Franz Walther Ilges (* 31. Mai 1870 in Breslau; † 21. Februar 1941 in Berlin) (auch häufig: Walter Ilges, F. Walther Ilges und unter dem Pseudonym Hardefust) war ein deutscher Schriftsteller und SS-Führer. Ilges wurde in der historischen Forschung vor allem als erster Judenreferent des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers SS (SD) beachtet.

Leben und Wirken
Nach dem Schulbesuch studierte Ilges Germanistik. Von 1914 bis 1918 nahm er am Ersten Weltkrieg teil, in dem er den Rang eines Majors erreichte.

In der Zeit der Weimarer Republik verdiente Ilges seinen Lebensunterhalt als Schriftsteller. Den Schwerpunkt seines Schaffens legte er dabei auf dramatische Schauspiele. Sein bekanntestes Werk als Autor wurde das in der Zeit der Französischen Revolution angesiedelte Drama Die Laterne.

Zum 1. August 1930 trat Ilges in die NSDAP (Mitgliedsnummer 283.738) und kurz darauf in die SS (SS-Nummer 36.239) ein. Politisch hatte er sich bereits früher stark rechts durch seine Mitgliedschaft im Alldeutschen Verband, dessen Kölner Ortsgruppe er zeitweise vorstand, positioniert. Nach seinem Eintritt in die NSDAP begann Ilges sich intensiv publizistisch im Sinne der NSDAP zu betätigen. Zum Teil unter seinem richtigen Namen und zum Teil unter dem Pseudonym Hardefust veröffentlichte er diverse Broschüren, die das politische Tagesgeschehen und die jüngere Geschichte Deutschlands seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg im Sinne der völkischen Weltanschauung betrachteten. So legte er z. B. im April 1934 die Broschüre Hochverrat des Zentrums am Rhein vor, in der er sich mit den separatistischen Bestrebungen im Rheinland zu Beginn der 1920er Jahre befasste und unter anderem den späteren Bundeskanzler Konrad Adenauer attackierte.

Kurz nach dem Machtantritt der Nationalsozialisten im Frühjahr 1933 wurde Ilges in den Sicherheitsdienst der SS (SD) übernommen. Etwa im Sommer 1933 erhielt er eine Stellung im SD-Amt in München, das zu dieser Zeit als Vorgängerinstitution des SD-Hauptamtes als Zentrale des SD fungierte. Michael Wildt identifiziert Ilges für die Jahre 1933 bis 1935 als Leiter der Unterabteilung IV/II ("Juden, Pazifisten, Greuelpropaganda, Emigranten im Ausland") des SD-Amtes. Bemerkenswert ist, dass Ilges in dieser Stellung der erste Leiter einer für "Judenangelegenheiten" zuständigen Abteilung in dem später maßgeblich an der Planung und Durchführung der Judenverfolgung und -vernichtung während des Zweiten Weltkriegs beteiligten SD war. Aus Ilges' Zeit als Leiter des Judenreferates stammt ein im Mai 1934 für Heydrich angefertigtes Memorandum, das als Dokument für die Genese zur Entwicklung hin zum Holocaust in der Forschung größere Aufmerksamkeit gefunden hat. In diesem Memorandum – das nach Wildt vermutlich von Ilges verfasst wurde – wird die Forderung erhoben, dass das "Ziel der Judenpolitik [des NS-Staates] die restlose Auswanderung" sein müsse, was in der Tat bis 1940/1941 die Leitlinie der Judenpolitik des SD war.

Ilges Kollege Werner Best beschrieb Ilges nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg als "kölschen Tünnes", der in SD-Kreisen als eine "etwas komische Figur" gegolten habe und "nicht sehr ernst genommen wurde". Neuberger knüpft an diese Aussage die Einschätzung an, das Ilges Tätigkeit bei seinen Kollegen in der SD-Zentrale "nur wenig Anerkennung gefunden" habe. Shlomo Aronson urteilte demgegenüber in den 1960er Jahren in seiner Studie zur Frühgeschichte des SD, dass Ilges aufgrund der stark weltanschaulich fokussierten Gegnerbetrachtung des SD neben Wilhelm August Patin und Julius Plaichinger "zweifellos der wichtigste" Mitarbeiter Heydrichs in der SD-Zentrale der Jahre 1933/1934 gewesen sei, "weil seine «Sachgebiete» nach 1933 Vorrang erhielten".

Heinz Höhne bezeichnete Ilges in seiner Monographie zur Geschichte der SS als "Verfasser einer Liquidationsliste" nach der einige der Rollkommandos während der Röhm-Affäre im Sommer 1934 ihre Mordtätigkeit ausgerichtet hätten und zitiert ihn Ilges für die Tage vor dem Putsch mit den Worten:

"Wissen Sie, was Blutrausch bedeutet? Ich habe das Gefühl, in Blut waten zu dürfen."

Im Zuge der schrittweisen Verlegung der SD-Zentrale von München nach Berlin 1933/1934 scheint Ilges aus dieser ausgeschieden zu sein. Wildt zufolge übernahm Leopold Itz Edler von Mildenstein im Juli 1935 die Leitung des Judenreferates. Anfang 1937 wurde Ilges zum SS-Obersturmbannführer befördert und in den Ruhestand versetzt.

Ilges Sohn, Wolfgang Ilges war 1941 Mitglied des SS-Einsatzkommandos Tilsit. Er wurde 1957 vom Landgericht Stuttgart wegen Beihilfe zum Mord zu vier Jahren Zuchthaus verurteilt.

Schriften

Werke als Schriftsteller
 Die Laterne. Ein Schattenspiel, 1925.
 Babylon. Das Drama eines Weltunterganges, 1925.
 Das Teufelsspiel von der Fürstin Borghese, 1925.
 Gräfin Dubarry. Eine tragische Komödie, 1927.
 Das weiße Kätzchen. Ein Lustspiel der Eifersucht, 1927.
 Das Türkische Kabinet. Eine erotische Komödie, 1929.
 Casanova revanchiert sich! Komödie in vier Akten, 1937.

Politische Broschüren
 Revolution! Wer hat die Revolution gemacht? Wer hat die Revolution bezahlt? Was hat die Revolution gebracht?, s.l.e.a. [Berlin 1932]. (unter dem Pseudonym Hardefust veröffentlicht)
 Was hat uns der Bolschewismus gekostet?, München 1932. (unter dem Pseudonym Hardefust veröffentlicht)
 Hochverrat des Zentrums und der Bayerischen Volkspartei 1919–1933. Die geplante Aufteilung Deutschlands, 1933.
 Hochverrat des Zentrums am Rhein. Neue Urkunden über die wahren Führer der Separatisten, Berlin 1934. (zusammen mit Hermann Schmid)

Historische Arbeiten
 M. von Munkacsy. Künstlermonographie, 1899.
 Blätter aus dem Leben und Dichten eines Verschollenen. Zum 100. Geburtstage von Ernst Ortlepp, 1900.
 Casanova in Köln. Die Kölner Erlebnisse des Abenteurers auf Grund neuer Quellen und Urkunden, 1926.
 "Casanova in Berlin", in: Mitteilungen des Vereins der Geschichte Berlins, 1931. Digitalisiert von der Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin, 2006. https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/14688141_1931/91/; https://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/14688141_1931/119/

Literatur
 Helmut Neuberger: Freimaurerei und Nationalsozialismus. Die Verfolgung der deutschen Freimaurerei durch die völkische Bewegung und Nationalsozialismus 1918–1945, S. 41.
 Michael Wildt: Die Judenpolitik des SD 1935–1938 – Eine Dokumentation. Oldenbourg, München 1995, ISBN 3-486-64571-4, S. 14–19.
 Michael Wildt Hrsg.: Nachrichtendienst, politische Elite, Mordeinheit – Der Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers SS. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-930908-84-0.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Person im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
NSDAP-Mitglied
SS-Mitglied
SD-Personal
Literatur (Deutsch)
Deutscher
Geboren 1870
Gestorben 1941
Mann

Walther Ilges


Metropolis er en science-fiction-film fra 1927 og den første film, der kom på UNESCOs Memory of the World Programme. Produktionen kostede fem millioner Reichsmark og gjorde den til verdens dyreste stumfilm nogensinde. Indspilningstiden slog alle rekorder: 310 dage og 60 nætter.

Produktionen

Historien er baseret på en roman af instruktøren Fritz Langs kone, Thea von Harbou, som også skrev manuskriptet til filmen. Fritz Lang, der instruerede den, gjorde den først og fremmest til en udstyrsfilm. Der blev lavet 500 modeller af skyskrabere på mere end 70 etager, inspireret af Langs besøg i New York i 1924. Interiørerne er holdt i art deco, hvad der førte til et stort gennembrud for art deco-møbler i Latinamerika.

Lang var notorisk slem at arbejde for. I den lange filmsekvens, hvor børnene i arbejderkvartererne kæmper for ikke at drukne i vandmasserne, lod han statisterne (børn fra Berlins slum) plaske i dagevis i vand, som han sørgede for var iskoldt, så deres ansigter fik det rigtige, forpinte udtryk. Da heltinden Maria skal på bålet, stod han fast på, at det skulle være ægte flammer. Der gik påfølgende ild i hendes kjole. I Metropolis møder vi den forrykte, onde, leende videnskabsmand af nøjagtig samme type som dr. Mabuse og dr. Strangelove. Over 1.000 statister var hyret ind.

Luis Buñuel fandt filmens handling "triviel og svulstig"; men han var begejstret for billederne, og mente, Lang "overvælder os med sin kolossale vision om storbyen år 2000"; mens en anden anmelder fandt, at filmen viste "jordens glatte ansigt skamferet til det ugenkendelige af skyskrabere, af lysreklamer med apokalyptisk intensitet, af gader fuldstændigt tilstoppet af biler."

Filmen blev en fiasko og fik store konsekvenser for filmselskabet Ufa, som havde lånt penge hos Paramount og MGM i USA. Der blev dannet et nyt tysk-amerikansk selskab, Parufamet, til at distribuere den. I marts 1927, to måneder efter premieren, var Ufa så slemt stillet, at selskabet blev solgt til forlagsmanden Alfred Hugenberg, som senere kom til at sidde nogle måneder i Hitlers første regering. Som ny Ufa-direktør var Hugenbergs første handling at trække Metropolis tilbage fra markedet og klippe næsten en time væk. Indstramningen var ikke kun af kommercielle hensyn, men særlig rettet mod scener, der kunne opfattes som "kommunistiske" eller "blasfemiske". Før distribution internationalt blev den klippet nok en gang. Fra at vare i to og en halv time blev den i New York fremvist i en version på en time og 40 minutter.  Den rekonstruerede version fra Murnau-stiftelsen kom i 2001 på UNESCOs verdensarvliste; men mere end en fjerdedel af regissørens final cut blev anset som tabt.

Alle kopier til udleje stammede fra tre forskellige klipninger. I tidens løb blev også udlejekopierne ødelagt; forkortet, scenerne omrokeret osv., sådan at der til sidst fandtes mange kortere og længere udgaver af filmen, alle indbyrdes forskellige. Gennem mange år prøvede tyske filmhistorikere at samle stumperne og rekonstruere den oprindelige film ved at støtte sig til Langs drejebog og benytte de bedste kopier. Så dukkede helt uventet en kopi op af hele filmen, som den blev vist i Argentina i 1929. Den argentinske kopi var aldrig blevet returneret til udlejerne. Efter mange år blev den doneret til en offentlig institution, og da der var tale om en brandfarlig nitratkopi, fik man lavet en 16 mm kopi på celluloid, som endte på et lager i Buenos Aires - hvor den blev genfundet i 2008. Kopien var i en elendig forfatning. Billederne var ridsede og kunne kun delvis renses digitalt. Alligevel har tyske filmhistorikere kunnet bruge kopien til at udfylde hullerne i versionen fra 2003, så vi nu sidder med en udgave af Metropolis, der kun mangler et par minutter.

