The Fourteenth Air Force (14 AF; Air Forces Strategic) was a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). It was headquartered at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.

The command was responsible for the organization, training, equipping, command and control, and employment of Air Force space forces to support operational plans and missions for U.S. combatant commanders and their subordinate components and was the Air Force Component to U.S. Strategic Command for space operations.

Established on 5 March 1943 at Kunming, China, 14 AF was a United States Army Air Forces combat air force activated in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater of World War II.  It primarily fought in China.  After World War II Fourteenth Air Force subsequently served Air Defense Command, Continental Air Command, and the Air Force Reserve (AFR).

14 AF was commanded by Major General Stephen N. Whiting. Its Command Chief Master Sergeant was Chief Master Sergeant Patrick F. McMahon. &

On 20 December 2019, the USAF's Fourteenth Air Force was redesignated as the United States Space Force's Space Operations Command (SPOC).  On 21 Oct 2020, Space Operations Command, HQ was redesignated back to Fourteenth Air Force and inactivated.

History

World War II

1st American Volunteer group

With the United States entry into World War II against the Empire of Japan in December 1941, Claire Chennault, the commander of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) (known as the Flying Tigers) of the Chinese Air Force was called to Chongqing, China, on 29 March 1942, for a conference to decide the fate of the AVG. Present at the conference were Chiang Kai-shek; his wife, Madame Chiang Kai-shek; Lt. Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell, commander of all U.S. forces in the China Burma India Theater; and Colonel Clayton L. Bissell, who had arrived in early March. Bissell was General Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold's choice to command the USAAF's proposed combat organization in China.

As early as 30 December 1941, the U.S. War Department in Washington, D.C., had authorized the induction of the Flying Tigers into the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF). Chennault was opposed to inducting the Flying Tigers into the Army. Stilwell and Bissell made it clear to both Chennault and Chiang that unless the AVG became part of the U.S. Army Air Force, its supplies would be cut off. Chennault agreed to return to active duty but he made it clear to Stilwell that his men would have to speak for themselves.

Chiang Kai-shek finally agreed to induction of the AVG into the USAAF, after Stilwell promised that the fighter group absorbing the induction would remain in China with Chennault in command. With the situation in Burma rapidly deteriorating, Stilwell and Bissell wanted the AVG dissolved by 30 April 1942. Chennault, wanting to keep the Flying Tigers going as long as possible, proposed the group disband on 4 July, when the AVG's contracts with the Nationalist Chinese government expired. Stilwell and Bissell accepted.

China Air Task Force
Chennault was recalled to active duty in the USAAF on 15 April 1942 in the grade of Major General. Chennault was told that he would have to be satisfied with command of a China Air Task Force of fighters and bombers as part of the Tenth Air Force. Its mission was to defend the aerial supply operation over the Himalayan mountains between India and China – nicknamed the Hump – and to provide air support for Chinese ground forces. Bissell had been promoted to brigadier general with one day's seniority to Chennault in order to command all American air units in China as Stillwell's Air Commander (in August 1942 he became commanding general of the Tenth Air Force). Friction developed when Chennault and the Chinese government were disturbed by the possibility that Chennault would no longer control combat operations in China. However, when Tenth Air Force commanding general Lewis Brereton was transferred to Egypt on 26 June, Stillwell used the occasion to issue an announcement that Chennault would continue to command all air operations in China.

The CATF had 51 fighters in July 1942: 31 Curtiss 81A-1 (export Tomahawks) and P-40B Tomahawks, and 20 P-40E Warhawks. Only 29 were flyable. The 81A-1s and P-40Bs were from the original 100 fighters China had purchased for use by the Flying Tigers; the P-40E Warhawks had been flown from India to China in May 1942 as part of the 23rd Fighter Group, attached to the AVG to gain experience and provide continuity to the takeover of operations of the AVG. Both fighters were good medium-altitude day fighters, with their best performance between 15,000 and 18,000 feet, and they were excellent ground-strafing aircraft.

The 11th Bombardment Squadron (Medium), consisting of the seven B-25s flown in from India, made up the bomber section of Chennault's command. These seven B-25C Mitchells were the remnants of an original 12 sent from India.  Four were lost on a bombing mission en route and a fifth developed mechanical problems such that it was grounded and used for spare parts.

The AVG was disbanded on 4 July 1942, simultaneous with the activation of the 23rd FG. Its personnel were offered USAAF commissions but only five of the AVG pilots accepted them. The remainder of the AVG pilots, many disgruntled with Bissell, became civilian transport pilots in China, went back to America into other jobs, or joined or rejoined the other military services and fought elsewhere in the war. An example was Fritz Wolf who returned to the Navy with the rank of Lieutenant, senior grade and assigned as fighter pilot instructor at the Jacksonville Naval Air Station in Florida.

The 23rd Fighter Group with the 74th, 75th and 76th Fighter squadrons, its table of organization rounded out by the transfer of men and P-40s from two squadrons of the 51st Fighter Group in India. A fourth fighter squadron for the 23rd Group was obtained by subterfuge. In June and July 1942, Chennault got the Tenth Air Force to relocate the 51st FG's 16th Fighter Squadron, commanded by Major John Alison, to his main base in Kunming, China, to gain combat experience. Chennault took them into the CATF – and never returned them.

On 19 March 1943, the CATF was disbanded and its units made part of the newly activated Fourteenth Air Force, with Chennault, now a major general, still in command. In the nine months of its existence, the China Air Task Force shot down 149 Japanese planes, plus 85 probables, with a loss of only 16 P-40s. It had flown 65 bombing missions against Japanese targets in China, Burma and Indochina, dropping 311 tons of bombs and losing only one B-25 bomber.

The members of Fourteenth Air Force and the US press adopted the name Flying Tigers for themselves after the AVG's dissolution. Especially the 23d Fighter Group was often called by the same nickname.

Fourteenth Air Force

The Fourteenth Air Force official web site says:
After the China Air Task Force was discontinued, the Fourteenth Air Force (14 AF) was established by the special order of President Roosevelt on 10 March 1943. Chennault was appointed the commander and promoted to Major General. The "Flying Tigers" of 14 AF (who adopted the "Flying Tigers" designation from the AVG) conducted highly effective fighter and bomber operations along a wide front that stretched from the bend of the Yellow River and Tsinan in the north to Indochina in the south, from Chengtu and the Salween River in the west to both East and South China Seas and the island of Formosa in the east. They were also instrumental in supplying Chinese forces through the airlift of cargo across "The Hump" in the China-Burma-India theater. By the end of World War II, 14 AF had achieved air superiority over the skies of China and established a ratio of 7.7 enemy planes destroyed for every American plane lost in combat. Over all, military officials estimated that over 4,000 Japanese planes were destroyed or damaged in the China-Burma-India theater during World War II. In addition, they estimated that air units in China destroyed 1,100,000 tons of shipping, 1,079 locomotives, 4,836 trucks and 580 bridges. The United States Army Air Forces credits 14 AF with the destruction of 2,315 Japanese aircraft, 356 bridges, 1,225 locomotives and 712 railroad cars.

Chinese-American Composite Wing

In addition to the core Fourteenth Air Force (14AF) structure, a second group, the Chinese-American Composite Wing (CACW), existed as a combined 1st Bomber, 3rd Fighter, and 5th Fighter Group with pilots from both the United States and the Republic of China. U.S. service personnel destined for the CACW entered the China theater in mid-July 1943. Aircraft assigned to the CACW included later series P-40 Warhawks (with the Nationalist Chinese Air Force blue sky and 12-pointed white sun national insignia, rudder markings, and squadron/aircraft numbering) and B-25 Mitchell medium bombers. In late 1944, USAAF-marked P-51 Mustangs began to be assigned to CACW pilots—first P-51B and C series followed by, in early 1945, D and K series.  The latter were a reduced-weight versions sharing many of the external characteristics of the D series aircraft including the bubble canopy. All U.S. pilots assigned to the CACW were listed as rated pilots in Chinese Air Force and were authorized to wear the pilot's wings of both nations. One of the known Chinese pilots is Captain Ho Weng Toh of Singapore, the last known surviving Flying Tigers' member in Asia. Captain Ho flew the B-25 bomber, as part of the 1st Bomber Group.

Members of the 3rd FG were honored with a Distinguished Unit Citation (now Presidential Unit Citation) for a sustained campaign: Mission "A" in the late summer of 1944. Mission "A" halted a major Japanese ground offensive and resulted in the award of individual decorations for several of the group's pilots for the planning and execution of the mission.

Most CACW bases existed near the boundary of Japanese-Occupied China and one "Valley Field" existed in an area within Japanese-held territory. Specific field locations included Hanzhong, Ankang, Xi'an, Laohekou, Enshi, Liangshan, Baishiyi, Zhijiang, Hengyang, Guilin, Liuzhou, Zhanyi, Suichwan, and Lingling. Today, the 1st, 3rd and 5th Groups of CACW are still operating in Taiwan, reorganized as 443rd, 427th and 401st Tactical Fighter Wings of the Republic of China Air Force.

World War II Units

 68th Composite WingConstituted as 68th Fighter Wing, 9 August 1943.Redesignated 68th Composite Wing, December 1943.Inactivated 10 October 1945.
 23rd Fighter Group (Flying Tigers) (P-40, P-51).July 1942 – December 1945
 308th Bombardment Group:(B-24)March 1943 – February 1945

 69th Composite WingConstituted as 69th Bombardment Wing, 9 August 1943.Redesignated 69th Composite Wing, December 1943.Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, August 1945.
 51st Fighter Group (P-40, P-38, P-51)October 1943 – August 1945
 341st Bombardment Group (Medium) (B-25)January 1944 – August 1945,

 312th Fighter WingConstituted as 312th Fighter Wing, 7 March 1944.Reassigned to United States, December 1945.
 81st Fighter Group: 1944–1945 (P-40, P-47)May 1944 – December 1945
 33rd Fighter Group: 1944 Xfer from 10th AF (P-38, P-47)April 1944 – September 1944
 311th Fighter Group: 1944–1945 Xfer from 10th AF (A-36, P-51)August 1944 – December 1945

 Chinese-American Composite Wing (1943-1945)
 3rd Fighter Group (P-40, P-51)
 7th Fighter Squadron
 8th Fighter Squadron
 28th Fighter Squadron
 32d Fighter Squadron
 5th Fighter Group (P-40, P-51)
  17th Fighter Squadron
  26th Fighter Squadron
  27th Fighter Squadron
  29th Fighter Squadron
 1st Bombardment Group (Medium) (B-25)
  1st Bombardment Squadron
  2d Bombardment Squadron
 3d Bombardment Squadron

 Other assigned units:
 402d Fighter Group:May–July 1943. Assigned but never equipped.
 476th Fighter Group: May–July 1943. Assigned but never equipped.
 341st Bombardment Group: Xfer from Tenth AF (B-25)January 1944 – November 1945
 443d Troop Carrier Group: Xfer from Tenth AF (C-47/C-54)August–November 1945
 426th Night Fighter Squadron: Xfer from 10th AF (P-61)427th Night Fighter Squadron: Xfer from 10th AF (P-61)

John Birch
American missionary John Birch was recommended to Chennault for intelligence work by Jimmy Doolittle, whom he had assisted when Doolittle's crew landed in China after the raid on Tokyo. Inducted into the Fourteenth on its formation, and later seconded to the OSS, he built a formidable network of Chinese informants to provide the Flying Tigers with intelligence on Japanese land and sea military positions and the disposition of shipping and railways. He was killed by Chinese communists when he attempted to see a downed plane they had been assigned to guard ten days after the war ended, which led to him being chosen as the namesake of the John Birch Society.  The incident is recounted in the memoir of Paul Frillmann, China: The Remembered Life, who had started the war as the chaplain for the Flying Tigers.

Air Defense Command
In March 1946, USAAF Chief General Carl Spaatz had undertaken a major re-organization of the postwar USAAF that had included the establishment of Major Commands (MAJCOM), who would report directly to HQ United States Army Air Forces.  Continental Air Forces was inactivated, and Tenth Air Force was assigned to the postwar Air Defense Command in March 1946 and subsequently to Continental Air Command (ConAC) in December 1948 being primarily concerned with air defense.

The command was re-activated on 24 May 1946 at Orlando Army Air Base (later, AFB), Florida. It was originally assigned to provide air defense over a wide region of the Southeast United States along the border of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma, including Texas south to the Rio Grande. In addition to the command and control of the active Air Force interceptor and radar units in its region, it also became the command organization for the Air Force Reserve and state Air National Guard units.

By 1949 with the establishment of the Western Air Defense Force (WADF) and Eastern Air Defense Force (EADF), the air defense mission of the command was transferred to primary to the EADF, leaving Fourteenth AF free to focus on its reserve training tasks.  It was then reassigned to Continental Air Command and moved to Robins AFB, Georgia, in October 1949.

