Hugo Emil Alfvén (; 1 May 18728 May 1960) was a Swedish composer, conductor, violinist, and painter.

Career

Violinist
Alfvén was born in Stockholm, Sweden, and studied at the Royal College of Music (Kungliga Musikhögskolan) from 1887 to 1891 with the violin as his main instrument while receiving lessons from Lars Zetterquist. He also took private composition lessons from Johan Lindegren, a leading counterpoint expert. At the same time he played the violin at the Royal Opera in Stockholm 1890-1892.

Conductor
Starting in 1897, Alfvén travelled much of the next ten years in Europe. He studied violin technique in Brussels with César Thomson and learned conducting in Dresden with Hermann Ludwig Kutzschbach. In 1903-4 he was formally professor of composition at the Royal Conservatory, Stockholm. From 1910 Alfvén was Director musices (music director) at the University of Uppsala (a post he held until 1939). There he also directed the male voice choir Orphei Drängar (or 'O.D.') (until 1947). He conducted in festivals at Uppsala (1911), Dortmund (1912), Stuttgart (1913), Gothenburg (1915), and Copenhagen (1918–1919). He toured Europe as a conductor throughout his life. He received a Ph.D. honoris causa from Uppsala in 1917 and became a member of the Royal Academy of Music in Stockholm in 1908. Alfvén recorded some of his orchestral music in stereo late in 1954 (the first classical stereo recordings made in Sweden); the recordings were issued on LP in the U.S. by Westminster Records. A three-CD collection of Alfvén's recordings as a conductor has been issued.

Music

Alfvén became known as one of Sweden's principal composers of his time, together with his contemporary Wilhelm Stenhammar. Alfvén's music is in a late Romantic idiom. His orchestration is skillful and colorful, reminiscent of that of Richard Strauss. Like Strauss, Alfvén wrote a considerable amount of program music. Some of Alfvén's music evokes the landscape of Sweden.

Among his works are a large number of pieces for male voice choir, five symphonies and three orchestral "Swedish Rhapsodies." The first of these rhapsodies, Midsommarvaka, is his best known piece.

Alfvén's five symphonies, the first four of them now several times recorded (with another cycle in progress), give a picture of the composer's musical progress. The first, in F minor, his Op. 7 from 1897, is an early work, tuneful in a standard four movements. The second, in D major (1898–99), his Op. 11 (and in a way his graduation piece, as recounted at ) concludes with a substantial, even powerful chorale-prelude and fugue in D minor. The third symphony, in E major, Op. 23 (1905), also in four movements, more mature in technique though light in manner, was inspired by a trip to Italy. The fourth symphony, in C minor, Op. 39 of 1918–9 "From the Outermost Skerries" (there is also a tone-poem, A Legend of the Skerries), is a symphony in one forty-five-minute movement using wordless voices, inspired by Carl Nielsen's Sinfonia Espansiva. The 5th, in A minor, begun 1942, is one of the composer's last works, and has been recorded only twice in full (recordings and performances of the 5th, while rare enough, are usually of its quarter-hour first movement).

Naxos Records and BIS Records among others have either collections or groups of individual recordings covering all of his symphonies and a range of his works. Brilliant Classics has licensed and re-issued the 5-CD set from BIS devoted to Alfvén that includes the symphonies and other orchestral works.

Swedish Rhapsody No. 1

The first rhapsody – Swedish Rhapsody No. 1, also known as Midsommarvaka (Midsummer Vigil) – was written in 1903 and is often simply called the "Swedish Rhapsody." It is the best-known piece composed by Alfvén and also one of the best-known pieces of music in Sweden.

Painter and writer
Alfvén's contributions were multi-dimensional and also included painting and writing. He was a talented watercolorist and once thought to devote himself entirely to painting. He also was a gifted writer. His four-volume autobiography has been called "captivating" and provides significant insight into the musical life of Sweden, in which Alfvén was a central figure for well over half a century.

Personal life
Alfvén was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on 1 May 1872.
He was married three times. His first marriage (1912–1936) was to the Danish painter Marie Triepcke (1867–1940), who had previously been married to the painter Peder Severin Krøyer (1851–1909). After his divorce from Marie in 1936, he married Carin Wessberg (1891–1956). They were together for two decades (1936–1956) before she died. He married Anna Lund (1891–1990) in 1959.
He died on 8 May 1960 in Falun, Sweden, just after his 88th birthday.

His daughter Margita Alfvén became a film star in the silent era.  His nephew Hannes Alfvén received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics.

List of musical works
When Hugo Alfvén died, his musical archive was handed over to the University of Uppsala and Jan Olof Rudén was then responsible for filing Alfvén's music, trying to create order in the chaos of a total of 214 works. The works of the composer were officially filed and opus numbered to a total of 54 musical compositions.  Alfvén's works were filed according to a Rudén number along with a catalog for an opus number. Rudén has thereby attempted to classify based on other data. There still exist documents to which neither date nor Opus/Rudén number has been accorded.

In the following works below, it may be that some opus numbers contain more than one title. Opus number 48 was never used or at least recovered.

Orchestral
 Opus 7 | Rudén 24: Symphony No. 1 in F minor (Composed in 1897)
 1st movement: Grave – Allegro con brio
 2nd movement: Andante
 3rd movement: Allegro, molto scherzando
 4th movement: Allegro, ma non troppo
 Opus 11 | Rudén 28: Symphony No. 2 in D major (Composed in 1899) (Mainz 1901)
 1st movement: Moderato
 2nd movement: Andante
 3rd movement: Allegro
 4th movement: Fugue, Allegro energico
 Opus 19 | Rudén 45: Swedish Rhapsody No. 1, Midsommarvaka (Completed in 1903) (Copenhagen 1908)
 Opus 20 | Rudén 49: Symphonic poem, En skärgardssägen (First performed 1905) (Stockholm 1921)
 Opus 23 | Rudén 54: Symphony No. 3 in E major (Completed in 1905)
 1st Movement: Allegro con brio
 2nd Movement: Andante
 3rd Movement: Presto
 4th Movement: Allegro con brio
 Opus 24 | Rudén 58: Swedish Rhapsody No. 2, Uppsalarapsodi (Composed in 1907) (Stockholm 1907)
 Opus 25 | Rudén 59: Festspel for theatre (Composed in 1907) (Stockholm 1908)
 Opus 26 | Rudén 67: Fest-Ouverture (Composed in 1909)
 Opus 27 | Rudén 62: Drapa (Composed in 1908)
 Opus 37 | Rudén 99: Bergakungen (The Mountain King), ballet-pantomime (Composed in 1916 − 1923) (Stockholm 1923)
 Opus 38 | Rudén 92: Elégie (At Emil Sjögren's Funeral)
 Opus 39 | Rudén 93: Symphony No. 4 in C minor, Från havsbandet (From the Outskirts of the Archipelago) (Completed in 1919) (Vienna 1922)
 1st Movement: Moderato – Allegretto, ma non troppo
 2nd Movement: Allegro – Moderato – Allegro
 3rd Movement: Lento – Maestoso – Molto appassionato
 4th Movement: Allegro agitato
 Opus 42 | Rudén 109: Hjalmar Brantings Sorgmarsch
 Opus 47 | Rudén 120: Swedish Rhapsody No. 3, Dalarapsodi (Completed in 1931)
 Opus 49 | Rudén 121: Elegy (from Gustav II Adolf)
 Opus 52 | Rudén 201: Festival Overture
 Opus 50 | Synnöve Solbakken, Suite from the film music, after Norwegian melodies (1934)
 Opus 53 | En Bygdesaga (A Country Tale), Suite from music for the film Mans Kvinna (1944)
 Opus 54 | Rudén 209: Symphony No. 5 in A minor
 1st Movement: Lento – Allegro non troppo
 2nd Movement: Andante
 3rd Movement: Lento – Allegro – Presto molto agitato
 4th Movement: Finale: Allegro con brio
  Rudén 214: The Prodigal Son, ballet suite

Voice and orchestra
 Opus 13 | Rudén 33: The Bells, baritone and orchestra
 Opus 15 | Rudén 39: The Lord's Prayer, chorus, soloists, orchestra
 Opus 30 | Rudén 76: Ballade, baritone, male chorus and orchestra
 Opus 33 | Rudén 83: Baltic Exhibition Cantata (1914)
 Opus 40 | Rudén 98: Ode on Gustavus Vasa, soli, mixed voices, orchestra

Cantatas
 Opus 12 | Rudén: Vid sekelskiftet (At the Turn of the Century)
 Opus 31 | Rudén: Uppenbarelsekantaten (Revelation Cantata)
 Opus 36 | Rudén: Kantat vid Reformationsfesten i Uppsala 1917 (Cantata for the 1917 Reformation Festivities in Uppsala)
 Opus 45 | Rudén: Kantat vid Uppsala Universitets 450-årsjubileum (Cantata for the 450th Anniversary of Uppsala University)

Chamber music
 Opus 1 | Rudén 12: Sonata for violin and piano
 Opus 3 | Rudén 21: Romance, violin and piano
 Opus 5 | Rudén 25: Notturno Elegiaco, horn and organ
 Liten svit för soloflöjt ur Mostellaria (Little Suite for Solo Flute)

Other
 piano pieces
 songs

In popular culture

Hugo Alfvén is the most probable source of inspiration for the character "Karsten From" found in the novel De Dødes Rige (The Kingdom of the Dead) by Danish author Henrik Pontoppidan.

References

External links
The Hugo Alfvén Society
MusicWeb article on the Alfvén symphonies (review of the BIS CD set)

1872 births
1960 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Swedish male musicians
20th-century Swedish musicians
Ballet composers
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Musicians from Stockholm
Romantic composers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Uppsala University alumni

Hugo Alfvén


An Elionurus planifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephen Andrew Renvoize. An Elionurus planifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elionurus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elionurus

Elionurus planifolius


පංචමකාර, හෙවත් පංච 'ම' කාර යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ තන්ත්‍රික පූජාවක දී භාවිතාවන ද්‍රව්‍ය පහක් උදෙසා භාවිතා වන තන්ත්‍රික යෙදුමකි.

  (මද්‍යසාර)
  (මස්)
  (මත්ස්‍යයින්)
  (මුද්‍රා)
  (ලිංගික)

මේවාත් බලන්න
ගණචක්‍ර

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රේයයන්
Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1993). Discourses on Tantra. Ananda Marga.
Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1985). Namah Shiváya Shántáya. Ananda Press.
Avalon, Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe). Mahanirvana Tantra. online text
Rawson, Philip (1978). The Art of Tantra. Thames & Hudson Ltd.

තන්ත්‍රික පූජා විධි

පංචමකාර


Banks çamı (Pinus banksiana), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından anavatanı Kuzey Amerika Kanada'nın batısı, Kayalık Dağları ve Birleşik Devletler olan bir çam türü.

