Mayce Edward Christopher Webber III (born March 1, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player. Webber played most of 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Sacramento Kings. Drafted number one overall by the Orlando Magic in the 1993 NBA draft, Webber became a 5-time NBA All-Star, a 5-time All-NBA Team member, and the NBA Rookie of the Year. He also played for the Golden
State Warriors, Washington Bullets, Philadelphia 76ers, and Detroit Pistons.

As a collegiate athlete, he was a first-team All-American and led the Michigan Wolverines' 1991 incoming freshman class known as the Fab Five that reached the 1992 and 1993 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship games as freshmen and sophomores. However, Webber was indicted by a federal grand jury and stripped of his All-American honors by the NCAA as a result of his direct involvement in the Ed Martin scandal. He is also a former National High School Basketball Player of the Year who led his high school Detroit Country Day to three Michigan State High School Basketball Championships. He now does on-air commentary for NBA games, in addition to teaching at schools including Wake Forest University and Morehouse College. On May 16, 2021, after being eligible since 2013, it was announced Webber would be a part of the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame class of 2021. His youngest brother is David Webber.

High school career
Webber attended Detroit Country Day School from 1987 to 1991 and at the time was the most recruited Michigan high school basketball player since Magic Johnson. Webber led Country Day to three MHSAA State championships. As a senior in high school Webber averaged 29.4 points and 13 rebounds per game. He was named Mr. Basketball of Michigan and the 1990–1991 National High School player of the year. He was named MVP in both the McDonald's and Dapper Dan All-Star games.

College career

After graduating from Detroit Country Day School, Webber attended the University of Michigan for two years. While a Michigan Wolverine, Webber led the group of players known as the Fab Five, which included himself, Juwan Howard, Jalen Rose, Jimmy King, and Ray Jackson. This group, all of whom entered Michigan as freshmen in the fall of 1991, took the basketball team to the NCAA finals twice, losing both times. The Fab Five, sporting long, baggy shorts and black socks, became immensely popular as they were seen as bringing a hip hop flavor to the game. Four of the Fab Five (Webber, Rose, Howard, and King) made it to the NBA. In their first season, the Fab Five led Michigan to an NCAA championship game against Duke, becoming the first team in NCAA history to compete in the championship with freshmen as all five starters.

On April 5, 1993, at Michigan's second consecutive appearance at the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game with 11 seconds remaining, Webber brought the ball up the court into a half court trap. Michigan was down 73–71. Webber attempted to call for a timeout while his team had none remaining, resulting in a technical foul that effectively clinched the game for North Carolina. Webber continues to receive ridicule for his time-out error; when he joined Inside the NBA in 2008, part of the humorous initiation ceremony was the question "In college basketball how many timeouts do you get in a game?" (Webber replied, "I still don't know the answer!") His father has a license plate that says timeout. The error was later referenced in the 2018 sports comedy film Uncle Drew, in which Webber played the role of Preacher.

The game marked the end of Webber's acclaimed two-year collegiate basketball career. In his second season, he was a first team All-American selection and a finalist for the John R. Wooden Award and Naismith College Player of the Year. These awards and honors have been vacated due to University of Michigan and NCAA sanctions related to the University of Michigan basketball scandal. In that scandal, Webber received over $200,000 from a local booster while playing basketball for Michigan. Webber was convicted of perjury and banned from any affiliation with the Michigan program until 2013.

Despite the ban, Webber attended the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game between Michigan and Louisville. He apparently watched the game from a private suite, rather than in the grandstands near courtside, where the other members of the Fab Five watched the game together. Webber posted on Twitter before the game: "I'm here at the Georgia Dome to show my support for the Michigan men's basketball team in its quest for a National Championship. I've known some of the players on the team since they were kids and I am excited for them and all of the student athletes on the court tonight who are wearing the Michigan uniform. It has been a great season and I wish them all the best."

University of Michigan basketball scandal

In 2002, Webber was charged for lying to a grand jury as part of a larger investigation of a numbers gambling operation, run by Michigan basketball program booster Ed Martin, in Ford Motor Company plants in the Detroit area. The investigation, originally focused on the numbers operation and tax evasion, soon widened to include the University of Michigan basketball program. Martin was convicted on counts of tax evasion and robbery and was scheduled to testify on the financial connections between himself and Webber at a sentencing hearing, but died of a heart attack before the hearing.

As a result of evidence admitted during the course of Martin's trial, Webber pleaded guilty to one count of criminal contempt for lying about his role in a scandal in which four players, including himself, had accepted illicit loans from Martin. Martin had been giving money to Webber since the 8th grade. He admitted in the plea that in 1994 he gave Martin about $38,000 in cash as partial repayment for expenditures Martin made on his behalf. He was ordered to pay $100,000 and perform 330 hours of community service.

Due to concerns that Webber's amateur status had been compromised, Michigan forfeited its victory in the 1992 Final Four over Cincinnati, as well as its runner-up status in the 1992 tourney. Michigan also forfeited the entire 1992–93 season, removed the 1992 and 1993 Final Four banners from the Crisler Arena rafters, and deleted Webber's records from its record book. The NCAA also ordered Michigan to disassociate itself from Webber until 2013. Webber later called Michigan's decision "hurtful" because he and his Fab Five teammates "gave everything to Michigan" while they played there.

After Webber's plea, the Michigan State High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) recommended that Detroit Country Day forfeit all games in which Webber appeared (including three state championships), since according to his own admission, Webber had been accepting money from Martin since junior high school. The school conducted its own investigation, and called a press conference to announce it had found "no credible evidence" that Webber had accepted "substantial" amounts of cash from Martin while in high school, and therefore refused to forfeit any games. The MHSAA claimed it had no legal authority to force the games to be forfeited.

Webber was suspended by the NBA for a total of eight games—five for an unnamed violation of the league substance abuse policies and three for lying to the grand jury. Webber received the suspensions once he recovered from an injury that kept him out for half of the 2003–04 season.

The scandal was explored in a documentary by ESPN Films called The Fab Five, which aired in March 2011. In it, the University of Michigan repeated its position that it would not associate with Webber until he publicly apologized for his part in the Ed Martin scandal, with the self-imposed 10-year ban on its association with the remainder of the players ending in 2013. Webber declined to participate in the documentary.

Webber made his first post-ban public appearance at the University of Michigan on November 3, 2018, when he was invited by football coach Jim Harbaugh to participate as an honorary captain for its game against Penn State; Webber was warmly received at Michigan Stadium. Of the experience, Webber said on NBA TV, "Tell you what, fellas, this was a great moment, in front of 100,000 people. I had goosebumps and chills, and definitely some watery eyes." Webber also spent time with the football program as its guest before the game. He did not meet with the Michigan basketball team or staff, but despite this, head coach John Beilein stated that "I think it was a great step in the right direction that he was here." After Juwan Howard, teammate of Webber from the Fab Five, took over as head coach in 2019, Webber indicated to TMZ that he is open to reconciling with Michigan basketball and said, "Howard is my friend.... and therefore, I put pride aside", but wants his return to the Crisler Arena to be private.

Professional career

Golden State Warriors (1993–1994)
Webber was selected by the Orlando Magic with the first pick of the 1993 NBA draft, becoming the first sophomore since Magic Johnson to be a #1 overall draft pick. The Magic immediately traded him to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Penny Hardaway and three future first round draft picks. Over his 15-year NBA career, Webber made $178 million.

Webber had an outstanding first year, averaging 17.5 points and 9.1 rebounds per game and winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. He was instrumental in leading the Warriors back into the playoffs where they were swept by the Charles Barkley-led Phoenix Suns in three games. However, he had a long-standing conflict with his coach, Don Nelson. Nelson wanted to make Webber primarily a post player, despite Webber's superb passing ability and good ball handling skills for someone his size at  tall. Webber also disliked playing a substantial amount of time at center, given Nelson's propensity towards smaller, faster line ups. In the 1994 off-season, the Warriors acquired Rony Seikaly so that Webber could play primarily at power forward. However, at the time, the differences between Webber and Nelson were considered to be irreconcilable. Webber exercised a one-year escape clause in his contract, stating he had no intention of returning to the Warriors. With few alternatives, Golden State agreed to a sign-and-trade deal, sending Webber to the Washington Bullets (renamed the Wizards in 1997) for forward Tom Gugliotta and three first-round draft picks. The three draft picks included two of the picks the Warriors had traded to the Magic to obtain Webber in the first place, as the Magic had included those picks in a trade package with the Bullets less than 4 months earlier.

Washington Bullets / Wizards (1994–1998)
With the Washington Bullets, Webber was reunited with his college teammate and friend, Juwan Howard. He spent the next three years with the Bullets (later renamed the Washington Wizards), although in the 1995–96 season injuries limited him to only 15 games. Webber rebounded the following year and was named to his first All-Star team in 1997. The same season, Webber led the Bullets into the playoffs for the first time in nine years, but they were swept by the Michael Jordan-led Chicago Bulls in three games. By 1998, Webber had established himself as a great power forward, but his time in Washington had also worn out.

Sacramento Kings (1998–2005)

On May 14, 1998, Webber was traded to the Sacramento Kings for Mitch Richmond and Otis Thorpe. Although Webber originally did not want to go to the Kings, as they were a perennially losing team, he had his best years in Sacramento and nearly took the team to the NBA Finals.

When Webber arrived, the Kings also signed small forward Peja Stojaković and center Vlade Divac, and drafted point guard Jason Williams. In his first year with the Kings (the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season), Webber won the rebounding title averaging a league high 13.0 rebounds per game, ending Dennis Rodman's seven-year run as the NBA's rebound leader. Under the guidance of Rick Adelman, the Kings team made it into the 1999 Playoffs, where they lost to the Utah Jazz led by future hall of famers Karl Malone and John Stockton.

In years to come, Webber and the Kings became one of the league's top franchises, and NBA title contenders. He was named to the All-Star team again in 2000 and 2001 while cementing his status as one of the premier power forwards in the NBA. For the 1999–2000 season Webber was the cover athlete on NBA Jam 2000; that season, Webber led the Kings to 44 wins improving their win column from a year before, and into the first round of the 2000 Playoffs where they faced the Los Angeles Lakers. After losing the first two games of the series in Los Angeles, the Kings won the next two in Sacramento, including 23 points, 14 rebounds, 7 blocks, 8 assists and 4 steals from Webber in game four, to send the series back to Los Angeles for a deciding game 5. The Kings lost Game 5 and the series to the Lakers who went on to win the championship that year.

Webber peaked in the 2000–01 season, when he averaged a career-high 27.1 points. He also averaged 11.1 rebounds and was fourth in MVP voting, while starting at forward for the Western Conference All-Star Team in the 2001 All-Star Game in Washington. In the 2001 Playoffs, Webber and the Kings defeated the Phoenix Suns in four games of the first round to advance to the second round (first time of his career he advanced past the first round), where they faced the Los Angeles Lakers for a second year in a row. The Kings lost in four games to the Lakers despite Webber's 21 points, 11 rebounds and 8 assists in game four.

On July 27, 2001, Webber signed a seven-year, $127 million contract with the Kings. In the 2001–02 season, Webber played in 54 games leading the Kings to a Pacific division title and a franchise-record (and league-best) 61–21 season. He also made his fourth All-Star team and the All-NBA Second Team. In the 2002 Playoffs the Kings defeated the Utah Jazz in four games and Dallas Mavericks in five games in the first two rounds en route to reaching the Western Conference Finals against their archrivals, the defending-champion Los Angeles Lakers led by Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal, a series that would prove to be one of the most memorable (and most controversial) in NBA History. The series was nip and tuck all the way as both teams traded wins in the first six games of the series as the Lakers won games one, four (highlighted by the game winner from Robert Horry) and six (a game which featured many controversial calls, including a late-game foul on Mike Bibby after he was bleeding from being elbowed in the nose by Bryant. All told, the Lakers shot 27 free throws in the fourth quarter. Former NBA referee Tim Donaghy filed in court papers in 2008 said that Game 6 was fixed by the NBA. NBA Commissioner David Stern denied Donaghy's allegations. Lawrence Pedowitz, who led a review of the league's officiating following the outbreak of the scandal, concluded that while Game 6 was poorly officiated, no concrete evidence existed of it having been fixed.), while the Kings won games two, three and five, including 29 points, 13 rebounds and 3 assists from Webber plus the game-winner from teammate Mike Bibby in game five, heading into the deciding seventh game back at the ARCO Arena in Sacramento, a game which would prove to be most memorable of the series. The game was nip and tuck all the way with Webber recording 20 points, 11 assists, 8 rebounds, 2 blocks and 1 steal and Bryant and O'Neal recording 30 points, 10 rebounds, 7 assists and 2 steals, with 35 points, 13 rebounds, 4 blocks and 2 assists, respectively, as the game went into overtime with missed shots from teammates Stojakovic and Doug Christie, boiling to the last minutes of the game with Webber fouling O'Neal with 1:27 left in overtime causing O'Neal to make both free throws and the Kings would go on to lose Game 7 of the series at home. It was the closest that Webber ever got to a championship.

