St. Clemens ist eine ehemalige Schifferkirche des heute rechtsrheinischen Kölner Stadtteiles Mülheim. Die unmittelbar am Rheinufer stehende Kirche entstand als romanische Saalkirche des 12./13. Jahrhunderts. Sie war jahrhundertelang Filialkirche der Pfarrkirche St. Mauritius in Buchheim, wurde nach deren Zerstörung 1796 zur Pfarrkirche erhoben und blieb nach wie vor die einzige katholische Kirche Mülheims. Mit dem Neubau der Liebfrauenkirche im Jahr 1864 verlor sie die Pfarrrechte und wurde erneut zur Nebenkirche. Mit weiteren sieben Kirchen gehört sie heute zur katholischen Kirchengemeinde St. Clemens und Mauritius, die die Stadtteile Mülheim, Buchheim und Buchforst umfasst.

Untersuchungen und Quellennachweise
Eine Abhandlung des Archäologen und Kunsthistorikers Bellot des Jahres 1994 unternahm den Versuch, die baugeschichtlichen Abläufe der Clemenskirche seit ihren Anfängen zu rekonstruieren. Dazu stellte er fest, dass eine gründliche und umfassende Untersuchung des Bauwerks noch durchzuführen sei.

Das vorhandene Quellenmaterial zu dieser Kirche ist eng mit der Entwicklungsgeschichte Mülheims verbunden und zeigt in Form von historischen Zeichnungen, Stichen und frühen Fotografien Veränderungen des Ortes und der Kirche, die jedoch nicht die Zeit vor der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts erfassen. Weiterhin geben die für diese Zeit verfügbaren Nachrichten der Archive und die der überkommenen Literatur mit ihren Daten zur Bauabfolge Anhaltspunkte, die jedoch im Einzelfall wenig zu konkreten Maßnahmen am Kirchbau preisgeben.

Geschichte

Aufbau und Zerstörungen über Jahrhunderte
Nach den jüngsten Befunden befand sich am Standort der heutigen Kirche bereits im Jahr 1255 zur Zeit des Grafen Adolf ein Gotteshaus; es wurde zum Zentrum des frühen Ortes Mülheim.

In die schon zu früher Zeit überlieferten häufigen Fehden, die zwischen der Stadt Köln und den Verbündeten des Erzbischofs ausgetragen wurden, waren häufig auch die Mülheimer als Anrainer verwickelt. Versuche des Mülheimer Landesherren, die wachsende Ansiedlung mitsamt der Kirche durch Befestigungen schützen zu wollen, wurden daher schon früh unternommen. Als Schutz und Zuflucht vor solchen Gefahren errichtete man erste Erdwälle und Gräben, deren Errichtung jedoch auf den Widerspruch der Stadt Köln stieß. So ruhten weitere Arbeiten bis zur Regentschaft Adolf V., der 1275 mit dem Bau zweier fester Burgen in Monheim und Mülheim begann, doch hatte er diese Bauwerke nach seiner Niederlage in einer neuerlichen Fehde auf Verlangen Kölns 1286 schleifen müssen.

Die Befestigungserneuerungen Mülheims im Jahr 1414 entsprachen den Anlagen des Jahres 1288. Mauern und andere Bauwerke waren und wurden jedoch durch Kölner Kräfte immer wieder abgebrochen oder beschädigt. Da zum ausgehenden 14. Jahrhundert durch Kämpfe zwischen der Grafschaft Mark und dem Herzogtum Berg ganz Mülheim niedergebrannt wurde, fand auch eine Wiederherstellung der Clemenskapelle statt. Dieser folgten Baumaßnahmen des 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts, deren jeweilige Veränderungen ein Bauwerk mit einem recht unregelmäßigen Grundriss entstehen ließen.

Historische Datenangaben und Befunde

Ältere Annahmen des Vinzenz Jakob von Zuccalmaglio legten die Entstehung der Clemenskirche in die baugeschichtliche Zeit der Romanik. Während einer Restaurierung der Kirche im Jahr 1939 wurde entdeckt, dass die Obergaden des Mittelschiffes einen bislang verdeckten Rundbogenfries und eine Lisenenteilung aufwiesen, sodass nach näheren Untersuchungen dieser Baudetails auf eine einschiffige dreijochige Kirche geschlossen werden konnte, die spätestens zu Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts vorhanden war. Weitere Auswertungen der Untersuchungen wurden in den Ruinen der Kirche im Jahr 1949 durchgeführt, die Albert Verbeek dokumentierte. Sie erhärteten die frühe Entstehungszeit der Kapelle.

Ihre erste Erwähnung fand die Kirche in einer Urkunde des Jahres 1489, in der sie anlässlich der Stiftung einer Vikarie ausdrücklich für das Jahr 1382 mit dem Status einer Filialkapelle in Mülheim bezeichnet wurde, die als solche der alten Pfarrei St. Mauritius in Buchheim unterstand.

Ehemaliger kirchenrechtlicher Status
Die Buchheimer "Mutterkirche" und mit dieser deren Filiale St. Clemens zu Mülheim befanden sich rechtlich bis zum Jahr 1796 in bischöflicher Hand. Der Status beider Kirchen basierte seit alter Zeit auf den bestehenden Besitz- und Lehensverhältnissen sowie dem Kollationsrecht, das sich im Besitz des jeweiligen Domkustos befand. Obwohl der wachsende Ort Mülheim dem benachbarten und wesentlich kleineren Buchheim nahezu auf allen Gebieten den Rang ablief, unterstand die Mülheimer Kirchengemeinde der dortigen Pfarrei St. Mauritius. St. Clemens nahm vorerst lediglich den Rang einer geweihten Kapelle ein, der weder das Tauf- noch das Beerdigungsrecht verliehen worden war. Bestattungen fanden auf dem die Buchheimer Kirche umgebenden Kirchhof statt, und erst als die hohe Anzahl der Gläubigen dazu zwang, wurden Lockerungen zugelassen, indem erste Messen auch in St. Clemens gefeiert werden durften. Die Pfarrrechte verblieben jedoch bis zur Zerstörung der Mauritiuskirche im Jahr 1796 der Buchheimer Pfarre.

Umbauten der Kapelle im 15. Jahrhundert
Der Wandel von einer ersten Kapelle zu einer kleinen Kirche fand wohl im Jahr 1414 statt. Aus diesem Jahr berichtet eine Urkunde über einen angeblichen Neubau, der jedoch durch den Untersuchungsbefund von 1939/40 widerlegt wurde.
In dem entsprechenden Dokument heißt es, dass der Herzog von Berg die Kirche zu Mülheim mit Einverständnis der Stadt Köln neu erbaut habe. Da die erwähnte Untersuchung vorhandene romanische, noch heute erhaltene Reste nachwies, kann Herzog Adolf den Kirchbau bestenfalls restauriert, umgebaut oder erweitert, aber nicht neu erbaut haben.

Verbunden mit dem Zeitraum dieser Kirchenvergrößerung war eine herzogliche Stiftung, die die Gründung eines Hospitals und die Verfügbarkeit einer Vikarwohnung umfasste, sodass nun auch an der kleinen Kirche ein zusätzlicher Geistlicher vor Ort die Gemeinde betreuen konnte.

Kirche des 16. Jahrhunderts

Eine Darstellung des befestigten Ortes Mülheim zeigt die Kirche 1589 nach weiteren Aus- oder Umbauphasen, in der Vogelperspektive. Den auf dieser Zeichnung erscheinenden Kirchbau interpretiert Bellot als Kirche mit einem polygonal gebrochenen Chor und schließt auf einen 3/8 oder 3/6 Abschluss desselben. Weiter wurde eine einschiffige, spätgotische Saalkirche dargestellt, die mit Satteldach und spitzem Dachreiter versehen ist und möglicherweise schon eine westliche Vorhalle erhalten hatte. Mit dem Äußeren des romanischen Vorgängerbaus hatte dieser Bau nichts mehr gemein. Aus dieser spätmittelalterlichen Zeit der Kirche sind heute jedoch keine materiellen Spuren erhalten.

St. Clemens im 17. Jahrhundert
Das 17. Jahrhundert brachte im Herbst 1614 nicht nur die Zerstörung der Befestigungsanlagen durch für "Cöln" eingesetzten Kräfte des spanischen Befehlshabers Spinola, sondern auch die sich anschließende Niederlegung privater Gebäude durch stadtkölnische Bürger, wobei während aller dieser Zerstörungen möglicherweise auch die Clemenskirche betroffen wurde. Dies erschließt sich aus Bendels Angabe, nach der zwischen 1615 und 1619 eine Verfügung des Kölner Rates getroffen worden war, nach der die Baustoffe niedergelegter Gebäude der Bürger in Mülheim nicht nach Köln geschafft werden durften. Den Barfüßern gestattete man jedoch, Baustoffe der niedergelegten Kirche zu verwenden und Steine, Holz, Kalk, Eisen und Einrichtungsstücke für ihre zu dieser Zeit in Köln entstehenden Niederlassungen über den Rhein zu schaffen.

Entstehung der dreischiffigen Kirche
Für einen wahrscheinlichen Wiederaufbau oder zumindest zum Zweck einer umfassenden Restaurierung des Jahres 1629 berichten die Quellen, dass der Landesherr Wolfgang Wilhelm zur Unterstützung der Baumaßnahmen der Clemenskirche sechs Bauhölzer schenkte. Auch diese erneute Veränderung in der Baugeschichte ist aktenkundig, erklärt aber nicht, was im Einzelnen durchgeführt wurde.
Eine späterer Zeit entstammende Inschriftentafel des Altenberger Abtes Lohe, ein gebürtiger Mülheimer, die sich an der Nordseite eines Turmanbaues befand, führt an, dass dieser etwas er- oder aufrichten ließ. Der überlieferte, unvollständige Text lautet:

Auch für die weitere Zeit des Barock sind nach Bellot die in Quellen erwähnten baulichen Veränderungen der Clemenskirche mit den tatsächlich durchgeführten Maßnahmen schwer zuzuordnen.

Die vorrangige Bedeutung, die die Clemenskirche mittlerweile im Verhältnis zu ihrer Mutterkirche eingenommen hatte, war die Folge einer im Gegensatz zu Buchheim stetig wachsenden Einwohnerzahl Mülheims. Dieser Vorrang zeigte sich auch in der Ortswahl zur Begehung kirchlicher Hochfeste, wie dem des Fronleichnamfestes.

Fronleichnamsprozession

Bendel legt die Anfänge des Mülheimer Fronleichnamsfestes in die erste Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts, führt jedoch aus, dass hierzu konkretere Angaben erst in einem Weistum zu Mülheim und Buchheim des 16. Jahrhunderts angeführt werden. So heißt es in einem solchen zum Weg der Prozession

Die dürftigen Angaben zum frühen Prozessionsweg ergänzen spätere Angaben aus Urkunden der Abtei Altenberg und des Mülheimer Stadtarchivs, so dass Bendel folgenden Weg der "Mülheimer Gottestracht" beschreiben konnte.

Der Auszug der Prozession begann gegen 6.30 Uhr mit dem ersten Segen an der Clemenskirche; die Prozession zog dann rheinabwärts bis gegen Stammheim zu einem dortigen Kreuz. Hier fand die zweite Segnung statt, und die Prozession zog weiter über Schönrath im heutigen Stadtteil Höhenhaus, bis sie in die Nähe des Dünnwalder Klosters gelangte. Dort kehrte man um und zog über den Schänzchensweg, wo an dem dortigen Kreuz ein weiterer Segen erteilt wurde. Nun ging der Prozessionszug nach Buchheim und machte zur Stärkung der Beteiligten Rast an der Sakristei der Pfarrkirche, um dann an den Rhein zu ziehen, wo am sogenannten Pulvertürmchen die Schalden für die sich anschließende "Rheinfahrt" bereitlagen.

Während dieser relativ kurzen Fahrt – unterhalb Mülheims am "Pütz" legte man an – hatte der Geistliche erneut einen Segen erteilt. Durch das in der Nähe der Landungsstelle gelegene nördliche Stadttor, die "Steinpforte", kehrte man in die Stadt zurück und zog über die Freiheitsstraße bis zum alten Hospital. Vor diesem wurde dann eine sogenannte "Kontroverspredigt" gehalten, nach deren Ende man an die Clemenskirche zurückkehrte und die Feierlichkeiten beendete.

Kirchenbauwerk und Umfeld im 18. Jahrhundert

Stilistische Veränderungen und erneute Schäden
Eine vorerst letzte Vergrößerung erfuhr die Kirche im Jahr 1720 und nach Vogts wurde diesem Baubestand 1754 die westliche Vorhalle hinzugefügt. Der heute dem Chor vorgelagerte Turm wurde nach einem Gutachten des Kölner Stadtzimmermeisters B(o)urscheidt 1755 aufwendig und kostenträchtig (nach Bendel 425 Reichstaler) restauriert und hatte dabei erstmals eine barocke Haube erhalten.
Die Eisflut vom 27. und 28. Februar 1784 zerstörte einen erheblichen Teil Mülheims und auch St. Clemens erlitt Schäden, die jedoch durch seine erhöhte Lage und die massiven Ufermauern reparabel blieben. Als dann im folgenden Jahrzehnt die Buchheimer Pfarrkirche zerstört wurde, beschloss man, sie nicht wieder aufzubauen; die Pfarrrechte wurden daraufhin von der kirchlichen Behörde auf St. Clemens übertragen.

