Themistoklis Visvizis (1814-1876) était le fils aîné de Hatzi-Antonis et Domna Vizvizis, riches armateurs d'Ainos en Thrace orientale, qui ont donné leur vie et leurs biens pour la Guerre d'indépendance grecque (1821).

Premières années
Il était l'aîné d'une fratrie de quatre frères et sœurs.
Il étudie en France à partir de 1826 aux frais du Comité philhellène de Paris. Themistoklis Visvizis, à 12 ans, a été placé dans divers établissements d'enseignement à Paris avec 9 autres jeunes : les fils de Kanaris, Apostolis, Tsamados, Negris, Mavromichalis et d'autres. Sa mère, Domna Visvizi, était une ancienne armatrice d'Ainos. Après la mort de son mari en 1822, elle resta très pauvre, pourtant elle ne cessa de s'occuper de l'avenir de ses enfants. Sa mère était si faible qu'il demanda une lettre de recommandation à l'administration pour la remettre à G. Dracato, qui a promis de l'emmener avec lui à Londres. Elle a donc fait une lettre de recommandation au gouvernement pour son fils aîné, Thémistocle, afin d'être inscrit sur la liste des jeunes qui se déplaceraient pour étudier à Paris. Arrivé en France, il devient l'enfant préféré des cercles philhellènes de Paris et devint le protégé de la duchesse d'Abrantès qui se vantait d'avoir des origines grecques, tandis que l'artiste française Adèle Tardieu le dessina ensuite à des milliers d'exemplaires dans toute la France comme une figure représentative de l'enfant grec ( Ellinopoulo).

Carrière
Thémistocle était l'enfant préféré des cercles philhellènes de Paris. Impressionnée par sa beauté particulière et sa forme grecque classique, la peintre française Adèle Tardieu a peint de nombreux portraits du beau jeune homme. Sous plusieurs tableaux étaient gravés les mots de sa mère, Domna Visvizi : « Tu vas être adopté, élevé par la générosité française, probablement je serai morte quand tu reviendras! tu seras grand alors ! songe que tu as ton père à venger. »

L'un de ces portraits fut lithographié à des milliers d'exemplaires et vendu en France et dans le reste de l'Europe à un prix très élevé. L'argent récolté a été utilisé pour acheter de la nourriture, des médicaments et des munitions et les envoyer de France en Grèce. Le buste de Themistocles Vizvizis, qui est placé aujourd'hui sur la place du Phare à Alexandroupolis, a été modelé sur ce portrait et a été peint par le sculpteur Georges Dimitriadis l'Athénien (1880-1941).

En 1832 Themistoklis Visvizis retourna en Grèce et, en 1842, fut nommé adjoint du ministère des Affaires étrangères, tandis que de 1845 à 1876 il fut gouverneur de Naxos.

Sources bibliographiques

 Ioannis Philemon, Essai sur l'histoire de la révolution grecque, vol. Γ'
 Société Byron de la ville sainte de Messolonghi « Révolution grecque et philhellénisme européen », Messolonghi 2005, (Catalogue d'exposition)

Notes et références

Personnalité grecque du XIXe siècle

Thémistocle Vizvizis


Ann Petersen (født 1966) er en dansk sopran med en international karriere.

Opvækst og uddannelse
Ann Petersen er opvokset i Sorø. Hun er uddannet på Det Kongelige Danske Musikkonservatorium i 1994 og Operaakademiet i 1998.

Karriere
Hun debuterede som 1. dame i Mozarts Tryllefløjten på Det Kongelige Teater i 1999. Ligeledes i 1999 sang hun Donna Anna i Don Giovanni og Ingeborg i Peter Heises Drot og marsk (begge på Den Jyske Opera).

I 2001-04 var hun solist ved operaen i Graz i Østrig og sang spillede blandt andet feltmarskalinden i Richard Strauss' Rosenkavaleren. Fra 2004 har hun været freelance med speciale i Wagner og Strauss og engagementer i førende operahuse, blandt andet i Royal Opera House (Covent Garden) i London, Opéra Bastille i Paris, La Scala i Milano, Komische Oper i Berlin, Liceu i Barcelona og Dallas Opera.

Siden har hun sunget Liú i Giacomo Puccinis opera Turandot og guvernanten i Benjamin Brittens The Turn of the Screw (begge Det Kongelige Teater, 2006). Fra 1. august 2013 er hun fastansat ved Den Kongelige Opera i København. Blandt de vigtigste partier er Isolde i Richard Wagners Tristan og Isolde og Elsa i Lohengrin, kejserinden i Strauss' Kvinden uden skygge og Marietta i Korngolds Die tote Stadt.

Ann Petersen har skabt sig en international karriere især som Wagner- og Strauss-sanger: som Elsa i Lohengrin, Eva i Mestersangerne i Nürnberg, Isolde i Tristan og Isolde, Senta i Den Flyvende Hollænder, Freia i Rhinguldet og kejserinden i Die Frau ohne Schatten. Hun har sunget på Wiener Staatsoper, Staatsoper Unter den Linden, Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Teatro Colón de Buenos Aires Operaen i Lyon, Opéra National de Paris, Teatro Real de Madrid, Festspielhaus Baden-Baden og operaerne i Athen, Cardiff, Orange, Monte Carlo, Torino og Dallas.

Ann Petersen er desuden solist i en række Wagner- og Strauss-værker. Koncertrepertoiret omfatter også Beethovens 9. symfoni, Verdis Requiem, Dvořáks Stabat Mater, Mendelssohns Lobgesang og Les Béatitudes af César Franck.

Privatliv
Ann Petersen bor i barndomshjemmet i Sorø sammen med sin mand Ole Justesen, manager i Crescendi Artists, og sønnen Mathias.

Indspilninger
DVD'er bl.a. Carl Nielsens Saul og David (2015), Wagners Tannhâuser (2015).

Pladeindspilninger bl.a. Beethoven Kristus på Oliebjerget (2002) og Strauss' Vier letzte Lieder fra Musikverein i Wien under Claus Peter Flor.

Priser
Ann Petersen har to gange modtaget en Reumert som Årets Sanger:

 I 2010 for Strauss' Ariadne på Naxos på Det Kongelige Teater
 I 2013 for Wagners Tristan og Isolde på Den Jyske Opera.

Kilder
 "Opkald fra den store mester" af Per Rask Madsen i: Weekendavisen, 2016-01-08
 "Det er vigtigt for mig hele tiden at søge grænser" af Trine Munk-Petersen i: Berlingske tidende, 2014-01-25
 "Wagners kvinder lever i stærk sopran" af Helene Navne i: Politiken, 2014-05-18

Eksterne henvisninger
 https://ann-petersen.com/repertoire/

Operasangere fra Danmark
Sopraner

Ann Petersen


Bentarique, İspanya'nın on yedi özerk bölgesinden en kalabalık ikincisi olan Endülüs'e bağlı; İspanya'nın güneyinde bulunan Almería eyaletine bağlı belediye. 2009 yılındaki nüfusu; 272 kişidir. Belediye, 11 km²'lik bir alanı kaplamaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynak: INE (Spain)

Dış bağlantılar
  Bentarique - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
  Bentarique - Diputación Provincial de Almería

Almería belediyeleri

Bentarique


The Pals battalions of World War I were specially constituted battalions of the British Army comprising men who had enlisted together in local recruiting drives, with the promise that they would be able to serve alongside their friends, neighbours and colleagues, rather than being arbitrarily allocated to battalions.

Establishment
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 Lord Kitchener, the Secretary of State for War, believed that overwhelming manpower was the key to winning the war, and set about looking for ways to encourage men of all classes to join. This concept stood in direct contrast to centuries of British military tradition, in which the British Army had always relied on professional, rather than conscript, soldiers, and had drawn its members from either the gentry (for officers) or the lower classes (for enlisted men). General Sir Henry Rawlinson suggested that men would be more inclined to enlist in the Army if they knew that they were going to serve alongside their friends and colleagues. He appealed to London stockbrokers to raise a battalion of men from workers in the City of London to set an example. Sixteen hundred men enlisted in this 10th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, the so-called "Stockbrokers' Battalion", within a week in late August 1914.

A few days later, the Earl of Derby decided to raise a battalion of men from Liverpool. Within two days, 1,500 Liverpudlians had joined the new battalion. Speaking to these men Lord Derby said: "This should be a battalion of pals, a battalion in which friends from the same office will fight shoulder to shoulder for the honour of Britain and the credit of Liverpool." Within the next few days, three more battalions were raised in Liverpool, forming the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th Battalions of the King's Regiment (Liverpool).

Encouraged by Lord Derby's success, Kitchener promoted the idea of organising similar recruitment campaigns throughout the entire country. By the end of September 1914, more than fifty towns had formed Pals battalions, whilst the larger towns and cities were able to form several battalions each; Manchester, for example, raised four battalions in August, and four more in November. From the perspective of the War Office, the Pals battalion experiment relieved the heavy strain on the recruiting structure of a suddenly expanded regular army as well as easing the financial strain. In September 1914 Kitchener announced that the organizers of locally raised units would have to meet the initial accommodation and other costs involved, until the War Office took over their management. Accordingly, many recruits for the new Pals battalions were initially able to live at home while reporting for daily basic training.

Examples
The "Grimsby Chums" was formed by former schoolboys of Wintringham Secondary School in Grimsby. Many other schools, including some of the leading public schools, also formed battalions. Several sportsmen's battalions were formed, including three battalions of footballers: 17th and 23rd (Service) Battalions, Middlesex Regiment, and 16th (2nd Edinburgh) (Service) Battalion, Royal Scots, the last-mentioned battalion containing the entire first and reserve team players, several boardroom and staff members, and a sizable contingent of supporters of Scottish professional club Heart of Midlothian F.C. Out of nearly 1,000 battalions raised during the first two years of the war, 145 Service and seventy Reserve infantry units were locally raised Pals battalions. Some Pals battalions were trade/social-background linked rather than area linked, such as artists' battalions and sportsmen's battalions. Professional golfers Albert Tingey, Sr., Charles Mayo, and James Bradbeer joined Pals battalions.

The 17th and 32nd Battalions, Northumberland Fusiliers were almost entirely created from the ranks of the North Eastern Railway. For members who joined the battalions, the North Eastern Railway gave some offers including; provisions for wives and dependants; to keep men's positions open; to pay their contribution to the Superannuation and Pensions and to provide accommodation for the families who were occupying company houses.

Roles
While the majority of Pals units were infantry battalions, local initiatives resulted in the raising of forty-eight companies of engineers, forty-two batteries of field artillery and eleven ammunition columns, drawn mainly from groups with common occupational backgrounds. The relatively high skills and educational levels of many Pals battalions meant an outflow of potential officers for commissioning elsewhere, from 1915 on.

Casualties

Many of these locally raised battalions suffered heavy casualties during the Somme offensives of 1916. A notable example was the 11th (Service) Battalion (Accrington), East Lancashire Regiment, better known as the Accrington Pals. The Accrington Pals were ordered to attack Serre, the most northerly part of the main assault, on the opening day of the battle. The Accrington Pals were accompanied by Pals battalions drawn from Sheffield, Leeds, Barnsley, and Bradford. Of an estimated 700 Accrington Pals who took part in the attack, 235 were killed and 350 wounded within the space of twenty minutes. Despite repeated attempts, Serre was not taken until February 1917, at which time the German Army had evacuated to the Hindenburg Line.

Termination of regional or group recruiting
The Battle of the Somme marked a turning point in the Pals battalion experiment. Many were disbanded or amalgamated after the scheme effectively came to an end following the summer of 1916. Others retained their titles until the end of the war but with recruitment dependent upon drafts from a common pool of conscripts rather than from those with regional or other common ties.

