Joel Coen (d. 29 Kasım 1954) ve Ethan Coen (d. 21 Eylül 1957, Minnesota), '"Coen Kardeşler"' olarak bilinen senarist ve yönetmen kardeşler. Her iki kardeş de, Minnesota'nın banliyösü olan St. Louis Park'ta büyüdü; babaları Edward Coen Minnesota Üniversitesi'nde ekonomi profesörü, anneleri Rena Coen ise St. Cloud Eyalet Üniversitesi'nde sanat tarihi profesörüydü.

Daha çocukken, Joel komşularının çimlerini biçerek kazandığı parayı biriktirerek bir "Vivitar Super-8" kamera satın aldı ve Ethan'la beraber, televizyonda izledikleri filmleri, komşu çocuklarını başrollerde oynatarak tekrar çekmeye başladılar. Her iki kardeş de, parlak öğrenciler için erken lisans eğitimi veren Great Barrington, Massachusetts'teki "Simons Rock" kolejine gittiler. Simons Rock'tan mezun olduktan sonra Joel, dört yıl boyunca New York Üniversitesi'nde film programına devam etti ve tez olarak "Soundings" adındaki 30 dakikalık kısa filmini çekti. Ethan ise, Princetown Üniversitesi'ne devam ederek 1979'da "Wittgenstein'ın geç dönem felsefesine iki bakış" teziyle felsefe lisansı aldı.

New York Üniversitesi'ni bitirdikten sonra Joel, müzik kliplerinde ve filmlerde yapımcı asistanı olarak çalıştı. Film editörlüğü konusunda uzmanlaştığı sırada Sam Raimi ile tanıştı ve Raimi'nin çektiği 1981 yapımı "The Evil Dead" filminde editör yardımcılığı yaptı.

Coen Kardeşler bugüne dek "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "Raising Arizona", "The Big Lebowski" gibi çok sayıda başarılı komedi filminin yanında "Miller's Crossing", "Blood Simple" gibi "kara filmler" ve "Fargo", "The Man Who Wasn't There", "Barton Fink" gibi drama ile komediyi iç içe geçiren filmlere de imzalarını atmışlardır.

Filmlerinin çoğunda Joel yönetmen, Ethan ise senarist olarak görünür. Kurgu ve sinematografininse Roderick Jaynese ait olduğu yazar. Bu isim, Coen Kardeşlerin kullandığı bir takma addır. Bunun yanında beraber yazarak yönetmenliğini üstlendikleri ya da ayrı ayrı çalıştıkları yapımlar da bulunmaktadır. Beraber çalıştıkları oyuncular, her ikisinin de aynı bakış açısı ve anlayışa sahip olduklarını, hatta herhangi birisine bir soruyla gittiklerinde aynı cevabı aldıklarını söylemişlerdir. Bu beraberliklerinden ötürü onlara film endüstrisinde '"İki Kafalı Yönetmen"' de denmektedir.

 Joel Coen
 Filmografi - Yönetmen
2018 The Ballad of Buster Scruggs
 2016 Hail, Caesar!
2013 Inside Llewyn Davis (Türkiye'de "Sen Şarkılarını Söyle" adıyla gösterime girmiştir.)
 2010 True Grit  2009 A Serious Man (Türkiye'de "Ciddi Bir Adam" adıyla gösterime girmiştir.) 2008 Burn After Reading (Türkiye'de "Aramızda Casus Var" adıyla gösterime girmiştir.) 2007 No Country for Old Men (Türkiye'de "İhtiyarlara Yer Yok" adıyla gösterime girmiştir.) 2006 Paris, je t'aime ("Tuileries" bölümü) (Türkiye'de "Paris, Seni Seviyorum" adıyla gösterime girmiştir.) 2004 The Ladykillers (Türkiye'de "Kadın Avcıları" adıyla gösterilmiştir) 2003 Intolerable Cruelty (Türkiye'de "Dayanılmaz Zulüm" adıyla gösterilmiştir) 2001 The Man Who Wasn't There (Türkiye'de "Orada Olmayan Adam" adıyla gösterilmiştir) 2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou? (Türkiye'de "Nerdesin Be Birader?" adıyla gösterilmiştir) 1998 The Big Lebowski (Türkiye'de "Büyük Lebowski" adıyla gösterilmiştir) 1996 Fargo
 1994 The Hudsucker Proxy (Türkiye'de "Bir Şirket Komedisi" adıyla gösterilmiştir) 1991 Barton Fink
 1990 Miller's Crossing
 1987 Raising Arizona
 1984 Blood Simple (Türkiye'de "Kansız" adıyla gösterilmiştir) Filmografi - Senarist
 2016 Hail, Caesar! "senarist/editör"
 2014 Unbroken
 2013 Inside Llewyn Davis
 2012 Gambit 2010 True Grit 2009 A Serious Man 2008 Burn After Reading 2007 Suburbicon (Yapım aşamasında)
 2007 No Country for Old Men  "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 2006 Paris, je t'aime ("Tuileries" bölümü) (Türkiye'de "I Love You Paris" adıyla gösterime girecektir)
 2004 The Ladykillers (Türkiye'de "Kadın Avcıları" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 2003 Intolerable Cruelty (Türkiye'de "Dayanılmaz Zulüm" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör"
 2001 The Man Who Wasn't There (Türkiye'de "Orada Olmayan Adam" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör"
 2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou? (Türkiye'de "Nerdesin Be Birader?" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör"
 1998 The Big Lebowski (Türkiye'de "Büyük Lebowski" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör"
 1996 Fargo "senarist/editör"
 1994 The Hudsucker Proxy (Türkiye'de "Bir Şirket Komedisi" adıyla gösterilmiştir)
 1991 Barton Fink "senarist/editör"
 1990 Miller's Crossing
 1987 Raising Arizona
 1985 Crimewave 1984 Blood Simple (Türkiye'de "Kansız" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör"

 Ethan Coen
 Filmografi - Yönetmen
 2016 Hail, Caesar!
 2013 Inside Llewyn Davis 2010 True Grit
 2009 A Serious Man 2008 Burn After Reading 2007 No Country for Old Men
 2006 Paris, je t'aime ("Tuileries" bölümü) (Türkiye'de "Paris, Seni Seviyorum" adıyla gösterime girecektir)
 2004 The Ladykillers (Türkiye'de "Kadın Avcıları" adıyla gösterilmiştir)
 2003 Intolerable Cruelty (Türkiye'de "Dayanılmaz Zulüm" adıyla gösterilmiştir)
 2001 The Man Who Wasn't There (Türkiye'de "Orada Olmayan Adam" adıyla gösterilmiştir)
 2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou? (Türkiye'de "Nerdesin Be Birader?" adıyla gösterilmiştir)
 1996 Fargo 1994 The Hudsucker Proxy (Türkiye'de "Bir Şirket Komedisi" adıyla gösterilmiştir)
 1991 Barton Fink 1990 Miller's Crossing
 1987 Raising Arizona
 1984 Blood Simple (Türkiye'de "Kansız" adıyla gösterilmiştir)

 Filmografi - Senarist
 2016 Hail, Caesar! "senarist/editör"
 2014 Unbroken 2013 Inside Llewyn Davis 2012 Gambit 2010 True Grit 2009 A Serious Man 2008 Burn After Reading 2007 Suburbicon (Yapım aşamasında)
 2007 No Country for Old Men  "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 2006 Gambit (Yapım aşamasında)
 2006 Paris, je t'aime ("Tuileries" bölümü) (Türkiye'de "I Love You Paris" adıyla gösterime girecektir)
 2004 The Ladykillers (Türkiye'de "Kadın Avcıları" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 2003 Intolerable Cruelty (Türkiye'de "Dayanılmaz Zulüm" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 2002 A Fever In The Blood 2001 The Man Who Wasn't There (Türkiye'de "Orada Olmayan Adam" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 2000 O Brother, Where Art Thou? (Türkiye'de "Nerdesin Be Birader?" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 1998 The Naked Man 1998 The Big Lebowski (Türkiye'de "Büyük Lebowski" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör" "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 1996 Fargo "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 1994 The Hudsucker Proxy (Türkiye'de "Bir Şirket Komedisi" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/yapımcı"
 1991 Barton Fink "senarist/editör/yapımcı"
 1990 Miller's Crossing "senarist/yapımcı"
 1987 Raising Arizona "senarist/yapımcı"
 1985 Crimewave 1984 Blood Simple''' (Türkiye'de "Kansız" adıyla gösterilmiştir) "senarist/editör/yapımcı"

 Dış bağlantılar
 Joel Coen , Ethan Coen
 Bookrags.com Biyografi ve İnceleme (İngilizce) Joel ve Ethan Coen Bibliografi  (İngilizce) You Know, For Kids! Coen Kardeşler'in filmleri ve resimler (İngilizce) Coenesque Coen Kardeşler'in filmleri (İngilizce) Senses of Cinema   Kardeşler üzerine bir makale (İngilizce) The Big Lebowski: The Making of a Coen Brothers movie Film üzerine bir kitap (İngilizce) Lebowskifest Lebowski Festivali (İngilizce) Miller's Crossing Film üzerine ayrıntılı bir site (İngilizce) Barton Fink Film hakkında Coen Kardeşler'le röportaj (İngilizce)''

1954 doğumlular
1957 doğumlular
Minneapolis doğumlular
Amerikalı film yönetmenleri
Amerikalı senaristler
Amerikalı film yapımcıları
Yahudi asıllı Amerikalılar
New York Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
En İyi Yönetmen Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Senaryo Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Uyarlama Senaryo Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Film Akademi Ödülü sahibi filmlerin yapımcıları
Cannes Film Festivali En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Çevrimiçi Sinema Eleştirmenleri Topluluğu En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Toronto Sinema Eleştirmenleri Derneği En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Yaşayan insanlar
En İyi Senaryo Altın Küre sahipleri
BAFTA En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Yönetmen Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Chicago Sinema Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
New York Film Eleştirmenleri Birliği En İyi Senaryo Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Yönetmen Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Senaryo Bağımsız Ruh Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Özgün Senaryo Writers Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
Writers Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Uyarlama Senaryo Writers Guild of America Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Uyarlama Senaryo National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Uyarlama Senaryo Chicago Sinema Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri

Coen kardeşler


Antboy 3 er en dansk familiefilm fra 2016. Filmen er instrueret af Ask Hasselbalch, skrevet af Anders Ølholm og løst baseret på Kenneth Bøgh Andersens bøger.

Medvirkende
Oscar Dietz som Pelle Nøhrmann/Antboy
Samuel Ting Graf som Wilhelm
 Amalie Kruse Jensen som Ida
Nicolas Bro som Gæmelkrå / Loppen
Paprika Steen som Alicia Dufort
Astrid Juncher-Benzon som Maria / Den røde furie
Cecilie Alstrup Tarp som Amanda
Lærke Winther Andersen som Mor
Frank Thiel som Far
Adam Ild Rohweder som Niller
Morten Rose som John Tøbbesen

Eksterne henvisninger

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Familiefilm fra Danmark
Børnefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2016
Antboy
Dansksprogede film

Antboy 3


Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd. (HDEC; ) is a major construction company in South Korea.  The company was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as the Hyundai Civil Works Company and was a major component of the Hyundai Group. Hyundai Construction and Hyundai Engineering merged in 1999.

Hyundai Construction played a major role in the importation of Korean laborers to the Middle East to work on construction projects in the 1970s and 1980s.  In the decade following 1975, Hyundai signed their first contract in the region for construction of a shipyard for the Iranian Navy near Bandar-e Abbas.  800,000 Koreans went to work in Saudi Arabia and another 25,000 went to Iran; Hyundai was their largest employer.

Under creditors' management with Korea Exchange Bank as the largest creditor, Hyundai Group was split into several entities from 2001 to 2006. As of March 2007, HDEC is the main shareholder of Hyundai Merchant Marine, which is the de facto holding company of Hyundai Group.  Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group (another spin-off from Hyundai Group) are both vying to purchase HDEC.

In 2011, Hyundai Motor Group became the new owner of Hyundai Eng. & Const.,co.,Ltd. This was determined by Korean banks' decision after defeating Hyundai (Merchant marine: the 2nd largest shipping co., in Korea after Hanjin shipping) Group.

Key landmark construction sites
Bangabandhu Bridge, Bangladesh
Kyeong-bu (Seoul-Busan) express way
North Han river, Soyanggang Dam, multipurpose Dam
Seoul Gangnam apartment introduction in Korea during 1970
Hyundai Ulsan shipyard
Hyundai Motor Ulsan complex
Ulsan Industrial complex
Posco Giant Pohang and Gwangyang (South-west of Korean peninsula) com
Jabel Ali Industrial harbour construction
Suntec City tower project, Singapore
Ulsan Grand Bridge
Geogeum Grand Bridge
Masan Changwon Grand Bridge
Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway, Kuwait

Notable people
The former president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, was a former CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction.