During the Korean War, 14 AF participated in the mobilization of Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units and individuals from its headquarters at Robins Air Force Base (AFB), Georgia. After the Korean War, the reserve wings of 14 AF participated in various airlift operations, such as Operation SIXTEEN TONS, Operation SWIFT LIFT and Operation READY SWAP. 14 AF was inactivated on 1 September 1960.

Fourteenth Air Force was activated on 20 January 1966, at Gunter AFB, Alabama as part of Air Defense Command with the inactivation of its organization of Air Defense Sectors.  Its area of responsibility was essentially the same as its 1948 region, with its region shifted slightly west to include New Mexico. Eastern North and South Carolina were under the activated First Air Force.

On 16 January 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM) as part of a restructuring of USAF air defense forces.  The command was re designated as Fourteenth Aerospace Force on 1 July 1968 and moved to Ent AFB, Colorado, absorbing the resources of the 9th Aerospace Defense Division.  As part of ADCOM's new emphasis on defenses against Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBMs), the mission of the 14th Aerospace Force was to detect foreign missile launches, track missiles and satellites in space, launch space vehicles, maintain a satellite data base of all man-made objects in space, and performing anti-satellite actions.  Its former region of the southeast was reassigned to the 31st and 32d Air Divisions.

As the 14th Aerospace Force, the command supervised the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) network of Radars along the Arctic Circle. Additional radars came under the command's control for the sole purpose of detecting, identifying, tracking and sending back to NORAD data on any SLBM.  All man-made objects became numbers in the USAF SPACETRACK network operated by the 14th Aerospace Force.

Air Force Reserve
Budget reductions and reorganizations within ADCOM brought many changes and reductions in aerospace resources along with almost continual turmoil in the command structure of 14 AF during the 1970s.  In 1976 the headquarters of the 14th Aerospace Force was inactivated, being moved to Dobbins AFB, Georgia and activated as the Fourteenth Air Force (Reserve).

The mission of the command at Dobbins was changed to the supervision, management and support of Air Force Reserve airlift forces for Military Airlift Command and participated in such missions as Operation Just Cause. It was again re-designated Fourteenth Air Force on 1 December 1985, and inactivated on 1 July 1993.

Air Force Space Command
On 1 July 1993, 14 AF returned to its former space role and became a Numbered Air Force for Air Force Space Command, responsible for performing space operations. In 1997, 14 AF established the Space Operations Center at Vandenberg AFB in California for the 24-hour command and control of all space operations resources. In 2002, 14 AF became the Air Force space operational component of United States Strategic Command.

As the Air Force's sole Numbered Air Force for space and its concurrent United States Strategic Command mission of Joint Space Operations, the operational mission of 14 AF included space launch from the east and west coasts, satellite command and control, missile warning, space surveillance and command and control of assigned and attached joint space forces. The overall mission was to control and exploit space for global and theater operations, thereby ensuring U.S. warfighters were supported by the best space capabilities available.

In 2005, 14 AF officially opened up its newly renovated operations center. The new command and control capabilities of the Joint Space Operations Center ensured unity of effort for all space capabilities supporting joint military operations around the globe.

On December 20, 2019, Air Force Secretary Barbara Barrett redesignated the 14 AF as Space Operations Command (SPOC), part of the newly established U.S. Space Force.  On 21 Oct 2020, Space Operations Command, HQ was redesignated back to Fourteenth Air Force and inactivated.

14th Air Force's component wings and groups in 2019 were:
 614th Air and Space Operations Center, operates Joint Space Operations Center
 21st Space Wing, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 30th Space Wing, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California
 45th Space Wing, Patrick Air Force Base, Florida
 50th Space Wing, Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado
 460th Space Wing, Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado

 Lineage
 Established as China Air Task Force (CATF) **, 14 July 1942
 Activated on 14 July 1942 absorbing equipment and personnel of the 1st American Volunteer Group
 Inactivated on 19 March 1943
 Established as Fourteenth Air Force on 5 March 1943
 Activated on 19 March 1943 absorbing equipment and personnel of the China Air Task Force (CATF)
 Inactivated on 6 January 1946
 Activated on 24 May 1946
 Inactivated on 1 September 1960.
 Activated on 20 January 1966
 Redesignated Fourteenth Aerospace Force on 1 July 1968.
 Inactivated on 1 October 1976.
 Redesignated Fourteenth Air Force (Reserve), and activated on 8 October 1976
 Redesignated Fourteenth Air Force' on 1 December 1985.
 Inactivated on 1 July 1993.
 Activated 1 July 1993

* Authorized as a "Special Air Unit" by President Roosevelt in 1941 and equipped with United States equipment, however not officially affiliated with the United States military.  The 1st American Volunteer Group was formally disbanded on 4 July 1942.  Each member was offered a commission in the United States Army Air Forces.  Some accepted the offer, once again put on their American uniforms, and remained in China.  Others later returned to the ranks of the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps but fought in other areas of the world.  Eighteen accepted offers to fly for the China National Aviation Corporation.  The equipment and those members of the 1st AVG choosing to join the USAAF were absorbed into United States Army Air Forces China Air Task Force on 14 July 1942 as the 23rd Fighter Group.** Assigned to Tenth Air Force.

 Assignments
 Assigned to U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India Theater, 10 March 1943
 Assigned to U.S. Forces, China Theater, about 24 October 1944
 Air Defense Command, 20 January 1946
 Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948
 Air (later, Aerospace) Defense Command, 1 July 1968
 Absorbed Resources of 9th Aerospace Defense Division
 Air Force Reserve, 8 October 1976
 Air Force Space Command 1 July 1993 - 2019

 Components

 Air Divisions
 8th Air Division, 1 May 1949 – 1 August 1950
 9th Air Division, 1 May 1949 – 1 August 1950
 31st Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 1 July 1968
 32d Air Division, 1 April 1966 – 1 July 1968

 Wings

 71st Missile Warning Wing
 Reassigned from 9th Aerospace Defense Division, 1 July 1968
 Stationed at Ent AFB, Colorado
 Moved to McGuire AFB, New Jersey, 21 July 1969
 Inactivated, 30 April 1971

 73d Aerospace Surveillance Wing
 Reassigned from 9th Aerospace Defense Division, 1 July 1968
 Stationed at Ent AFB, Colorado
 Moved to Tyndall AFB, Florida and inactivated 30 April 1971

 4756th Air Defense Wing (Training)
 Reassigned from 73d Air Division, 1 April 1966
 Stationed at Tyndall AFB, Florida
 Discontinued, 1 January 1968

 4780th Air Defense Wing (Training)
 Reassigned from 73d Air Division, 1 April 1966
 Stationed at Perrin AFB, Texas
 Reassigned to Tenth Air Force, 1 July 1968

 Groups
 10th Aerospace Defense Group
 Reassigned from 9th Aerospace Defense Division, 1 July 1968
 Stationed at Vandenberg AFB, California
 Inactivated on 1 November 1979

 12th Missile Warning Group
 Reassigned from 71st Missile Warning Wing, 30 April 1971
 Stationed at Thule Air Base, Greenland
 Reassigned to 21st Air Division, 1 October 1976

 Squadrons

 4751st Air Defense Squadron (Missile)
 Reassigned from 4756th Air Defense Wing, 15 June 1966
 Stationed at Tyndall AFB, Florida
 Reassigned to Air Defense Weapons Center (ADC), 1 January 1968

 14th Missile Warning Squadron
 Activated at Laredo AFB, Texas, 8 July 1972
 Moved to MacDill AFB, Florida, 30 June 1975
 Reassigned to ADCOM, 1 October 1976

 16th Surveillance Squadron
 Reassigned from 73d Aerospace Surveillance Wing, 30 April 1971
 Stationed at Shemya AFS, Alaska
 Reassigned Alaskan ADCOM Region, 1 October 1976

 18th Surveillance Squadron
 Reassigned from 73d Aerospace Surveillance Wing, 30 April 1971
 Stationed at Edwards AFB, California
 Inactivated 1 October 1975

 19th Surveillance Squadron
 Reassigned from 73d Aerospace Surveillance Wing, 30 April 1971
 Stationed at Diyarbakir, Turkey
 Reassigned to 21st Air Division, 1 October 1976

 20th Surveillance Squadron
 Reassigned from 73d Aerospace Surveillance Wing, 30 April 1971
 Stationed at Eglin AFB, Florida
 Inactivated 1 October 1975
 Reassigned to 20th Air Division, 1 October 1976

 17th Radar Squadron
 Activated 1 September 1972 at Ko Kha ASN, Thailand
 Inactivated 31 May 1976

 Stations
 Kunming, China, 10 March 1943
 Peishiyi, China, 7 August – 15 December 1945
 Fort Lawton, Washington, 5–6 January 1946
 Orlando AB, Florida, 24 May 1946
 Robins AFB, Georgia, October 1949
 Gunter AFB, Alabama, 1 April 1966
 Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1 July 1968
 Dobbins AFB (later, ARB), Georgia, 8 October 1976
 Vandenberg AFB, California, 1 July 1993

 List of commanders

See also

 Combined Force Space Component Command
 South-East Asian Theatre of World War II
 Burma Campaign
 Operation Ichi-Go
 RAF Third Tactical Air Force

 Notes

 References

 Sources

 Cornett, Lloyd H. and Johnson, Mildred W. A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946 – 1980, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Hon
 Rust, Kenn C. and Stephen Muth. Fourteenth Air Force Story...in World War II. Temple City, California: Historical Aviation Album, 1977. .
 Author unknown. This is the Fourteenth Air Force. Mitchell AIr Force Base, New York: Office of Information Services, Continental Air Command, 1957.
 Author unknown. A Short History of the 14th Air Force Flying Tigers, 1943–1959''. Robins Air Force Base, Georgia: Headquarters Fourteenth Air Force (CONAC), 1959.

External links
 Fourteenth Air Force Factsheet
 Fourteenth Air Force official website
 Annals of the Flying Tigers
 Fourteenth Air Force in China 1943–1945
 14th Air Force
 Night Fighter by J R Smith – a first-hand account of a P-61 radar observer in World War II China

14
14
Military units and formations established in 1943
1943 establishments in China
Military units and formations in California
 Air Force 14
Military units and formations disestablished in 2019

Fourteenth Air Force


شهادة الدراسات المعمقة (بالفرنسية: Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies وبالإنجليزية:Master of Advanced Studies) تختصر عادة ب DEA وتنطق بالفرنسية (ديه أُ آ)، كانت شهادة «ماجستير بهدف البحث» حسب النظام الفرنسي للتعليم الجامعي، وكانت مدة الدراسة لاحرازها من سنة إلى سنتين، يشترط على الطلبة للقبول فيها احرازهم المسبق لشهادة الإجازة أو الليسانس (Licence مدتها اربع سنوات أو مايعادلها كشهادة البكالوريوس).
باشر نظام التعليم العالي الفرنسي بالغاء شهادة الدراسات المعمقة منذ عام 2002 لتحل محلها شهادة الماجستير بهدف البحث، حيث اختفت الأولى نهائياً عام 2006.
تتبع غالبية الجامعات في الدول الفرانكوفونية (أي التي ترتبط ثقافتها باللغة الفرنسية بشكل أو بآخر) النموذج الفرنسي للتعليم الجامعي. من هذه الدول سويسرا، وبلجيكا، وبعض المناطق الكندية، وتونس، والمغرب، والجزائر وغيرها. يختلف النموذج الفرنسي للتعليم الجامعي بمسمياته للدرجات الجامعية عن النموذج الإنجليزي والألماني كالاتي:

نجد أحيانا في الجامعات الفرانكوفونية تقسيمات أخرى مجزأة جدا للمراحل الجامعية كالتالي:الدبلوم العام مدته سنتان، ثمّ الليسانس لمدة سنة، ثمّ المتريز مدته سنة، ثمّ الماجستير مدته من سنة إلى سنتين، ثمّ الدكتوراة من ثلاث إلى خمس سنوات.

يجدر بالذكر أن هنالك اتفاقية حديثة العهد بين الجامعات الأوروبية تسمى باتفاقية بولونيا وتهدف هذه الاتفاقية لتوحيد النظم والمسيات الجامعية في أوروبا، لتسهيل عملية الاعتراف بالشهادات والانتقال للطلبة الأوروبيون.

مواضيع مشابهة
 شهادة الدراسات الجامعية العامة

مراجع

التعليم العالي في بلجيكا
التعليم العالي في سويسرا
التعليم في النمسا
التعليم في إسبانيا
التعليم في فنلندا
التعليم في لبنان
التعليم في لوكسمبورغ
التعليم في ليختنشتاين
التعليم في هولندا
تعليم عال في البرتغال
تعليم عال في إنجلترا
تعليم عال في إيطاليا
تعليم عال في فرنسا
تعليم عال في كندا
شهادات الماجستير

شهادة الدراسات المعمقة


() este un regizor de film, scenarist și scriitor american.  Este cel mai cunoscut pentru bestseller-ul The Seven-Per-Cent Solution, pentru regizarea filmului Time After Time, a două filme artistice Star Trek, a filmului TV din 1983 The Day After și a filmului HBO din 1999, Vendetta.

