın yaptırdığı bir çeşme

İstanbul'daki Osmanlı camileri
Mimar Sinan'ın eserleri
Fatih'teki camiler
Şehremini, Fatih

Odabaşı Camii


Kirman Eyaleti (Farsça: استان کرمان, okunuşu: Ostān-e Kermān), İran'ın 31 eyaletinden birisidir.

Ülkenin güneydoğusunda yer alır ve yüzölçümü bakımından İran'ın ikinci büyük eyaletidir. Yönetim merkezi eyalete adını veren Kirman'dır. 181.714 km² yüzölçümündeki eyaletin 2016 yılı resmî nüfusu 3.164.718'dir.

Eyaletin önemli şehirleri şunlardır: Baft, Berdsir, Bem, Ciruft, Refsencan, Zerend, Sircan, Şehr Babek, Kirman, Mahan ve Kehnuc.

Halkın %20'si kırsal kesimde, %80'i kentsel kesimde yaşar.

Turizm
 Kirman Ulucamii
 Genc Ali Han Külliyesi
 Genc Ali Han Hamamı
 Vekil Külliyesi
 Mahan Asitanesi
 Tarihî Mahan Bağı
 Bem Kalesi

Kirman (eyalet)


(NINS) යනු අන්තර්-විශ්වවිද්‍යාල පර්යේෂණ ආයතන සංස්ථාවකි. මෙය සාමාජික ආයතන පහකින් සමන්විතය: ජාතික ග්‍රහලෝක නිරීක්ෂණාගාරය (NAOJ), විලයන විද්‍යාව සදහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය (NIFS), මූලික ජීව විද්‍යාව සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය (NIBB), කායික විද්‍යා සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය (NIPS) හා අණුක විද්‍යා සඳහා වූ ආයතන (IMS) ඒවා වේ. ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යා ජාතික ආයතනය, ජපානයේ ස්වභාවික විද්‍යාවන්හි තවදුරටත් සංවර්ධනය ඇති කිරීම සඳහා 2004 අප්‍රේල් මස ආරම්භ කරන ලදී.

දළ විස්තරය
ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යා ජාතික ආයතනය, ස්වාධීන පරිපාලන ආයතන සංස්ථාගත කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රතිසංවිධානය කරන ලද, අන්තර්-විශ්වවිද්‍යාල පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය සමාගම් හතර අතරින් එකකි. මෙහි සාමාජික ආයතන පහ ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යාවේ ක්ෂේත්‍ර වන තාරකා විද්‍යාව, භෞතික විද්‍යාව, ජීව විද්‍යාව සහ තවත් ක්ෂේත්‍ර වල පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රවර්ධනය සඳහා එකිනෙකා සමග සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කරයි. එමෙන්ම මෙම ආයතනය ජාත්‍යන්තර පර්යේෂණ ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා සහය ලබාගැනීමේ අරමුණින් එක්සත් ජනපදය, යුරෝපය හා නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවේ ආයතන සමඟ එක්ව කටයුතු කරයි.

සංවිධානය
ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යා ජාතික ආයතනය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත ආයතන පහ ඒවාට අදාළ ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්ට අදාළව ජපානයේ ප්‍රධාන ශාස්ත්‍රීය පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන වේ. මෙම ආයතන විශ්ව විද්‍යාල සමඟ ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යාවෙහි අන්තර්ක්ෂේත්‍ර අධ්‍යයන පර්යේෂණ සඳහා පදනමක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාකාරීව සහයෝගය ලබාදේ, විශ්ව විද්‍යාල අනුබද්ධිත පර්යේෂණ ආයතන හා අන්තර්-විශ්වවිද්‍යාල පර්යේෂණ ආයතන හරහා නව පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රජාවන් ගොඩනැගීම ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමද සිදුකරයි.

ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යා ජාතික ආයතනයේ පර්යේෂණ සහයෝගිතා කරුණු සාකච්ඡා හා සැලසුම් කිරීමට, ජනාධිපතිවරයා යටතේ පර්යේෂණ සහයෝගිතා සහ සම්බන්ධීකරණ කමිටුව පිහිටුවන ලදී. පර්යේෂණ සහයෝගිතා සහ සම්බන්ධීකරණ කමිටුව විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන සැලසුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම භාරව පර්යේෂණ සහයෝගිතා සහ සම්බන්ධීකරණ කාර්යාලයක්ද ස්ථාපිත කර ඇත. එම පර්යේෂණ සහයෝගිතා සහ සම්බන්ධීකරණ කාර්යාලය අදාල ක්ෂේත්‍ර වල සහයෝගීතාව සඳහා තේමා ලෙස "අනුරූපණ විද්‍යාව" සහ "ස්වභාවික විද්‍යාවෙහි ධූරාවලිය හා සාකල්‍යවාදය" පිහිටුවා තිබේ. එමෙන්ම සම්මන්ත්රණ හා මෙම තේමා යටතේ අනෙකුත් ව්‍යාපෘතීන් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමේ වැඩසටහනක් දියත් කර ඇත.

