The Russian Federation is known to possess or have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons. It is one of the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

Russia possesses a total of 5,889 nuclear warheads as of 2023, the largest stockpile of nuclear warheads in the world; the second-largest stockpile is the United States' 5,428 warheads. Russia's deployed missiles (those actually ready to be launched) number about 1,674, second to the United States' 1,770. The remaining weapons are either in reserve stockpiles, or have been retired and are slated for dismantling. Russia's predecessor state, the Soviet Union, reached a peak stockpile of about 45,000 nuclear warheads in 1986. The number of weapons Russia may possess is currently controlled by the bilateral New START treaty with the United States.

The Soviet Union ratified the Geneva Protocol—prohibiting the use of biological and chemical weapons in interstate conflicts—on April 5, 1928, with reservations that were later dropped on January 18, 2001. Russia is also party to the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. The Soviet biological weapons program violated the Biological Weapons Convention and was the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated program of its kind. At its peak, the program employed up to 65,000 people.

Despite being a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention, Russia has continued to hold and occasionally use chemical weapons. In 1997, Russia declared an arsenal of 39,967 tons of chemical weapons, which it worked in part to decrease. Its stock of weapons was officially declared destroyed in 2017. The poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in 2018 and the poisoning of Alexei Navalny in 2020, both carried out by Russia, revealed that the country maintained an illicit chemical weapons program.

Nuclear weapons

History

Soviet era

Post-Soviet era
At the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Soviet nuclear weapons were deployed in four of the new republics: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. In May 1992, these four states signed the Lisbon Protocol, agreeing to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, with Russia the successor state to the Soviet Union as a nuclear state, and the other three states joining as non-nuclear states.

Ukraine agreed to give up its weapons to Russia, in exchange for guarantees of Ukrainian territory from Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, known as the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. China and France also made statements in support of the memorandum.

Arms reduction

The threat of nuclear warfare was a persistent and terrifying threat during the Cold War. At its height, the Soviet Union and United States each mustered tens of thousands of warheads, under the doctrine of mutual assured destruction. By the 1980s, both the United States and Soviet Union sought to reduce the number of weapons the other was fielding. This led to the opening of arms reduction talks in 1982.

This culminated in the signing of the START I treaty in 1991: the first nuclear arms reduction treaty between the two global powers. This first treaty limited the number of deployed warheads in each nation to 6,000, nearly halving the prior 10,000 to 12,000 being fielded in 1991. The considerable success of START I, combined with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, led to the START II treaty. Russia never ratified the treaty, and it did not go into effect. An attempted START III was attempted but could not get past negotiations.

Instead, the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty was passed in 2002, capping warheads at 2,200. The current limitations stem from the New START treaty, ratified in 2010. It limits each side to 1,550 weapons. Nuclear bombers only count as one weapon each, even though they may carry up to 20, so the actual limit on the countries is slightly higher. The treaty is in force through to 2026.

After U.S. President George W. Bush withdrew from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Russia responded by building-up their nuclear capabilities, in such a way as to counterbalance U.S. capabilities. Russia decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which was adopted on 7 July 2017 by 122 States. Most analysts agree that Russia's nuclear strategy under Putin eventually brought it into violation of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (although this is not confirmed).

According to Russian officials, the American decision to deploy the missile defense system in Europe was a violation of the treaty. U.S. President Donald Trump announced on 20 October 2018 that the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.

Nuclear arsenal of Russia
The exact number of nuclear warheads is a state secret and is therefore a matter of guesswork. As of 2022, the Federation of American Scientists estimates that Russia possesses 5,977 nuclear weapons, while the United States has 5,428; Russia and the U.S. each have about 1,600 active deployed strategic nuclear warheads. Russia's stockpile is growing in size, while the United States' is shrinking. Russia has six nuclear missile fields in Kozelsk, Tatishchevo, Uzhur, Dombarovsky, Kartalay, and Aleysk; nuclear missile submarines patrolling from three naval bases at Nerpich'ya, Yagel'Naya, and Rybachiy; and nuclear bombers at Ukrainka and Engels air bases.

The RS-28 Sarmat (Russian: РС-28 Сармат; NATO reporting name: SATAN 2), is a Russian liquid-fueled, MIRV-equipped, super-heavy thermonuclear armed intercontinental ballistic missile in development by the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau since 2009, intended to replace the previous R-36 missile. Its large payload would allow for up to 10 heavy warheads or 15 lighter ones, or a combination of warheads and massive amounts of countermeasures designed to defeat anti-missile systems. It was heralded by the Russian military as a response to the U.S. Prompt Global Strike.

In 2015, information emerged that Russia may be developing a new nuclear torpedo, the Status-6 Ocean Multipurpose System, codenamed "Kanyon" by Pentagon officials. This weapon is designed to create a tsunami wave up to 500m tall that will radioactively contaminate a wide area on an enemy coasts with cobalt-60, and to be immune to anti-missile defense systems such as laser weapons and railguns that might disable an ICBM. Two potential carrier submarines, the Project 09852 Belgorod, and the Project 09851 Khabarovsk, are new boats laid down in 2012 and 2014 respectively.

Status 6 appears to be a deterrent weapon of last resort. It appears to be a torpedo-shaped robotic mini-submarine, that can travel at speeds of . More recent information suggests a top speed of , with a range of  and a depth maximum of . This underwater drone is cloaked by stealth technology to elude acoustic tracking devices.

During an annual state-of-the-nation address given on March 1, 2018, President Vladimir Putin publicly claimed that Russia was now in possession of several new classes of nuclear weapons, including some with capabilities previously speculated to exist. Putin discussed several new or upgraded weapons, including a hypersonic glide vehicle known as the Avangard, capable of performing sharp maneuvers while traveling at 20 times the speed of sound making it "absolutely invulnerable for any missile defense system."

Putin discussed the existence of a nuclear powered underwater torpedo and a nuclear powered cruise missile (9M730 Burevestnik), both with effectively unlimited range. He discussed that Russia had tested a new class of traditional ICBM called the Sarmat, which expanded upon the range and carrying capability of the Soviet-era Satan ICBM. Animations of these weapons were shown in front of the live and televised audience. Putin suggested that an online poll be conducted to give them official public names.

Nuclear weapons in Russian military doctrine

According to a Russian military doctrine stated in 2010, nuclear weapons could be used by Russia "in response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it or its allies, and also in case of aggression against Russia with the use of conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is threatened". Most military analysts believe that, in this case, Russia would pursue an 'escalate to de-escalate' strategy, initiating limited nuclear exchange to bring adversaries to the negotiating table. Russia will also threaten nuclear conflict to discourage initial escalation of any major conventional conflict.

Nuclear proliferation

After the Korean War, the Soviet Union transferred nuclear technology and weapons to the People's Republic of China as an adversary of the United States and NATO. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, "Khrushchev's nuclear-proliferation process started with Communist China in April 1955, when the new ruler in the Kremlin consented to supply Beijing a sample atomic bomb and to help with its mass production. Subsequently, the Soviet Union built all the essentials of China's new military nuclear industry."

Russia is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" (NWS) under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which Russia ratified (as the Soviet Union) in 1968.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of Soviet-era nuclear warheads remained on the territories of Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Under the terms of the Lisbon Protocol to the NPT, and following the 1995 Trilateral Agreement between Russia, Belarus, and the US, these were transferred to Russia, leaving Russia as the sole inheritor of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. It is estimated that the Soviet Union had approximately 45,000 nuclear weapons stockpiled at the time of its collapse.

The collapse of the Soviet Union allowed for a warming of relations with NATO. Fears of a nuclear holocaust lessened. In September 1997, the former secretary of the Russian Security Council Alexander Lebed claimed 100 "suitcase sized" nuclear weapons were unaccounted for. He said he was attempting to inventory the weapons when he was fired by President Boris Yeltsin in October 1996. Indeed, several US politicians have expressed worries and promised legislation addressing the threat.

There were allegations that Russia contributed to the North Korean nuclear program, selling it the equipment for the safe storage and transportation of nuclear materials. Nevertheless, Russia has condemned North Korean nuclear tests since then. The Russian Federation has also wider commercial interests in selling the nuclear technology to India and Iran, reaching understanding memorandums in training their technicians in their respected nuclear programs. Russia is allegedly making efforts to build its influential hold in Africa for earning several billions of pounds by selling nuclear technology to developing African countries.

Nuclear sabotage allegations from Russia
The highest-ranking GRU defector Stanislav Lunev described alleged Soviet plans for using tactical nuclear weapons for sabotage against the United States in the event of war. He described Soviet-made suitcase nukes identified as RA-115s (or RA-115-01s for submersible weapons) which weigh . These portable bombs can last for many years if wired to an electric source. "In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message – either by satellite or directly to a GRU post at a Russian embassy or consulate."

Lunev was personally looking for hiding places for weapons caches in the Shenandoah Valley area. He said that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" either across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip though undetected when launched from a Russian airplane. Searches of the areas identified by Lunev – who admits he never planted any weapons in the US – have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons" in the US.

In a 2004 interview, colonel general of RVSN Viktor Yesin said that Soviet small-scale nuclear bombs have only been operated by the Army. All such devices have been stored in a weapons depot within Russia, and only left it for checks at the plant which produced them.

2020 Russian nuclear deterrence state policy

On June 2, 2020, President Putin signed an Executive Order formally titled "Fundamentals of Russia's Nuclear Deterrence State Policy", in an unprecedented public release of an official document on Russia's nuclear policy. The six-page document identified the range of threats that Russia seeks to deter with its nuclear forces, clarified Russia's general approach to nuclear deterrence, and articulated conditions under which Russia might use of nuclear weapons. The policy endorses the use of nuclear weapons in response to a non-nuclear strike due to the improved capabilities of U.S. conventional weapons.

Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began on 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin placed Strategic Rocket Forces's nuclear deterrence units on high alert, a move heavily condemned internationally. Putin warned that "whoever tries to hinder us in Ukraine would see consequences, you have never seen in your history". According to the US Director of National Intelligence, Avril Haines, Putin could potentially turn to nuclear weapons if he perceived an "existential threat" to the Russian state or regime; there has been speculation that he could regard defeat in Ukraine as an existential threat to his regime.

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal Nature Food in August 2022, a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and Russia, which together hold more than 90% of the world's nuclear weapons, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion indirectly by starvation during a nuclear winter.

In September 2022, Putin announced the mobilization of Russian forces, and threatened nuclear retaliation against the west if Russia's territorial integrity was threatened.

On February 21, 2023, Putin suspended Russia's participation in the New START nuclear arms reduction treaty with the United States, saying that Russia would not allow the US and NATO to inspect its nuclear facilities. On 25 March 2023, Putin announced that Russia would be stationing tactical nuclear operations in Belarus. On 14 June 2023, Belarusian President Aleksander Lukashenko stated that Belarus had started to take delivery of nuclear weapons in a TV interview with Russian state channel Russia-1.

Biological weapons

The Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons programs. The program began in the 1920s and lasted until at least September 1992 but has possibly been continued by Russia after that. Thereby, the Soviet Union violated its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention, which it had signed on April 10, 1972, and ratified on March 26, 1975.

In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union significantly enlarged its offensive biological weapons programs. After 1975, the program of biological weapons was run primarily by the "civilian" Biopreparat agency, although it also included numerous facilities run by the Soviet Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Chemical Industry, Ministry of Health, and Soviet Academy of Sciences.

