Itzik Manger (se citeste: Mangher) (în idiș: איציק מאַנגער), n. 30 mai 1901, Cernăuți, Austro-Ungaria – d. 21 februarie 1969, Ghedera, Israel) a fost un poet și dramaturg evreu de limbă idiș, originar din Bucovina, care s-a intitulat "bard popular", văzător și "meșter croitor" al cuvântului scris.

Manger a trăit și creat în România și Polonia, mai apoi s-a refugiat din cauza primejdiei naziste în Franța și apoi în Anglia, de unde a emigrat în ultimii ani ai vieții în Israel.

Biografie

Copilărie și tinerețe
Itzik Manger s-a născut la Cernăuți, capitala Bucovinei, pe atunci parte componentă a Imperiului Austro-Ungar, ulterior oraș în România, în prezent în Ucraina. Tatăl său, Hillel Manger, era un croitor iubitor de literatură, pe care o numea în glumă "literatoyre" (o altoire a cuvintelor "literatur" și "Toyre" - adică Tora), umorist si bun versificator. Mama sa avea talent vocal și era o bună povestitoare, iar fratele său era și el poet. .Manger a învățat la Gimnaziul german chesaro-crăiesc nr. 3 din orașul natal, unde a aprofundat în mod deosebit literatura germană, până ce a fost exmatriculat pentru șotii și "rea purtare". Admirator al teatrului idiș din tradiția lui Abraham Goldfaden, al cântăreților ambulanți evrei- Brodersinger, ai muzicii romilor, Manger a preferat să fie pentru moment, ucenic croitor, și să petreacă în continuare în mediul boem al actorilor de limbă idiș.
A inceput sa scrie in idis din anul 1918 și în 1921 Manger și-a făcut debutul literar într-o revistă a lui Eliezer Steinbarg. A publicat apoi poezii și balade și în alte jurnale literare fondate după Primul Război Mondial. Mai apoi s-a stabilit la București, unde a scris în idiș pentru ziarele locale și a ținut conferințe despre folclorul spaniol, românesc și rom.

În 1927 Manger s-a mutat la Varșovia, capitala Poloniei, care era în acea vreme țara cu cea mai mare populație evreiască și cu cei mai mulți vorbitori de idiș din Europa. La Varșovia, capitala spirituală a culturii evreiești așkenaze, el și-a petrecut cei mai fertili ani din întreaga sa carieră. În 1929 el a publicat acolo primul său volum de versuri "Ștern afn dakh" (Stele pe acoperiș), care s-a bucurat de o primire entuziastă în rândurile publicului și al criticii. În anul următor a fost primit în prestigiosul PEN-Club al autorilor idiș, din care făceau parte Isaac Bashevis, Israel Rabon și I. Papiernikov.

Succese literare
Între 1929-1938 Manger și-a făcut un loc de cinste în viața literară a Varșoviei. Putea fi văzut adesea declamându-și versurile la Clubul scriitorilor, fiind intervievat de principalele ziare idiș din oraș, iar prestigioasa revistă Literarishe Bleter i-a publicat articolele. Din 1929 Manger și-a editat și propria sa revistă literară, intitulată Cuvinte alese, pe care a umplut-o de poezii, povestiri și manifeste artistice. În același timp, Manger a continuat să-și publice creațiile literare la diferite edituri: o serie de poezii moderniste inspirate de Talmud (Midrașul lui Itzik, 1935), o rescriere teatrală a poveștii sărbătorii Purim (Cartea Cântecelor Meghilei, 1936), o adaptare a piesei lui Abraham Goldfaden - Vrăjitoarea din Botoșani - Hotzmakh Spiel, 1937), o serie de viniete literare despre istoria literaturii idiș (Portrete familiare, 1938) și încă trei mari culegeri de versuri:
Lanternă în vânt (1933), Scrisorile lui Velvl Zbarzher către Preafrumoasa Malkele (1937) și Amurg în oglindă (1937).

Creații de inspirație biblică și talmudică
"Midrashul lui Itzik" și "Cântecele Meghilei" reprezentau primele sale încercări de a rescrie un material antic și familiar printr-o prismă modernă.

În "Midrashul lui Itzik" Manger prezinta un comentariu modern al povestirilor clasice din Biblie, plasând anacronistic personajele biblice în lumea Europei de est din vremea sa. Atitudinea glumeață a lui Manger față de textul original se plasează în tradiția parodică și purimică existentă la evrei încă din vechime. Cum spunea în prefață, "când am scris această carte, mi-a stat permanent în fața ochilor șapca coțcarului din spectacolele evreiești de Purim". Inspirat de genul Purimshpiel, care folosea o povestire din tradiția religioasă pentru a ironiza normele și așteptările vieții religioase evreiești din secolele precedente, Midrashul lui Manger revizuiește în mod radical portretele tradiționale ale personajelor biblice, cerându-le să-și justifice faptele potrivit cu norme și valori moderne. Personaje în mod larg venerate ca Abraham și Sara sunt aspru criticate, în timp ce altele, de obicei estompate, ca Agar (Hagar) și Ismael (Ishmael), își dobândesc în fine, vocea cuvenită.

În "Cântecele Meghilei", Manger folosește o tehnică similară pentru a politiza și desacraliza textul biblic citit în public de sărbătoarea Purim. Prefața pe care a scris-o caracterizează cartea ca un fel de ștrengărie după pilda actorilor de Purim din toate epocile. Cartea este o reistorisire a poveștii Esterei, transpusă în Europa de est din vremea scriitorului. Manger introduce în relatarea sa un nou personaj - Fastrigosso (pronunția așkenază-idiș pentru numele de rezonanță arameică Fastrigata), un iubit părăsit de Estera, membru în Asociația Croitorilor "Ața și Acul" și care uneltește să-l asasineze pe regele Ahashverosh pentru a recâștiga afecțiunea fostei lui iubite.

În exil
În condițiile creșterii antisemitismului în politica și societatea poloneză și în urma anulării cetățeniei sale române de către regimul Dictaturii regale din România, Manger a fost nevoit să părăsească Varșovia în 1938 și să emigreze la Paris, în Franța. Dar în 1940 Parisul nu mai era sigur pentru evrei. Poetul a fost nevoit să ia calea pribegiei - a fugit la Marsilia, apoi la Tunis și de acolo a izbutit să ajungă în Anglia, mai întâi la Liverpool și apoi la Londra. Manger a obținut cetățenia britanică și a rămas circa 11 ani în Marea Britanie (1940-1951). În continuare s-a stabilit la New York între 1951-1958. Deziluzionat și cu sentimentul de scădere a creativității, el a decis în 1958 să emigreze în Israel. De fapt, s-a stabilit acolo definitiv abia în 1967.

Aclamat în Israel și în alte locuri
Spre deosebire de o mare parte din scriitori idiș în exil, Manger a reușit să obțină în Israel un succes semnificativ. În anul 1965 compozitorul, originar din Iași, Dov Seltzer, a dirijat o producție foarte populară a unui spectacol cu "Cântecele Meghilei" a lui Manger, spărgând gheața în ce privea atitudinea rezervată din Israelul oficial față de teatrul idiș. Creația s-a bucurat de succes și a fost reprezentată de peste 400 ori. Între spectatori au fost văzuți și conducători ai țării ca Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir și Teddy Kollek.

Manger s-a stabilit în Israel definitiv în ultimii ani ai vieții și a murit la Gedera, în anul 1969, la vârsta de 68 ani. A fost înmormântat ca un poet național israelian.

Regizorul și dramaturgul evreu român Israil Bercovici a fost autorul unei adaptări pentru teatru a poeziilor lui Manger - piesa în două acte "Mangeriada". Premiera acesteia a avut loc la 6 aprilie 1968 la Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat.

Poezia sa "Oif'n Veg Șteit A Boim" (Pe drum stă un copac) a fost pusă pe muzică, intrând în repertoriul cântecelor în idiș. În 1951 ea a devenit un șlagăr în interpretarea lui Leo Fuld.

Referințe

Legături externe
 pe situl You Tube O înregistrare a lui Itzik Magner recitând poezia "Oif'n Weg Steht a Boim"

Nașteri în 1901
Nașteri pe 30 mai
Decese în 1969
Decese pe 21 februarie
Poeți de limbă idiș
Poeți israelieni
Evrei bucovineni
Dramaturgi de limbă idiș
Oameni din Cernăuți

Itzik Manger


An Eleocharis wadoodii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni S.R.Yadav, Lekhak ngan Chandore. An Eleocharis wadoodii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eleocharis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eleocharis

Eleocharis wadoodii


Cemal Kamacı Spor Kompleksi, İstanbul'un Okmeydanı semtinde 15 Mayıs 1996 tarihinde kurulup 26 Temmuz 1996 tarihinde açıldı. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'ne bağlı Spor A.Ş. adlı şirket tarafından yapılan ve işletilen İstanbul Okmeydanı semtinde bulunan çok amaçlı spor tesisidir.

3 Ağustos 1996 tarihinden itibaren işletmeye açılan spor kentinde, 11 ayrı daldaki spor imkânıyla günde ortalama 2200 kişiye hizmet verilmektedir.

Beyoğlu ve Şişli ilçelerinin yanı sıra, İstanbul'un birçok ilçe ve semtine spor imkânı sunan Okmeydanı Cemal Kamacı Spor Kompleksi; uluslararası spor ekipmanı ve donanımı ile Türkiye ve Avrupa'nın sayılı spor tesislerinden biridir.

Tesislerde 1500 seyirci kapasiteli olimpik yüzme havuzu, 1400 seyirci kapasiteli spor salonu, step-aerobik, kondisyon ve masa tenisi salonlarının yanı sıra; halı saha, sauna, idari birimler, kafeterya, 100 araçlık otopark ve yeşil alanlar bulunmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

 İBB Spor Etkinlikleri sayfası
 Okmeydanı Cemal Kamacı Spor Kompleksi

Olimpik yüzme havuzları
Türkiye'deki yüzme tesisleri
İstanbul'daki spor salonları

Cemal Kamacı Spor Kompleksi


John Sigismund may refer to:
 John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (1572–1619)
 John Sigismund Tanner (1705–1775), chief engraver at the Royal Mint of Great Britain
 John Sigismund Vasa (1652), Polish prince who died shortly after birth
 John Sigismund Zápolya (1540–1571), King of Hungary and Prince of Transylvania

Johann Sigismund may refer to:
 Johann Sigismund Elsholtz (1623–1688), German naturalist
 Johann Sigismund Kusser (1660–1727), German-born composer
 Johann Sigismund Riesch (1750–1821), Austrian military officer
 Johann Sigismund Scholze (1705–1750), Silesian music anthologist and poet

John Sigismund


A Classe Northampton foi uma classe de cruzadores pesados operada pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos, composta pelo , , , ,  e . Suas construções começaram em 1928, foram lançados ao mar em 1929 e 1930 e comissionados na frota norte-americana entre 1930 e 1931. O projeto da Classe Northampton foi limitado pelo Tratado Naval de Washington e inspirado na predecessora , mas incorporou alguns melhoramentos, incluindo uma borda livre mais alta a fim de melhorar a navegabilidade, aprimoramento da subdivisão interna do casco e adição de um hangar para hidroaviões.

Os cruzadores da Classe Northampton eram armados com uma bateria principal composta por nove canhões de 203 milímetros montados em três torres de artilharia triplas. Tinham um comprimento de fora a fora de 182 metros, boca de vinte metros, calado de quase seis metros e um deslocamento carregado de mais de onze mil toneladas. Seus sistemas de propulsão eram compostos por oito caldeiras a óleo combustível que alimentavam quatro conjuntos de turbinas a vapor, que por sua vez giravam quatro hélices até uma velocidade máxima de 32 nós (59 quilômetros por hora). Os navios também tinham um cinturão principal de blindagem com 25 a 95 milímetros de espessura.