Büyük bir ağaç değildir, 9-22 m' ye kadar boy yapar. Bazen çalı formundadır. Bu çam türü kumlu topraklarda veya kayalık yerlerde görülür. Kozalaklar uzun yıllar kapalı kalır. İğne yapraklar ikili, sarımsı yeşil ve 2–4 cm uzunluğundadır. Kozalaklar 3–5 cm uzunluğunda, küçükçedir.

Banks
Doğu Kanada florası

Banks çamı


An Habenaria mossii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Graham Williamson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni John Charles Manning. An Habenaria mossii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria mossii


La statue-menhir du Puech de Naudène, appelée aussi statue-menhir de Haute Vergne, est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Lacaune, dans le département du Tarn en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1985 au lieu-dit Puech de Naudène près du hameau de Haute Vergne, lors de travaux agricoles, au sommet d'une crête dominant la dépression de Lacaune et tout l'Aveyron méridional. Elle a été sculptée et gravée sur une dalle de grès permien importé, les sites d'extraction les plus proches sont situés dans un rayon de . Elle mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

La statue est complète et en bon état bien que le dos soit légèrement usé. C'est une statue masculine. Le visage est complet (yeux, nez, tatouages), tous les membres supérieurs et inférieurs sont visibles. La main droite ne comporte que trois doigts, les jambes sont disjointes. Au dos, les crochets-omoplates et la chevelure sont marqués. Le personnage porte une ceinture à boucle rectangulaire et tient « l'objet » dans sa main droite.

La statue originale est conservée chez le propriétaire.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Tarn
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Liens externes

 Statue-menhir du Puech de Naudène (construit par photogrammétrie)

Puech de Naudène
Site mégalithique dans le Tarn

Statue-menhir du Puech de Naudène


هريسيفسكي (Гресівське) هي مدينة في مقاطعة كريم في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 9733   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

هريسيفسكي (كريم)


La forêt de Vioreau  est une forêt située sur la commune de Joué-sur-Erdre, dans le département de la Loire-Atlantique.

Classement
La forêt de Vioreau est classée site Natura 2000.

Description

Flore

Faune

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Grand réservoir de Vioreau
 Château de Vioreau

Liens externes

Site Natura 2000 en Loire-Atlantique
Forêt en Loire-Atlantique
Joué-sur-Erdre
ZNIEFF de type I en Loire-Atlantique

Forêt de Vioreau


Kulm er et tysk stednavn som betyder bakke. Det kan henvise til:

 Chełmno – polsk by med det tyske navn Kulm. Kulm var byens officielle navn i de perioder den var tysk.
 Kulm (skiflyvningsbakke) – skiflyvningsbakke i Bad Mitterndorf i Østrig
 Bezirk Kulm – distrikt (bezirk) i den schweiziske kanton Aargau
 Chlumec – tjekkisk by med det tyske navn Kulm
 Slaget ved Kulm – slag ved Chlumec i 1813 under Napoleonskrigene

Kulm


This is a list of aviation-related events from 1960.

Deadliest crash
The deadliest crash of this year was the 1960 New York mid-air collision, when a United Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-8 collided with a TWA Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation over New York City on 16 December, killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft, as well as six on the ground. At the time, it became the deadliest aviation disaster of all time. The deadliest single-aircraft crash was World Airways Flight 830, a chartered Douglas DC-6 carrying American overseas servicemen in Guam on 19 September, killing 80 of the 94 people on board.

Events
 Evergreen Helicopters is founded. It later will become Evergreen International Aviation.
 Switzerland′s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau begins operations.
 Summer – The United States Navy antisubmarine aircraft carrier  is stationed off the west coast of Africa to cover the evacuation of American nationals from Congo (Kinshasa).

January
 January 1
Fiji Airways is reconstituted, becoming equally owned by BOAC, Qantas, and Tasman Empire Airways.
Aerlínte Éireann, a branch of Aer Lingus operating transatlantic flights, is incorporated into Aer Lingus and takes the name Aer Lingus – Irish International Airlines.
 January 6 – A dynamite bomb explodes aboard National Airlines Flight 2511, a Douglas DC-6B, in mid-air over Bolivia, North Carolina, and the aircraft crashes. All 34 people on board die, including retired United States Navy vice admiral and Medal of Honor recipient Edward Orrick McDonnell. Julian Frank is suspected of being the suicide bomber.
 January 18 – Capital Airlines Flight 20, a Vickers 745D Viscount, suffers the loss of all four engines due to icing and crashes into a farm near Holdcroft, Virginia, killing all 50 people on board.
 January 19 – The Scandinavian Airlines System Sud Aviation Caravelle Orm Viking (tail number OY-KRB), operating as Flight 871, crashes on approach to Esenboğa International Airport outside Ankara, Turkey, killing all 42 people on board. It is the first fatal crash of a Caravelle.
 January 21 – Avianca Flight 671, a Lockheed L-1049E Super Constellation, crashes and burns on landing at Montego Bay, Jamaica, killing 37 of the 46 people on board. Among the dead is Thomas C. Capeheart, the son of United States Senator Homer E. Capehart. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Jamaican history.

February
 February 9 – The United States Air Force opens its National Space Surveillance Control Center at Bedford, Massachusetts.
 February 13 – France detonates its first nuclear weapon.
 February 25 – A United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 carrying members of the United States Navy Band to Brazil to perform at a diplomatic reception attended by President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower and a Real Transportes Aéreos Douglas DC-3 collide in mid-air 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) over Guanabara Bay close to the Sugarloaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The accident kills 35 of the 38 people aboard the R6D and all 26 people on board the DC-3.
 February 26 – Alitalia Flight 618, a Douglas DC-7C en route from Rome to New York, crashes into a cemetery at Shannon, Ireland, shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons on board.

March
 Lufthansa begins jet service between Frankfurt-am-Main and New York City, using Boeing 707s.
 Pakistan International Airlines wet-leases a Boeing 707 from Pan American World Airways, becoming the second Asian airline (after Air India) to incorporate jet aircraft into its fleet.
 The Vertol Aircraft Corporation is renamed Boeing Vertol.
 March 10 – The last flight by a United States Air Force-operated North American B-25 Mitchell takes place, when TB-25J-25-NC, 44-30854, the last Mitchell in the U.S. Air Force inventory, lands at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, for preservation.
 March 15 – The world's first supersonic bomber, the Convair B-58 Hustler, enters operational service with the U.S. Air Force. The first deliveries are to the 43rd Bombardment Wing at Carswell Air Force Base, Texas.
 March 17 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, disintegrates in mid-air near Cannelton, Indiana, killing all 63 people on board, after metal fatigue causes its right wing to separate at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,486 m) . Among the dead is Central Intelligence Agency training commander Chiyoki Ikeda.
 March 18 – A Northwest Orient Airlines Boeing 377 Stratocruiser makes a 300-foot (91-meter) emergency dive to avoid colliding with two Air National Guard jets over Lansing, Michigan. Among the passengers is Morris Chalfen, producer of the Holiday on Ice skating shows, whose wife and three children had died the previous day on Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 710.
 March 24 – Flying at the Soviet Union′s Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow, a Tupolev Tu-114 (NATO reporting name "Cleat") airliner piloted by Captain B. Timochuk sets a world speed record for a turboprop landplane over a 1,000-km (621-mile) closed circuit carrying a payload of 25,000 kg (55,116 pounds) or less, averaging 871.38 km/h (541.45 mph).

April
 Royal Air Maroc takes delivery of its first jet aircraft, a Sud Aviation Caravelle.
 April 1
Flying at the Soviet Union′s Sternberg Point Observatory, the Tupolev Tu-114 (NATO reporting name "Cleat") airliner 76459 piloted by Ivan Sukhomlin and copiloted by N. Kharitonov sets a world speed record for a turboprop landplane over a 2,000-km (1,242-mile) closed circuit carrying a payload of 25,000 kg (55,115 pounds) or less, averaging 857.277 km/h (532.687 mph).
Iraqi Airways, previously a department of the Iraqi State Railways, becomes fully independent of the railroad company.
The New York State Commission Against Discrimination faults Capital Airlines for failing to hire an African-American woman, Patricia Banks, despite her meeting all job requirements. Because of the ruling, she becomes one of only two African American flight attendants in the United States.
 April 6 – The British Short SC.1 VTOL research aircraft makes its first transition from vertical to horizontal flight and back, flying from Belfast Harbour Airport.
 April 9 – Flying at the Soviet Union's Sternberg Point Observatory, the Tupolev Tu-114 (NATO reporting name "Cleat") airliner 76459 piloted by Ivan Sukhomlin and copiloted by Konstantin Sapelkin sets a world speed record for a turboprop landplane over a 5,000-km (3,105-mile) closed circuit carrying a payload of 25,000 kg (55,115 pounds) or less, averaging 857.212 km/h (532.647 mph).
 April 10 – BOAC resumes scheduled air service from London to Cairo (Egypt),  suspended in October 1956 at the time of the Suez Crisis.
 April 12 – After a Cubana de Aviación Vickers Viscount arrives with 16 passengers aboard at Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida, at the end of a flight from Havana, Cuba, one of its passengers and its entire crew of three demand political asylum in the United States.
 April 13 – The United Kingdom terminates ballistic missile research, preferring to simply purchase the U.S.-developed GAM-87 Skybolt missile.
 April 14 – A Thai-C-54 Skymaster crashes into Mount Wu Tse after takeoff from Taipei, Taiwan. Eighteen people die, including the chief of the Air Force of Thailand, Air Marshal Chalermkiat Watanangura, and his wife.

May
 May 1 – The Soviet Union shoots down a Central Intelligence Agency Lockheed U-2 near Sverdlovsk and captures its pilot, Gary Powers.
 May 12 – A U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules drops a record 35,000 lb (15,876 kg) by parachute.

June
 A Sud-Aviation Alouette III helicopter carrying seven people makes take-offs and landings on Mont Blanc in the French Alps at an altitude of 4,810 meters (15,780 feet), an unprecedented altitude for such activities by a helicopter.
 The first Fouga Magister aircraft assembled in Israel roll off the assembly line of a former glider manufacturing company, which simultaneously renames itself Israel Aircraft Industries.
 June 1 – Trans-Canada Air Lines begins transatlantic jet airliner service, operating Douglas DC-8 aircraft between Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and London, England.
 June 7 – A helium tank explodes and ruptures the fuel tanks of a United States Air Force BOMARC-A nuclear surface-to-air missile at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, igniting a fire that destroys the missile and contaminates the area directly below and adjacent to it with radioactive material.
 June 9 – United Arab Airlines, the future EgyptAir, takes delivery of its first jet aircraft, a de Havilland Comet 4C.
 June 10 – Trans Australia Airlines suffers the first passenger fatalities in its 14-year history when its Flight 538, a Fokker F-27 Friendship 100, crashes into the sea while on final approach at night in fog to Mackay, Queensland, Australia, killing all 29 people on board.  It remains tied with the 1950 Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash as the deadliest civil aviation accident and second-deadliest aviation accident in Australian history.
 June 18 – The Government of Colombia establishes the Department of Civil Aeronautics. It is assigned specific technical and administrative duties to define aeronautic policy in Colombia.