Gebäude an der Kirchgasse

An der früher als Gasse bezeichneten heutigen Kirchstraße, lagen im 18. Jahrhundert die Eckhäuser zur Freiheitsstraße mit deren Nummerierung 29/31 und 33. Die Nummer 33 an der Nordseite war das 1755/56 erbaute Haus des Kaufmanns Josias Klein und hatte den Namen "Zum goldenen Pelikan" erhalten. Das später über lange Zeit im Besitz der Familie Holz befindliche Gebäude zeigt noch heute einen Pelikan mit ausgebreiteten Schwingen im Scheitelstein des Türbogens. Ausführende Meister des Bauwerks waren damals der Maurermeister Sprenger und der Zimmermeister Bongartz, die beide möglicherweise der Leitung des Düsseldorfer Baumeisters Nosthoven unterstanden.

Zum Haus, das während des Eisganges 1784 starke Schäden erlitt, gehörte eine Scheuer in der Kirchgasse. Dieser schloss sich ein Haus an, das als katholische Kaplanei diente und 1784 ebenfalls ziemliche Schäden davontrug und wohl abgetragen wurde. Auf seinem Grundstück erstand dann im 19. Jahrhundert ein größeres Mietshaus.

Das südliche Eckgebäude hatte wie ein Zwilling mit dem Bauwerk der Nummer 33 (wie heute) gleiche Formen und Höhen, die die Gasse malerisch einfassten. Es war 1752 wohl zum Ersatz einer bescheidenen Vikarwohnung als Pfarrhaus errichtet worden und wurde an seiner Hausecke zur Gasse von einer dort angebrachten Marienfigur geschmückt. Dem Pfarrhaus zugehörig war ein der Kirche angebautes Gartenhaus, welches im Stil der "bergischen Art" glich.

St. Clemens als Pfarrkirche
St. Clemens diente den Katholiken Mülheims ab 1796 als Pfarrkirche, deren bescheidenes Raumangebot und das stetige Anwachsen der Pfarrgemeinde jedoch zum Neubau eines größeren Gotteshauses zwangen. Dieses entstand 1864 nach einem Entwurf des Architekten Ernst Friedrich Zwirner und erhielt den Namen des Hochfestes Maria Himmelfahrt, der späteren Liebfrauenkirche, die an der nicht weit entfernten Regentenstraße erbaut wurde.

Baubeschreibung

Äußerer Kirchbau

Eine Zeichnung vom Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zeigt die Clemenskirche auf hoher Aufmauerung des Uferstreifens in durchweg glattverputztem weißgekalktem Zustand. Für den Hallenbau mit angebauter zweigeschossiger Vorhalle im Westen und einem hohen Turm an der Ostseite gab Clemen ein Lichtes Maß von 19,10 m Länge und 13,20 m Breite an. Die westliche Giebelfront wurde über der Vorhalle in ihrer Mitte von einem Gesims durchzogen und endete mit einem aufgesetzten Steinkreuz in Höhe des Firstes. Nach Süden schloss sich der Kirche, deren Rundbogenportal der Vorhalle einen Schlussstein mit der Jahreszahl 1754 trug, eine zum Nachbarhaus reichende Mauer an, die einen Tordurchgang zum Pfarrhof hatte. Die dort sichtbaren Endungen der dreijochigen Seitenschiffe wurden von massiven, pultartig abgedeckten Strebepfeilern gegliedert, die zu dieser Zeit noch den Druck eines eingezogenen Gewölbes aufzufangen hatten. Ein Strebepfeiler der Nordseite zeigte mit seinen ins Mauerwerk eingelassenen eisernen Ankern die Jahreszahl 1720. Die Felder der Joche hatten jeweils ein Spitzbogenfenster, welches mit schlichtem gotischen Maßwerk versehen war. Zu beiden Seiten der Kirche endeten die Seitenschiffe in Apsiden und ihre Jochfelder in kleinen geschweiften Giebeln über einer runden Luke. An der Ostseite der Kirche hatte der dem Chor vorgebaute Turm beidseitig kleine Anbauten erhalten, die in gleicher Flucht mit den Apsiden lagen, wovon der südliche die kleine Sakristei war und ein nördlicher Anbau die oben angeführte Tafel mit dem Text des Abtes Lohe trug. Für die Höhe des Turms wurde kein Maß angegeben. Er war schlicht gestaltet und endete über dem vierten Geschoss mit einer umlaufenden steinernen Balustrade. Innerhalb dieser erhob sich ein eingeschossiger achtseitiger, mit einem Kuppeldach versehener Aufbau mit Laterne und kleinem Helm, der nach Clemen dem der Kirche Maria vom Frieden gleichkam.

Innere Kirchenarchitektur und Ausstattung

Die auch in ihrem Inneren schlichte Kirche, deren Mittelschiff die schmalen Seitenschiffe um eine Jochlänge übertraf, war bis auf das flachgedeckte westliche Joch mit der dortigen Orgelempore mit einem von rechteckigen Säulen getragenen Kreuzgratgewölbe ausgestattet.

Trotz ihrer bescheidenen Größe verfügte die Kirche über drei schlichte Altäre im barocken Stil, wovon einer der Nebenaltäre das Wappen des Hofkammerrates Bertoldi trug und wohl eine Stiftung der Familie war. Auf der mit einer barocken Balustrade versehenen Empore befand sich ein kleines, ebenfalls der Barockzeit entsprechendes Orgelgehäuse aus dem Jahr 1725. Die Balustrade der Orgelbühne trug die Inschrift "RENOVATUM 1791". Alle drei Glocken der Clemenskirche trugen die Inschrift "ALEXIUS PETIT ME FUNDIT ANNO 1756".

St. Clemens im 20. Jahrhundert
Seit dem Neubau der Liebfrauenkirche wurden an St. Clemens keine größeren Veränderungen vorgenommen, man führte lediglich notwendigste Instandsetzungen durch.

Zustand während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Am Anfang der 1940er Jahre erfuhr die zu dieser Zeit als unbenutzt bezeichnete Kirche aufgrund ihres besorgniserregenden Bauzustandes eine Restaurierung. In der Übersicht des Provinzialkonservators der Rheinprovinz, Metternich wurden durchgeführte Maßnahmen zur Denkmalpflege auch bezüglich der Mülheimer Clemenskirche angeführt. Für diese wurden in den Rechnungsjahren 1939/40 und 1940/41 durch Mittel der Staats- und Provinzialbeihilfen eine Reihe notwendiger Arbeiten ausgeführt. Es wurde das westliche Mauerwerk des Turmes ausgebessert, sowie Teile der ebenso geschädigten Haustein- und Mauerwerkpartien der Westseite der Turmgalerie in Angriff genommen. Überdies erhielt der Kirchenbau eine neue Dachbeschieferung. Der renovierte Zustand der Kirche, die zu dieser Zeit noch über einen Vorbau an ihrer Westseite verfügte, ist durch eine Fotografie des Kölners August Kreyenkamp dokumentiert.

Zerstörungen im  Zweiten Weltkrieg
Das Rheinviertel Mülheims war besonders starken Bombardements der Alliierten ausgesetzt. Über ihm wurden bei einem einzigen Angriff im November 1944 ca. 8000 Brandbomben und 100 Sprengbomben von je 225 kg abgeworfen, dazu traf das Viertel eine unbekannte Zahl von Luftminen und Phosphorkanistern. Auch St. Clemens blieb nicht verschont und erlitt starke Schäden. Eine Fotografie des Jahres 1949 zeigt die Reste der Kirche, die aus dem Mauerwerk des ausgebrannten Erdgeschosses und dem Torso des Turmes (nicht auf der Abbildung) bestanden.

Untersuchung der Ruine
Das Rheinische Amt für Denkmalpflege führte offenbar schon kurz nach Kriegsende Bestandsaufnahmen bezüglich der verbliebenen städtischen Kulturgüter durch. So fand im März 1949 auch eine Untersuchung der zerstörten Clemenskirche statt, bei der durch weitere Entdeckungen, die bereits 1939 festgestellte frühe Entstehungszeit des romanischen Bauwerks erhärtet werden konnte. Die Erkenntnisse lieferten das nun durch die Zerstörungen des Krieges offengelegte Restmauerwerk der Kirchenruine, wie beispielsweise sichtbar gewordenes, sauberes Tuffmauerwerk und Reste des ursprünglichen Dachgesimses im westlichen Wandpfeiler. Über dem Bogenfries der östlichen Achse waren Reste des Dachgesimses aus Viertelstab sichtbar geworden und die Ostecken des Mittelschiffes und des Chores verrieten nun, dass sie ehemals durch die Einarbeitung von Trachytquadern betont worden waren. Ergänzend zu der schon 1939 als nördliche Außenwand erkannten heutigen Arkade fand man (im Gegensatz zum heutigen Zustand) an der Südwand außer Lisenen rechteckige Blendrahmungen mit Verputzresten der frühen Zeit. Zusammen mit weiteren Details schloss man auf einen einschiffigen Saalbau mit zwei Achsen von etwa 6 m mal 8,5 m, der überwiegend aus Tuffstein errichtet worden war.

Wiederaufbau

Der Wiederaufbau der Kirche durch den Architekten Joachim Schürmann fand zwischen den Jahren 1952 und 1960 statt. Da man erst wenige Jahre vor dem Kriegsende den romanischen Kern des barocken Bauwerks entdeckt hatte, wollte Schürmann eine schlichte, weißgekalkte Kirche schaffen, die den Eindruck einer "Romanisierung im Geiste der Moderne" vermitteln sollte. Bei der Umsetzung dieser Idee sollte so vorgegangen werden, dass das wiedererstehende Bauwerk vorhandene Originalteile integrieren würde. Der westliche Vorbau der Kirche wurde weder bei diesen Arbeiten, noch bei erneuten Restaurierungen durch Schürmann im Jahr 1979/80 erneuert.

Heutige Kirche
Der durch die zahlreichen Veränderungen in der Vergangenheit entstandene unregelmäßige Grundriss der Kirche, die nur wenige Achsenbezüge oder rechte Winkel aufweist, blieb unverändert erhalten.
Im Übrigen wurde nach Bellots Ausführungen nichts von dem Zustand der alten Clemenskirche entsprechend rekonstruiert, vielmehr seien leicht wiederherzustellende Teile durch Weglassen ehemals vorhandener Formen oder durch Hinzufügen neuer verfälscht worden. Als folgenreichste der getroffenen Entscheidungen kritisiert Bellot den Verzicht auf eine Einwölbung, die wegen der angeblich bedenklichen Statik der Außenmauern und Strebepfeiler nicht wieder vorgenommen wurde. Die heutigen Arkadenwände, nach Bellot ursprünglich feine Gliederungen und Stützen des Gewölbes, ständen nun sinnlos geworden im Raum. So ist die heutige Kirche mit einer flachen Holzdecke ausgestattet, die gleichermaßen alle Schiffe abdeckt. Weiter sei zu konstatieren, dass die Spitzbogenfenster der äußeren Polygonseiten der dortigen Apsiden zugesetzt wären. Die im Krieg zerstörte, nun ersetzte äußere Nordwand des Seitenschiffes hat nur kleine Rundfenster, deren Format nach Bellot, als nicht den Originalen nachempfunden angesehen wurde, auch sei die Wand innen ungegliedert geblieben und außen wurde nicht dem Original nachgeeifert und auf Strebepfeiler verzichtet. Selbst das ehemalige Gabelmaßwerk der Südseitenfenster wurde nicht wieder eingesetzt, sondern erhielt eine Füllung aus Glasbausteinen. Die reiche Ornamentik der vormaligen Westfassade wurde stark reduziert, die zerstörte Vorhalle nicht erneuert. Bellot dokumentiert durch Fotografien, dass die Haube des Turms aufgrund eines zu steilen Kuppeldachs falsch rekonstruiert und nun eine veränderte Schweifhaube hat.

Seit Dezember 2015 wird die Kirche nachts angestrahlt.

Innenraum und Ausstattung

Von der Westseite ist die Kirche über zwei seitliche Türeingänge oder durch das von Schürmann entworfene bronzene Rundbogenportal zu betreten. Diese Arbeit entstand 1960 und zeigt Motive, die der Künstler der Vita des heiligen Clemens zuordnete. Dem Portal folgt kein separater Vorraum, sondern das Ende des Mittelschiffes, über dem sich ehemals die Orgelempore befand. Nach wenigen Metern schließen sich die durch Rundbogenarkaden integrierten Seitenschiffe an, die nur von geringer Breite sind und für besondere Anlässe mit einer Klappbestuhlung ausgestattet werden. Die jeweils drei rechteckigen Pfeiler der Arkaden wurden in Höhe des Bogenansatzes von angedeuteten Kämpfern verziert. Das restliche Mauerwerk der Kirche ist bis auf den romanischen Fries der nördlichen äußeren Arkade schmucklos und wurde insgesamt weiß getüncht. Als Kontrast zum schlichten Weiß wirkt der aus grauen groben Steinplatten bestehende Boden und die Holztäfelung der Decke, wodurch eine optische Weite des Innenraums erzielt wurde. Der Mittelgang führt durch beidseitig aufgestellte Kirchenbänke zum leicht erhöhten Boden des Ostchores, vor dem an der rechten Seite ein kleines Orgelwerk des Jahres 1725 und links ein Lesepult aufgestellt ist. Die Chornische selbst ist leer, einziger Schmuck ist ein herabhängendes Kreuz, das von Werner Schürmann (einem Bruder des Architekten) geschaffen wurde, sowie der massive Altartisch aus hellem Marmor.

Glocken
Im Turm hängen drei Glocken, die 1960 von der Glockengießerei Petit & Gebr. Edelbrock gegossen wurden. Das Geläut ist auf die übrigen in Mülheim abgestimmt.

Rheinpromenade Mülheimer Ufer
Noch auf der Abbildung der 1940er Jahre stand St. Clemens auf einem zweistufigen gemauerten Bruchsteinsockel unmittelbar am Rheinufer.
Am Ende Jahres 1953 wurde die Rheinpromenade angelegt, die im Wesentlichen der heutigen Situation an der Kirche entspricht. Ebenfalls zu dieser Zeit wurde auf der Ufermauer vor dem Westportal der Kirche eine Skulptur des heiligen Nepomuk aufgestellt, dem Schutzpatron gegen die Gefahren des Wassers, die der Bildhauer Eduard Schmitz jun. schuf.

