John Harvey Kellogg (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was an American businessman, inventor, physician, and advocate of the Progressive Movement.  He was the director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, founded by members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It combined aspects of a European spa, a hydrotherapy institution, a hospital and high-class hotel. Kellogg treated the rich and famous, as well as the poor who could not afford other hospitals. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, his "development of dry breakfast cereals was largely responsible for the creation of the flaked-cereal industry."

An early proponent of the germ theory of disease, Kellogg was well ahead of his time in relating intestinal flora and the presence of bacteria in the intestines to health and disease. The sanitarium approached treatment in a holistic manner, actively promoting vegetarianism, nutrition, the use of yogurt enemas to clear "intestinal flora", exercise, sun-bathing, and hydrotherapy, as well as the abstention from smoking tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, and sexual activity. Kellogg dedicated the last 30 years of his life to promoting eugenics and segregation. Kellogg was a major leader in progressive health reform, particularly in the second phase of the clean living movement. He wrote extensively on science and health. His approach to "biologic living" combined scientific knowledge with Adventist beliefs, promoting health reform, and temperance. Many of the vegetarian foods that Kellogg developed and offered his patients were publicly marketed: Kellogg's brother, Will Keith Kellogg, is best known today for the invention of the breakfast cereal corn flakes.

Kellogg held liberal theological beliefs radically different from mainstream Nicene Christianity and emphasized what he saw as the importance of human reason over many aspects of traditional doctrinal authority. He strongly rejected fundamentalist and conservative notions of original sin, human depravity, and the atonement of Jesus, viewing the last in terms of "his exemplary life" on Earth rather than death. Becoming a Seventh-day Adventist as their beliefs shifted towards Trinitarianism during the 1890s, Adventists were "unable to accommodate the essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing his theology as pantheistic and unorthodox. Disagreements with other members of the SDA led to a major schism: he was disfellowshipped in 1907, but continued to follow many of their beliefs and directed the sanitarium until his death. Kellogg helped to establish the American Medical Missionary College in 1895. Popular misconceptions have wrongly attributed various cultural practices, inventions, and historical events to Kellogg.

Early life

John Harvey Kellogg was born in Tyrone, Michigan, on February 26, 1852, to John Preston Kellogg (1806–1881) and his second wife Ann Janette Stanley (1824–1893). His father, John Preston Kellogg, was born in Hadley, Massachusetts; his ancestry can be traced back to the founding of Hadley, Massachusetts, where a great-grandfather operated a ferry.
John Preston Kellogg and his family moved to Michigan in 1834, and after his first wife's death and his remarriage in 1842, to a farm in Tyrone Township.
In addition to six children from his first marriage, John Preston Kellogg had 11 children with his second wife Ann, including John Harvey and his younger brother, Will Keith Kellogg.

John Preston Kellogg became a member of several revivalist movements, including the Baptists, the Congregationalist Church, and finally the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He was one of four adherents who pledged substantial sums to convince Seventh-day Adventists Ellen G. White and her husband James Springer White to relocate to Battle Creek, Michigan, with their publishing business, in 1855. He persuaded a Seventh-day Adventist couple, Daniel H. Kress and Lauretta E. Kress, to become doctors at Michigan where he had studied; they were early founders of what became Washington Adventist Hospital. In 1856, the Kellogg family moved to Battle Creek to be near other members of the denomination. There John Preston Kellogg established a broom factory. The Kelloggs believed that the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, and that formal education of their children was therefore unnecessary. Originally a sickly child, John Harvey Kellogg attended Battle Creek public schools only briefly, from ages 9–11. He left school to work sorting brooms in his father's broom factory. Nonetheless, he read voraciously and acquired a broad but largely self-taught education. At age 12, John Harvey Kellogg was offered work by the Whites. He became one of their protégés, rising from errand boy to printer's devil, and eventually doing proofreading and editorial work. He helped to set articles for Health, or how to live and The Health Reformer, becoming familiar with Ellen G. White's theories of health, and beginning to follow recommendations such as a vegetarian diet. Ellen White described her husband's relationship with John Harvey Kellogg as closer than that with his own children.

Kellogg hoped to become a teacher, and at age 16 taught a district school in Hastings, Michigan. By age 20, he had enrolled in a teacher's training course offered by Michigan State Normal School. The Kelloggs and the Whites, however, convinced him to join his half-brother Merritt, Edson White, William C. White, and Jennie Trembley, as students in a six-month medical course at Russell Trall's Hygieo-Therapeutic College in Florence Township, New Jersey. Their goal was to develop a group of trained doctors for the Adventist-inspired Western Health Reform Institute in Battle Creek. Under the Whites' patronage, John Harvey Kellogg went on to attend medical school at the University of Michigan and the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City. He graduated in 1875 with a medical degree. In October 1876, Kellogg became director of the Western Health Reform Institute. In 1877, he renamed it the Battle Creek Medical Surgical Sanitarium, cleverly coining the term "sanitarium" to suggest both hospital care and the importance of sanitation and personal health.
Kellogg would lead the institution until his death in 1943.

Theological views
Kellogg was brought up in the Seventh-day Adventist Church from childhood. Selected as a protégé of the Whites and trained as a doctor, Kellogg held a prominent role as a speaker at church meetings. Throughout his lifetime, Kellogg experienced pressure from both science and religion regarding his theological views.
At the Seventeenth Annual Session of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, October 4, 1878, the following action was taken:

Theological modernism
Kellogg rejected Christian fundamentalism and promoted the tenets of theological modernism. He rejected many of the traditional tenets of Nicene Christianity, viewing the atonement of Jesus as "his exemplary life" on Earth rather than the Cross. Kellogg mocked the concepts of original sin and inherent human depravity, frequently joking that "the total depravity which we often hear talked about is, half the time at least, nothing more nor less than total indigestion". Historian Brian C. Wilson writes:One of the most controversial aspects of Kellogg's developing theology... was its decidedly non-Christocentric focus. While "God" is mentioned one hundred times, "Jesus Christ" is mentioned only briefly, twelves times, and is treated as something of a peripheral character.

Harmony of science and the Bible
Kellogg defended "the harmony of science and the Bible" throughout his career, but he was active at a transitional time, when both science and medicine were becoming increasingly secularized. White and others in the Adventist ministry worried that Kellogg's students and staff were in danger of losing their religious beliefs, while Kellogg felt that many ministers failed to recognize his expertise and the importance of his medical work. There were ongoing tensions between his authority as a doctor, and their authority as ministers.
Nonetheless, Kellogg attempted to reconcile science and medicine with religion, rejecting their separation, and emphasizing the presence of God within God's creation of living things.

He further elaborated these ideas in his book The Living Temple (1903):

At the same time that Kellogg defended the presence of God in nature against secularization, his co-religionists saw his descriptions of the presence of God in nature as evidence of
panentheistic tendencies (Everything is in God).
Kellogg rejected their religious criticisms, asserting that his views on indwelling divinity were simply a restatement of the omnipresence of God, and not pantheism.

Pantheism Crisis
His theological views went against many of the traditional tenets of Nicene Christianity. As Seventh-day Adventist beliefs shifted towards orthodox Trinitarianism during the 1890s, Adventists within the denominations were "unable to accommodate the essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing his theology as pantheistic and unorthodox. What came to be referred to as the "Pantheism Crisis" of 1903 was a pivotal moment in the church's history. Kellogg's theological views were only one of the issues involved: operation of the sanitarium was equally if not more important.
Control of the sanitarium and its finances had been a source of contention for some time, especially as the institution expanded and attracted more affluent patients.
Tensions came to a head when the Battle Creek Sanitarium, originally owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Church but run by Kellogg, was destroyed by fire on February 18, 1902. Although almost all of the guests escaped safely, property loss was estimated at $300,000 to $400,000, about twice the insured value.

Ellen G. White, who had proclaimed that a cleansing sword of fire was poised over the increasingly "worldly" and business-oriented Battle Creek, was against rebuilding the large institution. Although she apparently wrote a manuscript testifying against the rebuilding in 1902, it was not sent to Kellogg at that time, and Kellogg did not directly consult her about his plans. With support of the board of directors, he not only rebuilt the institution, but doubled its size. The new building was designed by architect Frank Mills Andrews of Ohio and opened on May 31, 1903. Designed to be fireproof, the new brick building was six stories high, with an elegant frontage extending 550 feet along Washington Avenue, and three wings opening out behind. It included, among other things, a solarium and palm court, and it cost more than $700,000.

Disfellowship
Kellogg used proceeds from his book The Living Temple to help pay the costs of reconstruction. The book's printing was opposed by a commission of the General Council of the Adventists after W. W. Prescott, one of the four members of the commission, argued that it was heretical. When Kellogg arranged to print it privately, the book went through its own trial by fire: on December 30, 1902, fire struck the Herald where the book was typeset and ready to print. When it finally appeared in 1903, the book was sharply criticized by White for what she considered its many statements of pantheism. Over the next few years, there was increasing conflict between Kellogg, General Conference President A. G. Daniells and others. In 1907, Kellogg was "disfellowshipped", as part of a schism that split the church. Kellogg retained control of the Battle Creek Sanitarium and the American Medical Missionary College, and continued to promote Adventist ideas of health and well-being at those institutions.

In later life, Kellogg spoke positively of Seventh-day Adventists and Ellen G. White's prophetic ministry, despite their struggles. In 1941, in response to critic E. S. Ballenger, Kellogg admonished Ballenger for his critical attitude to Mrs. White.

Battle Creek Sanitarium

Kellogg was a Seventh-day Adventist until mid-life, and gained fame while being the chief medical officer of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, which was owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The sanitarium was operated based on the church's health principles. Adventists believe in promoting a vegetarian diet, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and a regimen of exercise, all of which Kellogg followed. He is remembered as an advocate of vegetarianism and wrote in favor of it, even after leaving the Adventist Church. His dietary advice in the late 19th century discouraged meat-eating, but not emphatically so. His development of a bland diet was driven in part by the Adventist goal of reducing sexual stimulation.

Kellogg was an especially strong proponent of nuts, which he believed would save humanity in the face of decreasing food supplies. Though mainly renowned nowadays for his development of corn flakes, Kellogg also invented a process for making peanut butter and developed healthy "granose biscuits" which became popular as far away as Australia and England.

The Battle Creek Sanitarium had its own experimental kitchen. There, Ella Eaton Kellogg helped to develop vegetarian foods, and supervised a "school of cookery" which taught classes in food preparation for homemakers. She published a cookbook, Science in the Kitchen, containing hundreds of recipes along with discussions of nutrition and household and diet management. Some of its inventive vegetarian recipes use food products created at the sanitarium, such as Nuttolene (a meat pâté made from peanuts),
Protose (a combination of nuts and grains), and various types of nut butters.

Kellogg believed that most disease is alleviated by a change in intestinal flora. He posited that bacteria in the intestines can either help or hinder the body; that pathogenic bacteria produce toxins during the digestion of protein which poison the blood; that a poor diet favors harmful bacteria that can then infect other tissues in the body; that the intestinal flora is changed by diet and is generally changed for the better by a well-balanced vegetarian diet favoring low-protein, laxative, and high-fiber foods. He recommended various regimens of specific foods designed to heal particular ailments.

Kellogg further believed that natural changes in intestinal flora could be sped by enemas seeded with favorable bacteria. He advocated the frequent use of an enema machine to cleanse the bowel with several gallons of water. Water enemas were followed by the administration of a pint of yogurt – half was eaten, the other half was administered by enema, "thus planting the protective germs where they are most needed and may render most effective service." The yogurt served to replace the intestinal flora of the bowel, creating what Kellogg claimed was a squeaky-clean intestine.