See also

 Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction
 Economy of South Korea
 CentGas consortium
 List of companies of South Korea

References

External links

 Hyundai Engineering & Construction  FB Page

Construction and civil engineering companies of South Korea
Companies based in Seoul
Companies listed on the Korea Exchange
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1947
Hyundai Motor Group
South Korean companies established in 1947

Hyundai Engineering & Construction


TMR puede referirse a:
 Third Man Records,  compañía discográfica.
 Takanori Nishikawa, cantante, músico, productor y actor Japonés; también conocido por su nombre artístico T.M.Revolution (Takanori Makes Revolution).
 Transportes Metropolitano Roca, ex empresa ferroviaria argentina; o
 Efecto túnel magnético o efecto magnetorresistencia túnel, por su sigla en inglés tunnel magnetoresistance.
O el famoso agg tmr que es usado para quejarse empleado por los peruanos
Turia Master Rap, organización con el propósito de la grabación de Oneshots A'capellas y Cyphers de artistas de toda España.

TMR


Pogrešan čovjek (srp. Pogrešan čovek/Погрешан човек) je hrvatsko-srbijanska telenovela nastala prema ideji kreativne producentice Jelene Veljače. Seriju su proizveli hrvatska RTL Televizija i srbijanska Prva televizija, a premijerna epizoda serije emitirana je 16. rujna 2018. na RTL-u, a 17. rujna 2018. na Prvoj.

Serija se emitirala od ponedjeljka do petka u 20 sati u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji.

Radnja

Serija prati priču samohrane majke Lee, koja mora svladati svoj najveći strah i traumu kako bi se suočila s davno zaboravljenim ocem njezine kćerke, čovjekom za kojeg vjeruje da ju je silovao prije 16 godina. On je sada jedini koji može spasiti život njezinom djetetu. Zoe je tinejdžerka, buntovnica, puna života, smrtno je bolesna i potrebna joj je transplantacija bubrega. Od trudnoće i Zoinog rađanja, njena majka Lea nikome nije rekla tko je zapravo Zoin otac. Svih ovih godina pokušavala je zaboraviti svoju najveću traumu i čovjeka koji je odgovoran za to, čovjeka koji ju je napastovao prije 16 godina. Njezina mržnja prema njemu je duboka i iskrena, nikada se nije potpuno oporavila od te noći, ali ovaj put nema izbora, on je jedini koji može donirati organ i spasiti bolesnu djevojčicu. Ali, kako život uvijek piše nepredvidljive priče, tako će i Leina potraga za ocem djeteta pokazati da svaka priča ima dvije strane.

Glumačka postava

Emitiranje

Zanimljivosti
 Serija se snima u dva studija na površini od 3000 četvornih metara, što je ujedno i najveći studio na kojem je snimana neka RTL-ova serija. Za scenografiju je zadužen proslavljeni scenograf Goran Joksimović koji je radio i raskošnu pozornicu Eurosonga 2008. u Beogradu.
 Ovo je druga serija nastala u suradnji hrvatskog RTL-a i srbijanske Prve TV. Prva serija na kojoj su surađivali RTL i Prva TV (tadašnja FOX Televizija) je bila serija "Ne daj se, Nina".
 Snimanje se, osim u Beogradu i u Zagrebu, odvija i na Murteru, otoku u šibenskom arhipelagu.
 Završavanje snimanja predviđeno je za 1. travnja 2019. godine.
 U Hrvatskoj je prvu i drugu epizodu serije gledalo oko 200-250 tisuća ljudi, dok je u Srbiji prvu epizodu gledalo 1.018.000 ljudi.
 Hrvatska je u početku išla jednu epizodu unaprijed, međutim, zbog izvanrednih vijesti u vezi Ivice Todorića 7. studenog, epizode su premijerno emitirane i u Srbiji i u Hrvatskoj istim radnim danima sve do 16. studenog 2018. godine kada se naredne epizode premijerno emitiraju u Srbiji jer se od tada serija u Hrvatskoj više ne emitira svakog radnog dana.
 U seriji je poznati srbijanski glumac Marko Nikolić odigrao svoju posljednju televizijsku ulogu. Također tijekom snimanja serije se morao povući zbog bolesti s kojom se već duže vrijeme borio. Njegov lik Lazar st. Crnković je također preminuo u seriji.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službena stranica serije na RTL.hr
 Službena stranica serije na Prva.rs  (srp.)

 Hrvatske telenovele
Srbijanske serije

Pogrešan čovjek (televizijska serija)


Trafönd (fræðiheiti: Tadorna cana), einnig kölluð hin suður-afríska brandönd, er tegund anda.

Heimildaskrá

Andaætt

Trafönd


Anna Sam (* 1980 in Rennes) ist eine französische Autorin und Bloggerin.

Biografie
Anna Sam arbeitete während ihres Literaturstudiums (2000–2008) in einem E.Leclerc-Einkaufszentrum als Kassiererin. Im Jahr 2007 eröffnete sie einen Blog, in dem sie ihr Leben als Kassiererin erzählt. Wegen der großen Resonanz zu ihrem Blog veröffentlichte sie im Jahr 2008 ihren ersten Roman Les Tribulations d'une caissière. Das Buch wurde in 21 Sprachen übersetzt und weltweit eine halbe Million Mal verkauft, im Jahr 2011 wurde es von Pierre Rambaldi verfilmt.
Neben ihrer Arbeit als Autorin, Bloggerin und Angestellte beim Radiosender France Bleu Armorique arbeitet sie auch als Beraterin für große Einzelhändler.

Werke
 Die Leiden einer jungen Kassiererin. Riemann Verlag, München 2009, ISBN 3-570-50107-8
 Fragen Sie die Kassiererin!. Hoffmann und Campe 2010, ISBN 3-455-50157-5

Weblinks

 telegraph.co.uk: How a checkout girl called Anna Sam bagged a best-seller (englisch) Abgerufen am 15. Mai 2012
 sueddeutsche.de: Arbeit im Supermarkt Die Storno-Queen  Abgerufen am 15. Mai 2012

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Französisch)
Roman, Epik
Blogger
Franzose
Geboren 1980
Frau

Anna Sam


Singrauli (en hindi; सिंगरौली जिला) es un distrito de la India en el estado de Madhya Pradesh. Código ISO: IN.MP.SN.

Comprende una superficie de 5 672 km².

El centro administrativo es la ciudad de Singrauli.

Demografía
Según censo 2011 contaba con una población total de 1 178 132 habitantes, de los cuales 563 247 eran mujeres y 614 885 varones.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Singrauli

Distrito de Singrauli


Slanská Huta este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 247 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Slanská Huta este atestată documentar din 1772.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Slanská Huta


HMAS Pirie (J189/B249/A123), named for the city of Port Pirie, was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II and one of 20 built on Admiralty order but manned by personnel of and commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).

Early in her career, Pirie operated as an escort in the South West Pacific Area, and in April 1943, was damaged off Oro Bay by Japanese aircraft. Tensions between the corvette's commanding officer and the rest of the ship's company, excaberated by the lack of leave, mail, and pay, boiled over during the repair period, and led to a strike-like mutiny by the junior sailors shortly after Pirie returned to service. The mutiny was poorly handled, and the commander was replaced at the end of 1943. During 1944, the ship continued to operate as a convoy escort, and undertook minesweeping duties until she was attached to the British Pacific Fleet. Pirie was the third RAN ship to enter Japanese waters, and was present at Japan's surrender.

After the war, the corvette returned to Australia, and was decommissioned before being sold to Turkey. Renamed TCG Amasra, the ship remained in service with the Turkish Navy until 26 March 1984.

Design and construction

In 1938, the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board (ACNB) identified the need for a general purpose 'local defence vessel' capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties, while easy to construct and operate. The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons, a speed of at least , and a range of  The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled Bar-class boom defence vessel saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel, with a  top speed, and a range of , armed with a 4-inch gun, equipped with asdic, and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations: although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel, the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels. Construction of the prototype  did not go ahead, but the plans were retained. The need for locally built 'all-rounder' vessels at the start of World War II saw the "Australian Minesweepers" (designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability, but popularly referred to as "corvettes") approved in September 1939, with 60 constructed during the course of the war: 36 ordered by the RAN, 20 (including Pirie) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels, and four for the Royal Indian Navy.

The corvette was initially fitted with a 12-pounder gun as primary armament; this was later replaced by a . Three  Oerlikons made up the secondary armament. The aftmost Oerlikon was later switched out in favour of a  Bofors. An assortment of machine guns were carried for close-in defence, and depth charge throwers and rails were fitted for anti-submarine warfare.

Pirie was laid down by BHP at its Whyalla shipyard on 19 May 1941. She was launched on 3 December 1941 by Mrs. H. T. Kleeman, wife of the Whyalla superintendent of BHP.Pirie was commissioned into the RAN on 10 October 1942, with Lieutenant Commander Charles Ferry Mills in command.

Operational history
The corvette was initially assigned to escort duties in the South West Pacific Area.

Oro Bay
On 11 April 1943, Pirie was escorting the British supply ship SS Hanyang from Milne Bay to Oro Bay. The ships were  from their destination when they were attacked by Japanese dive-bombers. The first wave saw Hanyangs steering gear damaged, while Pirie was straddled by bombs but escaped effectively unharmed. One dive-bomber was shot down by the corvette's retaliatory fire. A second pass by the aircraft caused further damage to the merchantman.

A Zero dived on Pirie, strafing the foredeck and the crew of the 12-pounder while the corvette's starboard Oerlikon shot back. The bomber dropped two bombs: Pirie turned to port to avoid one, but moved directly under the other. The bomb penetrated the armoured bridge canopy, deflected off the helmsman's station, killed the gunnery officer, then struck the foredeck plating and detonated, where it killed six of the seven men on the main gun. Had it not struck the bridge first, the bomb would likely had penetrated the magazine before detonating and destroying the entire ship.

Pirie was strafed another three times before the Japanese planes were driven off by Allied fighters and anti-aircraft fire from the corvette. In addition to the seven crew killed in the attack, four were seriously wounded. Japanese propaganda, describing the corvette as a destroyer, reported that she had been destroyed. Three United States Army personnel aboard Pirie at the time (a chaplain and two officers) offered to bury the dead at sea. The chaplain later recommended that the ship and her company receive bravery honours. Both ships reached their destination.

After some repairs were effected at Oro Bay,  escorted Pirie back to Milne Bay. Further temporary repairs were made, and on 14 April, the corvette sailed for Townsville in company with the sloop , before continuing on alone to Maryborough, where she arrived on 19 April.

Repairs and mutiny
During Mills' time in command, he had been a strict disciplinarian, required sailors to wear dress uniforms when going ashore, and over-enforced the division between officers and sailors. Mills also treated both sailors and subordinate officers with contempt: as the only member of the Permanent Navy (as opposed to the Reserve or 'Hostilities Only' recruits), he considered himself superior to all else aboard. The entire ship's company quickly came to dislike him, and any respect for him was further undermined during the air attack at Oro Bay: sailors had witnessed Mills dive for cover when the Japanese planes attacked, forcing the Coxswain to take over and fight. Mills also took to wearing a sling, despite not being wounded.

On coming alongside in Maryborough, the personnel of Pirie found that only some of their expected mail had arrived, and there was no sign of their pay. A small number of sailors were allowed home on leave, but Mills ordered the rest to remain aboard the corvette while the foredeck was stripped off and replaced, which made living conditions in the already poor messdecks much worse: those aboard were exposed to the noise of repair work, tropical heat, and ankle-deep water in the living areas. The commander himself moved ashore to a hotel, but visited the ship daily to take local dignitaries on tours and spoke of the attack. Mills' wife had travelled to Maryborough, and the ship's men were expected to salute her as if she was a naval officer. A complaint about the living conditions was made to the Coxswain to pass on to Mills, but the commander was uncompassionate. Repairs were completed on 18 May, and Pirie sailed to Townsville to await reassignment. An expected leave period before resuming duties did not eventuate. The corvette was instructed to commence patrol and escort duties along Australia's east coast, to which Mills responded with bravado. The signalman informed his shipmates of the response: some sailors later wrote that this was "the last straw".

Pirie completed her first escort run in late May: she escorted two ships from Townsville to Sydney, then joined a convoy of fourteen merchant ships and five other corvettes back to Townsville. The mood of the ship's company continued to deteriorate, and on 8 June, a large number of sailors met in the foremost messdeck. A complaint about the living conditions was made to the coxswain to pass on to Mills, but the commander was uncompassionate. They wanted to highlight their grievances and requests—a short period of shore leave while Pirie was inactive, their overdue mail to be sent to the ship, and their pay to be delivered—and resolved that the next morning, instead of reporting for duty, half the junior sailors and half the stokers would, instead of reporting for duty, "sit here and see what happens". Older sailors and anyone above the rank of able seaman were not allowed to participate, so the corvette could deploy immediately if necessary and to ensure there were no repercussions for those who had families to support and might wish to continue their naval career after the war.