Schutzpatron der Schiffer und ihrer Kirchen am Rhein war schon seit früher Zeit oft der heilige Clemens. So war er der Schutzheilige der alten Doppelkirche in Schwarzrheindorf sowie der St. Clemenskirche in Langel und auch der alten Kölner Stiftskirche St. Kunibert, die ursprünglich ebenfalls dem heiligen Clemens geweiht war und seinen Namen führte.

Literatur
 Jahrbuch der Rheinischen Denkmalpflege. Hrsg.: Im Auftrage des  Provinzialverbandes, von dem Provinzialkonservator der Rheinprovinz. XVII. IXVIII. Jahrgang 1941. Druck L. Schwann, Düsseldorf
 Manfred Becker-Huberti (Hrsg.): Kölner Kirchen: Die Kirchen der katholischen und evangelischen Gemeinden in Köln. Bachem Verlag, Köln 2004, ISBN 3-7616-1731-3.
 Christoph Bellot: Zur Geschichte der Clemenskirche in Mülheim am Rhein (= Colonia Romanica. Band IX). Köln 1994, S. 109–118.
 Johann Bendel: Die Stadt Mülheim am Rhein, Geschichte und Beschreibung, Sagen und Erzählungen. s. ed., Mülheim am Rhein 1913.
 Paul Clemen: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Mülheim am Rhein (= Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz im Auftrage des Provinzialverband der Rheinprovinz. Band 5, Abt. 2.). Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1901.
 Hans Vogts: Die Mülheimer Altstadt in den letzten 150 Jahren der bergischen Herrschaft (= Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins e. V., Band 26). Köln 1951.
 Lisa Weyand: Katholische Pfarrgemeinde St. Clemens und Mauritius. Köln 2016, ISBN 978-3-00-051749-5.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 St. Clemens (Website der Pfarrgemeinde St. Clemens und Mauritius)

Clemens
Koln
Koln, Clemens
Mülheim (Köln)
Joachim Schürmann
Koln

St. Clemens (Köln-Mülheim)


An Diuris praecox in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones. An Diuris praecox in nahilalakip ha genus nga Diuris, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha New South Wales. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Diuris

Diuris praecox


الشَملَة هي قطعة من القماش لها أطراف من حبال يضعها صاحب الناقة على ضرعها مشدودة بواسطة الحبال على ظهر الناقة ليمنع حوارها من رضاعتها ويوفر بهذا لبنها لنفسة.

معنى آخر: هي قطعة قماش عريضة تُلبس فوق الملابس، وتلبس من قبل الرجال والنساء.

معنى آخر: الشملة أيضاً هي الحزام القديم مما كان يستعمله العرب ويلف على الخصر.

انظر أيضًا

 قباء
 غفارة

المراجع

تاريخ الملابس (موضة غربية)
تربية الحيوان
معاطف
ملابس

شملة


الديدان المسطحة أو العريضات  هي الديدان التي تكون أجسامها مسطحة من الجهتين البطنية والظهرية، وتكون ثنائية التناظر (متناظرة من الجانبين)، وهي دودة خنثية لديها الأعضاء التناسلية الأنثوية والذكرية (الذكر والأنثى في حيوان واحد)، الغشاء الخارجي الطبيعي يكون صلب (tegument)، ليس لها جوف عام أو قناة هضمية، وأجهزتها العصبية بسيطة. دورة حياتها تكون عادة معقدة وتكون ذات مضيفين أو أكثر، ومعظمها من الطفيليات الممرضة مثل البلهارسيا والمتورقة الكبدية (Fasciola hepatica) والمتوارقة (Fasciolopsis)، ومنها كائنات حرة المعيشة مثل المستورقات. وتعيش هذه الديدان في المستنقعات والبرك والأنهار أو على الأشجار الميتة، وكذلك تعيش على الصخور وفي الماء المالح أو متطفلة على مخلوقات أخرى. .

تركيب الجسم

شعبة الديدان المفلطحة عديمة التجويف الجسمي، لها تناظر جانبي. يمكن تقسيم جسم هذه الديدان طولياً إلى جزأين متماثلين كل منهما صورة للآخر. وتعد خاصية التناظر الجانبي مرحلة أساسية في التكون؛ حيث تسمح لأجزاء من الجسم بتكوين أعضاء مختلفة. كما أن الحيوانات ذات التناظر الجانبي أكثر قدرة على الحركة من الحيوانات ذات التناظر الشعاعي.
وتضم شعبة الديدان المفلطحة أكثر من 20000 نوع. ويتراوح طول الديدان المفلطحة بين متر واحد إلى عدة أمتار، ولها جسم رقيق يشبه الشريط. كما تختلف الديدان المفلطحة عن اللاسعات والإسفنجيات في أن لها رأساً محدداً وأعضاء داخل أجسامها. الأولى تملك ماصّات فقط، أما الثانية فتملك خطاطيف أيضًا.

تعيش معظم الديدان المفلطحة «متطفلة» داخل حيوانات مختلفة، في حين يعيش بعضها الآخر في الماء العذب أو المالح أو المواطن البيئية الرطبة.

- خصائص الديدان المفلطحة :
 متعددة الخلايا.
 اجسامها مسطحة ورقيقة.
 لها رأس مميز في مقدمة جسمها.
 تحتوي على أنسجة.
 تعيش إما متطفلة على دم العائل أو حرة في المياه.
 لها تناظر جانبي.

فسيولوجيا الديدان المفلطحة

تتميز فيسولوجيا الديدان المفلطحة بالعديد من الخصاص والمميزات نذكر منها:
 التنفس: لا يوجد للديدان المفلطحة جهاز متخصص للتنفس وجهاز دوراني لتبادل ونقل الغازات تتم هذه العمليتان بالانتشار البسيط.
 الإخراج: يوجد جهاز إخراجي بسيط عبارة عن شبكة من الخلايا اللهبيه للتّخلص من الفضلات والأيض.
 الاستجابة للمؤثرات: يوجد جهاز عصبي بسيط عبارة عن حبلين عصبيين ممتدين على طول الجسم يوجد في مقدمة كل خيط عقدة عصبية ترسل وتستقبل إشارات عصبية من الجسم وإليه.
 الحركة: تتحرك بانقباض العضلات أوالإنزلاق بالأهداب؛ وذلك بافراز مواد مخاطية تساعدها على الانزلاق.

التكاثر

 التكاثر الجنسي: الديدان المسطحة خنثى تتبادل كل دودتين الحيوانات المنوية لتلقح البويضات (الإخصاب داخلي).
 التكاثر غير الجنسي : عن طريق التجدد.

مراجع

كائنات باقية ظهرت خلال الأوردوفيشي

ديدان مسطحة


Münster-Mecklenbeck, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Münster kentine bağlı idari bölge. Batısında Albachten doğusunda Münster şehir merkezi yer alır. Kuzeyinde Sentrup, güneyinde Amelsbüren'e komşudur. Nüfusu yaklaşık 9.500, yüzölçümü 6,25 km²'dir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Mecklenbeck Rehberi
 Anna Kilisesi'nin çevresi
 Mecklenbeck

Münster-Mecklenbeck


نوربرت شوير (بالألمانية:Norbert Scheuer) (ولد في 16 ديسمبر 1951 في بروم) هو أديب ألماني.

حياته

درس علم الإلكترونيات والتكنولوجيا الفيزيائية. كما درس الفلسفة في جامعة دوسلدورف، وحصل على درجة الماجستير برسالة عن كانت. ويعمل حاليا مبرمج نظام في شركة Telekom. نشر شوير أشعاره وقصصه الموجزة في أنتولوجيات مثل «أفضل القصاص الألمان» من تحرير هوربرت فينكلس، وفي المجلة الأدبية أكتسينته Akzente، وتتناول كتاباته موضوعات من مسقط رأسه منطقة الآيفل Eifel وناسها.

من أعماله

 صدى من الجميع (قصائد 1997)
 جامع الحجارة (رواية 1999)
 نزولا في النهر (رواية 2002)
 كال، آيفل (قصص 2005)

جوائز حصل عليها

 منحة دراسية من ولاية نوردراين فيستفالن 1986
 الجائزة الثقافية من دائرة أويسكيرشن 1993
 الجائزة الأدبية من كوبلينتس 2000
 الجائزة الأدبية من آيفل 2001
 جائزة مارتا زالفيلد التشجيعية 2003
 جائزة جيورج جلازر 2006

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
كتاب ألمان
كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1951

نوربرت شوير


ස්ටැන්ෆර්ඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය (), නිලවශයෙන් Leland Stanford Junior University, යනු ඇමෙරිකාවේ, කැලිෆෝනියාවේ පිහිටි පෞද්ගලික විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය කි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 List of universities by number of billionaire alumni
 List of colleges and universities in California
 S*, a collaboration between seven universities and the Karolinska Institute for training in bioinformatics and genomics
 Stanford School

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 Stanford Athletics website

1891 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 1891
Private universities and colleges in California
Romanesque Revival architecture in California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Universities and colleges in Santa Clara County, California

ස්ටැන්ෆර්ඩ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය


13744 Rickline este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13744 Rickline este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,69 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 6,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

13744 Rickline


مسرحية فرسان المناخ عرضت عام 1983 وهي أول مسرحية كويتية اقتصادية تتمحور حول قضية مسّت أفراد المجتمع الكويتي والتي أثارت جدلاً واسعا ًبين المجمتع الكويتي والمجتمع الخليجي عموماً. والقضية كانت أزمة سوق المناخ والتي إنتهت بخسائر حوالي 26,7 مليار دينار كويتي (94 مليار دولار أمريكي), وهي من تأليف الفنان عبد الحسين عبد الرضا الذي تضرر شخصيا خلال تداولاته في سوق المناخ. وقد عرضت المسرحية في الكويت وقطر والبحرين والإمارات.

قصة المسرحية

تحكي القصة عن الطفرة النفطية لدول الخليج في نهايات السبعينات وبداية الثمانينات حيث ارتفع سعر النفط بشكل متواصل حتى سجلت دول الخليج فوائض مالية كبيرة لذلك تدفقت الأموال على البورصة بشكل كبير حتى فتح مكتب لتداولات الاسهم في مكتب شبه موازي وتم تسميته بسوق المناخ والتي تدفقت فيه الاموال بشكل كبير ومن جميع شرائح المجتمع الكويتي تقريباً وأيضا الاجانب المقيمين وبعض الافراد من دول الخليج وزادت المضاربات المحمومة وزاد البيع والشراء بالآجل حتى وصلت لأرقام فلكية حتى لم يستطع المتداولون تسديد ديونهم بالشيكات الآجلة مما جعلهم يبيعون الأسهم بأي سعر خيالي مما جعل السوق يتكبد خسائر مالية قدرها 22 مليار دولار.

استعرضت المسرحية بشكل مفصل تلاعب مكاتب التداول برفع أسهم معينة وبيعها بعد دخول المتداولين الصغار وتأسيس شركات بشكل كبير جداً وبعضها بأسماء وهمية بعض الأحيان مما جعلهم يحتارون في اختيار الأسماء في بعض الأحيان، واستعرضت المسرحية الحياة المخملية للتجار بعد تحقيق الأرباح يذهبون في سهرات حمراء بسبب البذخ والربح الخيالي الذي حققوه من السوق، إضافة إلى سحب السوق لجميع شرائح المجتمع البدوي والقروي والاجانب والشباب وكبار السن ومختلف شرائح المجتمع من أطباء ومدرسين ورجال شرطة وغيرهم.

المسرحية أظهرت ابداع وحرفنة الفنان عبد الحسين عبد الرضا وذلك باختيار الشخصيات وابداع عرضها والسيناريو والحوار الرائع جداً والذي اظهر مزيج من الضحك والواقعية القريبة جداً لأحداث سوق المناخ من بداية طفرتها حتى ظهور آثار نتائجها على المجتمع الكويتي وكانت المسرحية متماسكة من حيث المضمون.

أبطال المسرحية

تعد مسرحية فرسان المناخ فريدة من نوعها بين المسرحيات الكويتية من حيث عدد الفنانين والممثلين وكذلك ظهور العديد منهم في أكثر من شخصية خلال المشاهد المختلفة للعمل.

عبد الحسين عبد الرضا في دور التاجر منصور بوحظين وبوراشد من البحرين والمطرب صاحب شراد والشاب مناخ والشايب بوعدنان.
غانم الصالح في دور التاجر علي بوتيله والأعمى بومرزوق والدكتور و المحاسب حمدي الفيومي والشايب بوصلاح.
عبد العزيز النمش في دور العجوز أم فرج ووفتاة الليل وردة.
إبراهيم الصلال في دور الشايب بوفرج والملحن و مستر إدوارد والأعمى بومرزوق وأبوالعبد من فلسطين ووكيل الوزارة وبوخالد عضو مجلس الأمة.
محمد السريع في دور التاجر نايف الأبجر والوزير بومحمد والضابط.
داود حسين في دور تاجر الأسهم صخي الديك وتاجر المجوهرات زهير والتاجر بوخالد.
استقلال أحمد في دور الزوجة نورة والفتاة العاشقة نخوة.
محمد المنيع في دور رئيس مجلس إدارة البنك والتاجر بوجاسم والتاجر المفلس بوعادل ورئيس مجلس الأمة.
عبد الإمام عبد الله في دور الدلال بوبدر وبوعبود من البحرين وعضو مجلس الأمة.
حسن عبد الرسول في دور بوخلفان من البحرين والخبير مروان وعضو المجلس.