The practice of drawing recruits from a particular region or group meant that, when a "Pals battalion" suffered heavy casualties, the impact on individual towns, villages, neighbourhoods and communities back in Britain could be immediate and devastating. As an example, The Sheffield City Battalion (12th York and Lancaster Regiment) had lost 495 dead and wounded in one day (1 July 1916) on the Somme and was brought back to strength by October that year only by drafts from diverse areas.

With the introduction of conscription in March 1916, further Pals battalions were not sought. Voluntary local recruitment outside the regular army structure, so characteristic of the atmosphere of 1914–15, was not repeated in World War II.

See also
Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War
List of pals battalions

References

External links
History of the Pals Battalions (BBC)
The Accrington Pals of the East Lancashire Regiment
The Barnsley Pals of the York and Lancaster Regiment
A Pal on trial
McCrae's Battalion
 Pals unit diaries

Kitchener's Army
Military units and formations of the British Army in World War I

Pals battalion


Cupa României 2019-2020 a fost cea de-a 82-a ediție a celui mai vechi turneu eliminator din fotbalul românesc. A fost câștigată de FCSB, care a învins în finală pe Sepsi Sfântu Gheorghe, și s-a calificat în prima rundă de calificare a UEFA Europa League 2020-2021.

Echipe participante

Turul I
Toate meciurile s-au jucat pe 31 iulie.

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Turul 2
Meciurile s-au jucat începând cu data de

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Turul 3
Meciurile s-au jucat începând cu data de

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Turul 4
Meciurile se joacă în zilele de –.

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Șaisprezecimi

Optimi de finală
Meciurile au avut loc în perioada –.

Sferturi de finală
Meciurile au avut loc în perioada –.

Semifinale
Manșele tur au avut loc pe 24 și 25 iunie, iar cele retur pe 8 și 9 iulie.

Tur

Retur

Finala
Finala cupei a avut loc pe 22 iulie la Ploiești.

Note

Sezoanele Cupei României la fotbal
2019 în fotbal
2020 în fotbal

Cupa României 2019-2020


Clearcreek Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Clearcreek Township (Fairfield County, Ohio)
 Clearcreek Township (Warren County, Ohio)

Siehe auch:
 Clear Creek Township

Clearcreek Township


Naive Bayes classifiers are a popular statistical technique of e-mail filtering. They typically use bag-of-words features to identify email spam, an approach commonly used in text classification.

Naive Bayes classifiers work by correlating the use of tokens (typically words, or sometimes other things), with spam and non-spam e-mails and then using Bayes' theorem to calculate a probability that an email is or is not spam.

Naive Bayes spam filtering is a baseline technique for dealing with spam that can tailor itself to the email needs of individual users and give low false positive spam detection rates that are generally acceptable to users. It is one of the oldest ways of doing spam filtering, with roots in the 1990s.

History
Bayesian algorithms were used for email filtering as early as 1996.  Although naive Bayesian filters did not become popular until later, multiple programs were released in 1998 to address the growing problem of unwanted email.  The first scholarly publication on Bayesian spam filtering was by Sahami et al. in 1998. That work was soon thereafter deployed in commercial spam filters.

Variants of the basic technique have been implemented in a number of research works and commercial software products. Many modern mail clients implement Bayesian spam filtering. Users can also install separate email filtering programs. Server-side email filters, such as DSPAM, SpamAssassin, SpamBayes, Bogofilter and ASSP, make use of Bayesian spam filtering techniques, and the functionality is sometimes embedded within mail server software itself. CRM114, oft cited as a Bayesian filter, is not intended to use a Bayes filter in production, but includes the ″unigram″ feature for reference.

Process
Particular words have particular probabilities of occurring in spam email and in legitimate email. For instance, most email users will frequently encounter the word "Viagra" in spam email, but will seldom see it in other email. The filter doesn't know these probabilities in advance, and must first be trained so it can build them up. To train the filter, the user must manually indicate whether a new email is spam or not. For all words in each training email, the filter will adjust the probabilities that each word will appear in spam or legitimate email in its database. For instance, Bayesian spam filters will typically have learned a very high spam probability for the words "Viagra" and "refinance", but a very low spam probability for words seen only in legitimate email, such as the names of friends and family members.

After training, the word probabilities (also known as likelihood functions) are used to compute the probability that an email with a particular set of words in it belongs to either category. Each word in the email contributes to the email's spam probability, or only the most interesting words. This contribution is called the posterior probability and is computed using Bayes' theorem. Then, the email's spam probability is computed over all words in the email, and if the total exceeds a certain threshold (say 95%), the filter will mark the email as a spam.

As in any other spam filtering technique, email marked as spam can then be automatically moved to a "Junk" email folder, or even deleted outright. Some software implement quarantine mechanisms that define a time frame during which the user is allowed to review the software's decision.

The initial training can usually be refined when wrong judgements from the software are identified (false positives or false negatives). That allows the software to dynamically adapt to the ever-evolving nature of spam.

Some spam filters combine the results of both Bayesian spam filtering and other heuristics (pre-defined rules about the contents, looking at the message's envelope, etc.), resulting in even higher filtering accuracy, sometimes at the cost of adaptiveness.

Mathematical foundation
Bayesian email filters utilize Bayes' theorem. Bayes' theorem is used several times in the context of spam:
 a first time, to compute the probability that the message is spam, knowing that a given word appears in this message;
 a second time, to compute the probability that the message is spam, taking into consideration all of its words (or a relevant subset of them);
 sometimes a third time, to deal with rare words.

Computing the probability that a message containing a given word is spam
Let's suppose the suspected message contains the word "replica". Most people who are used to receiving e-mail know that this message is likely to be spam, more precisely a proposal to sell counterfeit copies of well-known brands of watches. The spam detection software, however, does not "know" such facts; all it can do is compute probabilities.

The formula used by the software to determine that, is derived from Bayes' theorem

where:

  is the probability that a message is a spam, knowing that the word "replica" is in it;
  is the overall probability that any given message is spam;
  is the probability that the word "replica" appears in spam messages;
  is the overall probability that any given message is not spam (is "ham");
  is the probability that the word "replica" appears in ham messages.

(For a full demonstration, see Bayes' theorem#Extended form.)

The spamliness of a word
Statistics show that the current probability of any message being spam is 80%, at the very least:

However, most bayesian spam detection software makes the assumption that there is no a priori reason for any incoming message to be spam rather than ham, and considers both cases to have equal probabilities of 50%:

The filters that use this hypothesis are said to be "not biased", meaning that they have no prejudice regarding the incoming email. This assumption permits simplifying the general formula to:

This is functionally equivalent to asking, "what percentage of occurrences of the word "replica" appear in spam messages?"

This quantity is called "spamicity" (or "spaminess") of the word "replica", and can be computed. The number  used in this formula is approximated to the frequency of messages containing "replica" in the messages identified as spam during the learning phase. Similarly,  is approximated to the frequency of messages containing "replica" in the messages identified as ham during the learning phase. For these approximations to make sense, the set of learned messages needs to be big and representative enough. It is also advisable that the learned set of messages conforms to the 50% hypothesis about repartition between spam and ham, i.e. that the datasets of spam and ham are of same size.

Of course, determining whether a message is spam or ham based only on the presence of the word "replica" is error-prone, which is why bayesian spam software tries to consider several words and combine their spamicities to determine a message's overall probability of being spam.

Combining individual probabilities
Most bayesian spam filtering algorithms are based on formulas that are strictly valid (from a probabilistic standpoint) only if the words present in the message are independent events.  This condition is not generally satisfied (for example, in natural languages like English the probability of finding an adjective is affected by the probability of having a noun), but it is a useful idealization, especially since the statistical correlations between individual words are usually not known. On this basis, one can derive the following formula from Bayes' theorem:

where:
  is the probability that the suspect message is spam;
  is the probability  that the first word (for example "replica") appears, given that the message is spam;
  is the probability  that the second word (for example "watches") appears, given that the message is spam;
 etc...

Spam filtering software based on this formula is sometimes referred to as a naive Bayes classifier, as "naive" refers to the strong independence assumptions between the features. The result p is typically compared to a given threshold to decide whether the message is spam or not. If p is lower than the threshold, the message is considered as likely ham, otherwise it is considered as likely spam.

Other expression of the formula for combining individual probabilities
Usually p is not directly computed using the above formula due to floating-point underflow. Instead, p can be computed in the log domain by rewriting the original equation as follows:

Taking logs on both sides:

Let . Therefore,

Hence the alternate formula for computing the combined probability:

Dealing with rare words
In the case a word has never been met during the learning phase, both the numerator and the denominator are equal to zero, both in the general formula and in the spamicity formula. The software can decide to discard such words for which there is no information available.

More generally, the words that were encountered only a few times during the learning phase cause a problem, because it would be an error to trust blindly the information they provide. A simple solution is to simply avoid taking such unreliable words into account as well.

Applying again Bayes' theorem, and assuming the classification between spam and ham of the emails containing a given word ("replica") is a random variable with beta distribution, some programs decide to use a corrected probability:

where:
 is the corrected probability for the message to be spam, knowing that it contains a given word ;
  is the strength we give to background information about incoming spam ;
  is the probability of any incoming message to be spam ;
  is the number of occurrences of this word during the learning phase ;
  is the spamicity of this word.

(Demonstration:)

This corrected probability is used instead of the spamicity in the combining formula.

 can again be taken equal to 0.5, to avoid being too suspicious about incoming email. 3 is a good value for s, meaning that the learned corpus must contain more than 3 messages with that word to put more confidence in the spamicity value than in the default value.

This formula can be extended to the case where n is equal to zero (and where the spamicity is not defined), and evaluates in this case to .

Other heuristics
"Neutral" words like "the", "a", "some", or "is" (in English), or their equivalents in other languages, can be ignored. These are also known as Stop words. More generally, some bayesian filtering filters simply ignore all the words which have a spamicity next to 0.5, as they contribute little to a good decision. The words taken into consideration are those whose spamicity is next to 0.0 (distinctive signs of legitimate messages), or next to 1.0 (distinctive signs of spam). A method can be for example to keep only those ten words, in the examined message, which have the greatest absolute value |0.5 − pI|.

Some software products take into account the fact that a given word appears several times in the examined message, others don't.

Some software products use patterns (sequences of words) instead of isolated natural languages words. For example, with a "context window" of four words, they compute the spamicity of "Viagra is good for", instead of computing the spamicities of "Viagra", "is", "good", and "for". This method gives more sensitivity to context and eliminates the Bayesian noise better, at the expense of a bigger database.

Mixed methods
There are other ways of combining individual probabilities for different words than using the "naive" approach. These methods differ from it on the assumptions they make on the statistical properties of the input data. These different hypotheses result in radically different formulas for combining the individual probabilities.

For example, assuming the individual probabilities follow a chi-squared distribution with 2N degrees of freedom, one could use the formula:

where C−1 is the inverse of the chi-squared function.

Individual probabilities can be combined with the techniques of the Markovian discrimination too.

Discussion

Advantages

One of the main advantages of Bayesian spam filtering is that it can be trained on a per-user basis.

The spam that a user receives is often related to the online user's activities. For example, a user may have been subscribed to an online newsletter that the user considers to be spam. This online newsletter is likely to contain words that are common to all newsletters, such as the name of the newsletter and its originating email address. A Bayesian spam filter will eventually assign a higher probability based on the user's specific patterns.

The legitimate e-mails a user receives will tend to be different. For example, in a corporate environment, the company name and the names of clients or customers will be mentioned often. The filter will assign a lower spam probability to emails containing those names.

The word probabilities are unique to each user and can evolve over time with corrective training whenever the filter incorrectly classifies an email. As a result, Bayesian spam filtering accuracy after training is often superior to pre-defined rules.