The next morning, when the order to assemble for morning duties was piped, 45 men failed to respond, and asked to discuss their grievances with Mills. Mills instructed the First Lieutenant and the Coxswain to order the sailors to the quarterdeck. Each sailor was given a direct order, and when all had refused, they were deemed to be in a state of mutiny. The sailors did not know how to proceed, so continued to sit and wait in the messdecks. The Coxswain returned to collect a list of grievances, and was met by shouts from all sides, some of which had little or no connection to the sailors' original reasonings. Another pipe, this time for all personnel to assemble aft, was made, and again, the 45 sailors stayed where they were. Mills, who had received the list, informed those assembled how disappointed he was in the actions of the ship's company, then went ashore to meet with the Naval Officer in Charge (NOIC). Although attending the midday meal, the 45 sailors did not report for afternoon duties, and it was not until 1720, with the NOIC aboard, that they obeyed an order to fall in with the rest of the ship's company on the aft quarterdeck. During the afternoon, an armed guard was stationed on the dock alongside Pirie, and the ship's 12-pounder had been disabled. After reading the relevant passages from the Articles of War, the NOIC instructed anyone unwilling to work to stand aside; nobody did. The ship's company were informed that Pirie would sail for Cid Harbour that evening.

On arrival at Cid Harbour early on 10 June, Mills was informed that a Board of Inquiry, consisting of senior officers from HMA Ships  and  would be convened at 1100. Twenty-four sailors were called before the Inquiry, and had to testify without formal representation. As the Inquiry was unable to identify any ringleaders, the problem was handed back to Mills to deal with as he saw fit. On 15 June, Mills summarily charged twelve men with joining a mutinous assembly (including one who had not participated), and two others with disobeying instructions to persuade the others to return to duty. Ten were sent to Stuart's Creek Gaol for periods between 21 and 60 days, then assigned to other ships, while the other four were punished less severely and remained aboard. This was despite the Articles of War prohibiting charges of mutiny being laid without a court martial, and no opportunity to defend themselves or request clemency was offered. The sailors claimed that the decision to disobey orders had come from a consensus of frustration, and later theorised that those punished had either witnessed the commander's actions during the air attack, or were the ones most likely to speak up for themselves against Mills.

The evidence collected by the Inquiry led the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board to conclude that Mills had failed to respond quickly and appropriately to the sailors' actions, and he was transferred to the training base  in December. Pirie continued on convoy duties until sailing to Sydney for a refit in December. During his final months in command, Mills attempted to reassert his authority through the use of increasingly frequent disciplinary punishments for minor breaches, such as failing to properly lash hammocks, or washing clothes in the wrong place. Mills' replacement, Lieutenant Commander D. L. Thompson, noted a dramatic improvement in the attitude and discipline of the ship's company when he took command.

1944–45

After the December 1943 refit, Pirie was assigned to patrol and escort duties out of Darwin. During the second half of 1944, the ship operated in the Great Barrier Reef as a minesweeper. In November, Pirie was attached to the British Pacific Fleet's Minesweeping Flotilla.

In July 1945, the corvette was used as a convoy escort off Okinawa and Iwo Jima. Pirie was the third Australian warship to enter Japanese territorial waters during the war, entering Tokyo Bay on 31 August 1945. She remained in Tokyo Bay until mid-September and was present on Victory over Japan Day (2 September 1945), when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed.

Piries wartime service is recognised by three battle honours: "Pacific 1942–45", "New Guinea 1943–44", and "Okinawa 1945".

Post-war handover
Pirie returned to Sydney in February 1946. She was decommissioned from RAN service on 5 April, and was immediately recommissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Pirie. On 21 May, Pirie, along with sister ships  and , sailed for Colombo for transfer into the Turkish Navy.

Turkish service
Renamed TCG Amasra, the ship remained in service with the Turkish Navy until 26 March 1984.

Citations

References
Books

Journal and news articles

Websites

External links

Bathurst-class corvettes of the Royal Australian Navy
Bathurst-class corvettes of the Turkish Navy
Corvettes of the Cold War
Naval mutinies
Ships built in South Australia
World War II corvettes of Australia
1941 ships

HMAS Pirie (J189)


ගණිතයෙහි, වක්‍රයක් (පැරණි ග්‍රන්ථයන්හී වක්‍ර රේඛාවක් ලෙසින් හැඳින්විණි) යනු, සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් සැලකුණු කල, රේඛාවකට සමානතාවයක් දක්වන නමුදු  සෘජු නොවිය යුතු දෙයකි.

වක්‍රය


Wilhelm Staudinger (* 4. Dezember 1902 in München; † nach 1974) war ein deutscher Parteifunktionär (NSDAP).

Leben und Wirken
In seiner Jugend besuchte Staudinger nacheinander eine Münchener Volksschule (1907 bis 1912), die Maria-Theresia-Kreisrealsschule (1912 bis 1919), die Luitpold-Oberrealschule (1919 bis 1921) und die Oberrealschule III in München (1921 bis 1922), die er mit der Reifeprüfung verließ. Anschließend arbeitete er von 1922 bis 1924 bei der Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft. Nebenbei studierte er an der Universität München Volkswirtschaft, Geographie und Philosophie. Während dieser Zeit trat Staudinger im April 1922 erstmals in die NSDAP ein (Mitgliedsnummer 5.301). Im September 1923 wurde er außerdem Mitglied des Bundes Oberland, mit dem er im November 1923 am gescheiterten Hitler-Putsch in München teilnahm.

Nach seinem Weggang von der Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft im Jahr 1924 studierte Staudinger Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Technischen Hochschule München. Er schloss dieses Studium 1928 mit dem Diplom ab. Später promovierte er an derselben Hochschule noch mit einer Dissertation über die Verschuldung der Landwirtschaft zum Dr. rer. techn.

In den Jahren 1929 bis 1931 war Staudinger abwechselnd erwerbslos und in kurzfristigen Arbeitsverhältnissen beschäftigt, so als Schreibkraft in einer Drogerie und in der Landwirtschaft. 1931 lernte Staudinger, der im Dezember 1928 der NSDAP erneut beigetreten war (Mitgliedsnummer 108.007), den NS-Politiker Walther Darré kennen, der ihn in seinen Mitarbeiterstab im Agrarpolitischen Amt der NSDAP aufnahm, in dem er bis Ende 1933 tätig war.

Zum Jahreswechsel 1933/1934 wechselte Staudinger anlässlich der Gründung des Reichsnährstandes in das zu dieser Zeit neugegründete Stabsamt des Reichsbauernführers (i. e. Darré), dessen Aufgabe die ideologische Beratung des Bauernführers war. Im Stabsamt war er zunächst als Abteilungsleiter in der von Roland Schulze geleiteten Hauptabteilung C (Verlags- und Zeitungswesen, Werbung und Aufklärung) tätig. In dieser Eigenschaft war er für Bauerngeschichte, Bauernrecht und andere landwirtschaftliche und volkswirtschaftliche Sachen zuständig. 1936 wurde Staudinger zum Hauptabteilungsleiter befördert und mit der Leitung der Stabshauptabteilung E (Aufklärung) betraut.

Seit 1934 gehörte Staudinger außerdem der SS an (Mitgliedsnummer 268.365), in der er schließlich mit Beförderung zum 30. Januar 1938 den Rang eines SS-Standartenführers erreichte. Innerhalb der SS war er einheitsmäßig dem Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt zugeteilt und bekleidete den Posten eines Verbindungsführers zwischen dem Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt und dem SD-Hauptamt.

Von Ende 1939 bis zum Frühjahr 1942 gehörte Staudinger der Wehrmacht an, mit der er am Westfeldzug 1940, der Besetzung Frankreichs und dem Griechenlandfeldzug teilnahm.

Zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs geriet Staudinger in alliierte Gefangenschaft. In der Folge wurde er im Rahmen der Nürnberger Prozesse als Zeuge vernommen.

Schriften
 Die Verschuldung der deutschen Landwirtschaft unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verschuldungsstatistik, München 1937. (Dissertation)
 Die Landwirtschaft im deutschen Aufbauwerk, Berlin 1938.

Weblinks
 Protokolle von Vernehmungen Staudingers am 7. Mai 1947 und am 2. Juni 1947 im Archiv des IFZ (PDF; 2,9 MB)

Einzelnachweise

Zeuge in den Nürnberger Prozessen
NSDAP-Mitglied
SS-Mitglied
Militärperson im Nationalsozialismus
Teilnehmer am Hitlerputsch
Freikorps-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1902
Gestorben im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann

Wilhelm Staudinger


La  est une gare ferroviaire située sur le territoire de la commune suisse de La Sarraz dans le canton de Vaud.

Situation ferroviaire
Établie à  d'altitude, la gare de La Sarraz est située au point kilométrique  de la ligne de Cossonay-Penthalaz à Vallorbe, entre les gares de Cossonay-Penthalaz (en direction de Lausanne) et Arnex (vers Vallorbe).

Elle est dotée de deux voies bordées par deux quais latéraux.

Histoire

Construction de la gare

La gare de La Sarraz a été mise en service en  en même temps que l'inauguration de la ligne de Cossonay-Penthalaz à Vallorbe. Le bâtiment voyageurs date quant à lui de  et les locaux de service de . Parmi les bâtiments voyageurs d'origine de la ligne, celui de La Sarraz est celui qui a été le moins remanié. Il a été conçu dans le style d'une maison d'habitation de deux étages non mansardés avec murs de soubassement en maçonnerie. Le rez-de-chaussée est composé d'une salle d'attente traversant le bâtiment, accessible depuis la rue comme les quais, ainsi que d'un bureau de gare. L'étage est un appartement composé de trois à quatre pièces dont deux ou trois ne sont accessibles que par la cuisine.

Modernisation
Des travaux de modernisation de la gare ont été entamés le  et ont duré jusqu'en . Pour un montant de , la gare a été rendue accessible aux personnes à mobilité réduite en rehaussant les deux quais à une hauteur de . En outre, le confort des voyageurs a été amélioré par l'allongement du quai  en direction de Lausanne avec la construction d'un nouvel abri tandis que, sur le quai , l'abri existant sera renouvelé et une marquise y a été adjointe. Afin de permettre l'augmentation de la fréquence des trains sur l'axe reliant Lausanne à Vallorbe à la demi-heure, la signalisation ferroviaire a été modernisée de Daillens à Vallorbe, complétée par la construction de trois bâtiments de service dont un à La Sarraz construit sur un terrain qui appartenait au parc relais de la gare. De plus, les sections de Daillens à Vallorbe de la ligne Cossonay – Vallorbe et du Day au Pont de la ligne Vallorbe – Le Brassus seront équipées d'une signalisation ferroviaire numérique. Le tronçon de Daillens à Vallorbe sera même banalisé. L'ensemble des travaux a un coût estimé à  de francs suisses.

En parallèle, le prolongement du RER Vaud dans la vallée de Joux a été mis en service le .

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Gare des CFF, elle dispose d'un bâtiment voyageurs, d'un abri sur chaque quai et d'un automate pour l'achat de titres de transport. Un passage souterrain sous les voies permet de circuler entre les deux quais.
À proximité directe de la gare se situe également un parc relais dédié au stationnement des automobiles.

La gare est accessible aux personnes à mobilité réduite.

Desserte
La gare fait partie du réseau RER Vaud qui assure des liaisons rapides à fréquence élevée dans l'ensemble du canton de Vaud. La Sarraz est desservie chaque heure par les lignes S3 et S4 qui relient Vallorbe et/ou Le Brassus (pour la ligne S4) à Aigle, voire Saint-Maurice.

Intermodalité
La gare de La Sarraz est en correspondance à l'arrêt La Sarraz, gare avec la ligne interurbaine  des MBC qui relie le collège Guébettes de La Sarraz à Cossonay (et certaines heures, prolongée jusqu'à la gare de Cossonay-Penthalaz) ainsi que la ligne  exploitée par CarPostal reliant la gare d'Eclépens à l'hôpital de Saint-Loup.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Suisse
 Réseau express régional vaudois
 La Sarraz

Liens externes

 .

Gare dans le canton de Vaud
Gare mise en service en 1870

Gare de La Sarraz


7571 Weisse Rose este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7571 Weisse Rose este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Tautenburg de Freimut Börngen. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,10 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 2,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia Themis

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1989
Centura de asteroizi

7571 Weisse Rose


Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (;  – 12 June 1937), nicknamed the Red Napoleon, was a Soviet general who was prominent between 1918 and 1937 as a military officer and theoretician. He was later executed during the show trials of 1936-38.