Sanitarium visitors also engaged in breathing exercises and mealtime marches, to promote proper digestion of food throughout the day. Because Kellogg was a staunch supporter of phototherapy, the sanitarium made use of artificial sunbaths.

Kellogg was a skilled surgeon, who often donated his services to indigent patients at his clinic. Although generally against unnecessary surgery to treat diseases, in his Plain Facts for Old And Young he advocated circumcision as a remedy for "local uncleanliness" (which he thought could lead to "unchastity"), phimosis, and "in small boys", masturbation.

He had many notable patients, such as former president William Howard Taft, composer and pianist Percy Grainger, arctic explorers Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Roald Amundsen, world travellers Richard Halliburton and Lowell Thomas, aviator Amelia Earhart, economist Irving Fisher, Nobel prize winning playwright George Bernard Shaw, actor and athlete Johnny Weissmuller, founder of the Ford Motor Company Henry Ford, inventor Thomas Edison, African-American activist Sojourner Truth, and actress Sarah Bernhardt.

Patents and inventions

Foods
John Harvey Kellogg developed and marketed a wide variety of vegetarian foods. Many of them were meant to be suitable for an invalid diet, and were intentionally made easy to chew and to digest. Starchy foods such as grains were ground and baked, to promote the conversion of starch into dextrin. Nuts were ground and boiled or steamed.

The foods Kellogg developed also tended to be bland. In this, Kellogg followed the teachings of Ellen G. White and Sylvester Graham who recommended a diet of bland foods to minimize excitement, sexual arousal, and masturbation.

Breakfast cereals

Around 1877, John H. Kellogg began experimenting to produce a softer breakfast food, something easy to chew. He developed a dough that was a mixture of wheat, oats, and corn. It was baked at high temperatures for a long period of time, to break down or "dextrinize" starch molecules in the grain. After it cooled, Kellogg broke the bread into crumbs. The cereal was originally marketed under the name "Granula" but this led to legal problems with James Caleb Jackson who already sold a wheat cereal under that name. In 1881, under threat of a lawsuit by Jackson, Kellogg changed the sanitarium cereal's name to "Granola".
It was used initially by patients at the sanitarium, but slowly began to build up a following among former patients. In 1890, John formed the Sanitas Food Company to develop and market food products.

The Kelloggs are best known for the invention of the famous breakfast cereal corn flakes. The development of the flaked cereal in 1894 has been variously described by those involved: Ella Eaton Kellogg, John Harvey Kellogg, his younger brother Will Keith Kellogg, and other family members. There is considerable disagreement over who was involved in the discovery, and the role that they played. According to some accounts, Ella suggested rolling out the dough into thin sheets, and John developed a set of rollers for the purpose. According to others, John had the idea in a dream, and used equipment in his wife's kitchen to do the rolling. It is generally agreed that upon being called out one night, John Kellogg left a batch of wheat-berry dough behind. Rather than throwing it out the next morning, he sent it through the rollers and was surprised to obtain delicate flakes, which could then be baked. Will Kellogg was tasked with figuring out what had happened, and recreating the process reliably. Ella and Will were often at odds, and their versions of the story tend to minimize or deny each other's involvement, while emphasizing their own part in the discovery. The process that Kellogg had discovered, tempering, was to be a fundamental technique of the flaked cereal industry.

A patent for "Flaked Cereals and Process of Preparing Same" was filed on May 31, 1895, and issued on April 14, 1896, to John Harvey Kellogg as Patent No. 558,393. Significantly, the patent applied to a variety of types of grains, not just to wheat. John Harvey Kellogg was the only person named on the patent. Will later insisted that he, not Ella, had worked with John, and repeatedly asserted that he should have received more credit than he was given for the discovery of the flaked cereal.

During their first year of production, the Kelloggs sold tens of thousands of pounds of flaked cereal, marketing it as "Granose". They continued to experiment using rice and corn as well as wheat, and in 1898 released the first batch of Sanitas Toasted Corn Flakes. A modified version with a longer shelf life was released in 1902. By that time, both "Granose Biscuits" and "Granose Flakes" were available.

Will Kellogg continued to develop and market flaked cereal. When he proposed adding sugar to the flakes, John would not agree to the change.
So, in 1906, Will started his own company, the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company. This marked the start of a decades-long feud between the brothers. Will's Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company eventually became the Kellogg Company, while John was denied the right to use the Kellogg name for his cereals.

They had other competitors as well, including C. W. Post. Post was treated at the Battle Creek Sanitarium between February 6 and November 9, 1891, and later by Christian Scientists whom he credited with his successful treatment. He settled in Battle Creek, opened his own sanitarium, the LaVita Inn, in March 1892, and founded his own dry foods company, Post Holdings.
Post started selling Postum coffee substitute in 1895.
He issued Grape-Nuts breakfast cereal, a mixture of yeast, barley and wheat, in January 1898.
In January 1906, Post introduced "Elijah's Manna", later renaming it Post Toasties Double-Crisp Corn Flakes, and marketing it as a direct competitor to Kellogg's Corn Flakes.

John Harvey Kellogg was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006 for the discovery of tempering and the invention of the first dry flaked breakfast cereal, which "transformed the typical American breakfast".

Peanut butter
John H. Kellogg is one of several people who have been credited with the invention of peanut butter.
Rose Davis of Alligerville, New York has been reported to have made a peanut spread as early as 1840, after her son described Cuban women grinding peanuts and eating the paste on bread.
In 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson (1849–1940) of Montreal, Canada obtained a patent for the "Manufacture of peanut-candy", combining 1 part of a "flavoring paste" made from roasted peanuts with 7 parts of sugar.
By 1894, George A. Bayle of St. Louis was selling a "Cheese Nut" snack food containing peanuts and cheese; a peanut-only version was apparently more successful.
George Washington Carver is often credited because of his scientific work with peanuts and promotion of their use. Carver and Kellogg corresponded in the 1920s and 30s about the use of both peanuts and sweet potatoes.

Some form of nut butter, likely made with peanuts, was served to patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium before October 1895, when Kellogg wrote to Ellen White that "some very excellent preparations from nuts" had entirely replaced butter.
Kellogg did not patent peanut butter explicitly, and later stated that this was intentional: "Let everybody that wants it have it, and make the best use of it". Kellogg did, however, apply for two patents relating to "nut butters" in 1895, before anyone else did so.

On November 4, 1895, John H. Kellogg applied for two patents that are relevant to the production of peanut butter. Patent No. 567901, granted September 15, 1896, was for a "Food Compound" which produced "an improved article of manufacture, the alimentary product composed of completely digested starch, completely-emulsified vegetable oil such as described, and thoroughly cooked and finely-divided vegetable proteins derived from nuts, as specified."
The process described involved taking raw edible nuts, preferably peanuts or almonds, blanching them to remove their skins, and then boiling them for several hours. The nuts were then crushed and passed through rollers to separate out "a fine and comparatively dry and nearly white nutmeal" and a "moist, pasty, adhesive, and brown" butter or paste.

The second patent, No. 604493, granted on May 24, 1898, was for a "Process of Producing Alimentary Products" from "edible nuts, preferably peanuts". The process for making the paste again involved boiling the peanuts, but noted that roasting was a possible alternative. The final substance was heated in sealed cans to obtain "a product differing in many ways from the original paste" with a consistency resembling cheese.

By 1898, the Kelloggs were marketing a wide variety of nut-based foods through the Sanitas Nut Food Company.
Kellogg marketed nut butters as a nutritious protein substitute for people who had difficulty chewing on solid food. Because peanuts were the least expensive nut available, they rapidly dominated the nut butter market.

Joseph Lambert, who had worked for Kellogg at the sanitarium, began selling a hand-operated peanut butter grinder in 1896. In 1899, his wife Almeida Lambert published a Guide for Nut Cookery.

Meat substitutes
Kellogg credited his interest in meat substitutes to Charles William Dabney, an agricultural chemist and the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. Dabney wrote to Kellogg on the subject around 1895.

In 1896, Kellogg introduced but did not patent "Nuttose", the first commercially produced alternative to meat. Nuttose was made primarily from peanuts and resembled "cold roast mutton".
By seasoning or marinating, Nuttose could be made to taste like fried chicken or barbeque. Served with mashed potatoes and vegetables, it could mimic a traditional American meal.

On March 19, 1901, Kellogg was granted the first United States Patent for a "vegetable substitute for meat", for a blend of nuts and grain cereals called "Protose".
In applying for , Kellogg described Protose as a product "which shall possess equal or greater nutritive value in equal or more available form... By proper regulation of the temperature and proportions of the ingredients, various meat-like flavors are developed, which give the finished product very characteristic properties."
Nuttose and Protose were the first of many meat alternatives.

Other foods
In addition to developing imitation meats variously made from nuts, grains, and soy, Kellogg also developed the first acidophilus soy milk, which was patented in 1934.
Kellogg advocated that it be administered to bottle-fed babies, to improve their intestinal fauna and combat bowel infections. Perhaps his most famous patients were the Dionne quintuplets. When he learned that Marie had a bowel infection, Kellogg sent a case of his soy acidophilus to their doctor, Allan Roy Dafoe. When Marie's infection cleared up, Dafoe requested that Kellogg send an ongoing supply for the quintuplets. By 1937, each one consumed at least a pint per day. Another famous patient who benefited from soy acidophilus was polar explorer Richard E. Byrd.
Kellogg also sold yogurt, soy flour, and soy bread.

Medical patents

Medical inventions

Although they are less discussed than his food creations, Kellogg designed and improved upon a number of medical devices that were regularly used at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in surgical operations and in treatment modalities falling under the term "physiotherapy".
Many of the machines invented by Kellogg were manufactured by the Battle Creek Sanitarium Equipment Company, which was established in 1890.
Dr. Kellogg attempted to popularize these treatment methods, including electrotherapy, hydrotherapy, and motor therapy, in his work The Home Handbook of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine, first published in 1881.

As he specialized in certain gynecological surgeries (particularly hemorrhoidectomies and ovariotomies) and gastrointestinal surgeries, he developed various instruments for these operations. These included specialized hooks and retractors, a heated operating table, and an aseptic drainage tube used in abdominal surgery.

Additionally, Kellogg took keen interest in devising instruments for light therapy, mechanical exercising, proper breathing, and hydrotherapy. His medical inventions spanned a wide range of applications and included a hot air bath, vibrating chair, oscillomanipulator, window tent for fresh air, pneumograph to graphically represent respiratory habits, loofah mitt, and an apparatus for home sterilization of milk. Some of his inventions were fashionable enough to be included in the first class gymnasium of the RMS Titanic.

Kellogg did not make concerted efforts to profit from his medical inventions. Kellogg's statement in 1916 about his food company sheds light on his general motivations: "I desire to make clear...that the food business I have been carrying on is a part of my general scheme to propagate the ideas of health and biological living. Otherwise, I should not have engaged in it as a commercial enterprise, but I have carried it on as a part of the general philanthropic work in which I was engaged."

Phototherapeutic inventions
Partly motivated by the overcast skies of Michigan winters, Kellogg experimented with and worked to develop light therapies, as he believed in the value of the electric light bulb to provide heat penetration for treating bodily disorders.

He constructed his first incandescent light bath in 1891, claiming to treat thousands of patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium before exhibiting the bath at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. The invention reportedly aroused little attention there but was brought back to Germany, where it began to be manufactured and sold. It was spread to Vienna by Kellogg's friend Dr. Wilhelm Winternitz; installed in royal palaces across Europe; and popularly replaced old Turkish steam baths at athletic clubs. Only after cabinet baths became popular in Europe did demand within the United States develop. It was imported from Berlin to New York "as a therapeutic novelty". In 1896, Kellogg patented the radiant-heat bath in the United States (US558394).