Wells' kritik
H.G. Wells anmeldte Metropolis for New York Times: "Jeg tror ikke, det vil være muligt at lave en mere fjollet film…Ikke et øjeblik er der noget i denne forvrøvlede historie, man tror på." I sin kritik påpegede Wells det absurde i at tænke sig, at fremtidens byer ville vokse opad, når alle vidste, at centrifugalbyen var fremtiden, skrev han fejlagtigt. Derimod var det rimeligt, at han påpegede ligheden med sin egen When the sleeper awakes (1898) om et futuristisk London og følte sig plagieret af Lang og Harbou. (Woody Allen lavede i 1973 filmen Sleeper inspireret af Wells' beretning.)  Imidlertid nævner Wells ikke den ligeså tydelige parallel til sin første roman Tidsmaskinen (1895), hvor der skildres et samfund med en dansende overklasse over en duknakket arbejderklasse fanget i endeløst slid. Robotten Maria mente han var tyvlånt fra Karel Capek (hvad der i så fald måtte gælde alle robotter på film). Wells mente også, at originaltitlen Neubabelsburg var bedre. Men Metropolis blev aldrig kaldt andet. Derimod blev den filmet i Berlin-bydelen Babelsberg (-berg, ikke –burg som Wells stavede det), som den gang hed Neubabelsberg. Wells har forvekslet indspilningsstedet med filmens navn.

Handling

I den overdimensionerede og teknisk fascinerende by Metropolis lever de forskellige sociale samfundsklasser fuldstændigt adskilt. Det øverste klasse bor i paradisiske betingelser, mens arbejderne ses som mindreværdige og er henvist til en underjordisk slavetilværelse.

Freder Fredersen (spillet af Gustav Fröhlich), søn af fabrikanten Joh Fredersen (spillet af Alfred Abel), der ses som hjernen bag Metropolis, forelsker sig i arbejderaktivisten Maria (spillet af Brigitte Helm) som under religiøst lignende sessioner stiller arbejderne bedre tider i sigte. Fredersen senior ser sin magt være i fare og sørger for, at opfinderen C.A. Rotwang (spillet af Rudolf Klein-Rogge) giver en robot (Maschinen-Mensch) Marias ansigt for at holde arbejderne i skak.

Rotwang ønsker at hævne Fredersen senior, der har taget hans store kærlighed Hel, Freders mor, og får maskinen Maria til at opildne arbejderne mod Fredersen senior og systemet. Mængden går løs på maskinerne og smadrer også Metropolis' hjertemaskine, hvorefter vandtankene flyder over, og arbejderkvartererne oversvømmes. Den virkelige Maria, Freder Fredersen og den af Fredersen senior afskedigede Josaphat (spillet af Theodor Loos) formår dog at redde arbejdernes børn fra at drukne.

Arbejderne vil så lynche af Maria, som skulle have drevet dem til forbrydelsen. Mængden griber det, de mener er Maria og brænder hende på bålet (tysk Scheiterhaufen). Den virkelige Maria jages af dr. Rotwang, der frygter selv bliver offer, hvis robotten Marias eksistens bliver kendt. Hun reddes af Fredersen junior. Endelig forsones fabrikant Fredersen og arbejderne gennem Fredersens søns mægling.

Noter

Eksterne Henvisninger
 En restaureret engelsk filmudgave kan frit ses på archive.org; 2:27:12

Tyske film fra 1927
Film instrueret af Fritz Lang
Verdensminde
Stumfilm fra Tyskland
Dramafilm fra Tyskland
Science fiction-film fra Tyskland

Metropolis (film)


Uru es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 21º47'02" sur y a una longitud 49º16'51" oeste, estando a una altitud de 427 metros.

Su población estimada en 2004 era de 1.432 habitantes.
Posee un área de 148,96 km².

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de la prefectura
 Uru en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Uru (São Paulo)


المستعلق في الكيمياء هو خليط غير متجانس يحتوي على مادة صلبة غير ذائبة وإنما معلقة في السائل. أي أننا في حالة طور غير متجانس. المعلق غير رائق، غير شفاف، غير منفذ للضوء. وهي المحاليل التي يمكن أن نرى المادة المذابة عالقة بالمحلول بالعين المجردة ولا تمر من ورقة الترشيح.
غالباً ما تكون المعلقات الصلبة ذات حجم أكبر من 1 ميكرومتر.
المرحلة الداخلية (الصلبة) تتوزع طوال المرحلة الخارجية من خلال (الموائع) عامل التحريض، مع استخدام بعض السواغات أو عوامل تعليق. على عكس الغرويات، والمعلقات سوف تستقر في نهاية المطاف. ومثالا على التعليق تكون الرمال في الماء. الجسيمات العالقة تكون مرئية تحت المجهر وسوف تستقر مع مرور الوقت إذا ما تركت دون عائق. هذا يميز التعليق من الغروانية، الذي فيه الجسيمات العالقة هي أصغر حجما وليست مستقرة.

يتم تصنيف المعلقات على أساس الطور المعلق ووسط التعليق، حيث أن الأول هو أساسا الصلب في حين أن الأخيرة قد تكون إما صلبة، سائلة، أو غازية.

في الصناعات الحديثة العمليات الكيميائية، التكنولوجيا عالية الخلط والقص تم استخدامها لإنشاء العديد من المعلقات الجديدة.

المعلقات غير المستقرة من وجهة نظر الديناميكا الحرارية، إلا أنها يمكن أن تكون مستقرة اصطلاحاً على مدى فترة كبيرة من الزمن، والذي يحدد عمر الرف. هذه الفترة الزمنية يحتاج إلى أن يقاس فعاليته لضمان جودة أفضل المنتجات للمستهلك النهائي.
«تحقيق الاستقرار التعلق يشير إلى مقدرة أحد على مقاومة التغيير في خصائصه الانتشارية مع مرور الوقت.»

خصائص المحلول المعلق
هو مزيج غير متجانس ويتكون من مادة منشرة فيه تسمى الصنف المنشر والوسط الذي تنتشر فيه يسمى بوسط الانتشار
 يمكن تمييز دقائق المذاب بالعين
 يمكن فصل مكوناته بالترويق أو الترشيح
 غير متجانس

تقنيات تحقيق الاستقرار الفيزيائي
تشتت الضوء العديد مقرون بالمسح الضوئي العمودي هي التقنية الأكثر استخداما على نطاق واسع لرصد حالة الانتشار للمنتج، ومن ثم التعرف والتحديد الكمي لظاهرة عدم الاستقرار

طرق تسريع التنبؤ بمدة الصلاحية
يمكن أن تكون العملية الحركية لزعزعة الاستقرار طويلة نوعًا ما (تصل إلى عدة أشهر أو حتى سنوات لبعض المنتجات) وغالبًا ما يكون مطلوبًا أن يستخدم المُعد مزيدًا من الأساليب المتسارعة للوصول إلى وقت تطوير معقول لتصميم منتج جديد. الطرق الحرارية هي الأكثر استخدامًا وتكون عبر زيادة درجة الحرارة لتسريع زعزعة الاستقرار (أقل من درجات الحرارة الحرجة للطور والتدهور). لا تؤثر درجة الحرارة على اللزوجة فحسب، بل تؤثر أيضًا على التوتر السطحي في حالة المواد الخافضة للتوتر السطحي غير الأيونية أو بشكل عام قوى التفاعلات داخل النظام. يتيح تخزين المشتت عند درجات حرارة عالية محاكاة ظروف الحياة الحقيقية للمنتج (على سبيل المثال، أنبوب كريم واق من الشمس داخل سيارة في الصيف)، ولكن أيضًا لتسريع عمليات زعزعة الاستقرار حتى 200 مرة يتم استخدام الاهتزاز والطرد المركزي والإثارة في بعض الأحيان. إنها تخضع المنتج لقوى مختلفة تدفع الجسيمات / تصريف الغشاء. ومع ذلك، فإن بعض المستحلبات لن تتحد أبدًا في الجاذبية العادية، في حين أنها تحدث تحت تأثير الجاذبية الاصطناعية. علاوة على ذلك، تم تسليط الضوء على الفصل بين مجموعات مختلفة من الجسيمات عند استخدام الطرد المركزي والاهتزاز.

الأمثلة الشائعة
 الطين أو المياه الموحلة وحيث يتم تعليق التربة والطين والطمي أو الجزيئات في الماء
 دقيق معلقة في الماء
 جزيئات الغبار معلقة في الهواء
 رمل الحبوب معلقة في الماء
 الطباشير في الماء

المراجع

اقرأ أيضًا
 طور (مادة)
 غرواني
 الحليلة

أجهزة توصيل الدواء
أشكال صيدلانية معادلة للجرعة
كيمياء غروانية
مزائج كيميائية

مستعلق


Santa Izabel do Oeste es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 11.301 habitantes.
El nombre del municipio. Santa Izabel Do Oeste, fue escogido en homenaje a la madre del fundador y colonizador Juán Ribeiro Cordeiro.

El primer prefecto electo fue el Señor Lino Rockembach, el cual creó cinco distritos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Santa Izabel do Oeste


Central Goldfields Shire is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central part of the state. It covers an area of  and, in August 2021 had a population of 13,483.

It includes the towns of Bealiba, Carisbrook, Dunolly, Maryborough and Talbot. It was formed in 1995 from the amalgamation of the City of Maryborough, most of the Shire of Tullaroop, and parts of the Shire of Bet Bet and Shire of Talbot and Clunes.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Central Goldfields Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Maryborough. It also has a service centre located in Talbot. The Shire is named after the region having historically been a major goldfields region in central Victoria.

Council

Current composition
The council is composed of four wards and seven councillors, with four councillors elected to represent the Maryborough Ward and one councillor per remaining ward elected to represent each of the other wards.

In August 2017 the elected council members of the Central Goldfields Shire were removed from office by the Victorian Government. This removal was facilitated due to financial mismanagement. Three administrators were then appointed by Natalie Hutchins the then Local Government Minister to replace the council until the 2020 local government elections. The three administrators are: Noel Harvey OAM, The Hon Hugh Delahunty, and Karen Douglas.

Councillors elected at the 2020 election are:

Administration and governance
The council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Maryborough Municipal Offices, which is also the location of the council's administrative activities. It also provides customer services at both its administrative centre in Maryborough, and its service centre in Talbot.

Townships and localities
The 2021 census, the shire had a population of 13,483 up from 12,995 in the 2016 census

^ - Territory divided with another LGA
* - Not noted in 2016 Census
# - Not noted in 2021 Census

See also
List of localities (Victoria)

References

External links

Central Goldfields Shire Council official website
Metlink local public transport map
Link to Land Victoria interactive maps

Local government areas of Victoria (state)
Loddon Mallee (region)

North Central Victoria

Shire of Central Goldfields


Cephalocarida, razred rakova kojeg čine svega pet rodova s 12 vrsta sitnih račića koji narastu od 2 do 4mm. Jedini red je Brachypoda s poorodicom  Hutchinsoniellidae. Ime porodice došlo je po rodu Hutchinsoniella, čija je jedina vrsta, H. macracantha, otkrivena u Long Island Soundu, a opisao ju je Sanders, 1955.

Rodovi
 Genus Chiltoniella Knox & Fenwick, 1977
 Genus Hampsonellus Hessler & Wakabara, 2000
 Genus Hutchinsoniella Sanders, 1955
 Genus Lightiella Jones, 1961
 Genus Sandersiella Shiino, 1965

Izvori

Rakovi

Cephalocarida


Menina Sem Nome é um documentário de curta-metragem de 2007 produzido pelo jornalista e cineasta Adriano Portela, que conta o Caso da menina sem nome (um dos crimes de maior repercussão no estado de Pernambuco. A menina é considerada uma santa-não-canônica devido aos pedidos feitos pelo povo em seu túmulo.) a partir de relatos de devotos e fatos jornalísticos.

Segundo Adriano Portela, esse filme foi "meu curta que mais rodou o Brasil em festivais, foi finalista no festival universitário da UFRJ, rendeu casos extra-documentário e todo ano o doc exibido nas emissoras locais em época de finados."

Sinopse

Prêmios e Indicações

Documentários de 2007

Menina Sem Nome


Superman, çizgi roman kahramanı. Tüm çizgi roman dünyasının en popüler ve tanınan hayalî karakterlerinden biri ve önemli bir Amerikan kültürel ikonudur.

İlk Superman 1933 yılında yaratılmış kel bir karakterdir. Uzaydan üstün güçleri ile gelip dünyayı istila edecek bir kötü adam olarak düşünülmüştü ama Jerry Siegel ve Joe Shuster bu konsepti satamadılar. 1938'e kadar Superman'in tasarımları değiştirilip duruyordu. Haziran 1938'de "DC Comics #1" dergisinde Superman ilk defa halka sunuluyor. Bu bildiğimiz Superman kostümünün tasarımı o zamanki sirklerde gösteri yapan "güçlü adam"ların giydiği gibi tayttır. Kostüm renkleri Amerikan bayrağına gönderme yapmak için mavi-kırmızıdır. Yıllar boyunca birçok kahramanın Batman dahil, kostümü değiştirilirken, Superman değişmez, değiştirilemez 71 yıl boyunca, çünkü o kostüm görsel olarak bir ifadedir.