كلمات أوبريت نخوة ومناخ
كلمات وألحان: الموسيقار أحمد باقر

نخوه يا حبي الذي كل يوم يكبر.. يا مناخ الروح يا مناخ الروح.. يا مناخ الروح.. (وتكررها) .. يا حبي الكبير.. وينج انتي والله لا ما شفتج أخسر غيبتج عني.. غيبتج عني.. غيبتج عني ترجعني فقير..

أنا ولا انته الذي طبعك تغير.. أدري عنك تلحس اللقمة وتطير.. جنك الي طول عمره ما تبخر.. بس تبخر واحترق..

لا ما يصير.. أحترق في نار حبج وأتحمر.. وأتحمشلج مثل خبز الخمير.. كله ركضه وماكو راحة شلون تقدر؟.. كله طاير صج انك بو بشير.. بو بشير؟

بو بشيرج فوق نور سراجج أفتر.. أحرق اجناحي شلون ولا أقدر أطير.. أنا من حقه أراكض وانتي أخبر.. باجر تلبسين ألماس وحرير.. باجر نحقق أملنا ونتطور.. نفرش الديباج ونقط الحصير.. وأشتريلج باخرة.. حق طلعة البر.. آه منك قطو طقيته بمصيت.. والزواج شلون؟ شي ما قد تكرر.. ما علمج.. ليش علمني شيصير؟..

أول الزينة تشب من غير ميتر.. أسحب انجوم السما بأمر الوزير.. وعربانه من ذهب فيج اتمختر.. ولازم ايرونها درزن حمير..والأكل؟ من هالدواجن ما تيسر.. والذبايح؟ قولي خمسمية بعير.. والمشاريب اسطرو خمسون تنكر.. من عصير.. أشكال.. شي چنه عصير.. يا حلاتك عاد لي قمت اتغشمر.. خل أكمل واسمعيني للأخير..

والله لبنيلج قصر في الدب الأكبر.. ولا في المريخ ونصعد بالأثير.. نصعد ونصعد مثل سهم الكلنكر..لي صعد بالسوق تسمع له صفير.. وكلها أيام واجب انه نتصبر.. چيكنا الي بالأجل حجمه خطير.. بنتصبر.. يا مناخ أمرك مطاع.. قوليك أقنعني ولا عندي دفاع..

يا نخوخو أنا عايش في صراع بين حبج والسهم.. تفكيري ضاع.. يعني حبك.. والحجي هذا خداع.. لا يا نخوه خلني أنا أشرحلج.. سماع..

من شعاعج أنا لميت الشعاع.. ومن شعاعج أنا لميت الشعاع..
وانته زودت السعر والكل باع..

ومن بياضج شب الأبيض ارتفاع.. والفجيرة فجرت حبك وشاع.. ومن قوامج هز يا وز وصار قاع..
وانته صرفته بقدر المستطاع..

نار حبج نخوتي تلسع لساع..من حراره هالحديد الصلب مات..

بالتجارة ما يفوز إلا الشجاع.. نخوتي حق الفقر قولي الوداع.. الخردة حلوة.. وأنا عندي ثروة سوق المناخ مسويها.. آاه.. الخردة دلوه متروسة حلوة.. وين الي يقضب عراويها..

انظر أيضاً
 سوق المناخ

مراجع

مسرحيات 1983
مسرحيات عبد الحسين عبد الرضا
مسرحيات كويتية

فرسان المناخ (مسرحية)


Columbus (tidligere Columbus IT) er en dansk it-virksomhed, grundlagt i 1989 af Michael Gaardboe.

Virksomheden sælger softwareløsninger og ledsagende konsulentydelser til fødevare- og detailhandelssektoren, samt produktionsvirksomheder.

I 2010 købte Ib Kunøe grundlæggerens sidste 14 procent af aktierne i virksomheden, og Kunøes ejerandel kom op på 44%. I 2014 havde Kunøe aktiemajoriteten i Columbus.

I 2022 solgte Columbus sin russiske forretningsenhed, som result af Ruslands invasion af Ukraine. Enheden stod for 68 mio. af koncernens omsætning.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Columbus' officielle hjemmeside

Softwarevirksomheder fra USA
Etableret i 1989
Virksomheder i Ballerup

Columbus (virksomhed)


A lie er en kortfilm, der er instrueret af Katrine Høyberg efter eget manuskript.

Handling

Drømmen med eller uden grund, efter noget udefineret, hvor vil jeg finde og hvad, er jeg utaknemmelig? Tror nogen gange, tvivler for ofte på petitesser, der er basis for kernens frugt og det jeg ønsker at se, efter jeg har skabt i uendelig glæde og tilfredsstillelse, finder jeg mig selv i ønsket om at hærge, ødelægge for at bygge op og gå videre.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1993

A lie


Brasiliens Grand Prix 2014 (officielle navn: Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2014) var et Formel 1-løb som blev arrangeret 9. november 2014 på Autódromo José Carlos Pace i São Paulo, Brasilien. Det var det attende og næstsidste løb i Formel 1-sæsonen 2014, og 43. gang at Brasiliens Grand Prix blev arrangeret. Nico Rosberg i Mercedes vandt løbet fra pole position, mens hans teamkollega Lewis Hamilton tog andenpladsen, og med brasilianske Felipe Massa i Williams på tredjepladsen.

Resultater

Kvalifikation

Løbet

Noter til tabellerne:
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Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Brasiliens Grand Prix
Formel 1 2014

Brasiliens Grand Prix 2014


මන්නාරම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගයකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග

මන්නාරම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය


1899 ve 1907 Lahey Sözleşmeleri, Hollanda'nın Lahey şehrinde gerçekleşen bir dizi uluslararası toplantılar ve bildiriler serisinin adıdır. İlki 1899 yılında, ikincisi de 1907 yılında gerçekleşmiştir. Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ile birlikte bu sözleşmeler, savaş ve savaş döneminde işlenen suçlarla ilgili düzenlenmiş ilk laik uluslararası dokümanlar arasındadırlar. Bu serinin üçüncüsü 1914 yılında planlanıp, sonradan 1915 yılına ertelendiyse de, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın patlak vermesiyle gerçekleşemedi.

Birinci Lahey Sözleşmesi
Birinci Lahey Sözleşmesi 18 Mayıs 1899 tarihinde Hollanda'nın Lahey kentinde gerçekleşti.

İkinci Lahey Sözleşmesi
İkinci Lahey Sözleşmesi, 18 Ekim 1907 tarihinde yine Lahey kentinde kara savaşı talimatnamesi, kara ve deniz savaşı hukuku, tarafsız ülkelerin hak ve ödevleri, savaşın başlatılması, düşmanlıkların açılması hakkında imzalanan antlaşmadır.

Uluslararası görüş ayrılıkları, zorunlu hakemlik ilkesinin bir konvansiyonla tespitine imkân vermedi. 1885'te olduğu gibi, 1907'de de devletler, silahlanmanın sınırlanması meselesinde uluslararası bir anlaşmaya varamayıp yalnızca bazı eylemlerde bulunulmasını yasaklamakla yetindiler. Bu belgelerle, savaşanların hak ve yükümlülükleri kodifiye edilmiş (düzenlenerek yasal hale getirilmiş), bazı silah ve maddelerin kullanımı yasaklanmış ve savaşan ile savaşmayan devletler arasındaki ayrım belirtilmiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

 1899 Lahey Konvansiyonu, Hollanda Dışişleri Bakanlığı (resmî arşiv)
 1907 Lahey Konvansiyonu, Hollanda Dışişleri Bakanlığı (resmî arşiv)

Kaynakça

Hollanda'daki diplomatik konferanslar
19. yüzyılda Hollanda
20. yüzyılda Hollanda
19. yüzyılda askerî tarih
20. yüzyılda askerî tarih
1899'da Avrupa
1907'de Avrupa

1899 ve 1907 Lahey Sözleşmeleri


She-Ra: Princess of Power is an American animated series produced in 1985 by Filmation. A spin-off of Filmation's He-Man and the Masters of the Universe series, She-Ra was aimed primarily at a young female audience to complement He-Man's popularity with young males. Unlike He-Man, which was based on the Masters of the Universe toy line by Mattel, the creation of She-Ra was a collaboration between Filmation and Mattel. The initial group of characters and premise were created by uncredited writers Larry DiTillio and J. Michael Straczynski for Filmation, while the characters introduced later were designed by Mattel. Mattel provided financial backing for the series, as well as an accompanying toy line. The series premiered in 1985 and was ended in 1987, after 2 seasons and 93 episodes.

On March 22, 1985, several months before the release of the television series, Filmation released an animated film based on the series titled He-Man and She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword. The film is composed of what would be the first five episodes from the She-Ra television series: "Into Etheria", "Beast Island", "She-Ra Unchained", "Reunions" and "Battle for Bright Moon".

In between the first and second season of the She-Ra series, in which He-Man regularly featured, Filmation also produced an hour long (44 minutes without commercials) Christmas episode, He-Man and She-Ra: A Christmas Special.

A rebooted series, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, premiered on Netflix on November 13, 2018, and concluded on May 15, 2020.

Plot

The series follows the adventures of Princess Adora, Prince Adam's (He-Man's) twin sister, who leads a group of freedom fighters known as the Great Rebellion in the fight to free Etheria from the tyrannical rule of Hordak and the Evil Horde. With her Sword of Protection, Adora can transform into She-Ra, just as Prince Adam can transform into He-Man.

Born on the planet Eternia to Queen Marlena and King Randor, Princess Adora is kidnapped at birth by Hordak and taken to Etheria. There she serves as a mind-controlled Horde Force Captain before He-Man rescues her. After reuniting with her parents on Eternia, She-Ra decides to return to Etheria and lead the Great Rebellion.

Main characters

The Great Rebellion

The Evil Horde

Episodes

The first season of the series ran five days a week, like He-Man. The second season aired Saturday mornings. She-Ra ended in 1986, and the character was not mentioned in the two subsequent He-Man animated series.

Cast

Comparison list
Many of the characters/locations/vehicles in the Princess of Power toyline share similarities to the pre-existing Masters of the Universe characters. Comparing She-Ra (left) with He-Man (right):

Characters
Adora/She-Ra = Prince Adam/He-Man
Spirit/Swift Wind = Cringer/Battle Cat
Clawdeen = Panthor
Grizzlor = Beast Man
Hordak = Skeletor
Bow = Man-At-Arms
Sweet Bee = Buzz-Off
Double Trouble = Man-E-Faces
Glimmer = Teela
Sorrowful = Granamyr
Leech = Whiplash
Spinerella = Sy-Klone
Shadow Weaver = Evil-Lyn
Scorpia = Clawful
Madame Razz = Orko
Light Hope = The Sorceress

Elements
"By the power of Grayskull!","I have the power!" = "For the honour of Grayskull!","I am She-ra!"
Etheria = Eternia
The Crystal Castle = Castle Grayskull
The Fright Zone = Snake Mountain
The Sword of Protection = The Sword of Power

Syndication
Reruns aired on USA Network from September 1988 to September 1989, and on Qubo Night Owl from September 27, 2010, to August 25, 2013. In 2010, Retro TV began airing reruns. Reruns have also aired on Me-TV, as well as Teletoon Retro in Canada.

Toys

The female She-Ra characters were released in the 1980s as part of the Princess of Power toy line, while The Evil Horde were incorporated into Masters of the Universe. In the 2000s, an exclusive She-Ra toy was released for the MOTU 200X line. The later Masters of the Universe Classics toy line features characters from the entire franchise, including new action figures from the She-Ra cartoon series.

Other media
In the DC Comics series Masters of the Universe, the title "Masters of the Universe #8" is a one-shot about She-Ra.

Home releases
The most sought after set by collectors due to its 4X6 collectible art cards and extensive bonus features is the BCI Eclipse LLC (under its Ink & Paint classic animation entertainment brand) (under license from Entertainment Rights) released all 93 episodes of She-Ra: Princess of Power in 3 volumes on DVD (Region 1) in 2006–2007. Each episode on BCI Ink & Paint's DVD releases of She-Ra, Princess of Power was uncut, un-edited, digitally remastered and fully restored for optimum audio and video quality and presented in story continuity order. Each volume contains special features including different 4X6 collectible art cards, documentaries, character profiles, commentaries, retrospective interviews, storyboards, DVD-ROM pdf scripts, trivia, and photo galleries. In 2009, the releases were discontinued when BCI Eclipse ceased operations.

On May 31, 2010, Classic Media announced plans to re-release the series on DVD (Region 1). On September 28, 2010, they released Season 1, Volume 1 as a 2-disc set featuring 20 episodes. On January 24, 2011, Classic Media released She-Ra: The Princess of Power - The Complete Series.

On October 19, 2009, Universal Pictures UK (under license from Classic Media) released Season 1, Volume 1 in the UK, exclusively through retailer HMV. In early 2010, other retailers, such as Amazon.co.uk, also began selling the series as a box set.

Madman Entertainment released the entire series on DVD (Region 4) in Australia, both in 3 volumes (similar to BCI Eclipse releases) and as a complete series set.

Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released all 93 episodes of the original 1985 series of She-Ra: Princess of Power on DVD in Region 1 on October 1, 2019. This release includes "He-Man & She-Ra: The Secret of the Sword" and "He-Man & She-Ra: A Christmas Special".

Reboot

On December 12, 2017, DreamWorks Animation SKG and Netflix announced a new reboot series based on She-Ra was announced within DreamWorks Animation Television. The series is executive produced by award-winning author, ND Stevenson (creator of Nimona and Lumberjanes). On May 18, 2018, new voice actors and the official title were revealed. It was released on November 13, 2018. Unlike most reboots, this reboot shares very little in common with the original series outside of the character names. The reboot series is separate from the continuity of the original Masters of the Universe series, and is noted for exploring themes of gender and LGBTQ representation. This differs from the original series, which subtly explores themes such as racism, sexism, environmental conservation and animal rights.

