Hāngī () is a traditional New Zealand Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven, called an umu. It is still used for large groups on special occasions, as it allows large quantities of food to be cooked without the need for commercial cooking appliances.

Process
To "lay a hāngī" or "put down a hāngī" involves digging a pit in the ground, heating stones in the pit with a large fire, placing baskets of food on top of the stones, and covering everything with earth for several hours before uncovering (or lifting) the hāngī. Hāngī "experts" have developed and improved methods that have often, like the stones themselves, been handed down for generations.

Common foods cooked in a hāngī are meats such as lamb, pork, chicken and seafood (kaimoana), and vegetables such as potato, kūmara (sweet potato), yams (oca), pumpkin, squash, taro and cabbage.

A hāngī pit is dug to a depth of between , sufficient to hold the rocks and two stacked baskets of food. Logs, usually mānuka or kānuka, are stacked over the pit with the rocks, commonly andesite or basalt, on top. The logs are lit and is left to burn for 3 to 4 hours, heating the rocks to . Once the fire has burned down, the hot embers and most of the ash is removed. Alternatively, the fire is built separately and the hāngī pit is dug while the fire is burning, with the hot rocks transferred to the pit after heating.

Meanwhile, the food is prepared and placed in wire baskets lined with either puka, banana or cabbage leaves, or aluminium foil. The meat basket is placed in the bottom of the pit, with the vegetable basket placed on top. If seafood is included, it is placed on top of the vegetable basket. Wet sacks or cloth are placed on top of the baskets, and the whole pit is covered with earth. The hāngī takes approximately 2.5 to 4 hours to cook. A person supervises the hāngī while it cooks, covering up any escaping steam with earth.

Once the hāngī is cooked, the earth is carefully removed from the top of the pit, followed by the sacks or cloth. The baskets are lifted out of the pit, and the food taken to the kitchen for carving and serving.

Prior to colonisation and the introduction of metals and wire, food was laid between bark, large leaves and other vegetation. Wire baskets became widely used in the early 19th century, with sacking and cloth replacing leaves and bark as the covering of choice.

In the early 21st century, gas-heated stainless-steel "hāngī machines" are sometimes used to replicate the style of cooking without the need for a wood fire, rocks and a pit.

Early umu-tī
Evidence from early Polynesian settler sites in New Zealand such as Wairau Bar and in coastal Otago Peninsula from about 1280 shows a significant number of large cooking pits or umu which were designed to cook tī kōuka or various other species of Cordyline.

The distinguishing feature of an umu-tī was its large size compared to a normal earth oven. The long, carrot-shaped tap root was cooked in a large, stone-lined pit for between one and two days. The result was a fibrous mass of sweet pulp with a bitter aftertaste.  This was a common east Polynesian practice in the Cook Islands and Society Islands, and the remains of large umu have also been found in the Kermadec Islands. Investigation in Otago shows that most of these pits were used only once or twice.

See also
Clam bake
Curanto
Kālua
Lovo
Pachamanca
Rosvopaisti

References

External links
 Home-cooked Hangi in the UK

Māori cuisine
New Zealand cuisine
Earth oven
Māori words and phrases
Communal eating

Hāngī


කිතුදහම - නව ගිවිසුමේ සුවිශේෂ ප්‍රකාශන තුළ හෙලි දක්වා ඇති පරිදි, ජේසුස් වහන්සේගේ ජීවිතය හා ධර්ම ඉගැන්වීම් මත කේන්‍ද්‍ර ගත වූ, ඒක දේව වාදී ආගමකි, කිතු දහම.

ජේසුස් වහන්සේ ගැලවුම්කාරයණන් ලෙස කිතු කතෝලික භක්තිකයන් විශ්වාස කරන අතර, ජේසුස් ක්‍රිස්තුස් වහන්සේ ලෙස එතුමන්ව හඳුන්වති. ලෝකයේ බැතිමතුන් විශාලතම සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටින ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික දහම ලෙස, 2001 වසර තුල සංඛ්‍යාව බිලියන 2.1 පමණ බැව් තක්සේරු කර ඇත.

Theology.lk

Christianity

රෝමානු කතෝලික


التعريشة أو الظَلِيلة أو العريشة أو التعريشية هي ممرٌ مفتوح مظلل من الأعلى بنباتات ترتكز على هياكل خشبية أو معدنية، تُعدُّ نوع من المظلات لتوفير الحماية والخصوصية وعادة تكون في المداخل.

المراجع

 مجمع اللغة العربية.

استجمام خارجي
عناصر معمارية
معونات البستنة
ملحقات الحدائق

تعريشة


Skorstensfejeren kommer i Morgen er en stumfilm instrueret af A.W. Sandberg efter manuskript af Frederik Buch.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1914
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Skorstensfejeren kommer i Morgen


est un genre éteint de dinosaures Ornithischia herbivores qui a vécu à la fin de l'âge albien du début du Crétacé, il y a environ 100 millions d'années. C'était un Iguanodontia Hadrosauroidea qui vivait en Chine.

L'espèce type, , a été nommée et décrite par You Hailu, Ji Qiang, Li Jinglu et Li Yinxian en 2003. Le nom générique fait référence au village de Shuangmiao à Beipiao dans la province du Liaoning, le site de la découverte. Le nom spécifique honore le paléontologue américain Charles Whitney Gilmore.

Description
L'holotype, le spécimen LPM 0165, a été trouvé dans la , considérée à l'origine comme datant du Crétacé supérieur (du Cénomanien au Turonien), mais considérée aujourd'hui comme étant un peu plus ancienne. Il se compose d'une mâchoire supérieure gauche partielle et d'une mâchoire inférieure, comprenant le maxillaire, une partie du prémaxillaire, des éléments du lacrymal et du dentaire.

Shuangmiaosaurus était un assez grand Euornithopoda. En 2010, Gregory S. Paul estimait sa longueur à 7,5 mètres, son poids à 2,5 tonnes.

Shuangmiaosaurus était à l'origine considéré comme un membre basal des Hadrosauroidea, étroitement apparenté aux Hadrosauridae. Les auteurs ultérieurs, dont David B. Norman de l'Université de Cambridge, le considèrent comme un membre plus basal des Iguanodontia en dehors des Hadrosauroidea.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Theropoda
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2003
Paléontologie en Chine

Shuangmiaosaurus


François Félix Tisserand (13 January 1845 – 20 October 1896) was a French astronomer.

Life
Tisserand was born at Nuits-Saint-Georges, Côte-d'Or. In 1863 he entered the École Normale Supérieure, and on leaving he went for a month as professor at the lycée at Metz. Urbain Le Verrier offered him a post in the Paris Observatory, which he entered as astronome adjoint in September 1866. In 1868 he took his doctor's degree with a thesis on Delaunay's Method, which he showed to be of much wider scope than had been contemplated by its inventor. Shortly afterwards he went out to Kra Isthmus with Édouard Stephan and Georges Rayet to observe the 1868 solar eclipse. The French astronomers were accompanied by Mongkut, the King of Siam who had calculated the location and the date of the eclipse by himself two years before and prepared a comfortable watching place for the scientists.

In 1873 he was appointed director of the observatory at Toulouse, where he published his Recueil d'exercices sur le calcul infinitesimal, and in 1874 became corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences. He took part in the French expeditions of 1874, accompanied by Jules Janssen, to Japan, and in 1882, accompanied by Guillaume Bigourdan, to Martinique to observe the transits of Venus. In 1878 he was elected a member of the Académie des Sciences in succession to Le Verrier, and became a member of the Bureau des Longitudes. In the same year he was appointed professeur suppliant to Liouville, and in 1883 he succeeded Puiseux in the chair of celestial mechanics at the Sorbonne.

Tisserand always found time to continue his important researches in mathematical astronomy, and the pages of the Comptes rendus bear witness to his activity. His writings relate to almost every branch of celestial mechanics, and are always distinguished by rigour and simplicity in the solution of the most difficult problems. He treated in a masterly manner (Bulletin astronomique, 1889) the theory of the capture of comets by the larger planets, and in this connection published his valuable Criterion for establishing the identity of a periodic comet, whatever may have been the perturbations brought about in its orbit, between successive appearances, by the action of a planet.

His principal work, Traité de mécanique céleste, is the most lasting monument to his memory, and is worthy to stand beside the Mécanique céleste of his fellow-countryman Laplace. In this treatise, published in four quarto volumes, the last of which appeared only a few months before his death, he fused into one harmonious whole the researches of Laplace and those of other workers in the same field since his time. It furnishes a faithful and complete résumé of the state of knowledge in that department of astronomy at the end, as Laplace's great work did for the beginning, of the 19th century.

In 1892 he succeeded Mouchez as director of the Paris Observatory, and as president of the committee of the photographic chart of the heavens he contributed largely to the success of that great project. Under his direction the revision of Lalande's catalogue was brought almost to completion, and four volumes of the Annales de l'Observatoire de Paris exhibit the progress made in this important undertaking. He was also editor of the Bulletin astronomique from the beginning, and contributed many important articles to its pages. He died suddenly, in the fullness of his power, of congestion of the brain.

He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1892. In 1894 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Tisserand served as President of the Société Astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, from 1893-1895.

The crater Tisserand on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 3663 Tisserand.

See also
 Tisserand's parameter
 Tisserand's criterion

Notes

References

External links

 François Félix Tisserand - Observatoire Solaire

1845 births
1896 deaths
People from Côte-d'Or
Academic staff of the University of Paris
19th-century French astronomers
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Lalande Prize

Félix Tisserand


Badamia es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Coeliadinae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae.

Especies
Badamia atrox (Butler, 1877)
Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775)

Enlaces externos

 Tree of Life
 Badamia at funet

Coeliadinae

Badamia


An Trisetum youngii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Trisetum youngii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trisetum

Trisetum youngii


Eurovisión: Pastora Soler es un programa de televisión emitido por La 1 de TVE el 3 de marzo de 2012 en el cual se realiza la elección de la canción que representa a España en el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2012. La gala está protagonizada por la ya consagrada cantante sevillana Pastora Soler, que fue designada por TVE en diciembre de 2011 de forma interna como intérprete representante, y ella interpreta todas las canciones candidatas a acudir al certamen en Azerbaiyán, que después serán sometidas a la votación de un jurado y el televoto para elegir la ganadora.

Fase previa en internet

En los primeros meses de 2012, Pastora Soler y su equipo seleccionaron cuatro canciones entre las alrededor de 200 que se presentaron. Dos de ellas fueron escogidas por la propia Pastora para pasar directamente a la final, y las otras dos pasaron a una criba previa por Internet, en una votación en línea que se realizó entre el 15 y el 20 de febrero. La canción menos votada fue eliminada y la más votada se unió a las dos escogidas por Pastora para acudir a la final televisada.

{| class="wikitable"
!Título
!Letra y música
!Clasificación
|-
|bgcolor="green"|Tu vida es tu vida
|bgcolor="green"|Max Minoia, Eleonora Giudizi y Juan Mª Montes
|bgcolor="green"|Directa en la final
|-
|bgcolor="green"|Quédate conmigo
|bgcolor="green"|Thomas G:son, Tony Sánchez Ohlsson y Erik Bernholm
|bgcolor="green"|Directa en la final
|-
|bgcolor="yellow"|Ahora o nunca
|bgcolor="yellow"|José Abraham
|bgcolor="yellow"|2.265 votos
|-
|bgcolor="red"|Me despido de ti
|bgcolor="red"|Marco Dettoni, Jerónimo Manzur y Javier Rodríguez
|bgcolor="red"|1.750 votos
|}

 Gala televisada

La gala se celebró en los estudios de Prado del Rey en Pozuelo de Alarcón (provincia de Madrid) presentada por Anne Igartiburu. El jurado está compuesto por Soledad Giménez (cantante española y exvocalista de Presuntos Implicados), Franco de Vita (cantautor venezolano), y Óscar Gómez (productor y compositor cubano). Una vez Pastora Soler interpretó las tres canciones finalistas, cada miembro del jurado otorgó 12 puntos a su favorita, 10 a la segunda y 8 a la tercera. Después se cerraron las líneas del televoto, abiertas desde varios días antes de la gala, y la más votada por el público recibió 36 puntos, la segunda 30, y la tercera 24. La canción ganadora fue Quédate conmigo con la puntuación máxima tanto del jurado como del televoto, 72 puntos.http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/18461

 En Eurovisión
España, como miembro del Big Five'', se clasificó de forma automática para la final, celebrada el 26 de mayo. En el sorteo se determinó el que España al sacar el comodín podía elegir la posición; prefiriendo la 19. Al final, España consiguió 97 puntos y quedó en décimo lugar.