1938'de göğsünde bir üçgen içinde adının baş harfi vardır. Bu üçgen Amerikan polis rozetine göndermedir. Tabii daha sonra bu yavaş yavaş şimdiki elmas şeklindeki "S" amblemine dönüşür. Man of Steel filminde Jor-El tarafından bu amblemin "Umut" anlamına geldiği belirtilmiştir.

Güçlerine gelince, giderek daha fazla arttırılır. İlk başta sadece çok güçlü ve hızlıdır, uçamaz, çok yükseğe zıplar; ama uçaklar hayatımıza girince, sıradan insan bile Superman'den hızlı hareket edebilir, uçabilir hale gelir. O zaman Superman'e yazarları tarafından uçma gücü verilir. Yani Superman'in güçleri teknolojinin gelişmesi ile artar, çünkü o her zaman teknolojinin ve onu kullanan sıradan insanın önünde olmazsa süper insan olamaz. Superman Nietzsche'nin Übermensch (üstün insan) kavramı temele alınarak yaratılmıştır. Bu kavramda önemli olan fiziksel güç değil erdemdir.

Özellikleri

Gerçek kimliğini gizlemek için Clark Kent adını kullanır. 1.91 m boyunda ve 102 kilodur.

Jor-El ve annesi Lara Lor Van tarafından patlamak üzere olan Krypton gezegeninden kurtulması için bir roket ile Dünya'ya gönderilir. Jor-El'in Kal-El'i Dünya'ya göndermesinin sebebi sarı güneşin ona çok üstün güçler vereceğini bilmesidir. Kansas'ta Smallville kasabası yakınlarına düşen Kal-El'i Martha ve Jonathan Kent isminde iki çiftçi bulur ve ona Clark ismini vererek kendi çocukları gibi yetiştirirler. Üniversiteyi okumak için Metropolis kentine gelir. Üniversiteyi bitirince Daily Planet gazetesinde işe başlar.Burada Lois Lane ile tanışır ve olaylar gelişir. Superman ismini ona veren Lois Lane'dir. Ayrıca birçok lakabı vardır. Bunlardan bazıları: "The Man of Steel", "The Man of Tomorrow" ve "The Last Son of Krypton". Anlamları ise "Çelik Adam", "Yarının Adamı" ve "Kripton'nun Son Oğlu".

Yan karakterler
Batman, Flash, Wonder Woman, Lois Lane, Lex Luthor, Lana Lang, Jimmy Olsen, Justice League of America
Oliver Queen (Green Arrow) (:en:Oliver Queen (Arrow))

Düşmanları
Superman'ın birçok düşmanı vardır. Ancak en bilinenleri şunlardır:

 General Zod: Süperman'in ırkından olan kripton Generalidir. Süperman'in düşmanıdır
 Brainiac: Canlıların gezegenlerin bilgilerini topluyan makinedir.ve superman i yok etmek isteyen düşmandır.
 Darkseid: Apoklips gezegeninin güçlü yöneticisidir. Dünyayı fethetmek emellerindendir.
 Doomsday: Her öldüğünde öldüğü şekle bağışıklık kazanarak geri gelen DC 'nin en güçlü kötüsüdür.
 Mongul: Emrinde gladyatörleri olan bir uzaylıdır. Superman baş düşmanıdır.
 Metallo: Gücünü Kriptonitten alan ve Superman'a karşı bu enerjisini kullanan bir kötüdür. Kendini metal bir robota bürüterek taarruz eder.
 Lex Luthor: Normal bir insandır, çok zekidir ve atletik bir vücudu vardır. Amacı Superman'ı yok etmek ve dünyaya hükmetmektir.
 Bizarro: Superman'ın kanı alınarak Lex Luthor tarafından yapılan bir karakterdir. Denilenin tersini yapmasıyla bilinir. Bazen iyilik bazen kötülük yapar.
 Mr. Mxyzptlk: Koca ve kel kafalı bir karakterdir. Özel güçleri vardır. Adını tersten söylerseniz 3 ay ortadan yok olur.
 Cyborg Superman

Güçleri
Süpermen kendi gezegeninde doğduğu zaman insanüstü güçleri yoktu, sebebi kendi gezegenlerinde değişik türlerde kripton maddeleri mevcuttur ve gezegenlerinin sisteminde kırmızı güneş vardır, bunlardan dolayı kripton halkı kripton gezegeninde normal dünyalı insanlarla aynı özelliktedir, üstün güçleri yoktur. Devasa depremlerden dolayı kripton gezegeni patlamadan önce ailesi tarafından bir uzay aracı ile  dünyaya gönderildiği sırada güneşe yakın giden uzay aracında güneşten gelen radyoaktif ışınlardan sonra aşağıdaki güçlere sahip olmuştur. Dünyada büyüdükçe farklı güçlerini fark etmiş, kontrol etmesi gelişmiştir. Sarı yıldızlara yaklaştıkça gücü artar, güneş üzerinde gezebilmektedir. Kripton gezegeni patladığı sırada uzayda bazı kripton halkından kişiler kurtulmuştur, süpermen bu kişilerden daha güçlüdür. Süpermen nadirde olsa zarar görürse, sarı yıldız(güneş) ışınlarını görünce hemen iyileşir ve güçlenir.

Havasız ortamda yaşayabilme: Suda ya da uzayda istediği kadar kalabilir.
X-ray görüşü: Superman bu özellikleri sayesinde her şeyin arkasını görebilir. Yalnızca kurşun maddesinin arkasını göremez.Bunun nedeni kurşunun içindeki maddelerdir. Kurşunun içini göremez.
Teleskobik görüş: Bu yeteneği uzak mesafeleri yakınlaştırıp görmesini sağlar. (Uzak cisimlere zoom yaparak yakınlaştırır).
Mikroskobik görüş: Bu yeteneği ise aşırı derece de küçük atomik seviyedeki cisimleri görebilmesini sağlar. (Yalnızca mikroskop ile görülebilecek boyuttaki cisimler)
Isı saçan bakışlar: Bu yeteneği sayesinde düşmanlarına zor anlar yaşatır. Soyguncuların  kaçış arabalarını patlatabilir,ağır metalleri eritebilir. Heat vision olarak da bilinen bu özelliğiyle Superman Burst patmalarını oluşturur. Güneş'in çekirdeğinden çok daha sıcak bir seviyeye çıkartabilmektedir.
Diğer görüş yetenekleri: Superman ultraviolet ışınları, kızılötesi ışınları, elektromanyetik dalgaları ve karanlıkta görebilir. Superman denizin altını dahi görebilir.
Süper işitme: Bu özelliğiyle Superman her sesi duyabilir. Böylece her tehlikeyi sezip, zamanında o tehlikeleri önleyebilir.
Süper Ses: Superman çok iyi bir vantrologtur bütün insan ve hayvanların mimiklerini ve seslerini aynen taklit edebilir.
Süper Nefes ve soğutma: Bu yeteneği ile kasırga gücünde rüzgâr üfleyebilir ve bu rüzgâr hedefini dondurabilir. Superman nefes aldığında büyük miktarlarda havayı içine çekebilir ve bu yeteneğiyle zehirli gaz bulutlarını dağıtabilir.
Süper hipnotizma: Pre-Crisis Superman istediği zaman başkalarını hipnotize edebilir. Clark Kent'in Superman kimliğini gizlemek için bu yeteneğini kullanır. Clark Kent'in gözlükleri bu gücünü kullanmasına yardımcı olur sürekli çalışarak onun diğerleri gibi görünmesini sağlar, herkes onu iyi huylu,korkak adam olarak algılar ama fotoğraflarda Superman gibi çıkar.
Dayanıklılık: Bilinene göre Superman DC'nin en dirençli süper kahramanıdır. Evrenin en sert yumruklarına,dünyanın en güçlü patlamalarına dayanabilir. Post Crisis Superman arka arkaya gerçekleşen 50 Supernova'dan sağ çıkabilmiştir. Bunun sebebi solar enerjinin getirdiği sertlik ve dayanma gücüdür.
Süper Güç: Superman'in gücünün büyüklüğü tam olarak belli değildir. Gezegenleri yerinden oynatabilecek güce sahiptir. Superman DC çizgi roman karakterleri arasında fiziksel güç olarak en güçlü karakter kabul edilir. Ellerinde bir çift minyatür karadelik taşımıştır.
Süper Hız: Bu yeteneği Flash gibi inanılmaz bir hızda hareket edebilmesini sağlar. Uçmak koşmaya göre daha az yorucu çok daha işlevsel ve çok daha hızlıdır tabi herkesin aklına şu soru gelir Superman mi daha hızlı Flash mı tabii ki Flash daha hızlıdır, zaten Flash'ın özelliği budur. Superman'in Flash'la arasındaki tek fark Flash katı maddelerin içinden maddeden etkilenmeden geçebilir (tabi isterse o maddeyi patlatabilir) Superman ise maddeyi etkilemeden geçemez.(Superman'in gençlik yıllarını anlatıldığı Smallville dizisinde birkaç bölüm gözükmüştür.) Superman sahip olduğu süper insan refleksleri sayesinde inanılmaz hızlarda hiçbir şeye çarpmadan hareket edebilir. Çok karmaşık işleri ve nesneleri normal bir insandan yüzlerce kat daha hızlı toplayabilir.. Superman sadece 45 saniye içinde dünya turu yapabilir. Kendi etrafında çok yüksek hızlarda dönerek hortum oluşturabilir ya da matkap gibi yeri delebilir.
Solar enerji emme: Teknik olarak Superman bütün güçlerinin ortaya çıkmasının ve büyüklüğünün kaynağı Sarı Güneş'tir. Güçlerinin sebebi hücrelerinin aşırı derece de solar enerji emmesidir. Bununla birlikte Superman'e savaşlarda kuşkusuz çok büyük üstünlükler sağlar. Ayrıca başka yıldızlardan ve gezegenlerden de güç alabilir. Kızıl Güneş Superman'in güçlerini kaybetmesine neden olur.
Yaralanmamazlık: Bu yeteneği Superman'in hücrelerinin yoğunluğu nedeniyle ona kriptonit hariç zarar verilememesini sağlar. Superman zehir ve hastalıklardan etkilenmez. (Çok güçlü ışınlar hariç)

DC COMICS evreninde bazı serilerde "büyü diye bir şey yoktur" kabul edilir ve her şey bilimle açıklanır. Fakat bazı serilerde gerçekçiliğe aykırı şekilde büyüye de yer verilir, bazı kahramanların büyü güçleri vardır ve büyü Süpermen'in diğer bir zayıf noktasıdır, Süpermen bu serilerde büyü karşısında bir şey yapamaz.

Süper Zeka: Çizgi romanlarda kriptonlular doğuştan itibaren çok zeki canlılar olarak gösterilir. Sonuç olarak süper zeka kriptonlular için doğal bir yetenektir. Superman'in beyni bilgisayar gibidir, her şeyi hatırlar yeryüzündeki bütün dilleri konuşabilir, metropolis telefon defterindeki bütün numaraları ve Daily Planet'taki bütün dosyalarının içeriklerini bilir. Çok iyi analiz yeteneği vardır.

Uçabilme: Superman çok hızlı uçabilir.

Kıyafeti
Altına mavi Tayt, mavi Tayt'ın üstüne de Kırmızı Külot giyer. Üst Kısmında Mavi bir sivit giyer üzerinde "S" işareti vardır. Superman ın hayatını anlatan Smallville dizisinde bunun aslında "EL" ailesinin Kriptondaki logosu olduğunu vurguluyor. Kırmızı pelerininde de vardır. Superman'in vücudu kurşunlara karşı dayanıklı olduğu için kurşunlar vücudundan seker, bundan dolayı elbisesi kurşunlarda zarar görmez. Bunun dışındaki olaylarda elbisesi zarar görür, yangın gibi, elbisenin bir yere sürtünmesi gibi. Fakat özellikle çizgi serisinde patlamalarda ya da Süpermen'in güneşe gittiği bölümlerde elbisesini hasar almamış olarak çizerler, animasyon her yaşa uygun olsun diye çıplak kalmasın diye bu şekilde çizerler.
Superman ilk yaratıldığında keldir ve zamanla Lex Luthor'a benzemesi sebebiyle saçlı bir şekilde oluşturulmuştur.