Filmografie

Ca regizor
 Time After Time (Mașina timpului, 1979)
 Star Trek II: Furia lui Khan (1982)
 The Day After (Ziua de după, 1983)
 Volunteers (1985)
 The Deceivers (Escrocii, 1988)
 Company Business (Afacere dubioasă, 1991)
 Star Trek VI: Tărâmul nedescoperit (1991)
 Vendetta (Războiul italienilor, 1999)

Ca scenarist
 Invasion of the Bee Girls (1973)
 The Night That Panicked America (1975)
 The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
 Star Trek IV: Călătoria acasă (1986)
 Sommersby (1993)
 The Informant (1997)
 Prințul Egiptului (1998)
 The Human Stain (2003)
 Elegy (2008)
 The Hessen Affair (2009)
 Houdini (2014)

Lucrări scrise
 Target Practice (1974)
 Șapte la sută soluție (1974)
 The West End Horror (1976)
 The Canary Trainer (1993)

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
Listă de regizori americani
Listă de scriitori americani
Listă de scenariști americani

Nașteri în 1945
Scenariști americaniScriitori americaniRegizori de film americani

Nicholas Meyer


PTCA may refer to:

 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, a type of angioplasty
 Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

PTCA


Profilschule steht für:
 allgemein Schulen mit besonderem Bildungsziel
 spezielle Schultypen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung eines Lehrziels im Lehrplan, siehe Schulprofil
Nationales:
 Profilschule (Liechtenstein)

Siehe auch:
 Sonderschule, Spezialschule

Profilschule


El Departamento de Transporte de Connecticut (en inglés: Connecticut Department of Transportation, connDOT) es la agencia estatal gubernamental encargada en la construcción y mantenimiento de las carreteras estatales y federales del estado de Connecticut. La sede de la agencia se encuentra ubicada en Newington, Connecticut y su actual director es James Redeker.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio oficial (en inglés)

Agencias estatales de Connecticut
Carreteras de Connecticut
Transporte de Connecticut
Agencias estatales de transporte de Estados Unidos


Thomas Kane Tulley (født 21. august 1908, død 27. april 1982), kendt professionelt som Tom Tully, var en amerikansk teater-, tv- og filmskuespiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Colorado
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Tom Tully


خالد ناصر المطيري ، لاعب كرة قدم كويتي.

و هو يلعب مع نادي النصر الكويتي.

لاعبو كرة قدم كويتيون
لاعبو نادي النصر (الكويت)

خالد ناصر (لاعب كرة قدم كويتي)


En catgirl (kattepige) er en fiktiv person i form af en pige eller kvinde med katteører, en kattehale eller andre katteagtige træk, om det så være sig permanent, ved lejlighedsvise forvandlinger eller som udklædning. Catgirls findes indenfor flere former for fiktion og især i japanske anime og manga, hvor de er mere almindeligt kendte som neko (猫, bogst. kat) eller nekomimi (猫耳, bogst. katteøre(r)).

Den ældst kendte omtale af catgirls stammer fra 1924, hvor den japanske børnebogsforfatter Kenji Miyazawa skabte 水仙月の四日 (den fjerde dag i pinseliljemåneden). Her optræder den første catgirl i nutidig forstand i form af en smuk kvinde med katteører. Den første anime med catgirls, The King's Tail (Osama no Shippo), blev skabt i 1949 af Mitsuyo Seo. Catgirls opnåede yderligere popularitet i japanske medier, da mangaserien The Star of Cottonland (Wata no Kuni Hoshi) startede i 1978. I USA blev figuren Catwoman en del af DC Comics' Batman-univers i 1940, da der var behov for skurke, der for alvor kunne stå op mod hovedpersonen. Efterfølgende har catgirls optrådt i forskellige medier verden over.

Det mandlige modstykke til en catgirl er en catboy. De kendes fra flere manga- og animeserier.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Anime- og mangabegreber
Katte

Catgirl


برونو تشيرو ( في سوريسن)  لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي يلعب حاليا في نادي الدرجة الأولى رين الفرنسي منذ 2006 في مركز الوسط المدافع .

لعب في أندية ليل (1998-2002) ليفربول الإنجليزي (2002-2006) مرسيليا بالإعارة (2004-2005) بوردو بالإعارة (2005-2006) .

ساهم في تتويج نادي ليل ببطولة دوري الدرجة الثانية موسم 1999/2000 .

شارك تشيرو مع منتخب فرنسا في 3 مباريات دولية من دون أن ينجح في تسجيل أي هدف في الفترة من 2002 إلى 2004 . كانت أول مباراة دولية في مواجهة منتخب تونس في 21 أغسطس 2002 .

الحياة الشخصية
شقيق برونو الأصغر بينوا يلعب في نادي مرسيليا . لدى برونو وزوجته كونستانس ابن اسمه نينو ولد في 23 يناير 2007 .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون فرنسيون مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو أنورثوسيس فاماغوستا
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري القبرصي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو رين
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في قبرص
لاعبو ليفربول
لاعبو ليل
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نانت
مواليد 1978
رياضيون من سوريسن
لاعبو كرة قدم من أوت دو سين

برونو تشيرو


Luís Cláudio (político)
 Luiz Cláudio (cantor)
 Luiz Cláudio (treinador de futebol)

Desambiguações de antropônimos

Luís Cláudio


Minusinsk also called Minsugh (; ) is a historical town in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population:    44,500 (1973).

Geography
Minusinsk marks the center of the Minusinsk Hollow, one of the most important archaeological areas north of Pazyryk. It is associated with the Afanasevo, Tashtyk, and Tagar cultures—all of them named after settlements in the vicinity of Minusinsk.

History
"About 330-200 B.C. the iron age triumphed at Minusinsk, producing spiked axes, partly bronze and partly iron, and a group of large collective burial places."  Greco-Roman funerary masks, like those found at Pazyryk, make up the "Minusinsk group: at Trifonova, Bateni, Beya, Kali, Znamenka, etc."  "The Indo-European aristocracy with its Sarmatian connections was succeeded at Minusinsk by the Kirghiz after the third century A.D."

The Russian settlement of Minyusinskoye () was founded in 1739-1740 at the confluence of the Minusa River with the Yenisei. The Turkic Min Usa means "my brook", or "thousand rivers". The name transformed to Minusinskoye () in 1810.

By 1822, Minusinsk had emerged as a regional center of farming and transit trade and was granted town status. During the 19th century, it was a node of cultural activities for a very large area. The Martyanov Natural History Museum was opened there in 1877. It is still very active and publishes a quite useful annual report of its scientific findings, meetings, etc.

The town was also a place of political exile. George Kennan wrote in his very influential book Siberia and the Exile System (NY 1891) of the town and the museum being an intellectual haven for those tsarist political activists and revolutionaries who had been exiled from European Russia in the 1880s. Vladimir Lenin used to visit Minusinsk on numerous occasions when he was in exile in the nearby village of Shushenskoye between 1897 and 1900. In November 1918, during the Russian Civil War, Minusinsk peasants started a short-lived rebellion against the White Army because of extortion and high taxes. However, poor equipment and supplies led to eventual defeat in the December, and the rebels were subjected to execution, exile, prison or fines.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Minusinsk serves as the administrative center of Minusinsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with the urban-type settlement of Zelyony Bor, incorporated separately as the krai town of Minusinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the krai town of Minusinsk is incorporated as Minusinsk Urban Okrug.

Climate
Minusinsk has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb/Dwb), with very cold winters and warm summers. Precipitation is quite low, but is much higher from June to September than at other times of the year.

Twin towns and sister cities

Minusinsk is twinned with:
 Norilsk, Russia

Culture
Minusinsk Drama Theater
Established in 1882 as an amateur theatrical society, the Minusinsk Drama Theater was known as the "Sovtheater" from 1920 to 1930. The theater building was constructed on the initiative of the exiled Kon F.Y. and funded mainly by the fire society. In the beginning, the theater was on the second floor and the fire department took up the first floor. The modern Minusinsk Drama Theater performs in this building until today.
Milestones in the theater performances were 'Vasilisa Melentyeva' by Alexander Ostrovsky, 'Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich' by Alexey Tolstoy,  'Death Squadron' by A. Korneichuk, 'Destiny' by Petr Proskurin, 'Is Not Listed' by Boris Vasiliev. A performance of Alexei Cherkasov's drama "Hop" won the Stanislavsky State Prize.
The Martyanov Natural History Museum (Museum of Local Lore)
The main attraction of the town is The Martyanov Natural History Museum. Based in 1877, it is one of the oldest in Siberia  and first museum in the Yenisei's guberniya (province).
Museum of Decembrists in Minusinsk
Memorial building of Krzhizhanovsky and Starkov
Minusink Art Gallery
Museum "Automobiles And Motor Vehicles Of The Soviet Union"

References

Notes

Sources

Cities and towns in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Minusinsk Urban Okrug
Yeniseysk Governorate
Populated places established in 1739
1739 establishments in the Russian Empire
Populated places on the Yenisei River

Minusinsk


Le fort romain dArbeia - aujourd'hui situé à South Shields, dans le comté de Tyne and Wear, en Angleterre - est un ancien fort Romain appartenant au dispositif du mur d'Hadrien, dont il constitue l'extrémité orientale sur l'estuaire de la Tyne. Abandonné au , et ruiné, le fort est redécouvert et fouillé pour la première fois dans les années 1870. Aujourd'hui, débarrassé des bâtiments modernes situés sur son emprise et partiellement restitué, il est un site touristique d'importance, géré par le Tyne an wears Museums sous le nom de Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum.

Le fort romain
Le fort se dresse sur le Lawe Top, une hauteur surplombant l'embouchure de la rivière Tyne. Fondé vers 160 ap. J.-C., le fort romain gardait le principal accès maritime menant au mur d'Hadrien. Il devint ultérieurement le fort d'approvisionnement maritime du mur d'Hadrien et contient les seuls greniers permanents en pierre retrouvés à ce jour en Grande-Bretagne. Il a ainsi été occupé jusqu'au départ des Romains de la Grande-Bretagne, au .

Le nom de "Arbeia" peut se traduire par « le fort des troupes arabes », en effet, une partie de sa garnison était, à un moment donné, un escadron de bateliers mésopotamiens du Tigre, à la suite de la sécurisation de la ville de Singara en 197, par l'empereur Septime Sévère. On sait aussi, d'après des découvertes archéologiques, telles que la pierre tombale de Victor, décrite ci-dessous, qu'un escadron de cavalerie espagnole, le premier asturien, y était stationné. Il était courant que les forts soient occupés par des unités originaires d'ailleurs dans l'empire, bien que souvent celles-ci finissaient par s'assimiler et recruter localement.

Au cours de l'histoire d'Arbeia, le fort a eu plusieurs aspects, passant de celui d'un port cosmopolite, à l'usage de quartier général de l'empereur Septime Sévère pour une invasion écossaise. C'était ainsi une énorme base d'approvisionnement pour l'armée romaine, accueillant 600 soldats.

Après son abandon par les troupes romaines, il aurait été le lieu de naissance du roi de Northumbrie Oswin.

Le musée
Deux monuments du musée d'Arbeia témoignent du caractère cosmopolite et changeant de sa population. L'une commémore Regina, une femme britonnique du peuple des Catuvellauni (Hertfordshire moderne). Elle fut d'abord l'esclave, puis l'affranchie et enfin l'épouse de Barates, un marchand arabe de Palmyre (en Syrie). Ce dernier a donc érigé une pierre tombale après sa mort à l'âge de 30 ans. Barates lui-même est enterré au fort voisin de Corbridge dans le Northumberland.

Le second monument commémore Victor, un autre ancien esclave, libéré par Numerianus, de l'Ala I Asturum, qui a également organisé ses funérailles lorsque Victor est mort à l'âge de 20 ans. La pierre enregistre que Victor était "de la nation maure", donc venant du Maghreb actuel.

Restitution des vestiges
La porte ouest du fort a été reconstruite en 1986 pour donner une idée de la monumentalité de l'endroit. La reconstruction du fort a été effectuée sur son emplacement d'origine pendant l'occupation romaine de la Grande-Bretagne, et guidée par diverses recherches entreprises à la suite de fouilles.

Un corps de garde romain, une caserne et la maison du commandant ont également été reconstruits sur leurs fondations d'origine. Le corps de garde abrite de nombreuses expositions liées à l'histoire du fort, et ses niveaux supérieurs offrent une vue d'ensemble du site archéologique.

Références

Mur d'Hadrien
South Shields

Arbeia


Ríma (isl. plur. rímur; da. rime, "rimdigt")
kaldes en enkelt afdeling af rímur, islandske digte eller digtarter, der opstod i det 14. århundrede og afløste den gamle drapedigtning.