He served as an officer in World War I of 1914–1917 and in the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, leading the defense of the Moscow district (1918), commanding forces on the Eastern Front (1918), commanding the Fifth Army in the recapture of Siberia from Alexander Kolchak, and heading Cossack forces against Anton Denikin (1920). From 1920 to 1921 he commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Polish–Soviet War. Soviet forces under his command successfully repelled the Polish forces from Western Ukraine, driving them back into Poland, but the Red Army suffered defeat outside of Warsaw, and the war ended in a Soviet defeat. Tukhachevsky blamed Joseph Stalin for his defeat at the Battle of Warsaw.

He later served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935.

As a major proponent of modernisation of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s, he became instrumental in the development of Soviet aviation, and of mechanized and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind the Soviet development of the theory of deep operations in the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet authorities accused Tukhachevsky of treason, and after confessing during torture he was executed in 1937 during Yezhov's military purges of 1936–1938.

Early life

Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District (in the present-day Smolensk Oblast of Russia), into a family of impoverished hereditary nobles. Legend states that his family descended from a Flemish count who ended up stranded in the East during the Crusades and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia. His great-grandfather Alexander Tukhachevsky (1793–1831) served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. He was of Russian ethnicity. After attending the Cadet Corps in 1912, he moved on to the , whence he graduated in 1914.

World War I
At the outset of the First World War he joined the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment (July 1914) as a second lieutenant, declaring:

I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence.... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then.

Taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from prisoner-of-war camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress in Bavaria.

Captivity in Ingolstadt
There he met Le Monde journalist Remy Roure and shared a cell with Captain Charles de Gaulle. Tukhachevsky played his violin, assailed nihilist beliefs and spoke against Christians and Jews, whom he called dogs who "spread their fleas throughout the world". Roure, under the pseudonym of Pierre Fervacque, wrote about his encounter with Tukhachevsky. He reported that Tukhachevsky highly praised Napoleon, and also in a certain conversation, Tukhachevsky said he hated Jews for bringing Christianity and the "morality of capital" to Russia. Roure then asked him if he was a socialist, and he replied:

According to Roure, Tukhachevsky said that he would only follow Lenin if he "de-europeanised and threw Russia into barbarism", but feared Lenin would not do that. After ranting about how he could use Marxism as a justification to secure the territorial aims of the Tsars and cement Russia's position as a world power, he laughed and said he was only joking. Roure said the laugh had an ironic and despairing tone.

In another, different occasion, following the February Revolution, Roure observed Tukhachevsky carving a "scary idol from colored cardboard", with "burning eyes", a "gaping mouth", and a "bizarre and terrible nose". He inquired about its purpose, to which Tukhachevsky responded:

Tukhachevsky's apparent neo-paganism was also corroborated by another prisoner at Ingolstadt, , who recalled that he once saw a "scarecrow" in the corner of Tukhachevsky's cell, and upon asking him as to what it was, Tukhachevsky responded (to what Tsurikov interpreted as heavy sarcasm), that it was an effigy of Yarilo (the Slavic god of vegetation, fertility and springtime), which he had created during Shrovetide.

Tukhachevsky never denied, and later even confirmed, these stories about his imprisonment in Germany, but always said that he was politically immature in 1917 and greatly regretted his early views. In France 1936, when confronted with what Roure wrote about him, he said that he had read his book and stated the following:I was still very young... a novice at politics, and all I knew about revolutions was the last phase of the citizens' revolution in France: the Bonapartism whose military triumphs filled me with boundless admiration. (...) I never think of my views at Ingolstadt without regretting them, since they could cause doubts about my devotion to the Soviet motherland. I'm taking advantage of our reunion to tell you my true feelings.Whether or not Tukhachevsky really gave up on his old views, the assertion that he was a fully-fledged Bolshevik by the time he joined them is considered to be most likely not true.

Tukhachevsky's fifth escape met with success, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, carrying with him some small pagan idols, he returned to Russia in September 1917. Following the October Revolution of 1917, Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks and went on to play a key role in the Red Army despite his noble ancestry.

Russian Civil War

He became an officer in the newly established Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank because of his great ability. During the Russian Civil War, he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar, Leon Trotsky, gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the anticommunist White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. Tukhachevsky used concentrated attacks to exploit the enemy's open flanks and threaten them with envelopment. According to Tukhachevsky's close confidant Leonid Sabaneyev, in 1918, when he was in the service of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in his last overt display of neopaganism, Tukhachevsky drew up a project for destruction of Christianity and restoration of Slavic paganism. To this end, Tukhachevsky submitted a memo on declaring paganism as the state religion of the RSFSR, which although mocked, also received some serious discussion in the Small Council of People's Commissars, which commended Tukhachevsky for his "joke" and his commitment to atheism. Sabaneyev observed that Tukhachevsky seemed "as happy as a schoolboy who had just succeeded in a prank."

He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920, conducting the final operations. In February 1920, he launched an offensive into the Kuban, using cavalry to disrupt the enemy's rear. In the retreat that followed, Denikin's force disintegrated, and Novorossiysk was evacuated hastily.

In the final stage of the civil war, Tukhachevsky commanded the 7th Army during the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. He also commanded the assault against the Tambov Republic between 1921 and 1922.

Polish-Soviet War

Tukhachevsky commanded the Soviet invasion of Poland during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In the lead-up to hostilities, Tukhachevsky concentrated his troops near Vitebsk, which he theatrically dubbed, "The Gates of Smolensk". When he issued his troops orders to cross the border, Tukhachevsky said, "The fate of world revolution is being decided in the west: the way leads over the corpse of Poland to a universal conflagration.... On to Wilno, Minsk, and Warsaw -- forward!"

According to Richard M. Watt, "The boldness of Tukhachevsky's drive westward was the key to his success. The Soviet High Command dispatched 60,000 men as reinforcements, but Tukhachevsky never stopped to let them catch up. His onrushing armies were leaving behind greater numbers of stragglers every day, but Tukhachevsky ignored these losses. His supply services were in chaos and his rear scarcely existed as an organized entity, but Tukhachevsky was unconcerned; his men would live off the land. On the day his troops captured Minsk, a new cry arose--'Give us Warsaw!' Tukhachevsky was determined to give them what they wanted. All things considered, Tukhachevsky's performance was a virtuoso display of energy, determination, and, indeed, rashness."

His armies were defeated by Józef Piłsudski outside Warsaw. It was during the Polish war that Tukhachevsky first came into conflict with Stalin. Both blamed the other for the Soviet failure to capture Warsaw. Tukhachevsky later lamented:

His book about the war was translated into Polish and published together with a book by Piłsudski.

Reform of the Red Army

Tukhachevsky fervently criticised the Red Army's performance during the 1926 Summer manoeuvres. He criticised the officers' inability to determine what course of action to take and communicate that with their troops especially harshly. Tukhachevsky noted that initiative among officers was lacking, that they responded slowly to changes in the situation and that communication was poor. This was not purely the officers' fault as the only way of communication from local unit headquarters to the field positions was a single telephone line. In contrast German divisions mobilised shortly after during the interwar period had telephones, radio, horse, cycle and motorcycle messengers, signal lights and flags and pieces of cloth with which messages were to be conveyed mostly to aircraft.

Tukhachevsky reached the position of 1st deputy commissar for defence to commissar for defence Kliment Voroshilov. Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky and would later be one of the initiators of the great purge which wouldn't benefit Tukhachevsky's safety. According to Zhukov it was Tukhachevsky and not Voroshilov who ran the ministry in practice. While Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky, his perception of military doctrine was nonetheless impacted significantly by Tukhachevsky's ideas.

According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin regarded Tukhachevsky as his bitterest rival and dubbed him Napoleonchik (little Napoleon). Upon Stalin's ascension to Party leadership in 1929, he began receiving denunciations from senior officers who disapproved of Tukhachevsky's tactical theories. Then, in 1930, the OGPU forced two officers to testify that Tukhachevsky was plotting to overthrow the Politburo via a coup d'état.

According to Montefiore:

Following this, Tukhachevsky wrote several books on modern warfare and, in 1931, after Stalin had accepted the need for an industrialized military, Tukhachevsky was given a leading role in reforming the army. He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on use of tanks and aircraft in combined operations.

Tukhachevsky took a keen interest in the arts, and became a political patron and close friend of composer Dmitri Shostakovich; they met in 1925 and subsequently played music together at the Marshal's home (Tukhachevsky played the violin). In 1936, Shostakovich's music was under attack following the Pravda denunciation of his opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk. However, Tukhachevsky intervened with Stalin on his friend's behalf. After Tukhachevsky's arrest, pressure was put on Shostakovich to denounce him, but he was saved from doing so by the fact that the investigator was himself arrested.

Theory of deep operation

Tukhachevsky is often credited with the theory of deep operation in which combined arms formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics, but his exact role is unclear and disputed because of shortage of firsthand sources, and his published works containing only limited amounts of theory on the subject. The theories were opposed by some in the military establishment but were largely adopted by the Red Army in the mid-1930s. They were expressed as a concept in the Red Army's Field Regulations of 1929 and more fully developed in the 1935 Instructions on Deep Battle. The concept was finally codified into the army in 1936 in the Provisional Field Regulations of 1936. An early example of potential effectiveness of deep operations can be found in the Soviet victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan), where a Soviet Corps under the command of Georgy Zhukov defeated a substantial Japanese force in August and September 1939.

It is often stated that the widespread purges of the Red Army officer corps in 1937 to 1939 made "deep operations" briefly fall from favour. However, they were certainly a major part of Soviet doctrine after their efficacy was demonstrated by the Battle of Khalkin Gol and the success of similar German operations in Poland and France. They were used with great success during World War II on the Eastern Front, in such victories as the Battle of Stalingrad  and Operation Bagration.

Fall and death

On November 20, 1935, Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union when he was 42. In January 1936, Tukhachevsky visited the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.

Just before his arrest, Tukhachevsky was relieved of duty as assistant to Marshal Voroshilov and appointed military commander of the Volga Military District. Shortly after departing to take up his new command, he was secretly arrested on May 22, 1937, and brought back to Moscow in a prison van.

Tukhachevsky's interrogation and torture were directly supervised by NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov. Stalin instructed Yezhov, "See for yourself, but Tukhachevsky should be forced to tell everything... It's impossible he acted alone."

According to Montefiore, a few days later, as Yezhov buzzed in and out of Stalin's office, a broken Tukhachevsky confessed that Avel Yenukidze had recruited him in 1928 and that he was a German agent cooperating with Nikolai Bukharin to seize power. Tukhachevsky's confession, which survives in the archives, is dappled with a brown spray that was later found to be blood-spattered by a body in motion.

Stalin commented, "It's incredible, but it's a fact, they admit it."

On June 11, 1937, the Soviet Supreme Court convened a special military tribunal to try Tukhachevsky and eight generals for treason. The trial was dubbed the Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization. Upon hearing the accusations, Tukhachevsky was heard to say, "I feel I'm dreaming." Most of the judges were also terrified. One was heard to comment, "Tomorrow I'll be put in the same place."

At 11:35 that night, all of the defendants were declared guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, who was awaiting the verdict with Yezhov, Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, did not even examine the transcripts. He simply said, "Agreed."

Within the hour, Tukhachevsky was summoned from his cell by NKVD captain Vasily Blokhin. As Yezhov watched, the former Marshal was shot once in the back of the head.

Immediately afterward, Yezhov was summoned into Stalin's presence. Stalin asked, "What were Tukhachevsky's last words?" Yezhov responded, "The snake said he was dedicated to the Motherland and Comrade Stalin. He asked for clemency. But it was obvious that he was not being straight, he hadn't laid down his arms."

Aftermath

Tukhachevsky's family members all suffered after his execution. His wife, Nina Tukhachevskaya, and his brothers Alexandr and Nikolai, both instructors in a Soviet military academy, were all shot. Three of his sisters were sent to the Gulag. His underage daughter was arrested when she reached adulthood and remained in the Gulag until the 1950s Khrushchev Thaw. She lived in Moscow after her release and died in 1982.

Before Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956, Tukhachevsky was officially considered a fascist and fifth columnist. Soviet diplomats and supporters in the West enthusiastically promulgated this opinion. Then, on January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his codefendants were declared innocent of all charges and were rehabilitated.

Although Tukhachevsky's prosecution is almost universally regarded as a sham, Stalin's motivations continue to be debated. In his 1968 book The Great Terror, British historian Robert Conquest accuses Nazi Party leaders Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich of forging documents that implicated Tukhachevsky in an anti-Stalinist conspiracy with the Wehrmacht General Staff, to weaken the Soviet Union's defence capacity. These documents, Conquest said, were leaked to President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia, who passed them to Soviet Russia through diplomatic channels. Conquest's thesis of an SS conspiracy to frame Tukhachevsky was based upon the memoirs of Walter Schellenberg and Beneš.