Todos lutaram na Segunda Guerra Mundial, a maioria na Guerra do Pacífico em funções de escolta de porta-aviões. O Houston foi afundado em março de 1942 na Batalha do Estreito de Sunda. Em seguida os navios atuaram na Campanha de Guadalcanal, com o Northampton sendo afundado na Batalha de Tassafaronga em dezembro e o Chicago no mês seguinte na Batalha da Ilha Rennell. Os sobreviventes então atuaram nas Campanhas das Ilhas Gilbert e Marshall, Filipinas e Ilhas Vulcano e Ryūkyū. O Augusta foi o único a atuar na Batalha do Atlântico, participando das Invasões do Norte da África, Normandia e Sul da França. Foram descomissionados em 1946 e desmontados em 1959.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Northampton

Classe Northampton


Festus Hommius ( - ) est un théologien calviniste hollandais.

Biographie
Il est né à Jelsum, dans une célèbre famille frisonne. Il étudie à partir de 1593 à l'Université de Franeker sous , se rend en 1595 au fief huguenot de La Rochelle et termine ses études à partir de 1596 à l'Université de Leyde. Vers 1597, Hommius devint prédicateur de Warmond, près de Leiden.

En 1599, il devient prédicateur à Dokkum. Dès 1602 prédicateur à Leiden, il est rapidement entraîné dans le conflit autour de Jacobus Arminius. Hommius devient partisan de Franciscus Gomarus, l'adversaire d'Arminius à la faculté de Leiden. Il publie des livres polémiques et assiste à des conférences avec des dirigeants remontrants tels que Johannes Wtenbogaert.

Il est l'un des principaux publicistes des contre-remontrants, attaquant les cinq articles de remontrance. Il utilise la culpabilité par association en suggérant leur lien avec la libre-pensée, le socinianisme et l'athéisme .

Il tente de faire représenter les congrégations hollandaises d'Angleterre au synode de Dordrecht ; cet appel au gouvernement néerlandais se traduit par la présence de Carolus Liebaert en tant qu'observateur . Il est décédé à Leyde, à l'âge de 66 ans.

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'université de Franeker
Théologien protestant du XVIe siècle
Théologien protestant du XVIIe siècle
Décès en juillet 1642
Naissance en février 1576
Décès à 66 ans

Festus Hommius


MarShon Scitif Brooks (* 26. Januar 1989 in Long Branch, New Jersey) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler, der zurzeit bei den Guangdong Southern Tigers in der chinesischen CBA unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere

NCAA (2007 bis 2011)
Nach seinem Schulabschluss an der High School in Tucker (Georgia) kehrte Brooks in den Nordosten der USA zurück und spielte während seines Studiums am Providence College mit der Hochschulmannschaft Friars Basketball in der Big East Conference der NCAA. In seiner ersten und zweiten Saison dort bekam er nicht viel Spielzeit, in seiner dritten Saison dort wurde er allerdings zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der Mannschaft, erzielte 14,2 Punkte pro Spiel, inklusive eines 24-Punkte-Spiels, in dem er zudem 5 Steals erreichte. Am 23. Januar 2010 gelang ihm ein 25-Punkte- und 5-Rebound-Spiel.

In seiner Senior-Saison verbesserte er sich dann auf 24,6 Punkte pro Spiel und wurde als einer von 20 Finalisten für den John R. Wooden Award ernannt. In einem Spiel erzielte er 52 Punkte, was den Schulrekord ausglich und gleichzeitig den alten Rekord aus der Big East, 48 Punkte, von Eric Murdock überbot. Da er in derselben Saison auch 43 Punkte gegen Georgetown erreichte, wurde er der dritte Spieler der Providence Friars, der zwei 40-Punkte-Spiele in einer Saison auflegen konnte.

NBA (2011 bis 2014)
Brooks wurde als 25. Pick im NBA-Draft 2011 von den Boston Celtics ausgewählt, die ihn kurz danach in einem Rechtetausch an die New Jersey Nets abgaben. Dort avancierte Brooks in seiner Debütsaison schnell zu einem wichtigen Leistungsträger und gehörte meist der Starting Five an. In seiner zweiten Saison, als die Nets nach Brooklyn, New York umzogen und sich fortan "Brooklyn Nets" nannten, kam Brooks nur noch als Ergänzungsspieler von der Bank und seine durchschnittliche Einsatzzeit halbierte sich auf etwa zwölf Minuten pro Spiel.

Nach zwei Spielzeiten wurde er als Bestandteil eines neun Spieler umfassenden Spielertauschs, dem unter anderem die ehemaligen NBA All-Stars Kevin Garnett und Paul Pierce angehörten, zu den Boston Celtics transferiert, die ihn ursprünglich zwei Jahre zuvor gedraftet hatten. Bei den Celtics reduzierte sich Brooks' Spielzeit in zehn Einsätzen der NBA 2013/14 auf unter zehn Minuten pro Spiel und er wurde im Januar 2014 an das Farmteam Maine Red Claws in der NBA Development League (D-League) abgestellt.

Mitte Januar holte man Brooks zurück in den Kader, um ihn in einem weiteren Spielertausch an die Golden State Warriors abzugeben. An der Westküste kam er auf sieben Kurzeinsätze und wurde ebenfalls an das Farmteam, die Santa Cruz Warriors in der D-League, abgestellt. Nach einem Monat schickten die Warriors Brooks zusammen mit Kent Bazemore im Tausch gegen Steve Blake zum kalifornischen Konkurrenten Los Angeles Lakers, wo Brooks bis Saisonende auf 18 Einsätze mit etwa zwölfminütiger durchschnittlicher Spielzeit kam.

Olimpia Milano (2014 bis 2015)
Für die Saison 2014/15 unterschrieb Brooks einen Vertrag beim italienischen Rekordmeister Olimpia Milano aus Mailand, der als amtierender Meister auch am höchstrangigen europäischen Vereinswettbewerb EuroLeague 2014/15 teilnimmt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Basketballspieler (Boston Celtics)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1989
Mann
Basketballspieler (Los Angeles Lakers)
Basketballspieler (Olimpia Milano)
Basketballspieler (Memphis Grizzlies)
Basketballspieler (Brooklyn Nets)
Basketballspieler (Santa Cruz Warriors)
Basketballspieler (Guangdong Southern Tigers)

MarShon Brooks


is one of ten wards of the city of Saitama, in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and is located in the northeastern part of the city. , the ward had an estimated population of 119,298 and a population density of 9,300 persons per km². Its total area was .  Although Urawa-ku is the governmental center of Saitama City, Ōmiya-ku is the most active commercial and business centre in both Saitama City and Saitama Prefecture thanks to its transport infrastructure, especially railways connected at Ōmiya Station.

Geography
Ōmiya Ward is within the Ōmiya Terrace of the Kantō plain, in the center of Saitama City. It is in the Greater Tokyo Area and about 25 km north of central Tokyo.

Neighboring Municipalities
Ōmiya-ku is surrounded by Nishi-ku (to the west), Kita-ku (north), Minuma-ku (east), Urawa-ku (southeast), Chūō-ku (south), and Sakura-ku (southwest).

History

Ōmiya derives its name from a famous Shinto shrine, the Hikawa Shrine, which has been a place of pilgrimage since at least the Heian period. During the Edo period, the area flourished as Ōmiya-shuku, a post station on the Nakasendō highway, which connected Edo with Kyoto. Following the Meiji restoration, it became part of  Urawa Prefecture which merged with Iwatsuki, Urawa, and Oshi Prefectures in 1871 to form Saitama Prefecture. The modern town of Ōmiya was officially created within Kitaadachi District, Saitama with the establishment of the municipalities system on April 1, 1889.

On November 3, 1940 Ōmiya merged with the neighboring villages of Mihashi, Osato, Miyahara and Nisshin and was elevated to city status. Ōmiya continued to expand after the end of the war, absorbing the villages of Sashiougi, Mamiya, Uemizu, Katayanagi, Haruoka, and Nanasato on January 1, 1955.

On May 1, 2001 Ōmiya merged with Urawa and Yono to form Saitama City. In April 2003 Saitama became a city designated by government ordinance, and now the area of former Ōmiya City was divided between Kita-ku (north), Minuma-ku (east), Nishi-ku (west), and Ōmiya-ku (south).

Education
Tertiary:
Kokusai Gakuin Saitama Junior College
University of Human Arts and Sciences

Urawa-ku has nine elementary schools, seven junior high schools, and eight high schools.

Public junior high schools:

 No. 2 (Daini) Higashi (第二東中学校)
 Mihashi (三橋中学校)
 Omiya Higashi (大宮東中学校)
 Omiya Kita (大宮北中学校)
 Omiya Minami (大宮南中学校)
 Onari (大成中学校)
 Sakuragi (桜木中学校)

Municipal elementary schools:

 Kamiko (上小小学校)
 Mihashi (三橋小学校)
 Omiya (大宮小学校)
 Omiya Higashi (立大宮東小学校)
 Omiya Kita (大宮北小学校)
 Omiya Minami (大宮南小学校)
 Onari (大成小学校)
 Sakuragi (桜木小学校)
 Shibakawa (芝川小学校)

The ward also has a North Korean school, Saitama Korean Elementary and Middle School (埼玉朝鮮初中級学校). This school was previously in the City of Ōmiya.

Transportation

Railway
 JR East – Tohoku Shinkansen / Joetsu Shinkansen / Akita Shinkansen / Yamagata Shinkansen / Hokuriku Shinkansen / Kawagoe Line

 JR East – Tohoku Main Line / Takasaki Line / Keihin Tohoku Line
 -
 Tōbu Railway  –  Tōbu Urban Park Line
  -  -
 Saitama New Urban Transit ("New Shuttle") - Ina Line
 –

Highway
   Shuto Expressway Ōmiya Route

Local attractions
Ōmiya Park
Hikawa Shrine
Railway Museum
Saitama Red Cross Hospital in Omiya
 The bonsai nurseries in the neighbouring Kita-ku is usually referred to as the "Ōmiya Bonsai Village" because it was in the area of former Ōmiya city.

References

External links

Wards of Saitama (city)

Ōmiya-ku, Saitama


Alghero (katalonski: L'Alguer, sardinski: S'Alighèra, sasarski: L'Alièra) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 7 metara i ima 44 023 stanovnika. Prostire se na 225,40 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 195 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Olmedo, Putifigari, Sassari, Uri i Villanova Monteleone.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Sassari

Alghero


عبد السَّلام الترمانيني (1913 - 1990)، مؤلف سوري معاصر.

حياته
هو عبد السَّلام بن إبراهيم الترمانيني. تنتمي أسرته إلى قرية ترمانين قرب حلب. ولد في حلب عام 1913. نال شهادة دكتوراة الدولة في الحقوق من كلية الحقوق – جامعة باريس سنة 1939، ثم انتخب نقيباً للمحامين في سوريا سنة 1947، ثم عين عميداً لكلية الحقوق في جامعة حلب سنة 1962، ثم عين رئيساً لقسم القانون المدني في جامعة دمشق سنة 1970، ثم تعاقد مع جامعة الكويت لتدريس القانون فيها من 1971 إلى 1986. عاد بعد ذلك إلى مدينة حلب واستقر فيها حتى وفاته.

مؤلفاته
ألف الدكتور عبد السَّلام الترمانيني كتبًا كثيرة منها:
 «الوسيط في تاريخ القانون والنظم القانونية»، جامعة الكويت.
 «القانون المقارن والمناهج القانونية الكبرى المعاصرة»، جامعة الكويت.
 «الحقوق العينية الأصلية والتبعية»، جامعة حلب.
 «حقوق الإنسان في نظر الشريعة الإسلامية»، بيروت.
 «الرق، ماضيه وحاضره»، سلسة عالم المعرفة، الكويت، ديسمبر 1979م.
 «الزواج عند العرب في الجاهلية والإسلام: دراسة مقارنة»، سلسة عالم المعرفة، الكويت، أغسطس 1984م.