Den gamle tunge form blev afløst af en lettere,
idet man anvendte firelinjede strofer, der rimer parvis med ferskeytt som det mest almindelige versmål. Hvert linjepar er,
som tidligere, forbundet med de normale rimbogstaver.
Foruden slutningsrimene kan også
indrim anvendes, og disse kan stilles på
meget forskellig vis, hvorved 'kunstigheder' let kan
indtræde og også indtrådte, hvilket blandt andet førte
til, at det hele blev mere eller mindre tomt klingklang.

Oprindelig bestod et sådant digt af kun
én afdeling, én ríma, men da indholdet
tidligt blev hentet fra en saga, viste det sig
hensigtsmæssigt at dele det i afdelinger (svarende til
kapitler), der kaldtes rímur, og for at gøre
disse mindre ensformige blev de enkelte
afdelinger gjort i forskellige versemål.
Disse rímur blev meget hurtig overordentlig populære, idet
de blev fremsagt med et vist rytmisk foredrag
for husets befolkning om aftenen i vintertiden
og udgjorde således hele århundreder igennem −
og næsten helt ned til nutiden − folkets vigtigste
åndelige underholdning. Foremodentlig er de
også i en vis periode benyttet til at
danse efter, idet de også somme tider kaldes "danse".

En "mansöngr" som indledning
I forbindelse hermed står sandsynligvis
den omstændighed, at hver afdeling, ríma, i
reglen indledes med et for sig selv stående
afsnit, der intet har med det øvrige indhold
at gøre; det hedder "mansöngr", egentlig
kvindesang eller elskovssang.
Her fremtræder digterens egne følelser og stemninger og især
hans forhold til det andet køn, deraf navnet.
Det er små lyriske digte, der ofte er
værdifulde og stemningsrige;
de blev også hurtig stereotype og trivielle.

Indholdet
Hovedindholdet af rímur er hentet fra den historiske litteratur,
sagaerne, størstedelen fra de uhistoriske
og opdigtede sagaer, der interesserede mest fordi de var
forholdsvis nye. De færreste er digtet over emner fra de historiske sagaer,
deriblandt den ældste ríma, Olafsríma om Olav den Helliges fald (Ólafs ríma Haraldssonar) af Einar Gilsson, død omkring 1370.
Også humoristiske emner blev behandlet, Skíðaríma.
Der blev digtet med rímur helt ned til vore dage,
og en af de betydeligste digtere fra 1800-tallet,
Benedikt Sveinbjarnarson Gröndal (1826-1907), er blandt andet forfatter til rímur.

Senere udvikling
Efter reformationen pådrog rímur sig den
nidkære gejstligheds mishag. Præsterne
opfordrede til at hente emner fra Biblen, og
sådanne rímur blev også digtet, men de vandt
ingen popularitet, og det lykkedes ikke at få bugt med de gamle.

Det blev derfor først i det 19. århundrede,
at rímur blev alvorligt truede fordi der opstod nye
smagsretninger og digtningsarter.

En af de vigtigste sidste der digtede med rímur var den islandske lyriker Sigurður Breiðfjörð, 1798-1846.

Noter

Kilder
  og om rimur i afsnit i artiklen om islandsk litteratur, begge af professor Finnur Jónsson

Se også
 Islandsk litteratur i middelalderen
 Versemål

Litteratur
 Jón Þorkelsson. Om Digtningen på Island i 15. og 16. Aarhundrede., disputats fra 1888 − Online på Archive.org
 Finnur Jónsson: Den oldnorske og oldislandske Litteraturs Historie, III − En samlet udgave af de ældste rimer findes under titlen Rímnasafn ved Finnur Jónssen 1907-22. — Online på Archive.org
 Peter Hallberg: "Rímur. Islandsk formtradition" i Den norrøne digtning, 1982, side 184 . −

Eksterne henvisninger

 "Fortale" og "Samling af de ældste islandske rimer" ved Finnur Jónsson. København 1905-1912. Fra Heimskringla.no
 "III. Rimedigtning" og "Rimer, digtede over Fornaldarsagaer og dermed beslægtede sagaer" af Finnur Jónsson, København 1924
  Rímur på Wikisource
 "Rímur" af Jonna Louis-Jensen på DSD, Den Store Danske

Skjaldekunst
Litteratur fra Island

Ríma


L'hexafluorure de ruthénium, ou fluorure de ruthénium(), est un composé chimique de formule . Il se présente comme un solide brun foncé qui fond à  et cristallise à  dans le système orthorhombique, groupe d'espace Pnma () avec comme paramètres cristallins , ,  et , d'où une masse volumique calculée de . La molécule  présente une géométrie octaédrique, de symétrie O, avec des liaisons Ru–F longues de .

On peut l'obtenir en faisant réagir du ruthénium métallique dans un flux gazeux de /Ar de . Les rendements sont inférieurs à 10 % :
Ru + 3  ⟶ .

Notes et références

Composé du ruthénium
Ruthénium

Hexafluorure de ruthénium


Taraxacum albescens vrsta je maslačka. Raširen je po sjeveroistočnom Sibiru i ruskom dalekom istoku. Vrsta je opisana 1926., a pripada sekciji Borealia.

Izvori

Maslačak
Flora Jakutske republike
Flora Kamčatskog kraja
Flora Habarovskog kraja
Flora Magadanske oblasti

Taraxacum albescens


Lars Ytterbom (* 15. März 1960) ist ein ehemaliger schwedischer Fußballspieler. Der Offensivspieler spielte für Gefle IF und Halmstads BK insgesamt vier Spielzeiten in der Allsvenskan.

Werdegang
Ytterbom entstammt der Jugend von Brynäs IF, für den er 1978 im Erwachsenenbereich debütierte. Nach dem Abstieg der Mannschaft aus der zweiten Liga schloss sich diese mit den Fußballern des Gefle IF zusammen und gewann ohne Niederlage unter dem Namen Gefle IF/Brynäs IF die Meisterschaft in der Division 3 Södra Norrland. Zwei Jahre später wurde die Spielgemeinschaft aufgelöst, Ytterbom blieb bei Gefle IF. Mittlerweile als Stammkraft etabliert, stieg er 1982 nach zwei Siegen über Kalmar FF in den Relegationsspielen mit dem Klub nach fast fünfzig Jahren im unterklassigen Ligabereich in die Allsvenskan auf.

An der Seite von Mats Olausson, Per Olsson und Arne Skalk bestritt Ytterbom in der Erstliga-Spielzeit 1983 alle 22 Saisonspiele und gehörte somit zu den Garanten für den Klassenerhalt, als die Saison auf dem letzten Nicht-Abstiegsplatz beendet wurde. Nach dem Abstieg als Tabellenletzter in der folgenden Spielzeit wechselte er innerhalb der Liga zu Halmstads BK. An der Seite von Mats Jingblad, Ulf Jönsson, Jan Jönsson und Tommy Frejdh war er auch bei seinem neuen Klub Stammspieler und erzielte in der Spielzeit 1985 fünf Ligatore. Nach einem weiteren Jahr, in dem er mit der Mannschaft als Tabellenfünfter die Meisterschaftsendrunde lediglich aufgrund der gegenüber dem viertplatzierten IFK Norrköping schlechteren Tordifferenz verpasst hatte, kehrte er dem Klub den Rücken.

Ytterbom kehrte Anfang 1987 zu Gefle IF zurück, wo er unter Trainer Lennart Söderberg als Mannschaftskapitän wieder in der zweiten Liga antrat. Anfangs regelmäßig im Einsatz spielte er bis 1992 für den Verein in der zweithöchsten Spielklasse, ehe er seine aktive Laufbahn beendete.

Weblinks
  von der ehemaligen Datenbank von Playerhistory.com (englisch)

Fußballspieler (Gefle IF)
Schwede
Geboren 1960
Mann

Lars Ytterbom


Henry Miller, geboren als Heinrich Albrecht Kreiser bzw. in der damaligen Schreibweise Heinrich Albrecht Kreyser (* 21. Juli 1827 in Brackenheim; † 14. Oktober 1916 in Kalifornien) war ein deutsch-amerikanischer Viehzüchter, der im späten 19. Jahrhundert einer der größten Landbesitzer der Vereinigten Staaten war.

Leben
Henry Miller wurde unter dem Namen Heinrich Albrecht Kreiser geboren. Er war der einzige Sohn des Ehepaares Christian und Christine Kreiser, deren Familien bereits seit mehreren Generationen in Württemberg ansässig waren. Christian Kreiser übte wie seine Vorfahren den Beruf des Metzgermeisters aus, Christine stammte aus einer Winzerfamilie. Heinrich Albrecht hatte drei Schwestern: Frederike, Elisabeth und Karoline. Der Junge besuchte zwischen seinem siebten und vierzehnten Lebensjahr die Schule in Brackenheim. Allerdings war er an dieser Bildung nicht sonderlich interessiert war, sondern jagte viel lieber die Kälber seines Vaters auf die Weide und wieder zurück. Dennoch arbeitete er sieben Jahre lang als Lehrling bei seinem Vater.

Als Heinrich 15 Jahre alt war, starb seine Mutter, woraufhin seine Großmutter und seine Schwestern die Führung des Haushaltes übernahmen. Es kam zu zahlreichen Konflikten zwischen Heinrich und seiner Familie, sodass Heinrich, der unter der strengen Herrschaft seines Vaters litt, die Heimat verließ. Er reiste zunächst nach Holland und anschließend nach England, wo er als Metzger tätig war und die englische Sprache erlernte. Schließlich segelte er 1847, im Alter von 19 Jahren, nach New York. Am Ziel angekommen besaß er nur noch ein Bündel Kleidungsstücke und 50 Amerikanische Dollar. Nach langwieriger Suche erhielt er zunächst eine Arbeitsstelle als Gärtner bei einem Gehalt von 4 Dollar pro Monat sowie einer Unterkunft zum Schlafen. Als er seinem Metzgerberuf wieder nachgehen konnte, traf er den amerikanischen Schuhverkäufer Henry Miller, der ungefähr in Heinrichs Alter war und ein guter Freund von ihm wurde.

Infolge des Goldrausches beschlossen Heinrich Kreiser und sein Freund nach Kalifornien zu reisen, um dort reich zu werden. Allerdings bekam der Schuhverkäufer das Geld für die Reise schneller zusammen als Heinrich und kaufte sich sein Ticket für die Strecke New York nach San Francisco über Panama zuerst. Doch Heinrich Kreiser gelang es, dem Schuhverkäufer das Ticket abzukaufen. Erst an Bord stellte er fest, dass das Ticket als "nicht übertragbar/transferierbar" gekennzeichnet war, sodass er sich einfach als Henry Miller ausgab. Er segelt somit am 13. April 1850 als Henry Miller nach Kalifornien. Bei einem Aufenthalt in Panama erfuhr Miller, dass der einzige im Ort ansässige Metzger Fieber hatte, woraufhin er vertretungsweise dessen Arbeit übernahm. Aber auch Henry bekam das Fieber und musste sich von Mai bis August ins Krankenhaus begeben. Auf Grund dieser ungeplanten Verzögerung kam er erst am 24. September 1850 in San Francisco, mit nur 6 Dollar in der Tasche, an.

Er arbeitete als Tellerwäscher, bis er schließlich seinen Beruf als Metzger wieder aufnehmen konnte und 1851 eine Anstellung bei John Center erhielt, der eine Schiffsladung voller Schweine besaß, die geschlachtet werden mussten. Center beschäftigte zwar bereits den Metzger Henry Lux. Doch diesem gelang nur die Schlachtung von 6 bis 7 Tieren pro Tag, während Miller an drei Tagen über 100 Tiere schlachtete.

Nach dem Stadtbrand im Juni 1851 machte sich Miller selbstständig. Bereits 1853, im Alter von 26 Jahren, war er im Besitz eines kleinen Schlachthauses sowie eines Metzgereiladens und konnte jemanden zur Unterstützung anstellen. Das Geschäft florierte derartig, dass er noch im selben Jahr eine Herde von 300 Ochsen für 33.000 Dollar kaufen und nach San Francisco treiben lassen konnte. Es hieß, diese Herde amerikanischer Rinder sei die erste, die nach San Francisco getrieben worden war.

1857 erwarben Miller und Charles Lux, ein Deutscher mit ähnlichem Hintergrund wie Miller, eine Rinderherde, deren Preis bei 67,50 Dollar pro Kopf lag. Der Preis für den Kauf wie auch der Gewinn wurden geteilt. Dies war der Beginn der Partnerschaft von Miller und Lux, deren Unternehmen nach den Besitzern "Miller & Lux" genannt wurde. Beide vereinbarten, dass im Falle eines Todes der Überlebende das Unternehmen weiterführen dürfe – und zwar maximal sieben Jahre.