Live Action series
On September 13, 2021, Amazon announced that a live action She-Ra series is in development with DreamWorks Animation serving as an executive producer as the series will be a new, standalone story and will not be connected to the animated show. It was announced that Nicole Kassell will direct the series.

See also

References

External links

She-Ra: Princess of Power at YouTube
She-Ra: PrincessofPower.co.uk for News and Info
She-Ra: Princess of Power at Hulu

1980s American animated television series
1980s American science fiction television series
1985 American television series debuts
1986 American television series endings
Action figures
American animated television spin-offs
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
American children's animated science fantasy television series
American children's animated superhero television series
Child abduction in television
Crossover animated television series
English-language television shows
Fiction about mind control
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Masters of the Universe television series
Princess of Power
Fiction about rebellions
Superheroes
Animated superheroine television shows
Television shows about rebels
Television series about princesses
Television series by Filmation
Television series by Mattel Television
Television series by Universal Television
Television series set on fictional planets
Television shows based on Mattel toys
Westinghouse Broadcasting

She-Ra: Princess of Power


Trol ağları, yelkenli gemilerden bu yana kullanılan av araçlarıdır. İlk tipleri Danimarka ığrıpları ve kirişli trollerdir. Daha sonra iki gemi ile çekilen troller ve en son olarak kapılı troller geliştirilmiştir. Günümüzde kullanılan trolleri Kapılı (tek gemi ile çekilen) troller ve Kapısız (iki gemi ile çekilen) troller olarak iki gruba ayırabiliriz. Trol gemileriyle balık avlamaya ise "Trollemek" ismi verilir.

Kapılı trollerde ağın yatay açılımı kapılar aracılığıyla sağlanırken iki tekneyle çekilen trol ağlarında ağı her iki yandan çeken tekneler tarafından sağlanır.

Diğer yandan trol ağlarını yapıları yönünden dip trolleri ve pelajik troller olarak da iki gruba ayırabiliriz. Hem dip trolleri hem de pelajik troller kapılı veya kapısız olabilirler. Diğer bir ifadeyle dip trollerinin ve pelajik trollerin hem tek tekneyle hem de iki tekneyle çekilen tipleri vardır.

Trol ağının yapısı
Trol donanımı; ırgat ve direkler, trol teli, kapılar, halat ve ağ olmak üzere çeşitli bölümlerden oluşur.

Trol ırgatı; trol ağının denize atılıp çekilmesinde işlev görür. Gücünü ana ya da yardımcı makineden alır ve tel tamburları, fenerlikler, firen ve kumanda sistemlerinden oluşur. Trol teli iki adet olan tel tamburları üzerine sarılmaktadır. Yine iki adet olan fenerlikler ise palamar halatının toplanmasında kullanılır. Fren ve kumanda sistemleri sayesinde motordan kayış-kasnak sistemi veya hidrolik pompa aracılığıyla alınan gücün tel tamburuna ya da fenerliklere aktarılması, ırgatın çalıştırılıp durdurulması sağlanır. Ayrıca çağdaş trol teknelerinde ağ tamburları ve daha fonksiyonel trol ırgatları da kullanılmaktadır. Bu tür ırgatlar çoğunlukla hidrolik güç ile çalışır, bu nedenle kolayca kumanda edilebilir. Trol telinin toplanması ve tamburlara sarılması daha pratik ve düzgün biçimde yapılabilir.

Trol teknesinin direk donanımı ana bom direğine bağlı iki matafora ile bir bumbadan (seren) oluşur. Çağdaş trol teknelerinde tekne kıç aynasında ağın güverteye alınmasını kolaylaştırıcı bir rampa ve üzerinde her iki bordayı bir köprü gibi birbirine bağlayan asma mataforalar bulunur.

Kapılar; tek tekne ile çekilen trol ağlarının yatay ağız açıklığını sağlarlar. Trol teli ile palamar halatı arasında yer alır. Farklı trol tipleri için farklı kapılar kullanılır. Yaygın kapı tipleri klasik dikdörtgen, oval, V kapı ve süberkrüb kapıdır.

Trol donanımında kapı ile ağ arasındaki bağlantıyı sağlayan halatlar trolün halat donanımını oluşturur. Palamar halatı; ağ ile kapıları birbirine bağlar. Derinlik arttıkça daha uzun, sığ sularda ise daha kısa palamar halatı kullanılmaktadır. Çağdaş ağlarda palamar halatı dışında baş halatı denilen maçadan ağa kadar uzanan halatlar bulunurken, klasik ağlarda palamar halatı ile maça arasında kalın (birkaç kat ve 30 mm kalınlığında) üçlük ya da üçleme halatları bulunur. Baş halatları kanat ağlarını maçanın sınırlamasından kurtararak trol ağının ağız yüksekliğinin artırılmasını sağlar. Üçleme halatı ise ağın deniz dibinden kalkmasını engeller. Gaydaroz halatı ağın parçalanmasını engelleme, ürünle dolan torbadan avlanan ürünü bölmelere ayırıp bölümler halinde tekneye alma ve torba ağzının bağlanmasında yardımcı olur. Maçalardan torbanın arkasına kadar devam eder. Maça ağaç ya da demirden yapılan ve baş halatlarını tutan bir ekipmandır. Çağdaş trol ağlarında maça yerine danleno denilen küremsi dengeleyiciler kullanılır.

Trol ağları kanat, omuz, tünel (boru) ve torba bölümlerinden oluşur. Kanat ya da kol ağları avlanacak su ürünlerini ağa yönlendirir. Palamut ağı olarak da isimlendirilir. Genellikle geniş göz açıklığına sahip ağlardan yapılır. Klasik ağlarda tek parça düz dikdörtgen şeklinde ya da maçaya gelen kısmı dar omuza gelen kısmı geniş bir yamuk biçimindedir. Çağdaş ağların çoğunda iki ya da daha fazla parçalıdır. Omuz ağları kanat ağları ile tünelin arasında yer alır. Kurşun yakanın gerisindeki omuz bölümüne alt omuz ya da karın denilirken, mantar yakanın gerisindeki bölüm ise üst omuz olarak adlandırılır. Dip trollerinde alt omuz üst omuzdan daha geriden başlar. Böylece ağa girmekte olan balıklar kurşun yaka ile karşı karşıya geldikleri ve ağı gördükleri an ağ tarafından sarılmış olur.

Omuz ile torbayı bir birine bağlayan ve ağın içerisine giren balıkların torbaya yönlenmesini sağlayan bölüme tünel denilir. Tünelin omuz ağlarına bağlandığı bölge geniş, torbaya bağlandığı bölge ise daha dar olduğu için bu bölüm tam bir koni görünümündedir. Ağ gözü açıklığı omuzdan dar, torbadan geniştir. Klasik ağlarda ise omuz, tünel ve torba bölümleri aynı göz açıklığındadır.
Torba avlanan ürünün biriktiği bölüm olup, en küçük göz açıklığına sahip bölgedir. Tünele bağlandığı bölümden son ucuna kadar genişliği aynıdır. Torbada balıkların biriktiği son bölüm, deniz zeminine sürtünerek aşınmasını önlemek amacıyla daha kalın iplerden örülmüş geniş gözlü bir örtü (Katiküla) ile kaplanmıştır.

Trol ağı çeşitleri

Dip trolleri

Özellikle dip balıkları ve eklembacaklıların (karides vs.) avcılığında kullanılırlarsa da farklı tipleri semipelajik ve pelajik balıkların avcılığında da kullanılır. Bu ağların en önemli özelliği ağ çekimi sırasında ağın sürekli olarak deniz tabanıyla irtibatlı olmasıdır. İstenmeyen durumlar dışında ağ zeminden ayrılmaz. Farklı tipte dip trolü ağları vardır.

Klasik dip trolleri

Akdeniz ülkelerine özgü bir ağ türüdür, bu nedenle Akdeniz tipi kapılı klasik dip trolü olarak isimlendirilir. Yapımında ağ kesim tekniği ve çağdaş yapım kuralları uygulanmadığı için düşük verimli bir ağdır. Diğer ağlara oranla yapım ve kullanım maliyeti yüksek, av gücü düşük, seçiciliği yok denecek ölçüde az bir ağdır. Tüm Akdeniz ülkelerinde halen kullanılan en yaygın dip trolü ağıdır. Yüz yıldır kullanılmakta olup yapımı basittir. Çağdaş ağlara göre tek avantajı ağ yıprandığında tamirinin kolay olmasıdır.

Karides trolleri

Akdeniz ülkelerinde genellikle klasik dip trollerinin küçük boyutluları karides avcılığında kullanılmaktadır. Bununla beraber balıkçılık ve her türlü teknolojide gelişmiş diğer dünya ülkelerinde karides avcılığında özel trol ağları kullanılır. Bu ağların başlıca özelliği küçük olmalarıdır. Genellikle 6-10 metre ağız genişliğine sahip 40–80 cm civarında ağız yüksekliğindedirler. Küçük yapılmalarının en önemli nedenleri kullanan teknelerin küçüklüğüdür ayrıca ağa balık girmesini engellemenin de en kolay yolu ağın küçük yapılmasıdır. Çoğu tipinde palamar halatı oldukça kısadır. Bazı tiplerinde kapılar direk baş halatlarına bağlanır. Küçük ağlar oldukları için bir tekneyle iki ya da daha fazlası bir arada çekilebilir.

Yüksek ağız açan dip trolleri

Çağdaş trol ağlarının en çok bilinenlerindendir. Dip balıklarından pelajik balıklara kadar pek çok türün avcılığında kullanılır. Seçici ve yüksek verimli bir ağdır. Ağız genişliği 12-20 metre yüksekliği 2,5- 8 metre arasında değişir. Bazı yüksek ağız açan dip trollerinde ağız açıklığını artırmak için mantar yaka üzerine açma uçurtması denilen üçüncü bir kapı kullanılır.

Ortasu trolleri ve pelajik troller

Pelajik troller ortasu trolü adıyla da anılır. Genellikle hamsi, sardalya, uskumru, ringa ve istavrit gibi pelajik balıkların avcılığında kullanılır. İki tekneyle ve tek tekneyle kullanılan tipleri vardır. Ortasu trolleri Türkiye'de özellikle Samsun ve çevresinde hamsi ve çaça balığı avcılığında yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Balıkçılık teknolojisi gelişmiş ülkelerde sadece tek tekneyle çekilen ortasu trol ağları kullanılmasına rağmen Türkiye'de 1960 lı yıllardan bu yana yapılan çalışmalar sonunda ancak iki tekneyle çekilen ortasu trollerinin kullanılması yaygınlaştırılabilmiştir.
İki tekneyle çekilen ortasu trol ağlarında kapı bulunmaz. Ağın yatay yönde (horizontal) açılması ağı her iki yandan çeken tekneler ile sağlanır.

Ortasu trolleri çok büyük ağlardır. Ağız genişliği 30-60 metre, yüksekliği 10-50 metre olabilir. Çoğu ortasu ağlarında kanat ağı bulunmaz. Dip trollerinin mantar yakası kurşun yakadan daha önde gelirken ortasu ağlarında her iki yaka da çoğunlukla aynı seviyededir.

Tüm trol ağlarında olduğu gibi seçiciliği düzenlenebildiği için yüzey balıkların avcılığında kullanılan diğer endüstriyel av aracı olan gırgır ağlarına göre balık stoklarının korunması yönünden daha faydalıdırlar. Öte yandan Karadeniz'in açık sularında bulunan çaça balığı stoklarının değerlendirilmesi yoluyla ülkemiz balıkçılık üretimini bugünkü düzeyinin beş katına çıkaracak bir potansiyele sahip olmasıyla geleceğin av aracı olarak kabul edilebilir.

Trol ağını iki tekne kullanarak her biri diğer ucundan çekerek geniş bir alan taranabilse de genellikle tek bir geminin çaktığı trol daha popülerdir. Bunun için yatay bir genişlik elde etmeyi ağın ağız yapısı sağlar. Trol ağının giriş kısmı değişik ölçü ve şekillerde mevcuttur ve denizin dibi ile temas sağlaması için tasarlanmış veya suda belirli bir yükseklikte kalması için dizayn edilmiş olabilir. Her iki durumda da, ağın ağız yapısı yatay açılımı sağlamak için hidrodinamik şekli ile bir kanat gibi çalışır. Bütün kanatlar olduğu gibi, çekici tekne ağın düzgün bir şekilde ve işler kalması için sabit bir hızda ilerlemelidir. Bu hız değişir fakat genelde 2.5-4.0 deniz mili aralığındadır.

Trol ağının dikey açılımı üst tarafın yukarı doğru suda durması ve ağ ağzının aşağı tarafının ağırlığını kullanılarak sağlanılır. Aşağı tarafın yapısı dibin şekli ile bağlantılıdır. Eğer suyun taban yapısı düzensiz eğri büğrü ise ağa gelecek hasarı önlemek için ağın taban yapısı daha sağlam olmalıdır.

Trol ağlarının zararlı etkileri
Trol ağlarının deniz dibine ve dolayısıyla deniz canlılarına verdiği zarardan dolayı 1380 sayılı kanunun bazı maddeleri değiştirilerek trol avcılığı Marmara Denizi'nde tamamen yasaklanmış, Türkiye'nin kıyı şeritlerinde ise ancak 3 milden sonra serbest bırakılmıştır.

