Cold Feet is a British comedy-drama television series produced by Granada Television for the ITV network. The series was created and principally written by Mike Bullen as a follow-up to his 1997 Comedy Premiere special of the same name. The series follows three couples experiencing the ups-and-downs of romance, originally Adam Williams and Rachel Bradley (James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale), Pete and Jenny Gifford (John Thomson and Fay Ripley) and Karen and David Marsden (Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst). As the original series progressed, the Giffords divorced and Pete married Jo Ellison (Kimberley Joseph), whilst Karen and David also separated, forming relationships with Mark Cubitt (Sean Pertwee) and Robyn Duff (Lucy Robinson).

The original series was executive-produced by Bullen with Granada's head of comedy Andy Harries, and produced by Christine Langan, Spencer Campbell and Emma Benson. 32 episodes were broadcast over the original five series from 15 November 1998 to 16 March 2003. A revival with all of the original cast except Baxendale began airing from 5 September 2016.

The revived series introduced Ceallach Spellman as Matthew, Adam and Rachel's now teenage son, alongside Karen David as Adam's second wife Angela Zubayr following the death of Rachel, and Art Malik as Angela's business tycoon father Eddie, a love interest for Karen Marsden. Pete and Jenny had remarried whilst David's marriage to Robyn was crumbling. Leanne Best was introduced as Tina Reynolds, Adam's partner following his separation from Angela. After his separation from Robyn, Nikki Kirkbright (Siobhan Finneran) is introduced as David's new partner, and Adam later forms a relationship with Karen.

In 2020, at the conclusion of Series 9, it was announced in a group statement that Cold Feet was being rested for the foreseeable future, with a view to returning once again when the characters have reached the next suitable age for stories to tell.

Background

Series creator Mike Bullen's working relationship with Granada Television began in 1994 when his agent sold his first screenplay, a one-off comedy drama called The Perfect Match, to the company's head of comedy Andy Harries. Harries had been looking for television scripts that would reflect the lives of people from his generation—people in their 30s who were under-represented on television. The Perfect Match, about a man who proposes to his girlfriend at the FA Cup Final and has to deal with constant media attention afterwards, was made and then broadcast in 1995. Harries asked Bullen to pitch more ideas for television to The Perfect Matchs assistant producer Christine Langan. As a fan of American television such as Thirtysomething, Frasier and Hill Street Blues, Bullen pitched Cold Feet, a traditional "boy-meets-girl, boy-loses-girl, boy-wins-girl-back" story told from both sides of the relationship but using elements of fantasy and flashback to distort events to fit a character's point of view. The initial pitch centred on Adam Williams and Rachel Bradley (James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale), which Harries believed would diminish the storytelling potential if the ITV Network Centre commissioned a full series after the pilot, so Bullen "tacked on" plots for two other couples—Adam and Rachel's respective friends Pete and Jenny Gifford (John Thomson and Fay Ripley) and David and Karen Marsden (Robert Bathurst and Hermione Norris).

The pilot was directed by Father Teds Declan Lowney over 12 days in 1996 on location around Greater Manchester. The programme was one of four one-off Comedy Premieres made by Granada for ITV. Cold Feet was eventually broadcast on 30 March 1997. It received only 3.5 million viewers and little critical attention. As ITV's comedy portfolio was so thin, Cold Feet was submitted as the network's comedy entry at the Montreux Television Festival in May 1997. There it won the Silver Rose for Humour and the Rose d'Or, the highest accolade of the festival. ITV scheduled a repeat broadcast a few days afterwards but did not commission a series. Not until David Liddiment's appointment as director of programming at ITV in August 1997 was a six-episode series ordered.

Series synopses

Series 1

The first series begins nine months after the pilot episode. After Pete and Jenny's baby is born in Episode 1, the couple have a hard time getting any sleep. Pete has to cope with the death of his father in Episode 4. Adam and Rachel decide to rent a house together. He is horrified to discover in Episode 2 that she is married to another man. While he is staying with Pete and Jenny, Rachel has sex with her visiting husband (Lennie James)—who leaves soon after—and is pregnant by Episode 6. Just as the relationship between Rachel and Adam is recovering, she tells him that he might not be the father, and that she is moving to London until the birth. Karen and David have recently hired Ramona as a nanny to their young son Josh. At her publishing job, Karen edits the novel of a renowned author (Denis Lawson), whom she becomes attracted to. She plans to sleep with him on a book tour but is humiliated when she finds out he is not attracted to her. David tries to sleep with Ramona to get back at Karen, which causes friction between the couple. They seek guidance counselling to repair their marriage.

Series 2

Six months after the last series, Rachel returns from London and tells Adam that she aborted the baby, and their relationship seems over for good. They both start seeing other people—he one of Pete's colleagues (Rosie Cavaliero) and she a man much younger than her (Hugh Dancy)—but reconcile after Adam is diagnosed and treated for testicular cancer in Episode 5. David is made redundant at work and decides to be a stay-at-home dad for Josh. After some interference from Karen, he takes a new job. Their relationship improves from the first series; they spend their wedding anniversary in Paris and Karen announces in Episode 6 that she is pregnant. Pete and Jenny's marriage deteriorates when she reveals she had a crush on Adam. Pete later sleeps with a co-worker— with whom Adam was also briefly involved—and Jenny tells him to move out of the house. They decide to give their marriage another chance when Adam's cancer puts things into perspective. In Episode 6, all three couples see in the new millennium on a trip to Lindisfarne, where Pete and Jenny's relationship worsens again as the others' improve.

Series 3

Half a year after the Lindisfarne trip, Pete and Jenny have separated. He moves from house to house, eventually finding a houseshare with a gay landlord. He has a brief fling with Ramona, which is followed by some dates with a teacher (Pooky Quesnel). Jenny begins a relationship with a dotcom millionaire (Ben Miles), who decorates her house with flowers and takes her on a trip to New York. The fling ends when Jenny realises he does not love her. She and Pete reconcile after briefly considering a divorce. David and Karen bring home their newborn twins, and Karen's ex-pat mother (Mel Martin) moves in for a couple of episodes. Karen is reunited with an old boyfriend (Richard Dillane), who is in Manchester for a photography exhibition. Karen is rivalled by Jenny, who has returned to working to pay the bills while Pete is living elsewhere. David takes a sudden interest in politics after meeting local residents' activist Jessica (Yasmin Bannerman). He starts an affair with her but she dumps him after being offended by his insensitivity when he tries to end it. Karen finds out about the affair in Episode 8 but is adamant that she and David will stay together for the children. Adam and Rachel decide to have children but are distraught to discover that she is infertile from complications with her abortion. They decide to get married instead but Adam is briefly tempted when he reunites with a long-lost love (Victoria Smurfit) on his stag weekend in Belfast.

Series 4

Jenny and Pete await the birth of their second child but after a miscarriage, Jenny rethinks her current lifestyle. In Episode 2 she decides to take a job in New York, and leaves with little Adam. Pete is unhappy for a time but begins a relationship with Jo Ellison, a friend of Rachel's. The relationship goes well until Jo has to return to Australia after her visa expires. Pete follows her and declares his love and they get married in Episode 8. Karen and David are sleeping in separate beds until she decides he should move out. He moves into Pete's spare bedroom and starts seeing a therapist (Michael Troughton). Karen develops alcoholism and decides to seek therapy too. She and David reconcile and he moves back in. Soon, she starts an affair with a publisher, Mark (Sean Pertwee), which is revealed to David in Episode 8. Having had enough of the lies, he leaves Karen. Adam and Rachel decide to adopt a child and begin going through the procedures. They are pleased when they later discover that Rachel is pregnant but are distraught when their social worker tells them that the adoption cannot proceed. In Australia for Pete and Jo's wedding, Rachel goes into premature labour and gives birth to a boy.

Series 5

Three months after the birth of their baby, Adam is made redundant. He gets a new job, but then he and Rachel are told that after the death of their landlord they will be evicted from their house. As they search for a new place to live, Adam's estranged father, Bill (Ian McElhinney), arrives. Bill and Adam patch up their relationship and he offers Adam and Rachel the money to buy their own house. On the way to the auction, Rachel is killed in a car crash, leaving Adam devastated. Her ashes are scattered in the final episode. Karen and David are going through an amicable divorce but when she starts seeing Mark again and David starts seeing his new lawyer Robyn (Lucy Robinson), it escalates, as they begin using each other's infidelity and her alcoholism as a basis for custody of the children. Karen stops seeing Mark and the divorce cools down. Both re-evaluate their lives after Rachel's death; David develops his relationship with Robyn and Karen plans a trip with Ramona. Pete and Jo's marriage deteriorates when she sleeps with a co-worker (Richard Armitage) on a work weekend away. Jenny returns from New York in Episode 4 and moves back in with Pete after he asks Jo for a divorce.

Series 6

After a jet-set life in Singapore, Adam returns to Manchester to visit his old friends and to see son Matthew (now portrayed by Ceallach Spellman), breaking the news of his upcoming nuptials with businesswoman Angela Zubayr (Karen David). This isn't well received amongst the group, especially Matthew who sees Angela as a replacement for his mother Rachel. Struggling to support his family, Pete finds himself in two run down jobs and suffering from depression, which Jenny seems oblivious to. Seeing a fault in their love life, she pursues a fling with client Trevor Green (Nicholas Gleaves), who begins to stalk her. Torn apart after the death of Harry (James Bolam), an old man who he was caring for, Pete considers suicide. David is entangled through a wrongdoing at work and is arrested, something which his wife Robyn finds humiliating and throws him out of their luxury Cheshire home. Karen finds herself on the dating game, and soon falls for Adam's father-in-law Eddie (Art Malik), though later discovers that they live in two very different worlds, with Karen's twin daughters Ellie (Ella Hunt) and Olivia (Daisy Edgar-Jones) still dependent on her. Jenny's ex-partner Grant (Robert Webb) from her time in New York City turns up on her doorstep determined to see their daughter Chloe (Madeleine Edmondson), who still believes that Pete is her father. Struggling to cope with living in Manchester and being step-mother to Matthew, Angela decides to end her marriage with Adam, who fell quickly for his landlord Tina Reynolds (Leanne Best). At Adam's 49th Birthday party, the Marsdens' eldest son Josh (Callum Woodhouse) arrives from Spain with former nanny Ramona (Jacey Salles), and it is later revealed that he is gay.

Series 7

Setting up her own publishing house Marsden House, Karen is relying on useless Ramona as personal assistant. Adam is determined to take things one step further with Tina so they can move in together, though she doesn't want to rush things and especially not with David now living with Adam and Matthew following his divorce from Robyn. Pete has landed on his feet as a chauffeur, and Jenny is finding herself seeing a lot less of her husband. Matthew's relationship with Olivia is taken to the next level, to the shock of Karen and Adam.

Series 8

The series began filming in Manchester on 19 March 2018 and continued until July. It began airing on 14 January 2019 and concluded on 18 February 2019 after 6 episodes.

Series 9

The six episodes of series 9 aired on ITV from 13 January 2020, to 17 February 2020. The creator and the main cast have both confirmed that the show has gone on prolonged hiatus again after this series.

Cast and characters

Cold Feet began its first series with the six main cast members—James Nesbitt, Helen Baxendale, John Thomson, Fay Ripley, Hermione Norris and Robert Bathurst—who had appeared in the pilot. Thomson's character Pete Gifford was written specifically for him after his performance in The Perfect Match made a positive impression on Christine Langan. Norris originally auditioned for the part of Rachel but was cast as Karen because the role suited her social class. Nesbitt got an audition through a mutual friend of pilot director Declan Lowney, and read the part in his natural accent because he was keen to play a Northern Irish character in a contemporary drama unconnected to The Troubles. Baxendale was best known for her role in Cardiac Arrest and was hesitant to star as Rachel because she did not believe she could perform comedy. Bathurst was known to Langan for his starring role in Joking Apart. Ripley thought she would be auditioning for the part of Rachel, and had to put on an accent for her role as natural Mancunian Jenny. When the fourth series was commissioned, Ripley announced that she was leaving the show to broaden her career options. Kimberley Joseph was cast as Jo Ellison, a replacement character who remained on screen until the conclusion of Cold Feets first run. Bullen makes numerous Hitchcock-esque cameo appearances; he plays a neighbour and a husband in the first series and a workman in the third.