According to Ken Alibek, who was deputy-director of Biopreparat, the Soviet biological weapons agency, and who defected to the United States in 1992, weapons were developed in labs in isolated areas of the Soviet Union including mobilization facilities at Omutininsk, Penza and Pokrov and research facilities at Moscow, Stirzhi and Vladimir. These weapons were tested at several facilities most often at "Rebirth Island" (Vozrozhdeniya) in the Aral Sea by firing the weapons into the air above monkeys tied to posts, the monkeys would then be monitored to determine the effects. According to Alibek, although Soviet offensive program was officially ended in 1992, Russia may be still involved in the activities prohibited by BWC.

In 1993, the story about the Sverdlovsk anthrax leak was published in Russia. The incident occurred when spores of anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility in the city of Sverdlovsk (formerly, and now again, Yekaterinburg)  east of Moscow on April 2, 1979. The ensuing outbreak of the disease resulted in 94 people becoming infected, 64 of whom died over a period of six weeks.

As of 2021, the United States Department of State "assesses that the Russian Federation (Russia) maintains an offensive [biological weapons] program and is in violation of its obligation under Articles I and II of the BWC. The issue of compliance by Russia with the BWC has been of concern for many years".

Chemical weapons
See: :ru:Химическое_оружие_России (Russian chemical weapons)

Russia signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on January 13, 1993, and ratified it on November 5, 1997. Russia declared an arsenal of 39,967 tons of chemical weapons in 1997 consisting of:
blister agents: Lewisite, mustard, Lewisite-mustard-mix (HL)
nerve agents: Sarin, Soman, VX

Ratification was followed by three years of inaction on chemical weapons destruction because of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis.

Russia met its treaty obligations by destroying 1% of its chemical agents by the Chemical Weapons Convention's 2002 deadline, but requested technical and financial assistance and extensions on the deadlines of 2004 and 2007 due to the environmental challenges of chemical disposal. This extension procedure spelled out in the treaty has been utilized by other countries, including the United States. The extended deadline for complete destruction (April 2012) was not met. As of October 2011, Russia had destroyed 57% of its stockpile. Russia also destroyed all of its declared Category 2 (10,616 MTs) and Category 3 chemicals.

Russia has stored its chemical weapons (or the required chemicals) which it declared within the CWC at 8 locations: in Gorny (Saratov Oblast) (2.9% of the declared stockpile by mass) and Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (15.9%) stockpiles already have been destroyed. In Shchuchye (Kurgan Oblast) (13.6%), Maradykovsky (Kirov Oblast) (17.4%) and Leonidovka (Penza Oblast) (17.2%) destruction takes place, while installations are under construction in Pochep (Bryansk Oblast) (18.8%) and Kizner (Udmurt Republic) (14.2%).

On September 27, 2017, OPCW announced that Russia had destroyed its entire declared chemical weapons stockpile. Ukraine claims Russia used chemical weapons in Mariupol.

Novichok agents

A range of Novichok agents were developed and tested in the 1970s and 1980s, but the intended Novichok weapons production site at the Pavlodar Chemical Plant in Soviet Kazakhstan was still under construction when it was decided to demolish the chemical weapons building in 1987 in view of the forthcoming Chemical Weapons Convention.

In March 2018, former GRU agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned in Salisbury, United Kingdom by a chemical agent later confirmed to be Novichok. The incident raised new controversy over Russia's potential production and use of chemical weapons, with the United Kingdom accusing the Russian government or rogue Russian agents of orchestrating the attack, a claim Russia repeatedly denied.

In August 2020, Russian opposition figure and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny was poisoned in Tomsk, Russia by a chemical agent later confirmed to be Novichok. A joint investigation by Bellingcat, CNN, Der Spiegel, and The Insider with contributions from El País implicates Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) in the near-fatal nerve-agent poisoning, a fact denied by Russia. Navalny later called what appears to be one of the FSB agents responsible for the cleanup operation who indicates they were tasked to clean Navalny's underpants of Novichok.

Disposal facilities
The last Russian chemical disposal facility in Kizner, Udmurtia, was opened in December 2013.

See also

 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
 Defense industry of Russia
 Father of All Bombs
 List of Russian weaponry makers
 Military doctrine of Russia
 New physical principles weapons
 Nuclear weapons and the United States
 Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
 Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
 Soviet biological weapons program
 United States and weapons of mass destruction

References

Further reading
 Kostenko, Y., & D'Anieri, P. (2021). Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament: A History (S. Krasynska, L. Wolanskyj, & O. Jennings, Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.

External links
Video archive of the Soviet Union's Nuclear Testing at sonicbomb.com
Abolishing Weapons of Mass Destruction: Addressing Cold War and Other Wartime Legacies in the Twenty-First Century by Mikhail S. Gorbachev
Russia's Nuclear Policy in the 21st Century Environment - analysis by Dmitri Trenin, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°13, 2005
Nuclear Threat Initiative on Russia by National Journal
Nuclear stockpile estimate fas.org
Nuclear Notebook: Russian nuclear forces, 2006, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March/April 2006.
Current information on nuclear stockpiles in Russia. nuclearfiles.org
Chemical Weapons in Russia: History, Ecology, Politics by Lev Fedorov, Moscow, Center of Ecological Policy of Russia, 27 July 1994
History of the Russian Nuclear Weapons Program fas.org
The Arsenals of Nuclear Weapons Powers nrdc.org
Nuclear pursuits, 2012

Weapons of Russia
Weapons of mass destruction by country

Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union
Soviet chemical weapons program
Soviet biological weapons program

Russia and weapons of mass destruction


Abdi İpekçi Arena je bila višenamjenska dvorana u Istanbulu. Bila je smještena u radničkoj četvrti Zeytinburnu s europske strane grada, neposredno ispred starih Teodozijevih zidina. Izgradnja dvorane je započela 1979. a otvorena je tek nakon deset godina jer je njena izgradnja često bila prekidana. Zatvorena je 2017. a srušena je 2018. godine. Nosila je ime po turskom novinaru i aktivistu za ljudska prava Abdiju İpekçiju koji je ubijen u Istanbulu 1979. godine.

Dvorana je bila dom košarkaških momčadi Galatasaray i Anadolu Efes te ženske momčadi Galatasarayja.

Povijest
Dvorana je službeno otvorena 3. lipnja 1989. utakmicom američkih momčadi Harlem Wizards i Washington Generals. Kvalifikacijsku košarkašku utakmicu za EuroBasket 1993. između Turske i Belgije u studenom 1992. gledalo je uživo 20.000 gledatelja.

Kapacitet dvorane iznosi 12.500 gledatelja ali on je često znao biti prekoračen, posebice u europskim utakmicama.

Dvorana ima četiri suvremeno dizajnirane svlačionice, dvije mrežne sobe i press centar, dva velika višenamjenska salona, promatračku sobu, urede, moderne VIP lože, četiri toaleta, veliki LCD screen kojeg mogu promatrati gledatelji sa sve četiri tribine i druge elemente koji obogaćuju dvoranu. Ondje se nalaze i uredi Turskog košarkaškog saveza. Ispred dvorane je izgrađeno parkiralište s 1.500 parkirnih mjesta.

Abdi İpekçi Arena se nalazi na 12 km udaljenosti od zračne luke Atatürk.

Događaji
U ovoj dvorani održale su se neke od utakmica europskog košarkaškog prvenstva 2001. odnosno svjetske smotre 2010. kojima je Turska bila domaćin. Osim košarke, ovdje se odvijalo i europsko plivačko prvenstvo u kratkim bazenima te europsko prvenstvo u odbojci 2009.

Osim sporta, u Abdi İpekçi Areni održala se Eurovizija 2004. te WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) ekshibicija. Također, svoje koncerte ondje su imali Spice Girls, Depeche Mode, Phil Collins i Enrique Iglesias.

Izvori

Športski objekti u Turskoj
Športski objekti u Istanbulu

Abdi İpekçi Arena


Codornillos es una localidad del municipio de Calzada del Coto, en la provincia de León, Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León (España).

Situación

Se encuentra a 6 kilómetros al NE de Calzada del Coto y al NO de Sahagún.
También están cercanos Villapeceñil y Villamol.

La línea de ferrocarril Madrid-Asturias pasa cerca del centro del pueblo.

Evolución demográfica

Localidades de Tierra de Sahagún
Poblaciones del Camino de Santiago Francés
Localidades de Calzada del Coto

Codornillos


Die Giesener Teiche sind ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Stadt Hildesheim.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 081 war ursprünglich 11 Hektar groß. Zum 20. August 2015 wurde es auf 17,6 Hektar vergrößert. Das Gebiet ist vollständig Bestandteil des FFH-Gebietes "Haseder Busch, Giesener Berge, Gallberg, Finkenberg". Im Süden grenzt es an das Naturschutzgebiet "Lange Dreisch und Osterberg", im Norden größtenteils an das Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Giesener Berge und Teiche". Das Gebiet steht seit dem 15. November 1984 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist die Stadt Hildesheim.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt im Norden der Stadt Hildesheim zwischen Himmelsthür und Giesen. Es stellt ein Bachtal unter Schutz. Der Bach, der im Naturschutzgebiet zu zwei Teichen angestaut ist, entspringt etwas westlich des Naturschutzgebietes und mündet einen knappen Kilometer östlich des Naturschutzgebietes in die Innerste. Die Teiche wurden spätestens Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts vom bischöflichen Gut Steuerwald angelegt und zur Fischzucht genutzt. Die Teiche und die weitgehend offenen Hutweiden im Naturschutzgebiet sind Relikte der historischen Kulturlandschaft des Hildesheimer Berglandes.

Das Gebiet liegt auf rotem Tonstein mit Gipsstein, in welchem sich ein Erdfall ausgebildet hat, und auf Kalk- und Mergelstein. Es ist von einer auf engstem Raum vorhandenen ökologischen Vielfalt geprägt. So finden sich entlang des Bachlaufs und an den Teichen Röhrichtzonen, Ufer- und Hochstaudenfluren, Seggenrieden, Erlenbruchwald und Feuchtwiesen. An den Hängen des Bachtals wächst Halbtrockenrasen, der zur Pflege regelmäßig mit Schafen und Ziegen beweidet wird.

Im Naturschutzgebiet siedeln u. a. Sumpfherzblatt sowie die Orchideen Stattliches Knabenkraut und Bienenragwurz. Das Gebiet ist Lebensraum u. a. der Wildkatze. Weiterhin kommen verschiedene Vögel, darunter Neuntöter, Wiesenpieper, Feldlerche und Zwergtaucher vor. Sumpfige Bereiche sind Lebensraum der Schmalen Windelschnecke. In den Teichen lebt der Kammmolch. Die Teiche sind auch Lebensraum verschiedener Libellen. Schmetterlinge sind in Naturschutzgebiet und den angrenzenden Giesener Bergen neben weiteren Arten durch Goldene Acht, Hufeisenklee-Gelbling, C-Falter, Großer und Kleiner Perlmuttfalter, Kaisermantel, Nierenfleck-Zipfelfalter, Geißkleebläuling, Kleiner Sonnenröschenbläuling, Silbergrüner Bläuling, Mattscheckiger Braun-Dickkopffalter, Komma-Dickkopffalter, Esparsetten-Widderchen und Sechsfleck-Widderchen vertreten.

