Foshan (kínverska: 佛山市; rómönskun: Fatshan) er fjölmenn borg í Guangdong héraði í suðurhluta  Alþýðulýðveldisins Kína.

Borgin nær yfir 3.848 ferkílómetra. Árið 2020 þegar síðasta manntal var gert í Kína, var íbúafjöldi borgarkjarna Foshan 9.042.509 en íbúafjöldi undir lögsögu borgarinnar var 9.498.863.

Foshan borg liggur við ána Fen sem rennur í ósa Perlufljóts. Borgin er því hluti af efnahagssvæði kennt við óshólma Perlufljóts en það er eitt þéttbýlasta svæði jarðar (alls með um 66 milljónir íbúa). Foshan er staðsett um 25 km suðvestur af Guangzhou borg, höfuðborgar Guangdong-héraðs.

Nafn borgarinnar þýðir bókstaflega "Búddafjall" og vísar það til lítillar hæðar nálægt miðju borgarinnar þar sem eru þrír bronsskúlptúrar af Búdda sem fundust árið 628. Borgin óx í kringum klaustur sem var eytt árið 1391.

Tungumál

Innfæddir borgarbúar tala kantónska mállýsku. Í borginni er mandarín kínverska einnig töluð, aðallega þó í viðskiptum og menntun en minna í öðrum daglegum samskiptum.

Atvinnulíf

Allt frá dögum Mingveldisins hefur borgin verið þekkt fyrir ýmsar handalistir og keramikframleiðslu og vandaða flísagerð.

Í dag er Foshan öflug iðnaðarborg. Þúsundir verksmiðja er framleiða raftækja bera ábyrgð á meira en helmingi heimsframleiðslu ísskápa og tækja fyrir loftræstingar. Í borginni eru á þriðja tug iðnaðarklasa sem sérhæfa sig í framleiðslu húsgagna, véla og drykkjarvöru. Á sérstöku iðnþróunarsvæði borgarinnar sem sett var á legg árið 1992, er samsetning bifreiða, líftækniframleiðsla og efnavinnsla.

Bílaiðnaður er sterkur í borginni. Þýsku bílasamsteypurnar Volkswagen og Audi framleiða þar bíla í samstarfi við innlenda aðila, meðal annars með áherslu á rafknúin ökutæki.

Menntastofnanir

Í Foshan eru ýmsir háskólar og vísindamiðstöðvar. Mikilvægustu háskólarnir eru Foshan háskóli og Foshan háskólasvæði SCNU (South China Normal University) en það er alhliða háskólastofnun sem heyrir undir héraðsstjórnina.

Tenglar

 Kínversk/Ensk vefsíða borgarstjórnar Foshan. Inniheldur ýmsar upplýsingar um t.d. fréttir, skipulag og þjónustu við íbúa.

 Ensk vefsíða Encyclopaedia Britannica um Foshan borg.

Heimildir

Tilvísanir

Borgir í Kína

Foshan


Dieser Artikel behandelt das Kunstjahr 1514.

Ereignisse

Architektur

 März: Nach dem Tod Donato Bramantes wird Raffael zum Architekten und Baumeister am Petersdom ernannt. Bauleiter wird Giuliano da Sangallo.

Malerei und Zeichnung

 30. August: Antonio da Correggio beginnt im Auftrag der Mönche des Minoritenklosters in seinem Heimatort Correggio mit der Erschaffung eines Altarbildes mit der Madonna.

Albrecht Dürer erschafft die beiden Kupferstiche Melencolia I und Der heilige Hieronymus im Gehäus. Zusammen mit dem 1513 entstandenen Werk Ritter, Tod und Teufel bilden sie Dürers "Meisterstiche", die sich durch eine komplexe Ikonographie und Symbolik auszeichnen. Einer gängigen Interpretation zufolge stellen die drei Meisterstiche drei unterschiedliche Lebensweisen dar. Rund zwei Monate vor ihrem Tod fertigt Dürer außerdem eine Kohlezeichnung seiner Mutter an. Es handelt sich dabei um das erste Porträt eines sterbenskranken Menschen.
 Raffael und seine Schüler beginnen im Auftrag von Papst Leo X. mit der Bemalung des zweiten Raumes im Apostolischen Palast, der Stanza dell'incendio di Borgo.

 Der Elefant Hanno, das Lieblingstier des Papstes, wird von mehreren Künstlern verewigt.

 Der flämische Maler Quentin Massys malt das Genrebild Der Geldwechsler und seine Frau.

 1513/1514: Raffael malt in Öl auf Holz die Madonna della Seggiola.
 um 1514: Raffael beginnt mit der Kreuztragung Christi.

Sonstiges

 Das Salbuch des Klosters Naumburg wird angelegt.
 1514/1515: Der kaiserliche Hofdrucker Johann Schönsperger druckt in Augsburg das Gebetbuch Maximilians I..

Geboren

Genaues Geburtsdatum unbekannt
 Cornelis Floris II., flämischer Bildhauer und Architekt, maßgeblich beteiligt an der Herausbildung der nordischen Renaissance († 1575)
 Pirro Ligorio, italienischer Maler, Antiquar, Architekt und Gartenarchitekt des Manierismus († 1583)
 Virgil Solis, deutscher Zeichner und Kupferstecher, († 1562)

Geboren um 1514
 Herman Posthumus, niederländischer Maler und Architekt († vor 1588)

Gestorben

Todesdatum gesichert
 11. April: Donato Bramante, italienischer Architekt und Baumeister (* 1444)
 30. Mai: Wolfgang Roritzer, deutscher Dombaumeister und Bildhauer

Genaues Todesdatum unbekannt
 Georg Glockendon, deutscher Maler, Graphiker und Illuminator
 Bastian Gugel, deutscher Steinmetz und Mitglied des Bundschuhaufstands (hingerichtet)

Siehe auch

Weblinks

Kunstjahr 1514


Chugwater Creek is a tributary of the Laramie River in southeastern Wyoming in the United States. The stream rises northeast of Laramie, in the Laramie Mountains in eastern Albany County and flows . It flows northeast, emerges from the mountains and flows past Chugwater, where it turns north-northwest, and flows past Slater. Chugwater Creek joins the Laramie approximately  northeast of Wheatland.

See also
Chugwater formation, redbeds
List of Wyoming rivers

References

External links

Rivers of Wyoming
Tributaries of the Platte River
Rivers of Albany County, Wyoming
Rivers of Platte County, Wyoming

Chugwater Creek


An Pseudohydrosme in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Pseudohydrosme in nahilalakip ha familia nga Araceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pseudohydrosme

Pseudohydrosme


The lactose operon (lac operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta-galactosidase. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason. This lactose metabolism system was used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod to determine how a biological cell knows which enzyme to synthesize. Their work on the lac operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965.

Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. lacY encodes β-galactoside permease, a membrane protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable the cellular transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes  β-galactoside transacetylase.

It would be wasteful to produce enzymes when no lactose is available or if a preferable energy source such as glucose were available. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor, lacI, halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. The lac repressor is always expressed, unless a co-inducer binds to it. In other words, it is transcribed only in the presence of small co-inducer molecules. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell.  This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.

Structure

The lac operon consists of 3 structural genes, and a promoter, a terminator, regulator, and an operator. The three structural genes are: lacZ, lacY, and lacA.
lacZ encodes β-galactosidase (LacZ), an intracellular enzyme  that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.
 lacY encodes Beta-galactoside permease (LacY),  a transmembrane symporter that pumps β-galactosides including lactose into the cell using a proton gradient in the same direction. Permease increases the permeability of the cell to β-galactosides.
 lacA encodes β-galactoside transacetylase (LacA), an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to thiogalactoside.

Only lacZ and lacY appear to be necessary for lactose catabolic pathway.

Genetic nomenclature
Three-letter abbreviations are used to describe phenotypes in bacteria including E. coli.

Examples include:
 Lac (the ability to use lactose),
 His (the ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine)
 Mot (swimming motility)
 SmR (resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin)

In the case of Lac, wild type cells are Lac+ and are able to use lactose as a carbon and energy source, while Lac− mutant derivatives cannot use lactose.  The same three letters are typically used (lower-case, italicized) to label the genes involved in a particular phenotype, where each different gene is additionally distinguished by an extra letter.  The lac genes encoding enzymes are lacZ, lacY, and lacA.  The fourth lac gene is lacI, encoding the lactose repressor—"I" stands for inducibility.

One may distinguish between structural genes encoding enzymes, and regulatory genes encoding proteins that affect gene expression. Current usage expands the phenotypic nomenclature to apply to proteins:  thus, LacZ is the protein product of the lacZ gene, β-galactosidase.  Various short sequences that are not genes also affect gene expression, including the lac promoter, lac p, and the lac operator, lac o.  Although it is not strictly standard usage, mutations affecting lac o are referred to as lac oc, for historical reasons.

Regulation
Specific control of the lac genes depends on the availability of the substrate lactose to the bacterium. The proteins are not produced by the bacterium when lactose is unavailable as a carbon source.
The lac genes are organized into an operon; that is, they are oriented in the same direction immediately adjacent on the chromosome and are co-transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA molecule.  Transcription of all genes starts with the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP), a DNA-binding protein, which binds to a specific DNA binding site, the promoter, immediately upstream of the genes. Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is aided by the cAMP-bound catabolite activator protein (CAP, also known as the cAMP receptor protein).  However, the lacI gene (regulatory gene for lac operon) produces a protein that blocks RNAP from binding to the operator of the operon. This protein can only be removed when allolactose binds to it, and inactivates it. The protein that is formed by the lacI gene is known as the lac repressor. The type of regulation that the lac operon undergoes is referred to as negative inducible, meaning that the gene is turned off by the regulatory factor (lac repressor) unless some molecule (lactose) is added. Once the repressor is removed, RNAP then proceeds to transcribe all three genes (lacZYA) into mRNA. Each of the three genes on the mRNA strand has its own Shine-Dalgarno sequence, so the genes are independently translated. The DNA sequence of the E. coli lac operon, the lacZYA mRNA, and the lacI  genes are available from GenBank (view).

The first control mechanism is the regulatory response to lactose, which uses an intracellular regulatory protein called the lactose repressor to hinder production of β-galactosidase in the absence of lactose.  The lacI gene coding for the repressor lies nearby the lac operon and is always expressed (constitutive).  If lactose is missing from the growth medium, the repressor binds very tightly to a short DNA sequence just downstream of the promoter near the beginning of lacZ called the lac operator.  The repressor binding to the operator interferes with binding of RNAP to the promoter, and therefore mRNA encoding LacZ and LacY is only made at very low levels.  When cells are grown in the presence of lactose, however, a lactose metabolite called allolactose, made from lactose by the product of the lacZ gene, binds to the repressor, causing an allosteric shift.  Thus altered, the repressor is unable to bind to the operator, allowing RNAP to transcribe the lac genes and thereby leading to higher levels of the encoded proteins.

The second control mechanism is a response to glucose, which uses the catabolite activator protein (CAP) homodimer to greatly increase production of β-galactosidase in the absence of glucose. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signal molecule whose prevalence is inversely proportional to that of glucose. It binds to the CAP, which in turn allows the CAP to bind to the CAP binding site (a 16 bp DNA sequence upstream of the promoter on the left in the diagram below, about 60 bp upstream of the transcription start site), which assists the RNAP in binding to the DNA. In the absence of glucose, the cAMP concentration is high and binding of CAP-cAMP to the DNA significantly increases the production of β-galactosidase, enabling the cell to hydrolyse lactose and release galactose and glucose.

More recently inducer exclusion was shown to block expression of the lac operon when glucose is present.  Glucose is transported into the cell by the PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system.  The phosphate group of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred via a phosphorylation cascade consisting of the general PTS (phosphotransferase system) proteins HPr and EIA and the glucose-specific PTS proteins EIIAGlc and EIIBGlc, the cytoplasmic domain of the EII glucose transporter.  Transport of glucose is accompanied by its phosphorylation by EIIBGlc, draining the phosphate group from the other PTS proteins, including EIIAGlc.  The unphosphorylated form of EIIAGlc binds to the lac permease and prevents it from bringing lactose into the cell.  Therefore, if both glucose and lactose are present, the transport of glucose blocks the transport of the inducer of the lac operon.