July
 Fidel Castro dissolves Cubas naval air arm.
 July 1
British United Airways is formed.
A Soviet Air Defense Forces MiG-19 (NATO reporting name "Farmer") shoots down a U.S. Air Force RB-47H Stratojet (s/n 53-4281) reconnaissance aircraft in international airspace with four of the crew killed and two captured by the Soviets.
The U.S. Navy commissions Fleet Tactical Support Squadron 40 (VRC-40) as its first carrier onboard delivery squadron.
 July 2 – Textron Inc. purchases Bell Aerosystems.
 July 5
Bell Aerosystems becomes Bell Aerospace Corporation.
Two copilots aboard a Cubana de Aviación Bristol Britannia 318 flying from Madrid, Spain, to Havana, Cuba, with 40 people on board pull guns on the pilot and force him to fly to  Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida.
 July 9 – Sabena begins airlifting Belgian nationals out of Congo. Over the next three weeks, 25,711 will fly home.
 July 15 – Ethiopian Air Lines Flight 372, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain, crashes into a mountainside near Jimma, Ethiopia, killing one pilot and injuring the other 10 people on board. The aircraft is destroyed.
 July 17 – During a flight from Havana, Cuba, to Miami, Florida, with 56 people on board, the captain of a Cubana de Aviación Vickers Viscount draws a gun and forces the copilot to fly the airliner to Kingston, Jamaica, where he demands political asylum.
 July 19 – Aboard a Trans Australia Airlines Lockheed L-188 Electra flying from Sydney to Brisbane, Australia, with 43 passengers on board, a man pulls out a sawed-off rifle and demands to be flown to Singapore. The first officer smashes the man across the wrist with a fire hatchet; the rifle fires once through the airliner's ceiling, and the hijacker is overpowered. Two sticks of dynamite are found under his seat.
 July 28
 On approach to Camagüey, Cuba, during a flight with 14 people on board scheduled to terminate in Havana, captain of a Cubana de Aviación Douglas DC-3 draws a pistol and holds a security man and two other crew members at gunpoint. Two passengers then order the copilot out of the cockpit, and the captain flies the airliner to Miami, Florida, where he requests political asylum.
Capital Airlines and United Airlines announce that Capital will merge into United in the largest airline merger in history at the time. They will complete the merger in June 1961.

August
 August 16 – United States Air Force Captain Joseph Kittinger sets a world record for the highest parachute jump (102,200 ft or 31,150m) and longest parachute freefall (84,700 ft or 25,815 m) while testing high-altitude parachute escape systems in Project Excelsior. The record will stand until October 14, 2012.
 August 18 – A C-119 Flying Boxcar recovers a data capsule from the Discoverer 14 satellite in mid-air.
 August 21 – Two hijackers commandeer an Aeroflot airliner in the Soviet Union and demand to be flown out of the country. Security forces overpower them. One crew member is killed in the incident.
 August 29 – Making a second attempt to land at Dakar Yoff International Airport in Dakar, Senegal, in bad weather, Air France Flight 343, a Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation (registration F-BHBC), crashes into the Atlantic Ocean in a rain squall 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) from the airport, killing all 63 people on board. French West African poet David Diop is among the dead.

September
 September 5 – A United States Navy McDonnell F4H-1 Phantom II sets a world speed record over a 500-km (310.5-mi) closed-circuit course, averaging 1,216.78 mph (1,958.16 km/h).
 September 10 – NORAD carries out Operation Skyshield, testing American and Canadian radar systems.
 September 15 – Tasman Empire Airways retires its last flying boat from service.
 September 17 – East African Airways commences jet service with the DeHavilland Comet 4 between London, England, and Nairobi, Kenya.
 September 25 – A U.S. Navy F4H-1 Phantom II sets a world speed record over a 100-km (62.1-mi) closed-circuit course, averaging 1,390.21 mph (2,237.26 km/h).

October
 October 4 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 375, a Lockheed L-188 Electra, strikes a flock of common starlings on takeoff from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, loses power in three engines, and crashes into Boston Harbor, killing 62 of the 72 people on board and seriously injuring nine of the 10 survivors. It is the deadliest bird strike in history.
 October 29
Ten minutes after Cubana de Aviación Flight 905, a Douglas DC-3 with 37 people on board, takes off from Havana, Cuba, for a domestic flight to Nueva Gerona, the copilot grabs the air marshal and orders the captain at gunpoint to fly to Kye West, Florida. The air marshal is shot to death during a struggle, and it becomes evident that a total of nine of the people aboard are involved in the hijacking. Upon arrival at Key West, all nine of them, as well as two other passengers, request political asylum.
A Curtiss C-46 Commando operated by Arctic Pacific on a charter flight carrying the California Polytechnic State University football team crashes on takeoff from Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio, killing 22 people, including 16 players, the teams student manager, and a team booster. Quarterback and future college head football coach Ted Tollner is among the survivors.
 October 31 – British European Airways retires the DC-3, its last piston-engined airliner serving out of London-Heathrow, from scheduled passenger service.

November
 The same Sud-Aviation Alouette III helicopter that took off and landed at record altitudes on Mont Blanc in June sets new records for such activities by a helicopter, making take-offs and landings in the Himalayas at an altitude of 6,004 meters (19,698 feet) with a crew of two and a payload of 250 kg (551 lbs).
 On November 7 – a Fairchild F-27A turboprop passenger plane, operated by the now-defunct national airline AREA Ecuador, struck the dormant Atacazo volcano in bad weather during its approach to Mariscal Sucre International Airport, in Quito, Ecuador after a domestic flight from Simón Bolívar International Airport, in Guayaquil. The crash,  south of Quito and 150 meters to the summit of the Atacazo, killed all the 37 occupants of the plane. This particular aircraft (msn. 1, reg. HC-ADV) was the first prototype of the Fairchild F-27, which had been sold to AREA Ecuador in 1959. At the time, it was the worst aerial crash in the history of Ecuador, the first and worst fatal loss of an F-27, and the first accident involving the then-recently-opened Quito airport.
 November 15 – Scott Crossfield reaches Mach 2.97 in North American X-15 56-6671.

December
 The Royal Navy retires it last piston-engined fixed-wing aircraft, the Douglas Skyraider, from front-line service.
 December 6 – Brazil commissions its first aircraft carrier, Minas Gerais. She is the second Latin American aircraft carrier to enter service.
 December 8 – After five Cubans wishing to fly to the United States attempt to hijack a Cubana de Aviación airliner with 17 people on board during a domestic flight in Cuba from Cienfuegos to Havana, a gun battle breaks out in which one person is mortally wounded. The airliner crash-lands near Cienfuegos.
 December 14 – Aer Lingus takes delivery of three Boeing 720s, its first jet aircraft. They are also the first three jet airliners to be registered in the Republic of Ireland.
 December 15 – Middle East Airlines takes delivery of its first jet aircraft, a de Havilland Comet 4C. It later will acquire three more de Havilland Comet 4Cs.
 December 16 – The United Airlines Douglas DC-8 Mainliner Will Rogers, operating as Flight 826, and the Trans World Airlines Lockheed L-1049 Constellation Star of Sicily, operating as Flight 266, collide over New York City. The DC-8 crashes in Park Slope, Brooklyn, killing all 84 people on board, and the Constellation on Staten Island, killing all 44 people on board; six people on the ground also die.
 December 17
A U.S. Air Force Convair C-131D Samaritan crashes due to fuel contamination shortly after takeoff from Munich-Riem Airport in Munich, West Germany. It crashes in the Ludwigsvorstadt borough of downtown Munich, striking a crowded two-section Munich streetcar. All 20 people on the plane and 32 people on the ground die.
The visitor's center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, is dedicated on the 57th anniversary of the Wright Flyer′s first flight in 1903.
 December 20 – After delivering the last P5M-2 Marlin flying boat to the U.S. Navy, the Glenn L. Martin Company ceases the production of manned aircraft.
 December 24 – The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD, later renamed the North American Aerospace Defense Command) continues the annual tradition begun by the U.S. Continental Air Defense Command in 1955 of reporting on Christmas Eve that it is tracking Santa Claus's sleigh, presenting the most elaborate "reporting" of its progress yet. This time, NORAD's northern command post at St. Hubert, Quebec, Canada, provides regular updates of a sleigh operated by "S. Claus" which is "undoubtedly friendly." During the evening, NORAD reports that the sleigh has made an emergency landing on the ice of Hudson Bay, where Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) interceptors discover Santa Claus bandaging his reindeer Dancer's front foot, after which the RCAF planes escort him when he resumes his journey.
 December 26 – Italian-born American airplane designer and manufacturer Giuseppe Bellanca dies of leukemia at the age of 74.

First flights

January
 January 10 – Auster D.5
 January 13 – Canadair CL-41
 January 14 – Piper Cherokee
 January 19 – Convair CV-580 Super Convair

February
 February 5 – PZL TS-11 Iskra
 February 12 – Auster D.4 G-25-8
 February 29 – Beechcraft Baron Model 56

March
 March 29 – Tupolev Tu-124 (NATO reporting name "Cookpot")

April
 Antonov An-24 (NATO reporting name "Coke")
 April 19 – Grumman A2F-1, A-6 Intruder prototype

May
 May 9 – Auster D.6 G-25-10
 May 31 – Aeritalia G91T

June
 June 24 – Avro 748

July
Cessna 185 Skywagon
July 29 – Max Holste MH.260 Super Broussard

August
August 29 – Westland Scout

October
 Dassault Mirage IIIC (production model)
 October 18 – Beriev Be-12 Tchaika (NATO reporting name "Mail")
 October 21
Hawker P.1127 (tethered flight; first untethered flight November 19)
Grumman W2F-1 Hawkeye
 October 25 – Boeing Vertol Model 107, predecessor to the CH-46 Sea Knight.

November
 Beechcraft Baron Model 56
 November 16 – Canadair CL-44
 November 16 – Procaer Cobra

December
 Agusta A.104 I-AGUM
 December 4 – Enstrom F-28
 December 6 – Sikorsky S-61L
 December 9 – DINFIA IA 38

Entered service

March
 March 15 – Convair B-58 Hustler with the United States Air Force′s 43d Bombardment Wing

May
 May 15 – Convair 880 with Delta Air Lines

June
 June 29 – English Electric Lightning with the Royal Air Forces No. 74 Squadron at RAF Coltishall

Retirements

July
 July 2 – Martin P4M Mercator by United States Navy Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 1 (VQ-1)

September
 Westland Westminster

References

 Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1961–62. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd., 1961.

Aviation by year

1960 in aviation


Phaseolus coccineus, known as runner bean, scarlet runner bean, or multiflora bean, is a plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. Another common name is butter bean, which, however, can also refer to the lima bean, a different species.