In the next season, Webber averaged 23 points and 11 rebounds per game. He was cited as a possible MVP candidate, and made his fifth consecutive All-Star team. In a bad sign of what was to come, Webber missed the All Star game with a sprained ankle. Nevertheless, he returned and the Kings were among the favorites to win the NBA Championship. In the second game of the 2003 Western Conference Semifinals against the Dallas Mavericks, Webber suffered a career-threatening knee injury while running down the lane untouched that forced him to miss nearly a year of action. This shattered the Kings' title hopes, and they lost the series in seven games.

After microfracture surgery, he returned for the final 24 games of the 2003–04 season, in which he led the Kings (who went 55-27 that season) into the 2004 Playoffs where they faced their archrivals the Dallas Mavericks for the third year in a row, the Kings defeated the Mavericks in five thrilling entertaining games in the first round en route to reaching the Western Conference Semifinals against the top-seeded Minnesota Timberwolves led by league MVP Kevin Garnett, a series that would prove to be one of the most memorable in NBA history. Each game was neck and neck with both teams trading wins in the first six games of the series as the Timberwolves won games two, three and five, while the Kings won games one, four and six, including 28 points, 8 rebounds, 1 assist, 3 steals and 1 block from Webber in game four, heading into the deciding seventh game back at the Target Center in Minnesota, a game which would prove to be the most memorable of the series. The game was indecisively close throughout the first three quarters, with Webber recording 16 points, 8 rebounds, 4 assists and 1 steal, and Garnett on the other hand recording 32 points, 21 rebounds, 2 assists, 4 steals and 5 blocks. The game boiled down to the last play of the game with the Kings trailing the Timberwolves by 3 with 2.5 seconds left in the game. After receiving an inbounds pass Webber pump-faked Garnett in the air and got a clean look as Garnett avoided contact for a three-point shot that rimmed out as the final buzzer sounded and the Kings lost Game 7 and the series, marking the third year in a row that the Kings lost a deciding game 7. It turned out to be the last chance the Webber-led Kings had to win a championship and he was traded the following season thus resulting in the team being dismantled the following season.

Philadelphia 76ers (2005–2007)
In February 2005, Webber was traded, along with Michael Bradley and Matt Barnes, to the Philadelphia 76ers for power forward Kenny Thomas, forward/center Brian Skinner, and former King Corliss Williamson. Webber took some time to fit in with the 76ers' system, which was geared toward star guard Allen Iverson. While the Sixers reached the 2005 playoffs, they lost to the Detroit Pistons. In the 21 games he played for Philadelphia in 2005, Webber averaged 15.6 points and 7.9 rebounds per game on 39.1% shooting. Following the 2003 microfracture surgery on his knee, Webber had lost lateral quickness and was seen as a defensive liability.

In 2006, Webber put up a resurgent 20 points and 9.9 rebounds per game in 75 games for Philadelphia. Nevertheless, the team missed the playoffs, finishing with a 38–44 record. On Tuesday, April 18, 2006, Webber and Iverson were fined for not showing up at the Philadelphia 76ers' final home game of the season, which was Fan Appreciation Night, although both of them were injured and not expected to play. The following day, they both apologized for being absent.

In the 2006–2007 season, Webber's role was reduced, and he was benched in the fourth quarter of multiple games. In November 2006, ESPN reported that "Webber's minutes and production had "dramatically declined", and that coach Maurice Cheeks had "turned him into a $20 million role player". Webber discussed his frustration with team president Billy King, but claimed he was not requesting a trade. During the 2006–07 season, Webber only played 18 of 35 games for the Sixers, leading the media to question his motivation. On January 11, 2007, King announced that the Sixers and Webber had agreed to a reported $25 million contract buyout on the remaining two years left on his contract, in effect paying him not to play. Later that day, the Sixers waived Webber, making him a free agent.

Detroit Pistons (2007)
On January 16, 2007, Webber signed with the Detroit Pistons. He has stated throughout his career that he always wanted to play for his hometown team. His usual number 4 had been retired in honor of Joe Dumars, so Webber donned the number 84, because his nephew had a dream of him making a buzzer beater with that number on. The Pistons were a much improved basketball team after Webber's acquisition, improving their record in the Eastern Conference and solidifying the first seed in the East. However, the Eastern Conference favorites failed to advance to the finals after losing to the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games in the
Eastern Conference Finals, leaving Webber short of an NBA Finals appearance yet again. Indeed, Webber performed well in the 2007 Playoffs despite receiving limited minutes. Webber still managed to average 10 points and 6 rebounds per game in the playoffs and shot an impressive 52.4% from the field. His efforts were highlighted by a game 5 performance in the Eastern Conference Finals in which Webber scored 20 points (including 5 points in the double-overtime period) on 9 of 13 shooting and grabbed 7 boards. Nevertheless, Detroit still lost what turned out to be the key game in the series in double overtime and Webber ended up averaging a career low 11.2 PPG in his run with the Pistons. During the off-season, Detroit did not re-sign Webber. Despite receiving lucrative proposals from teams in Europe, he was in free agency at the beginning of the regular season.

Return to Golden State (2008)

On January 29, 2008, the Golden State Warriors signed Webber for the rest of the season. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but the San Francisco Chronicle reported that he would receive the pro-rated veteran's minimum of $1.2 million (approximately $570,000). This came after a rejected offer by the Los Angeles Lakers who were trying to coax Webber in with two 10-day contracts so they could decide afterwards if they wanted him the rest of the season. This also put to rest talks of joining the Detroit Pistons, Dallas Mavericks, or retirement. He played in only nine games for the Warriors, averaging 3.9 points and 3.6 rebounds in 14 minutes per game.

On March 25, 2008, Webber retired from basketball due to persistent problems with his surgically repaired knee and was waived by the Warriors.
On March 27, 2008, Webber made his first appearance on television on Inside the NBA on TNT, alongside Charles Barkley and host Ernie Johnson. On April 25, 2008, TNT offered Webber a job to be a commentator for the postseason.

On February 6, 2009, Webber returned to ARCO Arena, home of the Sacramento Kings, to participate in the ceremonies surrounding the retirement of his jersey, #4.

Legacy
Webber ranked #64 in SLAM Magazines Top 75 NBA players of all time in 2003 and ranked #11 in an ESPN.com experts poll of the top power forwards of all time in 2005. He also ranked #72 on a list of the Top 96 NBA players of all time in Bill Simmons' 2009 bestseller The Book of Basketball: The NBA According to the Sports Guy. In 2021, to commemorate the NBA's 75th Anniversary The Athletic ranked their top 75 players of all time, and named Webber as the 65th greatest player in NBA history.

The Sacramento Kings retired Webber's number 4 jersey on February 6, 2009, when the Kings hosted the Utah Jazz.

Webber was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2021.

Webber's youngest brother, David, matched his total with 3 Michigan High School Athletic Association state championships (1995–97), and became Mid-American Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year.

Post-basketball life

Since retiring from the NBA, Webber became an analyst on NBA TV's NBA Gametime Live. He did the Tuesday Fan Night alongside Ernie Johnson and Kevin McHale. He also served as an occasional guest analyst (primary) on TNT's Inside the NBA from 2008 to 2021. During Charles Barkley's leave of absence, Webber substituted for him along with other guests such as Gary Payton and Mike Fratello. Since 2017, he was also a regular panelist during NBA on TNT's Monday coverage called Players Only, which features only former NBA players as studio analysts, play-by-play announcers, and color analysts for games. In 2021, Webber parted ways with TNT on the eve of the NBA playoffs. Webber has expressed interest in eventually becoming a GM and owner.

In August 2010, Webber played in the NBA Asia Challenge 2010 at Araneta Coliseum in Metro Manila, an exhibition game which pitted NBA legends and NBA Development League players against Philippine Basketball Association stars and legends.

Webber was the owner of Center Court With C-Webb, a restaurant in Sacramento, California. Opening in 2006, the restaurant closed on November 17, 2009  falling victim to the Great Recession.

Earlier that year, Webber married his longtime girlfriend Erika Dates during a private ceremony at his Atlanta home. In attendance were 200 guests including family and close friends.

In 2015, Chris Webber was the executive producer for the independent romantic-drama film Somewhere in the Middle by Lanre Olabisi. Webber has also tried his hand at music production, producing Nas's tracks "Surviving the Times" from his Greatest Hits album and "Blunt Ashes" from Hip Hop Is Dead.

In late 2016, Webber began hosting Fearless or Insane on Podcast One. In 2018, with old age makeup, he played the role of Preacher in the film Uncle Drew, which starred Kyrie Irving.

In 2016, Webber began work as a professor of practice at Wake Forest University, teaching a class in sports storytelling. In 2021 he began teaching at Morehouse College, instructing an online course on athlete activism.

In 2021 Webber announced the launch of a private equity fund for investing in minority-owned cannabis businesses. He stated: "It's crucial that we diversify leadership within the cannabis industry and level the playing field for people from our communities. For far too long, minorities have been excessively punished and incarcerated for cannabis while others profited." In 2022 he announced the launch of "Players Only", a cannabis brand that will feature flower strains, cartridges, pre-rolls, vapes, sport recovery and performance products, apparel, and more.

Personal life
African-American artifacts
Webber has a personal collection of African-American artifacts which he began collecting in 1994. He began collecting them upon entering the NBA, starting with the purchase of two slave records. Webber believes that these artifacts are a reflection of his beliefs and aspirations. He initially collected them as encouragements to face life obstacles. However, he had no intentions on exhibiting them until the growth of his collection prompted additional storage. His collection includes an original 1901 publication of an autobiography by Booker T. Washington, and various documents, letters, and postcards signed by Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X. When not on public exhibit, the artifacts are stored at the Sacramento Public Library's Archival Vault. In previous years, the Chris Webber Collection has been featured in Crocker Art Museum and Wayne State University.

On June 28, 2007, Webber unveiled his collection of African-American artifacts during the Celebrating Heritage Exhibition at Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit. During a news conference, Webber said he believed that children can learn from these artifacts, "Hopefully, when children see them they will see there is no excuse for us not to be successful. There's no excuse not to find something that you love to do. There's no excuse to not work hard at it."

Charity
Webber is active in various charities and created The Timeout Foundation in 1993. The foundation's mission is to provide positive educational and recreational opportunities to youth.

In 1999, Webber created C-Webb's Crew where a group of tickets at every Kings regular home season game would be donated to at-risk youth and their families. To date, over 3,000 youths and their families have attended a game through C-Webb's Crew.

Community awards Webber has won include the inaugural Sacramento Kings/Oscar Robertson Triple Double Award, which is annually awarded to a Kings player who exemplifies: team leadership, all-around game, and sportsmanship; the NBA Community Assist Award for his contributions in February 2003, and the Wish Maker of the Year in 2003 awarded by the Sacramento Chapter of the Make a Wish Foundation.

Webber held a celebrity weekend, Bada Bling!, at the Caesars Palace Hotel in Las Vegas. The event was held from July 28–30, 2006, and included a live auction and celebrity poker tournament. Many renowned NBA players participated including then-current and former teammates: Mike Bibby, Brad Miller, Andre Iguodala, Bobby Jackson, Kyle Korver, and his then-current coach, Maurice Cheeks. Other notable participants included Charles Barkley, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Gary Payton, Kenny Smith, Moses Malone, and Stephon Marbury. Numerous entertainers attended as well such as Nas and Common. All of the proceeds were donated to The Timeout Foundation.

Webber hosted his 2nd annual Bada Bling charity weekend from July 20–22, 2007, at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas.

Legal issues
In 1998, Webber was arrested and charged with second-degree assault, resisting arrest, possession of marijuana, driving under the influence of marijuana and five other traffic-related violations after being pulled over for speeding on the way to the practice center at the MCI Center in downtown Washington, D.C. Webber was eventually acquitted by a jury of the assault, resisting arrest, possession of marijuana and driving under the influence charges, and paid $560 in fines for lesser violations.

Later in 1998 during the off-season, while leaving Puerto Rico on a promotional tour for Fila sneakers, Webber paid a $500 fine after U.S. Customs found marijuana in his bag. Soon after Fila dropped Webber as an endorser, a three-member panel of arbitrators awarded Webber $2.61 million for breach of contract.

After the closing of his first restaurant, property owner Promenade filed a $3 million lawsuit in 2010. The claims were for violating terms of a 20-year lease signed in 2005. Promenade was seeking funds to help re-lease the property and overdue rent.