Miller fielen nun häufig Rinder auf, die mit einem "HH"-Brandzeichen versehen und von ausgezeichneter Qualität waren. Sie waren größer, fetter und brachten ein höheres Gewicht auf die Waage als andere Bestände. Daher beschloss er, direkt ins San Joaquin Valley zu reiten, um dort nicht nur diese Rinder, sondern auch Land zu kaufen. Es gelang ihm tatsächlich, eine Option auf 8.835 Morgen Land für 10.000 Dollar und 7500 Rinder für 5 Dollar pro Stück zu erlangen.
Auf dem Rückweg nach San Francisco erwarb Miller zudem weitere Rinder und Ländereien, wodurch er in der Lage war, einen Teil seiner Rinder an andere Metzger zu verkaufen. In den folgenden Jahren kauften Miller und Lux weitere Ländereien, sodass der gesamte Landbesitz der Partner 1858 etwas unter 3500 Morgen betrug.

Die günstigen Landpreise boten gewaltige Vorteile: Hätte das Land gepachtet werden müssen, wäre die Pacht erheblich höher gewesen als der Verdienst durch den Verkauf der Rinder. Der einzige Nachteil, den der Landbesitz bot, war die Tatsache, dass die Gebiete zu weit von San Francisco entfernt lagen, um die Rinder in diese Stadt zu treiben. Dennoch erwarb Miller weiterhin billiges Land, für das er oft nur ein paar Dollar pro Morgen erstatten musste, obwohl es häufig einen Wert von mehreren hundert Dollar hatte. Besonders billig war überflutetes Land oder Sumpfland, das nicht zur Kultivierung genutzt werden, er aber durchaus verwenden konnte.

1859, im Alter von 32 Jahren, ereignete sich die erste heftige Tragödie im Leben von Henry Miller: Seine Frau Nancy Sheldon und ihr gemeinsamer Sohn starben bei dessen Geburt.

Im folgenden Jahr heiratete Miller die Nichte seiner ersten Frau, Sarah Wilmart Sheldon, mit der er drei Kinder hatte: Nelly, Henry Jr. und Sarah Alice. Sarah Alice starb jedoch bei einem tragischen Unfall im Alter von 12 Jahren.

Während der Dürrejahre der 1860er erkannte Henry Miller die hohe Bedeutung von Wasser im San Joaquin-Tal und versuchte von nun an, insbesondere Land zu kaufen, das sich direkt an den Flüssen befand, wodurch er manchmal auf eine Länge von 50 Meilen den kompletten Flussabschnitt unter seiner Kontrolle hatte.

1861 bis 1862 kam es zu einer großen Überschwemmung, der eine verheerende, jahrelange Dürre folgte, sodass die Preise geradezu in die Höhe schossen und die Tonne Heu 60 Dollar kostete. Infolge dieser Katastrophen sahen sich viele Viehzüchter gezwungen, ihre Herde zu schlachten, was zu einem Überangebot und sinkenden Fleischpreisen führte. Auch Miller verlor während der gesamten Dürre zwei Drittel des Gesamtbestandes an Rindern. Angesichts dieser Zustände wollte Lux aus dem Geschäft aussteigen, doch Miller konnte ihn davon überzeugen, zu bleiben. Stattdessen kauften sie 8.000 Rinder, deren Bestand sich in weniger als einem Jahr verdoppelte.

1867 hatten die wenige Jahre zuvor von Miller gekauften Rinder einen Wert von 20 Dollar pro Stück und ein Jahr später sogar von 50 Dollar.

Zahlreiche Schwierigkeiten gab es mit durchreisenden Siedlern, sodass Miller und Lux einen großen Bretterzaun an der Westseite von San Joaquin mit einer Länge von 70 Meilen bauen ließen. Allerdings wurde dieser Zaun immer wieder von den Bullen zerstört, die den Zaun durchbrachen und auch Durchreisende nahmen immer wieder Bretter heraus, sodass der Zaun stets repariert werden musste. Um diese Zerstörung zu verringern, baute Miller Tore ein, die es ermöglichten, am Zaun zu sehen, wo sich ein Durchgang befand. Dennoch wurden auch weiterhin viele Bretter heraus gebrochen und die Eigentümer sahen sich gezwungen, von nun an Stacheldraht zu verwenden, obwohl dieser gefährlicher war, da sich panische Pferde oder Rinder darin verfangen und verletzen könnten. Für die Reisenden installierte Miller zahlreiche Windmühlen und Wassertanks an den Toren, damit sie dort Wasser für sich zur Verfügung hatten.

Doch die Siedler sorgten für weitere Probleme: Millers Herden, die immer wieder durchs Land getrieben werden mussten, vermischten sich zwangsläufig mit den Tieren anderer Besitzer. Da Millers Herden jedoch ein bis zweitausend Tiere umfassten, war es nahezu unmöglich, die Herden zu trennen. Um Streit zu vermeiden, kaufte Miller daher die Tiere der anderen Besitzer einfach ab, weshalb einige Leute ihre Rinder bewusst in die Nähe von Millers Herde trieben, um als Entschädigung ein gutes, fetteres Rind zu einem günstigen Preis zu bekommen.

Das Unternehmen von Miller und Lux war der größte Steuerzahler der Gegend und einer der größten in Kalifornien. Nach dem Tod von Lux im Jahre 1887 war Miller, als 60-Jähriger, nun im Besitz des gesamten Unternehmens.

Die bedeutendste von Millers Farmen trug den Namen "Bloomfield" und war Millers Stammsitz, zu dem unter anderem folgende Einrichtungen gehören: Felder und Futterplätze für bis zu 3000 Rinder, eine Molkerei, eigene Stromversorgung, eine Schmiede, eine Maschinenwerkstatt, eine Gerberei, Getreidespeicher, Pferdeställe, Scheunen für Heu, ein Schlachthaus, ein Geflügelhaus, ein Warenlager, ein Gemischtwarenladen, ein Reservoir mit 1.000.000 Gallonen an Wasser und Mühlen, die am Tag bis zu 150 Tonnen Rüben mahlen konnten. Die Villa wurde 1888 für 50.000 Dollar gebaut. In ihr konnten 165 Arbeiter, 160 Kostgänger sowie die Familie samt Gästen in 19 Schlafzimmern untergebracht werden. Im Juni 1923 brannte die Villa jedoch vollständig ab.

Millers Frau Sarah starb 1905 im Alter von 65 Jahren. Sein Sohn starb zwei Jahre später im Alter von 42 Jahren an Rheuma. Henry Miller selbst überlebte beide bis zum 14. Oktober 1916, als er im Alter von 89 Jahren starb.

Nach Millers Tod stand in Zeitungen zu lesen, dass er einen Grundbesitz von über 14.500.000 Morgen zurückließ. Allein in Kalifornien besaß er Ländereien in 19 Landkreisen. Bis zu diesem Tag wusste niemand, wie viel Land er tatsächlich besessen hatte.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Los Banos dedicates statue to founder (Los Banos widmet dem Gründer eine Statue)
 Henry Miller: The Cattle King of California (1827–1916) auf der Website des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Washington

Einzelnachweise

Deutscher Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
Person (Kalifornien)
Tierzüchter
Deutscher
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1827
Gestorben 1916
Mann

Henry Miller (Viehzüchter)


David Michel Farrell (d. 1977, Plymouth, Massachusetts), Linkin Park grubunun bas gitaristi. Phoenix olarak bilinir.

David Michael Farrell, 8 Şubat 1977 tarihinde doğdu. UCLA kolejinden mezun oldu. Çaldığı enstrümanlar arasında gitar, bas gitar, keman var. Kariyerinde "The Snax" ve "Xero" gruplarında yer aldı.

1977 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek gitaristler
Massachusetts doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Amerikalı rock bas gitaristleri

Dave Farrell


A Sun 'n Fun Aerospace Expo (oficialmente denominada SUN 'n FUN) é uma organização sem fins lucrativos em Lakeland, Florida, dedicada à promoção da educação em aviação. É mais conhecido pelo show aéreo anual de uma semana no Aeroporto Internacional Lakeland Linder, geralmente realizado durante o final de março ou início de abril.

Breve histórico
O evento foi criado em 1974. Anteriormente chamado de "Sun 'n Fun International Fly-In and Expo", em 2020 o evento foi oficialmente renomeado como "Sun 'n Fun Aerospace Expo" em abril de 2019.

Além do "fly-in" (reunião aeronáutica), a Sun 'n Fun também operou o "Florida Air Museum" e apoiou a "Central Florida Aerospace Academy" - uma academia de carreiras com foco na aviação operada pelo "Polk County School Board" como parte da "Kathleen High School". Em outubro de 2019, uma reorganização tornou o "fly-in" parte do Aerospace Center for Excellence, uma organização sem fins lucrativos que foi criada em 2014 para fornecer a jovens estudantes instrução em ciência, tecnologia, engenharia e matemática ou "science, technology, engineering and mathematics" (STEM).

Empreendimentos associados

O Florida Air Museum na Sun 'n Fun, também está localizado no campus da Sun 'n Fun no Aeroporto Internacional Lakeland Linder. Em abril de 2010, a Sun 'n Fun recebeu uma doação de US$ 7,5 milhões da "Aviation Education Foundation" para o novo prédio da "Central Florida Aerospace Academy". A escola é uma escola de segundo grau voltada para a aviação e uma academia de carreira que já está localizada no aeroporto. Concluído em agosto de 2011, ele acomoda 500 alunos do ensino médio, aumentando sua capacidade atual de 175 alunos.

Eventos notáveis
O primeiro voo de chegada de fim de semana, denominado Mid-Winter Sun 'n Fun, foi realizado em janeiro de 1975 no Aeroporto Municipal de Lakeland e foi limitado a pilotos e membros da EAA, SESAC e FSAACA. Estiveram presentes 1.980 convidados e 365 aeronaves. No ano seguinte, o fly-in foi expandido para uma semana inteira e a cidade de Lakeland aprovou um aluguel do local da convenção para ser transferido para o quadrante sudoeste do aeroporto. O público foi convidado de forma limitada. O número de aeronaves visitantes mais do que triplicou em relação ao primeiro ano, com 1.200 aeronaves, incluindo 200 homebuilts, 180 antiguidades, 260 clássicos e 28 "warbirds" no local. A neve caiu no aeroporto pela única vez na história do show, no ano de 1977.

Em 1992, o "Sun 'n Fun Air Museum" (agora "Florida Air Museum") realizou sua inauguração. Em 1997, o Esquadrão de Demonstração Aérea (EDA) da Força Aérea Brasileira (conhecido como Esquadrilha da Fumaça) foi a apresentação de maior destaque. Em 2000, a lenda do Airshow Bob Hoover realizou o último vôo de seu Shrike Commander no fly-in. Dois anos depois, Bobby Younkin estreou o primeiro Learjet acrobático do mundo. Durante o show de 2004, Bruce Bohannon e seu turboélice, o "Exxon Flyin Tiger" estabeleceram quatro recordes mundiais de tempo de subida.

Em 31 de março de 2011, um tornado EF1 atingiu a área do airshow, resultando em danos a cerca de 40-50 aeronaves, juntamente com tendas de exibição e exposições. Quinze pessoas sofreram ferimentos leves. O airshow continuou no dia seguinte.

O show de 2015 contou com a primeira apresentação nos Estados Unidos do Breitling Jet Team. Em 2017, o show apresentou a equipe acrobática da Força Aérea Francesa "Patrouille de France", tornando-se a segunda aparição nos EUA (a primeira foi no "Melbourne Air And Space Show" em 1–3 de abril) em mais de 30 anos. A equipe voou um show em 4 de abril.

Ver também
 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh

Ligações externas

 , vídeo

Organizações dos Estados Unidos
Eventos nos Estados Unidos
Fundações em 1974
Lakeland (Flórida)

Sun 'n Fun


Manuel Luis Pellegrini Ripamonti (fæddur 16. september árið 1953 í Santiago í Síle) er síleskur knattspyrnustjóri og fyrrverandi leikmaður.

Hann lék fyrir síleska félagið Universidad de Chile á árunum 1973 til 1986 og gerðist þjálfari hjá félaginu árið 1988. Síðan þá hefur hann verið knattspyrnustjóri hjá nokkrum liðum, meðal annars hjá Real Madrid á árunum (2009-10) og enska Premier League liðinu Manchester City (2013-16). Hann er núna knattspyrnustjóri hjá spænska félaginu Real Betis.

Heimildir
 Manuel Pellegrini, transfermarkt.com

Síleskir knattspyrnumenn
Síleskir knattspyrnustjórar

Manuel Pellegrini


Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2019, cea de-a 64-a ediție a Concursului Muzical Eurovision, a fost câștigat de Duncan Laurence, reprezentantul Olandei, interpretând piesa "Arcade". Aceasta a avut loc în Israel, în urma victoriei țării la ediția din 2018, organizată în Lisabona, cu piesa "Toy", interpretată de Netta. Concursul s-a desfășurat în Tel Aviv Convention Center, semifinalele având loc pe 14 și 16 mai, iar marea finală pe 18 mai 2019.