Semifinal

Final

Referencias

Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 2012
Selecciones televisadas del representante de España en Eurovisión
Programas de televisión de La 1
Programas de televisión musicales de España
Programas de televisión iniciados en 2012
Programas de televisión finalizados en 2012
Música en España en 2012

Eurovisión: Pastora Soler


Steven Richard Rothman (born October 14, 1952) is an American former jurist and Democratic politician who served as the U.S. representative for New Jersey's 9th congressional district, serving for 16 years from January 3, 1997, to January 3, 2013.

Rothman was a member of the House Appropriations Committee, and also served on the House Judiciary, Foreign Affairs, and Science and Technology Committees. Prior to his election to the U.S. Congress, Rothman also served as the elected Bergen County Surrogate Court judge, and the two-term mayor of the City of Englewood, New Jersey.

After the congressional redistricting of December 23, 2011, was announced, Rothman competed in a Democratic primary to continue to represent the redrawn NJ-9. He was defeated on June 5, 2012, in a primary election by fellow incumbent Bill Pascrell (formerly the congressman for NJ-8).

Early life, education and pre-congressional career

Early life and education
Rothman was born on October 14, 1952, in Englewood, New Jersey, to Philip and Muriel Rothman; he and his twin Arthur joined an older sister Susan. Steve attended the Roosevelt Public Elementary School in Englewood until the fifth grade when the family moved to nearby Tenafly, where he completed his education in the Tenafly Public School System.

Rothman graduated in 1970 from Tenafly High School, where he was senior class president, Best School Citizen, was first clarinet, first chair in the Tenafly High School Orchestra, was a member of the Tenafly High School Madrigal Singers, played the lead in Tenafly High School's drama Twelve Angry Men, wrestled, played soccer and tennis. He was a freestyle and backstroke swimmer in a New Jersey Jewish Community Center swim league and completed his Water Safety Instructor Certificate in 1971.

In his senior year in high school, Rothman became the chair of the 18-Year-Old Vote Campaign for Tenafly, New Jersey, seeking to secure the New Jersey legislature's support for the proposed 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ensuring 18-year-old U.S. citizens the right to vote.

In 1974 he earned a B.A. degree from Syracuse University, where he majored in political philosophy. In 1972 he was selected by a student-faculty-administrator search committee to serve on the university's student supreme court (University Judicial Board) for his sophomore, junior and senior years. He was elected Chief Justice of the UJB by its members for 1973–74.

While at Syracuse, Rothman was lead singer in a folk-rock music group named "Sweet Rock."

From 1974 to 1977 Rothman attended the Washington University School of Law in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was awarded a Juris Doctor degree in 1977.

In each of his three years at law school, Rothman was a High School Law Project member, teaching a course he wrote on the "U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights" to urban and suburban high school students in the St. Louis City and Metropolitan area. In 1975, Rothman won the "Best Oralist" Award in the Washington University School of Law Moot Court Competition. In 1976, Rothman and his partner Gerald Kline placed first among twelve teams representing six law schools at the Eighth Circuit Regional Moot Court Regional Competition in Rapid City, South Dakota, also winning "Best Brief."

Rothman was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1977 and became a practicing New Jersey attorney. In 1982, he was admitted to practice law also in New York. In 1984 he was admitted to practice law before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Early career
Rothman started his legal career as a trial associate at the firm of Miller, Hochman, Myerson and Schaeffer in Jersey City, New Jersey, in 1977. In January 1980, he started his own firm for the general practice law in Englewood in a two-room office over a barber shop on Depot Square. In 1977, Rothman moved his residence from Tenafly to Englewood.

Rothman became active in Englewood community affairs, serving as president of the Scarborough Manor Tenants' Association, where he performed pro bono legal services for the poor and elderly faced with eviction following condominium conversion. He also was the co-founder of the Englewood Hispanic Lion's Club and a member of the United Jewish Community of Bergen County and member of the Board of Governors of the Jewish Community Center on the Palisades.

Politically, he was Campaign Coordinator for various Englewood City Council-member races as well as a member of the Englewood Democratic Club, the Englewood Democratic Municipal Committee, the Bergen County Young Democrats, and the New Jersey Young Democrats. He held the office of Treasurer for the Bergen County Democratic Party, for State Senator Matthew Feldman, as well as for various Bergen County Democratic Freeholder (county legislature) campaigns.

Englewood's mayor

In 1982, Rothman ran for and won the city's Democratic Party nomination to be Englewood's mayor. Rothman was also endorsed by the Englewood Black Clergy Council and the Englewood Patrolman's Benevolent Association (the first time those two organizations had ever endorsed the same candidate for mayor). He won the Democratic primary and the November 1982 general elections. At his January 1983 swearing in, he was 30 years old. Rothman served two terms from 1983 to 1989. He remains the youngest mayor in Englewood's history.

Rothman served two terms as Englewood's mayor, from 1983 to 1989. In 1992, he was elected as the Bergen County Surrogate Court judge and remained in this position until running for Congress in 1996.

Libyan government buys Englewood property

In December 1982, just before the start of Rothman's first mayoral term, the Libyan government bought a five-acre estate "on the hill" in Englewood. There was widespread community concern that Col. Mohmmar Kaddafi, an internationally acknowledged terrorist and the dictator of Libya, a country with which the U.S. did not have diplomatic relations at the time, would take up part-time residence at the Englewood mansion and thus precipitate violent conflict in Englewood between his supporters and opponents.

Just days before Rothman was to be sworn in as the new mayor, one of Englewood's former mayors, The Reverend Walter Taylor, who was also the minister of the Galilee United Methodist Church in Englewood and the president of the Englewood Black Clergy Council, held a press conference at the United Nations Press Club and denounced "self-styled Zionists" who were seeking to keep Libyans out of Englewood. Taylor described this as a "question of Jewish influence." The next night, at the January 1983 Mayor and Council Reorganization Meeting, the other leaders of the Englewood Black Clergy Council denounced Taylor, and the Englewood Black Clergy Council appeared at the meeting to publicly disassociate themselves from Taylor's comments.

After he was sworn in, Rothman went to Washington, D.C., to lobby the Reagan State Department to use the newly enacted "Foreign Missions Act" to restrict the use of the estate to the Libyan ambassador to the United Nations and his family. In June 1983, the Foreign Missions Office of the State Department announced its decision to implement the "Act" by limiting use of the property to strictly residential and recreational purposes for the Ambassador and his immediate family. It forbade any other use of the estate by the Libyan government.

In the summer of 2009, in advance of the U.N. General Assembly Meeting, it was discovered that Kaddafi was significantly renovating the Englewood mansion and grounds to be used as one of his homes. Rothman, at that time the U.S. congressman for the 9th congressional district of New Jersey, which included Englewood, worked with the Obama State Department to continue the 1983 conditions for the Libyan government's use of the Englewood estate. Renovations ceased and Kaddafi never set foot on the Englewood property.

Other mayoral initiatives

In 1984, Rothman led the effort to save the regional Community Mental Health Organization (CMHO), a state and county-funded agency located in Englewood that served 180,000 people, disproportionately Englewood residents, in the area. He organized a successful fundraising effort by eleven Bergen County mayors after they had been notified that state and county support was being threatened by a $200,000 shortfall in CMHO accounting. Rothman helped the CMHO achieve sustained state and county support and promoted a change of private managers, making it part of another county mental health agency while it remained in the same Englewood building.

May 19, 1985, Rothman was sworn in as the new president of the Bergen County Democratic Mayors Association.

Rothman announced in 1988 that he would not seek a third term so that he could devote more time to family and his private law practice.

Personal

Rothman and his first wife had two children, John and Karen. His subsequent marriage also ended in divorce. Rothman now resides in Englewood, New Jersey.

Post-mayoral activities

Rothman continued his general practice of law in Englewood, expanding his offices and staff.

In 1989, Rothman ran unsuccessfully as one of three Democratic candidates to fill three openings on the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders (the county legislature). Bergen County was the largest county in New Jersey with 850,00 people. Rothman lost the election by less than 2,000 votes.

In 1989, Rothman was appointed Chairman of the Jewish Community Relations Council of Northern New Jersey (JCRC). In 1991, Rothman hosted 500 Christians, Jews, Muslims, Bahais and Sikhs for the 5th Annual Brotherhood/Sisterhood Interfaith Breakfast, sponsored by the JCRC.

In 1990 and 1991, Rothman served as Treasurer of the respective Bergen County Democratic Party Freeholder races.

In 1990 and 1991, Rothman was also active in local affairs, joining the Wyckoff Democratic Municipal Committee and serving as its chairman. During that time, he also served as Campaign Manager for Jack Van Horne for Wyckoff Township Council. He and his wife were also members of "Wyckoff Partners In Pride," a community beautification committee of volunteers.

Bergen County Surrogate Court judge

In 1992, Rothman ran for and was chosen by the Bergen County Democratic Party to be their candidate for the elected position of Bergen County Surrogate Court Judge. Under New Jersey law, each of the state's twenty-one counties, including Bergen County (its most populous) is required to elect a Judge of the Surrogate's Court who is responsible, among other duties, for the probating and administering of the estates of all that county's residents. Rothman won the general election in November 1992, becoming the first attorney to serve in that position in the 148 years the position had been an elected one.

During Rothman's administration, he provided the Bergen County Surrogate's Office with uniformly modern computers, which enabled a 55% increase in cases processed while reducing the number of employees by 10% through attrition. He facilitated improved access to the public by adding office phone lines and making the public documents on file in the Surrogate's Court more available by computerizing indexes and expanding availability. As Surrogate, among other personnel changes, his first hire there was an Hispanic college graduate, the first Hispanic or Spanish-speaking member of the Bergen County Surrogate's Court in history.

In March 1995, Rothman wrote and had published an 18-page booklet entitled "The Three Legal Documents Recommended For Every Bergen County Adult," which dealt with the operations of the Bergen County Surrogate's Court, probate, self-proving wills, living wills, and durable powers of attorney. Approximately 23,000 booklets were published and distributed, in English and Spanish. Rothman conducted more than 100 seminars on wills, living wills, probate and powers of attorney, speaking directly to over 10, 000 Bergen County residents.

Rothman also invested over $75 million in assets for minors who received settlements or judgments in Bergen County. During his three years in office, his federally-insured investments realized the highest rate of return of any surrogate in the state.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
In a district that was 90 percent non-Jewish, with no Jewish House members then representing New Jersey, Rothman was elected the first Jewish-American House member in the history of the 9th congressional district.

He was reelected to that seat seven more times.