Zayıf noktaları
Superman kendini durmadan geliştiren biridir. İlk zamanlardaki gücüyle şimdiki gücü bir değildir. Zayıf nokta olarak görülen Kriptonit taşına bağışıklık kazanmıştır bu sayede. Ama kazanmadan önce Superman'in zayıf noktalarından biri kriptonit taşıdır. Kriptonit taşı parçalanmış kripton gezegeninin parçalarıdır, evrenin her yerine dağılmıştır ve çok nadir bulunur. Özellikle yeşil kriptonit Superman'e çok zarar verir, kırmızı ve sarı kriptonit taşının da yan etkileri vardır. Yeşil kriptonit Superman'e yaklaşması halinde Superman güçlerini kaybeder, eğer taş Superman'e değerse Superman ölebilir. Kırmızı kriptonitin birçok yan etkisi vardır. (Çizgi romanda böyledir, ama Smallville isimli dizide sadece kişiliğine etkiyormuş olarak gözükür.) Siyah kriptonit(yeşil kriptonit çok yüksek sıcaklarda ısıtılmasıyla oluşur.) Superman'i iki ayrı bedene böler, iyi ve kötü Superman olarak. Gümüş kriptonit olmadık şeyler, halüsinasyonlar görmesine sebep olur. Pembe kriptonit ise Superman'i cinsel anlamda yumuşatır. Kriptonit taşının Superman'e zarar vermesinin sebebi sarı güneştir, kızıl güneşte hiçbir etkisi yoktur. Kriptonit taşının Kripton gezegeninde normal bir taştan farkı yoktur. Superman bir de kurşun maddesinden yapılmış nesnelerin arkasını pek iyi göremez ve bunun nedeni kurşunun radyoaktif ışımalara karşı dayanıklı olmasıdır.

Sinema ve televizyonda Superman
 Superman (film)
 Superman II
 Superman III
 Superman IV
 Smallville
 Superman Dönüyor
 Man of Steel (film)
 Batman v Superman: Adaletin Şafağı
 Supergirl (dizi)
 Justice League: Adalet Birliği
 Superman & Lois

Superman karakterini canlandıran oyuncular
 Christopher Reeve 1978 - 1987
 Brandon Routh 2006
 Tom Welling 2001 - 2011
 Henry Cavill 2013 - Günümüz
 Tyler Hoechlin 2016 - günümüz

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 DC Comics
 Superman Home Page
 Superman Mega Site

Sinemaya uyarlanmış çizgi romanlar
Çizgi karakterler
Animasyon karakterleri
Film karakterleri
Hızlı iyileşen DC Comics karakterleri
Dünya dışı süper kahramanlar
Kurgusal Amerikalılar
Kripton kişileri
1938'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kurulan oluşumlar
1938'de tanıtılan kurgusal karakterler
DC Comics karakterleri

Superman


Vasiliu Pustai (n. 27 martie 1875, Săuca – d. 21 noiembrie 1953, Sibiu) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Activitate Politică

După 1918, Vasiliu Pustai a fost primar la Tășnad.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003.

Lectură Suplimentară

 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, Editura Academiei Române, 2005. (ISBN 973-27-1258-9)
 Ioan I. Șerban, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul Personalităților Române. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Alba Iulia, 2003. (ISBN 973-8141-90-7)
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Cluj Napoca, 1998. (ISBN 973-0007-24-1)

Legături externe

 Centenarul Marii Uniri: Au fost și la Alba Iulia
 Adunarea de la Alba Iulia, organ reprezentativ și democratic al poporului român din Transilvania
 Centenar 100. Marii oameni politici ai României

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1875
Decese în 1953
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Primari din România

Vasiliu Pustai


Analogan (grč. ἀνάλογος: razmjeran) može značiti:
 analogan je sličan, podudaran, srodan, odgovarajući.
 analogan je svojstven sustavu gdje se podatci prikazuju fizikalnom veličinom koja unutar određenih granica može poprimiti bilo koju vrijednost. Suprotno je digitalan.
 analogni signal, u elektrotehnici, je neprekidni (kontinuirani) električni signal kojemu vremenski prikaz u svakome trenutku odgovara nekoj fizikalnoj veličini, na primjer električnom naponu ili električnoj struji.

Izvori

Analogan


Der Zuckerhase ist eine Süßware, die zum Osterfest vermarktet wird. Neben den vor allem im süddeutschen Raum verbreiteten roten Zuckerhasen werden auch gelbliche Exemplare, sogenannte Rahmhasen, verkauft. Traditionell wurden Zuckerhasen in Bäckereien, Konditoreien und Zuckerbäckereien gefertigt.

Herstellung
Eine Masse aus Kristallzucker, Wasser und Glukosesirup wird auf etwa 156 °C, entsprechend 125 Grad Réaumur auf der in der Konditorei teilweise eingesetzten Temperaturskala, erhitzt. Sie wird entweder mit roter Speisefarbe koloriert und mit etwas Essig geklärt oder – bei Rahmhasen – mit Sahne und Butter angereichert. Beim Erhitzen darf die Masse keinesfalls umgerührt werden, da sonst die Kristallbildung des Zuckers angeregt würde. Die heiße, flüssige Masse wird in aufklappbare, mit Öl ausgepinselte Metallformen gegossen, wobei allerdings ein großer Teil des Zuckers gleich danach wieder ausgegossen wird, so dass nur eine hohle, dünnwandige Figur entstehen kann. Nach dem Aushärten in der kalten Form wird am Fuß der überschüssige Zucker abgeschlagen und die Form danach geöffnet, um den Hasen entnehmen zu können. Dies ist nur in einem bestimmten Stadium des Erkaltens der Zuckermasse möglich, da der Zuckerhase sonst entweder zu weich ist und seine Form wieder verliert oder sich so fest mit der Metallform verbindet, dass er beim Herausnehmen zerbricht.

Farbsymbolik
Die roten Zuckerhasen versinnbildlichen den Sieg des Lebens und der Liebe am Osterfest, die gelben das helle Licht nach der dunklen Osternacht. Während die roten, transparenten Hasen extra gefärbt sind, erhalten die gelben Rahmhasen ihre Farbe durch die Zutaten Butter und Rahm. Sie sind von eher weicherer Konsistenz und weniger durchscheinend.

Geschichte

Zuckerhasen wurden ab dem 18. Jahrhundert, in dem Zucker durch die Produktion aus Runkelrüben in Raffinerien statt des Imports des teuren Rohrzuckers bezahlbar wurde, vor allem aber von der Mitte des 19. bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts produziert. Danach wurden Ostersüßigkeiten vermehrt aus Schokolade angefertigt, so dass später kaum mehr Formen für Zuckerhasen produziert wurden.

Dauer- und Sonderausstellungen
Eine Sammlung von Zuckerhasenformen sowie historisches Produktionsgerät ist im Zuckergässle in Langenenslingen zu besichtigen.

Im Markgräfler Museum in Müllheim lief bis zum 22. April 2012 eine Ausstellung mit dem Thema "österliche Konditorformen" und dem Titel "Alles Formsache". Bis zum 9. Mai 2012 war die Ausstellung "Von roten Zuckerhasen und Krokanteiern" in Weil am Rhein zu sehen.

Sonstiges
1927 wurde Doris Lautenschlagers Buch Der neue Zuckerhase beim J. F. Schreiber Verlag in Eßlingen am Neckar veröffentlicht. Es war in Hasenform gestaltet, der Einband zeigte einen wildfarbenen Hasen mit einem Körbchen mit Eiern auf dem Rücken.

Weblinks

 Zuckerhasen Beitrag in der Süddeutschen Zeitung 2017
 Zuckerhasen auf oberpfalz.de
 Leuchtend rot und sakrisch süß, Beitrag in Zwischen Spessart und Karwendel, Bayerisches Fernsehen

Einzelnachweise

Zuckerware
Essen und Trinken (Ostern)
Deutsche Küche
Christliches Symbol

Zuckerhase


Edith Bonnesen (28. september 191120. februar 1992) var en dansk modstandskvinde fra København, som fra 1942 var en del af Modstandsbevægelsen gennem organisationerne De frie Danske, Dansk-Svensk Flygtningetjeneste og Special Operations Executive.

Liv
I begyndelsen af 1942 fik Edith Bonnesen via en familieforbindelse til tyske jøder i 30'erne en stærk personlig oplevelse af nazismens racepolitik, hvilket var medvirkende til, at hun tidligt gik ind i modstandsgruppen De frie Danske, der udgav et illegalt blad af samme navn, og hun begyndte at samle og levere stof til bladet. Snart derefter blev hun involveret i at skaffe rationeringskort og falske legitimationspapirer, og hun igangsatte også en indsamling af penge til understøttelse af arresteredes familier. Hendes lejlighed på Tranegårdsvej blev et ofte brugt tilholdssted for gruppen, og hun husede desuden eftersøgte personer, blandt andet Mogens Hammer. I forbindelse med sit modstandsarbejde blev hun arresteret adskillige gange, men blev altid løsladt efter få dage og fortsatte ufortrødent sit illegale arbejde. Den 29. august 1943, da regeringen gik af, og tyskerne overtog magten, var Edith Bonnesen nødt til at gå under jorden.

Ved et besøg på Dansk-Svensk Flygtningetjenestes illegale postkontor på Nytorv i august 1944 blev Edith Bonnesen arresteret for fjerde gang. Det lykkedes hende under forhøret på Shellhuset at udnytte et ubevogtet øjeblik til at stikke af fra Gestapos hovedkvarter, hvilket var en så enestående bedrift, at flere illegale kredse mente, at hun måtte have slået en handel af med Gestapo, hvorfor der blev gjort forsøg på at likvidere hende. Misforståelsen blev opklaret i tide, men da Edith Bonnesen nu var stærkt eftersøgt af tyskerne, måtte hun flygte til Sverige, hvor hun officielt blev ansat som sekretær for den amerikanske konsul i Helsingborg, og uofficielt blev ansat til at betjene en radiostation, som kort inden var etableret i konsulatet. Her stod hun for forbindelsen til en sender i Danmark og videresendte meddelelserne til London. Ved årsskiftet 1944-45 blev konsulen kaldt tilbage til USA, hvorefter Edith Bonnesen fungerede som konsul frem til Befrielsen. Efter ordre fra Stockholm lukkede hun konsulatet og rejste tilbage til København, hvor hun virkede ved Special Forces Mission, en fusion af SOE og dens amerikanske pendant, frem til efteråret 1945.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer i Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
Modstandsfolk fra Danmark

Edith Bonnesen


La Chasse-galerie also known as "The Bewitched Canoe" or "The Flying Canoe" is a popular French-Canadian tale of lumberjacks from camps working around the Gatineau River who make a deal with the devil, a variant of the Wild Hunt. Its best-known version was written by Honoré Beaugrand (1848–1906). It was published in The Century Magazine in August 1892.

Origin
The story has origins in a French legend about a rich nobleman named Gallery who loved to hunt. He loved it so much that he refused to attend Sunday mass. As punishment for this sin he was condemned to fly forever through the night skies, chased by galloping horses and howling wolves, in a fashion reminiscent of the Wild Hunt stories.

When French settlers arrived in Canada, they swapped stories with the natives and the tale of Gallery was combined with a First Nations legend about a flying canoe. In time, bark canoes became associated with French-Canadian culture as well; when some of the earliest French-Canadians arrived in New York City, they were reported to have landed on the banks of the Hudson River to "the amazement and admiration of the people, who had never seen bark canoes in their waters before".