Repressor structure

The lac repressor is a four-part protein, a tetramer, with identical subunits.  Each subunit contains a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif capable of binding to DNA.  The operator site where repressor binds is a DNA sequence with inverted repeat symmetry.  The two DNA half-sites of the operator together bind to two of the subunits of the repressor.  Although the other two subunits of repressor are not doing anything in this model, this property was not understood for many years.

Eventually it was discovered that two additional operators are involved in lac regulation.  One (O3) lies about −90 bp upstream of O1 in the end of the lacI gene, and the other (O2) is about +410 bp downstream of O1 in the early part of lacZ.  These two sites were not found in the early work because they have redundant functions and individual mutations do not affect repression very much.  Single mutations to either O2 or O3 have only 2 to 3-fold effects. However, their importance is demonstrated by the fact that a double mutant defective in both O2 and O3 is dramatically de-repressed (by about 70-fold).

In the current model, lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O1 and to either O2 or O3.  The intervening DNA loops out from the complex.  The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important. One idea is that the system works through tethering; if bound repressor releases from O1 momentarily, binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity, so that it may rebind quickly. This would increase the affinity of repressor for O1.

Mechanism of induction

The repressor is an allosteric protein, i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes, which are in equilibrium with each other.  In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity, and in the other form it has lost its specificity.  According to the classical model of induction, binding of the inducer, either allolactose or IPTG, to the repressor affects the distribution of repressor between the two shapes.  Thus, repressor with inducer bound is stabilized in the non-DNA-binding conformation.  However, this simple model cannot be the whole story, because repressor is bound quite stably to DNA, yet it is released rapidly by addition of inducer.  Therefore, it seems clear that an inducer can also bind to the repressor when the repressor is already bound to DNA. It is still not entirely known what the exact mechanism of binding is.

Role of non-specific binding

Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac-operon. The specific binding site for the Lac-repressor protein is the operator. The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge-charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, there is an abundance of non-specific DNA sequences to which the repressor can bind. Essentially, any sequence that is not the operator, is considered non-specific. Studies have shown, that without the presence of non-specific binding, induction (or unrepression) of the Lac-operon could not occur even with saturated levels of inducer. It had been demonstrated that, without non-specific binding, the basal level of induction is ten thousand times smaller than observed normally. This is because the non-specific DNA acts as sort of a "sink" for the repressor proteins, distracting them from the operator. The non-specific sequences decrease the amount of available repressor in the cell. This in turn reduces the amount of inducer required to unrepress the system.

Lactose analogs

A number of lactose derivatives or analogs have been described that are useful for work with the lac operon.  These compounds are mainly substituted galactosides, where the glucose moiety of lactose is replaced by another chemical group.

 Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is frequently used as an inducer of the lac operon for physiological work.  IPTG binds to repressor and inactivates it, but is not a substrate for β-galactosidase.  One advantage of IPTG for in vivo studies is that since it cannot be metabolized by E. coli. Its concentration remains constant and the rate of expression of lac p/o-controlled genes is not a variable in the experiment. IPTG intake is dependent on the action of lactose permease in P. fluorescens, but not in E. coli.
 Phenyl-β-D-galactose (phenyl-Gal) is a substrate for β-galactosidase, but does not inactivate repressor and so is not an inducer.  Since wild type cells produce very little β-galactosidase, they cannot grow on phenyl-Gal as a carbon and energy source.  Mutants lacking repressor are able to grow on phenyl-Gal.  Thus, minimal medium containing only phenyl-Gal as a source of carbon and energy is selective for repressor mutants and operator mutants.  If 108 cells of a wild type strain are plated on agar plates containing phenyl-Gal, the rare colonies which grow are mainly spontaneous mutants affecting the repressor.  The relative distribution of repressor and operator mutants is affected by the target size. Since the lacI gene encoding repressor is about 50 times larger than the operator, repressor mutants predominate in the selection.
 Thiomethyl galactoside [TMG] is another lactose analog. These inhibit the lacI repressor. At low inducer concentrations, both TMG and IPTG can enter the cell through the lactose permease. However at high inducer concentrations, both analogs can enter the cell independently. TMG can reduce growth rates at high extracellular concentrations.
 Other compounds serve as colorful indicators of β-galactosidase activity.
 ONPG is cleaved to produce the intensely yellow compound, orthonitrophenol and galactose, and is commonly used as a substrate for assay of β-galactosidase in vitro.
 Colonies that produce β-galactosidase are turned blue by X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside) which is an artificial substrate for B-galactosidase whose cleavage results in galactose and 4-Cl,3-Br indigo thus producing a deep blue color.
 Allolactose is an isomer of lactose and is the inducer of the lac operon.  Lactose is galactose-β(1→4)-glucose, whereas allolactose is galactose-β(1→6)-glucose. Lactose is converted to allolactose by β-galactosidase in an alternative reaction to the hydrolytic one.  A physiological experiment which demonstrates the role of LacZ in production of the "true" inducer in E. coli cells is the observation that a null mutant of lacZ can still produce LacY permease when grown with IPTG, a non-hydrolyzable analog of allolactose, but not when grown with lactose.  The explanation is that processing of lactose to allolactose (catalyzed by β-galactosidase) is needed to produce the inducer inside the cell.

Development of the classic model

The experimental microorganism used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod  was the common laboratory bacterium, E. coli, but many of the basic regulatory concepts that were discovered by Jacob and Monod are fundamental to cellular regulation in all organisms. The key idea is that proteins are not synthesized when they are not needed—E. coli conserves cellular resources and energy by not making the three Lac proteins when there is no need to metabolize lactose, such as when other sugars like glucose are available. The following section discusses how E. coli controls certain genes in response to metabolic needs.

During World War II, Monod was testing the effects of combinations of sugars as nutrient sources for E. coli and B. subtilis.  Monod was following up on similar studies that had been conducted by other scientists with bacteria and yeast.  He found that bacteria grown with two different sugars often displayed two phases of growth. For example, if glucose and lactose were both provided, glucose was metabolized first (growth phase I, see Figure 2) and then lactose (growth phase II).  Lactose was not metabolized during the first part of the diauxic growth curve because β-galactosidase was not made when both glucose and lactose were present in the medium.  Monod named this phenomenon diauxie.

Monod then focused his attention on the induction of β-galactosidase formation that occurred when lactose was the sole sugar in the culture medium.

Classification of regulatory mutants

A conceptual breakthrough of Jacob and Monod was to recognize the distinction between regulatory substances and sites where they act to change gene expression.  A former soldier, Jacob used the analogy of a bomber that would release its lethal cargo upon receipt of a special radio transmission or signal.  A working system requires both a ground transmitter and a receiver in the airplane.  Now, suppose that the usual transmitter is broken.  This system can be made to work by introduction of a second, functional transmitter.  In contrast, he said, consider a bomber with a defective receiver.  The behavior of this bomber cannot be changed by introduction of a second, functional aeroplane.

To analyze regulatory mutants of the lac operon, Jacob developed a system by which a second copy of the lac genes (lacI with its promoter, and lacZYA with promoter and operator) could be introduced into a single cell.  A culture of such bacteria, which are diploid for the lac genes but otherwise normal, is then tested for the regulatory phenotype.  In particular, it is determined whether LacZ and LacY are made even in the absence of IPTG (due to the lactose repressor produced by the mutant gene being non-functional).  This experiment, in which genes or gene clusters are tested pairwise, is called a complementation test.

This test is illustrated in the figure (lacA is omitted for simplicity).  First, certain haploid states are shown (i.e. the cell carries only a single copy of the lac genes).  Panel (a) shows repression, (b) shows induction by IPTG, and (c) and (d) show the effect of a mutation to the lacI gene or to the operator, respectively.  In panel (e) the complementation test for repressor is shown.  If one copy of the lac genes carries a mutation in lacI, but the second copy is wild type for lacI, the resulting phenotype is normal—but lacZ is expressed when exposed to inducer IPTG.  Mutations affecting repressor are said to be recessive to wild type (and that wild type is dominant), and this is explained by the fact that repressor is a small protein which can diffuse in the cell.  The copy of the lac operon adjacent to the defective lacI gene is effectively shut off by protein produced from the second copy of lacI.

If the same experiment is carried out using an operator mutation, a different result is obtained (panel (f)).  The phenotype of a cell carrying one mutant and one wild type operator site is that LacZ and LacY are produced even in the absence of the inducer IPTG; because the damaged operator site, does not permit binding of the repressor to inhibit transcription of the structural genes.  The operator mutation is dominant.  When the operator site where repressor must bind is damaged by mutation, the presence of a second functional site in the same cell makes no difference to expression of genes controlled by the mutant site.

A more sophisticated version of this experiment uses marked operons to distinguish between the two copies of the lac genes and show that the unregulated structural gene(s) is(are) the one(s) next to the mutant operator (panel (g).  For example, suppose that one copy is marked by a mutation inactivating lacZ so that it can only produce the LacY protein, while the second copy carries a mutation affecting lacY and can only produce LacZ.  In this version, only the copy of the lac operon that is adjacent to the mutant operator is expressed without IPTG.  We say that the operator mutation is cis-dominant, it is dominant to wild type but affects only the copy of the operon which is immediately adjacent to it.

This explanation is misleading in an important sense, because it proceeds from a description of the experiment and then explains the results in terms of a model.  But in fact, it is often true that the model comes first, and an experiment is fashioned specifically to test the model.  Jacob and Monod first imagined that there must be a site in DNA with the properties of the operator, and then designed their complementation tests to show this.

The dominance of operator mutants also suggests a procedure to select them specifically.  If regulatory mutants are selected from a culture of wild type using phenyl-Gal, as described above, operator mutations are rare compared to repressor mutants because the target-size is so small.  But if instead we start with a strain which carries two copies of the whole lac region (that is diploid for lac), the repressor mutations (which still occur) are not recovered because complementation by the second, wild type lacI gene confers a wild type phenotype.  In contrast, mutation of one copy of the operator confers a mutant phenotype because it is dominant to the second, wild type copy.

Regulation by cyclic AMP

Explanation of diauxie depended on the characterization of additional mutations affecting the lac genes other than those explained by the classical model.  Two other genes, cya and crp, subsequently were identified that mapped far from lac, and that, when mutated, result in a decreased level of expression in the presence of IPTG and even in strains of the bacterium lacking the repressor or operator.  The discovery of cAMP in E. coli led to the demonstration that mutants defective the cya gene but not the crp gene could be restored to full activity by the addition of cAMP to the medium.

The cya gene encodes adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP.  In a cya mutant, the absence of cAMP makes the expression of the lacZYA genes more than ten times lower than normal.  Addition of cAMP corrects the low Lac expression characteristic of cya mutants.  The second gene, crp, encodes a protein called catabolite activator protein (CAP) or cAMP receptor protein (CRP).

However the lactose metabolism enzymes are made in small quantities in the presence of both glucose and lactose (sometimes called leaky expression) due to the fact that the RNAP can still sometimes bind and initiate transcription even in the absence of CAP. Leaky expression is necessary in order to allow for metabolism of some lactose after the glucose source is expended, but before lac expression is fully activated.

In summary:

 When lactose is absent then there is very little Lac enzyme production (the operator has Lac repressor bound to it).
 When lactose is present but a preferred carbon source (like glucose) is also present then a small amount of enzyme is produced (Lac repressor is not bound to the operator).
 When glucose is absent, CAP-cAMP binds to a specific DNA site upstream of the promoter and makes a direct protein-protein interaction with RNAP that facilitates the binding of RNAP to the promoter.

The delay between growth phases reflects the time needed to produce sufficient quantities of lactose-metabolizing enzymes.  First, the CAP regulatory protein has to assemble on the lac promoter, resulting in an increase in the production of lac mRNA. More available copies of the lac mRNA results in the production (see translation) of significantly more copies of LacZ (β-galactosidase, for lactose metabolism) and LacY (lactose permease to transport lactose into the cell).  After a delay needed to increase the level of the lactose metabolizing enzymes, the bacteria enter into a new rapid phase of cell growth.