Discography
Webber also has produced hip hop records, including two songs for rapper Nas: "Blunt Ashes" and "Surviving the Times" and appeared on the skit Webber from Naughty by Nature's Grammy Award-winning album Poverty's Paradise.

Awards
5 time All-Star
5 time All-NBA – 2001 first team, 1999, 2002, & 2003 second team, 2000 third team
NBA Rookie of the Year (1994)
NBA All-Rookie First Team (1994)
1990–1991 National High School player of the year
Jerseys: #44 Detroit Country Day School, #4 Sacramento Kings
1999 NBA rebounding champ (13.0 rpg)
2021 Inductee to Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame

Career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Golden State
| 76 || 76 || 32.1 || .552 || .000 || .532 || 9.1 || 3.6 || 1.2 || 2.2 || 17.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Washington
| 54 || 52 || 38.3 || .495 || .276 || .502 || 9.6 || 4.7 || 1.5 || 1.6 || 20.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Washington
| 15 || 15 || 37.2 || .543 || .441 || .594 || 7.9 || 5.0 || 1.8 || .6 || 23.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Washington
| 72 || 72 || 39.0 || .518 || .397 || .565 || 10.3 || 4.6 || 1.7 || 1.9 || 20.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Washington
| 71 || 71 || 39.6 || .482 || .317 || .589 || 9.8 || 3.8 || 1.6 || 1.7 || 21.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 42 || 42 || 40.9 || .486 || .118 || .454 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 13.0* || 4.1 || 1.4 || 2.1 || 20.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 75 || 75 || 38.4 || .483 || .284 || .751 || 10.5 || 4.6 || 1.6 || 1.7 || 24.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 70 || 70 || 40.5 || .481 || .071 || .703 || 11.1 || 4.2 || 1.3 || 1.7 || 27.1|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 54 || 54 || 38.4 || .495 || .263 || .749 || 10.1 || 4.8 || 1.7 || 1.4 || 24.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 67 || 67 || 39.1 || .461 || .238 || .607 || 10.5 || 5.4 || 1.6 || 1.3 || 23.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 23 || 23 || 36.1 || .413 || .200 || .711 || 8.7 || 4.6 || 1.3 || .9 || 18.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 46 || 46 || 36.3 || .449 || .379 || .799 || 9.7 || 5.5 || 1.5 || .7 || 21.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 21 || 21 || 33.4 || .391 || .267 || .776 || 7.9 || 3.1 || 1.2 || .9 || 15.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 75 || 75 || 38.6 || .434 || .273 || .756 || 10.0 || 3.4 || 1.4 || .8 || 20.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 18 || 18 || 30.2 || .387 || .400 || .643 || 8.3 || 3.4 || 1.0 || .8 || 11.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 43 || 42 || 29.7 || .489 || .333 || .636 || 6.7 || 3.0 || 1.0 || .6 || 11.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|Golden State
| 9 || 8 || 14.0 || .484 ||  || .417 || 3.6 || 2.0 || .4 || .7 || 3.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 831 || 827 || 37.1 || .479 || .299 || .649 || 9.8 || 4.2 || 1.4 || 1.4 || 20.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 4 || 2 || 19.0 || .371 || .333 || .375 || 6.0 || 3.3 || 1.0 ||  || 7.5

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1994
| style="text-align:left;"|Golden State
| 3 || 3 || 36.3 || .550 || .000 || .300 || 8.7 || 9.0 || 1.0 || 3.0 || 15.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1997
| style="text-align:left;"|Washington
| 3 || 3 || 35.3 || .633 || .455 || .500 || 8.0 || 3.3 || .7 || 2.3 || 15.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1999
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 5 || 5 || 38.4 || .388 || .286 || .400 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 1.8 || 1.0 || 14.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2000
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 5 || 5 || 39.2 || .427 || .200 || .794 || 9.6 || 5.4 || 1.6 || 2.0 || 24.4|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2001
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 8 || 8 || 43.5 || .388 || .000 || .694 || 11.5 || 3.1 || 1.1 || 1.0 || 23.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2002
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 16 || 16 || 41.7 || .502 || .000 || .596 || 10.8 || 4.7 || .9 || 1.6 || 23.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2003
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 7 || 7 || 35.1 || .496 || .000 || .653 || 8.3 || 3.6 || 1.4 || 1.1 || 23.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2004
| style="text-align:left;"|Sacramento
| 12 || 12 || 37.2 || .452 || .250 || .615 || 8.3 || 3.7 || 1.3 || .8 || 18.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2005
| style="text-align:left;"|Philadelphia
| 5 || 5 || 37.2 || .411 || .357 || .750 || 5.8 || 2.8 || 1.2 || .2 || 19.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|2007
| style="text-align:left;"|Detroit
| 16 || 16' || 25.2 || .524 || .000 || .531 || 6.3 || 1.5 || .9 || .6 || 9.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 80 || 80 || 36.2 || .464 || .269 || .611 || 8.7 || 3.6 || 1.1 || 1.1 || 18.7

See also
List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders
List of National Basketball Association career triple-double leaders

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
African-American businesspeople
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
All-American college men's basketball players
American collectors
American men's basketball players
American real estate businesspeople
Basketball players from Detroit
Businesspeople in the cannabis industry
Centers (basketball)
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Detroit Country Day School alumni
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21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
National Basketball Association first-overall draft picks

Chris Webber


Isaac Herschel Goodnight (* 31. Januar 1849 bei Scottsville, Allen County, Kentucky; † 24. Juli 1901 in Franklin, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1889 und 1895 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Isaac Goodnight besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat. Im Jahr 1870 zog er nach Franklin. Danach studierte er bis 1872 an der Cumberland University in Lebanon (Tennessee). Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an dieser Universität und seiner 1873 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Franklin in seinem neuen Beruf zu arbeiten. Politisch war Goodnight Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. In den Jahren 1877 und 1878 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. 1891 führte er den Vorsitz des regionalen demokratischen Parteitages in Louisville.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1888 wurde Goodnight im dritten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1889 die Nachfolge von W. Godfrey Hunter von der Republikanischen Partei antrat, den er bei den Wahlen geschlagen hatte. Nach zwei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. März 1895 drei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Im Jahr 1894 verzichtete Goodnight auf eine erneute Kandidatur. Sein Mandat fiel wieder an Godfrey Hunter. Von 1897 bis zu seinem Tod am 24. Juli 1901 fungierte Isaac Goodnight als Richter im siebten Gerichtsbezirk von Kentucky.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Richter (Kentucky)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1849
Gestorben 1901
Mann

Isaac Goodnight


Muhammed Necibullah Ahmedzai (6 Ağustos 1947 - 27 Eylül 1996), 1987-1992 yılları arasında Afganistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nin devlet başkanı.

Peştun bir ailenin oğlu olarak Kâbil'de doğdu. Habibiye Yüksek Okulunda eğitimine başladı ve Kabil Üniversitesi'ni 1975'te doktor olarak bitirdi.

1965'te Afganistan Demokratik Halk Partisi'nin (PDPA) Perşem hizibine katıldı. 1977'de Merkezi Komite'ye seçildi. 1978'de başarılı hareketler sergiledi ve Devrimci Konsey'e katıldı. Ama PDPA'in Halk hizbi üstünlüğü kazandı ve kısa bir süre sonra Tahran'a büyükelçi olarak gönderildi. Bundan sonra Necibullah hükûmetten kovuldu ve Avrupa'ya sürgüne gönderildi ardından Afganistan vatandaşlığından da çıkartıldı.

1979'da Sovyetler Birliği'nin Afganistan'a girmesiyle Kabil'e döndü. 1980'de, Gizli Polis (KHAD) başkanlığına getirildi. 1981'de politbüroda yüksek üyeliğe terfi ettirildi. Sovyet yönetimi direnişe karşı başarılı olamayan Babrak Karmal'i 1986'da görevden uzaklaştırdı.

Necibullah, 1986'da Vatan Partisi'nin (Afganistan Demokratik Halk Partisi) Genel Sekreterliğine, 1987'de de Devlet Başkanlığına karşılık gelen Devrim Konseyi başkanlığına getirildi. Yeni bir anayasa benimsendi. Anayasaya eklenen yenilikler; çok partili siyasal sistem, ifade özgürlüğü, bağımsız hukuk gibi kavramlardı. Bu kavramları İslâmi yasaları birleştiren bir anlayışa dayanıyordu. Kasım 1987'de kabul edilen yeni anayasayla ülkenin adı Afganistan Cumhuriyeti olarak değiştirildi.

Yıllarca süren başarısız müdahalenin ardından Sovyetler Birliği Mayıs 1988 - Şubat 1989 arasında kuvvetlerini Afganistan'dan çekti. Sovyetler geri çekildikten sonra Afganistan'ın yüzde 85'inde kontrolü kaybeden Necibullah hükûmeti mücahitlerle uzlaşmaya çalıştıysa da başarılı olamadı. Mart 1990'da savunma bakanı Şahnavaz Tanay'ın liderlik ettiği bir darbe girişimini engelledi. Sovyetler Birliği ülkeden çekildikten sonra da Necibullah yönetimine yardıma devam ettiler. 1991 yılı sonunda Sovyetler Birliği'nin yıkılmasıyla Necibullah'a verilen Moskova yardımı sona erdi.

Sovyet yardımının kesilmesiyle Afgan ordusunun en önemli gücü olan hava gücü uçaklara yakıt bulunamadığı için işlevsiz hale geldi. Buna rağmen Pakistan'ın kuzeyindeki Peştun gruplardan destek alan mücahitler kısa sürede başkent Kabil'e dayandılar. 16 Nisan 1992'de devlet başkanlığından ve iktidardaki Vatan Partisi'ndeki görevlerinin tümünden istifa etti. Kabil'e giren mücahitler Necibullah yönetimine son verdiler.

İlk olarak Kabil'i terk etmeyi reddeden Necibullah, başarısız bir kaçma girişiminden sonra Kabil'deki Birleşmiş Milletler binasına sığındı. Ardından iktidara gelen Burhaneddin Rabbani yönetimi Necibullah'ı tutuklamak için bir girişimde bulunmadıysa da, ülke dışına çıkmasına da izin vermedi.

Eylül 1996'da Taliban'ın Kabil'i ele geçirmesinden hemen önce Ahmet Şah Mesud'un kaçırma teklifini reddetti. 27 Eylül 1996'da Kabil'e giren Taliban militanları tarafından sığınmış olduğu Birleşmiş Milletler binasından zorla çıkarıldı. İşkence edildikten sonra yaralı haldeyken, kardeşi Şahpur Ahmedzai ile birlikte bir elektrik direğine asılarak öldürüldü.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Muhammed Budiaf

Kaynakça

1947 doğumlular
1996 yılında ölenler
Afganistan devlet başkanları
Afgan siyasetçiler
Afgan komünister
Peştunlar
İdam edilmiş Afganlar
Kabil doğumlular
Kabil Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
İdam edilmiş cumhurbaşkanları

Muhammed Necibullah


An Stipa pellita in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Bernhard von Trinius ngan Franz Josef Ivanovich Ruprecht, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nikolai Nikolaievich Tzvelev. An Stipa pellita in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa pellita


Adressaten ubekendt er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1961 med instruktion og manuskript af Jens Henriksen. Filmen propaganderer for nøjagtig og fyldestgørende adressering af breve og andre postale forsendelser.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Posten i Danmark
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1961

Adressaten ubekendt


Međimurje (Hırvatça : Međimurska županija): Hırvatistan'ın en kuzey noktasında bölge. Bölgenin yüzölçümü 730 km² nüfusu 119.000 (2001). Yönetim merkezi Čakovec şehridir.

Hırvatistan'ın illeri
Macaristan Krallığı'nın tarihî bölgeleri

Međimurje


Daino bezeichnet:

 einen ehemaligen italienischen Automobilhersteller, siehe Fabbrica Automobili Daino

Daino ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Daniele Daino (* 1979), italienischer Fußballspieler

Daino


An Mormodes saccata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.Rosillo. An Mormodes saccata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Mormodes, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mormodes

Mormodes saccata


لؤي كيالي (20 كانون الثاني 1934 - 26 كانون الأول 1978) فنان تشكيلي سوري من مواليد حلب بدأ أولى خطواته بالرسم في عام 1945 ليعَرْضَ أولى لوحاته في مدرسة التجهيز بحلب عام 1952 وفي عام 1954 أنهى الدراسة الثانوية وبدأ بدراسة الحقوق في جامعة دمشق. اشترك في عام 1955 في معرض جامعي ليفوز فيه بالجائزة الثانية، ترك كلية الحقوق في نفس السنة وعاد إلى حلب ليتوظّف كاتباً في المعتمدية العسكرية.