It can perform particularly well in avoiding false positives, where legitimate email is incorrectly classified as spam. For example, if the email contains the word "Nigeria", which is frequently used in Advance fee fraud spam, a pre-defined rules filter might reject it outright. A Bayesian filter would mark the word "Nigeria" as a probable spam word, but would take into account other important words that usually indicate legitimate e-mail. For example, the name of a spouse may strongly indicate the e-mail is not spam, which could overcome the use of the word "Nigeria."

Disadvantages
Depending on the implementation, Bayesian spam filtering may be susceptible to Bayesian poisoning, a technique used by spammers in an attempt to degrade the effectiveness of spam filters that rely on Bayesian filtering. A spammer practicing Bayesian poisoning will send out emails with large amounts of legitimate text (gathered from legitimate news or literary sources). Spammer tactics include insertion of random innocuous words that are not normally associated with spam, thereby decreasing the email's spam score, making it more likely to slip past a Bayesian spam filter. However, with (for example) Paul Graham's scheme only the most significant probabilities are used, so that padding the text out with non-spam-related words does not affect the detection probability significantly.

Words that normally appear in large quantities in spam may also be transformed by spammers. For example, «Viagra» would be replaced with «Viaagra» or «V!agra» in the spam message. The recipient of the message can still read the changed words, but each of these words is met more rarely by the Bayesian filter, which hinders its learning process. As a general rule, this spamming technique does not work very well, because the derived words end up recognized by the filter just like the normal ones.

Another technique used to try to defeat Bayesian spam filters is to replace text with pictures, either directly included or linked. The whole text of the message, or some part of it, is replaced with a picture where the same text is "drawn". The spam filter is usually unable to analyze this picture, which would contain the sensitive words like «Viagra». However, since many mail clients disable the display of linked pictures for security reasons, the spammer sending links to distant pictures might reach fewer targets. Also, a picture's size in bytes is bigger than the equivalent text's size, so the spammer needs more bandwidth to send messages directly including pictures. Some filters are more inclined to decide that a message is spam if it has mostly graphical contents. A solution used by Google in its Gmail email system is to perform an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) on every mid to large size image, analyzing the text inside.

General applications of Bayesian filtering
While Bayesian filtering is used widely to identify spam email, the technique can classify (or "cluster") almost any sort of data. It has uses in science, medicine, and engineering. One example is a general purpose classification program called AutoClass which was originally used to classify stars according to spectral characteristics that were otherwise too subtle to notice.

See also
 Anti-spam techniques
 Bayesian poisoning
 Email filtering
 Markovian discrimination
 Mozilla Thunderbird mail client with native implementation of Bayes filters

References

Spam filtering
Bayesian estimation

Naive Bayes spam filtering


Čičak (repuh, lat. Arctium), biljni rod od 53 priznate vrste dvogodišnjih biljaka iz porodice zvjezdanovki (Compositae). Najpoznatije vrste su obični ili veliki čičak, mali čičak, šumski čičak i pustenasti čičak. Domovina čička je Europa, odakle se raširio diljem svijeta.

Biljka ima uspravnu stabljiku koja može narasti do 150 cm, listovi su tamnozeleni i veliki, osobito oni pri dnu (do 50 cm), korijen je mesnat, vretenast, i može bit dug do jedan metar. Cvjetovi su purpurnocrveni, dvospolni s ovojnim listovima koji završavaju kukicama. Kada dozriju puni su sjemenki, a uz pomoć kukica se hvataju za odjeću i krzno životinja i na taj način se biljka širi.

Čičak raste uz putove, po zapuštenim zemljištima i livadama. Vole ga i pčele koje sakupljaju nektar i bijeli pelud, a njegov med je izraženog mirisa i tamnocrvenkaste boje.

Vrste

 Arctium abolinii (Kult. ex Tscherneva) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium alberti (Regel & Schmalh.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium × ambiguum Nyman
 Arctium amplissimum Kuntze
 Arctium anomalum Kuntze
 Arctium arctiodes Kuntze
 Arctium atlanticum (Pomel) H.Lindb.
 Arctium aureum Kuntze
 Arctium chloranthum (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium dolichophyllum (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium × dualis (Juz.) Duist.
 Arctium echinopifolium (Bornm.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium egregium (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium elatum Kuntze
 Arctium evidens (Tscherneva) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium fedtschenkoanum (Bornm.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium grandifolium (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium haesitabundum (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium horrescens (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium karatavicum Kuntze
 Arctium korolkowii Kuntze
 Arctium korshinskyi (C.Winkl.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium lappa L.
 Arctium lappaceum Kuntze
 Arctium × leiobardanum Juz. & C.Serg. ex Stepanov
 Arctium leiospermum Juz. & Ye.V.Serg.
 Arctium maassii Rouy
 Arctium macilentum (C.Winkl.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium medians (Juz.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh.
 Arctium × mixtum (Simonk.) Nyman
 Arctium nemorosum Lej.
 Arctium × neumanii Rouy
 Arctium nidulans (Regel) Sennikov
 Arctium palladinii (Marcow.) R.E.Fr. & Soderb.
 Arctium pallidivirens (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium pentacanthoides (Juz. ex Tscherneva) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium pentacanthum Kuntze
 Arctium pseudarctium (Bornm.) Duist.
 Arctium pterolepidum (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium radula Juz. & Ye.V.Serg.
 Arctium refractum (Bornm.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium sardaimionense Rassulova & B.A.Sharipova
 Arctium schmalhausenii Kuntze
 Arctium × semiconstrictum Duist.
 Arctium tomentellum Kuntze
 Arctium tomentosum Mill.
 Arctium triflorum Kuntze
 Arctium ugamense (Karmysch.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia
 Arctium umbrosum Kuntze
 Arctium vavilovii (Kult.) S.López, Romasch., Susanna & N.Garcia

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Cardueae

Čičak


Adrian Frederick "H" Smith (d. 27 Şubat 1957, Londra), İngiliz müzisyen. İngiliz heavy metal grubu Iron Maiden'ın gitaristidir.

Gruba 1980 yılı sonlarında Dennis Stratton'un yerine geldi. The Number of the Beast albümünden itibaren gruba şarkı yazarı olarak da katkı vermeye başladı.

Biyografisi
Üç kardeşin en küçüğü olan Adrian Smith'in çocukluk yıllarındaki en büyük merakı futboldu. O yıllarda ateşli bir Manchester United taraftarıydı. Ortaokul yıllarında Deep Purple, Free ve Black Sabbath gibi grupları dinlemeye başladı. Daha sonra Iron Maiden'da birlikte çalacağı Dave Murray ile de bu dönemde okulda tanıştı. Birlikte kurdukları grupta solistlik yaptı. İlk gitarını da Dave Murray'den satın aldı.

16 yaşında okulu bıraktı ve sonradan Urchin adını alacak Evil Ways adlı grubunu kurdu. Grubun solistliğini ve gitaristliğini üstlendi. Dave Murray bu grubun kadrosunda zaman zaman yer aldı ancak 1976'da Iron Maiden'a katıldı. Urchin bu tarihte DJM adlı plak şirketiyle anlaştı ve 1978 yılında Black Leather Fantasy adlı bir single yayımladı. Ardından 1980 yılı başlarında grup ikinci ve son single'e She's A Roller'''ı piyasaya çıkardı. Bu şarkının kayıtlarında Dave Murray de yer almıştı.

1979 yılında Steve Harris'den Iron Maiden'a katılması için teklif aldı ama kendi grubuyla devam etmek istediğini söyleyerek bu teklifi reddetti. Sonraki bir yıl içerisinde Iron Maiden listelerde yükselirken Urchin dağıldı. 1980'in Kasım ayında Dennis Stratton'ın Iron Maiden'dan ayrılması üzerine kendisine bir kere daha Iron Maiden'a katılması için teklifte bulunuldu. Adrian Smith bu sefer teklifi kabul etti. Grupla ilk konserini 21 Kasım 1980 tarihinde Uxbridge'de Brunel Üniversitesi'nde verdi.

1989 yılında ASAP (Adrian Smith and Project) adlı grubuyla Silver and Gold adında bir albüm yayımladı ardından da 1990 yılında Iron Maiden'dan ayrıldı. Yerine Janick Gers geldi. 1992 yılında Iron Maiden'ın Donnington konserinde Running Free parçasında konuk olarak sahneye çıktı. 1994 yılında Psycho Motel adlı grubu kurdu. Bu grubuyla iki albüm çıkardı. Bruce Dickinson'a Accident of Birth ve The Chemical Wedding albümlerinde eşlik etti. 1999 yılında Ed Hunter'' albümünün turnesi sırasında yeniden Iron Maiden'a katıldı.

Evli ve üç çocuk sahibidir. Çocukluğunda koyu bir Manchester United taraftarı olmakla birlikte sonradan futbola olan ilgisini kaybetmiştir. Şimdilerde Watford FC'yi desteklemektedir.

Ekipmanı
Genellikle Jackson kullanmakla beraber Fender Stratocaster, Ibanez ve Gibson diğer tercih ettiği markalardır. Amfi olarak tercihi Marshall'dır.

Kaynakça

1957 doğumlular
Londra doğumlu müzisyenler
Britanyalı heavy metal şarkıcıları
İngiliz heavy metal gitaristleri
Iron Maiden elemanları
Yaşayan insanlar

Adrian Smith


Hüseyin Gezer (1920 - 27 Aralık 2013), Türk heykeltıraş.

1920 yılında Mersin'in Mut ilçesinin Kıravga Köyü'nde doğdu.

İlkokulu Mut'ta, ortaokulu Silifke'de okuduktan sonra, Balıkesir Necatibey Öğretmen Okulu'nu bitirdi (1940). 1 yıl öğretmenlik yaptıktan sonra, askerlik hizmetini tamamladı. Dönemin Milli Eğitim Bakanı Hasan Âli Yücel'in emriyle, mecburi hizmeti ertelenerek Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi Heykel Bölümü'ne girmesi sağlandı (1944). Belling'in öğrencisi oldu ve 1948'de okulu bitirdi.

Burslu olarak Paris'e gitti ve burada Julian Akademisi'nde Prof. Gimond'un atölyesinde çalıştı. Yurda dönünce, Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi Heykel Bölümü'ne asistan olarak girdi (1950). Modlaj öğretmenliği, atölye öğretmenliği, müdür yardımcılığı, müdürlük (daha sonra başkanlık), ayrıca 1969-1976 yılları arasında Resim ve Heykel Müzesi müdürlüğü yaptı. Okulla ilgili kanun uyarınca "profesör" unvanını aldı.

1950 ile 1960 yılları arasında heykelde ora ve kompozisyon prensiplerinn matematiksel prensiplerine eğilmiştir. Bu devrede yapmış olduğu Efe'nin aşkı, Çocuk ve Ana kompozisyonları bu etki altındaki işleridir.

Anıt çalışmaları ise yatay ve dikeylerin hakim olduğu bu statik düzenin zıddına bir kuruluştadır. Bunlarda daha çok diyagonallerin ördiği, dinamik vir düzen ağır basar. Yapıtlarında, genellikle ana çatı ve onu oluşturan elmanların birbirleriyle plastik ilişkileri net olarak kendilerini hissettirirler.

Anıtta kaideyi, heykeli üzerinde taşıyan bir eleman olarak gören uyuglamaya, Antalya anıtını gerçekleştirerek ilk defa o karşı çıkmıştır. Ve kaidenin de anıtın ritmine, plastik düzeneine ve ifadesine katılan bir eleman olarak kllanılması görüşünü savunmştur.

Hüseyin Gezer'in İstanbul Resim ve Heykel Müzesi ile yurdumuzun çeşitli yörelerinde anıtsal nitelikte özgün yapıtları bulunmaktadır.