Variations
After a night of heavy drinking on New Year's Eve, a group of voyageurs working at a remote timber camp yearn to visit their sweethearts some  away. The only way to make such a long journey, and be back in time for work the next morning, is to run the chasse-galerie. Running the chasse-galerie means making a pact with the Devil so that their canoe can travel through the air to their destination quickly. However, the travellers must not mention God's name or touch the cross of any church steeple as they whisk by in the flying canoe. If either of these rules is broken during the voyage, then the Devil will take their souls. This in mind, the men promise not to touch another drop of rum, to keep their heads clear. The crew take their places in the canoe which begins to rise off the ground. They start to paddle. Far below they see the frozen Gatineau River, many villages, plenty of shiny church steeples and even the lights of Montreal. The bewitched canoe eventually touches down near a house where New Year's Eve festivities are in full swing. No one questions the trappers'/loggers' sudden arrival. They are embraced with open arms and soon are dancing and celebrating as merrily as everyone else. After spending time with their sweethearts and enjoying the festivities, the men notice it is late and know they must leave if they are to get back to camp in time for work. As they fly through the moonless night, it becomes apparent that their navigator had been drinking as he steers the canoe on a dangerously unsteady course. While passing over Montreal, they narrowly miss running into a church steeple, and soon after the canoe ends up stuck in a deep snowdrift. The drunken navigator starts swearing and taking the Lord's name in vain. Terrified the devil will take their souls, the men bind and gag their friend and elect another to steer. The navigator soon breaks his bonds and begins swearing again. The crew become more and more shaken at the possibility of losing their souls, and they accidentally steer the bewitched canoe right into a tall pine. The men spill out of the canoe, and are knocked unconscious.

The ending of the story changes from version to version. In some versions, the men are sentenced to fly the canoe through Hell. They appear in the sky every New Year's Eve but, in all but one version, all the men escape the terms the devil (Lucifer) made.

Several different versions of this legend exist. An Acadian version involves an axe handle. It stretches to accommodate as many as climb on.

Another variation has the devil himself steering and deliberately trying to break the rules on the return journey, at which point they throw him out of the canoe to save themselves.

In English, this particular legend is known as "The Canoe", or "The Wild Hunt Bewitched". The second name is used to translate precisely chasse-galerie as it is known in Canadian French; the other term is much broader.

In Quebec, the best-known version is written by Honoré Beaugrand. This is the story of the Gatineau loggers who make a pact with the devil in order to steal a boat so they can visit their women. They are warned, however, not to blaspheme during the voyage, or touch crosses atop church steeples, and they must be back before six o'clock the next morning. Otherwise they would lose their souls. In his version, the devil (Lucifer) is rather generous, and allows the men to return unhurt and undamaged.

The tale appeared in a book of French-Canadian folktales called Legends of French Canada by Edward C. Woodley, published in 1931, republished in 1938. The tale is told as a recollection of one of the men who made chasse-galerie. The men travel from St. Maurice to St. Jean. The return accident is credited to whiskey-blanc.

An earlier volume in English, entitled The Flying Canoe (La Chasse-Galerie) was written by J.E. LeRossignol, by McClelland & Stewart Publishers in 1929. In it, thanks is given (with no further publication information) to "the Toronto Star Weekly, and the Canadian Home Journal for their courteous permission to republish certain stories which appeared originally in these journals."

In 2015, a musical theatre version of the story was performed at the Storefront Theatre in Toronto. It won two Dora Awards and two Toronto Theatre Critics Awards. A larger production was mounted in 2016 by Soulpepper Theatre.

In popular culture
A Canadian 40¢ postage stamp was issued in 1991 (as the Witched Canoe), illustrating this legend (Canadian Scott #1334 or #1445), which forms part of a series on Canadian folktales.

One of the oldest rides at Montreal's La Ronde amusement park, La Pitoune, uses this legend as inspiration. It is a basic sawmill log ride, but overhead is a representation of the flying canoe, with the devil perched behind the terrified men. The high bench at the back of the log-cars is therefore referred to as "the devil-seat". It closed down during the 2016 season.

The legend serves as the label motif for Maudite, an ale produced by the Unibroue brewery of Quebec.

The science fiction author Gordon R. Dickson wrote a novelette titled "The Immortal" in 1965, which was later incorporated into the collection Mutants (1970). A French-Canadian spaceman, piloting a spaceship called "la Chasse Gallerie" (the misspelling is consistent through the story), is the victim of an attack by aliens that misfires, sending his ship hundreds of light-years away.  He tries to return, but only the ship itself, devoid of any occupant, is then discovered and rescued by humans two centuries later.  The novelette was later expanded into the novel The Forever Man (1986), by the same author.

The National Film Board of Canada produced a short animated film of The Legend of the Flying Canoe (La Chasse-galerie).

Claude Dubois sings a song called "Chasse Galerie" on the live album Rencontre de rêves (1992). Bruno Pelletier performed it in 2001 at the opening of the fourth Jeux de la Francophonie.

The Quebec folk band La Bottine Souriante recorded a song based on the legend, "Martin de la Chasse-Galerie", for their album La Mistrine in 1994. In the song, Satan condemns the men in the flying canoe to wander in the skies over Montreal until the day of judgement.

Montreal folk metal band Blackguard use an image of the flying canoe on the cover of their 2009 album Profugus Mortis. Included on the album is a song called "The Last We Wage". Its lyrics are based on this legend.

During the Opening Ceremony for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, a canoe containing fiddler Colin Maier was lowered from the ceiling in an allusion to the legend.

The Flying Canoe appears in Frédéric Back's 1981 animated film Crac.

Adaptations

The radio program C'est la Vie retold the story on December 28, 2001, narrated by storyteller Marylyn Peringer.

The first feature film adaptation, Wild Run: The Legend (Chasse-Galerie: La Légende), was released in February 2016. It was written by Guillaume Vigneault and directed by Jean-Philippe Duval.

A stage play written by Tyrone Savage, with music and lyrics by James Smith was produced by the Soulpepper Theatre Company in Toronto in 2016.

See also
 Faust
 Stingy Jack
 Flying Dutchman

References

External links
 (in French)

Canadian folklore
Culture of Quebec
Canoes
Canadian legends
Maritime folklore
Fur trade
Supernatural legends
Canadian ghosts

Chasse-galerie


Robert Anthony Pape Jr. (* 1960) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politikwissenschaftler. Er ist bekannt für seine Arbeiten zu Fragen der internationalen Sicherheit, insbesondere zu Luftkriegen und Selbstmordattentaten.

Das Studium der Politikwissenschaft an der University of Pittsburgh schloss Pape 1982 mit Auszeichnung ab (Phi Beta Kappa). An der University of Chicago erhielt er 1988 seinen Ph.D., ebenfalls in Politikwissenschaft.

Von 1991 bis 1994 lehrte er an der School of Advanced Airpower Studies der United States Air Force; anschließend lehrte er bis 1999 am Dartmouth College. Seitdem lehrt er an der University of Chicago.

Werke
 Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War. 1996
 Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (2005)
 Cutting the Fuse: The Explosion of Global Suicide Terrorism and How to Stop mit James K. Feldman, 2010

Weblinks
 http://political-science.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/pape.shtml

Politikwissenschaftler
Hochschullehrer (University of Chicago)
US-Amerikaner
Terrorismusexperte
Geboren 1960
Mann

Robert Pape


Alexander Ziegler, né à Zurich le  et mort dans la même ville le  est un acteur, metteur en scène, journaliste suisse.

Biographie
Né à Zurich, Alexander Ziegler, passionné de théâtre, rencontre à l'âge de 16 ans le metteur en scène Oskar Wâlterlin qui lui confie un petit rôle. Ses parents l'envoient en maison de correction, expérience qu'il racontera dans son livre "La Conséquence" (Die Konsequenz). À sa sortie, il se rend à Vienne muni d'une recommandation d'Oskar Wälterlin et poursuit sa formation d'acteur au Max-Reinhardt-Seminar.  Il interpréta un rôle ans une poièce de Wedekind et joua dans la série Américaine "Boys and Girls".

En 1966, sa liaison avec le jeune Stephan Mutscha, qui n'a que 16 ans, le fait condamner à deux ans et demi de prison.  Pendant sa détention, il écrit son premier roman autobiographique "Labyrinthe". À sa sortie, il devient rédacteur en chef de la revue homosexuelle "Du & Ich" (1971/1979). Pendant ces neuf années de militance où il est proche de l'extrême gauche, il se fait beaucoup d'ennemis.

En 1975, il écrit "La Conséquence" qui relate son expérience  en maison de correction. Cette autobiographie est portée à l'écran en 1977 par le réalisateur Allemand Wolfgang Petersen  avec dans les rôles principaux Jürgen Prochnow et Ernst Hannawald. Le scandale est immense. Le film est boycotté par la télévision Bavaroise mais nombre de jeunes gens homosexuels y trouvent le courage de s'affirmer.

Alexander Ziegler est retrouvé mort dans sa loge, ayant succombé à une overdose d'antidépresseurs, en 1987.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain suisse d'expression allemande
Naissance en mars 1944
Décès en août 1987
Suicide par les barbituriques
Décès à 43 ans

Alexander Ziegler


Garig Gunak Barlu ( se prononce: Gah-rig Goon-uk Bar-loo) est une aire protégée dans le Territoire du Nord, sur la péninsule de Cobourg en Australie.

Il a été créé en rejoignant l'ancien parc national de Gurig et le parc marin de Cobourg. Son nom dérive de la langue locale Garig (l'ilgar: langue éteinte iwaidjan), et les mots gunak « terre » et barlu « eau profonde ».

Il s'agit d'une zone d'importance internationale car il a été le premier parc au monde à être déclaré en vertu de la Convention de Ramsar en raison de ses zones humides importantes. Il est classé comme une aire protégée de catégorie II de l'UICN.

Géographie

Situation et dimensions
Le parc national comprend toutes les terres de la péninsule de Cobourg,  les eaux environnantes de la mer d'Arafura et du golfe de Van Diemen ainsi que certaines îles:  l'île Burford, des îles Sir George Hope (Greenhill, Wangoindjung, Warldagawaji, Morse et Wunmiyi), de l'île Mogogout et de l'île Endyalgout.

Hors du parc, sa ville la plus proche est Jabiru et à environ 216 kilomètres (à vol d'oiseau) au nord-est de Darwin, la capitale du territoire. Le parc est à 8 heures de routes de Darwin.

Climat
D'un climat tropical, le parc connaît donc deux saisons, une saison sèche, entre mai et octobre, ce sont les mois les plus secs et où les températures sont les plus chaudes, bien que les mois de juin et juillet soient en général les plus frais, et une saison humide, de novembre à avril, avec des orages fréquents, l'humidité est en moyenne très élevée, la moyenne d'ensoleillement est faible. Le mois de novembre est considéré comme le plus chaud de l'année tandis qu'entre décembre et mars, les précipitations sont les plus hautes.

Histoire
Les archéologues s'entendent généralement pour dire que les Autochtones vivent dans la région depuis 40 000 ans.

Les commerçants de Macassan ont visité la région régulièrement pendant des siècles.

En 1838, la première colonie britannique de Victoria a été établie à Port Essington et a duré dix ans. Diverses industries se sont développées depuis, y compris les industries pastorale, perlière, du bois et touristique.

Le parc protège la première zone humide à être reconnue comme zone humide d'importance internationale en vertu d'un accord international appelé "La Convention sur les zones humides d'importance internationale » communément appelé Ramsar". Elle a été enregistrée le 8 mai 1974.

Le parc regorge des sites d'une importance archéologique nationale.

Milieu naturel
Le Garig Gunak Barlu présente une importante diversité d'écosystèmes, dû à sa situation géographique et à son climat.

Faune
La faune du parc national est principalement marine. Entouré par la mer d'Arafura et du golfe de Van Diemen, de nombreuses espèces de la faune australienne sont présentes, ainsi que de nombreuses espèces locales communes comme le maquereau, le carangue à grosse tête, des requins, des poissons de récifs... Parmi les espèces marines, le parc protège des espèces rares, dont le dugong et six tortues marines (la caouanne, la tortue imbriquée, la tortue olivâtre, la tortue luth et la tortue à dos plat). On peut y trouver des crocodiles, c'est pour cela que la baignade y est interdite.

Côté animaux terrestres, les espèces sont également très variés. Le parc est reconnue principalement pour l'observation des oiseaux où l'on peut y voir plus de 200 espèces différentes, il abrite également le plus grand troupeau sauvage de Banteng (qui est une espèce en voie de disparition dans leur habitat naturel).

Flore

Sites
Les sites naturels du parc sont autant nombreux que différent, côté mer, il y a des plages de sable, des lagunes, des prairies d'herbes marines, des récifs coralliens. Côté terre, il y a des dunes et les prairies côtières associées, des mangroves, des marécages, des parcelles de forêt tropicale. Parmi eux, certains sont inaccessibles comme les récifs qui sont souvent non marqués et inexplorés et facilement couverts par les marées.

