Olaylar
 1176 - Miryakefalon Savaşı: Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti ile Bizans İmparatorluğu arasında gerçekleşen savaş, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti'nin zaferiyle sonuçlandı.
 1787 - ABD Anayasası kabul edildi.
 1908 - Havacı Orwill Wright ve beraber uçtuğu arkadaşı Thomas E. Selfridge, uçak kazası geçirdiler. Kazada yaşamını kaybeden Selfridge, uçak kazasında yaşamını yitiren ilk insan oldu.
 1922 - Bandırma işgalden kurtarıldı.
 1934 - Türkiye, Cemiyet-i Akvam (Milletler Cemiyeti) üyeliğine kabul edildi.
 1939 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Kızıl Ordu birlikleri Polonya'nın doğu sınırlarını geçerek istilaya başladı.
 1941 - İngiliz ve Sovyet işgali altındaki İran'da Şah Rıza Pehlevi tahttan indirildi, yerine oğlu Muhammed Rıza Pehlevi geçti.
 1943 - Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi kuruldu.
 1944 - II. Dünya Savaşı'nın Batı Cephesi'nde Market Garden Harekâtı başladı.
 1948 - Lehi (İsrail Özgürlük Savaşçıları) örgütü, Birleşmiş Milletler Filistin Arabulucusu Folke Bernadotte'yi Kudüs'te öldürdü.
 1950 - BM emrine verilen Kore birliği, İskenderun'dan gemilerle Kore'ye doğru hareket etti.
 1960 - Prof. Dr. Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Devrim Ocakları Başkanı oldu.
 1961 - Adnan Menderes idam edildi. Millî Birlik Komitesi, 65 yaşını aşan Celâl Bayar ile öteki hükümlülerin idam cezalarını, müebbet hapse çevirdi.
 1967 - Kayseri'de yapılan Kayserispor-Sivasspor futbol maçında çıkan olaylarda 43 kişi öldü, çok sayıda kişi yaralandı.
 1978 - Mısır ile İsrail arasında Camp David Sözleşmesi imzalandı.
 1980 - Nikaragua'nın eski diktatörü Anastasio Somoza Debayle öldürüldü.
 1981 - 7 Eylül 1979'da Manisa Turgutlu'da fırın basıp 4 sol görüşlü fırıncıyı öldüren sağ görüşlü militanlar Halil Esendağ ve Selçuk Duracık, İzmir Sıkıyönetim Komutanlığı 2 Numaralı Askerî Mahkemesi tarafından ölüm cezasına çarptırıldı.
 1990 - Adnan Menderes, Hasan Polatkan ve Fatin Rüştü Zorlu'nun cenazeleri İstanbul'a nakledildi ve devlet töreniyle Topkapı'da yaptırılan Anıt Mezar'a defnedildi.
 1993 - Sakarya Üniversitesi Vakfı kuruldu.
 1996 - ABD Başkanı Bill Clinton, Kuveyt'e 3500 asker gönderdi. Bill Clinton, Irak'ı saldırgan davranışlarına son vermesi konusunda uyardı.
 2002 - Bakü-Ceyhan Boru Hattı'nın temeli; Türkiye Cumhurbaşkanı Ahmet Necdet Sezer, Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşkanı Haydar Aliyev ve Gürcistan Devlet Başkanı Eduard Şevardnadze tarafından atıldı.
 2004 - The Sims 2 isimli simulasyon oyunu satışa sunuldu.
 2013 - Grand Theft Auto V isimli video oyunu piyasaya sürüldü.
 2014 - Minecraft'ın yapımcısı olan Mojang, Microsoft tarafından 2.500.000.000 dolara satın alındı.

Doğumlar
 1552 - V. Paulus, Papa (ö. 1621)
 1677 - Stephen Hales, İngiliz fizyolojist, kimyacı ve mucit (ö. 1761)
 1730 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prusyalı subay ve Amerikan generali (ö. 1794)
 1743 - Marquis de Condorcet, Fransız matematikçi ve filozof (ö. 1794)
 1774 - Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti, İtalyan din adamı, dilbilimci ve hiperpoliglot (ö. 1849)
 1797 - Heinrich Kuhl, Alman doğabilimci ve zoolog (ö. 1821)
 1826 - Bernhard Riemann, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1866)
 1840 - Smbat Şahaziz, Ermeni eğitimci, yazar ve gazeteci (ö. 1908)
 1857 - Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy, Rus bilgin ve kâşif (ö. 1935)
 1869 - Christian Lange, Norveçli tarihçi, öğretmen ve siyaset bilimci (ö. 1938)
 1883 - William Carlos Williams, Amerikalı şair (ö. 1963)
 1886 - Feyhaman Duran, Türk ressam (ö. 1970)
 1905 - Junius Richard Jayewardene, Sri Lankalı siyasetçi (ö. 1996)
 1907 - Warren E. Burger, 1969'dan 1986'ya kadar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Yüksek Mahkemesinin 15. Başyargıçı (ö. 1995)
 1908 - Rafael Israelyan, Ermeni mimar ve tasarımcı (ö. 1973)
 1914
James Van Allen, Amerikalı uzay bilimci (ö. 2006)
William Grut, İsveçli modern pentatletdi (ö. 2012)
 1915 - M. F. Husain, Hint ressam (ö. 2011)
 1918 - Haim Herzog, İsrail Cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 1997)
 1920 - Marjorie Holt, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve avukat (ö. 2018)
 1922 - Agostinho Neto, Angolalı şair ve Devlet Başkanı (ö. 1979)
 1925 - Haluk Afra, Türk diplomat (ö. 2001)
 1928 - Roddy McDowall, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 1998)
 1929
Stirling Moss, İngiliz Formula 1 yarış pilotu (ö. 2020)
Eliseo Prado, Arjantinli futbolcu (ö. 2016)
 1930 - David Huddleston, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2016)
 1931
Anne Bancroft, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2005)
Jean-Claude Carrière, Akademi Onur Ödülü sahibi Fransız romancı, senarist, aktör ve yönetmen (ö. 2021)
 1932 - Halife bin Hamed es-Sani, 1972-1995 yılları arasında tahtta kalan Katar Emiri (ö. 2016)
 1934 - Maureen Connolly, Amerikalı eski tenisçi (ö. 1969)
 1935 - Ken Kesey, Amerikalı yazar (ö. 2001)
 1936 - Gerald Guralnik, Amerikalı fizikçi (ö. 2014)
 1938 - Perry Robinson, Amerikalı caz klarnetçisi ve besteci (ö. 2018)
 1939 - David Souter, 1990'dan 2009'a kadar ABD Yüksek Mahkeme Yargıçlığı yapmış emekli avukat
 1940
Jan Eliasson, İsveçli diplomat
Lorella De Luca, İtalyan sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (ö. 2014)
 1942
Robert Graysmith, Amerikalı gerçek suç yazarı
Lupe Ontiveros, Meksika doğumlu Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2012)
 1944 - Reinhold Messner, İtalyan dağcı, maceracı ve kaşif
 1945
Phil Jackson, Amerikalı eski basketbolcu ve antrenör
Bhakti Charu Swami, Uluslararası Krishna Bilinci Derneği'nin (ISKCON) manevi lideri (ö. 2020)
 1947
İlanit, İsrailli şarkıcı
Tessa Jowell, İngiliz İşçi Partisi üyesi siyasetçi (ö. 2018)
Klaas Samplonius, Hollandalı gazeteci ve radyocu
 1948
Kemal Monteno, Bosnalı şarkıcı-şarkı yazarı (ö. 2015)
John Ritter, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 2003)
 1950
Hasan Nayibaga, İranlı millî futbolcu
Narendra Modi, Hint politikacı ve Hindistan'ın 15. Başbakanı
 1953 - Luís Amado, Portekizli sosyalist siyasetçi
 1955 - Scott Simpson, Amerikalı golfçü
 1956 - Almazbek Atambayev, Kırgızistan Cumhurbaşkanı
 1957 - Cem Pamiroğlu, Türk eski millî futbolcu, teknik direktör
 1958 - Janez Janša, Slovenyalı politikacı
 1960 - Damon Hill, İngiliz Formula 1 eski yarış pilotu
 1962
Hişam Kandil, Mısırlı siyasetçi
Baz Luhrmann, Avustralyalı film yönetmeni, senarist ve yapımcı
 1963
Yuji Keigoshi, Japon eski futbolcu
Alma Prica, Hırvat oyuncu
 1964 - Ursula Karven, Alman oyuncu
 1965
Kyle Chandler, Amerikalı oyuncu
Bryan Singer, Amerikalı sinema yönetmeni
 1967 - Kaan Girgin, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1968
Anastacia, Amerikalı şarkıcı ve müzisyen
Barry Austin, Britanyalı yaşadığı dönemde en kilolu olarak bilinen kişi (ö. 2021)
Tito Vilanova, İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2014)
 1969
Baha, Türk şarkıcı
Ken Doherty, İrlandalı profesyonel snooker oyuncusu
Keith Flint, İngiliz müzisyen
 1970 - Goncagül Sunar, Türk tiyatro, sinema, dizi oyuncusu ve müzisyen
 1971 - Bobby Lee, Amerikalı oyuncu, komedyen ve seslendirme sanatçısı
 1973 - Alberto Chaíça, Portekizli atlet
 1974
Yonca Lodi, Türk pop müzik sanatçısı
Rasheed Wallace, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1975
Jimmie Johnson, Amerikalı stok otomobil yarışçısı
Tayna Lawrence, Jamaikalı atlet
Pumpkinhead, Amerikalı rapçi ve hip hop müzisyeni
 1977
Sam Esmail, Amerikalı yazar, yönetmen ve yapımcı
Elena Godina, Rus voleybolcu
Simona Gioli, İtalyan voleybolcu
Simone Perrotta, İtalyan futbolcu
 1978 - Nick Cordero, Kanadalı aktör (ö. 2020)
 1979 - Flo Rida, Amerikalı rap sanatçısı, vokalist ve söz yazarı
 1980 - Pavel Košťál, Çek futbolcu
 1981
Bakari Kone, Fildişi Sahilli eski millî futbolcu
Onurr, Türk şarkıcı
 1982 - Barış Yıldız, Türk oyuncu
 1983
Peter Grajciar, Slovak futbolcu
Tatyana Lısenko, Rus çekiç atıcı
 1984 - Marina Tumas, Belaruslu profesyonel kadın voleybolcu
 1985 - Tomáš Berdych, Çek tenisçi
 1986
Paolo De Ceglie, İtalyan futbolcu
Dimítrios Régas, Yunan atlet
Maximiliano Núñez, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1987 - Stergos Marinos, Yunan futbolcu
 1988
Maret Grothues, Hollandalı Voleybolcu
Dominik Kaiser, Alman futbolcu
 1989
Harun Kuvel, İş Analitikleri Kidemli Danışmanı
Olivier Boumal, Kamerunlu futbolcu
 1990 - Sefa Topsakal, Türk şarkıcı
 1991 - Miguel Quiame, Angolalı futbolcu
 1992 - Kemar Lawrence, Jamaikalı futbolcu
 1993 - Sofiane Boufal, Faslı millî futbolcu
 1994
Ivana Kapitanović, Metz Hentbol ve Hırvat milli takımında Hırvat hentbolcu
Momoko Abe, Japon model
Javier Eduardo López, Meksikalı futbolcu
Bilal Kılıç, Türk futbolcu
 1995 - Patrick Mahomes, Amerikan futbolcu
 1996 - Ella Purnell, İngiliz aktris
 1996 - Esteban Ocon, Fransız Formula 1 pilotu
 1997
Marisol Acosta, Uruguaylı manken ve eski güzellik kraliçesi
Emma Hinze, Alman profesyonel pist bisikleti yarışçısı
 1999 - Julia van Bergen, Hollandalı pop şarkıcı