Main cast

Main characters

The main characters are six core characters were devised to be "regular people, not distinguished by their careers or by crime" and were based on people from Mike Bullen's life, along with characters who became integral to the programme as Cold Feet progressed.

 Adam Williams is a serial womaniser who lives a carefree lifestyle until he settles down with Rachel—though he is still tempted by the next-door neighbour and women in fast cars. Bullen based Adam's womanising personality on how he saw himself during his twenties. He is diagnosed and treated for testicular cancer during the second series, a storyline developed by Bullen to directly contrast Adam's Lothario characterisation. Adam marries Rachel in Series 3 and their son, Matthew, is born in Series 4. In Series 5, Adam's estranged father Bill Williams arrives in Manchester. Adam moves to patch up the relationship after Bill comes out as a bisexual. After Rachel's death, Adam and Matthew leave their old house to see Bill. Adam's backstory was inconsistent; the first series established that Adam and Pete had known each other since their childhood when they attended the same school in Manchester. To justify Adam's accent, his Northern Irish origins were developed in Series 3 and it was explained on screen that he spent his school holidays there. His background is reinforced when his father is introduced in Series 5. Bullen admitted that Adam's biography was never fully planned but conceded that Cold Feet was "full of gaffes".
 Rachel Bradley is an advertising executive. After being with Adam for nine months, she admits to him that she is married but promises to ask her estranged husband for a divorce. Unknown to Adam, while her husband is in Manchester, she has sex with him and later finds out she is pregnant. Unable to cope with not knowing who the father is, she terminates the pregnancy. The abortion causes her to become infertile. She marries Adam at the end of Series 3 and has a surprise conception in Series 4, which leads to the birth of her child. She is killed in a car crash in Series 5. Helen Baxendale became pregnant during Series 4, which meant the plot of Rachel being infertile had to be abandoned and the rest of the series re-written. Baxendale found the character limiting and hard to play when she was just "the woman that Adam saw through rose-tinted glasses". She found that, as the series progressed, Bullen learned how to write for the character, giving her a clearer idea of how to play her. She found the death of Rachel "unfair" and believed the character was being punished for terminating her pregnancy.
 Pete Gifford is Jenny's husband and has been Adam's best friend since childhood. Bullen based Pete on his own childhood friend, with whom he went through university. Pete is often deliberately insensitive towards Adam, which Thomson attributes to Pete thinking Adam is jealous of his achievements. In Series 2, Pete has an affair with co-worker Amy. It upsets his marriage to Jenny and by Series 3 they are separated. At the beginning of Series 4, they are back together and expecting a second child. After Jenny miscarries, she leaves Pete and takes little Adam with her. Pete has a rebound relationship with Jo, and marries her at the end of Series 4. They break up at the end of Series 5.
 Jenny Gifford (née Blyth) is Pete's wife. She spends much of the first series raising their baby. In Series 2, she develops a brief crush on Adam. She throws Pete out of the house when she finds out about his affair with Amy but they try to repair the marriage after Adam's cancer treatment. When she and Pete separate in Series 3, she asserts her independence in a series of short-lived secretarial jobs, and by dating millionaire Robert Brown. She and Pete briefly consider a divorce but get back together after Robert dumps her. In Series 4, the couple are expecting a second child. Jenny miscarries and re-evaluates her life in Manchester. She is offered a job in New York by the head of the company she works for and decides to divorce Pete and leave for America with their son. She returns for Rachel's funeral in Series 5 and moves back in with Pete. Ripley said of her character, "Jenny's very ballsy and speaks her mind, but she's more sensitive than people give her credit for. She's seen as very hard but I don't think she is—it's just that she won't show her vulnerability to everyone."
 David Marsden is a management consultant and the husband of Karen. The Marsdens were the least-developed characters when the pilot was produced; Robert Bathurst noted that David was "set up as a post-Thatcherite boo-boy to represent all that is evil about materialism". He was concerned that the only character note in the script related to David's high salary and that, to make more than a brief cameo appearance in the series, the character needed to be significantly developed. David is made redundant in Series 2 and Karen arranges for him to take a new, better-paid job. In Episode 3, the couple celebrate their wedding anniversary in Paris. The episode originally had a downbeat ending scripted but was changed on the advice of Andy Harries and the editor of the episode. David and Karen both then have affairs; David with local residents' campaigner Jessica in Series 3, and Karen with publisher Mark in Series 4. The affairs lead to the end of their marriage, which was discussed to great lengths by the production staff. David starts a relationship with his solicitor, Robyn Duff, in Series 5 and divorces Karen.
 Karen Marsden (née Childs) is a publishing editor and the wife of David. Of Karen, Norris said "[S]he's the strength behind the marriage. David thinks he wears the trousers and she is prepared to think that to an extent. So she manages to massage his ego and then does her own thing anyway." Karen becomes an alcoholic in Series 4 and seeks therapy to control her urges. After trying to put David's affair with Jessica behind them, Karen starts an affair with publisher Mark. She breaks up with him via email while in Australia but he flies down and reveals their relationship to David. She briefly gets back together with Mark during her divorce from David in Series 5 but ends the relationship again when he wants nothing to do with her children. After Rachel's death, Karen sees a grief counsellor. Norris and Bullen changed Karen's personality significantly between the pilot and the series; Norris altered the character's accent to be less "posh" and Bullen wrote her to be more sympathetic. Bullen found it difficult to write situations for Karen that took place outside the character's house. Eventually, he wrote a storyline for her in Series 2 where she rebels against her upper-middle-class lifestyle by smoking cannabis at a dinner party. Norris was disappointed that the plot of Karen and David's divorce could not be developed further in Series 5, as the majority of screen time was given to Adam and Rachel. In the rebooted series, Karen and Adam develop a friendship, embarking on a romance by the eighth series.
 Joanne "Jo" Ellison is introduced as a co-worker at Rachel's advertising agency in Series 4. After Jenny leaves England and Jo is evicted from her flat, she moves into Pete's spare room. The two fall in love and marry in Australia in Episode 8. In Series 5, Pete suspects that Jo may have married him as a visa scam to stay in Britain. Their relationship is damaged and Jo sleeps with a colleague on a work weekend away. Pete asks her for a divorce when he finds out. Jo was devised when Bullen and Harries wanted Pete to fall in love with an Australian woman so they could film the Series 4 finale in Sydney. Kimberley Joseph was based in Los Angeles and had been out of work for 18 months before getting an audition with Spencer Campbell. Two weeks later she had moved to Manchester and was doing read-throughs with the rest of the cast. Joseph thought Bullen had envisioned the character as a coarse "big fat truck-driving lesbian type" before he met her. Thomson thought Pete's lust for Jo was a rebound from Jenny and that, while Jo genuinely liked Pete, she did not actually love him, which Pete suspects when he reads Jo's emails in Series 5, Episode 2.
 Tina Reynolds is introduced as Adam's Landlady upon his return to Manchester in Series 6. Over the course of the series, she and Adam grow closer before both amicably beginning a relationship at its conclusion. At the beginning of Series 7, Tina and Adam move in together and decide to start a family together. However, due to Adam's infidelity and his inability to solidly declare his feelings for Tina, the two amicably decide to break up. Despite this, Tina had firmly established herself as one of the six Cold Feet-ers, making friends with Jenny and Karen.
 Ramona Ramirez is introduced as the Marsdens' Spanish nanny, originally a minor character that was intended to be in the programme for only 2 episodes, believing that the Mardens' would regularly replace their son's carer. She subsequently became a series regular and an important supporting character and friend to the main 6 characters eventually appearing in all 5 series of Cold Feet's original run and appeared in nearly every episode. Ramona was developed to be the complete opposite of the typically English Karen and David. David finds her continental personality annoying but Karen enjoys it. Ramona's role in Series 2 developed beyond just child-caring—in Episode 2, she bribes David for £30 to cook dinner for his former boss. By Series 3, she has a major storyline where she dates Pete. In Series 4, she gets caught up in Karen and David's deteriorating marriage and briefly quits to work for their neighbours, and to work part-time at a strip club. In Series 5, she dates Lee, a fitness instructor who is the catalyst of Pete and Jo's break-up when he sleeps with Jo.

Supporting characters
Significant supporting roles in the series are played by Rosie Cavaliero (Amy, Series 2), Ben Miles (Robert Brown, Series 3), Yasmin Bannerman (Jessica Barnes, Series 3), Sean Pertwee (Mark Cubitt, Series 4–5), Richard Armitage (Lee, Series 5), Lucy Robinson (Robyn Duff, Series 5–present), and Eve Myles (Caitlin Henderson, Series 8).

Doreen Keogh is introduced in Series 1, Episode 4 as Pete's mother Audrey Gifford. She makes a cameo appearance in Series 3, Episode 1, and reappears in Series 4, Episode 4 and Series 5, Episode 1. The character's recurrence was based on the good chemistry between Keogh and Thomson.

Yasmin Bannerman played local residents' campaigner Jessica in Series 3. Bannerman and Bathurst did not know that Jessica and David would have a full-blown affair after their kiss in Episode 3, as David was seen as too much of a "jittery type". The character appears in five episodes. Bathurst was more impressed with the storylines that came out of the affair, rather than the affair itself: "It was the deception, the guilt and the recrimination rather than the actual affair, which was neither interesting nor remarkable".

Series 6 introduced Cel Spellman as the now teenaged Matthew, who in Adam's absence, was raised by his godmother Karen and attended a private school.

Production

Writing
Mike Bullen has sole writing credit on 26 episodes of the series; four episodes of Series 3 were written by David Nicholls, and Bullen co-wrote one episode of Series 4 and 5 with Mark Chappell and Matt Greenhalgh respectively. Bullen usually wrote ten pages of script per day, whatever the quality of his writing. His own third draft was usually submitted to the producers as the "first" draft. As he was still an inexperienced writer by the time production of the first series began in January 1998, Bullen was aided by Christine Langan, who pitched in as a script editor. Storylines were planned in advance—the producers knew that they wanted to split up Adam and Rachel at the end of Series 1—but the later scripts were written once filming on earlier episodes had already begun. The number of people on the development team varied; the third series' comprised Bullen, Langan, Harries, producer Spencer Campbell, script editor Camilla Campbell, ITV's controller of comedy, and a team of five writers.

Many storylines were based on life experiences of the production team; Bullen and his wife Lisa had their first child in late 1997, which made Bullen identify with the Pete character, whose son is born in the first episode. Bullen incorporated his experiences of the first few months of parenthood into the Pete and Jenny storyline. Adam's testicular cancer storyline in Series 2, Episode 5 was influenced by a similar condition that afflicted Harries, and was supplemented by the newspaper columns written by terminal cancer sufferer John Diamond. If a storyline was not drawn from real life experiences, it was researched by communicating with experts; Bullen consulted the relationship support charity Relate for the scenes of Karen and David's marriage guidance session in Series 1, Episode 5, and consulted Dr Sammy Lee for information about Rachel's intracytoplasmic sperm injection in Series 3. When it was decided to have Rachel's abortion lead to her developing Asherman's syndrome in Series 3, the British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) were contacted. BPAS strongly recommended that the plot be developed in a different direction, on the basis that infertility from what would appear to have been a routine abortion would be an "improbable link", though the producers proceeded with their original story anyway.

By the time pre-production on the third series began, Bullen had grown tired of writing the series single-handedly and believed all the stories that could be told had been told. ITV were keen to increase the number of episodes per series to 20 but Granada refused, though did agree to add two more, bringing the total to eight. A writing team of five was assembled, overseen by Bullen. Four of the scriptwriters were deemed not good enough and they parted company with Granada. David Nicholls remained and scripted four of the eight-third series episodes; Bullen wrote the other four and his interest in the series was revived.