عام 1956 أوفدته وزارة المعارف السورية إلى إيطاليا لدراسة الرسم في أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة في روما إثر فوزه بمسابقة أجرتْها وزارة المعارف، في إيطاليا تفوّق وتجلّت موهبتة أثناء دراسته فشارك في معارض ومسابقات شتى في إيطاليا فحصل على الجائزة الأولى في مسابقة سيسيليا (Sicilia) التابعة لمركز العلاقات الإيطالية العربية في روما كما نال عدة جوائز، كالميدالية الذهبية للأجانب في مسابقة رافيّنا (Ravenna) عام 1959.

مسيرته ومعارضه الفنية

أقام معرضه الشخصي الأول بنفس السنة في صالة لافونتانيللا (La Fontanella) في 30 تشرين الأول. مثّل سورية إلى جانب الفنان الكبير فاتح المدرس في معرض لابيناله (La Biennale di venezia) في مدينة البندقية في عام 1960 كما حصل على الجائزة الثانية في مسابقة ألاتري (Alatri) كما أقام في17 تشرين الأول من هذا العام معرضه الثاني في صالة المعارض في روما La galleria d'Arte del palazzo delle esposizioni.

بعد تخرّجه من أكاديمية الفنون الجميلة في روما، قسم الزخرفة بدأ عمله مدرّساً للتربية الفنية في ثانويات دمشق لكنه انتقل فيما بعد من التدريس في الثانويات الرسمية ليدرّس التصوير والزخرفة في المعهد العالي للفنون الجميلة وكلية الفنون الجميلة بدمشق لاحقاً، استقطب إليه الكثير من أنظار النقاد والوسط الفني في سوريا عندما أقام معرضه الثالث في صالة الفن الحديث العالمي في دمشق والذي احتوى على 28 لوحة زيتية و 30 رسماً.

أما معرضه الرابع فأقامه في صالة الفن الحديث العالمي في دمشق من عام 1962، وفي عام 1964 أقام معرضه الخامس في صالة كايرولا (Cairola) في ميلانو. أما معرضه السادس فأقامه في صالة الكاربينيه ll Carpine في روما.

تحت عنوان «في سبيل القضية» أقام معرضه السابع في المركز الثقافي العربي بدمشق في عام 1967 قدّم فيه 30 لوحة فنية بالفحم تنقّلت في أنحاء سوريا بين حمص وحماة وحلب واللاذقية لكن معرضه هذا خضع لهجمات من قبل فئة من مدعي الفن والنقد الفني في الصحافة فاستاء ومزّق في أعقاب المعرض أغلب لوحات المعرض هذا ومن ثم توقف عن الرسم، أصيب إثر ذلك باكتئاب شديد فانقطع عن التدريس والرسم معتكفاً في بيته بحيّ العفيف في دمشق، ليغادره إلى حلب 1968.

بعد فترة تخلص من الاكتئاب وعاد إلى التدريس في كلية الفنون الجميلة بدمشق في العام الدراسي 1969 – 1970 لكنه ما لبث أن عاد ليعاني من الاكتئاب مجدداً خصوصاً عندما توفي والده فخضع للعلاج ثانيةً عاد بعدها لمزاولة الرسم في مسقط رأسه حلب. بعد إحالته إلى التقاعد في عام 1971 لأسباب صحية ظلّ يشارك في معارض نقابة الفنون الجميلة آنذاك كما قدّم لوحتين هديةً إلى مجلس الشعب، ولوحتين إلى الاتحاد العام النسائي.

تمكّن رغم المرض من إقامة معرضه الثامن في بيروت في العام 1972 في منزل الدكتور علاء الدين الدروبي وفي عام 1974 معرضه التاسع في صالة الشعب للفنون الجميلة في دمشق وفي هذه السنة أصدر الفنان ممدوح قشلان، نقيب الفنون الجميلة في سوريا آنئذٍ كتاباً بعنوان «لؤي كيالي» وفي عام 1975 أقام معرضه العاشر في «غاليري واحد» في بيروت.

في عام 1976 شاركت أعماله وأعمال الفنان فاتح المدرس في جناح سوريا في «أسبوعي الثقافة العربية» في مونتريال في كندا كما أقام مع فاتح المدرس معرضاً مشتركاً في صالة العرض في المتحف الوطني بحلب ومن ثم أقام معرضه الحادي عشر في صالة الشعب للفنون الجميلة بدمشق في نفس العام 1976 قدّم فيه 45 لوحة.

أما معرضه الثاني عشر فأقامه في صالة الشعب للفنون الجميلة برعاية وزارة الثقافة، سافر إلى إيطاليا 1978 لكنه سرعان ما عاد إلى حلب ليعتزل الناس.

رسم لؤي كيالي اللوحات الزيتية بأشكالها فأبدع في رسم الطبيعة الصامتة والمعاناة الإنسانية كما حلّق بفن البورتريه والكروكيه والرسم بالفحم لكنه لشدة حساسيته لم يستطع تحمل هجمات الناقمين الشرسة التي لم تكن في حينها مبررة إلا بكونها حاقدة تدفعها الغيرة من فنان مقتدر تملّك ناصية الفن وقدّم الكثير وأبدع في عالم الفن.

وصف بالعديد من الصفات إذ قالوا عنه بأنه فنان الحزن النبيل، ورسام الألم الصامت، ومبدع الجمال الحزين الهادئ.

وفاته

في ليلة 9 – 10 أيلول احترق وهو في سريره في ظل روايات تباينت بين حادث سببه لفافة تبغ أو انتحار احترق لؤي كيالي في غرفته في مدينته حلب، فنُقل إلى مستشفى جامعة حلب ثم إلى المستشفى العسكري بحرستا في دمشق فأسلم الروح فيها يوم الثلاثاء 26 كانون الأول 1978 و دُفِن في حلب في مقبرة الصالحين.

في 20 شباط 1979 : أقيم، في دار الكتب الوطنية بحلب، حفل تأبين له من قبل نقابة الفنون الجميلة بالتعاون مع وزارة الثقافة. وفي مساء اليوم ذاته تمّ افتتاح معرض لأعماله في صالة المتحف الوطني بحلب.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع لؤي كيالي

آل الكيالي
أشخاص من حلب
رسامون سوريون في القرن 20
فنانون تشكيليون سوريون
فنانون وفنانات سوريون
مواليد 1325 هـ
مواليد 1352 هـ
مواليد 1934
مواليد في حلب
وفيات 1398 هـ
وفيات 1978
وفيات في حلب

لؤي كيالي


Mauro Montagnoli CSS (* 4. Juli 1945 in Ouro Fino, Minas Gerais) ist ein brasilianischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Bischof von Ilhéus.

Leben
Mauro Montagnoli besuchte die Schulen in Rio Claro und Ribeirão Preto. Anschließend trat er der Ordensgemeinschaft der Stigmatiner bei und legte am 9. Dezember 1964 die Profess ab. Nach dem Studium der Philosophie und der Katholischen Theologie in Campinas empfing Montagnoli am 24. Januar 1971 das Sakrament der Priesterweihe.

Von 1971 bis 1988 war Mauro Montagnoli als Ausbilder in den Priesterseminaren der Stigmatiner in Morrinhos, Goiânia und Campinas tätig. Daneben erwarb er nach weiterführenden Studien an der Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas ein Lizenziat im Fach Geschichtswissenschaft sowie 1972 am Päpstlichen Athenaeum Salesianum in Rom einen Abschluss in den Fächern Pädagogik und Spiritualität. Von 1988 bis 1994 war Montagnoli Provinzial der Ordensprovinz Santa Cruz der Stigmatiner mit Sitz in Campinas. Danach war er Mitglied des Generalrats seiner Ordensgemeinschaft.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 20. Dezember 1995 zum Bischof von Ilhéus. Der Erzbischof von São Salvador da Bahia, Lucas Kardinal Moreira Neves OP, spendete ihm am 24. Februar 1996 auf dem Sportplatz des Ginásio de Esportes in Ouro Fino die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Hélio Paschoal CSS, Bischof von Livramento de Nossa Senhora, und José Alberto Moura CSS, Bischof von Uberlândia. Montagnoli wählte den Wahlspruch Presidir é servir bem ("Vorstehen heißt gut dienen"). Die Amtseinführung erfolgte am 10. März 1996. In der Brasilianischen Bischofskonferenz (CNBB) war er Mitglied der Kommission für die Pastoral (1999–2003) und Vorsitzender der Kommission für die Laien (2003–2007). Ferner war er im Lateinamerikanischen Bischofsrat (CELAM) zunächst Mitglied der Kommission für die Laien (1999) und später Präsident dieser Kommission (2000–2003).

Am 11. August 2021 nahm Papst Franziskus das von Mauro Montagnoli aus Altersgründen vorgebrachte Rücktrittsgesuch an.

Weblinks

 Biografie von Mauro Montagnoli auf der Homepage des Bistums Ilhéus (portugiesisch)

Einzelnachweise

Bischof von Ilhéus
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Provinzsuperior
Stigmatiner
Brasilianer
Geboren 1945
Mann

Mauro Montagnoli


Lucas Daniel Scaglia (Rosario, Argentina; 6 de mayo de 1987) es un exfutbolista argentino. Jugaba como mediocampista ofensivo y su primer equipo fue Newell's Old Boys.

Trayectoria
Se formó en las divisiones inferiores de Newell's Old Boys en su ciudad natal Rosario, en donde jugó con Lionel Messi, a su vez es primo de la esposa de éste, Antonella Rocuzzo.

Luego ficharía por el Terrassa FC de España donde jugaría unas dos temporadas. En 2009 viajaría a Grecia y ficharía por el Panserraikos, para el 2010 se marcha a otro equipo esta vez al Trikala FC y en el Kalloni FC del mismo país.

En el 2012 volvería a Sudamérica para fichar por el Club Bolívar, donde jugaría la Copa Libertadores y posteriormente en el Once Caldas. Para el segundo semestre de 2013, Scaglia pasa a las filas del Deportivo Cali, equipo con el cual jugó la final de la Liga colombiana y Super Liga.

Tras su paso por el Deportivo Cali, el jugador ficha a mediados del 2014 por el club croata, HNK Rijeka.

A partir del año 2015 comenzó su carrera en el fútbol de Estados Unidos. Formó parte de Las Vegas Lights, tras haber pasado por Jacksonville Armada y Los Angeles Wolves.

Clubes

Palmarés

Referencias

 Sitio Oficial - Lucas Scaglia

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Transfermarkt.es.

Futbolistas de Rosario
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Newell's Old Boys
Futbolistas del Panserraikos
Futbolistas del Once Caldas
Futbolistas del Deportivo Cali
Futbolistas del HNK Rijeka
Futbolistas de Las Vegas Lights FC
Futbolistas del Jacksonville Armada FC

Lucas Scaglia


Juda (også stavet Judah eller sjældnere Yehuda) har flere betydninger:
 Juda, søn af Jakob og én af de tolv patriarker.
 Juda (stamme), én af Israels tolv stammer. Flere vigtige bibelske personer kom fra denne stamme, bl.a. Jesus af Nazareth og Kong David.
 Kongeriget Juda, også kaldet Sydriget, var et af de to riger, som efter efter delingen af Israel under Kong Rehabeam blev skabt. Det var opkaldt efter stammen Juda, der sammen med Benjamin udgjorde landet. Landets indbyggere blev senere ført i eksil i Babylon, se Det babyloniske eksil.

Se også

Judas, den græske måde at stave navnet på og desuden navnet på Judas Iskariot, der forrådte Jesus

Juda (flertydig)


La famille Buysse est une famille appartenant à la noblesse belge depuis le .

Histoire
Le lignage commence avec Pierre Buysse dont le fils Louis Buysse est né le 26 mars 1798. Les descendants sont devenus politiciens, écrivains, peintres, universitaires et ont fondé des entreprises.

Par arrêté royal du 21 juillet 1932, l'écrivain Cyriel Buysse (1859-1932) se voit accorder la noblesse héréditaire avec le titre de baron transmis par primogéniture. Comme il est décédé quatre jours plus tard, il n'a pas pu lever les lettres patentes de noblesse. Ce sera donc sa veuve, Nelly Dyserinck (1863-1944), qui sera anoblie le 9 octobre 1934, au même titre que son mari afin de pouvoir le transmette à leur fils. Cette branche de la lignée s'est éteinte avec leur petit-fils le Baron Guy Buysse (1937-1981).

Le 30 juillet 1951, un cousin de Cyriel Buysse, Alfred Buysse, est anobli. Cette branche vit toujours. En 2022, cinq descendants mâles étaient encore vivants, nés entre 1960 et 2006.