Ölümler
 1179 - Bingenli Hildegard, Benedikten tarikatına mensup Alman rahibe, yazar, besteci, alfabe mucidi, filozof ve hezârfen (d. 1098)
 1621 - Roberto Bellarmino, İtalyan teolog, Kardinal, Cizvit rahibi ve iman savunucusu (Apolojet) (d. 1542)
 1665 - IV. Felipe, İspanya Kralı (d. 1605)
 1674 - Hyeonjong, Joseon Krallığı'nın 18. kralı (d. 1641)
 1676 - Sabetay Sevi, Osmanlı Yahudisi din adamı ve tarikat lideri (d. 1626)
 1679 - Juan Jose, IV. Felipe ile aktris Maria Calderon'un evlilik dışı oğlu (d. 1629)
 1836 - Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Fransız botanikçi (d. 1748)
 1863 - Charles Robert Cockerell, İngiliz mimar, arkeolog ve yazar (d. 1788)
 1863 - Alfred de Vigny, Fransız yazar ve şair (d. 1797)
 1877 - Henry Fox Talbot, İngiliz mucit (fotoğrafın öncülerinden) (d. 1800)
 1878 - Orelie-Antoine de Tounens, Kralı Orelie-Antoine I olarak tanımlayan Fransız avukat ve maceracı (d. 1825)
 1879 - Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Fransız mimar ve teorisyen (d. 1814)
 1888 - Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, Adolf Hitler'in baba tarafından büyükbabası (d. 1807)
 1923 - Stefanos Dragumis, Yunan siyasetçi, yargıç ve yazar (d. 1842)
 1936 - Henry Louis Le Chatelier, Fransız kimyager (d. 1850)
 1937 - Memed Abaşidze, Gürcü siyasal lider, yazar ve hayırsever (d. 1873)
 1948 - Folke Bernadotte, İsveçli asker, insan hakları savunucusu ve diplomat (d. 1895)
 1948 - Emil Ludwig, Alman yazar (d. 1881)
 1961 - Adnan Menderes, Türk siyasetçi (İdam) (d. 1899)
 1965 - Alejandro Casona, İspanyol şair ve oyun yazarı (d. 1903)
 1972 - Akim Tamiroff, Rus asıllı Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1899)
 1975 - Hayalet Oğuz, Türk yazar (d. 1929)
 1980 - Anastasio Somoza Debayle, Nikaragua Devlet Başkanı (d. 1925)
 1982 - Manos Loïzos, Mısır doğumlu Yunan besteci (d. 1937)
 1984 - Richard Basehart, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1914)
 1991 - Frank H. Netter, Amerikalı ressam ve tıp doktoru (d. 1906)
 1992 - Roger Wagner, Fransız-Amerikalı koro müzisyeni, yönetici ve eğitimci (d. 1914)
 1994 - Karl Popper, İngiliz düşünür (d. 1902)
 1996 - Spiro Agnew, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve ABD'nin 39. Başkan Yardımcısı (Richard Nixon'ın yardımcısı) (d. 1918)
 1997 - Red Skelton, Amerikalı oyuncu ve komedyen (d. 1913)
 2003 - Erich Hallhuber, Alman oyuncu (d. 1951)
 2005 - Pekcan Koşar, Türk tiyatro ve sinema sanatçısı (d. 1936)
 2015 - Valeria Cappellotto, İtalyan bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1970)
 2015 - Dettmar Cramer, Alman eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1925)
 2015 - Nelo Risi, İtalyan şair, yönetmen, çevirmen ve senarist (d. 1920)
 2016 - Charmian Carr, Amerikalı oyuncu ve şarkıcı (d. 1942)
 2016 - C. Martin Croker, Amerikalı seslendirme sanatçısı ve çizgi film kreatörü (d. 1962)
 2016 - Behmen Gülbarnejad, İranlı paralimpik bisiklet yarışçısı (d. 1968)
 2016 - Roman Ivanıçuk, Ukraynalı yazar ve siyasetçi (d. 1929)
 2017 - Bonnie Angelo, Amerikalı gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1924)
 2017 - Suzan Farmer, İngiliz sinema ve dizi oyuncusu (d. 1942)
 2017 - Bobby Heenan, Amerikalı emekli profesyonel güreş menajeri ve yorumcu (d. 1943)
 2017 - Lucy Ozarin, Amerikalı psikiyatr (d. 1914)
 2018 - Celia Barquín, İspanyol kadın golf sporcusu (d. 1996)
 2018 - Enzo Calzaghe, İngiliz boks antrenörü ve müzisyen (d. 1949)
 2019 - Jessica Jaymes, Amerikalı porno yıldızı (d. 1979)
 2019 - Cokie Roberts, Amerikalı gazeteci, siyaset yorumcusu, sunucu ve yazar (d. 1943)
 2020 - Ricardo Ciciliano, Kolombiyalı futbolcu (d. 1976)
 2020 - Ashok Gasti, Hint politikacı ve avukat (d. 1965)
 2020 - Terry Goodkind, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1948)
 2020 - Liladhar Vaghela, Hint siyasetçi (d. 1935)
 2021 - Abdülaziz Buteflika, Cezayirli siyasetçi (d. 1937)
 2021 - Tim Donnelly, Amerikalı aktör (d. 1944)
 2021 - Basil Hoffman, Amerikalı usta oyuncu (d. 1938)
 2021 - Albert Linder, Kazak halterci (d. 1996)
 2021 - Wataru Takeshita, Japon siyasetçi (d. 1946)
 2022 - Igor Maslennikov, Sovyet-Rus film yönetmeni ve senarist (d. 1931)
 2022 - Vlado Milunić, Hırvat kökenli olup Çek Cumhuriyeti'nde yetişmiş bir mimar (d. 1941)
 2022 - Maria Grazia Pagano, İtalyan eğitimci ve siyasetçi (d. 1945)
 2022 - Christian Rätsch, Alman bilim insanı (d. 1957)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Dünya Hasta Güvenliği Günü

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17 Eylül


දිස්ත්‍රික් මහ රෝහල - මීගමුව, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි රෝහලකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රෝහල්

දිස්ත්‍රික් මහ රෝහල - මීගමුව


Sovyet Deniz Kuvvetleri (Rusça: Военно-морской флот СССР, Voyenno-morskoy flot SSSR, anlam: SSCB Askerî-deniz filosu), genel anlamıyla "SSCB deniz kuvvetleri"), Kızıl Ordu'nun deniz kuvvetleri. Genellikle Kızıl Donanma olarak bahsedilirdi, Sovyet donanması Varşova Paktı'nın NATO ile olabilecek savaşında elinden geleni yaparak Atlantik'ten  Batı Avrupa'ya silah, mühimmat, asker getirebilecek deniz konvoylarını engellemek için kullanılacaktı. Böyle bir çatışma asla gerçekleşmedi, ama Kızıl Donanma, Soğuk Savaş sırasında hatırı sayılır görevlerde bulundu.

Sovyet Donanması çeşitli ana filolara bölünmüştü: Kuzey Filosu, Pasifik Okyanus Filosu, Karadeniz Filosu ve Baltık Filosu. Hazar Filotillası, Hint Okyanusu Filosu onu ve Pasifik Okyanus Filosu komutasındaki filoları kendi bünyesine almadan önce, yarı bağımsız bir formasyonla Karadeniz Filosu komutası altında idare ediliyordu. Diğer alt birimler ise şu şekildeydi: Donanma Hava Gücü, Deniz Piyadeleri (eşdeğerleri bahriyelilerdi) ve Kıyı Topçu Birliği. Sovyet Donanması 1991'de Soğuk Savaşın sona ermesiyle Rus Donanması'na dönüştürüldü.

Kızıl Filo adında günlük yayın organı bulunmaktaydı.