Până pe , 42 de țări și-au confirmat participarea, printre acestea regăsindu-se și România. Pe 15 octombrie 2018, Televiziunea Națională Bulgară a anunțat că Bulgaria se retrage din Eurovision 2019 din cauza problemelor financiare, marcând astfel prima absență a țării din concurs din 2015 încoace. Deși s-a aflat pe lista oficială a țărilor participante, Ucraina s-a retras în februarie 2019 în urma unor controverse în jurul cântăreței Maruv, cea care ar fi trebuit să reprezinte țara în concurs.

Loc de desfășurare
Concursul a avut loc pentru a treia oară în Israel, după 1979 și 1999.

Sala

Concursul s-a desfășurat în Pavilionul 2 al Tel Aviv Convention Center, sală cu 10.000 de locuri, inaugurată în ianuarie 2015. Sala este situată în zona de nord a orașului Tel Aviv, mai precis pe Bulevardul Rokach și poate fi folosită pentru concerte, conferințe și expoziții. Complexul este format din 10 săli și pavilioane, plus un spațiu în aer liber întins și chiar un parc de distracții. Noul pavilion a găzduit în perioada 26–28 aprilie 2018 Campionatul European de Judo.

Alegerea orașului gazdă

După câștigarea concursului din 2018, Netta Barzilai a anunțat că următoarea competiție va avea loc la Ierusalim. Și premierul israelian Beniamin Netaniahu a înaintat Ierusalimul ca potențială locație gazdă printr-o postare pe Twitter. Primarul orașului, Nir Barkat, a propus ca loc de desfășurare două săli: Pais Arena și Teddy Stadium și a confirmat faptul că arena care a găzduit concursul în 1979 și 1999, International Convention Center, nu este luată în calcul datorită dimensiunilor sale. De asemenea, ministrul de Finanțe, Moșe Kahlon, a declarat într-un interviu pentru cotidianul Maariv că ediția din 2019 va avea loc "doar în Ierusalim" și a estimat costurile de organizare la 120 de milioane de șecheli (sau în jur de 29 de milioane de euro).

Pe 19 iunie 2018, Israelul a fost anunțat oficial drept țară gazdă de către Uniunea Europeană de Radio și Televiziune, iar pe 24 iunie 2018, televiziunea națională KAN a anunțat deschiderea ofertelor pentru găzduirea concursului. O lună mai târziu, ministrul adjunct Michael Oren, apropiat al prim-ministrului Beniamin Netaniahu, a anunțat că Ierusalimul nu îndeplinește criteriile prevăzute de organizator și a sugerat faptul că orașul Tel Aviv ar fi cea mai potrivită alegere.

După mai multe tensiuni între guvern și televiziunea națională, în urma cărora se credea că televiziunea va pierde dreptul de organizare din cauza lipsei de finanțare, s-a ajuns la un compromis: televiziunea va plăti suma de 12 milioane de euro către EBU, iar Ministerul de Finanțe se va asigura de plata cheltuielilor neprevăzute. Primarul orașului Tel Aviv a anunțat că este dispus să ajute la plată în eventualitatea în care orașul este ales gazdă.

La finalul lunii august, directorul executiv al EBU, Jon Ola Sand, împreună cu o delegație, a făcut o vizită în Israel pentru a vizita potențialele săli din Ierusalim și Tel Aviv și pentru a asculta propunerea de organizare venită din partea autorităților orașului Eilat. Pe 30 august, Jon Ola Sand a confirmat într-un interviu faptul că în cursa pentru organizare se află doar orașele Ierusalim și Tel Aviv. Pe 13 septembrie 2018, EBU anunță că Tel Aviv și Tel Aviv Convention Center au fost desemnate gazde ale concursului.

Legendă:
 Oraș gazdă
 Rămas după triere

Alte locații
Satul Eurovision va fi zona oficială a fanilor și sponsorilor Concursului Muzical Eurovision 2019, unde aceștia vor putea asista la concerte susținute de artiști locali și vor putea viziona show-urile difuzate live din sala principală. Acesta va fi situat în Parcul Charles Clore din sud-vestul orașului Tel Aviv.

Format

Design vizual
Pe 28 octombrie 2018, difuzorul israelian KAN a dezvăluit sloganul ediției din 2019: Dare to Dream (în română Îndrăznește să visezi). Potrivit supervizorului executiv al concursului, Jon Ola Sand, sloganul "reprezintă și simbolizează tot ceea ce înseamnă Concursul Muzical Eurovision. Incluziune. Diversitate. Unitate".

Pe 27 decembrie 2018, KAN a făcut public designul scenei, creat de Florian Wieder, cel care a creat designurile scenelor de la edițiile din 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017 și 2018. Scena reprezintă un diamant format din sute de triunghiuri. Logo-ul concursului a fost prezentat pe 8 ianuarie 2019. Inspirat de designul scenei, logo-ul reprezintă trei triunghiuri suprapuse pentru a forma o stea. Dezvăluind conceptul din spatele logo-ului, difuzorul israelian KAN a declarat:

Au fost concepute, de asemenea, două logo-uri alternative care folosesc alte culori decât albastrul din versiunea principală. Logo-ul, brand-ul și tema au fost create de Studio Adam Feinberg.

Prezentatori
Pe 25 ianuarie 2019, KAN a anunțat că patru prezentatori vor găzdui cele trei show-uri: gazdele TV Erez Tal și Assi Azar, supermodelul Bar Refaeli și gazda KAN Lucy Ayoub, de asemenea purtătoare de cuvânt a Israelului la concursul din 2018. Tal și Refaeli vor fi gazdele principale, în timp ce Azar și Ayoub vor fi prezenți în camera verde. Anterior, actrița Gal Gadot a refuzat o invitație specială de a găzdui competiția, motivând refuzul prin suprapunerea programului și a unor angajamente anterioare cu datele concursului.

Tragerea la sorți a țărilor semifinaliste

Tragerea la sorți pentru a determina repartizarea țărilor participante în cele două semifinale a avut loc pe 28 ianuarie 2019 la Muzeul de Artă din Tel Aviv. Cele 36 de țări semifinaliste au fost repartizate în șase loturi, pe baza tiparelor istorice de vot calculate de partenerul oficial de televoting al concursului Digame. Tragerea la sorți are ca scop evitarea așa-numitului vot între vecini. În urma aceleiași trageri la sorți au fost determinate semifinalele în care cele șase țări calificate automat în finală (țara gazdă Israel și țările "Big Five" Franța, Germania, Italia, Regatul Unit și Spania) pot vota. Ceremonia a fost găzduită de prezentatorii concursului Assi Azar și Lucy Ayoub și a inclus înmânarea insignei Eurovision de către primarul Lisabonei (orașul gazdă al ediției precedente) omologului său din Tel Aviv.

Țări participante

Artiști reveniți

Semifinala 1
Prima semifinală a avut loc pe 14 mai 2019, de la ora 22:00 (). 17 țări au participat. Acestea plus Franța, Israel și Spania au votat în această semifinală. Ucraina ar fi trebuit să participe în a doua jumătate a semifinalei, însă s-a retras din concurs în februarie 2019.

Semifinala 2
A doua semifinală a avut loc pe 16 mai 2019, de la ora 22:00 (). 18 țări au participat în a doua semifinală. Acestea plus Germania, Italia și Regatul Unit au votat în această semifinală. Elveția a fost inclusă înainte de tragerea la sorți în această semifinală după o cerere a difuzorului elvețian SRF.

Finala

Alte țări

Eligibilitatea pentru o potențială participare în Concursul Muzical Eurovision este determinată de existența unui radiodifuzor național cu statut de membru activ EBU, care să poată difuza concursul prin intermediul rețelei Eurovision. EBU a transmis o invitație de participare tuturor celor 56 de membri activi. Ministrul Comunicațiilor israelian, Ayoob Kara, a invitat la rândul lui țări din Orientul Mijlociu și Africa de Nord, cu care Israelul are relații tensionate sau nu are relații diplomatice. Kaba a indicat Tunisia și țări din Golf, precum Arabia Saudită și Emiratele Arabe Unite, ca potențiali participanți. Tunisia este eligibilă pentru a participa, dar nu a făcut-o din cauza unor legi care interzic promovarea de conținut israelian, în timp ce țările din Golf nu au un radiodifuzor național cu statut de membru EBU.

Membri activi EBU
 : Pe 19 mai 2018, Xavier Mujal, directorul general al televiziunii andorrane, RTVA, a confirmat faptul că Andorra nu va participa la Eurovision 2019 sau la alte evenimente Eurovision în viitorul apropiat. Ultima participare a Andorrei în concurs a fost în 2009.
 : Pe 25 mai 2018, televiziunea bosniană, BHRT, a declarat că țara nu va putea concura în 2019 din cauza sancțiunilor impuse de EBU privind neplata unor datorii. Ultima participare a Bosniei și Herțegovinei în concurs a fost în 2016.
 : Pe 15 octombrie 2018, postul public de televiziune din Bulgaria, BNT, și-a anulat participarea la ediția din 2019, invocând motive financiare, în ciuda rezultatelor bune pe care le-a avut la edițiile precedente și sugerând că este dispusă să revină în concurs pe viitor.
 : Pe 21 iulie 2018, radiodifuzorul luxemburghez RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg a anunțat că țara nu va reveni în concurs în 2019. Ultima participare a Luxemburgului în concurs a fost în 1993.
 : Pe 17 august 2018, radiodifuzorul monegasc Télé Monte Carlo a anunțat că țara nu va reveni în concurs în 2019. Ultima participare a Monacoului în concurs a fost în 2006.
 : Pe 31 mai 2018, RTVS a anunțat că țara nu va reveni în concurs în 2019 din cauza dificultăților financiare. Ultima participare a Slovaciei în concurs a fost în 2012.
 : După ce prim-ministrul Binali Yıldırım a declarat într-un interviu că Turcia nu intenționează să se întoarcă în concurs, pe 4 august 2018, managerul general al TRT, İbrahim Eren, a anunțat că "nu avem încă în vedere participarea", invocând drept motive pentru aceasta sistemul de vot și prezența unor artiști LGBT+ în competiție. Ultima participare a Turciei în concurs a fost în 2012.
 : Deși s-a aflat printre cele 42 de țări participante anunțate de EBU, Ucraina s-a retras din competiție pe 27 februarie 2019. Maruv, câștigătoarea Vidbir 2019, concursul în urma căruia este decis reprezentantul țării la Eurovision, a refuzat să semneze un contract cu UA:PBC prin care i se cerea să își anuleze toate aparițiile și concertele în Rusia pentru a deveni reprezentanta Ucrainei. Astfel, radiodifuzorul ucrainean le-a oferit șansa următorilor doi clasați în finala Vidbir 2019, Freedom Jazz și Kazka, să reprezinte țara la Eurovision. Ambele trupe au refuzat oferta. În urma unui sondaj realizat pe pagina de Facebook a UA:PBC, în care 63% dintre respondenți s-au poziționat pentru retragerea din concurs, radiodifuzorul a anunțat oficial că Ucraina nu va participa la ediția din 2019.

Difuzare

În țările participante

În țările neparticipante

Premiul Barbara-Dex

Premiul Barbara-Dex este un premiu umoristic, acordat între 1997 și 2016 de clubul fanilor Eurovision "House of Eurovision" și din 2017 până în prezent de către siteul belgian songfestival.be, care recompensează artistul cel mai prost îmbrăcat din competiție. Premiul poartă numele Barbarei Dex care a reprezentat Belgia în 1993, purtând o rochie considerată teribilă.

Anul acesta, premiul Barbara-Dex a fost câștigat de reprezentantul Portugaliei, Conan Osíris, urmat de Tamta din Cipru și Zena din Belarus..

Note și referințe

Note

Referințe

Legături externe

 Site oficial

Eurovision
Eurovision 2019
2019 în muzică
Anii 2010 în muzică
2019 în Israel

Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2019


Theodor Johannes Rudolf Büttner-Wobst (* 24. Januar 1854 in Dresden; † 2. September 1905 in Oberloschwitz bei Dresden) war ein deutscher Klassischer Philologe. Er wirkte von 1877 bis zu seinem Tod als Lehrer an der Dresdner Kreuzschule.

Leben
Theodor Büttner-Wobst war der älteste Sohn von Karl Adolf Büttner-Wobst und Albine geb. Wobst. Sein Vater, Kalkulator im Hofzahlamt, war königlich sächsischer Beamter und starb 1874.

Theodor Büttner-Wobst besuchte die Böttchersche Privatschule und anschließend von 1867 bis 1872 die Kreuzschule Dresden. Mit dem Rektor Friedrich Hultsch blieb er sein Leben lang verbunden. Von 1872 bis 1875 studierte Büttner-Wobst an der Universität Leipzig Klassische Philologie. Zu seinen akademischen Lehrern zählten Georg Curtius, Johannes Overbeck, Friedrich Ritschl und Ludwig Lange, dessen lateinischer Lesegesellschaft er auch nach seinem Studium noch angehörte. Nach der Promotion und dem Lehramtsexamen leistete Büttner-Wobst von Oktober 1876 bis Oktober 1877 Militärdienst.