Naturerlebnisgebiet Kleeblatt
Das Naturschutzgebiet ist Teil des Naturerlebnisgebietes Kleeblatt, das sich im Norden Hildesheims und in Teilen der Gemeinde Giesen zwischen Osterberg und Innerste erstreckt. Es umfasst die Naturschutzgebiete "Haseder Busch", "Mastberg und Innersteaue", "Lange Dreisch und Osterberg" und "Giesener Teiche" und die Giesener Berge und ist in vier Themenbereiche unterteilt: "Wasserwelt" (Naturschutzgebiet "Haseder Busch"), "Weidewald" (Naturschutzgebiet "Mastberg und Innersteaue"), "Offene Weide" (Naturschutzgebiet "Lange Dreisch und Osterberg") und "Erdzeitreise" (Naturschutzgebiet "Giesener Teiche" und Giesener Berge).

Weblinks

 Naturerlebnisgebiet Kleeblatt (PDF; 14 MB), Broschüre der Stadt Hildesheim

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Hildesheim
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Erdfallsee
Geographie (Hildesheim)

Giesener Teiche


Le New Salem Covered Bridge était un pont couvert américain dans le comté de Banks, en Géorgie. Construit en 1915, ce pont routier est inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques le  avant de s'effondrer au printemps 1984.

Liens externes

Pont routier en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Pont franchissant un cours d'eau aux États-Unis
Pont effondré
Pont couvert inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques
Registre national des lieux historiques en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Registre national des lieux historiques en 1975
Comté de Banks

New Salem Covered Bridge


An Indocalamus tessellatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Munro, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Keng f.. An Indocalamus tessellatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Indocalamus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Indocalamus

Indocalamus tessellatus


East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem or , is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City, north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the east and north. Despite its name, it is generally not considered to be a part of Harlem proper, but it is one of the neighborhoods included in Greater Harlem.

The neighborhood has one of the largest Hispanic communities in New York City, mostly Puerto Ricans, as well as Dominicans, Cubans, and Mexicans. The community is notable for its contributions to Latin freestyle and salsa music. East Harlem also includes the remnants of a once predominant Italian community. The Chinese population has increased dramatically in East Harlem since 2000.

East Harlem has historically suffered from many social issues, such as a high crime rate, the highest jobless rate in New York City, teenage pregnancy, AIDS, drug abuse, homelessness, and an asthma rate five times the national average. It has the second-highest concentration of public housing in the United States, behind Brownsville, Brooklyn. East Harlem is undergoing some gentrification, and in 2016 the city considered rezoning the area.

East Harlem is part of Manhattan Community District 11, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10029 and 10035. It is patrolled by the 23rd and 25th Precincts of the New York City Police Department.

History

Early history
The area which became East Harlem was rural for most of the 19th century, but residential settlements northeast of Third Avenue and East 110th Street had developed by the 1860s. The construction of the elevated transit line to Harlem in 1879 and 1880, and the building of the Lexington Avenue subway in 1919, urbanized the area, precipitating the construction of apartment buildings and brownstones. The extension of cable cars up Lexington Avenue into East Harlem was stymied by the incline created by Duffy's Hill at 103rd Street, one of the steepest grades in Manhattan. East Harlem was first populated by poor German, Irish, Scandinavian, and Eastern European Jewish immigrants, with the Jewish population standing at 90,000 around 1917. In the 1870s, Italian immigrants joined the mix after a contractor building trolley tracks on First Avenue imported Italian laborers as strikebreakers. The workers' shantytown along the East River at 106th Street was the beginning of an Italian neighborhood, with 4,000 having arrived by the mid-1880s. As more immigrants arrived, it expanded north to East 115th Street and west to Third Avenue.

East Harlem consisted of pockets of ethnically sorted settlements – Italian, German, Irish, and Jewish – which were beginning to press up against each other, with the spaces still between them occupied by "gasworks, stockyards and tar and garbage dumps". In 1895, the Union Settlement Association, one of the oldest settlement houses in New York City, began providing services in the area, offering the immigrant and low-income residents a range of community-based programs, including boys and girls clubs, a sewing school and adult education classes.

Italian Harlem
Southern Italians and Sicilians, with a moderate number of Northern Italians, soon predominated, especially in the area east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th Streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th Streets, with each street featuring people from different regions of Italy. The neighborhood became known as "Italian Harlem", the Italian American hub of Manhattan; it was the first part of Manhattan to be referred to as "Little Italy". The first Italians arrived in East Harlem in 1878, from Polla in the province of Salerno, and settled in the vicinity of 115th Street.

There were many crime syndicates in Italian Harlem from the early Black Hand to the bigger and more organized Italian gangs that formed the Italian-American Mafia. It was the founding location of the Genovese crime family, one of the Five Families that dominated organized crime in New York City. This includes the current 116th Street Crew of the Genovese family. During the 1970s, Italian East Harlem was also home to the Italian-American drug gang and murder-for-hire crew known as the East Harlem Purple Gang.

In the 1920s and early 1930s, Italian Harlem was represented in Congress by future Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia. After becoming mayor, La Guardia helped plan a large expansion of Thomas Jefferson Park at First Avenue, between 111th and 114th Streets, in the mid-1930s. The neighborhood was represented, in the 1940s, by Italian-American civil rights lawyer, activist, and socialist Vito Marcantonio. The Italian neighborhood approached its peak in the 1930s, with over 110,000 Italian-Americans living in its crowded, run-down apartment buildings. The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first- or second-generation Italian Americans, somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the Lower East Side's Little Italy with 88 percent; Italian Harlem's total population, however, was three times that of Little Italy.

The fabric of the Italian-American community was torn when, after the Second World War, the unhealthy tenements started to be demolished and replaced with better housing, forcing families to relocate. Despite this, Italian Harlem lasted through the 1970s; and even later, the Italian-American community in East Harlem remained strong in certain areas, particularly around Pleasant Avenue until the 1980s, although always shrinking.

Today, the few remaining Italian-American residents in Harlem are predominantly older, clustered around Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, mainly from 114th to 118th Streets and the surrounding area. According to the 2000 Census, there were only 1,130 Italian-Americans still living in this area.

However, vestiges of the old Italian neighborhood remain. The annual Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the "Dancing of the Giglio", the first Italian feast in New York City, is still celebrated there every year on the second weekend of August by the Giglio Society of East Harlem and is centered around Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Italian retail establishments still exist in Italian Harlem, such as Rao's restaurant, started in 1896, and the original Patsy's Pizzeria which opened in 1933. Another major Italian retail businesses in the neighborhood, a barbershop opened by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street in the mid 1950's,  was threatened with closure by a rent increase in May 2011  but ultimately closed only in 2019 when Mr. Caponigro retired.

Spanish Harlem

Puerto Rican and Latin American migration after the First World War established an enclave at the western portion of East Harlem – around 110th Street and Lexington Avenue – which became known as "Spanish Harlem". The area slowly grew to encompass all of East Harlem, including Italian Harlem, as Italians moved out – to the Bronx, Brooklyn, Long Island, upstate New York and New Jersey – and Latinos moved in during another wave of immigration in the 1940s and 1950s.

The newly dominant Puerto Rican population, which reached 63,000 in 1950, continued to define the neighborhood according to its needs, establishing bodegas and botánicas as it expanded; by the 1930s there was already an enclosed street market underneath the Park Avenue railroad viaduct between 111th and 116th Streets, called "La Marqueta" ("The Market"). Catholic and evangelistic Protestant churches appeared in storefronts. Although "Spanish Harlem" had been in use since at least the 1930s to describe the Latino enclave – along with "Italian Harlem" and "Negro Harlem" – the name began to be used to describe the entire East Harlem neighborhood by the 1950s. Later, the name "El Barrio" ("The Neighborhood") began to be used, especially by residents of the area.

Decline
In the 1950s and 1960s, large sections of East Harlem were leveled for urban renewal projects, and the neighborhood was one of the hardest hit areas in the 1960s and 1970s as New York City struggled with deficits, race riots, urban flight, gang warfare, drug abuse, crime and poverty. Tenements were crowded, poorly maintained, and frequent targets for arson. In 1969 and 1970, a regional chapter of the Young Lords which were reorganized from a neighborhood street gang in Chicago by Jose (Cha-Cha) Jimenez, ran several programs including a Free Breakfast for Children and a Free Health Clinic to help Latino and poor families. The Young Lords came together with the Black Panthers and called for Puerto Rican independence and neighborhood empowerment.

Recent history
By the beginning of the 21st century, East Harlem was a racially diverse neighborhood, with about a third of the population being Puerto Rican. As it has been throughout its history, it is predominantly a working-class neighborhood.

Until 2006, property values in East Harlem climbed along with those in the rest of New York City, leading to gentrification and changes to area demographics.

On March 12, 2014, at 9:00 EDT, a large explosion and fire at 1644–1646 Park Avenue killed eight people and injured more than 70.

The New York Post listed one part of the neighborhood – the block of Lexington Avenue between East 123rd and 124th Streets – as one of "the most dangerous blocks in the city" because police crime statistics for 2015 showed that 19 assaults had taken place there, more than for any other city block. The Post also reported that there were, according to the Harlem Neighborhood Block Association, "22 drug-treatment programs, four homeless-services providers and four transitional-living facilities" in East Harlem.

East Harlem has begun to feel the effects of gentrification. In February 2016, an article in The New York Times about "New York's Next Hot Neighborhoods" featured East Harlem as one of four such areas. A real-estate broker described it as "one of the few remaining areas in New York City where you can secure a good deal". The article mentioned new luxury developments, access to transportation, the opening of new retail stores, bars and restaurants, and national-brand stores beginning to appear on the outskirts of the neighborhood. Primarily, though, it was the cost of housing in comparison to the rest of Manhattan, which the article noted as the major factor. Beginning in 2016, the New York City government was seeking to rezone East Harlem "to facilitate new residential, commercial, community facility, and manufacturing development". The residents of the neighborhood generated a suggested zoning plan, the "East Harlem Neighborhood Plan", which was offered to the city in February 2017, but in August 2017 residents and the Manhattan Borough President, Gale Brewer, complained that the city had ignored their plan almost entirely.

In 2019, the oldest portion of the neighborhood, the blocks of East 111th through 120th Streets between Park and Pleasant Avenues, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the East Harlem Historic District.

Demographics

The New York City Department of City Planning classifies East Harlem into two neighborhood tabulation areas: East Harlem North and East Harlem South, divided along 115th Street. The two areas had a combined population of 115,921, an increase of 1,874 (1.4%) from the combined 114,047 in the 2000 Census.

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of East Harlem North was 58,019, an increase of 871 (1.5%) from the 57,148 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 6.8% (3,936) White, 35.5% (20,625) African American, 0.2% (128) Native American, 3.0% (1,766) Asian, 0.0% (9) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (185) from other races, and 1.3% (769) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.7% (30,601) of the population.

Based on data from the 2010 Census, the population of East Harlem South was 57,902, an increase of 1,003 (1.8%) from the 56,899 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 17.4% (10,072) White, 24.6% (14,227) African American, 0.2% (96) Native American, 8.3% (4,802) Asian, 0.1% (55) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (218) from other races, and 1.6% (933) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.5% (27,499) of the population.

The most significant changes in the racial composition of East Harlem between 2000 and 2010 were the Asian population's increase by 109% (3,427), the White population's increase by 68% (5,689), and the Black population's decrease by 12% (4,625). Although more of the influx of Asian and White residents was in East Harlem South, the greatest percentage growth was in East Harlem North, while the Black population's decrease was evenly split. The Hispanic/Latino population also decreased by 4% (2,485), a decrease almost entirely concentrated in East Harlem South, where it fell from being the majority group to the plurality group. The small population of other races experienced a slight increase of 5% (132).