Bunlardan; Antalya'da bulunan Ulusal Yükseliş Anıtı, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nde bulunan TBMM Atatürk Anıtı, Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikaları "Atatürk Anıtı", Ordu "Atatürk Anıtı", Hacettepe Üniversitesi "Bayraklaşan Atatürk Anıtı", İstanbul Avcılar'da bulunan "Atlı Atatürk Anıtı", Ankara İçişleri Bakanlığı "Polis Şehitleri Anıtı", Adana "Atatürk ve 5 Ocak Anıtı", Isparta "Atatürk Gül ve Halı Anıtı", Avustralya'daki Kanberra Atatürk Anıtı özellik taşıyan çalışmaları arasındadır.

Hüseyin Gezer'in ayrıca; "Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Heykeli" (Hüseyin Gezer, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları) ve "50 Yılın Türk Resim ve Heykeli" (Nurullah Berk-Hüseyin Gezer, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları) adlı iki adet yazılı eseri bulunmaktadır. Hüseyin Gezer, 2013 yılında  İstanbul'da ölmüştür.

Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi - TBMM Atatürk Anıtı
Anıtta Atatürkçülüğün iki temel ilkesi yorumlanmaktadır: Özgürlük ve Bağımsızlık.

Anıtta bu iki ilke sembolize edilirken, klasik geleneklere bağımlı kalınmış, Bağımsızlık BAYRAK, Özgürlük ise Atatürk'e özgü akıcılık niteliğini simgeleyen ışık yani MEŞ'ALE ile betimlenmiştir.

Anıt, bütünleştiği TBMM Mimarisine hakim olan yatay ve dikey geometrik görüntüye uygun olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çevresine dinamik bir ses katmak amacı ile formlarda diyagonal ve eğik hatlar tercih edilmiştir. Bu hatlarda ayrıca Atatürkçülüğün atılımcı ve azimli karakteri görünmektedir.

Millet Meclisi Vakfı tarafından açılan iki aşamalı yarışma sonucunda heykeltraş Prof. Hüseyin Gezer'in eseri büyük Jüri tarafından birinciliğe layık görülmüştür.

Anıtın kaidesi Mimar İmran Gezer tarafından projelendirilmiş ve Kutlutaş Holding A.Ş. tarafından TBMM'ye ve Atatürk'e armağan olarak yapılmıştır.

Antalya Ulusal Yükseliş Anıtı
Bugünkü Cumhuriyet Meydanı'ndaki "Ulusal Yükseliş Anıtı" 1964 yılında açılmıştır. Heykeltıraş Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Gezer tarafından yapılan ve bedeli Antalya halkından toplanan bağışlarla karşılanan bu heykel, anıt heykelciliğine, kaide ile figürler arasında bir bütünlük kurması, kaidenin de anıtın anlatımına katılması yönünden bir yenilik getirmiştir. Altı metre yüksekliğindeki heyekele, 12 ton bronz malzeme kullanılmıştır.

Atatürk Anıtı Yaptırma Derneği Başkanı Muharrem Önal Bey'in Mimar Tarık Akıltopu ile Anıt için açtığı iki aşamalı yarışmaya 28 proje katıldı. Yarışma sonunda, katılanlar arasındaki 5 projenin heykeltıraşları ikinci bir yarışmaya davet edildiler. Sonuçta ise; Prof.Dr. Hüseyin Gezer'in projesi birinci seçildi Bir yandan heykel yapılırken, diğer yandan dikileceği yer arandı. Cumhuriyet Meydanı uygun yer olarak saptanınca, kaide projesi uygulamasını Antalyalı Mimar Tarık Akıltopu üstlendi. Kaidedeki granit taşlar, Korkuteli yolu üzerindeki Yenice'den getirilmiştir. Anıtın kaidesi betonarme kabuk olup, içi boştur. Bronz heykelin ağırlığını 4 adet betonarme kolon taşımaktadır. Kaidedeki dik yüzeylere İstiklal Savaşı'nın çeşitli evrelerinin adı yazılmaya çalışılmış, ancak tamamlanamamıştır.

Antalya Ulusal Yükseliş Anıtı'nın vermek istediği mesaj şöyledir: Yerden birden bire yükseliveren kaidenin en uç noktasında yer alan figürler, kurtuluşu, birlik ve beraberliğimizi, yüce Atatürk'ün önderliğinde, bir dizi zaferle kurulan modern Türk Devletini temsil eder. Anıt kaidesinde yer alan tarihler 19 Mayıs 1919'dan başlayarak yeni Türkiye Devletinin kuruluş sürecini başlatan zaferler, devletin kuruluşunda atılan adımlar, yeni Türk Devletine modern kimliğini veren devrimler zeminden başlayarak hızla yükselen anıtın basamaklarını meydana getirir. Ayrıca altta bulunan, üzerinde çeşitli olayların ve inkılap tarihlerinin yer aldığı basamaklar Hürriyet için verilen çabayı; üstte Atatürk'ün bindiği şahlanan "gemsiz" at bağımsız yükselmeyi simgeler. Atatürk'ün yanında yer alan kız-erkek figürleri gençliğin ülkenin bekçiliğini ve onlara verilen güven anlamını taşır. Türkiye'nin en anlamlı anıtlarından biridir.

En önemli Atatürk anıtlarının listesi

Eserleri

Başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
 Türbanlı Kadın
 Çıplak Kadın
 Çocuk ve Ana
 Efe'nin Aşkı
 Köprülü Mehmet Paşa büstü
 Atlılar
 Yahya Kemal Başı
 Yahya Kemal Heykeli (1968) (Beşiktaş Yahya Kemal Parkı'nda)
 Atatürk Başı büstü (Kanberra'daki Atatürk Anıtı'nda sergilenmektedir)
 Geyve, Karabük, Akhisar, Balıkesir, Antalya, Polatlı, Atatürk anıtları
 Mut Karacaoğlan Heykeli
 Polis Şehitleri Anıtı (Ankara)
 50. Yıl Atatürk büstleri (Yarışma 2 birincilik ödülü)
 Bilkent Üniversitesi girişinde yer alan meşale tutan Atatürk büstü

Müzelerdeki Bazı Eserleri

Resim galerisi

Katıldığı Yarışmalar ve Aldığı Ödüller
1951                Anıtkabir Heykelleri Yarışması – Hürriyet Kulesi Rölyefi'ne Katılım. 2.'lik Ödülü

1963                Antalya Anıtı Yarışması (2 Aşamalı) – 1.'lik Ödülü

1965                Ankara Fen Fakültesi Atatürk Anıt Yarışması 2.'lik ve 3.'lük ödülleri, Mansiyon

1966                Dumlupınar Anıtı 3. 'lük Ödülü

1973                Kültür Bakanlığı'nca açılan 2 Atatürk Büstü Yarışması, Her ikisinde de 1.'lik Ödülü

1975                Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Anıtı (2 Aşamalı Yarışması) Yüksek Mimar İmran Gezer ile birlikte 1.'lik Ödülü

1988                İstanbul Duatepe'ye Yapılacak Fatih Anıtı Yarışması (İstanbul Belediyesi) 1.'lik Ödülü

Kaynakça

1920 doğumlular
Mut doğumlular
2013 yılında ölenler
Türk heykeltıraşlar
Sedat Simavi Ödülü sahipleri
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Türk profesörler
20. yüzyıl heykeltıraşları
21. yüzyıl heykeltıraşları
İstanbul Devlet Güzel Sanatlar Akademisinde öğrenim görenler
Académie Julian'da öğrenim görenler
Türk öğretmenler

Hüseyin Gezer


بلدية قُلَّة أو كوللا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قسلطونة التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 651 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

مراجع

أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية
أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

قلة (بلنسية)


تومي سفينسون  من مواليد 4 مارس 1945، لاعب كرة قدم سويدي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم سويدي سابق.

لعب مع منتخب السويد لكرة القدم في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1970.

درب منتخب السويد لكرة القدم منذ عام 1991 وحتى عام 1997.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سويديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من فاكسجو
رياضيون سويديون مغتربون في بلجيكا
رياضيون من محافظة كرونوبري
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البلجيكي للمحترفين
لاعبو الدوري السويدي لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو ستاندارد لييج
لاعبو كأس العالم 1970
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون
لاعبو كرة قدم سويديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو منتخب السويد لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي أوسترس
مدربو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1992
مدربو كأس العالم 1994
مدربو كرة قدم سويديون
مدربو منتخب السويد لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي ترومسو
مواليد 1945
مواليد في فاكسيو

تومي سفينسون


«Black Velveteen» es una canción del artista estadounidense Lenny Kravitz. Fue lanzado como último sencillo de su quinto álbum titulado "5", en noviembre de 1999.

Video
El video musical, dirigido por Samuel Bayer, trata de representar lo que la canción realmente dice en sus letras. Aparece Kravitz y algunas mujeres desnudas de una manera artística y significativa.

Véase también
 Discografía de Lenny Kravitz

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial de Lenny Kravitz

Sencillos de 1999
Sencillos de Lenny Kravitz

Black Velveteen


Eylard Theodore "Ted" Horn (February 27, 1910 – October 10, 1948) was an American racing driver. Widely considered one of the greatest racers of his time, he was the first person in history to win the AAA National Championship three times consecutively, doing so in 1946, 1947 and 1948.

Early life and career

Eylard Theodore Horn was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Horn's family moved several times during his childhood, finally settling in Los Angeles. At 15 years of age he found work at the Los Angeles Times newspaper.

On his way to work one day Horn was pulled over for speeding. Try as he might he could not get out of this situation easily. The policeman gave him a fairly unusual punishment for the infraction. The young man was to travel to a race track called San Jose Speedway where usually there were more cars than drivers, then find a willing car owner to let him drive. Once he got all the speed he had out of his system he could pick up his impounded car. Horn would heed the advice of the policeman and would eventually return to pick up his car. But he found a new passion in auto racing and would never "get the speed he had out of his system."

When Horn began his racing career in earnest at a California race track called Legion Ascot Speedway he found he had much to learn as he was usually the slowest driver on the track. Eventually a few of the drivers gave him pointers on how to pick up his lap times which started to help develop his driving style.  He suffered a serious racing accident which broke his foot and burned his back and kept him on the mend for several weeks. At the urging of his parents he promised to abandon the sport. He fully intended to abide by his parents wishes but after three years he began racing again.

Horn steadily improved to the point he finished a close second in a race to Indianapolis 500 winner Louis Meyer. Meyer was impressed with young Ted Horn, who felt he now needed to travel to the mid-western and eastern regions of the United States where there were more race tracks and opportunities for a young race driver.

Championship car career

In 1934 in preparation for the Indianapolis 500 Horn practiced in a car called the Mick Special. However, he did not feel comfortable with the car and decided against trying to qualify it. Throughout that summer he campaigned a sprint car on a rigorous schedule once again in the east and midwest. He was successful enough to attract the attention of Harry Miller. Preston Tucker was putting together an ambitious effort with Miller and the Ford Motor Company for the 1935 Indianapolis 500. When asked by Miller, Horn accepted a ride in one of the new Miller Ford V8 cars. He did make the field for the 1935 Indianapolis 500. Unfortunately a flaw in the design of the car would eventually result in the steering gear in the car to eventually freeze up and the car being impossible to steer. He dropped out of the race after 145 laps, most of which was spent fighting the steering problem.

After his first Indianapolis 500, Horn felt that he failed to make an impression. Former driver turned car owner Harry Hartz felt otherwise about the young driver and thought that he did an excellent job of driving under difficult circumstances. Hartz was impressed enough to offer Horn a chance to drive his car in the 1936 Indianapolis 500, which he gladly accepted. Hartz, consistent finisher in his years driving the Indianapolis 500, took Horn under his wing.  The combination Hartz and Horn was immediately a potent one as Horn would finish second on his first race with Hartz. He had two more Indianapolis 500 starts with the Hartz machine and finished third and fourth respectively.