In 1996, incumbent Democratic U.S. Representative Robert G. Torricelli of New Jersey's 9th congressional district decided to run for the United States Senate that was being vacated by Bill Bradley, creating a vacancy in the House seat. Rothman was encouraged by Democratic leaders and laypeople to run for the seat. However, the New Jersey Supreme Court required him to step down from his position as the judge of the Bergen County Surrogate's Court in order to be a candidate. Thus, in January 1996, he resigned as Bergen County Surrogate to run for the 9th congressional district House seat. In June 1996, Rothman prevailed in the Democratic Party primary to be their candidate in the general election for Congress.

 1996: In the general election, Rothman defeated Republican County Clerk and Chairperson of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Kathleen Donovan, 56.6%–42.2%, with two independent candidates taking up the remainder of the vote.
 1998: Rothman won reelection to a second term, defeating Mayor Steve Lonegan of Bogota, New Jersey 64.6%–33.8%, with three independent candidates receiving less than 2% of the vote.
 2000: won reelection to a third term, defeating Joseph Tedeschi 68%–30% with two Independent candidates receiving 2% of the vote.
 2002: won reelection to a fourth term, defeating Joseph Glass, 70%–30%.
 2004: won reelection to a fifth term, defeating Edward Trawinski 67–32%, with the Libertarian candidate receiving 1% of the vote.
 2006: won reelection to a sixth term, defeating Vincent Micco 71%–28%, with the Moderate Choice candidate receiving 1% of the vote.
 2008: won reelection to a seventh term, defeating Vincent Micco 68–31% with the Independent/Progressive candidate garnering 1%.
 2010: won reelection to an eighth term, defeating Michael A. Agosta 61%–38%, with the Green Party candidate receiving 1%.

2012 primary
On December 23, 2011, the New Jersey Congressional Redistricting Committee, in compliance with the outcome of the 2010 U.S. census and the requirements of federal law, consolidated New Jersey's then 13 House seats into 12 congressional districts.

The half Democrat and half Republican commission named Republican John Farmer Jr. as its 'tie-breaker.  Farmer had previously held the roles of Chief Counsel and New Jersey Attorney General under Republican Governor Christine Todd Whitman.

On 23 December 2012, the commission chose a map advocated by Republican members, which combined New Jersey's 8th and 9th congressional districts, represented by William Pascrell and Steve Rothman respectively. It also created a new 5th congressional district.

At the time of the creation of this new map, Rothman held a 12-year tenure on the House Appropriations committee and Pascrell had a sicx-year tenure on the House Ways and Means Committee.

The Republican Plan chosen by the Redistricting Commission removed seven of the largest Democratic vote-producing municipalities from the 9th congressional district. It also moved the major Passaic County cities and towns into the 9th congressional district.

The incumbent congressman in the 8th district, lifelong Passaic County resident Congressman Bill Pascrell, the former mayor of Paterson and New Jersey State assemblyman from Passaic County, announced that he would run in the Democratic primary for the redrawn 9th congressional district. Rep. Pascrell had represented the 8th congressional district since 1997.

The incumbent congressman in the 9th district, lifelong Bergen County resident Congressman Steve Rothman, the former mayor of Englewood and elected Bergen County Surrogate Court judge, announced that he would run in the Democratic primary for re-election in the 9th congressional district. Rep. Rothman had represented the 9th congressional district since 1997.

Rothman was defeated by Pascrell in the 2012 Democratic primary. Rothman lost even though the merged district was more his district than Pascrell's; he retained 53 percent of his former territory while Pascrell retained 43 percent of his.

Electoral history

*Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 1998, Kenneth Ebel received 277 votes. In 2000, Robert Corriston received 980 votes.

Committee assignments

Judiciary Committee (1997–2001)

House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime (1997–2001)

 Participated in the Impeachment Hearings of President William Jefferson Clinton, including cross-examining Independent Counsel to the House of Representatives former Judge Kenneth W. Starr (1998)
 House Foreign Affairs Committee (1997–2001)
 Subcommittee on International Economic Policy & Trade (1997–2001)
 Subcommittee on The Western Hemisphere (2001–2003)
 House Appropriations Committee (2001–2013)
 Subcommittee on Foreign Operations and State: the 11-member panel that, among other duties, recommended all Foreign Aid from the U.S., as well as recommended the U.S. State Department's budget (2001–2013)
 Subcommittee on Defense (the 13-member panel that recommended all the military spending for the U.S.) (2007–2013)
 Subcommittee on Homeland Security (2009–2011)
 Subcommittee on Agriculture (2007–2009)
 Subcommittee on Transportation, Treasury, HUD, The Judiciary, District of Columbia and Independent Agencies (2003–2007)
 Subcommittee on Treasury, Postal Service and General Government (2001–2003)
 House Science and Technology Committee (2007–2011)
 Subcommittee on Space & Aeronautics (2007–2011)
Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight (2007–2011)

During his time in Congress, Rothman traveled to, among other places, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, the West Bank and other locations to visit with U.S. troops, their commanders, foreign heads of state, as well as U.S. and foreign diplomatic, military and intelligence leaders.

Caucus memberships

Congressional tenure (1997–2013)

Constitutional Amendment to limit campaign contributions and expenditures
On March 18, 1997, Rothman became one of 15 co-sponsors of H.J.Res 17 (105th Congress), a bill to amend the U.S. Constitution to allow Congress and each state "to set reasonable limits on campaign donations and expenditures made in support of or in opposition to candidates for Federal office."

Clinton impeachment
Rothman voted for Censure and against Articles of Impeachment. Rothman argued that while the President's conduct was "irresponsible and reprehensible," it did not rise to the level of an impeachable offense under the U.S. Constitution ("treason, bribery or other high crime and misdemeanor").

Hackensack Meadowlands
As a U.S. congressman, Rothman played a key role in preserving the Hackensack Meadowlands, successfully securing millions of dollars in federal funding for the protection, remediation and study of the area. He lobbied against the Mills Mall project which had been proposed in 1996 and had caused a "decade long fight" from local environmental and lobby groups. In 2003, the Mills Corporation agreed to relocate the mall to the Continental Arena in East Rutherford, and the state began to purchase land to create the "Meadowlands Preserve" and rezone the area as undevelopable. From 2001 to 2007, Rothman secured $10 million in federal funds, plus additional state and local matching funds, to buy land to create an 8,400 acre ecological preserve in the Hackensack Meadowlands.

Teterboro airport
In 2002, Rothman worked with the Port Authority to ban "Stage 1" aircraft from Teterboro airport, and against Boeing Company, which had been working since 1996 to allow 737 jets into the airport. Boeing filed an F.A.A complaint, and the agency proposed a policy change requiring airports to provide evidence of the potential damages that occasional heavier planes would cause. The port authority and Rothman both criticised the proposed exceptions, and in 2003 Rothman authored a measure to stop the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) from lifting the 100,000-pound weight limit at Teterboro Airport, which was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate and signed into law by President George W. Bush.

Secure Our Schools Act

Rothman authored "The Secure Our Schools Act," (2000) which provided hundreds of millions of federal matching funds to communities across his district and across the country so that schools could attempt to keep weapons and strangers out of schools. Under the Act, towns can apply for funds to be used for school security assessments, security training of personnel and students, and for improved coordination with law enforcement officials as well as to install metal detectors, locks, and improved lighting.

Pro-Israel support
Having served as a member of both the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense and the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Rothman advocated the importance of the U.S. Israel relationship, stating that the national security of the United States is directly affected by the national security of the State of Israel.

In 2010, Rothman worked with his congressional colleagues and the White House to obtain funding for Israel's Iron Dome defensive missile system and David's Sling, Arrow 2 and Arrow 3. The Iron Dome system was purchased by the US military in 2019 and Arrow 3 was successfully tested by the US and Israel in Alaska in July of that year.

Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
On October 3, 2008, Rothman voted against the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), saying that while the Bush administration was asking for $700 billion in relief for giant financial institutions, it had refused Rothman's and other members' requests that those institutions be required to allow the modification of principal and interest obligations to underwater mortgage-holding homeowners that would prevent them from being foreclosed upon and losing their homes. He also criticized the bill for failing to make the regulatory changes to make the banks no longer "too big to fail."

Obama campaign 2007–2008

In July 2007, Rothman became the highest-ranking Democrat in New Jersey to support then U.S. Senator Barack Obama for U.S. president. In 2013, in a Record article describing his twenty-five-year career in public office, Rothman noted that he believed "history will remember Obama not only for his deliberate and smart accomplishments as President, but for the permanent and positive effects the mere fact of his presidency has had on the psyche and character of America."

Mary Ann Collura Post Office Building

On March 11, 2004, Congressman Rothman introduced H.R. 3939 "To re-designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 14–24 Abbott Road in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, as the "Mary Ann Collura Post Office Building". Rothman's bill was passed by the House and Senate; and then it was signed by President George W. Bush on June 25, 2004. Collura, an 18-year veteran of the Fair Lawn Police Department, and the Borough's first female officer, was killed in the line of duty on April 4, 2003, in Fair Lawn. She was 43 years old at the time of her death. The renaming ceremony took place on November 1, 2003, in Fair Lawn, New Jersey.

Staff Sergeant Frank T. Carvill and Lance Corporal Michael A. Schwarz Post Office Building

On April 22, 2010, in response to a request by their families and local officials, Rothman sponsored H. R. 5133 "To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 331 1st Street in Carlstadt, New Jersey, as the "Staff Sergeant Frank T. Carvill and Lance Corporal Michael A. Schwarz Post Office Building". Rothman's bill was passed by the House and Senate; and then it was signed by President Barack Obama on January 4, 2011. Army National Guard Staff Sergeant Carvill was killed by an improvised explosive device in Baghdad, Iraq on June 4, 2004. He was 51 years old at the time of his death. Marine Lance Corporal Schwartz was killed by a sniper in Anbar province, Iraq on May 21, 2007. He was 20 years old at the time of his death. The renaming ceremony took place on April 27, 2011, in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

Malachy McAllister

From 2003 until the end of his congressional career in 2013, Rothman was involved in preventing the deportation of Malachy McAllister and his family from the United States, including intervention with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and proposing House legislation on McAllister's behalf.

In the 1980s, McAllister was convicted by a court in Northern Ireland of conspiring to murder a Royal Ulster Constabulary Officer. He served more than three years in a Northern Ireland prison and was released for time served by the British. Later, in 1988, masked gunmen sprayed his home in Northern Ireland with bullets as he, his wife and then four children were inside.

McAllister and his family then fled, first to Canada and then to the U.S., arriving in Rutherford, New Jersey in 1996, where he began working as a carpenter when U.S. Authorities sought to deport him and his family.

McAllister alleged that he was a political prisoner in Northern Ireland, that he had served his full prison time, had lived and worked in the U.S. without incident and that any deportation to Northern Ireland would put his and his family's lives in severe danger.

Affordable Care Act town halls

During the national debate on the Affordable Health Care Act, Rothman held 10 town hall meetings on that subject during August 2009.

War in Iraq
On October 10, 2002, Rothman voted to authorize the use of U.S. military force against Iraq necessary to defend the national security of the U.S. against threats by Iraq and to enforce all relevant U.N. Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq, and he explained why: "now, especially in the light and shadow of September 11, there is a new immediacy and power to Saddam Hussein's longstanding and oft-stated threats against America. For years, Saddam Hussein has been a well-known patron and financier of some of the world's most lethal anti-American terrorist and terrorist organizations. Now, al Qaeda has joined him....The thought of Saddam Hussein sending these same al-Qaeda 'martyrs' to America to spray chemical or biological poisons over America's reservoirs in our most populated cities, is a thought so horrifying, yet so real a possibility, that I cannot in good conscience especially after the surprise attack of Sept. 22, permit this to happen."

On December 7, 2005, Rothman signed on as a co-sponsor of Rep. Jack Murtha's bill calling for the redeployment of all U.S. troops from Iraq. The bill stated, in part, that U.S. forces have become the target of the insurgency, 45 percent of the Iraqi people feel that the attacks on U.S. forces are justified, and recent polls in Iraq show that 80% of the Iraqi people want the U.S. forces out of their country.