At the conclusion of the third series, Bullen announced that he did not want to write a fifth series, and that the fourth would be the last. Series 4, Episode 8 was produced as the final episode but the cast and crew realised that they would like to make one final series for proper closure. Bullen agreed to write the final episodes on the condition that there would be just four, and that he could kill off a character. Matt Greenhalgh co-wrote Series 5, Episode 3 with Bullen, specifically the scenes depicting Rachel's death. Greenhalgh worked on the script at the same time as he was writing his BBC Three series Burn It, also set in Manchester. In a 2007 interview, he said that he was not a fan of Cold Feet—decrying the depiction of Manchester in the series—and that killing off Rachel was "a privilege".

A reunion episode was speculated after the fifth series ended; in the 2003 documentary Cold Feet: The Final Call, executive producer Andy Harries stated, "By killing a character, you are truly saying 'this series is over' … until, of course, in 10 years time when money is running a bit short for all of us, we bring it back. What we do with Rachel, I don't know yet—but I have got a few theories." In an interview published in October 2003, Harries told The Daily Telegraph that ITV would "probably" bring back Cold Feet ten years after it ended, and said, "There's a tacit understanding with the actors that we will re-visit it again at the appropriate time." In 2007, a tabloid newspaper quoted an ITV "insider" as saying that a reunion episode would be broadcast to mark ten years since the pilot aired. The report turned out to be a fabrication. At the 2010 Edinburgh International Television Festival, Harries stated that discussions about the series' return were "ongoing", but highlighted a number of factors that would prevent a reunion in the near future. The following day, Harries told Kate Silverton that he had held discussions with Mike Bullen about the series returning, but that it would not be back on television screens in 2011 or 2012.

Filming

All episodes of Cold Feet were shot on film stock on locations in and around Greater Manchester. Sets were designed by Chris Truelove to reflect the characters; Karen and David's home was designed as a spacious detached house intended to be located in Bowdon, while Pete and Jenny and Adam and Rachel had smaller middle-class abodes intended to be located in Didsbury. All exteriors of the characters' houses were shot on location. Christine Langan was keen to avoid a generic sitcom style of filming, citing the formulae of such programmes as "tired and dreary" and lacking emotional depth. To achieve this goal, she and Harries recruited directors with little background in television. These included Nigel Cole, who came from an advertising background and was keen to use the two episodes of the first series he was allotted to "make his mark" and establish himself as a good television director. Other directors included Mark Mylod, Tom Hooper, Tom Vaughan, Pete Travis, Jon Jones, Ciaran Donnelly and Tim Sullivan.

For the first series, interior sets were built at the Blue Shed Studios in Salford. Three directors and three film crews were used to film the six 50-minute episodes over 14 weeks from March to May 1998. Locations included an empty shop unit near Piccadilly station for the charity shop sex scene in Episode 3 and a Masonic Lodge for the gala dinner scenes in Episode 6. In the second year, the sets were moved to the Spectrum Arena in Warrington, where filming ran from March to June. The series featured the first location shoots outside Manchester; a short scene in Episode 2 featuring Bathurst was filmed over half a day in Blackpool; Bathurst, Norris and a small production crew filmed scenes in Paris for Episode 3; exterior location scenes of the characters on holiday in Episode 6 were filmed on Lindisfarne, though the castle interiors were shot at Hoghton Tower. The second series also featured more visual effects; in Episode 5 Adam dreams about being chased by a giant testicle (which was computer-generated) and in Episode 6 a fireworks explosion was supervised by pyrotechnics experts. The testicle dream scene drew mixed reaction. The Mirrors television critic Charlie Catchpole praised it but Robert Bathurst was critical: "I hated that sequence. I thought it was really unfunny. It was a lousy prop and awful graphics and there was too much of it—it would have been much better if it was like a Monty Python foot come smacking down like that and get it over with. You couldn't keep up that surprise and hilarity for all the minutes it was on the screen." By the third series, Cold Feets sets were permanently located on a Granada warehouse stage and were left intact between series. This meant the basic sets could be used on other Granada programmes, such as The Grimleys and My Beautiful Son. After the final episode was filmed in 2002, the sets were dismantled and taken to a landfill.

In Series 3, Cold Feet shot outside England for the first time for Episode 5. A storyline featuring Adam's stag weekend was originally scripted to take place first in Blackpool and then in Dublin. James Nesbitt suggested that it should be filmed in Belfast and Portrush, near where he grew up. He, Andy Harries and producer Spencer Campbell scouted the locations in April 2000 before filming went ahead later that year. Local businesspeople were so eager to promote the area that they waived any fees Granada would have given them for allowing filming, meaning the location manager only spent £20, considerably less than the £3,000 a typical shoot of that length would have cost. This location shoot inspired the producers to film even further away from Manchester; in November 2000, Bullen and Harries spoke at the Screen Producers Association of Australia conference, where they decided to base the fourth series finale in Sydney. The episode was written to be a "normal episode" of Cold Feet that just had a different background. The main cast—except for Helen Baxendale who was pregnant—the producers and Ciaran Donnelly shot for 18 days in October 2001 in locations that included Hyde Park, Kirribilli, Double Bay and the northern beaches. Budget problems meant an overseas location could not be secured for Series 5, so scenes in the final episode were shot in Portmeirion, Wales.

Screen time was divided up equally between the couples over the course of an episode, though occasionally some scenes would run longer; in Series 4, Episode 3, the scenes of Karen clubbing went on for ten uninterrupted minutes. These scenes were also a rarity for location filming; usually filming in public places was done on a Sunday during closing hours but the clubbing scenes in this episode were filmed during opening hours at the Music Box in Manchester. A hand-held camera was used to enhance the frenetic pace.

Music
Incidental music for the series was composed by Mark Russell. He also composed a theme tune, which was used as an alternative to Space's "Female of the Species". Christine Langan heard "Female of the Species" on The Chart Show while the pilot was being produced and decided to make it the theme song. She remained involved in choosing popular music used on the show for the three series she worked on it. "Female of the Species" was used as a closing theme throughout the first series. For the second series, it was replaced by Morcheeba's "Let Me See", except for the last episode when John Lennon's "Love" was used. The Mirrors Charlie Catchpole described the diagetic popular music in the school reunion scenes of Series 2, Episode 4—"Don't You Want Me" (The Human League), "Relax" (Frankie Goes to Hollywood), "Temptation" (Heaven 17), "True" (Spandau Ballet), "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" (Culture Club) and "Tainted Love" (Soft Cell)—as "[catching] the changing mood with devastating precision". Catchpole's positive comments about the music led to a previously shelved soundtrack album being released.

Broadcast
The ITV Network Centre originally scheduled the first series to be broadcast in the 10 pm timeslot on Sunday nights. This went against the wishes of Andy Harries, who wanted it broadcast at 9 pm in the so-called "ironing slot"—generally used for programmes that an audience does not have to concentrate on. David Liddiment compromised by allowing the show to start at 9.30 pm. Harries was able to get the second series moved to 9 pm, which annoyed advertisers. The third series remained in the same timeslot but, like other series on the network, suffered from ITV's late decision to add a third advert break to hour-long shows. Episode 8, featuring Adam and Rachel's wedding, was broadcast on Boxing Day—the first time the show was aired on a Tuesday. The eighth episode of Series 4 and all four episodes of Series 5 were extended to fill a 90-minute timeslot.

The series was repeated when ITV launched digital channel ITV3, then marketed towards over-35 viewers. In the United States, Cold Feet was first broadcast on the cable network Bravo. Bravo bought the pilot and first three series for $1 million. The pilot was broadcast as a "sneak peek" before the regular series run began. From 2005 the series was broadcast by BBC America. When broadcast on SABC 3 in South Africa, the series is retitled Life, Love and Everything Else. Worldwide, it has been broadcast in over 34 countries.

Reception

Critical reaction
Critical response to the first episode was not favourable; in The Independent, Nicholas Barber called it the most depressing TV programme he had ever seen. He wrote of the six main characters, "Are we supposed to care about these people? The theory, I think, is that we should relate to them, because their lives are as prosaic as our own, and because Cold Feet is a portrait of urban life as it really is in the Nineties. This is another way of saying the writer hasn't bothered with research or imagination." He criticised the conclusion of Episode 1 but praised the other five, which he had seen on preview tapes. On The Late Review, Germaine Greer and Tony Parsons singled out Nesbitt's acting; Greer called him "especially awful" and Parsons wished that he had plunged to his death from the scissor lift Adam appears on at the beginning of the episode. General reaction improved as the first year went on. At the conclusion of the first series, Andrew Billen compared it with Vanity Fair in the Evening Standard and was pleased that it offered a televisual outlet for the "forgotten" twentysomethings. Paul Hoggart for The Times wrote positively of the writing, directing, acting, and editing and looked forward to how Rachel's pregnancy plot would be resolved in the second series.

Other critics hailed it as "the British answer to Thirtysomething"; in 1998, Meg Carter wrote in The Independent, "More than 10 years on, Granada Television has finally produced a modern show that mines the rich seam of a generation that is as confused as it is liberated by increased choice and freedom, and that caters for an audience which has not, traditionally, watched very much ITV." Mark Lawson compared it to the American sitcom Friends, a series that is also based around three men and three women, and featured Helen Baxendale in a guest role. In a 2003 interview with Bullen on BBC Radio 4's Front Row, Lawson asked whether Friends had influenced Cold Feet. Bullen explained that the connection was made by media as "a useful shorthand", that he was irritated by the characters in Friends and "would liked to have taken a baseball bat to them".

In 2001, Andrew Billen compared the contemporary cultural relevance of the series to The Way We Live Now, as a follow-up to his comparison of the first series with Vanity Fair: "In previous years we have seen the anguish caused by infidelity, impotence and infertility. This season the characters face the hazards thrown up by miscarriage, alcoholism and a late-flowering career. Sustaining relationships looks as hard as ever. Yet there is nothing each protagonist wants more than old-fashioned domestic bliss." The review resonated with other critics; in The Scotsman, Linda Watson-Brown wrote an overall positive review of the series in general—dismissing the spate of "anti-Cold Feet" reviews—but criticised "the ease with which problems are resolved and morality used to slap the viewer in the face". The final episode set in Australia polarised critics; in a column focusing on Chewin' the Fat, Scotsman critic Aidan Smith accused the big-budget episode "which somehow managed to squeeze the Harbour Bridge into every shot" of being the point the series jumped the shark, and Times columnist Caitlin Moran complimented it, but was concerned that the series' original main characters—Adam and Rachel—were being sidelined by everyone including Mike Bullen.

When the fifth series began in 2003, critics welcomed its end. Paul Hoggart wrote in The Times that the flashback and fantasy scenes were becoming so overused on television that their use in Cold Feet was less surprising than it was in 1998. In Scotland on Sunday, Helen Stewart lamented the loss of Fay Ripley and Jenny's replacement by "the bland but international crossover-friendly Jo, [...] who is sufficiently pointless to be dismissed even by her fellow characters as 'not as good as Jenny'." Stewart also criticised Hermione Norris's acting and Karen for being a "spoon-faced moaner". A brief article on the MediaGuardian website described a "revisionist backlash" as critics' negative opinions of the series contrasted with the positive reaction that greeted it in 1998.

Depiction of social issues
Cold Feets cast and crew were frequently praised for their depiction of real-life social issues on the series. When Cold Feet began, Christine Langan stated, "The real challenge was to overcome the traditional view that many of the issues we cover—jealousy, guilt, money, sexual problems, parental death—are ordinary issues, hardy perennials and, as such, not interesting enough for drama." The fourth episode of the first series was controversial due to its depiction of the characters freely discussing their sex lives; in the left-wing New Statesman, Andrew Billen praised it as a homage to La Ronde and, despite the sex-talk, being "intricately constructed as a farce". A complaint was made by a viewer to the Independent Television Commission—the commercial television regulator—about the depiction of sex, but it was not upheld.