In order "to make a record of his work and experience as a pioneer in this branch of physiotherapeutics", Kellogg published his book Light Therapeutics: a practical manual of phototherapy for the student and the practitioner, with special reference to the incandescent electric-light bath in 1910. In the short work, Kellogg describes the application of the arc light to the spine, chest, abdominal region, loins, shoulders, hip and thigh, knees and other joints. He also goes into detail about combining electrotherapies with hydrotherapies, e.g. the electric light bath with shower and shampoo.

Electrotherapeutic inventions
Though Kellogg stated that "electricity is not capable of accomplishing half the marvels that are claimed for it by many enthusiastic electrotherapists," he still believed electric currents to be "an extremely valuable therapeutic agent, especially when utilized in connection with hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, and other physiologic methods." As a result, electrotherapy coils were used in the Static Electrical Department of the Battle Creek Sanitarium especially for cases of paresthesias of neurasthenia, insomnia, and certain forms of neuralgia. Devices were also utilized to administer electric shocks to various parts of a patient's body.

Vibrational therapy by way of sinusoidal (high-frequency oscillating) electric current was discovered by Kellogg in 1884 to have medical use for increasing blood circulation and passive exercise. In particular, Kellogg invented a vibrating chair used to stimulate vital organs in the lower abdomen. Even today one can visit the Kellogg Discovery Center in Battle Creek, Michigan, and sit on Kellogg's vibrating chair, which is equipped to mechanically oscillate 20 times per second. Furthermore, Kellogg devised an electrotherapy exercise bed in which a sinusoidal current that produced muscular contraction could be delivered without pain for twenty minutes and reportedly achieve the stimulation of a brisk four-mile walk.

Mechanical massage devices
Massage devices included two- or four-person foot vibrators, a mechanical slapping massage device, and a kneading apparatus that was advertised in 1909 to sell for . Kellogg advocated mechanical massage, a branch of mechanotherapy, for cases of anemia, general debility, and muscular or nervous weakness.

Irrigator
In 1936, Kellogg filed a petition for his invention of improvements to an "irrigating apparatus particularly adaptable for colonic irrigating, but susceptible of use for other irrigation treatments." The improved irrigator included features such as measuring the amount of liquid entering and exiting the colon as well as indicating and regulating the positive pressure of the pumped liquid.

At the Battle Creek Sanitarium, these colonic irrigators were often used to shoot gallons of water up patients' rectums into their colons, sometimes followed by a half-pint yogurt enema to aid in further cleaning. It has been suggested that multiple people would get this treatment at one time.

Views on health

Biologic living
Synthesizing his Adventist beliefs with his scientific and medical knowledge, Kellogg created his idea of "biologic living". This was the idea that appropriate diet, exercise, and recreation was required in order to maintain a healthy body, mind, and soul. As such, the policies and therapies at the Battle Creek Sanitarium were very much in line with these principles of biologic living, such as the focus on vegetarianism or drinking 8–10 glasses of water a day. In fact, his belief that biologic living would protect his health was so strong that he did not even feel it necessary to get vaccinated against smallpox.

Kellogg's philosophy was presented in seven textbooks that were prepared for Adventist schools and colleges. In these, Kellogg put his main emphasis on the value of fresh air, exercise, and sunshine, and the dangers of alcohol and tobacco. In terms of practice, Kellogg's biologic living was very similar to the methods of Christian physiologists, requiring sexual restraint, total abstinence from drugs, and a vegetarian diet.

Views on tobacco
Kellogg was a prominent member of the anti-tobacco consumption campaign, speaking out often on the issue. He believed that consumption of tobacco not only caused physiological damage, but also pathological, nutritional, moral, and economic devastation onto society. His belief was that "tobacco has not a single redeeming feature… and is one of the most deadly of all the many poisonous plants known to the botanist." His beliefs were very much in line with the prevailing view of the Adventists, who had become some of the most important supporters of the anti-tobacco movement.

In his 1922 book Tobaccoism, or How Tobacco Kills, Kellogg cited many studies on the negative impacts of smoking, and went so far as to attribute the longer lifespan of women to the observation that they partook in tobacco less than their male counterparts.

Kellogg also served as the president of the Michigan Anti-Cigarette Society, and after the First World War, he served as a member of the Committee of Fifty to Study the Tobacco Problem. This latter group included Henry Ford, George Peabody, and John Burroughs, and ended with the production of one of the first educational motion pictures against smoking. Kellogg's work on several committees against smoking culminated in Utah Senator Reed Smoot introducing a bill to Congress in 1929 that aimed to put tobacco under the purview of the Pure Food and Drug Act. In the end, however, this measure failed to pass.

Views on alcohol and other beverages
Though alcoholic beverages were commonly used as a stimulant by the medical community during the time that Kellogg began his medical practice, he was firm in his opposition to the practice. The usage of alcohol as a remedy to anything was "an evil of stupendous proportions."

Kellogg went against the prevailing notion of the time that alcohol was a stimulant. Citing contemporary research, Kellogg believed that alcohol could not be a stimulant because it lessened vital activity and depressed vital forces. Seeing its effects on plants, animals, and humans, he felt that alcohol was a poison. Kellogg noticed deleterious effects that alcohol had on both the brain, the digestive system, and the liver, among other organs.

In addition to the idea that alcohol was an unsuitable therapeutic tool, Kellogg also considered it to lead to mental and moral bankruptcy. Alcohol was "one of the devil's most efficient agents for destroying the happiness of man, both for the present and the hereafter." Even moderate drinkers were subject to these effects, as Kellogg felt that a poison was a poison in all doses.

Kellogg also opposed tea and coffee due to the caffeine content of those beverages. His view was that caffeine was a poison. Not only did he detail numerous physiological and developmental problems caused by caffeine, but he also suggested that caffeine usage could lead to moral deficiencies. He blamed the prevalence of these beverages not only on the prohibition of alcoholic beverages at the time, but also on the extensive marketing efforts organized by the producers of these products. Kellogg's view was that "nature has supplied us with pure water, with a great variety of fruit juices and wholesome and harmless flavors quite sufficient to meet all our needs."

As early as the 1880s, Kellogg had prepared charts and lectures on the dangers of tobacco and alcohol, which were used widely by lecturers who encouraged temperance in their students. In 1878, John Harvey Kellogg, along with Ellen G. White, the founder of the Seventh-day Adventists, and several others, had organized the American Health and Temperance Association. The goal of this organization was to expose the far-reaching dangers of tobacco, alcohol, tea, and coffee. For the 15 years that the organization persisted, Kellogg remained as its president.

Hydropathy

Properties of water
Kellogg has labeled the various uses of hydropathy as being byproducts of the many properties of water. In his 1876 book, The Uses of Water in Health & Disease, he acknowledges both the chemical composition and physical properties of water. Hydrogen and oxygen, when separate, are two "colorless, transparent, and tasteless" gases, which are explosive when mixed. More importantly, water, he says, has the highest specific heat of any compound (although in actuality it does not). As such, the amount of heat and energy needed to elevate the temperature of water is significantly higher than that of other compounds like mercury. Kellogg addressed water's ability to absorb massive amounts of energies when shifting phases. He also highlighted water's most useful property, its ability to dissolve many other substances.

Remedial properties of water
According to Kellogg, water provides remedial properties partly because of vital resistance and partly because of its physical properties. For Kellogg, the medical uses of water begin with its function as a refrigerant, a way to lower body heat by way of dissipating its production as well as by conduction. "There is not a drug in the whole materia medica that will diminish the temperature of the body so readily and so efficiently as water." Water can also serve as a sedative. While other substances serve as sedatives by exerting their poisonous influences on the heart and nerves, water is a gentler and more efficient sedative without any of the negative side-effects seen in these other substances. Kellogg states that a cold bath can often reduce one's pulse by 20 to 40 beats per minute quickly, in a matter of a few minutes. Additionally, water can function as a tonic, increasing both the speed of circulation and the overall temperature of the body. A hot bath accelerates one's pulse from 70 to 150 beats per minute in 15 minutes. Water is also useful as an anodyne since it can lower nervous sensibility and reduce pain when applied in the form of hot fomentation. Kellogg argues that this procedure will often give one relief where every other drug has failed to do so. He also believed that no other treatment could function as well as an antispasmodic, reducing infantile convulsions and cramps, as water. Water can be an effective astringent as, when applied cold, it can arrest hemorrhages. Moreover, it can be very effective in producing bowel movements. Whereas purgatives would introduce "violent and unpleasant symptoms", water would not. Although it would not have much competition as an emetic at the time, Kellogg believed that no other substance could induce vomiting as well as water did. Returning to one of Kellogg's most admired qualities of water, it can function as a "most perfect eliminative". Water can dissolve waste and foreign matter from the blood. These many uses of water led Kellogg to belief that "the aim of the faithful physician should be to accomplish for his patient the greatest amount of good at the least expence  of vitality; and it is an indisputable fact that in a large number of cases water is just the agent with which this desirable end can be obtained."

Incorrect uses of the water cure
Although Kellogg praised hydropathy for its many uses, he did acknowledge its limits. "In nearly all cases, sunlight, pure air, rest, exercise, proper food, and other hygienic agencies are quite as important as water. Electricity, too, is a remedy which should not be ignored; and skillful surgery is absolutely indispensable in not a small number of cases." With this belief, he went on to criticize many medical figures who misused or overestimated hydropathy in the treating of disease. Among these, he criticized what he referred to as "Cold-Water Doctors" who would recommend the same remedy regardless of the type of ailment or temperament of the patient. These doctors would prescribe ice-cold baths in unwarmed rooms even during the harshest winters. In his opinion, this prejudicial approach to illness resulted in converting hydropathy to a more heroic type of treatment where many became obsessed with taking baths in ice-cold water. He addresses the negative consequences that resulted from this "infatuation", among them tuberculosis and other diseases. This dangerous habit was only exacerbated by physicians who used hydropathy in excess. Kellogg recounts an instance where a patient with a low typhus fever was treated with 35 cold packs while in a feeble state and, not to the surprise of Kellogg, died. Kellogg posits this excessive and dangerous use of hydropathy as a return to the "violent processes" of bloodletting, antimony, mercury and purgatives. Kellogg also criticizes the ignorance in "Hydropathic Quacks" as well as in Preissnitz, the founder of modern hydropathy, himself. Kellogg states that the "Quacks" as well as Preissnitz are ignorant for overestimating the hydropathy as a "cure-all" remedy without understanding the true nature of disease.

Later life
Kellogg would live for over 60 years after writing Plain Facts. He continued to work on healthy eating advice and run the sanitarium, although this was hit by the Great Depression and had to be sold. He ran another institute in Florida, which was popular throughout the rest of his life, although it was a distinct step down from his Battle Creek institute.

In 1937, Kellogg received an honorary degree in Doctor of Public Service from Oglethorpe University.

Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Will Durant, who had been a vegetarian since the age of 18, called Dr. Kellogg "his old mentor", and said that Dr. Kellogg, more than any other person since his high school days, had influenced his life.

Good Health journal

Kellogg became editor of the Health Reformer journal in 1874. The journal changed its name to Good Health in 1879 and Kellogg held his editorial position for many years until his death. The Good Health journal had more than 20,000 subscribers and was published until 1955.