Le parc compte également des sites créés par l'Homme:

 Colonie de Victoria : Ruines d'une ancienne colonie du nord de l'Australie. Accessible uniquement par bateau

Lieux importants

 Cape Don Light
 Port Essington

Galerie

Tourisme

Activités
Le parc est réputé principalement pour la randonnée où l'on peut même camper dans l'un des deux campings du parc; le parc propose des activités guidée offerte entre mai et septembre, la pêche où il est possible de pêcher de nombreuses espèces d'animaux marins communes (comme le maquereau, le poisson-reine, le carangue, le requin, le vivaneau et une variété de poissons de récif), la photographie pour ses paysages diverses, l'observation, principalement d'oiseaux, mais également les paysages, et des expositions au Black Point Cultural Centre sur les aborigènes, makassar et européens de la zone.

Infrastructures

Accessibilité
Le parc est accessible via la terre d'Arnhem, les moyens de transports pour y accéder sont:

 L'avion: La piste d'atterrissage se trouve à 2 km du terrain de camping et à 5 km de Black Point. Il est également possible de survolé le parc.
 Le bateau: Le parc est à deux jours de navigation de Darwin.
 La voiture (4x4 uniquement). Route non goudronnée, ouverte pendant la saison sèche (mai - septembre), et en fonction des pluies et des raisons cérémonielles

Séjourner
Le parc possède 2 campings  et 1 hôtel à proximité; Le Seven Spirit Bay

Annexes

Liens externes

 Fiche officiel et carte
Site officiel

Références

Voir aussi

 Aire protégée
 Aire protégée d'Océanie
 Aire protégées d'Australie
 Aire protégée du Territoire du Nord

Aire protégée dans le Territoire du Nord

Parc national Garig Gunak Barlu


Saša Ćetković (Zagreb, 1968.), hrvatski fotograf

Životopis
Rodio se u Zagrebu. Otac Jozo bio je poznati hrvatski fotograf i njegov veliki uzor u radu. Treća je generacija fotografa u obitelji. Djed je bio fotograf u Starom Baru. Saša Ćetković bio je suradnik vodećih reklamnih agencija i Hrvatske turističke zajednice. U Hrvatskome narodnom kazalištu u Zagrebu bio je službeni fotograf. Bio je urednik fotografije u mnogim tiskanim medijima.

Nagrade
Za rad je dobio nagrade. Radovi su mu izlagani na nizu izložbi u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski fotografi

Saša Ćetković


Lucía Etxebarria de Asteinza født i 1966 i Valencia) er en spansk forfatter.

Hun har studeret engelsk filologi og journalistik i Madrid.

Prisen
 1998 Premio Nadal, Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes.
 2001 Premio Primavera, De todo lo visible y lo invisible
 2004 Premio Planeta, Un milagro en equilibrio

Værker
 La historia de Kurt y Courtney: aguanta esto (1996)
 Amor, curiosidad, prozac y dudas (1997), roman (Kärlek, nyfikenhet, Prozac och tvivel)
 Beatriz y los cuerpos celestes (1998), roman (Beatriz och himlakropparna)
 Nosotras que no somos como las demás (1999)
 La Eva futura. La letra futura (2000)
 De todo lo visible y lo invisible (2001)
 Estación de infierno (2001)
 En brazos de la mujer fetiche (2002)
 Una historia de amor como otra cualquiera (2003)
 Un milagro en equilibrio (2004)
 Actos de amor y placer (2004)
 Courtney y yo (2004)
 Ya no sufro por amor (2005)
 Cosmofobia (2007)
 El club de las malas madres (2009)
 Lo verdadero es un momento de lo falso (2010)
 El contenido del silencio (2011)
 Dios no tiene tiempo libre (2013)
 Cuentos clásicos para chicas modernas (2013)

Referencer

Digtere fra Spanien
Spansksprogede forfattere
Forfattere fra Spanien

Lucía Etxebarria


An Fuirena uncinata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Ludwig von Willdenow, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Fuirena uncinata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fuirena

Fuirena uncinata


Hüdavendigar, Eskişehir ilinin Sivrihisar ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Târihi
1941 senesinde Boşnaklar muhâcirlerin iskâni ile kurulmustur.

Coğrafya
Eskişehir iline 124 km, Sivrihisar ilçesine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sivrihisar'ın mahalleleri

Hüdavendigar, Sivrihisar


Olfactores é um clado dentro da Chordata que compreende a Tunicata (Urochordata) e a Vertebrata (às vezes chamada de Craniata ). Olfactores representam a esmagadora maioria do filo Chordata, já que os Cephalochordata são os únicos cordados não incluídos no clado. Este clado é definido por um sistema olfativo mais avançado que, na geração vertebrada imediata, causava o aparecimento de narinas.

Uma crista neural rudimentar está presente nos tunicados, o que implica sua presença também no ancestral dos olfatores, visto que os vertebrados possuem uma verdadeira crista neural.  Por esta razão, eles também são conhecidos como Cristozoa.

Hipótese Olfactores
Embora a hipótese de que Cephalochordata seja um táxon irmão de Craniata seja de longa data e já foi amplamente aceite provavelmente influenciada por significativas apomorfias morfológicas de tunicados de outros cordados, com cefalocordados sendo mesmo apelidados de 'vertebrados honorários' estudos desde então 2006, analisando grandes conjuntos de dados de sequenciamento, apoia fortemente a Olfactores como um clado. O nome Olfactores vem do latim * Olfactores ("cheiradores", do olfato supino proposital de olfácio, "cheirar", com o sufixo nominalizador agente masculino plural -tores ), devido ao desenvolvimento das funções respiratórias e sensoriais faríngeas, em contraste com os cefalocordados como a lanceta, que não possui sistema respiratório e órgãos dos sentidos especializados.

Cordados

Olfactores


Ordinul Leul Finlandei (sau Ordinul Leului Finlandei) (; ) este unul dintre cele trei ordine  (decorații) oficiale ale Finlandei, alături de Ordinul Crucii Libertății și Ordinul Trandafirului Alb al Finlandei.

Președintele Finlandei este Mare Maestru al tuturor celor trei ordine. Aceste ordine sunt administrate de un consiliu de conducere (administrație), care constă dintr-un președinte, un vice-președinte și cel puțin patru membri. În timp ce Ordinul Crucii Libertății are propriul său consiliu de administrare, ordinele Trandafirului Alb al Finlandei și Leul Finlandei au un singur consiliu de conducere.

Istoric

Ordinul Leul Finlandei a fost înființat la 11 septembrie 1942. Motivul introducerii a fost ideea de a menține prestigiul Ordinului Trandafirului Alb al Finlandei, care ar fi putut fi diminuat dacă ar fi fost oferit prea des și, în același timp, să contribuie la lărgirea zonei de acordarea de onoruri meritorii. Leul Finlandei este gândit ca să acordat atât civililor cât și militarilor. Panglica tuturor claselor este roșu închis.

Președintele Finlandei poartă o Stea a Ordinului Leului Finlandei.

Clase
Clasele Ordinului Leul Finlandei sunt:

 Comandor - Marea Cruce a Ordinului Leul Finlandei
 Comander - Clasa Întâi a Ordinului Leul Finlandei
 Comandor al Ordinului Leul Finlandei
 Pro Finlandia - Medalie a Ordinului Leul Finlandei (se acordă artiștilor și scriitorilor)
 Cavaler - Clasa Întâi a Ordinului Leul Finlandei
 Cavaler al Ordinului Leul Finlandei
 Cruce de Merit a Cavaler a Ordinului Leul Finlandei

George Sbârcea, singurul român decorat
În 1942, George Sbârcea primește titlul de Comandor al Ordinului Leul Finlandei, fiind singurul român care a fost distins cu acest titlu. De asemenea, în 1938, la Paris, George Sbârcea a fost decorat de generalul Charles de Gaulle cu Legiunea de Onoare, cea mai înaltă distincție a Franței.

Note

Legături externe
 11.9.1942/747 Decree. On the establishment of the Order of the Lion of Finland. Finlex.
 ritarikunnat.fi
 The Office of the President of the Republic of Finland (Decorations)

Fondări în 1942
Distincții fondate în 1942

Leul Finlandei, Ordinul

Ordinul Leul Finlandei


Gaspar de Vega (c. 1523-1575) fue un arquitecto español.

Biografía
Es conocido por ser sobrino del arquitecto Luis de Vega (arquitecto imperial de los Reales Alcázares, en época de Carlos I) y cuñado de Francisco de Villalpando. Gaspar de Vega obtiene el título de maestro de obras de Felipe II en 1552 cuando es príncipe. Durante los primeros pasos como maestro de obras reside en Toledo y Sevilla. Entre sus obras más conocidas se encuentra las trazas de algunas de las dependencias del Palacio de Valsaín (la Casa del Bosque como era conocida en aquella época) como parte de los Reales Sitios en Segovia. Colaboró con su tío en las obras del Alcázar de Madrid, realizando un famoso dibujo en planta que ha llegado a nuestros días. Desarrolla igualmente trabajos en los Reales Alcázares de Sevilla (concretamente de la Galería Alta).

Cuando el príncipe Felipe II viaja a Inglaterra en 1554 le lleva a su servicio. Algunos autores dudan que Gaspar hiciera este viaje en compañía del príncipe. Le acompaña, no obstante, en viajes posteriores a Flandes. En todos ellos es de suponer que asiste en temas arquitectónicos a Felipe II. Durante la estancia de Felipe II en Bruselas le acompañó, y fue testigo de su conversión (por renuncia de su padre) en rey de España. Gaspar regresa a España en 1556 desde la ciudad belga de Binche pasando por Francia.

Referencias

Véase también
 Francisco de Salamanca

Arquitectos de España del siglo XVI

Gaspar de Vega


Hualālai (pronounced  in Hawaiian) is an active volcano on the island of Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. It is the westernmost, third-youngest and the third-most active of the five volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii, following Kīlauea and the much larger Mauna Loa. Its peak stands  above sea level. Hualālai is estimated to have risen above sea level about 300,000 years ago. Despite maintaining a very low level of activity since its last eruption in 1801, and being unusually inactive for the last 2,000 years, Hualālai is still considered active, and is expected to erupt again sometime in the next 100 years. The relative unpreparedness of the residents in the area caused by the lull in activity would worsen an eruption's consequences.

The area near Hualālai has been inhabited for centuries by Hawaiian natives, dating back to before recorded history. The coast to its west in particular had several royal complexes. The volcano is also important ecologically, is home to many rare species and several nature reserves near the summit, and is a popular hiking attraction. Today the coast near Hualālai is dotted by vacation resorts, some built on historic flows, and a National Historical Park.

Geology

Structural features

Hualālai stands at  with a prominence of . It is the westernmost of the five major volcanoes that form the island of Hawaii. Being in the post-shield stage of development, Hualālai is overall much rougher in shape and structure than the more youthful Mauna Loa and Kīlauea. Hualālai's structure is denoted by three rift zones: a well-developed one approximately 50° to the northwest, a moderately developed one to the southeast, and a poorly developed one trending northward about  east of the summit. Over 100 cinder and spatter cones are arranged along these rift zones. Hualālai has no summit caldera, although there is a collapse crater about  across atop a small lava shield. Much of the southern slope (above the modern town of Kailua-Kona) consists of lava flows covered by a layer of volcanic ash from  thick. Of the volcanoes on the island, it is the third-tallest, third-youngest, third-most active, and second-smallest, making up just 7% of the island.

A major subfeature of Hualālai is Puu Waawaa, Hawaiian for "many-furrowed hill", a volcanic cone standing  tall and measuring over  in diameter. It extends for , and has a prominence of , north of the summit at . The cone is constructed of trachyte, a type of volcanic lava not found on other volcanoes on the island. Trachyte flows move more slowly than the typically "runny" Hawaiian lavas due to its high (over 62%) silica composition (typical basalt is only 50% silica). Geologists hypothesize that Puu Waawaa originally formed during a pumice eruption a little over 100,000 years ago, and has continued to build since then, with at least three distinct trachyte flows recognized. The eruptions, although partially covered by flows from Hualālai and Mauna Loa, have built a distinctive structure known as the Puu Anahulu ridge.

Hualālai's westward-facing flank forms a large underwater slump known as the North Kona slump. An area of about , the slump consists of an intricate formation of beaches and scarps  below the waterline. This area was explored more closely in a 2001 joint Japan-United States project to explore the volcano's flanks, utilizing the remotely operated vehicle ROV Kaikō. Data collected showed that the lava flows there originated in shallow water  deep, and that unlike similar slumps at other volcanoes, the slump at Hualālai formed gradually.