Tarihi

Ruslar, en azından İngilizler  ve Fransızlar kadar
güçlü bir denizcilik geleneğine sahip değildir, geniş coğrafyasından dolayı, Rusya açık denizlere kolayca ulaşamadı ve ulaşan herhangi bir bölümü sıklıkla buzullarla engelleniyordu. Ek olarak, Rusya'nın uçsuz bucaksız toprakları ve Avrasya'daki merkezi konumu anakaradaki ticaret yollarına hakimiyet veriyordu, bu yüzden deniz ticaretini koruyacak donanma ihtiyacı olumsuz etkilenmiştir.

İlk Zamanlar

Sovyet Donanması 1917'de Rus İmparatorluk Donanması'nın küllerinden oluştu. Birçok tekne Ekim Devriminden sonra isimleri değiştirilerek hizmet verdi. Asıl olarak Sovyet Donanmasının ilk gemisi olarak isyan ederek bütün mürettebat ile Bolşeviklere katılan, imparatorluk kruvazörü Aurora düşünülmelidir. İmparatorluk Donanmasındaki önemli Bolşevik isyanlarından bir diğeri de 1905'teki Potemkin zırhlısı dır.

Sovyet Donanması daha sonra İşçi ve Köylülerin Kızıl Donanması ismini aldı (Rusça:Рабоче-Крестьянский Красный флот, Raboche-Krest'yansky Krasny Flot or RKKF) iç savaş sırasında köhne bir halde, eskimeye yüz tutmuş birkaç zırhlıya sahip bulunuyordu ve hiç Uçak gemisi yoktu. Ülkenin ilgisi iyice İç savaşa çekilmekteydi ve Donanma kaynak ve eğitim desteklenemiyordu.

Donanmanın bu dönemdeki zaafının en belirgin göstergesi, Sovyetlerin en güçlü donanmaların kapasitelerini ve limitlerini belirleyen Washington Donanma Anlaşması'na çağırılmamış olmasıydı.

Bununla beraber, 1930'larda, Sovyetler Birliği'nin endüstrileşmesi sırasında, Sovyet Donanması'nı büyütmek ve en güçlü donanmalardan biri haline getirmek için planlar yapıldı. Bu güç Sovetsky Soyuz sınıfı zırhlılar etrafında yapılandırılacaktı. Bu geliştirme programı, 1941'deki Alman saldırısının karşılanmasında önemli katkılarda bulunacaktı.

"Büyük Yurtsever Savaşı" (İkinci Dünya Savaşı)

1939'daki Kış Savaşı sırasında, Baltık Denizinde küçük çaplı çatışmalar yaşandı, genellikle Finlandiya'daki topçu bataryalarıyla Sovyet Kruvazörleri ve zırhlıları arasındaki karşılıklı küçük atışlarla geçti.

Ama Adolf Hitler, Barbarossa Harekatı'ını başlatınca, Sovyetler donanmanın öneminin farkına vardılar. II. Dünya Savaşında, Sovyet Donanmasının büyük kısmı eski Birleşik Devletler Donanmasının Ver-Kirala Destroyerlerinden oluşuyordu. Konvoyları Kriegsmarine'''in U-bot'larından korumak için donanma çok önemliydi. Sovyetlerin şanssızlığı, filolarının birçoğunun Baltık denizinde Leningrad ve Kronstadt'ta Fin ve Alman mayın tarlaları tarafından bloke edilmiş olması ve birçoğu bu  mayınlar ve hava saldırıları yüzünden ağır zarar görmüş olmasıdır. Bazı birimleri, Karadeniz'de sağlam kalmayı başardı ve Sivastopol'ü 1942 deki Sivastopol Kuşatmasında savundu.

 Soğuk Savaş

Savaştan sonra, Sovyet yönetimi, "Sovyetler bütün sahillerde Batı ile rekabet edebilmeli" kararına vardılar. Batıya rakip olmak için bir program üzerine yüklendiler, niteliksel olmasa bile en az nicelikle olmalıydı. Sovyet tersaneleri, Kriegsmarinein İkinci Dünya Savaşı tasarımları üzerine Denizaltı konstrüksiyonları üretmekteydi ve savaş sonuna doğru sıklıkla denize indirilmekteydiler. Daha sonra, bir takım yerli araştırmalardan ve Nazi Almanyası ile Batılı ülkelerden casuslukla elde edilen teknoloji sayesinde Sovyetler NATO'nun öncelikli yalıtımına /izolasyonuna rağmen aşamalı olarak kendi denizaltı tasarımlarını yaptılar.

Sovyetler, Batılı rakiplerine hızla yetişmişlerdi, suüstü filolarını değişik füzelerle donatmışlardı. Aslında bu, Sovyet tasarımının göreli olarak küçük ve hızlı füze gemilerinin üzerine dev füzeler yerleştirerek attıkları bir milattı. Tezat olarak, Batıda, böylesine bir taktik olasılığı hiçbir zaman düşünülmeyecekti. Yine de Sovyet Donanması Kirov sınıfı ve Slava sınıfı  gibi birkaç çok büyük güdümlü füzelere sahip, korkunç ateş gücü bulunduran kruvazörler inşa etti. Bazı denizaltıları Amerikan rakiplerine göre çok daha üstündü.

 Uçak Gemileri ve Donanma Havacılığı

Sovyet Donanması Amerikan rakiplerine göre uçak gemisi filolarına çok daha az önem verdi ama her nasılsa bazı tipte taşıyıcı güce ihtiyaç duydu.

1968 ve 1969'da Sovyet helikopter gemileri Moskva ve Leningrad ortaya çıktı, bunları dört  Kiev sınıfı uçak gemisinden birincisi 1973'te takip etti. Bu sınıfların hepsinde sadece helikopter veya VSTOL uçakları (Yak-38 Forger) kullanılabiliyordu ve öncelikli olarak kara üslerinden kalkan Sovyet Donanma Havacılığının menzilleri içerisinde kullanılacağı düşünülerek tasarlanmıştı.

1970'lerde Sovyetler, Amerikalı rakipleri ile rekabet edebilecek bir süper uçak gemisi üretme amacı ile OREL Projesi'ne başladılar. Her nasılsa stratejik üstünlük artınca proje daha çizim aşamasında iken iptal edildi.

1980'lerde Sovyet Donanması ilk gerçek uçak gemisini elde etti;Tbilisi (daha sonra ismi Amiral Kuznetsov olarak değiştirlecekti). Diğer Sovyet uçak gemilerinden ayıran özellikleri, saldırı amaçlı füze silahları (uzun menzilli AAW rampaları gibi),  daha az escort gemisi isteyen operasyon gücü, Batılı uçak gemisi operasyonları ile rekabeti güçlendirecekti.

1980'lerin ikinci yarısında, Sovyet Donanması süper uçak gemisi inşaatına tekrar başladı, Ulyanovsk. Neredeyse geminin tamamlanmasına yaklaşılmıştı ki, soğuk savaş sona erdi ve finansman kaynağının durmasıyla proje sonlandırıldı. Bitmemiş Ulyanovsk enkazı daha sonra parçalara ayrılıp satılacaktı.

Uçak gemilerinin rolünü doldurmak için Sovyet Donanması Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota (AV-MF, veya Donanma Havacılığı) olarak büyük sayılarda stratejik bombardıman uçağını donanma görevi ile konuşlandırdı. Tupolev Tu-16 'Badger' ve Tu-22M 'Backfire' gibi stratejik bombardıman uçakları, yüksek hızlı anti-gemi füzeleri ile donatıldı. Bu uçakların öncelikli görevi, Kuzey Amerika ile Avrupa arasında seyir eden NATO konvoylarının yollarını kesmek, engellemek ve REFORGER operasyonunun aksini sağlamaktı.

 Denizaltılar

Bazı övgülerde, hız elde etme ve reaktör teknoloji açısından Sovyet denizaltıları en iyileriydi. En önemli kusurları, yetersiz ses azaltma (Amerikan gemileri daha sessizdi) ve sonar teknolojisiydi. Sovyetler çeşitli tiplerde güdümlü füze denizaltılarına sahipti, tıpkı Oscar sınıfı ve birçok balistik füze ve saldırı denizaltısı gibi. Dünyanın en geniş denizaltıları Sovyet Donanmasının Typhoon Sınıfı denizaltılarıdır. Donanmanın geri kalanı gibi, saldırı denizaltıları da, NATO konvoylarına yönelikti ama ayrıca Amerikan uçak gemisi savaş grubuna da yönelikti.

Sovyet denizaltılar bir takım kazalar yaşadı, özellikle birkaç nükleer teknesinde. Bunların en önemlileri K-219 ve K-278 Komsomoletsdir ve iki gemi de kaybedilmiştir. Daha geçmiş zamanda ise  Nükleer reaktör sızıntısı yaşayan meşhur K-19 vardır. Yetersiz nükleer güvenlik, üretim sırasında zayıf hasar kontrol ve kalite kontrol sonuçları (özellikle ilk denizaltılarda) kazaların tipik nedenleriydi. Birkaç elverişli durumda, aksilikler, Amerikan denizaltıları ile gövdelerin çarpışmasına delil gösterildi. Fakat bu asla Birleşik Devletler Donanması tarafından nükleer kazaların gizliliği politikası nedeniyle onaylanmadı.

"Numaralardaki güvenlik" felsefesi nedeniyle, Sovyet Donanması, çoğu ilk nesil füze denizaltısını, 1991'in, soğuk savaşın sonuna kadar hizmette tuttu. Bir savaş zamanında Batılı denizaltıların Sovyet türdeşlerini, füzelerini fırlatamadan vurabilecek olmasından hep korkuldu. Nişanlama doğruluğu hakkındaki sorularda bu düşünceyi etkilemiş olabilir.

 Son
Sovyetlerin çöküşünden sonra ve soğuk savaşın bitmesiyle, Sovyet donanması tekrar ihmal edildi. Ve sonuç olarak birkaç eski Sovyet Cumhuriyeti arasında paylaşıldı. Karadeniz Filosu, özel olarak, Rusya ve Ukrayna arasında  paylaştırılması şeklindeki anlaşmaya kadar, belirsizlik içinde birkaç yıl geçirdi. Birçok askeri malzeme ve mühimmat ilgisizlik ve bakımsızlık yanı sıra insanların gözünden uzak yerlere terk edildi.

