Ahlebeck, auch Alebetzky, Albecki, Albetzki, Albetski ist der Name eines Adelsgeschlechts aus dem Lauenburgischen im Osten Pommerns.

Geschichte
Franz Ahlebeck wurde 1571 mit drei Teilen am, 5 km östlich von Lauenburg und unmittelbar an das damalige Gut der Familie von Tauenzien angrenzenden, Dorf Ahlbeck belehnt. 1601 ebenso Andreas Ahlebeck. Jürgen Ahlebeck gnt. Wolzwosky soll mit Damerkow belehnt worden sein und noch 1678 soll Jacob Alebitzki zu Schlutzkow begütert gewesen sein.

Die Familie Ahlbeck wanderte ab dem 17. Jh. vollständig nach Lauenburg, Danzig, wo u. a. eine Bernsteinmanufaktur, die bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg erfolgreich war, begründet wurde, und dem Putziger Land ab. Heute lebt die Familie in den erwähnten Pommerschen Regionen in und um Danzig, sowie in den USA, Kanada, Deutschland, der Schweiz, Skandinavien, Spanien und Australien.

Wappen
Das Stammwappen ist quergeteilt, oben in Silber ein springender natürlicher Hirsch, unten von Rot und Silber in siebenmal in vier Reihen geschacht. Auf dem Helm über einem Wulst von Rot, Silber und Blau, mit rechts rot-silbernen, links blau-silbernen Decken, eine nach oben gekehrter silberner Halbmond, auf jeder Spitze mit einem goldenen Stern besetzt.

Siehe auch
 Wappengruppe Hirsch über Schach

Literatur
 Julius Theodor Bagmihl: Pommersches Wappenbuch  Stettin 1855, Band V., S. 11–12, Tab. 5

Einzelnachweise

Pommersches Adelsgeschlecht
Pommerellisches Adelsgeschlecht

Ahlebeck


Ramura gigant asimptotică (în , iar în )  este o regiune a diagramei Hertzsprung-Russell ocupată de stele de masă mică până la medie (de la la 0,6 până la 10 mase solare). Toate stelele de acest tip trec prin această perioadă spre sfârșitul vieții lor.

La observare, o stea AGB nu se distinge de o gigantă roșie. Totuși, structura sa interioară conține: (1) un nucleu inert compus din carbon și din oxigen, (2) o cochilie în care heliul este în fuziune nucleară (combustia heliului), formând astfel carbon, (3) o altă cochilie în care hidrogenul suferă o fuziune nucleară (combustia hidrogenului), formând astfel heliu și (4) o anvelopă de mari dimensiuni a cărei compoziție se aseamănă cu aceea a stelelor mai comune.

Note

Bibliografie
  H. J. Habing et Hans Olofsson, Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars, 2004, Springer Science+Business Media. .

Bibliografie suplimentară

Vezi și
 Stea variabilă Mira
 Gigantă roșie
 Diagrama Hertzsprung-Russell
 Stea de carbon
 Nebuloasă planetară
 Procesul triplu-alfa

Clasificare Hertzsprung–Russell
Evoluția stelelor

Ramura gigant asimptotică


WROK (1440 kHz) is an American news/talk AM radio station in Rockford, Illinois.  It is owned by Townsquare Media.  The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to serve Winnebago County, Illinois.

On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare would acquire 53 Cumulus Media stations, including WROK, for $238 million. The deal is part of Cumulus' acquisition of Dial Global; Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The transaction was consummated effective November 14, 2013.

Programming
The station features America in the Morning with John Trout (Tuesday to Saturday 4:00 to 5:00 am), followed by Riley O'Neil for the morning drive-time broadcast (Monday to Friday 5:00 to 9:00 am and Saturday 6:00 to 7:00 am).

The Michael Koolidge Show airs after Riley O'Neil's morning show (Monday to Friday 9:00 to 11:00 am, with a one-hour "best of" program every Sunday 6:00 to 7:00 pm). The Sean Hannity Show is broadcast from 2:00 to 5:00 pm. The Sean Hannity Weekend airs every Saturday 3:00 to 6:00 pm.

The Mark Levin Show airs live (5:00 to 8:00 pm), followed by The Larry Elder Show (Monday to Friday 8:00 to 11:00 pm and Saturday 6:00 to 9:00 pm) until The Dave Ramsey Show (11:00 pm to 12:00 midnight and Sunday 12:00 noon to 3:00 pm). Red Eye Radio is broadcast overnight (Tuesday to Friday and Sunday 12:00 midnight to 4:00 am and Saturday and Monday 12:00 midnight to 5:00 am).

Weekends feature This Weekend: America's First News with Gordon Deal (Saturday 5:00 to 6:00 am), The Kim Komando Show (Sunday 9:00 am to 12:00 noon), The Larry Kudlow Show (Saturday 9:00 am to 12:00 noon), The Money Pit (Saturday 9:00 to 11:00 pm), Made in America (Sunday 4:00 to 7:00 am), The Twilight Zone Radio Dramas (Sunday 7:00 to 9:00 pm), Live on Sunday Night, It's Bill Cunningham (Sunday 9:00 pm to 12:00 midnight), Moneytalk with Bob Brinker (Sunday 3:00 to 6:00 pm), Viewpoints (Saturday 11:00 to 11:30 pm), Eye on Illinois (Saturday 11:30 pm to 12:00 midnight), Stateline Sports Hour (Saturday 7:00 to 8:00 am), Saturday Morning Stateline (Saturday 8:00 to 9:00 am) and religious programming every Sunday from 7:00 to 9:00 am.

WROK broadcasts University of Illinois football and basketball, and selected NFL games during the regular season.

WROK was a very popular Top 40 music station in Rockford during the 1970s.  Sister station WZOK carries on the Top 40 heritage, although that station's format has shifted toward hot adult contemporary in recent years.

The WROK callsign was used in the 1996 movie Down Periscope. During the scene where Nitro (Toby Huss) is making a call fingering wire connections to Admiral Graham (Bruce Dern) for Captain Dodge (Kelsey Grammer) Nitro passes the phone to Captain Dodge. Captain Dodge is then heard saying "Stairway to Heaven, Led Zeppelin, 1971."  He passes the phone back to Nitro saying he answered the WROK question of the day, followed by "Now get me Admiral Graham."

WROK rebroadcasts on FM translator station W241DF at 96.1 MHz.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for WROK

News and talk radio stations in the United States
ROK
Radio stations established in 1923
1923 establishments in Illinois
Townsquare Media radio stations

WROK (AM)


Unimak Island er den største ø i øgruppen Aleuterne, der er en del af Alaska i USA.

Geografi
Det er den østligste af Aleuterne og har et areal på 4.069,9 km2, og det er således den niendestørste ø i USA og den 134. største ø i verden. På øen ligger Mount Shishaldin, der er en af verdens ti mest aktive vulkaner. Ifølge United States Census Bureau boede der 64 personer ved en folketælling i 2000, og de var alle bosat i byen False Pass i den østlige del af øen. Cape Lutke er hovedlandet på øen. Cape Pankof ligger på den yderste sydvestlige del af øen.

Fisher Caldera er et vulkankrater midt på den vestlige del af Unimak. Det har navn efter den amerikanske geolog Bernard Fisher, der arbejdede for United States Geological Survey og som blev dræbt i Umnak Pass.

Mount Westdahl, på 1.654 m, er en stratovulkan i Aleutian Range, ligger også på øen..

I 1980 blev 370.000 ha. af øen udpeget til at blive bibeholdt som. Dette område drives af United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Flora og fauna
Da faunaen i stor grad ligesom pår esten af Alaskahalvøen, og den er således alsidig med landlevende pattedyr som kodiakbjørne og rensdyr. Vest for Unimak Island er det største lanlevende pattedyr den røde ræv. Langs kysterne findes sæler og hvalroser.

Bebyggelse
Hele øens befolkning bor i False Pass, der dermed også er den eneste by. Her er en havn, og en stor del af arbejdsstyrken er beskæftiget med fiskeri.

I 1903 blev fyrtårnet Scotch Cap Light opført og det blev bemandet af US Coast Guard. Den 1. april 1946, under jordskælvet på Aleuterne 1946, blev fyrtårnet ramt af en tsuname. Selvom det stod omkring 30 m oppe blev det revet med ud i havet, og fem ansatte blev dræbt.

Der findes også et andet fyrtårn på øen ved navn Cape Sarichef Light.

Øens eneste lufthavn er Cape Sarichef Airport, der blev anlagt i 1958 af United States Air Force.

Galleri

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Øgrupper i Stillehavet
Alaskas geografi
Øer i USA

Unimak Island


දෙනියාය මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය 1935.03.11 දින දෙනියාය බෞද්ධ මිශ්‍ර පාඨෂාලාව නමින් ආරම්භවිය. ආරම්භය සිසුන් 30 කි.විදුහල්පති  තුමාත් එකම ගුරුවරයාත් එස්.සුබසිංහ මහතාය. ආරම්භයට මුල්වූයේ  බෙරලපනාතර ධම්මරතන ස්වාමීන්වහනසේත් පාසලට ඉඩම පරිත්‍යාග කල ඩි.එෆ්.ආර්.විජේසේකර මහතාත්ය.

දෙනියාය ජාතික පාසල


Macario Pinilla Vargas (La Paz, Bolivia, 24 de noviembre de 1855 - ibidem, 3 de septiembre de 1927) fue un abogado y político boliviano, décimo séptimo vicepresidente de la República de Bolivia siendo primer vicepresidente durante el gobierno de Eliodoro Villazón Montaño desde 1909 hasta 1913.

Biografía
Macario Pinilla nació en la ciudad de La Paz el 24 de noviembre de 1855, fueron sus padres Juan Pinilla y Eduarda Vargas. Inicio sus estudios en el Colegio Ayacucho en 1863, recibiéndose de abogado en 1876. En 1877 publicó el primer Código Compilado del Procedimiento Civil. Fue elegido diputado por La Paz al Congreso de 1888, concurrió a las tres legislaturas siguientes. Fiscal de distrito de La Paz en 1892, fue uno de los fundadores del colegio de abogados y su vicepresidente.

Desempeñó la cartera de Gobierno y Justicia en 1896, pasando después a la de Instrucción y Fomento. Al debatirse en Sucre la ley de radicatoria del gobierno en la capital, su actitud fue noble. Promulgada la ley, dimitió la cartera y se volvió a La Paz. Instalada la Junta de Gobierno Federal, el 12 de diciembre de 1899, Pinilla fue uno de sus miembros en unión de Serapio Reyes Ortiz y José Manuel Pando. Terminadas las funciones de la Junta de Gobierno Federal, el 12 de diciembre de 1899 fue nombrado Ministro ante la Corte de España. Senador por el departamento de La Paz en 1902 y reelecto nuevamente en 1908. Fue elegido Primer Vicepresidente de la República durante el gobierno de Eliodoro Villazón en 1909. Fue también Ministro ante los gobiernos de Holanda y Francia. Murió en la ciudad de La Paz el 3 de septiembre de 1927 a los 71 años de edad.

Véase también

 Historia de Bolivia
 Vicepresidente de Bolivia

Enlaces externos
 http://www.vicepresidencia.gob.bo

Vicepresidentes de Bolivia
Abogados de Bolivia
Paceños
Políticos de Bolivia
Presidentes de Bolivia

Macario Pinilla Vargas


كولورادو رابيدز) هو نادي كرة قدم أمريكي. تأسس عام 1995 في ولاية كولورادو الأمريكية ، يلعب الفريق حاليا في الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم

المصادر

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1995
أندية كرة قدم في دنفر (كولورادو)
تأسيسات سنة 1995 في كولورادو
فرق الدوري الأمريكي لكرة القدم
كوميرك سيتي (كولورادو)
مواسم كولورادو رابيدز
الرياضة في كولورادو في 2002

كولورادو رابيدز


De dødes by er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 2002, der er instrueret af Carsten Fenger-Grøn og Malene Grøndahl.

Handling
Den enes død er den andens brød. Det udtryk passer godt med De Dødes By i udkanten af Cairo. De mange aktiviteter omkring død, begravelse og markering af dødsdage trækker en masse fattige til området. Da almisser spiller en stor rolle i Islam, falder der meget af til de fattige. Ligvaskeren Fathi fortæller om sit arbejde og om livet i De Dødes By.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

De dødes by


Mayport may refer to:
 Mayport (Jacksonville), in Jacksonville, Florida
 Mayport, Pennsylvania
 Naval Station Mayport, in Jacksonville, Florida

Mayport


An Carex curatorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John William Stacey. An Carex curatorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex curatorum


Die 7. Tour d'Indonesia (offiziell: Speedy Tour d'Indonesia, dt.: Indonesien-Rundfahrt) fand vom 2. bis zum 12. Oktober 2011 in Indonesien statt. Das Rennen gehörte zur UCI Asia Tour 2012, wo es das erste Rennen der Saison war, und war dort in die Kategorie 2.2 eingestuft. Damit erhielten die ersten acht Fahrer der Gesamtwertung und die ersten drei jeder Etappe sowie der Träger des Gelben Trikots des Gesamtführenden nach jeder Etappe Punkte für die America-Rangliste.

Gesamtsieger des Etappenrennens wurde der Australier Eric Sheppard (Plan B Racing Team). Er siegte mit 17 Sekunden Vorsprung auf den Zweitplatzierten
Deutschen Christoph Springer vom deutschen Team Halanke.de-Öschelbronn. Das Podium wurde komplettiert von Chun Hing Chan aus Hongkong.

Teilnehmer
Am Start standen zehn einheimische indonesische Mannschaften sowie neun ausländische Teams, unter anderem aus Australien, Malta und Malaysia, das mit dem Terengganu Cycling Team auch das einzige Continental Team der Rundfahrt stellte. Mit dem Elite Team Halanke.de-Öschelbronn nahm auch eine Amateurmannschaft aus Deutschland an der Indonesien-Rundfahrt teil.