Race Betterment Foundation

Kellogg was outspoken about his views on race and his belief in racial segregation, regardless of the fact that he himself raised several black foster children. In 1906, together with Irving Fisher and Charles Davenport, Kellogg founded the Race Betterment Foundation, which became a major center of the new eugenics movement in America. Kellogg was in favor of racial segregation in the United States and he also believed that immigrants and non-whites would damage the white American population's gene pool.

He co-founded the Race Betterment Foundation, co-organized several National Conferences on Race Betterment and attempted to create a 'eugenics registry'. Alongside discouraging 'racial mixing', Kellogg was in favor of sterilizing 'mentally defective persons', promoting a eugenics agenda while working on the Michigan Board of Health and helping to enact authorization to sterilize those deemed 'mentally defective' into state laws during his tenure.

Late relationship with Will Keith Kellogg
Kellogg had a long personal and business split with his brother, after fighting in court for the rights to cereal recipes. The Foundation for Economic Education records that the nonagenarian J.H. Kellogg prepared a letter seeking to reopen the relationship. His secretary decided her employer had demeaned himself in it and refused to send it. The younger Kellogg did not see it until after his brother's death.

Personal life
John Harvey Kellogg married Ella Ervilla Eaton of Alfred Center, New York, on February 22, 1879. The couple maintained separate bedrooms and did not have any biological children. However, they were foster parents to 42 children, legally adopting 8 of them, before Ella died in 1920. The adopted children included Agnes Grace, Elizabeth Ella, Harriett Eleanor, John William, Ivaline Maud, Paul Alfred, Robert Mofatt, and Newell Carey.

Death

Kellogg died on December 14, 1943, in Battle Creek, Michigan. He was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Battle Creek. In his will, Kellogg left his entire estate to the Race Betterment Foundation.

In popular culture
British actor Anthony Hopkins plays a highly fictionalized Dr. J.H. Kellogg in the American 1994 film The Road to Wellville by Alan Parker. This film depicts the fire of the sanitarium building complex, and ends with Dr. Kellogg, years after, dying of a heart attack while diving from a high board.

Misconceptions
Several popular misconceptions falsely attribute various cultural practices, inventions, and historical events to Kellogg. These include false claims that Kellogg's corn flakes were invented or marketed to prevent masturbation. In reality, they were promoted to prevent indigestion. Another common misconception credits Kellogg with popularizing routine infant circumcision in the United States and broader Anglosphere. This is incorrect. Kellogg in fact criticized these assertions, arguing that routine circumcision provided doubtful medical benefit, citing iatrogenically created meatal stenosis among the Jewish male population.

See also
 Eugenics in the United States
 Sylvester Graham

Selected publications

 1877
 1888
 1893 Ladies Guide in Health and Disease
 1880, 1886, 1899 The Home Hand-Book of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine
 1903 Rational Hydrotherapy
 1910 Light Therapeutics
 1914 Needed – A New Human Race Official Proceedings: Vol. I, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment. Battle Creek, MI: Race Betterment Foundation, 431–450.
 1915 "Health and Efficiency" Macmillan M. V. O'Shea and J. H. Kellogg (The Health Series of Physiology and Hygiene)
 1915 The Eugenics Registry Official Proceedings: Vol II, Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Race Betterment. Battle Creek, MI: Race Betterment Foundation.
 1918 "The Itinerary of a Breakfast" Funk & Wagnalls Company: New York and London
 1922 Autointoxication or Intestinal Toxemia
 1923 Tobaccoism or How Tobacco Kills
 1927 New Dietetics: A Guide to Scientific Feeding in Health and Disease
 1929 Art of Massage: A Practical Manual for the Nurse, the Student and the Practitioner

References

Further reading
 Kellogg, John Harvey (1903). The Living Temple. Battle Creek, Mich., Good Health Publishing Company. 568 pages.
 Deutsch, Ronald M. The Nuts Among the Berries. New York, Ballantine Books, 1961, 1967
 Schwarz, Richard W. John Harvey Kellogg: Pioneering Health Reformer. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald, 2006
 Wilson, Brian C. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living. Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University Press, 2014

External links

 Photo Gallery (1000+ images) related to Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Battle Creek Sanitarium
 Etext of Plain Facts For Old And Young
 Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods: Work with Soy  from the Soy foods Center (Chinese characters only)
 Dr. John Harvey Kellogg from the Battle Creek Historical Society (Blank page)
 Adventist Archives Contains many articles written by Dr. Kellogg
 John Harvey Kellogg: Interview Concerns his dispute with his church in 1907

1852 births
1943 deaths
American celibacy advocates
American drink industry businesspeople
American eugenicists
American food company founders
American former Protestants
American inventors
American nutritionists
American people of English descent
American temperance activists
American vegetarianism activists
Anti-smoking activists
Diet food advocates
Eastern Michigan University alumni
Gastroenterology
Light therapy advocates
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
Opposition to masturbation
People disfellowshipped by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
Seventh-day Adventists from Michigan
Seventh-day Adventists in health science
Tea critics

John Harvey Kellogg


La saison 2021-2022 du Championnat de Guinée-Bissau de football est la quarante-troisième édition de la Primeira Divisião, le championnat de première division en Guinée-Bissau. Les seize meilleures équipes du pays se retrouvent au sein d'une poule unique où elles s'affrontent à deux reprises. En fin de saison, les deux derniers du classement sont relégués et remplacés par les deux premiers de Segunda Divisião.

Le Sporting Clube de Bissau est le tenant du titre.

Déroulement de la saison
Après la saison 2020-2021 perturbée à cause de la pandémie de Covid-19, le championnat revient à une poule unique. À partir de cette saison le championnat se dispute avec seize équipes.

À la fin de la saison le Sport Bissau e Benfica termine à la première place et remporte son  titre de champion.

Les clubs participants

Compétition

Classement
Le classement est établi sur le barème de points suivant : victoire à 3 points, match nul à 1, défaite à 0.

|width=50%|

|}

Bilan de la saison

Voir aussi

Références

Articles connexes
 Championnat de Guinée-Bissau de football

Lien externe
  Résultats complets sur le site RSSSF

2021-2022
Guinée-Bissau
2021 en Guinée-Bissau
2022 en Guinée-Bissau

Championnat de Guinée-Bissau de football 2021-2022


A Comissão de Capacetes Brancos (espanhol: Comisión de Cascos Blancos) é um órgão do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Comércio Internacional e Culto da Argentina encarregado de projetar e implementar a assistência humanitária internacional. Possui uma rede de vínculos de cooperação bilateral e multilateral por meio da qual coordena a resposta imediata aos desastres socionaturais; trabalha em tarefas de reabilitação, reconstrução e desenvolvimento; e promove a prevenção e gestão de riscos, na Argentina e no exterior.

História

Os Capacetes Brancos têm sua origem em 1994, na "Comissão contra a Fome e a Pobreza", órgão civil internacional criado para combater esses problemas sociais. Esse órgão marcou o início da participação dos países em desenvolvimento na prestação de assistência humanitária internacional, até então reservada aos países doadores, e introduziu o uso de voluntários como corpo profissional especializado.

Naquele ano, a Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas adotou e aprovou a Comissão como Iniciativa, nomeou-a Capacetes Brancos e incorporou em sua agenda a resposta a desastres naturais ou causados pelo homem, conflitos e situações de emergência de qualquer natureza.

Assim, a Comissão Capacetes Brancos estendeu seu alcance a outros aspectos incluídos no conceito de emergência humanitária complexa. Abraçou o propósito de apoiar as atividades da ONU no âmbito da assistência humanitária de emergência e da reabilitação, reconstrução e desenvolvimento em tempos de transição. Além disso, ficou estabelecido que a Comissão atuaria de acordo com as diretrizes do Departamento de Assuntos Humanitários (Escritório de Coordenação de Assuntos Humanitários —OCHA— desde 1998) e trabalharia em coordenação com o Programa de Voluntários das Nações Unidas (UNV), que implanta pessoal para as missões.

Desde então, a Assembleia Geral da ONU renovou seu apoio à Iniciativa a cada três anos, destacando a importância da experiência argentina no enfrentamento de crises humanitárias, por meio da organização de corpos de voluntários. A mais recente manifestação de apoio foi na 67ª Assembleia da ONU, em 2012.

Em nível regional, em 1995, a Assembleia Geral da Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) adotou a Iniciativa Capacetes Brancos, contribuindo assim para sua consolidação.

Ligações externas

Organizações fundadas em 1993
Organização das Nações Unidas
Organizações internacionais
Organização dos Estados Americanos
Missões de paz das Nações Unidas

Comissão de Capacetes Brancos


ව්‍යාපාදය යනු අනුන්ගේ විනාශය පැතීම ය.

ව්‍යාපාද අකුසලය සඳහා සම්පූර්ණ විය යුතු අංග:
 අන්‍ය සත්ත්වයෙකු වීම
 ඔහුගේ විනාශය පැතීම

තම සිතෙහි ව්‍යාපාදය පවතින අවස්ථාවන්හිදී මෛත්‍රී භාවනාව වැඩීම තුළින් ව්‍යාපාදය දුරු කළ හැක.

සසර පුරා ව්‍යාපාදය අධික සිත් දරා සිටිනා පින් බලය අඩු ආත්මයන් දුක් විඳින තිරිසන් සතුන් , දුඟද හමන විරූපී ප්‍රේත ආත්ම ලෙස ප්‍රතිසන්ධිය ලබන අතර ව්‍යාපාදය අධික සිත් දරා සිටිනා පින් බලය වැඩි ආත්මයන් දුර්වර්ණ හෝ විරූපී මිනිසුන් , සැප විඳින තිරිසන් සතුන් ලෙස ප්‍රතිසන්ධිය ලබයි.

ව්‍යාපාදය


Laudnir Lino Rossi, mais conhecido como Lino Rossi (Astorga, 8 de outubro de 1957 — Cuiabá, 31 de dezembro de 2021), foi um jornalista e político brasileiro.

Biografia
Nasceu em 8 de outubro de 1957 em Astorga (Paraná), filho de Sebastião José Lino e Alaíde Rabelo Lino.

Foi locutor de rádio ainda em Astorga entre 1972 e 1974, quando se mudou para Ribeirão Preto (SP). Ali trabalhou na rádio Renascença, até 1976. Seguiu dali para a rádio A Voz de Catanduva, onde trabalhou até 1982. Mudou-se então para Goiânia e foi locutor da Rádio Brasil Central ali localizada até 1984, quando passou a trabalhar para a Rádio e TV Tropical de Porangatu (GO). Em 1987, já em Cuiabá (MT), tornou-se locutor e apresentador da Rádio e TV Gazeta.

Filiou-se ao Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT) nos anos de 1994 e 1995. Neste último ano, transferiu-se para o Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB), por cuja legenda concorreu às eleições municipais de Cuiabá em 1996, elegendo-se vereador.

Em 1998, candidatou-se com sucesso ao cargo de deputado federal pelo Mato Grosso, na legenda do PSDB. Não teve o mesmo resultado, porém nas eleições de 2002, quando tentou a reeleição, tendo obtido apenas uma suplência. Assumiria o cargo novamente em 2004, ano em que se filiou, primeiro ao Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB) e, em seguida, ao Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (PMDB). Já no ano seguinte, mudaria novamente de partido, filiando-se ao Partido Progressista (PP).

Em 2006, seu nome foi envolvido nas investigações da Polícia Federal sobre o chamado caso da máfia dos sanguessugas: um esquema de compra de ambulâncias com valor superfaturado em até 120%, propiciado por emendas orçamentárias individuais de deputados federais. Foi acusado de aliciar colegas para o esquema. Mesmo negando as acusações, o deputado afirmou manter laços de amizade com a família Vedoin, proprietária da empresa Planam, articuladora do esquema de propinas.