The entirety of Manhattan Community District 11, which consists of East Harlem, Randall's Island, and Ward's Island, had 124,323 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 77.3 years. This is 3.9 years lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most residents are children and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of 0–17, while 33% are between 25 and 44, and 23% are between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 13% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 11 was $36,770. In 2018, an estimated 23% of Community District 11 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 11, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Community District 11 is considered to be gentrifying: according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010.

In the 2020 census report, East Harlem's demographics were separated into north and south parts. North East Harlem had between 30,000 and 39,999 Hispanic residents, 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents, 5,000 to 9,999 White residents, and less than 5000 Asian residents. Meanwhile, South East Harlem was more racially diverse with 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents, 10,000 to 19,999 Black residents, 10,000 to 19,999 white residents, and 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents.

Ethnic groups
Community District 11 is a mostly low to middle income area. It is made up of first and second generation Puerto Ricans, Dominican Americans, Cuban Americans, African-Americans, Italian-Americans, Asian-Americans, Caribbean Americans and a growing population of Mexican Americans and Salvadoran Americans and other Central American immigrants. It has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans in all of New York City. As of 2010, the Puerto Rican population was 27.7% in zip code 10029, and 23.4% in 10035. 10035 also has a large Mexican population, at 10.7%.

As noted before, the number of Asians in East Harlem more than doubled between 2000 and 2010, largely due to Chinese people moving to East Harlem. Increasing rents in Lower Manhattan's Chinatown have driven many into public and subsidized housing developments in the neighborhood. Advocates have been calling for Chinese language services to be available in the community centers to accommodate the growing number of Chinese residents in the area. In 2000, the Chinese population in the northern portion was less than one percent, but by 2010, it has gone up to being three percent in the area. In the southern part, it rose from 4.6% to 8.4%.

Social issues
Social problems, including concentrated poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, substandard housing, language barriers, food insecurity, teen pregnancy, obesity, crime, drug addiction, dropping out of school, and low rates of advanced educational attainment, have long plagued the area. Although crime rates have dropped from the historically high numbers of the crack epidemic, East Harlem suffers from a high violent crime rate, especially in the 25th Precinct above 115th Street. In 2021, the 25th Precinct had the second-highest rates of felony assault and robbery, the sixteenth-highest rate of rape, and the highest rate of murder out of the New York Police Department's 77 precincts.

East Harlem has the highest concentration of shelters and facilities in Manhattan, with eight homeless shelters, 36 drug and alcohol treatment facilities and 37 mental health treatment facilities. It also has the highest jobless rate in the entire city, as well as the city's second highest cumulative AIDS rate. The asthma rate is also five times higher than national levels. The neighborhood also suffers from a high poverty rate. Union Settlement Association is one of the neighborhood's largest social service agencies, reaching more than 13,000 people annually at 17 locations throughout East Harlem, through a range of programs, including early childhood education, youth development, senior services, job training, the arts, adult education, nutrition, counseling, a farmers' market, community development, and neighborhood cultural events.

Housing

East Harlem is dominated by public housing complexes of various types, with a high concentration of older tenement buildings between these developments. The neighborhood contains the second-highest concentration of public housing in the United States, behind Brownsville, Brooklyn. The total land area is .

After a wave of arson ravaged the low income communities of New York City throughout the 1970s, many of the residential structures in East Harlem were left seriously damaged or destroyed. By the late 1970s, the city began to rehabilitate many abandoned tenement style buildings and designate them as low income housing. Despite recent gentrification of the neighborhood, large numbers of apartment buildings have been deliberately kept vacant by their owners. Although the businesses on the ground floor are retained, landlords do not want to have the trouble involved in residential tenants. In some cases, landlords are waiting for a revived economy, warehousing the apartments so that they can rent them later at a higher rent.

In 2007, a survey of Manhattan's buildings found that 1,723 were significantly vacant, three-quarters of them north of 96th Street. A 1998 survey found that one-quarter of low-rise residential buildings on avenues or major cross streets in East Harlem had sealed-up residential floors, despite having commercial businesses on the ground floor.

Public housing projects

There are twenty-four New York City Housing Authority developments located in East Harlem. As of 2013, 93.6% of all housing units were renter-occupied, and over 25% of the population resided in public housing units managed by the NYCHA.

335 East 111th Street; one 6-story building
East 120th Street Rehab; one, 6-story rehabilitated tenement building
East River Houses; ten buildings, 6, 10 and 11 stories tall
Edward Corsi Houses; one 16-story building
Gaylord White Houses; one 20-story building
George Washington Carver Houses; 13 buildings, 6 and 15 stories tall
Governor Dewitt Clinton Houses; six buildings, 9 and 18 stories tall
Jackie Robinson Houses; one 8-story building
James Weldon Johnson Houses; ten 14-story buildings
Lehman Village; four 20-story buildings
Lexington Houses; four 14-story buildings
Metro North Plaza; three buildings, 7, 8, and 11 stories tall
Metro North Rehab; seventeen 6-story rehabilitated tenement buildings
Milbank-Frawley; two rehabilitated tenement buildings 5 and 6 stories tall
Morris Park Senior Citizens Home; one 9-story rehabilitated building
Park Avenue-East 122nd Street, 123rd Streets; two 6-story buildings
President Abraham Lincoln; fourteen buildings, 6 and 14 stories tall
President George Washington Houses; fourteen buildings, 12 and 14 stories tall
President Thomas Jefferson Houses; eighteen buildings, 7, 13 and 14 stories tall
President Woodrow Wilson Houses; three 20-story buildings
Senator Robert A. Taft; nine 19-story buildings
Robert F. Wagner Houses; twenty-two buildings, 7 and 16 stories tall
U.P.A.C.A. (Upper Park Avenue Community Association) Site 6; one 12-story building
U.P.A.C.A. (Upper Park Avenue Community Association) U.R.A. Site 5; one 11-story building

Other residential developments
Other subsidized housing includes:
Taino Towers – East 122nd Street and Third Avenue. Four 35-story towers, 656 apartments. Opened 1979.
A new 68-story rental tower at 321 East 96th Street was approved in August 2017. The  building, which is currently the site of the School of Cooperative Technical Education, would house three schools and retail space along with a mix of 1,100 affordable and market-rate apartments.

Economy
The neighborhood is home to one of the few major television studios north of midtown, Metropolis at 106th Street and Park Avenue, where shows such as BET's 106 & Park and Chappelle's Show have been produced. PRdream.com, a web site on the history and culture of Puerto Ricans, founded a media gallery and digital film studio called MediaNoche in 2003. It presents technology-based art on Park Avenue and 102nd Street, providing exhibition space and residencies for artists and filmmakers, and webcasting events.

Police and crime

East Harlem is served by two precincts of the NYPD. The area north of 116th Street is served by the 25th Precinct, located at 120 East 119th Street, while the area south of 116th Street is served by the 23rd Precinct, located at 164 East 102nd Street.

The 25th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 62.1% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 16 murders, 12 rapes, 242 robberies, 382 felony assaults, 108 burglaries, 401 grand larcenies, and 66 grand larcenies auto in 2012. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 25th Precinct had a rate of 1,340 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.

The 23rd Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 69.7% between 1990 and 2021. The precinct reported 8 murders, 16 rapes, 189 robberies, 366 felony assaults, 109 burglaries, 383 grand larcenies, and 60 grand larcenies auto in 2021. Of the five major violent felonies (murder, rape, felony assault, robbery, and burglary), the 23rd Precinct had a rate of 819 crimes per 100,000 residents in 2019, compared to the boroughwide average of 632 crimes per 100,000 and the citywide average of 572 crimes per 100,000.

, Community District 11 has a non-fatal assault hospitalization rate of 130 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 49 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 59 per 100,000. Its incarceration rate is 1,291 per 100,000 people, compared to the boroughwide rate of 407 per 100,000 and the citywide rate of 425 per 100,000.

In 2019, the highest concentration of felony assaults in East Harlem was around the intersection of 125th Street and Lexington Avenue, where there were 39 felony assaults. This location is well known as an open-air drug market and hotspot of other crimes. The highest concentration of robberies, on the other hand, was around the intersection of 116th Street and Third Avenue, where there were 21 robberies. The Willis Avenue Bridge which connects East Harlem to the Mott Haven section of the Bronx has long been a hotspot for robbery.

Fire safety
East Harlem is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:
Engine Company 35/Ladder Company 14/Battalion 12 – 2282 Third Avenue
Engine Company 53/Ladder Company 43 – 1836 Third Avenue
Engine Company 58/Ladder Company 26 – 1367 Fifth Avenue
Engine Company 91 – 242 East 111th Street

Health

, preterm births and births to teenage mothers in East Harlem are higher than the city average. In East Harlem, there were 108 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.8 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size. East Harlem has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in East Harlem is , more than the city average. Eighteen percent of East Harlem residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In East Harlem, 28% of residents are obese, 17% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 23% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-four percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 76% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in East Harlem, there are 17 bodegas.

Metropolitan Hospital Center and Mount Sinai Hospital are both located in southern East Harlem. North General Hospital, which formerly served the area as well, is now closed. In addition, FDNY EMS Station 10 is located close to Metropolitan Hospital Center.

Fresh food

A lack of access to healthy food causes serious hardships to citizens of East Harlem, a neighborhood which is considered to be a food desert. According to an April 2008 report prepared by the New York City Department of City Planning, East Harlem is an area of the city with the highest levels of diet-related diseases due to limited opportunities for citizens to purchase fresh foods.

With a high population density and a lack of nearby supermarkets, the neighborhood has little access to fresh fruit and vegetables and a low consumption of fresh foods. Citizens of East Harlem are likely to buy food from grocery stores that have a limited supply of fruits and vegetables, which are often of poor quality and generally more expensive than the same products sold at supermarkets. Compared to the Upper East Side, supermarkets in Harlem are 30% less common. Without access to affordable produce and meats, East Harlem residents have difficulty eating a healthy diet, which contributes to high rates of obesity and diabetes.

In 2011, Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer announced a program which would send Veggie Vans to East Harlem senior centers and housing projects. In 2012, Whole Foods announced two uptown locations, one being on 125th Street and Lenox Avenue, the other in the Upper East Side. In 2010, Aldi's Grocery opened at the East River Plaza located at E. 117th St. and the FDR Drive, providing access to affordable food for East Harlem's residents. In 2013, a new Super FI Emperior Grocery store opened up in East Harlem on 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
East Harlem is located in two primary ZIP Codes. The area south of 116th Street is part of 10029 and the area north of 116th Street is part of 10035. The extreme northwestern portion of East Harlem is also located in 10037. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices near East Harlem:
Hellgate Station – 153 East 110th Street
Triborough Finance New Station – 118 East 124th Street

Education

East Harlem generally has a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . While 38% have a college education or higher, 25% have less than a high school education and 37% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of East Harlem students excelling in math rose from 25% in 2000 to 51% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 33% to 39% during the same time period.

East Harlem's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In East Harlem, 30% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, more than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 67% of high school students in East Harlem graduate on time, less than the citywide average of 75%.

As in other parts of the city, some schools require students pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter school buildings.

Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in East Harlem as part of Community School District 2. The following public elementary schools are located in East Harlem:

Central Park East I (grades PK–5)
Central Park East II (grades PK–8)
James Weldon Johnson School (grades PK–8)
Mosaic Preparatory Academy (grades PK–5)
PS 7 Samuel Stern (grades PK–8)
PS 30 Hernandez Hughes (grades PK–5)
PS 38 Roberto Clemente (grades PK–5)
PS 83 Luis Munoz Rivera (grades PK–5)
PS 96 Joseph Lanzetta (grades PK–8)
PS 102 Jacques Cartier (grades PK–5)

PS 108 Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro Educational Com (grades PK–8)
PS 112 Jose Celso Barbosa (grades PK–2)
PS 133 Fred R Moore (grades PK–5)
PS 138 (grades K-12)
PS 155 William Paca (grades PK–5)
PS 171 Patrick Henry (grades PK–8)
PS/MS 206 Jose Celso Barbosa (grades 3–8)
River East Elementary School (grades PK–5)
Tag Young Scholars (grades K–8)
The Bilingual Bicultural School (grades PK–5)
The Lexington Academy (grades PK–8)

The following public middle schools are located in East Harlem:
Esperanza Preparatory Academy (grades 6–12)
Isaac Newton MS For Math And Science (grades 6–8)
MS 224 Manhattan East School For Arts And Academy (grades 6–8)
Renaissance School of the Arts (grades 6–8)
Young Women's Leadership School, East Harlem (grades 6–12)

The following public high schools are located in East Harlem:
Harlem Renaissance High School (grades 9–12)
Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics (grades 9–12) – replaced Benjamin Franklin High School, a school which had the smallest graduating class in the city at the time of its closing.
PS 79 Horan School (grades 6–12)
The Heritage School (grades 9–12)

The public charter schools in East Harlem include:
Success Academy Harlem 2 of Success Academy Charter Schools (grades K–8)
Harlem Village Academy (grades K–9)
East Harlem Scholars Academies (grades PK–8)
Dream Charter School (grades PK–8)

St. Cecilia's School in East Harlem was closed by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York – which operates Catholic schools in Manhattan and the Bronx – in 1991.

Libraries

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches in East Harlem:
The Aguilar branch is located at 174 East 110th Street. The three-story Carnegie library opened in 1903 and was renovated in 1996. It is named for the author Grace Aguilar.
The 125th Street branch is located at 224 East 125th Street. The two-story Carnegie library opened in 1901 and was renovated in 2001.

Two additional NYPL branches are located nearby. The 96th Street branch is located at 112 East 96th Street, at the border with the Upper East Side, while the Harlem branch is located at 9 West 124th Street, near the border with Harlem.

Transportation

The Harlem River separates the Bronx and Manhattan, necessitating several spans between the two New York City boroughs. Three free bridges connect East Harlem and the Bronx: the Willis Avenue Bridge (for northbound traffic only), Third Avenue Bridge (for southbound traffic only), and Madison Avenue Bridge. In East Harlem, the Wards Island Bridge, also known as the 103rd Street Footbridge, connects Manhattan with Wards Island. The Triborough Bridge (officially the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) is a complex of three separate bridges that offers connections between Queens, East Harlem, and the Bronx.

Public transportation service is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The New York City Subway's IRT Lexington Avenue Line runs through East Harlem, with an express station at 125th Street (served by the ) as well as local stations at the 116th Street, 110th Street, 103rd Street, and 96th Street (served by the ). There is also a Second Avenue Subway station at 96th Street on the . MTA Regional Bus Operations  and  bus routes serve East Harlem as well. Metro-North Railroad has a commuter rail station at Harlem–125th Street, serving trains to the Lower Hudson Valley and Connecticut.

Notable people

Jack Agüeros (1934–2014), community activist, poet, writer, translator, and the former director of El Museo del Barrio.
Petra Allende (1920–2002), community activist
Marc Anthony (born 1968), singer
Frankie Cutlass (born 1971), DJ and record producer.
Arcángel (born 1985), reggaeton singer
ASAP Rocky (born 1988), rapper
Ray Barretto (1929–2006), musician
Joe Bataan (born 1942), singer
Walter Berry (born 1964), former professional NBA basketball player.
Mario Biaggi (1917-2015), decorated policeman and US Congressman
Frank Bonilla (1925–2010), academic of Puerto Rican descent; leading figure in Puerto Rican studies.
Joe Budden (born 1980), rapper and member of hip hop group Slaughterhouse.
Cam'ron (born 1976), rapper
Duke Carmel (1937–2021), former professional baseball player who played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball.
Daniel Celentano (1902–1980), artist
Frank Costello (1891–1973), mobster
Leonard Covello (1887–1982), educator, founder and first principal of Benjamin Franklin High School
Bobby Darin (1936–1973), singer
Julia de Burgos (1914–1953), poet
James De La Vega (), visual artist best known for his street aphorisms and muralist art.
Angelo Del Toro (1947–1994), politician
Nelson Antonio Denis, New York State Assemblyman
Dave East (born 1988), rapper
Erik Estrada (born 1949), actor.
Destiny Frasqueri (born 1992), rapper who performs under the stage name "Princess Nokia"
Giosue Gallucci (1865–1915), gangster
Joan Hackett (1934–1983), actress who appeared on television, film and stage.
Langston Hughes (1901–1967), writer and social activist
Jose Cha Cha Jimenez (born 1948), founder of the Young Lords
Jim Jones (born 1976), rapper
Roger Katan, architect, planner, sculptor, and activist.
DJ Kay Slay (born 1966), hip hop disc jockey
Fiorello H. La Guardia (1882–1947), Congressman and mayor of New York City
Burt Lancaster (1913–1994), actor and film producer
Lillian López (1925–2005), activist and librarian
Tommy Lucchese (1899–1967), mobster
Machito (1908–1984), musician
Vito Marcantonio (1902–1954), lawyer and politician
Alpo Martinez (born 1966), former drug dealer who rose to prominence alongside Azie Faison and Rich Porter in the mid-1980s in Harlem during the War on Drugs.
Soraida Martinez (born 1956), artist and designer
Thomas Minter (1924–2009), education official who served in the United States government and the government of New York City.
Monifah (born 1972), R&B singer-songwriter
 Edward Mosberg (1926-2022), Polish-American Holocaust survivor, educator, and philanthropist
Alice Neel (1900–1984), painter
Dael Orlandersmith, actress, poet and playwright known for her Obie Award-winning Beauty's Daughter and the 2002 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Drama, Yellowman.
Al Pacino (born 1940), actor
Tito Puente (1923–2000), musician
Ernesto Quiñonez (born 1969), writer
Anthony Salerno (1911–1992), mobster
Jonas Salk (1914-1995), virologist who developed polio vaccine
Ray Santos (1928–2019), Grammy Award-winning Latin musician.
Tupac Shakur (1971–1996), rapper and actor
Gregory Sierra (1937–2021), actor known for his roles as Detective Sergeant Chano Amengual on Barney Miller and as Julio Fuentes, the Puerto Rican neighbor of Fred G. Sanford on Sanford and Son.
Ronnie Spector (1943–2021) and the Ronettes, singers
Piri Thomas (1928–2011), writer
Joseph Valachi (1904–1971), gangster, notable as the first member of the Italian-American Mafia to publicly acknowledge its existence, and credited with popularization of the term Cosa Nostra.
Marilyn Zayas (born 1965), judge who became the first Latina on the Ohio District Courts of Appeals when she was elected in 2016.

In popular culture

Music
Ben E. King's song, "Spanish Harlem" (1961) and the 1966 cover of it by The Mamas & the Papas
Bob Dylan's song "Spanish Harlem Incident" from his album Another Side of Bob Dylan (1964)
Phil Ochs' song "Lou Marsh" from his album All the News That's Fit to Sing (1964)
Louie Ramirez's song "Lucy's Spanish Harlem" from his album In the Heart of Spanish Harlem (1967)
The Velvet Underground's song I'm Waiting for the Man (1967)
Elton John's "Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" from Honky Château (1972)
Paul Simon's song "Adios Hermanos" from his album Songs from The Capeman (1997)
Cocoa Brovaz, Tony Touch & Hurricane G's song, "Spanish Harlem" (1997)
Van Morrison's song "Contemplation Rose" from his anthology album "Philosopher's Stone" (1998)
Carlos Santana's songs "Maria Maria" and "Smooth" from his album Supernatural (1999)
Beirut's song, "East Harlem" (2011)
Edward W. Hardy's composition Flying (Dancing in Spanish Harlem) for Latin ensemble, alternative version for string quartet (2019)

Literature
Piri Thomas's memoir Down These Mean Streets (1967)
Ernesto Quiñonez's Spanish Harlem Trilogy, Bodega Dreams (2000), Chango's Fire (2005), Taina (2019)
Salvatore Mondello's novel A Sicilian in East Harlem (2005)
Nora Roberts's novel Salvation in Death (2008)

Film
The film Popi (1969), written by Tina Pine and Lester Pine and directed by Arthur Hiller
Nelson Denis's film Vote For Me! (2003)

Music videos
Frankie Cutlass's "Puerto Rico" music video was shot in Spanish Harlem (1994)
Jay-Z's "Death of Autotune" music video was shot inside Rao's Italian restaurant (2009)
ASAP Rocky's "Peso" music video features footage of East Harlem (2011)

Gallery

References

Notes

Further reading

Araujo, Richard, (5/3/03), Comedia Politica desde El Barrio , El Nuevo Dia
Bell, Christopher  East Harlem Remembered McFarland Publishing. 2013
Bell, Christopher  Images of America: East Harlem . Arcadia Publishing. 2003
Bell, Christopher  Images of America: East Harlem Revisited. Arcadia Publishing. 2010
Bourgois, Philippe. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995 (2002)
Cayo-Sexton, Patricia. 1965. Spanish Harlem: An Anatomy of Poverty. New York: Harper and Row.
Davila, Arlene. Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos and the Neoliberal City. University of California Press. 2004
Jennings, James, and Monte Rivera (eds.) (1984). Puerto Rican Politics in Urban America (Westport: Greenwood Press).
Mencher, Joan. 1989. Growing Up in Eastville, a Barrio of New York. New York: Columbia University Press.
Moreno Vega, Marta (2004). When the Spirits Dance Mambo: Growing Up Nuyorican in El Barrio (New York: Three Rivers Press).
Navarro, Mireya, (2003-5-6). "Smile, You're on Candidate Camera: With an Insider's Eye, a Film Skewers Harlem Politics", The New York Times
Padilla, Elena. 1992. Up From Puerto Rico. New York: Columbia University Press.
Quiñonez, Ernesto. Bodega Dreams. Random House (Vintage). 2000
Salas, Leonardo. "From San Juan to New York: The History of the Puerto Rican". America: History and Life. 31 (1990).
Thomas, Piri. Down These Mean Streets. Random House (Vintage). 1967
Wakefield, Dan. Island in the City: The World of Spanish Harlem (1959)
Zentella, Ana Celia (1997). Growing Up Bilingual: Puerto Rican Children in New York (Blackwell Publishers).

External links

Community Board 11

1860s establishments in New York (state)
African Americans in New York City
Chinatowns in New York City
Chinese-American culture in New York City
Cuban-American culture in New York (state)
Dominican-American culture in New York (state)
Hispanic and Latino American culture in New York City
Italian-American culture in New York City
Little Italys in the United States
Mexican-American culture in New York (state)
Neighborhoods in Manhattan
Populated places established in the 1860s
Puerto Rican culture in New York City
Sicilian-American culture

East Harlem


Raúl Vallarino, auch unter dem Pseudonym Richard Durant bekannt, (* 19. Juli 1951 in Montevideo) ist ein uruguayischer Schriftsteller und Journalist.