Horn continued to race with moderate success through the 1930s, with second, third and fourth places at the Indianapolis 500 and placing well in the championship standings.

He volunteered for World War II service but was rejected on the basis of his racing injuries. After the cessation of hostilities, racing began again on a limited basis in 1945, and Horn won all seven races he entered that year. Further success came his way in the three subsequent years, giving him the National Championship in 1946, 1947 and 1948; this was the first three-time win. He never won the Indianapolis 500, but achieved nine straight top-four finishes. He also started on the pole in 1947.

Death

In a race at DuQuoin, Illinois on October 10, 1948, Horn was involved in a serious accident during the second lap. He was taken to the hospital alive but died a short time later. He was 38. The AAA Championship Car race (now USAC Silver Crown) is known as the Ted Horn 100 in his memory.

Awards and honors

Horn has been inducted into the following halls of fame:
 Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1964)
 Eastern Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame (1987)
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame (1991)
 Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (1993)

Motorsports career results

AAA Championship Car results

 1946 table only includes results of the six races run to "championship car" specifications. Points total includes the 71 races run to "big car" specifications.

Indianapolis 500 results

Horn has the best 10-year streak of finishes in Indianapolis 500 history.
Over his Indianapolis 500 career, Horn completed 1944 out of a possible 2000 laps (97%).
Although Horn started the 1947 race from the pole position, his was the third fastest qualifying speed behind Bill Holland and Duke Nalon.
Horn qualified for the prestigious 100 mph Club a record eight times.

References

External links

 David Malsher-Lopez - Ted Horn's sad lesson for IndyCar
 Ted Horn - ChampCarStats.com

 Ted Horn - Motorsport Memorial

1909 births
1948 deaths
Champ Car champions
Sportspeople from Cincinnati
Racing drivers from Ohio
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 polesitters
AAA Championship Car drivers
Racing drivers who died while racing
Sports deaths in Illinois
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductees

Ted Horn


Thelonious Sphere Monk III (born December 27, 1949) is an American jazz drummer, composer and bandleader. He is the son of jazz pianist Thelonious Monk.

Biography
Born in New York City, Monk began his music career early in his life, honing his skills throughout the 1970s. Monk's destiny was sealed when Art Blakey gave him his first drum set at the age of 15, and began lessons with Max Roach. After earning a reputation in school as a rabble-rouser (and graduating), the young Monk joined his father's trio and toured with his dad until the elder Monk's retirement in 1975. Monk then launched into the music that had captivated him and his generation, R&B. He first toured with a group called Natural Essence and afterward, along with his sister Barbara, formed his own band.

By the dawning of the 1980s, he had formed his eponymous band, which featured him on drums and occasional lead vocals.  The group's début album, 1980's House of Music, featured several hits that placed on the Billboard R&B chart, including "Bon Bon Vie (Gimme the Good Life)", which featured Monk on lead vocals, and "Candidate for Love". The tracks peaked at No. 63 and No. 58 respectively, in the UK Singles Chart. The band went on to release two more albums throughout the early 1980s, though singles released from these albums did not fare as well as those on the début. The band broke up shortly thereafter.

Shortly after his father died in 1982, his sister, Barbara, died of cancer in 1984. To honor his father's legacy and support the efforts of education, Monk created the Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz.

Monk received the New York Jazz Awards First Annual "Recording of the Year" award and Downbeats' 63rd annual Album of the Year Reader's Choice Award for Monk on Monk. This is the "80th Anniversary Birthday Tribute to Thelonious Sphere Monk" featuring 20 guest artists including Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Arturo Sandoval, Dianne Reeves, Nnenna Freelon, and Howard Johnson.

By the 1990s, Monk was ready to begin his solo career, in which he has taken a decidedly more jazz-oriented direction. For two consecutive seasons, December 1996 and January 1998, on ABC, jazz returned to network television after a twenty-five-year absence. Sponsored by Nissan and the Thelonious Monk Institute, under the guidance of Monk, a historic assemblage of artists gathered for 'A Celebration of America's Music' hosted by Bill Cosby and featuring Natalie Cole, Jon Secada, Tony Bennett, k.d. lang, as well as Thelonious performing his father's signature tune, "'Round Midnight", with Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny, and Nnenna Freelon.

Discography

Studio albums
House of Music (Mirage, 1980)
More of the Good Life (Mirage, 1981)
Human (Mirage, 1982)
Take One (Blue Note, 1992)
Changing of the Guard (Blue Note, 1993)
The Charm (Blue Note, 1995)
Monk on Monk (N2K, 1997)
Crosstalk (N-Coded Music, 1999)
Higher Ground (Thelonious, 2003)
With Louis Hayes
Breath of Life (Muse, 1974)

Singles

References

External links
Website
T.S. Monk Page. Soulwalking.co.uk.

1949 births
Living people
American jazz drummers
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz bandleaders
Mirage Records artists
Jazz musicians from New York City
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians

T. S. Monk


Os Túmulos de Dilmun são um grupo de vinte e um sítios arqueológicos de necrópoles da civilização Dilmun, datadas entre os anos de 2050 a.C. e 1750 a.C.. Possui um total de 11.774 túmulos em uma área de 168,45 hectares, localizados nas regiões de Isa Town, Saar, Janabiyah, A'alí, Buri, Karzakkan, Malikiyah, Dar Kulayb e Umm Jidr, na ilha de Bahrein. É um Patrimônio Mundial, tombado pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO), no ano de 2019.

Intervenções arqueológicas
A primeira exploração documentada foi feita pelo capitão britânico E. L. Durand, no final da década de 1880. Durand explorou dois montes funerários, mas por entender de arqueologia, fez com que o teto da câmara principal desabasse e danificasse o processo de exploração. Durante sua exploração, foi descoberto uma ossada humana na posição sentada, ossos de animais, duas tigelas de barro, fragmentos de marfim ou madeira e vários pedaços disformes de cobre ou latão oxidado. Em 1889, J. Theodore Bent e seu esposo exploraram dois montes funerários. Em um dos montes foi descoberto uma sepultura de dois andares com ricos móveis de sepultura, incluindo marfim, caixas circulares, fragmentos de várias estátuas, cerâmica, conchas de avestruz e pedaços de metal oxidado.

No ano de 1906, os primeiros estudos arqueológicos científicos foram feitos e sob o comando do coronel F. B. Prideaux, através do Departamento Arqueológico do Governo da Índia. Prideaux e sua equipe estudaram 67 túmulos, onde documentou todos os artefatos cerâmicos achados no interior e ao redor do túmulo. E também mapeou os principais túmulos de A'ali. Em 1925, o arqueólogo Ernest Mackay estudou 31 montes funerários e foi o primeiro a estudar as diferentes técnicas de construção dos montes.

No início dos anos de 1950, a Expedição Arqueológica Dinamarquesa iniciou seus estudos na região e, entre os anos de 1961 e 1969, conseguiu fazer várias escavações de resgate em A'ali, Umm Jidr, Dar Kulayb e Buri, durante o período de expansão de moradias nessas regiões. Durante este período, também houveram explorações amadoras britânicas.

Os estudos nos montes ficaram um período parados, até o final da década de 1970. Com a expansão da cidade ameaçando a destruir os montes, o Departamento de Antiguidades da Jordânia, liderada M. Ibrahim, fizeram escavações de resgates de 61 montes em Janabiyah e Saar, durante os anos de 1977 e 1978.

Durante a década de 1980, as expansões das cidades continuaram a ameaçar os túmulos, e houve a necessidade de resgatar o máximo de túmulos possíveis. Além da equipe do Museu Nacional de Bahrein, várias equipes internacionais colaboraram com as escavações. Participaram as equipes das missões do Iraque, do Estados Unidos, da Tunísia, da Austrália, da Índia, do Japão e da França.

Entre os anos de 2003 e 2013, a Missão Dinamarquesa explorou os túmulos novamente. E o Museu Moesgaard juntamente com a Direção de Cultura e Patrimônio Nacional do Bahrein criaram o Bahrain Burial Mound Project com o objetivo de mapear os túmulos a partir de fotos aéreas utilizando o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG).

No ano de 2014, uma missão japonesa, comandada por Takeshi Gotoh, foi convidada pelo Ministério da Cultura do Bahrein para fazer pesquisas nos túmulos. Durantes as escavações, foi descoberto que dois túmulos pertenceram a reis de Dilmun. Em um túmulo real, foi descoberto um fragmento de pedra com a inscrição cuneiformes do nome do rei Yagli-El.

Tipologia dos túmulos
A forma de montes arredondados em que se encontram as sepulturas atualmente, não são a forma original. Este formato é originado das erosões ocorridas com o passar dos tempos. A forma original dos túmulos eram de torres baixas de pedras e cilíndricas. Os túmulos eram construídos com parede circular e com cobertura. Quando alguém falecia, o corpo era colocado deitado de lado, a cabeça voltada para o norte, com as pernas e os braços flexionados e com as mãos voltadas para o rosto. Colocavam oferendas, cerâmicas, espadas, punhas, joias e ornamentos de cobre e de bronze, depois a câmara era fechada com uma laje plana e depois era coberta com terra e cascalho.

Túmulos individuais
Construídos em média com um diâmetro entre 6 a 10 metros e entre 2 a 3 metros de altura. Alguns túmulos receberam, em anexo, outros túmulos menores, em formato semicircular. Provavelmente pertenciam a pessoas com um vínculo familiar a pessoa enterrada no túmulo principal. Os túmulos construídos no período primitivo, são pequenos e compactos. E os túmulos do período tardio foram construídos maiores, com câmaras de parede de pedra seca e cobertos com cascalhos.

Túmulos reais
Os Túmulos reais foram construídos com dois andares de câmaras e com 4 ou 6 alcovas de paredes rebocadas. O acesso era feito através de uma passagem quadrada com medidas entre 2 a 4 metros laterais e entre 8 a 10 metros de profundidade.
Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO no Barém
Sítios arqueológicos do Barém
História da Península Arábica

Túmulos de Dilmun


Happy er et engelsk ord, der betyder "glad", og kan henvise til

 Happy (Rolling Stones-sang) – en sang af Rolling Stones fra 1972
 Happy (Pharrell Williams-sang) – en sang af Pharrell Williams fra 2013

Happy


الذاتية (، أي عكس موضوعية .) هي فكرة فلسفية مركزية، مرتبطة بالوعي، والشخصية، والحقيقة والواقع، وتم تعريفها سابقًا من قِبَل المصادر. هنالك ثلاثة تعاريف للذاتية:
 كون الشيء ذاتًا، والذي يعني فردًا يملك تجارب إدراكية، مثل انطباعات، أو مشاعر، أو معتقدات ورغبات.
 كون الشيء ذاتًا، والذي يعني بصورة أوسع الكيان الذي يملك قوة، والذي يتصرف على أساس ويملك قوة على كيان آخر.
 فكرة، أو معلومة، أو وضع، أو جسم مادي يُعتبر حقيقيًا من وجهة نظر ذاتية.

تجتمع التعاريف المختلفة للذاتية معًا في الفلسفة. غالبا ما يستخدم هذا المصطلح في تفسير ما يؤثر على آراء الناس فيما يخص الحقيقة أو الواقع؛ هي مجموع الإدراكات، والتجارب، والتوقعات، والفهم الشخصي والثقافي، والمعتقدات الخاصة بشخص معين.

تتناقض الذاتية مع الفلسفة الموضوعية، والتي تُوصَفُ على أنها النظرة للحقيقة أو الواقع والتي تخلو من كل انحيازات، أو تأويلات، أو مشاعر، أو تخيلات فردية.