Kaynakça
 Erdem Y., 2000. Balık Avlama Araçları ve Avlama Teknolojisi Ders Notları, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sinop Su Ürünleri Fakültesi

Balık ağları

Trol (ağ)


අෂ්ඨ මහා නරක අතුරින් සිව් වන නරකය වන මෙම නරකයේ උපත ලබන සත්ත්වයෝ ඉතා විෂ දුමකින් පිළිස්සෙන බැවින් නිතරම වේදනාවෙන් හඬන බව ධර්මයේ සඳහන් වේ. මෙම නිරය දූම රෝරුව හෙවත් රෞරව නිරය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

සතුන් මැරීම, සොරකම් කිරීම, මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතය, ජල මූලාශ්‍ර කෙළසීම වැනි අකුසල කර්ම කළවුන් කර්මානුරූපීව මෙම නිරයේ උපත ලබති. පාපී පුද්ගලයන්ට අල්ලස් දී ඔවුන් ලවා විවිධ දුසිරිත් සිදු කර ගත්තවුන්ද මෙම මහා නිරයේ පැසෙති.

මිනිස් හට හාරසියයක් අවුරුදු තුසිත පුරයේ දෙවියන්ට එක් දවසක් වෙයි. එදවසින් හාරදහසක් අවුරුදු එහි දෙවියන්ට ආයුෂ ය. ඒ දිව්‍යායුෂ රෞරව නරකයේ එක් දවසක් වෙයි. එදවසින් හාරදහසක් අවුරුදු ඒ නරකයෙහි ආයුෂ ය. මිනිස් ලොව වර්ෂ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් වර්ෂ පණස්හත් කෝටි හැටලක්‍ෂයක් මේ නිරයට එක් දිනයකි. එබඳු දින 30ක් මාසයකි. මාස 12ක් අවුරුද්දකි. එබඳු වසර හාරදහසක් රෞරව නරකයේ පරමායුෂ වන්නේ ය.

රෞරවය


L'Équateur participe aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 à Pékin en Chine du 4 au . Il s'agit de sa deuxième participation à des Jeux d'hiver, un retour après son absence aux Jeux olympiques de PyongChang.

Résultat en ski alpin

Sarah Escobar, skieuse de 20 ans née et vivant aux États-Unis où ses parents ont émigré, parvient à décrocher un quota sur le slalom et le slalom géant même si elle est classée au delà de la 2700 place ; Escobar a déjà représenté son pays lors des JOJ d'hiver de 2020 à Lausanne.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 Équateur aux Jeux de Pékin 2022 sur le site du CIO

Equateur
2022
Sport en Équateur en 2022

Équateur aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022


Nögungar (fræðiheiti: Taeniodonta) er útdauður undirættbálkur Cimolesta.

Flokkun og ætt
Frá Thomas E. Williamson og Stephen L. Brusatte (2013):
 Ættbálkur: Cimolesta
 Undirættbálkur Taeniodonta
Alveugena
Schowalteria
 Onychodectes
 Ætt: Conoryctidae
 Conoryctella
 Huerfanodon
 Conoryctes
 Ætt: Stylinodontidae
  Chungchienia
 Wortmania
 Psittacotherium
 Ectoganus
 Stylinodon

Tenglar

Dýr

Nögungar


Buch kan henvise til:

Steder
 Tyskland
 Buch am Wald, en by i Landkreis Ansbach, Bayern
 Buch am Buchrain, en by i Landkreis Erding, Bayern
 Buch am Erlbach, en by i Landkreis Landshut, Bayern
 Buch, Schwaben, en by i Landkreis Neu-Ulm, Bayern
 Buch, Hunsrück, i Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Buch, Taunus, i Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Buch, Tangermünde, en by i Landkreis Stendal i Sachsen-Anhalt
 Buch (Berlin), en område i Bezirk Pankow, Berlin
 Das Buch) en bjerg nær near Lindenfels
 Buch (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) – Verwaltungsgemeinschaft ved Buch, Schwaben

 Østrig
 Buch, Østrig, en by i Bezirk Bregenz, Vorarlberg

 Schweiz
 Buch, Schaffhausen, en kommune i Kanton Schaffhausen
 Buch am Irchel, en kommune i Kanton Zurich
 Buch (Wiesendangen), et sted i kommunen Wiesendangen, Kanton Zurich
 Buch bei Frauenfeld (indtil 1953 Buch bei Uesslingen), del af kommunen Uesslingen-Buch, Thurgau
 Buch bei Happerswil (Happerswil-Buch), del af kommunen Birwinken, Thurgau
 Buch bei Märwil (indtil 1953 Buch bei Affeltrangen), del af kommunen Affeltrangen, Thurgau
 Buch bei Mühleberg, del af kommunen Mühleberg, Kanton Berne

 Frankrig
 Buch, Aquitaine, en havn og by ved Arcachon Bay

 USA
 Buch, Kentucky

Andet
 Buch (månekrater) – et månekrater

Buch


Sir Denis Follows, CBE (13 April 1908 – 17 September 1983) was a British sports administrator. Between 1962 and 1973 he was Secretary of the Football Association (FA) and from 1977 was Chairman of the British Olympic Association. During his tenure as BOA Chairman, he was instrumental in ensuring that British competitors were able to choose whether or not to compete at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. The BOA had come under government pressure to withdraw the team in protest at the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Follows led the party to Moscow as Team Commandant.

Follows was educated at the universities of London and Nottingham, and was President of the National Union of Students between 1931 and 1933. Having been appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1950 Birthday Honours for his work as Secretary of the British Airline Pilots Association, Follows was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1967 New Year Honours, and knighted in the 1978 Birthday Honours for services to sport.

In January 1970, while serving as the FA secretary, Follows wrote to the Women's Football Association (WFA) to inform them that the 1921 ban on women's football had been rescinded. He was later appointed an honorary life vice president of the WFA.

References

Bibliography

1908 births
1983 deaths
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
The Football Association
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
People in sports awarded knighthoods
Association football people awarded knighthoods

Denis Follows


Il Sodoma (1477 – 14 February 1549) was the name given to the Italian Renaissance painter Giovanni Antonio Bazzi. Il Sodoma painted in a manner that superimposed the High Renaissance style of early 16th-century Rome onto the traditions of the provincial Sienese school; he spent the bulk of his professional life in Siena, with two periods in Rome.

Biography
Giovanni Bazzi was born in Vercelli, Piedmont, in 1477. His first master was the "archaic" Martino Spanzotti; he also appears to have been a student of the painter Giovenone. After acquiring the strong colouring and other distinctive stylistic features of the Lombard school and – though he is not known to have travelled to Milan – somehow absorbing the superficial mannerisms of Leonardo (Freedberg 1993:117), he travelled to Siena before 1503, perhaps at the behest of agents of the Spannocchi family, and began with fresco cycles for Olivetan monks and a series of small Ovidian ceiling panels and a frieze depicting the career of Julius Caesar for Sigismondo Chigi at Palazzo Chigi.

 Along with Pinturicchio, Sodoma was one of the first to practice in Siena the style of the High Renaissance. His first important works were frescoes in the Benedictine monastery of Monte Oliveto Maggiore, on the road from Siena to Rome, illustrating the life of St Benedict in continuation of the series that Luca Signorelli had begun in 1498. Gaining fluency in the prevailing popular style of Pinturicchio, Sodoma completed the set in 1502 and included a self-portrait with badgers and ravens.

Sodoma was invited to Rome in 1508 by the celebrated Sienese merchant Agostino Chigi and was employed there by Pope Julius II in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican. He executed two great compositions and various ornaments and grotesques in vaulted ceilings divided into feigned compartments in the antique manner that Pinturicchio had recently revived, working at the same time as Raphael. Vasari's rhetorical story that Sodoma's larger works did not satisfy the pope, who engaged Raphael to substitute a program of Justice, Poetry, and Theology is not borne out by the documents.

Before October 1510 he was in Siena, where he painted the exterior of Palazzo Chigi in monochrome chiaroscuro with scenes from the Bible and from Antiquity, the first such work seen in Siena (Bartalini 2001:553). His painting at this time began to show distinct Florentine influences, especially of Fra Bartolommeo.

Called again to Rome by Chigi, in the Villa Chigi (now the Villa Farnesina), working alongside Baldassarre Peruzzi, Sodoma painted subjects from the life of Alexander the Great: Alexander in the Tent of Darius and the Nuptials of the Conqueror with Roxanne, which some people consider his masterpiece. When Leo X became pope (1513), Sodoma presented him with a picture of the Death of Lucretia (or of Cleopatra, according to some accounts). Leo gave him a large sum of money as a reward and created him a cavaliere.

In his youth, Bazzi had married, but he and his wife soon separated. A daughter married Bartolomeo Neroni, called also Riccio Sanese or Maestro Riccio, one of his principal pupils.
Bazzi acquired his nickname of Il Sodoma, as it were "the sodomite", from as early as 1512.
This appears to have been one among various nicknames, he was also known as Mattaccio or Matazo ("the madman") among the monks of Monte Oliveto.
It is due to the contemporary art historian Giorgio Vasari that Bazzi's nickname of Il Sodoma has become conventional.
According to Vasari's testimony, Bazzi always surrounded himself with "boys and beardless youths, whom he loved more than was decent", for which reason he acquired the nickname Il Soddoma.
Still, according to Vasari, Bazzi took pride in the nickname and composed stanzas and songs about it.

Bazzi returned to Siena and, at a later date, sought work in Pisa, Volterra, and Lucca. From Lucca, he returned to Siena not long before his death on 14 February 1549 (older narratives say 1554). He had supposedly squandered his property and is said, without documentary support, to have died in penury in the great hospital of Siena. One of his pupils is known as Giomo del Sodoma.

Work

Some critics see in Sodoma's Madonna in the Pinacoteca di Brera (if it really is by him) the direct influence of Leonardo da Vinci. Modern criticism tends not to follow Morelli in supposing that Raphael painted Sodoma's portrait next to himself in The School of Athens, while a drawing at Christ Church is supposed to be a portrait of Raphael by Sodoma.

Among his masterpieces are the frescoes, completed in 1526, in the chapel of St. Catherine of Siena painted for the church of San Domenico (Siena), depicting the saint in ecstasy, fainting as she receives the Eucharist from an angel. In the Oratory of San Bernardino, are scenes from the history of the Virgin, painted in conjunction with Pacchia and Beccafumi (1536–1538). These frescoes depict the Visitation and the Assumption. In San Francesco are the Deposition from the Cross (1513) and Christ Scourged.  Many critics regard one or the other of these paintings as Sodoma's masterpiece. In the choir of the Pisa Cathedral is the Sacrifice of Abraham, and in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence a St. Sebastian.

Some of his works, including the Holy Family now in the Pinacoteca, Siena have been mistaken for works of Leonardo da Vinci. His easel pictures are rare; there are two in the National Gallery, London.

Partial list of works
Flagellation of Christ (1510) - Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
The Road to Calvary (1510) -  Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Cinuzzi Deposition (before 1513) - Pinacoteca, Siena
The Death of Lucretia (1513) - Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest
Saint George and Dragon (1518) - National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Rape of the Sabine Women (1525) - Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
St. Sebastian (1525) - Oil on canvas, 206 x 154 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
Three Fates (1525) -Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Rome
Adoration of the Magi () -  Sant'Agostino, Siena
Ordination of Saint Alfonso (1530) - Santo Spirito, Siena
Crying for dead Christ or Pietà (1533) - Museo Soumaya, Mexico City
Saint Jerome in Penitence (c. 1535–1545) - National Gallery, London
The Holy Family with Saint John the Baptist and an Angel (c. 1535–1545) - Musée des Beaux-Arts, Strasbourg
The Mystical Marriage of Saint Catherine (1539–1540) -  Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
Pietà (1540) - Galleria Borghese, Rome
Sacra Conversazione  (1542) - Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa
Saint Sebastian with Madonna and Angels (1542) -  Museo Nazionale di San Matteo, Pisa
Allegory of Celestial Love, Chigi-Saracini Collection, Siena
Leda Galleria Borghese, Roma
Santa Maddalena (Collezione privata)
The Marriage of Alexander and Roxanne - Fresco, Villa Farnesina, Rome
Procession to Calvary – Museum & Gallery, Inc., South Carolina
Pietà (Collezione privata)

Critical assessments
It is said that Sodoma jeered at Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists and that Vasari repaid him by presenting a negative account of Sodoma's morals and demeanour and withholding praise of his work. According to Vasari, the name by which Bazzi was known was "Il Mattaccio" (the Madcap, the Maniac), this epithet having been bestowed upon him by the monks of Monte Oliveto. He dressed gaudily, like a mountebank, and his house was a Noah's ark, owing to the strange miscellany of animals he kept there. He was a cracker of jokes and fond of music, and he sang poems composed by himself on indecorous subjects.

Vasari alleges that Sodoma was always a negligent artist, his early success in Siena, where he painted many portraits, being partly due to lack of competition, a judgment in which Sydney Freedberg concurs. Vasari asserts that as he aged, he became too "lazy" to make cartoons for his frescoes but daubed them straight onto the wall. Vasari nevertheless admits that Sodoma produced some works of very fine quality and that during his lifetime his reputation was high.

Notes

References

Zarucchi, Jeanne Morgan (2015). "Vasari's Biography of Bazzi as 'Soddoma:' Art History and Literary Analysis," Italian Studies, Vol. 70, No. 2 (May 2015), pp. 167–190.
Zarucchi, Jeanne Morgan (2017). "Félibien's Biography of 'Le Sodoma' and the Politics of Immorality," French Studies Bulletin, Vol. 38.1, No. 142 (Spring 2017), pp. 7–10.

External links

Leonardo da Vinci: anatomical drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Il Sodoma (see index)

1477 births
1540s deaths
15th-century Italian painters
16th-century Italian painters
Bisexual painters
Italian LGBT painters
Painters from Piedmont
Painters from Siena
Italian male painters
Italian Mannerist painters
Italian Renaissance painters
People from Vercelli

Il Sodoma


MathWorks is an American privately held corporation that specializes in mathematical computing software.  Its major products include MATLAB and Simulink, which support data analysis and simulation.