It is grown both as a food plant and an ornamental plant.

Description

This species originated from the mountains of Central America. It was most likely cultivated in the highlands of Mexico and Guatemala around 2000 BC. Most varieties have red flowers and multicolored seeds (though some have white flowers and white seeds), and they are often grown as ornamental plants. The vine can grow to 3 m (9 ft) or more in length.

It differs from the common bean (P. vulgaris) in several respects: the cotyledons stay in the ground during germination, and the plant is a perennial vine with tuberous roots (though it is frequently treated as an annual in colder climates).

The knife-shaped pods are normally green; however, there are very rare varieties bred by amateurs that have very unusual purple pods. An example of such a purple-podded runner bean is 'Aeron Purple Star'.

Runner beans have also been called "Oregon lima bean", and in Nahuatl ayocotl or in Spanish ayocote. Runner beans, like all beans, contain the toxic protein phytohaemagglutinin and thus should be cooked well before eating.

Usage

Runner beans were grown as food plants in North America and Europe from the 1600s, and also as ornamentals for their attractive flowers. However, they came to be used primarily as a garden ornamental plant in North America, including for temporary screening. The flowers attract hummingbirds, bees and other insects. In the UK and other European countries – where the vegetable is a popular choice for kitchen gardens and allotments – the flowers came to be ignored, or treated as an attractive bonus to cultivating the plant for the beans.

The seeds of the plant can be used fresh or as dried beans. The pods are eaten whole while young and not yet fibrous. The starchy roots of this perennial are eaten in Mesoamerica.

The beans are used in many cuisines. It is a popular side vegetable in British cuisine. A variety named 'Judión de la Granja' producing large, white, edible beans is cultivated in San Ildefonso, Spain. It is the basis of a Segovian regional dish also named Judiones de la Granja, in which the beans are mixed with pig's ears, pig's trotters, and chorizo, amongst other ingredients.

In Greece, cultivars of the runner bean with white blossom and white beans are known as fasolia gigantes (φασόλια γίγαντες). They are grown under protective law in the north of Greece within the regions of Kato Nevrokopi, Florina and Kastoria. The beans have an important role in Greek cuisine, appearing in many dishes (such as Gigandes plaki). In English, they are sometimes colloquially referred to as elephant beans. In Austria the coloured versions are cultivated and served as "Käferbohnen" ("beetle-bean"), a dish made of the dry beans with pumpkin seed oil. It is considered a typical dish of regional Austrian cuisine, but dried runner beans are also consumed to a small extent in Germany. In Turkey, runner beans are the main ingredient in bean Pilaki and Piyaz.

Greece and northern Africa are the sources of pods of the runner beans sold as "green beans" in European markets during the cold period. The pods can be identified by their big size and the rougher surface.

Cultivars include:
 'Aeron Purple Star' (not available commercially)
 'Black Runner'
 'Butler'
 'Case Knife'
 'Fasolia gigantes', a white bean which originated in Greece.
 'Hammond's Dwarf'
 'Japanese Runner', sold in Canada and USA under the names of  "Akahana" or "Shinshu runner"
 'Painted Lady'
 'Pickwick Dwarf'
 'Polestar'
 'Scarlet Runner'
 'White Dutch Runner'

P. coccineus subsp. darwinianus  is a cultivated subspecies, commonly referred to as the botil bean in Mexico.

The related species considered most useful for interbreeding with P. coccineus to increase its genetic diversity are P. dumosus and P. vulgaris.

References

External links

coccineus
Crops originating from the Americas
Edible legumes
Perennial vegetables
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Phaseolus coccineus


Hypsipyle. Lemnos adası kralı Thoas'ın kızı. Lemnos kadınları ayaklanıp kocalarını öldürmeye başlayınca Hypsklye yaşlı babasını kaçırdı ve Khios adasına götürdü. Arganaotlar bu adaya çıktığı zaman Jason'la karşılaştı ve ona âşık oldu. Jason'dan iki çocuğu oldu.

Yunan mitolojisinde kişiler

Hipsipile


Aderus peregrinus é uma espécie de inseto besouro da família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por Maurice Pic em 1909.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita no México.

Referências

peregrinus
Coleópteros do México
Insetos descritos em 1909
Espécies descritas por Maurice Pic

Aderus peregrinus


Janice Soprano Baccalieri is a fictional character on the HBO television drama series The Sopranos and in the film The Many Saints of Newark. In The Sopranos, Janice is portrayed by Aida Turturro who's the eldest sibling of the show's protagonist, Tony Soprano. On the show, a young Janice appears in flashbacks portrayed by Madeline Blue and Juliet Fox. Alexandra Intrator portrays a young Janice Soprano in the 2021 prequel film, The Many Saints of Newark.

Background
Presented as the oldest child of mobster Johnny Boy Soprano and Livia Soprano, in a household financed by crime; Janice grew complacent about her family's criminal ties. She is portrayed as having a very callous and rebellious nature.

After graduating from Sacred Heart High School, Janice joined an ashram in Venice, Los Angeles, the character adopting the name Parvati Wasatch. Janice, under her new name, traveled across Europe, staying in Paris, France, and Sri Lanka, and married a Québécois man named Eugene. In the series, the couple had a son named Harpo "Hal" named after the song "Harpo's Blues" by Phoebe Snow.  Eugene later took him back to Montreal and Janice unsuccessfully tried to petition the State Department to have him returned to her.

She worked as a furniture mover and at an espresso bar in Olympia, Washington before finally moving back to New Jersey permanently. Since returning to New Jersey Janice is shown to re-invent herself from an aging rebel to an upscale, materialistic, North Jersey Italian housewife.

Janice is portrayed as a chronic malingerer, with the people around her often holding the opinion she is lazy and has no work ethic, filing for disability in Washington for alleged Carpal tunnel syndrome, and using her claim of newly contracted Epstein Barr Syndrome to excuse herself from her household duties.

Her relationship with Tony is often shown to be strained in nature, as he still holds her responsible for abandoning the family and leaving him to deal with their abusive mother alone.

Biography

In season two, Janice returns to Newark, New Jersey, ostensibly to take care of her sick mother. Her high school boyfriend, Richie Aprile, is a DiMeo crime family capo who is released from prison around the same time. When Tony and Richie begin feuding, Janice exacerbates the situation by telling Richie that he is being unfairly treated and even suggests making a move against Tony. Richie is initially reluctant to do so.

Richie causes problems for Tony that are only made more complicated by his engagement to Janice. Tony is unhappy with the engagement, and both Janice and Richie flaunt their status to Tony by planning an extravagant wedding and putting an offer on an expensive house in Short Hills, New Jersey despite Richie still having a no-show job working as a fishmonger.

Tony orders Richie killed after Uncle Junior informs him of Richie's plan to "move against him". After an incident of domestic violence in which Richie punches her in the face, Janice shoots and kills Richie and calls on her brother to dispose of the body. She then moves back to Seattle and becomes briefly engaged to a 19-year-old.

In season three, Janice returns to New Jersey following the death of her mother. After Livia's death, Janice becomes obsessed with acquiring her mother's valuable record collection, which Livia gave to her nurse, Svetlana. Janice, feeling that she should rightfully have the records, absconds with Svetlana's prosthetic leg. She tells Svetlana that the leg won't be returned until she receives the records. Svetlana has friends connected with the Russian Mafia who physically assault Janice until she reveals the location of the leg.

Tony visits her at the hospital and angrily tells her that since she has been assaulted, he is now forced to retaliate and risk facing a war with the Russians or else lose respect. After the assault against her, she briefly becomes a born-again Christian. Janice's next phase is marked by a brief interest in a Christian music career, as well as an equally brief live-in relationship with her narcoleptic boyfriend, Aaron Arkaway.

In season four, after the death of Jackie Aprile, Jr., Janice embarks on a clandestine relationship with Ralph Cifaretto, who is in a relationship with Jackie's mother Rosalie Aprile. With the help of her feminist therapist, Janice soon reaches the conclusion that her affair with Ralph is a mistake. After Ralph happily tells her that he is no longer seeing Rosalie Aprile and plans to move in with her, Janice responds by flying into a rage, pushing him down a flight of stairs and screaming at him to leave. Sometime later, Tony asks Janice about Ralph's bizarre sexual fetishes, of which he had recently become aware. She refuses to tell him anything at first, ostensibly to protect Ralph's privacy. When Tony offers her money, however, she immediately tells him everything he wants to know.

Following Ralph's disappearance, Janice sets her sights on the newly widowed Bobby Baccalieri, another of Tony's caporegimes, whose fidelity to his wife while she was alive, and obvious adoration of her after her death makes him especially appealing. Initially, Janice serves Bobby's dinners, sometimes claiming other women's plates as her own, and informally dates him. Frustrated with Bobby's refusal to commit, she sends Bobby's children instant messages under a false screen name, claiming to be watching them, in an attempt to scare them.

This ploy succeeds, driving Bobby and his children into her arms for comfort from the supposed stalker. Although mainly acting out of her desires, she does help Bobby by pushing him to do a task for her uncle Junior that he has been putting off due to grief. She attends her uncle's racketeering trial and assists Bobby with taking care of Junior.

By the beginning of season five, Janice and Bobby are married. She is shown to have a difficult relationship with her stepchildren. She attacks a soccer player's mother at Sophia's Peewee soccer match and injures her badly enough to require hospitalization, garnering her an assault charge, and to Tony's displeasure, unwanted TV news coverage mentioning his name and line of work. Bobby insists that she attend anger management counseling. While it briefly has the desired effect, Tony, in doubt and jealous of Janice's newfound peace of mind, purposefully obstructs her progress by taunting her about her missing son.

By season six, Janice and Bobby have a baby girl together, Domenica. Janice encourages Tony to officially let Bobby take over Junior's old crew which causes the two to have an angry argument. One day when neither Janice nor Bobby can look after a mentally-declining Junior, Tony angrily volunteers. Confusing Tony for an associate he ordered murdered years ago, Junior shoots Tony in the gut. Janice is shown to be deeply affected by her brother's hospitalized state.

In the episode "Moe n' Joe", Janice is seen as a commanding force in the household, setting boundaries for both Bobby Jr and Bobby Sr. Janice confronts Tony about his disdain for Bobby, and Tony refuses to admit his true feelings on the subject matter: Tony blames Bobby, and Janice- to some extent- for his near-fatal shooting by Junior.

Tony angrily confides to Dr. Melfi that Janice "gets nothing" because she didn't hold the same trauma and scar from their mother as she left home almost immediately after high school. Later in the episode, Tony lets go of his hostility and compensates Janice and Bobby by persuading an imprisoned John Sacrimoni to sell them his large house at half price. Tony grows closer to Bobby, with Tony entrusting him with more responsibility and Bobby becoming a profitable player for the family in the process.

Janice and Bobby inherit the late Bobby, Sr.'s cottage in northern New York state, to which they invite Tony and Carmela for Tony's 47th birthday. At the party, Janice gives Tony a gift of Soprano family home videos. She tells Carmela an anecdote that embarrasses Tony over a heated, drunken game of Monopoly.