Etappen

Siehe auch
 Indonesien
 Java (Insel)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website des Rennens
 Ergebnisse des Rennens auf der Website der UCI Asia Tour

Radrennen 2011
Straßenradrennen in Indonesien
Java (Insel)
Kategorie:Sportveranstaltung in der Provinz Bali
Etappenrennen

Tour d’Indonesia 2011


දිනපොතක් (සමහරවිට සඟරාව හෝ අත්පොත ලෙස සඳහන් කරන) යනු ප්‍රභින්න සටහන් ඇතුලත් කර, දිනය අනුව සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන වාර්තාවක් වන අතර එමගින් දිනක් හෝ වෙනත් කාලයක් පුරා සිදු වී ඇත්තේ කුමක්ද යන්න වාර්තා කරයි. පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ අත්දැකීම් සහ/ හෝ සිතුවිලි හෝ හැඟීම් , ලේඛකයාගේ ඍජු අත්දැකීමෙන් බාහිර වර්තමාන සිදුවීම් පිලිබඳ අදහස්ද පෞද්ගලික දිනපොතක් තුල ඇතුලත් විය හැකිය. දිනපොතක් තබා ගනු ලබන්නා දින චර්යා සම්පාදක ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබයි.ආයතනික කටයුතු සඳහා බාරගන්නා ලද දිනපොත්, රජයේ වාර්තා (උ.දා., හැන්සාඩ්), ව්‍යාපාර ලෙජර සහ යුද වාර්තා ඇතුළු මානව ශිෂ්ඨාචාරයේ බොහෝ අංශ කෙරෙහි යම් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසියේ එම වචනය පෙර මුද්‍රණය කරන ලද සඟරා ආකෘතියක් ලෙසද දැක්වේ.

අද එම යෙදුම පෞද්ගලික දිනපොත් සඳහා පොදුවේ යෙදන්නේ, පෞද්ගලිකව සිටීම හෝ මිතුරන් හෝ ඥාතීන් අතර සීමිත සංසරණය ඇති කිරීම යන අදහසින් යුතුවය.  "සඟරාව" යන වචනය සමහර විට, "දිනපොත" සඳහා භාවිතා කල හැකි නමුත් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිනපොතක (හෝ ඇති කිරීමට අදහස් කරන) දිනපතා සටහන් ඇතුළත් කිරීම් අඩංගු වන අතර  සඟරා ලිවිම නිතර නිතර සිදු නොවේ. .

මතක සටහන්, ස්වයං චරිතාපදානය හෝ නූතන චරිතාපදාන සඳහා දිනපොතක් තොරතුරු  සැපයුවත්, එයින් කියවෙන පරිදි සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරනු කිරීමේ අරමුණින් නොව, නමුත් කතෘගේ ම භාවිතය සඳහා ලියනු ලැබේ. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෑත වසර කිහිපය තුලදී සමහර දිනපොත් වල(උදා:, නෙඩ් රොරෙම්, ඇලන් ක්ලාක්, ටෝනි බෙන් හෝ සීමොන් ග්‍රෙයි යන අය)අභ්‍යන්තර සාක්ෂි වලට අනුව ඒවා ලියා තිබෙන්නේ අවසානයේ ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීම සිතේ තබාගෙන වන අතර එයින් ස්‌වයං නිදොස් බාවය(පෙර හෝ මරණින් පසු) හෝ ලාභ ලැබීම අරමුණ වී ඇත.

දීර්ඝ කිරීමේදී දිනපොත යන වචනය ලිඛිත දිනපොතක මුද්‍රිත ප්‍රකාශනය ලෙස අදහස් කිරීමට ද භාවිතා කරයි;සහ ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික ආකෘති (උදා වියුණු සටහන) වැනි සඟරාවහි
අනෙකුත් භාෂිතයන් වෙත යොමු කිරීමද විය හැකිය.

නිරුක්ති ශාස්ත්‍රය
දිනපොත යන වචනය ලතින් භාෂාවේ ඩයරියම් ( "දෛනික දීමනාව," මිය සිට "දවස") යන පදයෙන් පැවත ගෙන එයි.සඟරාව යන වචනය පැමිණෙන්නේ ද සමාන මූලයක් වන පැරණි ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවේ ජූර්නල් හරහාය(දිනය සඳහා නුතන ප්‍රංශ වචනය ජුවර් වේ ).

දෛනික වාර්තාවක් ලියූ පොතක් පිලිබඳ අදහස් කරන මුල්ම වචන  භාවිතය 1605 දී බෙන් ජොන්සන්ගේ හාස්යමය වොල්පොනේ තුල කියා හැකිය.

ඉතිහාසය
පැරණිතම දිනපොත වාර්තා වන්නේ මැද පෙරදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර ආසියානු සංස්කෘතීන් වලින් වන අතර නමුත් සමාන කාර්යයක් වන ටු මයිසේල්ෆ්  (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν), වලටද වැඩ පැරණි ක්‍රි.ව. දෙවන සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී රෝම අධිරාජයෙකු වූ මර්කුස් ඔරෙලියස් විසන් ග්‍රීක භාෂාවෙන් රචිත, වර්තමනයේ මෙඩිටෙෂන්  ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන මෙය දිනපොතක් සතු ලක්ෂණ පෙන්වයි. ජපන් රාජකීය ළඳුන්ගේ පිලොව්බුක්ස් වල හා ආසියානු සංචාරක සඟරා වල මේ ආකාරයේ කලාතුරකින් ඔවුන්ගේ දිනපතා සිද්ධීන් ද වාර්තා වේ.උදාහරනයක් ලෙස විශාරද ලී ආඕ (ක්‍රි.ව.9 වන සියවසේදී) ඔහුගේ දකුණු චීනය හරහා යන ගමනේදී දිනපොතක් භාවිත කර ඇත.

මධ්‍යයතන මෑත පෙරදිගදී අරාබි දිනපොත් ලිය ඇත්තේ 10 වෙනි ශත වර්ෂයට පෙර සිටය. නූතන දිනපොතට බොහෝ  සමානකමක් දක්වන මෙම යුගයේ පවතින පැරණිතම දිනපොත වන්නේ 11 වන සියවසෙහි ඉබන් බන්නාගේ  දිනපොතය.නවීන දිනපොත් වලට බොහෝ සෙයින් සමානකම් දක්වන, දිනය(අරාබි භාෂාවෙන් ටා'රිඛ්)  අනුව සකස්කර ඇති පැරණිතම දිනපොත වන්නේ ඔහුගේ දිනපොතය.

නූතන අර්ථයෙන් බැලූ කල දිනපොතක පුර්වනිමිති වලට මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ ආධ්‍යාත්මිකව වැදගත් ලෙස සැලකුණු ආමුඛ හැඟීම් සහ බාහිර සිදුවීම් වලට බොහෝ දුරට අදාළ දෛනික ගුප්ත සටහන් ඇතුළත් වේ (උදා එලිසබෙත් ස්කොනාවූ, ඇග්නස් බ්ලාන්බෙකින්, සමහර විට තවද, ඇයගේ බොහෝ අහිමි ස්වභාෂා ගිණුම් වලට අනුව නාසරෙත්හි බියට්රිස්).

පුනරුදයේ සිට සමහර පුද්ගලයන්ට අවශ්‍ය වූයේ මධ්‍යතන වංශකතා සහ ගමන් විස්තර වල පරිදි සිදුවීම් පිලිබඳ වාර්තා තැබීමට  පමණක් නොව, නමුත් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීමේ අදහසකින් තොරව තමන්ගේ අදහස් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ බලාපොරොත්තු සහ බිය පිලිබඳ ලිය තැබීම වේ. 1405-49 යන වර්ෂ ආවරණය කරමින් වත්මන් සිදුවීම් වලට විෂයාත්මක අටුවා ලබ දෙන මුලින් සංරක්ෂණය කරන ලද උදාහරනයක් වනුයේ නිර්නාමික ද'උන් බෞර්ගියෝස් ද පැරිස් යන සඟරාවයි.ඊට බොහෝ කලකට පසුව පොත් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශය කෙරුණු ප්‍රසිද්ධ 14 සිට 16 වන  සියවසේ පුනරුදය උදාහරණ වනුයේ,   ෆ්ලොරෙන්ටිනෙස් බෝනාක්කොර්සෝ පිටි හා ග්රෙගොරියෝ ඩටි හා වැනිසියන් මැරිනෝ සනුටෝ ද යන්ගර්ගේ දිනපොත්ය.මෙහිදී අපි බොහෝ පිළිබිඹු, සංවේදී අත්දැකීම් හා පෞද්ගලික හැඟීම් සමඟ එක්ව වැදගත්කමින් අඩු එදිනෙදා සිදුවීම් පිලිබඳ වාර්තාද  සොයා ගනු ලබයි.

1908 දී  ස්මිත්සන් කොම්පැනිය මගින් දිනපොත රැගෙන යා හැකි පරිදි ප්‍රථම සැහැල්ලු දිනපොත නිපදවන ලදී.

ප්‍රකාශිත දිනපොත්

සැලකිය යුතු දිනපොත් සංක්‍යාවක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වී ඇති අතර එය ස්වයං රචිත සාහිත්‍යයේ වැදගත් සාධකයක් ගොඩනගා ඇත.

අප අද හොදින් දන්නා ආදිතම දින චර්යා සම්පාදකයා සැමුඑල් පෙප්සියස්ය. ඔහුගේ දිනපොත් මග්දලෙනේ විද්‍යාලය,කේම්බ්‍රිජ් විද්‍යාලයේ සංරක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන අතර ඒවා 1825 දී ප්‍රථම වතාවට පිටපත් කර ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. හුදූ ව්‍යාපර ගනුදෙනු අoකනයෙන් ඔබ්බට ගොස් දිනපොත් තුල පෞද්ගලික විෂයයන් සටහන් කල ප්‍රථම පුද්ගලයා පෙප්සියස්ය. පෙප්සියස්ගේ සමකාලින ජෝන් එව්ලියන්ද සැලකිය යුතු දිනපොත් ප්‍රමානයක් පොත් තබා ඇති අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ක්‍රියා ඉංග්‍රීසි ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කාල සිමාව අතරතුර සිදුවී ඇති  බොහෝ දැවැන්ත සිද්දීන් වල ඇසින් දුටු සක්ෂිමය වාර්තාවලින් සමන්විතය. ඒවා ලන්ඩන් වල පැතිරුණ වසංගත, මහා ගිණි වැනි සිද්ධීන්ය.

සාහිත්‍ය සහ මරණයෙන් පසු සිදු කෙරෙන ප්‍රකාශන සහ වෙනත් සැලකිය යුතු දෑ දිනපොත් තුල  ප්‍රකාෂණ ක්‍රියාවලිය 19 වන සියවසේදී අරඹන ලදී. උදාහරණ ලෙස ඩොරති වොර්ඩ්ස්වර්ත්ගේ ග්‍රස්මියර් සඟරාව (1771-1855) 1897 දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත්කරන ලදී. ෆානි බර්නිගේ වූ වාර සඟරා (1752-1840) 1889දි  ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. හෙන්රි ක්‍රබ් රෝබින්සන්ගේ සඟරා (1776-1867) 1869දි ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

එක්සත් ජනපද සිවිල් යුද්ද සමයේ දිනපොත් අතර නිව්යෝර්ක්හි නීතීක්න්යකු වූ ජෝජ් ටෙම්පල්ටෝන් ස්ට්‍රොන්ග්ගේ සහ රාජ්‍ය නිලදරියෙකුගේ බිරිදක් වූ මේරි චෙස්නට්ගේ දිනපොත් වැදගත් තැනක් ගනී.දැනට නිව්ජර්සිහි වෙස්ට් ඔරේන්ජ් නම් වූ ප්‍රදේශයේ විසු ජෙමිමා කොන්ඩික්ට්ගේ දිනපොත තුල ඇමෙරිකානු පෙරළිකාර යුද්ධයේ දේශීය නිරීක්ෂණ වල තොරතුරු ඇතුලත් වේ.

පුළුල් ලෙස කියවූ සහ පරිවර්තනය කරනලද වඩාත් ප්ර සිද්ද නූතන දිනපොත වන්නේ ඈන් ෆ්රෑන්ක්ගේ මරණයෙන් පසු ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වූ "ඩයරි ඔෆ් දී යන්ග් ගර්ල්" නම් වූ දිනපොතය.ඇය මෙය රචනා කර ඇත්තේ 1940 දී ජර්මනිය තුල සැඟව සිටින අතරතුරය.ඔටෝ ෆ්රෑන්ක් ඔහුගේ දියණියගේ දිනපොත සංස්කරනයකොට යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට සුදානම් කල අතර එය වෙනත් රටවල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් වීමට පෙර සංස්කරණ කිහිපයකට භාජනය කර ප්‍රකාශනයට පත් කරන ලදී. එමෙන්ම සමහර පුස්තකාලවල මෙම පොත තහනම් කිරීමට මෙහි ලිංගික කාරණා විවුර්ථ ලෙස ප්රකාශ කිරීමට බලපා ඇත.

දිනපොත් ලිවීම 20 වන සියවසේ සිට ස්වයං ගවේෂණයේ සචේතනික ක්‍රියාවක් ලෙස සිදුකරනු ලබන අතර උදාහරණ ලෙස කාල් ජන්ග්ගේ, ඇලෙස්ටර් ක්‍රව්ලිගේ, සහ ඇනයිස් නින්ගේ දිනපොත් දැක්විය හැකිය.20වන සියවසේ සංඛ්‍යා වලට අනුව වැදගත් දිනපොත් අතර ෆ්‍රාන්ස් කෆ්කාගේ ,එඩ්මුන්ඩ් විල්සන්ගේ  සහ ප්‍රංශ ලේකකයෙකු වූ පොල් ලේවූටඩ්ගේ(1872-1956) දිනපොත් වැදගත්ය. ස්වයං-පරිවර්ථක දිනපොත: සයින්ට් ෆොස්ටිනගේ  ඩිවයින් මර්සි ඉන් මයි සෝල් නම් වූ පොතෙහි ඇගේ දැක්මෙහි වටිනාකම සහ යේසුස් සමග සිදුවූ සංවාද ඇතුලත් වේ.