Am 1. Oktober 1877 trat Büttner-Wobst in den Schuldienst, und zwar an seiner alten Schule, der Kreuzschule. Dort blieb er sein Leben lang. 1897 erhielt er den Professorentitel. Ab Frühjahr 1900 litt er an einer Herzschwäche, die ihn zu häufigen Erholungsreisen zwang. Zu Ostern 1904 trat er kaum 50-jährig in den Ruhestand. Im folgenden Jahr starb er im Kurort Oberloschwitz bei Dresden und wurde auf dem Trinitatisfriedhof beigesetzt.

Neben dem Schuldienst war Büttner-Wobst sein Leben lang wissenschaftlich tätig. Er verkehrte mit Alfred Fleckeisen, Otto Meltzer, Martin Wohlrab und Franz Poland, mit dem er auch verschwägert war. Außerdem gehörte er lange Zeit der Dresdner historischen Gesellschaft an, die er kurz vor seinem Tod auch leitete.

In seiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit konzentrierte sich Büttner-Wobst auf die antike und byzantinische Geschichtsschreibung, vor allem auf Polybios und Zonaras. Zu Polybios legte er eine fünfbändige Edition mit umfangreichen Indizes vor. Vom Geschichtswerk des Zonaras gab er im Auftrag der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin die Epitomae der Bücher 13 bis 18 heraus. Beide Editionen waren grundlegend für die Textgestalt der Autoren und blieben lange nach seinem Tod in Gebrauch. Aus der langjährigen Arbeit an der Polybios-Edition entstand eine Fülle von paläografischen und historischen Einzelstudien, die Büttner-Wobst in verschiedenen Zeitschriften veröffentlichte. Sein Plan eines Polybios-Lexikons und einer Polybios-Grammatik kam durch seinen frühen Tod nicht mehr zustande.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 De legationibus reipublicae liberae temporibus Romam missis. Leipzig 1876 (Dissertation)
 Polybii Historiae. Fünf Bände, Leipzig 1882–1904
 Ioannis Zonarae Epitomae Historiarum libri XIII–XVIII. Leipzig 1897

Literatur
 Günter L. Fuchs: Die Briefe von Theodor Büttner-Wobst (1854–1905) an Karl Krumbacher (1856–1909). Masterarbeit, Universität Wien 2017 (Digitalisat).
 Volker Klimpel (Herausgeber): Berühmte Dresdner. Historisch-biographisches Handbuch bedeutender Persönlichkeiten, geboren in Dresden. Dresden 2002, S. 26
 Franz Poland: Johann Rudolf Theodor Büttner-Wobst. In: Biographisches Jahrbuch für Altertumskunde. 32. Jahrgang (1909), Leipzig 1910, S. 132–140.

Weblinks

 Theodor Büttner-Wobst. In: Stadtmuseum Dresden: Dresdner Porträts – Otto-Richter-Sammlung.

Einzelnachweise

Person (Dresden)
Altphilologe (19. Jahrhundert)
Gymnasiallehrer
Deutscher
Geboren 1854
Gestorben 1905
Mann

Theodor Büttner-Wobst


13208 Fraschetti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13208 Fraschetti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Haleakala în cadrul programului NEAT. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,46 ua, o excentricitate de 0,20 și o înclinație de 4,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1997
Centura de asteroizi

13208 Fraschetti


Der Vorarlberger Literaturpreis ist ein Publikumspreis der Vorarlberger Buch- und Medienwirtschaft.
Er wird vom Vorarlberger Buchhandel für besondere schriftstellerische Leistungen für Vorarlberger Autoren vergeben.

Der Literaturpreis wurde 1991 als Ehrenpreis des Vorarlberger Buchhandels gegründet und wird seit 2008 als Literaturpreis der Vorarlberger Buch- und Medienwirtschaft bezeichnet. Der Literaturpreis ist ein Publikumspreis, Unterstützungen können für zehn Nominierte in circa 40 Buchhandlungen in Vorarlberg abgegeben werden. Der Preis wird vom Vorarlberger Buchhandel alle zwei Jahre veranstaltet und ist mit 2.000 Euro dotiert.

Preisträger

Einzelnachweise

Literaturpreis (Österreich)
Kultur (Vorarlberg)
Erstverleihung 1991

Vorarlberger Literaturpreis


Hepatitis A-vaccine er en vaccine, der kan forhindrer hepatitis A. Det er effektiv i omkring 95% af tilfældene og varer i mindst femten år, muligvis for hele livet. Når vaccinen gives, anbefales det at to doser bliver givet omkring etårsalderen. Vaccinen bliver givet ved en indsprøjtning i en muskel.

World Health Organisation (WHO) anbefaler universel vaccination i områder, hvor sygdomme er forholdsvis almindelige. Hvis sygdommen er meget udbredt anbefales vaccination ikke, da alle folk typisk udvikler immunitet gennem infektion i børnealderen. Det amerikanske Center for Disease Control og Forebyggelse (CDC) anbefaler at vaccinere voksne, som er i en høj risiko klasse, og alle børn.

Alvorlige bivirkninger er meget sjældne. Smerter på injektionsstedet forekommer i omkring 15% af børn, og halvdelen af alle voksne. De fleste hepatitis A vacciner indeholder inaktiveret virus, mens et par indeholder svækket virus. Vacciner med svækket virus kan ikke anbefales under graviditet eller til folk med dårlig immunfunktion. Et par vacciner kombinerer hepatitis A med enten hepatitis B eller tyfus vaccine.

Den første hepatitis A vaccinen blev godkendt i Europa i 1991 og i USA i 1995. Vaccinen er på WHO's liste over livsvigtige Lægemidler, som en af de vigtigste mediciner der er brug for i 5n grundlæggende sundheds-system.

Medicinske anvendelser
I USA blev vaccinen først indført omkring 1996 til børn der boede i områder med høj Hepatitis A-risiko. I 1999 blev dette udvidet til områder hvor der var forhøjet risiko for infektion. I USA i dag er vaccinen stærkt anbefalet til alle børn i alderen fra 12 til 23 måneder i et forsøg på at udrydde virussen på landsplan. Selv om den oprindelige FDA-licens til Havrix af GlaxoSmithKline er dateret i 1995, har den været i brug i Europa siden 1993.

Ifølge det Amerikanske Centers for Disease Control og Forebyggelse, bør de følgende personer blive vaccineret: alle børn over et år gammel, personer hvor deres seksuelle aktivitet bringer dem i fare, personer med kronisk leversygdom, folk der bliver behandlet med koagulationsfaktorkoncentrat, folk der arbejder i den umiddelbare nærhed af Hepatitis A-virussen og folk der bor et område hvor der er et Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A er den mest almindelige vaccine-forbyggende virus man kan få under rejse, så folk, der rejser til steder hvor virusen er udbredt, såsom den Indiske subkontinent, Afrika, Mellemamerika, Sydamerika, fjernøsten og Østeuropa bør blive vaccineret.

Vaccinen bør gives i en muskel i overarmen og gives i to doser for den bedste beskyttelse. Den første dosis af vaccinen bør følges op af en booster seks til tolv måneder senere. Beskyttelse mod hepatitis A begynder cirka to til fire uger efter den første vaccination er blevet givet. Beskyttelsen vare mindst 15 år, og er anslået til at kunne vare i mindst 25 år, hvis den fulde behandling gives.

Et Cochrane-review fandt, at begge typer af vacciner, der giver betydelig beskyttelse i mindst to år med den inaktiverede vaccine og mindst fem år med svækket vaccine. Undersøgelsen har også fundet beviser til at konkludere, at den inaktiverede vaccine var sikkert, men der kræves mere høj kvalitet grundlag for at kunne vurdere sikkerheden af den svækkede vaccine.

Kommercielle vacciner

Dette er muligvis ikke en altomfattende liste over kommercielle hepatitis A vacciner der er til rådighed. Vær opmærksom på, at definitionen af "U" (enheder) kan variere mellem producenter afhængigt af, hvilken test de bruger til at måle hepatitis A antistof i deres produkter.
 Avaxim: produceret af Sanofi Pasteur. Inaktiveret hepatitis A-virus, der produceres i MRC-5 celler. Hver dosis indeholder 160 U antigen adsorberet med aluminiumhydroxid (0,3 mg Al.).
 Epaxal: produceres af Crucell. Sælges også under navnene HAVpur og VIROHEP-A. Denne vaccine består af virosomes, kunstige partikler, der består af syntetiske lipider og influenza proteiner sammen med hepatitis A-antigen. Vaccinen indeholder ikke aluminium.
 Havrix: lavet af GlaxoSmithKline. Inaktiveret hepatitis A-virus der er produceret i MRC-5 celler. Hver voksen dosis indeholder 1440 ELISA enheder af viral antigen adsorberet i aluminiumhydroxid (0,5 mg Al.). Pædiatriske doser (til børn) indeholder halvdelen af mængden af virusantigen og aluminium.
 Healive: lavet af Sinovac. Inaktiveret hepatitis A-virus dyrkes i menneskelige diploide celle, efterfulgt af høst, rensning, inaktivering, og aluminium adsorption. Hver voksen dosis indeholder 500 U af viral antigen. Pædiatrisk dosis indeholder 250 U af viral antigen.
 Vaqta: produceret af Merck. Inaktiveret hepatitis A-virus, der er produceret i MRC-5 celler. En voksen dosis indeholder 50 U antigen adsorberet i 0,45 mg aluminium (aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulfat); en barnedosis indeholder den halve mængde af antigen og aluminium.
 BIOVAC-EN: lavet af Pukang, Bliver solgt under navnet BIOVAC-ET i Indien og under navnet MEVAC-EN i Guatemala, Filippinerne, Bangladesh, Nepal, Usbekistan, Chile osv. Det er en frysetørret levende svækkede hepatitis A-vaccine. Hepatitis A-virus H2-stamme er produceret i menneskelige deploidceller. Denne vaccine kan tvinge den menneskelige krop til at producere antistof til at forebygge Hepatitis A. En pakke med et 0,5 ml hætteglas af Biovac-A og en 0,5 ml ampul af SWFI bør ikke indholdet under 6,5 Lg CCID50. Kun en enkelt dosis er nødvendig. WHO anbefaler denne vaccine. Forskning i langtidsvirkninger indikerer, at sero-konversion blev ved, og antistof var tit ikke mindre end 128 IU/ml efter 15 års vaccination.

Kombinationsvacciner
 Twinrix er en vaccine mod hepatitis A og hepatitis B.
 Vivaxim er en vaccine mod hepatitis A og tyfus.

Se også

 mRNA-vaccine
 DNA-vaccine
 HPV Vaccine
 Influenzavaccine
 MFR-vaccine
 Poliovaccine

References

Vacciner

Hepatitis A-vaccine


أفيناش كاك (Avinash Kak) هو باحث أمريكي في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي، ولد عام 1944. منذ عام 1970 يدرّس في جامعة بردو بالولايات المتحدة.

المؤلفات
 Digital Picture Processing (معالجة الصور الرقمية)، عام 1982
 Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging (مبادئ التصوير المقطعي بالحاسوب)، عام 1988
 Programming With Objects: A Comparative Presentation of Programming with C++ and Java (البرمجة بالأشياء: عرض مقارن للبرمجة بسي++ وجافا)، عام 2003

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع أفي كاك.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من سري نكر
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بيردو
أكاديميون أمريكيون
أكاديميون أمريكيون من أصل هندي
أمريكيون من أصل هندي
أمريكيون هنود
باحثو الذكاء الاصطناعي
خريجو المعهد الهندي للتقنية في دلهي
رياضياتيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
رياضياتيون هنود في القرن 20
علماء حاسوب أمريكيون
علماء حاسوب هنود
علماء من جامو وكشمير
كتاب تقنية أمريكيون
كتاب غير روائيين ذكور أمريكيون
مهندسون أمريكيون في القرن 21
مواليد 1944
مواليد في سري نكر
هنود مهاجرون إلى الولايات المتحدة

أفيناش كاك


Teorik astronomi, fizik ve kimya prensiplerine dayalı analitik ve hesaplamalı modellerin kullanılmasıyla astronomik cisimleri ve astronomik olayları açıklamak ve tanımlamak için yapılan bir çalışmadır. Astronomi teorisyenleri, teorik modeller oluşturmaya ve bu modellerin sonuçlarından gözlemsel sonuçları tahmin etmeye çalışırlar. Bir model tarafından öngörülen bir fenomenin gözlemlenmesi, astronomların olayları en iyi şekilde tanımlayabilen birkaç alternatif veya çelişen model arasından seçim yapmalarını sağlar.