لكن أبرز مؤلفاته يمكن أن يكون «أحداث التاريخ الإسلامي بترتيب السنين»، وهو عمل ضخم يستعرض تاريخ الإسلام سنة بسنة من السنة الأولى للهجرة حتى سنة 1250هـ، مع ترجمة لأشهر الأعلام في شتى المجالات، وهو صادر في عدة مجلدات عن دار طلاس للنشر، دمشق، وهذه المجلدات مقسمة كما يلي:
 الجزء الأول في مجلدين من السنة الأولى للهجرة إلى 250هـ.
 الجزء الثاني في مجلدين من 251هـ، إلى 500هـ.
 الجزء الثالث في مجلدين من 501هـ، إلى 750هـ.
 الجزء الرابع في مجلد واحد من 751هـ، إلى 1000هـ.
 الجزء الخامس في مجلد واحد من 1001هـ، إلى 1250هـ.

حياته العائلية
تزوج من نائلة بانو بنت ضياء الدين حتى وفاتها عام 1985.

جده الثاني هو العالم الفقيه محمد نور الدين الترمانيتي.

توفي عام 1990.

مصادر
د. عبد الّسلام الترمانيني، " أحداث التاريخ الإسلامي بترتيب السنين"، عدة مجلدات، دار طلاس للنشر، دمشق.

المراجع

أشخاص من حلب
خريجو جامعة باريس
محامون سوريون
مواليد في حلب
مواليد 1913
مؤرخون سوريون
نقابيون سوريون
وفيات 1990
وفيات في حلب

عبد السلام الترمانيني


The Great Seal of the State of California was adopted at the California state Constitutional Convention of 1849 and has undergone minor design changes since then, the last being the standardization of the seal in 1937. The seal shows Athena in Greek mythology, the goddess of wisdom and war, because she was born an adult, and California was never a territory; a California grizzly bear, the official state animal, feeding on grape vines, representing California's wine production; a sheaf of grain, representing agriculture; a miner, representing the California Gold Rush and the mining industry; and sailing ships, representing the state's economic power. The word Eureka ( in Greek), meaning "I have found it", is the California state motto.

The original design of the seal was by U.S. Army major Robert S. Garnett and engraved by Albert Kuner. However, because of the friction then in existence between the military and civil authorities, Garnett was unwilling to introduce the design to the constitutional convention, so convention clerk Caleb Lyon introduced it as his own design, with Garnett's approval. Garnett later became the first general to be killed in the Civil War, where he served as a Confederate.

Overview

Legal definition
The legal definition of the Great Seal of the State of California is found in the California Government Code, Sections 399–405.

Original 1849 description

The geography of the Seal

Although the waters were described in 1849 as being "of the Sacramento" and the mountains in the background as being "the snow-clad peaks of the Sierra Nevada", other, very early descriptions referred to the body of water as San Francisco Bay.  In a letter to Lyon dated two days before the seal was approved by the convention, Garnett described the landscape as a "view of the Bay of San Francisco and its vessels", and in 1899, Garnett's brother referred to the mountain as Mount Diablo, supports Robert's view, if Minerva is placed in San Francisco and 'up' is toward the east.

In 1928, due to the number of incorrect details that had appeared in the seal over the years, with the earliest being pointed out as in 1914), state printer Carroll H. Smith was authorized to prepare a new and correct seal.  This seal was drawn by Los Angeles heraldic artist Marc J. Rowe who, among other corrections, narrowed the growing break in the mountains so that it appeared to be the Sacramento River, "fringed by snow-capped Sierra, and not an arm of San Francisco Bay, as the old seal made it appear".  San Franciscans considered this change to be "a slight on their city in favor of Los Angeles".  His design was not adopted as the official seal, although it was used by the State Printing Office. Nine years later, the 1937 standardized seal once again featured a widened gap of Golden Gate proportions, although it did keep Rowe's snow-capped Sierra Nevada that had replaced the barren foothills of previous editions of the seal.  Both features have stayed in the official seal.

The 1937 standardization came about when state employees, wishing to print the seal on blotters for the State Fair, could not find any official design of the seal. This prompted a new law (Statutes of California, 1937, chapter 380), which "established for the first time a definite pictured design with which the master die was 'substantially' to conform, and at the same time established the legality of all previous seals which were essentially the same as this one."

The full color version, accepted as official, was created in 1978 by Jane Van Doren, Graphic Artist for the California State Printing Office (now the California Office of State Publishing). The location of the original painting is unknown.

Popular Beliefs and Urban Legends

Depiction of Fort Point
In the 1937 standardized seal there is a building on the far left rear hill that has been interpreted in a variety of ways. The building, along with the break in the mountains, may have been added to give San Francisco Bay a stronger claim on its location being the landscape portrayed in the seal.  This building first appeared in unofficial versions of the seal as early as 1875, and in most of these, the building was clearly meant to represent Fort Point in San Francisco.

Interpretations as Fort Point

However, the structure was given an apparent dome in the 1895 edition of the California Blue Book, and it was in this configuration that the building appeared in the 1937 standardization of the official seal.  Fort Point has no dome, and it is unknown what building the 1895 artist was attempting to portray.  Two years later, Harold F. Wilson, in his interpretation created for the old State Building in Los Angeles (now located inside the Ronald Reagan State Building in that city), retained the dome.  In 1952, the structure, again with dome, was cast in bronze in the large seal at the west steps of the California State Capitol in Sacramento.

Versions of the Building with a Dome

There is a widespread rumor that the building in the seal found in front of the State Capitol had never appeared in any previous incarnation of the seal, and was meant to represent the chapel at San Quentin State Prison. The rumor states it was added as a "signature" of the prison inmates who cast it, as their alleged request to add their actual signatures was supposedly refused. The unsanctioned addition, so the story goes, was not noticed until it was too late to do anything about it, and so was left as is. Although this 3,400 pound, nearly ten foot wide seal was created in the foundry at San Quentin, the building depicted is not the chapel. If the building is taken as San Quentin and if the break in the mountains is taken to be the Golden Gate, then the view must be of the San Francisco Bay Area, looking from east to west.  That would the building on the wrong side of the Gate to be San Quentin. No building in this form, including the chapel, has ever existed at San Quentin. The building first appeared in artistic renditions of the seal as early as 1875, decades before this seal was cast in 1952, and was officially added in 1937. The configuration of the building on this seal is very similar to its appearance in the 1937 standardization, which itself was based on the 1895 Blue Book rendition. Four detailed, post-1952 accounts of the seal make no mention of the rumor. One of those, a 1959 newspaper article written more than seven years after the placement of the seal, reported that "[t]he only criticism of the convicts' rendition of the seal is that they made the nose of [Minerva] too straight" and that the work "turned out so well it was planned to have the governor, Earl Warren, write the convicts commendations."

The source of this story is unknown, although it is possibly related to the large seal attached to the Resources Building in downtown Sacramento, placed in 1964, four years before the earliest known reference to the rumor in 1968. This seal features what appears to be two structures combined into one. The right half somewhat resembles the front gates of San Quentin State Prison has been said to resemble Folsom State Prison's Greystone Chapel. It is unknown why the artist chose this depiction. If the artist did mean for the building to be San Quentin and Folsom prisons, the rumor being mistakenly attached to the seal in front of the Capitol may have stemmed from a confusion of the two seals, which are blocks away from each other.  A postcard dated 2000 shows an image of the State Capitol at night, with an inset image of the seal. The seal used is the one on the Resources Building. The official color scheme for the seal (e.g., "the spear of Minerva shall be Oakwood, Cable No. 70094 and the tip white"), passed in 1967—thirty years after the structure was officially added—does not mention the building.

Other interpretations of the building
Because there is no official designation of the identity of the building, artists have interpreted the building in a number of ways.

Conflation with County Seal

Another rumor associated with the Great Seal of the State of California is that it once featured a cross which had since been removed.  The source of this story is most likely a confusion of the state seal and its supposed chapel with the Seal of Los Angeles County and its crossless view of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel. This county seal did include a cross from its creation in 1957 until 2004, when a threatened lawsuit by the American Civil Liberties Union encouraged the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to remove the cross and make other design changes to the seal.  (A similar lawsuit earlier in the year led to the removal of a cross from the seal of the city of Redlands.) The mistaken idea that there had once been a cross on the state itself seal quickly spread, appearing as near to Los Angeles as Long Beach and as far away as New Hampshire before the county seal had been officially changed.

The steam vessel
The real-life identity of the steam vessel, whether actual or not, shown at the far left of the seal is a subject of debate and other urban legends.

In 2004, the California State Legislature passed Assembly Concurrent Resolution 131, authored by Dave Cox.  ACR 131 renamed part of U.S. Route 50 in Sacramento County in honor of multiethnic California pioneer William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr.  It read, in part: "WHEREAS, In 1847, William Alexander Leidesdorff, Jr. captained the first and only steamship in California prior to the Gold Rush of 1848, the Sitka.  His maiden steam voyage up the Sacramento River is immortalized on the California State Seal and recognizes his vision for increased maritime transportation of California's agricultural products to world markets."  A vessel of thirty-seven feet length, nine feet breadth of beam, and eighteen inch draw, for her trial voyage on San Francisco Bay a very large passenger was repeatedly warned not to stir from his "post of honor immediately over the boiler," and on her only voyage to Sacramento in November/December 1847 it was reported that the baby of one of her passengers needed to be passed around to keep the "crank" vessel trim.  Her career as a steam vessel was short-lived, as she sank at anchorage in February of the next year during a gale in San Francisco.  "Thus perished the first steamer on the Bay, a mere toy, and a most dangerous one too," reported San Francisco's Californian, "Should she be resuscitated by the owner we sincerely hope that none of our citizens will trust themselves with a passage in her beyond the 'flat' that she now rests upon."  The pioneering and enterprising Leidesdorff did indeed have her raised and refitted as a schooner, the Rainbow, and she continued to run on the Sacramento River after the discovery of gold.

In his 2001 book, Maritime Tragedies on the Santa Barbara Channel, Justin Ruhge suggested that, "When Major Garnett laid out the seal, he included a number of sailing ships and on the middle left side of the seal he also drew in a steam bark.  It is likely that this is the U.S.S. Edith.  The ship in the drawing is a steamer without side wheels.  At that time only the U.S.S. Edith was such a ship.  The only other steamer on the west coast at that time was the much larger steamer California that was driven by side wheels." The USS Edith, a screw steamer, was sent from San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara and San Diego in August 1849 to pick up the delegates for the upcoming constitutional convention.  On the second day out, the Edith ran aground in a heavy fog at about 10 p.m. south of Point Sal, at the north end of what would become Vandenberg Air Force Base.  There was no loss of life and the captain and crew were later exonerated by a Court of Inquiry, but the ship and her cargo had to be abandoned.  Garnett, a passenger, was left in charge of the salvage efforts.  Sam Pollard reported that "a few days after the wreck [Garnett] came to San Luis Obispo and was my guest for two weeks ... and showed me the work he was doing on [the State Seal] in my store at San Luis Obispo."  Leidesdorff's Sitka was a sidewheeler as well.

The number of stars and the Conrad Murray trial
When live television coverage of the Conrad Murray trial of 2011 went to break, a seal, most likely located in the courthouse where the trial took place, was shown.  It was soon discovered that this seal had thirty-two stars instead of the proper thirty-one. This error was interpreted by some as an intentional clue that the trial was a hoax, Michael Jackson was still alive, and had faked his own death.  However, seals found in other government buildings have been known to contain errors: a thirty-eight star seal was on display at the San Diego County courthouse from 1889 until its demolition in 1959—seventy years—and the seal sculpted into the tympanum of the 1928 Stanley Mosk Library and Courts I building in Sacramento, where the Supreme Court of California sits while in the capital, shows twenty-one stars.  Within the California State Capitol itself, the seals carved into the secretary's desk on the Senate floor and the clerk's desk on the Assembly floor, both in use since 1870, contain only thirteen stars. Twenty-nine star seals are attached to the B. F. Sisk Courthouse in Fresno, the Senator Alfred E. Alquist State Building in San Jose, the Justice Joseph A. Rattigan State Building in Santa Rosa, and the Van Nuys State Office Building in Van Nuys.