ශක්තිමත් මානසික බලපෑමක් හටගන්නේ එක පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ ස්වයං ප්‍රකාශනයට ශ්‍රාවක පිරිසක් සටීම මගිනි. එසේ වුවත් මෙය එක පුද්ගලයෙකු විසින් ලියනා පොතක් වන අතර එය විශේෂයෙන්ම කියවන්නේ අවදානමට ලක්වූ තවත් එක පුද්ගලයෙක් පමණි. ඈන් ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් ඇගේ පොත "කිටි" ලෙස හැඳින්වීමට තරම් දුර ගියාය. එමෙන්ම නාසි ජර්මනියේ උසාවි නිලදරියෙකු වූ  ෆෙඩ්රික් කෙල්නර් ඔහුගේ දිනපොත තමාට ඉදිරියේදී හමුවන දුෂ්ට පාලකයන්ට ත්‍රස්තවදින්ට ආයුධයක් ලෙස සැලකු අතර ඔහු ඔහුගේ දිනපොත් "මෙන් වයිඩර්ස්ටන්ඩ් ","මයි ඔපොසිශන්"  නමින් හැදින්විය. එමෙන්ම වික්ටර් කෙම්ප්ලර් ද ඔහුගේ සටහන් තුල  අනාගත පාලන තන්ත්‍රය සහ කෘර නාසි ජර්මනිය සහ පෙරදිග ජර්මානු අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා  ගැනද සදහන් කර ඇත.

අන්තර්ජාල දිනපොත්
අන්තර්ජාල පිවිසුම පොදු භාවිතයක් බවට පත් වීමත් සමඟම, බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් එය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් ද සමඟ තමන්ගේ ජීවිත වංශ කතාව  ලියන මාධ්‍යක් ලෙස අනුවර්තනය කර ගන්නා ලදී.1996 සිට 1994 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින දක්වා එම්අයිටී මීඩියා ලැබ් වෙබ් අඩවියෙහි ප්‍රකාශය කෙරුනු ක්ලෝඩියෝ පින්හැනෙස්ගේ "ඕපන් ඩයරි" යන්න ප්‍රථම ඍජුවම පරිගණක පාලනයට සම්බන්ධ වූ දිනපොත ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ. අනෙක් ඍජුවම පරිගණක පාලනයට සම්බන්ධ වූ දිනපොත් වන්නේ 1994 සිට පුර වර්ෂ එකොළහක් පෞද්ගලික ඍජුවම පරිගණක පාලනයට සම්බන්ධ වූ දිනපොතක් ලියන ලද ජස්ටින් හෝල්ගේ දිනපොත 1995 ජනවාරි 3 සිට "කැරොලින් ගේ දිනපොත " ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරීම ඇරඹු කැරොලින් බෘක්ගේ දිනපොත , සහ 1995 අප්‍රේල් 19 දින සෙමි එක්ස්සිස්ටන්ස් ඔෆ් බ්‍රයන් යන දිනපොත උඑස්ඉනෙට් නිව්ස් ග්රුපය තුල නිවේදනය කරන ලද බ්‍රයන් සදර්ලන්ඩ්ගේ දිනපොතය .

වෙබ් අඩවි පදනම් කරගත් සේවාවන් වන විවෘත දිනපොත(1988 ඔක්තෝබර් ඇරඹු) සහ ලයිව්ජර්නල් (1999 ජනවාරි ඇරඹු) ඉක්මනින්ම ප්‍රධාන මුලයේ සහ ස්වයංක්‍රීය ඍජු ප්‍රකාශන ලෙස මතු වූ නමුත් බ්ලොග්ස් පැමිණීමත් සමඟ පෞද්ගලික කතා ලිවීමේ කලාව වර්ධනය විය. පළමුව ආකෘතිය බාහිර සම්බන්ධතා සහ කාලීන් විවරණය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කරන අතර, පුලුල් බ්ලොග් වාර්තා මෙවලම් වෙබ් සඟරා නිර්මාණය කිරීමට  ඉක්මනින් භාවිතා කරන ලදී. අන්තර්ජාල දිනපොත් වල පෞද්ගලිකත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා මෑත කාලීනව දියුණු කිරීම කර ඇත. උදාහරනයක් ලෙස දැන් සමහර දිනපොත් මෘදුකාංග ඇතුලත් කිරීම ගබඩා කරනු ලබන්නේ 256 බිට් ඒඉඑස්(ඇඩ්වාන්ස් එන්ක්රිප්ෂන් ස්ටෑන්ඩරඩ්) වැනි  එන්ක්රිප්ටඩ් ආකෘතියකට අනුවය, සහ අනෙක් ඒවා ආරක්‍ෂිත යුඑස්බී උපාංගයක් මත නිවැරදි පින් අංකය ඇතුලත් කිරිමෙන් පසු ඇතුලත් වීම සඳහා අවසර ලබ දෙයි.

ඩිජිටල් දිනපොත්
මොබයිල් ඇප්ස් ජනප්‍රිය වීමත් සමඟම දිනපොත් හෝ සඟරාමය ඇප්ස් අයිඔඑස් සහ ඇන්ඩ්රෝයිඩ් සඳහා ලබාගත හැකිය.පහත සඳහන් කාරනා ඩිජිටල් යෙදවුම් සමඟ ලේඛන කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රථමික හේතුන් ලෙස යෝජකන් විසින් උපුටා දක්වනු ලබයි : යතුරු ලිවීමේ වේගය හා පහසුව; පහසුවෙන් එහා මෙහා ගෙන යා හැකි වීම; සෙවීමේ හැකියාවන් ; ජංගම දුරකතන වලින් ස්ථානය, දිනය, සහ අනෙකුත් පාර දත්ත ඇතුලත් කිරීමේ හැකියාව; සහ ටැග් හා අනෙකුත් සංවිධාන විශේෂාංග. ඩිජිටල් දිනපොත්ද කෙටි කාලීන, එම මොහොතේම ලිවිය හැකි ෆේස්බුක්, ට්විටර්, ඉන්ස්ටග්රෑම්, සහ අනෙකුත් සමාජ සේවා කටයුතු සමඟ සමාන බවක් පෙනී යයි.

දිනපොතේ වෙනත් ආකාරයන්

භෝජන සඟරාව
භෝජන සඟරාවක් හෝ ආහාර දිනපොතක් යනු සිරුරේ බර අඞු කිරීම හෝ වෙනත් පෝෂණ අධීක්ෂණය කිරීම සඳහා කැලරි පරිභෝජනය සොයා ගැනීමේ මාධ්යයක් ලෙස පරිභෝජනය කරන ලද සියලුම ආහාර හා පාන වර්ග නිෂ්පාදනයේ සහ දෛනික වාර්තාවක් වේ.

සිහින සඟරාව
සිහිනය සඟරාවක් හෝ සිහිනයක් දිනපොතක් යනු  සිහින අත්දැකීම් පසුව විශ්ලේෂණය හා ඇතැම් විට ස්වප්නපේන කාර්යයන් සඳහා වාර්තා කර ඇති ජර්නලයක් වේ.

නින්ද සඟරාව
නින්ද දිනපොතක් හෝ නින්ද ලඝු-සටහනක් යනු  නින්ද ආබාධ රෝග නිර්ණයට සහ ප්රතිකාර සඳහා භාවිතා කරන මෙවලමකි.

ටගේබුච්
ජර්මානු ටගේබුච් ("දවස-පොත") සාමාන්යයෙන් ඉංග්රීසි "දිනපොත" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇති, නමුත් එම වචනය සමාන වන්නේ කාලීන වැඩපොත් හෝ වැඩ සඟරා මෙන්ම නිසි දිනපොත් යන්න සඳහාය. උදාහරනයක් ලෙස ඔස්ට්‍රේලියානු ලේඛක රොබර්ට් මුසිල්ගේ සටහන් පොත් සහ ජර්මන්-ස්විස් කලාකරු පෝල් ක්ලී යන අය ටුගේබුචර් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

චාරිකා සටහන්
ගමන් සඟරාවක්, සංචාරක දිනපොතක් , හෝ මාර්ග සඟරාවක් යනු  ගමනක් හෝ ගමන් මාලාවේ ලේඛන ගත කිරීම වෙයි.

යුද්ධ දිනපොත
යුද්ධ දිනපොතක් යනු  ඒකකයක නිලධාරියකු විසින් පවත්වාගෙන යනු ලබන යුධ කාලයේ දී හමුදා ඒකකය විසින් පරිපාලනය හා ක්රියාකාරකම් නිරන්තරයෙන් යාවත්කාලීන නිල වාර්තාවක් වේ.

අසාමාන්‍ය දිනපොත්
කැනඩාවේ රාජකීය යුද හමුදා විද්යාලයේ සමහර නිලධාරීන් ඔවුන්ගේ ටී කොටු මත ඉන්දියානු තීන්තයෙන් ඔවුන්ගේ දිනපොත්  ලියා ඇත; 1880 සිට මේ උදාහරණ විදුහලේ කෞතුකාගාරය රඳවා ඇත.

ප්‍රබන්ධ දිනපොත්
ප්‍රබන්ධ දිනපොත් සඳහා ඇති තරම් නිදසුන් පවතී. මුල්ම මුද්රිත කල්පිත දිනපොතක් වන්නේ ජෝර්ජ් ග්රෝස්ස්මිත් සහ ඔහුගේ සොහොයුරු වීඩන් විසින් ලියන ලද  ඩයරි ඔෆ් අ නොබොඩි යන විකට දිනපොත විය
. 20 වන ශතවර්ෂයේ උදාහරණ වනුයේ ගුවන් විදුලි සම්ප්‍රේෂණ (උදා: මිසිස් ඩේල්ස් ඩයරි) සහ ප්‍රකාශිත ග්‍රන්ථය (උදා: ඇන්ඩරයන් මෝල් ගේ දිනපොත්). දීර්ඝ කාලීන ඉඟි කරන සහ උපහාසාත්මක විශේෂාංග යන ලක්ෂණ දෙකම ප්‍රයිවෙට් අයි නමිති සඟරාව:පෙර අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය හැරෝල්ඩ් විල්සන්ගේ බිරිය මේරි විල්සන්ට නිර්දේශිත මිසිස් විසන්ස් ඩයරි ය ද පසුව  "ද සිකරට් ඩයරි ඔෆ් ජෝන් මේජර් ඒජ්ඩ් 47¾" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද සහ  අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ජෝන් මේජර්ගේ පදනමට අනුව ඇන්ඩියන මොලේගේ දිනපොත් වල සංග්‍රහනුකරන්යෙන් ලියන ලද දිනපොත් වේ. නුතන උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ඩයරි ඔෆ් අ විම්පි කිඩ් සීරියස්, එහිදී සත්‍ය දිනපොතක ඇති අයුරින්, ප්‍රධාන චරිතයේ පළමු පුද්ගල දැක්ම ග්‍රන්ථ මාලාවේ එක් එක් පොත ලියා ඇත.

මෙයද බලන්න
 ස්වයංචරිතපාධන
 කොමෙන්ටෙරි
 සාමාන්‍ය පොත්
 කලා දිනපොත
 ව්යාජ මතක සටහන්
 ජර්නල් (වක්රෝත්තිහරණය)
 දිනපොත් හා සඟරා පොත් ලැයිස්තුව
 දිනපොත් ලේඛකයන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 සිහින දිනපොත් ලැයිස්තුව
 ප්‍රබන්ධ දිනපොත් ලැයිස්තුව
 නික්කි බුන්ගකු
 ඍජුලෙස පරිගණකය හා සම්බන්ධ දිනපොත
 වර්ගය:දිනපොත්
 වර්ගය:දිනපොත් ලේඛකයන්

මුලාශ්‍ර

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට

දින පොත


نادي ريث روفرز لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم اسكتلندي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى ويقع مقره في مدينة كيركالدي في إقليم فايف. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1883 .

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1883
أندية كرة قدم في إسكتلندا
أندية كرة قدم في فيفي
تأسيسات سنة 1883 في إسكتلندا
كيركالدي
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي لكرة القدم
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي للمحترفين لكرة القدم

ريث روفرز


Villasimius (sardinski: Crabonàxa) je mjesto i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južna Sardinija u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 49 metara i ima 3 711 stanovnika. Prostire se na 57,97 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 64 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Castiadas, Maracalagonis i Sinnai.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Villasimius


Lucy Turnbull () est une femme d'affaires et  personnalité politique australienne, première femme à occuper le poste de maire de Sydney lors de son élection en 2003.

Biographie

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Liste de dirigeantes politiques

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1958
Maire de Sydney
Femme politique australienne
Pionnière en politique
Personnalité australienne du monde des affaires
Femme d'affaires

Lucy Turnbull


Araira je rijeka u Venezueli. Pritoka je rijeke Caucagua i pripada karipskom slijevu.

Izvori

Rijeke u Venezueli
Pritoke Caucague

Araira


Center for Moderne Kulturstudier (engelsk: Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, forkortet CCCS)  var et forskningscenter ved University of Birmingham, England. Det blev grundlagt i 1964 af Richard Hoggart, der blev centrets første leder. Centret fokuserede på det dengang nye akademiske felt kulturstudier og arbejdede med temaer inden for subkulturer, populærkultur og medievidenskab. Centret og dets tilknyttede teoretikere havde generelt set en tværfaglig tilgang til kulturstudier og inddrog tanker fra marxisme, poststrukturalisme, feminisme, samt mere etablerede metoder hentet fra sociologi og etnografi. Noget af forskningen undersøgte repræsentationer af forskellige grupper i massemedierne og evaluerede virkningerne og fortolkningerne af disse repræsentationer på deres publikum (se repræsentationskritik).