ජපානයේ ජාතික ග්‍රහලෝක නිරීක්ෂණාගාරය
ජාතික ග්‍රහලෝක නිරීක්ෂණාගාරය ජපානයේ තාරකා විද්‍යාවට අදාල පර්යේෂණ කටයුතු සඳහා ජාතික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වේ. එය රට පුරා සිටින පර්යේෂකයන් සදහා නිරීක්ෂණ පහසුකම් සපයනු ලැබේ. එමෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ පර්යේෂණ වැඩසටහන් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ලැබේ. එය තාරකා විද්‍යාව හා වෙනත් අදාළ ක්ෂේත්‍ර සංවර්ධනය කරමින් ජාත්‍යන්තර සහයෝගය සඳහා අවස්ථාවන් සැලසීමද සිදු කරයි.

විලයන විද්‍යාව සදහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය
විලයන විද්‍යා සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය, න්‍යෂ්ටික විලයන බලශක්තිය ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීම සඳහා විලයන සහ ප්ලාස්මා මත මූලික පර්යේෂණ වල නිරතව සිටින බව වාර්තා වේ. ආරක්ෂිත හා පරිසර හිතකාමී ලෙස බලශක්තිය නිපදවීම පිළිබඳ බලාපොරොත්තු තබා ඇති බවද වාර්ථා වේ.

මූලික ජීව විද්‍යාව සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය
මූලික ජීව විද්‍යාව සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය ජීව විද්යාත්මක සංසිද්ධි වන ප්‍රෝටීන් ප්‍රකාශනය සහ තවත් එවැනි ජානමය කාර්යයන් පිළිබද උසස් පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. එය ජපානය තුළ හා විදේශ රටවල විවිධ පර්යේෂකයන්ට තම පර්යේෂන කටයුතු සදහා පහසුකම් සපයයි.

කායික විද්‍යා සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනය
කායික විද්‍යා සඳහා වූ ජාතික ආයතනයේ අරමුණ වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ පදනම වන "මිනිස් සිරුරේ සාමාන්‍ය කාර්යයන් වල යාන්ත්‍රණය" පැහැදිලි කිරීම ය. එය කායික පර්යේෂණ සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙස ජපානය තුළ හා විදේශ රටවල විවිධ පර්යේෂකයන්ට තම පර්යේෂන කටයුතු සදහා පහසුකම් සැපයීමට අපේක්ෂා කරයි.

අණුක විද්‍යා සඳහා වූ ආයතනය
අණුක විද්‍යා සඳහා වන ආයතනයේ අරමුණ වන්නේ, ද්‍රව්‍යය වල පදනම වන අණු හා අණුක සමස්තයන්වල ව්‍යුහයන් හා කාර්යයන් පරීක්ෂනාත්මකව හා න්‍යායාත්මකව සොයා ගැනීමය. එය අණුක විද්‍යා පර්යෙශණ සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙස ජපානය තුළ හා විදේශ රටවල විවිධ පර්යේෂකයන්ට තම පර්යේෂන කටයුතු ඉදරියට කරගෙන යාම සදහා පහසුකම් සැපයීමට අපේක්ෂා කරයි.

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ආසියාව
විකිපීඩියා ආසියානු මාසය 2015
ජීව විද්‍යාව

ස්වාභාවික විද්‍යා ජාතික ආයතන, ජපානය


Paolo Cascini est un mathématicien italien spécialisé en géométrie algébrique.

Formation et carrière
Cascini est diplômé de l'Université de Florence avec une maîtrise en 2000. Il a obtenu son doctorat du Courant Institute de l'université de New York en 2004 sous la direction de Fiodor Alekseïevitch Bogomolov (avec une thèse intitulée « On the Subsheaves of the Cotangent Bundles »). Il y obtient également sa maîtrise en 2002. En 2004, il devient professeur assistant invité et en 2007 professeur assistant à l'université de Californie à Santa Barbara. Il est professeur à l'Imperial College de Londres.