Two puzzles of catabolite repression relate to how cAMP levels are coupled to the presence of glucose, and secondly, why the cells should even bother.  After lactose is cleaved it actually forms glucose and galactose (easily converted to glucose).  In metabolic terms, lactose is just as good a carbon and energy source as glucose.  The cAMP level is related not to intracellular glucose concentration but to the rate of glucose transport, which influences the activity of adenylate cyclase.  (In addition, glucose transport also leads to direct inhibition of the lactose permease.)  As to why E. coli works this way, one can only speculate.  All enteric bacteria ferment glucose, which suggests they encounter it frequently.  It is possible that a small difference in efficiency of transport or metabolism of glucose v. lactose makes it advantageous for cells to regulate the lac operon in this way.

Use in molecular biology

The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial-based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis, in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined. In LB plates containing X-gal, the colour change from white colonies to a shade of blue corresponds to about 20–100 β-galactosidase units, while tetrazolium lactose and MacConkey lactose media have a range of 100–1000 units, being most sensitive in the high and low parts of this range respectively. Since MacConkey lactose and tetrazolium lactose media both rely on the products of lactose breakdown, they require the presence of both lacZ and lacY genes. The many lac fusion techniques which include only the lacZ gene are thus suited to X-gal plates or ONPG liquid broths.

See also
 Catabolite repression

References

External links

 lac operon in NCBI Bookshelf
 Virtual Cell Animation Collection Introducing: The Lac Operon
 The lac Operon: Bozeman Science
 Staining Whole Mouse Embryos for β-Galactosidase (lacZ) Activity

Gene expression
Bacterial genetics
Operons

Lac operon


An application program (software application, or application, or app for short) is a computer program designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself, typically to be used by end-users. Word processors, media players, and accounting software are examples. The collective noun "application software" refers to all applications collectively. The other principal classifications of software are system software, relating to the operation of the computer, and utility software ("utilities").

Applications may be bundled with the computer and its system software or published separately and may be coded as proprietary, open-source, or projects. The term "app" usually refers to applications for mobile devices such as phones.

Terminology
In information technology, an application (app), an application program, or application software is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. Depending on the activity for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, numbers, audio, graphics, and a combination of these elements. Some application packages focus on a single task, such as word processing; others called integrated software include several applications.

User-written software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software includes spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, audio, graphics, and animation scripts. Even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is.

The delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, however, and is occasionally the object of controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust trial was whether Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser was part of its Windows operating system or a separate piece of application software.  As another example, the GNU/Linux naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the operating systems built over this kernel. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable from the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player, or microwave oven. The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app:  see Application Portfolio Management.

Metonymy
The word "application" used as an adjective is not restricted to the "of or on application software" meaning. For example, concepts such as application programming interface (API), application server, application virtualization, application lifecycle management and portable application apply to all computer programs alike, not just application software.

Apps and killer apps

Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others only work on one and are thus called, for example, a geography application for Microsoft Windows, or an Android application for education, or a Linux game.  Sometimes a new and popular application arises that only runs on one platform, increasing the desirability of that platform.  This is called a killer application or killer app, coined in the late 1980s. For example, VisiCalc was the first modern spreadsheet software for the Apple II and helped sell the then-new personal computers into offices. For Blackberry it was their email software.

In recent years, the shortened term "app" (coined in 1981 or earlier) has become popular to refer to applications for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, the shortened form matching their typically smaller scope compared to applications on PCs. Even more recently, the shortened version is used for desktop application software as well.

Classification
There are many different and alternative ways to classify application software.

From the legal point of view, application software is mainly classified with a black-box approach, about the rights of its end-users or subscribers (with eventual intermediate and tiered subscription levels).

Software applications are also classified in respect of the programming language in which the source code is written or executed, and concerning their purpose and outputs.

By property and use rights
Application software is usually distinguished into two main classes: closed source vs open source software applications, and free or proprietary software applications.

Proprietary software is placed under the exclusive copyright, and a software license grants limited usage rights. The open-closed principle states that software may be "open only for extension, but not for modification". Such applications can only get add-on by third parties.

Free and open-source software shall be run, distributed, sold, or extended for any purpose, and -being open- shall be modified or reversed in the same way.

FOSS software applications released under a free license may be perpetual and also royalty-free. Perhaps, the owner, the holder or third-party enforcer of any right (copyright, trademark, patent, or ius in re aliena) are entitled to add exceptions, limitations, time decays or expiring dates to the license terms of use.

Public-domain software is a type of FOSS, which is royalty-free and - openly or reservedly- can be run, distributed, modified, reversed, republished, or created in derivative works without any copyright attribution and therefore revocation. It can even be sold, but without transferring the public domain property to other single subjects. Public-domain SW can be released under a (un)licensing legal statement, which enforces those terms and conditions for an indefinite duration (for a lifetime, or forever).

By coding language
Since the development and near-universal adoption of the web, an important distinction that has emerged, has been between web applications — written with HTML, JavaScript and other web-native technologies and typically requiring one to be online and running a web browser — and the more traditional native applications written in whatever languages are available for one's particular type of computer. There has been a contentious debate in the computing community regarding web applications replacing native applications for many purposes, especially on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Web apps have indeed greatly increased in popularity for some uses, but the advantages of applications make them unlikely to disappear soon, if ever. Furthermore, the two can be complementary, and even integrated.

By purpose and output
Application software can also be seen as being either horizontal or vertical.  Horizontal applications are more popular and widespread, because they are general purpose, for example word processors or databases. Vertical applications are niche products, designed for a particular type of industry or business, or department within an organization. Integrated suites of software will try to handle every specific aspect possible of, for example, manufacturing or banking worker, accounting, or customer service.

There are many types of application software:

 An application suite consists of multiple applications bundled together. They usually have related functions, features, and user interfaces, and may be able to interact with each other, e.g. open each other's files. Business applications often come in suites, e.g. Microsoft Office, LibreOffice and iWork, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, etc.; but suites exist for other purposes, e.g. graphics or music.
 Enterprise software addresses the needs of an entire organization's processes and data flows, across several departments, often in a large distributed environment.  Examples include enterprise resource planning systems, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, data replication engines, and supply chain management software. Departmental Software is a sub-type of enterprise software with a focus on smaller organizations or groups within a large organization. (Examples include travel expense management and IT Helpdesk.)
 Enterprise infrastructure software provides common capabilities needed to support enterprise software systems.  (Examples include databases, email servers, and systems for managing networks and security.)
Application platform as a service (aPaaS) is a cloud computing service that offers development and deployment environments for application services.
 Information worker software lets users create and manage information, often for individual projects within a department, in contrast to enterprise management. Examples include time management, resource management, analytical, collaborative and documentation tools. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients, personal information systems, and individual media editors may aid in multiple information worker tasks.
 Content access software is used primarily to access content without editing, but may include software that allows for content editing. Such software addresses the needs of individuals and groups to consume digital entertainment and published digital content. (Examples include media players, web browsers, and help browsers.)
 Educational software is related to content access software, but has the content or features adapted for use by educators or students. For example, it may deliver evaluations (tests), track progress through material, or include collaborative capabilities.
 Simulation software simulates physical or abstract systems for either research, training, or entertainment purposes.
 Media development software generates print and electronic media for others to consume, most often in a commercial or educational setting. This includes graphic-art software, desktop publishing software, multimedia development software, HTML editors, digital-animation editors, digital audio and video composition, and many others.
 Product engineering software is used in developing hardware and software products. This includes computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer language editing and compiling tools, integrated development environments, and application programmer interfaces.
 Entertainment Software can refer to video games, screen savers, programs to display motion pictures or play recorded music, and other forms of entertainment which can be experienced through the use of a computing device.

By platform
Applications can also be classified by computing platforms such as a desktop application for a particular operating system, delivery network such as in cloud computing and Web 2.0 applications, or delivery devices such as mobile apps for mobile devices.

The operating system itself can be considered application software when performing simple calculating, measuring, rendering, and word processing tasks not used to control hardware via a command-line interface or graphical user interface. This does not include application software bundled within operating systems such as a software calculator or text editor.

Information worker software
 Accounting software
 Data management
 Contact manager
 Spreadsheet
 Database software
 Documentation
 Document automation
 Word processor
 Desktop publishing software
 Diagramming software
 Presentation software
 Email
 Blog software
 Enterprise resource planning
 Financial software
 Banking software
 Clearing systems
 Financial accounting software
 Financial software
 Field service management
Workforce management software
 Project management software
 Calendaring software
 Employee scheduling software
 Workflow software
 Reservation systems

Entertainment software
 Screen savers
 Video games
 Arcade games
 Console games
 Mobile games
 Personal computer games
 Software art
 Demo
 64K intro

Educational software

 Classroom management
 Reference software
 Sales readiness software
 Survey management
 Encyclopedia software

Enterprise infrastructure software
 Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations (AIOps)
 Business workflow software
 Database management system (DBMS)
 Digital asset management (DAM) software
 Document management software
 Geographic information system (GIS)

Simulation software
 Computer simulators
 Scientific simulators
 Social simulators
 Battlefield simulators
 Emergency simulators
 Vehicle simulators
 Flight simulators
 Driving simulators
 Simulation games
 Vehicle simulation games

Media development software
 3D computer graphics software
 Animation software
 Graphic art software
 Raster graphics editor
 Vector graphics editor
 Image organizer
 Video editing software
 Audio editing software
 Digital audio workstation
 Music sequencer
 Scorewriter
 HTML editor
 Game development tool

Product engineering software
 Hardware engineering
 Computer-aided engineering
 Computer-aided design (CAD)
 Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
 Finite element analysis

Software engineering
 Compiler software
 Integrated development environment
 Compiler
 Linker
 Debugger
 Version control
 Game development tool
 License manager

See also
 Software development
 Mobile app
 Web application
 Server application
 Super-app

References

External links

Application software


NK Gromiljak je hrvatski bosanskohercegovački nogometni klub iz Gromiljaka kod Kiseljaka. Djelovao prvih godina neovisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine i natjecao se u nižim ligama. Natjecao se u Drugoj ligi Herceg-Bosne skupina Srednja Bosna , . Danas klub djeluje samo preko malonogometne sekcije, područje Kiseljaka i u mladim kategorijama.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometni klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Gromiljak
Šport u Kiseljaku

NK Gromiljak Kiseljak


Edmondo De Amicis (d. 21 Ekim 1846 — ö. 11 Mart 1908) İtalyan romancı, öykü yazarı ve şair.

Önce seyahatnameleri, daha sonra çocuk ve okul hayatını konu  edinen eserleri ile tanınmıştır.  1886 tarihinde yayımladığı Çocuk Kalbi adlı çocuk romanı, dünya çocuk edebiyatının başyapıtlarından kabul edilir.

1874 yılında ziyaret ettiği İstanbul'u anlatan Constantinopoli, İstanbul üzerine yazılmış seyahatnameler arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir.

Yaşamı
1846'da Oneglia'da (günümüzde İmperia şehrine bağlı bir yerleşim) dünyaya geldi. Küçük burjuvazi kesiminden bir aileye mensuptu. Torino'da bir kolejde öğrenim gördükten sonra askeri okula girdi; topçu subayı oldu.

1866 yılında Üçüncü İtalyan Bağımsızlık Savaşı'na ve Custoza seferi'ne katıldı. Aynı yıl İtalyan yazarı Alessandro Manzoni ile tanışması hayatını derinden etkiledi. Askerlik kariyeri devam ederken,  ordu yayını olan L'Italia Militare dergisinde  "Askerlik Hayatı" (La vita Militare, 1868) adı altında derlenen ilk öykülerini yayımladı. Yirmi bir yaşında iken derginin yayın müdürü oldu.  Askerlik ile ilgili fıkra ve makalelerini 1868'de kitap haline getirip yayımladı. Ardından 1870/71 Yılları Anıları adını verdiği anı kitabını yayımladı ve ordudan ayrılıp kendini tamamen yazı yazmaya verdi.  1872'de küçük öykülerini "Novelle" (Öyküler) adlı kitabında topladı.

Ordudan ayrıldıktan La Nazione gazetesi tarafından muhabir olarak İspanya'ya gönderilen yazar; gazete yazılarını "İspanya" (La Spagna) adına bir kitap haline getirmiştir.  1870'lerin sonuna kadar Hollanda, İngiltere, Fas, İstanbul, Paris gibi yerlere seyahat etti ve izlenimlerini "Olanda" (1874), "Ricordi di Londra" (1874), "Marocco" (1876), "Constantinopoli" (1878-1879) ve "Ricordi di Parigi" (1879) adlı kitaplarında yayımladı.  İstanbul gezisini anlattığı iki ciltlik Costantinopoli adlı eseri, Türkçeye  "1874'te İstanbul" (Reşad Ekrem Koçu çevirisi; kısaltılmış metin, 1938) ve "İstanbul" (Beynun Akyavaş çevirisi; tam metin, 1981) başlıklarıyla çevrilmiştir.