History
The company's key product, MATLAB, was created in the 1970s by Cleve Moler, who was chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico at the time. It was a free tool for academics. Jack Little, who would eventually set up the company, came across the tool while he was a graduate student in electrical engineering at Stanford University.

Little and Steve Bangert rewrote the code for MATLAB in C while they were colleagues at an engineering firm. They founded MathWorks along with Moler in 1984, with Little running it out of his house in Portola Valley, California. Little would mail diskettes in baggies (food storage bags) to the first customers. The company sold its first order, 10 copies of MATLAB, for $500 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in February 1985. A few years later, Little and the company moved to Massachusetts. There, Little hired Jeanne O'Keefe, an experienced computer executive, to help formalize the business. By 1997, MathWorks was profitable, claiming revenue of around $50 million, and had around 380 employees.

In 1999, MathWorks relocated to the Apple Hill office complex in Natick, Massachusetts, purchasing additional buildings in the complex in 2008 and 2009, ultimately occupying the entire campus. MathWorks expanded further in 2013 by buying Boston Scientific's old headquarters campus, which is near to MathWorks' headquarters in Natick.

By 2018, the company had around 3,000 employees in Natick and said it had revenues of around $900 million.

Products
The company's two lead products are MATLAB, which provides an environment for scientists, engineers and programmers to analyze and visualize data and develop algorithms, and Simulink, a graphical and simulation environment for model-based design of dynamic systems. MATLAB and Simulink are used in aerospace, automotive, software and other fields. The company's other products include Polyspace, SimEvents, Stateflow, and ThingSpeak.

Corporate affairs

Intellectual property and competition
In 1999, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against MathWorks and Wind River Systems alleging that an agreement between them violated antitrust laws. The agreement in question stipulated that the two companies agreed to stop competing in the field of dynamic control system design software, with MathWorks alone selling Wind River's MATRIXx Software and that Wind River would stop all research and development and sales in that field. Both companies eventually settled with the Department of Justice and agreed to sell the MATRIXx software to a third party.  MathWorks had total sales of $200 million in 2001, with dynamic control system design software accounting for half of those sales.

MathWorks's Simulink software was found to have infringed 3 patents from National Instruments related to data flow diagrams in 2003, a decision which was confirmed by a court of appeal in 2004.

In 2011, MathWorks sued AccelerEyes for copyright infringement in one court, and patent and trademark infringement in another. AccelerEyes accepted consent decrees in both cases before the trials began.

In 2012, the European Commission opened an antitrust investigation into MathWorks after competitors alleged that MathWorks refused to grant licenses to its intellectual property that would allow people to create software with interoperability with its products. The case was closed in 2014.

Logo
The logo represents the first vibrational mode of a thin L-shaped membrane, clamped at the edges, and governed by the wave equation, which was the subject of Moler's thesis.

Community
The company annually sponsors a number of student engineering competitions, including EcoCAR, an advanced vehicle technology competition created by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and General Motors (GM). MathWorks sponsored the mathematics exhibit at London's Science Museum.

In the coding community, MathWorks hosts MATLAB Central, an online exchange where users ask and answer questions and share code. MATLAB Central currently houses around than 145,000 questions in its MATLAB Answers database. The company actively supports numerous academic institutions to advance STEM education (primarily through the use of MathWorks products), including giving funding to MIT Open Courseware and MITx.

References

Further reading

External links

Companies based in Natick, Massachusetts
Software companies established in 1984
Software companies based in Massachusetts
1984 establishments in Massachusetts
Software companies of the United States
1984 establishments in the United States
Companies established in 1984

MathWorks


Ninan Cuyochi (1490. – 1527.), najstariji sin i prijestolonasljednik Sapa Inke Huayna Capaca († 1527.) koji nije samostalno preuzeo prijestolje jer je umro od boginja nedugo nakon oca, zbog čega je došlo do sukoba oko prava na prijestolje između Huáscara i Atahualpe.

Inke

Ninan Cuyochi


Mısır'ın İlk Hanedan Dönemi (genellikle MÖ 3200 - MÖ 3000 arasına tarihlendirilir) Hanedan Öncesi Dönem'in hemen sonundaki dönemi anlatır. III. Naqada olarak bilinen arkeolojik evreye denktir. Bazen Hanedan 0 veya Erken Hanedan Öncesi Dönem olarak da adlandırılır.

İlk Hanedan Dönemi Antik Mısır'ın politik birleşme işlemini geçirdiği zamanlar olarak karakterize edilir. Ayrıca, Mısır dili bu dönemde ilk defa hiyerogliflerle kaydedilir. Ek olarak İlk Hanedan Dönemi'nde güney İsrail'de Mısır yerleşim yerleri olduğuna dair güçlü arkeolojik kanıtlar vardır. Bu yerleşim yerlerinin koloni veya ticaret antreposu olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Eyalet düzeni bu devirde belki daha önceden başlamıştır. Çeşitli şehir-devletleri Nil boyunca meydana çıkmıştır. Yüzyıllarca süren fetihler Yukarı Mısır'da bulunan devlet sayısını üç ana devlete düşürmüştür: Thinis, Naqada ve Nekhen. Aşağı Mısır'ın siyasi düzeni hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur fakat Naqada'nın Set inancını paylaştıkları düşünülmektedir, Thinis ve Nekhen ise Horus inancını benimsemişlerdi. Thinis ve Nekhen arasında kalması nedeniyle ilk olarak Naqada düşmüştür. Daha sonra Thinis Aşağı Mısır'ı fethetmiştir. Nekhen'in Thinis ile olan ilişkileri belirsizdir fakat bu iki devlet barışçıl olarak Thinite kraliyet ailesi altında Mısır'ın tümünü yönetmek için birleşmiş olabilir. Thinite kralları Abidos'ta Umm el-Qa'ab mezarlığına gömülmüşlerdir.

Birçok mısırbilimci Narmer'i bu dönemin son kralı olarak sayar (ancak bazıları onu Birinci hanedan dönemine ekler), bazıları ise Akrep Kral'ı son kral olarak saymaktadır.

Kaynakça
 Anđelković, Branislav. 2002. "Southern Canaan as an Egyptian Protodynastic Colony." Cahiers Caribéens d'Égyptologie 3/4 (Dix ans de hiéroglyphes au campus):75–92.
 Bard, Katherine, A. 2000. "The Emergence of the Egyptian State." In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 61–88
 Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. 2000. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishers
 Wilkinson, Toby Alexander Howard. 2001. Early Dynastic Egypt. 2nd ed. London: Routledge
 Wright, Mary. 1985. "Conacts Between Egypt and Syro-Palestine During the Protodynastic Period." Biblical Archeologist: Perspectives on the Ancient World from Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean 48 (4):240–253.

Dış bağlantılar
 Birleşme teorileri
 Hanedan 0
 Naqada III: Hanedan 0
 Neolitik ve Hanedan 0

00.

İlk Hanedan Dönemi (Mısır)


නේපාල ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එක්සත් සමුහාණ්ඩුව

කාල මණ්ඩලය - NPT (UTC + 5.45)
ශ්‍රීෂ්ම සෘතුව - නිරික්ෂණ නැත
මං තීරැව - වම
අන්තර්ජාල TLD - np
දුරකථන සංකේත - 977

නේපාල ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එක්සත් සමුහාණ්ඩුව දකුණු ආසියාවේ පිහිටි රටකි. 2010 ට අනුව ලෝකයේ රාජ්‍යයන් අතරින් සමුහාණ්ඩුවෙන් වු නුතනම රාජ්‍යයයි. එහි මායිම් උතුරැ චීන සමුහාණ්ඩුව, දකුණු, නැගෙනහිර හා බටහිර ඉන්දියානු සමුහාණ්ඩුවටය. වර්ග කී. මී. 147 181 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 56 827) හා ජනගහනය මිලියන 30 කි. එය ලෝකයේ භුමි ප්‍රමාණය අතින් 93 විශාලතම රටයි. එය 41 වන ජනාකීර්ණම රට ද වේ. එහි අගනුවර වන්නේ කත්මණ්ඩුය. නේපාලය භුගෝලාත්මකව  සංස්කෘතිකමය හා ආගමානුකුලව විවිධ වු රටකි. රටේ උතුරට වන්නට ලෝකයේ උසම කදු 10 න් 8 ක් ම පිහිටා ඇත. එයින් උසම කන්ද වන්නේ සාගමනා නොහොත් එවරස්ට්ය කන්දය. සරැසාර දකුණු ප්‍රදේශය අධික ජනාකීර්ණය, එහි මුහුද මට්ටමෙන් අඩි 20 000 (මීටර් 6096) යුත් කදු මුදුනු 240 ක් තිබේ. වෙනත් රාජ්‍යයන්ට වඩා හින්දු ආගම මෙම රාජ්‍යයේ බහුතරයක් අදහයි. බුදුදහම සුළුතරයක් අදහන අතර, එය අතීතය හා බ‍ැදෙන්නේ සිද්ධාර්ත කුමාරයාගේ උපන් ස්ථානය හැටියටය. ජනගහනයෙන් අඩක් අන්තර්ජාතික දිලිදු දර්ශනය වන ඇ. ඩො. 1.25 පහලින් ඇත. ඉතිහාසය පුරා රාජාණ්ඩුවක් වන මෙය ආ රාජවංශය විසින් පාලනය නල අතර (1768) ප්‍රින්ට් නාරායන් හා එහි කුඩා රාජධානියන් එක්සත් කළහ. 2006 දශකයක්ව පැවැති මහජන විප්ලවය හා අති ගණනක් පැවැති මහජන උද්ඝෝෂණ සාම ගිවිසුමක් උච්චාවචනයට ලක් කළේය. එරට ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව ගයනෙන්ද්‍ර රාජවංශය නිල වශයෙන් නෙරපා දැමීමට ඉතා ප්‍රබලව සහභාගී වු අතර 2008 මැයි 28 නව ප්‍රජාතන්ද්‍රවාදී සමාජවාදී සමුහාණ්ඩුවක් පිහිට විණි. නේපාලයේ පළමු ජනාධිපති ලෙස රාම් බරන් යාදේව් 2008 ජුලි 23 දිවුරැම් දුන්නේය.

නේපාලය
පින්තූරය - කොඩිය
ආදර්ශ පාඨය - මව සහ මාතෘභුමිය දිව්‍ය ලෝකයට වඩා උතුම්ය
ජාතික ගීය
අගනුවර - කත්මන්දු 270 42' N 850 19' E
රාජ්‍ය භාෂාව - නේපාල
පිළිගත් ප්‍රා‍ේශිය භාෂා - මයිතිලි, නේපාල්, නාසා, බොජ්ජුරි, තාරැ, ගුරැන්ය, ටැමැන්ය, මගාර්, අවාදි, ශේෂා, කිරන්ට්, ලිම්බු, සහ වෙනත් විවිධ දේශීය භාෂා සියයක් පමණ
රජය - සමුහාණ්ඩුව
ජනාධිපති - රාම් බරාන් යඩාව්
නියෝජ්‍ය ජනාධිපති - පර්මනන්ඩ් ජා
අගමැති - මඩව් කුමාර් නේපාල්
එක්සත් කිරිම රාජධානිය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරිම - දෙසැම්බර් 21, 1768
රජය ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරිම - ජනවාරි 15, 2007
සමුහාණ්ඩුව ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කිරිම - මැයි 28, 2008
වර්ග ප්‍රමාණය -	එකතුව	-	147 181  Km2
			56 827 sq mi
ජලය (%) – 2.8
ජනගහනය - 2009 තක්සේරැව - 29 331 000
2007 ජන සංඛ්‍යාතය - 28 875 140
ඝනත්වය	-	199 / Km2
		518.1 / sq mi
GDP (PPP) – 2008 තක්සේරැව
එකතුව - $  31.634 බිලියන
සාමාන්‍ය - $ 1 144
GDP (සාමාන්‍ය) – 2008 තක්සේරැව
එකතුව - $ 12.283 බිලියන
සාමාන්‍ය - $ 444
ගිනි (2003 - 04) – 47.2 (ඉහළ)
HDI (2007) – 0.553 (මධ්‍යය)
මුදල් - රැපියල්


Milan Andrić (Pijesci pokraj Čapljina, 1. travnja 1934. − Sarajevo, 10. rujna 2015.), bosanskohercegovački je novinar. Jedan od najboljih reportera bosanskohercegovačkog novinarstva.

Životopis
Mialn Andrić je rođen u Pijesciima pokraj Čapljine 1934. godine. Karijeru je počeo kao novinar u dnevnom listu Oslobođenje da bi prelaskom na Televiziju Sarajevo, uz novinarski posao, ostvario veliki uspjeh kao reditelj dokumentarnih filmova i putopisa. Čuveni je njegov dokumentarni televizijski serijal Usputni dnevnik.

Surađivao je i na serijalu Hodoljublja Zuke Džumhura. Bio je i scenarista nekih od značajnijih dokumentarnih filmova, a za film Mali voz dobio je i Europsku nagradu.

Preminuo je u Sarajevu, 10. rujna 2015. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Zašto je oklevetani novinar pisao Titu

Životopisi, Čapljina
Bosanskohercegovački novinari

Milan Andrić


Le  est un club japonais de football basé à Hachinohe dans la préfecture d'Aomori. Fondé en 2006, Le club évolue en J.League 3 depuis 2019.

Historique
Le Vanraure Hachinohe est créé en 2006, à la suite de la fusion du  et du . Le club rejoint la division 2 nord de la  ( japonaise) et à partir de 2008 vise le J1 League. Le séisme de 2011 de la côte Pacifique du Tōhoku force les sections nord et sud de la division 2 de la ligue du Tohoku à fusionne et le Vanraure gagne la première place du championnat des deux sections combinées. En 2012, de retour dans la division 2 nord, le club gagne la seconde place du championnat face au , mais remporte les éliminatoires de promotion face au , ce qui permet aux deux clubs d'être promus en division 1 de la ligue du Tohoku.