Généalogie
Louis Buysse (1798-1858)

 Louis Buysse (1830-1901), a épousé Paule Loveling (1832-1909) sœur des écrivains Rosalie et Virginie Loveling
 Cyriel Buysse (1859-1932), écrivain ; a épousé Nelly Dyserinck (1863-1944) en 1896
 Baron René Cyriel Buysse (1897-1969), industriel; a épousé en 1936 Maddy Nerincx (1908-2000)
 Baron Guy Cyriel Buysse (1937-1981), secrétaire d'ambassade
 Nadine Sylvie Buysse, éc. (1939-2022), homéopathe et nutritionniste
 Arthur Buysse (1864-1926), avocat et député
 Alice Buysse (1868-1963), conseillère municipale de Gand et militante des droits des animaux
 Augustin Buyssé (1832-1920)
 Léon- Georges Buysse (1864-1916) peintre et industriel; a épousé Marthe Baertsoen (1868-1916), sœur du peintre Albert Baertsoen
 Alfred Albert George Buysse, éc. (1892-1957), fondateur et président du conseil d'administration NV Textilia, volontaire de guerre, détenteur de la médaille de guerre du général Eisenhower; a épousé Gilberte Tibbaut (1896-1959), fille du Baron Emile Tibbaut
 Liliane Buysse, éc. (1923); épouse de Joe de la Kethulle de Ryhove, éc. (1920-1993)
 Georges Émile Louis Buysse, éc. (1924-1997), peintre, conseiller artistique, directeur NV Textilia, volontaire de guerre, chevalier de l'ordre de Léopold II, détenteur de l'étoile France-Allemagne et de la médaille de la résistance
 Alexandre Buysse , éc. (1960), Professeur des universités à Québec, Metteur en scène, Chef de famille
 Jean-Sébastien Buysse, éc. (1993)
 Émilie Buysse, éc. (1996)
 Jacques-Théodore Buysse, éc. (2000)
 Gabriel Buysse, éc. (2006)
 Monique Buysse, éc. (1926-2014) ; a épousé en 1967 Walram comte de Borchgrave d'Altena (1906-1969), officier, détenteur de la médaille de la résistance
 Donald Buysse, éc. (1930-1997)
 Olivier Buysse, éc. (1961)
 Isabelle Buysse, éc. (1963)

Références

Bibliographie
 État présent de la noblesse belge (1985),  (addendum: EPN 1989, )
 Philippe de Bounam de Ryckholt et Georges de Hemptinne, Lettres de noblesse octroyées par Sa Majesté Baudoin Roi des Belges (1951-1991). Bruxelles, 1991, .
 Paul Janssens et Luc Duerloo, Armorial de la noblesse belge. Tome A-E. Bruxelles, 1992, .
 État présent de la noblesse belge (2004), .
 Jean-François Houtart, Anciennes familles de Belgique. Bruxelles, 2008,  [anno 1798].
 État présent de la noblesse belge (2018), .

Famille noble belge

Famille Buysse


بييرانجلو بيرتولي (Pierangelo Bertoli) (ساسوولو، 5 نوفمبر 1942 - مودينا، 7 أكتوبر 2002) مغني مولف إيطالي.

وُلد في مدينة ساسوولو بمقاطعة مودينا ، أصيب و هو طفل بشلل الأطفال الأمر الذي حرمه للأبد من استخدام ساقيه ، ما اضطره للعيش والتنقل على كرسي متحرك بقية حياته. أصدر في حياته المهنية 23 إسطوانة كان أولها سنة 1973 ، كما أسهم بالعديد من أعمال المطربين الآحرين.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص مصابون بشلل الأطفال
أشخاص من ساسولو
شيوعيون إيطاليون
ليبرتاريون إيطاليون
مغنون إيطاليون في القرن 20
مغنون ذكور إيطاليون في القرن 20
مغنون وكتاب أغان إيطاليون
مغنون ومغنيات وكتاب أغان إيطاليون
ملحدون إيطاليون
مواليد 1942
مواليد في ساسولو
وفيات 2002
وفيات السرطان في إميليا-رومانيا
وفيات السرطان في إيطاليا
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات في مودينا

بييرانجلو بيرتولي


Hassan Hanafi (; 23 February 1935 – 21 October 2021) was a professor and chaired the philosophy department at Cairo University. He was a leading authority on modern Islam.

As a young man motivated by a revolutionary political activism, Hanafi associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. Later Hanafi studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. From 1967, he was a professor of philosophy in Cairo, as well as a visiting professor at universities in France, the United States, Belgium, Kuwait and Germany. He has been categorized as among "the big names" of the post-1967 Arab intellectual tradition.

Early life
Hanafi was born into an artistic family in Cairo, Egypt. In his youth he studied the violin, which he continued to play later in his life.

Philosophy
Hanafi was a disciple of the phenomenologist Osman Amin,<ref name="Tymieniecka">Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (2002) "Phenomenology and Contemporary Islamic Thought Phenomenology World-wide: Foundations, expanding dynamisms, life-engagements: a guide for research and study Kluwer Academic,  Dordrecht, the Netherlands,  page 320,  </ref> and published a trilogy in which he used Husserl's methods to reconstruct classic Islamic philosophy and to critique the sources and development of European consciousness.

Hanafi's interpretation of Islam has been described as socialist and he elaborated on the concept of an "Islamic Left", interpreting Islam in a socialist manner, or else a "third way." He promoted an interpretation of Islam supporting the development of a global ethics. In his later works Hanafi argued that Islam needed to be understood in way that facilitates human freedom and progress.Murphy, Caryle (2002) "Chapter 11: New Thinking in Islam" Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: The Egyptian Experience Scribner, New York, page 219,  As summarized by scholar Mohammed Hashas: "...some of the renowned defenders of socialism for Arab nationhood would become leading scholars of what has come to be known as the 'Islamic left', a concept that first appeared in the first issue of the Islamic Left Magazine, 1981, by the philosopher Hassan Hanafi (b. 1935), as part of his project 'the third way' of reading the tradition and modernity, a way that is neither fully Euro-modern nor fully Islamico-traditionalist; it is implicitly secular-mundane, since it reads the sacred in the light of the sociopolitical needs of people; it is creed revolutionized to be lived (mina-lʻaqīda ilā thawra), as one of the volumes of the project is entitled" (2018, 271). Hanafi acted as an adviser to the InterAction Council, a coalition of 26 former prime ministers and presidents. He was also a member of the Association for Intercultural Philosophy, which encourages a dialogue among philosophers from all over the world. He was one of the original signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.

Hanafi is also remembered for his published scholarly debates with contemporary philosopher Mohammed Abed al-Jabri.

He won a number of academic awards during his lifetime.

Controversy over his apostasy
Hanafi's book "An Invitation for Dialogue" was accused by conservative Islamic scholars as heresy and apostasy.

His liberal opinions about Islam infuriated conservative Islamic scholars and Azhar. For example, he stated that the name of the God should be changed to "Transcendence". Conservative scholars from al-Azhar refuted that Hanafi was distorting Islam. There was a fatwa, an Islamic opinion issued by Islamic scholars, that condemned Hanafi as an apostate. This raised controversy in Egypt, as many liberals disagreed with the charge that Hanafi was an apostate.

Legacy
In an Egyptian magazine he declared that his main disciples in Egypt are Nasr Abu Zayd, Ali Mabrouk, and Kareem Essayyad.

The scholar Carool Kersten notes that Hanafi's intellectual influence extends beyond majority Arabic-speaking countries and includes Indonesia, where among the local intelligentsia, Hanafi represented "a particular brand of Arab intellectuals known as turāthiyyūn—'heritage thinkers'."

Death
Hannafi died on 21 October 2021, aged 86.

 Select bibliography

 al-yasār al-islāmī wal-waḥda l-wataniyya [The Islamic Left and National Unity] (Cairo: N.H., 1981).
 al-yamīn wal-yasār fī al- fiqr addīnī [The Right and the Left in Religious Thought] (Damascus: ḍar allaa addin, 1996).
 Contemporary issues, (Cairo, 1977)
 Religious dialogue and revolution (Cairo, 1977).
 Tradition and modernism, Arab Center for Research and Publication, (Cairo: Arab Center for Research and Publication, 1977)
 "The relevance of the Islamic alternative in Egypt" Arab Studies Quarterly 4, 54-74. 1982.
 Qadhāyā Mu'āshirat Fi'Fikrina Al-Mu'āshir (Beirut: Dārut-Tanwīr lith-Thibā'atin-Nasyr, 1983).
 Ad-Dîn Wat-Tsaurah Fi Mishr, 1952-1981 (Cairo, 1987).
 Min Al-'Aqīdah Ilā Al-Thawrah: Al-Muqaddimāt Al-Nazariyyah  [From Dogma to revolution] (Cairo, 1989).
 Theosophy and phenomenology: Islamic studies (Cairo, 1989).
 East-West dialogue (with Al-Jabiri) (Cairo, 1991).
 Generations dialogue, (Cairo: Dar Keba, 1998)
 From transfer to creativity (Cairo: Dar Keba, 2001).
 "From Orientalism to Occidentalism', Encounters in Language and Literature 1(2), 7-16. 2012.
 "'As-Salafiyyāt Wa Al-'Ilmāniyyāt Fi Fikrina Al-Mu'āshir', Al-Azminat'' 3(15), 15-47. 2016.

See also

 Mahmoud Mohammed Taha
 Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd
 Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
 Mohammed Arkoun

Notes

1935 births
2021 deaths
Phenomenologists
Political philosophers
Academic staff of Cairo University
Egyptian philosophers
20th-century philosophers
21st-century philosophers
University of Paris alumni

Hassan Hanafi


Albrecht Becker ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Albrecht Becker (Architekt) (1840–1911), deutscher Architekt
 Albrecht Becker (Szenenbildner) (1906–2002), deutscher Szenenbildner
 Albrecht Becker (Wirtschaftswissenschaftler), deutscher Wirtschaftswissenschaftler

Albrecht Becker


Edwin Edwards henviser til blandt andre:

 Edwin Edwards (kunstner) (1823-1879) – engelsk landskabsmaler og raderer
 Edwin Edwards (politiker) (født 1927) – amerikansk politiker

Edwin Edwards


The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), commonly known as the Pusa Institute, is India's national institute for agricultural research, education and extension. The name Pusa Institute is derived from the fact that the institute was originally located in Pusa, Bihar as the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research in 1911. It was then renamed as the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1919 and following a major earthquake in Pusa in 1934, it was relocated to Delhi in 1936. The current institute in Delhi is financed and administered by the  Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The IARI was responsible for the research leading to the "Green Revolution in India" of the 1970s. IARI ranked First among Agriculture and Allied Universities in the National Institutional Ranking Framework NIRF (India Rankings 2023),

History

The institute was established in 1905 at Pusa, Bihar, with financial assistance of Henry Phipps, Jr., an American philanthropist. Phipps was a family friend of Lady Curzon, who was a daughter of an American millionaire, and the wife of Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India. Phipps stayed as a guest of the Curzons during his visit to India and left behind a donation of  £30,000, which was used to establish the institute. He laid the foundation stone of the Agricultural Research Institute and college on 1 April 1905. The institute was originally called the Agricultural Research Institute (ARI). Its name was changed to the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research in 1911, and to the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in 1919. The choice of establishing it in Pusa in northern Bihar was the proximity to the indigo plantations which were in need of revival following the German synthesis of aniline in 1899. One of the first scientists to be deputed to the institute was the English chemist John Walter Leather who had worked from 1892 with the agricultural department in India. He moved to the institute in 1906.

However, the institute was damaged during the devastating Bihar earthquake of 15 January 1934. The Secretary of State approved the transfer in July, 1934. The Standing Finance Committee of the Union Assembly finally announced on 25 August 1934 in Shimla, the decision to shift the institute to New Delhi at the approximate cost of . to a place that is now called Pusa in New Delhi. The director B. Viswanath, a soil scientist was to be the first Indian to head the institute. The new campus at New Delhi was inaugurated on 29 July 1936, while the new building of the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research was inaugurated by the then Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow on 7 November 1936.

Post-independence: 1947–present

Post-independence, the institute was renamed the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, and in 1950 the Shimla sub-station of institute developed Rust-resistant varieties of wheat, including Pusa 718, 737, 745, and 760. In 1958, it was recognized as a "deemed university" under the UGC act of 1956 of Parliament and since then it has awarded MSc and PhD degrees.

What remained of the institute at the original location was downgraded to an agricultural research station until 1970, when the Government of Bihar established the Rajendra Agricultural University at the location.

Campus

The campus is spread over , 8 km west of New Delhi Railway Station. This was initially outside Delhi, but over the decades the city has grown much beyond the campus. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute is affiliated with and is located in the campus of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute.