A scene in Series 2, Episode 4 showing Karen smoking a joint at a dinner party was debated at the writing stage; all scripts were required to be sent to Granada's Compliance department to ensure they maintained the ITC's code of conduct. The department would not allow Karen's drug use to be portrayed without some cost to her, so suggested that Karen and Adam could be arrested while rolling joints at the school reunion. Bullen thought the idea was "ludicrous" so added a scene where David berates Ramona for her drug use. Despite the measures taken, four people complained to the ITC about the glamorisation of drugs. The ITC dismissed the complaints. The scenes of Jo and Audrey smoking cannabis in Series 5, Episode 1 drew seven complaints to the ITC by people who thought it would give children the wrong impression of drugs. The ITC dismissed the complaints on the basis that the episode was broadcast after the watershed. Mark Lawson was unappreciative of the scene, writing that the drugs plot was a "forced jollity" compared to the other humorous scenes in the episode.

In Series 3, Adam and Rachel seek intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) when they have trouble conceiving a child naturally. The characters take out bank loans of thousands of pounds to pay for the treatment, which is unsuccessful each time. The producers devised this storyline because IVF was a major contemporary issue and wrote the treatment as a failure because it was representative of the odds of conception in real life.

Rachel's problem with conception is soon diagnosed as being due to "partial Asherman's syndrome", a storyline that runs through Series 3 and 4. The plot was analysed on an episode of BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour. Ann Furedi of BPAS, which had supplied information to the writing team during the research stages, stated that there had not been a recorded case of Asherman's syndrome in the United Kingdom since the Second World War. Further to that, she stated that the consensus among medical groups was that there was no real direct link between abortions and infertility; rather an untreated infection could increase the chances of fertility problems if it interfered with an abortion. Christine Geraghty countered that the factual accuracy of the storyline depended on how the producers wanted to portray the issue to viewers. Her opinion was backed up by an ITV statement, which said that "stories for Cold Feet are not just chosen in order to make people aware of the issues involved; they're also chosen for their dramatic potential and relevance to modern living". Woman's Hour presenter Jenni Murray developed the discussion in an article for The Guardian; she mentioned that no impression was given that Rachel had suffered an incorrectly performed operation or had had to travel to eastern Europe for it, and that it was improbable that Rachel managed to conceive a child after all.

Cold Feet continued to cover social issues when it returned in 2016. The character of Pete was diagnosed with depression. Writer Mike Bullen himself has battled depression.

Influence on television
In a 2007 feature for The Guardians G2 supplement, screenwriter Danny Brocklehurst discussed the impact the series has had on British television, including inspiration for one of his programmes, Talk to Me. He opined that until Cold Feet there had not been a significant television series depicting "the wants and needs of ordinary young adults" since Thirtysomething concluded in 1991. Brocklehurst developed Talk to Me in the same manner as Bullen developed Cold Feet, namely by basing its characters on his own experiences and friends. Both Brocklehurst and Mark Lawson have discussed similar "copycat" series, including Hearts and Bones, Metropolis, Couples and Wonderful You. Brocklehurst noted that these series "lacked [Cold Feets] warmth and believability" adding that they were "unrealistic and cynical". In 2007, Brocklehurst said:

Over four years after Cold Feet ended, ITV executives were still looking for a series that could comfortably replace it. On his appointment as chairman of ITV plc in 2007, Michael Grade announced that he wanted the ITV network to be broadcasting long-running series like Cold Feet to attract the younger, upmarket viewing demographic.

In 2008, BBC One broadcast Mutual Friends, a six-part television series written by Anil Gupta, which was compared to Cold Feet. While the BBC wanted the series to match the success of Cold Feet, producer Rob Bullock stressed that "Cold Feet is about a different period of life. It's about people in their early thirties. Mutual Friends moves things on—what's happening to our characters as they approach 40 is very different. Why do so many lives fall apart at 40? Because things haven't worked out how we hoped and we've had to turn to Plan B. The drama is all about the crisis caused by things not turning out as the characters planned." Later in 2008, ITV commissioned Married Single Other, a comedy drama executive-produced by Andy Harries and directed by Declan Lowney, about three contemporary couples living in Leeds.

Granada Entertainment USA, the American arm of Granada Productions, tendered the series format to American networks and cable channels from late 1997. The format was sold to NBC, which commissioned 13 x 60-minute episodes in May 1999 for the fall season, to be produced in association with Kerry Ehrin Productions. The US series starred David Sutcliffe as Adam Williams and Jean Louisa Kelly as Shelley Sullivan (the Rachel role). Low ratings lead to the series being cancelled after four episodes. In 2003 the format was sold to Italian network Mediaset for a 2004 broadcast. In 2008, Polish broadcaster TVN secured the rights to a remake from Granada International. This version, entitled Usta, usta, is set in Warsaw. The thirteen-episode series began filming in May 2009 and was broadcast from 6 March 2010. An adaptation entitled Přešlapy has also been developed for television audiences in the Czech Republic. The creators intend the show to run for three series of 13 episodes and tell a story over seven years. The first series was broadcast from September 2009.

Awards and nominations

During and after its original run, Cold Feet won over 20 major awards. For its first year, Cold Feet received three British Comedy Award nominations; the series won in the Best TV Comedy Drama category and Nesbitt and Ripley were respectively nominated for Best TV Comedy Actor and Best TV Comedy Actress. The series also won the Royal Television Society Programme Award for Situation Comedy & Comedy Drama, and the Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Entertainment. For the second series, it received four British Academy Television Award (BAFTA) nominations—Best Drama Series, Best Original Television Music, Best Graphic Design, and Best Editing (Fiction/Entertainment). At the Television and Radio Industries Club Awards it won TV Comedy Programme of the Year, and a second Best TV Comedy Drama award at the British Comedy Awards. The awards for the television industry magazine Broadcast presented it with the Drama: Series or Serial award. In year three, Fay Ripley became the only actor to receive a BAFTA nomination for their work on the series; she was nominated for Best Actress. At the BAFTA Craft awards, David Nicholls was nominated in the New Writer (Fiction) category, and Jon Jones was nominated in the New Director (Fiction) category. It lost out on four British Comedy Award nominations (Nesbitt and Thomson for Best TV Comedy Actor, Norris for Best TV Comedy Actress, and the third series for Best TV Comedy Drama) but won the People's Choice Award (a viewer poll). The series also scored an International Emmy Award drama nomination. Series 4 won the BAFTA for Best Drama Series and the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme. At the British Comedy Awards 2003, Series 5 won Best TV Comedy Drama and Mike Bullen was named Writer of the Year.

Merchandise
Four non-fiction tie-in books have been released by Granada Media, an imprint of André Deutsch Publishing. 2000 saw the release of Cold Feet: The Best Bits () and Cold Feet: A Man's/Woman's Guide to Life (). The Best Bits, compiled by Geoff Tibballs, features script extracts and behind-the-scenes information from directors, producers and actors in the first two series. A Man's/Woman's Guide to Life, compiled by Jonathan Rice, is in a "flip-book"-style format, and is presented as if written by the characters. It features backstories for the characters, drawn from Bullen's scripts for the first two series. The Little Book of Cold Feet: Life Rules (), a book of quotes from the series, was compiled by Rice and released in 2003. The same year, The Complete Cold Feet Companion () by Rupert Smith, featuring interviews with the actors and production staff, was released. The book sold 961 copies in the first week of publication, making tenth position on the hardback non-fiction chart.

Five soundtracks have been released, featuring music from the series. Global TV released Cold Feet: The Official Soundtrack on two CDs in 1999. The soundtrack had been shelved before release but was put back on the schedule when Mirror journalist Charlie Catchpole wrote a column that desired for it to be released. Global followed the first OST with More Cold Feet in 2000. In 2001, UMTV released the two-disc soundtrack Cold Feet, followed by The Very Best of Cold Feet in 2003. EMI Gold released Cold Feet in 2006. Cheatwell Games issued a licensed board game in 2001.

All series have been released on DVD in the United Kingdom and Australia, by Video Collection International and Universal respectively. Series 1–3 have been released in the United States by Acorn Media. A collection of all five series was released in the United Kingdom in 2003. A version exclusive to Play.com had a bonus disc that contained the retrospective documentary Cold Feet: The Final Call, new interviews with John Thomson, Andy Harries and Spencer Campbell, and a locations featurette presented by Thomson. This 11-disc version had a general release when Granada Ventures re-released all five series in new packaging in 2006. All DVD and VHS releases of Series 5 have been edited from the original four episodes into six episodes of various lengths.

The pilot and first series was made available as streaming media on ITV plc's revamped itv.com website from 2007 to 2009. All episodes have been available from ITV's iTunes Store since 2008.

References
Primary sources

Secondary sources

Bibliography
 Smith, Rupert (2003). Cold Feet: The Complete Companion. London: Granada Media. .
 Tibballs, Geoff (2000). Cold Feet: The Best Bits…. London: Granada Media. .

External links

 Cold Feet at the British Film Institute

1997 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
2016 British television series debuts
2020 British television series endings
1990s British comedy-drama television series
1990s British romance television series
2000s British comedy-drama television series
2000s British romance television series
2010s British comedy-drama television series
2010s British romance television series
2020s British comedy-drama television series
2020s British romance television series
BAFTA winners (television series)
English-language television shows
ITV comedy-dramas
Television shows produced by Granada Television
Television series by Big Talk Productions
Television series by ITV Studios
British television series revived after cancellation
Television shows filmed in Northern Ireland
Television shows set in Manchester
Television shows shot in Manchester
Television series about old age

Cold Feet


Notkun hugtaksins Þjóðernishyggja átti stóran þátt í íslenskri hreyfingu til sjálfstæðis frá Danmörku, undir forystu Jón Sigurðsson.

Íslensk þjóðernishyggja er byggð á hugmyndinni um upprisu íslenska fríríkisins og gildum þess (eða því sem talið var að væru gildi þess): lýðræði, frelsi einstaklingsins, nauðsyn þess að landið væri sjálfstætt og virðingu fyrir menningarlegum og trúarlegum hefðum, sérstaklega tungumálinu sem lengi hefur verið varðveitt. Þessar hugmyndir eru oft kóðaðar í hinum vinsæla setningu land, þjóð og tunga. Sögulega hafa Íslendingar litið á núverandi lýðveldi sitt sem endurholdgun hinna gömlu fríríkja og þannig byggist íslensk þjóðernishyggja í dag á því að varðveita það sem sjálfstæðishreyfingin vann. Þannig ber íslensk þjóðernishyggja, mikla virðingu fyrir lýðræðislegu þingheimi (sjá endurvakið Alþingi) og efins um utanríkisstjórnun á Íslandi, sem er að hluta til ábyrg fyrir því að lítill vilji er á Íslandi fyrir inngöngu í Evrópusambandið.

Listi yfir íslenska þjóðernisflokka
 Íslenska þjóðfylkingin

Tilvísanir

Stjórnmálasaga Íslands
Íslensk þjóðernishyggja

Íslensk þjóðernishyggja


Rutaceae. Fragmenta botanica, (abreviado Rutaceae), es un libro con descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por Heinrich Wilhelm Schott y editado en el año 1834.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en Google

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Rutaceae. Fragmenta botanica


جريدة الفجر جريدة مصرية أسبوعية مستقلة. مقرها القاهرة تأسست في 4 يونيو 2005، يرأس مجلس ادارتها نصيف قزمان، ويرأس مجلس تحريرها الصحفي المصري عادل حمودة، ورئيس تحريرها التنفيذي مصطفي ثابت، ورئيس مجلس الإدارة نصيف قزمان.