1884 yılında Güney Amerika'ya giden bir gemi ile yaptığı seyahatten sonra İtalyan halkının göçmenliği üzerine bir eser olan "Okyanus Üstünde"(Sull'Oceano) ortaya çıktı.

1880'lerde seyahatlerine son verip kendini çocuk ve okul hayatını konu edinen eserlere veren yazarın uzun süre üzerinde çalıştığı "Çocuk Kalbi" (Cuore) isimli kitap 15 Ekim 1886 tarihinde yayımlandı.  Kendi oğlunun günlüğünden esinlenerek yazdığı eser, kısa bir sürede çok büyük bir başarıya ulaştı, pek çok dile çevrildi; çok satılan ve okunan bir çocuk kitabı oldu.  Kitabın başarısından sonra Torino kentine yerleşen ve eğitim konularına odaklanan yazar; "Bir Öğretmenin Romanı" (Il romanzo di un maestro, 1890) adlı eseri ve "Okul ile Ev Arasında" (Fra scuola e casa)  kitabı ile '"Aşk ve Jimnastik" (Amore e ginnastica, 1892) ve "İşçilerin Öğretmeni" (La maestrina degli operai, 1895) kısa romanlarını yayımladı. De Amicis, bu dönemde sosyalist ideolojisini benimsedi ve yeni kurulan İtalyan Sosyalist Partisi'ne katıldı. "Bir Mayıs" adlı romanını yazmaya başladı ancak tamamlayamadı.

Yazar, Kasım 1898'de büyük oğlu Furio'nun intiharı ile sarsıldı.  "Herkesin Arabası" (La carrozza di tutti, 1899), "Kibar Dil" (L'idioma gentile, 1906)  ve "Sicilya'da bir Yolculuk Anıları" (Ricordi d'un viaggio in Sicilia, 1908) De Amicis'in son eserleri oldu.  Son olarak 1908'de "Anılar" (Memorie) adlı otobiyografik kitabı yayımladı. Eserin merkezine oğlu Furio'nun intiharını koydu.

Kışlarını, İtalya'nın Bordighera beldesinde bir zamanlar İskoç yazar George MacDonald'ın evi Hôtel de la Reine adlı otelde geçiren De Amicis,  11 Mart 1908 tarihinde Bordighera'da vefat etti.

1923'te 80. doğum gününde Torino kentine bir heykeli dikilmiştir.

 Başlıca eserleri
Askerlik Hayatı (La vita Militare, 1868)
1870/71 Yılları Anıları, 1871
Öyküler (Novelle),  1872
Hollanda (Olanda) (1874)
Londra Hatıraları (Ricordi di Londra) (1874),
Fas (Marocco), 1876
İstanbul (Constantinopoli), 1878-1879
Paris Hatıraları (Ricordi di Parigi), 1879
Okyanus Üstünde (Sull'Oceano), 1884
Çocuk Kalbi (Cuore), 1886
Bir Öğretmenin Romanı (Il romanzo di un maestro), 1890
Okul ile Ev Arasında (Fra scuola e casa)
Aşk ve Jimnastik (Amore e ginnastica), 1892
İşçilerin Öğretmeni (La maestrina degli operai), 1895
Herkesin Arabası" (La carrozza di tutti), 1899
Kibar Dil (L'idioma gentile), 1906
Sicilya'da bir Yolculuk Anıları (Ricordi d'un viaggio in Sicilia), 1908
Anılar (Memorie), 1908
 Dış bağlantılar
 Marco (Çocuk Kalbi Mayıs ayın hikâyesi olan Dagli Appennini alle Ande'') Japonca Açılış  İngilizce Altyazılı  İspanyolca Açılış
   Constantinople  (Librairie Hachette et Cie, 1883), TBMM Milli Saraylar Kütüphanesi Halife Abdülmecid Efendi Koleksiyonu

Kaynakça

1846 doğumlular
1908 yılında ölenler
19. yüzyıl İtalyan gazetecileri
20. yüzyıl İtalyan gazetecileri
19. yüzyıl İtalyan roman yazarları
20. yüzyıl İtalyan roman yazarları
İtalyan çocuk kitabı yazarları

Edmondo De Amicis


Pulpwood is timber with the principal use of making wood pulp for paper production.

Applications

 Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 15% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance. Reforestation is practiced in most areas, so trees are a renewable resource.
 Pulpwood is also used as the raw material for some wood products, such as oriented strand board (OSB).
 There is an increasing demand for pulpwood as a source of bio-energy for burning and baking into charcoal.

Properties
The fiber length of the cellulose fiber is the most important parameter of the pulpwood and determines what it may be used for. The first separation is into softwood and hardwood, that have long and short fibers respectively. In paper production fiber from softwood give tensile strength and fibers from hardwood give opacity.

Sources

Logging
In the logging of mixed forest stands, the better trees are usually used for sawlogs for lumber production, while the inferior trees and components are harvested for pulpwood production. Pulpwood usually derives from four types of woody materials in a mixed logging operation:
 Open-grown trees, that are heavily branched low on the trunk, and so make poor sawlogs.
 Dead or diseased trees.
 Tops cut from trees harvested for sawlogs (branches are rarely used since they contain little usable wood after the bark has been removed).
 Small trees, too small to harvest for sawlogs.

Natural forest stands may also be harvested solely for pulpwood where, for various reasons, the value of the trees as sawlogs is low. This may be due to the predominant species in the forest stand (for example, some aspen forests in northern North America), or to the relative proximity of the nearest sawmill or pulp mill.

Plantations
Pulpwood is also harvested from tree farms established for the specific purpose of growing pulpwood, with little or minimal sawlog production. Monoculture of species intended specifically for pulpwood include loblolly and slash pines in the southern USA; various species of eucalyptus (most commonly Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus grandis) in Latin America, Iberian Peninsula, Australia, south-east Asia and southern Africa and acacia (most commonly Acacia mangium) in south-east Asia and southern Africa.

Salvage cuttings
Salvage cuts after forest fires, tornadoes, hurricanes, or other natural disasters are often used for pulpwood. An alternative source of wood for use in Kraft pulping is recovered lumber from demolition, industrial processing of wood and wooden pallets.

Wood residuals
Saw residuals are used as pulp wood. The most important of these are the side cuttings from lumber edger. This gives wood with almost only sapwood and no heartwood. The sapwood is easier to pulp. due to a more open structure and less content of extractive than the heartwood. The fiber length of sapwood is generally longer than the fiber length of heartwood. The sapwood is also normally lighter and that is an advantage when producing mechanical pulp as less bleaching of wood pulp is needed.

Earlier sawdust had some limited use in paper production. It gives very short fibers that are suitable as part of the furnish for paper tissue and writing papers. Saw blades have become thinner and with smaller teeth making the sawdust too small as fiber source.

Pulpwoods

Economically important pulpwoods
 Hardwoods
Acacia
Aspen
Birch
Eucalyptus
Maple
Pacific Albus and Rubber tree
 Softwoods
Pine
Spruce

Chemical composition of some pulpwoods

Alternatives
Sugar cane byproducts and bamboo are used in the commercial production of toilet paper.

See also
 Paper pulp
 Pulp mill
 Paper machine
 Woodchips

References

Papermaking
Forestry
Pulp and paper industry

no:Massevirke
vi:Bột giấy

Pulpwood


Domenico Maria Jacobini (* 3. September 1837 in Rom; † 1. Februar 1900 ebenda) war Kurienkardinal und Diplomat des Heiligen Stuhls.

Leben
Domenico Jacobini besuchte das Päpstliche Römische Priesterseminar, wo er den Doktortitel in Philosophie (10. September 1856), in Theologie (12. September 1860) und beider Rechte (28. Juni 1863) erwarb. Nach seiner Priesterweihe wurde er am 28. November 1866 Beamter der Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Später wurde er Professor für Griechisch (21. August 1868) und Studienpräfekt (19. November 1880) am Päpstlichen Römischen Priesterseminar und am 1. Juni 1874 Substitut des Sekretariats für die Apostolischen Breven. Jacobini wurde am 2. August 1877 in den Rang eines Hausprälaten Seiner Heiligkeit erhoben und erhielt am 19. September 1879 das Amt des Sekretärs der Kongregation für außerordentliche kirchliche Angelegenheiten. Als Sekretär diente er im Wesentlichen als Chef dieses Dikasteriums, da der Papst nur nominell den Titel des Präfekten innehatte. Nach dem Ende des Kirchenstaates 1870 wirkte Jacobini auch politisch, er unterstützte die Gläubigen in ihrem Kampf zugunsten einer katholischen Presse und begleitete in- und ausländische Pilger bei ihrem Besuch der Apostelgräber. Im Dezember 1870 wurde Jacobini bei einer Demonstration verletzt. Im Folgejahr gründete er die Associazione cattolica artistica ed operaia di carità reciproca, eine Vereinigung, die Künstler und Arbeiter sozial unterstützte und deren Spiritual er bis 1896 blieb. Die Vereinigung wandte sich im April 1878 gegen eine Entscheidung des römischen Stadtrats, der den Katechismus in den Grundschulen der Stadt verbot.

Jacobini wurde zum Kanoniker des Petersdoms, nachdem er am 16. November 1880 zum Vize-Bibliothekar der Heiligen Römischen Kirche ernannt worden war. Zwei Tage später wurde er auch Studienpräfekt des Päpstlichen Athenaeum San Apollinare.

Papst Leo XIII. ernannte ihn am 4. August 1881 zum Titularerzbischof von Tyrus. Der Erzpriester des Petersdoms, Edoardo Kardinal Borromeo, spendete ihm am 14. August desselben Jahres an der Cathedra Petri die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Alessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella, Almosenier Seiner Heiligkeit, und Francesco Folicaldi, Kanoniker des Petersdoms. Am 30. März 1882 ernannte der Papst Jacobini zum Sekretär der Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, deren finanzielle Lage er gemeinsam mit Kardinalpräfekt Giovanni Simeoni verbesserte. Am 8. Juni 1886 wurde er zum Päpstlichen Thronassistenten ernannt und am 16. Juni 1891 zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Portugal.

Leo XIII. nahm ihn am 22. Juni 1896 als Kardinalpriester in das Kardinalskollegium auf und er erhielt am 3. Dezember des gleichen Jahres die Titelkirche Santi Marcellino e Pietro. Am 14. Dezember 1899 ernannte Leo XIII. den bereits schwer kranken Kardinal Jacobini zum Kardinalvikar der Diözese Rom; knappe sechs Wochen nach der Ernennung war er bereits gestorben. Nach der Aufbahrung in der Basilika Santi XII Apostoli wurde sein Leichnam in dem Grab seiner Familie auf dem Friedhof Campo Verano begraben.

Weblinks

Titularerzbischof
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Kardinal (19. Jahrhundert)
Kardinalvikar
Apostolischer Nuntius in Portugal
Päpstlicher Thronassistent
Italiener
Geboren 1837
Gestorben 1900
Mann

Domenico Maria Jacobini


José Tiago Correia Soroka é um ladrão e assassino em série brasileiro condenado a 104 anos de prisão pela morte de três homens gays, um em Santa Catarina e dois no Paraná. Ele está preso desde 2021.

Ele é também algumas vezes chamado como "Coringa" ou "Japa".

Biografia
Pai de dois filhos, Soroka nasceu no município de Palmas, no sul do Paraná, tendo se mudado ainda na infância para Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, onde cometeu o primeiro assassinato. Na época dos crimes, morava em Almirante Tamandaré, na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba.

Soroka já tinha antecedentes criminais, por roubo, em 2015 e 2019, e também uma medida protetiva que havia sido pedida por uma ex-namorada.

Crimes
Soroka matou três homens, todos homossexuais que moravam sozinhos. Ele marcava encontros por aplicativos de relacionamento e quando chegava à residência das vítimas, as sufocava e depois roubava seus pertences.

 Robson Olivino: professor, morto no dia 16 de abril de 2021, em Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina.
 David Júnior Alves Levisio: enfermeiro, morto no dia 27 de abril de 2021, em Curitiba.
 Marco Vinício Bozzana da Fonseca: estudante de medicina, assassinado no dia 4 de maio, em Curitiba.