An incorrect number of stars had been a widespread problem for some time; "Numerous reproductions of the seal are found in well-known books and other widely circulated printed matter which show thirty-two stars instead of thirty-one", wrote the Los Angeles Times in 1937.  In 1914, seals were found to have as few as eleven, and as many as thirty-eight, stars.  A version of the seal showing thirty-eight stars appeared on the title page of the 1887, 1889, 1893, 1895 (the 1895 edition also showed a thirty-two star on page 299), and 1899 editions of the California Blue Book, a publication of the Office of the Secretary of State, who is the custodian of the Great Seal.  No seal appeared on the title page of the 1903 or 1907 editions.  A thirty-one star seal was used in the 1909 edition, but the publication went back to thirty-eight stars in 1911 and 1915, then settled on thirty-one in 1924.

Various numbers of stars on various seals

Controversies and other issues

Vallejo's, Lyon's, and Garnett's roles in the creation of the Seal
During the 1849 Constitutional Convention debate on the design of the seal, the bear was added to satisfy Major J.R. Snyder and the men of the Bear Flag Revolt.  This addition was objected to by native Californio Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, former head of the Mexican military in California, but a friend of the United States.  He introduced an amendment to remove the bear, or, if it were to remain, that it be held fast by a vaquero's lasso.  The amendment failed.

In February 1850, the Daily Alta California of San Francisco accused Lyon of taking the $1000 appropriated to him by the convention for the purpose of securing a die and press, but giving a marred design, a die sunk too shallow, and an insufficiently powerful press for the job in return.  The editorial continued that Lyon "received his money out of the civil fund, and is now conveying it to the sylvan retreats of Lyonsdale" and quite vehemently stated that Lyon had "no right or title to the honor of either designing or executing the seal any more than the Kha[n] of Tartary" while still protecting the anonymity of Garnett.  However, the fact that Garnett was chiefly responsible for the design was known by at least one observer of the convention at the time and generally known no later than December 1849.

Controversy arose again in 1899 with an article in the San Francisco Chronicle that claimed that Garnett's design was not original, but in fact based upon the seal of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows' California Lodge No. 1, with a few changes.  This article was soon followed by a defense of the originality of the design written by Major Garnett's brother, Louis A. Garnett, who claimed that the timing of the creation of and differences between the two seals made it impossible for the state seal to have been based on the lodge seal.  Despite this, the Grand Lodge of California continues to make this claim, and an I.O.O.F. historian has suggested that perhaps Garnett in fact designed both seals.

Contention within the state government over the use and design of the Seal

In 1855, conflict arose over the seal between Governor John Bigler and the Secretary of State James W. Denver.  Denver, who had been elected to the United States Congress (and in whose honor the city of Denver, Colorado, was named), left for Washington, D.C., on October 5, but his resignation was not effective until November 5.  Bigler asked for an immediate resignation and threatened to declare the office vacant and appoint a new Secretary of State if this request was refused.  In the same letter, he also requested that the Great Seal be kept in the Governor's Office.  Denver refused the request, as it would be impossible for him to fulfill his duties without it, and cited the fact that the seal had always been kept in the possession of the Secretary of State.  On October 6, Bigler appointed his private secretary, C.H. Hempstead, to the office, and, accompanied by two witnesses, went to the office of the Secretary of State to have the appointment certified.  Denver's deputy refused to certify, as he argued that the office would not be vacated until November 5, the effective date of Denver's resignation.  It was not until that date that Hempstead's appointment was finally certified.

In 1958, a disagreement arose between Secretary of State Frank M. Jordan and State Architect Anson Boyd over the design of the seal being used on state buildings in Sacramento.  One seal showed the Golden Gate Bridge crossing over the gap in the mountains, and another spelled "Eureka" in Greek letters.  Assistant State Architect P.T. Poage explained that the Division of Architecture "had considered making a model of the seal" in order to "keep the architects from making improvements."  Jordan responded by promising to "sponsor legislation in 1959 to provide greater protection on use of the seal."

Symbols in the Seal and the Seal as a symbol

A few days after the Symbionese Liberation Army's Hibernia Bank robbery in San Francisco of April 15, 1974, an Associated Press wire photo and caption of the bronze seal on the west steps of the State Capitol showed a detail of Minerva's shield.  On the shield appeared the head of Medusa, with seven snakes for hair.  The seven-headed cobra, the caption pointed out, was the symbol of the SLA.  In 1994, after seeing Minerva and Medusa on the bronze seal at the west steps of the State Capitol, Pastor Margo Brown called it "an affront to women and Christian faith."  "I was shocked and amazed to see a woman [Minerva] in a man's uniform," the Sacramento Bee reported her saying, "And there was a picture of Medusa with snakes on her head.  I'm very proud of my gender and women need to be portrayed in a better light."  She led a crusade at the Capitol to call for a redesign of the seal, but the seal remains unchanged.

Other protests on the Capitol steps have used the seal as a rallying point: in 1960, a group picketing the execution of Caryl Chessman gathered around the seal and said, "blame our leaders," in 1967 signs reading "I Protest" and "Thou Shalt Not Kill" were left on the seal to protest the execution of Aaron Mitchell, later that year a black casket representing "the living dead farm worker" was the centerpiece of a "funeral" march and placed atop the seal for an all-night vigil, and in 1990 the seal was marked with handprints of red paint by members of ACT UP, protesting possible state health care cuts.

Errors in the Seal
An early 1900s envelope, reportedly sent by the state to a newspaper editor, bore a copy of the seal missing the bear.

In 1982, after a year-long probe, a $300,000-plus counterfeiting ring was busted in Los Angeles by Department of Motor Vehicles agents.  The counterfeiters had been producing false pink slips and other identity papers using a fraudulent seal.  The mistake the counterfeiters made that first tipped off investigators was the misspelling of "Seal" as "Seat."  The possibility of the use of fraudulent seals for unscrupulous gain had been discussed in the press as early as 1878.

This was followed in 1988 by the discovery that on a number of documents printed by the state printing office, Minerva's face had taken on the look of Snoopy, the beagle of Peanuts cartoon fame.  The error was first discovered in the Department of Corrections newsletter, printed by prison labor, and so it was first suspected to be a prank by the inmates.  It was later revealed that the source of the error was a worn printing plate, and so was not intentional.

While most errors on the seal are unintentional, at least one was done "on porpoise": the staff of Assemblyman Jerry Lewis once ordered a birthday cake for their boss with a California seal on it, but it was "the kind that has flippers, swims in the ocean and eats fish."

Examples of the Seal

Sacramento
The seal can be seen in its various incarnations near the entrances of a number of state buildings in downtown Sacramento, including the State Capitol (as well as several inside of the Capitol, including an 1854 carving and a 1908 stained glass "sky" light), Stanley Mosk Library and Courts I (within the tympanum at 914 Capitol Mall), Department of Rehabilitation (721 Capitol Mall, not to be confused the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation), State Personnel Board (801 Capitol Mall), Employment Development Department (722/800 Capitol Mall), Resources Agency (1416 Ninth Street), Secretary of State (1500 Eleventh Street), CalTrans (1121 O Street), Office of the State Fire Marshal (1131 S Street), and the Department of Motor Vehicles (2415 First Avenue).  A hand-painted seal which used to be on display at the old Oakland State Building (1111 Jackson Street) until its closure following the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 can today be seen just within the front entrance of the state building at 1304 O Street, Sacramento.  In West Sacramento, on the opposite shore of the Sacramento River from Old Sacramento, near the entrance to the headquarters of the California Department of General Services in the distinctive Ziggurat building, is another seal. Near the base of the James W. Marshall monument at Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park in nearby Coloma, can be found an artistic rendition of the seal from 1890.

A selection of seals found around Sacramento

San Francisco Bay Area
It can also be seen in mosaic on the second floor of San Francisco's Ferry Building, which opened in 1898.  Three unusual seals can be seen at the San Francisco Civic Center.  The 1894 James Lick Pioneer Monument features a seal where Minerva and the bear have "escaped" the seal and are sculpted in the round, leaving the remaining elements on Minerva's shield in the space normally occupied only by the face of Medusa.  So large that it was shipped via oyster shell barge from the artists' studio (a dairy barn) in Petaluma, a 1500-pound fiberglass seal hangs above the entrance to the California Public Utilities Commission building.  A bright golden seal is on display in the auditorium of the Hiram Johnson State Building.  There are two more, less spectacularly colored seals at the north and south entrances to that building. Joined by the seals of other western states, the seal of California hangs above one of the elevators in the lobby of the Hearst Building at Third and Market streets. A seal can also be found at Metropolitan Barber Shop, at 1018 Bush Street.

Around the Bay Area, other seals can be found at the Native Sons of the Golden West Parlor No. 62 in Napa (a six-foot wide stained glass), the historic plaza in Sonoma on the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt monument (1914), the Elihu M Harris State Office Building in Oakland, the San Mateo County History Museum in Redwood City (a mosaic dating to 1910), the Circle of Palms Plaza in San Jose, the site of California's first state capitol, and in front of Colton Hall in Monterey, the site of the 1849 Constitutional Convention.  Nearby is a 1957 monument to Robert S. Garnett which includes the seal.

A selection of seals found around the San Francisco Bay Area

Southern California
A large bronze seal, installed in 1939, was for many years located in front of the First Street entrance to the old State Building in Los Angeles until the structure was torn down in the 1970s.  The seal in the atrium of the Ronald Reagan State Building in Los Angeles is most likely this seal.  Also in downtown Los Angeles, at the Los Angeles County Law Library, a large Seal of California is joined by others representing the various court districts of the area.  At the 1934 California State Fair, Los Angeles-based Helms Bakery won the gold medal for the best loaf of bread, topping 471 other entries.  Large reproductions of this medal, showing the seal on one side, can be seen on the exterior of all three former locations in Culver City, Montebello, and San Bernardino.  As part of his 1932 mural on the ceiling of the Fluor Gallery of the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, artist Martin Syvertsen included a seal. Another seal is attached to the Family Law Court in Riverside.

Above the bench in Courtroom #1 of the San Diego Superior Court hangs a stained glass seal.  This was one of forty-two state seals created in 1889 (one for each state then in the Union) by artist John Mallon for the courthouse at the time and saved from oblivion in 1978 by civic-minded San Diegans (the courthouse had been torn down in 1959, and the seals placed in storage).  Not far from the Superior Court, just outside the entrance doors to the old central library location at 850 E Street, is another seal. Constructed as part of the Panama–California Exposition, held in San Diego's Balboa Park from 1915 to 1917, the California Building features a stylized seal. A more standardized seal appears nearby, above the entrance to the San Diego Museum of Art. To celebrate the 1935–1936 California Pacific International Exposition, also held in Balboa Park, the United States Mint issued a commemorative half-dollar piece featuring a modified seal on the obverse. In 1907, the Native Daughters of the Golden West presented a large tablet to the officers and crew of the armored cruiser USS California (ACR-6). Both the commemorative coin and the tablet were designed by sculptor Robert Ingersoll Aitken, thus explaining the similarities among the two.

A selection of seals found around southern California

Outside of California
Artistic renditions of the seals of the seven states of the Colorado River basin are included in the Oskar J.W. Hansen-designed dedication plaza at Hoover Dam.  California's is in the center, directly below a large American bald eagle, and is the only seal with supporters: two California grizzly bears.

The historic Decatur House in Washington, D.C., once owned by prominent Californian Edward Fitzgerald Beale, features a seal, installed by Beale soon after he bought the house in 1871, made of twenty-two woods native to California.  Although now in the collection of the California State Archives in Sacramento, an 1857 stained glass version of the seal, along with the seals of the several states, hung in an enormous iron skylight once located in the ceiling of the United States House of Representatives until a U.S. Capitol renovation in 1949. A similar collection of state seals, created by artist Herman T. Schladermundt in 1897, is on display in the main reading room of the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress.

Along the north wall of the Memorial Building at the World War II Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial, near Cambridge, England, are stained glass renditions of the state seals, including California's.  A similar collection of seals is carved into the limestone floors of the temple area at the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial in the Philippines, established in 1948.