Hualālai is a known source for xenoliths, rock from the Earth's mantle that have been brought up in lava flows. Many prehistoric deposits, as well as those from the 1801 event, contain xenoliths of large size and abundant quantity.

History

Lava attributed to a shield-stage Hualālai has been found just offshore of its northwest rift zone. Tholeiitic basalt, indicative of the submarine subphase of the volcano's construction, has been found in wells driven into the volcano at a depth of . These lavas persisted until an estimated 130,000 years ago. Hualālai entered the post-shield stage, the stage it is now in, about 100,000 years ago. Pumice and trachyte eruptions at Puu Waawaa may be a sign of this change.

Geological mapping of Hualālai indicates that as much as 80% of its surface has been topped by lava flows during the last 5,000 years, entirely composed of shield alkalic basalt. More than half of this is under 3,000 years old, and about 12% is less than 1,000 years old. Between 1700 and 2016, eruptions originated from six vents; four of these lava flows poured into the sea to the west coast.

Eruption history
Hualālai is the third most active volcano on the island of Hawaii, behind Kīlauea and Mauna Loa. Although the two larger volcanos have each erupted over 150 times in the last 1,000 years, Hualālai has done so only thrice. Activity seems to recur at the volcano every 200 to 300 years.

A recent calm period, with almost no earthquake or magmatic activity at Hualālai, has seen the growth of homes, businesses, and resorts on its flanks. The most recent major activity at the volcano was in 1929, when an intense earthquake swarm rocked it, most likely caused by magmatic action near its peak. Although it has been relatively placid in the recent past, Hualālai is still potentially active, and is expected to erupt again in the next 100 years.

Lava stratigraphy
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has divided the exposed lava flows and tephra erupted by Hualālai volcano during the last 112,000 years into 419 rock units of eight chronostratigraphic age groups. These are summarized in the table below:

1800–1801 eruption

Hualālai last erupted in 1800–1801. This eruption produced very fluid alkalic basalt lava flows that entered the ocean off the western tip of Hawaii island. Although five vents were active at the time, only two produced flows that eventually reached the ocean. The total output volume of the flow is estimated at over . One volcanic vent, situated high on the slope, produced a large ʻaʻā flow, dubbed the Kaʻūpūlehu flow, that reached the ocean as two distinct lobes. On its way down, it overran a village and a valuable  fishing pond. There is a local legend that after the failure of several offerings of animals and other items to the gods, the flow was finally stopped when Kamehameha I threw a lock of his own hair into the fire. The Ka'ūpūlehu flow is also known for the particularly large quantity of mafic and ultramafic xenoliths that came up with it.

The other major outflow from the event reached the sea south of Kiholo Bay, destroying the village of Kaʻūpūlehu. This 1801 flow, known as the Huehue flow, formed Keahole Point where Kona International Airport is now located,  north of Kailua-Kona. The eruption at Hualālai is believed to have been concurrent with an eruption at the nearby Mauna Loa. It is theorized that in the near past, Hualālai has been active around the same time as both Mauna Loa and Kilauea, although precise dating is impossible.

Recent activity

A severe earthquake swarm shook the volcano in 1929, lasting about a month. This caused $100,000 worth of damage to the Kona district ($1.2 million as of 2010), and two earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.5 and 6.5 were felt as far away as Honolulu. This was probably caused by magma movement near the surface, but there was no surface activity or eruption.

The 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake, with epicenter just to the north in Kiholo Bay near Māhukona, caused much damage in the area.

Future monitoring

Hualālai is expected to erupt again in the near future, as a 200- to 300-year estimated pause in activity is coming to an end. This presents a distinct hazard to the communities around it; for example, in the event of an eruption similar to the 1801 event, Kailua-Kona, which is  from the volcano's summit, could be covered completely in a matter of hours. According to the USGS lava-flow hazard zones, on a scale of 1 to 9, all of Hualālai is listed as threat level 4. For comparison, almost all of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa is listed as threat levels 1 through 3. The volcano's flanks do not pose a lower threat to the population than the area near the rift zones because the distance is short and the slopes are steep; lava poses as much of a threat as it does near its source. The 2018 U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment classified Hualālai as a high threat volcano, with an overall threat score of 109, and ranked it 23rd among United States volcanoes most likely to threaten lives and infrastructure.

Since 1971, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has maintained a seismic recording station  east of Hualālai's summit to monitor the volcano. During this time, not a single earthquake swarm or harmonic tremor, indicative of activity at the volcano, has occurred. Hualālai is also monitored by several other instruments, including one continuous GPS instrument and several instruments on the flanks of adjacent volcanoes. In addition, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory uses GPS to measure slight changes in tilt and slope of Hualālai, indicative of magmatic movement.

Although Hualālai does experience several magnitude-4 earthquakes per year, these are attributed to a deep source off the coast of the north-western rift zone and are not related to the movement of magma.

Human history

Hualālai has been a home to native people since ancient times. Centuries ago, the Ahu A Umi Heiau was built on the dry plateau east of the mountain. The Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park lies on the shore west of Hualālai, over the site of an ancient Hawaiian settlement. Although it is called kekaha ʻaʻole wai (lands without water), the rugged volcanic terrain attracted much sea life, making it an appealing place to settle. There are two main attractions within the park: the Kaloko fishpond, an area of loko kuapa (rockwall fishponds) constructed of interlocking rocks across a natural embayment on the coast, and Honokōhau, a former extensive settlement on the south side of the park.

Kamakahonu, Holualoa Bay, and Keauhou Bay were favored retreats of Hawaiian royalty long before the westernization of Hawaii. It was here that Kamehameha I rested after his eight-year campaign to unite the Hawaiian isles. His death in 1819 triggered social chaos. Mokuaikaua Church, built for missionaries in 1837 of lava rock and crushed coral, still stands today. Hulihee Palace, where many of Hawaii's last kings spent their time, has been maintained as a museum since 1927.

Today, the coast west of Hualālai is a popular location for vacation resorts, since the rain shadow of the mountain causes many sunny days. The first, Kona Village resort, was built in 1961. Since then the Four Seasons Resort and the Kūkio golf course and vacation home complex have also been built on the 1800 flow. Both the Kona Village Resort and the Four Seasons Resort were damaged by the tsunami generated by the 2011 Sendai earthquake. The Hawaii Belt Road traverses the western slopes with an upper route called the Mamalahoa Highway and lower route named for Queen Kaahumanu.

Much of the Kona coffee crop grows on Hualālai's western slope near the town of Holualoa.
The family of early coffee merchant Henry Nicholas Greenwell owned a large ranch on the western side of the volcano. The road from Kailua-Kona up the slopes of Hualālai is named for Frank "Palani" Greenwell.
Hawaii Route 200 known as the Saddle Road, crosses the plateau north of Hualālai, where the Pohakuloa Training Area provides a remote training ground for the United States Army and United States Marine Corps.

Ecology and environment

Although some of Hualālai is bare volcanic rock, most of it is covered by some form of vegetation. Bushes, ferns, and grass are common, and even a few ōhia lehua trees (Metrosideros polymorpha) grow along the summit. Many of the collapse craters in particular have vegetation, and a few even have respectably-sized "vertical forests" inside, including several eucalyptus tree groves. The volcano is populated by many birds and animals; the coast in particular attracts many fish and sea-dependent animals, such as the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus). Hualālai averages  of rainfall per year. The summit gets more rain than the coast and is typically obscured in heavy cloud cover and vog.

Several ecological reserves lie on the flanks of Hualālai. The Puu Waa Waa forest sanctuary was established in 1992 (along with the Laupahoehoe sister reserve on Mauna Kea) as a testbed for long term ecological research about Hawaiian moist forest and dry forest biomes, and lies within a mile of the volcano's summit on its northwestern flank. Elevation differs from sea level near the coastal edge to  near the summit. Median annual rainfall is about . Plentiful lava flows from the 19th century provide unique niches for vegetative and soil growth in the region. The southern section of the reserve, closest to the summit, has been split into a bird sanctuary.

The Honuaula forest reserve on the southwestern flank of the volcano at , preserves an extensive koa (Acacia koa) forest stand, with smaller Naio (Myoporum sandwicense) and Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) trees and an undergrowth of Ākala (Rubus hawaiensis) and various ferns. The reserve measures  and protects an ecosystem that has since been largely deforested in the surrounding area. The Wai Aha spring reserve on the lower slopes of the mountain is somewhat swampy and is home to the flowering evergreen ōhia (Metrosideros polymorpha), the woody climber Ieie (Freycinetia arborea), and a dense undergrowth of Amau (Sadleria cyatheoides).

See also

List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of volcanoes in the United States
List of mountain peaks of Hawaii
Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
Hawaii hotspot
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain

References

External links

 USGS page about Hualalai
 Aerial photos of Hualalai

Volcanoes of the Island of Hawaii
Active volcanoes
Mountains of Hawaii
Shield volcanoes of the United States
Polygenetic shield volcanoes
Pleistocene shield volcanoes
Holocene shield volcanoes
Pleistocene Oceania
Quaternary Oceania
Holocene Oceania
Cenozoic Hawaii

Hualālai


Balthasar Hubmaier (1480 – 10 March 1528; ) was an influential German Anabaptist leader. He was one of the most well-known and respected Anabaptist theologians of the Reformation.

Early life and education
He was born in Friedberg, Bavaria, in 1480. Information on his parentage is lacking.

He attended Latin School at Augsburg, and entered the University of Freiburg on 1 May 1503. Insufficient funds caused him to leave the university and teach for a time at Schaffhausen, Switzerland. He returned to Freiburg in 1507 and received both a bachelor's and a master's degree in 1511. In 1512, he received a doctor's degree from the University of Ingolstadt under John Eck, and became the university's vice-rector by 1515. Hubmaier's fame as a pulpiteer was widespread.  He left the University of Ingolstadt for a pastorate of the Roman Catholic church at Regensburg  in 1516. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, Hubmaier helped orchestrate a violent pogrom against Regensburg's Jews, as well as the total destruction of their synagogue; after the Jews' murder and expulsion, he was instrumental in orchestrating—near the site of the erstwhile synagogue—an image cult of the Beautiful Maria of Regensburg, which drew pilgrims from all over Europe and was much criticized by Reformers.  In 1521 Hubmaier went to Waldshut-Tiengen.  In 1524, he married Elizabeth Hügline from Reichenau, Baden-Württemberg.

Reformer and Anabaptist
In 1522 he became acquainted with Heinrich Glarean (Conrad Grebel's teacher) and Erasmus at Basel. In March 1523, in Zürich, Hübmaier met with Huldrych Zwingli and even participated in a disputation there in October of that same year. In the disputation, he set forth the principle of obedience to the Scriptures, writing, "In all disputes concerning faith and religion, the scriptures alone, proceeding from the mouth of God, ought to be our level and rule."  It was evidently here that Hübmaier committed to abandoning infant baptism, a practice he could not support with Scripture. He held that even where the Scriptures appear to contain contradictions, both truths are to be held simultaneously.

Anabaptist Wilhelm Reublin arrived in Waldshut in 1525, having been driven out of Zürich. In April Reublin baptized Hubmaier and sixty others. In Waldshut, Hubmaier's increasingly Anabaptist views gained him the disfavor of Prince Ferdinand. It was that rivalry that would eventually lead to Hubmaier's martyrdom. Hubmaier initially went to Schaffhausen in order to find protection against the Prince.

In December 1525, Hubmaier again fled to Zürich to escape the Austrian army.  Hoping to find refuge, Zwingli instead had him arrested. While a prisoner, Hubmaier requested a disputation on baptism, which was granted. The disputation yielded some unusual events. Ten men, four of whom Hubmaier requested, were present for the disputation. Within the discussion, Hubmaier proceeded to quote statements by Zwingli in which he asserted that children should not be baptized until they had been instructed. Zwingli responded that he had been misunderstood. Hubmaier's criticism went further by placing Zwingli's reversal on the issue against Zwingli's reform against the Catholics.  Hubmaier wrote, "If you do not [demonstrate infant baptism from Scripture], the vicar will complain that you have used against him a sword that you now lay aside."

Despite Hubmaier's arguments, the council sided with the native Zwingli and ruled in Zwingli's favor. The bewildered Hübmaier agreed to recant. But before the congregation the next day, he attested the mental and spiritual anguish brought on by his actions and stated, "I cannot and I will not recant."  Back in prison and under the torture of the rack, he did offer the required recantation. He was then allowed to leave Switzerland and journeyed to Nikolsburg in Moravia. This weakness troubled him deeply and brought forth his Short Apology in 1526, which includes the statement: "I may err—I am a man—but a heretic I cannot be… O God, pardon me my weakness".