Investigações e prisão
Em 11 de maio, no bairro Bigorrilho, em Curitiba, Soroka tentou fazer sua quarta vítima, um arquiteto. No entanto, o homem conseguiu escapar e procurou a polícia. Imagens de câmeras de segurança depois ligaram Soroka aos locais dos outros crimes, além dele ter sido identificado pela vítima que conseguiu fugir. As mesmas imagens foram divulgadas pela polícia para ajudar na busca pelo criminoso, que estava foragido. Soroka acabou sendo encontrado e preso no bairro Capão Raso, em Curitiba, no dia 29 de maio de 2021.

Um dos delegados que inicialmente investigou os crimes, Thiago Nóbrega, relatou o comportamento do criminoso em relação às mortes:"Ele teve a frieza de falar para a vítima, enquanto ela estava sob seu poder, de que ele era o coringa. A vítima até o questionou. Ele falou, eu gosto de matar. Eu mato porque eu gosto",A delegada Camila Cecconello, que também trabalhava no caso na época, detalhou o modus operandi adotado pelo crimimoso:"Ele age do mesmo modo há 30 dias, sempre com homossexuais. Ele vai até a casa das vítimas e lá pega a pessoa desprevenida, dá um mata leão, a sufoca com travesseiro ou coberta e leva pertences da vítima após o assassinato"

Julgamento e pena
Aos 33 anos de idade, Soroka foi a julgamento em julho de 2022, quando em sentença proferida pela juíza Cristine Lopes no dia 8 foi condenado a 104 anos e quatro meses de prisão pelos crimes de latrocínio, roubo agravado e extorsão.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Vídeo: Caso Serial Killer Soroka Ou Coringa - Especial Investigação Criminal
 Vídeo: Investigação Criminal - Serial Killer Coringa - Entrevista Compacta Delegado Thiago Nobrega
Assassinos em série do Brasil
Criminosos do Brasil
Crimes no Paraná
Crimes em Santa Catarina

José Tiago Correia Soroka


An Yushania longiaurita in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Qing Fang Zheng ngan Ke Fu Huang. An Yushania longiaurita in nahilalakip ha genus nga Yushania, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Yushania

Yushania longiaurita


Svetislav Basara (Bajina Bašta, 21. prosinca 1953.), jedan od najznačajnijih suvremenih srbijanskih književnika, kolumnist lista Danas.

Životopis
Svetislav Basara je rođen 21. prosinca 1953. u Bajinoj Bašti. Njegovu majku Dobrilu kao djevojčicu su usvojili Svetislav i Zorka Veizović, pa je po djedu dobio ime.

Dobitnik je više nagrada za književnost u Srbiji, a njegov roman Fama o biciklistima mnogi smatraju jednim od najboljih romana devetog desetljeća 20. stoljeća. Drame su mu izvođene na mnogim scenama a knjige prevođene na engleski, francuski, njemački, mađarski, bugarski, talijanski i makedonski jezik.

Basara je bio veleposlanik SR Jugoslavije od 2001. do 2005. godine na Cipru.

Djela

Priče u nestajanju (1982)
Peking by Night (1985)
Kinesko pismo (1985)
Napuklo ogledalo (1986)
Na ivici (1987)
Fama o biciklistima
Fenomeni (1989)
Na Gralovom tragu (1990)
Mongolski bedeker (1992)
Tamna strana meseca (1992)
Izabrane priče (1994)
De bello civili (1993)
Drvo istorije (1995)
Ukleta zemlja (1995)
Virtualna kabala (1996)
Looney Tunes (1997)
Sveta mast (1998)
Vučji brlog (1998)
Ideologija heliocentrizma (1999)
Mašine iluzija (2000)
Kratkodnevnica (2000)
Džon B. Malkovič (2001)
Bumerang (2001)
Oksimoron (2001)
Srce Zemlje (2004)
Fantomski bol (2005)
Uspon i pad Parkinsonove bolesti, (2006)
Izgubljen u samoposluzi (2008)
Majmunopisanije (2008)
Dnevnik Marte Koen (2008)
Nova Stradija (2009)
Fundamentalizam debiliteta (2009)
Na gralovom tragu (2010)
Eros, giros i Tanatos (2010)
Početak bune protiv dahija (2010)
Tajna istorija Bajine Bašte (2010)
Mein Kampf (2011)
Dugovečnost (2012)
Gnusoba (2013)
Tušta i tma, s Miljenkom Jergovićem (2014)
Yugonostalghia  (2015)
Anđeo atentata (2015)
Drugi krug, s Miljenkom Jergovićem (2015)
Očaj od nane (2016)
Andrićeva lestvica užasa (2016)
Pušači crvenog bana (2017)
Nova srpska trilogija (2017)
Atlas pseudomitologije (2018)
 Bajakovo - Batrovci, s Miljenkom Jergovićem (2020)
 Kontraendorfin (2020)

Nagrade

 NIN-ova nagrada (2006)
 Nagrada Laza Kostić (2007)
 Nagrada Narodne knjižnice Srbije (2008)
 Nagrada Stanislav Staša Marinković (2010)
 Nagrada Biljana Jovanović (2015)
 Nagrada Isidora Sekulić (2015)
 NIN-ova nagrada (2020)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Sbija je uvijek bez nečega - intervju
 Basara: Protiv Ćosića nema borbe

Srpski književnici

Svetislav Basara


Claudio Esteban Albornoz Vintimilla es un ingeniero eléctrico y político ecuatoriano. Desde 2012 al 2016 desempeñó el cargo de ministro de Electricidad y Energía Renovable del Ecuador y desde 2017 al 2021 fue Asambleísta del Ecuador.

Biografía
Nació el 27 de mayo de 1967 en la ciudad ecuatoriana de Cuenca. Estudió la primaria en el Pensionado San Francisco de Borja, y la secundaria en el Colegio Técnico Salesiano, ambos en su ciudad natal; e Ingeniería Eléctrica en la Universidad de Cuenca.

En 1998 se traslada a San Juan, Argentina donde consigue un PhD en Ingeniería Eléctrica en la Universidad Nacional de San Juan en el año 2002. En 2000 regresa a Cuenca donde termina su tesis titulada "Ubicación de Equipos de Seccionamiento y Protección en sistemas de Distribución".

En 2005 fue Subsecretario de Electrificación del Ministerio de Energía y Minas; y  presidente del Colegio de Ingenieros Eléctricos y Electrónicos del Ecuador y del Azuay de 2006 al 2008.

Desempeñó el cargo de Presidente Ejecutivo de Hidropaute S.A desde abril de 2007 a enero de 2009.

Fue Gerente General de la Corporación Eléctrica del Ecuador (CELEC) en el año 2009.

Fue nombrado Ministro de Electricidad el 13 de julio de 2009 por el presidente Rafael Correa cargo que ocupó hasta el 16 de diciembre del mismo año tras presentar su renuncia. Durante este tiempo afrontó una de las mayores crisis eléctricas del Ecuador, por el gran estiaje que ocurrió en esta época y por esta razón el caudal de Amaluza de la Central Paute descendió drásticamente, por lo que Albornoz puso en marcha el plan de mantenimiento de todas las centrales termoeléctricas y gestionó la adhesión de 480 MW térmicos (ubicados en Pascuales, Manta y Quevedo) al Sistema Nacional Interconectado.

Regresó a ocupar el cargo de Presidente Ejecutivo de Hidropaute S.A, hasta su nueva posesión como Ministro de Electricidad y Energía Renovable el 31 de enero de 2011, cargo que ejerció hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2016

En 2017, ganó como el candidato más votado para representar a la provincia del Azuay en la Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador, puesto que ocupa desde el 14 de mayo de 2017. Al inicio de su periodo fue nombrado presidente de la Comisión de Desarrollo Económico, Productivo y Microempresa.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Políticos de Cuenca
Ingenieros de Ecuador
Ministros de Energía y Recursos Naturales no Renovables de Ecuador
Alumnado de la Universidad de Cuenca
Asambleístas de Ecuador 2017-2021

Esteban Albornoz


Müzik mitolojisi, müzikle ilgili mitleri araştırır. Bunlar genellikle müziğin ortaya çıkışı, müzik aletlerinin oluşumu ve müzisyenlere gelen ilham konularında yoğunlaşır.

Kapsamı
Müziğin ortaya çıkışı genel olarak ilham veren ruhsal varlıklara bağlanmıştır. Çalgıların ortaya çıkışı ise kozmogonik (kainatın oluşumu) kökenli anlatılara kadar uzanan kimi efsane ve öykülerde yer almıştır. Müzisyenlere gelen ilham ise hir biri kendine özgü olarak gelişen olaylar çerçevesinde anlatılır.

Farklı kültürlerde müzik ve mitoloji ilişkisi
Müziğe dair efsanelerin daha çok Yunan mitolojisi içerisinde ön plana çıkmış olduğu sanılsa da farklı kültürler içerisinde de müzik aletlerinin veya müziğin icat edilmesi etrafında oluşan mitler oldukça fazladır. Bunlar eski Türk kültüründe ve Anadolu efsaneleri arasında da varlıklarını gösterirler.

İran'da 15. yüzyıla ait bir müzik mitine göre, Safiyyüddin Abdülmümin'in müziğin kıymetli ve değerli bir bilim olduğunu göstermek için susuz deveyi müziğiyle yönlendirmesi örneği anlatılır.

Türk halk kültüründe
Hayvanlarla iletişim kurabilme bazen çalgının kendi gücünden kaynaklanır, bazen çalan kişinin yeteneğinden dolayıdır."Aşık Çoban ve Karakoyun" hikâyesinde bu konunun işlendiği görülür.

Telli çalgıların bulunuşu
Anadolu'da derlenmiş olan bir efsaneye göre Akbaba kuşu yakaladığı tavşanı ağaçta yerken bağırsağı yanlışlıkla bir dala takılarak gerilir ve orada kurur. Çıkan sesleri "Ilgıs" adındaki bir ruh duyarak çalmaya başlar. Bunu duyan avcılar sese gelirler ve bağırsaktan oluşan bu teli bir çubuğa gererek çalgı haline dönüştürürler. "Ilgıs" ise avcılara çubuğun altına bir kütük ekleyerek içini oymalarını söyler (veya ilham verir). İlk telli saz böylece oluşur.

Dipnotlar

Ayrıca bakınız
 Aydın Ata
 Korkut Ata

Dış bağlantılar
 Karakoyun Efsanesi

Mitoloji
Konulara göre mitoloji

Müzik mitolojisi


La resolución 115 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas fue aprobada por unanimidad el 20 de junio de 1956, tras haber examinado la petición de membresía por parte del Reino de Marruecos para poder ser miembro de las Naciones Unidas. En esta resolución, el Consejo recomendó a la Asamblea General la aceptación de Marruecos como miembro.

Véase también

Marruecos
Anexo:Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas

Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobadas en 1956
0115
Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas referentes a Marruecos
Marruecos en 1956

Resolución 115 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas


Göle, Ardahan iline bağlı bir ilçe ve bu ilçenin merkezidir.

Etimoloji

Göle adının, Gürcüce Kola (კოლა / "k'ola") adının değişikliğe uğramasıyla ortaya çıkmış olduğuna dair görüşler vardır. Kola adı ise antik çağ krallığı Kolhis'in Gürcücedeki adı olan Kolha'dan gelir. Nitekim 1854 tarihli Kiepert haritasında Göle bölgesi, Gürcüce Kola, Türkçe "Kjöla" (Göle) ve Ermenice "Kogh" (Koğ) biçiminde geçer.

Gürcü tarihçi ve arkeolog Ekvtime Takaişvili orada yaşayan halkın bölgeyi "Göl" (Göle değil) olarak adlandırdığını yazar. Etrafı dağlarla çevirili olan ve geniş bir çukuru andıran ovanın baharda karların erimesiyle sularla dolup bataklığa, hatta göle dönüştüğünü, Kura Nehri'nin kaynaklandığı bu bölgeye Türkçede bundan dolayı "Göl" denmiş olabileceğini belirtir.