الفلسفة
إن ظهور مفهوم الذاتية له جذوره الفلسفية في أفكار ديكارت وكانت، وقد اعتمد الفهم في العصر الحديث على فهم ما يشكل الفرد. كانت هنالك تفسيرات عديدة لمفاهيم مثل الذات والروح، والهوية أو الوعي الذاتي التي تكمن في أصل مفهوم الذاتية.

علم الاجتماع
الذاتية هي حالة اجتماعية موروثة تأتي من خلال تفاعلات لا تعد ولا تحصى في المجتمع. وكما أن الذاتية هي عملية تفرد، إلا أنها عملية تنشئة اجتماعية بنفس المقدار، حيث أن الفرد لا يُعزَل أبدًا في بيئة مستقلة، وهو في تفاعل مستمر مع العالم المحيط. الثقافة هي المجموع الفعال لذاتية أيِّ مجتمع يمر بتحولات مستمرة. تتشكل الذاتية من قبلها وتُشكلها بالمقابل، ولكن أيضًا من خلال أمور أخرى مثل الاقتصاد، والمؤسسات السياسية، والمجتمعات، بالإضافة إلى العالم الطبيعي.

على الرغم من أن الحدود الموجودة بين المجتمعات وثقافاتها غير محددة واعتباطية، فمن الممكن التعرف على الإرث الذاتي لكل مجتمع في اختلافه عن الآخر. إن الذاتية هي تجربة معينة أو منظومة من الوقائع، وتتضمن كيف ينظر ويتفاعل الشخص مع البشرية، والأشياء، والوعي، والطبيعة، ولهذا السبب فإن الاختلاف الموجود بين الثقافات المختلفة سيؤدي إلى تجربة وجود مختلفة مؤدية إلى تشكيل الحياة بصورة مختلفة. هنالك تأثير شائع على الفرد سببه الانفصال الموجود بين الذاتيات وهو الصدمة الثقافية، حيث إنه من الممكن أن تُعتَبر ذاتية المجتمعات الأخرى غريبة وربما غامضة وحتى عدائية.

الذاتية السياسية هي فكرة مستجدة في العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية. الذاتية السياسية هي إشارة إلى تضمين الذاتية في الأنظمة السياسية المتشابكة. كتب صادق رحيمي في كتابه معنى، جنون وذاتية سياسية: «إن السياسة هي ليست جانبًا مضافًا إلى الذات، ولكنها بالطبع طريقة وجود الذات. هذا هو -بدقةٍ- معنى الذات».

انظر أيضًا
 شخصانية
 مصداقية
 قضية ذهنية
 عينية

مراجع

تاريخ الأفكار
تاريخ الفلسفة
تاريخ علم الاجتماع
تجارب ذاتية
عقل
علم الاجتماع
علم الوجود
فلسفة التاريخ
فلسفة العقل
فلسفة العلوم
فلسفة الفلسفة
فلسفة سياسية
فلسفة علم النفس
ما وراء الطبيعة
مفاهيم فلسفية
مفاهيم ميتافيزيقية
مفاهيم
ميتافيزيقا العقل
نظريات التاريخ
نظريات علم الاجتماع
نظريات ميتافيزيقية

ذاتية (فلسفة)


Thomas Dongan, (pronounced "Dungan") 2nd Earl of Limerick (1634 – 14 December 1715), was a member of the Irish Parliament, Royalist military officer during the English Civil War, and Governor of the Province of New York. He is noted for having called the first representative legislature in New York, and for granting the province's Charter of Liberties. His negotiations and subsequent alliance with the Iroquois Indian Confederacy brought a lasting security from the French and their hostile Indian allies.

Early life and family
Dongan was born in 1634 into an old Gaelic Norman (Irish Catholic) family in Castletown Kildrought (now Celbridge), County Kildare, in the Kingdom of Ireland, the seventh and youngest son of Sir John Dongan, 2nd Baronet, Member of the Irish Parliament, and his wife Mary Talbot, daughter of Sir William Talbot, 1st Baronet, and Alison Netterville. Dongan's maternal uncles were Peter Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin (1673-1679), and Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, who was lord-deputy of Ireland during the reign of James II. After the beheading of Charles I, Dongan's father, a supporter of the House of Stuart, and his family, fled to France, where Thomas obtained a commission in the army.

Career
While in France, he served in an Irish regiment with Turenne. He stayed in France after the Restoration and achieved the rank of colonel in 1674.

After the Treaty of Nijmegen ended the French-Dutch War in 1678, Dongan returned to England in obedience to the order that recalled all English subjects fighting in service to France. Fellow officer James, Duke of York, arranged to have him granted a high-ranking commission in the army designated for service in Flanders and a pension. That same year, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Tangiers, which had been granted to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza. He served as part of the Tangier Garrison which defended the settlement.

Governor of New York
In September 1682, James, Duke of York, as Lord Proprietor of the Province of New York, appointed Dongan as Vice-admiral in the Navy and provincial governor (1683–1688) to replace Edmund Andros "Dongan's long service in the French army had made him conversant with the French character and diplomacy and his campaigns in the Low Countries had given him a knowledge of the Dutch language."  James also granted him an estate on Staten Island. The estate eventually became the town of Castleton; later, another section of the island was named Dongan Hills in honour of Dongan.

Dongan landed in Boston on 10 August 1683, crossed Long Island Sound, and passed through the small settlements in the eastern part of the island and he made his way to Fort James, arriving on 25 August. In October, Rev. Henry Selyns reported to the Amsterdam Classis, "...our new governor has at last arrived. His excellency is a person of knowledge refinement and modesty. I have had the pleasure of receiving a call from him and I have the privilege of calling on him whenever I desire."

In 1683, at the time of Dongan's appointment the province was bankrupt and in a state of rebellion. Dongan was able to restore order and stability. On October 14 of that year he convened the first-ever representative assembly in New York history at Fort James. The New York General Assembly, under the wise supervision of Dongan, passed an act entitled Charter of Liberties and Privileges.  It decreed that the supreme legislative power under the Duke of York shall reside in a governor, council, and the people convened in general assembly; conferred upon the members of the assembly rights and privileges making them a body coequal to and independent of the Parliament of England; established town, county, and general courts of justice; solemnly proclaimed the right of religious liberty; and passed acts enunciating certain constitutional liberties, e.g. taxes could be levied only by the people met in general assembly; right of suffrage; and no martial law or quartering of the soldiers without the consent of the inhabitants.

Dongan soon incurred the ill will of William Penn who was negotiating with the Iroquois for the purchase of the upper Susquehanna Valley. Dongan went to Albany, and declared that the sale would be "prejudicial to His Highness's interests". The Cayugas sold the property to New York with the consent of the Mohawk. Years later, when back in England and in favour at the Court of James II, Penn would use his influence to prejudice the king against Dongan.

On 22 July 1686, Governor Dongan granted Albany a municipal charter. Almost identical in form to the charter awarded to New York City just three months earlier, the Albany charter was the result of negotiations conducted between royal officials and Robert Livingston the Elder and Pieter Schuyler. The charter incorporated the city of Albany, establishing a separate municipal entity in the midst of the Van Rensselaer Manor.

Dongan established the boundary lines of the province by settling disputes with Connecticut on the East, with the French Governor of Canada on the North, and with Pennsylvania on the South, thus marking out the present limits of New York State. Regarding Canada, it was necessary to secure the friendship of the Iroquois. This became the subject of a deal of correspondence between Dongan and his counterpart to the north. "...[C]ertainly our rum doth as little hurt as your brandy and in the opinion of Christians is much more wholesome." Dongan, along with Lord Howard of Effingham, Governor of Virginia, journeyed to the Iroquois nation around Albany in 1684, and convened assembly with them, garnering support, and approval. He was called "corlur" by the Iroquois Chief, a term from the Irish language "Coṁairleoir," used in Parliamentary deference to the Speaker, and meaning "advisor."

Dongan established the first post office in New York in 1686 with the objective of promoting better communication between the American colonies. In a 1687 report on the colony to the Committee on Trade in London, he also presciently described its remarkable early religious heterogeneity, which only grew across the centuries: "Here bee not many of the Church of England; few Roman Catholicks; abundance of Quakers preachers men and Women especially; Singing Quakers, Ranting Quakers; Sabbatarians Antisabbatarians; Some Anabaptists, some Independents; some Jews; in short of all sorts of opinions there are some, and the most part of none at all."<ref>"Gov. Dongan's Report on the Province of New York," ed. E. B. O'Callaghan, Documentary History of the State of New York (Albany, 1849), I, 186''</ref>

James later consolidated the colonial governments of New York, New Jersey and the United Colonies of New England into the Dominion of New England and appointed Edmund Andros, the former Governor-General of New York, as Governor-General. Dongan transferred his governorship back to Andros on 11 August 1688. He retired to his Staten Island estate, where he remained until July 1689. During Leisler's Rebellion, fearing for his safety, he fled back to England.

Dongan was to execute land grants establishing several towns throughout New York State including the eastern Long Island communities of East Hampton and Southampton.  These grants, called the Dongan Patents, ''set up Town Trustees as the governing bodies with a mission of managing common land for common good. The Dongan Patents still hold force of law and have been upheld by the US Supreme Court with the Trustees—rather than town boards, city councils or even the State Legislature—still managing much of the common land in the state.

In 1698, his brother William Dongan, 1st Earl of Limerick, died without issue. Because of his service to the Crown as a military officer and as provincial governor, he was granted his brother's title in the Peerage of Ireland and a portion of his brother's forfeited estates by a special Act of Parliament for his relief. In 1709, Lord Limerick sold his 2,300-acre property at Celbridge to William Conolly.

Death
Dongan lived in London for the last years of his life  and died a poor man and without direct heirs on 14 December 1715 at the age of 81.  In his will, dated 1713, he wished that he be buried with expenses not to exceed £100, and bequeathed  the remainder of his estate to his niece, the wife of Colonel Nugent, who later became Marshal of France.  He was buried in Old St. Pancras churchyard, London.

Legacy

Notes
The last name of Dongan was later changed to Dungan to emulate the Irish dialect pronunciation of Dongan which sounds like Dungan. All Dungans today are related to this familial line.

Citations

Ref.  John Dongan of Dublin, An Elizabethan Gentleman And His Family.  Baltimore; Gateway Press, 1996.
Pages 141 – 151 reference Gov. Thomas Dongan.

Bibliography

  (Reprinted in 1996

External links
Thomas Dongan and the East Hampton Patent
Thomas Dongan in 'Miscellaneous Limerick People' file at Limerick City Library, Ireland

Governors of the Province of New York
People from Celbridge
People from Staten Island
Politicians from County Kildare
1634 births
1715 deaths
Irish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Irish colonial officials
Irish soldiers
Soldiers of the Tangier Garrison
Members of the Irish House of Lords
2

Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick


The Muslim American Society (MAS) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1993 and headquartered in Washington, D.C. MAS describes itself as a grassroots Islamic movement. It has more than 50 chapters across the United States.

History
Muslim American Society (MAS) was founded by a small group of American Muslims who wanted to have a Muslim organization in the United States that would allow them to "organize and integrate Muslims to be a contributing part of American society, to see themselves as Muslim Americans." According to its website, the society is a "charitable, religious, social, cultural, and educational organization" aiming for a virtuous and just American society. Its mission is to "move people and nurture lifelong, God-centered agents of change".

MAS was incorporated in Illinois in 1993 and established its headquarters in Washington, DC, in 1998. Founding members of the organization were involved in the Muslim Brotherhood, an organization started in Egypt in 1928. The Muslim American Society acknowledges its early connection to the Muslim Brotherhood, including on its website, but says that it has moved "beyond that point of conception" and "has no connection with the Brotherhood and disagrees with the international organization on many issues".