 Kuvvet Komutanları

 Cumhuriyet Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanları ("KoMorSi")
 Vasili Mihailoviç Altfater (Ekim 15, 1918- Nisan 22, 1919),
 Yevgeni Andreyeviç Berens (Nisan 24, 1919- Şubat 5, 1920),
 Aleksandr Vasiliyeviç Nemits (Şubat 5, 1920 - Kasım 22, 1921),

 SSCB Deniz Kuvvetleri Amiri ("NaMorSi") (Ocak 1, 1924) dan beri
 Eduard Samoiloviç Pantserzhanski (Aralık 22, 1921 - Aralık 9, 1924),
 Vyaçeslav İvanoviç Zof (Aralık 9, 1924 - Ağustos 23, 1926),
 Romuald Adamoviç Mukleviç (Ağustos 23, 1926 - Haziran 11, 1931),
 1. Sınıf Amiral Vladimir Mitrofanoviç Orlov (Haziran 11, 1931 - Ağustos 15, 1937),
 1. Sınıf Amiral Mihail Vladimiroviç Viktorov (Ağustos 15, 1937 - Aralık 30, 1937),

 SSCB Donanma Halk Komiseri ("NarKom VMF") (1938'den beri)
 1. Sınıf Ordu Komiseri Pyotr Alexandroviç Smirnov (Aralık 30, 1937 - Kasım 5, 1938),
 1. Sınıf Ordu Komutanı Mihail Petroviç Frinovski (Kasım 5, 1938 - Mart 20, 1939),
 Koramiral Nikolay Gerasimoviç Kuznetsov (Nisan 27, 1939'dan beri)

 SSCB Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanı ("GlavKom VMF") (1943'ten beri)
 Oramiral Nikolay Gerasimoviç Kuznetsov (Ocak, 1947'ye kadar),
 Koramiral İvan Stepanoviç Yumaşev (Ocak 17, 1947 - Temmuz, 1951),
 Sovyetler Birliği Büyük Amirali Nikolay Gerasimoviç Kuznetsov (Temmuz 20, 1951 - Ocak 5, 1956), 2. kez,
 Sovyetler Birliği Büyük Amirali Sergey Georgiyeviç Gorşkov (Ocak 5, 1956 - Aralık 8, 1985). Deniz kuvvetlerindeki büyük reformların sahibi
 Oramiral Vladimir Nikolayeviç Çernavin (Aralık 8, 1985 - Ağustos, 1992)

 Ayrıca bakınız
 Sovyet Deniz Kuvvetleri savaş gemileri listesi
 Legendarni Sevastopol
 Seberniy flot (şarkı) (Kuzey Filosu)

 Kaynakça

 Sontag, Sherry; Drew, Christopher; Drew, Annette Lawrence (1998). Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. Harper. ISBN 0-06-103004-X.
 Nilsen, Thomas; Kudrik, Igor; Nikitin, Aleksandr (1996). Report 2:1996: The Russian Northern Fleet. Oslo/St. Petersburg: Bellona Foundation. ISBN 82-993138-5-6. Chapter 8, "Nuclear submarine accidents".
 Oberg, James (1988). Uncovering Soviet Disasters ''. New York, NY: Random House. ISBN 0-394-56095-7.
 Goldstein, Lyle; Zhukov, Yuri (2004). A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean. Naval War College Review.
 Goldstein, Lyle; John Hattendorf; Zhukov, Yuri. (2005) The Cold War at Sea : An International Appraisal . Journal of Strategic Studies. ISSN: 0140-2390

Dış bağlantılar
 Globalsecurity.org page on the Soviet Navy .
 Admiral Gorshkov and the Soviet Navy
 Nikolai G. Kuznetsov
 The First Soviet Giants
 Soviet Submarines
 Aircraft Carriers
 Dreadnoughts
 Red Fleet
 Flags & Streamers

Sovyet Deniz Kuvvetleri


Ranulfo Romo Trujillo (Ures, Sonora, 28 de agosto de 1954) es un médico, investigador, y académico mexicano especializado en neurofisiología.

Semblanza biográfica
Realizó sus estudios en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), donde obtuvo el título de médico cirujano en 1978. En 1979, comenzó su labor como investigador en el Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, donde realizó trabajos sobre la enfermedad de Parkinson,  la fisiopatología de la epilepsia y el ciclo sueño-vigilia. Se trasladó a París, Francia, para continuar su labor como investigador, de 1981 a 1984, en el Colegio de Francia. Un año más tarde, obtuvo el doctorado cum laude por la Universidad de París. Trabajó con Jacques Glowinski.

Residió tres años en Suiza, donde colaboró para el Instituto de Fisiología de la Universidad de Friburgo. Realizó trabajos de investigación con Wolfram Schultz. Se trasladó a los Estados Unidos para colaborar en el Departamento de Neurociencias de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Johns Hopkins. Junto con el doctor Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle realizó estudios de las bases neuronales de la percepción sensorial y de la interfaz sensoriomotora. Es investigador titular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México desde 1989, y desde 1990 imparte cátedra en su alma máter.
Es investigador nivel III del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de su país, donde es miembro de la Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias Fisiológicas, de la Academia Mexicana de Ciencias y de El Colegio Nacional (este último desde el 9 de marzo del 2011, con el discurso de ingreso "Crónicas cerebrales", el cual fue contestado por el doctor Pablo Rudomin). Asimismo, ha sido miembro de la Asociación Europea de Neurociencias (hoy Federeación de Sociedades Europeas de Neurociencias) y de la Sociedad de Neurociencias. En el 2003, fue elegido miembro de la Academia de Ciencias para el Mundo en Desarrollo (TWAS, en inglés), y en el 2005, miembro extranjero de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (NAS) de los Estados Unidos.

En marzo de 2020, el doctor Ranulfo Romo fue sancionado temporalmente en el Instituto de Fisiología Celular tras ser acusado ante las Autoridades Universitarias de intento de violación. Según comunicados oficiales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, a petición del propio investigador, se iniciaron los trámites de su separación laboral de esta casa de estudios. El 6 de marzo de 2020, el Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México convocó a la junta de Honor para examinar las imputaciones hechas a este miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores.

Premios y distinciones
Premio Demuth por la Fundación Médica Suiza en 1990.
Becario internacional de investigación por el Howard Hughes Medical Institute para realizar estudios en México en 1991.
Beca Guggenheim en 1991.
Premio de Ciencia y Tecnología por la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) en 1994.
Premio "Miguel Alemán Valdés" en el área de salud en 1994.
Premio Universidad Nacional en el área investigación en ciencias naturales por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) en 1994.
Premio "Dr. Maximiliano Ruiz Castañeda" por la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México, en 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000 y 2002.
Premio "Ranwell Caputto", otorgado por la Sociedad Argentina de Neurociencias en 1999.
Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes en el área de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas y Naturales en 2000.
Premio TWAS en Ciencias Médicas por la Academia de Ciencias para el Mundo en Desarrollo (TWAS), entregado en Trieste, Italia, en 2002.
Doctorado Honoris Causa, UNAM, 2017.
Doctorado Honoris Causa, UNISON, 2019.

Obras publicadas
Ha escrito más de un centenar de artículos para varias revistas internacionales y ha publicado seis libros. Por ejemplo:

Presynaptic inhibition and neural control, en colaboración con Pablo Rudomin y Lorne M. Mendell, en 1998.
Acople cerebro-computadoras: ¿matrimonio en ciernes?, en colaboración con Pablo Rudomin, en 2008.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
Ranulfo Romo es entrevistado por Eduard Punset en un capítulo del programa Redes, de Televisión Española, titulado Así decide el cerebro.

Nacidos en Ures
Alumnado de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Investigadores del Instituto de Fisiología Celular
Fisiólogos de México
Neurocientíficos de México
Miembros de El Colegio Nacional de México
Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes (México)
Miembros de la Academia de Ciencias de América Latina

Ranulfo Romo


Aceasta este o listă de istorici străini care au scris despre România:

 Anton Maria Del Chiaro a lăsat una dintre cele mai amănunțite descrieri despre trecut Țării Românești. Secretarul Del Chiaro a scris opul "Istoria delle moderne rivoluzioni della Valachia con la descrizione del paese, natura, costumi, riti e religioni degli Abitanti" (Venetia, 1718).
 Dennis Deletant, specialist britanic in istoria regimurilor totalitare - a scris cărți despre regimul Dej și despre Securitate specialist în cultură și civilizație românească, artizanul înființării IRIR, unul dintre interpreții devotați ai istoriei românești recente.
 Tom Gallagher
 Jules Michelet, cunoscut filoromân, atât prin scrierile sale, cât și prin sprijinul moral pe care l-a acordat "pașoptiștilor" români (unii dintre aceștia fiindu-i studenți la Collège de France). În lucrarea sa Principautes Danubiennes, Madame Rosetti, 1848 a adus un elogiu participanților la Revoluția Română din 1848.
 Edgar Quinet, filoromân, mentor al "pașoptiștilor" români care au studiat la Paris, căsătorit cu Hermione Asachi, fiica scriitorului român Gheorghe Asachi. Scrierea sa Românii Principatelor Dunărene este o analiză obiectivă a condițiilor sociale și istorice din Moldova și Țara Românească, precum și o pledoarie pentru împlinirea principalelor aspirații ale românilor de la jumătatea secolului al XIX-lea: unirea și independența națională.
 Eduard Robert Rösler a susținut în scrierile sale că poporul român s-ar fi format în regiuni situate la sud de Dunăre (așa-zisa "teorie a lui Roesler", combătută cu argumente științifice de Alexandru D. Xenopol, Dimitrie Onciul, Vasile Pârvan, Nicolae Iorga și alți istorici români și străini).
 Larry Watts

Note

 Străini

Listă de istorici străini care au scris despre români


Pietro Ferrero (født 2. september 1898, død 2. marts 1949) var grundlæggeren af Ferrero SpA, en italiensk producent af konfekture og chokolade. Hans selskab udviklede Nutella, et smørepålæg med bl.a. hasselnød, der i dag sælges i mere end 160 lande. Produktet Ferrero Rochers sælges også af selskabet, der tillige sælger bl.a. Tic-Tac og forskellige chokolader under Kinder-mærket (Kinderæg og mælkesnitter).