Göle kasabası

Bugünkü Göle ilçesinin merkezi olan kasabanın adı Göle değil, Merdenik'ti. Nitekim 1854 tarihli Kiepert haritasında da Merdenik olarak geçer. 93 Harbi'nin ardından Göle bölgesine hakim olan Ruslar ise, yerleşimin adını Merdenek (Мерденек) biçiminde yazmıştır. Rus idaresinde Merdenek Göle kazasının "Yunan Nahiyesi" bağlı köylerden biriydi ve 1886 yılında nüfusu 138 kişiden oluşuyordu. Rumlardan oluşan bu nüfus 1896 yılında 210 kişi, 1906 yılında 300 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Köyün nüfusunun bu kadar hızlı artması, Rus idaresince yeni nüfusun yerleştirildiğini göstermektedir.

Gürcü araştırmacı Konstantine Martvileli'nin Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Ardahan bölgesini gezdiği sırada da köyün nüfusu Rumlardan oluşuyordu. Merdenek köyünde bir kale ve üç kilise vardı. Ancak kilise yıkılmış, geriye duvar parçaları kalmıştı. Kalenin ise sadece bir duvarı sağlamdı. Köyden iki kilometre uzakta büyük bir kale bulunuyordu ve halk bu kaleyi "Köroğlu Kalesi" olarak adlandırıyordu. Martvileli'ye göre büyüklük açısından bu kalenin Mgeltsihe'den geri kalır tarafı yoktu. Çok iyi bir işçiliğe sahip olan kale ormanın içinde sağlam halde duruyordu. Dağın tepesi, uzunluğu yarım kilometre kadar olan bu kalenin surlarıyla çevriliydi. Kalenin içinde yüksek kuleler vardı. Kuleler de ayakta duruyordu. Kale içindeki yapılar ise yıkılmıştı. Ulaşımı zor olan bu kalenin içinden bilinmeyen bir yere bir tünel uzanıyordu.

1928 tarihli Osmanlıca köy listesinde Merdenik (مردەنیك) olarak kaydedilmiş olan köy, Göle kazasının merkez nahiyesi sayılan Merdenik nahiyesinin 29 köyünden biriydi. Bu tarihten kısa bir süre sonra Merdenik'in adının Göle olarak değiştirildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim 1935 genel nüfus sayımında Merdenik adı geçmemektedir. Göle kazasının idari merkezi Göle adıyla kaydedilmiş olup bu sırada kaza merkezinde sadece 811 kişi yaşıyordu. 1965 genel nüfus sayımında Göle kasabasının nüfusu 3.826 kişiye ulaşmıştı ve bu nüfus içinde 1.689 kişi okuma yazma biliyordu.

Tarihçe

Eski adı Kola olan Göle, MÖ 4. yüzyılda İberia Krallığı sınırları içinde, Tzunda Prensliği'ne bağlıydı. MÖ 2.-1. yüzyıllarda Ermenistan Krallığı sınırları içinde kaldı. Bölge daha sonra Ermeniler ile Gürcüler arasında birkaç kez el değiştirdi. Kolalı Çocukların Şehadeti (9. yüzyıl) adını taşıyan Gürcüce bir hagiografiye göre 6. yüzyılda dokuz Kolalı (Göleli) çocuk Kura Nehri'nin "Ayazma" denilen kaynağında vaftiz olup Hristiyanlığı kabul etmiş ve bundan dolayı annesi ve babası tarafından öldürülmüştür. Göle Gürcü yönetimi altındayken Emeviler tarafından istila edildi. 9. yüzyılda İberia kralı I. Aşot (813–826/830) Arapları bölgeden çıkardı ve Göle Gürcistan Krallığı'na katıldı. 11. yüzyılda Göle ve yöresi Büyük Selçukluların eline geçti. 13. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Göle Gürcü atabegleri devleti Samtshe-Saatabago'nun yönetimi altındaydı. 16. yüzyılın sonlarında Gürcü atabegler Osmanlılara karşısında tutunamadı ve Göle Osmanlı Devleti tarafından ele geçirildi. Aynı yüzyılda kurulan Çıldır Eyaleti sınırları içinde yer aldı. Bugünkü Göle ilçesi toprakları Osmanlı kayıtlarından Ardahan-i Küçük, bugünkü Ardahan ise Ardahan-i Büzürg (Büyük Ardahan) olarak geçer ve Ardahan-i Küçük (Küçük Ardahan) Çıldır Eyaleti'nin livalarından biridir.

Göle, uzun süre Osmanlı yönetimi altında kaldıktan sonra, 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nın ardından imzalanan Berlin Antlaşması'yla Rusya İmparatorluğu'nun sınırları içinde kaldı. Rus yönetimi sırada Göle, Ardahan sancağına  bağlı bir kazaydı (uçastok) ve kazanın yönetim merkezi Okami köyüydü. Göle kazası Arpaşen, Karavenk, Okam ve Hoçevank nahiyelerinden (маркяз: merkez) nahiyelerinden oluşuyordu. Kazadaki Yunan (Rum) nüfuslu köyler de "Yunan Nahiyesi" (сельское общество: kırsal topluluk) statüsüne sahipti. 1886 yılında Rusların yaptığı nüfus sayımına göre Göle'de 9.208 kişi yaşıyordu. Nüfusun 5.432'si (% 59) Kürt, 2.755'i (% 29.9) Rum, 846'sı (% 9.2) Türk, 121'i (% 1.3) Ermeni, 54'ü (% 0.6) Türkmen'di.

1907 yılında bölgeyi gezen Gürcü tarihçi Ekvtime Takaişvili'nin verdiği bilgiye göre o tarihte Göle'nin nüfusu Müslüman Gürcüler, Meshiler, Kürtler, Rumlar ve Ermenilerden oluşuyordu. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sonrasında, Osmanlı ülkesine göç eden Müslüman Gürcülerin yerlerine Ruslar tarafından Rumlar ve Ermeniler yerleştirilmiştir. Resmi verilere göre Göle'nin de içinde yer aldığı Ardahan sancağından 1.407 hane veya 22.843 kişi Osmanlı ülkesine  göç etmiştir.

I. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonlarına doğru Rus ordusunun bölgeden çekilmesinden sonra Göle fiilen bağımsız Ermenistab sınırları içinde yer aldı. 16 Mart 1921'de imzalanan Moskova Antlaşması'yla da Türkiye'ye bırakıldı.

Göle, 1928 tarihli Osmanlı köy listesinde Kars vilayetine bağlı bir kaza olarak geçer. Göle kazası, Merdenik, Okam ve Hoçovan nahiyelerinden oluşuyordu. Merkez nahiyesi olarak da bilinen Merdenik nahiyesine 29, Okam nahiyesine 26 ve Hoçovan nahiyesine 20 köy bağlıydı. Merdenik nahiyesinin idari merkezi Merdenik köyü, Okam nahiyesinin idari merkezi Okam köyü, Hoçovan nahiyesinin idari merkezi ise Hasköy'dü.

Kars iline bağlı bir ilçe olan Göle, 27 Mayıs 1992 tarihinde Ardahan iline bağlanmıştır. Göle ilçe merkezinde belediye teşkilatı 1926'da kurulmuştur.

Coğrafya
İlçenin sınırları kuzeyinde Ardahan ili, güneyinde Kars'ın Selim ilçesi, doğusunda Kars'ın Susuz ilçesi, kuzey batısında Erzurum'un Olur ilçesi, güney doğusunda Kars ili, güney batısında Erzurum'un Şenkaya ilçesi ile çevrilidir. İl merkezine olan uzaklığı 45 km dir.

İlçe merkezi ortalama rakımı 2038 metre olan düz bir alana kurulmuştur. köyler ise kısmen düz ve kısmen de engebeli arazi üzerine yerleşmiştir. İlçenin toplam yüzölçümü 1420 Km2'dir. Arazinin bir kısmı orman örtüsü ile diğer kısımları ise çayır ve mera ile kaplıdır. Ardahan ormanlarının yaklaşık %65'i Göle ilçesinde bulunmaktadır. İlçenin her tarafı yeşil olduğu için Yeşil Göle adını almıştır. Kışları uzun, çok sert ve soğuk, yazları ise ılık ve yağışlı geçen karasal iklime sahiptir. Kış aylarında soğukluk -30 ya da 35 dereceye kadar düşer. Çok sert geçen kış aylarında yağan karın kalınlığı en az bir metreye ulaşır. Göle ovası, çukurluğu nedeniyle kış boyunca kimi zaman sisli günler geçirir. Yaz aylarında ise  sıcaklık 25-30 dereceye kadar yükselir.

Demografik yapı
Göle kültürlü bir nüfus yapısına sahip farkli etnikleri bünyesinde bulundurur. Bunlar Kürtler, Acemler, Yerliler, Terekemeler, Türkmenler vb. olarak sıralandırılabilir. Göle, nüfus ve yüzölçümü bakımından Ardahan'ın en büyük ve en önemli ilçesidir.

Nüfus

Ekonomi
İlçe ekonomisi genelde hayvancılığa dayanmaktadır. İlçe, bölgenin en önemli canlı hayvan yetiştirme merkezlerindendir. Hayvan besiciliği ve mandıracılığı olmak üzere iki kısımda gerçekleştirilmektedir. Ayrıca hayvancılığın ve tarımın gelişmesi için ilçede "İnekhane"de denilen Göle Tarım İşletmesi kurulmuştur. Tarımsal faaliyetlerde arpa, buğday, yulaf, patates ekimi yapılmaktadır. Büyükbaş hayvancılığın yanı sıra küçükbaş hayvancılık ile tavuk, hindi, kaz, ördek gibi kümes hayvanları da yetiştirilmektedir, ayrıca arıcılık da yapılmaktadır.

Ticaret alanında ise alışveriş merkezleri, bakkal, market, marangoz, tamir atölyeleri, internet cafeler, kahvehaneler ve altısı fabrika düzeyinde sanayi tesisleri olmak üzere onlarca mandıra hizmet vermektedir. İlçe, hayvancılık ve ormancılıkta bölgesinin merkezi konumundadır. Hayvancılık alanında Tarım İşletmesi, ormancılık alanında ise Orman İşletmesi hizmet vermektedir. Göle'nin sahip olduğu iktisadi güç, Ardahan da dahil olmak üzere, ile bağlı ilçelerin hepsinden büyüktür. Bu yönüyle Göle, Ardahan ilinin ticaret merkezidir.

Turizm
İlçe turizm açısından önemli bir potansiyele sahip olup, yerli ve yabancı turistlerin ilgisini çekecek görmeye değer tarihi eserleri bulunmaktadır. Bunlar arasında, Dedeşen köyünde yer alan türbe, Cami, kümbet, Kalecik köyündeki Kalecik Kalesi, Uğurtaşı köyü kalesi bulunmaktadır. Yavuzlar, Çakıldere, Günorta, Uğurtaşı, Yiğitkonağı ve adını sayamadığımız birçok köyümüzde kilise ve şapel kalıntıları bulunmaktadır.

Köprülü  (korevenk) beldesinde Ziyaret  Tepesi denilen ve eskiden büyük bir Ermeni Manastırı'nın olduğu Tepeden beldenin ortasına çıkan yaklaşık 2 km uzunluğunda bir tünel  bulunmaktadır. Keza Köprülü Beldesinde Aşık Kerem'in yaslanıp saz çaldığı basının direkleri oturduğu yerin ve sazının baş kısmının izi olduğu  söylenen  Kerem'in Taşı denen bir kaya mevcuttur. Defineciler bu taşı da yerinden aşağı yuvarlamışlar.

1995 yılından bu yana ise gurbet-sıla kaynaşmasını sağlamak adına Ulusal anlamda her yıl Kaşar Festivali yapılmaktadır. Bu festival ilçeye ayrı bir canlılık getirmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Göle Belediyesi
 Göle Kaymakamlığı

Ardahan tarihi
Tao-Klarceti

Göle


Brigadeiro-general Thao Ma (1931–1973) foi uma figura militar e política do Laos durante a Guerra Civil Laociana e da Guerra do Vietnã (também conhecida como Segunda Guerra da Indochina). Thao Ma começou sua carreira militar como paraquedista no Exército da União Francesa, quando a França administrava o Reino do Laos. Transferiu-se para a aviação, primeiro como piloto de transporte, depois como piloto de caça-bombardeiro. De 1959 a 1966, Thao Ma foi o comandante da Força Aérea Real do Laos e era conhecido por seu carisma e agressividade. No entanto, sua dedicação às virtudes militares o colocou em desacordo com outros generais laocianos que estavam envolvidos no tráfico de drogas. Como resultado, promoveu três tentativas inúteis de assumir o controle das forças armadas laocianas e do governo real do Laos. Durante a última dessas tentativas golpistas, em agosto de 1973, ele foi executado sem julgamento aos 42 anos.