Schools at IARI
 School of Crop Improvement
 School of Plant Protection
 School of Basic Sciences
 School of Natural Resource Management
 School of Social Sciences
 School of Horticultural Science

See also

 Pusa 1121 rice
 Van Vigyan Kendra Forest Science Centres

References

External links
 IARI website

Research institutes in Delhi
Agricultural universities and colleges in India
Universities and colleges in Delhi
Research institutes established in 1905
Agricultural research institutes in India
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Deemed universities in India
Agriculture in Delhi
1905 establishments in India

Indian Agricultural Research Institute


Collón Curá bezeichnet:

 Departamento Collón Curá, eine Verwaltungseinheit der Provinz Neuquén, Argentinien
 Río Collón Curá, einen Fluss in Argentinien

Collón Curá


Sinusurile paranazale sunt un grup de patru spații-pereche umplute cu aer care înconjoară cavitatea nazală. Sinusurile maxilare sunt situate sub ochi; sinusurile frontale sunt deasupra ochilor; sinusurile etmoidale sunt între ochi iar sinusurile sfenoidale sunt în spatele ochilor. Sinusurile sunt numite dupa oasele faciale în care acestea sunt situate.

Structura
Oamenii posedă patru perechi de sinusuri paranazale, împărțite în subgrupuri, care sunt denumite în funcție de oasele în care sinusurile se aflta:
 Sinusurile maxilare, cele mai mari dintre sinusurile paranazale, sunt sub ochi, in oasele maxilare (deschise în partea din spate a hiatusul semilunar al nasului).
 Sinusurilor frontale, superioare ochilor, în osul frontal, care formează partea dura a fruntii.
 Sinusurilor etmoidale, care sunt formate din mai multe celule de aer în osul etmoidal între nas și ochi.
 Sinusurile sfenoidale, în osul sfenoid.
Sinusurile paranazale sunt căptușite cu epiteliu respirator (epiteliu columnar ciliat pseudostratificat).

Funcție

Rolul biologic al sinusurilor este dezbătuta, dar un număr de funcții posibile au fost propuse:
 Pentru scăderea relativă a greutatii din față a craniului, mai ales la oasele feței
 Creșterea rezonanței vocii
 Oferirea unui tampon împotriva traumatismelor faciale
 Izolarea structurilor sensibile, cum ar fi rădăcinile dentare și ochii de la fluctuațiile  rapide de temperatură din cavitatea nazală.
 Umidificarea și încălzirea aerului inhalat
 Regularea presiunii intranazale și serice
 Aparare imunologica

Istorie

Etimologie
Sinusul este un cuvant de origine latină, cuvânt care înseamnă un "pliu", "curvatura" , "cadru". sau "pungă"

Imagini suplimentare

Referințe

Oasele capului și gâtului
Anatomia capului și gâtului

Sinusurile paranazale


තරල ස්ථිතිකය (), තරල යාන්ත්‍ර විද්‍යාවේ ශාඛාවක් වේ.

ඉතිහාසය

ආශ්‍රිත

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

Pressure
Underwater diving physics

තරල ස්ථිතිකය


Olaylar
 1876 - Osmanlı Padişahı V. Murad tahttan indirildi; yerine kardeşi II. Abdülhamid padişah oldu.
 1886 - Charleston, Güney Karolina'da deprem; 100 kişi öldü.
 1890 - Brüksel Genel Senedi ile köle ticareti yasaklandı.
 1910 - Zeytinburnu'nda İmalat-ı Harbiye çalışanları tarafından o zamanki İstanbul merkezli, günümüzdeki adıyla MKE Ankaragücü Gençlik ve Spor Kulübü kuruldu.
 1913 - Batı Trakya Türk Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.
 1918 - Vahdettin padişah oldu. O gün, Osmanlı tarihindeki son kılıç kuşanma töreni yapılmış oldu.
 1928 - Bertolt Brecht'in Üç Kuruşluk Opera adlı oyununun ilk gösterimi Berlin'de yapıldı.
 1939 - Almanya'da yaptırılan Batıray denizaltısı denize indirildi.
 1957 - Malezya, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını kazandı.
 1962 - Trinidad ve Tobago, Birleşik Krallık'tan bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1966 - Irak Ordusu, Irak Kürdistan Yurtseverler Birliği'nin elindeki Erbil kentini ele geçirdi.
 1970 - İzmir'de Akdeniz Oyunları'nın yapılacağı "Halkapınar Spor Tesisleri", inşaat sırasında yandı.
 1980 - Polonya'da, Dayanışma Sendikası kuruldu.
 1986 - Bir Meksika yolcu uçağı ile küçük bir uçak, Kaliforniya'nın Cerritos şehri üzerinde havada çarpıştı. Uçaklardaki 67 kişi ile yerdeki 15 kişi öldü.
 1986 - Karadeniz'de bir Sovyet yolcu gemisi, bir tanker ile çarpışarak battı: 423 kişi öldü.
 1988 - Türkiye ile Gürcistan arasında Sarp Sınır Kapısı açıldı.
 1991 - Kırgızistan, SSCB'den bağımsızlığını ilan etti.
 1995 - Westwood Studios, Command & Conquer serisinin ilk oyunu olan "Command & Conquer"ı piyasaya sürdü.
 1997 - Prenses Diana ile arkadaşı Dodi Al Fayed, Paris'te bir trafik kazasında öldüler.
 1998 - Kuzey Kore, ilk uydusunu fırlattı.
 1999 - Boeing 737-200 tipi bir yolcu uçağı, Buenos Aires'ten kalkışı sırasında düştü; 67 kişi öldü.
 2005 - Bağdat'ta bir köprüde meydana gelen izdihamda yaklaşık 1000 kişi öldü.
 2010 - Irak Savaşı, ABD Başkanı Barack Obama'nın konuşmasıyla resmen bitti.

Doğumlar
 12 - Caligula, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 41)
 161 - Commodus, Roma İmparatoru (ö. 192)
 1569 - Cihangir, Babür İmparatoru (ö. 1627)
 1663 - Guillaume Amontons, Fransız fizikçi (ö. 1705)
 1786 - Michel-Eugène Chevreul, Fransız kimyager (ö. 1889)
 1802 - Hüseyin Kaptan Gradaşçeviç, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda ayan sistemini kaldıran II. Mahmud'un yaptığı yeniliklere karşı ayaklanmış Bosnalı komutan (ö. 1834)
 1821 - Hermann von Helmholtz, Alman fizyolog (ö. 1894)
 1834 - Amilcare Ponchielli, İtalyan besteci (ö. 1886)
 1837 - Édouard Jean-Marie Stephan, Fransız astronom (ö. 1923)
 1843 - Georg von Hertling, Alman devlet adamı ve düşünür (ö. 1919)
 1868 - Musahipzade Celal, Türk oyun yazarı (ö. 1959)
 1870 - Maria Montessori, İtalyan eğitimci (ö. 1952)
 1871 - James E. Ferguson, Teksaslı demokrat siyasetçi (ö. 1944)
 1874 - Edward Thorndike, Amerikalı psikolog (ö. 1949)
 1879 - Taişo, Japon imparatoru (ö. 1926)
 1880 - Wilhelmina, Hollanda Kraliçesi (ö. 1962)
 1884 - George Sarton, Belçikalı kimyager (ö. 1956)
 1893 - Nestor Nijankivsk, Ukraynalı besteci, piyanist ve müzik eleştirmeni
 1897 - Fredric March, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1975)
 1905 - Robert Fox Bacher, Amerikalı nükleer fizikçi (ö. 2004)
 1908 - William Saroyan, Amerikalı oyun yazarı ve romancı (ö. 1981)
 1908 - Paul-Jacques Bonzon, Fransız yazar (ö. 1978)
 1913 - Bernard Lovell, İngiliz fizikçi ve radyo-astronom (ö. 2012)
 1915 - Raif Aybar, Türk siyasetçi (ö. 2005)
 1917 - Turgut Sunalp, Türk asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 1999)
 1918 - Alan Jay Lerner, Amerikalı söz yazarı (ö. 1986)
 1921 - Raymond Williams, Galli yazar, akademisyen, romancı ve eleştirmen (ö. 1988)
 1923 - George Voorhis, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1989)
 1924 - Buddy Hackett, Amerikalı komedyen, oyuncu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (ö. 2003)
 1925 - Maurice Pialat, Fransız yönetmen, senarist, oyuncu ve Altın Palmiye Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2003)
 1928 - James Coburn, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2002)
 1932 - Allan Fotheringham, Kanadalı gazeteci, muhabir, köşe yazarı ve televizyon sunucusu (ö. 2020)
 1935 - Frank Robinson, Amerikalı beyzbolcu (ö. 2019)
 1936 - İgor Jukov, Rus piyanist, orkestra şefi ve ses mühendisi (ö. 2018)
 1936 - John Mendelsohn, Amerikalı fizikçi (ö. 2019)
 1937 - Warren Berlinger, Amerikalı aktör (ö. 2020)
 1945 - Itzhak Perlman, İsrailli-Amerikalı kemancı ve orkestra şefi
 1945 - Van Morrison, Kuzey İrlandalı müzisyen
 1948 - Holger Osieck, Alman teknik direktör
 1948 - Rudolf Schenker, Alman gitarist (Scorpions)
 1948 - Serkan Acar, Türk futbolcu (ö. 2013)
 1949 - H. David Politzer, Amerikalı fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi
 1949 - Richard Gere, Amerikalı aktör
 1950 - Anne McLellan, Kanadalı liberal siyasetçi ve akademisyen
 1953 - György Károly, Macar şair ve yazar (ö. 2018)
 1954 - Robert Koçaryan, Ermenistan'ın 2. Devlet Başkanı
 1955 - Edwin Moses, Amerikalı atlet
 1956 - Tsai Ing-wen, Çin Cumhuriyeti (Tayvan) cumhurbaşkanı görevine seçilen ilk kadın başkanı
 1960 - Hasan Nasrallah, Lübnan'daki Hizbullah örgütünün genel sekreteri
 1962 - Dee Bradley Baker, Amerikalı ses sanatçısı
 1966 - Lyuboslav Penev, Bulgar millî futbolcu
 1968 - Jolene Watanabe, Amerikalı profesyonel uluslararası tenis oyuncusu ve antrenör (ö. 2019)
 1969 - Muharrem Erkek, Türk avukat ve siyasetçi
 1970 - Nikola Gruevski, Makedonya Başbakanı
 1970 - Rania el Abdullah, Ürdün Kraliçesi
 1971 - Pádraig Harrington, İrlandalı golfçü
 1971 - Chris Tucker, Amerikalı oyuncu ve komedyen
 1976 - Roque Júnior, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1977 - Arzu Yanardağ, Türk manken ve oyuncu
 1977 - Jeff Hardy, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1977 - Ian Harte, İrlandalı millî futbolcu
 1978 - Philippe Christanval, Fransız eski millî futbolcu
 1979 - Ivan Cvetkov, Bulgar asıllı Hollandalı futbolcu
 1979 - Mickie James, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1980 - Joe Budden, Amerikalı rapçi
 1982 - Collins Mbesuma, Zambiyalı millî futbolcu
 1982 - José Manuel Reina, İspanyol futbolcu
 1983 - Milan Biševac, Sırp futbolcu
 1983 - Ebru Şancı, Türk model, sunucu ve oyuncu
 1984 - Efraín Ruales, Ekvadorlu aktör, televizyon sunucusu, model ve müzisyen (ö. 2021)
 1984 - Charl Schwartzel, Güney Afrikalı golfçü
 1985 - Fatih Tutak, Türk şef ve restoran sahibi
 1985 - Mabel Matiz, Türk şarkıcı
 1985 - Rolando, Portekizli futbolcu
 1985 - Muhammed bin Selman, Suudi Arabistan Veliaht Prensi ve Savunma Bakanı
 1986 - Ryan Kelley, Amerikalı oyuncu
 1988 - Ember Moon, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi
 1988 - David Ospina, Kolombiyalı futbolcu
 1991 - Cédric Soares, Portekizli millî futbolcu
 1994 - Takeru Okada, Japon futbolcu
 1994 - Shintaro Kokubu, Japon futbolcu
 1995 - Gergely Bobál, Macar futbolcu
 1996 - Fabio Jakobsen, Hollandalı futbolcu
 2004 - Jang Wonyoung, Güney Koreli şarkıcı ve model