كانت جريدة الفجر أول صحيفة مصرية تنشر رسومات كاريكاتورية نشرت في صحيفة دانماركية خاصة، عدت مسيئة لرسول الإسلام عرفت باسم «أزمة الصور الكاريكاتورية المسيئة». تعتبر الجريدة مستقلة وتنتقد على صفحاتها الحكومة المصرية ومسؤولين كبار بها. وقد حكمت محكمة مصرية على رئيس تحريرها عادل حمودة في العام 2007، وعلى 3 رؤساء تحرير آخرين لصحف مصرية مستقلة، بغرامة قيمتها 20 ألف جنيه مصري لكل منهم بتهمة التطاول على الرئيس المصري حسني مبارك، في اطار دعوى رفعها عضوان في الحزب الوطني الديمقراطي.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي

الإعلام في القاهرة
الرسوم الكاريكاتورية المسيئة لمحمد في صحيفة يولاندس بوستن
تأسيسات سنة 2005 في مصر
صحف أسبوعية مصرية
صحف باللغة العربية
منشورات أسست في 2005
صحف أسست في 2005
صحف نشرت في القاهرة

الفجر (جريدة)


Zgrada župnog dvora i prve škole nalazi se u Ložišćima, u općina Milna, otok Brač.

Opis
Sjeverno od župne crkve sv. Ivana i Pavla 1857. sagrađena je zgrada župnog dvora i prva škola u Ložišćima. Kamena dvokatnica s tri visoka luminara u potkrovlju vrijedan je primjer stambene i javne arhitekture polovine 19. stoljeća.

Izvori

Građevine u Ložišćima
Ložišća

Zgrada župnog dvora i prve škole u Ložišćima


An Scirpoides in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Scirpoides in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Scirpoides

Scirpoides


Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Martin-Leake,  (4 April 1874 – 22 June 1953) was a British physician, officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps and a double recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Martin-Leake was the first of three men to be awarded the VC twice, the others being Noel Godfrey Chavasse and Charles Upham.

Early life
Arthur, the fifth son of Stephen Martin-Leake of Thorpe Hall, Essex, was born at Standon, near Ware, Hertfordshire, and was educated at Westminster School before studying medicine at University College Hospital, qualifying in 1893.  He was employed at Hemel Hempstead District Hospital before enlisting in the 42nd (Hertfordshire) Company, Imperial Yeomanry in 1899 to serve in the Boer War.<ref>Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry: An Illustrated History' 1794–1920', Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Historical Trust/Hart Books, 1994, ISBN 0-948527-03-X, pp. 100–1.</ref>

Boer War

After his year of service as a trooper in the Imperial Yeomanry was completed, Martin-Leake stayed on in South Africa as a civil surgeon. He then joined the South African Constabulary until he was forced to return home due to his wounds.

He was 27 years old and a surgeon captain in the South African Constabulary attached to the 5th Field Ambulance during the Second Boer War on 8 February 1902, at Vlakfontein, when he was awarded his first VC.

He received the decoration from King Edward VII at St James's Palace on 2 June 1902.

Interbellum
Martin-Leake qualified as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1903 after studying while convalescing from wounds.  He then took up an appointment in India as Chief Medical Officer with the Bengal-Nagpur Railway.

In 1912, he volunteered to serve with the British Red Cross during the Balkan Wars, attached to the Montenegrin army, and was present during the Siege of Scutari (1912–13) and at Tarabosh Mountain.  He was awarded the Order of the Montenegran Red Cross.

First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War, Martin-Leake returned to service as a lieutenant with the 5th Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps, on the Western Front.

He was awarded his second VC, aged 40, during the period 29 October to 8 November 1914 near Zonnebeke, Belgium, whilst serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps, British Army.

His award citation reads:

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum, Aldershot, England.

He was promoted captain in March 1915, major in November the same year, and in April 1917 took command of 46th Field Ambulance at the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Postwar
Martin-Leake retired from the army after the war and resumed his company employment in India until he retired to England in 1937. Although there is no record of his being a pilot, he was registered in 1939 as the owner of a de Havilland Moth Minor aircraft, registered G-AFRY.

During the Second World War, he commanded an ARP post.

He died, aged 79, at High Cross, Hertfordshire. Following cremation at Enfield Crematorium, Middlesex, Martin-Leake was buried in St John's Church, High Cross. He is commemorated with a plaque and a tree at the National Memorial Arboretum in Alrewas, Staffordshire.

References

External links

Location of grave and VC medal (Hertfordshire)''

1874 births
1953 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Deaths from lung cancer
Second Boer War recipients of the Victoria Cross
British World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
British Yeomanry soldiers
Imperial Yeomanry soldiers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
People from East Hertfordshire District
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
Recipients of the Victoria Cross
Alumni of the UCL Medical School
Civil Defence Service personnel
Military personnel from Hertfordshire
Burials in Hertfordshire

Arthur Martin-Leake


ملعب لويجي فيراريس ملعب متعدد الاستخدامات لعدة رياضات يقع في مدينة جنوى الإيطالية. يعتبر الملعب الرئيسي لمباريات نادي جنوى ونادي سامبدوريا. تم افتتاحه في 1989 ويتسع لحضور 36,703 متفرج.

مراجع

ملاعب اتحاد الرغبي في إيطاليا
الرياضة في جنوة
تأسيسات سنة 1911 في إيطاليا
مبان ومنشآت في جنوة
ملاعب الدوري الإيطالي
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1911
ملاعب رياضية في ليغوريا
ملاعب كأس العالم 1934
ملاعب كأس العالم 1990
ل
ملاعب متعددة الاستخدام
نادي جنوى
نادي سامبدوريا

ملعب لويجي فيراريس


Choro ist eine Ortschaft im Departamento La Paz im südamerikanischen Anden-Staat Bolivien.

Lage im Nahraum
Choro ist zentraler Ort des Kanton Choro im Landkreis (bolivianisch: Municipio) Caranavi in der Provinz Caranavi. Die Gemeinde liegt auf einer Höhe von  an der Mündung des Río Choro in den Río Coroico, der flussabwärts in den Río Kaka mündet, einen Nebenfluss des Río Beni.

Geographie
Choro liegt am Ostrand der Cordillera Real in den bolivianischen Yungas, einer Übergangsregion zwischen dem Hochland der Anden (Altiplano) und dem tropischen Tiefland mit dem Amazonas-Regenwald. Das Klima ist ein typisches Tageszeitenklima, bei dem die mittleren Temperaturschwankungen im Tagesverlauf deutlicher ausfallen als im Jahresverlauf.

Die Jahresdurchschnittstemperatur der Ortschaft liegt bei 21,9 °C (siehe Klimadiagramm Choro), die Monatsdurchschnittswerte schwanken zwischen 19 °C im Juni/Juli und 23 °C von Oktober bis März. Die durchschnittlichen Tageshöchsttemperaturen liegen ganzjährig zwischen 26 °C und 30 °C, die nächtlichen Tiefstwerte betragen im langjährigen Durchschnitt 11–12 °C im Juni/Juli und 18 °C im Dezember und Januar. Der durchschnittliche Jahresniederschlag beträgt 1300 mm, mit einer kurzen  Trockenzeit bei Monatswerten um 20 mm im Juni/Juli und Monatshöchstwerten von etwa 200 mm von Dezember bis Februar.

Verkehrsnetz
Choro liegt in einer Entfernung von 124 Straßenkilometern nordöstlich von La Paz, der Hauptstadt des gleichnamigen Departamentos.

Von La Paz aus führt die asphaltierte Fernstraße Ruta 3 über Cotapata vorbei an Coroico über Santa Bárbara und Challa nach Choro und weiter über Caranavi nach Trinidad am Río Mamoré.

Bevölkerung
Die Einwohnerzahl der Ortschaft war in den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten deutlichen Schwankungen unterlegen:

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Reliefkarte der Region La Paz 1:250.000 (PDF; 10,8 MB)
 Municipio Caranavi - Detailkarte und Bevölkerungsdaten (PDF; 1,17 MB) (spanisch)
 Municipio Caranavi - Übersichtskarten Nr. 22001
 Departamento La Paz - Sozialdaten der  Municipios (PDF 11,63 MB) (spanisch)

Choro (Caranavi)


is a district located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the district has an estimated population of 30,110 and a population density of 112.02 persons per km2. The total area is 268.79 km2.

Towns and villages
Wake

History
On September 1, 1963, the town of Hinase ceded the former village of Fukukawa to Akō, Hyogo Prefecture.
On March 22, 2005, the towns of Hinase and Yoshinaga merged into the city of Bizen.
On March 1, 2006, the towns of Wake and Saeki merged to form the new town of Wake.

Districts in Okayama Prefecture

Wake District, Okayama


Fort San est une communauté située dans la province de la Saskatchewan, dans le sud-est.

Notes et références

Village en Saskatchewan

Fort San


Kunti ( f.) ist eine Figur der indischen Mythologie im Mahabharata und die Mutter der älteren drei sowie die Ziehmutter der beiden jüngeren Pandavas. Folglich ist Kunti eine zentrale Figur des Epos. Im Bhagavatapurana sind 26 Gebete enthalten, die Kunti an den Beschützer ihrer Familie Krishna richtet, weshalb sie besonders im vishnuistischen Hinduismus als Vorbild für die Praktizierung des Bhakti-Yoga gilt.

Mythos

Pritha ist die schöne Tochter des Surasena, eines Königs der Yadu-Dynastie. Surasena lässt sie bei seinem kinderlosen Vetter Kuntibhoja aufwachsen, wo sie den Namen Kunti erhält und für das Wohlergehen seiner Gäste zuständig ist. Als einmal der weise Durvasas zu Gast ist, ist er von Kuntis selbstloser Dienstbereitschaft so erfreut, dass er ihr ein Geschenk macht: da er voraussieht, dass sie einen Mann haben wird, der wegen eines Fluchs keine Kinder wird zeugen können, lehrt er sie ein Mantra, mit dem sie einen beliebigen Gott anrufen und sich von diesem schwängern lassen kann. Wenig später ruft sie den Sonnengott Surya an und empfängt von ihm den Sohn Karna. Da sie jedoch unverheiratet ist, legt sie das Neugeborene in einen Korb und lässt diesen den Ganges hinabtreiben, in der Hoffnung, er würde gefunden und von einer anderen Familie großgezogen werden.

Sie heiratet König Pandu von Hastinapur, den jüngeren Bruder von Dhritarashtra, der wegen seiner Blindheit von der Thronfolge ausgeschlossen war und nur bei Abwesenheit Pandus regieren durfte. Als Pandu bei der Jagd versehentlich einen Einsiedler tötet, zieht er sich zur Buße mit seinen Frauen Kunti und Madri in die Wälder zurück und überlässt die Krone seinem älteren Bruder, bis ein zukünftiger Nachkomme die Herrschaft erhalten würde. Auf Geheiß ihres Mannes ruft Kunti dort die Verkörperung der religiösen Prinzipien Dharma an, von dem sie den tugendhaften Yudhishthira empfängt. Als Nächstes bittet er sie um einen Sohn mit außergewöhnlicher körperlicher Kraft, woraufhin sie den Windgott Vayu anruft und den zweiten Sohn Bhima auf die Welt bringt. Nach einem Jahr der Entsagung bittet er sie Indra anzurufen, von dem sie ihren dritten Sohn Arjuna empfängt. Madri zeugte unterdessen mit Hilfe des Mantras von Kunti die Zwillinge Nakula und Sahadeva mit den Ashvins, den Göttern des Sonnenauf- und -untergangs.