In 1999, the organization began publishing a bimonthly English-language magazine, The American Muslim. The following year, the MAS Youth Center opened in Brooklyn, and MAS helped start the Islamic American University, based out of Southfield, Michigan, and Kansas City, Missouri, as a distant-learning program for classical Islamic studies. In response to anti-Muslim hate following the September 11 attacks, MAS organized events such as Muslim American Heritage Day in Washington, D.C., where 150 Muslims gathered on October 5, 2002, to pray together on Freedom Plaza. The Muslim American Society Freedom Foundation, a public policy division led by Mahdi Bray as executive director, also offered seminars on how to positively change the perception of Islam among Americans.

In 2002, the Muslim American Society held its first joint conference with the Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA). The MAS–ICNA conference has since been held annually in Chicago.

In November 2014, MAS was designated a terrorist organization by the United Arab Emirates, with 84 other organizations including the Muslim Brotherhood and its regional and local affiliates, and other regional and international groups. MAS, CAIR and similar European groups were listed due to their alleged Muslim Brotherhood ties. The U.S. State Department subsequently released a statement saying that the department "does not consider these organisations to be terrorist organisations". Muslim American Society stated that it had had "no dealings with the United Arab Emirates" and were "perplexed by this news".

MAS started the "Know your Muslim neighbor" program in January 2016 in response to growing anti-Islam sentiment. With the first event held in Metro Detroit, the program includes opportunities to learn about Muslim culture and traditions. Similar events were held in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, in 2018 and the Galveston Bay Area in 2019, following the Christchurch mosque shootings at a mosque in New Zealand and Easter bombing attacks on churches in Sri Lanka.

In 2019, the Middle East Media Research Institute published a video of children in a Philadelphia MAS center singing about the "blood of martyrs".

In September 2019, the Muslim American Society of Minnesota co-organized a protest along with the Council on American–Islamic Relations and Anti-War Committee to "condemn human rights abuses and security crackdowns under India's Hindu nationalist-led government". The protest was in response to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's appearance with U.S. president Donald Trump at a rally in Houston. Following the murder of George Floyd, members of MAS of Minnesota participated in the protests calling for justice for the African American man who was killed by police.

During the 2020 U.S. elections, Ismahan Abdullahi, executive director of the Muslim American Society, said that the organization made 185,000 calls and texts to Arab and Muslim communities in eight states including Michigan. Abdullahi is also executive director of MAS PACE National, a policy advocacy division of MAS.

Asad Zaman, executive director of the MAS of Minnesota, said in August 2020 that the organization's food distribution program run at its three Minnesota mosques was up 500% due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In early April 2021, Zaman helped organize a COVID-19 vaccination campaign based out of 16 mosques in Minnesota which succeeded in vaccinating 7,000 people in the lead up to the month of Ramadan.

References

External links

Islamic organizations based in the United States
Islamic political organizations
Muslim Brotherhood
Non-profit organizations based in Kansas
Organizations based in North America designated as terrorist

Muslim American Society


Coxim (município) — no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
 Coxim Atlético Clube — clube de futebol do município acima
 Coxim (mecânica) — peça que absorve vibrações
 Coxim endocárdico — estrutura que fazem parte da formação do coração humano
 Equino (arquitetura) — ou coxim; elemento arquitetónico

Ver também
 Cochim —  cidade na Índia

Coxim


ILSA Timișoara (Industria Lânii Societate Anonimă Timișoara) a fost o echipă de fotbal din Timișoara, județul Timiș, România .

Istorie
ILSA Timișoara a fost înființată în 1922, cu jucători și muncitori ai fabricii de lână din Timișoara.

Ei petrec majoritatea timpului în Liga Județeană Timișoara. Cea mai bună performanță a lor a fost să câștige Divizia B în 1936, actuala Liga II. Dar au pierdut play-off-ul pentru promovare/retrogradare pentru anul viitor al Diviziei A împotriva Universității Cluj cu 5–1 la general. Acestea au fost și ultimele meciuri din istoria lor, deoarece în acea vară ILSA Timișoara a fuzionat cu cea mai cunoscută echipă a acelui an, Chinezul Timișoara.

Fuziunea nu a fost un succes pentru că rezultatele nu au apărut, iar în doar 10 ani, în 1946, s-a desființat și Chinezul Timișoara. Chinezul Timișoara este cea mai bună echipă a Timișoarei din toată istoria, cu 6 titluri câștigate în Liga I, urmată de FC Ripensia Timișoara cu 4 titluri.

Palmares

Competiții Naționale

Ligi:

  Liga I:

Play-off-ul Ligii I jucat (1): 1935–36

 *Play-off pentru promovare/retrogradare (pentru 1936–37 Divizia A ) - Pierdut – contra Universitatea Cluj .

  Liga II :

 Câștigători (1): 1935–36

 Locul 2 (1): 1934–35

Cupe:

  Cupa României:
 Semifinale (1): 1934-1935

Referințe

linkuri externe

 Labtof.ro
 Picior.dk
 Weltfussballarchiv.com
Cluburi românești de fotbal desființate
Cluburi de fotbal din Timiș

ILSA Timișoara


Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid () a fost un ofițer al Forțelor Aeriene Germane care a comandat Fliegerführer Arad și escadrila 77 de bombardament în picaj (Sturzkampfgeschwader 77, StG 77) în cadrul invaziei puterilor Axei în Iugoslavia din timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. A murit într-un accident de zbor care a avut loc la Sofia (Bulgaria) în 30 august 1944. Intenționa să participe la o întâlnire a Statului Major General, când avionul său s-a prăbușit din cauze necunoscute.

Decorații
 Crucea de Cavaler al Crucii de Fier (21 iulie 1940) în calitate de maior (Major) și Geschwaderkommodore al Sturzkampfgeschwader 77
  Ordinul "Virtutea Aeronautică" de război cu spade, clasa Ofițer (11 octombrie 1941) pentru că "a condus în foarte bune condițiuni operațiunile Flotilei"

Note

Bibliografie

Nașteri în 1905
Decese în 1944
Decorați cu Crucea de Cavaler al Ordinului Crucea de Fier
Decorați cu Ordinul Virtutea Aeronautică
Oameni din München
Decese cauzate de accidente aviatice
Personal militar german al celui de-Al Doilea Război Mondial

Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid


Yerleşim yerleri
 Dereköy, Bulgaristan - Bulgaristan'ın Dcanka ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Bulgaristan - Bulgaristan'ın Ruen ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Hisarcık - Kütahya ili Hisarcık ilçesine bağlı belde
 Dereköy (Adigey) - Adigey'de bir köy
 Dereköy, Tutak - Ağrı ili Tutak ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Damal - Ardahan ili Damal ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Germencik - Aydın ili Germencik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Karacasu - Aydın ili Karacasu ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Koçarlı - Aydın ili Koçarlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Kuyucak - Aydın ili Kuyucak ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Yenipazar, Aydın - Aydın ili Yenipazar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Gönen - Balıkesir ili Gönen ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Sason, Batman ili Sason ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Yenipazar, Bilecik - Bilecik ili Yenipazar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Ağlasun - Burdur ili Ağlasun ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Karamanlı - Burdur ili Karamanlı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Yeşilova - Burdur ili Yeşilova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Mudanya - Bursa ili Mudanya ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Gökçeada - Çanakkale ili Gökçeada ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Bayramören - Çankırı ili Bayramören ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Aşkale - Erzurum ili Aşkale ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Kırklareli - Kırklareli ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Bozkır - Konya ili Bozkır ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Akhisar - Manisa ili Akhisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Bodrum - Muğla ili Bodrum ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Milas - Muğla ili Milas ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Havza - Samsun ili Havza ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Dereköy, Eşme - Uşak ili Banaz ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Pazar - Tokat ili Pazar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereköy, Çiftlikköy - Yalova ili Çiftlikköy ilçesine bağlı köy

Dereköy


سهار بعد سهار (السين ساكنة) هي أغنية من تأليف الأخوين رحباني، وألحان محمد عبد الوهاب، وغنتها فيروز عام 1961.

الأغنية
 يمكن اعتبار فيروز أول مغنية عربية لا تنطلق شهرتها من مصر، بل من بلدها الأصلي لبنان، وكانت الوسيلة التي يقوم الأخوين رحباني باستخدامها لإيصال الثقافة اللبنانية إلى العالم العربي، وجاء الأخوان بأسلوب غناء يختلف عن الغناء المصري الذي يعتمد في جزء كبير منه على التطريب.
 كان إعجاب محمد عبد الوهاب بصوت فيروز كبيراً وقد سنحت الفرصة عام 1961 في لقاء فني معها تمثل في هذه الأغنية، وكان لحن الأغنية جميلاً، لكنه لم يبين الإمكانيات التي يمتلكها صوت فيروز في أداء الغناء على الأسلوب المصري، لكن تلك الإمكانيات سيبينها لحن ثان لعبد الوهاب وهو لحن قصيدة «سكن الليل» عام 1967.
 كان تلحين أغنية باللهجة اللبنانية من قبل عبد الوهاب تحدٍ كبير، وربما لم يكرر ملحن مصري آخر هذه التجربة، وقد أبدى عبد الوهاب في برنامج «النهر الخالد» اندهاشه من حرف التاء في البيت «سهار بعد سهار...ت يحرز المشوار»، حيث أن هذا الحرف يقابله في اللهجة المصرية كلمة «علشان» ومن الغريب فعلاً مدى قدرة حرف واحد عن التعبير عن هذا المعنى.

وصلة خارجية

 كلمات أغنية سهار بعد سهار

مصادر

فكتور سحاب، «السبعة الكبار في الموسيقى العربية»

أغاني 1961
أغاني فيروز

سهار بعد سهار


Roxane Knetemann (* 1. April 1987 in Roosendaal) ist eine ehemalige niederländische Radrennfahrerin, die auf der Bahn und der Straße aktiv war.

Werdegang
Roxane Knetemann stammt aus einer Radsportfamilie: Ihr Vater ist der Straßen-Weltmeister von 1978, Gerrie Knetemann, ihre Mutter die ehemalige Radrennfahrerin Gré Knetemann-Donker. Als Kind spielte sie Tennis, aber nach einem Besuch der niederländischen Bahn-Meisterschaften in Alkmaar entwickelte sich ihr Interesse, selbst Radsport zu betreiben. 2002 errang sie ihren ersten nationalen Titel, als sie niederländische Jugend-Meisterin im Einzelzeitfahren wurde.

Ihre größten Erfolge errang Roxane Knetemann mit dem Team Rabo Women Cycling im Mannschaftszeitfahren bei Straßen-Weltmeisterschaften: 2013 wurde die Mannschaft Vize-Meister, und 2015 errang das Team Bronze.

Roxane Knetemann studierte Pädagogik, hatte aber wegen des Radsports ihr Studium unterbrochen. Sie ist liiert mit dem Radsport-Kollegen Wim Stroetinga. Nach Ablauf der Saison 2019 beendete Knetemann ihre Laufbahn als Radrennfahrerin. Während der Tour de France 2022 fungierte sie als Expertin in der Analysesendung De Avondetappe beim öffentlich-rechtlichen Sender NOS.

Erfolge

Straße
2002
  Niederländische Meisterin (Jugend) – Einzelzeitfahren
2013
  Weltmeisterschaft – Mannschaftszeitfahren (mit Marianne Vos, Annemiek van Vleuten, Pauline Ferrand-Prévot, Thalita de Jong und Lucinda Brand)
2015
  Weltmeisterschaft – Mannschaftszeitfahren (mit Lucinda Brand, Thalita de Jong, Shara Gillow, Katarzyna Niewiadoma und Anna van der Breggen)

Bahn
2010
  Niederländische Meisterin – Zweier-Mannschaftsfahren (mit Amy Pieters)
2012
  Niederländische Meisterin Madison (mit Marianne Vos)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (Niederlande)
Niederländischer Meister (Radsport)
Niederländer
Bahnradfahrer
Geboren 1987
Frau

Roxane Knetemann


A split-finger fastball or splitter is an off-speed pitch in baseball that looks to the batter like a fastball until it drops suddenly. Derived from the forkball, it is so named because the pitcher puts the index and middle finger on different sides of the ball.