Other uses of the Seal
In 1862, the California Legislature created the California State Normal School (now San Jose State University), and bestowed its Great Seal upon the school. Although the university's version of the Seal still graces its Tower Hall and several other buildings on the San Jose State campus, its fate as the school's official Seal is unclear. In recent years the school has also used a different seal depicting its Tower Hall building. The city of Eureka, California, uses the same seal, being the only U.S. location to use the state seal as its seal. The city's name identically matches California's motto. Minerva and the bear appear on the seal of the city of Long Beach.  The seal of the County of Alpine is nearly an exact copy of the state seal, but with most of the elements reversed, as if reflected in a mirror. The Governor's Flag features a modified seal at its center. The California Highway Patrol uses a modified state seal on its patch, replacing the wheat and grape vine with a cactus and adding a setting sun, and a seal as part of its shield that is nearly identical to the actual seal.  Most state law enforcement agencies, along with many local and county agencies, display the state seal on their badges.

Because it is a misdemeanor to use any representation or facsimile of the Great Seal of the State of California for commercial purposes, Hollywood productions will often use a modified seal. A fictionalized version of the seal, missing the words "California" and "Eureka", appeared on officers' shoulder patches used for the television series Highway Patrol, which, although filmed in southern California, was set in an unnamed western state.  Another made-for-television seal, missing the bear and several ships, and with a wandering island, was used for an episode of the CBS series The Mentalist/ Above Judge Wright's head in the NBC comedy Bad Judge hung an altered seal, missing the ships and a good number of stars. During Mr. Peanutbutter's gubernatorial run on the Netflix series BoJack Horseman, a seal with an actual seal in place of Minerva was shown. In the 2016 FX production The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story, a twenty-seven star seal hung above the head of Judge Lance Ito.

In 1969, the appearance of the seal on state-owned cars parked in unexpected places was used by concerned Californians to identify public vehicles, financed by taxpayers, being used for non-official duties.  Observed examples included a vehicle parked at a Lake Tahoe casino and "a man, woman, and several children piling out of a state owned car and into a movie theatre at 3 p.m."

As the "signature" of California, the seal has also been used for less-than-solemn purposes, including poking fun at the state's problems.  In 1967, soon after Ronald Reagan's inauguration as governor, the Sacramento Bee ran an editorial cartoon showing an overweight Minerva and bear, representing bloated state government, doing toe-touching exercises as Reagan, dressed as an athletics coach, calls out, "Squeeze, Cut, Trim – Squeeze, Cut, Trim."  In 2001, the Oakland Tribune printed a letter to the editor with a light-hearted suggestion of new imagery for the seal.  The writer proposed replacing the sailing ships with Japanese car carriers, the wheat and grape vine with Central Valley subdivisions, obscuring the Sierra Nevada with smog, and giving California a new motto more appropriate for the time:  "I have lost it."  Ross Mayfield, political cartoonist of the Santa Maria Sun, lampooned California's economic situation with his "The New State Seal for the Great Bankrupt State of California" cartoon, which portrayed a worried Minerva holding signs that read "Send Money" and "Need Cash," the miner in his (literal and figurative) hole with a "We're In Too Deep" sign, and the ships flying "Bail Us Out" and "We're Sinking" banners.  A version of the seal with Conan the Barbarian in the place of Minerva and California spelled phonetically as 'Kahlifoania' made the rounds soon after Austrian-born Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected governor in 2003.

Government seals of California

External links
California State Archives: Long Description for the Great Seal of the State of California
California State Capitol Museum: California Symbols
California State Library: State Symbols
John Allen: "Peculiarly Appropriate": The Great Seal of the State of California
Netstate.com: The Great Seal of California

References

Symbols of California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Minerva

Great Seal of California


USS Columbia was a  light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier s, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve  guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve  dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of .

The ship, the sixth US Navy ship to bear the name, was named for the city of Columbia, South Carolina. Columbia was commissioned in July 1942, and saw service in several campaigns in the Pacific. Like almost all her sister ships, she was decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, and never saw active service again. Columbia was scrapped in the early 1960s. A memorial to the ship and men who served on her exists in Columbia, SC.

Design

The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to  by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun  dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery  gun turrets.

Columbia was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to  and increased to  at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47 caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve  /38 caliber dual purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of eight Bofors  guns in two quadruple mounts and thirteen Oerlikon  guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was  thick. The main battery turrets were protected with  faces and  sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Columbias conning tower had 5-inch sides.

Service history
Columbia was laid down on 19 August 1940 by the New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, New Jersey; and launched on 17 December 1941 sponsored by Miss J. A. Paschal. She was commissioned on 29 July 1942, with Captain W. A. Heard in command.

World War II

1942-43
Sailing from Norfolk on 9 November 1942, Columbia arrived at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides on 10 December, and joined in the patrols west of the New Hebrides in support of the continuing struggle for Guadalcanal. On 29 January 1943, while cruising off Rennell Island to cover the movement of transports to Guadalcanal, Columbias group came under heavy air attack, and the battle of Rennell Island followed, with land and carrier-based aircraft joining in to protect the American ships. Columbia aided in shooting down three enemy planes in this battle. Based out of Efate from 1 February, Columbia continued her patrols in the Solomons, and in June carried out a bombardment and mining mission on 29–30 June, coordinated with the New Georgia landings. On 11–12 July, she bombarded Munda, and until 5 September, when she sailed for a brief overhaul at Sydney, patrolled southeast of the Solomons.

Columbia, rejoined her division on 24 September off Vella LaVella, as patrols to intercept Japanese shipping continued. As Marines stormed ashore on Bougainville on 1 November, Columbias guns pounded targets on Buka and Bonis and in the Shortlands. On the night of 2 November, her force intercepted a Japanese group sailing to attack transports lying off Bougainville. In the furious fighting of the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay which resulted, Columbia joined in sinking the Japanese cruiser  and destroyer , and turning the attackers back from their goal. She continued to support the Bougainville landings and bombard targets in the Solomons through December.

1944
After training exercises in the New Hebrides in January 1944, Columbia helped spearhead the attack and occupation of Nissan, one of the Green Islands from 13 to 18 February. Early in March, her group swept along the line between Truk and Kavieng in search of enemy shipping, then covered the assault and occupation of Emirau Island from 17 to 23 March. On 4 April, Columbia sailed from Port Purvis in the Solomon Islands for an overhaul at San Francisco, returning to the Solomons on 24 August.

Columbia sortied from Port Purvis on 6 September with the covering force for the landings in the Palaus, and remained off Peleliu to provide gunfire support to forces ashore and protection to assault shipping until her return to Manus on 28 September. She sailed on 6 October, guarding the force which was to seize Dinagat and other islands at the entrance of Leyte Gulf which must be neutralized before the vast Leyte invasion fleet could enter the Gulf. These islands were taken on 17 October, and Columbia sailed on to give gunfire cover to the main landings three days later. But as the landings proceeded, the Japanese fleet sailed south to give battle, and on the night of 24 October, its southern force entered Leyte Gulf through Surigao Strait. Attacks by motor torpedo boats and destroyers on the Japanese force opened this phase of the decisive battle for Leyte Gulf. Columbia with other cruisers had joined the old battleships and lay in wait. In a classical maneuver, the American ships "crossed the T" of the Japanese column, and opened heavy gunfire which sank the battleship , and forced the heavily damaged cruiser  and other units to retire. Toward dawn, Columbia sped to deliver the final blows which sank destroyer , crippled in earlier attacks. Columbia then joined the Battle off Cape Engaño with sister ships ,  and .

After replenishing at Manus early in November, Columbia returned to Leyte Gulf to protect reinforcement convoys from air attack. In December, operating from Kossol Roads in the Palaus, she covered Army landings on Mindoro, and on 14 December, lost four of her men when a  gun misfired during an air attack. These were Columbias first casualties of the war.

1945

On 1 January 1945, Columbia sailed for the landings in Lingayen Gulf and on 6 January, as pre-invasion bombardments were getting underway, Japanese kamikaze attacks began. Columbia suffered a near miss by a kamikaze and was then struck on her port quarter by a second. The plane and its bomb penetrated two decks before exploding, killing 13 (including 3 survivors of the  who had been rescued two days earlier after their ship was sunk following a kamikaze attack) and wounding 44 men, putting her aft turrets out of action, and setting the ship afire. Prompt flooding of two magazines prevented further explosions, and impressive damage control measures enabled Columbia to complete her bombardment with her two operative forward turrets, and remain in action to give close support to underwater demolition teams. Ammunition was removed from the after magazines to refill the forward magazines; much of this was done by hand. On the morning of the landings, 9 January, as Columbia lay close inshore and so surrounded by landing craft that she was handicapped in maneuver, she was again struck by a kamikaze, knocking out six gun directors and a gun mount. 24 men were killed and 97 wounded, but short-handed as she was, Columbia again put out fires, repaired damage, and continued her bombardment and fire support. Columbia sailed that night, guarding a group of unloaded transports. Her crew's accomplishments in saving their ship and carrying out their mission without interruption were recognized with the Navy Unit Commendation for this operation.

Columbia received emergency repairs at San Pedro Bay, Leyte, and sailed on to an overhaul on the west coast, returning to Leyte on 16 June. Three days later, she sailed for Balikpapan, Borneo, off which she lay from 28 June, guarding minesweeping which preceded the invasion of the island on 1 July. She covered the landing of Australian troops, and gave them gunfire support through the next day, sailing then to join Task Force 95 (TF 95) in its repeated sweeps against Japanese shipping in the East China Sea. At the close of the war, she carried inspection parties to Truk, the important Japanese base bypassed during the war, and carried Army passengers between Guam, Saipan, and Iwo Jima until sailing for home on 31 October.

After calling on the west coast, Columbia arrived at Philadelphia on 5 December for overhaul and service training Naval Reserve men until 1 July 1946. She was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Philadelphia on 30 November 1946, and sold for scrapping on 18 February 1959. The tug that towed Columbia to the breakers,  Curtis Bay Towing's Triton, had been one of the tugs present at her launching 18 years earlier.

Awards
In addition to the Navy Unit Commendation, Columbia received 10 battle stars for World War II service.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

 Cleveland class light cruisers US Cruisers List: US Light/Heavy/AntiAircraft Cruisers, Part 2
 USS Columbia (CL-56) HistoryofWar.org
 "Cruisers Are A Tough Breed." Popular Mechanics, November 1945, pp. 17–21, article based on wartime logs.

Cleveland-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1941 ships

USS Columbia (CL-56)


École normale supérieure de Cachan (også kendt som ENS Cachan' eller École normale supérieure de Paris-Saclay) er en af Frankrigs grande écoles. Institutionens hovedcampus er beliggende ved Cachan.

ENS Cachan blev grundlagt i 1912 – for at uddanne universitetslærere. I dag fungerer ENS som et eliteuniversitet for embedsmænd, erhvervsfolk, forskere og politikere.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger
 ENS' hjemmeside

Universiteter i Frankrig
Etableret i 1912

École normale supérieure de Cachan


Ana Maria Bican () este o fostă gimnastă română.

Biografie
Ana Maria Bican a câștigat ca junioară medalia de aur cu echipa la Campionatele europene de gimnastică feminină din 1992. Tot ca junioară la Campionatele europene de gimnastică feminină din 1994 a câștigat medalia de aur la sărituri și bronz la individual compus.

În 1994 la Jocurile Bunăvoinței a fost a doua cu echipa și a patra la bârnă. La la Campionatele europene de gimnastică feminină din 1996 a câștigat medalia de aur cu echipa. La Jocurile Olimpice de la Atlanta din 1996 a fost selecționată, dar nu a participat din cauza unei accidentări. În urma accidentării și-a încheiat cariera de gimnastă. A studiat apoi francezǎ și marketing la Universitatea din Michigan.

Carieră

Note

Bibliografie
 http://www.gymn-forum.net/bios/women/bican.html

Legături externe
 http://wagymnastics.wikia.com/wiki/Ana_Maria_Bican

Vezi și
 Gimnastică artistică

Nașteri în 1980
Nașteri pe 3 martie
Gimnaste române
Sportivi români în viață

Ana Maria Bican


An Ponthieva garayana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson ngan Roberto Vásquez. An Ponthieva garayana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ponthieva, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ponthieva

Ponthieva garayana


Far til fire - på toppen  er en dansk familiefilm fra 2017 instrueret af Martin Miehe-Renard efter manuskript af Lars Mering og Claudia Boderke.