Bobby later loses his temper and punches Tony in the face after Tony makes offensive remarks about Janice, leading to a fight which Bobby wins, much to Tony's chagrin. As revenge, Tony orders Bobby, who has never killed anyone, to go to Canada and carry out a contract killing. Bobby wins Tony's favor defending Janice's honor, and he is soon elevated into Tony's inner circle, largely displacing Christopher Moltisanti.

Janice suggests to Tony that he help pay to keep Uncle Junior — whose money has run out — in a private care facility, but Tony refuses and makes it clear Junior is dead to him. Angered by Janice and Bobby's perceived disloyalty, Tony tells her that he is going to exile Bobby from his life, although this is just an empty threat.

Soon after that conversation, Bobby is murdered by two of Phil Leotardo's hitmen while buying a model train in a hobby store, making Janice a widow. Tony visits her afterward, and after a brief conversation assures her that he is there for her if she needs him. Janice desires to continue raising Bobby's children, Bobby III and Sophia with her daughter Domenica, but their grandparents also seek custody. Their fate remains unknown, although the two have previously shown contempt for Janice.

Janice's other focus seems to be on whatever assets she might receive including those from Uncle Junior. This prompts Tony to make a deal with "Uncle Pat" ensuring Junior's estate will go into a trust that will benefit Bobby's children and not Janice. Tony also extracts a promise from Phil Leotardo's men to pay a settlement to Janice, after Phil's vendetta against Tony led to Bobby's murder.

References

External links
 HBO Profile: Janice Soprano

American female characters in television
Female villains
Fictional Buddhists
Fictional characters from New Jersey
Fictional cocaine users
Fictional Italian American people
Fictional female gangsters
Fictional female murderers
Fictional feminists and women's rights activists
Fictional housewives
Fictional thieves
Fictional victims of domestic abuse
Film characters introduced in 2021
Narcissism in television
The Sopranos characters
Television characters introduced in 1999

sv:Lista över rollfigurer i Sopranos#Janice Soprano

Janice Soprano


داء الفغميات  ويُسمى أيضاً داء هجرة اليرقات العميق أو داء هجرة اليرقات الغائر  هي عدوى الاٍنسان بالديدان الأسطوانية : الفغمية المقنفذة و/ أو الفغمية الشعثاء التي تصيب الفقاريات.

مراجع

أمراض حيوانية المنشأ
أمراض ديدانية
أمراض مدارية
أمراض مهملة
عدوى طفيلية ولسعات وعضات للجلد

داء الفغميات


Min fars valg er en dansk dokumentarfilm skrevet og instrueret af Mikala Krogh.

Handling
Min far hedder Torben Krogh og er journalist. Da jeg var barn, så jeg ikke min far særlig meget, fordi han altid var på arbejde. Jeg er stolt af min far, men jeg er også bange for, at jeg ligner ham alt for meget. En datter undersøger, hvordan hendes far har levet sit liv og hvilke konsekvenser, det har haft. Hun bruger kameraet til at stille nogle af de spørgsmål, hun aldrig har fået svar på. Det bliver til et portræt af en mand, der altid har stået i dilemmaet mellem karrieren og kærligheden. Hun vil lære af det og spørger nærmere ind til det. Han svarer, så godt han kan og står ved de valg, han har taget i sit liv. Filmen er en del af serien »Min ...«.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Min fars valg


M120 peut faire référence à :
 Moteur M 120 Mercedes-Benz, un moteur thermique fabriqué par Mercedes-Benz ;
 SNVI M 120, un camion du constructeur algérien SNVI.

M120


NGC 303 este o galaxie lenticulară situată în constelația Balena. A fost descoperită în anul 1886 de către Francis Leavenworth. De asemene, a fost observată încă o dată de către Herbert Howe.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 302
 NGC 304

Legături externe
 NGC 303 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 303 pe WikiSky

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1886
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Francis Leavenworth

NGC 303


Camille d'Hostun de la Baume, hertug af Tallard (født 14. februar 1652, død 20. marts 1728) var en fransk adelig, diplomat og officer, som blev marskal af Frankrig.

Militær karriere
Tallard blev tildelt en post som officer i den franske hær som 15-årig. Han gjorde senere tjeneste under prinsen af Condé i Nederlandene og fra 1674, under Turenne i Alsace. Han blev forfremmet til maréchal de camp i 1678, og gjorde tjeneste under Den Pfalziske Arvefølgekrig (1688–1697).

Hans venskab med Ludvig 14. sikre ham en høj stilling. Efter krigen gjorde han i to år tjeneste som ambassadør i London, hvor hans usædvanlige kendskab til europæisk politik viste sig yderst værdifuldt. Da kong Jakob 2. døde i september 1701 anerkendte Ludvig 14. Jakobs søn som hans efterfølger på den engelske trone. Som følge heraf udviste Vilhelm 3. Tallard fra London i 1702.

Tallards militære karriere nåede sit højdepunkt under den spanske arvefølgekrig. Den 7. september 1703 erobrede hertugen af Burgund og Tallard byen Breisach. Tallard belejrede herefter Landau i midten af oktober. En undsætningsstyrke under Frederik 1. af Sverige (eller Hessen-Kassel) blev besejret af Tallards styrker i slaget ved Speyerbach den 15. november. Som følge heraf faldt Landau to dage senere. Kort efter blev Tallard udnævnt til marskal af Frankrig.

I 1704 blev Tallard sendt afsted for at forstærke kurfyrst Maximilian 2. Emanuel af Bayerns fransk-bayerske hær ved Donau, som blev truet af hertugen af Marlboroughs and Prins Eugens allierede armé. Tallard rykkede den 1. juli ud fra Strasbourg, men selv om den seks dages belejring af Villingen ikke lykkedes, (opgivet den 22. juli), kunne den franske marskal bringe 34.000 mand gennem Schwarzwald og nå til Ulm den 5. august.

Tallard fik overkommandoen over den kombinerede fransk-bayerske armé, men i det efterfølgende slag ved Blenheim den 13. august 1704 blev hans armé fuldstændig nedkæmpet. Han blev selv taget til fange og ført til England, hvor han blev holdt fanget på sit æresord i Nottingham.
Forfatteren Daniel Defoe skrev at hans lille, men smukke parterre, i fransk stil var en af skønhederne i Nottingham.

Senere liv
Da han blev løsladt i 1711 vendte han tilbage til Frankrig. Trods katastrofen ved Blenheim, lod det ikke til at Ludvig 14. bar nag til marskallen. Tallard blev ophøjet til hertug i 1712 og blev Pair af Frankrig i 1715. I Ludvigs testamente blev Tallard udpeget til regentrådet, men hertugen af Orléans fik testamentet nullificeret. Han blev valgt til præsident for Académie des sciences i 1724 og i 1726 blev han minister. Han døde i 1728.

Familie
Han giftede sig med Marie-Catherine de Grolée de Viriville-La Tivolière, og sammen fik de en søn Marie Joseph d'Hostun de La Baume-Tallard, duc de Hostun, duc de Tallart, (b.1683 - ?). Han giftede sig med Marie Isabelle de Rohan, datter af Hercule Mériadec, hertug af Rohan-Rohan og Anne Geneviève de Lévis, datter af Madame de Ventadour. Parret fik ingen børn. Marie Isabelle var guvernante for Ludvig 15.s børn fra 1735-1754.

Henvisninger

Kilder
 Chandler, David G. Marlborough as Military Commander. Spellmount Ltd, (2003).
 Churchill, Winston. Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 1, vols. i & ii. University of Chicago Press, (2002).
 Falkner, James. Blenheim 1704: Marlborough's Greatest Victory. Pen & Sword Books Ltd, (2004).
 Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman, (1999).
 Tincey, John. Blenheim 1704:The Duke of Marlborough's Masterpiece. Osprey Publishing Ltd, (2004).

Eksterne henvisninger
 Tallard i Nottingham

Marskaller af Frankrig
Hertuger fra Frankrig
Franskmænd i 1600-tallet
Franskmænd i 1700-tallet

Camille d'Hostun, hertug af Tallard


Melinda Kostelac, hrvatska akademska grafičarka i sveučilišna profesorica iz Opatije
Rođena je u Rijeci.Diplomirala je na Pedagoškoj akademiji Sveučilišta u Rijeci specijalizirajući medij grafike u klasi Josipa Butkovića, kao profesor likovne kulture. Dobitnica je Rektorove nagrade za najbolje studente 1993. godine.
Magistrirala umjetnost grafike na ALU u Ljubljani 2005. godine i klasi znamenitog grafičara Lojze Logar. Doktorantica je doktorskog studija grafike na ALU Zagreb pod mentorstvom Dubravka Babić i Marcel Bačić. Izlaganjem započinje još za studentskih dana, od 1992. nadalje, isključivo grafike, ili prostorne grafičke instalacije.
Od ranog djetinjstva bilježi prve glazbene nastupe, dok kasnije bilježi i nekoliko glazbenih zapisa u suradnji s raznim glazbenicima (1982., Igor Kostelac; 1988. grupa "Ime"; 1994."Čestitke i aplauzi" Šajeta ˛&Capra D'Oro; 1994. "Majmuni i sjene" grupa The Stuff (Croatia Records); te naposljetku, 1997. "Uh!" s grupom Gipss (Croatia Records); 1997. "Ajmo Rijeka", Dallas Records i drugo.
Autorica je nekoliko publikacija koje se bave tematikama povijesnokulturne baštine Opatije i okolice. Knjige; "Povijest opatijskih kupališta" (2004., Udruga Plavo Zeleni; "Opatija", Divina Opatija, 2005. iz edicije Tetrakis, Zagreb, mnografija "Povijest liburnijskog vodovoda i odvodnje - 125 godina povijesti vodoopskrbe i 105 godina odvodnje na području Liburnije", 2009., Komunalac d.o.o. Opatija.
Temeljem značajnog doprinosa kulturi putem umjetnosti i publikacija 2011. godine postaje laureatom godišnje nagrade za kulturu Grada Opatije.
2012. godine uvrštena je u treću knjigu o suvremenoj svjetskoj grafici autora Richard Noyce "Printmaking-Off The Beaten Track", publikacija dostupna putem www.amazon.com
Zaposlena u Rijeci na Akademiji primijenjenih umjetnosti u Rijeci gdje radi u svojstvu izvanredne profesorice i prodekanice za nastavu, studijske programe i studentska pitanja. Sudjelovala je na više od 200 međunarodnih izložbi i natječaja grafike u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu, skupnih i samostalnih. Dobitnica je više nagrada za grafičku umjetnost.

Svakim novim ciklusom svojih grafika nadovezuje se na prethodne zapise, tragove ljudskog, grafičkog, antropološkog, intimnog. Služi se raznim grafičkim tehnikama, ponajviše tehnikama dubokog tiska. Radovi sadrže inovativni pristup i predstavljaju sinergiju grafičkog i spisateljskog autorskog djela kao cjeline na kojeg se recentno nadovezuje i rad izveden u projekciji tehnologije virtualne realnosti.