Litteraturteoretiske skoler
Humaniora
Etableret i 1964

Center for Moderne Kulturstudier


مسلسل ذي قار هو مسلسل درامي، ملحمي، تاريخي، تشويقي من إنتاج المركز العربي للإنتاج الإعلامي - الأردن عام 2001، المنتج عدنان العوامله، المنتج التنفيذي طلال العوامله، من إخراج باسل الخطيب، كتابة جمال أبو حمدان.

مضمون المسلسل يعالج الأحداث المصاحبة لفترة معركة ذي قار ويصور احدي أهم المعارك المفصلية في تاريخ العرب.

حائز على الجائزة الفضية في مجال الدراما التاريخية في مهرجان الخليج الثامن للإذاعة والثلفزيون عام 2002.

الملخص
أقدم النعمان بن المنذر اللخمي ملك الحيرة على قتل عدي بن زيد العبادي الشاعر، وكان عدي يعمل مترجماً لـكسرى، فاستدعى كسرى النعمان فخاف منه، فمضى سراً إلى ذي قار ونزل على هانئ بن مسعود سيد شيبان وبكر بن وائل وأودع عنده أمواله ونساءه ثم ذهب إلى كسرى فحبسه في خانقين ثم قتله. ونصب إياس بن قبيصة الطائي ملكاً على الحيرة، وأمره أن يبعث إليه بتركة النعمان وعائلته والدروع التي كانت لكسرى عنده، وكانت أربعة آلاف درع، فأرسل إياس إلى هانئ بن مسعود الشيباني أن يبعث بالأموال والنساء إليه، فأبى هانئ أن يسلم خفرته وأمانته.

يتناول العمل أول الانتصارات العربية على واحدة من الإمبراطوريتين الكبيرتين (الفرس والروم) اللتين كانتا تخضعانهم وتتحكمان بمصيرهم، إلا أن العرب بعد ذي قار استطاعوا امتلاك زمام الأمور. وعلى هذه الخلفية تدور أحداث الصراع بين مملكة الحيرة العربية وملكها النعمان بن المنذر وابنته هند في مواجهة تجبّر الإمبراطورية الفارسية وكسرى، ويجسد العمل تمسك العرب بقيم الأمانة المتمثلة في حفظ وديعة النعمان لدى بني شيبان وزعيمهم الفذ هانئ بن مسعود ولو أدى هذا التمسك إلى مواجهة أعتى القوى الطاغية التي هُزمت أمام الأمانة وإحساس الكرامة ونداء الوحدة.

البطولة
 أسعد فضة في دور النعمان بن منذر.
 نورمان أسعد في دور هند بنت النعمان
 منى واصف في دور الملكة المتجردة.
 زهير النوباني في دور كسرى.
بقية الممثلين
 عارف الطويل.
 ناصر عبد الرضا.
 ياسر المصري في دور عمرو بن ثعلبة السيار.
 سوسن ميخائيل.
 رشيد ملحس - ديما بياعة - وضاح حلوم - ليليا الأطرش - روعة ياسين - رنا الأبيض - رامز عطا الله - غزوان الصفدي.
 نجاح سفكوني.
 غسان مسعود.
 هشام هنيدي.
ضيوف العمل
 رضوان عقيلي
 مها المصري.
 عبدالكريم القواسمي.
 خضر بيضون.
 اسكندر عزيز.
 شفيقة الطل.
 بسام لطفي.
ضيوف الحلقات
 حمد عبد الرضا.
 وائل نجم.

جوائز
حائز على الجائزة الفضية في مجال الدراما التاريخية في مهرجان الخليج الثامن للإذاعة والثلفزيون عام 2002.

المراجع

مسلسلات المركز العربي للإنتاج الإعلامي
مسلسلات تلفزيونية تاريخية أردنية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 2001

ذي قار (مسلسل)


This is a list of veterans' organizations by country.

List of veterans' organizations

International veterans' organizations
 Royal Commonwealth Ex-Services League
 War Veterans Committee
 World Association of Home Army Soldiers
 World Veterans Federation

National veterans' organizations

Australia
 Returned and Services League

Canada
Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans in Canada
Canadian Airborne Forces Association
The Royal Canadian Legion

France
 French Foreign Legion Veteran Societies Federation

Hungary
 Hungarian Royal Gendarme Veterans' Association

Indonesia
Veterans' Legion

Japan
 Kaikosha

Myanmar (Burma)
Myanmar War Veterans Organization (MWVO)

New Zealand
 Returned and Services Association

Philippines
 Association of Veterans of the Revolution

South Africa
 Memorable Order of Tin Hats
 The South African Legion
 South African Defence Force Association (SADFA)
 Council for Military Veteran Organisations (CMVO)
 South African National Military Veterans Association (SANMVA)

United Kingdom
The Royal British Legion
 SSAFA, the Armed Forces charity
Victory Services Club

United States
 Academy of United States Veterans
 Air Force Association
 Air Force Sergeants Association
 American Ex-Prisoners of War
 American G.I. Forum
 American Legion
 AMVETS
 American Veterans Committee (dissolved 2008)
 American Veterans Committee (2013–present day)
 American Veterans for Equal Rights
 Army and Navy Union
 Association of the United States Army
 Aztec Club (organized by officers of the Mexican War)
 Blinded Veterans Association
 Catholic War Veterans
 Combat Veterans Motorcycle Association
 DAV
 Fleet Reserve Association
 Forty and Eight
 Grand Army of the Republic (dissolved 1956)
 Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America
 Iraq War Veterans Organization
 Jewish War Veterans
 Marine Corps League
 Military Officers Association of America
 Military Order of the Carabao (organized by officers of the Philippine Insurrection)
 Military Order of the Cootie
 Military Order of the Dragon (organized by officers of the China Relief Expedition)
 Military Order of Foreign Wars (organized by veterans of the Mexican War)
 Military Order of the Loyal Legion (organized by Union army officers)
 Military Order of the Purple Heart
 Military Order of the Stars and Bars (organized by Confederate army officers)
 Military Order of the World Wars (organized by officers of World War I)
 Montford Point Marines
 Navy League of the United States
 National Association for Black Veterans
 National Guard Association of the United States
 Navy Musicians Association
 Navy Mutual Aid Association
 Paralyzed Veterans of America
 Pearl Harbor Survivors Association (dissolved 2011)
 Polish Legion of American Veterans
 Society of American Military Engineers
 Society of the Cincinnati (organized by American Continental Army officers)
 State Guard Association of the United States
 Student Veterans of America
 Supportive Services for Veteran Families (SSVF)
 Ukrainian American Veterans
 United Confederate Veterans (dissolved 1951)
 United Spanish War Veterans (dissolved 1992)
 United States Submarine Veterans
 United States Submarine Veterans of World War II (dissolved 2012)
 Veteran Wiki
 Veterans' Alliance for Security and Democracy
 Veterans Bridge Home
 Veterans for Common Sense
 Veterans for Peace
 Veterans of Foreign Wars
 Vietnamese American Armed Forces Association
 Vietnam Veterans of America
 Warrior Rising

References

Veterans

List of veterans' organizations


Ernesto Mascheroni (21. november 1907 – 3. juli 1984) var en uruguayansk fodboldspiller, der med Uruguays landshold vandt guld ved VM i 1930 på hjemmebane. Han spillede to af uruguayanernes kampe i turneringen, heriblandt finalesejren over Argentina. Senere i sin karriere spillede han også to landskampe for Italien.

Masceroni spillede på klubplan for River Plate Montevideo og Peñarol i hjemlandet, samt for italienske Ambrosiana, den klub der i dag er kendt som Inter.

Titler
Primera División Uruguaya
 1932, 1936, 1937 og 1938 med Peñarol

VM
 1930 med Uruguay

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Fodboldspillere fra Club Atlético Peñarol
Personer fra Montevideo
Verdensmestre i fodbold

Ernesto Mascheroni


التغشية السوداء  هو، في النسبية العامة، حل لمعادلات التي تعمم حل الثقب الأسود إلا أنها تتسوع أيضاً —وتتناظر انتقالياً— في أبعادp الخاصة والإضافية. قد يسمى هذا حل ببرين-p الأسود.

في نظرية الأوتار، قدمت لنا الحلول التي وصفت البرينات السوداء الوصف البديل للأجسام نفسها المسماة ببرينات-p. من ضمن تلك الأوصاف الأخرى لنفس الأجسام هي ببرينات-D. قد تقود بعض تقريبات البرينات السوداء إلى الإنتروبية المنسجمة مع الطاقة، من معادلة ط=ك.س².

مراجع

ثقوب سوداء
نظرية الأوتار

تغشية سوداء


تيمزريت بلدية بولاية بجاية بالجزائر

أعلام
 فوزي يايا

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية بجاية
 دوائر ولاية بجاية

مراجع

بلديات ولاية بجاية

تيمزريت


في ظل العمالقة فلم إسرائيلي أمريكي من إنتاج أم جي أم سنة 1966م، يحاكي الفيلم قصة تأسيس دولة إسرائيل ، وكيف يواجهون أعدائهم الذين جاؤوا من الخارج ويهددون حياة السكان الأمنين (حسب تعبير الفيلم)، وكان دور البطولة كل من المملثين لكيرك دوغلاس مع حضور لجون وين وصورت في إسرائيل .

قصة

تبدأ الفيلم عن قيام بطل الفيلم بالرحلة إلى إسرائيل لمساعدة اليهود الأمريكيين وتخليصهم من أعدائهم، وقال بطل الفيلم كيرك دوغلاس بأن هذه الدولة (إسرائيل) تحاط بها 5 دول عربية مستعدة لتدمير إسرائيل ورميها في البحر لكي يحصلوا على جزءاً من الصحراء .

وبعد إعلان إسرائيل دولة يهودية، تقدم أحد الجيوش العربية من الصحراء عند الحدود المصرية لمهاجمة إسرائيل، بالإضافة إلى أنه يهاجم الجيش الأردني الذين يتحصنون في القلعة، ونجاح العملية الليلية لتدمير قاعدة عسكرية سورية ، إلا أن محاولة الإسرائيليين أضطروا للانسحاب بعد أن تلقى عددا من قتلى جنودهم من الميليشيات الإسرائيلية، وينتهي الفيلم بمقتل بطل الفيلم الأمريكي وهو يحمل الوردة أمام مسلح مجهول ، وبهذا يقوم الميليشيا الإسرائيلية بحمل قتيل بطل الفيلم إلى بلاده، وهجرة المزيد من اليهود إلى القدس.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 TV Guide

أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1960
أفلام الصراع العربي الإسرائيلي
أفلام إنتاج 1966
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1960
أفلام تقع أحداثها في 1948
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين
أفلام تقع أحداثها في القدس
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الولايات المتحدة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في إسرائيل
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فرنسا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فلسطين
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي
أفلام حركة درامية أمريكية
أفلام حركة درامية في عقد 1960
أفلام حروب مبنية على أحداث حقيقية
أفلام درامية 1966
أفلام سجلها إلمر بيرنشتاين
أفلام سير ذاتية عن قادة عسكريين
أفلام مصورة في إسرائيل
أفلام مصورة في روما
أفلام مصورة في شينشيتا
أفلام مصورة في لاتسيو
أفلام من إنتاج جون واين
أفلام يونايتد آرتست

في ظل العمالقة


Bonnie Kathleen Blair (Cornwall, New York, 18. ožujka 1964.) - umirovljena američka klizačica. Ona je jedna od najboljih klizačica svoje ere i jedna od najuspješnijih sportašica u olimpijskoj povijesti. Blair je četiri puta nastupila za Sjedinjene Američke Države na Olimpijskim igrama, osvojivši pet zlatnih i jednu brončanu medalju.

Slijedeći svoju braću i sestre, Bonnie se prvi put okušala u klizanju kada je imala dvije godine. U dobi od 15 godina, Blair se okušala u reprezentaciji, izborivši mjesto u svom prvom pokušaju. Blair je svoj olimpijski debi imala u Sarajevu 1984., gdje je završila osma na 500 metara. Blair je u to vrijeme trenirala i klizanje na kratkim i dugim stazama. Osvojila je Svjetsko prvenstvo na kratkim stazama 1986. godine. Blair se vratila na Olimpijske igre 1988., natječući se na dugim stazama na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1988. u Calgaryju. Tamo je osvojila svoju prvu zlatnu olimpijsku medalju na 500 metara i brončanu medalju na 1000 metara. Blair je osvojila dvije zlatne medalje na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1992. u Albertvilleu i svoje posljednje dvije zlatne medalje na Zimskim olimpijskim igrama 1994. u Lillehammeru. Nastavila se natjecati na Svjetskom prvenstvu 1995. u Milwaukeeju i konačno se povukla u ožujku 1995.

Nakon što se povukla iz brzog klizanja, Blair je postala motivacijski govornik. Uvedena je u Sportsku kuću slavnih Chicaga, Atletsku dvoranu slavnih Wisconsina i Olimpijsku dvoranu slavnih Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.

Izvori

Brzi klizači
Olimpijski pobjednici u brzom klizanju na kratkim stazama
Američki športaši

Bonnie Blair


Gorski žabnjak (žabnjak jadićolistni, babica, lat. Ranunculus aconitifolius), biljna vrsta iz roda žabnjaka, porodica žabnjakovke. Trajnica raširena je po Europi, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Sinonimi
 Hecatonia aconitifolia (L.) Schur
 Ranula aconitifolia (L.) Fourr.
 Ranunculus argenteus E. H. L. Krause
 Ranunculus caballeroi Losa & P. Monts.
 Ranunculus dealbatus Lapeyr.
 Ranunculus heterophyllus Lapeyr.
 Ranunculus lobatus Moench
 Ranunculus medius Bernh.
 Ranunculus multiflorus Dulac
 Ranunculus palmatus (Clairv.)