 Alfred W. McCoy, Cathleen B. Read, and Leonard P. Adams, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Harper Colophon Books, 1973. , 9789971470227.
 Kenneth Conboy with James Morrison, Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos, Boulder CO: Paladin Press, 1995. .
 Martin Stuart-Fox, Historical Dictionary of Laos, Scarecrow Press, 2008. ISBNs 0810864118, 978-0-81086-411-5.

Militares do Laos
Generais de força aérea
Pessoas da Guerra Civil do Laos

Thao Ma


GS1 Barkod Sistemi (eski adıyla EAN-UCC Sistemi), GS1 Sisteminin bileşenlerinden biridir. Ticari ürünlerin, yerlerin, taşıma birimlerinin ve demirbaşların standart olarak tanımlanmasını ve bilgi sistemlerine otomatik olarak aktarılmasını sağlayan, barkod teknolojileri temelli küresel veri ve uygulama standartlarıdır.

Barkod kullanmak isteyen firmalar GS1 Türkiye'ye başvururarak bir GS1 Firma Numarası alırlar. GS1 Firma Numarası, Küresel Ticari Ürün Numarası (GTIN) oluşturmada kullanılır. GTIN ise daha sonra barkod etiketi olarak bastırılarak ürün üzerine yerleştirilir.

Dış bağlantılar

 GS1 Türkiye - EAN-UCC Sistemi
 GS1 Türkiye - Tanımlama, Numaralandırma ve Barkod Standartları Uygulama Kılavuzu
 GS1 Türkiye - Barkod Üyeliği Başvuru İşlemleri
 GS1 Türkiye - Sıkça Sorulan Sorular

Standardizasyon

GS1 Barkod


Paris School of Business (anterior ESG Management School) este o Școală Europeană de Business cu multiple campusuri în locații precum Paris și Rennes. A fost înființată în 1974.

Programele sale sunt dublu acreditate internațional prin AMBA și CGE. Școala de business se remarcă prin absolvenți de renume în afaceri și politică precum: Franck Louvrier (Director Executiv Publicis Events) și Vianney (cântăreață).

Note

Legături externe
 Website oficial

Universități din Franța

Paris School of Business


Malick Kébé, né le  à Conakry (Guinée), est un opérateur culturel guinéen.

Directeur général du fonds de développement des Arts et de la culture depuis 2017 et Djembé d'or du meilleur manager guinéen en 2002.

Biographie

Origines
Malick Kébé est le petit-fils maternel de Momo Touré de député à l'assemble français et petit fils paternel de Sory Kébé ancien combattant et chef de canton de Koba.

Fil de du médecin Baba Kébé et de Oumy Djenab Touré.

Enfance
Né en 1973 à Conakry, Malick Kébé commence ses études à l'école primaire de Mahatma Gandhi de 1980 en 1983 avant de rejoindre le Sénégal en 1983 pour continuer à l'école primaire de fleuriste à Dakar. Revenue en Guinée, il poursuit ses études au collège gbéssia centre de 1986 en 1990, puis le lycée Bonfi de 1990 en 1993. Malick continue ses études supérieures à l'école professionnelle de comptabilité de Méré Soundou à Bonfi d'où il est diplômé en 1996.

Parcours professionnel
Malick Kébé, passionné de culture, devient le manager du groupe Kill point de 1996 en 2002,  il participe au festival MASA d'Abidjan en 1999 en Côte d'Ivoire. Il fait plusieurs tournées avec Kill point a l'intérieur du pays, en Afrique et en Europe.

En novembre 2000, il suit un stage pratique sur l'organisation de festival au festival théâtre des réalités de Bamako au Mali, en 2001 au activités du réseau des opérateurs culturel à Bamako, au Hip Hop Awards de Dakar en 2003 puis au festival Africa Fête à Dakar en 2003.

De 2001 en 2007, il est le directeur de production du festival de rap africain dénommée Le RAP Aussi à Conakry. En juin 2007, il organise le concert de Tiken Jah Fakoly au Stade du 28-Septembre, puis le concert de Julian Marley au Stade du 28-Septembre.

En mars 2010, il est fait directeur de l'agence guinéenne de spectacles et produit le titre Tous ensemble qui réunie plusieurs artistes notamment Mory Kanté, Tiken Jah Fakoly, Sékouba Bambino, Didier Awadi, Degg J force 3, Sékouba Kandia Kouyaté, Sona Tata Condé, Lama Sidibé, Fodé Baro, Sia Tolno et autres.

En avril 2014, il initie la mise en place de l'Assurance Maladie pour les artistes guinéens avec NSIA Assurance.

En 2017, il devient directeur général du fonds de développement des arts et de la culture.

Sport
Malick Kébé est le conseiller et mentor du footballeur guinéen de liverpool Naby Keïta former au Santoba Football Club, dont il a été le président du 20 novembre 2013 en décembre 2015.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1973
Naissance à Conakry
Dirigeant de Santoba Football Club

Malick Kébé


Beatrix Philipp ( - ) est une femme politique allemande.

Biographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Personnalité de l'Union chrétienne-démocrate d'Allemagne
Membre du Landtag de Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie
Député de la dix-septième législature du Bundestag
Naissance en juillet 1945
Naissance à Mönchengladbach
Décès en mai 2019
Décès à Düsseldorf
Décès à 73 ans

Beatrix Philipp


Rudolf Fränkel, adesea anglicizat ca Rudolf sau Rudolph Frankel () a fost un arhitect german-evreu care s-a numărat printre liderii mișcării avangardiste dinainte de război din Berlin. În vara anului 1933 a emigrat în București, apoi în Londra și Statele Unite, unde a predat la Universitatea din Miami, Ohio.

A făcut ucenicia de la 1922 la 1924 cu Richard Riemerschmid în München și apoi cu Gustav Hart în Berlin. În 1922 s-a căsătorit cu Eva Tarrasch.

Selecție de lucrări
 1924–1928: Gartenstadt Atlantic settlement, Gesundbrunnen, Berlin
 1926: Residential building, Emser Straße 14-17a, Wilmersdorf, Berlin
 1926–28: Country house for film director Gabriel Levy, Silberberger Straße 29a, Bad Saarow
 1927: Honig settlement, Bellermannstraße 72-78, Gesundbrunnen, Berlin
 1927–1929: Lichtburg cinema at Gartenstadt Atlantic, Gesundbrunnen, Berlin
 1927–1930: One- and two-family houses at Gartenstadt Frohnau, Frohnau, Berlin
 1928: Bridge over the River Ruhr in Westhofen, Schwerte (distrus)
 1929: Two-family house, Warnemünder Straße 28a and b, Dahlem, Berlin
 1929–32: Lange House (complex for the elderly including theatre, cinema and clinic), Bad Saarow
 1930: Flats on Grieser Platz, Halensee, Berlin
 1930–1931: Leuchtturm Restaurant, Friedrichstraße 138, Mitte, Berlin
 1930–31: Four-storey residential buildings at the Schlosspark, Pankow, Berlin
 1930–1932: Housing on the Stadtpark Schöneberg, Schöneberg, Berlin
 1931–1932: Stern residence, Schmolz, lângă Breslau
 1932–1933: Renovation, Albert Schumann Theatre, Frankfurt pe Main (destroyed in 1944, ruins demolished 1960)
 1933–1934: Casa Pop, Caragiale 9, București
 1934: Apartamente pentru cuplurile fără copii, București
 1934: Oțelăria Reșița, Oțelu Roșu
 1933–1935: Clădirea companiei de asigurări Adriatica, București
 1934–1936: Clădirea unei fabrici de textile de lângă București
 1935–1936: Teatrul de Comedie din București
 1935–1937: Clădirea Malaxa, București
 1935–1937: Cinematograful Scala din București
 1936–1937: Vila Flavian, str. Serg. Gheorghe Militaru și Șoseaua Kisseleff, București
 1937–1938: Rachwalsky residence, Home Counties, pentru sora lui și soțul ei Max
 1937–1938: Frankel house, Outer London, now a Grade II listed building
 1941: E. H. Jones (Machine Tools) Ltd. factory, sales space, canteen, Kingsbury
 1946–1947: Suflex Ltd. factory
 1946–1948: Sotex Ltd. nylon clothing factory, Congleton
 1949: Lichfield residence, Stanmore
 1950: Luralda Ltd. warehouse, Londra
 1950: Extension, Rachwalsky residence, New York

Referințe

Nașteri în 1901
Nașteri pe 14 iunie
Decese în 1974
Evrei polonezi
Arhitecți germani
Arhitecți moderniști

Rudolf Fränkel


An Saccolabiopsis selebica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Saccolabiopsis selebica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Saccolabiopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Saccolabiopsis

Saccolabiopsis selebica


An Eriochilus petricola in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Lloyd Jones ngan Mark Alwin Clements. An Eriochilus petricola in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriochilus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriochilus

Eriochilus petricola


Alexandru Henția (n. 1878 - d. 1925) a fost un profesor, muralist și pictor român, fiul lui Sava Henția.

Biografie
Alexandru Henția s-a născut în familia pictorului Sava Henția în anul 1878. Sava Henția s-a căsătorit, după unele surse cu Irina Tranko, după altele cu Irma în anul 1873, ea fiind un membru al familiei Potoscky. A urmat cursurile Academiei de Arte Frumoase din București și s-a specializat în pictura murală fiind pictor de biserici și profesor de pictură religioasă.

În cadrul "Expozițiunii etnografice și istorice-culturale aranjate în Sibiu la 19 august — 14 septembrie n. 1905 cu ocaziunea inaugurării Muzeului Asociațiunii pentru literatura română si cultura poporului român", au fost expuse și 11 tablouri pictate de Alexandru Henția (peisagii, vederi, portrete și studii).

A pictat împreună cu tatăl său  biserica din Alexandria. În perioada 1915 - 1920 a pictat biserica cu hramul "Sfinții apostoli Petru și Pavel" din Călimănești, în stil neobizantin, cu predominanța culorii galbene, și a refăcut pictura murală a bisericii "Adormirea Maicii Domnului" din satul Bora din apropierea Sloboziei. În 1924 a realizat pictura interioară a bisericii "Sfântul Nicolae" din Țigănești, Teleorman, pictură deteriorată la cutremurul din 1940 și înlocuită prin repictări succesive în anii 1941, 1970 și 1986-1987. A locuit în casa părintească din Brebu și a pictat biserica din localitate, precum și alte biserici din localitățile apropiate.

Alexandru Henția nu a ajuns la performanțele tatălui său într-ale picturii, dar în epoca în care trăit a fost denumit "renumitul pictor din București".

Galerie imagini

Referințe

Legături externe
 Picturile lui Alexandru Henția la licitațiile de la artmark.

Nașteri în 1878
Decese în 1925
Pictori români
Muraliști români
Tinerimea artistică

Alexandru Henția


Aceasta este o listă de localități redenumite din Rusia.

 Alexandrovsk (1896) → Polyarny (1939)
 Alexeyevsk → Svobodnîi (1917)
 Almetyevo → Almetyevsk
 Astapovo → Lev Tolstoy (1918)
 Bashanta → Gorodovikovsk (1971)
 Biryuch → Budyonny → Krasnogvardeyskoye → Biryuch (2007)
 Chembar → Belinsky (1948)
 Cranz → Zelenogradsk (1946)
 Esutoru → Uglegorsk (1946)
 Heiliegenbeil → Mamonovo
 Heinrichswalde → Slavsk
 Izhma → Sosnogorsk
 Kaliningrad → Korolyov sau Korolev (iulie 1996)
 Kremlyov → Sarov
 Kukarka → Sovetsk (1997)
 Labinskaya → Labinsk
 Laptevo  → Yasnogorsk
 Mechetnaya → Nikolajevsk (1835) → Pugaciov (1918)
 Melekess → Dimitrovgrad (1972)
 Nevdubstroy → Kirovsk
 Nijni Novgorod → Gorki (1932) → Nijni Novgorod (1990)
 Novgorod → Veliky Novgorod (1998)
 Rogozhi → Bogorodsk (1781) → Noginsk (1930)
 Semyonovka → Arseniev (1952)
 Syana → Kurilsk
 Tyndinsky → Tynda
 Udinsk → Verhneudinsk → Ulan-Ude
 Velikoknyazheskaya → Proletarskaya → Proletarsk
 Zavolzhye → Zavolzhsk
 Zavoyko → Yelizovo
 Zernovoy → Zernograd
 Zhdanovsk → Zapolyarny
 Zimmerbude → Svetly

Liste incomplete

Cioturi legate de geografia Rusiei
Liste Rusia

Listă de localități redenumite din Rusia


Wrangelsburg er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Züssow i den nordlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Wrangelsburg er beliggende seks kilometer nordøst for Züssow og 17 km sydøst for Greifswald. Bundesstraße B 109 passerer gennem kommunen. Den nordlige del af kommunen er skovklædt. Wrangelsburg er arealmæssigt den mindste kommune i amtet.