Privatliv
Pietro Ferrero var gift med (Piera Cillario, Piera Ferrero) og far og mor til Michele Ferrero. Pietro Ferrero og Piera Cillario er bedsteforældre til to og de er også oldeforældre til 5. Michele Ferrero Sr. I og Chiara Delvalle er mor og far til Pietro Ferrero Sr I. og Giovanni Ferrero Sr I. og Michele Ferrero Sr. I og Chiara Delvalle bedsteforældre til en og de er også oldeforældre til to og de er også tip oldeforældre til 5.

Generation 0. Forfædre Italien og amerikanske familiemedlemmer USA m. fl
 Michele Ferrero født før 1860 (g. Maria Devalle, Maria Devalle født før 1860) (familiemedlem)
 Giuseppe Francesco Ferrero 1880-? (søn af Michele Ferrero og Maria Devalle) (familiemedlem)
 Angelo Filippo Ferrero 1886-? (søn af Michele Ferrero og Maria Devalle) (familiemedlem)
 Giovanni Ferrero 1889-? (søn af Michele Ferrero og Maria Devalle) (familiemedlem)
 Alfredo Felice Ferrero 1892-? (søn af Michele Ferrero og Maria Devalle) (familiemedlem)
 John (Giovanni) Ferrero 1867-1925 (g. Mary Ferrero 1897, født Varello) (familiemedlem)
 Gaspare Ferrero 1837-? (familiemedlem)
 Andretta Ferrero 1840-? (familiemedlem)

Generation 1. Forældre
 Michele Ferrero Sr. I og Chiara Delvalle

Generation 2. Dem selv
 Pietro Ferrero Sr I. 1898-1949 (g. Piera (Maria) Cillario 1924, Piera (Maria) Cillario 1902-1980) (Pietro Ferrero ham selv, søn af Michele Ferrero Sr. I og Chiara Delvalle)
 Giovanni Ferrero Sr I. 1905-1957 (g. Ottavia Amerio 1930, Ottavia Amerio 1907-1992) (bror til Pietro Ferrero Sr I., søn af Michele Ferrero Sr I. og Chiara Delvalle)
 Pauline Ferrero (familiemedlem)
 Lucette (Marguerite Elise) Ferrero (familiemedlem)

Generation 3. Børn
 Michele Ferrero Jr II. (søn af Pietro Ferrero Sr I. og Piera Cillario, Piera (Maria) Cillario, Piera Ferrero)

Generation 4. Børnebørn
 Giovanni Ferrero Jr II. (søn af Michele Ferrero Jr II. og Maria Franca Fissolo)
 Pietro Ferrero Jr II. (søn af Michele Ferrero Jr II. og Maria Franca Fissolo)

Generation 5. Oldebørn
 Marie Eder Ferrero, (datter af Pietro Ferrero Jr II. og Luisa Strumia)
 John Ferrero (søn af Pietro Ferrero Jr II. og Luisa Strumia)
 Michael Ferrero (søn af Pietro Ferrero Jr II. og Luisa Strumia)
 Michele Ferrero Jr III. (søn af Giovanni Ferrero Jr II. og Paola Rossi)
 Bernardo Ferrero (søn af Giovanni Ferrero Jr II. og Paola Rossi)

Noter

Erhvervsfolk fra Italien
Italienere i 1900-tallet

Pietro Ferrero


Bahçeli, Sinop ilinin Ayancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1487 yılı kayıtlarında Oluza, 1907 yılı kayıtlarında ise Holuza olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 49 km, Ayancık ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ayancık belde ve köyleri

Bahçeli, Ayancık


A Central Nuclear de Ferrel foi uma central eléctrica planeada mas nunca construída, que se iria localizar  nas imediações da povoação de Ferrel, no concelho de Peniche, em Portugal.

Descrição e história

Planeamento

Caso tivesse sido construída, a central nuclear estaria situada na zona do Moinho Velho, a cerca de quatro quilómetros da localidade do Ferrel.

Na década de 1960, ainda durante o período da ditadura, foram lançados os primeiros planos para a instalação de um conjunto de centrais nucleares em território nacional, que contaram com a forte presença da Companhia Portuguesa de Electricidade. Este programa continuou logo após a Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974, tendo sido planeada a instalação do primeiro grupo nuclear no Ferrel, por parte da Companhia Portuguesa de Electricidade, que então já se encontrava numa fase de transição para a empresa EDP - Electricidade de Portugal. Este empreendimento foi duramente criticado pelas populações, que receavam que a central nuclear tivesse efeitos negativos sobre a pesca, que então era uma das principais funções económicas da região, através da canalização da água de arrefecimento para o oceano. Com efeito, segundo especialistas em energia nuclear, previa-se que a operação de uma central eléctrica deste tipo, com a potência de mil megawatts, iria utilizar uma quantidade de água cerca de dez vezes superior ao consumo registado em Lisboa, e que iria aumentar a temperatura das águas em cerca de dez a quinze graus, atingindo a fauna marítima, principalmente os mariscos. Além disso, durante o seu funcionamento a energia não aproveitada sob a forma eléctrica iria provocar um grande aumento de temperatura na zona em redor, que também iria trazer problemas à fauna e flora locais. Durante estes movimentos populares, foram destruídos os instrumentos colocados pela empresa Electricidade de Portugal, que tinham como finalidade estudar as condições ambientais do local, incluindo os níveis naturais de radioactividade. Além das populações, a instalação da central no Ferrel também foi criticada por especialistas em energia nuclear e por técnicos da própria empresa operadora da central, que formaram um conjunto chamado de Grupo dos Preocupados.

Os defensores da opção nuclear argumentaram que a geração de energia por centrais deste tipo seria menos dispendiosa, e que as alternativas eram menos eficientes, tanto do ponto de vista económico como da produção, ainda mais porque se previa que o consumo nacional iria duplicar nos sete anos seguintes. Seria necessário construir um grande número de barragens hidroeléctricas para acompanhar a evolução do consumo, enquanto que no caso das centrais a carvão e petróleo teria de se importar uma quantidade maior de combustível, a preços elevados. Por seu turno, também a operação de centrais nucleares iria gerar dependência tecnológica em relação ao estrangeiro, sendo esta indústria então dominada pela União Soviética e pelos Estados Unidos da América, potências ideologicamente distintas, pelo que a opção por uma ou outra iria ter graves consequências a nível diplomático e de soberania nacional. Uma preocupação semelhante foi expressa num artigo publicado na revista Poder Popular de 23 de Março de 1976, que também chamou a atenção para os riscos de segurança das próprias centrais nucleares, receios que tinham sido recentemente reacendidos por um incêndio na unidade americana de Brown's Ferry (en).

Contestação popular e fim do projecto
As populações de Ferrel fizeram vários protestos junto das autoridades, sempre sem sucesso, até à grande manifestação de 15 de Março de 1976. Neste dia, os habitantes dirigiram-se ao local onde estavam a ser feitas as prospecções geológicas, sismológicas e eólicas, tendo convencido os trabalhadores a abandonar as operações.

Este movimento inseriu-se num quadro de protesto contra a energia nuclear, durante o qual várias organizações, como o Movimento Ecológico, tinham chamado a atenção para os problemas ambientais causados por este tipo de centrais eléctricas. Em Junho de 1977 foi publicado um manifesto contra a política energética nacional, e a construção de centrais nucleares, tendo a questão sido debatida por mais de cem cientistas e técnicos desta área. Em Janeiro de 1978 foi organizado o festival Pela vida contra o nuclear no Ferrel e nas Caldas da Rainha, que contou com a participação de grandes nomes da música nacional, como Zeca Afonso, Vitorino, Pedro Barroso, Fausto e Sérgio Godinho. O plano para a construção da central nuclear foi definitivamente abandonado em 1982.

Ver também
Central nuclear de Almaraz

Centrais de energia de Portugal
Ferrel
Usinas nucleares

Central Nuclear de Ferrel


Olaylar
 Jovianlar ve Herculianlar, Geç Roma İmparatorluğu İmparatorlarının kişisel muhafızlığını yapmış olan kıdemli palatine birliklerinin oluşumu
 Roma İmparatorluğu'nda Üçüncü Yüzyıl Krizi sona erdi.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Kasım - Numerianus, Roma imparatoru

284


Presto is the thirteenth studio album by Canadian rock band Rush. It was released November 21, 1989 by Anthem Records and was the band's first album released internationally by Atlantic Records following the group's departure from Mercury. After the Hold Your Fire (1987) tour ended in 1988, the group members reconvened in December to decide their next step and agreed to take six months off before starting on a new album. Presto marked another change in Rush's sound, with guitar taking a more dominant role in the writing and a reduction in synthesizers and a return towards more guitar-driven arrangements.

Presto reached No. 7 in Canada and No. 16 in the United States. "Show Don't Tell," "The Pass" and "Superconductor" were released as singles from Presto; the former charted at No. 1 on the U.S. Album Rock Tracks chart. Rush supported the album with the Presto Tour from February to June 1990. Presto reached gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling 500,000 copies. The album was remastered in 2004 and 2013, the latter as part of the 2013 box set, The Studio Albums 1989–2007. In 2015, it was reissued after being remastered by Sean Magee at Abbey Road Studios following a direct approach by Rush to remaster their entire back catalogue.