Vallarino, der teils unter dem Pseudonym Richard Durant publiziert hat, veröffentlichte 1995 seinen ersten Roman Síndrome. Im darauffolgenden Jahr gab er eine Anekdoten- und Erinnerungssammlung des uruguayischen Fernsehens mit dem Titel Todo comenzó en un galpón heraus. Für sein sodann erschienenes Werk Historias del vapor de la carrera wurde er mit dem Internationalen Preis der Fundación Philippe Cousteau ausgezeichnet. Der Roman Sueños de cebtre forward aus dem Jahre 1999 brachte ihm den Premio Integración, verliehen durch die Gemeinde Corvera, ein. 2001 erschien mit Nadie pensaba en ella ein weiterer Roman aus seiner Feder, dem er ein Jahr später die Novelle La mujer de la fotografía folgen ließ. Weitere Bücher Vallarinos sind La triple alianza (2007), der Roman Mi nombre es Patria (2008) und ¡Llamen al comisario Otero! (2008).

Vallarino ist Erfinder des seit 2001 bisher fünfmal abgehaltenen Maratón Nacional de Lectura. Von 2000 bis März 2005 war er Direktor der Uruguayischen Nationalbibliothek. Er leitete die Fernsehsendung Documento XXI und von 2000 bis 2003 die auf MONTECABLE gesendete Entre libros y autores. Von 2002 bis 2005 hatte er die Funktion des Gesandten Uruguays im Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en América Latina y el Caribe (CERLALC) inne. Vallarino ist Präsident des Centre de Gestión Cultural und beratendes Mitglied der Fundación Lolita Rubial.

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 342

Weblinks
 Biografie (spanisch) auf www.hdfilmaker.com, abgerufen am 8. März 2012
 Informationen über Raúl Vallarino (spanisch), abgerufen am 8. März 2012
 Literatur von und über Raúl Vallarino bei SUDOC (Verbund französischer Universitätsbibliotheken)
 Literatur von Raúl Vallarino bei Biblioteca Nacional de España

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Journalist (Uruguay)
Uruguayer
Geboren 1951
Mann

Raúl Vallarino


Klasisizm, Antik Yunan ve Roma sanatını temel alan tarihselci yaklaşım ve estetik tutumdur. "1660 ekolü" olarak da bilinir.

Klasisizm'in temel ögeleri kendi içinde soyluluk, sağ duyu ve akılcılık, uyum, açıklık, sınırlılık, evrensellik, idealizm, denge, ölçülülük, güzellik ve görkemliliktir. Yani bir eserin klasik sayılabilmesi için bu özellikleri barındırması gerekmektedir. Kısaca klasik bir eser, bir üslubun en yetkin ve en uyumlu ifadesini bulduğu eserdir. Klasisizm temellerini Rönesans aristokrasisinden alır. Klasisizm bir bakıma aristokrasinin ürünüdür. Kuralcılık olarak da bilinir.

Yeniden doğuş diye adlandırılan Rönesans döneminde gelişmiştir. Bu akımın izleri bir önceki dönemde Rebelais ve Montaigne'de, hatta Aristoteles'tedir.

Edebiyatta klasisizm
 17. yüzyıl'ın II. döneminde Fransa'da ortaya çıkmıştır.  Konusu eski Yunan ve Roma mitolojisinden alınmıştır. Mükemmeliyetçidir ve ana dil esas alınmıştır. "Sanat, sanat içindir." anlayışı benimsenmiştir. Sanatçılar eserlerinde kişiliklerini gizlemişlerdir. Eserlerde klasik, değişmeyen tipler oluşturulmuştur. Fiziksel ve sosyal çevre önemli değildir çünkü değişkendir. Kullanılan dil, seçkinlerin dilidir. Anlatım süssüz ve yalındır.
 Özellikle tiyatro ve deneme türlerinde gelişmiştir. Tiyatro eserlerinde "Üç birlik kuralı"na (Olay-yer-zaman birliği) uyulur. Önemli olan konu değil, konunun işlenişidir. Kahramanlar ruhsal özellikleriyle ele alınır. Akıl, sağduyu ve doğaya önem verilir. Konular, eski Yunan ve Latin kaynaklarından alınır. Düş ve duygu değil, mantık ve ölçü önemlidir.

Dünya edebiyatında klasisizmin önemli öncüleri ve temsilcileri
 Montaigne: Denemeler
 La Fontaine: Fabl
 Racine, Corneille: Trajedi
 Moliere: Komedi
 Boileau: Eleştiri
 Fenelon, Madame de la Fayette: Roman
 La Bruyere: Karakterler
 Bossuet: Hitabet
 Felsefe-düşüncede: Descartes, Pascal
 Türk edebiyatında: Direktör Ali Bey

Not: Türk edebiyatı sanatçıları Klasisizm akımının tüm özelliklerini göstermez. Örneğin Şinasi, Ahmet Vefik Paşa ve Direktör Ali Bey, "Sanat, sanat içindir" anlayışını benimsemek yerine "Sanat toplum içindir" anlayışını benimsemişlerdir.

 Bir diğer önemli husus ise bu akımın daha çok tiyatro akımı olmasıdır.
 Şinasi'nin La Fontaine'den, Ahmet Vefik Paşa'nın da Moliere'den yaptığı çeviri ve uyarlamalar ile klasizm tanzimat edebiyatı döneminde tanınmaya başlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Commons kategori bağlantısı yerelde tanımlı olan sayfalar

Klasisizm


Red Shoe Diaries is an American anthology erotic drama series that aired on Showtime cable network from 1992 to 1997 and was distributed by Playboy Entertainment overseas. It is a spinoff of the television film of the same name, directed by Zalman King. Most episodes were directed by either King or Rafael Eisenman.

The storylines usually have a plot revolving around romantic intrigue and the sexual awakening of a woman who often also narrates. Sensuous love scenes with nudity as well as sultry, moody music are characteristic for most episodes. There is no story arc or characters connecting the different stories other than Jake Winters introducing each episode.

Premise
Jake Winters (David Duchovny) places an ad in the newspaper under "Red Shoes", seeking women to mail in their personal diaries with stories of love, passion and/or betrayal. He is then shown walking on desolate train tracks with his dog Stella. He begins reading a letter from his post office box out loud that begins with "Dear Red Shoes..." In the pilot film, Jake lost his fiancée to suicide and discovered she kept a diary detailing an affair she had with a construction worker and shoe salesman who sold her a pair of red high heels. He placed the ad in the newspaper in an effort to make sense of his fiancée's secret life through the stories of women in similar situations. Each episode is devoted to a woman's story Jake receives, and begins and ends with Jake's comments to Stella.

Production
Zalman King conceived of an erotic TV series that would air on premium cable, which was then a burgeoning market as it was not beholden to MPAA ratings. With his wife and collaborator Patricia Louisianna Knop, King wrote the script for the television film Red Shoe Diaries, intending it to be the pilot for the anthology series. The film, in conjunction with four episodes, was pitched to Showtime in 1991.

Said King: "I wanted to do an anthology series from a very intimate, woman's point of view." He dismissed the term softcore to categorize his work because of its pornographic connotations, saying, "Eroticism has a real place in my vocabulary because [it] usually needs to move out of a relationship or some sort of tension and that's what I'm very interested in. I usually think of my work as romance." Producer David Saunders said, "We weren't interested in making porn. We wanted to make erotic movies with good stories that looked great, were well-acted, and that concerned women as well as men. Showtime's interests and our interests coincided." Of the show's content, writer Chloe King said, "It's not wham-bam thank you ma'am. There's more intellectual than physical foreplay." Lizzie Borden, Anne Goursaud, Mary Lambert, Nelly Alard, and Elise D'Haene were among the female writers and directors on the show.

David Duchovny was cast in The X-Files shortly after signing on to do the pilot film. Though his character's story is continued in the episode entitled "Jake's Story", he mostly appears as the series' narrator, bookending each episode.

Episodes were mostly filmed in Canoga Park in the San Fernando Valley. Later locations included Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Juarez, Mexico.

Episodes

Season 1 (1992)

Season 2 (1993)

Season 3 (1994)

Season 4 (1995)

Season 5 (1996)

Release

Syndication
Originally screened in the UK on Channel 5 in the 1990s, the channel screened several episodes back-to-back on August 30, 2021. Red Shoe Diaries episodes were also broadcast on the Canadian television channel Showcase in August 2010.

Reception
Though the series did not gain positive attention from critics, it was a major success for Showtime and helped boost the network's viewership to compete with HBO in the 1990s. It was the first softcore program to be touted by a premium cable network and to deliver consistently high ratings. Imitators and softcore series similarly aimed at female audiences sprang up in the wake of the show's popularity, including The Hunger, Emmanuelle in Space, Women: Stories of Passion, and Strangers. TV critics described the series as "both creator of 'art house' soft porn and savior of the kind of quality programming for which pay cable has also become known", and "innovative for its time...[for staying] true to its basic, lusty principles while adding music-video artiness, jumpy, nervy video cuts and dim mood lighting for a veneer of upscale, almost snooty, erotica. Lifetime with nudity."

Despite the series' foregrounding of a woman's perspective and inclusion of some lesbian story lines, it did receive criticism for its heavy featuring of female nudity, particularly since no male full frontal nudity was shown.

Home media
After the 1992 release of the pilot movie, episodes from the series were compiled on VHS, Laserdisc, and DVD as branded Red Shoe Diaries movies. Each compilation features three episodes.

 Red Shoe Diaries (1992)
 Red Shoe Diaries 2: Double Dare. "Safe Sex" / "You Have the Right to Remain Silent" / "Double Dare"
 Red Shoe Diaries 3: Another Woman's Lipstick. "Just Like That" / "Another Woman's Lipstick" / "Talk to Me Baby"
 Red Shoe Diaries 4: Auto Erotica. "Accidents Happen" / "Auto Erotica" / "Jake's Story"
 Red Shoe Diaries 5: Weekend Pass. "Double or Nothing" / "Bounty Hunter" / "Weekend Pass"
 Red Shoe Diaries 6: How I Met My Husband. "How I Met My Husband" / "Naked in the Moonlight" / "Midnight Bells"
 Red Shoe Diaries 7: Burning Up. "Runway" / "Kidnap" / "Burning Up"
 Red Shoe Diaries 8: Night of Abandon. "Night of Abandon" / "Liar's Tale" / "In the Blink of an Eye"
 Red Shoe Diaries 9: Hotline. "Gina" / "Hotline" / "Love at First Sight"
 Red Shoe Diaries 10: Some Things Never Change. "You Make Me Want to Wear Dresses" / "Some Things Never Change" / "Alphabet Girl"
 Red Shoe Diaries 11: The Game. "The Game" / "The Cake" / "Like Father, Like Son"
 Red Shoe Diaries 12: Girl on a Bike. "Girl on a Bike" / "Written Word" / "Borders of Salt"
 Red Shoe Diaries 13: Four on the Floor. "The Psychiatrist" / "Four on the Floor" / "Emily's Dance"
 Red Shoe Diaries 14: Luscious Lola. "Luscious Lola" / "The Last Motel" / "Mercy"
 Red Shoe Diaries 15: Forbidden Zone. "Forbidden Zone" / "The Art of Loneliness" / "The Picnic"
 Red Shoe Diaries 16: Temple of Flesh. "Temple of Flesh" / "Juarez" / "The Farmer's Daughter"
 Red Shoe Diaries 17: Swimming Naked. "Swimming Naked" / "Jump" / "Tears"
 Red Shoe Diaries 18: Strip Poker. "Strip Poker" / "Slow Train" / "Hard Labor"
 Red Shoe Diaries 19: As She Wishes. "As She Wishes" / "Billy Bar" / "Weightless"
 Red Shoe Diaries 20: Caged Bird. "Caged Bird" / "The Ex" / "The Teacher"

On June 17, 2014, Kino Lorber released Season 1 on DVD in Region 1. On the same day they also re-released Red Shoe Diaries - The Movie. Season 1 was also made available on Amazon Prime Video. The TV film and series (seasons 1-4) are also available on Tubi, a free streaming service.