I kommunen ligger ud over Wrangelsburg, landsbyen Gladrow.

Nabokommuner
Nabokommuner er Neu Boltenhagen mod nord, Katzow mod øst, Lühmannsdorf mod sydøst, Karlsburg mod syd, Groß Kiesow mod sydvest, Diedrichshagen mod vest og Hanshagen mod nordvest.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Züssow
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Wrangelsburg


شركيسيا هي عبارة عن منطقة تقع في شمال وسط وغرب القوقاز والتي تضم الشعوب الشركسية من فرع الأديجة، وهي منطقة تاريخية كانت تشمل مناطق النصف الجنوبي لمنطقة كراسنودار، بالإضافة إلى غالبية منطقة ستافروبول بالإضافة إلى جمهورية الأديجيه الشركسية، أقليم الشابسوغ على البحر الأسود، جمهورية قرشاي-شيركسيك، وجمهورية قباردينو وبلقاريا، وجميعها تقع حالياً في الفيدرالية الروسية، بعد أن تم احتلالها تباعاً من قبل الجيش القيصري الروسي وقتل وتهجير سكانها الشركس خلال الإبادة الجماعية للشركس في نهايات القرن الثامن عشر وحتى منتصف القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي.
وسيركاسيا هي الموطن التاريخي للشراكسة (الأديجه)و التي تشمل 12 قبيلة أديجيه، وكانت تعتبر هذه المناطق كمنطقة مستقلة وكيان قائم بذاته بموجب اتفاقيّة مؤتمر فيينا والتي عقدت في النمسا بتاريخ 1814 وحتى تاريخ 1815، وبحضور سفراء كل الممالك الأوروبيّة المسيطرة في ذلك الحين وبما فيها مندوبين عن الإمبراطورية الروسية.

سقطت سيركاسيا بتاريخ 1864 بعد حملات ضارية استمرت المائة عام من قبل الجيوش القيصرية وأهدافها للوصول إلى المياه الدافئة، والحصول على شواطئ البحر الأسود، وقد نتج عن سقوط سيركاسيا ارتكاب المجازر الوحشية بحق القبائل الشركسية وعمليات التطهير العرقي بحق سكان سيركاسيا الأصليين بحيث أدى ذلك إلى إبادة قبائل بالكامل، بالإضافة إلى أن 90% ممن تبقى من المجازر أجبر على ترك الوطن الأم والهجرة إلى ديار الدولة العثمانية بالإضافة إلى الشعوب القفقاسية المسلمة الأخرى، مثل الشيشان، الداغستان، الخ. إلا أن الشعب الشركسي (الأديجه، الوبيخ، الأبخاز) هو الشعب الوحيد من هذه الشعوب التي يتكون مهجره من حوالي 90% بينما يشكل ما تبقى نسبة 10% في الوطن التاريخي، بحيث يتواجد من أبناء الشعب الأديجيي حوالي ال 800 ألف من أصل 7 ملايين شركسي مشتتين في أكثر من 50 دولة، من دول آسيا الصغرى، الشرق الأوسط، أوروبا، وأميركا.
حالياً يعيش الشراكسة الأديجة في جمهورية الأديجيه وفي إقليم الشابسوغ بالنسبة للقبائل الغربية، وفي جمهورية قرشاي شيركسيك وجمهورية قباردينو-بلقاريا بالنسبة للقبائل الشرقية بالإضافة إلى الكيانات التي شكلت بعد إعادة رسم الخرائط عند الاحتلال مثل محافظة كراسنودار.
يتواجد الشراكسة حالياً في تركيا، الأردن، سوريا، لبنان، وكوسوفو (والذين تم إعادة توطينهم في جمهورية الأديجيه بتاريخ 1998، بعد تهديدهم بالتصفية من قبل جيش تحرير كوسوفو، نتيجة لإدانتهم للمارسات غير الإخلاقية لاضطهاد الأقليات الموجودة في كوسوفو والذي تم تفسيره كدعم للأقليات ومنها الأقلية الصربية)، جمهورية مصر العربية (وتاريخياً كانوا قادة وجنوداً في الجيش المملوكي المصري)، فلسطين في قريتي كفار كما والريحانية منذ 1880، بالإضافة إلى ولاية نيويورك ونيوجيرسي الأميركيتين، وفي أوروبا (ألمانيا وهولندا)وليبيا

أعلام
 إسماعيل بابوق
 قايتباي
 بزم آرا خانم
 بيريستو قادين
 الجنرال رستم

مراجع

الحرب الأهلية الروسية
جغرافيا شمال القوقاز
دول سابقة في أوروبا
شركس

شركيسيا


An Cortaderia roraimensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Nicholas Edward Brown, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pilg.. An Cortaderia roraimensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cortaderia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cortaderia

Cortaderia roraimensis


Die Heringssalmler (Agoniates (Gr.:. "agōniatēs" = Wettkämpfer)), in Brasilien Maiaca genannt, sind kleine, pelagische Raubfische, die im gesamten Amazonasbecken, im Rio Tocantins und in Guayana vorkommen.

Merkmale
Heringssalmler werden 14,8 cm bis 21,5 cm und ähneln in ihrem äußeren Erscheinungsbild den im selben Lebensraum vorkommenden Süßwasserheringen. Sie besitzen einen langgestreckten Körper und sind von silbriger Färbung. Für Salmler zeigen sie einige ungewöhnliche Merkmale, darunter einen gut entwickelten Coracoidknochen, Maxillaren die sehr viel länger als die reduzierte Prämaxillare sind, eine abwechselnde Anordnung von starken, spitzen, hakenförmigen Fangzähnen und konischen Zähnen im Unterkiefer und zwei Reihen dreispitziger oder konischer Zähne auf der Prämaxillare. Die Schuppen sind relativ groß und höher als lang. Die Kiemenreusenstrahlen sind fein gezähnt. Die Seitenlinie ist vollständig und verläuft auf den ersten fünf Schuppen in einer scharfen Kurve. Die Rückenflosse ist klein und sitzt hinter der Körpermitte, die Afterflosse wird von 23 bis 34 verzweigten Weichstrahlen gestützt.

 Branchiostegalstrahlen: 5
 Wirbel: 41-43.

Lebensweise
Heringssalmler leben im Freiwasser in gemischten Schwärmen mit Beilbauchheringen und sind wahrscheinlich Fischfresser.

Systematik
Die Heringssalmler wurden lange Zeit in die Familie der Echten Salmler (Characidae) gestellt, 2011 dann von Oliveira und Kollegen der neu aufgestellten Familie Triportheidae zugeordnet.

Arten
Die Gattung besteht aus 2 Arten.
 Agoniates anchovia C. H. Eigenmann, 1914
 Agoniates halecinus Müller & Troschel, 1845 (Typusart)

Literatur
 Roberto E. Reis, Sven O. Kullander, Carl J. Ferraris: Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. CLOFFSCA. 2003: i-xi + 1-729.
 Zarske & Géry 1997: Rediscovery of Agoniates halecinus Müller & Troschel, 1845, with a supplementary description of Agoniates anchovia Eigenmann, 1914, and a definition of the genus (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae), PDF

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Salmlerartige

Heringssalmler


Laval-Pradel ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Gard in der Region Okzitanien.

Geografie

Die Gemeinde Laval-Pradel liegt östlich des Gardon d'Alès, etwa 15 Kilometer nördlich von Alès.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Weblinks

Ort in Okzitanien

Laval-Pradel


Mary Fee (* 23. März 1954) ist eine schottische Politikerin und Mitglied der Labour Party.

Leben
Fee besuchte die Leith Walk Primary School und die Broughton Secondary School. Anschließend war sie für die Unternehmen Bank of Scotland, British Telecom und Tesco tätig. Fee lebt mit ihrem Ehemann und ihren beiden Kindern in Renfrew. Sie ist Mitglied der Gewerkschaft USDAW.

Politischer Werdegang
Bei den Schottischen Parlamentswahlen 2011 trat Fee erstmals zu nationalen Wahlen an. Sie bewarb sich jedoch nicht um das Direktmandat eines Wahlkreises, sondern war auf der Regionalwahlliste der Labour Party für die Wahlregion West Scotland gesetzt. Infolge des Wahlergebnisses erhielt sie eines der drei Listenmandate der Labour Party für West Scotland und zog erstmals in das Schottische Parlament ein.

Weblinks
 Eigene Netzpräsenz
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments
 Informationen der Labour Party

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish Labour Party
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1954
Schotte
Brite
Frau

Mary Fee


Türbe Dede Bayramı, İstanbul Mahmutbey'de Yunanistan'ın Kavala ve Sarışaban şehirlerinden gelen mübadiller tarafından kutlanan geleneksel bir etkinliktir. Etkinlikte halktan toplanan bağış ve adaklarla yapılan etli pilav, ayran eşliğinde halka dağıtılmaktadır.

Geleneksel törenler
İstanbul ilinde kültür

Türbe Dede Bayramı


Damernes K-1 200 meter under Sommer-OL 2016 fandt sted den 15. august - 16. august 2016 på Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas ved Copacabana.

Format
Konkurrencen blev indledt med fire indledende heats. De fire bedste fra hvert heat gik til semifinalerne, hvor de fire bedste gik til finalen mens de resterende fik mulighed for at konkurrere om placeringerne fra 9 - 16 i B finalen. Indledende heats og semifinalerne blev afviklet om formiddagen den 15. august mens de to finalerunder blev afviklet om formiddagen den 16. august.

Resultater

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 http://doc.rero.ch/record/256687
 https://www.rio2016.com/en/canoe-sprint-schedule-and-results

Kano og kajak under sommer-OL 2016

Kano under sommer-OL 2016 – K1 200 m (damer)


An Dactylorhiza drucei in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Aimée Antoinette Camus, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ined.. An Dactylorhiza drucei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dactylorhiza, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dactylorhiza

Dactylorhiza drucei


Calmucii (Calmucă: Хальмгуд, Xaľmgud, mongolă: Халимаг, Halimag) sunt oirații din Rusia, ai căror strămoși au migrat din Dzungaria în 1607. Ei au creat Hanatul Calmuc în 1630-1771 în teritoriul Caucazului de Nord din Rusia de astăzi. În prezent, aceștia altcătuiesc o majoritate în Republica Kalmâkia situată în Stepa Calmucă, pe malul vestic al Mării Caspice.

Aceștia alcătuiesc unicul popor cu religia tradițională Budistă a căror patrie este situată în Europa.

Datorită emigrării recente, mici comunități calmuce se pot găsi în Statele Unite ale Americii, Franța, Germania și Republica Cehă.

Listă de personalități calmuce notorii

Figuri politice

 Vladimir Lenin (1/4 Calmuc)
 Ilia Ulianov (1/2 Calmuc)
 Oka Gorodovikov
 Lavr Kornilov

Hani a Hanatului Calmâc

 Kho Orluk
 Shukhur Daichin — 1654-1661
 Puntsug (Monchak) — 1661-1669
 Ayuka Han — 1669-1724
 Tseren Donduk Han — 1724-1735
 Donduk Ombo Han — 1735-1741
 Donduk Dashi Han — 1741-1761
 Ubashi Han — 1761-1771

Sportivi

 Batu Khasikov
 Mingiyan Semenov
 Youri Djorkaeff (1/4 Calmuc)

Referințe

Grupuri etnice din Rusia

Calmuci