History
The splitter grew out of a much older pitch, the forkball, which was used in the major leagues since the 1920s. The modern splitter is often credited to baseball coach Fred Martin, who threw the pitch in the minor leagues as a changeup of sorts. When a young Bruce Sutter returned from surgery to find his fastball had lost velocity, Martin taught Sutter the pitch. Sutter's success as a closer helped popularize the pitch.

Another early proponent of the splitter was Roger Craig, a pitcher-turned-manager, in the 1980s. He taught it to a number of pitchers on the teams he coached, the Detroit Tigers and San Francisco Giants. Longtime player and manager Mike Scioscia called the splitter "the pitch of the '80s."

The splitter eventually lost popularity after concerns arose that extensive use of the pitch could rob pitchers of fastball speed. Several major league teams discourage pitching prospects from throwing or learning the pitch. In 2011, only 15 starting pitchers used it as part of their regular repertoire.

Purpose and technique
The split-finger grip is similar to the forkball grip, but the forkball is pushed further back and wider between the fingers and is usually thrown with a wrist flip that makes it slower than the splitter. The split-finger is often recommended as an alternative to breaking pitches to young players because of its simplicity and the significantly reduced risk of injury.

An off-speed pitch, the splitter is generally thrown slower than a pitcher's fastball. According to PITCHf/x, the average four-seam fastball from a right-handed pitcher in 2010 was 92 mph, while the average splitter was 85 mph and the average changeup 83 mph.

The motion of a split-finger pitch is similar to the outlawed spitball and at one time the pitch was known as the "dry spitter". When thrown, the pitcher must emphasize the downward pull of the pitch at the end of his motion. Thrusting the hand and forearm downward is what causes the reduced backspin relative to a fastball, and thus the appearance of "drop off the table" movement from the pitch. The split-finger fastball is a very effective pitch with runners on base. A common tactic is using the split-finger to cause the batter to hit into a double play. When thrown correctly, the split-finger's apparent last second drop causes many batters to hit the top half of the baseball, thereby inducing a ground ball.

Notable splitter pitchers

Bruce Sutter, a Hall of Fame inductee, was a dominant closer in the 1970s and '80s and made heavy use of the split-finger pitch.  He won the 1979 Cy Young and became the only National League pitcher to lead the league in saves 5 times.

The split finger was a dominant pitch for Ron Darling on the 1986 World Champion New York Mets staff.

The splitter was thrown in 2022 by Kevin Gausman, Erik Swanson, Kirby Yates, Matt Shoemaker, Jeff Samardzija, Nathan Eovaldi,  Masahiro Tanaka, Homer Bailey, Jhoulys Chacin, Cam Bedrosian, Shohei Ohtani,  Jake Odorizzi, Héctor Neris, Ryne Stanek, Marcus Stroman, Pedro Strop, and Tony Gonsolin.

David Cone was famous for his splitter, used most often in the middle and later part of his career. A major strikeout pitch for him, Cone would throw it hard like a fastball to get swinging strikes. He also was very effective in throwing it slower, using it as a changeup to throw off hitters' timing.  Jack Morris learned the pitch from Roger Craig in 1980, and it became an effective "out" pitch for the Tigers' hurler. Mike Scott also learned the pitch from Roger Craig after the 1984 season, and it turned his career around. He won the 1986 NL Cy Young award and posted a league-leading 306 strikeouts. Randy Johnson developed a splitter later in his career after losing some of his extremely high fastball velocity.

Roger Clemens developed a splitter later in his career as well, using it frequently as a strikeout pitch.

John Smoltz and Curt Schilling were also pitchers from the 1990s and early 2000s who used the splitter as a key pitch in their arsenals.

Shohei Ohtani currently uses his splitter as a strikeout pitch.

Detroit Tigers pitcher Casey Mize uses a hard splitter with excellent control as his strikeout pitch.

New York Yankees closer Aroldis Chapman also developed a splitter toward the tail end of his age 32 season. He threw the pitch about 12% of the time in April 2021, generating an 85.7% strikeout rate and a -6.7 run value/100 according to Baseball Savant—one of the most effective pitches in his arsenal and in the major leagues as a whole.

References

Baseball pitches

Split-finger fastball


Die isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1918 war die siebente Spielzeit der höchsten isländischen Fußballliga.

Zum ersten Mal in der Geschichte der Liga nahmen vier Mannschaften daran teil. Der Titel ging zum sechsten Mal in Folge an Fram Reykjavík.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der ersten Spalte aufgelistet, die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe. Die Ergebnisse sind immer aus Sicht der Heimmannschaft angegeben.

Weblinks und Referenzen

Fußballsaison 1918
1918

Isländische Fußballmeisterschaft 1918


Bradford Claude Dourif (; born March 18, 1950) is an American actor. He is best known for voicing Chucky in the Child's Play franchise (1988–present), portraying Gríma Wormtongue in The Lord of the Rings film series and his Oscar nominated role as Billy Bibbit in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975).

Brad Dourif's other film roles include Wise Blood (1979), Ragtime (1981), Dune (1984), Blue Velvet (1986), Mississippi Burning (1988), The Exorcist III (1990), Alien Resurrection (1997), and the 2007 remake of Halloween and its sequel. He also appeared in many television series, notably Deadwood (2004–2006, 2019), for which he received Primetime Emmy and Satellite Award nominations for his portrayal of Amos "Doc" Cochran.

Early life
Bradford Claude Dourif was born in Huntington, West Virginia, on March 18, 1950, to Joan Mavis Felton (née Bradford), an actress, and Jean Henri Dourif, an art collector who owned and operated a dye factory.

His paternal grandparents emigrated from France, and his paternal grandfather co-founded the Standard Ultramarine and Color Company in Huntington.  After Dourif's father died in 1953, his mother remarried champion golfer William C. Campbell, who helped raise Dourif and his five siblings (four sisters and one brother). From 1963 to 1965, Dourif attended the private Aiken Preparatory School in Aiken, South Carolina. There, he pursued his interests in art and acting. Although he briefly considered becoming a flower arranger, he was eventually inspired to become an actor by his mother's participation as an actress in a community theater called Give Me Shelter.

After Aiken, he attended Fountain Valley School in Colorado Springs, Colorado, graduating in 1968. Dourif appeared as an amateur at the Fountain Valley Film Festival in 1969, taking second place in the 8 mm film category with his 10-minute entry "Blind Date." Dourif attended Marshall University for a time, before quitting college and moving to New York City to study acting on the advice of actress Conchata Ferrell.

Career

Stage
Starting in school productions, Dourif progressed to community theater, joining up with the Huntington Community Players while attending Marshall University. In New York City, he studied with Sanford Meisner, and worked with Marshall Mason and Lanford Wilson at the Circle Repertory Company. During the early 1970s, Dourif appeared in a number of plays, off-Broadway and at Woodstock, New York, including The Ghost Sonata, The Doctor in Spite of Himself, and When You Comin' Back, Red Ryder?, in which he was spotted by director Miloš Forman who cast him in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975).

In 2013, after a three-decade absence from the stage, Dourif chose to star alongside Amanda Plummer in the Off-Broadway revival of Tennessee Williams' The Two-Character Play that played to critical acclaim at the New World Stages. He explained, in a filmed interview released by the producers, why he broke his 29-year hiatus from acting in live theater: "I hated the stage, did not want to do it. And then somebody said, 'Will you do a play? It's with Amanda Plummer', and I said, 'Oh shit! No. Oh God, I'm gonna have to do this...'". It opened on June 10, 2013, and closed on September 29, 2013. The play was subject to a number of performance cancellations, one relating to Dourif's absence due to a death in the family. Plummer refused to perform without Dourif, notwithstanding the presence of an understudy.

Film

Although One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is frequently cited as Dourif's film debut, his first acting for screen was in a low-budget film called Split, which was never released. He followed this with a role in the film W.W. and the Dixie Dancekings (1975), but his bit part was omitted from the final cut of the film. His portrayal of the vulnerable Billy Bibbit in Cuckoo's Nest ended up being his big break, earning him a Golden Globe Award (Best Actor Debut) and a British Academy Award (Supporting Actor) as well as a nomination for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

In 1981, Vincent Canby listed Dourif as one of twelve actors to watch, calling Dourif "one of the most intense, most interesting young film actors of his generation." Dourif returned to New York, where he continued in theater and taught acting and directing classes at Columbia University until 1988 (Don Mancini and Yves Lavandier were among his students), when he moved to Hollywood.

Dourif has often played eccentric or disturbed characters, starting with Cuckoo's Nest and continuing with Eyes of Laura Mars (1978), John Huston's Wise Blood (1979), Forman's Ragtime (1981), Marc Didden's Istanbul (1985) and David Lynch's Dune (1984) and Blue Velvet (1986).

Dourif has appeared in a number of horror films, most notably as the voice of Chucky in the Child's Play franchise. He portrayed the Gemini Killer in The Exorcist III (1990) and appeared in Death Machine (1994), Sworn to Justice with Cynthia Rothrock and Alien Resurrection (1997). He later appeared as Sheriff Lee Brackett in Rob Zombie's Halloween (2007) and Halloween II (2009). In 2013, Dourif reprised his role as Chucky in the sixth installment of the Child's Play franchise, Curse of Chucky, and then again in the 2017 sequel, Cult of Chucky. His daughter, Fiona Dourif, also starred with him in both films.

Other notable film roles include Gríma Wormtongue in the Lord of the Rings trilogy and supporting roles in Fatal Beauty (1987), Mississippi Burning (1988), Hidden Agenda (1990), London Kills Me (1991) and Sinner (2007).

Dourif has worked with director Werner Herzog on many occasions, appearing in Scream of Stone (1991), The Wild Blue Yonder (2005), Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans (2009), and My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done? (2009).

Television
In 1984, Dourif played a suspected serial killer in the episode "Number Eight" of Tales of the Unexpected. In 1994, he appeared in The X-Files episode "Beyond the Sea" as the psychic serial killer Luther Lee Boggs. He also portrayed Lon Suder in a three episode story arc on Star Trek: Voyager and guest starred as a troubled monk haunted by visions in Babylon 5. Dourif later gained acclaim as Doc Cochran in Deadwood, receiving a 2004 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.

In 2011, he guest-starred in the third-season finale of Fringe and, in 2014, appeared in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode "End of the Beginning".

In 2021, Dourif reprised his role as Chucky in the television series adaption of the Child's Play franchise titled Chucky.

Music
In 2012, Dourif contributed spoken word vocals to three songs on the album Misery Together by the Norwegian duo Thinguma*jigSaw. Dourif also appears in the music videos for "Stranger in Town" (1984) by Toto and "Drinking from the Bottle" (2012) by Calvin Harris.

Personal life
Dourif has been married twice; first to Janet Stephanie, with whom he had daughter Kristina/Christina Dourif (born c. 1976), and then to the late Jonina Dourif, with whom he had another daughter, actress Fiona Dourif (born 1981).

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and honors

References

External links

1950 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
American people of French descent
Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners
Living people
Male actors from Colorado Springs, Colorado
Male actors from West Virginia
New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners
Actors from Huntington, West Virginia
Marshall University alumni

Brad Dourif


An Ehrharta longigluma in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard. An Ehrharta longigluma in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ehrharta, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Ehrharta

Ehrharta longigluma