Background
In May 1988, Rush wrapped up touring the band's previous album, Hold Your Fire (1987), which was followed by the band's third live release A Show of Hands in early 1989. The group then decided not to renew contracts with international distributor Mercury Records; Lifeson said they departed because the relationship had become stale by this point. Peart later wrote that with the band now "free of deadlines and obligations" for the first time in fifteen years, they chose to take advantage by taking a six-month break. In December 1988, the group gathered at Peart's house to discuss the next step and agreed to start a new studio album after the break.

Writing
Work on Presto began with Rush renting a studio in the country to write and rehearse new material. They adopted their usual method of Lifeson and Lee working on the music while Peart worked alone on the lyrics. Peart wrote: "At the end of the day I might wander into the studio, ice cubes clinking, and listen to what they'd been up to, and if I'd been lucky, show them something new." Rush worked at the studio during the week and returned home on weekends.

Presto marks the beginning of Rush's return to a more guitar-driven sound from what is known to many as Rush's "synthesizer period" of the band's previous four releases. When Lifeson and Lee discussed what musical direction to take, they agreed that the core of the band's sound, emotion, and energy had come from the guitar, something that they wanted to return to for Presto. This resulted in a much more satisfying album for Lifeson. Lifeson had felt constricted in his guitar playing since synthesizers began playing a more dominant role in the songwriting and performance on Signals (1982), which had continued through the 1980s. Lee explained that Rush wanted Presto to be "more of a singer's album, and I think you'll notice that the arrangements musically support the vocal[s] ... Neil's lyrics to me are a lot more heartfelt [...] This album was a real reaction against technology in a sense. I was getting sick and tired of working with computers and synthesizers [...] We made a pact to stay away from strings, pianos, and organs—to stay away from digital technology. In the end, we couldn't resist using them for colour."

In a contrast to previous albums Grace Under Pressure, Power Windows and Hold Your Fire, the album does not contain an overall running lyrical theme, or what Peart described as "heavy" lyrical messages, instead adopting a more loose approach with each track making its own statement. Peart used the word "response" to describe the lyrical content as a whole. "The idea that you don't go through life just looking at things. It doesn't matter if you've been all around the world - you may have seen it, but if you haven't felt it, you haven't been there." Peart added: "There are many threads and a strong motif of looking at life today and trying to act inside it."

After several songs had been worked out, the band felt it was the right time to present what they had to a co-producer. However, their initial choice, Peter Collins, who'd worked on Power Windows (1985) and Hold Your Fire, reluctantly declined the offer to work on Presto as he wished to produce other bands. Though Rush felt confident enough to undertake production duties themselves, they still wanted someone they could trust and to provide an objective point of view to their ideas. Among the various candidates was English producer, songwriter, and keyboardist Rupert Hine, whose experience with a variety of artists attracted the group. Peart recalled the time when they presented their ideas to Hine: "We were a little bemused [...] at the end of some of them he actually seemed to be laughing! We looked at each other, eyebrows raised as if to say: "He thinks our songs are funny?" But evidently it was a laugh of pleasure; he stayed 'til the end". At Hine's suggestion, the group brought in Stephen W. Tayler as the recording and mixing engineer. The sessions with Rush and Hine together were productive; initially, 10 days were assigned for pre-production work with one track for each day, but it was complete after just one-and-a-half days.

The album's title was an idea that Rush had considered to use for A Show of Hands, but when Peart had started writing for a song entitled "Presto" it was then used as the title.

Recording
Presto was recorded from June to August 1989. As part of their deal with Hine, the band agreed to record parts of Presto in London. Presto was finished around four weeks ahead of schedule.

When the album was complete, Rush sought a new record deal and signed to Atlantic Records after executive Doug Morris had wanted to sign the group for a number of years and made an attractive offer.

Songs

Side one
"The Pass" concerns a friend of Peart's who joined him on a cycle ride and once discussed juvenile suicide, which inspired the lyrics for the song. Peart named it the song he had worked the hardest on due to the delicate nature of the subject. The song became a group favorite; Peart picked the track as the reason to choose Presto as one album of theirs that they would re-record if they could.

"Scars" features a complex drum pattern in which both acoustic and electronic drums are utilized. The pattern was derived from a tribal rhythm Neil Peart experienced while on a bicycle tour of Africa (later chronicled in his first book, The Masked Rider: Cycling in West Africa). He went on to incorporate this pattern into his live drum solos. The song also features the use of a sequencer in place of, and often mistaken for, a bass guitar.

Title track "Presto" was not performed live until 2010 for the Time Machine Tour. Lifeson said the song is about "feeling more active in your heart than in your head, not having the answers to problems."

Side two
"Superconductor" deals with the superficiality of mainstream music. That topic also appears in other songs such as "Grand Designs" from the Power Windows album.

In "Anagram (for Mongo)," every line contains one or more words that are formed by using letters in another word from that same line (e.g. "There is no safe seat at the feast"), and certain lines contain anagrammed words (e.g. "Miracles will have their claimers"). Its title was inspired by the character Mongo from Blazing Saddles. Lifeson spoke about the lyrics: "It doesn't mean anything, it was just a fun thing, but there are some great twists in there."

"Hand Over Fist" was originally an instrumental that Rush had intended to include on Presto, but Peart continued to submit lyrical ideas to Lifeson and Lee; one in particular fit to the music well enough and the plan for an instrumental was scrapped. In the album's tour book Peart used the symbolism that the hand game "rock, paper, scissors" represents, which was made into a nursery rhyme and used as a lyrical chant in "Hand over Fist."

Artwork
The album's sleeve was designed by Rush's longtime collaborator Hugh Syme: a black-and-white design depicting a levitating magician's hat on a hill with a rabbit emerging from it. The field in the foreground has many rabbits. Rush had devised its concept and presented it to Syme who then produced several ideas depicting what they suggested. Lifeson recalled the moment when they saw the design they went with: "We all started laughing hysterically, 'This is great, it's perfect!'"

Release
Rush produced three music videos for Presto: "Show, Don't Tell," "The Pass" and "Superconductor.".

Critical reception

Gregory Heaney of AllMusic described the album as 'workmanlike' and removed from the creativity of their earlier works. However, he asserts that the songs aren't terrible, just a sense that something is not quite clicking, perhaps due to the length of time it had been since the band wrote more-traditional, guitar-based songs. However, before such a review was posted on November 10, 2012, the site had listed a favorable 4.5 star (out of a possible 5) review of the album by Mackenzie Wilson. Wilson described the album as one that "intelligently leads Rush into the '90s without musical bleakness".

Track listing

Personnel
Credits taken from the album's CD liner notes.

Rush
Geddy Lee – bass guitar, vocals, synthesizers
Alex Lifeson – electric and acoustic guitars
Neil Peart – drums, electronic percussion

Additional personnel
Rupert Hine – additional keyboards and backing vocals
Jason Sniderman – additional keyboards

Production
Rush – production, arrangement
Rupert Hine – production, arrangement
Stephen W. Tayler – engineer, mixing
Simon Pressey – assistant recording engineer at Le Studio
Jaques Deveau – assistant recording engineer at Le Studio
Rick Anderson – assistant recording engineer at McClear Place
Matt Howe – assistant mixing engineer
Everett Ravenstein – assistant pre-production engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Hugh Syme – art direction
Scarpati – photography
Andrew MacNaughtan – portraits

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

Rush (band) albums
1989 albums
Anthem Records albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Rupert Hine
Albums recorded at Le Studio
Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year albums

Presto (album)


A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of thirteen children's novels written by American author Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket. The books follow the turbulent lives of orphaned siblings Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire. After their parents' death in a fire, the children are placed in the custody of a murderous villain, Count Olaf, who attempts to steal their inheritance and causes numerous disasters with the help of his accomplices as the children attempt to flee. As the plot progresses, the Baudelaires gradually confront further mysteries surrounding their family and deep conspiracies involving a secret society.

Characterized by Victorian Gothic tones and absurdist textuality, the books are noted for their dark humour, sarcastic storytelling, and anachronistic elements, as well as frequent cultural and literary allusions. They have been classified as postmodern and metafictional writing, with the plot evolution throughout the later novels being cited as an exploration of the psychological process of the transition from the innocence of childhood to the moral complexity of maturity. As the series progresses, the Baudelaires must face the reality that their actions have become morally ambiguous, blurring the lines between which characters should be read as "good" or "evil".

Since the release of the first novel, The Bad Beginning, in September 1999, the books have gained significant popularity, critical acclaim, and commercial success worldwide, spawning a film, a video game, assorted merchandise, and a television series. The main thirteen books in the series have collectively sold more than 60 million copies and have been translated into 41 languages. Several companion books set in the same universe of the series have also been released, including Lemony Snicket: The Unauthorized Autobiography, The Beatrice Letters, and the noir prequel tetralogy All the Wrong Questions, which chronicles Snicket's childhood.

Background
Prior to the publication of A Series of Unfortunate Events, Handler had never written for children. According to an interview with Handler, he was encouraged to try writing children's books by his friend and editor, Susan Rich. In a separate author interview, Daphne Merkin wrote that Handler adapted a manuscript for a "mock-gothic" book originally intended for adults into a series more suited for children. Handler invented the pseudonym "Lemony Snicket" as an inside joke among friends years before the publication of A Series of Unfortunate Events.

Handler acknowledges Edward Gorey and Roald Dahl as influences for his writing style in the series. The first book in the series, The Bad Beginning was released on September 30, 1999.

Series overview

Plot
The series follows the adventures of three orphaned siblings. Lemony Snicket documents their lives and explains to the readers that very few positive things happen to the children.