In 1989, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announced that new evidence had been found in Stalin's archives indicating German intelligence's intentions to fabricate disinformation about Tukhachevsky with the goal of eliminating him. "Knowledge of personal characteristics of Stalin - like paranoia and extreme suspicion, had been possibly highest factor in it."

According to the opinion of Igor Lukes, who conducted a study on the matter, it was Stalin, Kaganovich and Yezhov who actually concocted Tukhachevsky's "treason" themselves. At Yezhov's order, the NKVD had instructed a known double agent, Nikolai Skoblin, to leak to Heydrich's Sicherheitsdienst (SD) concocted information suggesting a plot by Tukhachevsky and the other Soviet generals against Stalin.

Seeing an opportunity to strike a blow at the Soviet military, Heydrich immediately acted on the information and undertook to improve on it. Heydrich's forgeries were later leaked to the Soviets via Beneš and other neutral nations. While the SD believed that it had successfully fooled Stalin into executing his best generals, in reality, it had merely served as an unwitting pawn of the Soviet NKVD. Ironically, Heydrich's forgeries were never used at trial. Instead, Soviet prosecutors relied on signed "confessions" beaten out of the defendants.

In 1956, NKVD defector Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov published an article in Life Magazine with "The Sensational Secret Behind the Damnation of Stalin" as title. The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist Okhrana archives proving Stalin had once been an informer. From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a coup d'état with Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in the Red Army. According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible. The article lists the Eremin letter as documentary evidence that Stalin was part of the Okhrana, but most historians agree it's a forgery.

Simon Sebag Montefiore, who has conducted extensive research in Soviet archives, states:

It has been speculated that the reason why Stalin had Tukhachevsky and other high ranking generals executed was to remove a potential threat to his political power. Ultimately, Stalin and Yezhov would orchestrate the arrest and execution of thousands of Soviet military officers as well as five of the eight generals who presided over Tukhachevsky's show trial.

While at the time of his death the Red Army was still firmly in the grip of the cavalry, Tukhachevsky had changed the Red Army's mentality quite significantly. While many machine-gunners were being arrested and marshal Budyonny spoke in favour of cavalry, influential people — even including marshal Voroshilov, under whom Tukhachevsky served, and who took part in the arrests — began to question the cavalry's position inside the Red Army. The horse remained ingrained in the Red Army, however. In peacetime, cavalry made sense to the Red Army; it was effective in smaller actions and internal security actions, many horse riders were available without requiring significant training, and there were the memories of the effectiveness of cavalry during the Civil War, all of which helped the horse in maintaining its central position inside the Red Army. When the Second World War began mixed units were set up, which included both cavalry and tanks; these played a central role in use of the deep operations doctrine during WWII.

Honours and awards
Imperial awards
 Order of St. Anne, 2nd class with swords, also awarded 3rd class with swords and bow; and 4th class with the inscription "For Courage"
 Order of St. Stanislaus, 2nd class with swords, also awarded 3rd class with swords and bow
 Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class with swords
Soviet awards
 Order of Lenin (21 February 1933)
 Order of the Red Banner (August 7, 1919)
Honorary revolutionary weapon (December 17, 1919)

Work

 Kurt Agricola, "Der rote Marschall. Tuchatschewskis Aufstieg und Fall" (The Red Marshall: The Rise and Fall of Tukhachevsky), 1939, Kleine "Wehrmacht" - Bücherei, 5

References

Further reading

External links

The Red Bonaparte

1893 births
1937 deaths
People from Safonovsky District
People from Dorogobuzhsky Uyezd
Bolsheviks
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Marshals of the Soviet Union
Russian military writers
Military theorists
Russian military personnel of World War I
Prisoners of war from the Russian Empire
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Escapees from German detention
Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Soviet military personnel of the Polish–Soviet War
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
Great Purge victims from Russia
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
Executed military leaders
Soviet rehabilitations
Burials at Donskoye Cemetery
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Russian modern pagans
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union

Mikhail Tukhachevsky


De Munt is Dutch for the Mint. It can refer to:

De Munt or La Monnaie -  opera house in Brussels
Muntplein (Munt Square), Amsterdam
Munttoren (Munt Tower)
Pathé De Munt movie theater

See also

De Munt


Tobias Maximilian Ladehoff (født 30. september 1997) er en dansk ishockeyspiller. Han spiller i øjeblikket for Aalborg Pirates.

Baggrund
Tobias er født og opvokset i Aalborg og spillede for Aalborg IK som ungdomsspiller.

Metal Ligaen

Aalborg Pirates

Sæsonen 2013-14

Sæsonen 2014-15

Sæsonen 2015-16

Sæsonen 2016-17

Sæsonen 2017-18

Sæsonen 2018-19

Sæsonen 2019-20

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ishockeyspillere fra Danmark
Ishockeyspillere fra Aalborg Pirates

Tobias Ladehoff


Los lentúlidos (Lentulidae) son una familia de insectos ortópteros celíferos. Se distribuye por el África subsahariana.

Géneros
Según Orthoptera Species File (31 mars 2010):
 Lentulinae Dirsh 1956
 Altiusambilla Jago, 1981
 Bacteracris Dirsh, 1956
 Basutacris Dirsh, 1953
 Betiscoides Sjöstedt, 1923
 Chromousambilla Jago, 1981
 Devylderia Sjöstedt, 1923
 Eremidium Karsch, 1896
 Gymnidium Karsch, 1896
 Helwigacris Rehn, 1944
 Karruia Rehn, 1945
 Lentula Stål, 1878
 Malawia Dirsh, 1968
 Mecostiboides Dirsh, 1957
 Mecostibus Karsch, 1896
 Microusambilla Jago, 1981
 Nyassacris Ramme, 1929
 Paralentula Rehn, 1944
 Qachasia Dirsh, 1956
 Rhainopomma Jago, 1981
 Swaziacris Dirsh, 1953
 Usambilla Sjöstedt, 1909
 Shelforditinae Ritchie, 1982
 Afrotettix Brown, 1970
 Atopotettix Brown, 1970
 Calviniacris Dirsh, 1956
 Dirshidium Brown, 1970
 Kalaharicus Brown, 1961
 Karruacris Dirsh, 1958
 Leatettix Dirsh, 1956
 Namatettix Brown, 1970
 Occidentula Brown, 1967
 Shelfordites Karny, 1910

Referencias

 Dirsh, 1956 : The phallic complex in Acridoidea (Orthoptera) in relation to taxonomy. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, vol. 108, 223-356.

Enlaces externos

 Lentulidae en TolWeb

Familias de insectos

Lentulidae


فوزي الشكيلي  (من مواليد قليبية في 27 مايو 1950) هو عازف جاز وملحن تونسي. يختص الشكيلي أساسا في العزف على القيتار كما يجيد العزف على البيانو والعود. شارك في العديد من المهرجانات التونسية والعالمية من أبرزها مهرجان قرطاج الدولي، مهرجان طبرقة للجاز، مهرجان المدينة، مهرجان حمامات الدولي ومهرجان شيكاغو الدولي. قام سنة 1992إحياء عدة حفلات في تونس صحبة عازف الترومبون الأمريكي غلين فاريس. فاز عام 2005 بجائزة ماسيمو أرباني خلال مهرجان موزكمدو لموسيقى الجاز والبلوز. للشكيلي رصيد هام من الأعمال أصدرت في عدد الألبومات من أبرزها ألبومات تقاسيم (1994)، أنفاس (2000)، آش يهم (2005).

وصلات خارجية
 فوزي الشكيلي على ماي سبايس ميوزيك

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
خريجو جامعة تونس
ملحنون تونسيون
مواليد 1369 هـ
مواليد 1950
مواليد في قليبية

فوزي الشكيلي


Dampbøjning er en metode til at forme og bøje massivt træ. Ved hjælp af fugt og varme gøres træet fleksibelt og bøjeligt. Når træet tørrer, vil det beholde sin nye form.

Det bøjede træ tillader spinklere dimensioner, dristigere linjeføring og mere komplicerede konstruktioner. Teknikken anvendes ofte inden for møbelproduktion.

Fremgangsmåde

For at dampe træet må man bygge en svedekasse, dvs. en lukket beholder med mulighed for at tilføre damp, som passer i træets størrelse. Træet føres ind i svedekassen, hvor varme og fugt blødgør træet, og gøre det mere fleksibelt. Træet tages derefter ud af beholderen formes i den ønskede facon. Træet skal fastholdes i den ønskede facon, eksempelvis fikseret omkring en form, mens det tørrer og vil da holde formen efter det er tørt og nedkølet. Overførslen fra svedekasse til form skal ske meget hurtigt mens træet stadig er varmt og medgørligt.

Efter udtagning af svedekassen spændes træet omkring jernskabeloner og beskyttes evt. mod bristning på bøjningens konvekse side af et tyndt jernbånd, som fastspændes og bøjes sammen med træet. Ved simple bøjninger med vinkler ned til 60 grader og med ret stor radius er bøjningen relativt simpel, mens halv- og helcirkelformede eller skarpe bøjninger kræver stor påpasselighed.

Efter træet er tørret og fjernet fra sin jernform, skal det gerne lagres i en rum tid, så den spænding, der eventuelt må være i træet, får tid til at give udslag inden den videre bearbejdning. Ved arbejde i større dimensioner eller vanskelige bøjninger anvendes en overdimensionering, således at uregelmæssigheder, som er fremkommet ved bøjning eller lagring, kan rettes. Der er desuden den risiko, at det bøjede træ knækker. Det kan derfor være en god idé at forberede 12-13 planker, selvom man kun skal bruge 10.

Egnede træsorter
Ikke alle træsorter egner sig til dampbøjning. Generelt er hårdt træ (løvtræer) bedre egnede end blødt træ (nåletræer), ligesom nogle hårde træsorter er bedre egnede end andre. De træsorter, der bedst lader sig bøje og forme er rød og hvid eg, elm, ask, birk, ahorn, valnød og mahogni. Andre kilder foreslår bøgetræ pga. dets homogenitet og veddets filtrede væv.

Det dampbøjede træs egenskaber
Et dampbøjet stykke træ, som er tørret og nedkølet, vil holde den kurve, det er blevet givet. Øget fugt vil muligvis gøre, at træet mister noget af sin kurve. Mindre fugt vil muligvis gøre kurven skarpere, mens gentagne forandringer i fugtighed vil bringe en trinvis udligning med sig.  Disse forandringer skabes primært af hævelse eller formindskelse i den indre, konkave overflade, hvor fibrene er foldede og krøllede efter bøjningen.

Et bøjet stykke træ har mindre styrke end en ikke-bøjet modpart. Den mindskelse i styrke, som bøjning forsager, er dog sjældent stor nok til at have en egentlig effekt på træets egnethed.

Den simpleste måde at fremstille et stykke massivt, buet træ, er ved at skære det ud af en blok, men så vil træets styrke være mindre pga. de mange oversavede fibre. Ved denne metode vil træets fibre ikke følge buen, og den anvendes derfor kun, hvis buen er lille og træets styrke uden betydning for resultatet. Ved dampbøjning følger fibrene buens form og brudstyrken vil for det behandlede træ være større i bøjet tilstand end i ret.

Eksempler

Dampbøjning er en gammel teknik, som er blevet anvendt til at lave skibe, tønder og møbler i mange hundrede år. En af dem, der eksperimenterede med dampbøjet træ i sit møbeldesign, var Hans J. Wegner, hvis møbler er præget af organiske former og forløb såvel som snedkerhåndværk på højt niveau. I 1943 fik Wegner en henvendelse fra Fritz Hansen, der bad ham om at designe dem en stol, de kunne producere ved hjælp af dampbøjning. Samme år designede han sin berømte Kinastol med den karakteristiske buede ryg, der går i et med armlænet. Denne udformning af ryg og armlæn gentog han i flere stole i de følgende år, som Den runde stol fra 1945 og den populære Y-stol fra 1946.

Designer Line Depping har i flere projekter arbejder med dampbøjet træ, eksempelvis i en serie opbevaringsæsker fra 2013. Her brugte hun asketræ i en bredde på 6 mm, som hun lod stå i svedekassen i en halv-to timer, inden hun spændte det på forme særligt udviklet til ikke at efterlade mærker, og siden lod det tørre i nogle dage. Også designerne Wednesday Architecture arbejder ofte med dampbøjet træ. I projektet Objective fra 2015, en serier æsker som legede med geometriske former og farvekombinationer, brugte designerne massivt asketræ på 3 mm, som de dampede i 20 minutter inden de formede det omkring runde støbeformer i tre størrelser.