Wegen des Fluches verstirbt Pandu. Madri folgt ihrem Mann in den Tod, sodass die fünf Pandavas nun unter der alleinigen Obhut Kuntis stehen. Eine Gruppe Weiser bringt Kunti und die Pandavas nach Hastinapur, wo die Pandavas von Dhritarashtra und dessen Halbbruder Vidura eine höfische Erziehung erhalten und der älteste Sohn Yudhishthira bei Erreichen der Volljährigkeit die Herrschaft übernehmen soll. Dhritarashtra hatte aber mit seiner Frau Gandhari hundert Söhne, die Kauravas, von denen Duryodhana der älteste und auch ehrgeizigste ist, der den Thron selbst besteigen will. Unter der Anleitung Duryodhanas und mit Billigung Dhritarashtras verüben die Kauravas mehrere Attentate auf die thronberechtigten Pandavas. Als sie einmal Kunti mit den Pandavas in einen Schellackpalast locken und diesen in Brand stecken, können diese nur über einen Tunnel entkommen, dessen Lage ihnen zuvor von Vidura verraten wurde. Um weiteren Attentaten zu entgehen, verstecken sie sich ein Jahr lang im Wald.

Nach der Rückkehr nach Hastinapur verlieren die Pandavas bei einem manipulierten Würfelspiel ihr Königreich und ihre gemeinsame Frau Draupadi an Duryodhana. Draupadi ist die Tochter König Drupadas und wurde von diesem an Arjuna gegeben. Als die fünf Pandavas mit ihr von Drupadas Hof nach Hause zu Kunti zurückkehrten, sagte diese ohne aufzublicken, dass ihre Söhne alles miteinander teilen sollten was sie mitgebracht haben, womit Draupadi die Frau aller Pandavas wurde. Die Pandavas erhalten Draupadi zwar von den Kauravas zurück, werden aber für dreizehn Jahre aus Hastinapur verbannt.

Am Ende der dreizehn Jahre fordern die Pandavas ihr Königreich zurück, Duryodhana weigert sich aber seine Macht abzugeben und auch Vermittlungsversuche Krishnas fruchten nicht. Die beiden Familien beginnen ihre Verbündeten um sich zu scharen und sich für den Kampf zu rüsten. Kuntis ältester Sohn Karna, den diese als Säugling ausgesetzt hatte, wurde von Dhritarashtras Wagenlenker Adhiratha und dessen Frau Radha gefunden und aufgezogen. Später wurde er König von Anga und ist als dieser ein Verbündeter der Kauravas. Als der Kampf unausweichlich scheint, bittet Kunti ihn darum, auf Seiten seiner leiblichen Geschwister zu kämpfen, was dieser unter Hinweis auf seine Freundschaft zu Duryodhana ablehnt. Er verspricht ihr jedoch, seine Brüder – bis auf Arjuna – zu verschonen. Nach Bhishma und Drona, die in der Schlacht getötet wurden, wird Karna am 15. und 16 Tag der Schlacht Heerführer der Kauravas. Jetzt treffen sie im Kampf aufeinander und Arjuna tötet Karna.

Nach der Schlacht treffen sich die Pandavas erstmals nach vierzehn Jahren wieder mit ihrer Mutter Kunti. Als ihre Söhne die Macht übernommen haben, zieht sich Kunti mit ihren Schwagern Dhritarashtra und Vidura sowie mit Dhritarashtras Frau Gandhari in die Wälder zurück, wo sie bei einem Waldbrand ums Leben kommt.

Literatur
 A. C. Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada: Die Lehren Königin Kuntis. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1991, ISBN 91-7149-040-X
 Brajasundari Devi Dasi: Kunti: An Epic Character of Mahabharat. Touchstone Media, 2003, ISBN 81-87897-10-4
 Arti Dhand: The Subversive Nature of Virtue in the Mahābhārata: A Tale about Women, Smelly Ascetics, and God. In: Journal of the American Academy of Religion 72,1. Oxford University Press 2004, S. 33–58.
 Wendy Doniger: Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in ancient Greece and India. University of Chicago Press, 1999, ISBN 0-226-15641-9
 Pradip Bhattacharya: Pancha Kanya. The Five Virgins of Indian Epics. A Quest in Search of Meaning. Writer's Workshop, Kolkata 2005.
 Uma Narain: Resurrecting the Mother in Mata Hidimba. In: Economic and Political Weekly 38, 17. Mumbai 2003, S. 1680–1683.
 M. A. Mehendale: Kunti's Relation with Durvasas. In: Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 39. Poona 2008, S. 129–132.

Weblinks

 Mahabharata im Internet Sacred Text Archive (englisch, sanskrit)
 Kunti in der Indianetzone
 Stammbaum (PDF; 69 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Person der indischen Mythologie
Mahabharata

Kunti


Harry Houdini – ungarsk-amerikansk udbryderkonge og tryllekunstner.

Houdini kan også henvise til:

Personer
 Bess Houdini – (1876–1943), Harry Houdinis assistant og hustru

Film og tv
 Houdini (film) – amerikansk biografisk film fra 1953
 Houdini (miniserie) – tv-miniserie om Harry Houdini fra 2014

Musik
 Houdini (album) – af The Melvins fra 1993

Houdini (flertydig)


Bøle Station (Bøle stoppested) var en jernbanestation på Vestfoldbanen og Bratsbergbanen, der lå i Skien kommune i Norge.

Stationen blev oprettet som trinbræt 1. september 1883 Oprindeligt hed Bøhle, men den skiftede navn til Bøle i april 1894. Den blev opgraderet til holdeplads 1. februar 1884 men nedgraderet til trinbræt igen 15. august 1933. Den blev nedlagt 28. maj 1978.

Stationsbygningen var en billetkiosk, der blev opført i 1884. Den blev senere revet ned.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Vestfoldbanen
Nedlagte jernbanestationer i Norge
Etableret i 1883
Ophørt i 1978
Jernbanestationer i Telemark

Bøle Station


Vox in Rama ou Vox in Ramah é uma  bula papal  emitida pelo Papa  Gregório IX  em várias cópias em 11 a 13 de Junho de 1233. É o primeiro texto eclesiástico oficial que afirma a realidade das cerimônias malignas secretas organizadas por hereges com a participação do  Diabo.

Bulas pontifícias
Papa Gregório IX

Vox in Rama


Marcel Gafton () a fost un poet și traducător român.

Biografie
S-a născut în satul Pechea din județul Covurlui în familia învățătorilor Antonia (n. Sârbu) și Nicolae Gh. Gafton, primind la naștere numele Maricel. A urmat studii secundare la Brăila (absolvite în 1945) și apoi studii universitare la Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București (1946-1949), pe care nu le-a mai finalizat.

Activitatea literară
A debutat în 1945 cu poeme în Caietul de poezie nr. 1 al Revistei Fundațiilor Regale (1945). A colaborat la revistele Revista Fundațiilor Regale, Viața românească, Dunărea (Brăila), Popas literar, Fapta, Națiunea, România literară, Luceafărul și Secolul 20. A publicat mult mai târziu patru volume de poezii: Non possumus (1972), Miraria (1977), Adică (1982) și Șaizeci poeme (1986), făcând parte din categoria "fanteziștilor manieriști" și evidențiindu-se, potrivit istoricului literar Ion Cristofor, ca "un poet de accentuat rafinament lingvistic, cu ambiții de novator al limbajului poetic". Poeziile din volumul său de debut "unesc delicatețea sufletească și intelectualismul, rareori travestite prin experimente lexicale", considera criticul Marian Popa. Criticul Ion Rotaru îl considera un poet ermetist muzical, dar superficial, cu un stil poetic asemănător cu cel al lui Gellu Naum, un "maestru al răsucirii în fel și chip a frazelor, chiar a tăierii lor, când e cazul".

Marcel Gafton este cunoscut prin numeroasele traduceri literare realizate. A tradus, singur sau în colaborare, scrierile lui Eduard Bass, Anatole France, Alexandre Dumas, Jules Renard, Jean Giono, Maxim Gorki, Alexandr Fadeev, Boris Gorbatov, Boris Pilniak, Mihail Șolohov, Iuri Trifonov, Ivan Turgheniev, Ilia Vergasov, Stratis Mirivilis, Dragomir Petrov ș.a.

Opera
 Non possumus, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1972;
 Miraria, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1977;
 Adică, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1982;
 Șaizeci poeme, Ed. Cartea Românească, București, 1986.

Traduceri

 Veniamin Kaverin, Doi căpitani, în colab. cu Lidia Zamfirescu, București, 1950;
 Ivan Turgheniev, Rudin, în colab., București, 1950;
 Serghei Mihalkov, Ilia Golovin, în colab., București, 1950;
 Boris Gorbatov, Doi tovarăși. E. Gorobiov. O dimineață cu vânt, în colab., București, 1951;
 L. Kosmodemianskaia, Povestire despre Zoia și Șura, în colab., București, 1951;
 Leon Kruczkowski, Kordian și țăranul, în colab., București, 1952;
 T. Svatopluk, Fără patron, în colab., București, 1955;
 A. Verșinin, Cei ce merg împotriva curentului, în colab. cu E. Antonescu, București, 1956;
 Marie Pujmanová, Trilogie, vol. I, în colab., București, 1955;
 Orígenes Lessa, Dona Beralda își caută fiica, în colab., București, 1957;
 Mihail Șolohov, Povestiri de pe Don. Soarta unui om, în colab., București, 1957;
 Alexandr Fadeev, Înfrângere, în colab., București, 1957;
 Aleksei Silici Novikov-Priboi, Căpitan de rangul I, în colab., București, 1958;
 Alexandr Fadeev, Tânăra gardă, în colab., București, 1959;
 Tveatko Kaftandziev, Legea prieteniei, în colab., București, 1959;
 Anatoli Rîbakov, Stiletul, în colab., București, 1959;
 Ilia Vergasov, În munții Tauridei. Însemnările unui partizan, în colab., București, 1959;
 Menelaos Ludemis, Cerul se înnourează, în colab., cuvânt înainte de Demostene Botez, București, 1960;
 Mayne Reid, Călărețul fără cap, în colab., București, 1961 (altă ed., vol. I-II, 1998);
 Maxim Gorki, Viața lui Klim Samghin (Patruzeci de ani), vol. I-IV, în colab., București, 1961;
 Astrid Lindgren, Aventurile lui Kalle Bolemkvist, în colab., București, 1962;
 Stratis Mirivilis, Viața în mormânt, în colab., București, 1963;
 Olga Kobyleanska, Pământ, în colab. cu Eugen Mihaiciuk, București, 1964;
 Filipou G. Pieridis, Vremuri grele, în colab., București, 1966;
 Iuri Oleșa, Invidie, în colab., București, 1966;
 Eduard Bass, Circul Humberto, în colab., București, 1966;
 Anatole France, Thaïs, București, 1966 (altă ed., 1997);
 Evgheni Gorbov, Casa cu plopi, în colab., București, 1966;
 Mihailo Lalic, Nunta, în colab., București, 1967;
 Jules Renard, Scrieri alese, în colab., București, 1967;
 Artiom Vesiolîi, Rusia scăldată în sînge, vol. I-II, în colab., București, 1967 (altă ed., Pitești, 2002);
 Romulo Gallegos, Doña Bárbara, în colab., București, 1968;
 Maxim Gorki, Viața lui Matvei Kojemeakin, în colab., București, 1968;
 Alexandre Dumas, După douăzeci de ani, vol. I-II, București, 1969;
 Viktor Konețki, Focuri pe stâncile de gheață, în colab., București, 1969;
 Boris Pilniak, Anul gol, în colab., București, 1969 (altă ed., Pitești, 2002);
 Jean Giono, Să-mi rămână bucuria, în colab., București, 1971;
 Maxim Gorki, Copilăria. La stăpân. Universitățile mele, vol. I-III, în colab., București, 1972;
 N. Ognev, Jurnalul lui Kostea Riabțev, vol. I-II, în colab., București, 1972;
 Leonid Juhovițki, Mai stai și te uită în urmă, în colab., București, 1973;
 Leopold Lahola, Înmormântarea lui David Kracower, în colab., București, 1974;
 Dragomir Petrov, Fântâni. Poeme, cu o întâmpinare de Marcel Gafton, București, 1974;
 Jules Renard, Morcoveață, în colab. cu M. Morariu, București, 1979 (ed. noi, 1984, 2002);
 Iuri Trifonov, Un lung bun rămas, în colab., București, 1980;
 Honoré de Balzac, Femeia părăsită, trad. în colab., Iași, 2002.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ion Rotaru, "Marcel Gafton", în vol. O istorie a literaturii române, vol. III: 1944-1984, Editura Minerva, București, 1987, pp. 225-226.