Ölümler
 318 - Liu Cong, Çin'de Beş Hu On Altı Krallık döneminde Hiung-nu önderliğindeki Önceki Chao'nun üçüncü imparatorudur
 577 - İoannis Skolastikos, İstanbul Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi'nin 32. Konstantinopolis Ekümenik Patriği (d. y. 503)
 869 - Buharî, İslam bilgini (d. 810)
 1056 - Teodora, 1042'de kız kardeşi Zoi ile birlikte ve 1055-1056 yılları arasında ise tek başına tahtta kalan Bizans imparatoriçesi (d. 984)
 1234 - Go-Horikawa, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 86. imparatoru (d. 1212)
 1324 - II. Henri, Taç giymiş son Kudüs kralı (d. 1270)
 1422 - V. Henry, İngiltere ve İrlanda Kralı (d. 1386)
 1528 - Matthias Grünewald, Alman ressam (d. 1470)
 1795 - François-André Danican Philidor, Fransız satranççı ve besteci (d. 1726)
 1811 - Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Fransız amiral ve kâşif (Begonvil bitkisini keşfetti) (d. 1729)
 1832 - Everard Home, İngiliz cerrah (d. 1756)
 1867 - Charles Baudelaire, Fransız şair (d. 1821)
 1920 - Wilhelm Wundt, Alman psikolog (d. 1832)
 1927 - Andranik Ozanyan, Osmanlı Ermenisi gerilla lideri (d. 1865)
 1855 - Eduard Meyer, Alman tarihçi (d. 1855)
 1921 - Karl von Bülow, Alman mareşali (d. 1846)
 1941 - Marina Tsvetayeva, Rus şair (d. 1892)
 1942 - Georg von Bismarck, Alman asker (d. 1891)
 1945 - Stefan Banach, Polonyalı matematikçi (d. 1892)
 1948 - Andrey Jdanov, Sovyet politikacı (d. 1896)
 1951 - Mazhar Osman Usman, Türk ruh ve sinir hastalıkları uzmanı (d. 1884)
 1962 - Alf Spouncer, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1877)
 1963 - Georges Braque, Fransız kübist ressam (d. 1882)
 1967 - Ilya Ehrenburg, Sovyet yazar (d. 1891)
 1967 - Samed Behrengi, Azeri asıllı İranlı öğretmen ve çocuk hikâyeleri ile halk masalları yazarı (d. 1939)
 1969 - Rocky Marciano, Amerikalı boksör (d. 1923)
 1973 - John Ford, Amerikalı film yönetmeni (d. 1894)
 1985 - Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Avustralyalı virolog (d. 1889)
 1986 - Henry Moore, İngiliz heykeltıraş (d. 1898)
 1986 - Urho Kekkonen, Fin politikacı (d. 1900)
 1991 - Cliff Lumsdon, Kanadalı yüzücü (d. 1931)
 1997 - Diana Frances Spencer, Galler Prensesi (d. 1961)
 1997 - Dodi Al Fayed, Mısır kökenli İngiliz vatandaşı iş insanı (d. 1955)
 2002 - George Porter, İngiliz kimyager ve Nobel Kimya Ödülü sahibi (d. 1920)
 2005 - Joseph Rotblat, İngiliz fizikçi ve Nobel Barış Ödülü sahibi (d. 1908)
 2006 - Muhammed Abdülvahab, Mısırlı eski millî futbolcu (d. 1983)
 2007 - Gay Brewer, Amerikalı golfçü (d. 1932)
 2010 - Laurent Fignon, Fransız profesyonel yol bisikleti yarışçısı (d. 1960)
 2011 - Rosel Zech, Alman oyuncu (d. 1940)
 2012 - Sergey Sokolov, Sovyet asker ve Sovyetler Birliği Mareşali (d. 1911)
 2013 - David Frost, İngiliz gazeteci, yazar ve sunucu (d. 1939)
 2015 - Yalçın Güzelce, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1951)
 2016 - Antonino Fernández Rodríguez, İspanyol iş insanı (d. 1917)
 2017 - Richard Anderson, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1926)
 2017 - Janne Carlsson, İsveçli müzisyen, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1937)
 2017 - Mike Cockerill, Avusturyalı spor gazetecisi (d. 1960)
 2017 - Egon Günther, Alman film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1927)
 2018 - Susan Brown, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1932)
 2018 - Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, İtalyan genetikçi (d. 1922)
 2018 - Carole Shelley, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1939)
 2018 - Aleksandr Zaharçenko, Ukraynalı ayrılıkçı önder ve askeri lider (d. 1976)
 2019 - Anna Amendola, İtalyan aktör (d. 1927)
 2019 - Anthoine Hubert, Fransız otomobil yarışçısı (d. 1996)
 2019 - Immanuel Wallerstein, Amerikalı sosyolog (d. 1930)
 2020 - Nina Boçarova, Sovyet-Ukraynalı jimnastikçi (d. 1924)
 2020 - Haldun Boysan, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu ve seslendirme sanatçısı (d. 1958)
 2020 - Pranab Mukherjee, Hint siyasetçi (d. 1935)
 2020 - Tom Seaver, Amerikalı profesyonel beyzbol atıcısı (d. 1944)
 2021 - Léon Aimé, Fransız siyasetçi (d. 1924)
 2021 - Vasilii Belous, Moldovalı boksör (d. 1988)
 2021 - İnci Çayırlı, Türk Sanat Müziği yorumcusu ve koro şefi (d. 1935)
 2021 - Francesco Morini, eski İtalyan millî futbolcudur (d. 1944)
 2021 - Ferhan Şensoy, Türk oyuncu, yazar, senarist ve şair (d. 1951)
 2022 - Kadir Baikenov, Kazak mühendis ve siyasetçi (d. 1944)
 2022 - Lorraine Botha, Güney Afrikalı siyasetçi (d. 1965)
 2022 - Normand Chaurette, Kanadalı oyun yazarı (d. 1954)
 2022 - Alexander Horváth, Slovak asıllı Çekoslovak millî futbolcu ve teknik direktördür (d. 1938)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Uşak'ın Sivaslı ilçesinin Yunan işgalinden kurtuluşu (1922)
 Polonya Dayanışma Günü
 Kırgızistan Bağımsızlık Günü
 Trinidad Tobago Bağımsızlık Günü

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31 Ağustos


Denne artikel omhandler knockout-runden i EHF Champions League 2017-18 (kvinder).

Kvalificerede hold

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Final 4
Kampene til Final 4 bliver spillet d. 12 og d. 13. maj 2018.

Final 4

Semifinaler

Bronzekamp

Finalekamp

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Final 4 - hjemmeside

2017-18 kvinder - knockout runde
Håndbold i 2017
Håndbold i 2018

EHF Champions League 2017-18 kvinder - knockout runde


Hagen-Oberhagen, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Hagen kentine bağlı idari bölge.

Hagen'in semtleri

Hagen-Oberhagen


Neto mjerenje, Net metering (ili neto mjerenje energije, NEM) mehanizam je za naplatu električne energije koji potrošačima koji generiraju dio ili cijelu vlastitu električnu energiju omogućuje da tu električnu energiju koriste u bilo kojem trenutku, umjesto kada je proizvedena. To je osobito važno kod obnovljivih izvora energije poput vjetra i sunca koji se ne mogu otpremiti (kada nisu povezani sa skladištem). Mjesečno mjerenje neto omogućuje potrošačima da koriste sunčevu energiju koja nastaje danju tijekom noći ili vjetar iz vjetrovitog dana kasnije u mjesecu. Godišnje neto mjerenje prebacuje se na neto kilovat-sat (kWh) u narednom mjesecu, omogućavajući korištenje solarne energije generirane u srpnju u prosincu, odnosno vjetra iz ožujka u kolovozu.

Politike neto mjerenja mogu se značajno razlikovati ovisno o zemlji i državi ili pokrajini: ako je dostupno neto mjerenje, mogu li se i koliko dugo zadržati bankovni krediti i koliko vrijede krediti (maloprodaja / veleprodaja). Većina zakona o neto mjerenju uključuje mjesečno prebacivanje kredita u kWh, malu mjesečnu naknadu za priključak, zahtijeva mjesečno plaćanje deficita (tj. normalni račun za električnu energiju) i godišnje podmirivanje preostalog kredita. Mrežno mjerenje koristi jedan dvosmjerni mjerač i može izmjeriti struju koja teče u dva smjera. Neto mjerenje može se primijeniti samo kao računovodstveni postupak i ne zahtijeva posebno mjerenje, pa čak ni bilo kakav prethodni dogovor ili obavijest.

Mrežno mjerenje omogućuje politiku koja osmišljuje poticanje privatnih ulaganja u obnovljive izvore energije.

Povijest
Mrežno mjerenje potječe iz Sjedinjenih Država, gdje su male vjetroturbine i solarni paneli bili povezani na električnu mrežu, a potrošači su željeli moći koristiti električnu energiju proizvedenu u različito vrijeme ili datum od trenutka kada je proizvedena. Prva dva projekta koja su koristila mrežno mjerenje bili su apartmansko naselje i solarna testna kuća u Massachusettsu 1979. godine. Minnesota se obično navodi da je 1983. godine donijela prvi zakon o neto mjerenju i dopuštala je bilo kome tko generira manje od 40 kWh za prebacivanje bilo kojeg kredita na sljedeći mjesec ili za plaćanje viška. To je 2000. godine izmijenjeno i dopunjeno "po prosječnoj stopi maloprodajne komunalne energije". Ovo je najjednostavnije i najopćenitije tumačenje neto mjerenja, a osim toga malim proizvođačima omogućuje prodaju električne energije po maloprodajnoj cijeni.

Komunalije u Idahu usvojile su mrežno mjerenje 1980. godine, a u Arizoni 1981. godine. Massachusetts je mrežno mjerenje usvojio 1982. godine. Do 1998. godine 22 savezne države ili komunalne službe u njima usvojile su neto mjerenje. Dvije kalifornijske komunalne službe u početku su usvojile mjesečnu naknadu za "neto mjerenje", koja je uključivala i "pripravnost", sve dok Komisija za komunalne usluge (PUC) nije zabranila takve naknade. 2005. godine sve američke komunalne tvrtke morale su nuditi neto mjerenje "na zahtjev". Problem viška generacije se ne rješava. Od 2013. godine 43 američke države usvojile su neto mjerenje, kao i komunalne usluge u 3 preostale države, a samo su 4 države ostale bez utvrđenih postupaka za provedbu neto mjerenja. Međutim, studija iz 2017. godine pokazala je da samo 3% komunalnih poduzeća u SAD-u nudi potpunu maloprodajnu naknadu za neto mjerenje, dok ostatak nudi manje od maloprodajnih stopa, kojima kredit istječe godišnje ili neki oblik neodređenog prenošenja.

Neto mjerenje sporo se usvajalo u Europi, posebno u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, zbog zbrke oko načina rješavanja poreza na dodanu vrijednost (PDV). Samo jedno komunalno poduzeće u Velikoj Britaniji nudi neto mjerenje. Vlada Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva nerado uvodi princip neto mjerenja zbog komplikacija u plaćanju i povratu poreza na dodanu vrijednost koji se plaća na električnu energiju, ali u nekim su područjima u tijeku pilot projekti.

U Kanadi neke provincije imaju programe neto mjerenja.

Na Filipinima, sustav neto mjerenja reguliran je Republičkim zakonom 9513 (Zakon o obnovljivoj energiji iz 2008.) i njegovim provedbenim pravilima i propisima (IRR). Provedbeno tijelo je Regulatorna komisija za energiju (ERC) u dogovoru s Nacionalnim odborom za obnovljivu energiju (NREB). Nažalost, shema nije istinska shema neto mjerenja, već u stvarnosti shema neto naplate. Kao što kažu smjernice za mrežno mjerenje Odjela energije, "Neto mjerenje omogućuje kupcima distribucijskih komunalnih poduzeća (Distribution Utilities, DU) instaliranje postrojenja za obnovljivu energiju (Renewable Energy, RE) na licu mjesta kapaciteta do 100 kilovata (kW) kako bi mogli proizvoditi električnu energiju za vlastitu upotrebu. Sva proizvedena električna energija koju kupac ne potroši automatski se izvozi u distribucijski sustav DU-a. DU zatim daje pezo kredit za višak primljene električne energije ekvivalentan mješovitom proizvodnom trošku DU-a, isključujući ostale prilagodbe proizvodnje, i odbija zasluge na računu kupca za električnu energiju. "Mjerno mjerenje omogućuje kupcima distribucijskih komunalnih poduzeća (DU) instaliranje postrojenja za obnovljivu energiju (RE) na licu mjesta kapaciteta do 100 kilovata (kW) kako bi mogli proizvoditi električnu energiju za vlastitu upotrebu. Sva proizvedena električna energija koju kupac ne potroši automatski se izvozi u distribucijski sustav DU-a. DU zatim daje pezo kredit za višak primljene električne energije ekvivalentan mješovitom proizvodnom trošku DU-a, isključujući ostale prilagodbe proizvodnje, i odbija zasluge na računu kupca za električnu energiju."  Tako su filipinski potrošači koji sami proizvode električnu energiju i prodaju višak komunalnom poduzeću, plaćeni onim što se naziva "trošak proizvodnje", a koji je često manji od 50% maloprodajne cijene električne energije.