On February 22, 2006, at a press conference, as well as in an op-ed published in The Record newspaper the next day, Rothman became the first member of New Jersey's congressional delegation to publicly call for a withdrawal of all U.S. troops from Iraq.

On August 23, 2006, Rothman and Congressman Rush Holt led a public forum on the war in Iraq, in Edgewater, New Jersey, at the Edgewater Community Center, entitled "If Not Now, When?" The event was sponsored by Bergen Grassroots and Hudson Democracy for America.

For eight days in mid-February 2007, Rothman traveled to Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey and Kuwait as one of 15 members of the House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. There he met with foreign diplomats, intelligence officers, chief commanders and dozens of troops. In The Record article of February 28, 2007, entitled "Rothman: Get Troops Home In Six Months", Rothman said his visit to the war-torn region confirmed his belief that U.S. troops should leave Iraq within the next six months. Rothman was also quoted as saying "The United States should be involved as advisors to the military in Iraq and we should be playing a very robust diplomatic role instead of remaining in combat."

Advocating for other legislative priorities
Rothman was also an advocate for tax reform and comprehensive immigration reform, reasonable gun control laws, gender and marriage equality, a woman's right to choose, clean air and water, smart land and energy use and conservation, and the humane treatment of animals.

See also

 List of Jewish members of the United States Congress

References

External links

 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

|-

1952 births
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Living people
Mayors of Englewood, New Jersey
Politicians from Englewood, New Jersey
People from Fair Lawn, New Jersey
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
People from Tenafly, New Jersey
Tenafly High School alumni
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
Washington University School of Law alumni
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Jewish American people in New Jersey politics
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs alumni

Steve Rothman


Crkva sv. Luke je rimokatolička crkva u Splitu, na adresi Porinova bb.

Opis
Crkva sv. Luke iz 15. stoljeća nalazi se u južnom dijelu Velog varoša, a na istočnoj je strani u bloku s okolnim kućama. Jednobrodna je renesansna građevina s apsidom, te sakristijom dodanoj na južnoj strani. Uz sjeverno pročelje su kamene stube za prilaz koru, a na glavnom pročelju od priklesanog kamena je portal s profiliranim arhitravom i zvonik na preslicu. U Drugom svjetskom ratu, crkva je stradala u bombardiranju, a umjetnine, među kojima se izdvaja slikano raspelo iz 13. stoljeća su prenesene u crkvu sv. Duha. Godine 2010. započela je rekonstrukcija porušenoga krovišta.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4801 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra+.

Izvori

Luka, Split
Marjan
Luka
Split

Crkva sv. Luke u Splitu


Vasile Fanache  () a fost un critic și istoric literar, eseist și traducător român.

Biografie
S-a născut într-o familie de țărani din Ghirdoveni, ca fiu al lui Petre Fanache și al soției sale, Ioana (n. Ionescu). A urmat studii la Liceul "Spiru Haret" din Buzău (1944-1952), apoi a studiat la Facultatea de Litere a Universității din Cluj (1954-1958), avându-i ca profesori pe Ion Breazu, Liviu Rusu, Iosif Pervain, Liviu Onu și Ion Mușlea.

A lucrat mai întâi ca profesor la școala din satul Măgura (azi în jud. Dâmbovița) (1952-1954), iar după absolvirea facultății a obținut un post de cercetător și secretar literar al secției de istorie literară si folclor a Institutului de Lingvistică și Istorie Literară din cadrul Academiei Republicii Populare Române, Filiala Cluj (1958-1963), iar apoi a devenit asistent universitar la Facultatea de Filologie din Cluj (1963-1972). În momentul angajării la institut a dorit să aleagă ca temă de cercetare dramaturgia lui Horia Lovinescu, dar, potrivit propriilor afirmații, poetul Lucian Blaga, alături de care a lucrat trei ani în cadrul Institutului de Lingvistică din Cluj, a considerat în ședința Consiliului Științific că subiectul era banal și i-a sugerat mai degrabă să cerceteze poezia lui Mihai Beniuc. Blaga și Beniuc se aflau atunci în relații bune, iar Beniuc, în calitate de președinte al Uniunii Scriitorilor, i-a asigurat o indemnizație lunară substanțială lui Blaga pentru traducerea dramei Faust a lui Goethe. Această temă de cercetare, care s-a transformat ulterior în subiect al tezei de doctorat, i-a atras tânărului cercetător o antipatie care s-a întins pe o durată de zeci de ani, colegii considerându-l a fi un oportunist.

Vasile Fanache a obținut în 1969 doctoratul în filologie la Universitatea din Cluj, cu teza Poezia lui Mihai Beniuc, elaborată sub îndrumarea prof. Iosif Pervain, susținută în prezența lui Mihai Beniuc și publicată în 1972. A predat apoi pe post de conferențiar (1972-1990) și apoi de profesor (1990-2001) la Facultatea de Filologie a Universității Babeș-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca. A fost detașat ca lector de limba și literatura română la Universitatea Sorbona (1976-1979), ocazie cu care a cunoscut numeroase personalități culturale românești aflate în exil. În anul 2001 s-a transferat ca profesor universitar la Universitatea "1 Decembrie 1918" din Alba Iulia.

A fost îndrumător de doctorat în filologie, iar printre doctoranzii săi s-a numărat și poeta, prozatoarea și eseista Ruxandra Cesereanu (cu teza Infernul concentraționar reflectat în conștiința  românească). Vasile Fanache a murit la 13 octombrie 2013, la vârsta de 79 de ani.

Activitatea publicistică
A debutat în 1959 cu o recenzie literară în revista literară clujeană Steaua și a colaborat cu studii de istorie literară și eseuri critice la Tribuna, Familia, Viața Românească, Revue Roumaine, Cahiers roumains d'études littéraires, Synthesis, Apostrof etc.

A cercetat fenomenul literar românesc din Transilvania în perioada de după Unirea din 1918, îngrijind publicarea unor ediții din scrierile poeților tineri ardeleni afirmați după 1930: Ion Moldoveanu, George Popa, Dimitrie Danciu, George A. Petre, Octavian Șireagu etc., pe care le-a prefațat. Monografiile Poezia lui Mihai Beniuc (1972), "Gând românesc" și epoca sa literară (1973) și Întîlniri. Critică și istorie literară (1976) valorifică cercetările sale cu privire la climatul publicistic transilvănean din jurul anului 1930. Ultimul volum menționat conține studii și articole menite să evidențieze ideea "localismului creator", urmărind motivația istorică și social-politică a acestei tendințe, prezentând contribuțiile culturale ardelene din secolul al XIX-lea, circulația valorilor culturale peste Carpați și aducând la suprafață meritele estetice sau culturale ale unor autori uitați care au ilustrat "climatul literar al Transilvaniei interbelice".

Vasile Fanache a publicat, de asemenea, studii monografice critice despre I.L. Caragiale (Caragiale, 1984, premiat cu Premiul Filialei Cluj a Uniunii Scriitorilor), George Bacovia (Bacovia. Ruptura de utopia romantică, 1994, și Bacovia în 10 poeme, 2002) și Lucian Blaga (Chipuri tăcute ale veșniciei în lirica lui Blaga, 2003), precum și eseuri despre evoluția limbajului poetic românesc (Eseuri despre vârstele poeziei, 1990). A mai colaborat cu studii și articole la volume colective: Studii de istorie literară și folclor (1964), Studii literare. Din istoria presei culturale și literare românești (1987), Dicționar analitic de opere literare românești (I-IV, 1998-2003). A alcătuit, de asemenea, antologia de poezii Gorunul lui Horea (1973).

În anul 1997 a obținut Premiul Filialei din Cluj a Uniunii Scriitorilor din România pentru ediția a II-a a volumului Caragiale.

Opera literară
 Poezia lui Mihai Beniuc, Ed. Minerva, București, 1972;
 "Gând românesc" și epoca sa literară, Editura Enciclopedică Română, București, 1973, cuvânt înainte de acad. David Prodan;
 Întîlniri. Critică și istorie literară, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1976;
 Caragiale, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1984 (ed. a II-a augmentată, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1997; ed. a III-a adăugită, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2002; ed. a IV-a revizuită, Ed. Dacia XXI, Cluj-Napoca, 2011);
 Eseuri despre vîrstele poeziei, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1990;
 Bacovia. Ruptura de utopia romantică și afirmarea spiritului modern, Ed. Dacia, Cluj Napoca, 1995 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2000; ed. a III-a revizuită, Ed. Dacia XXI, Cluj-Napoca, 2011);
 Lecturi sub vremi, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2000;
 Bacovia în 10 poeme, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2002 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2008);
 Chipuri tăcute ale veșniciei în lirica lui Blaga, Ed. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 2003 (ed. a II-a, Ed. Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2007; ed. a III-a revizuită, Ed. Dacia XXI, Cluj-Napoca, 2011).

Prefețe și postfețe
 George Popa, Mâhniri lângă leagăn, prefața editorului, București, 1972;
 Ion Moldoveanu, Zbor peste ape, prefața editorului, Cluj, 1972;
 Dimitrie Danciu, Poezii, prefața editorului, Cluj, 1973;
 Mihai Beniuc, Poezii, prefață, București, 1973;
 Mihail Celarianu, Diamant verde, ediția a II-a, prefață, București, 1973;
 Octavian Șireagu, La pândă de lumină, prefața editorului, Cluj-Napoca, 1977;
 George A. Petre, Umbre și lespezi, prefața editorului, Cluj-Napoca, 1979;
 Vasile Voiculescu, Zahei orbul, postfața editorului, Cluj-Napoca, 1986;
 I.L. Caragiale, Politice, studiu introductiv, Cluj-Napoca, 2000.

Antologii
 Gorunul lui Horea. Poeme. Antologie, prefața editorului, Ed. Minerva, București, 1974.

Traduceri
 Vladimir Jankelevitch, Ironia, postfața traducătorului, Cluj-Napoca, 1994 (în colaborare cu Florica Drăgan).

Note

Bibliografie
 Gabriel Dimisianu, "În linia «localismului creator»", în vol. Opinii literare, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1978, pp. 287-290.
 Ilie Rad, "Fanache, V.[asile]", în vol. Aurel Sasu (coord.), Dicționar biografic al literaturii române A-L, vol. I, Ed. Paralela 45, București, 2004, pp. 574-575.
 Virgil Șerbu Cisteianu, "Ultima îmbrățișare", în Gând românesc, revistă de cultură, știință și artă, Alba Iulia, anul VII, nr. 7 (63), noiembrie 2013, pp. 8-11, .

Nașteri în 1934
Decese în 2013
Critici literari români
Traducători români

Vasile Fanache


Omega est une ville américaine située dans les comtés de Tift et de Colquitt, en Géorgie. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Municipalité en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Comté de Tift
Comté de Colquitt

Omega (Géorgie)


Los aviadores de Tuskegee (Tuskegee Airmen) es el nombre popular dado a un grupo de aviadores afroamericanos de Estados Unidos que se formaron en el Instituto Tuskegee de Alabama y se distinguieron durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el 332.º grupo de combate del Cuerpo Aéreo del Ejército de los Estados Unidos.
Unos 445 aviadores de este grupo participaron en batallas del norte de África y Europa y 80 de ellos perdieron la vida en combate o en accidentes. Debido al color rojo vivo de las colas de sus aviones, también se les conocía como Red Tails.

Estaban bajo el mando del coronel Benjamin Oliver Davis, Jr., quien más tarde se convertiría en el segundo general negro de la Fuerza Aérea estadounidense. El grupo permaneció activo entre 1941 y 1946.