Izvori
https://www.knjiznica.hr/pitajte-knjiznicare/pretrazivanje/pitanje.php?pitanje=63741&target=%2Fpitajte-knjiznicare%2Fpretrazivanje%2Findex.php%3Fsearch_word%3D%26polje%3Dall%26offset%3D0%26submit%3D

https://dizbi.hazu.hr/a/?pr=i&id=304972

Životopisi, Opatija
Hrvatski grafičari

Melinda Kostelac


Sabra ve Şatilla katliamı, 16 Eylül 1982 tarihinde İsrail yanlısı aşırı sağcı Hristiyan Falanjist milislerin Batı Beyrut'ta Sabra ve Şatilla adındaki Filistin mülteci kamplarını basarak çocuklar dahil yüzlerce (750 ile 3500 arasındadır) Müslümanı katletmesi olayıdır. Katliamda sonradan İsrail'in eski başbakanlarından olan Ariel Şaron'un rolü olduğu iddia edildi. BBC'ye göre İsrail Meclis Araştırma Komisyonu Şaron'u katliamdan  dolaylı olarak sorumlu bulmuş, Şaron bunun üzerine Savunma Bakanlığı görevinden istifa etmiştir.

Katliam
Beyrut'ta iki hafta (15-29 Eylül) süren İsrail işgalinin ikinci gününde (16 Eylül), dönemin İsrail Savunma Bakanı Şaron'un 2.000 Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü (FKÖ) üyesinin Sabra ve Şatilla kamplarında olduğunu ikinci kez duyurması üzerine İsrail tankları "uluslararası koruma altına alınmış" Beyrut'a doğru ilerlemeye başladı. Bu, Beyrut'ta kamplarda kalan FKÖ üyeleri meselesi daha sonraları Robert Fisk tarafından, alaylı bir ifadeyle "efsane" olarak nitelenecektir. İsrail askerlerinin bu manevrasını fotoğraflamak isteyen bir Fransız Birleşmiş Milletler yetkilisi, meçhul bir sniper ateşiyle öldürüldü.

Olayın öncesinde Hristiyan Falanj milislerinin lideri Beşir Cemayel'in bir bombalı saldırı sonucu öldürülmesiyle Falanjistler, intikam fırsatı aramaya başladılar. Dönemin Savunma Bakanı Ariel Şaron'un emrindeki İsrail ordusunun açtığı yoldan ilerleyen Elie Hobeika komutasındaki Hristiyan Falanjist milisler, Sabra-Şatila'da bulunan, ezici çoğunluğu çocuk, kadın ve yaşlılardan oluşan kamp sakinlerine saldırdılar. Kampta bulunan Filistinli mültecilerle Lübnanlı yoksullar silahsız ve savunmasız durumdaydılar. Falanjistlerin yanı sıra İsrail ajanı Said Haddad da saldırganlar arasındaydı. İsrail, katliamı durdurmak için hiçbir eylemde bulunmadı. Katliamlardaki rolü dolayısıyla Ariel Şaron Beyrut kasabı diye anılır.

Belçika'daki soruşturma
1982 Sabra ve Şatila mülteci kampındaki katliamdan kurtulmuş 23 kişi 18 Haziran 2001'de yaptıkları şikayet başvurusu ile, dönemin Savunma Bakanı (sonradan İsrail Başbakanı olan) Ariel Şaron´un ve dönemin İsrail Silahlı Kuvvetleri Komutanı Tuğgeneral Amos Yaron ve diğer İsrail askeri görevlileri ve Falanjistlerin bu öldürmelerle bağlantılı olduklarını iddia etmişlerdir.

Belçika sorgu hakimi (juge d´instruction) Patrick Collignon, Sabra ve Şatilla katliamı ile ilgili cezai soruşturma başlattı. 15 Mayıs 2002'de, Falanj'ın bu katliamlar sonrası İsrail kuvvetlerinin denetiminde geniş çaplı operasyon yaptığı iddialarıyla ilgili olarak Belçika Temyiz Mahkemesi İddia Makamı, Belçikalı bir savcının Falanjistlerin gerçekleştirdiği bu eylemle ilgili cezai soruşturmayı yürütemeyeceği kararını verdi ve duruşmanın ardından, soruşturmanın Belçikalı savcılarca yürütülmesini durdurdu.

İlgili filmler
 Wals Im Bashir

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız
 Lübnan İç Savaşı

1982'de çatışmalar
İsrail tarihi
Lübnan'daki katliamlar
Lübnan İç Savaşı
1982'de İsrail
Beyrut'taki olaylar

Sabra ve Şatilla Katliamı


عبد المجيد بن مسعود، ولد بمدينة القيروان عام 1949، رسام تونسي. درس فيما بين 1972 و1976 بمدرسة الفنون الجميلة- تونس واشتغل أستاذا للتربية الفنية بالمعاهد الثانوية.

معارضه
أقام عبد المجيد بن مسعود عددا من المعارض الشخصية:
 1970: بالزهراء
 1972: بدار الثقافة ابن خلدون- تونس
 1973: بدار الثقافة ابن رشيق- بتونس
 معرض شخصي بقاعة الفنون- تونس
 1978: معرض شخصي بقاعة التصوير- تونس
 معرض شخصي بدار الثقافة ابن رشيق- تونس
 1980: معرض شخصي برواق الزبيدي- سوسة
 شارك في العديد من المعارض التي انتظمت بتونس وبالخارج.

أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
رسامون تونسيون
مواليد 1949

عبد المجيد بن مسعود


La Spezia, İtalya'nın Ligurya bölgesinde bulunan ayni ismi taşıyan La Spezia ilinin merkezi bir komündür. Yüzölçümü 51,74 km² olup nüfusu (1.1.2010 itibarıyla) 95,641 kişidir.

Ligurya Denizi sahillerinde Cenova ile Pisa arasında konumlanmıştır. Bu şehrin limanı İtalya'da en önemli ticari sivil ve ana İtalyan askeri liman niteliğindedir. Şehirde, özellikle OTO Melara firmasının işlettiği, İtalya'nın en önemli askeri savunma sanayi üretim tesisleri bulunmaktadır.

Coğrafi konumu

La Spezia şehri Ligürya Bölgesi'nin doğu kısmında ve Toskana Bölgesi sınırından birkaç kilometre uzakta, derin bir doğal liman olan körfezin sahilinin ortasında kurulmuştur. Bu körfez "Spezia Körfezi" ve bazen de etrafındaki doğa güzellikleri dolayısıyla "Şairler Körfezi" olarak anılmaktadır. Bu körfez çok yakından bir yüksek tepeler silsilesi ile çevrilidir. Körfezi çeviren tepelerin en yüksek noktası rakımı 749m olan, "Verrugoli Dağı"'dır. Şehir deniz ile dağlar arasında sıkışmış bulunan dar bir sahil parçası üzerinde kurulmuştur. Bu nedenle şehir planı pek düzgün olmayan yokuşlu inişli ve kavisli yerleşim bölgeleri içinde bulundurmakta ve bazı semtler tepeler üzerinde kurulmuşlardır. Bu nitelik nedeniyle 1920'li yıllarda, şehrin batısında askeri fabrikalar ve tesisler (Arsanale Militare) alanı bulunduğu için, şehrin Mıgliarına ovasına doğuya doğru gelişmesini sağlamak hedefiyle, günümüzde Piazza Europe meydanının bulunduğu, Kapuçin tepesinin büyük uğraşlarla iyice kazılıp düzletilmesi gerekmişti. Ayrıca şimdiki limanın büyük bir kısmı eskiden büyük bataklık araziden oluşmaktaydı ve bu arazileri kullanılır hale getirmek için büyük bataklık kurutma yatırımları yapmak gerekmişti.

Şehrin önünde bulunan sığınaklı körfez (La Spezia Körfezi) alanı 150 hektardır. Bu körfezin aksi deniz şartlarından ve askeri hücumlara karşı savunmasını da sağlamak için 19. yüzyıl sonlarında 2210 m uzunluğunda deniz ortasında bir mendirek yapılmıştır ve körfeze giriş için doğuda 200 m genişliğinde ve batıda 400 m genişliğinde girişler bırakılmıştır. Körfezin şekli ve askeri hücumlara karşı da korunaklı olması dolayısıyla özellikle 20 yüzyılda La Spezia İtalyan donanmasının baş üslerinden biri ve ana donatım deposu ve istasyonu olmuştur. Aynı nedenle La Spezia limanı İtalya'nın sivil uluslararası deniz ticaretini sağlayan çok önemli bir liman haline geçmiştir.

Nüfus gelişimi

La Spezia'nin nüfusu (1.1.2010 itibarıyla) 95,641 kişidir ve nüfus yoğunluğu 1.860 kişi/km² olur. 19. ve 20. yy/da beldenin nüfusunun gelişimi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

Kişi

Görülecek turistik yerler

Müzeler
 Ubaldo Formentini - San Giorgio Kalesinde Şehir Müzesi
 Amedeo Lia Müzesi
 Palazzina delle Artı ve Mühürler Müzesi
 Modern ve Çağdaş Güzel Sanatlar Müzesi (CAMeC)
 Kilise İdaresi Müzesi
 Şehir Etnografya Müzesi
 Teknik Denizcilik Müzesi
 Millî Nakliyat Müzesi

Diğer yapılar
 San Giorgio Kalesi: Yeni restore edilmiştir. 1262'de deniz muhafaza kulesi olarak Niccolò Fieschi tarafından yapıldı. 1273'te Cenevizliler kaleyi ele geçirip yıktılar. 1371'de yeniden ve yeni surlarla birlikte yapıldı. Ceneviz Cumhuriyeti tarafından tekrar ele geçirildi ve 1607'den itibaren Cenevizliler tarafından eklerle güçlendirildi.
 Halk bahçeleri ve parklar
 Art Nouveau-stili villalar
 Merkez postanede Fütürizm akımına uyan Prampolini tarafından hazırlana bir mozaik

Kiliseler
 Cristo Re dei Secoli Katedrali: 1975'te takdış edilip açıldı.
 Santa Maria Assunta Manastır Kilisesi: 13.yy. Andrea della Robbia, Giovanni Battista Casoni ve Luca Cambiasoir hazırlanmış tablolar içinde bulunur.
 Santi Giovanni e Ağostino 16.yy

Komşu beldeler
La Spezia şu komünlerle sınırları komşu bulunur: Arcola, Follo, Lerici, Porto Venere, Riccò del Golfo di Spezia, Riomaggiore, Vezzano Ligure

Kardeş şehirler
La Spezia şu kentlerle kardeş şehir bağlantısı kurmuştur:

Resimler
Le Spezia</div>

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ligurya
 La Spezia (il)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 La Spezia belediye resmi webitesi

La Spezia


Das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck ist ein Krankenhaus der Akutversorgung. Es ist das einzige Krankenhaus im Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck. Seit 1999 wird es zusammen mit dem Seniorenheim Jesenwang als selbständiges Kommunalunternehmen in Trägerschaft des Landkreises Fürstenfeldbruck geführt.