Polemika
Neto mjerenje je kontroverzno jer utječe na različite interese u mreži. Izvješće koje je Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates pripremio za trgovinsko udruženje Edison Electric Institute navodi da distribuirani proizvodni sustavi, poput krovnih solarnih, predstavljaju jedinstvene izazove za budućnost elektroenergetskih usluga. Komunalije u Sjedinjenim Državama vodile su uglavnom neuspješnu kampanju za uklanjanje mrežnog mjerenja.

Prednosti
Neto mjerenje je kontroverzno jer utječe na različite interese u mreži. Izvješće koje je Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates pripremio za trgovinsko udruženje Edison Electric Institute navodi da distribuirani proizvodni sustavi, poput krovnih solarnih, predstavljaju jedinstvene izazove za budućnost elektroenergetskih usluga. Komunalije u Sjedinjenim Državama vodile su uglavnom neuspješnu kampanju za uklanjanje mrežnog mjerenja.

Zastupnici obnovljivih izvora  ističu da iako distribuirane solarne i druge mjere energetske učinkovitosti predstavljaju izazov postojećem poslovnom modelu elektroprivrednih poduzeća, koristi distribuirane proizvodnje nadilaze troškove, a te koristi dijele svi korisnici. Prednosti mreže od privatnog distribuiranog solarnog ulaganja uključuju smanjenu potrebu za centraliziranjem elektrana i smanjeno opterećenje komunalne mreže. Također ističu da, kao temelj politike koja omogućuje rast krovne solarne energije, neto mjerenje stvara mnoštvo društvenih koristi za sve korisnike koje obično nisu uzete u obzir u analizi komunalnih usluga, uključujući: koristi za javno zdravlje, zapošljavanje i povratne ekonomske učinke, utjecaji na tržišne cijene, beneficije sigurnosti mreže i ušteda vode.

Neovisno izvješće koje je provela konzultantska tvrtka Crossborder Energy pokazalo je da su blagodati kalifornijskog programa neto mjerenja veće od troškova za one koji plaćaju stope. Te neto koristi iznosit će više od 92 milijuna američkih dolara godišnje nakon završetka trenutnog programa neto mjerenja.

Izvješće iz 2012. o troškovima neto mjerenja u saveznoj državi Kaliforniji, koje je naručilo Kalifornijsko povjerenstvo za komunalne usluge (CPUC), pokazalo je da će oni kupci bez distribuiranih proizvodnih sustava platiti 287 američkih dolara dodatnih troškova za korištenje i održavanje mreže svake godine do 2020. Izvješće je također pokazalo da će neto troškovi do 2020. iznositi 1,1 milijardu američkih dolara. Istaknuto je da je isto izvješće pokazalo da kupci solarne energije plaćaju više na račune za struju od onoga što košta komunalno služenje (Tablica 5, stranica 10: u prosjeku 103% njihovih troškova usluge u tri glavne komunalne službe u 2011. godini).

Nedostaci
Mnoga elektroprivredna poduzeća tvrde da vlasnici proizvodnih sustava ne plaćaju pune troškove usluge da bi koristili mrežu, prebacujući tako svoj dio troškova na kupce bez distribuiranih proizvodnih sustava. Većina vlasnika krovnih solarnih ili drugih vrsta distribuiranih proizvodnih sustava i dalje se oslanjaju na mrežu da bi električnu energiju od komunalnih usluga dobivali noću ili kad njihovi sustavi ne mogu generirati dovoljno energije.

Izvještaj iz 2014. koji je financirao Institut za električne inovacije tvrdi da neto mjerenje u Kaliforniji proizvodi pretjerano velike subvencije za tipična stambena krovna solarna fotonaponska postrojenja (PV). Te subvencije tada moraju platiti drugi rezidencijalni kupci, od kojih je većina manje bogata od kupaca solarnih fotonaponskih uređaja na krovu. Uz to, izvješće ističe da većina tih velikih subvencija ide solarnim leasing tvrtkama, koje su činile oko 75 posto solarnih PV objekata instaliranih u 2013. godini. Izvještaj zaključuje da su u Kaliforniji potrebne promjene, počevši od usvajanja maloprodajnih tarifa koje više odražavaju troškove do zamjene mrežnog mjerenja odvojenim aranžmanom "Kupi sve - prodaj sve" koji zahtijeva da svi korisnici solarnih PV-a na krovu kupe svu potrošenu energiju prema postojećim maloprodajnim tarifama i odvojeno prodaju svu proizvodenu energiju na licu mjesta svojim distribucijskim poduzećima po izbjegnutim troškovima komunalnih usluga.

Tarife sljednice mjerenja nakon umrežavanja
Na nacionalnoj osnovi, energetski dužnosnici u SAD-u raspravljali su o programima zamjene neto mjerenja već nekoliko godina. Od 2018. godine pojavilo se nekoliko "replikativnih modela". Komunalne tvrtke uvijek su tvrdile da se kupcima sa solarnom energijom računi smanjuju previše kod neto mjerenja, što kao rezultat toga preusmjerava troškove održavanja mrežne infrastrukture na ostale ne-solarne kupce. "Politika je od 2013. dovela do žestokih rasprava na državnoj razini o tome treba li - i kako - izgraditi nasljednika te politike", navodi Utility Dive. Ključni izazov za izgradnju shema određivanja cijena i popusta u mjernom okruženju post-neto meteringa je kako pošteno nadoknaditi kupce krovnih solarnih uređaja, a pritom ne nametati troškove ne-solarnim kupcima. Stručnjaci su rekli da je dobra "tarifa nasljednika", kako su nazvane politike mjerenja nakon umrežavanja, ona koja podržava rast raspodijeljenih energetskih izvora na način na koji kupci i mreža imaju koristi od toga.

Trinaest saveznih država SAD-a zamijenilo je tarife nasljednice za programe neto mjerenja maloprodajnim cijenama u 2017. godini. U 2018. su još tri države napravile slične promjene. Primjerice, kompenzacija u Nevadi s vremenom će se smanjiti, ali danas je kompenzacija na maloprodajnoj stopi (što znači da solarni kupci koji energiju šalju u mrežu dobivaju naknadu po istoj stopi koju plaćaju za električnu energiju). U Arizoni je nova solarna stopa deset posto niža od maloprodajne.

Dvije najčešće tarife nasljednice nazivaju se neto naplata i  "Kupi sve - prodaj sve" (engl. buy-all-sell-all - BASA). "Neto obračun plaća maloprodajnu stopu za proizvodnju PV-a koju potroše kupci i nižu stopu maloprodajne cijene za izvezenu proizvodnju. S BASA-om komunalna usluga naplaćuje i nadoknađuje niže stope maloprodaje. "

Usporedba

Postoji znatna zabuna  između izraza "neto mjerenje" i "feed-in tarifa" (FIT). Općenito postoje tri vrste naknada za lokalnu, distribuiranu proizvodnju:

 Neto mjerenje: uvijek na malo i što tehnički nije naknada, iako može postati naknada ako postoji višak proizvodnje i ako komunalne usluge dopuštaju plaćanja.
 Feed-in tarifa: općenito iznad maloprodaje i smanjuje se na malo kako se povećava postotak usvojitelja.
 Ugovor o kupnji električne energije : Naknada općenito ispod maloprodajne cijene, poznata i kao "Standardni program ponude", može biti i iznad maloprodajne, posebno u slučaju solarne energije koja se uglavnom stvara blizu vršne potražnje.

Neto mjerenje zahtijeva samo jedan metar. Feed-in tarifa zahtijeva dva.

Vrijeme upotrebe mjerenja
Neto mjerenje vremena upotrebe (Time of Use, TOU) koristi pametno (električno) brojilo koje je programirano za određivanje potrošnje električne energije u bilo koje doba dana. Vrijeme upotrebe omogućuje procjenu komunalnih naknada i naknada na temelju vremena kada je korištena električna energija (tj. Dnevne / noćne i sezonske cijene). Uobičajeno su troškovi proizvodnje električne energije najveći tijekom dana, a najniži noću. Mjerenje vremena upotrebe značajno je pitanje za obnovljive izvore energije, jer, na primjer, solarni elektroenergetski sustavi obično proizvode energiju tijekom dnevnog razdoblja najviših cijena, a tijekom noći, kada je cijena niska, proizvode malo ili nimalo energije. Italija je instalirala toliko fotonaponskih ćelija da najviše cijene više nisu tijekom dana, već navečer. Neto mjerenje TOU utječe na prividne troškove neto mjerenja za komunalno poduzeće.

Neto mjerenje tržišne stope
U sustavima neto mjerenja s tržišnom stopom potrošnja energije korisnika dinamički se određuje prema nekoj funkciji veleprodajnih cijena električne energije. Korisnička brojila programiraju se na daljinu za izračunavanje vrijednosti i očitavaju se na daljinu. Neto mjerenje primjenjuje takve varijabilne cijene na višak energije proizvedene kvalificiranim sustavom.

Sustavi za mjerenje tržišne stope uvedeni su u Kaliforniji počevši od 2006. godine, a prema uvjetima kalifornijskih neto mjernih pravila primjenjivat će se na kvalificirane fotonaponske sustave i sustave vjetra. Prema kalifornijskom zakonu, povrat viška električne energije koji se šalje u mrežu mora biti jednak (promjenljivi, u ovom slučaju) cijene koja se tada naplaćivala.

Neto mjerenje omogućuje malim sustavima da rezultiraju nultim godišnjim neto troškovima za potrošača, pod uvjetom da potrošač može prebaciti opterećenja potražnje na niže cijene, npr. Hlađenjem vode po niskom trošku za kasniju upotrebu u klimatizaciji ili punjenjem baterije električnog vozila za vrijeme nižih cijena naplate električne energije (npr. u Hrvatskoj je to tijekom noći), dok se električna energija proizvedena u vršnom vremenu potražnje može poslati u mrežu umjesto da se koristi lokalno. Ne daje se kredit za godišnji višak proizvodnje električne energije.

Višak generacije
Prekomjerno generiranje je odvojeni problem od neto mjerenja, ali se obično njime postupa s istim pravilima, jer se lako može pojaviti. Ako lokalna generacija nadoknadi dio potražnje, neto mjerenje se neće koristiti. Ako lokalna proizvodnja premaši potražnju neko vrijeme, na primjer tijekom dana, koristi se neto mjerenje. Ako lokalna proizvodnja premaši potražnju za ciklusom naplate, najbolje prakse zahtijevaju trajno prebacivanje kredita u kilovat-satu, iako su neke regije (u SAD-u) smatrale da bilo najbolje da bilo koji iznos kWh istječe nakon 36 mjeseci. Uobičajena je definicija viška proizvodnje godišnje, iako je taj izraz jednako primjenjiv i mjesečno. Tretman godišnjeg prekomjernog stvaranja (i mjesečnog) kreće se od izgubljenog, do naknade po izbjegnutim troškovima, do naknade po maloprodajnoj stopi. Preostali iznos od kWh po prestanku usluge idealno bi se platio po maloprodajnoj stopi sa stajališta potrošača, a izgubio bi se sa stajališta komunalnih usluga, uz izbjegnute troškove s minimalnim kompromisom. Neke regije u SAD-u dopuštaju neobavezno plaćanje viška godišnje proizvodnje, što omogućuje trajno prevrtanje ili plaćanje, po izboru kupaca. I vjetar i solar su u osnovi sezonski i velika je vjerojatnost da će se višak potrošiti kasnije, osim ako nije instalirano više solarnih panela ili veća vjetroturbina nego što je potrebno.

Pohrana energije
Sustavi za neto mjerenje mogu imati integrirano skladište energije za lokalno skladištenje energije (tj. iz obnovljivog izvora energije povezanog na sustav), umjesto da sve prodaju natrag u glavnu električnu mrežu. Često se koriste industrijske baterije dubokog ciklusa, koje traju 10 do 20 godina. Olovne baterije često se također i dalje koriste, ali traju mnogo manje (oko 5 godina). Litij-ionske baterije se ponekad također koriste, ali i one imaju relativno kratak životni vijek. Napokon, nikal-željezne baterije traju najduže s vijekom trajanja do 40 godina. Studija iz 2017. godine na solarnim pločama s baterijama pokazala je 8 do 14 posto dodatne potrošnje električne energije zbog punjenja i pražnjenja baterija.

Izvori

Energetika

Neto mjerenje


Probsteierhagen er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Probstei i den nordlige del af Kreis Plön. Kreis Plön ligger i den østlige/centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Probsteierhagen er beliggende midt i Probstei, et landskab i det nordtyske lavland, omkring 10 kilometer nordøst for Kiel. Den ligger ved Kiel-Schönberger Eisenbahn, der forbinder Kiel med Østersøen. Nord for kommunen løber Bundesstraße 502.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted .
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Plön

Probsteierhagen