Filmen er den niende i rækken af nye film (efter årtusindeskiftet). Filmens cast er også nyt i forhold de tidligere film. Martin Brygmann har tidligere været med i Far til fire, som Fars chef, men overtager rollen som Far efter Jesper Asholt.

Handling
Far til fire på toppen handler om højdeskræk. Fars arbejde skal flytte til provinsen, og familien er nødt til at flytte med. Men de har bestemt ikke lyst til at forlade kæreste, kammerater og skole. De opfordrer derfor Far til at søge et andet arbejde. Da Far bliver indkaldt til jobsamtale, er den nye chef meget begejstret for ham. Men Far er knap så begejstret for den nye arbejdsplads, som ligger på 27. etage. Far har nemlig højdeskræk.

Derfor lægger børnene, sammen med Onkel Anders, imidlertid en omfattende plan for at kurere Fars højdeskræk. En plan der fører familien til Norge, hvor de alle bliver bragt i livsfarlige situationer, samtidig med at en jaloux konkurrent til jobbet prøver at spænde ben for Far.

Medvirkende
Martin Brygmann som Far
Thomas Bo Larsen som Onkel Anders
Elton Rokahaim Møller som Lille Per
Laura Lavigne Bie-Olsen som Mie
Mingus Hellemann Hassing som Ole
Coco Hjardemaal som Søs
Anne Sofie Espersen som Louise
Yrsa Bjarup Riis som Ida
Lukas Toya som Peter
Josefine Lindegaard som Emma
Jacob Riising som Chef

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2017
Familiefilm fra Danmark
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
på toppen
Dansksprogede film

Far til fire - på toppen


İbrahim Nazzam (775,  845) (tam adı İbrahim ibn Sayyar al-Nazzam) Filozof ve teolog. 775'te Irak'ın Basra şehrinde doğdu, 845'te Bağdat'ta öldü. Ebu'l-Huzeyl gibi Mutezile filozoflarının önemli ve özgün isimlerinden biridir.

Felsefesi
Nazzam, doğa felsefesine dayanmıştır ve ona dayanarak Allah fikrine yükselmeye çalışmıştır. Doğa ya da evren ona göre Allah'ın bir hikmetine göre yaratılmışlardır. Doğa yasaları olarak bilinen her şeyin Allah'ın yaratımına uygun olduğunu öne sürer. Allah, emir ve cebr edici olarak özgürlüğü zorunluluğu ile sınırlandırılmış bir iradedir. Nazzam bu noktada meşşai flozoflarına benzer, ancak tamamen aynı argümanı öne sürmez. Meşşai filozofları zorunluluk ile Allah'ı bir ve aynı şey sayarlarken, Nazzam yaradılış sorununda bu düşünceden farklılaşır. İlk harekette Allah tarafından verilmiş olan özgür fakat akli bir iradenin fiilini görür. Özgürlük akıl arasına bir tür karşıtlık konulmuş olur böylece.

Nazzam felsefesini açıklamakta Anaxagoras'ın metafizik sistemine dayanır; Kümûn ve burûz dediği bir kuram geliştirir. Buna göre doğada meydana gelen her şey gizil olanın ortaya çıkmasıdır; ki o gizil olan da, olmuş ve olacak olan her şey mevcuttur. Gizil olandan açığa çıkmaktadır her şey. Buna göre her şeyin meydana gelişi de bir anda ve birdenbire olmuştur. Olaylar meydana gelen şeyler bu birdenbire meydana gelmiş olanın perdelerinin kalkmasıdır. Nazzam yaradılışı böylece özgür bir eylem olarak belirtmiş olmaktadır.

Ayrıca rasyonalist bir düşünürdür İbrahim Nazzam, tanrısal olan her eylemliliğin akılcı olarak mantıksal yollardan kanıtlanabilir olduğunu öne sürer. Bu temelde Allah'ı sonsuz (kadîm) ve geri kalan her şeyi sonlu (hâdis) olarak açıklar; meşşai filozofu olarak Allah'ı sıfatlardan arınmış olarak görür ve değerlendirir. İnsanın özgür iradesini kabul eder ve bu sebepten onun sorumlu olduğunu belirtir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Rasyonalizm
 Ontoloji
 Mutezile
 Ön-Sokratikler
 Meşşailik
 İrade
 Kelam

Kaynakça
 Felsefe Tarihi, Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Cem Yayınevi.

İslam filozofları
775 doğumlular
845 yılında ölenler

İbrahim Nazzam


Don Alfons de Aragón y Portugal (katalonski Alfons d'Aragó i de Portugal; šp. Alfonso de Aragón y Portugal) (Segorbe, 1489. – El Puig de Santa Maria, 16. listopada 1562.?) bio je španjolski plemić iz aragonske dinastije, potkralj Valencije, grof Empúriesa te vojvoda Segorbea. Poznat je i kao Alfons I. od Empúriesa.

Obitelj
Alfonsov otac je bio Don Henrik de Aragón y Pimentel, a majka mu je bila Doña Guiomar Portugalska.

Don Alfons je naslijedio svoga oca 1522. god. na mjestu grofa.

Oženio je 30. travnja 1516. god. gospu Ivanu od Cardone, kćer Don Fernanda I. Juana od Cardone. Par je dobio mnogo djece:
Fernando
Alfons
Ivan
Franjo Ramón od Cardone
Guiomar
Ivana II. od Empúriesa
Ana
Francesca
Beatris
Izabela
Magdalena
Marija
Jerònima

Alfons je dobio i dvoje izvanbračne djece, Dídaca i Petra (biskup Jace).

Izvori

Grofovi Empúriesa

Alfons de Aragón y Portugal


Otto Albrecht von Keyserling (ou Keyserlingk), né le  à Kabillen (Courlande) et mort le  à Rautenburg (Prusse-Orientale), est un magistrat, propriétaire terrien et homme politique prussien. Il est membre du Parlement de Francfort de 1848 à 1849, de la Chambre des seigneurs de Prusse de 1854 à 1885 et du Reichstag de 1867 à 1874.

Biographie

Keyserling naît le  à Kabillen dans le gouvernement de Courlande en Russie d'un père propriétaire terrien et Majoratsherr (titulaire d'une terre héréditaire noble inaliénable). Ses parents sont Heinrich, comte von Keyserlingk (1775-1850),  de Rautenburg et son épouse Annette, née baronne von Nolde (1780-1851) de la maison de Kalleten. Le géologue Alexander von Keyserling (1815-1891) est son frère. Il étudie le droit à l'université de Göttingen à partir de 1822, où il devient membre du , puis exerce jusqu'en 1830 le métier d'officier de justice à la cour d'appel (Appellationsgericht) de Königsberg. En 1830, il se marie et devient à son tour propriétaire d'un domaine et Majoratsherr à Rautenburg, dans le district de Gumbinnen en Prusse orientale. En 1840, il reçoit en outre le titre de chambellan (Kammerherr).

Outre son activité de propriétaire, Keyserling occupe plusieurs fonctions électives. En 1847, il est membre du Landtag uni de Prusse et, en 1848, il est élu député au Parlement de Francfort dans la  circonscription de la province de Prusse, représentant l'arrondissement de Tilsit. Siégeant à partir du , il vote avec le centre-droit mais n'adhère à aucun groupe parlementaire et quitte ses fonctions trois mois plus tard, le , remplacé par Julius Gerlach. Keyserling prend cependant part en 1850 au Parlement de l'Union d'Erfurt, siégeant à la seconde chambre (Volkshaus) et entre en 1854 à la Chambre des seigneurs de Prusse dont il demeure membre jusqu'en 1885. Il accomplit en outre trois mandats au Reichstag de 1867 à 1874 pour la  du district de Gumbinnen, siégeant avec le groupe conservateur.

Parallèlement, Keyserling devient en 1854 président de l'Association agricole de Prusse orientale et adhère en 1856 à l'ordre protestant de Saint-Jean (Johanniterorden), où il reçoit le titre de chevalier d'honneur (Ehrenritter) en 1866 et celui de chevalier de justice (Rechtsritter) en 1870. Il meurt le  à Rautenburg, à 82 ans.

Famille
Keyserlingk se marie le  avec Emma baronne von Behr (1811-1851) de la maison Stricken. Le couple a plusieurs enfants, dont :
  (1831-1874), diplomate allemand, marié avec Maria comtesse von Anrep-Elmpt (1843-1925) ;
 Cäcilie (1835-1897) mariée avec Otto Julius Hugo von Keyserlingk (1833-1903) ;
 Hugo (1839-1904), chambellan prussien marié avec Cäcilie comtesse von Anrep-Elmpt (1847-1928) ;
 Amalie (1838-1896) mariée avec  (1831-1902) ;
 Fanny (1841-1919) mariée avec  (1835-1890), chambellan prussien.

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Gräflichen Häuser. 1905. Achtundsiebzigster Jahrgang, Justus Perthes, Gotha 1904, S. 414–415.
 Bernd Haunfelder, Klaus Erich Pollmann: Reichstag des Norddeutschen Bundes 1867–1870. Historische Photographien und biographisches Handbuch. (= Photodokumente zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien. Band 2). Droste, Düsseldorf 1989,  (mit Bild).

 Egbert Weiß: Corpsstudenten in der Paulskirche. Einst und Jetzt, Sonderheft 1990, München 1990, S. 26.
 Egbert Weiß: Corpsstudenten im Reichstag des Norddeutschen Bundes. Einst und Jetzt 42 (1997), S. 9–42.
 : Genealogisches Handbuch der kurländischen Ritterschaft. Band 1, S. 140.

Liens externes

Membre du Parlement de Francfort
Député du Reichstag (Empire allemand)
Député de la Chambre des seigneurs de Prusse
Magistrat prussien
Noblesse prussienne
Naissance en juillet 1802
Naissance dans le gouvernement de Courlande
Décès en mai 1885
Décès dans la province de Prusse-Orientale
Décès à 82 ans

Otto von Keyserling


Patu damtao est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Symphytognathidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique du Viêt Nam. Elle se rencontre dans le parc national de Dam Tao.

Description
Le mâle holotype mesure .

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, le parc national de Dam Tao.

Publication originale
 Li, Li & Lin, 2021 : « Taxonomic study on fourteen symphytognathid species from Asia (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). » ZooKeys, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Symphytognathidae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique du Viêt Nam

Patu damtao


Platero se puede referir a:
Platero, el artífice que labra la plata o la persona que vende objetos labrados de plata u oro o joyas con pedrería;
El personaje epónimo del libro Platero y yo, del Nobel Juan Ramón Jiménez.
Platero EScultura, Serie de ocho esculturas del Museo al aire libre Moguer EScultura, inauguradas dentro de las conmemoraciones del 'Año de Platero' (2014), en Moguer, Andalucía (España).
Platero (escultura), escultura del burrito Platero en Málaga, España.
La banda española de rock Platero y Tú.
 Un nombre común del ave Porphyrospiza alaudina.

Otros
Platero y Tú,  grupo vasco de rock and roll formado a finales de los años 80 y disuelto en 2001

Platero (desambiguación)


Carl Reinhold Constantin Callmander (født 25. december 1840 i Örebro, død 2. november 1922 i Göteborg) var en svensk maler.

Callmander, der studerede i Stockholm og rundt om i Europa (Antwerpen, Paris, München m. v.), malede i begyndelsen mest genrebilleder og portrætter, tegnede karikaturer m. v.; senere arbejdede han væsentlig i de dekorative fag og vandt især et navn på glasmaleriets område (glasmalerier i Uppsala Domkirke, i kirker i Göteborg, Umeå, Varberg og andre steder). Callmander var lærer ved Göteborg Museums Tegneskole.

Kilder

Malere fra Sverige
Svenskere i 1800-tallet
Svenskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Örebro

Reinhold Callmander


Silikat, mineral grupları arasında en geniş gruptur.