Avec l'introduction de la J3 League planifié en 2014, le club a demandé pour être  en juin 2013, demande qui est approuvée en septembre de la même année. Leur stade n'a finalement pas rempli les critères de qualifications et leur license a dû attendre jusqu'en juin de l'année suivante.

La création de la J3 League en 2014 a laissé plusieurs places disponibles dans la JFL (devenue le quatrième échelon du football au Japon) et d'autres clubs hors de ceux ayant gagné la  devaient être sélectionnés. Le Vanraure a donc été accepté dans la JFL, faisant partie de quatre clubs promus par demande. En juillet 2015, le club gagne le championnat Apertura, mais perd en prolongations après une égalité pour la première place contre le Sony Sendai FC.

Le Vanraure Hachinohe est finalement promu en J3 League en 2018, après avoir obtenu la troisième place dans la JFL, derrière le Honda FC et le .

Identité du club

Nom du club
L'origine du mot Vanraure est une combinaison de deux mots italiens : derivante, signifiant origine, et australe, qui signifie austral, au sud. Cela fait référence au lieu de fondation du club, l'ancien village de , situé au sud de la ville. Hachinohe est le nom de la ville où est situé le club.

Identité visuelle
Le logo représente un calmar, spécialité locale à Hachinohe, tenant un ballon de football, sur un fond bleu, pour l'océan, et vert, couleur de Nango.

Maillot

Mascotte
La mascotte de l'équipe est , qui ressemble à un calmar. La mascotte a été choisie après un vote en 2014.

Palmarès

Joueurs et personnalités du club

Entraîneurs
Le tableau suivant présente la liste des entraîneurs du club depuis 2006.

Bilan saison par saison
Ce tableau présente les résultats par saison du Vanraure Hachinohe dans les diverses compétitions nationales et internationales depuis la saison 2006.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes

Club de football au Japon
Club de football fondé en 2006

Vanraure Hachinohe


Vintertid i Dyrehaven er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1917.
Filmen er en sort-hvid stumfilm på omkring 5 minutter og 40 sekunders varighed optaget på 35 millimeter film med Nordisk Films Kompagni som produktionsselskab.
Det Danske Filminstitut (DFI) har ikke registreret hvilke personer der stod bag filmen.

Filmen består af en række indstilninger med sparsom panorering, og DFI beskriver den således:
"Dyrehaven i sne. Peter Lieps hus. Skiløbere og slædefart. Kælkning ned ad bakke. Rådyr i sne. Kunstmaler arbejder. Skovens dyr i sne ved foderhuse. Natur. Jægersborg hegn. Vinter."

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1917

Dyrehaven
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Vintertid i Dyrehaven


Nagrada Generalskog Stola, hrvatsko automobilističko natjecanje. Održava se godišnje. Prvo natjecanje održano je 2014. godine. Staza je blizu Generalskog Stola, u obližnjem naselju Kejići, u slikovitom kraju pored Mrežnice. Staza je zahtjevna, kombinacija uspona, prijevoja, oštrih zavoja i brzih ravnih dionica. Organizator je AK INA Delta iz Zagreba, AK Delta Team i općina Generalski Stol.

Izvori

Hrvatska automobilistička natjecanja

Nagrada Generalskog Stola (automobilizam)


Chill is an investigative and modern horror role-playing game originally published by Pacesetter Ltd in 1984 that captures the feel of 20th-century horror films.

Setting
Chill is inspired by, and attempts to capture the feel of, 20th-century horror films, where usual foes are vampires, werewolves, mummies, ghosts, and ghouls. Players take on the role of envoys, members of a secret organization known as S.A.V.E. (Societas Argenti Viae Eternitata, or, The Eternal Society of the Silver Way) that tracks down and eliminates evil in the world.

Pacesetter (First Edition)
The game was introduced by Pacesetter Ltd in 1984. The following year, Target Games released a Swedish version under the name Chock (Swedish for "shock" or "fright"), and in 1985, Schmidt Spiele released a French version. Pacesetter also launched the board game Black Morn Manor, also translated into French (Le Manoir des Ténèbres) by Schmidt Spiele.

The game components include an introductory folio, a Campaign book, a book of monsters, a map of the world, 140 die-cut double-sided counters, a range stick, and dice. The boxed set also includes a 16-page adventure, "Terror in Warwick House".

Other Pacesetter publications
 Chill Master's Screen (includes Castle Dracula scenario)
 Blood Moon Rising (adventure)
 Creature Feature (sourcebook)
 Death on Tour (adventure)
 Deathwatch on the Bayou (adventure)
 Evenings of Terror with Elvira (book of adventures hosted by Elvira, Mistress of the Dark)
 Haunter of the Moor (adventure)
 Highland Terror (adventure)
 Isle of the Dead (adventure)
 Things (sourcebook)
 Thutmose's Night (adventure)
 Vampires (sourcebook)
 Vengeance of Dracula (adventure)
 Village of Twilight (adventure)

Pacesetter ceased operations in 1986, bringing the publication of the First Edition of Chill to an end.

Reception to First edition
In the October 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue 90), Jerry Epperson had a few quibbles with various game mechanics. He questioned the economics rules that essentially gave characters access to unlimited amounts of cash. Epperson also wondered why a range stick was included, since there were no regulated combat maneuvering rules that would make use of the stick. And he found the introductory adventure included in the game was overly simplistic: "Terror in Warwick House is much like a guided tour of a national monument. While it portends to be a dangerous place, one gets the feeling that those who fell victim to the sinister occupants before the player characters were called to the scene were either idiots or invalids. The clues required by the characters to dispose of the evil are practically spoon-fed to the players." But Epperson concluded that "these problems are not major flaws in the game's design; any GM should be able to alter them with little effort. All things considered, the Chill game does just what it sets out to do. It doesn't stall play with unwieldy rules or sub-systems, and it allows the GM to pace the storyline and preserve the intensity of a situation thanks to the game's elegant simplicity. As an alternative to dungeon delving, superheroing, or chasing after Cthulhu, the Chill game is something you can really sink your teeth into."

Two reviews of Chill appeared in issues of Space Gamer. In the November–December 1984 edition (Issue No. 71), William Barton admired Chill for being less violent and less weird than other horror roleplaying games, saying, "Chill is a viable alternative in supernatural gaming for those who desire less gunplay than is typical in Stalking or prefer more conventional creatures than the sanity-blasting horrors of CoC." In the July–August 1985 edition (Issue 75), Warren Spector thought that "Though superficially simpler than Call of Cthulhu, the clear leader in the horror field, Chill falls somewhat short of the mark."

In the January 1985 edition of White Dwarf (Issue 61), Angus McLellan gave Chill an average rating of 7 out of 10. McLellan felt the gameplay was fairly slow and lacking in scares; furthermore, Call of Cthulhu had already paved the way for horror-based role-playing games.

Paul Mason reviewed Chill for Imagine magazine, and stated that "if you fancy a game of investigation with gothic horror overtones, and you don't much care for H P Lovecraft's Cthulhu mythos, then Chill would be the game to buy."

In the December 1988 edition of Dragon (Issue 140), Ken Rolston reviewed two supplements published by Pacesetter just before it went out of business, Vampires and Creature Feature. Rolston had a more favourable opinion of Vampires, calling it an "excellent book... The graphic presentation is top-notch." Rolston was particularly enthusiastic about the writing, which he called, "exceptional" and concluded, "I highly recommend this supplement." He was less enthusiastic about Creature Feature, saying, "This supplement lacks the graphic quality or refined presentation of the finer Chill supplements." Rolston thought the concept of allowing players to become monsters and prey on humans did have "an oddly redeeming appeal", but felt that "the replay value [is] negligible." He gave this supplement a thumbs down, saying, "Creature Feature will not be of use to most GMs, but students of the hobby may find it interesting for a brief diversion or as a curiosity."

In his 1990 book The Complete Guide to Role-Playing Games, game critic Rick Swan was not impressed by Chill, calling it "A horror game for the easily frightened." Swan could not find anything to like in the game syatem, commenting, "The feat rules are puzzling ... the combat rules are stiff ... and the economic system is ridiculous." Swan concluded by giving the game a below average rating of 2 out of 4, saying, "Chill is too shallow for extended campaigns, and lacks the depth to please anyone but the most undemanding players."

Other reviews and commentary
Different Worlds #37 (Nov./Dec., 1984)
The V.I.P. of Gaming Magazine #4 (July/Aug., 1986)
 Casus Belli #22 (Oct 1984)
 Casus Belli #23 (Dec 1984)
 Casus Belli #38 (June 1987)
Asimov's Science Fiction v9 n9 (1985 09)
Jeux & Stratégie #46

Mayfair Games (Second Edition)
In 1990, Mayfair Games inc. purchased the rights, and the following year published a second edition of the game system called Chill Core Rulebook. Over the next three years, Mayfair published fourteen sourcebooks for the setting and a collection of short stories:

 Chill Accessory Pack (included Isle of the Dead scenario)
 Apparitions (sourcebook with scenario) "The Visitation" pg.96
 The Beast Within (standalone RPG compatible with Chill where you play monsters)
 Chill Companion (sourcebook)
 Horrors of North America (sourcebook with scenario) "Once Bitten" pg.81
 Lycanthropes (sourcebook with 2 scenarios) "The Beast of Exmoor" pg.84, "Long Hot Summer" pg.111
 Things (sourcebook) Undead & Buried (scenario)
 Unknown Providence: SAVE in New England (sourcebook with 4 scenarios) "Weekend in New England" pg.30, "Death's Head Revisited" pg.47, "Bitter Remnants" pg.81, "Dark Providence" pg.93
 Vampires (sourcebook with scenario) "Vengeance of Dracula" pg.97
 Veil of Flesh (scenario)
 Voodoo (sourcebook with scenario) "Drums in the Night" pg.93
 Chilled to the Bone - anthology of short stories

Mayfair's game was translated into French by Oriflam in 1994.

Reception to Second Edition
In Issue 47 of Challenge, Lester W. Smith reviewed the Mayfair edition and noted the abundance of new material. Smith also liked the revamped game mechanics, and concluded, "Problems? None that I've found so far. If you liked the old Chill, I suspect you're going to like the new one even better."

In the October 1992 edition of Dragon (Issue 186), Rick Swan reviewed three supplements that had been published by Mayfair Games: Apparitions Sourcebook, Lycanthropes Sourcebook, and Vampires Sourcebook. Overall, Swan thought the material was not very original: "The designers have hardly let their imaginations run wild; the approach draws primarily from legends and movies, meeting the expectations of conservative horror buffs but rarely exceeding them. Dracula and the Wolfman are welcome; vampiric Martians and lycanthropic cattle need not apply." However, Swan found the books "consistently entertaining and filled with interesting material that is intelligently presented." He concluded, "Players and referees alike should get a kick out these engaging books... I would've liked stronger scenarios and a few more adventure hooks, but all in all, the fastidious research, evocative writing, and enthusiasm for the material makes for a winning combination. I'm looking forward to future volumes."

Christian Lindke compared the First and Second Editions in Black Gate, saying "There are many games from the 80s that — mechanically and tonally — seem extremely dated by modern gaming standards. Chill — the first Pacesetter edition — isn't one of them. It has a kind of classic feel to it, just like all the Hammer and AIP movies it was inspired by. It isn't a dark and serious horror game, but it is an adventurous one. If you wanted to pretend to be Peter Cushing's Van Helsing hunting Christopher Lee's Dracula, there was no better game than Chill during the early Pacesetter era. The later Mayfair game never captured the charm of the original and for a time it looked like fans of non-Lovecraftian horror were going to be left without a high quality horror RPG."

Other reviews of the Second EditionWhite Wolf #23 (Oct./Nov., 1990)
Review in Shadis

Third edition
In 2012, Mayfair Games sold Chills intellectual property rights to Martin Caron and Renée Dion. Two years later, Growling Door Games announced they had entered into a licensing agreement with Caron and Dion to publish Chill. The following year, Growling Door Games published the third edition of the game, and released a number of sourcebooks from 2016 until Growling Door ceased operationins in 2019. The third edition and two sourcebooks were translated into French by A.K.A. Games in 2017. The 3rd edition rulebook remains for sale.

In 2019, Salt Circle Games signed an agreement with Caron to release new material for the Third Edition to be sold via the crowd-sourcing website Patreon. They subsequently published a large number of adventures and sourcebooks:
 Chill 3rd Edition Core Rulebook Chill Master's Screen Chill Tokens Free scenarios A Lamp Gone Dark
 Big Sky
 Cold Dark Earth Dead Hearts
 El Cucuy Came for Carlito
 High Tide in the Domain of the Mariner
 Let Sleeping Dogs Lie
 Manhunt
 Sunshine in Maine
 Temple of the Skin Man
 The Last Stop Boys The Wild Hunt Whispered Confessions
 Good Fences Make Good Neighbors (free quickstart)
 Monsters (sourcebook)
 SAVE: The Eternal Society (sourcebook with 4 scenarios)
 Undead (sourcebook)
A.K.A. Games translated the Third Edition of Chill, the Chill Master's Screen, SAVE: The Eternal Society and Monsters into French.

In 2020, Salt Circle Games began closed playtesting of an unannounced Fourth Edition of Chill and published a supplement for Third Edition titled Horrors of the Unknown: Volume 1''. Salt Circle Games made new Third Edition character sheets available in 2021.

References

External links
 Chill official page on Facebook
Salt Circle Games' Chill Patreon

Horror role-playing games
Mayfair Games games
Pacesetter games
Role-playing games introduced in 1984

Chill (role-playing game)