Second Red Shoe Diaries TV pilot
In 2006, Zalman King wrote and directed a second, feature-length Red Shoe Diaries TV pilot. This pilot was completed but never aired.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Showtime (TV network) original programming
1990s American anthology television series
1992 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
Erotic television series
Nudity in television
Showcase (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Television series by CBS Studios
English-language television shows
Films directed by Zalman King

Red Shoe Diaries


Mayville Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Mayville Township (Minnesota)
 Mayville Township (North Dakota)

Mayville Township


مسييه 65 هي عبارة عن مجرة حلزونية تقع في كوكبة الأسد وتبعد عنا 22 مليون سنة ضوئية. اكتشفها شارل مسييه في عام 1780م ووضعها ضمن فهرسه، يبلغ قدرها الظاهري 10,25. وهي جزء من ثلاثية الأسد وهي مجموعة مجرات صغيرة تقع في كوكبة الأسد تتضمن ثلاث مجرات، فالمجرتان الأخرى ين هما: م66 والمجرة إن جي سي 3628.

مراجع

أجرام الفهرس العام الجديد
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1780
أجرام فهرس أوبسالا العام
اكتشافات شارل مسييه
ثلاثية الأسد
فهرس المجرات الرئيسية
فهرس مسييه
كوكبة الأسد
مجرات حلزونية متوسطة

مسييه 65


El arroyo Calera es un curso de agua uruguayo ubicado en el departamento de Lavalleja, perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica de la laguna Merín.

Nace en la cuchilla Grande, desemboca en el arroyo Marmarajá.

Calera
Calera

Arroyo Calera


Atractonotus mulsanti es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Atractonotus.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Atractonotus en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Anthiini

Atractonotus


PCMan File Manager (PCManFM) este  un manager de fișiere (aplicație de gestionare a fișierelor) pentru GNU/Linux dezvoltat de Hong Jen Yee din Taiwan. Publicat sub licența publică generală GNU, PCManFM este software open source și respectă specificațiile Freedesktop.org pentru interoperabilitate în software-ul liber. PCManFM este bazat pe Qt și, de asemenea, managerul standard de fișiere din mediul grafic LXDE,  dezvoltat de același autor.
PCManFM este inclus implicit în distribuții cum ar fi Lubuntu, Bodhi Linux, LXLE Linux și majoritatea distribuțiilor GNU/Linux care oferă mediul desktop LXDE.

Istoric
PCManFM a fost lansat în 2006 ca primă componentă a mediului desktop LXDE. În 2010, PCManFM a fost rescris de la zero pentru lansarea versiunii 1.0 (PCManFM2, versiuni ≥0.9). Aceste versiuni includ suport pentru sistemul de fișiere virtuale Gnome.
Prima versiune a PCManFM bazată pe Qt, a fost lansată pe 26 martie 2013. Ultima versiune este 1.2.5, din 12 decembrie 2016.

Caracteristici
Caracteristicile PCManFM includ:
gestionarea desktopului - afișare de icoane pe desktop și imagini de fundal
lucrul cu mai multe tab-uri
vizualizare cu pictograme (compactă, detaliată a listei și vizualizare miniatură)
pictograme pe desktop
navigare prin fișiere
asocierea fișierelor (aplicație implicită)
suportul pentru sistemul gnome virtual (GVfs)
drag and drop
bookmarks
suportul inotify (experimental)
furnizează o vedere arborescentă a directoarelor
este multilingual

Note

Vezi și
Dolphin
Konqueror
Krusader
Nautilus
Thunar

Legături externe

How To Use ArchLinux's Pacman Package Manager In Other Unix-like OSs
PCMan File Manager 0.4.5 Review

LXDE
Managere de fișiere
Software pentru Linux

PCManFM


St. Mary's (Whitechapel Road) was a station on the District and Metropolitan lines of the London Underground. It was located between Whitechapel and Aldgate East stations, in the East End of London.

It was opened in 1884 on the Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Joint Railway, and served initially, albeit briefly, by the South Eastern Railway, then and for much of its existence jointly by the Metropolitan Railway and the District Railway; the route is now served by the District and Hammersmith & City lines. The station was closed in 1938 in advance of the relocation of Aldgate East to within minimal distance, rendering St. Mary's inessential. The station building was severely damaged during the Blitz of the Second World War and subsequently was demolished.

History

Opened on 3 March 1884 as St. Mary's (Whitechapel), the station was on the Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Joint Railway, and initially used by the South Eastern Railway; this service was withdrawn on 1 October 1884 and one week later the services were taken over jointly by the Metropolitan Railway and the District Railway. The station was small and cramped, and was located very close to both Whitechapel and Aldgate East stations, just before the junction to the East London Line.

In 1938, Aldgate East was relocated further eastwards and given a new entrance only a few hundred yards from St. Mary's (Whitechapel Road) rendering the latter surplus to requirements. It was permanently closed after the last train on 30 April 1938 in advance of the resiting of Aldgate East.

During the Second World War, the station site was leased from London Transport by the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney for use as an air-raid shelter. The edges of the platforms were bricked up to separate the shelter areas from the still-used tracks. On 22 October 1940, during the early months of the Blitz, the street-level station building was hit by a bomb and severely damaged. Its temporary replacement was also hit a few months later. The structure was subsequently demolished, hence little evidence of the station's existence now remains above ground, and its site is occupied by a car dealership.

The bricked-up platforms are still accessible to London Underground staff via an anonymous door off Whitechapel Road. Below ground, it is still possible to make out where the station was, as the barrel-vaulted roof and bricked-off platforms are still just visible from passing trains. Sometimes, trains travelling from Whitechapel to Aldgate East are held at signals, resulting in the train stopping abreast of the old St. Mary's platform.

St. Mary's Curve
The connection line leading to the old East London Line is still called the St. Mary's Curve. For many years the line was only used to transfer rolling stock between the East London and Metropolitan lines. Loading gauge restrictions for the stock meant that, although the curve was double tracked, trains could only pass in one direction at any one time. When illuminated, it can easily be seen from the left-hand side of East London Line trains entering Whitechapel from the south and can still be seen from the right-hand side of District line trains entering the station from the west. Since re-opening as part of the London Overground in 2010, the former East London Line no longer shares rolling stock with the Metropolitan line. As a result, St. Mary's Curve is no longer used, but the tunnel still exists. The points at St. Mary's Curve were removed in 2009.

References

External links

 Abandoned Stations - St. Mary's (Whitechapel Road)
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

 BBC News - Rare tour inside an abandoned tube station

District line stations
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Hammersmith & City line stations
Disused London Underground stations
Former Metropolitan and Metropolitan District Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1884
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1938
Buildings and structures in Whitechapel
1884 establishments in England
1938 disestablishments in England
Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom

St Mary's (Whitechapel Road) tube station


Frodo Baggins, J. R. R. Tolkien'in kurgusal Orta Dünya evreni 'ninde bir karakter.

Frodo Baggins, Shire'lı bir hobbit ve "Yüzük Taşıyıcısı"dır. Üçüncü Çağ 2968'de doğan Frodo, Drogo Baggins ile Primula Brandybuck'ın oğludur. Çocukluğunda yetim kalan Frodo, amcası Çıkın Çıkmazı'nda yaşayan Bilbo Baggins tarafından evlat edinilmiştir. Bir Hobbit için pek maceracı olan Bilbo, aynı zamanda çok iyi bir eğitim almıştı ve hem bir şarkı yazarı hem de Elf gelenekleri ile dili konusunda uzman sayılırdı.

3001 yılında Bilbo yeni maceralara atılmak için  Shire'ı terk edeceği sırada Gandalf, Bilbo'da ki yüzüğün tek yüzük olabileceğini düşündü ve giderken yüzüğü Frodo'ya bırakmasını istedi. Bu Bilbo için çok zor olsa da yüzüğü Frodo ya bırakmak zorunda kaldı. Gandalf Minas Tirith'e giderek yüzük hakkında bilgiler topladı. Artık emindi o yüzük İsildur'un Sauron'un parmaklarını kesip aldığı yüzüktü. Frodo'yu hemen Yüzük Seferi'ne yolladı.

Gandalf Frodo'ya onu Sıçrayan Midilli Han'ında bekleyeceğini söyledi ancak Gandalf Saruman tarafından alıkoyuldu. Frodo, Sam Merry ve Pippin ile hana varınca Gandalf'ı orada bulamadı. Orada onları Gandalf'ın dostu olan Yolgezer yani Aragorn buldu. Aragorn 4 hobbiti Nazgulların saldırısından son anda kurtardı. Aragorn, Frodo Merry Pippin ve Sam ile birlikte Ayrıkvadi'ye götürmek için yola çıktı. Frodo ona güvendi ve Ayrıkvadi'ye doğru yola çıktılar. Bir hayli yol kat ettikten sonra Aragorn Frodo ve diğerlerini dinlenmek için Amon Sul Kulesi'ne götürdü. Aragorn etrafı kollamaya gittiğinde Frodo uyumuştu, Sam, Merry, Pippin yemek yemek için ateş yakmışlardı ki Frodo birden uyanıp ateşi söndürdü tam o anda Kara Süvari'ler onları fark etti ve Nazgûl'lerin lideri Angmarlı Cadı Kral onu zehirli Minas Morgul hançeriyle bıçakladı. Tam o sırada Aragorn 9 süvariyle baş edip, Frodo ve diğerlerini kurtardı. elf lordu Glorfindel yetişip Frodo'yu iyileştirmesi için  Elrond'a götürdüler. Ayrıkvadi'deki yüce divana Frodo da katıldı. yüzüğü taşımaya gönüllü biri çıkmayınca gönüllü oldu ve Yüzük Kardeşliği'nin bir üyesi oldu. Daha sonra yolculuğa devam ettiler. Moria Madenleri'nden geçerken büyücü Gandalf'ı kaybettiler, daha sonra da Boromir'i... Merry ile Pippin kaçırıldı; Aragorn, Legolas ve Gimli onları takip ettiler. Sam ise onu hiç yalnız bırakmadı.

Tam Mordor'a gidecekken Faramir, Frodo, Gollum ve Sam'i esir aldı. Güç yüzüğünün Frodo da olduğunu öğrenen Faramir onları Osgiliath'a götürdü. Osgiliath'a Nazgul saldırısının ardından Faramir canı pahasına onları serbest bıraktı.