Noter

Eksterne links
 Oversigt over Hans J. Wegners stole
 Line Depping på Statens Værksteder for Kunst
 Wednesday Architecture på Statens Værksteder for Kunst
 Wikihow: 3 Ways to Bend Wood

Håndværk

Dampbøjning


Producția de cafea în Sri Lanka (fostul Ceylon) a atins apogeul în 1870, când era cultivată o suprafață de peste 111.400 hectare (275.000 de acri). Olandezii au experimentat cultivarea cafelei pe insulă în secolul al XVIII-lea, dar ea nu a avut succes până când britanicii au început producția comercială pe scară largă în urma reformelor instituite de Comisia Colebrooke–Cameron în 1833. Prin 1860, Ceylonul era una dintre principalele țări producătoare de cafea din lume. Deși producția de cafea rămâne o sursă importantă de venituri a țării, ea nu mai este o ramură economică principală. În 2014, Sri Lanka s-a clasat pe locul 43 în topul celor mai mari producători de cafea din lume.

Istorie
Primii arbori de cafea arabica au fost aduși în Ceylon probabil din Yemen prin India de către pelerinii musulmani în secolul al XVII-lea. Cu toate acestea, singalezii nu știau să folosească fructele în prepararea unei băuturi. Ei au folosit doar frunzele tinere în mâncăruri și florile ca ofrande în templele lor.

Prima încercare de cultivare sistematică a arborilor de cafea a fost realizată de către olandezi în anul 1740. Ea a fost inițiată de către guvernatorul insulei, baronul van Imhoff, și de succesorii săi: van Gollenesse și Loten. Cu toate acestea, aceasta a fost restrânsă la terenurile joase și a avut în general puțin succes, cu niveluri scăzute de producție. Producția a fost, de asemenea, restricționată de către Dutch East India Company care nu a vrut ca plantațiile din Ceylonul să concureze cu plantațiile ei de cafea din insula Java. Prin anul 1762, producția anuală de cafea era de numai 100.000 de livre.

Britanicii, care au ajuns pe insulă în 1796 și au preluat controlul insulei în 1815, au continuat să facă experimente pentru înființarea unor plantații de cafea. Aceste încercări, organizate în special în zonele de coastă din jurul orașului Galle, nu au avut succes din cauza faptului că acea zonă era nepotrivită pentru cultivarea cafelei. Prima persoană care a reușit să producă cafea la scară comercială a fost George Bird, care a înființat o plantație de cafea în Singhapitiya. Edward Barnes, care a devenit guvernator al Ceylonului în 1824, a înființat o altă plantație în Gannoruwa în 1825 (care face parte acum din Grădina Botanică Regală Peradeniya). Mai mulți alți oficiali ai guvernului au înființat apoi plantații de cafea în regiune. Singurul locuitor nativ care a produs cafea la scară comercială a fost Jeronis de Soysa, iar aproximativ un sfert din producția totală a fost realizată pe micile plantații ale agricultorilor locali. Cele mai multe dintre aceste asociații nu au avut succes pe plan economic, din cauza mai multor factori precum terenurile nepotrivite din zonele de șes, concurența producătorilor din Indiile de Vest, lipsa cunoștințelor de specialitate și infrastructura deficitară. Prima plantație din zona montană Kandyan a fost înființată în 1827 , care s-a extins, câțiva ani mai târziu, în multe alte zone din țară, devenind profitabilă.

La inițiativa administrației coloniale britanice, au început să se înființeze tot mai multe plantații de cafea în Sri Lanka în anii 1830. Producția de cafea din Sri Lanka și exportul au prosperat atunci când Indiile de Vest a abolit sclavia, ceea ce i-a afectat producția de cafea. Expansiunea producției a continuat atunci când guvernul britanic din Sri Lanka a vândut terenurile pe care le obținuse de la regii din Kandyan. În jurul anului 1830 a fost adusă aici o forță de muncă de origine tamilă din India de Sud. În perioada 1830-1850 producția de cafea a contribuit la dezvoltarea țării și la formarea unei societăți capitaliste. Bank of Ceylon a susținut economic dezvoltarea plantațiilor de cafea, ceea ce a dus la dezvoltarea infrastructurii în regiunea Kandyan. În perioada de depresiune economică mondială din 1846, producția a scăzut, au avut loc conflicte și s-au impus taxe pentru a compensa pierderile de economie datorate scăderii prețului cafelei. Introducerea recrutării muncitorilor pentru serviciul militar obligatoriu în 1848 a provocat o revoltă, care a fost înăbușită ulterior. Cu toate acestea, plantațiile de cafea au transformat Sri Lanka; aproape o treime din plantații erau deținute de localnici. Ca urmare a cererii mari și a prețurilor ridicate de pe piața europeană, plantațiile de cafea s-au extins. Investitorii străini s-au îmbulzit să vină în Ceylon și aproximativ 100.000 ha de pădure au fost defrișate pentru a face loc plantațiilor de cafea. Termenul "goana după cafea" a fost inventat pentru a descrie această situație ce evolua rapid în anul 1840. Prin 1860, Sri Lanka, Brazilia și Indonezia erau cele mai mari trei țări producătoare de cafea din lume.

În 1869, industria cafelei era încă înfloritoare în Ceylon, dar la scurt timp după aceea plantațiile de cafea au fost devastate de boala fungică Hemileia vastatrix, cunoscută, de asemenea, sub numele de rugina cafelei, care a afectat nu numai Sri Lanka, ci și alte zone din Asia în următorii 20 de ani. Producătorii au poreclit boala "Devastatoarea Emily". Producția a scăzut rapid, iar plantațiile de cafea (care mai însumau prin 1900 doar o suprafață de 11.392 de acri (46 km2)) au fost înlocuite cu plantații de ceai.

Producție
Potrivit statisticilor Organizației pentru Alimentație și Agricultură pentru anul 2013, producția de cafea a fost de 5.570 de tone pe o suprafață cultivată de 8.740 de hectare (21.600 de acri) cu o rată de randament de 6.373 hectograme la hectar. În perioada 1961- 2013 cea mai mare producție a fost de 25.575 de tone în anul 1967, iar cea mai mică a fost de 4.109 tone în 1988. În 2013 Sri Lanka se afla pe locul 48 în topul celor mai mari producători de cafea din lume.

Renașterea producției
Producția de cafea în Sri Lanka dă semne de revigorare. Utilizarea boabelor locale de înaltă calitate pentru servirea cafelei a crescut din 2014, iar mai multe cafenele și restaurante din Colombo și din alte orașe ale țării se aprovizionează cu boabe de cafea de la fermierii locali, renunțând la boabele de cafea din import.

Referințe

Bibliografie

Economia Sri Lankăi
Cafea

Producția de cafea în Sri Lanka


Interferencija RNK (skraćeno RNKi, eng. RNA interference, RNAi) je biološki stanični proces koji prigušuje odnosno utišava genski izražaj potičući degradaciju ciljne molekule mRNK (glasničke RNK). Proces interferencije važan je u reguliranju izražaja ciljnih gena te u obrani od različitih bolesti, uključujući i tumor.
MikroRNK, RNK sa strukturom ukosnice i mala interferirajuća RNK posredovanjem u procesu interferencije RNK rezultiraju prigušivanjem (utišavanjem) gena komplementarnim sparivanjem s ciljnom molekulom mRNK. Tijekom interferencije RNK te su molekule slabe stabilnosti in vivo, zbog barijera imali teškoća u isporuci molekule i javljaju se neželjeni učinci koji ne rezultiraju utišavanjem gena.

Interferencija RNK jedan je od triju glavnih epigenetskih modifikacija (obilježavanja), tj. mehanizama kako se inaktiviraju upisani geni, međusobno su povezane. Ostale dvije su metilacija CpG dinukleotida  (alel-specifična metilacija DNK) i kovalentne modifikacije histona  (modifikacija histonskih bjelančevina)

Izvori

Ribonukleinska kiselina
Stanični procesi

Interferencija RNK


المحسن بن أحمد (1854 – 29 يوليو 1878) هو إمام وحاكم يمني

النسب

هو أبو محمد المحسن بن أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن الحسن بن الحسين بن صلاح بن عبد الرحيم بن الباقر بن نهشل بن المطهر بن أحمد بن عبد الله بن محمد بن إبراهيم بن يحيى

تعلمه
أخذ العلم بمدينة شهارة وغيرها وهاجر إلى مدينة صنعاء وأخذ عن علمائها، ثم هاجر إلى مدينة كحلان، وتولى حكومتها وفي شعبان سنة 1271 كتب إليه وهو بكحلان بعض العلماء الأكابر بمدينة صنعاء للقيام بأمر الإمامة العظمى، فوصل إليها في يوم 25 من شعبان وكانت مبايعته بقصر صنعاء، وتلقب «المتوكل على الله».

عنه
أولاده: محمد، وأحمد، وعبد الله، والمطهر، والحسن، والحسين، وعلي.

مشهده: بهجرة حوث.الاِمام المحسن بن أحمد الحوثي (المتوكل على الله) ، إمام اليمن منذ 1854 / 1271 هـ حتى وفاته 1878 / 1295 هـ .

توفي سنة خمس وتسعين ومائتين وألف هجرية، عام 1878 ميلادية بمدينة حوث بعمران اليمن.

مراجع

أئمة اليمن
أئمة زيديون
حكام اليمن
عرب في القرن 19
وفيات 1295 هـ
وفيات 1878
يمنيون في القرن 19

المحسن بن أحمد


Cypraea, yumuşakçalar (Mollusca) şubesinin karından bacaklılar (Gastropoda) sınıfındaki Cypraeidae familyasında yer alan bir deniz salyangozu cinsidir.

Cypraea türlerinin yumurtaya benzeyen, göz alıcı desenlere sahip olabilen, pürüzsüz ve parlak yüzeyli kabukları, çağlar boyunca koleksiyon malzemesi, mücevher, takı, tılsım ve para olarak kullanılagelmiş, kadınlık, doğurganlık ve zenginlik sembolü olarak görülmüştür.

Genel özellikler
Cypraea'ya dahil türler esasen tropikal bölgelerde, özellikle de Maldivler'de ve Hint Okyanusu'nun doğu bölgelerinde bulunur.

Canlı Cypraea etkin durumdayken bir manto tabakasıyla sırtındaki kabuğu örter  . Bu manto tabakasının, olasılıkla,
 kamuflaj için ek desen oluşturmak,
 korunma için duyarlı yüzey oluşturmak ve
 solunuma yardım etmek
gibi işlevleri bulunmaktadır.

Cypraea türlerinin kabukları az çok bir yumurtayı andırır ve 5 milimetreden, (özellikle bazı tropikal türlerde (örn., Cypraea tigris ) görüldüğü üzere) 15 santimetreye kadar ulaşan uzunluklarda olabilir. Pürüzsüz ve parlak yüzeyli kabukların üst yüzü yuvarlak iken, görece düz alt yüzünde kabuk boyunca uzanan dar yarık şeklinde bir açıklık vardır. Üst yüz, değişik ve göz alıcı desenlere sahip olabilir.

Kabukların kullanımı
Yukarıda bahsedilen yapısal özellikleri nedeniyle Cypraea kabukları, çağlar boyunca koleksiyon malzemesi, mücevher, takı, tılsım ve para olarak kullanılagelmiş ve kadınlık, doğurganlık ve zenginlik sembolü olarak görülmüştür.

Para

Cypraea kabukları (öz., Cypraea moneta   ; NCBI Entrez Taxonomy'''e]  ve gastropods.com'a  göre, Monetaria moneta), Afrika'da nakit para olarak kullanılmıştır. Gana'nın para biriminin adı olan sedi, büyük olasılıkla, Gana'nın yerel dillerinden Akan'ın bir lehçesi olan Fante (ya da Fanti) dilinde "küçük kabuk" anlamına gelen ve Cypraea kabuklarını kasteden bir kelimeden türemiştir.

Çin'de de kabukların kendisi ya da kopyalarının bir değiş tokuş aracı olarak kullanıldığına inanılır.

 Tılsım
Kuzey Amerika'nın Ojibwa yerlileri, "beyaz kabuk" ya da "Kutsal Megis Kabuğu" adını verdikleri Cypraea kabuklarını, kültürlerine ait Midewiwin törenlerinde kullanmışlardır ve Kanada'nın Manitoba eyaletindeki Whiteshell Provincial Park (Beyaz Kabuk Eyalet Parkı) da bu kabuklara atfen adlandırılmıştır. Ojibwa yerlilerinin, doğal kaynakları olan denizden bu kadar uzaktaki bölgelerde kabukları nasıl elde ettiklerine dair tartışmalar sürmektedir. Sözel hikâyelerden ve huş kabuğu yazmalarından elde edilen bilgiler, bu kabukların yerde ve/veya göl ya da nehirlerin kıyılarına vurmuş olarak bulunduğunu belirtmektedir. Karanın bu kadar içlerinde Cypraea kabuklarının bulunabilmesi, bu kabukların o bölgelerde daha erken dönemlerde bulunmuş kabile ya da topluluklar tarafından da kullanıldığına ve yaygın bir ticaret ağına işaret etmektedir.Cypraea kabukları, Batı Afrika'nın Yoruba etnik topluluğu içinde gelişmiş bir kâhinlik sistemi olan Ifá'da ve yine Afrika'ya ait olup, günümüzdeki Benin'de varlığını sürdürmüş olan Dahomey krallığında kehanet aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Kâhinler, belli sayıda kabuğun zar gibi yere atılması ile açıklığı yukarı bakacak şekilde düşen kabukların sayısına dayanarak kehanette bulunmuşlardır.