El expresidente George W. Bush otorgó la Medalla de Oro del Congreso de los Estados Unidos a unos 300 aviadores de Tuskegee y sus viudas en el Capitolio el 29 de marzo de 2007, el más alto honor civil de Estados Unidos.

Historia

Después de la entrada de Estados Unidos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt quería una potente unidad de pilotos de combate y bombardeo completamente compuesta y comandada por hombres de color. Muchos estadounidenses de color se ofrecieron voluntarios y fueron reclutados para participar en este proyecto, considerándolo como un estímulo para combatir la fuerte discriminación racial que todavía sucedía en aquellos años en el país.

En 1941, con la intención de entrenar pilotos de color, un escuadrón de entrenamiento del Cuerpo Aéreo del Ejército de los Estados Unidos fue establecido en el Instituto Tuskegee, ocupando el Campo Moton (Moton Field), a unos 7 kilómetros del campus. Estos pilotos fueron conocidos como los "Aviadores de Tuskegee" y el programa que les entrenó sigue en funcionamiento hoy en día.

En 1998 se creó en el Campo Moton el Memorial Nacional de los Aviadores de Tuskegee (Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site). Cabe señalar que estudios pseudocientíficos con marcadas tendencias raciales de la época, pero vigentes en aquel tiempo señalaban que los hombres de color no estaban adaptados intelectualmente ni físicamente para volar un avión ni menos estar en combate.

Estos pilotos fueron empleados en las diversas batallas que tuvieron lugar en el Mediterráneo, el Pacífico y en Italia con la responsabilidad de ataque, reconocimiento y patrulla. Posteriormente fueron utilizados como escoltas de los bombardeos estratégicos sobre Alemania y Austria.

Sus aviones de combate fueron los Curtiss P-40 Warhawk inicialmente y los P-51 Mustang de cola roja.
Según algunos historiadores, los pilotos del Eje nunca lograron derribar un bombardero escoltado por los aviadores de Tuskegee, aunque la veracidad de sus éxitos ha sido contestada por otros estudiosos, llegando a establecer la cifra de 25 bombarderos perdidos mientras eran escoltados por pilotos de Tuskegee, un número ciertamente bajo, pero menos "mítico".
En el transcurso de la guerra murieron 68 hombres de Tuskegee en combate, 12 en accidentes y 38 fueron tomados prisioneros.

Imágenes

Medios

 Cazas:
 Curtiss P-40
 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
 North American P-51 Mustang
 Bell P-39 Airacobra
 Bombarderos:
 B-25 Mitchell
 Martin B-26 Marauder

Datos de misión
 Un destructor hundido. El navío implicado había sido clasificado como un destructor (Giuseppe Missori) por la Marina Italiana antes de ser reclasificado por la Marina Alemana como un torpedero, TA 22. Fue atacado el 25 de junio de 1944. La Marina Alemana lo retiro del servicio el 8 de noviembre de 1944 y, finalmente, hundido por los alemanes el 5 de febrero de 1945.
 40 barcos y barcazas destruidos.
 32 pilotos capturados.
 68 pilotos muertos en combate.
 112 aviones derribados.
 150 aviones destruidos en tierra y otros 148 dañados.
 950 vehículos terrestres destruidos.
 179 misiones de escolta de bombarderos, perdiendo bombarderos en solo 7 y un total de 27. Esto supone un excelente récord de protección, comparando con los 46 que se perdieron de media en otros grupos de P-51 del 15.º Fuerza Aérea.
 15.000 actos de guerra.

Honores

El 29 de marzo de 2007 en Washington D. C. se le concedió a cerca de 300 sobrevivientes de un mayor reconocimiento del Congreso de los Estados Unidos de América, la Medalla de Oro, otorgada por George W. Bush. Además, los aviadores de Tuskegee obtuvieron, entre otras, las siguientes condecoraciones:

 Una Legión de Mérito.
 Una Estrella de Plata.
 8 Corazón Púrpura.
 14 Estrella de Bronce.
 150 Cruces de Vuelo Distinguido.

En otros medios
La participación de los aviadores de Tuskegee en la Segunda Guerra Mundial se ha dramatizado en dos películas, The Tuskegee Airmen, de la HBO para televisión y estrenada en 1995 y Red Tails, de LucasFilms de 2012.

También algunos de sus miembros hicieron una breve aparición en el film Una noche en el museo 2 (2009).

Insignias de los escuadrones

Véase también
 Tigres Voladores
 54.º Regimiento de Infantería de Voluntarios de Massachusetts

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Ambrose, Stephen Edward. The Wild Blue: The Men and Boys who Flew the B-24s over Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-0339-9.
 Benton, Jeffrey C. "Noel F. Parrish." They Served Here: Thirty-Three Maxwell Men. Maxwel AFB, Montgomery, Alabama: Air University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-58566-074-2.
 Broadnax, Samuel L. Blue Skies, Black Wings: African American Pioneers of Aviation. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2007. ISBN 0-275-99195-4.
 Bucholtz, Chris and Jim Laurier. 332nd Fighter Group – Tuskegee Airmen. London: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-044-7.
 Caldwell, Donald and Richard Muller. The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London: Greenhill Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85367-712-0.
 Cotter, Jarrod. "Red Tail Project." Flypast No. 248, March 2002.
 Francis, Charles E. and Adolph Caso. The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men Who Changed a Nation. Boston: Branden Books, 1997. ISBN 0-8283-2029-2.
 Gubert, Betty Kaplan, Miriam Sawyer and Caroline M. Fannine. Distinguished African Americans in Aviation and Space Science. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57356-246-1.
 Hill, Ezra M. Sr. The Black Red Tail Angels: A Story of the Tuskegee Airmen. Columbus, Ohio: SMF Haven of Hope. 2006.
 Holway, John B. Red Tail, Black Wings: The Men of America's Black Air Force. Las Cruces, New Mexico: Yuca Tree Press, 1997. ISBN 1-881325-21-0.
 Homan, Lynn M. and Thomas Reilly. Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 2001. ISBN 978-1-56554-828-2.
 Leuthner, Stuart and Olivier Jensen. High Honor: Recollections by Men and Women of World War II Aviation. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. ISBN 0-87474-650-7.
 Lloyd, Craig. Eugene Bullard, Black Expatriate in Jazz-Age Paris. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8203-2192-9.
 McKissack, Patricia C. and Fredrick L. Red Tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Walker Books for Young Readers, 1996. ISBN 0-8027-8292-2.
 Moye, J. Todd. Freedom Flyers: The Tuskeegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4.
 Percy, William A. "Jim Crow and Uncle Sam: The Tuskegee Flying Units and the U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II." The Journal of Military History, 67, July 2003.
 Ross, Robert A. Lonely Eagles: The Story of America's Black Air Force in World War II. Los Angeles: Tuskegee Airmen Inc., Los Angeles Chapter, 1980. ISBN 0-917612-00-0.
 Sandler, Stanley. Segregated Skies: All-Black Combat Squadrons of WWII. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. ISBN 1-56098-154-7.
 Thole, Lou. "Segregated Skies." Flypast No, 248, March 2002.
 Woodward, C. Vann and William S. McFeely. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-514690-5.

Enlaces externos

 Ángeles Negros con Colas Rojas

Fuerzas Aéreas del Ejército de los Estados Unidos
Unidades del Ejército de Estados Unidos
Oficiales del Ejército de los Estados Unidos
Historia de Alabama

Aviadores de Tuskegee


Baikunthpur es una localidad de la India en el distrito de Rewa, estado de Madhya Pradesh.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 306  a 537 km de la capital estatal, Bhopal, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 11 299 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Madhya Pradesh

Baikunthpur


La saison 2020-2021 du Championnat des Maldives de football est la soixante-neuvième édition du championnat national aux Maldives.

C'est le club de Maziya SRC, qui est sacré cette saison après avoir terminé en tête du classement final. Il s'agit du troisième titre de champion des Maldives de l'histoire du club.

Déroulement de la saison
La saison devait commencer en juin 2020 mais à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19 elle est repoussée en décembre. Initialement le championnat devait se dérouler avec 10 participants, les huit équipes de la saison passée et deux équipes promues. Mais à cause du report de la compétition seulement huit équipes participent au championnat. Faafu Nilandhoo et Shaviyani Foakaidhoo sont reversés en deuxième division, les promus sont Club Valencia et Super United Sports.

Le championnat devait se dérouler sur trois tours, mais le 30 mai 2021 la fédération décide de ne jouer que deux tours.

Compétition
Le barème de points servant à établir le classement se décompose ainsi :
 Victoire : 3 points
 Match nul : 1 point
 Défaite : 0 point

Première phase

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Bilan de la saison

Voir aussi

Références

Liens internes
 Championnat des Maldives de football

Liens externes
  Page complète sur la saison sur RSSSF

2020-2021
Maldives
2020 aux Maldives
2021 aux Maldives

Championnat des Maldives de football 2020-2021


Siniša Kisić (Brčko, 1954. – Brčko, 6. svibnja 2020.), bosanskohercegovački odbojkaš i političar srpskog podrijetla, prvi po redu gradonačelnik Brčko distrikta BiH.

Životopis
Siniša Kisić je rođen 1954. godine u Brčkom. Diplomirani je ekonomista. Kao odbojkaš, u reprezentaciji SFR Jugoslavije nastupao je 49 puta, u seniorskoj je imao 96 nastupa. Za matični odbojkaški klub "Jedinstvo" Brčko odigrao je 500 utakmica. Bio je juniorski prvak SFR Jugoslavije u sezonama: 1971; 1973 i 1974. godine, a 1974. godine – najbolji igrač turnira. Bio je dugogodišnji član prve odbojkaške lige SFR Jugoslavije. Kao odbojkaški reprezentativac SFR Jugoslavije bio je osvajač medalje s Mediteranskih igara u Alžiru 1975. godine.

Od 1986. do 1990. godine radio je kao komercijalni ravnatelj radne organizacije "Velma" Brčko. U skupštini općine Brčko bio je odbornik od 1990.do 1997. godine. Od 1997. do 1999. bio je tajnik za gospodarstvo u izvršnom odboru Skupštine općine Brčko. Nakon toga postao je predsjednik izvršnog odbora općine Brčko (načelnik općine) od 1999. do 2000. godine. Uspostavljanjem distrikta postao je prvi gradonačelnik Brčko distrikta BiH od 2000. do 2003. godine.

Prestankom gradonačelničkog mandata, izabran je za poslanika u Skupštini Brčko distrikta BiH od 2004. do 2006. godine. Na poziciji koordinatora Ureda Brčko distrikta BiH u Vijeću ministara Bosne i Hercegovine bio je od 2006. do 2018. godine, kada ga je zamijenio također bivši gradonačelnik Brčko distikta BiH Miroslav Gavrić. Bio je prvi predsjednik objedinjenog Odbojkaškog saveza Bosne i Hercegovine od 2005. do 2007. godine, te predsjednik Olimpijskog komiteta Bosne i Hercegovine u dva navrata od 2008. do 2009. i od 2018. do 2020. godine.

Umro je u Brčkom, 7. svibnja 2020. godine.