Foi membro titular de comissões permanentes como as de Ciência e Tecnologia, Comunicação e Informática, Constituição e Justiça e Cidadania, Defesa do Consumidor e Meio Ambiente, entre outras.

Não se candidatou à reeleição em 2006, deixando a Câmara ao final do mandato, em janeiro de 2007.

No mesmo ano, o ex-deputado foi preso pela Polícia Federal sob a acusação de ter recebido propina da chamada máfia dos sanguessugas, mas logo em seguida passou a responder em liberdade, aguardando o desfecho da investigação. Em janeiro de 2013, foi novamente condenado a cerca de três anos e de reclusão domiciliar e pagamento de multa, desta vez pelo crime de sonegação.

Fez curso de jornalismo na Universidade de Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP) de 1999 a 2001, sem concluí-lo, contudo.

Casou-se com Querli Batistelo.

Morte
Lino foi internado na madrugada do dia 31 de dezembro de 2021 para o tratamento de uma Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave, mas veio a falecer na noite do mesmo dia. Ele tinha 64 anos de idade.

Naturais de Astorga (Paraná)
Jornalistas do Paraná
Vereadores de Cuiabá
Deputados federais do Brasil por Mato Grosso
Membros do Partido Democrático Trabalhista
Membros do Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira
Membros do Partido Socialista Brasileiro de Mato Grosso
Membros do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (1980)
Membros do Progressistas de Mato Grosso
Mortes por COVID-19 em Mato Grosso
Radialistas do Paraná
Membros do Partido Socialista Brasileiro
Membros do Progressistas

Lino Rossi


بوابة المقصب أو دروازة المقصب ، هي بوابة في سور الكويت ، موقعها في ساحل الشويخ. كان القصابون يمرون منها متجهين إلى المقصب الذي كان موجودا هناك، وهي أيضا التي بقرب الكنيسة الكاثوليكية وكدلك ساحة العلم وهي احدث البوابات التي في السور واصغرها واقلها من ناحية الاهميه وقد بنيت هذه البوابة متأخرا نسبيا في عهد الشيخ أحمد الجابر الصباح .

المصادر
كتاب الموسوعة الكويتية المختصرة، حمد محمد السعيدان.

مواقع جذب سياحي في الكويت

بوابة المقصب


Rasjed Magallanes–Fagnano (španjolski Falla Fagnano–Magallanes) je kontinentalni transformni rasjed. Rasjed označava granicu između Skošanske i Južnoameričke ploče, a presijeca kontinentalnu koru. Proteže se ispod Magellanovog zapadnog rukavca, Almirantazgo Sounda i jezera Fagnano.

Pretpostavlja se da je rasjed Magallanes-Fagnano reaktivirani šav predjurske dobi koji razdvaja podloge dvaju terana.

Izvori

Tektonika ploča

Rasjed Magallanes-Fagnano


Veijo Baltzar (9. lipnja 1942.) finski je književnik, ravnatelj kazališta i društveni djelatnik – svestrani stvaralac u području kulture, podrijetlom Rom nomad. Baltzar je jedan od međunarodno vodećih romskih književnika, koji je počevši od 1960-ih kroz svoju književničku, umjetničku i kulturno-političku karijeru bio značajan graditelj mostova između većinskog i manjinskog stanovništva.

Bibliografija ovog nagrađivanog umjetnika obuhvaća više od 72 djela: romane, drame, libreta, zbirke pjesama i filmske scenarije. Njegov roman prvijenac "Užareni put" (Poltava tie, 1968.) izazvao je veliku buru. Baltzarov roman "U ratu i ljubavi" (Sodassa ja rakkaudessa, 2008.) opisuje sudbinu europskih Roma tijekom 2. svjetskog rata. "Phuro" (2000.), nazvan i ciganskim nacionalnim spjevom, bavi se krvnim nasljeđem Roma nomada, njihovim načinom života kao i duhovnim stvaralaštvom i kulturom.

Baltzar je bio voditelj vlastitog kazališta, režirao je na desetke predstava, predavao na kazališnoj akademiji, a aktivno se bavi i likovnom umjetnošću.

Snažan identitet, kultura, kao i dubinsko poznavanje kulture većinskog stanovništva utjecali su na Baltzarove oštre i kritičke poglede na oba ta svijeta. On je pisac poznat po hrabroj i nepoštednoj, ali uvijek konstruktivnoj kritici upućenoj kako većinskom stanovništvu, tako i samim Romima, te odnosima moći na kojima počiva multikulturalno društvo.

Odnos većinskog i romskog naroda u Baltzarovom je djelu donose se u svoj svojoj proturječnosti. On prikazuje romsku kulturu kao malu ali snažnu manjinsku kulturu koja se vječno bori oko toga što joj se više isplati: izolacija i strogo pridržavanje tradicije, ili otvorenost i fleksibilnost. Baltzar ne zagovara utapanje u većinsku kulturu, ali prihvaća integraciju. Prema njemu, u multikulturalnoj Europi vlada kultura povlađivanja, a to dovodi do toga da se u tome utapaju kako većinsko stanovništvo tako i asimilirane manjine i doseljenici.

Predsjednica Tarja Halonen 2011. godine dodijelila je Baltzar titulu "kulttuurineuvos" kao priznanje za njegovo životno djelo.

Veijo Baltzar je predsjednik i osnivatelj Kreativne udruge za umjetnost i kulturu Drom (osn. 1976.). Zadaća udruženja promicanje je dijaloga između Finske i međunarodne zajednice kroz umjetnost i kulturnu politiku.

Izložba Miranda – holokaust Roma
Izložba se zasniva na životnoj priči Mirande, Romkinje iz Slovačke, koja je za razliku od svoje obitelji uspjela preživjeti zatočeništvo u koncentracijskom logoru. Kroz kolaž fotografija koje prikazuju tipičan romski život, ali i romsku umjetnost te patnju u koncentracijskim logorima, izložba donosi šokantnu, ali i stiliziranu priču o romskoj djevojčici Mirandi, o njezinom putu kroz Drugi svjetski rat i preživljavanje Auschwitza.

Izložba je od 2012. do 2017. putovala po Finskoj, a početak njene međunarodne turneje ujedno je i početak međunarodnog putujućeg projekta Kroz Mirandine oči 2017. – 2018. u sklopu kojega se izložba i organizira, a za ostvarenje kojega je Drom dobio sredstva iz EU programa Europa za građane te iz švedskog i norveškog kulturnog fonda. Izložba Miranda – holokaust Roma govori o tihom genocidu Roma za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata. Tijekom turneje po Finskoj razgledalo ju je oko milijun posjetitelja. Ta je turneja uključila i njen postav u Nacionalnom muzeju Finske od 2013. do 2014. godine.

Cilj projekta Kroz Mirandine oči je potaknuti međukulturalni dijalog te na primjeru holokausta Roma obnoviti podučavanje o europskoj povijesti. Miranda predstavlja Anu Frank Roma, kao i nov te inovativni način postavljanja izložbi koji je ujedno i međunarodni brand. Projekt je privukao veliku pozornost djelomično i zbog činjenice da je riječ o prvoj izložbi o holokaustu Roma čiji su autori sami Romi. Tijekom projekta izložba će obići 19 država te će se postaviti u ustanovama različitih profila. Osim Finske, izložbu su  tijekom 2017. i 2018. godine ugostile Estonija, Latvija i Hrvatska, te Albanija, Argentina, Belgija, Češka, Danska, Francuska, Island, Mađarska, Norveška, Njemačka, Rumunjska, Rusija, Slovačka, Švedska, Ukrajina te Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo. Međunarodnu putujuću izložbu Miranda – holokaust Roma, u organizaciji finske Kreativne udruge za umjetnost i kulturu DROM i Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu, u Zagrebu je bila otvorena 29. lipnja 2017.

Izložba je svoj vrhunac imala u proljeće 2018. godine kada je bila postavljena u Europskom parlamentu u Bruxellesu.

Izvori

Finski književnici
Finski umjetnici
Kazalište
Romi

Veijo Baltzar


Cet article retrace l'historique détaillé des confrontations entre les deux clubs européens de rugby à XV du Stade toulousain et de la province du Leinster Rugby.
La première confrontation entre ces deux clubs historiques remonte au 6 septembre 1997, et met en jeu les deux clubs les plus titrés d'Europe.

Histoire

Le comité du Cinq Nations décide en 1995 de créer une Coupe d'Europe de rugby à XV afin de proposer plus de matchs entre nations. Ainsi, les clubs français peuvent affronter les clubs britanniques et irlandais. C'est en Coupe d'Europe que les deux clubs vont principalement se rencontrer, ce qui explique le faible nombre de rencontre. Lors de la  édition de la Coupe d'Europe, Toulouse joue pour la première fois de son histoire le Leinster à Dublin, en compétition officielle, « C'était lors de sa première visite, à la fin de l'été 1997.» Il s'agit des deux clubs ayant le plus grands palmarès dans leur pays respectifs et en coupe d'Europe.

Le Stade toulousain, fondé en 1907 et concourant en Top 14, a remporté de nombreux titres dont 22 fois le championnat de France (1912, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1947, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2019, 2021 et 2023) et 5 coupes d'Europe (1996, 2003, 2005, 2010 et 2021).

Le Leinster, fondé en 1875 et concourant en United Rugby Championship, possède aussi un palmarès conséquent dont 8 fois le championnat (2001, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2020 et 2021), 4 coupes d'Europe (2009, 2011, 2012 et 2018) et un challenge Européen (2013).

Confrontations

Statistiques
 Stade toulousain - Leinster Rugby
 Victoires consécutives :
 Stade toulousain : 2 victoires entre le 6 septembre 1997 et le 11 octobre 1997
 Leinster Rugby : 4 victoires entre le 12 janvier 2019 et le 29 avril 2023
 Total :
 Nombre de rencontres : 14
 Premier match gagné par le Stade toulousain : le 6 septembre 1997
 Premier match gagné par Leinster Rugby : le 28 septembre 2001
 Dernier match gagné par le Stade toulousain : le 21 octobre 2018
 Dernier match gagné par Leinster Rugby : le 29 avril 2023
 Plus grand nombre de points marqués par le Stade toulousain : 43 points, le 13 janvier 2002
 Plus grand nombre de points marqués par Leinster Rugby : 41 points, le  avril 2006 et le 29 avril 2023
 Plus grande différence de points dans un match gagné par le Stade toulousain : +36, le 13 janvier 2002
 Plus grande différence de points dans un match gagné par Leinster Rugby : +30, le 28 septembre 2001
 Bilan
 Nombre de rencontres : 14
 Victoires du Stade toulousain : 6
 Victoires de Leinster Rugby : 8

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 European Professional Club Rugby
 European Rugby Cup
 Classement européen de l'ERC
 Championnat de France de rugby à XV
 United Rugby Championship

Bibliographie

 Ombres noires et soleils rouges: histoire du rugby au Stade toulousain, de Lucien Remplon, éd. Gazette, 1998,
 Leinster: Conquering Europe, de Leinster Rugby, éd. Penguin Ireland, 2009,
 Leinster in the Beginning, de Reggie Corrigan, éd. Parapluie Édition, 2015
 L'année du rugby 1997, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy, préface de Pierre Villepreux
 L'année du rugby 2001, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy, préface de Fabien Pelous,
 L'année du rugby 2002, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy, préface de Fabien Galthié,
 L'année du rugby 2006, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy,
 L'année du rugby 2007, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy,
 L'année du rugby 2008, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy,
 L'année du rugby 2010, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy,
 L'année du rugby 2011, de Christian Montaignac, éd. Calmann-Lévy,
 Livre d'or du rugby 2018, de Jean Cormier, Frank Mesnel et Ian Borthwick, éd. Solar, préface de Christophe Urios,
 L'Équipe, livre d'or du rugby 2019, de Pierre-Michel Bonnot, éd. Solar, préface de Vincent Clerc,
 L'année du rugby 2021, de Philippe Kallenbrunn et Grégory Letort, éd. Marabout,

Liens externes
 Site officiel de la Champions Cup
 https://www.stadetoulousain.fr/actu/10013/leinster-toulouse-le-match-en-chiffres
 https://www.rugbyrama.fr/rugby/champions-cup/2018-2019/champions-cup-top-5-des-confrontations-entre-le-leinster-et-toulouse_sto7079747/story.shtml

Confrontation entre clubs de rugby à XV
Stade toulousain
Leinster Rugby

Leinster Rugby-Stade toulousain en rugby à XV


An Sesleria rigida in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni János Johann A. Heuffel ngan Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach. An Sesleria rigida in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sesleria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sesleria

Sesleria rigida


Simion Poruțiu (n. 1 octombrie 1867, Ceanu Mic, județul Cluj – d. 1 aprilie 1932, Turda, județul Cluj) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918  .