Her bir silikat minerali, yer kabuğunda en çok bulunan oksijen ve silisyum elementlerini içerir. Bunların çoğu bir veya birden fazla diğer elementleri içinde barındırır. Bu elementler birlikte sert kuvars, yumuşak talk, tabakamsı mika, lifsi asbest, yeşil olivin ve kan kırmızısı granat gibi farklı özelliklerde olan ve çok geniş bir spektrum içeren yüzlerce silikat mineralini meydana getirir.

Silikat Yapıları
Tüm silikat mineralleri, silisyum-oksijen tetrahedrosu (SiO44-) adı verilen aynı temel yapı taşlarına sahiptir. Bu yapı, her biri -2 değerlikli ve kovalet bağa sahip 4 oksijen iyonu ve nispeten daha küçük +4 değerli silisyum iyonundan oluşan piramit şekilli ve dört özdeş yüzeye sahip tetrahedron (dört yüzlü) yapıdır. Bu tetrahedralar, SiO44- kompleks iyonlardan ziyade -4 değerli yüke sahip olup kimyasal bir bileşik değildir. Bu kompleks iyonlar diğer metal iyonlarla pozitif olarak yüklü diğer metal iyonlara bağlıdır. Bunlar, elektriksel olarak dengede olmak için pozitif olarak yüklenmiş diğer metal iyonlarına bağlıdır. Belirli bir biçimde, her bir O2- iyonu, tetrahedrin merkezinde bulunan Si4+  iyonlarıyla bağlı kendi valans elektronlarına sahiptir. her bir oksijende kalan 1- yüklü, komsu bir tetrahedrondaki bir diğer pozitif iyon veya silisyumla bağlanmaya elverişlidir.

Genel Silikat Mineralleri
Feldspatlar açık ara en bol bulunan silikat grubu olup yer kabuğunun %50 sinden fazlasını oluşturur. Kuvars, kıtasal kabuktaki en bol ikinci mineral olup sadece silisyum ve oksijenden oluşan yaygın bir mineraldir.

Çoğu silikat minerali, erimiş kayaç soğuduğunda ve kristalleştiğinde oluşur. Soğuma, düşük sıcaklık ve basınç özellikleri gösteren yeryüzü veya yeryüzüne yakın kesimlerde veyahut da yüksek sıcaklık ve basınç gösteren oldukça derinlerde oluşa bilir. Kristalleşme sırasındaki ortam ve erimiş kayaçların kimyasal bileşimi büyük oranda mineralleri oluşturur. Örneğin, bir silikat minerali olan olivin, yüksek sıcaklıklarda kristalleşirken kuvars nispeten daha düşük sıcaklıklarda kristalleşir.

Açık Renkli Silikatlar
Ferromagnezyum olmayan ve doğada olanlara göre daha az bulunan silikatlar, genellikle açık renkli ve yaklaşık olarak 2.7 değerinde özgül ağırlığa sahip olan minerallerdir. Bu farklılıklar çoğunlukla demir ve magnezyum bulunup bulunmamasından kaynaklanır.

Feldspat Grubu

En yaygın mineral grubu olan feldspat grubu geniş bir sıcaklık ve basınç aralığındaki koşullara bağlı olarak oluşabilir.

Kuvars

Kuvars tamamen silisyum ve oksijenden oluşan bir mineraldir.

Muskovit
Muskuvit, mika grubuna ait bir mineraldir.

Kil Mineralleri
Kil, mikalar gibi bir tabaka yapısına sahip, karmaşık mineral grubunu tanımlamak için kullanılan bir terimdir.

Koyu Renkli Silikatlar
Koyu renkli veya ferromagnezyum içeren silikatlar, yapılarında demir (ferro) veya magnezyum mineralleri içerirler çünkü demir içeriği ferromagnezyen olmayan minerallerden farklı olarak bu tipteki silikatlara özel bir özgül ağırlık değeri ve koyu bir renk verir.

Olivin Grubu
Olivin siyahtan yeşile kadar değişe bilen renklerde ve yüksek sıcaklık silikat mineral grubuna ait bir mineraldir.

Piroksen Grubu
Piroksenler, koyu renkli magmatik kayaçlarda önemli bileşenlerden birisi olan karmaşık bir mineral grubudur.

Amfibol Grubu
Honblend, amfiboller olarak adlanan kimyasal açıdan da karmaşık bir mineral grubunun en yaygın üyesini oluşturur.

Biyotit
Biyotit, koyu ve demirce zengin mika grubuna ait bir mineraldir.

Granat
Granat, yapısal olarak olivine benzer bir görünümde olup metalik iyonlar tarafından bağlanan tek tetrahedronlardan oluşur.

Sorosilikatlar
Sorosilikatlar (yunan.; soros, urn) bir oksijen paylaşan iki tetrahedrondan oluşmuş birimler içerir. Bağlı iki tetrahedrondan oluştuğu için çoğunlula "ikili ada(double island)" olarak anılır.   Bu yapının en temel birimi (Si2O7-6). Hemimorphite [- Zn4Si2O7(OH).H2O], Sorosilikatlar için verilebilecek iyi bir örnektir. Bunun yanı sıra EpidoteGrubu Ca2(Al,Fe+3)Al2O(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH) Sorosilikatlar arasında önemli bir gruptur. Epidote Grubu mineralleri genellikle SiO4 ve Si2O7 köklerini birlikte bulundurur.Lawsonite,pumellyite ve melinitbu grup içerisindedir.

Nezosilikatlar (yunan.; nesos, island) tekil tetrahedraların bulunduğu bağımsız birimlerdir. Silis tetrahedra yapının kökünü oluşturur.

Kökler küçük ve katyonlar tarafından çevrelenmiş olduklarından, nezosilikatlar ve sorosilikatlar bütün yönlerden oldukça tek tip bir yapı gösterirler.  Birçoğu yapraksız ya da zayıf yapraklıdır, iyi kırınıma sahip olanlarıysa yalnızca tek yönden kırınım gösterir. Kristalleri çoğunlukla eş boyuta sahiptir ya da fazlaca uzamamıştır. Hekzagonal simetri belirgindir ve genelde tetragonal mineraller olan zircon ve vesuvianit nezosilikarlardandır. Bir başka önemli mineral olan melilite ise bir sorosilikattır.

Kaynakça

Kaynakça

Silikat


Takuma Abe (født 5. december 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Tokyo Verdy, Aalen, Ventforet Kofu, FC Tokyo og Vegalta Sendai.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takuma Abe


Sinema veya Sinema sanatı, kamera aracılığı ile elde edilmiş görüntülerin bir ışık aracılığı ile beyaz renkte bir perdeye yansıtılarak film adı verilen sesli veya sessiz hareketli videolar elde edilmesi işidir. Üretilen bu filmler, sinema salonu adı verilen özel binalarda gösterilmektedir. Sinema sanatı genel olarak diyalog, kurgu, sahnenin düzeni, ışık, ses ve dekor gibi şeyleri yapılan filme uygun olarak kullanımı olarak bilinmektedir. Bu işlemlerin tamamına ise sinema endüstrisi adı verilmektedir. İtalyan asıllı Fransız film kuramcısı Ricciotto Canudo sinemayı, "yedinci sanat" olarak tanımlamış ve günümüzde de bu şekilde kabul edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Sinema
Türlerine göre yapılar

Sinema


IBM Notes (eski adıyla Lotus Notes), IBM tarafından geliştirilen, büyük şirketlerin ağ üzerinden kolayca mailleşmesini, veri alıp gönderebilmesini ve IT tarafından şirketin amaçlarına uygun veri girişi yapılabilen veya okunabilen sayfaların yaratılmasını sağlayan gelişmiş bir haberleşme ve ortak çalışma yazılımıdır.Yüzeysel olarak dışarıdan bakıldığında,kâğıtları ortadan kaldırmak için tasarlandığı düşünülsede, asıl amaç düzgün bir şekilde rapor vermektir.

Programın içeriği
 E-mail
 Satınalma ve Takibi
 Fatura Tasdikleri
 Personel Takibi
 Taşeron Takibi

1989 yazılımları
NoSQL
Belge tabanlı veritabanları
Lotus Software yazılımları
Mac OS e-posta istemcileri
OS/2 yazılımları
Sahipli veritabanı yönetim sistemleri
Usenet istemcileri
Windows e-posta istemcileri

IBM Notes


BNP Paribas Open 2015 var en tennisturnering, der blev spillet udendørs på hardcourt-baner af typen Plexipave i Indian Wells Tennis Garden i Indian Wells, California, USA i perioden 9. - 22. marts 2015. Det var den 42. udgave af Indian Wells Masters.

Det var sæsonens første ATP World Tour Masters 1000-turnering på mændenes ATP World Tour 2015 og den første WTA Premier Mandatory-turnering på kvindernes WTA Tour 2015.

Herresingletitlen blev vundet af Novak Djokovic, som i finalen besejrede Roger Federer med 6–3, 6–7, 6–2. Dermed tangerede Novak Djokovic Federers rekord på fire herresingletitler i Indian Wells, og han nåede samtidig op på 50 vundne titler som den blot 12. spiller i den åbne æra.

Damesingletitlen gik til Simona Halep, der vandt 2–6, 7–5, 6–4 over Jelena Janković i finalen. Sejren var rumænerens indtil da største i karrieren, idet hun ikke tidligere havde vundet en WTA Premier Mandatory-turnering.

Herredoubleturneringen blev vundet af Vasek Pospisil og Jack Sock, der besejrede Simone Bolelli og Fabio Fognini med 6−4, 6−7, [10−7] i finalen. Den canadisk-amerikanske duo sikrede sig dermed den første titel på Masters 1000-niveau og den tredje ATP-titel i alt som par. For begge spillere var det den fjerde ATP-titel i double.

Martina Hingis og Sania Mirza vandt damedoubletitlen, idet det schweizisk-indiske par i deres første turnering som makkere i finalen besejrede russerne Jekaterina Makarova og Jelena Vesnina med 6−3, 6−4.

Præmier

Den samlede præmiesum for BNP Paribas Open 2015 androg US$ 10.762.470 ekskl. per diem.

Resultater

Herresingle

I hovedturneringen deltog 96 spillere, hvoraf 78 havde kvalificeret sig til turneringen i kraft af deres verdensranglisteplacering, fem spillere havde modtaget et wildcard, 12 spillere havde spillet sig igennem kvalifikationsturneringen, mens den sidste spiller var lucky loser.

Ottendedelsfinaler, kvartfinaler, semfifinaler og finale

Første, anden og tredje runde

Damesingle

I hovedturneringen deltog 96 spillere, hvoraf 78 havde kvalificeret sig til turneringen i kraft af deres verdensranglisteplacering, otte spillere havde modtaget et wildcard, mens de sidste 12 spillere havde spillet sig igennem kvalifikationsturneringen.

Ottendedelsfinaler, kvartfinaler, semfifinaler og finale

Første, anden og tredje runde

Herredouble

Damedouble

Eksterne henvisninger
 BNP Paribas Open
 ATP World Tour - ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells 2015
 WTA Tour - BNP Paribas Open 2015

Noter

Indian Wells Masters
WTA Tour 2015
ATP World Tour 2015

BNP Paribas Open 2015


مهرجان بابل الدولي هو مهرجان سنوي يتم إقامته على مدرجات مدينة بابل الأثرية في محافظة بابل وسط العراق انطلقت فعالياته أول مرة عام 1987م. يتم خلاله استضافة العديد من الفرق العراقية والأجنبية التي تقوم بعروض فنية وموسيقية متنوعة ضمن فترة المهرجان كان يديره نقيب الفنانين العراقيين الأسبق داود القيسي. توقفت فعاليات المهرجان منذ عام 2003م على إثر حرب العراق والتدهور الأمني الذي اعقبها لكن تم استئناف فعاليات المهرجان. جذب هذا المهرجان الكثير من المشاركات من كل انحاء العالم ليقدموا أنواع الموسيقى كالموسيقى الشعبية، والاوبرا والبالة وأشهر الكتاب لمناقشة وقراءة كتبهم وكان هناك الكثير من المحاضرات والندوات تقام على نطاق واسع من الثقافة والأدب والفن والمواضيع الاثرية

مصادر

بابل
مهرجانات في العراق

مهرجان بابل الدولي


Sexchikane eller seksuel krænkelse er en form for chikane eller krænkelse, der har seksuelle overtoner, herunder uvelkomne berøringer og upassende tilbud om belønninger i bytte for seksuelle tjenester. Seksuel chikane og krænkelse omfatter en række forskellige handlinger, der strækker sig fra verbale grænseovertrædelser til seksuelt misbrug eller overgreb. Chikane og krænkelse kan forekomme i mange forskellige sociale sammenhænge såsom arbejdspladsen, hjemmet, skolen, kirken osv. Chikanens og krænkelsens ofre kan være af begge køn.