Batlamyus'un Almagesti, hesaplama için pratik bir el kitabıyla birleştirilmiş teorik astronomi üzerine parlak bir çalışma olmasına rağmen, yermezkezci modelle uyuşmayan gözlemleri uyumlu hale getirmek için bazı ödünler içerir. Modern teorik astronominin genellikle Johannes Kepler'in (1571-1630) çalışmalarıyla, özellikle de Kepler yasalarıyla başladığı kabul edilir. Güneş Sistemi'nin tanımlayıcı ve teorik yönlerinin tarihi çoğunlukla on altıncı yüzyılın sonlarından, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonuna kadar uzanır.

Teorik astronomi; gözlemsel astronomi, astrometri, astrokimya ve astrofizik çalışmaları üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Astronomi, yıldız ve gökada oluşumu ile gök mekaniğinin modellemesinde hesaplama tekniklerini erken dönemde benimsemiştir. Teorik astronomi açısından matematiksel ifade makul derecede doğru olmalı ve aynı zamanda belirli problemlerde kullanıldığında ileri matematiksel analize uygun bir yapıda olmalıdır. Teorik astronominin çoğu, genel görelilik etkilerinin çoğu gök cisminde zayıf olduğu kabul edilen Newton'un yerçekimi teorisini kullanır. Teorik astronomi, evrendeki her cismin konumunu, boyutunu ve sıcaklığını tahmin etmeye çalışmaz, ancak genel olarak gök cisimlerinin karmaşık ama periyodik hareketlerini analiz etmeye odaklanmıştır.

Uygulamalı ve disiplinlerarası fizik
Gök ölçümü
Astronomik görüntüleme
Astronominin dalları
Gökyüzü koordinat sistemi
Gözlemsel astronomi
Uzay bilimi
Yıldız gökbilimi

Teorik astronomi


Jenny Lou Carson, (13 de enero de 1915 - 16 de diciembre de 1978), nacida con el nombre de Virginia Lucille Overstake, fue una cantante y compositora estadounidense de música country y la primera mujer en escribir un número uno de las listas de country. Entre 1945 y 55 fue una de las cantantes de este estilo más prolíficas.

Biografía
Segunda de seis hijos de Helen Elizabeth Nalefski y Herschel Jewel Overstake, nació en Decatur, Illinois) donde creció en un barrio de la periferia y comienza a trabajar con pocos años. Su padre tenía una personalidad estricta e inculcó en sus hijos una ética de trabajo muy fuerte así como un sentido de competición basado en conseguir a toda costa. Cuando fue adulta, raramente habló de aquellos años, aunque en algún momento comentó "You don't need friends if you've got your family with you."

Carrera
Comienza su carrera profesional con 17 años en 1932 cantando con sus hermanas Evelyn y Eva Alaine (AKA: Judy Martin) Overstake con el nombre "Three Little Maids" en el concurso de la WLS-AM National Barn Dance en Chicago.  Carson también actuó alguna vez como Winnie en el trío "Winnie, Lou, and Sally (WLS)". Las hermanas  Overstake también actuaron como "The Little Country Girls".

De 1938 a 1939 grabó bajo el nombre de Lucille Lee con los Sweet Violet Boys, también conocidos como The Prairie Ramblers.

Adoptándose como una Annie Oakley del , Overstake asumió el nombre de Jenny Lou Carson en septiembre de 1939. Se convirtió en una francotiradora experta y aprendió a hacer girar una cuerda y manipular un látigo. Recorrió el estado de Texas presentando su espectáculo de vaqueras y cantando con su compañero, Texas Tommy.

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, escribió canciones populares sobre los niños soldados y el hogar. Era conocida como la "Radio Chin-Up Girl" y recibió muchas cartas de fans de los militares y sus familias.

Jenny Lou Carson es la autora de Jealous Heart para Tex Ritter , una canción que se mantuvo en las listas de éxitos durante 23 semanas en 1945, y You Two-Timed Me One Time Too Often , el primer gran éxito country escrito por una mujer, que se mantuvo en el n. 1 en el gráfico de países durante 11 semanas en 1945. [3]

Carson escribió una gran cantidad de canciones para varias estrellas de la música country como Roy Acuff , Eddy Arnold , Ernest Tubb y Red Foley , quien se había casado con su hermana Eva. Coescribió con Al Hill, un seudónimo utilizado por Fred Wise , Kathleen Twomey y Ben Weisman , el popular éxito de 1954 Let Me Go, Lover! , interpretada por primera vez por Joan Weber , de 18 años, y posteriormente grabada por Hank Snow , Teresa Brewer , Peggy Lee , Patti Page y Sunny Gale.

Su catálogo de canciones contiene más de 170 canciones que han sido grabadas profesionalmente por más de 180 artistas.

En 1971 fue incluida en el Salón de la Fama de los Compositores de Nashville .

Lista incompleta de canciones
Ain'tcha Tired of Makin' Me Blue
A Pair of Broken Hearts (1945) (Coescrita con Fred Rose)
A Penny For Your Thoughts (1947)
Another night is coming (1950) (Coescrita con Moon Mullican)
Blues in My Heart  (1949) (Coescrita con Red Foley)
Chained to a Memory (1946)
C-H-R-I-S-T-M-A-S  (1949) (Coescrita con Eddy Arnold)
Darling, What More Can I Do?  (1945) (Coescrita con Gene Autry)
Don't Rob Another Man's Castle (1949) (#1 Hit for Eddy Arnold)
Down by the Rippling Stream (We'll go a-strolling) (1942)
Echo of Your Footsteps (1949)
Foolish tears  (1947)
If I Never Get to Heaven
I Left My Heart in Texas (1940)
I'd Trade All of My Tomorrows (For Just One Yesterday)
Jealous Heart (1944)
The Keys to the Kingdom (1952)
Let Me Go, Lover!  (1953) (Coescrita con A. Hill)
Lovebug Itch (1950) (Coescrita con Roy Botkin)
Many Tears Ago  (1945)
Marriage Vow (1949)
Never Trust a Woman (1947)
One little tear-drop too late  (1946)
Penny for your thoughts  (1947)
You Two-Timed Me One Time Too Often (1945)

Referencias
Rogers, Arnold & Langley, Jerry (2005). Many Tears Ago: The Life and Times of Jenny Lou Carson. Nova/Nashville Books. ISBN 0-9628452-4-8

Enlaces externos
Jenny Lou Carson en el Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame
Many Tears Ago The Life and Times of Jenny Lou Carson

 University of North Carolina Southern Folklife Collection at the Wilson Library

Cantantes de country
Cantantes femeninas de Estados Unidos
Cantautores de Estados Unidos
Cantantes femeninas de Illinois
Cantantes en inglés

Jenny Lou Carson


Smærur (fræðiheiti: Oxalis) er ættkvísl jurta af súrsmæruætt sem finnast víðast nema á heimsskautunum. Jurtirnar er súrar á bragðið eins og súrur (Rumex) og hafa verið nýttar í þúsundir ára um allann heim. Blöðin minna á blöð hvítsmára.

Valdar tegundir

 Oxalis acetosella - Súrsmæra
 Oxalis adenophylla - Fagursmæra
 Oxalis argentina
 Oxalis articulata Savign. - Gaukasmæra
 Oxalis barrelieri
 Oxalis boliviana
 Oxalis bupleurifolia - Skúfsmæra
 Oxalis corniculata - Hornsmæra
 Oxalis corniculata ssp. atropurpurea - Purpurasmæra
 Oxalis debilis Kunth
 Oxalis decaphylla
 Oxalis dehradunensis
 Oxalis dillenii Jacquin
 Oxalis enneaphylla - Mjallarsmæra
 Oxalis enneaphylla cv. Rosea - Rósasmæra
 Oxalis exilis - Dvergsmæra
 Oxalis frutescens
 Oxalis gigantea
 Oxalis grandis
 Oxalis griffithii Edgew. & Hook.f.
 Oxalis hirta
 Oxalis illinoensis
 Oxalis incarnata L. - Röðulsmæra
 Oxalis lasiandra
 Oxalis latifolia Kunth
 Oxalis laxa
 Oxalis luteola Jacq.
 Oxalis magellanica G.Forst. - Hvítsmæra
 Oxalis magnifica Kunth
 Oxalis melanosticta
 Oxalis montana
 Oxalis nipponica
 Oxalis oregana
 Oxalis ortgiesii Regel - Fuglasmæra
 Oxalis pachyrrhiza
 Oxalis pennelliana
 Oxalis pes-caprae - Kornsmæra
 Oxalis pulchella
 Oxalis purpurea L.
 Oxalis rosea Feuillée ex Jacq.
 Oxalis rubra A.St.-Hil.
 Oxalis schaeferi
 Oxalis spiralis
 Oxalis stricta - Akursmæra
 Oxalis suksdorfii
 Oxalis tetraphylla - Gæfusmæra
 Oxalis triangularis - Hyrnusmæra
 Oxalis triangularis ssp papilionacea - Fiðrildasmæra
 Oxalis trilliifolia
 Oxalis tuberosa
 Oxalis valdiviensis - Gullsmæra
 Oxalis virginea
 Oxalis versicolor
 Oxalis violacea
 Oxalis vulcanicola
 Oxalis yacutulensis

Tilvísanir

Súrsmæruætt

Oxalis


Hitoshi Morishita kan henvise til:

 Hitoshi Morishita (fodboldspiller, født 1967) - japansk fodboldspiller født i 1967
 Hitoshi Morishita (fodboldspiller, født 1972) - japansk fodboldspiller født i 1972

Hitoshi Morishita


Dereçatı, Araç - Kastamonu ili Araç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Dereçatı, Boyabat - Sinop ili Boyabat ilçesine bağlı köy

Dereçatı


Der Langdysser von Thisted liegt am Langdyssevej nahe dem Wasserturm von Thisted in Thy im Norden von Dänemark.
Das Hünenbett war ursprünglich 172 m lang und damit eines der längsten im Bereich der Trichterbecherkultur (TBK), die die Megalithanlage zwischen 3500 und 2800 v. Chr. erstellte. Neolithische Monumente sind Ausdruck der Kultur und Ideologie neolithischer Gesellschaften. Ihre Entstehung und Funktion gelten als Kennzeichen der sozialen Entwicklung.

Beschreibung
Das westliche Ende wurde jedoch abgetragen. Der Hügel ist nur noch 132 m lang. Untersuchungen des Hügels wurden zuletzt 1960 vorgenommen. Das Langbett wurde zunächst für einen Langhügel gehalten, die Randsteine und drei Gruben der ehemaligen Dolmenkammern zeigten jedoch, dass es ein Langdysser ist. Alle Steine fehlen und sind vermutlich beim Bau der Winthersmølle verwendet worden. Bei den Untersuchungen im Jahre 1960 wurden in einer Steinkiste eine Bügelfibel aus der frühen Bronzezeit, eine Münze aus dem Jahre 1813 und sechs Gefäße aus dem Mittelalter gefunden. Die Funde befinden sich im Nationalmuseet. Die Tongefäße waren möglicherweise Opfergaben für den "Langdøsmand" (man glaubte, dass ein Mann im Langhügel wohnte). Es ist überliefert, dass man sich bis Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zu Pfingsten auf dem Langhügel versammelte, um dem Mann im Langhügel unter anderem Stecknadeln zu opfern.

Siehe auch
 Nordische Megalitharchitektur
 Siedlung von Thisted

Literatur
 Jette Kjær: Altertümer aus Thy. Musset for Thy og Hanherred, Thisted 1976.

Einzelnachweise

Thysted
Thysted
Bauwerk in Thisted Kommune
Thisted
Thisted
Geographie (Thisted Kommune)
Grabbau in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa

Langdysser von Thisted


Hokkaidō Prefektörlük Spor Merkezi () veya Kitayell, Japonya'nın Sapporo kentinde bulunan bir kapalı spor salonudur. Merkez, Toyohira semtinde yer almaktadır. 8.000 kişi kapasiteli olup 2006 FIBA Dünya Basketbol Şampiyonası'nın bazı grup maçlarına ev sahipliği yapmıştır.

Merkez, ayrıca daha küçük etkinlikler için ikinci bir arenaya ve koşu bantları, ağırlıklar ve ağırlık makineleri bulunan halka açık bir egzersiz salonuna sahiptir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

1999'da tamamlanan spor mekânları
Sapporo'daki yapılar
Japonya'daki basketbol salonları
Japonya'daki voleybol tesisleri
Hokkaidō'daki spor mekânları

Hokkaidō Prefektörlük Spor Merkezi


Roupar (llamada oficialmente San Pedro Fiz de Roupar) es una parroquia española del municipio de Germade, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Otras denominaciones

La parroquia también es conocida por el nombre de San Pedro Félix de Roupar.

Etimología

El origen del nombre procedería del latín (villa) Rauparii, indicando la pertenencia a un possessor llamado Rauparius, nombre de origen germánico.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por treinta y una entidades de población, constando veintiocho de ellas en el nomenclátor del Instituto Nacional de Estadística español:

Entidades de población

Entidades de población que forman parte de la parroquia:

Despoblado

Despoblado que forma parte de la parroquia:
 O Baxín (Baxín)

Demografía

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Germade

Roupar