The series begins when the orphans are alone at a beach, where they receive news that their parents have been killed in a fire that also destroyed the family mansion. In The Bad Beginning, they are sent to live with a distant relative named Count Olaf after briefly living with Mr. Poe, a banker in charge of the orphans' affairs. The siblings discover that Count Olaf intends to get his hands on the enormous Baudelaire fortune, which Violet is to inherit when she reaches the age of eighteen. In the first book, Olaf attempts to marry Violet to steal the Baudelaire fortune, doing so by pretending that the marriage is the storyline for his latest play. The plan falls through when Violet uses her non-dominant hand to sign the marriage document, thus causing the marriage to be invalidated. After the crowd realizes, Olaf manages to escape with his henchmen.

In the following six books, Olaf disguises himself, finds the children, and, with help from his many accomplices, tries to steal their fortune, committing arson, murder, and other crimes. In books eight through twelve, the orphans adopt disguises while on the run from the police after Count Olaf frames them for a murder he has committed. The Baudelaires routinely try to get help from Mr. Poe, but he, like many of the adults in the series, is oblivious to the dangerous reality of the children's situation.

As the books continue, another running plot is revealed concerning a mysterious secret organization known as the Volunteer Fire Department (V.F.D.). From The Austere Academy onwards, the connections between the Baudelaires, the V.F.D., and their parents' deaths are slowly revealed, leading the siblings to question their previous lives and family history. The siblings become increasingly involved with the organization until they are forced to flee with Count Olaf to an island where Olaf accidentally causes the deaths of himself and possibly the idyllic colonists of the island, whose fates are left unknown. Having finally found a safe place to live, the children spend the next year raising the baby of one of their parents' friends from V.F.D. who died giving birth to the child. After a year, the siblings decide to try to return to the mainland to continue their lives.

Setting
The books seem to be set in an alternate, "timeless" world with stylistic similarities to both the 19th century and the 1930s, though with contemporary, and seemingly anachronistic scientific knowledge. For instance, in The Hostile Hospital, the Baudelaire children send a message via Morse code on a telegraph, yet the general store they are in has fiber-optic cable for sale. An "advanced computer" appears in The Austere Academy.

Danielle Russell, a professor at Glendon College, argues that the settings are reflective of familiar places, but are "bizarre" enough that young readers feel distanced from the world of the Baudelaires. The setting of the world has been compared to Edward Scissorhands in that it is "suburban gothic". While the film version sets the Baudelaire mansion in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, real places rarely appear in the books, though some are mentioned. For example, in The Ersatz Elevator, a book in Jerome and Esmé Squalor's library was titled Trout, in France They're Out. There are also references to the fictional nobility of North American regions, specifically the Duchess of Winnipeg and the King of Arizona.

Characters
Violet Baudelaire, the oldest child in the series, uses her inventive mind to create various helpful items, showcasing her talent and resourcefulness. Klaus Baudelaire, the middle child, is twelve when the series begins; he loves all types of books and is an extraordinary speed reader with a photographic memory. Sunny Baudelaire is a baby at the beginning of the series and enjoys biting things with her abnormally large and sharp teeth; she develops a love for cooking later in the series.

In most books, the children's skills are used to help them defeat Count Olaf's plots; for instance, Violet invents a lockpick in The Reptile Room. Occasionally, the children must switch roles, such as when Klaus must try inventing and Violet reading in The Miserable Mill. Other characters (usually other children) also have particular skills that they use to assist the Baudelaires, for example, Duncan Quagmire used his journaling skills to remember important information, Isadora wrote poems to pass notes, and Quigley Quagmire's cartography skills help Violet and Klaus in The Slippery Slope.

Snicket translates for the youngest Baudelaire orphan, Sunny, who in the early books almost solely uses words or phrases that make sense only to her siblings. As the series progresses, her speech often contains disguised meanings. Some words are spelled phonetically: 'Suruchi' in The Slippery Slope and 'Kikuchi?' in The End; some are spelled backwards: '' in The Carnivorous Carnival, and '' in The Miserable Mill. Others contain references to culture or people: for instance, when Sunny says "Busheney" (combining the last names of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, presumably), it is followed by the definition of "you are a vile man who has no regard for anyone else". Some words Sunny uses are foreign, such as "Shalom", "Sayonara", or "Arrête". Some are more complex, such as when she says "Akrofil, meaning, 'they were not afraid of heights'", which phonetically translates to acrophilia, meaning one who loves heights. She begins to use standard English words towards the end of the books, one of her longer sentences being "I'm not a baby" in The Slippery Slope.

When asked in a Moment Magazine interview about the Baudelaire children and Snicket's own Jewish heritage he replied, "Oh yeah! Yes. The Baudelaires are Jewish! I guess we would not know for sure, but we would strongly suspect it, not only from their manner but from the occasional mention of a rabbi or bar mitzvah or synagogue. The careful reader will find quite a few rabbis."

Literary analysis and themes

Allusions

While the books are marketed primarily to children, the series features numerous references that adults or older children are more likely to understand.

Many of the characters' names allude to other fictional works or real people with macabre connections. For example, The Reptile Room includes allusions to Monty Python (the Baudelaire children's uncle Monty has a large snake collection that includes a python, and a reference to the "Self-Defence Against Fresh Fruit" sketch). The Baudelaire orphans are named after Charles Baudelaire; Violet's name also comes from the T. S. Eliot's poem The Waste Land, specifically its verses concerning the "violet hour", and Sunny and Klaus take their first names from Claus and Sunny von Bülow, while Mr. Poe is a reference to Edgar Allan Poe (his sons are named Edgar and Albert). In the seventh installment, The Vile Village, Count Olaf's disguise, Detective Dupin, is an allusion to C. Auguste Dupin, a fictional detective created by Edgar Allan Poe.

Isadora and Duncan Quagmire are named after Isadora Duncan, a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger. In the fourth book, The Miserable Mill, Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell. Orwell finished his famous book 1984 in 1948, and in the sixth book, The Ersatz Elevator, it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories. The Squalors' names reference Jerome David "J. D." Salinger and his short story For Esmé – with Love and Squalor, while in an auction on which the plot hinges, Lot 49 is skipped, i.e. not cried, an allusion to Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49. Both Salinger and Pynchon were reputed not to be actual persons at one time. The ninth book in the series, The Carnivorous Carnival, takes place at Caligari Carnival; the carnival's name is a nod to the 1920 silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. Also in the ninth book, Hugo the Hunchback's name is an allusion to French author Victor Hugo, who wrote the famous book The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Subsequently, many of the inhabitants of the island in which the Baudelaires find themselves on in The End are named after characters from The Tempest, a play by William Shakespeare, while some are named after characters from Robinson Crusoe, Moby-Dick and others after general nautical or island-based literature. The Fire and the Sugar Bowl was inspired by We Have Always Lived in the Castle by Shirley Jackson.

The name of Beatrice, Snicket's dedicatee, may be an allusion to the poem La Beatrice by Charles Baudelaire. The poem references an "actor without a job", like the actor Count Olaf. The poem also begins with the line "In a burnt, ash-grey land without vegetation", similar to the Baudelaire mansion burning down at the beginning of the series. The name Beatrice could also be an allusion to Italian poet Dante. Dante dedicated all of his works to "Beatrice", with whom he was obsessed, and who was also dead, like Snicket's Beatrice.

In the final book, in an allusion to the Book of Genesis, a snake offers the children a life-giving apple (which the other characters in The End refuse to eat despite the fact that it is a cure for a fatal illness).

Genre
This series is most commonly classified as children's fiction, but the book has also been classified in more specific genres such as gothic fiction, or some variety thereof, whether it is mock-gothic, a satire of gothic literature, neo-Victorian or "suburban gothic". The series has been described as absurdist fiction, because of its strange characters, improbable storylines, and black comedy.

The books can be categorized as mystery novels. According to Chris McGee, the Baudelaires spend the series trying to uncover the truth about their parents' deaths. He also likens the series to noir fiction. Danielle Russell argues that mysteries are solved for the reader by their end. So, the lack of clear answers in The End does not align with this genre.

Although the series does not neatly fit into the genres of fantasy or science fiction, it does feature occasional instances of whimsy, the supernatural, and steampunk technology. There is a constant theme of some form of fate guiding the characters throughout the books. The Baudelaires are capable of communicating with their infant sister, as well as with reptiles. The Reptile Room houses a variety of fantastical reptiles, including the Incredibly Deadly Viper, which is extremely intelligent and seems to have a humanoid consciousness. There is a mysterious aquatic monster known as The Great Unknown.

In a paper for the Maria Curie-Sklodowski University, Barbara Kaczyńska claims that "realism" is absent within the series. Russell disputes this, noting that throughout the novels the narrator insists that the stories he recounts are completely true. She believes that this strong level of realism discredits any argument that the books can be classified as fantasies.

Morality in the series
Social commentary is a major element in the books, which often comment on the seemingly inescapable follies of human nature. The books consistently present the Baudelaire children as free-thinking and independent, while the adults around them obey authority and succumb to mob psychology, peer pressure, ambition, and other social ills. A high account is given to learning: those who are "well-read" are often sympathetic characters, while those who shun knowledge are villains.

Tison Pugh argues that the central issue of the series is whether the Baudelaires are morally good and distinct from the villains of the story, or whether their actions make them as morally ambiguous as the so-called evil characters. The books have strong themes of moral relativism.

Evil characters are shown to have sympathetic characteristics. Similarly, good characters' flaws become major problems. The books highlight the inevitability of temptation and moral decision-making, regardless of the external situation. This indicates that regardless of one's outside influences, one always has the final choice in whether to be good or bad. Characters that make brave decisions to fight back and take charge are almost always "good", and characters that just go along end up as "bad." However, some characters suggest that people are neither good nor bad, but a mix of both. Rebecca-Anne C. Do Rozario notes the nihilistic tone of the series, claiming the lines between good and evil acts become blurred to the point where they become meaningless.

Narration style

The series is narrated by Lemony Snicket, the pseudonym of Daniel Handler. He dedicates each of his works to his deceased love interest, Beatrice, and often attempts to dissuade the reader from reading the Baudelaires' unfortunate story. Handler has referred to Lemony Snicket as a "character" who also doubles as the series' narrator. Some details of his life are explained somewhat in a supplement to the series, Lemony Snicket: The Unauthorized Autobiography.