 Diğer
 Hint tavlası (İng., pachisi), zar yerine Cypraea kabuklarının kullanıldığı, oyun tahtasıyla oynanan ve tavlaya benzeyen bir tür oyundur. 6-7 adet Cypraea kabuğu atılır ve açıklığı yukarı bakan kabukların sayısı, atılmış olan sayıyı belirler.
 Cypraea kabukları, yakın geçmişte ve kimi kültürlerde, üzerine çorap geçirilerek topukların yamandığı yumurta olarak da kullanılmıştır. Kabuklardaki yarık biçimli açıklık, iğnenin kumaş altına rahatça geçebilmesini sağlar.
 Uganda'nın 1895 yılına ait posta pulları, Cypraea kabuklarının İngilizce'deki tekil adı olan cowry  (ya da cowrie) üzerinden "Cowries" olarak anılır.

 Türler

Sağ üstte yer alan bilgi kutusunda sunulmuş güncel Cypraea'' sınıflandırmasının kaynağı olan [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=69558 NCBI Entrez Taxonomye göre], Cypraea türleri şunlardır:

 Cypraea annulus
 Cyprea linx
 Cypraea pantherina

 Cypraea spurca
 Cypraea tigris
 Cypraea vitellus

 Farklı sınıflandırmalar
Canlıların bilimsel sınıflandırılması ile ilgili başka internet sitelerinde farklı sınıflandırmalarla karşılaşmak mümkündür. Buna Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS; Bütünleştirilmiş Taksonomik Bilgi Sistemi), veri sağlayıcı otorite olarak büyük ölçüde ITIS'i kaynak gösteren Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; Küresel Biyoçeşitlilik Bilgi Kuruluşu)  ve Animal Diversity Web (ADW; Hayvan Çeşitliliği Ağı)  siteleri örnek olarak verilebilir. Bu üç sitedeki güncel Cypraea sınıflandırmaları aynıdır ve aşağıdaki gibidir:

 Alem : Animalia
 Şube : Mollusca
 Sınıf : Gastropoda
 Takım : Neotaenioglossa
 Familya : Cypraeidae
 Cins : CypraeaCypraea türleriyle ilgili olarak ise ITIS ve yine ITIS'i otorite olarak kabul eden GBIF aynı türleri listelerken, ADW onların listesine 5 tür daha eklemektedir:ITIS ve GBIF'e göre Cypraea türleri Cypraea albuginosa
 Cypraea annettae
 Cypraea arabicula
 Cypraea cervinetta
 Cypraea cervus
 Cypraea cinerea
 Cypraea isabellamexicana

 Cypraea mus
 Cypraea nigropunctata
 Cypraea robertsi
 Cypraea spadicea
 Cypraea spurca
 Cypraea surinamensis
 Cypraea zebraADW'e göre Cypraea türleri'''
 ITIS / GBIF listesi ve
 Cypraea carneola Cypraea cribraria Cypraea talpa Cypraea tigris Cypraea vitellus Fotoğraflar

 Kaynakça
 Bilimsel sınıflandırma, ek metin
 NCBI Entrez Taxonomy'de Cypraea ve Monetaria moneta
 Integrated Taxonomic Information System'' (ITIS; Bütünleştirilmiş Taksonomik Bilgi Sistemi)[https://web.archive.org/web/20020711072436/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=72742 sitesinde Cypraea
 Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; Küresel Biyoçeşitlilik Bilgi Kuruluşu) sitesinde Cypraea
 Animal Diversity Web (ADW; Hayvan Çeşitliliği Ağı) sitesinde Cypraea  ve Family Cypraeidae

Görsel
 Wikimedia Commons'da Cypraea chinensis (GBIF'de gözden geçirilmemiş örnek/gözlem verisi başlığı altına alınmış bir tür)
 oceanlight.com'da Cypraea moneta
 seashellsofnsw.org.au'da Cypraea moneta
 divegallery.com'da 'da Cypraea tigris
 gastropods.com'da Cypraea tigris
 gastropods.com'da Monetaria moneta

Sözlük
 bartleby.com'da cowrie  ve cowry

Dış bağlantılar
 www.cypraea.net, The world of Cypraeidae

Cypraeidae

Cypraea


Sjá fyrir mannsnafnið Marteinn

Marteinn voru íslenskir aðstæðukomedíuþættir um karakterinn Martein (Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson), fjölskyldu og vini hans. Marteinn er veitingahúsaeigandi og kokkur og gerast þættirnir á veitingastað hans og heimili hans þar sem hann býr ásamt Elísabetu konunni sinni (Edda Björg Eyjólfsdóttir). Besti vinur Marteins er Lárus Páll (Kjartan Guðjónsson) sem er leikari. Fleiri karakterar eru Petra, systir Elísabetar og þjóninn Eva.

Þáttaröðin var leikstýrð og skrifuð Bjarna Hauki Þórssyni. Þættirnir voru sýndir á RÚV, haustið 2009.
Íslenskir aðstæðukomedíuþættir
Íslenskir sjónvarpsþættir

Marteinn (sjónvarpsþættir)


خوان رولفو  يعد الكاتب المكسيكي الأشهر والأب الروحي للواقعية السحرية في أدب أمريكا اللاتينية. ولد في سايولا (المكسيك) في 16 مايو 1917. وتوفي في مدينة مكسيكو في 8 يناير 1986. عمل رولفو في شركة لبيع الإطارات وفي مشاريع الري ودائرة الهجرة، وكتب للسينما، لكنه جعل من المدينة التي ولد فيها محوراً لأحداث قصصه.

حقق خوان رولفو شهرة عالمية بفضل روايته «السهل يحترق» (1953) التي ترجمت إلى عديد من اللغات وكان له تأثير حاسم في مسار أدب أمريكا اللاتينية. وكان لظهور روايته (بدرو بارامو) (1955) تأثيرا كبيرا في التعريف باتجاه الواقعية السحرية وهي من أشهر مدارس الكتابة في أمريكا اللاتينية. يعتبر رولفو من أهم الكتاب العالميين في القرن العشرين على الرغم من قلة إنتاجه القصصي، وتضاهي قامته الأدبية الكاتب الأرجنتيني خورخي لويس بورخيس، بناء على استطلاع رأي قامت به دار النشر الإسبانية الفاجوارا.

وترجع شهرة خوان رولفو كالأب الروحى للواقعية السحرية إلى مقدرته على المزج بين الواقع والخيال حيث قدم في أعماله أحداثًا لها علاقة بمجتمعه، بجانب شخصيات تقدم وتعكس نمطية المكان والمشاكل الاجتماعية والثقافية، وذلك بعد مزجها بالعالم الخيالي.

السنوات الأولى والحياة العملية
عندما بلغ رولفو السادسة من عمره أصبح يتيم الأب، وبعد ذلك بأربع سنوات لقيت والدته حتفها. وفي عام 1929 تم نقله إلى سان جأبريل حيث عاش هناك مع جدته، وبعد ذلك عاش بملجأ لويس سيلبا، المعروف حاليًا بمعهد لويس سيلبا، بمدينة جوادالاخارا. وقد بدأ دراسته الابتدائية عام 1924، وفي عام 1933 حاول الالتحاق بجامعة جوادالاخارا. وفي عام 1934 بدأ خوان رولفو كتابة أعماله الأدبية.

وقد كرس نفسه أيضًا لمجال التصوير الفوتوغرافى بداية من 1946. وقد عمل لدى شركة جودريتش إيوسكادى كوكيل سفريات منذ 1946 حتى 1952. وفي عام 1947 تزوج من أنخيلينا آباريسيو رييس، حيث أنجب منها أربعة أبناء هم (كلاوديا بيرينسى، وخوان فرانسيسكو، وخوان بابلو، وخوان كارلوس)، ومنذعام 1954 حتى 1957 كان مشاركا في لجنة بابالوأبان، وناشرا في المعهد المحلى للدراسات الهندية بمدينة المكسيك.

العمل الأدبى
شارك خوان رولفو في مجلة ميكسيكو في عام 1930. وفي عام 1945 نشر قصتين في مجلة بان الواقعة بمدينة جوادالاخارا وهما: قد أعطونا الأرض، وماكاريو. وفي عام 1946 نشرت ماكاريو في مجلة أمريكا، ونشرت بعد ذلك عقبة العرابات في عام 1948، وقد نشر له أيضًا في نفس المجلة تالبا والسهل يحترق عام 1950، وقد قامت مجلة أمريكا أيضا بنشر قصته قل لهم ألا يقتلونى ويلقوا بى إلى الكلابفي عام 1951. وفي عام 1953 قام صندوق الثقافة الاقتصادية بتجميع السهل يحترق، والتي تنتمى إليها قصة لقد أعطونا الأرض، في مجموعة ليتراس ميكسيكاناس. وفي عام 1955 نشر رواية بيدرو بارامو.وقد قام أيضا خوان رولفو بكتابة روايته الثانية بعنوان ديك من ذهب ما بين عامى 1956 و1958، والتي ظلت غير منشورة حتى عام 1980.

بيدرو بارامو
لم يكن لرولفو على مدار سنوات طويلة سوى رواية وحيدة منشورة هي بيدرو بارامو. وكانت تعتبر تلك الرواية وكانها في فترة الحمل لمدة طويلة. وقد أكد رولفو أنه سوف يكمل الفكرة الأولى لتلك الرواية قبل أن يصبح في الثلاثين من عمره، وبالفعل أرسل خطابين موجهين لخطيبته كلارا آباريسيوعام 1947 يشير فيهما لتلك الرواية بعنوان نجمة بجانب القمر. وبعد ذلك أيضًا أعلن أن محموعته القصصية السهل يحترق هي عبارة عن طريقة للدنو من روايته. وفي آخر مرحلة من كتابته لروايته غير اسمها إلى الهمسات، وهو عنوان يظهر تأثره الظاهر برواية النخيل البرى أو إذا ما نسيت القدس لويليام فاولكنار، وهذا يبين لنا تأثره بالأدب الأيرلندى، خاصة رواية أشخاص مستقلون للكاتب هلدور لوكسانيس الأيرلندى. وهذا بفضل المنحة المقدمة من المركز المكسيكى للكتاب والتي استطاع اتمامها ما بين عامي 1953 و1954. وف تلك السنة قامت عدة مجلات بنشر قطع من الرواية، وفي عام 1955 ظهرت ككتاب. وتم طبع ألفي نسخة، باعو فقط نصفهم، وقاموا بإهداء الباقى. وقد ترجمت الرواية لعدة لغات كالألمانية، والسويسرية، والإنجليزية، والفرنسية، والإيطالية، والبولندية، والنرويجية، والفنلندية.

وقد انتبه بعض النقاد على الفور أنهم يتعاملون مع عمل أدبي رائد، على الرغم من أنهم لم يكن ينقصهم القراء المتعودين على المخططات الروائية في القرن التاسع عشر والتي تاهت أمام تجديده للبنية، متأثرين بالحيرة الناتجة عنها. ولكن الدراسات الأكثر حداثة لنفس الرواية، كالاستقبال الأول لبيدرو بارامو والتي أعدها خورخى سبيدا، كانوا أكثر وضوحًا، وقد تم الاعتراف بتلك الأوبرا منذ بدايتها بداخل وخارج المكسيك، حيث أصبح هناك فيضان غير منقطع بمعرفة تلك الرواية. والدراسات التي تم اعدادها عن بيدرو بارامو كثيرة وتزيد باستمرار كل عام.

وقد كانت رواية بيدرو بارامو عملًا ثمينًا بالنسبة للعديد من الأدباء كخورخى لويس بورخيس، والذي قال:
ان بيدرو بارامو واحدة من أفضل الروايات في الأدب الإسباني، بل الأدب العالمي ككل.

وقد كتب جابريل جارسيا ماركيز في ذكرى قراءته الأولى للرواية :
صعد ألبارو موتيس بخطوات واسعة الستة أدوار للوصول إلى منزلى ومعه الكثير من الكتب، وقد قام بفصل الأكثر صغرًا والأكثر قصرًا من ذلك الكم الهائل، وقال لى وهو يكاد يموت من الضحك: فلتقرأ تلك اللعنة، لكى تتعلم! وقد كانت تلك هي رواية بيدرو بارامو، وفي تلك الليلة لم أستطع النوم حتى انتهى من قراءتي الثانية لها.