Definition af sexchikane og seksuel krænkelse
Seksuel chikane er en type chikane, hvor den krænkende handling hovedsageligt har seksuel karakter. En seksuel krænkelse består i, at en eller flere personer tvinger eller lokker en eller flere andre personer til seksuelle handlinger. Seksuelt overgreb er et overgreb, hvor en eller flere personer udsættes for seksuel krænkelse.

Internationale forhold

Juridiske forhold i Forenede Nationer (FN) og Europæiske Union (EU)
FN forstår kampen mod seksuel chikane som en vigtig del af konventionen mod diskrimination af kvinder. Konventionen er fra 1979 og hedder Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Heri lægges der især vægt på at forstå seksuelle krænkelser som seksuelle tilnærmelser og lignende, der forstås som uvelkomne af kvinder.

I EU har seksuelle krænkelser været genstand for særlige direktiver siden 1976. Kampen mod seksuelle krænkelser forstås som en del af bestræbelserne for ligestilling i Europa. Herunder opfattes seksuelle krænkelser som enhver form for uønsket seksuel adfærd. Ifølge det opfølgende direktiv 2002/73/EC skal seksuel chikane og krænkelse forstås som en form for diskrimination, der skal være forbudt i EU.

#MeToo og #HimToo

I oktober 2017 blev hashtaget #MeToo voldsomt udbredt over hele kloden, efter at en skuespiller havde offentliggjort en historie om hendes oplevelser med en filmproducent i Hollywood. Herefter har tusindvis af personer skrevet om deres egne oplevelser om sex-chikane og -overgreb på #MeToo.

I 2018 opstod #HimToo, som ikke mindst var en reaktion på mænd, der blev udsat for falske anklager om at have begået voldtægt. HimToo har haft en mindre udbredelse end #MeToo, men har sat fokus på, at også mænd bliver udsat for krænkelser og overgreb.

I Danmark

Danske regler
Sexchikane defineret i Ligebehandlingslovens § 1, stk. 6 og ligestillingslovens § 2a, stk. 3:

Der foreligger sexchikane, når der udvises enhver form for uønsket verbal, ikkeverbal eller fysisk adfærd med seksuelle undertoner med det formål eller den virkning at krænke en persons værdighed, navnlig ved at skabe et truende, fjendtligt, nedværdigende, ydmygende eller ubehageligt klima.

Ligebehandlingsloven dækker sexchikane på arbejdsmarkedet. Ligestillingsloven dækker sexchikane i det øvrige samfund.

På arbejdsmarkedet er sexchikane forbudt. Bliver en arbejdstager udsat for sexchikane, kan han eller hun kræve en godtgørelse fra den person, der har udøvet sexchikanen. En arbejdsgiver kan blive ansvarlig for sexchikane udøvet af en ansat, hvis arbejdsgiveren ikke griber ind, så snart vedkommende bliver bekendt med sexchikanen. Arbejdsgiveren kan imidlertid ifølge retspraksis også blive ansvarlig for den udførte sexchikane, selvom arbejdsgiveren ikke er bekendt med denne jf. fx Vestre Landsrets dom af 28. januar 2015.

Forebyggelse af sexchikane indgår i arbejdspladsens arbejdsmiljøarbejde. Udenfor arbejdsmarkedet er sexchikane også forbudt. Alle, der bliver udsat for sexchikane, kan rejse krav om godtgørelse mod den, der har udøvet sexchikanen. Erstatningen for at udøve sexchikane ligger på omkring 24.000 kr. og har ikke ændret sig eller fulgt den generelle prisudvikling siden starten af 1990'erne. Havde beløbet fulgt prisudviklingen ville erstatningerne i stedet ligge omkring 40.000 kr.

Særlige forhold ved debatten i Danmark
Seksuel chikane og krænkelse har været meget diskuteret i Danmark, både for og imod. Ifølge forsker Kenneth Reinicke har debatten i Danmark været særligt kendetegnet ved, at enkelte kendte mænd har forsøgt at bagatallisere seksuel chikane som et problem eller forsvare krænkelser. Herunder kritiserede debattøren Anders Fogh Jensen i 2018 MeToo for ikke at respektere mandens seksuelle natur. Det fremkaldte vrede modreaktioner på sociale medier, og Jensen blev beskyldt for at ville forsvare retten til at sexkrænke.

Litteratur

 Coburn, Jennifer. (1995). Take Back Your Power: A Working Woman's Response to Sexual Harassment. ism press. ISBN 978-0-910383-13-4
 Dromm, Keith (2012). Sexual Harassment: An Introduction to the Conceptual and Ethical Issues. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1554810109.
 MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1979). Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02299-5.
 Patai, Daphne. Heterophobia: Sexual Harassment and the Future of Feminism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. ISBN 978-0-8476-8987-3.
 Petrocelli, William; Repa, Barbara Kate (1998). Sexual Harassment on the Job: What It Is and How to Stop it. NOLO. ISBN 978-0-87337-484-2.
 Roberts, Barry S.; Mann, Richard A. "Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Primer" Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine.
 Uggen, Christopher; Powers, Ráchael A.; McLaughlin, Heather; Blackstone, Amy (2021). "Toward a Criminology of Sexual Harassment". Annual Review of Criminology. 4 (1): 33–51.

Referencer

Ligestilling
Sexologi

Sexchikane


Pakruojis () is a city in Lithuania. It is situated on the Kruoja River, which has a dam above the city. Forty three buildings of the manor, mentioned in 1531 still survive.

History
Pakruojis and it neighbourhood are within the boundaries of the inhabited area of the Semigallian tribe. For a long time it was thought that the town was founded in 1585, when the town and Pakruojis manor were mentioned in land ownership records. This date has entered several encyclopedias. However, historian Algimantas Miškinis discovered that Pakruojis was first mentioned in 1531. On July 10, 1613 the first church of Pakruojis had inaugural service in it new building. Sigismund III Vasa granted  rights for two annual fairs.

Landowners von Ropa, who owned Pakruojis Manor from the beginning of 19th century, had a great influence on the development of the city.

In 1801 the oldest wooden synagogue of Pakruojis in Lithuania was built.

In July and August, 1941, German soldiers with the help of local white armbanders massacred a total of 400 Jews from Pakruojis district in the nearby Morkakalnis forest.

Pakruojis wooden synagogue survived World War II.  It is the largest and the oldest of the wooden synagogues that survives in Lithuania, but had been in deteriorating condition for a long time. On May 3, 2009 the synagogue suffered severe damage in a possible arson fire,; it underwent restoration 2014–2016 and was reopened in May 2017.

In 1950 Pakruojis was granted city rights.

In 1982 a railway from Radviliškis was upgraded and narrow railway replaced with wide railway.

In 1993 the coat of arms of Pakruojis was approved.

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities
Pakruojis is twinned with:
 Mariestad, Sweden
 Bauska, Latvia

People
 Eugen von Keyserling (1833-1889), German-Baltic arachnologist
 Vilma Bardauskienė (born 1953), long jumper

References

External links

 Pakruojis manor

Cities in Šiauliai County
Cities in Lithuania
Municipalities administrative centres of Lithuania
Ponevezhsky Uyezd
Holocaust locations in Lithuania
Pakruojis District Municipality

Pakruojis


En blanket er et dokument med fortrykt tekst og angivne felter, der skal udfyldes af et menneske ved skrivning. En blanket kan udfyldes i hånden eller på skrivemaskine. I nyere tid er blanketter også blevet elektroniske, og kan udfyldes på en computer eller skrives ud.

Blanketter af samme slags har den samme fortrykte tekst, dog kan et serienummer variere, hvis den er trykt med en nummeratør.

Ideen med anvendelsen af blanketter er, at udfylderen tvinges til at tage stilling til alle relevante spørgsmål, og at modtageren får sine oplysninger i en rimeligt struktureret form. Ligeledes er det ikke nødvendigt for brugeren at skrive så meget, da han kun skal svare på spørgsmålene. En blanket har ofte også fortrykt en vejledning til udfyldelsen. Felterne på en blanket er ofte samlet i grupper for at øge overskueligheden. Dette kan f.eks. være gjort med rammer eller med tonede områder bag hver gruppe. Konstruktionen af en blanket kræver grundige overvejelser for at sikre, at man får alle relevante oplysninger med, og at brugeren forstår spørgsmålene. Ligeledes skal der tages hensyn til læseligheden, også af de udfyldte oplysninger (der skal være plads nok).

Blanketter beregnet til at skulle udfyldes på skrivemaskine skal layoutes, så linjeafstand og antal positioner passer med en skrivemaskine. Blanketter, der skal udfyldes i hånden, stiller andre krav til layoutet.

Blanketter kan være udformet som flere sammenklæbede ark, hvor det skrevne enten vha. karbonpapir eller ved brug af selvkopierende papir gentages på de øvrige ark, der så kommer til at fungere som kopier, hvis der er behov for kopier i arbejdsgangen, evt. en kopi til udfylder. Sådanne blanketter med gennemslag kan udfyldes på visse typer printere som f.eks. matrix-printere.

Blanketter er i dag ofte trykt med sort farve, da de så uden videre kan printes på en kontorprinter og i øvrigt er billige, men blanketter trykt i én farve findes stadig og var tidligere meget udbredte. En hyppigt anvendt trykfarve var blanketgrøn.

Elektroniske blanketter til brug på internettet kan opbygges i html og indsendes direkte. Blanketter kan også skabes som PDF-filer med felter til udfyldelse på skærmen. Blanketfilen kan derpå sendes over nettet eller printes ud hos brugeren og sendes med posten.

Blanketter i populærkulturen
Det britiske band UB40 er opkaldt efter en blanket, som arbejdsløse skulle udfylde.

sendes med posten.

Referencer

Trykke- og skrivepapir

Blanket


São Cipriano Portekiz'de Viseu belediyesine bağlı olan, 12,57 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.337 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viseu

São Cipriano (Viseu)


Tamburi Aleksan Ağa (1815 - 1864), Osmanlı müzisyen.

Yaşamı
Bir işhanında odabaşı olan Ermeni asıllı Vanlı Kaspar'ın oğlu olarak İstanbul Gedikpaşa'da doğmuştur. Küçük yaşta müziğe başlayan sanatçı, Hamparsum Limonciyan'dan tambur dersleri almış ve kısa sürede büyük başarı sağlamıştır.

Üsküdar'daki Surp Garabet Kilisesi'nde "Ermeni Notası" dersleri vermiş, sonra Süleymanpaşa Hanı'nın gazinosunda çalışmıştır.

Tamburdaki yeteneği ile ünlenen Aleksan Ağa, 1856 yılında Mısır Valisi Said Paşa'nin davetiyle Kahire Sarayı'na sazende olarak gitmiştir. Dönemine göre oldukça iyi olan 40 altın maaşına rağmen 1859'da İstanbul'a geri dönmüştür.

Elindeki parayı çabucak harcayan sanatçı yoksul düşmüştür. 1864'te İstanbul'da ölen Aleksan Ağa'nın; nihavend, nühüft, acembûselik ve suzidil makamlarında bestelediği 10 kadar eseri ve bir hüseyni saz semaisi vardır.

1815 doğumlular
1864 yılında ölenler
Ermeni asıllı Türk müzisyenler
Osmanlı Ermenileri
İstanbul doğumlu besteciler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sanatçılar
Fatih doğumlular

Aleksan Ağa