Nașteri în 1925
Decese în 1987
Poeți români din secolul al XX-lea
Traducători români
Oameni din județul interbelic Covurlui

Marcel Gafton


Fabbrica Rotabili Avantreni Motori war ein italienischer Hersteller von Motorfahrzeugen. Das Unternehmen stellte zwischen 1906 und 1913 überwiegend elektrisch angetriebene Kraftfahrzeuge unter den Markennamen FRAM und evtl. Cantono her.

Unternehmensgeschichte
Hauptmann Eugenio Cantono erhielt gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ein Patent auf einen Dynamo.

Eugenio Cantono, Hauptmann in der italienischen Armee, erhielt gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ein Patent auf einen Dynamo. Gestützt darauf, gründete er 1900 in Rom sein erstes Unternehmen, die Eugenio Cantono S.A., später reorganisiert als Cantono Avantreni S.A. Es produzierte Personenwagen und Nutzfahrzeuge als Avant-Trains nach eigenem System. Nach einer Insolvenz um 1904 kam es zu weiteren Reorganisationen als SA Ligure-Romana Vetture und schließlich Fabbrica Rotabili Avantreni Motori S.A. Das Unternehmen produzierte ab 1906 in Genua. Anfangs lautete der Markenname evtl. noch Cantono, später FRAM. Nach 1914 ist keine Fahrzeugherstellung mehr nachgewiesen.

Fahrzeuge

Elektro-Personenwagen
Das Unternehmen stellte zunächst Fahrzeuge mit Elektromotor her. Es gab die Modelle A als Avant-Train, der vor unmotorisierte Fahrzeuge gespannt wurde, und Tourisme als komplette Fahrzeuge. Die Akkumulatoren waren oberhalb der Achse montiert und später mit einer Haube abgedeckt, die der Motorhaube von Benzinautos ähnelte.

Benzin-Personenwagen
1906 wurde das erste Fahrzeug mit Zweizylinder-Ottomotor vorgestellt. 1911 endete die Produktion von Personenwagen.

Elektro-Nutzfahrzeuge
Bereits der erste Avant-Train wurde überwiegend als Nutzfahrzeug verwendet. Als Nutzfahrzeug konzipierte Fahrzeuge entstanden zwischen 1906 und 1913. Das Modell B war ein Avant-Train.

Technik der Avant-Trains

Der Avant-Train ist eine Fahrzeugkomponente, die anstelle von Vorderachse und Deichsel von pferdegezogenen Fahrzeugen montiert wird und diese so zu Motorfahrzeugen macht. Es gab sie mit Verbrennungs-, Dampf- oder Elektromotoren. Das Cantono-System beruht auf letzterem. Es besteht aus der Achse selber, der Drehschemellenkung mit Lenksäule und Lenkrad, dem auf der Achse angebrachten Batteriesatz und den mit je einem Gleichstrommotor angetriebenen Vorderrädern. Die Elektromotoren treiben über Zahnräder je eines der Vorderräder an und wirken auch als Vorderradbremsen. In der ersten Version hatte das Fahrzeug einen Batteriesatz mit 44 Zellen. Je ein Gleichstrommotor trieb über Zahnräder eines der Vorderräder an. Am Fahrzeug steht die Lenksäule senkrecht.

Trolleybusse
Ab 1905 wurden einige leichte Trolleybusse hergestellt. Die zweiachsigen Fahrzeuge hatten eine von Cantono hergestellte Elektrik und Hinterradantrieb. Mit diesen Fahrzeugen wurde eine Oberleitungs-Buslinie zwischen Pescara und Castellamare betrieben. Zum Warentransport wurden von diesem Trolleybus auch Oberleitungslastkraftwagen mit 3 Tonnen Nutzlast. Sie wurden auf der gleichen Strecke eingesetzt.

Verbindung nach Deutschland
1908 erwarb die Deutsche Elektromobil GmbH aus Düsseldorf eine Lizenz, die tatsächliche Produktion ist nicht nachgewiesen. Die Fram Auto AG aus Berlin bot ab 1911 die Benzinautos in Deutschland an.

Verbindung nach Frankreich
1902 wurde eine Niederlassung in Frankreich eingerichtet. Sie organisierte eine eigene Produktion in Paris, wobei De Dion-Bouton wahrscheinlich für die tatsächliche Produktion verantwortlich war. Der Markenname war F.R.A.M. Von 1912 bis 1914 gab es eine breite Palette an Nutzfahrzeugen. Nachweisbar ist ein Fünftonnen-LKW mit zwei Zwillingsrädern vorn und zwei 7 PS-Elektromotoren, die auf diese einwirkten. Ein kleinerer Dreitonner wurde von den Pariser Kommunalwerken zur Stadtreinigung eingesetzt.

Lizenzvergabe in die USA

Von 1904 bis 1907 fertigte die Cantono Electric Tractor Company aus Marion in New Jersey Automobile von Cantono in Lizenz. Es scheint, dass das US-Unternehmen diese Bremsen bei seinen Komplettfahrzeugen generell eingesetzt hat.

Die Cantono-Marken gehören damit zu den frühesten Anbietern von Vierradbremsen, die sich erst in den 1920er Jahren allgemein durchsetzten.

Literatur

 George Nick Georgano: The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Volume 1 A–F. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1 (englisch)
 G. N. Georgano (Hrsg.), G. Marshall Naul: Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles. Motor Books International, Osceola WI 1979, ISBN 0-87341-024-6. (englisch)
 Beverly Rae Kimes (Hrsg.), Henry Austin Clark jr.: Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942. 3. Auflage. Krause Publications, Iola WI 1996, ISBN 0-87341-428-4.

Weblinks
 Grace's Guide: Engineering 1899; Jan-Jun: Index: Patent_Record; Electrical Apparatus. (englisch) (abgerufen am 3. August 2017)

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliger Pkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliger Lkw-Hersteller (Italien)
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Genua)

Fabbrica Rotabili Avantreni Motori


Alfred Henschke, mai cunoscut prin pseudonimul Klabund, () a fost un scriitor german.

Biografie
Klabund s-a născut în 1890 sub numele Alfred Henschke în orașul Crossen (azi în Polonia) și era fiul unui farmacist. La vârsta de 16 ani s-a îmbolnăvit de tuberculoză, pe care inițial doctorii au diagnosticat-o greșit ca pneumonie. A suferit de această boală pentru tot restul vieții sale scurte.

După promovarea examenului de Abitur (certificatul de absolvire a studiilor secundare) cu cele mai mari note în 1909 la Frankfurt pe Oder, a studiat chimia și farmacologia la München. Cu toate acestea, și-a schimbat curând planurile și a studiat filozofia, filologia și teatrul la München, Berlin și Lausanne. El cunoscuse deja boema din München prin intermediul istoricului teatral Artur Kutscher și, printre altele, i-a fost prezentat lui Frank Wedekind. În 1912 a renunțat la studii și a luat pseudonimul Klabund, considerându-se el însuși, potrivit lui Peter Hille, ca un poet vagabond. Un prim volum de poezie a fost publicat sub titlul Morgenrot! Klabund! Die Tage dämmern!  (Zori! Klabund! Zilele se întunecă!) Numele Klabund era un nume german din regiunile de nord și nord-est și a fost conceput de el și de alții ca o combinație între Klabautermann (un strigoi viclean din folclorul german) și Vagabund (vagabond).

În 1913 Klabund a intrat în contact cu revista PAN a lui Alfred Kerr, deși el a continuat să publice în revistele Jugend și Simplicissimus. Începând din 1914 a colaborat la Die Schaubühne, care mai târziu și-a schimbat numele în Die Weltbühne (Scena mondială). Când a izbucnit Primul Război Mondial, el s-a manifestat cu entuziasm, la fel ca mulți alți scriitori ai timpului, și a scris diverse poezii patriotice. El nu a fost încorporat în armată din cauza tuberculozei și, de fapt, în timpul anilor de război, a călătorit adesea la diverse sanatorii elvețiene. În acest timp el a început să dezvolte un interes față de literatura din Orientul Îndepărtat, pe care a început să o traducă și să o adapteze. În cursul acelor ani, opiniile lui Klabund s-au schimbat și a devenit un adversar al războiului. În 1917 a publicat o scrisoare deschisă către kaiserul Wilhelm al II-lea în ziarul Neue Zürcher Zeitung, cerându-i să abdice, și a fost acuzat de trădare și lezmajestate.

În 1918 s-a căsătorit cu Brunhilde Herberle, pe care a întâlnit-o într-un sanatoriu pentru pacienții cu boli de plămâni. Ea a murit mai târziu în acel an, ca urmare a unor complicații la o naștere prematură. În același an Klabund a publicat cea mai populară operă literară a sa în proză, romanul Bracke.

în 1920 Klabund a dedicat scurtul roman romantic Marietta iubitei și muzei sale Marietta di Monaco.

În 1923 s-a căsătorit cu actrița Carola Neher. Apoi, în 1925, piesa lui Der Kreidekreis (Cercul de cretă), inspirat de o poveste chineză, a fost reprezentată pentru prima dată la Meissen. Reprezentațiile piesei de la Berlin jucate mai târziu în acel an au avut parte de un mare succes; (Bertolt Brecht a adaptat piesa mai târziu în Kaukasischer Kreidekreis (Cercul de cretă caucazian)). În anii care au urmat, Klabund a scris în mod regulat piese pentru cabarete, inclusiv Schall und Rauch. Poeziile și cântecele sale de inspirație populară i-au adus o mare popularitate.

În mai 1928, în timpul șederii în Italia, s-a îmbolnăvit de pneumonie, care, împreună cu tuberculoza latentă, i-au pus viața în pericol. El a fost adus la Davos pentru tratament, dar a murit la scurt timp după aceea. A fost îngropat în orașul natal Crossen (acum Krosno Odrzańskie) și a fost elogiat de către prietenul și colegul scriitor Gottfried Benn. O stea pe Walk of Fame of Cabaret din Mainz i-a fost dedicată ulterior.

Opera

Klabund a scris 25 de piese de teatru și 14 romane — mai multe dintre ele au fost publicate abia după moartea lui —, numeroase povestiri, multe adaptări și câteva studii despre istoria literaturii. Între 1998 și 2003 a fost publicată o colecție din lucrările sale în opt volume.

Filmografie selectivă
 Ein Sommernachtstraum (1925)

Note

Legături externe

  Scrierile lui Klabund pe situl gutenberg.spiegel.de

 Free downloads of 2 audiobooks of Klabund's in German: total 19 minutes, 17.5 MBs

Nașteri în 1890
Decese în 1928
Dramaturgi din secolul al XX-lea
Germani cunoscuți sub pseudonimele folosite
Scriitori germani din secolul al XX-lea
Decese cauzate de boli pulmonare

Klabund


Bulgarii (în ) sunt principalul grup etnic din Bulgaria, numărând 5.664.624 de persoane conform recensământului din 2011, adică 76,9% din totalul populației.

Numărul și cota

Numărul și cota de bulgari, potrivit recensământului din Bulgaria a lungul anilor:

Numărul și cota de bulgari, potrivit recensământului din Bulgaria a lungul anilor, de regiuni:

Vezi și
Demografia Bulgariei

Referințe

Bulgari
Grupuri etnice din Bulgaria

Bulgarii din Bulgaria


في الرياضيات، وبشكل خاص في الطوبولوجيا، الحزمة الليفية هي عبارة عن فضاء يبدو محليا كفضاء جداء. لكنه بشكل كلي قد يحوي بنية طبولوجية مختلفة حيث فد لا يكون بشكل كلي هوموموفي مع فضاء الجداء. كل حزمة ليفية تتكون من تطبيق غامر مستمر:

حيث أن منطقة صغيرة في الفضاء الكلي E تبدو كمنطقة صغير في فضاء الجداء B × F. هنا هو فضاء القاعدة بينما F هو فضاء الليف. كمثال بأخذ E هي فضاء الجداء B × F، مزودة بالتطبيق π = pr1 (المسقط إلى الإحداثي الأول)، تكون حزمة ليف. وتدعى الحزمة المبتذلة.