Biografie
A urmat cinci clase la Liceul Piarist din Cluj, exmatriculat din cauza manifestărilor politice pro-românești și a refuzului de a-și maghiariza numele. Pleacă la Blaj, unde a urmat trei ani de Preparandie, obținând în 1888 diploma de învățător. Își începe cariera de învățător confesional la școala din satul Aiton, de unde este mutat în 1890 în comuna Hodac, județul Mureș, ca urmaș al unchiului său, Samoil Poruțiu.

Este adus la Turda de către Dr. Ioan Rațiu, după ce se clasează pe primul loc în cadrul unui concurs cu 19 participanți. A ocupat postul de învățător confesional greco-catolic la școala românească din Turda Veche. De altfel, a îndeplinit și funcția de secretar al lui Dr. Ioan Rațiu, acesta încredințându-i finalizarea clădirii din centrul orașului, proprietate a bisericii, cunoscută sub numele de Palatul Eforiei Bisericii Greco-Catolice. Înainte de 1918 a învățat zeci de generații limba română, ținând totodată cursuri extrașcolare pentru persoanele analfabete trecute de vârsta școlară.

În 1892 avea loc la Turda, în contextul acțiunii memorandiste, un vandalism la casa lui Dr. Ioan Rațiu, timp în care Simion Poruțiu a cutreierat comunele românești din jurul orașului pentru a mobiliza oameni în cazul în care acțiunile violente vor continua. Pentru acțiunile sale patriotice a fost arestat  și achitat de 49 de ori în închisorile de la Szeged, Vác, Cluj-Fellegvar sau la închisoarea Tribunalului Turda. În anul 1898 înființează "Reuniunea Învățătorilor Români din Turda", îndeplinind funcția de președinte al acesteia. În calitate de secretar, a contribuit și la reorganizarea Casinei Meseriașilor Români .

A fost secretar al Gărzii Naționale Române din Turda, iar în drumul spre Alba Iulia i-a fost alături de stegarul Ion Arion din Agriș, împușcat mortal de trupele maghiare în gara din Teiuș . După 1918 a fost numit subsecretar școlar, iar în 30 ianuarie 1919, alături de alți 18 intelectuali români din Turda, a contribuit la înființarea Comitetului Național cu caracter provizoriu, care avea scopul de a supraveghea activitatea bisericească, școlară, economică, financiară și politică din Turda.

Activitatea politică
Ca deputat în Adunarea Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al "Reuniunii Învățătorilor" din Protopopiatul Turda .

Note

Bibliografie
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7.

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005, ISBN 973-27-1258-9 (vol. I); ISBN 973-27-1264-3 (vol. II)
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993.
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015.

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1867
Decese în 1932
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Învățători români
Români greco-catolici

Simion Poruțiu


Chocó Department () is a department of Western Colombia known for its large Afro-Colombian population.  It is in the west of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. It contains all of Colombia's border with Panama. Its capital is Quibdó.

Chocó has a diverse geography, unique ecosystems and unexploited natural resources. However, its population has one of the lowest standards of living of all departments in Colombia. A major factor, cited by the government, is the rugged, montane rainforest environment, limiting any infrastructure improvements to the region. No major highway has been worked on since initial foundations were laid down in 1967. This roadway would have successfully linked Chocó to the nearest large city, Medellin, providing easier access to medical care, necessities, food, and more. Currently, depending on their location, residents of Chocó who are in a medical emergency, and who do have access to vehicular transport, face an unpredictable journey. This trip could take several hours to several days, depending on their starting point. This is provided that the existing small roads aren't flooded, shut down, or otherwise blocked; some remote indigenous communities have no other option than to canoe or boat by river to Quibdó, a trip which can last anywhere from two days to a week. For those needing more advanced services, Medellín is the closest major city to the capital Quibdó

Often, a family's resources, along with the patient's potential physical condition, will prevent medical help being sought out; in August 2016, Colombian media reported that some 50 children starved in less than three months, creating awareness of the grave condition Choco's inhabitants are facing. That same year, an additional 10 adults and senior citizens, of the indigenous Chocó community, died due to preventable causes such as malaria and diarrhea. There is no reliable electrical grid, sewage system or drinkable water (even in the capital Quibdó). In spite of the department's ranking of "world's rainiest lowland" (the Choco–Darien moist forests ecoregion), with close to  of annual precipitation, Quibdó lacks sanitary drinking water.

History
The department was created in 1944. Its low population, mountainous and inhospitable topography, and distance from Bogotá resulted in Chocó receiving little attention from the Colombian government. During the reign of military dictator Gustav Rojas Pinilla, his administration proposed to eliminate Chocó and divide its territory between the departments of  Antioquia and Valle del Cauca. But the 1957 coup d'état of General Gabriel Paris Gordillo overthrew Pinilla's government and ended such plans.

Geography

The Choco Department makes up most of the ecoregion known as El Chocó that extends from Panama to Ecuador.

The municipality of Joraw holds the Highest Average Annual Precipitation record measured at 523.6 inches (13,300 mm) which makes it the wettest place in the world. Three large rivers drain the Choco Department, the Atratus (which runs north, with tributaries that also flow north), the St. John, and the Boudaw. Each has many tributaries. The Boudaw Mountains on the coast and the inland Western Mountain Range are cut by low valleys, with an altitude less than 1,000 meters, that form most of the territory.  Most of the Chocó is thick rainforest. Much of the wood for Colombia's internal consumption is harvested from the Chocó, with a small percentage harvested for export.
Chocó Department produces the majority of Colombia's significant platinum output (28,359 ounces of platinum in 2011). Chocó is also Colombia's top gold-producing region (653,625 ounces in 2011). In the late 19th century, it attracted a variety of miners from many countries seeking to make their fortunes in gold.

Demographics

Choco is inhabited predominantly by Afro-Colombians, descendants of enslaved Africans imported and brought to this area by the Spanish colonizers after conquering the Americas. The second largest race/ethnic group are the Embera, a Native American people. More than half of their total population in Colombia lives in Chocó, some 35,500. They practice hunting and artisan fishing and live near rivers.

The total population as of 2005 was less than half a million, with more than half living in the Quibdó valley. According to a 2005 census the ethnic composition of the department is:

 Afro-Colombians (82.1%)
 Amerindians or Indigenous (12.7%)
 Whites and Crossbreds (5.2%)

Towns and municipalities
Quibdó is the largest city, with a population of almost 100,000. Other important cities and towns include Istmina, Condoto, Novita and Carmen in the interior, Acandae on the Caribbean Coast, and Solano Bay on the Pacific Coast.

Resorts and Tourist destinations include Capurgana on the Caribbean Coast, and Jurado, Nookee, and Solano Bay on the West Coast.

Municipalities

 Acandi
 Alto Baudó
 Atrato
 Bagadó
 Bahía Solano
 Bajo Baudó
 Belén de Bajirá
 Bojayá
 Cértegui
 Condoto
 El Cantón de San Pablo
 El Carmen de Atrato
 El Carmen del Darién
 Istmina
 Juradó
 Litoral del San Juan
 Lloró
 Medio Atrato
 Medio Baudó
 Medio San Juan
 Nóvita
 Nuquí
 Quibdó
 Río Iró
 Río Quito
 Riosucio
 San José del Palmar
 Sipí
 Tadó
 Unguía
 Unión Panamericana

See also
 Bojayá massacre

Notes

References
  todacolombia.com – Chocó Department

External links
 VisitChoco.com Choco Department Tourism and Trip Planning website (English and Spanish)
 Mosquera-Machados, Silvia del Carmen (2002) "Cadre général du département du Choco" in Analyse multi-aléas et risques naturels dans le département du Chocó (nord-ouest de la Colombie) Université de Genève, Geneva in French
 "Mision de Observacion a la Situación de las Comunidades Afrodescendientes en Colombia: Anexo 1" in Spanish;
 Choco 7 dias - local newspaper founded by Elacio Murillo, former member of the Choco state assembly who was assassinated by gunmen on 12 January 2007.
 Alternative Development, Economic Interests and Paramilitaries in Uraba, TNI Drug Policy Briefing No 27, September 2008 by Moritz Tenthoff

Departments of Colombia
States and territories established in 1947

Chocó Department


was a village located in Mima District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 1,210 and a density of 11.98 persons per km2. The total area was 100.97 km2.

On March 1, 2005, Koyadaira, along with the towns of Mima (former), Anabuki, and Waki (all from Mima District), was merged to create the city of Mima.

External links
 Mima official website (in Japanese)

Dissolved municipalities of Tokushima Prefecture
Mima, Tokushima

Koyadaira, Tokushima


Heterolepis, rod glavočika iz potporodice Vernonioideae.

Postoje četiri vrste koje kao endemi rastu u Južnoafričkoj Republici, u provinciji Western Cape

Vrste
 Heterolepis aliena Druce
 Heterolepis anomala J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 Heterolepis mitis DC.
 Heterolepis peduncularis DC.

Izvori

Vernonioideae

Heterolepis


Jan Toftlund (født den 2. december 1949 i København, død 5. juli 1990 i Refsvindinge) var en dansk sangskriver, komponist, sanger og guitarist. Jan Toftlund skrev og sang sange med et stærkt socialt engagement med stor inspiration fra amerikansk folk- og bluestradition.
Flere har beskrevet Toftlunds sange som stærkt inspireret af Bob Dylans "Desolation Row". Jan Toftlund levede et hårdt liv med alkohol og cigaretter, og døde i en alder af blot 40 år.

Karriere
Jan Toftlund debuterede som musiker på Tivolis Vise Vers Huset i 1972 sammen med Erik Grip. Han udgav i 1973 albummet Bagsidesange, hvis tekster kredsede om samfundets udstødte og social indignation, men også indeholdt krads satire, som eksempelvis sangen "Folkets Røst". Albummets sange var skrevet af Toftlund enten alene eller sammen med Erik Grip. På albummet medvirkede Toftlund sammen med Erik Grip (guitar, piano), Søren Engel (bas) og Peter Abrahamsen (tamburin). I 1974 udgav han albummet Fra en anden mands verden med samme besætning, men tillige med Troels Jensen (guitar) og Carsten Smedegaard (trommer) på flere af numrerne.