Izvori

Žabnjak
Flora Njemačke
Flora Švicarske
Flora Lihtenštajna
Flora Austrije
Flora Češke
Flora Španjolske
Flora Francuske
Flora Italije
Flora Andore
Flora Slovenije
Flora Crne Gore
Flora Hrvatske
Flora Ukrajine

Gorski žabnjak


Hercule-Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac, (d. 6 Mart 1619 – ö. 28 Temmuz 1655), Paris doğumlu Fransız oyun yazarı ve düellocu.

Cesur ve yenilikçi bir yazar olan Cyrano de Bergerac, çalışmalarıyla 17. yüzyılın ilk yarısında libertin edebiyatının bir parçası olmuştur. Bugün ise en çok Edmond Rostand'ın ünlü oyunu Cyrano de Bergerac (1897) ile tanınmaktadır. Bu oyun, Cyrano'nun hayatından izler taşımakla birlikte aynı zamanda hayal gücü ve mitolojiye dayanan kurgusal öğeler içermektedir.

Yaşamı

Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac 1619 yılında Paris'te doğdu. Babası Abel de Cyrano, Paris Parlamentosu avukatıydı. Cyrano de Bergerac soyadı, ailesine 1582 yılında Mauvières ve Bergerac şatolarının satın alınmasıyla geçmiştir. Ancak, 1636 yılında bu malikâneler elden çıkarıldığı hâlde aile, soyadını kullanmaya devam etmiştir. Bu nedenle Cyrano de Bergerac olarak tanınmıştır. Ailesinin soylu unvanı ve geçmişi, Cyrano de Bergerac'ın hayatında önemli bir rol oynamıştır.

Cyrano de Bergerac, yakın arkadaşı Henri Lebret ile birlikte Muhafız Alayı silahşoru olarak görev yapmıştır. Ancak, 22 yaşında iken önce tüfekle, sonra da kılıçla ciddi şekilde yaralanmıştır. Bu yaralanma sonrasında harp sanatıyla ilgilenmeyi bırakarak, 1640 yılından itibaren edebiyat ve felsefeye yönelmiştir. Cyrano de Bergerac, en ünlü eserlerinden biri olan "Ay Devletleri ve İmparatorlukları"nı muhtemelen 1642-1649 yılları arasında kaleme almıştır. Ayrıca, "Güneş Devletleri ve İmparatorlukları" adlı eseri ise 1650-1655 yılları arasında yazılmıştır. 1654 yılında ise bir hastalık ya da bir saldırı sonucunda sağlık sorunları yaşamış, hâlsiz düşmüştür. Kendini toparlayamayarak kuzeninin evine yerleşmiştir. Cyrano de Bergerac, uzun süren bir hastalık sonucunda 1655 yılında kuzeni Pierre de Cyrano'nun evinde, yakın arkadaşı Lebret ve sevdikleri arasında 36 yaşında hayatını kaybetmiştir.

Cyrano de Bergerac'ın eserleri, ölümünden sonra yakın arkadaşlarının çabalarıyla yayımlanmış ve edebî dünyada iz bırakmıştır. Bu eserler, onun hayal gücünü, zekâsını ve edebî dehasını sergileyen önemli yapıtlardır. Cyrano de Bergerac, kendine özgü tarzıyla edebiyat dünyasında unutulmaz bir isim olarak anılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

1619 doğumlular
1655 yılında ölenler
Fransız oyun yazarları
17. yüzyılda Fransızlar
Suikast sonucu ölen Fransızlar

Cyrano de Bergerac


Tour of Norway 2016 var den sjette udgave af det internationale cykelløb Tour of Norway. Løbet var klassificeret som 2.HC og blev arrangeret fra 18. til 22. maj 2016. Størstedelen af løbet foregik i fylkerne Buskerud og Telemark, men man kom også gennem Vestfold på første etape, og sidste etape gik fra Akershus til Østfold. Store dele af ruten for flere af etaperne var mere eller mindre magen til 2015-udgaven. Pieter Weening blev den samlede vinder af løbet.

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Asbjørn Kragh Andersen kører for
Sebastian Lander kører for
Mads Pedersen kører for
Rasmus Quaade kører for

Etaperne

Trøjernes fordeling gennem løbet

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2016
UCI Europe Tour 2016

Tour of Norway 2016


Ali Talip Özdemir (1953, Ereğli, Konya) Türk siyasetçidir.

Ankara Devlet Mühendislik Mimarlık Akademisi'nin Makina Mühendisliği Bölümünü bitirdi. Orman Bakanlığı, Sanayi Bakanlığı, Demir Çelik Uzmanlığı, Ereğli Belediye Başkanlığı, Konya Belediyeler Birliği ve Avrupa Konseyi Belediyeler Birliği Üyeliği, Bakırköy Belediye Başkanlığı, Marmara ve Boğazları Belediyeler Birliği Başkanlığı, Bakırköyspor Kulübü Başkanlığı, Anavatan Partisi'nin 4. Genel Başkanlığı, XVIII. Dönem Konya ve XX. Dönem İstanbul Milletvekilliği ile Çevre Bakanlığı ve Devlet Bakanlığı yaptı ve Haliç Üniversitesi Mütevelli Heyeti üyeliğini yürütmüştür. Evli ve üç çocuk babasıdır.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk Çevre Bakanı'dır.

Kaynakça

1953 doğumlular
Ereğli, Konya doğumlular
Konya doğumlu siyasetçiler
Türk spor yöneticileri
Anavatan Partisi genel başkanları
TBMM 18. dönem Konya milletvekilleri
TBMM 20. dönem İstanbul milletvekilleri
Konya Ereğli belediye başkanları
TBMM İçişleri Komisyonu
TBMM Plan ve Bütçe Komisyonu
TBMM Adalet Komisyonu
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi meclis üyeleri

Ali Talip Özdemir


The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum), or Hippocratic Collection, is a collection of around 60 early Ancient Greek medical works strongly associated with the physician Hippocrates and his teachings. The Hippocratic Corpus covers many diverse aspects of medicine, from Hippocrates' medical theories to what he devised to be ethical means of medical practice, to addressing various illnesses. Even though it is considered a singular corpus that represents Hippocratic medicine, they vary (sometimes significantly) in content, age, style, methods, and views practiced; therefore, authorship is largely unknown. Hippocrates began Western society's development of medicine, through a delicate blending of the art of healing and scientific observations. What Hippocrates was sharing from within his collection of works was not only how to identify symptoms of disease and proper diagnostic practices, but more essentially, he was alluding to his personable form of art, "The art of true living and the art of fine medicine combined." The Hippocratic Corpus became the foundation upon which Western medical practice was built.

Hippocrates' contribution to medicine
Hippocrates was born  on the Greek island of Kos. The verifiable details of his life are few, despite centuries of hagiographic accounts. According to tradition, Hippocrates was born into a hereditary order of priest-like physicians known as Asclepiads. At the time, the practice of medicine involved spiritual and supernatural elements, corresponding to the prevailing belief that health and illness were conferred by the gods. Hippocrates did not share this view. For example, according to works later ascribed to him, he was the first to describe epilepsy as an inheritable brain disease rather than an infliction from the divine. In addition to his rejection of purely divine causes of illness, Hippocrates rejected the idea that medicine could only be practiced by those born into the priestly Asclepiad class like himself. He went on to establish a medical school at Kos and opened it to those born outside of the Asclepiad class. Known as the father of medicine, Hippocrates was an admirable physician and teacher during his time. When considered among fellow ancient Greek philosophers and physicians, Hippocrates was considered the most influential in the evolution of medicine as a science. He focused on a natural approach to medicine, expressing that there had to be a comprehensive understanding of the patient's health, as well as harmony between nature and the individual.

Hippocrates' focal point for medicine stemmed from the practice of scientific discipline. To enforce scientific discipline, Hippocrates based his medical principles on natural sciences, diagnosing, treating, and preventing medical diseases. In addition to a focus on natural approaches, he also began to look into anatomical and physiological relationships in the body. He also heavily believed in the study of anatomy and the nervous system. By understanding the anatomy of the human body, Hippocrates was able to recognize symptoms holistically when diagnosing a patient. To align completely with his emphasis on the physical observation of the human body, Hippocrates eliminated any religious element from his account of medicine. In the Hippocratic text On Flesh, On Regimen, On Diseases I, On Winds, relevant works from the Hippocratic Corpus, he firmly established the limited focus he planned to employ with his medical concerns, that is, he had determined that he would only entertain natural phenomena that are relevant to the medical issue at hand.

Another contribution Hippocrates had to medicine was evidence-based knowledge. Hippocrates was the first to ever establish the belief that by simply observing a patient, a physician would recognize symptoms and determine the disease. Hippocrates insisted that he must keep careful notes and follow the patient from the start of the disease to the end no matter what that might have looked like so he could compile different symptoms and treatments. The ideal of evidence-based knowledge is still implemented in the medical field and has set the standards for physicians today. According to Hippocrates, medicine was dependent on detailed observation of symptoms and health, prognosis, treatment of the patient, and reason to establish diagnosis.

While the Hippocratic Corpus was not written by Hippocrates himself, the compiled work of medical professionals all follow the same guidelines imposed by Hippocratic medicine. Hippocrates laid the foundation for modern medicine, as his protocols and guidelines for the classification of diseases are being utilized by physicians today. His principles for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases have been preserved in the Hippocratic Corpus, and are the standard for medical ethics today.

Authorship, name, origin

Of the texts in the corpus, none is proven to be by Hippocrates himself. The works of the corpus range from Hippocrates' time and school to many centuries later and rival points of view. Franz Zacharias Ermerins identifies the hands of at least nineteen authors in the Hippocratic Corpus. However, the varied works of the corpus have gone under Hippocrates' name since antiquity.

The corpus may be the remains of a library of Cos, or a collection compiled in the third century BC in Alexandria. However, the corpus includes works beyond those of the Coan school of ancient Greek medicine; works from the Cnidian school are included as well.

Only a fraction of the Hippocratic writings have survived. The lost medical literature is sometimes referred to in the surviving treatises, as at the beginning of Regimen. Some Hippocratic works are known only in translation from their original Greek to other languages; given that the quality and accuracy of a translation without a surviving original cannot be known, it is difficult to identify the author with certainty. "Hippocratic" texts survive in Arabic, Hebrew, Syriac, and Latin.

Dates and groupings
The majority of the works in the Hippocratic Corpus date from the Classical period, the last decades of the 5th century BC and the first half of the 4th century BC. Among the later works, The Law, On the Heart, On the Physician, and On Sevens are all Hellenistic, while Precepts and On Decorum are from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.

Some of the earliest works of the corpus (mid-fifth century) are connected to the Cnidian school: On Diseases II–III and the early layer within On the Diseases of Women I–II and On Sterile Women. Prorrhetics I is also mid-fifth century. In the second half of the fifth century, a single author likely produced the treatises On Airs, Waters, Places; Prognostics; Prorrhetics II; and On the Sacred Disease. Other fifth-century works include On Fleshes, Epidemics I and III (), On Ancient Medicine, On Regimen in Acute Diseases, and Polybus' On the Nature of Man/Regimen in Health (410–400 BC).

At the end of the fifth or the beginning of the fourth century, one author likely wrote Epidemics II–IV–VI and On the Humors. The coherent group of surgical treatises (On Fractures, On Joints, On Injuries of the Head, Surgery, Mochlicon) is of similar date.

The gynecological treatises On the Nature of the Woman, On the Diseases of Women, Generation, On the Nature of the Child, and On Sterile Women constitute a closely related group.  identified five layers of material in this group, from the mid-fifth century to the mid-fourth century. The oldest stratum is found in On the Nature of the Woman and On the Diseases of Women II. Generation and On the Nature of the Child constitute a single work by a late-fifth-century author, who may also be identified as the author of On Diseases IV and of sections of On the Diseases of Women I. The latest layer is On Sterile Women, which was composed after the other gynecological treatises were in existence.

A single fourth-century author probably wrote On Fistulae and On Hemorrhoids.

Author Susan Wise Bauer writes that, because it explains disease "without blaming or invoking the gods", the Corpus is "the first surviving book of science".

Content
The Hippocratic Corpus contains textbooks, lectures, research, notes and philosophical essays on various subjects in medicine, in no particular order. These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing view points; significant contradictions can be found between works in the Corpus.

Case histories
One significant portion of the corpus is made up of case histories. Books I and III of Epidemics contain forty-two case histories, of which 60% (25) ended in the patient's death. Nearly all of the diseases described in the Corpus are endemic diseases: colds, consumption, pneumonia, etc.

Theoretical and methodological reflections
In several texts of the corpus, the ancient physicians develop theories of illness, sometimes grappling with the methodological difficulties that lie in the way of effective and consistent diagnosis and treatment. As scholar Jacques Jouanna writes, "One of the great merits of the physicians of the Hippocratic Corpus is that they are not content to practice medicine and to commit their experience to writing, but that they have reflected on their own activity".

Reason and experience
While the approaches range from empiricism to a rationalism reminiscent of the physical theories of the pre-Socratic philosophers, these two tendencies can exist side-by-side: "The close association between knowledge and experience is characteristic of the Hippocratics," despite "the Platonic attempt to drive a wedge between the two".

The author of On Ancient Medicine launches immediately into a critique of opponents who posit a single "cause in all cases" of disease, "having laid down as a hypothesis for their account hot or cold or wet or dry or anything else they want". The method put forward in this treatise "could certainly be characterized as an empirical one", preferring the effects of diet as observed by the senses to cosmological speculations, and it was seized upon by Hellenistic Empiricist doctors for this reason. However, "unlike the Empiricists, the author does not claim that the doctor's knowledge is limited to what can be observed by the senses. On the contrary, he requires the doctor to have quite extensive knowledge of aspects of the human constitution that cannot be observed directly, such as the state of the patient's humors and internal organs".