Kontroverze
Siniša Kisić je tokom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini bio jedan od čuvara brčanskog logora Luka, u kojem su mučeni Bošnjaci i Hrvati tog grada. Bio je i komandant Trećeg bataljona Prve posavske brigade  Vojske Republike Srpske. Godine 2011. bošnjačke udruge nestalih civila su oblijepile Brčko fotografijama zlikovaca koji su činili zlo u tom gradu. Tom prilikom je po prvi put plakatirana nepoznata fotografija Siniše Kisića ispred logora Luka, koji je u vrijeme najbrutalnijih ratnih zločina u logoru Luka pozirao zajedno s pripadnicima VRS.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Preminuo Siniša Kisić, član Predsjedništva Olimpijskog komiteta BiH na Al-Jazeera Balkans

Životopisi, Brčko
Odbojkaši
Gradonačelnici Brčko distrikta BiH
Bosanskohercegovački političari od 1989.
Bosanskohercegovački športaši
Odbojka u Bosni i Hercegovini

Siniša Kisić


Los drepanosáuridos (Drepanosauridae) son una extraña familia de arcosauromorfos que vivieron en el Triásico en lo que ahora es Norteamérica, Europa y Asia. Los drepanosáuridos se caracterizaban por sus extraños miembros especializados en trepar y colas generalmente prensiles, adaptaciones para la vida en los árboles, y/o posiblemente un estilo de vida acuático. Se han encontrado fósiles en Kirguistán, Arizona, Nuevo México, Nueva Jersey, Inglaterra y el norte de Italia.

Descripción

Los drepanosaurios son notables por sus distintivos cráneos triangulares, que recuerdan a los de las aves. Incluso algunos drepanosaurios, como Hypuronector, tenían picos agudos y desdentados como las aves. Esta similitud a las aves puede haber llevado a la posible atribución errónea de un cráneo de drepanosaurio a la antes considerada "primera ave", Protoavis.

Lo drepanosaurios exhibían un conjunto de extrañas características en el esqueleto, similares a las de los camaleones. Sobre los hombros de muchas especies había una "joroba" especializada formada por la fusión de las vértebras, posiblemente usada para avanzados puntos de sujeción musculares del cuello, y para permitir rápidos movimientos de golpeteo con la cabeza (quizás para atrapar insectos). Muchos tenían manos modificadas con dos dedos opuestos a los otros tres, una adaptación para aferrarse a las ramas. Algunos individuos de Megalancosaurus (posiblemente un rasgo exclusivo de macho o hembras) tenía un dedo oponible como el de un primate en cada pie, quizás usado por uno de los sexos para tener agarre adicional durante el apareamiento. Muchas especies tenían anchas colas prensiles, algunas equipadas con una gran "garra" al final de la misma, de nuevo para ayudarse a escalar. Estas colas, aplanadas y altas como las de las salamandras y cocodrilos, han llevado a algunos investigadores a concluir que eran más acuáticos que arbóreos. En 2004, Senter descartó esta idea, mientras que Colbert y Olsen, en su descripción de Hypuronector, establecieron que mientras que los demás drepanosaurios probablemente eran arbóreos, Hypuronector estaba adaptado de manera única a la vida acuática. La cola de este género era bastante alta y no era prensil – mucho más parecida a una aleta que la de los miembros del más inclusivo grupo Drepanosauridae.

Clasificación

Desde su descubrimiento, la posición filogenética de los drepanosáuridos ha variado mucho.

Cladograma según Renesto y colaboradores (2010):

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Monkey Lizards of the Triassic - Artículo ilustrado sobre drepanosáuridos de HMNH.
 Prof. Silvio Renesto—Vertebrate Paleontology at Insubria University: Research - Imágenes y discusión sobre Drepanosaurus.
 Prof. Silvio Renesto—Vertebrate Paleontology at Insubria University: Research - Imágenes y discusión sobre Megalancosaurus.

Archosauromorpha

Drepanosauridae


Kosmos 2274, ruski izviđački satelit iz programa Kosmos. Vrste je Jantar-4K2 (Kobaljt br. 545).
Lansiran je 17. ožujka 1994. godine u 16:30 s kozmodroma Pljesecka u Rusiji. Lansiran je u nisku orbitu oko planeta Zemlje raketom nosačem Sojuz-U 11A511U. Orbita mu je bila 175 km u perigeju i 321 km u apogeju. Orbitna inklinacija mu je bila 67,12°. Spacetrackov kataloški broj je 23033. COSPARova oznaka je 1994-018-A. Zemlju je obilazio u 89,47 minuta. Pri lansiranju bio je mase 6600 kg.

Sletio je 21. svibnja 1994. godine.

Izvori
Heavens-above (engl.)
NASA (engl.)
Planet4589.org Tablični prikaz podataka o satelitima (engl.)

Vanjske poveznice
N2YO.com Search Satellite Database
Celes Trak SATCAT Format Documentation (engl.)
Kunstman  Satellites in Orbit (engl.)

Sateliti Kosmos

Kosmos 2274


Bukhariske jøder (også kaldet bukharajøder eller bukharijøder) refererer til jøder fra Centralasien, som taler bukharisk; en dialekt af det persiske sprog. Deres navn kommer fra den usbekiske by Bukhara, som tidligere havde et stort jødisk miljø. Efter Sovjetunionens opløsning er det store flertal emigreret til Israel eller USA.

Baggrund

De bukhariske jøder stammer fra Israelittere, som aldrig kom tilbage fra det babylonske fangenskab efter deres eksil i 7. århundrede f.Kr.. I Centralasien overlevede de i århundreder som en følge af flere heldige hændelser. Miljøet blev effektivt isoleret fra resten af den den jødiske verden for mere end 2.000 år men overlevede alligevel. De bliver anset som en af de ældste etno-religiøse grupper i Centralasien, og de har udviklet en egen, distinkt kultur op gennem årene. De bukhariske jøder hævder, at de oprindeligt stammer fra stammer i Issahchar og Nephtalli.

De fleste bukhariske jøder levede i Bukhara-Emiratet (nuværende Usbekistan og Tadsjikistan), mens et lille antal levede i Rusland, Kasakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kirgisistan og andre dele af det tidligere Sovjetunionen. I Emiratet Bukhara var størstedelen bosatte i Samarkand, Bukhara og Kokand. I Tadsjikistan var størstedelen ligeledes bosatte i hovedstaden Dusjanbe.

Før delingen af Indien kunne nogle bukhariske jøder findes blandt den afghanske befolkning i Peshawar i den nordvestlige grænseprovins i Indien, (nu Pakistan). Efter delingen og dannelsen af Israel drog næsten alle disse jøder til Israel og andre lande. Én synagoge eksisterer fortsat i Peshawar, og der er to hovedsynagoger og flere jødiske kirkegårde, som fortsat bruges i havnebyen Karachi.

Navn og sprog
Betegnelsen "bukharisk" blev skabt af europæiske rejsende, som besøgte Centralasien i 1600-tallet. Eftersom størstedelen af det jødiske miljø levede under Emiratet Bukhara, blev de med tiden kaldt for bukhariske jøder. De anså sig selv som "Isro'il" og "Yahudi".

Bukhariske jøder anvendte det persiske sprog til at kommunikere indbyrdes, og senere udviklede de "bukharisk", en distinkt dialekt af det tadjikisk-persiske sprog med visse lingvistiske spor af hebraisk. Dette sprog gjorde kommunikationen lettere med de lokale miljøer og blev anvendt i alle kulturelle og uddannelsesmæssige sammenhænge blandt jøderne. Det blev flittigt anvendt helt frem til, at området blev "russificeret" af russerne, og udbredelse af "religiøs" information blev forhindret. Næsten alle bukhariske jøder i dag anvender russisk som sit hovedsprog, og kun en minoritet holder sig til bukharisk.

Miljøet er hverken askenasisk eller sefardisk. De er blevet et af de mest isolerede jødiske miljøer i verden.

Historie

Det bukhariske miljø i Centralasien havde perioder med fremgang så vel som perioder med undertrykkelse. Efter oprettelsen af silkevejen mellem Kina og Vesten i 2. århundrede f.Kr., som fungerede langt ind i 1600-tallet, flygtede mange jøder til Emiratet Bukhara, og spillede der en vigtig rolle i dets udvikling. Efter deres eksil fra Israel i år 135 kom de under det persiske rige, og de blomstrede og voksede i dette området. Senere, omkring 5. århundrede, blev de forfulgte. Kendte jødiske akademier i Babylon blev lukkede, mens mange jøder blev dræbt og drevet ud. Efter arabermuslimernes erobring i begyndelsen af 800-tallet blev jøder (så vel som kristne) ansete som Dhimmier og blev blandt andet tvungne til at betale jizyaskat. Den mongolske invasion i 1300-tallet var også et tungt slag for bukharijøderne.

Ved begyndelsen af 1600-tallet blev området invaderet og okkuperet af nomadiske usbekiske stammer, som oprettede strenge retningslinjer for Islam og religiøs fundamentalisme. De blev henviste til ghettoer, og jøderne blev nægtet elementære rettigheder, og flere blev tvungne til konvertering til Islam. Ved midten af 1800-tallet levede nærmest alle de bukhariske jøder i Emiratet Bukhara. I 1843 samlede bukhariske jøder 10.000 sølv-tan'ga og købte et landområde i Samarkand, kendt som Makhallai Yakhudion, i nærheden af Registon.

Ved begyndelsen af 1700-tallet blev den første synagoge opført i byen Bukhara. Dette var et brud på Omars lov, hvilken havde forbudt dannelse af nye synagoger, så vel som ødelæggelse af dem, som havde eksisteret siden den før-islamske periode. Historien om dannelsen af den første bukharasynagoge knyttes til to personer: Nodir Divan-Begi, en vigtig stormann, og en navnløs enke, som overlistede en funktionær.

I 1793 rejste Yosef Maman, en sefardisk jøde fra Tétouan i Marokko, til Bukhara og fandt de lokale jøder i særdeles dårlig tilstand, og han bestemte sig for at slå sig ned i området. Han blev en spirituel leder, og ændrede den persiske religiøse tradition til en sefaridisk jødisk tradition. Ved midten af 1900-tallet begyndte bukhariske jøder at rejse til det historiske Israel. Området, som de havde slået sig ned i i Jerusalem blev kaldt for det bukhariske strøg (Sh'hunat Buhori), og det eksisterer den dag i dag.

I 1865 overtog russiske tropper Tasjkent, og der var stor indstrømming af jøder til den nylig skabte Turkestan-region. Fra 1876 til 1916 havde massevis af bukhariske jøder prestigefyldte stillinger, og nogle jøder var fremgangsrige. Jøder kunne frit udøve jødedom.

Sovjet-perioden

Efter indførelsen af sovjetstyre over territoriet i 1917 blev de jødiske forhold betragteligt forværrede. Gennem 1920- og 1930-erne måtte tusindvis af jøder flygte fra religiøs undertrykkelse, konfiskering af ejendom, arrestationer og undertrykkelse, og de flygtede derved til Palæstina. I Centralasien prøvede miljøet at bevare sine traditioner, mens de viste loyalitet over for myndighederne. 2. verdenskrig og holocaust bragte over en million jødiske flygtninge fra de europæiske regioner af Sovjetunionen og Østeuropa via Usbekistan. I starten af 1970-tallet skete en af de største bukhariske jødeudvandringer i historien, da de usbekiske og tadsjikiske jøder emigrerede til Israel og USA på grund af en slappere indvandringspolitik.

Efter 1991

Efter opløsningen af Sovjetunionen og etableringen af den uafhængige republik Usbekistan i 1991, var der en pludselig vækst i nationalisme, chauvinisme (nationalchauvinisme) og xenofobi i usbekiske folks bevidsthed. Den islamiske fundamentalisme i Usbekistan førte til en voldsom vækst i udvandringsraten blandt jøder (både bukhariske og askenasiske). De næste tyve år udvandrede ca. 100.000 til Israel, 50.000 til USA (hovedsagelig Queens, New York). Omtrent 2.000 blev tilbage i Usbekistan, mens færre end 1.000 blev tilbage i Tadsjikistan (sammenlignet med 15.000 i Tadsjikistan i 1989)

I dag er de bukhariske jøder for det meste bosat i USA (New York City, Arizona, Atlanta, Denver, San Diego), så vel som Israel, Østrig, Rusland og Usbekistan. New York Citys 108th Street i Forest Hills Queens, er fyldt med bukhariske restauranter og gavebutikker. De har dannet et tæt, sammensvejset og isoleret miljø i dette område, som engang var hovedsagelig fuldt af askenasiske jøder.