De to første album blev ikke kommercielt succesfulde, men Toftlunds kompromisløse tekster, der faldt i trådt med 70'ernes socialrealistiske stemning, påkaldte sig dog opmærksomhed, og han fik i 1975 pladekontrakt med forlaget Gyldendals pladeselskab Exlibris, hvorpå han i 1975 udgav Velkommen. På albummet medvirkede Erik Grip, Carsten Smedegaard, Jens Elbøl (bas), Lasse Helner, Ole Fick, Anne Linnet, Holger Laumann og Frank Lauridsen. I 1977 udkom Vejen til byen med orkesteret Dårskabens hus, hvis medlemmer bestod af Smedegaard, Lauridsen, Elbøl, Helner og Fick, der alle havde medvirket på Velkommen. Samme år medvirkede Toftlund på støtte-singlen "De Gemmer Sig Bag Løgne", der blev udgivet under den langvarige faglige konflikt på Det Berlingske Officin.

I slutningen 1970'erne flyttede Jan Toftlund fra Vesterbro til Fyn. Samarbejdet med Exlibris ophørte, og i 1979 udgav Toftlund med violinisten Martin Andersen albummet Vendepunktet "Introduktion Til Mefiat", hvorpå bl.a. medvirkede Paul Banks, Michael Friis, Jørgen Lang, Stig Møller og Ole Fick. Toftlund optrådte i perioden herefter ofte sammen med denne konstellation og Paul Banks & Musikorkestret.

Toftlund leverede også tekster til andre kunstnere. Han skrev teksterne til Anne Wedeges album Rundgang med Mona fra 1979, og Kim Larsen indspillede "Syrenprinsessen" på albummet Forklædt som voksen.

I 1983 udkom Galimatiasgade på CBS med Jørgen Lang, Paul Banks og Martin Andersen og i 1987 udgav Toftlunds sit sidste album, Letsind.

Jan Toftlund spillede ofte på Midtfyns Festival og spillede også på festivalen få dage inden han døde.

Tre af Toftlunds album er udgivet på et CD-bokssæt (Bagsidesange, Velkommen og Vejen til byen) og i 2000 blev der af Lasse Helner, Ken Dallager og Benny Holst opsat en teaterkoncert, "Friheden tur/retur" med Jan Toftlunds sange. Forestillingen blev udgivet på cd.

Discografi
 Bagsidesange 1973 (Abra Cadabra AB 102)
 Fra en anden mands verden 1974 (Abra Cadabra ABC 111)
 Velkommen 1975 (EXL 15.001)
 Vejen til byen 1977 (EXL 20.018)
 Vendepunktet "Introduktion Til Mefiat" 1979 (Ferry Records F 29.103)
 Galimatiasgade 1983 (CBS 25782)
 Letsind 1987 (Pusher Records, PUSH 1003)
 Velkommen 2000, CD Boxsæt (Exlbris EXLCD50030)

Litteratur
 Jan Toftlund – flagermussang og sjælemedicin af Justin Hummerston og Morten Ehrhorn (2013),
 Bagsidesanger af Espen Strunk (Politisk Revy) 2013,

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Biografi på discogs.com
 Anmeldelse af Jan Toftlund – flagermussang og sjælemedicin, eb.dk
 Henne om hjørnet klumme af Henrik List, b.dk
 Interview med forfatteren til Bagsidesanger

Sangere fra Danmark
Sangskrivere fra Danmark
Guitarister fra Danmark

Jan Toftlund


A categoria K-1 5000 metros feminino foi um dos eventos da canoagem nos Jogos Europeus de 2015. Foi disputada no dia 16 de junho, no Kur Sport and Rowing Centre, em Mingachevir, no Azerbaijão.

Calendário
Horário de verão do Azerbaijão (UTC+5).

Medalhistas

Resultado final
O resultado foi o seguinte.

Eventos da canoagem  nos Jogos Europeus de 2015

Canoagem nos Jogos Europeus de 2015 - K-1 5000 m feminino


Strømskinne - mange gange omtalt som den tredje skinne eller tredjeskinne - er en skinne, som distribuerer strøm i et tunnelbanenet, som fx ved T-banen i Oslo og Københavns Metro. Strømskinnen løber langs skinnerne, og strømmen hentes med en strømaftager. Skinnen kan være indkapslet i en plastskærm for at reducere risikoen for berøring.

Fordelen med strømskinner frem for køreledning er større ledertværsnit og dermed mindre energitab, særlig ved lavspændte systemer i kombination med stor trafiktæthed og/eller tunge tog.

En ulempe ved brug af strømskinner er større risiko for personskader ved at mennesker eller dyr kommer nær strømskinnen og kan få elektrisk stød. En anden ulempe er, at det kan være kompliceret at tilpasse monteringen af strømskinner ved anlæg af rangeringsområder, hvor der er mange sporskifter.

Jernbaneanlæg

Strømskinne


Jeffrey Ofori (født 4. februar 1996) er en fodboldspiller, der spiller for den danske 2. divisionsklub Brønshøj. Jeffrey Ofori spiller i det centrale forsvar.

Karriere

Brønshøj Boldklub
I sommeren 2015 skiftede Ofori Avedøre ud med Brønshøj Boldklub

11. august 2015 fik han debut for førsteholdet i pokalkampen mod HIK.

Den 22. august 2015 fik han sin ligadebut for hvepsene, da han blev skiftet ind i kampen mod B1908.

Referencer

Fodboldspillere fra Avedøre IF
Fodboldspillere fra Brønshøj Boldklub
Fodboldspillere fra Danmark

Jeffrey Ofori


Fox in Socks is a children's book by Dr. Seuss, first published in 1965. It features two main characters, Fox (an anthropomorphic fox) who speaks almost entirely in densely rhyming tongue-twisters and Knox (a yellow anthropomorphic dog) who has a hard time following up Fox's tongue-twisters until the end.

Storyline
The book begins by introducing Fox and Knox along with some props (a box and a pair of socks). After taking those four rhyming items through several permutations, more items are added (chicks, bricks, blocks, clocks), and so on. As the book progresses, Fox describes each situation with rhymes that progress in complexity, with Knox periodically complaining about the difficulty of the tongue-twisters. Finally, as Fox gives Knox an extended dissertation on "Tweetle Beetles" who fight each other with paddles while standing in a puddle inside a bottle on a noodle-eating poodle, a fed-up Knox interrupts and pushes him into the bottle, calling it a "tweetle beetle noodle poodle bottled paddled muddled duddled fuddled wuddled fox in socks". He then thanks an astonished Fox for all the "fun" and takes leave.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews considered it an "amusing exercise for beginning readers", but noted that the tongue-twisters made little sense when removed from the context of their illustrations.

In 1996, Publishers Weekly noted that it was the 25th-best-selling hardcover children's book of all time, with 2.95M copies sold.

Adaptations
The tweetle beetle skit was featured in The Hoober-Bloob Highway, a 1975 CBS television special. Here, the skit was part of a job: that of a "famous tweetle beetle statistician. If you took on this job, you could be the world's greatest authority on tweetle beetle battlistics, if you study tweetle beetles and their ballistic characteristics". It ended by cutting back to the base, with Mr. Hoober-Bloob waving his arms around, covering his ears, and yelling, "Stop it! Stop it! I can't stand it! That world is a vastly cruddy, bloody bore!"

In 1965, the book was adapted as a record, narrated by Marvin Miller with music by Marty Gold and his orchestra. The album starts off with a slow reading of the book, followed by a faster reading.

References

1965 children's books
American picture books
Children's poetry books
Children's books about foxes
Literature featuring anthropomorphic foxes
Socks
Books by Dr. Seuss
Random House books
Tongue-twisters

Fox in Socks


An Tillandsia trelawniensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni George Richardson Proctor. An Tillandsia trelawniensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Jamaica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia trelawniensis


L'attaque par redirection ICMP est une technique utilisée pour attaquer un réseau local en utilisant le protocole ICMP. Cette technique peut permettre à l'attaquant de détourner des flux de communications transitant entre une machine cible et une passerelle, par exemple un routeur ou une box internet. L'attaquant peut ensuite capturer, modifier, voire bloquer les paquets réseaux.

L'attaque se base sur la fonctionnalité de redirection du protocole ICMP. Elle permet à un routeur d'informer une machine lui envoyant des paquets, que sa route pour atteindre sa destination n'est pas optimale. Le routeur lui indique donc l'adresse IP du prochain routeur (Gateway) sur son chemin, ce qui modifie en conséquence la table de routage de la machine.

L'attaque consiste donc à forger un paquet ICMP de type redirection avec une adresse IP choisie par l'attaquant qui peut être la sienne ou une celle d'une autre machine du réseau, et de l'envoyer à la machine cible. Ceci a pour effet de modifier et compromettre la table de routage de la machine cible. Son trafic est donc redirigé vers l'adresse IP de destination choisie par l'attaquant et permet la mise en place d'attaque de type Man-in-the-middle ou Denial of service.

Illustration du propos

Définition du contexte :

Réseau local :

 192.168.1.254 : passerelle
 192.168.1.1 : machine cible
 192.168.1.2 : attaquant

Table de routage de la machine cible avant l'attaque:

 192.168.2.0 via 192.168.1.254

L'attaquant va forger puis envoyer un paquet ''ICMP''.

Paquet ''ICMP":

 type = 5
 code = 1
 gw = "192.168.1.2"

Le type 5 correspond au type redirection et le code 1 à une redirection pour un hôte.

Table de routage de la machine cible après l'attaque:

 192.168.2.0 via 192.168.1.2

Contre-Mesure
Une solution efficace pour empêcher ce type d'attaque est de désactiver la redirection ICMP sur les machines.

Sous linux on modifie la valeur de :/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/accept_redirects à 0 pour désactiver l'ICMP redirect.

Sous Windows dans HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters' on modifie 'EnableICMPRedirect' à 0.

Voir aussi

Articles internes
 Attaque par déni de service
 Attaque de l'homme du milieu
 Internet Control Message Protocol
 Scapy
 ARP poisoning

Liens externes
Attaque par redirection ICMP avec scapy
Comparaison entre l'ICMP redirect et l'ARP spoofing

Attaque cryptanalytique

Attaque par redirection ICMP


Juan Fernando Erasmo Gazzani García del Real (Lima, 30 de mayo de 1864 - ibídem, 13 de febrero de 1945) fue un periodista, político y diplomático peruano. Fue Canciller o Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú de 1914 a 1915.

Biografía

Sus padres fueron Valentín Gazzani y Melchora García del Real. Fue diputado suplente por la provincia de Jaén, y suplente y titular por la  provincia de Chota y senador por el departamento de Amazonas.

Fue elegido para formar parte del gabinete conformado por el coronel Óscar R. Benavides, cuando éste asumió la presidencia provisoria del Perú, tras el golpe de Estado contra Guillermo Billinghurst. Se le encomendó el portafolio de Relaciones Exteriores, que desempeñó del 15 de mayo de 1914 a 17 de febrero de 1915. Durante su período estalló la guerra europea, que luego se convirtió en la primera guerra mundial. La política peruana al respecto fue de una estricta neutralidad, que se cumpliría durante los dos primeros años del desarrollo de ese conflicto. Más cercanamente, en el ámbito continental, continuaron interrumpidas las relaciones diplomáticas con Chile, país que continuaba con su desalmada política de chilenización de las provincias peruanas cautivas de Tacna y Arica. Pero Gazzani cometió un error cuando gestionó ante la cancillería chilena la expulsión de Guillermo Billinghurst y Augusto Durand del territorio de Tacna y Arica, lo que fue interpretado en el país vecino y en muchos sectores del Perú como un reconocimiento de la soberanía chilena en dicho territorio. En el Senado se interpeló a Gazzani en una  ardoroso sesión secreta, realizada el 8 de enero de 1915, rechazándose finalmente la moción de censura.