Epistemology and the scientific status of medicine
The author of The Art is at pains to defend the status of medicine as an art (techne), against opponents who (perhaps following Protagoras' critique of expert knowledge) claim it produces no better results against disease than chance (an attack served by the fact that doctors refused to treat the serious and difficult cases they judged to be incurable by their art). The treatise may be considered "the first attempt at general epistemology bequeathed to us by antiquity", although this may only be because we have lost fifth-century rhetorical works that took a similar approach.

For this writer, as for the author of On the Places in Man, the art of medicine has been wholly discovered. While for the author of On the Places in Man "the principles discovered in it clearly have very little need of good luck", the author of The Art acknowledges the practical limitations that arise in the therapeutic application of these principles. Likewise for the author of On Regimen, the "knowledge and discernment of the nature of man in general—knowledge of its primary constituents and discernment of the components by which it is controlled" may be completely worked out, and yet in practice it is difficult to determine and apply the correct and proportionate diet and exercise to the individual patient.

Humours
The Hippocratic Corpus explains diseases using the Four Humours in which are described a Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Blood and Black Bile. These medical writings associated each of the humours with a specific organ which goes as follows; blood with the heart, yellow bile with the liver, black bile with the spleen and phlegm with the brain. With each humour, there were specific properties that applied to changes in the fluids such as blood is hot and moist, phlegm is cold and moist, yellow bile is hot and dry and black bile is cold and dry. The authors of the Hippocratic Corpus described that these four humors play a very important role in our health as when there is a little or too much of one of the humours, a disease might occur.

Mental Illness
The most controversial elements of health and disease during the BC time was the issue of Mental illnesses as it was always related to a higher power punishment or demonic nature. The Hippocratic Corpus employed many new vocabulary words to describe mental ailments that coincided with intensity, duration or severity and used these terms to scale from mildest to the strongest form.

Natural vs. divine causality
Whatever their disagreements, the Hippocratic writers agree in rejecting divine and religious causes and remedies of disease in favor of natural mechanisms. Hippocratic medicine had been formulated to hold true to the belief that "medicine should be practiced as a scientific discipline based on the natural sciences, diagnosing and preventing disease as well as treating them." This not only influenced the relevance of heaven in medicine, and the church's influence on the practice of medicine, but also the relevance of astronomy and cosmology in medicine as a science. Greek tragedy encouraged the spread of false knowledge about the divine origin of human diseases. Greek gods were placed on a pedestal, and seen as healers as a result. To combat this view of diseases, Hippocratic physicians restricted their diagnoses to rational causes and rejected anthropomorphic intervention as the cause and solution of medical issues. In addition to Greek poetry and tragedy, magicians, charlatans, and purifiers can also be considered responsible for the widespread of 'sacred' explanations. Doing this allowed them to step in and provide inefficacious remedies that could convince the gods to intervene and fix these sacred issues experienced by individuals. Thus On the Sacred Disease considers that epilepsy (the so-called "sacred" disease) "has a natural cause, and its supposed divine origin is due to men's inexperience and to their wonder at its peculiar character." An exception to this rule is found in Dreams (Regime IV), in which prayers to the gods are prescribed alongside more typically Hippocratic interventions. Though materialistic determinism goes back in Greek thought at least to Leucippus, "One of the greatest virtues of the physicians of the Hippocratic Collection is to have stated, in its most universal form, what was later to be called the principle of determinism. All that occurs has a cause. It is in the treatise of The Art that the most theoretical statement of this principle is to be found: 'Indeed, under a close examination spontaneity disappears; for everything that occurs will be found to do so through something [dia ti].'" In a famous passage of On Ancient Medicine, the author insists on the importance of knowledge of causal explanations: "It is not sufficient to learn simply that cheese is a bad food, as it gives a pain to one who eats a surfeit of it; we must know what the pain is, the reasons for it [dia ti], and which constituent of man is harmfully affected."

Natural approach to health and wellness
The writers of the treatises in the Hippocratic Corpus emphasized a natural approach to health and wellness. During the Asclepius paradigm, Hippocrates used a natural way to treat disease. These natural approaches emphasized the importance of the harmony between the human body and the environment in which we live in. Writings in the Hippocratic Corpus also emphasized the importance of realizing how the environment might cause diseases. Treating diseases with a natural approach is also a topic that can be found in the Hippocratic Corpus. Hippocratic tradition also found that it is important to understand the causes of physiological factors and how these physiological factors hold a therapeutic significance. To add to the natural approach of health and wellness, Hippocratic tradition also emphasized that the mind, body, and spirit were all independent of one another.

Health Promotion and the Olympic Games
Health promotion was another topic found in the treatises of the Hippocratic Corpus. To promote the well-being of students and their physical and mental health in schools, physical activity was conducted as a necessary activity that allowed the student's physical health to be the best it could be. An example of health promotion being used can be found during the Olympic games. One example of health promotion being used during the Olympic games was olive oil being used to warm up athletes' body temperatures so that they could perform to the best of their abilities. Ancient greeks believed that it was essential to have a harmony between the body and the mind. This led to the idea of a "Healthy mind in a Healthy Body" which is a common phrase that people might hear.

Food was another topic of health promotion in the Hippocratic Corpus. These writings discussed that in order for food to be beneficial to the health of one, the source should be adapted to human nature and food is defined as more forceful or less forceful properties. It was explained in the Hippocratic Corpus that to avoid a diet that was too forceful we must implement cooking and mixing as this was already a type of medicine that can help ease the cause of suffering, illness and death. It has been discovered that during the Olympic games, figs and other fruits were given to the athletes so that the high concentration of glucose in the food would give them the energy they needed to compete to the best of their ability.

Medical ethics and manners
The duties of the physician are an object of the Hippocratic writers' attention. The series of texts composing the Corpus educates readers on the practices of identifying symptoms in patients, diagnosis, prognosis, treatments, ethics, and bedside manner. In Ancient Greece, being a man of high morals went hand in hand with being a morally just physician. A famous maxim (Epidemics I.11) advises: "As to diseases, make a habit of two things—to help, or at least to do no harm."

The most famous work in the Hippocratic Corpus is the Hippocratic Oath, a landmark declaration of medical ethics. The Hippocratic Oath is both philosophical and practical; it not only deals with abstract principles but practical matters such as removing stones and aiding one's teacher financially. It is a complex and probably not the work of one man. It remains in use, though rarely in its original form.

The preamble of On the Physician offers "a physical and moral portrait of the ideal physician", and the Precepts also concern the physician's conduct. Treatises such as On Joints and Epidemics VI are concerned with the provision of such "courtesies" as providing a patient with cushions during a procedure, and Decorum includes advice on good manners to be observed in the doctor's office or when visiting patients.

Urology
With many books incorporating different urology practices and observations and nearly 30 works in the Hippocratic book collection entitled Aphorism seemingly solely dedicated to urology in general, urology was one subject that was thoroughly investigated. Seemingly, the main and most problematic topic covered in urology was that of bladder disease in patients, especially when urinary tract stones (that is, stones within either the kidneys or the bladder) were present. Urinary tract stones, in general, have been seen within records all throughout history, even as far back as the ancient days of Egypt. Theorizing how these urinary tract stones formed, how to detect them and other bladder issues, and the controversy on how to treat them were all major investigating points to the authors of the Hippocratic Corpus.

Stone formation theories
Throughout the books of the Hippocratic Corpus, there are varying hypotheses as to reasons why and exactly how urinary tract stones actually formed. It is noted that these hypotheses were all based on the use of uroscopy and observation of patients by doctors of the time.
Within the work On the Nature of Man, suggest that the bladder stones first form within or attached to the aorta, much like any other tumor-like object would. In this place, the stone will essentially form pus. Afterward, this stone formation is transported by the blood vessels and forced into the bladder where urine will also be transported.
In another work, On Airs, Waters, Places, it is suggested that drinking water can attribute to urinary tract stones. If water consumed consists of a mixture of more than one water sources, the water is of impure quality. The different waters are in conflict with one another and therefore produce deposits of sediment. The accumulation of these deposits within the urinary tract due to drinking the waters can then result in urinary tract stones.
Additionally in On Airs, Waters, Places, another passage describes that formation of urinary tract stones will occur when urine cannot flow through the system easily and causes the sediment in the urine to collect in one area and meld, forming a stone. This can occur when inflammation occurs within the part of the bladder leading to the urethra. When the stone forms at this point, it can block flow and, therefore, cause pain. In this scenario, it was hypothesized that males are more likely to form stones than females due to the anatomy of the bladder.

Detecting bladder disease/stones
The main mechanism of detecting bladder disease's symptoms, including inflammation and urinary tract stone formations, is through the appearance of the urine itself and the changes that occur with the urine over time. In Aphorism, it was simply stated that as the appearance of urine diverges more and more from the appearance of "healthy" urine, the more likely it is to be diseased and the worse the disease becomes.

In Aphorism works, it was noted that urine lacking color could indicate diseases of the brain – some today think that this author who made this statement was meaning to refer to chronic renal failure or even diabetes. It was also suggested that the appearance of blood within urine could indicate vessels of the kidney to have burst, potentially due to necrosis of blood arteries or vessels. Furthermore, doctors noted that if bubbles formed on top of urine, the kidneys were diseased and showed the potential of long-lasting disease.

Treatment of bladder disease/stones
When it comes to the treatment of urinary tract stones, many solutions were suggested, including drinking a lot of a water/wine mixture, taking strong medication, or trying different positions when trying to flush them out.

Extracting the urinary tract stones was another option; however, this method was not utilized very often due to its serious risks and possible complications of cutting into the bladder. Other than leakage of urine into the body cavity, another common complication was that of the cells of the testes dying due to the spermatic cord inadvertently being cut during the procedure.

In fact, due to these and other complications and the lack of antiseptics and pain medicines, the Hippocratic Oath opted for the avoidance of surgery – unless absolutely necessary – especially when concerning surgeries that dealt with the urinary tract and more so when stone removal was the intent. Although, the urinary tract stone removal was not a necessary surgery and it appeared to be avoided in most cases, some argue that the Hippocratic Oath only wards of these procedures if the doctor holding the knife is inexperienced in that area. This idea puts forth the development of medical specialties – that is, doctors focusing on one particular area of medicine versus studying the wide array of material that is medicine. The doctors whom have become experts in the urinary tract – whom we would call urologists today – are those that could perform the heightened risk procedure of stone removal. With this reliance on specialized doctors of the urinary tract, some believe that urology itself was the first definable expertise of medical history.

Wine
References to wine can be found throughout Greek antiquity in both dramas and medical texts. The Hippocratic texts describe wine as a powerful substance, that when consumed in excess can cause physical disorders, today known as, intoxication. Although the negative effects of wine on the human body are documented within the Hippocratic Corpus, the author/authors maintain an objective attitude towards wine. During this time, those studying medicine were interested in the physical effects of wine, therefore no medical text condemned the use of wine in excess. According to the Hippocratic text, the consumption of wine significantly affects two regions of the body: the head and the lower body cavity. Excessive drinking can cause heaviness of the head and pain in the head, in addition to disturbances in thought. In the lower body cavity, excess wine ingestion can have a purging effect; it can be the source of stomach pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. This stomach pain was more common among athletes because of their intense diets composed mainly of meat and wine. An overall effect of wine that all Greek doctors of the time have observed and agree on is its warming property. Therefore, wine's properties are described as "hot and dry." As documented in the Hippocratic texts, extreme use of wine can result in death.

Physicians tried to study the human body with pure objectivity to give the most accurate explanation for the effects of external substances that could be given for the time. During this period, physicians believed not all wines were equally potent in producing a range of perilous symptoms. According to the Hippocratic texts, physicians carefully categorized wine by properties such as color, taste, viscosity, smell, and age. According to Hippocrates, a more concentrated wine leads to a heavy head and difficulty thinking, and a soft wine inflames the spleen and liver and produces wind in the intestine. Other observations of the ingestion of wine included the varying levels of tolerance within the population being observed. This observation led to the belief that the size of one's body and one's environment had an influence on ability to handle wine. Because of this, different people would require different concentrations and dilutions of wine for medicinal use. After observation, men with larger bodies were able to consume more than men with smaller bodies and the same effects could be observed between them. Physician's also hypothesized that gender contributed to the effects of wine on the body. Women were noted to have a cold and wet nature which encouraged Hippocratic doctors to prescribe them undiluted wine. This differed from men, who typically were hotter by nature. It was not common practice between physicians of the time to recommend the consumption of wine for children. Physicians collectively believed that there was no purpose for children to drink wine. However, in rare circumstances, there are records of some doctors recommending wine for children, only if heavily diluted with water, to warm the child or to ease hunger pains. Mostly, doctors prohibited wine consumption for people under eighteen.

Greek physicians were very interested in observing and recording the effects of wine and intoxication, the excessive use of wine was well known to be harmful, however, it was also documented as a useful remedy. Several of the Hippocratic texts list the properties and use of foods consumed during 5th century BC. Wine was first defined as a food by all doctors. Directions for consumption varied based on gender, season, and other events in daily life. Men were encouraged to consume dark, undiluted wine before copulation, not to the point of intoxication, however enough to provide power and guarantee strength to the fetus. Because of wine's visual similarity to blood, physicians had assumed a relationship between the two substances. For this reason, men with cardiac illness, lack of strength, or pale complexion were encouraged to consume dark, undiluted wine. Multiple texts within the Hippocratic Corpus advise the use of wine in accordance with the seasons. During the winter, wine must be undiluted, to counter the cold and wet, because wine's properties are dry and hot. During fall and spring, wine should be moderately diluted, and during the summer, wine should be diluted as much as possible with water, because of the hot temperatures. The practice of mixing wine and diluting wine is also seen in prescription form, however, the dosage and quantities are left to the doctor. The prescription of wine as a treatment was prohibited with diseases that affected the head, brain, and those accompanied by a fever. Wine could also be used as an external remedy by mixing it with other substances such as honey, milk, water, or oil to make salves or soaks. Patients with pneumonia like illnesses would soak in a wine mixture and breath in the vapors with the intent to expel the pus from their lungs. Wine was frequently prescribed as a topical remedy for sores because of its drying effect.