Ved begyndelsen af det jødiske nytår 5765 (2005), fejrede det Bukhariske Jødiske Miljø i Queens åbningen af den Den Bukhariske Jødekongres. Denne oprettelse afspejler det voksende bukhariske miljø i Queens og deres ønsker om at værne deres identitet i en verden i stadig forandring.

I begyndelsen af 2006 blev den fortsat aktive Dusjanbe-synagoge i Tadsjikistan, så vel som byens mikvé (rituelt bad), koscherslakteri og jødiske klasserum ødelagte af myndighederne (uden kompensation til miljøet) for at skaffe plads til en ny præsidentbolig. Efter et internationalt nødskrig forandrede den tadjikiske regering sin beslutning og vil tillade, at synagogen bliver genopbygget på det aktuelle område.

Kultur

Bukhariske jøder havde en egen dragtstil, både lig og anderledes end andre kulturer (hovedsagelig mongolsk-tyrkiske kulturer) i Centralasien. I bryllupper i dag kan man fortsat se bruden og hendens nære slægtninge med en traditionel kaftan (Jomah-джома-ג'ומא i bukharisk og tadsjikisk) og de velbroderede pelsstribede hatte, samt deres egne danse.

Musik
De har en speciel musik kaldet Shashmaqam, som er et samspil af strengeinstrumenter, pålagt centralasiatiske rytmer, klezmer, muslimske melodier og til og med et par spanske akkorder.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Bukharian Jewish Global Portal
 "Bukharian Entertainment and News at your Fingertips"
 "Rescue of Jews of Bukharan in occupied France"
 "The Silk Road Leads to Queens"

Jøder
Usbekistan

Bukhariske jøder


An Bambusa intermedia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Chi Ju Hsueh ngan Tong Pei Yi. An Bambusa intermedia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bambusa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bambusa

Bambusa intermedia


Jonathan Taylor Thomas (né Weiss; born September 8, 1981) is an American actor and director. He is known for portraying Randy Taylor on Home Improvement and voicing young Simba in Disney's 1994 animated feature film The Lion King and Pinocchio in New Line Cinema's 1996 film The Adventures of Pinocchio.

Early life and education
Thomas was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Sacramento, California, and then to Los Angeles.

Thomas's uncle was playwright and actor Jeff Weiss. Thomas has Pennsylvania Dutch and Portuguese ancestry.

In 2000, Thomas graduated with honors from Chaminade College Preparatory School in West Hills, California.

Upon graduation, he enrolled at Harvard University, where he studied philosophy and history and spent his third year abroad at the University of St Andrews in Scotland.

In 2010, he graduated from the Columbia University School of General Studies.

Career

Television
Thomas began his television career in 1990, playing the role of Kevin Brady, the son of Greg Brady, on The Bradys, a spin-off of the 1970s TV show The Brady Bunch. In 1991, Thomas appeared in three episodes of Fox's sketch comedy series In Living Color. That same year, he was cast as middle son Randy Taylor on ABC's sitcom Home Improvement. Despite looking much younger, in reality, Thomas was a month older than Zachary Ty Bryan who played his elder brother Brad. Thomas remained with Home Improvement well into his teenage years but left the show in 1998 to focus on academics.

In early 2004, Thomas had a small guest role on 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter, another ABC sitcom, and appeared in the WB's Smallville in 2002 and 2004. In 2005, he appeared in UPN's high school detective drama Veronica Mars and was also featured on The E! True Hollywood Storys episode on Home Improvement.

On March 22, 2013, Thomas guest-starred on the second-season finale of his third ABC sitcom, Last Man Standing, and again in the fourth episode of the third season on October 11, 2013, reuniting with Tim Allen, his TV father from Home Improvement. On January 10, 2015, he once again guest-starred on the twelfth episode of the fourth season of Last Man Standing, this time as Randy, reuniting with his TV parents from Home Improvement, Tim Allen and Patricia Richardson.

Film
Thomas appeared in many films during and after his run on Home Improvement. He had a few roles as a voice actor in his child years, including Disney's animated feature The Lion King, in which he voiced the protagonist Simba as a cub.

He also appeared in live-action films. Among the ones he starred in are those from Disney: Man of the House, Tom and Huck, and I'll Be Home for Christmas. Other live-action films starring Thomas are an adaptation of The Adventures of Pinocchio (in which he played and voiced the titular character), Wild America, Speedway Junky, and Walking Across Egypt.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Production credits

Awards and nominations

Wins
 1994 – Young Artist Awards for Outstanding Youth Ensemble in a Television Series (Home Improvement)
 1996 – ShoWest Convention: ShoWest Award for Young Star of the Year
 1997 – Young Artist Awards for Best Performance in a Voiceover – Young Artist (The Adventures of Pinocchio)
 1998 – Kids' Choice Awards: Blimp Award for Favorite Television Actor (Home Improvement)
 1999 – Kids' Choice Awards: Hall of Fame Award

Nominations
 1993 – Young Artist Awards for Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series (Home Improvement)
 1995 – Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films: Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor (The Lion King)
 1995 – Young Artist Awards for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Voiceover – TV or Movie (The Lion King)
 1996 – Young Artist Awards for Best Young Leading Actor – Feature Film (Tom and Huck)
 1996 – Kids' Choice Awards: Blimp Award for Favorite Movie Actor (Tom and Huck)
 1997 – Kids' Choice Awards: Blimp Award for Favorite Television Actor (Home Improvement)
 1997 – Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films: Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor (The Adventures of Pinocchio)
 1997 – YoungStar Awards for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy TV Series (Home Improvement)
 1997 – YoungStar Awards for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film (Tom and Huck)
 1998 – YoungStar Awards for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy TV Series (Home Improvement)
 1999 – Kids' Choice Awards: Blimp Award for Favorite TV Actor (Home Improvement)

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent
American people of Portuguese descent
Chaminade College Preparatory School (California) alumni
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
Harvard University alumni
Male actors from New York (state)
Male actors from Pennsylvania
People from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Jonathan Taylor Thomas


Patronyme
 George Edward Cokayne (1825-1911), généalogiste anglais et héraut au College of Arms de Londres
 Leonard Cockayne (1855-1934), botaniste britannique
 William Cockayne (1561-1626), marchand du , échevin et Lord-maire de Londres

Autre
 Syndrome de Cockayne, maladie héréditaire

Cockayne


An Hyparrhenia praetermissa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jan Frederik Veldkamp. An Hyparrhenia praetermissa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Hyparrhenia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Hyparrhenia

Hyparrhenia praetermissa


Allolepis,  monotipski biljni rod iz porodice trava (Poaceae) smješten u vlastiti podtribus Allolepiinae. Jedina vrsta je A. texana, trajnica iz Teksasa i sjeveroistočnog Meksika

Sinonimi
 Distichlis texana (Vasey) Scribn.
 Poa texana Vasey
 Sieglingia wrightii Vasey

Izvori

Cynodonteae

Allolepis


Specksrod ist ein abgegangener Weiler bei Gunzenhausen im mittelfränkischen Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen. Die Wüstung und seine Flur lagen nordöstlich des Burgstalles zwischen Gunzenhausen und dem heutigen Gunzenhäuser Ortsteil Frickenfelden.

Ortsname
Der Ortsname wurde verschieden gedeutet. Eine nachvollziehbare Deutung ist "Zu dem neu gerodeten Land, wo sich Spechte aufhalten."

Geschichte
Die nach der Römerzeit ab dem 3. Jahrhundert wieder bewaldete spätere Speckrodflur dürfte im 8. Jahrhundert dem Kloster Gunzenhausen zur Holznutzung gedient haben, war aber Königswald. Im 12. Jahrhundert ging dieser königliche Waldbesitz durch Rodung an die Grafen von Truhendingen über, die bestrebt waren, ihr Herrschaftsgebiet auszubauen und das Holz für ihren Burgenbau auf dem vorderen Schloßbuck benötigten. Die auf dem Rodungsareal entstandene Siedlung abhängiger Bauern ist im frühen 15. Jahrhundert erstmals erwähnt: 1402 empfing Chuntz von Lentersheim "den hoffe genant Spexrode", den zuvor Vlrich von Müre (= Muhr) innegehabt hatte. 1426, als Engelhard von Muhr, zwei Teile der Höfe von "Spexrod" von Graf Ludwig von Oettingen zu Lehen hatte, verkaufen die Vormünder des Engelhard "Speckßrod" an den Bürgermeister, den Rat, den Spitalmeister und an das Spital Gunzenhausen. Die Siedlung ist zu einem unbekannten Zeitpunkt aufgegeben worden. Spätestens im 19. Jahrhundert ist Specksrod nur noch ein Flurname. Heute ist das Gelände als städtischer Grund überbaut.

Literatur
 Joseph Schnetz: Flurnamenkunde, 2. Aufl. München 1963, S. 16.
 Specksrod, abgeg. Gemarkung GUN. In: Robert Schuh: Gunzenhausen. Ehemaliger Landkreis Gunzenhausen. Reihe Historisches Ortsnamenbuch von Bayern. Mittelfranken, Bd. 5: Gunzenhausen. München: Kommission für bayer. Landesgeschichte 1979, S. 275f.
 Specksrod. In: Martin Winter: Gunzenhausens Geschichte im Spiegel alter Namen. In: Alt-Gunzenhausen 50 (1995), insbes. S. 179f.

Einzelnachweise

Wüstung im Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen
Geographie (Gunzenhausen)
Ersterwähnung 1402

Specksrod


Cy Coleman (born Seymour Kaufman; June 14, 1929 – November 18, 2004) was an American composer, songwriter, and jazz pianist.

Life and career
Coleman was born Seymour Kaufman in New York City, United States, to Eastern European Jewish parents, and was raised in the Bronx. His mother, Ida (née Prizent) was an apartment landlady and his father was a brickmason. He was a child prodigy who gave piano recitals at venues such as Steinway Hall, Town Hall, and Carnegie Hall between the ages of six and nine. Before beginning his fabled Broadway career, he led the Cy Coleman Trio, which made many recordings and was a much-in-demand club attraction.

Despite the early classical and jazz success, Coleman decided to build a career in popular music. His first collaborator was Joseph Allen McCarthy, but his most successful early partnership, albeit a turbulent one, was with Carolyn Leigh. The pair wrote many pop hits, including "Witchcraft" and "The Best Is Yet to Come". One of his instrumentals, "Playboy's Theme," became the signature music of the regular syndicated late night TV show Playboy After Dark in the 1960s.  This included specials presented by the editor/publisher Hugh M. Hefner of Playboy magazine, and remains synonymous with the Chicago magazine and its creator, Hefner.

Coleman's career as a Broadway composer began when he and Leigh collaborated on Wildcat (1960), which marked the Broadway debut of movie/television comedienne Lucille Ball. The score included the hit tune "Hey, Look Me Over". When Ball became ill, she left the show, and it closed. Next for the two was Little Me, with a book by Neil Simon based on the novel of the same name by Patrick Dennis. The show introduced "Real Live Girl" and "I've Got Your Number," which became popular standards.

In 1964, Coleman met Dorothy Fields at a party, and when he asked if she would like to collaborate with him, she is reported to have answered: "Thank God somebody asked." Fields was revitalized by working with the much younger Coleman, and by the contemporary nature of their first project, which was Sweet Charity, again with a book by Simon, starring Gwen Verdon, and introducing the songs "If My Friends Could See Me Now", "I'm a Brass Band" and "Big Spender". The show was a major success and Coleman found working with Fields much easier than with Leigh. The partnership was to work on two more shows – an aborted project about Eleanor Roosevelt, and Seesaw which reached Broadway in 1973 after a troubled out-of-town tour. Despite mixed reviews, the show enjoyed a healthy run. The partnership was cut short by Fields' death in 1974.