Frodo, Mordor yolunda devasa bir örümcek tarafından zehirlendi ve Sam, Frodo öldü sanıp yüzüğü ondan aldı. Ama orklar onları esir aldı. Frodo yüzüğü yok ettikten sonra Shire'a geri döndü. Sonra da ölümsüz diyar Aman'a yelken açtı.

Kaynakça

Orta Dünya hobbitleri
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Edebiyat karakterleri
J.R.R.Tolkien karakterleri
Yüzüklerin Efendisi karakterleri

Frodo Baggins


Tekerleme sözcüğü ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:
 Tekerleme, çocuk ve halk edebiyatında ölçülü ve kafiyeli sözler dizisi
 Tekerleme (tiyatro), Orta oyununda, özellikle Kavuklu'nun kullandığı sözler.

Tekerleme (anlam ayrımı)


دراجيل إحدى قرى مركز الشهداء التابع لمحافظة المنوفية في جمهورية مصر العربية، ويحدها قرى طوخ دلكة وكفر ربيع وكفر الشبع وعمروس وكفر السوالمية وساحل الجوابر.

التاريخ
قرية دراجيل من القرى القديمة، حيث وردت باسم «دراجين» في أعمال جزيرة بني نصر ضمن قرى الروك الصلاحي التي أحصاها ابن مماتي في كتاب قوانين الدواوين، كما وردت باسم «دراجين» في أعمال جزيرة بني نصر ضمن قرى الروك الناصري التي أحصاها ابن الجيعان في كتاب «التحفة السنية بأسماء البلاد المصرية». وفي العصر العثماني وردت باسم «دراجين» في التربيع العثماني الذي أجراه الوالي العثماني سليمان باشا الخادم في عصر السلطان العثماني سليمان القانوني ضمن قرى ولاية جزيرة بني نصر، وفي تاريخ 1228هـ/1813م الذي عدّ قرى مصر بعد المسح الذي قام به محمد علي باشا باسم «دراجيل» ضمن قرى مديرية المنوفية.

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان دراجيل 19,074 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء الرسمي لعام 2006.

انظر أيضاً
 قائمة قرى محافظة المنوفية

مصادر

قرى الشهداء

دراجيل


Augan (Gallo Augan, bretonisch Algam) ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Morbihan in der Region Bretagne. Sie gehört zum Kanton Guer im Arrondissement Vannes.

Geografie
Augan liegt 47 Kilometer von Vannes und 83 Kilometer von Lorient entfernt auf einer Höhe zwischen 40 und 144 m über dem Meer. Das Gemeindegebiet wird vom Fluss Oyon durchquert.

Geschichte
Augan wurde im Jahr 833 zum ersten Mal als Algam erwähnt (835: Alcam, 1179: Algan, 1330: Augon, 1466: Augam, 1630: Oguan).
Die 1825 entdeckte Allée couverte von Roherman liegt östlich von Augan.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Dialekt
Augan gehört zu dem Gebiet der Bretagne, in dem Gallo gesprochen wurde.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche Saint-Marc-Saint-Joseph
 Allée couverte de la Coudraie

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes du Morbihan. Flohic Editions, Band 1, Paris 1996, ISBN 2-84234-009-4, S. 395–397.

Weblinks

Ort in der Bretagne
Ersterwähnung 833
Gemeindegründung 1790

Augan


الأرشيف العثماني هو مجموعة المصادر التاريخية التي تعود إلى العهد العثماني. وهي تضم وثائق تهم 39 بلدا مختلفا من بينها 19 بلدا في منطقة الشرق الأوسط، و11 بلدًا في البلقان، وثلاث بلدان في القوقاز، وبلدين في وسط آسيا، وقبرص بالإضافة إلى تركيا ذاتها بطبيعة الحال. من أهم دور الأرشيف العثماني أرشيف مجلس رئاسة الوزراء في قصر يلدز إستانبول، تحت اشراف مركز الأبحاث للتاريخ والفنون والثقافة الإسلامية.

التعريف بالأرشيف العثماني

اصطلح الباحثون المهتمون بدور الأرشيف والوثائق العثمانية الموجودة بتركيا على إطلاق مصطلح الأرشيف العثماني على أرشيف رئاسة الوزراء الموجود بحي السلطان أحمد في مدينة إستانبول. أما غيره من دور الأرشيف التركية فتذكر مركبة، بإضافة المقر الذي تحفظ فيه الوثائق المتعلقة بالدولة العثمانية. مثل أرشيف طوب قابي، الذي يقصد به الوثائق المحفوظة بمتحف طوب قابي الواقع في مدينة إستانبول؛ وأرشيف البحرية الذي يشكل قسماً من المتحف البحري الذي يضم عددًا كبيرًا من الوثائق الخاصة بالبحرية العثمانية، ويقع في مدينة إستانبول كذلك. وأرشيف الخارجية الذي يضم وثائق مهمة عن التاريخ العثماني وعلاقاته الخارجية، وإن كانت الوثائق التي يحويها لا تصل إلى مستوى الأرشيفين السابقين من حيث كمية الوثائق. وهو أيضاً يقع في إستانبول.

أما الأرشيف العثماني التابع لرئاسة مجلس الوزراء فهو الأرشيف العالمي الذي يتناول تاريخ الدولة العثمانية من نشأتها عام 699هـ (1299م) إلى سقوطها عام 1342هـ (1924م). ويعد ثالث أكبر أرشيف في العالم من حيث كمية الوثائق التي يضمها، وقد تم تصنيف 35 % فقط من مجموع وثائقه التي تبلغ مئة وخمسين مليون وثيقة. وهذه الوثائق التي تتناول مختلف مناحي الحياة الثقافية والسياسية والاقتصادية والصحية والاجتماعية، تعد مصدرًا تاريخيًا مهمًا، لا مندوحة للباحثين في تاريخ الدولة العثمانية عن الرجوع إليه، والاستفادة من مقتنياته.

إضافة إلى كمية الوثائق التي يحويها الأرشيف العثماني وتنوعها، من حيث تعلقها بتاريخ البلاد التي دخلت تحت حوزتها، فإن الاهتمام الذي يوليه إيَّاه الباحثون من مختلف أنحاء العالم، لدليل واضح على أهميته، والدور المهم الذي يضطلع به في توفير المادة العلمية للحقبة التي يدرسها أولئك الباحثون.

وعلى الرُغم من الأهمية البالغة للأرشيف العثماني، والوثائق التي يحويها في الفترة الممتدة أربعة قرون - على أقل تقدير - من تاريخ البلاد العربية في الحكم العثماني، فقد كانت تلك الأهمية غائبة عن أنظار كثير من الباحثين الذين يبحثون في تاريخ البلاد العربية المعاصر، كما أن علاقة هذا الأرشيف بدور الأرشيف العربية كانت غائبة عن أنظار مسؤوليها أنفسهم، وكذلك عن أنظار الباحثين بشكل عام.

أنواع تصانيف الأرشيف العثماني

لقد تم تصنيف وثائق الأرشيف العثماني على ثلاثة أقسام:

القسم الأول
تصنيف الدفاتر ويقصد بالدفاتر السجلات المتسلسلة التي دونت فيها القرارات المتخذة في الدولة العثمانية بدائرتي الديوان والمالية، للموضوعات التي صدر بشأنها قرار. وأقدمها في الأرشيف العثماني يعود إلى عام 835هـ/1432م وهي الدفاتر الخاصة بالأراضي والتمليكات.

تنقسم دفاتر الأرشيف العثماني إلى أنواع كثيرة. منها:
 دفاتر الديوان الهمايوني، التي تقع أيضاً على أنواع. منها: دفاتر المهمة، ودفاتر الأحكام، ودفاتر الشكاوى، ودفاتر الدول الأجنبية، ودفاتر الجماعات الأقلية من غير المسلمين، ودفاتر أذون السفن، ودفاتر النفي والقصاص، ودفاتر التحرير.. إلخ.
 دفاتر المالية المعروفة بالباب الدفتري، التي تنقسم إلى ستة وثلاثين نوعاً. منها: دفاتر حسابات الأناضول، ودفاتر العساكر المنصورة، ودفاتر روزنامجه الذي كان يتولَّى الحسابات اليومية والأعمال الجارية في الباب الدفتري، ودفاتر الجزية، ودفاتر حسابات الحرمين الشريفين، ودفاتر الأوقاف، ودفاتر المعادن، ودفاتر التشريفات، ودفاتر الانكشارية.. إلخ.
 دفاتر الباب العالي التي تتفرع إلى: دفاتر دائرة الصدارة، بمختلف أنواعها، ودفاتر أوراق الباب العالي التي تحوي كثيراً من الموضوعات الخاصة بالجزيرة العربية، ودفاتر الدوائر الأخرى التابعة للباب العالي.
 دفاتر قصر يلدز بقسميها: دفاتر المعروضات، ودفاتر تصنيف يلدز.
 دفاتر النظارات (الوزارات) والولايات والمفتشيات العامة والدوائر الحكومية الكبيرة. مثل: دفاتر نظارة الداخلية، ودفاتر نظارة الخارجية، ودفاتر نظارة الصحة، ودفاتر نظارة المعارف، ودفاتر الولايات..إلخ، ويبلغ عدد تلك الدفاتر بمجموع أنواعها ثلاثمائة ألف دفتر.

القسم الثاني
تصانيف وثائق الأرشيف العثماني، وهي على ستة أنواع رئيسة:

 وثائق الديوان الهمايوني والباب الآصفي.
 وثائق الباب الدفتري (المالية).
 وثائق الباب العالي.
 وثائق قصر يلدز.
 وثائق النظارات والولايات والمفتشيات العامة والدوائر الحكومية الكبيرة.
 وثائق التصانيف الأخرى. وهي: تصنيف علي أميري، وتصنيف ابن الأمين، وتصنيف المعلم جودت، وتصنيف الخط الهمايوني، وتصنيف الفرمانات المذهبة، وتصنيف المعاهدات.
والتصانيف الفرعية لتلك الأنواع الرئيسة، التي تتعلق بتاريخ الجزيرة العربية هي بشكل عام: الإرادة الخصوصية، الإرادة الداخلية، الإرادة العسكرية، الإرادة – مجلس مخصوص، الإرادة – المسائل المهمة، أوراق يلدز الأساس، التصنيف الملفي للإرادات، جودت – الداخلية، الخارجية، الخطوط الهمايونية، الداخلية - الاتصالات العامة، الداخلية – سياسي، الداخلية – شفرة، الداخلية – قلم مخصوص، شورى الدولة، الصدارة – قلم المكتوبي، العينيَّات، غرفة الباب العالي، مجلس والا [أي المجلس العالي، وهو مجلس شورى]، المعاهدات، مقاطعة الحرمين، يلدز – خصوصي معروضات، يلدز – رسمي معروضات.. إلخ.

القسم الثالث
أوعية المعلومات الأخرى في الأرشيف العثماني، وهي:
 الخرائط.
 المخططات.
 ألبومات الصور، وهي على ثلاثة أقسام:
 * الصور المحفوظة ضمن فهارس أوراق مفتشية الروملي المتفرقة.
 *الصور المحفوظة ضمن أوراق الصدر الأعظم كامل باشا في أوراق يلدز الأساس.
 *الصور المحفوظة في دفاتر تصنيف يلدز.
 المقتنيات الأخرى التي حصل عليها الأرشيف من الأفراد.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع الأرشيف العثماني.

الحكومة العثمانية
تاريخ الدولة العثمانية

الأرشيف العثماني