Epidemics 1

Epidemics 1 begins by describing each season's characteristics. It states that autumn has strong south winds and many rainy days. Winter had south winds with the occasional north wind and droughts. Spring was southerly and cold with slight rain. Summer was cloudy and did not rain.

It then described diseases associated with each season. For example, in spring many people began having mild fevers which, in some cases, caused hemorrhage. The hemorrhage was rarely fatal. Swelling next to both ears was also common. Coughs and sore throats accompanied the other symptoms. Based on modern knowledge, this disease was mumps, which causes salivary glands under the ears to swell. It is remarkable that this ancient work describes symptoms so vividly that modern doctors can diagnose the cause a thousand years later. This section of the Hippocratic Corpus assumes that when looking at human disease and the health of humans, you must look at the seasons, winds and orientation of places, the nature of the water, the nature of the soil and the lifestyle of the inhabitants of a particular city.

Epidemics 1 goes on to describe the climate on two occasions and the diseasees associated with them, called constitutions. The symptoms described include more serious, sometimes lethal, fevers, eye infections, and dysentery.

On Diseases
Jaundice is a disease that is mentioned numerous times throughout and is described as occurring in five ways. Jaundice is when the skin or eyes turn yellow. The Greek physicians thought of Jaundice to be a disease itself rather than what medical professionals know now to be a symptom of various other diseases. The Greeks also believed that there were five kinds of jaundice that can occur and report the differences between them.

The first kind can quickly turn fatal. The skin appears to be green. The analogy made in the text is that the skin is greener than a green lizard. The patient will have fevers, shiver, and the skin becomes very sensitive. In the mornings, sharp pains occur in the abdominal region. If the patient survives more than two weeks, they have a chance of recovery. The treatments suggest drinking a mixture of milk and other nuts and plants in the morning and at night. The second form develops only during the summer because it was believed the heat of the sun causes bile, a dark green fluid produced by the liver, to rest underneath the skin. This causes a yellowish color to the skin, and pale eyes and urine. The scalp also develops a crusty substance. The treatment calls for several baths a day on top of the mixture mentioned in the first remedy. Surviving past two weeks with this form of jaundice was rare. In two other forms of this disease, occurring during the winter, set in due to drunkenness, chills, and the excess production of phlegm. The last form is the least fatal and most common. It is associated with eating and drinking too much. The symptoms include yellow eyes and skin, fever, headache, and weakness. The treatment however, it very different from the rest. The physician will draw blood from the elbows, and advise to take hot baths, drink cucumber juice, and induce vomiting to clear the bowels. If the treatment is followed, a full recovery is possible. The several forms of jaundice that the Greek physicians proclaimed might be because jaundice occurs due to varying sicknesses like hepatitis, gallstones and tumors. The diverse set of symptoms were probably the effects of the sicknesses rather than the jaundice itself.

Empyemas
An empyema is a Greek word derived from the word  which means "pus-producing". According to the Hippocratic Corpus, they can occur in the thorax, the uterus, the bladder, the ear, and other parts of the body. However, the writings indicate that the thorax was the most common and provided more description. Physicians at the time thought that the cause of an empyema was by orally ingesting some form of foreign body where it will enter the lungs. This could be done by inhaling or drinking the foreign body. The physicians also thought that empyemas could occur after parapneumonic infections or pleurisy because the chest has not recovered from those illnesses. Parapneumonic infections can be tied to modern pneumonia which can still be fatal.

There are many symptoms associated with an empyema ranging from mild to severe. The most common ones are fever, thoracic pain, sweating, heaviness in the chest, and a cough. Treating an empyema was primarily done using herbal remedies or non-invasive treatments. Mostly mixtures of plants and organic matter were drunk or bathed in. There are a few extreme cases in which invasive procedures were performed and mentioned in detail. One of these treatments included the patient behind held down in a chair while the physician cut between the ribs with a scalpel and inserted a drainage tube which would remove all of the pus. The research and descriptions that the Greek physicians performed were so accurate that they were the foundation of what we know about empyemas today.

Dermatology
The Hippocratic Corpus provides valuable guidance for dermatology and the diagnosis of skin diseases or infections. Hippocrates described multiple dermatologic diseases, specifically in neonatal and pediatrics. These diseases included intertrigo, lichenoid eruptions, vitiligo, furuncle, leprosy, papulosquamous disease, skin reactions to specific medications, skin reactions to mosquito bites, warts, scabies, and impetigo. Along with the variety of skin diseases described in the Hippocratic Corpus is the suggest treatment. These treatments stem from the belief that dermatologic diseases were a result of imbalance in body humors.

For relief from various dermatologic conditions, the Hippocratic text recommends spring water or seawater baths and topical application of a fatty substance as a form of treatment. For intertrigo, or infant chafing, myrrh oil and litharge were powerful astringent compounds that were recommended as a form of treatment. For lichenoid skin conditions, vinegar, steam baths, pumice stones, and manna (sugar substance derived from mica thuris plant) were recommended to treat this skin disease. The Hippocratic text also offers sulfur as a treatment for lichenoid, which has a strong antibacterial effect that is still prescribed in dermatologic medications today. For leprosy and vitiligo, lime water and concentrated vinegar are recommended by the Hippocratic Corpus to treat these conditions.

Many of these forms of treatment proposed in the Hippocratic Corpus are utilized today for dermatologic infections. Modern medicine makes use of sulfur as an antibacterial compound, spring water has shown effective benefits when treating skin diseases, and oil-based products such as myrrh oil and litharge are used as ointments to treat intertrigo, eczemas, and skin lesions. When reflecting on the treatments of skin diseases and infections in the Hippocratic Corpus, it is evident that some of the approaches when applied to modern dermatology are still valid.

Conception
The Hippocratic Corpus contains many contributions from across the medical field including notes on conception. Some of these contributions were put into two sections of the corpus called Diseases of Women I and Diseases of Women II. The sections go into detail on concepts such as abortion, obstetrical notes, and early forms of gynecology.

Lack of fertility
The Diseases of Women details that an infertile woman with a low menstruation rate may have a bent cervix that essentially blocks the pathway. It offers a few treatments in the way of treating a bent cervix depending on how the generating seed is washed down and the length of time it takes for that to happen. Options are offered for treating the uterus, head, and body depending on the observation of the seed.

Menses
Menses is another way of wording menstruation or blood flow discharge from the uterus. There are multiple sections within the works dedicated to different types of menses along with their understood meanings of the time. There is a large portion dedicated to what a doctor should expect of standard menses along with some slight variations.

Within the Diseases of Women I, the average amount of menses for healthy women should be somewhere around a half pint for around two-three days.

The flow itself is considered to require the viewers judgment but does go on to say that it should flow like a blood from a sacrificial lamb, indicating the timeframe of the work, and that the blood should coagulate readily. The health of an individual or even their likelihood of pregnancy was remarked upon by evaluating the length of the menstruation. A menstruation period longer than four days was thought to be an indicator of more delicate embryos. Less than three days is said to indicate robust and healthy individuals but would lead to likely infertility.

Complications of childbirth
The lochia and its presence is noted along with other possible complications after childbirth. Uterus sensitivity, lower back pain, aches across the body, swelling, and chills are all noted to be expected. Fever is the outlier that have different treatments based on the treaty.

Bathing with oils along with lily oil rubbed on the woman's head is recommended. Oil should also be applied to her uterus. Vapor baths in general are the main focus for treatment after childbirth.

The change with a fever is to avoid bathing. Vapor treatment with an application using a hot towel is recommended on her lower stomach and back. A diet of boiled meal with rue or barley gruel is recommended seemingly for with or without a fever.

A paragraph is dedicated to the experience in childbirth of the woman in question affecting the post childbirth reactions. Women are noted to not have an understanding of what sickness they may have or the pride of the woman causing her to not discuss their symptoms. The paragraph pleads for doctors themselves to be well-versed in the possible post-birth diseases that women may have and know how to spot it themselves.

Style
The writing style of the Corpus has been remarked upon for centuries, being described by some as, "clear, precise, and simple". It is often praised for its objectivity and conciseness, yet some have criticized it as being "grave and austere". Francis Adams, a translator of the Corpus, goes further and calls it sometimes "obscure". Of course, not all of the Corpus is of this "laconic" style, though most of it is. It was Hippocratic practice to write in this style.

The whole corpus is written in Ionic Greek, though the island of Cos was in a region that spoke Doric Greek.

The Art and On Breaths show the influence of Sophistic rhetoric; they "are characterized by long introductions and conclusions, antitheses, anaphoras, and sound effects typical of Gorgianic style". Other works also have rhetorical elements. In general, it can be said that "the Hippocratic physician was also an orator", with his role including public speeches and "verbal wrestling matches".

Printed editions
The entire Hippocratic Corpus was first printed as a unit in 1525. This edition was in Latin and was edited by Marcus Fabius Calvus in Rome. The first complete Greek edition followed the next year from the Aldine Press in Venice. A significant edition was that of Émile Littré who spent twenty-two years (1839–1861) working diligently on a complete Greek edition and French translation of the Hippocratic Corpus. This was scholarly, yet sometimes inaccurate and awkward. Another edition of note was that of Franz Zacharias Ermerins, published in Utrecht between 1859 and 1864. Kühlewein's Teubner edition (1894–1902) "mark[ed] a distinct advance".

Beginning in 1967, an important modern edition by  and others began to appear (with Greek text, French translation, and commentary) in the Collection Budé. Other important bilingual annotated editions (with translation in German or French) continue to appear in the Corpus medicorum graecorum published by the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

English translations
The first English translation from the Hippocratic Corpus, Peter Lowe's Chirurgerie ("Surgery"), was published in 1597, but a complete English translation of a dozen and a half "genuine" works was not offered in English until Francis Adams' publication of 1849. Other works of the corpus remained untranslated into English until the resumed publication of the Loeb Classical Library edition beginning in 1988. The first four Loeb volumes were published in 1923–1931, and seven further volumes between 1988 and 2012.

List of works of the Corpus
(Ordering from Adams 1891, pp. 40–105; LCL = vols. of the Loeb Classical Library edition)

Possibly genuine works of Hippocrates
On Ancient Medicine or Tradition in Medicine (LCL 1)
Prognostics (LCL 2)
Aphorisms (LCL 4)
Epidemics I and III (LCL 1)
On Regimen in Acute Diseases (LCL 2, 6)
On Airs, Waters, and Places (LCL 1)
On the Sacred Disease (LCL 2)
On the Articulations or On Joints (LCL 3)
On Fractures (LCL 3)
On the Instruments of Reduction or Mochlicon (LCL 3)
On Injuries of the Head (LCL 3)
The Hippocratic Oath (LCL 1)
The Law or The Canon (LCL 2)
The Physician's Establishment or Surgery (LCL 3)
Works of Polybus
On the Nature of Man (LCL 4)
Regimen in Health (LCL 4)
Works predating Hippocrates
Prorrhetics I (LCL 8)
The Coan Praenotions (LCL 9)
Works of the age or spirit of Hippocrates
Prorrhetics II (LCL 8)
On Ulcers (LCL 8)
On Fistulae (LCL 8)
On Hemorrhoids (LCL 8)
On Airs or Breaths or Of the Pneuma (LCL 2)
On the Places in Man (LCL 8)
The Art or The Science of Medicine (LCL 2)
On Regimen (LCL 4)
On Dreams (LCL 4)
On Affections (LCL 5)
On Internal Affections (LCL 6)
On Diseases (LCL 5, 6, 10)
On the Seventh Month's Foetus (LCL 9)
On the Eighth Month's Foetus (LCL 9)
Epidemics II, IV–VII (LCL 7)
On the Humors (LCL 4)
On the Use of Liquids (LCL 8)

Gynecological works
On Semen or Generation or On Intercourse (LCL 10)
On the Nature of the Child or Pregnancy (LCL 10)
On the Diseases of Women (LCL 11)
On Sterile Women or Barrenness (LCL 10)
On the Diseases of Young Women or Girls (LCL 9)
On Superfoetation (LCL 9)
On the Nature of the Woman (LCL 10)

Post-Hippocratic works (age of Aristotle and Praxagoras)
On the Heart (LCL 9)
On Aliment or Nutriment (LCL 1)
On Fleshes (LCL 8)
On the Weeks or On Hebdomads or On Sevens (survives completely only in Latin translations: text Roscher 1913)
On the Glands (LCL 8)
On the Veins (an excerpt from On the Nature of the Bones, LCL 9)

Late and dubious works
On the Physician (LCL 2, 8)
On Decorum or On Honorable Conduct (LCL 2)
Precepts (LCL 1)
On Anatomy or On Dissection (LCL 9)
On Dentition (LCL 2)
On the Excision of the Foetus (LCL 9)
On Vision (LCL 9)
On the Nature of the Bones (LCL 9)
On the Crises (LCL 9)
On Critical Days (LCL 9)
On Purgative Medicines or Remedies (not in Littré or LCL editions: text Schöne 1920–1924)
Letters and Speeches (Hippocrates: Pseudepigraphic Writings, Leiden: Brill, 1990)

See also
 Huangdi Neijing, a work of comparable importance in Chinese medicine, published during the same time period

Notes

References

Hanson, Ann Ellis (1975). "Hippocrates: "Diseases of Women 1"". Signs. 1 (2): 567–584. ISSN 0097–9740.