Geschichte

Die Anfänge der Krankenhausversorgung im Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck
Im Jahre 1818 entstand das erste Krankenhaus im Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck. Es handelte sich um ein Militär-Invalidenhaus, untergebracht im Kloster Fürstenfeld. Dem Invalidenhaus wurde 1838 das Spital "für Rekonvaleszente" zugeordnet, das bis dahin dem Münchner Militärspital angeschlossen war. Am 11. Oktober 1841 schrieb der Marktgemeinderat Fürstenfeldbruck an das damalige königlich-bayerische Landgericht, um es von dem Bau eines neuen Kranken- und Armenhaus in Nannhofen zu informieren. Diese Einrichtung war bis 1947 das einzig bedeutende Krankenhaus im Landkreis Fürstenfeldbruck. Das kleine Krankenhaus in Nannhofen wurde am 1. Juli 1947 als Kreiskrankenhaus übernommen.

Nachdem der Landtag in der Landkreisordnung von 1946 den Landkreisen den Betrieb von Krankenhäusern zur Pflichtaufgabe gemacht hatte, beschloss der Kreistag 1948 einstimmig, ein neues und größeres Kreiskrankenhaus in Fürstenfeldbruck zu erbauen.

Das Kreiskrankenhaus in der Dachauerstraße

Zunächst wurde jedoch im März 1954 das Krankenhaus in Nannhofen aufgelöst und dafür das Krankenhaus auf der Ludwigshöhe aufgekauft. Der Landkreis hoffte damit, das Krankenhausproblem mit geringen Kosten für die nächste Zeit gelöst zu haben. Die Bevölkerung des Landkreises stieg jedoch sprunghaft an, und damit erhöhte sich auch die Zahl der Krankenhausfälle. Es stellte sich bald heraus, dass die bestehenden Krankenhausanlagen den Bedarf nicht decken konnten. Deshalb übernahm der Landkreis am 1. April 1957 ein von der Stadt Fürstenfeldbruck renoviertes Gebäude in der Dachauer Straße und errichtete dort das neue Kreiskrankenhaus. 1958 wurden die Anlagen erweitert und die dringend notwendige Küche geschaffen. Fortan ging es Schlag auf Schlag. Durch die weiteren Ausbauarbeiten gab es nun Räume für die Unterbringung des Pflegepersonals. Außerdem wurde die Röntgenabteilung umgebaut und mit modernen Röntgenapparaten ausgestattet sowie zwei großen Operationssälen und eine Krankenhauskapelle errichtet.

1963, nur einige Jahre später, war es erneut nicht mehr möglich, alle Kranken des Landkreises aufzunehmen. Der Kreistag entschied am 29. Oktober 1963, das bestehende Krankenhaus an der Dachauer Straße weiter auszubauen und umzugestalten. Diese Maßnahmen waren 1970 abgeschlossen, und das neue fünfstöckige Haus mit Küche, Funktionsräumen und vier Bettgeschossen konnte bezogen werden. Im Anschluss daran wurde der Operationstrakt neu gebaut und 1974 fertiggestellt.

Vom Kreiskrankenhaus zum Klinikum
Da aus bautechnischen Gründen der über 130 Jahre alte Krankenhausbau in der Dachauer Straße nur noch begrenzte Zeit nutzbar erschien, wurde 1987 eine grundlegende Sanierung mit einer neuen Gesamtkonzeption beschlossen. In den folgenden 20 Jahren wurde die Kreisklinik in mehreren Bauabschnitten komplett umgebaut und den modernen baulichen, technischen und medizinischen Anforderungen angepasst. Mit der Freigabe der Landeplattform für Hubschrauber auf dem Dach des Klinikums 2007 ist es möglich, Patienten im Notfall noch zügiger zu versorgen.

Am 1. Januar 1999 wurde die Kreisklinik mit dem Seniorenheim Jesenwang zum Kommunalunternehmen "Kreisklinik Fürstenfeldbruck und Seniorenheim Jesenwang". Die Entwicklung der Klinik in den vergangenen Jahren vom reinen Akutkrankenhaus hin zu einem Klinikunternehmen mit zunehmend spezialisierten Gesundheitsdienstleistungen wurde 2007 auch formal dokumentiert. Die "Kreisklinik Fürstenfeldbruck" wechselte ihren Namen in "Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck".

Trägerschaft
Das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck ist Teil des Kommunalunternehmes "Kreisklinik Fürstenfeldbruck und Seniorenheim Jesenwang". Das Kommunalunternehmen ist ein selbständiges Unternehmen des Landkreises Fürstenfeldbruck in der Rechtsform einer Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts. Das Schwesterunternehmen Seniorenheim Jesenwang befindet sich in der Gemeinde Jesenwang und wurde 2005 umfassend erweitert und saniert. Geleitet wird das Kommunalunternehmen vom Vorstand. Überwachungsorgan ist der Verwaltungsrat. Der Verwaltungsrat besteht aus dem Landrat als vorsitzendem Mitglied und acht weiteren Verwaltungsratsmitgliedern. Diese Mitglieder werden vom Kreistag aus dessen Mitte bestellt.

Heutige Situation

Klinikbereich
Im Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck ergänzen sich nahezu alle Fachdisziplinen einer modernen Akutversorgung durch folgende Klinikbereiche:
 Allgemein- und Visceralchirurgie
 Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin
 Frauenklinik mit Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
 Gastroenterologie und Onkologie
 Gefäßchirurgie
 Kardiologie und Pneumologie
 Neurologie
 Palliativmedizin
 Radiologie
 Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie mit Endoprothetikzentrum
 Urologie
 Zentrale interdisziplinäre Notaufnahme
Bereits seit über zehn Jahren besteht im Klinikum eine Palliativstation mit sieben Betten.

Belegabteilungen und Kooperationsärzte
 Ärztlicher Bereitschaftsdienst
 Chirurgie und Unfallchirurgie
 Gefäßchirurgie
 Hals, Nasen und Ohren
 Hämato-Onkologie
 Kardiologie
 Neurochirurgie
 Nuklearmedizin
 Orthopädie
 Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie
 Strahlentherapie
 Traditionelle Chinesische Medizin
 Urologie
Das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck ist Mitglied im Verbund Klinik-Kompetenz-Bayern e.G.

Zur Information über Leistungsspektrum und neue Angebote gibt das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck seit 2001 zweimal jährlich die Patientenzeitschrift visavis heraus.

1995 wurde der Verein Freunde der Kreisklinik gegründet.

Zertifizierungen
 Das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck ist zertifiziertes Traumazentrum. Dies ermöglicht die interdisziplinäre Versorgung schwerverletzter Patienten. Außerdem ist es in das TraumaNetzwerk München-Oberbayern/Süd eingebunden.
 Die EndoCert-Initiative hat dem Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck das Zertifikat Endoprothetikzentrum (EPZ) verliehen.
 2017 erhielt das Klinikum von der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG) das Zertifikat "Klinik für Diabetespatienten geeignet".
 Die Frauenklinik ist Kooperationspartner des Roman-Herzog-Krebszentrums und nimmt an einem bundesweiten Qualitätssicherungsprogramm des Westdeutschen Brust-Centrums (WBC) teil.

Leistungsdaten, Beschäftigung und Ausbildung
Das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck verfügt über 380 Betten in 14 Fachabteilungen. Im Jahr 2018 wurden knapp 18.500 Patienten stationär und knapp 21.000 Patienten ambulant versorgt. Die mittlere Verweildauer der stationär aufgenommenen Patienten lag bei 5,8 Tagen.

Im Klinikum sind circa 900 Mitarbeiter beschäftigt. Das Klinikum bildet in Gesundheits- und kaufmännischen Berufen aus. Seit November 2004 ist das Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.

Weblinks
 www.klinikum-ffb.de – Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Fürstenfeldbruck
Fürstenfeldbruck
Furstenfeldbruck
Unternehmen (Fürstenfeldbruck)

Klinikum Fürstenfeldbruck


Re: Colonised Planet 5, Shikasta (often shortened to Shikasta) is a 1979 science fiction novel by Doris Lessing, and is the first book in her five-book Canopus in Argos series. It was first published in the United States in December 1980 by Alfred A. Knopf, and in the United Kingdom in November 1979 by Jonathan Cape. Shikasta is also the name of the fictional planet featured in the novel.

Subtitled "Personal, psychological, historical documents relating to visit by Johor (George Sherban) Emissary (Grade 9) 87th of the Period of the Last Days", Shikasta is the history of the planet Shikasta (whose inhabitants call it Earth) under the influence of three galactic empires, Canopus, Sirius, and their mutual enemy, Puttiora. The book is presented in the form of a series of reports by Canopean emissaries to Shikasta who document the planet's prehistory, its degeneration leading to the "Century of Destruction" (the 20th century), and the Apocalypse (World War III).

Shikasta draws on the Old Testament and is influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism, an Islamic belief system in which Lessing had taken an interest in the mid-1960s. The book represented a major shift of focus in Lessing's writing, from realism to science fiction, and this disappointed many of her readers. It received mixed reviews from critics. Some were impressed by the scope and vision of the book, with one reviewer calling it "an audacious and disturbing work from one of the world's great living writers". Others were critical of the novel's bleakness, that humanity has no free will and that their fate lies in the hands of galactic empires.

The story of Shikasta is retold in the third book of the Canopus series, The Sirian Experiments (1980), this time from the point of view of Sirius. Shikasta reappears in the fourth book in the series, The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982), and the Zones, briefly mentioned in Shikasta, are the subject of the second book in the series, The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980).

Plot
Canopus, a benevolent galactic empire centred at Canopus in the constellation Argo Navis, colonises a young and promising planet they name Rohanda (the fruitful). They nurture its burgeoning humanoids and accelerate their evolution. When the Natives are ready, Canopus imposes a "Lock" on Rohanda that links it via "astral currents" to the harmony and strength of the Canopean Empire. In addition to Canopus, two other empires also establish a presence on the planet: their ally, Sirius from the star of the same name, and their mutual enemy, Puttiora. The Sirians confine their activities largely to genetic experiments on the southern continents during Rohanda's prehistory (described in Lessing's third book in the Canopus series, The Sirian Experiments), while the Shammat of Puttiora remain dormant, waiting for opportunities to strike.

For many millennia the Natives of Rohanda prosper in a Canopean induced climate of peaceful coexistence and accelerated development. Then an unforeseen "cosmic re-alignment" puts Rohanda out of phase with Canopus which causes the Lock to break. Deprived of Canopus's resources and a steady stream of a substance called SOWF (substance-of-we-feeling), the Natives develop a "Degenerative Disease" that puts the goals of the individual ahead of those of the community. The Shammat exploit this disturbance and begin undermining Canopus's influence by infecting the Natives with their evil ways. As Rohanda degenerates into greed and conflict, the Canopeans reluctantly change its name to Shikasta (the stricken). Later in the book, Shikasta is identified as Earth.