وقد قالت سوزان سونتاج عنها أيضا:
ان رواية رولفو لا تعتبر فقط من الروايات الرائدة في القرن العشرين، ولكنها تعبر أيضًا من الأعمال الأكثر تأثيرًا في نفس القرن.

ديك من ذهب
أن ديك من ذهب هي الرواية الثانية لخوان رولفو. وبالرغم من أنها كتبت ما بين عامى 1956 و1958، إلا أنها لم تنشر سوى عام 1980 في طبعة مهملة؛ وقد صححت طبعة 2010 الكثير من أخطاء الطبعة السابقة. وتوجد ترجمات للرواية بالألمانية، والإيطالية، والفرنسية، والبرتغالية.

وقد بنيت أربعة أفلام على أساس تلك الرواية وهم:
 ديك من ذهب (1964) لروبيرتو جابالدون.
 إمبراطورية الثروة(1986) للمخرج أرتورو ريبستين.
 التركيبة السحرية(1964)لروبين جامبز.
 الغنيمة(1960) فيلم قصير لأنطونيو رينوسو.

الكاتب السينمائي
في عام 1956 طلب المخرج السينمائي إميليو فرنانديز نصوصا سينمائية، وقد قام رولفو بالتعاون مع خوان خوسيه أريولا بكتابة بعضها. وقد أصبحت الكثير من نصوص رولفو أساسا للإنتاج السينمائي، حيث أنه في عام 1960 تم إنتاج فيلم الغنيمة القائم على أساس إحدى أفكار رولفو. وبعدها في عام 1964 تم إعداد ديك من ذهب من أجل السينما عن طريق كارلوس فوينتيس وجأبريل جارسيا ماركيز، واخرج الفيلم روبيرتو جابالدون.

وفى عام 1972 قام المخرج ألبيرتو إيزاك بإخراج فيلم ركن العذارى والذي يعتبر معالجة سينمائية لقصة أناكليتو مورونيس الموجودة في المجموعة القصصية السهل يحترق.

الجوائز
لقد كان خوان رولفو مسافرا لا يكل، وشارك في العديد من المؤتمرات واللقاءات العالمية، وحصل على العديد من الجوائز، حيث حصل على جائزة جأبريل بياورروتيا (Premio Xavier Villaurrutia) على رواية بيدرو بارامو عام 1956. وحصل أيضا على الجائزة المحلية للأدب من الحكومة الفدرالية المكسيكية عام 1970. وفي عام 1974 سافر إلى أوروبا من أجل المشاركة في مؤتمر طلاب جامعة بارسوبيا. وتمت دعوته أيضًا لكي ينضم إلى الموكب الرئاسى المسافر إلى ألمانيا، وتشيكوسلوفاكيا، وأستراليا، وفرنسا. وفي التاسع من يوليو عام 1976 تم اختياره عضوا في المجمع اللغوى المكسيكي، وقد شغل المقعد الخامس والثلاثين في الخامس والعشرين من سبتمبر لعام 1980. وقد حصل رولفو على جائزة أمير أستورياس في إسبانيا عام  1983.

أعماله
 السهل يحترق(1953)(قصص)
 بيدرو باراموب (1955)(رواية ترجمها إلى العربية صالح علماني)
 قل لهم ألا يقتلونى (1960)(قصص)
 ديك من ذهب (1980).(رواية)

مراجع

مصادر
 Barrientos, Fernando, "Juan Rulfo. El regreso al paraíso", México, Editorial Universitaria, 2007, 64 pp.
 Estrada, Julio, El sonido en Rulfo, México, UNAM-IIE, 1990, 119 pp.
 López Mena, Sergio, Los caminos de la creación en Juan Rulfo, México, UNAM, 1993, 137 pp.
 López Mena, Sergio (Selec. y ed.) Revisión crítica de la obra de Juan Rulfo, México, Praxis, 1998, 172 pp.
 Vital Díaz, Alberto, Noticias sobre Juan Rulfo, 1784- 2003, México, FCE, 2004, 212 pp.

وصلات خارجية

 ! قصة قل لهم ألا يقتلونى بصوت الكاتب خوان رولفو
 الصفحة الرسمية لخوان رولفو
 قراءة نقدية لقصص خوان رولفو
 فيديو مقابلة خوان رولفو مع التليفزيون الإسبانى.

روائيو القرن 20
روائيون
روائيون مكسيكيون
روائيون مكسيكيون في القرن 20
روائيون وروائيات مكسيكيون
كتاب ذكور مكسيكيون في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو في القرن 20
كتاب سيناريو مكسيكيون في القرن 20
كتاب مكسيكيون في القرن 20
كتاب من ولاية خاليسكو
كتاب واقعية سحرية
كتاب وكاتبات سيناريو مكسيكيون
مواليد 1917
مواليد في ولاية خاليسكو
وفيات 1986
وفيات السرطان في المكسيك
وفيات بسبب سرطان الرئة
وفيات في مدينة مكسيكو

خوان رولفو


Un agonist este o substanță chimică care se leagă de un receptor și activează receptorul pentru a declanșa un răspuns biologic. Dacă un agonist determină o acțiune, un antagonist blochează acțiunea declanșată de agonist, iar un agonist invers provoacă o acțiune opusă celei declanșate de agonist.

Tipuri de agoniști
Receptorii pot fi activați fie de agoniști endogeni (precum hormonii și neurotransmițătorii) sau agoniști exogeni (precum medicamentele), rezultând într-un răspuns biologic. Un agonist fiziologic este o substanță care produce același răspuns corporal, dar nu se leagă de același receptor.

 Un agonist endogen al unui anumit receptor este o substanță produsă în mod natural de organism, care se leagă și activează receptorul. De exemplu, agonistul endogen al receptorilor de serotonină este serotonina, iar agonistul endogen al receptorilor de dopamină este dopamina.
 Agoniștii deplini se leagă și activează un receptor cu răspunsul maxim care poate fi obținut de la receptor. Un exemplu de un medicament care poate acționa ca un agonist deplin este isoproterenol, care imită acțiunea adrenalinei asupra receptori β adrenergici. Un alt exemplu este morfina, care imită acțiunile endorfinelor asupra receptorilor μ opioizi de-a lungul sistemului nervos central. Cu toate acestea, un medicament poate acționa ca un agonist deplin în unele țesuturi și ca un agonist parțial în alte țesuturi, în funcție de numerele relative de receptori și diferențe în cuplarea la receptori.
 Un co-agonist funcționează alături de alți co-agoniști pentru ca împreună să producă efectul dorit. Activarea receptorilor NMDA necesită obligatoriu co-agoniști pentru D-serină, glutamat și glicină.
 Un agonist selectiv este selectiv pentru un anumit tip de receptor. De exemplu, buspirona este un agonist selectiv pentru receptorii serotoninergici 5-HT1A.
 Agoniștii parțiali (precum buspironă, aripiprazol, buprenorfină sau norclozapin) se leagă și activează și ei un anumit receptor, dar au doar eficacitate parțială comparat cu agoniștii deplini, chiar și atunci când ocupă la maxim receptorii. Agenți precum buprenorfina sunt folosiți pentru a trata dependența de opiacee tocmai din acest motiv, deoarece aceștia produc efecte mai slabe asupra receptorilor opioizi, scăzând astfel dependența și potențialul de abuz.
 Un agonist invers este un agent care se leagă de același receptor ca un agonist și inhibă activitatea receptorului. Agoniștii inverși exercită efectul farmacologic opus față de un agonist al receptorului, nu doar o lipsă de efect al agonistului, precum în cazul antagoniștilor. Un exemplu este agonistul invers canabinoid rimonabant.
 Un superagonist este un termen folosit de unii pentru a identifica un compus care este capabil de a produce un răspuns mai mare decât un agonist endogen la receptorul țintă. În acest caz, s-ar putea spune că agonistul endogen este pur și simplu un agonist parțial în acel țesut.
 Un agonist ireversibil este un tip de agonist care se leagă permanent de un receptor prin formarea de legături covalente. Câteva astfel de exemple au fost descrise.

Noi descoperiri care extind definiția clasică din farmacologie demonstrează că liganzii pot să se comporte concomitent ca agoniști și antagoniști, pentru același receptor, în funcție de căile efectoare sau tipul de țesut. Termenii care descriu acest fenomen sunt "selectivitate funcțională", "agonism proteic" sau modulatori selectivi ai receptorilor.

Etimologie
Din greacă αγωνιστής (agōnistēs), concurent, campion, rival < αγων (agōn), concurs, luptă, efort < αγω (agō), a duce, a duce spre, a conduce.

Note

Chimie farmaceutică
Fiziologie
Terminologie medicală
Pages with unreviewed translations

Agonist


Cesar Augusto Jattin Feris (Sincelejo, Sucre, 27 de febrero de 1962) es un político colombiano.

Ha sido elegido por elección popular para integrar la Asamblea Departamental (Colombia) del departamento de Córdoba en tres ocasiones, siendo nombrado presidente de la misma igual número de veces (1990, 1991 y 2002).

Biografía
Nació el 27 de febrero de 1962 en Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia.
Casado con Emilia Buvoli Sossa, de cuya unión nacieron Angela Jattin Buvoli, Emilia Jattin y Cesar Jattin.

Véase también
 Asamblea Departamental (Colombia)

Referencias

Nacidos en Sincelejo
Abogados de Colombia

César Augusto Jattin


Le Semaine cycliste italienne (en italien : Settimana Ciclistica Italiana) est une course cycliste par étapes masculine italienne, organisée depuis 2021. L'épreuve a lieu chaque année en juillet, dans des endroits différents en Italie. Elle est classée dans l'UCI Europe Tour en catégorie 2.1.

Histoire
La course est née grâce à l'initiative d'Emilia Sports Group (déjà organisateur de la Semaine internationale Coppi et Bartali et du Tour d'Émilie) en 2021, l'année du centenaire de la naissance d'Alfredo Martini, ancien commissaire technique (sélectionneur) de l'équipe nationale sur route italienne. En plus de la création de la course appelée Per sempre Alfredo, courue en mars en Toscane, il est également décidé d'organiser une nouvelle épreuve par étapes itinérantes en Italie. Le nom de Semaine cycliste italienne permet en fait aux organisateurs d'impliquer potentiellement les vingt régions.

La première édition a lieu du 14 au 18 juillet 2018 en même temps que la dernière semaine du Tour de France. Elle se déroule sur cinq étapes en Sardaigne avec un départ à Alghero et une arrivée à Cagliari.

La deuxième édition est inscrite au calendrier officiel de l'Union Cycliste Internationale du 13 au 17 juillet 2022, cependant les organisateurs n'ont pas trouvé d'accord avec la Région de la Sardaigne, qui n'a pas jugé cette période avantageuse pour la saisonnalité touristique et a demandé un report en octobre (la Région organise les trois premières étapes du Tour d'Italie féminin à la même période). N'ayant trouvé aucune place ni avec l'administration insulaire ni avec les autres régions, l'édition 2022 est finalement annulée.

Palmarès

Notes et références

Lien externe

 Palmarès sur cqranking.com

Compétition cycliste en Italie
UCI Europe Tour

Semaine cycliste italienne


Pablo Álvarez Menéndez (Montevideo, Uruguay, 7 de febrero de 1985) es un futbolista y empresario uruguayo que juega como lateral derecho o defensa central. Actual mente milita en Club Atlético Boston River de la Primera División de Uruguay.

Trayectoria
Pablo Álvarez hizo su carrera formativa en el Club Nacional de Football de Uruguay, debutando en 2007 en Primera División con 22 años de edad con Daniel Carreño como entrenador. Jugó sólo 6 meses en el primer equipo, porque pronto fue transferido a la Reggina por 700.000 dólares.

En su pasaje por Europa, disputó sus primeras dos temporadas en la Reggina, que luego lo cedió a préstamo a Wisła Kraków de Polonia y a Panserraikos de Grecia en la tercera y cuarta temporada respectivamente. Luego el futbolista quedó en condición de libre y retornó a Uruguay, donde volvió a fichar por el club donde se inició.

El 19 de enero de 2015 se confirmó su llegada a Universidad Católica de Chile para suplir al lesionado defensor Stefano Magnasco.

Estadísticas

Clubes
 Actualizado de acuerdo al último partido jugado el .

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Futbolistas de Uruguay
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Uruguay en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Nacional de Football en los años 2000
Futbolistas de la Urbs Sportiva Reggina 1914
Futbolistas del Wisła Cracovia

Futbolistas del Panserraikos
Futbolistas del Club Nacional de Football en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Universidad Católica en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Boston River

Pablo Álvarez Menéndez


NGC 124 este o galaxie spirală localizată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în 23.09.1867 de către Truman Henry Safford.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 121
 NGC 125

Legături externe
 NGC 124 pe WikiSky
 NGC 124 pe spider.seds.org

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1867
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Truman Henry Safford

NGC 124