Tanto Billinghurst como Durand eran acusados de actividades conspiradoras, y Gazzani expuso en el Congreso los documentos probatorios. El senador Juan Durand, hermano de Augusto, negó tales pruebas; la polémica derivó en un espectacular duelo entre Gazzani y Juan Durand. Poco después, Gazzani dimitió junto con sus colegas ministros en pleno.

Posteriormente llegó a ser presidente del Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. Falleció a la avanzada edad de 80 años.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Basadre, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933, Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Tomo 11. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998.
 Geneanet: Juan Fernando Erasmo Gazzani Garcםa del Real. Árbol genealógico Francisco Javier Carbone Montes.

Nacidos en Lima
Fallecidos en Lima
Diplomáticos de Perú
Diputados de Perú 1892-1894
Diputados de Perú 1895-1900
Diputados de Perú 1901-1906
Diputados por Cajamarca
Banqueros de Perú
Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de Perú
Periodistas de Perú
Senadores de Perú 1913-1918
Senadores por Amazonas

Fernando Gazzani


Amanappa (altägyptisch Amenemope) war ein wichtiger Hofbeamter der 18. Dynastie. Er wird ausschließlich in den Amarna-Briefen zur Zeit von Amenophis III. genannt. Zusammen mit dem Beamten Haja verfügte er über weitreichende Kompetenzen, die die Kontrolle von Versorgungsgütern und Tributen umfassten. In den Briefen wird er vom Vasallenfürsten von Byblos Rib-Addi angesprochen, der ihn um Getreidelieferungen und Hilfe bei einer Belagerung bittet. Amanappa wurde insgesamt zweimal nach Amurru entsendet und unterstützte Rib-Addi beim zweiten Mal mit einem kleinen Heer.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Altägyptischer Beamter (Neues Reich)
Amarnazeit
Geboren im 14. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
Gestorben im 14. Jahrhundert v. Chr.
Mann

Amanappa


Mercedes-Benz W188 este un autoturism compact de lux, cu 2 uși, produs de Mercedes-Benz între anii 1951 și 1958. Cele mai scumpe și mai exclusiviste automobile ale producătorului, elegantul 300S, asamblat manual (1951 – 1954), și succesorul său 300Sc (1955 - 1958) au constituit apogeul gamei Mercedes a epocii.

Stilul conservativ al celor două era în contrast cu inovațiile tehnologice de care dispuneau. Acestea aveau în comun multe elemente inovative pe parte de design, dar și elemente de mecanică, cu emblematicul Mercedes-Benz 300SL "Gullwing". Printre acestea se numără motorul, suspensiile și șasiul.

300 S
Seria 300S (W188) de automobile cu 2 uși, asamblate manual era una dintre gamele de top ale Mercedes-Benz, la vremea lansării sale, la Salonul Auro de la Paris, în Octombrie 1951.
Acestea erau disponibile ca autoturisme decapotabile cu 2 uși, coupé 2+2, și cabriolet (cu bare tip landau, cunoscut oficial drept Carbriolet A). Deși, din punct de vedere mecanic, se asemăna foarte bine cu contemporanul său – 300 (W186) – plusul de măiestrie, eleganță, elocvență, și prețul cu 50% mai mare, au ridicat gama W188 în vârful clasamentului mașinilor de lux ale epocii sale.

Automobilele 300S erau dotate cu o versiune performantă a motorului de 3.0 litri specific seriei W186 (2996 cc / 183 in3), un motor cu arbore cu came, cu capete din aluminiu: M189 6 cilindrii în linie.

Proiectat pentru un serviciu durabil și de încredere, în condiții de uzură prelungită, motorul era dotat cu cămăși de apă alungite, o conexiune diagonală inovatoare, între capătul pistonului și blocul motor, care permitea montarea unor valve de admisie, dar și de evacuare, supradimensionate. În plus, acesta avea și un sistem de răcire a uleiului, controlat de un termostat, cuzineți din cupru și plumb, și un arbore cotit fortificat.
La acestea se adaugă carburatoare tip Triple Solex , compresie la o scală de 7.8:1, și o capacitate mărită la 150 PS (110 kW; 150 cp) la 5000 rpm.

Din iulie 1952, până în august 1955, a fost produs un număr total de 216 automobile Coupé, 203 automobile Cabriolet și 141 automobile Rodster.

300 Sc

300Sc (W188) a fost lansat în 1955, primind numeroase îmbunătățiri la motor și suspensii. După succesul înregistrat în anul precedent pe Mercedes-Benz 300 SL Gullwing, motorul cu șase cilindri în linie al noului Sc, a fost dotat cu o versiune a injecției directe de benzină a acestuia, care dezvolta 175 PS (129 kW; 173 cp) la 5400 rpm.

În partea din spate au fost montate suspensii individuale Mercedes-Benz cu "pivot scurt". Singura diferență vizibilă, față de predecesorul său, era o linie cromată de fiecare parte a capotei.
Prețul ajungea la DM 36,500, iar până în aprilie 1958, s-au produs 98 de automobile Coupé, 49 Cabriolet A, și 53 tip Roasdster.

Referințe și surse

Vehicule Mercedes-Benz

Mercedes-Benz W188


ශ්‍රී ලංකා කණ්ඩායම 2009 නොවැම්බර් 11 සිට දෙසැම්බර් 27 දක්වා ඉන්දියාවේ සංචාරය කරමින් ටෙස්ට් තරග තුනකට, එදිජා තරග පහකට සහ වි20ජා තරග දෙකකට ක්‍රීඩා කළේය.

සංචිත

පුහුණු තරගය

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

3 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

වි20ජා තරගමාලාව

1 වන වි20ජා තරගය

2 වන වි20ජා තරගය

එදිජා තරගමාලාව

1 වන එදිජා තරගය

2 වන එදිජා තරගය

3 වන එදිජා තරගය

4 වන එදිජා තරගය

5 වන එදිජා තරගය

රූපවාහිනී ආවරණය

 Eurosport (සජීව) – යුරෝපය
 Fox Sports (සජීව) – ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව
 NEO Cricket (සජීව) – ඉන්දියාව සහ මැද පෙරදිග
 StarHub TV (සජීව) – සිංගප්පූරුව සහ මැලේසියාව
 Supersport (සජීව) – දකුණු අප්‍රිකාව
 Zee Sports (සජීව) – එක්සත් ජනපදය
 DD National (සජීව) – ඉන්දියාව (වි20ජා සහ එදිජා තරඟ පමණි)
 Geo Super (සජීව) – පකිස්ථානය

යොමු කිරීම්

ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ඉන්දීය තරග සංචාරය 2009


Genoveva Soledad Rocha Pantoja, también conocida como Beba Rocha  (4 de febrero de  1951 † 19 de noviembre de 2011, La Paz), fue una cantante boliviana que formó parte del grupo musical como vocalista de la orquesta Swingbaly desde la década de los años 70. Considerada como la mejor voz tropical de Bolivia.

Carrera
Beba Rocha inició su carrera musical dentro del ámbito folklórico junto a su hermana Gloria Rocha, formando el trío de "Las Hermanas Rocha". El cual se caracterizó por sus prestigiosas y armoniosas voces.

En la década de 1970, Beba Rocha fue una de las invitadas para integrar parte de la orquesta Swingbaly. Es ahí donde surgió la primera pionera de la música tropical en Bolivia. Entre los éxitos más reconocidos se encuentran canciones como ser "Volveré", "La pollera colorada", "El año viejo", "Remolinos", "Tabaco y Ron" entre otros.

Años más tarde, la cantante también lanzó varios discos como solista en diferentes estilos musicales.

Su música llegó a escenarios internacionales, como los Estados Unidos, España, donde realizó una gira de conciertos como solista y logró conquistar a públicos importantes.

Vida personal
Beba tiene tres hijos, el menor de ellos reside en Bolivia y siguió los pasos de su madre en la música.

Su muerte
Falleció el 19 de noviembre a los 60 años de edad, tras una dura batalla contra el cáncer de páncreas durante 6 meses. El Concejo Municipal de La Paz, le rindió un homenaje con un minuto de silencio.

Referencias

Cantantes femeninas de Bolivia

Beba Rocha


سرعة جوية معدلة (CAS) هي السرعة الجوية المبينة، ولكن مصححة من خطأ قراءة العداد وخطأ قراءة الموقع. بالارتفاع والسرعات العالية تكون السرعة المعدلة مصححة لأخطاء الانضغاطية (compressibility errors) وتسمى بتلك الحالة السرعة الجوية المكافئة (EAS).
عند التحليق على مستوى سطح البحر وتحت ظروف جوية قياسية(15مئوي، 1013مللي بار، صفر% رطوبة) تكون السرعة المعدلة مشابه للسرعة الجوية المكافئة (EAS) والسرعة الجوية الحقيقية (TAS). وإن لم يكن هناك رياح فإنها تكون شبيهة السرعة الأرضية. لكن عندما تتغير الظروف فإن السرعة المعدلة تختلف عن سرعة الجوية الحقيقية والسرعة الأرضية. قياس السرعة هو بالعقدة ورمزها هو (KCAS) بينما السرعة المبينة هو (KIAS).

التطبيقات العملية للسرعة الجوية المعدلة
السرعة المعدلة لها تطبيقين أساسيين:
 بالملاحة، السرعة المعدلة هو أحد الخطوات بالمعادلات الحسابية ما بين السرعة المبينة والسرعة الحقيقية
 لقيادة الطائرة يعتبر السرعة المعدلة والمكافئة نقاط مرجعية مهمة لأنهم توصف الضغط الديناميكي الذي على جسم الطائرة، بصرف النظر عن الكثافة أو الأرتفاع أو الرياح أو أي حالة أخرى. ومع انتشار نظام الملاحة (GPS) وتطور أنظمة الملاحة الأخرى داخل قمرة القيادة فقد التطبيق الأول أهميته حيث يمكن الطيار قراءة السرعة الأرضية أو بالاحرى السرعة الحقيقية مباشرة وبدون أي عمليات حسابية لقراءة السرعة المعدلة. ولكن التطبيق الثاني يبقى حساس ومهم جدا. ولكن وعلى سبيل المثال، عند ثبات الوزن فإن الطائرة ستنحرف وستنحدر على نفس السرعة المعدلة على أي نقطة ارتفاع وعلى الرغم من اختلاف السرعة الحقيقية والسرعة الأرضية اختلافا كليا. تلك سرعات الطائرة تعطي قراءة مثل السرعة المبينة بدلا من السرعة المعدلة لذلك فالطيار يقرأ ذلك مباشرة من عداد السرعة.

حساب جدول البيانات
مؤشر السرعة الجوية البسيط يحتوي على انبوب واحد لقياس تأثير الضغط (التفاوت ما بين البيتوت والستاتيك). لذلك فالسرعة المعدلة يجب أن تعرف بأنها مقترنة من تأثير الضغط وحده. المؤشر لايتعرف على (أو لايعرف) الضغط الستاتيكي التام، الضغط الثابت والحرارة تكون معرفة حسب معدلات القياسية لسطح البحر، لذا يحصل أن سرعة الصوت تكون مرتبطة مباشرة بالحرارة بدلا من أن تكون الحرارة كمرجع لها، بالإمكان تحديد مرجعية لسرعة الصوت. فهذا يجعل المعادلة أسهل.

اقرأ أيضا
 سرعة جوية.
 السرعة الجوية الصحيحة.
 سرعة جوية مبينة.
 أجهزة قياس طيران.
 في سبييدس.

مراجع

سرعة الهواء
مصطلحات الطيران

سرعة جوية معدلة