External links

English translations and Greek/English bilingual editions
 Loeb edition (1923–1931): vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3, vol. 4
Hippocrates: Greek texts and English translations from the Perseus Project
 English translations by Francis Adams: HTML anthology; 1891 edition via Harvard; earlier editions

Other Greek texts
 Corpus Medicorum Graecorum edition online (1927–2014)
 Littré edition (1839–1861) via Collection Medic@ (Greek text and French translation): vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
 Kühlewein edition (1894–1902): Hathi Trust c. 1, c. 2; archive.org vol. 1, vol. 2

Bibliography
 Gerhard Fichtner, Hippocratic bibliography (2011)  (Berlin Academy)
List of works by Hippocrates, with digitized editions, manuscripts and translations

Ancient Greek medical works
Texts in Ionic Greek

Hippocratic Corpus


Campanula oligosperma er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá Tyrklandi.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula oligosperma


Siemens AG, Avrupa'nın en büyük teknoloji holdingidir. Şirketin yönetimi Almanya'nın Berlin ve Münih kentlerindedir.

Holding uluslararası alanda üç ana sektörde faaliyet göstermektedir: endüstri, enerji ve sağlık. Tüm dünya çapında, Siemens ve alt firmaları 190 ülkede tahmini olarak  480.000 kişi çalıştırmaktadır ve 2006 mali yılı satışları 87.325 Milyar €'yu bulmuştur. Siemens AG hisseleri Frankfurt ve 2001 yılından beri New York borsalarında işlem görmektedir.

Tarihi
Siemens & Halske Telgraf Yapım Şirketi 1847'de, Werner Siemens (1888'den itibaren Werner von Siemens) ve Johann Georg Halske tarafından Berlin'de kuruldu. Werner von Siemens'in kardeşi olan Sir William Siemens 1850'de Siemens&Halske'nin Londra bayiliğini aldı. 1903 yılında Siemens & Halske'nin Schuckertwerke'yi satın almasıyla Siemens-Schuckert kuruldu.

İlkler
 Rus devletinin telgraf ağı 1855'te Siemens & Halske tarafından kuruldu.
 Werner Siemens 1856'da H-armatürünü keşfetti.
 İlk Siemens telgraf şebekesi Londra Woolwich'te 1863'te kuruldu.
 Dinamo-elektrik ilkesi 1866'da Werner Siemens tarafından bulundu.
 İrlanda'dan ABD'ye Atlantik ötesi telgraf kablosu 1874'te Siemens kablo gemisi "Faraday" ile döşendi.
 Dünyanın ilk elektrikli tramvay hattı Siemens tarafından 1881'de Berlin yakınlarındaki Lichterfeld'e döşendi.
 Werner von Siemens, 1890'da şirketi kardeşi Carl ve oğulları Arnold ile Wilhelm'e bıraktı.
 Avrupa'nın ilk yeraltı demiryolu Budapeşte'de 1896'da açıldı.
 Siemens-Schuckertwerke GmbH 1903'te kuruldu.
 Elektrikle çalışan araba 1905'lerde Siemens-Schuckertwerke tarafından imal edildi.
 Berlin'deki Nonnendamm sanayi bölgesi 1914'te "Siemensstadt" ("Siemens Kenti") resmi adını aldı.
 Osram GmbH KG (ortak girişim) 1919'da kuruldu.
 Siemens otomatik olarak çalışan ilk trafik ışıklarını 1926'da Berlin'de Postdamer Platz'ta kurdu.
 1938'de Siemens'in geliştirdiği elektron mikroskobunun yardımıyla 30.000 katına dek büyütmek mümkün oldu.
 Geçici kalp pili ilk kez 1958'de uygulandı.
 Bosch-Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH 1967'de kuruldu (ev aletleri).
 Siemens dünyanın en hızlı neurobilgisayarı "Synapse 1"'i 1992'de yaptı.
 Dünyanın renkli ekranlı ilk GSM cep telefonu Siemens S10 1997'de tasarlandı.

Siemens kuruluşları

Şimdiki
 Siemens Energy
 Siemens Gamesa
 Siemens Milltronics Process Instruments
 Siemens Mobility
 Siemens PLM Software
 Siemens Financial Services
 Siemens Healthineers

Önceki
 Acuson Corporation
 C. A. Parsons and Company
 Dispolok
 Duewag
 Helios AG
 Infineon Technologies
 Osram
 Roke Manor Research
 Siemens Communications
 Siemens Dematic
 Gigaset Communications (Siemens Home & Office Communication Devices)
 Siemens Hearing Instruments
 Siemens IT Solutions & Services
 Siemens Mobile
 Primetals Technologies (Siemens VAI)
 Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme
 Siemens Plessey
 Siemens VDO
 Wincor Nixdorf
 ROLM

Ürünleri
 FINEX
 Siemens Modular Metro
 Siemens Inspiro
 Siemens Desiro
 Siemens Velaro
 Siemens SP260D
 Siemens SP90G
 Simatic
 Siemens Vectron
 Zyklon B

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Siemens AG
 Siemens AG Türkiye
 Siemens'in tarihçesi
 Siemens Vakfı

Almanya merkezli beyaz eşya üreticileri
Alman markaları
Almanya merkezli elektronik şirketleri
Amplifikatörler
Ağ şirketleri
Elektrik mühendisliği şirketleri
Almanya merkezli çok uluslu şirketler
Frankfurt Borsası'ndaki şirketler
New York Borsası'ndaki şirketler
Almanya merkezli raylı taşıt üreticileri

Siemens AG


Anonima Lombarda Cabotaggio Aereo war ein italienischer Hersteller von Automobilen.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Unternehmen aus Mailand stellte 1947 einen Kleinstwagen auf dem Genfer Auto-Salon aus. Beteiligt am Bau dieses Fahrzeugs waren Società di Construzioni Meccaniche e Aeronautiche, Società Lombarda di Navigazioni Aereo und Officine Caproni. Bis 1949 entstanden bei Aero-Caproni in Trient wenige Exemplare. Der Markenname lautete sowohl ALCA als auch Volpe.

Fahrzeuge
Das einzige Modell Volpe (italienisch: Fuchs) war ein Kleinstwagen. Für den Antrieb sorgte ein luftgekühlter Zweizylinder-Zweitaktmotor, der aus 124 cm³ Hubraum (42 mm Bohrung, 45 mm Hub) 6 PS leistete. Der Motor war im Heck montiert. Das Getriebe verfügte über vier Gänge. Bei einem Radstand von 150 cm betrug die Fahrzeuglänge 250 cm, die Fahrzeugbreite 102 cm und die Fahrzeughöhe mit Verdeck 106 cm. Die selbsttragende Karosserie ohne Türen bot Platz für zwei Personen. Die bauartbedingte Höchstgeschwindigkeit war mit 75 km/h angegeben.

Literatur

 Autorenkollektiv: Enzyklopädie des Automobils. Marken · Modelle · Technik. Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, 1989

Weblinks
 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung mbH (abgerufen am 12. Februar 2012)

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Mailand)
Produzierendes Unternehmen (Mailand)

Anonima Lombarda Cabotaggio Aereo


Die ehemalige Abteikirche St-Pierre et Saint-Paul de Caunes-Minervois war Teil eines bedeutenden Benediktiner-Klosters im Süden Frankreichs. Im Jahre 1916 wurde die Abteikirche zum Monument historique erklärt; die Klostergebäude folgten im Jahr 1948.

Lage
Die ehemalige Abteikirche liegt inmitten des Ortes Caunes-Minervois im Roussillon im Pays Cathare in der Region Okzitanien.

Geschichte
Die Abtei wurde im Jahr 780 vom Mönch Anianus, einem Weggefährten von Benedikt von Aniane gegründet und um das Jahr 815 geweiht. Für das Jahr 982 existiert eine Nachricht von Gräber- und Reliquienfunden: Die Gebeine der – ansonsten eher unbekannten – Märtyrer Amandus, Lucius, Audaldus und Alexander wurden identifiziert und hier verehrt; alljährlich am 6. Juni findet auch heute noch eine Prozession zu Ehren der Heiligen statt. Der mittelalterliche Reliquienkult brachte Geld in die Kassen der Abtei, die unweit des südlichsten der französischen Pilgerwege (Via Tolosana) nach Santiago de Compostela lag, und so wurden um die Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts die Abteigebäude erneuert.

In der Zeit des Albigenserkreuzzugs (1209–1229) empfing die Abtei mehrfach päpstliche Abgesandte. Durch die Konfiskation und Verteilung von Gütern der "Ketzer" wurde die Abtei noch wohlhabender; doch mit dem wachsenden Wohlstand begann auch der Abstieg. Gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts, in einer Zeit heftiger Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten (Hugenottenkriege), wurde – nach einer erfolgreichen Belagerung durch den Herzog Henri de Joyeuse – der Mauerring von Stadt und Abtei geschleift.

Im Jahre 1663 schloss sich die Abtei der Kongregation von St-Maur (Mauriner) an, die sich eine Reformierung des Klosterlebens zur Aufgabe gestellt hatte. In dieser Zeit wurden die mittelalterlichen Gebäude tiefgreifend überarbeitet – bestes Zeugnis dafür ist der heute noch existierende Kreuzgang (cloître) aus dem 17./18. Jahrhundert. In der Französischen Revolution wurde die Abtei aufgelöst und die wenigen verbliebenen Mönche vertrieben; die ehemalige Abteikirche wurde die Pfarrkirche des Orts.

Architektur
Die heutige Kirche ist das Ergebnis von fortgesetzten Neubauten und baulichen Veränderungen – vom karolingischen Kirchenbau hat sich nichts erhalten und selbst die im Außenbau gut ablesbare romanische Bausubstanz ist in späterer Zeit wiederholt überarbeitet worden.

Westfassade
Die Westfassade der ehemaligen Abteikirche ist vollkommen schmucklos und hat noch nicht mal einen Eingang. Man betrat die Kirche durch ein Portal und einen – nachträglich vorgesetzten – Portalvorbau auf der Nordseite. Das tympanonlose romanische Portal, dessen Säulen und Kapitelle arg verwittert sind, muss über einen langen Zeitraum Wind und Wetter ausgesetzt gewesen sein.

Innenraum
Wie im Roussillon üblich, besteht der etwa 12 Meter breite Kirchenraum nur aus einem Schiff, welches sich unmittelbar vor dem Chor zu den beiden seitlichen Apsiden hin öffnet. An den Wänden befinden sich Halbsäulenvorlagen, die ein gotisches Rippengewölbe tragen. Dieses Gewölbe entspricht nicht dem ursprünglichen Zustand und so mussten die Außenwände des Langhauses erhöht werden, wie man von außen gut erkennen kann. Auch die großen, mit Maßwerk versehenen, Fenster auf der Südseite der Kirche sind nachträglich in die alte Bausubstanz eingefügt worden. Der ganze Kirchenraum ist heute mit barocken Ausstattungsgegenständen (Altar, Kanzel etc.) versehen.

Krypta
Die Abteikirche von Caunes-Minervois hat als einzige Kirche im ehemaligen Katharergebiet eine einfache Krypta, in welcher die Reliquien der vier Ortsheiligen zu sehen sind.

Kreuzgang
Nachrichten über das Aussehen des mittelalterlichen Kreuzgangs gibt es nicht. Der heutige Kreuzgang der Abtei mit seinen kargen und strengen Formen stammt aus dem 17./18. Jahrhundert und zeigt keinerlei skulpturalen Schmuck.

Chorhaupt
Das Chorhaupt der Abteikirche gehört zu den imposantesten Leistungen der mittelalterlichen Architektur im Languedoc. Es besteht aus einer mittleren Hauptapsis, zwei kleineren seitlichen Apsiden und zwei Türmen, von denen der nördliche als Glockenturm dient, während der südliche mit einer Zinnenbrüstung abschließt und somit eine Funktion als Wachturm gehabt haben könnte. Die – um ein Vorchorjoch verlängerte – Mittelapsis ist in ihrem unteren Teil durch vorgesetzte Halbsäulen mit Kapitellen stabilisiert und gegliedert; der obere Teil stammt möglicherweise erst aus der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts und ist optisch durch – auf Pilastern ruhende – Blendarkaden aufgelockert, von denen drei mit Fensteröffnungen versehen sind. Alle Apsiden, nicht jedoch das – während der Umbauarbeiten des 17./18. Jahrhunderts an den Seiten erhöhte – Dach der Kirche sind mit dünnen Steinplatten (lauzes) gedeckt, die früher in weiten Teilen Frankreichs häufig anzutreffen waren, mittlerweile aber wegen der hohen Handwerkerkosten immer seltener werden.

Siehe auch
Eine gewisse bauliche Nähe der Abteikirche von Caunes-Minervois – insbesondere im Hinblick auf den jeweils doppeltürmigen Ostteil – zur Abteikirche Sant Pere de Rodes in Katalonien ist unverkennbar.

Literatur
 Marcel Durliat: Romanisches Roussillon. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1988, ISBN 978-3-42901-163-5.
 Marcel Durliat: L'Eglise de Caunes-Minervois. In: Congrès archéologiques de France 131 (1973).
 Marcel Durliat und Patrice Cartier: L'Abbaye de Caunes. In der Reihe: Abbayes médiévales du Languedoc. Centre d'archéologie médiévale du Languedoc, Carcassonne 1988.

Weblinks

 Abtei von Caunes-Minervois - Fotos
 Abtei von Caunes-Minervois - Fotos, Grundriss + Infos (franz.)
 Abtei von Caunes-Minervois - VR Panoramatour

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk der Romanik in Okzitanien
Monument historique im Département Aude
Kirchengebäude im Département Aude
Caunes
Caunes-Minervois
Caunes-Minervois
Caunes-Minervois
Monument historique (Kirche)
Monument historique seit 1916

Abteikirche St-Pierre-St-Paul (Caunes-Minervois)