In an attempt to salvage Canopus's plans for Shikasta and correct the Natives' decline, Canopean emissaries are sent to the planet. Johor is one such emissary, who takes on the form of a Native and begins identifying those individuals who have not degenerated too far and are amenable to his corrective instructions. Johor then sends those he has successfully "converted" to spread the word among other Natives, and soon isolated communities begin to return to the pre-Shikastan days. But without the SOWF, Canopus is fighting a losing battle against Shammat's influence over the Natives and the planet declines further. By the Shikastan's 20th century, the planet has degenerated into war and self-destruction. Johor returns, but this time through Zone 6 from which he is born on the planet (incarnated) as a Shikastan, George Sherban. As Sherban grows up, he establishes contact with other Canopeans in disguise and then resumes his work trying to help the Shikastans. But famine and unemployment grow, and anarchy spreads.

On the eve of World War III, Sherban and other emissaries relocate a small number of promising Shikastans to remote locations to escape the coming nuclear holocaust.  He also takes part in the trial of all Europeans for the crimes of colonialism.  Europe has been conquered by China, but he persuades people that Europe was not the only offender.

The war reduces Shikasta's population by 99% and sweeps the planet clean of the "barbarians". The Shammat, who set the Shikastans on a course of self-destruction, self-destruct themselves and withdraw from the planet. The Canopeans help the survivors rebuild their lives and re-align themselves with Canopus. With a strengthened Lock and the SOWF flowing freely again, harmony and prosperity return to Shikasta.

Background and genre

In the mid-1960s Lessing had become interested in Sufism, an Islamic belief system, after reading The Sufis by Idries Shah. She described The Sufis as "the most surprising book [she] had read", and said it "changed [her] life". Lessing later met Shah, who became "a good friend [and] teacher". In the early 1970s Lessing began writing "inner space" fiction, which included the novels Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971) and Memoirs of a Survivor (1974). In the late 1970s she wrote Shikasta in which she used many Sufi concepts.

Shikasta was intended to be a "single self-contained book", but as Lessing's fictional universe developed, she found she had ideas for more than just one book, and ended up writing a series of five. Shikasta, and the Canopus in Argos series as a whole, fall into the category of soft science fiction ("space fiction" in Lessing's own words) due to their focus on characterization and social and cultural issues, and the de-emphasis of science and technology. Robert Alter of The New York Times suggested that this kind of writing belongs to a genre literary critic Northrop Frye called the "anatomy", which is "a combination of fantasy and morality". Gore Vidal placed Lessing's "science fiction" "somewhere between John Milton and L. Ron Hubbard".

Shikasta represented a major shift of focus for Lessing, influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism. This switch to "science fiction" was not well received by readers and critics. By the late 1970s, Lessing was considered "one of the most honest, intelligent and engaged writers of the day", and Western readers unfamiliar with Sufism were dismayed that Lessing had abandoned her "rational worldview". George Stade of The New York Times complained that "our Grand Mistress of lumpen realism has gone religious on us". The reaction of reviewers and readers to the first two books in the series, Shikasta and The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980), prompted Lessing to write in the Preface to the third book in the series, The Sirian Experiments (1980):

Further criticism of the Canopus series followed, which included this comment by New York Times critic John Leonard: "One of the many sins for which the 20th century will be held accountable is that it has discouraged Mrs. Lessing ... She now propagandizes on behalf of our insignificance in the cosmic razzmatazz." Lessing replied by saying: "What they didn't realize was that in science fiction is some of the best social fiction of our time. I also admire the classic sort of science fiction, like Blood Music, by Greg Bear. He's a great writer." Lessing said in 1983 that she would like to write stories about red and white dwarfs, space rockets powered by anti-gravity, and charmed and coloured quarks, "[b]ut we can't all be physicists".

Lessing later wrote several essays on Sufism which were published in her essay collection, Time Bites (2004). She was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature, and was described by the Swedish Academy as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny".

Lessing dedicated Shikasta to her father. While she was still a child in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) he often used to gaze up at the night sky and say, "Makes you think – there are so many worlds up there, wouldn't really matter if we did blow ourselves up – plenty more where we came from." Shikasta gave rise to a religious cult in America. Lessing said in an interview that its followers had written to her and asked, "When are we going to be visited by the gods?", and she told them that the book is "not a cosmology. It's an invention", and they replied, "Ah, you're just testing us".

Analysis

The name "Shikasta" comes from the Persian word  (shikastah, shekasteh) meaning "broken", and is often seen used as the name of the Iranian national style of Persian calligraphy, Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq. In the book, Lessing does not state explicitly that the planet Shikasta is Earth, but many critics believe that its similarities to Earth's history make it clear that Shikasta is Earth as seen by the Canopeans. Some of the documents in the book written by Shikastans refer to geographical locations and countries on Earth. Other critics, however, interpret Shikasta as an allegorical Earth with parallel histories that deviate from time to time.

Shikasta has been called an "anti-novel", and an "architectonic novel". It is the story of the planet Shikasta from the perspective of Canopus and is presented as a case study for "first-year students of Canopean Colonial Rule". It contains a series of reports by Canopean emissaries to the planet, extracts from the Canopean reference, History of Shikasta, and copies of letters and journals written by selected Shikastans. The history of Shikasta is monitored by the virtually immortal Canopeans, from Rohanda's prehistory, through to Shikasta's "Century of Destruction" (Earth's 20th century), and into Earth's future when the Chinese occupy Europe and World War III breaks out. The book purports to be the "true" history of our planet.

Shikasta alludes to the Old Testament, Gnosticism and Sufism, and draws on several Judeo-Christian themes. Lessing wrote in the book's preface that it has its roots in the Old Testament. Her SOWF (Substance-Of-We-Feeling), the "spiritual nourishment" that flows from Canopus to Shikasta, is also a word she invented with a pronunciation similar to "Sufi". A reviewer of the book in the Los Angeles Times said that Shikasta is a "reworking of the Bible", and the Infinity Plus website draws parallels between the Canopeans and their emissaries, and God and his angels from the Old Testament. A New York Times reviewer wrote that the "outer space" where the Canopeans come from is a metaphor for "religious or inner space". Thelma J. Shinn, in her book Worlds Within Women: Myth and Mythmaking in Fantastic Literature by Women, described the struggle between Canopus and Shammat, played out on Shikasta, as the "eternal struggle between good and evil", and the "Degenerative Disease" that strikes Shikasta as a metaphor for the original sin. Lessing said in an interview that the final war (World War III) at the end of the novel is the Apocalypse. Phyllis Sternberg Perrakis wrote in The Journal of Bahá'í Studies that Shikasta is the "symbolic rendering of the coming of a new prophet to an earthlike planet", and relates it to principles of the Bahá'í Faith.

Reception
Paul Gray wrote in a review in Time that the documents that make up Shikasta allow Lessing to stretch the novel out over vast periods of time and shift perspective "dramatically from the near infinite to the minute". He said that the book's cohesiveness is its variety, and noted how Lessing interspaces her "grand designs" and "configurations of enormous powers" with "passages of aching poignancy". Gray said that Shikasta is closer to Gulliver's Travels and the Old Testament than it is to Buck Rogers, and may disappoint readers interpreting her "space fiction" as "science fiction". He found Lessing's bleak vision of Earth's history in which she suggests that humans "could not ... help making the messes they have, that their blunders were all ordained by a small tic in the cosmos", a little "unsatisfying", but added that even if you do not subscribe to her theories, the book can still be enjoyable, "even furiously engaging on every page". Gray called Shikasta "an audacious and disturbing work from one of the world's great living writers".

Author Gore Vidal wrote in The New York Review of Books that Shikasta is a "work of a formidable imagination". He said that Lessing is "a master" of eschatological writing, but added that while her depictions of a terminal London are "very real", as a whole the book is "never quite real enough". Vidal also felt that Zone 6, Lessing's alternate plane for the dead, is not as convincing as The Dry Lands in Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea trilogy. He compared the Canopeans and Shammat to Milton's God and Satan in Paradise Lost, but said that while Lucifer's "overthrow ... of his writerly creator is an awesome thing",  in Shikasta Lessing's human race with no free will is too passive and of no interest. Vidal attributed this to Lessing's "surrender" to the Sufis and the SOWF (Substance-Of-We-Feeling), and not her inability to create good characters.

New York Times reviewer George Stade said that Shikasta "forces us to think about ... what we are, how we got that way and where we are going", but complained that the book is filled with "false hopes", and that the fate of humankind relies on "theosophical emanations, cosmic influences, occult powers, spiritual visitations and stellar vibrations". When the SOWF is cut off and the Shikastans degenerate, Lessing "both indicts and exculpates" them, implying that humanity is bad, but it is not their fault. While Stade complimented Lessing on the book's satire, and her depictions of Zone 6, which he said "have the eerie beauty of ancient Gnostic texts", he "disapprove[d]" of the novel as a whole, but added, "that doesn't mean I didn't enjoy reading it".

Writing in the Los Angeles Times. M. G. Lord called Shikasta an "epic" and suspected that it may have influenced the Nobel committee when they referred to Lessing as an "epicist of the female experience". Thelma J. Shinn wrote in her book, Worlds Within Women: Myth and Mythmaking in Fantastic Literature by Women, that Lessing's history of humanity in Shikasta is "pessimistic" but "convincing". Infinity Plus described Shikasta as a "mainstream novel that uses SF ideas", and said that while Lessing was not able to predict the fall of the Soviet Union and the impact of computers, the novel "barely seems dated" because of her "cunningly non-specific" approach.

James Schellenberg writing in Challenging Destiny, a Canadian science fiction and fantasy magazine, was impressed by Shikasta "grand sense of perspective" and the context of humanity set in a "vaster scale of civilization and right-thinking". He liked the concept of SOWF as a "metaphor of community connectedness", but felt it was an unusual way to build a utopia. The book's fractured storytelling leads to Lessing breaking the "famous dictum of writing – show, don't tell", and while that may work in certain circumstances, Schellenberg felt that that approach does not work very well in Shikasta. The online magazine Journey to the Sea found Lessing's inclusion of stories from the Hebrew Bible "entertaining and intriguing", and said she challenges the logical thinker's rejection of these sacred texts, suggesting that it is "imaginatively possible" that they could be true.

Following Lessing's death in 2013, The Guardian put Shikasta in their list of the top five Lessing books.

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Shikasta editions at FantasticFiction

1979 British novels
1979 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
Fictional planets
Jonathan Cape books
Alfred A. Knopf books
Novels by Doris Lessing
Persian words and phrases
Social science fiction
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Fiction set around Canopus

Shikasta