انظر أيضاً
 حزمة شعاعية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

حزم ليفية

حزمة ليفية


Vid Botono ml., hvarski biskup 1349. godine. Iz zadarske plemićke obitelji Botono. Sinovac zadarskog biskupa Ivana, čiji je brat Vito, također bio hvarski biskup.

Izvori

Životopisi, Hvar
Botono
Hrvatski biskupi

Vid Botono ml.


An Restio patens in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Maxwell Tylden Masters. An Restio patens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Restio, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Restio

Restio patens


El Campeonato del mundo de motociclismo de 2002 fue la 54.º edición del Campeonato Mundial de Motociclismo
promovido por la F.I.M.. La temporada se inició el día 7 de abril en Suzuka y finalizó el día 3 de noviembre en Valencia. Valentino Rossi acabó conquistando el título de MotoGP en 2002.

La gran novedad para esa temporada fue el cambio de las motocicletas de 500cc a las de 990cc, cambiando también el nombre de la categoría, que pasó desde entonces a llamarse MotoGP.

Grandes Premios

MotoGP
Sistema de puntuación
Los puntos se reparten entre los quince primeros clasificados en acabar la carrera.

Campeonato de pilotos
{|
|

Campeonato de constructores
{|
|

Campeonato de equipos
{|
|

250 cc

125 cc

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial MotoGP

2002
Deportes de motor en 2002

Temporada 2002 del Campeonato del Mundo de Motociclismo


Viktorianer steht für:

 dem Viktorianischen Zeitalter zugehörige Person(en) (vgl. viktorianisch)
 eine andere Bezeichnung für Spritzkuchen

Viktorianer


Schoenolirion, rod trajnica iz porodice šparogovki, dio je potporodice saburovki. Priznato je tri vrste američkih endema na jugoistoku SAD-a i na zapad do Teksasa.

Vrste
 Schoenolirion albiflorum (Raf.) R.R.Gates
 Schoenolirion croceum (Michx.) Alph.Wood
 Schoenolirion wrightii Sherman

Izvori

Saburovke

Schoenolirion


Margaret Caroline Llewelyn Davies (1861-1944) est une militante sociale britannique qui est secrétaire générale de la Co-operative Women's Guild de 1889 à 1921, militante pour les droits des femmes.

Jeunesse
Margaret Caroline Llewelyn Davies est née le 16 octobre 1861 à Marylebone, Londres, la plus jeune des sept enfants nés de Mary Crompton et de John Llewelyn Davies. Les parents de Davies sont impliqués dans des mouvements intellectuels radicaux quand elle est enfant. Son père est le vicaire de Christ Church à Marylebone, ainsi qu'un membre du Trinity College et un ennemi déclaré de la pauvreté et des inégalités, actif dans les groupes chrétiens sociaux, et également impliqué dans le premier mouvement coopératif. Sa tante, Emily Davies, aide à fonder le Girton College de Cambridge, où Margaret étudie de 1881 à 1883, après avoir fréquenté le Queen's College de Londres . Beaucoup de membres de sa famille élargie sont également actifs politiquement, en particulier autour de la question du suffrage des femmes .

Carrière
Davies travaille comme inspectrice sanitaire volontaire  et est impressionné par la théorie coopérative de la Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers. Elle rejoint la Marylebone Co-operative Society en 1886, et peu de temps après est élue secrétaire du groupe Marylebone de la Co-operative Women's Guild. Un an plus tard, elle est élue au comité exécutif national de la Guilde. Davies et son amie Rosalind Mary Shore Smith font des recherches sur les ateliers de partage des bénéfices en 1888 et recommandent de ne pas les adopter par le mouvement . Elle est nommée secrétaire générale de la Guilde en 1889  conservant ce poste jusqu'en 1921 . Au cours de son mandat, la Guilde devient beaucoup plus active politiquement qu'elle ne l'était auparavant . La même année où elle devient secrétaire générale, la famille déménage à Kirkby Lonsdale, où son père est recteur à l'église St Mary's . À Kirkby Lonsdale, Davies travaille en étroite collaboration avec Lilian Harris, qui devient la caissière de la Guilde en 1893 et sa secrétaire adjointe en 1901 . Olive Banks écrit dans son dictionnaire biographique des féministes britanniques de 1985 qu '"il fut bientôt évident ... que Margaret avait trouvé plus qu'une collègue, car Lilian devait être son amie et sa compagne pour la vie" . En 1908, le père de Davies prend sa retraite, et Davies et Harris déménagent à Hampstead, où son père reste avec eux jusqu'à sa mort en 1916 .

Pendant le mandat de Davies en tant que secrétaire générale, elle supervise l'accent mis sur la réalisation du quatrième des objectifs déclarés de la Guilde, "améliorer les conditions des femmes dans tout le pays" . Elle encourage la promotion par la Guilde des réformes sociales, notamment pour le suffrage des femmes, tandis que des activités comme les cours de couture sont mis de coté par l'organisation . À partir de 1893, les sections discutent du droit de vote des femmes et recueillent des signatures pour des pétitions le soutenant . Ses opinions personnelles, combinant socialisme et féminisme, façonnent l'orientation de la Guilde .

En 1909, Llewelyn Davies témoigne devant une commission royale sur la réforme du droit du divorce, et la Guilde commence à plaider en faveur de l'égalité des divorces. A cette époque, par exemple, l'adultère pouvait être la base d'un divorce s'il était commis par une femme, pas par son mari . En 1912, la Guilde adopte une politique, appuyée par son congrès annuel, selon laquelle un couple marié devrait être autorisé à divorcer après une période de séparation de deux ans. Cela est contesté par certains membres du mouvement coopératif, notamment ses membres catholiques, et conduit à l'arrêt de la subvention annuelle de 400 £ à la Guilde du conseil central de l'Union coopérative. Llewelyn Davies s'en tient à la ligne politique convenue par le congrès, et le travail de la Guilde est financé par les branches jusqu'à la restauration de la subvention quatre ans plus tard . Llewelyn Davies est une pacifiste engagée, et la Guilde adopte également une position pacifiste . Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, Llewelyn Davies est élue au conseil général de l'Union pour le contrôle démocratique .

En 1915, Llewelyn Davies compile Maternity: Letters from Working Women, un livre basé sur les lettres de membres de la Guilde sur leurs expériences de grossesse, d'accouchement et d'éducation des enfants. En 1931, elle est la rédactrice en chef de Life as we have Known it, un recueil de réflexions des membres de la Guilde, qui comprenait une introduction par l'amie de Llewelyn Davies, Virginia Woolf  .

L'élection de Davies au poste de secrétaire générale est décrite par Jean Gaffin et David Thoms, auteurs de Caring & sharing: the centenary history of the Co-operative Women's Guild (1993), comme un «tournant» dans l'histoire de l'organisation; son mandat inaugure une ère de croissance et de succès sans précédent pour la Guilde . Davies est considérée comme une figure si importante de la Guilde, et sa retraite une telle perte, que Catherine Webb commence à écrire La Femme au panier, une histoire de la Guilde à ce moment-là . Harris prend sa retraite en même temps que Davies . Ni Davies ni Harris n'ont été payés pour leur travail pour la Guilde, ce qui aide l'organisation à rester financièrement stable même pendant la période où le financement du conseil central est suspendu . Honora Enfield, qui est la secrétaire privée de Davies depuis 1917, succède à Davies au poste de secrétaire général .

Dernières années et héritage
En 1944, l'historien GDH Cole décrit Davies comme "En termes de qualités personnelles et d'idéalisme désintéressé ... de loin la plus grande femme qui s'est activement identifiée au mouvement coopératif britannique" et a identifié sa nomination au poste de secrétaire général comme le précurseur de devenir "une force progressiste vraiment puissante" . L'auteur Mavis Curtis écrit que Davies "a fixé l'ordre du jour de la Guilde pendant trente-deux ans lorsqu'elle a pris sa retraite en 1921" et que "sa personnalité énergique et ses convictions fermement ancrées sont restées une force directrice dans le Guid pendant de très nombreuses années" . Banks considère que « bien qu'ayant sans aucun doute une profonde influence sur la guilde, Davies n'était pas un autocrate. Son talent particulier est d'amener les femmes de la classe ouvrière à parler ou à écrire sur leurs propres expériences." .

Après avoir pris sa retraite de la Guilde, Davies continue à soutenir le mouvement pacifiste. Elle est l'une des fondatrices de l'International Women's Co-operative Guild, avec Enfield et d'autres, en 1921. De 1924 à 1928, elle est présidente de la Société pour les relations culturelles avec l'URSS . Davies et Harris déménagent à Dorking, où Davies est décédé le . Dans une critique de livre parue en 2017 dans le Times Literary Supplement, June Purvis écrit que Davies a été "largement oubliée... il est bon de se rappeler que sous sa direction, la Women's Co-operative Guild a fait campagne non seulement pour un salaire décent, un divorce égal des lois et des améliorations du bien-être, mais aussi pour le suffrage universel.". En 2020, Margaret Llewelyn Davies : avec des femmes pour un nouveau monde, une biographie de Ruth Cohen, est publiée . Il y a une plaque commémorative pour Davies dans le cimetière de l'église St Mary, Kirkby Lonsdale .

Références

Liens externes

Suffragette britannique
Décès en mai 1944
Naissance en octobre 1861
Décès à 82 ans

Margaret Llewelyn Davies


(Infinity) (Beskonačno) šesti je album grupe Plavi orkestar. Album sadrži 12 pjesama od kojih su hitovi Odlazim, Šampion, Azra, Tako male stvari itd. Izašao je 1999. godine. godine u izdanju Pop Recordsa iz Slovenije. Nakon uspjeha ovog albuma uslijedila je pauza do 2009. godine.

U Hrvatskoj je ovaj album objavljen u izdanju Dallas Recordsa.

Pozadina
Grupa je nastupila na VŠS u Sarajevu 1999. godine s pjesmom Šampion. Osvojili su 4. mjesto.

Album
Osim članova benda, u snimanju su sudjelovali Nikša Bratoš, Marijan Brkić i drugi. Loša je za ovaj album svirao i tamburicu.

Za pjesmu Odlazim snimljen je i spot.

Popis pjesama na albumu
 Odlazim
 Djevojka Iz Snova – Modugno, Goran Petranović, Saša Lošić
 Otrovni Cvijet
 Tako Male Stvari
 Sada Mi Se Javljaš
 Jedina
 Šampion – Špela Možina
 Azra
 O Kakav Mjesec
 Pijem Da Je Zaboravim – H. Kučuk, R. Popović
 Ljubav Nije Laka Stvar
 Zauvijek

O albumu
Album je snimljen u Studio Metro, Ljubljana i studiju Melopoja, Pameče Pri Slovenj Gradcu. Na stvaranju albuma su sudjelovali:
 Ćera I - bass gitara, prateći vokal
 Janez Križaj - koproducent
 Ćera II - bubnjevi, prateći vokal
 Boštjan Podlesnik - inženjer
 Marijan Brkić - gitara
 Saša Zalepugin - gitara, prateći vokal
 Nikša Bratoš - gitara, klavijature, koproducent, obrada
 Saša Lošić - glazba i tekstovi za pjesme 1, 3 do 9, 11 i 12
 Aljoša Rebolj - fotografija
 Saša Lošić - vokal, gitara, tamburica, producent, obrada

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Albumi iz 1999.
Albumi sastava Plavi orkestar

(Infinity) (album)