Coleman remained prolific in the late 1970s. He collaborated on I Love My Wife (1977) with Michael Stewart, On the Twentieth Century (1978) with Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and Home Again, Home Again with Barbara Fried, although the latter never reached Broadway. Also in 1970, he produced the single "Lying Here" (Mercury 73150) for the Rock opera Sensations, and took a full-page (back cover) advert in Billboard magazine to promote his upcoming star vocalist Steve Leeds.

In 1980, Coleman served as producer and composer for the circus-themed Barnum, which co-starred Jim Dale and Glenn Close. Later in the decade, he collaborated on Welcome to the Club (1988) with A. E. Hotchner, and City of Angels (1989) with David Zippel. In the latter, inspired by the hard-boiled detective film noir of the 1930s and 1940s, he returned to his jazz roots, and the show was a huge critical and commercial success. The 1990s brought more new Coleman musicals to Broadway: The Will Rogers Follies (1991), again with Comden and Green, The Life (1997), a gritty look at pimps, prostitutes, and assorted other lowlife in the big city, with Ira Gasman, and a revised production of Little Me.

Coleman's film scores include Father Goose, The Art of Love, Garbo Talks, Power, and Family Business. In addition, he wrote memorable television specials for Shirley MacLaine, If My Friends Could See Me Now and Gypsy in My Soul. Coleman has been the only composer to win consecutive Tony awards for Best Score at the same time that the corresponding musicals won for Best Musical: City of Angels and The Will Rogers Follies (although Stephen Sondheim actually won three consecutive Tony Awards for Best Score for Company, Follies, and A Little Night Music, Follies did not win for Best Musical). Coleman was on the ASCAP Board of Directors for many years and also served as their Vice Chairman Writer.

One final musical with a Coleman score played in Los Angeles at the Mark Taper Forum between December 2003 and January 2004, under the title Like Jazz, as a Broadway tryout. Investor Transamerica Capital went forward with plans to mount a Broadway production renamed In the Pocket. Dirk Decloedt and Maurice Hines were announced as director and choreographer with an anticipated opening in Spring 2006 but it never opened.

Education
Coleman studied at New York's The High School of Music & Art and the New York College of Music, graduating in 1948.

Death
Coleman died of cardiac arrest at 11:59 pm on November 18, 2004, at New York Hospital, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, Shelby Coleman (née Brown) and their adopted daughter, Lily Cye Coleman (born in 2000). To the very end, he was part of the Broadway scene – he had attended the premiere of Michael Frayn's new play Democracy earlier on November 18.

Theatre credits

Awards, nominations and honors

Awards and nominations
1997 Tony Award Best Book of a Musical The Life (nominee)
1997 Tony Award Best Musical The Life (nominee)
1997 Tony Award Best Original Score The Life (nominee)
1991 Tony Award Best Musical The Will Rogers Follies (winner)
1991 Tony Award Best Original Score The Will Rogers Follies (winner)
1990 Tony Award Best Musical City of Angels (winner)
1990 Tony Award Best Original Score City of Angels (winner)
1980 Tony Award Best Musical Barnum (nominee)
1980 Tony Award Best Original Score Barnum (nominee)
1978 Tony Award Best Musical On the Twentieth Century (nominee)
1978 Tony Award Best Original Score On the Twentieth Century (winner)
1977 Tony Award Best Musical I Love My Wife (nominee)
1977 Tony Award Best Original Score I Love My Wife (nominee)
1974 Tony Award Best Musical Seesaw (nominee)
1974 Tony Award Best Original Score Seesaw (nominee)
1966 Tony Award Best Composer and Lyricist Sweet Charity (nominee)
1966 Tony Award Best Musical Sweet Charity (nominee)
1963 Tony Award Best Composer and Lyricist Little Me (nominee)
1963 Tony Award Best Musical Little Me (nominee)

He also won three Emmy Awards and two Grammy Awards, and an Academy Award nomination.

Honors

Among his many honors and awards, Coleman was elected to the Songwriter's Hall of Fame (1981), and was the recipient of the Songwriter's Hall of Fame Johnny Mercer Award (1995) and the ASCAP Foundation Richard Rodgers Award for lifetime achievement in American musical theatre.  He was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame and received an Honorary Doctorate from Hofstra University in 2000.

References

External links

 Excerpts from Life Stories of Cy, Shelby's show about her late husband - YouTube

1929 births
2004 deaths
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American film score composers
American musical theatre composers
American television composers
Broadway composers and lyricists
Broadway theatre producers
Drama Desk Award winners
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Grammy Award winners
Jubilee Records artists
Jewish American film score composers
Jewish American songwriters
New York College of Music alumni
Musicians from New York City
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni
Songwriters from New York (state)
Tony Award winners
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
American male jazz musicians
Äva Records artists
20th-century American male musicians

Cy Coleman


Chicacao es un municipio del departamento de Suchitepéquez de la región sur-occidente de la República de Guatemala. Originalmente era una aldea del municipio de Atitlán en Sololá, y perteneció al efímero Estado de Los Altos entre 1838 y 1840, pero fue elevado a municipio de ese departamento el 5 de marzo de 1889.

Toponimia

El origen del topónimo «Chicacao» no se conoce con exactitud, aunque existen dos historias populares al respecto:
 El topónimo  se deriva de los dos términos: «Chi» que significa «entre» y «Cacao», por lo que signifcaría «Entre cacao».
 Hubo un poblador indígena llamado Francisco Chicajau que donó dos caballerías para que el municipio se fundara, y en honor a él, nombraron al municipio con la traducción en español de su apellido.

División política
El municipio se divide en treinta y dos centros poblados, además de la cabecera municipal; cuenta con dos aldeas, nueve caseríos y veintiún cantones.

Demografía

El municipio tiene una población aproximada de 49,956 según el Censo de Población del año 2002 con una densidad de 231 personas por kilómetro cuadrado; esto lo convierte en el segundo municipio más poblado del departamento de Suchitepéquez por debajo únicamente de la cabecera departamental Mazatenango. Existe una mayoría de personas indígenas con un porcentaje de 81.08% mientras que el 18.92% es de raza ladina.

Geografía física

El municipio de Chicacao tiene una extensión territorial de 216 km² convirtiéndolo en uno de los más grandes del departamento de Suchitepéquez.

Clima

La cabecera municipal de Chicacao tiene clima tropical (Clasificación de Köppen: Am).

Ubicación geográfica

Chicaco está localizado en el departamento de Suchitepéquez y se encuentra a una distancia de 17 km de la cabecera departamental Mazatenango. Sus colindancias son:

 Norte: Santa Clara La Laguna, San Juan La Laguna, San Pedro La Laguna y Santiago Atitlán, municipios del departamento de Sololá
 Sur: Río Bravo, municipio del departamento de Suchitepéquez
 Oeste: San Pablo Jocopilas, Santo Tomas La Unión, San Antonio Suchitepéquez y San José El Ídolo, municipios del departamento de Suchitepéquez
 Este: Río Bravo y Santa Bárbara, del departamento de Suchitepéquez y el municipio del departamento de Sololá Santiago Atitlán

Gobierno municipal

Los municipios se encuentran regulados en diversas leyes de la República, que establecen su forma de organización, lo relativo a la conformación de sus órganos administrativos y los tributos destinados para los mismos.  Aunque se trata de entidades autónomas, se encuentran sujetos a la legislación nacional y las principales leyes que los rigen desde 1985 son:

El gobierno de los municipios está a cargo de un Concejo Municipal mientras que el código municipal —ley ordinaria que contiene disposiciones que se aplican a todos los municipios— establece que «el concejo municipal es el órgano colegiado superior de deliberación y de decisión de los asuntos municipales […] y tiene su sede en la circunscripción de la cabecera municipal»; el artículo 33 del mencionado código establece que «[le] corresponde con exclusividad al concejo municipal el ejercicio del gobierno del municipio».

El concejo municipal se integra con el alcalde, los síndicos y concejales, electos directamente por sufragio universal y secreto para un período de cuatro años, pudiendo ser reelectos.

Existen también las Alcaldías Auxiliares, los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo (COCODE), el Comité Municipal del Desarrollo (COMUDE), las asociaciones culturales y las comisiones de trabajo. Los alcaldes auxiliares son elegidos por las comunidades de acuerdo a sus principios y tradiciones, y se reúnen con el alcalde municipal el primer domingo de cada mes, mientras que los Comités Comunitarios de Desarrollo y el Comité Municipal de Desarrollo organizan y facilitan la participación de las comunidades priorizando necesidades y problemas.

Historia

El efímero Estado de Los Altos

A partir del 3 de abril de 1838 Chicacao era una aldea de Atitlán, la cual fue parte de la región que formó el efímero Estado de Los Altos y que forzó a que el Estado de Guatemala se reorganizara en siete departamentos y dos distritos independientes el 12 de septiembre de 1839:

 Departamentos: Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, Escuintla, Guatemala, Mita, Sacatepéquez, y Verapaz
 Distritos: Izabal y Petén

Las hostilidades se rompieron entre Guatemala y Los Altos en Sololá el 25 de enero de 1840; el general guatemalteco Rafael Carrera venció a las fuerzas del general Agustín Guzmán e incluso apresó a éste mientras que el general Doroteo Monterrosa venció a las fuerzas altenses del coronel Antonio Corzo el 28 de enero.  El gobierno quetzalteco colapsó entonces, pues aparte de las derrotas militares, los poblados indígenas abrazaron la causa conservadora de inmediato; al entrar a Quetzaltenango al frente de dos mil hombres, Carrera fue recibido por una gran multitud que lo saludaba como su «libertador». El 26 de febrero de 1840 el gobierno de Guatemala colocó a Los Altos bajo su autoridad y el 13 de agosto nombró al corregidor de la región, el cual servía también como comandante general del ejército y superintendente.

Fundación del municipio

Chicacao permaneció como una aldea del municipio de Atitlán en el departamento de Sololá y estuvo intentando en convertirse en municipio independiente, lo que le denegó el gobierno varias veces, siendo la última vez durante el gobierno del presidente Manuel Lisandro Barillas quien el 29 de febrero de 1888 no aceptó la solicitud por no cumplir con los requisitos para el efecto.  Pero el 5 de marzo de 1889, tras hacer unos arreglos con unos finqueros de Pamaxán, los habitantes consiguieron que el propio presidente Barillas finalmente accediera a la solicitud para la fundación del municipio; el Acuerdo Gubernativo dice textualmente:

No obstante, debido a problemas administrativos, la corporación municipal de Chicacao fue suprimida el 25 de octubre de 1889 y en su lugar se asignó a un juez municipal con un sueldo de 30 pesos mensuales.

Demarcación política de Guatemala de 1902

El gobierno del licenciado Manuel Estrada Cabrera publicó en 1902 la Demarcación política de la República y en ella describe a Chicacao de la siguiente forma: «su cabecera es el pueblo del mismo nombre, a 72 km de Sololá, ocupa un área de 277 caballerías, 28 manzanas. El clima en unas partes es caliente y en otras templado.  Las producciones principales son: café y caña de azúcar. No se distingue por ninguna industria».

Véase también

 Elecciones municipales de Guatemala de 2015
 Historia Territorial de Guatemala
 Organización territorial de Guatemala

Notas y referencias

Referencias

Bibliografía

Municipios de Suchitepéquez
Patronazgo de la Inmaculada Concepción
Poblados del extinguido Estado de Los Altos

Chicacao