Prison and death
In Nikolsburg, Hubmaier's preaching soon made converts to Anabaptism out of the group of Zwinglians who lived in the area. Political fortunes turned, however, and Ferdinand, to whom Hubmaier had already become an enemy while in Waldshut, gained control of Bohemia, thus placing Hubmaier once again in Ferdinand's jurisdiction. Hubmaier and his wife were seized by the Austrian authorities and taken to Vienna. He was held in the castle Gratzenstein (now called "Burg Kreuzenstein" in German), until March 1528.

"I may err – I am a man," he wrote, "but a heretic I cannot be, because I ask constantly for instruction in the word of God."  He suffered torture on the rack, and was tried for heresy and convicted. On 10 March 1528, he was taken to the public square and executed by burning. His wife exhorted him to remain steadfast.  A monument to "Dr. Balthasar Hubmaier" was erected on Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Platz in Vienna.

Three days after his execution, his wife, with a stone tied around her neck, was drowned in the River Danube.

Views

On the Trinity
Hubmaier was more conservative than some Anabaptists, such as Hans Denck and Leonhard Schiemer, who went on to deny the doctrine of the Trinity, or avoided emphasis of the doctrine similar to Menno Simons.  He was aided in regaining the support of the Nikolsburg preachers against Hans Hut by the latter's assertion that Christ was only a "great prophet."

On Government and the Sword
As a Schwertler (of-the-sword) Anabaptist, Hubmaier believed government to be an institution ordained by God. According to the view presented in his writings, Christians have a responsibility to support the secular government and pay taxes.  While Hubmaier may be considered a moderate pacifist, he clearly stated his beliefs regarding the government's responsibility to defend the righteous, the innocent, and the helpless, in his work, On the Sword. Moreover, he believed that Christians should take up the sword if ordered to do so by the ruling government for a just cause. The Christian's use of the sword is the primary distinction between Schwertler Anabaptism and the total pacifism of Stäbler (staff/cane-bearing) Anabaptism.

On Baptism
Much of Hubmaier's work centered on the issue of baptism because of the polemical nature of the issue in distinguishing the emerging Anabaptist movement from Zwinglian or other magisterial reform movements. Hubmaier rejected the notion of infant baptism as unscriptural and was a proponent of believer's baptism, i.e. that baptism is an ordinance for those who respond to the gospel. The importance of this point in Hubmaier's theology is demonstrated by the fact that the first half of his catechism is reserved for clarification of the issue. He further rejected the Catholic doctrine of baptism insofar as it was ex opere operato and viewed the rite as a symbol of entrance into and accountability to the community of faith. It is not entirely clear what mode of baptism Hubmaier practiced, but it seems as though he continued practicing affusion as he had himself been baptized and that the mode of immersion among Anabaptists was a somewhat later development.

On the Mother of Jesus
Despite his break from the Catholic Church, Hubmaier never abandoned his belief in the perpetual virginity of Mary and continued to esteem Mary as theotokos ("mother of God"). These two doctrinal stances are addressed in Articles Nine and Ten, respectively, of Hubmaier's work, Apologia. "Of course Mary was the mother of the LORD JESUS, who was God in the flesh—"GOD WITH US EMANUEL". What Hubmaier rejected was the teaching that Mary was co-Redeemer and without sin.  He believed that Jesus the Christ was the only sinless being without an earthly Father.

On the Vernacular
Having a university education meant that Hubmaier would have been familiar with Latin, the language in which all official church communication was at that time conducted. Despite his familiarity with the language, he chose to communicate in the vernacular, which for him was German, for the purpose of communicating to the common people who would not have understood Latin. This is evidenced by the fact that his writings were written in German. Further evidence of this comes from this quote of his, "The death of the Lord should be preached after any land's tongue… It is much better that a single verse of the psalms be spoken in every land after the language of the common people than five entire psalms be sung in a foreign language and not be understood in the church."

On Women
Hubmaier's writings dealt a little with the subject of women. He compared God's discipline of his children with a teacher whipping a student, or a man beating his wife. It is unknown if Hubmaier agreed with the practice of beating one's students or one's wife, for he did not elaborate in his work. As with any figure in earlier times, however, we cannot judge precisely Hubmaier's view on women based on such a reference.

On Restoration
Hubmaier believed that restored men and women had a free spirit, which was not affected by the Fall of Adam.

On the Church Fathers
According to historian and theologian Andrew Klager, "Hubmaier not only cognitively accepted the teachings of the fathers on baptism and free will, but embraced them as co-affiliates with himself in the one, holy, apostolic ecclesia universalis in protest against the errant papal ecclesia particularis as per the composition of his ecclesiology." In terms of how Hubmaier accessed the writings of the Church Fathers, he "was inspired by humanist principles, especially ad fontes, restitutionism, and rejection of scholastic syllogism and glosses in favour of full, humanist editions of the fathers based on an improved focus on grammar and philology." Although Hubmaier references the Church Fathers in many of his works, his two treatises called Old and New Teachers on Believers Baptism (1526) provide his most systematic and deliberate exploration of the thought of the Fathers on baptism specifically.

Works
 Eighteen Articles (1524)
 Heretics and Those Who Burn Them (1524)
 The Open Appeal of Balthasar of Friedberg to all Christian Believers (1525)
 The Christian Baptism of Believers (1525)
 Old and New Teachers on Believers Baptism (1526)
 Twelve Articles of Christian Belief (1526)
 On the Sword (1527)
 On Fraternal Admonition (1527).

All of his publications contained the motto Die warheit ist untödlich (usually translated as, "Truth is Immortal").

See also
 Apostles' Creed § Articles 9–10

Notes

References

Bibliography
 .
 .
 Brewer, Brian C. "Hubmaier, Balthasar," in Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation, Mark A. Lamport, ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2017 (pp. 348-49)
 .
 .
 Chatfield, Graeme R. Balthasar Hubmaier and the Clarity of Scripture.  Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2013.
 Klager, Andrew P.  "Balthasar Hubmaier's Use of the Church Fathers: Availability, Access and Interaction." Mennonite Quarterly Review 84 (January 2010): 5–65.

 .
 .
 MacGregor, Kirk R. A Central European Synthesis of Radical and Magisterial Reform: The Sacramental Theology of Balthasar Hubmaier. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2006.
 MacGregor, Kirk R. "Hubmaier's Concord of Predestination with Free Will." Direction: A Mennonite Brethren Forum 35, no. 2 (2006): 279–99.
 Pipkin, H. Wayne & John H. Yoder. Balthasar Hubmaier: Theologian of Anabaptism.  Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1989.
 Pipkin, H. Wayne. Scholar, Pastor, Martyr: The Life and Ministry of Balthasar Hubmaier (ca. 1480–1528). The Hughey Lectures 2006, Prague:  International Baptist Theological Seminary, 2008.
 Potter, G. R. "Anabaptist Extraordinary: Balthasar Hubmaier, 1480–1528." History Today 26, no. 6 (June 1976): 377–84.
 .
 Windhors, Cristof. Tatiferisches Taufverstandnis: Balthasar Hubmaiers Lehre zwischen Traditioneller und Reformatorischer Theologie. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976.

External links
 Balthasar Hubmaier in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online

1480s births
1528 deaths
1520s in the Habsburg monarchy
16th-century Anabaptist ministers
16th-century Austrian people
16th-century Austrian writers
16th-century Christian mystics
16th-century executions by Austria
16th-century German people
16th century in Bohemia
16th century in the Old Swiss Confederacy
16th-century Protestant martyrs
Anabaptist theologians
Austrian Anabaptists
Austrian people of German descent
Executed Austrian people
Executed people from Bavaria
Expatriates in the Czech lands
German Anabaptists
German expatriates in Switzerland
German expatriates in the Czech lands
People executed by Austria by burning
People executed for heresy
People from Aichach-Friedberg
Protestant mystics
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Ingolstadt alumni

Balthasar Hubmaier


ශ්‍රියා ගෝෂාල් (උපත 1984 මාර්තු 12)ඉන්දියානු පසුබින් ගායිකාවකවේ. ඇය සිව් වතාවක් ඉන්දියානු ජාතික සිනමා සම්මාන යෙන් පිදුම් ලද අතර, හය වතාවක් දකුණු ඉන්දියානු ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයා සම්මානයෙන් බිදුම් ලබා ඇත (එක් සම්මානයක් ටෙලිගු සඳහා, දෙකක් කන්නඩා සඳහා, දෙකක් දෙමළ සඳහා සහ හතරක් මලයාලම් සඳහා) අද වන තෙක්. ඇය ඉන්දියානු සිනමාවේ විවිධ භාෂාවන් ගෙන් සංගීතය සපයා ඇති අතර, මේ වන විට ඉන්දියාව තුළ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇත.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1984 උපත්
සිනමාව
ගායිකාවකාවන්
ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව

ශ්‍රේයා ඝෝෂාල්


Maeștrii dansului Wu Li este o carte din anul 1979 de Gary Zukav, o lucrare de popularizarea științei care explorează fizica modernă, în special fenomenele cuantice. Acesteia i-a fost acordat un premiu literar național american, în anul 1980.

Deși explorează subiecte empirice din cercetarea fizicii moderne, Maeștrii dansului Wu Li a atras atenția pentru influențare prin folosirea metaforelor provenite din mișcările spirituale est-asiatice, în special tratatul despre Leul de aur al filozofului monah Fazang, din școala de budism est-asiatic Huayen, pentru a explica fenomenele cuantice și a fost privită de unii critici ca o lucrare New Age, deși cartea este axată în principal pe lucrările pionierilor fizicii vestice de-a lungul epocilor.

Fraza din titlu, Wu Li atonală provenită din pinyin este optim redată prin caracterele chinezești , o traducere chineză a cuvântului "fizică" din perspectiva subiectului cărții. Aceasta reprezintă un fel de joc de cuvinte deoarece sunt numeroase alte caractere chinezești care ar putea fi redate sub forma "wu li" din limba atonală pinyin, iar fiecare dintre capitolele cărții este intitulat cu traduceri alternative ale frazei Wu Li, precum "Nonsens", "Calea mea" și "Eu țin de ideile mele". Zukav a participat ca jurnalist, la o serie de conferințe interdisciplinare începute în anii 1970, ale oamenilor de știință din est și din vest, care s-au desfășurat la Institutul Esalen din California, iar cu aceste ocazii a obținut materialul necesar pentru cartea sa. La aceste conferințe, s-a spus că termenul chinezesc pentru fizică este «Wu Li», sau "modele de energie organică". Prima dintre aceste conferințe a avut loc în 1976 și a fost organizată de Institut împreună cu un grup de cercetare a domeniilor fizicii și conștiinței. Zukav, ca și alții, a conceptualizat «fizica» precum un dans al maeștrilor Wu Li – pedagogi de esență fizică. Zukav explică ulterior conceptul:

Ediții
 Maeștrii dansului Wu Li: Un rezumat al fizicii noi (1979). New York: William Morrow and Company, copertă cartonată: , copertă broșată: , 352 p.
(1984) Bantam, copertă broșată: , 337 p.
(1990) Audio Renaissance, casetă audio:  (parțial)
(2001) Harper Perennial, copertă broșată: , 416 p.
(2001) Audio Renaissance, CD:  (parțial)

Vezi și
Realitatea cuantică, este o carte de popularizarea științei din anul 1985, a fizicianului Nick Herbert, membru al Fundamental Fysiks Group
Fizica are Tao: O explorare a paralelelor dintre fizica modernă și misticismul est-asiatic, o carte din anul 1975 a fizicianului Fritjof Capra, publicată și în limba română

Note

Legături externe
 Realitatea și succesul. Universul cuantic II , publicat de Esoterism.ro.

Articole cu text în chineza simplificată
Cărți din 1979
Misticism cuantic
Taoism

Maeștrii dansului Wu Li


An Isolepis inyangensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni A. Muthama Muasya ngan Paul Goetghebeur. An Isolepis inyangensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis inyangensis


خرفار قصبي أو الفالاريس القصبي أو عشب القصب الأصفر  هو نوع نباتي يتبع جنس الخرفار من فصيلة النجيلية.

وينتشر في المناطق الرطبة في آسيا وأوروبة وأمريكا الشمالية. اسمه العلمي . يعتبر أحد محاصيل المراعي المهمة.

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