Travaux
Il s'intéresse au programme des modèles minimaux dans la classification birationnelle des variétés algébriques de dimension supérieure. Avec Christopher Hacon, James McKernan et Caucher Birkar, il a fait avancer la classification des variétés de type général dans le cadre du programme Minimal Model, pour lequel tous les quatre ont reçu le AMS EH Moore Research Article Prize en 2016. Il s'occupe également des collecteurs Kähler.

Prix et distinctions
En 2008, il a été chercheur Sloan. En 2005, il a reçu le prix Wilhelm Magnus de l'Institut Courant.

Publications (sélection)
 avec F. Bogomolov, B. de Oliveira: Singularities on Complete Algebraic Varieties, Central European Journal of Math., Vol.4, 2006, pp.194-208.
 Rational curves on complex manifolds, Milan J. of Math., Vol.81, 2013, pp.291-315.
 avec V. Lazić : The Minimal Model Program Revisited, dans : Contributions to Algebraic Geometry, EMS Publishing House, 2012, pp. 169–187.
 avec V. Lazic : New outlook on the Minimal Model Program, I, Duke Math. Journal, volume 161, 2012, pages 2415-2467.
 avec Caucher Birkar, Christopher Hacon, James McKernan : Existence of minimal models for varieties of log general type, Journal of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 23, 2010, pp. 405–468
 avec H Tanaka, C Xu : On base point freeness in positive characteristic, Annales Scientifique Ecole Normale Supérieure, Vol.48, 2015, pp.1239-1272

Références

Liens externes

 Page à l'Imperial College
 Ancien site Web à l'UCSB avec CV

Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)
Professeur à l'Imperial College London
Professeur à l'université de Californie à Santa Barbara
Mathématicien italien du XXIe siècle

Paolo Cascini


ليلة القبض على فاطمة فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1984، من إخراج هنري بركات وبطولة فاتن حمامة وشكري سرحان وصلاح قابيل، وهو آخر فيلم يجمع بين فاتن حمامة والمخرج هنري بركات.

قصة الفيلم

يقوم جلال بإرسال مندوبين من مستشفى الأمراض العقلية إلى بورسعيد للقبض على شقيقته فاطمة مستغلاً منصبه السياسي متهماً إياها بالجنون. تهرب فاطمة من المندوبين إلى سور سطح المنزل وتهدد بإلقاء نفسها إذا اقترب أحد منها ثم تحكى قصتها إلى الجمع الحاشد من حولها، وذكرت توليها تربية شقيقها جلال وأختها نفيسة بعد وفاة والديها، وضحت بخطبتها للصياد سيد الذي سافر للخارج، وفضلت عملها في حياكة الملابس ليستكمل جلال دراسته. ثم تتحسن أحواله المالية نتيجة أعمال مشبوهة لهُ مع الجيش الإنجليزي عام 1956. ويصبح من كبار الأثرياء ويمنع زواج أخته فاطمة من الصياد سيد بإدخاله السجن في قضية ملفقة بعد عودته من سفرهِ من خارج مصر ولقد كانت فاطمة قد ساعدت الفدائيين بدلاً منهُ في بورسعيد ونسبت البطولة لأخيها جلال. مما ساعدهُ في الوصول إلى منصبهِ بالأمانة العامة للاتحاد القومى. ثم تصل حقيقة جلال إلى المسؤولين ويقبض عليهِ، ويفرج عن فاطمة من حجر المستشفى وتعود إلى أهلها في بورسعيد.

فريق العمل

بطولة

إداريون

روابط خارجية

مصادر

أفلام فاتن حمامة
أفلام مبنية على كتب
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1984
أفلام هنري بركات
أفلام تقع أحداثها في بورسعيد
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1956
أفلام شكري سرحان
أفلام صلاح قابيل
أفلام ليلى فهمي
أفلام سيد حاتم

ليلة القبض على فاطمة (فيلم)


مقاطعة وان تشاي  هي واحدة من 18 منطقة إدارية في هونغ كونغ، وتقع في شمال جزيرة هونغ كونغ. بلغ عدد سكانها 290.240 نسمة في عام 2001.يحتوي الحي على ثاني أكبر نسبة من السكان المتعلمين، وأعلى السكان لمتوسط الدخل، وثاني أقل عدد للسكان، وثالث أكبر نسبة للسكان عمرا في هونغ كونغ.من المناطق الثرية مع وجود واحد من كل خمسة أشخاص له من الأصول الجارية ما يزيد على 1 مليون دولار هونغ كونغ.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 مجلس حي وان تشاي

مقاطعات هونغ كونغ
جزيرة هونغ كونغ

مقاطعة وان تشاي