When Snicket describes a word, the reader may be unfamiliar with, he typically prefaces it with the saying "a word which here means . . . ." He sometimes follows this phrase with a humorous definition, or one that is relevant only to the events at hand (for example, he describes "adversity" as meaning "Count Olaf").

Lemony Snicket continuously maintains that the story is true and that it is his "solemn duty" to record it. Snicket often goes off into humorous or satirical asides, discussing his opinions or personal life.

Lemony Snicket's narration and commentary are characteristically cynical and despondent. In the blurb for each book, Snicket warns of the misery the reader may experience in reading about the Baudelaire orphans and suggests abandoning the books altogether. However, he also provides ample comic relief with wry, dark humor. Snicket's narration has been described as "self-conscious" and "post-modern". Daphne Merkin characterizes Snicket's narration style as "droll and detached."

When describing a character whom the Baudelaires have met before, Snicket often describes the character first and does not reveal the name of the character until they have been thoroughly described. Lemony Snicket starts each book with a "post-modern dissection of the reading experience" before linking it back to how he presents the story of the Baudelaires and what their current situation is. Snicket often uses alliteration to name locations, as well as book titles, throughout the story. Many of the books start with a theme being introduced that is continually referenced throughout the book—such as the repeated comparisons of the words "nervous" and "anxious" in The Ersatz Elevator, the consistent use of the phrase "where there's smoke, there's fire" in The Slippery Slope, and the descriptions of the water cycle in The Grim Grotto.

Repetition
The plots of the first seven books follow the same basic pattern: the Baudelaires go to a new guardian in a new location, where Count Olaf appears and attempts to steal their fortune. The books following pick up where the previous book ended. There are thirteen books in the series and each book has thirteen chapters. The last book in the series, The End, contains two stories: The End, which has 13 chapters, and a separate "book" that is titled Chapter Fourteen. The location of each book's events is usually identified in the book's title; the first twelve book titles are generally alliterative.

Secrets in the series

After the fourth book, Barbara Kaczyńska argues that secrets play a more important role in the story. In the final book, The End, the concept is especially important, as demonstrated by a several-page-long discussion of the phrase "in the dark." The children hear of a massive schism within the organization of V.F.D., which was once noble but became filled with corruption and split into two sides, "volunteers" and "villains." While many of the critical plot points are given answers, Snicket explains that no story can be fully devoid of questions as every story is intertwined with numerous others and every character's history is shared in a great web of mysteries and unfortunate events that make up the world's legacy, making it impossible for anyone to know all the answers to every question. The Baudelaire children and Count Olaf's story is said to be merely a fragment of a much bigger story between numerous characters with the central connection being the organization of V.F.D.

clues
There is a full-page picture at the end of each book, showing a hint or clue about the content of the next book. This may show a flyer or piece of paper drifting by, though sometimes by a significant object: a snake appears at the end of The Bad Beginning, referring to Montgomery's snake collection in the following book. The same picture is used at the start of the succeeding book. This practice continued at the end of The End which shows a boat sailing off into the sunset and at the start of Chapter Fourteen. The picture at the end of Chapter Fourteen includes a shape of a question mark.

Following the picture is a letter to the editor, which explains to the editor how to get a manuscript of the next book. Snicket is writing from the location of the next book and usually reveals its title. Snicket notes that the editors will find various objects along with the manuscript, all of them having some impact in the story. Starting with the fourth book (which previews the fifth), each letter has a layout relating to the next book, such as torn edges, fancy stationery, sopping wet paper, or telegram format. The letters change dramatically starting with the letter at the end of The Hostile Hospital—for this preview letter, the letter is ripped to shreds and only a few scraps remain. The remaining letters are difficult to read, and some do not reveal the title. The final letter appears at the end of The End and simply has "The end of THE END can be found at the end of THE END." There is no letter after Chapter Fourteen.

Each book begins with a dedication to a woman named Beatrice, and references to her are made by Snicket throughout the series, describing her as the woman he still loves while emphasizing the fact that she apparently died long ago. At the end of the Chapter Fourteen epilogue, it is revealed that Beatrice was the Baudelaires' late mother, who married their father after an unknown event caused her to return Snicket's engagement ring, alongside a two-hundred-page book explaining all the reasons she could not marry him.

Distribution

Books
The series includes thirteen novels as follows below:

 The Bad Beginning (1999)
 The Reptile Room (1999)
 The Wide Window (2000)
 The Miserable Mill (2000)
 The Austere Academy (2000)
 The Ersatz Elevator (2001)
 The Vile Village (2001)
 The Hostile Hospital (2001)
 The Carnivorous Carnival (2002)
 The Slippery Slope (2003)
 The Grim Grotto (2004)
 The Penultimate Peril (2005)
 The End (2006)

Appearance
In an article about children's literature, Bruce Butt describes the hardcover books as "elegant" and "collectible." He notes that the endpapers and overall book design resemble Victorian-era novels. Danielle Russell argues that the visual stylization of the books adds to their sense of timelessness. The hardcover books were printed with a deckle edge.

There was an initial paperback release of the series, featuring restyled covers, new illustrations, and a serial supplement entitled The Cornucopian Cavalcade with The Bad Beginning: or, Orphans!, The Reptile Room: or, Murder!, and The Wide Window: or, Disappearance!. However, the release was stopped after the third.

Accompanying books
There are books that accompany the series, such as The Beatrice Letters, Lemony Snicket: The Unauthorized Autobiography, and The Puzzling Puzzles; journals The Blank Book and The Notorious Notations; and short materials such as The Dismal Dinner and 13 Shocking Secrets You'll Wish You Never Knew About Lemony Snicket. Humorous quotes from the series were used in a book published under the Snicket name, Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid.

All the Wrong Questions

Lemony Snicket's All the Wrong Questions is a four-part young adult series focused on the character, Snicket's childhood working for V.F.D. It is set in the same universe as A Series of Unfortunate Events and features several of the same characters and locations. The first book was titled Who Could That Be at This Hour?, and was released in October 2012. The second, When Did You See Her Last?, was released in October 2013, and the third, Shouldn't You Be in School?, was released in September 2014. The final book, Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights?, was released on September 29, 2015.

In other media

Television

Netflix, in association with Paramount Television, announced in November 2014 its plans to adapt the books into an original TV series with 25 total episodes spanning 3 seasons, with 2 episodes dedicated to each book, with the exception of the 13th book, The End. Author Daniel Handler serves as a writer and executive producer.

On September 4, 2015, it was announced that filmmaker Barry Sonnenfeld and True Blood showrunner Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series. Hudis would serve as showrunner, Sonnenfeld as director, and both as executive producers with Daniel Handler penning the scripts. On December 3, 2015, an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire, with the casting call confirming that the series would begin production in March 2016.

In January 2016, Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project. However, it was announced that Sonnenfeld and Handler were both still on board, and that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes as Violet and Klaus.

In March 2016, K. Todd Freeman and Patrick Warburton were cast as Mr. Poe and Lemony Snicket respectively. The first season, consisting of eight episodes that cover the first four books, was released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a second season, which was released on March 30, 2018, and consisted of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series. The television series was also renewed for a third and final season, which was released on January 1, 2019, consisting of seven episodes that adapted the final four books. The last book, The End, was adapted into one episode instead of the standard two episodes.

Film

Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a film adaptation of the first three titles in the series, mixing the various events and characters into one story. It was released in United States on December 17, 2004 by Paramount Pictures and Internationally by DreamWorks Pictures. Directed by Brad Seiberling, it stars Jim Carrey as Count Olaf, Meryl Streep as Aunt Josephine, Billy Connolly as Uncle Monty, Emily Browning as Violet, Liam Aiken as Klaus, Timothy Spall as Mr. Poe, and Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket. The film was financially successful, and received generally positive reviews but received criticism over its comical tone.

Considering the success of the movie, the director and some of the lead actors hinted that they were keen on making a sequel, but no script was written.

Browning has said that further films would have to be produced quickly, as the children do not age much throughout the book series.

In 2008, Daniel Handler stated in a Bookslut Interview that another film was in the works, but had been delayed by corporate shake-ups at Paramount Pictures. In June 2009, Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler, and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old. "In an odd way, the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience, 'Okay, we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors. Now I'm afraid I'm going to have to show you the real thing.'"

Video game

Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a video game based on the film that was released in 2004 by Adenium Games and Activision for PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, and PC. The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game, and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe, Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine, along with villains such as Count Olaf, the Hook-Handed Man, the White-Faced Women, and the Bald Man. The game, like the movie, follows only the first three books in the series.

A separate casual game titled A Series of Unfortunate Events was published by Oberon Media the same year as a different tie-in to the books. Set in Count Olaf's house, the game involves his six associates and many objects they use in Olaf's efforts to capture the children. Gameplay includes three difficulty levels and two game modes: Deduction Junction and Swap Monster.

Board games
A board game based on the books was distributed by Mattel in 2004, prior to the movie. The Perilous Parlor Game is for 2–4 players, ages 8 and up. One player assumes the role of Count Olaf, and the other players play the Baudelaire children. Count Olaf's objective in the game is to eliminate the guardian, while the children try to keep the guardian alive. The game employs Clever Cards, Tragedy Cards, Secret Passage Tiles, and Disguise Tiles in play.

Card games
The Catastrophic Card Game is the second game based on the books. In this card game, players are looking to complete sets of characters. There are 4 different sets: The Baudelaire Orphans, Count Olaf in Disguise, Olaf's Henchmen, and the Orphans Confidants. Players take turns drawing a card from either the draw pile or the top card from the discard pile in hopes of completing their sets. For 2–4 players, ages 14 and under.

Audio

Audio books
Most of the series of unabridged audiobooks are read by British actor Tim Curry, though Handler as Lemony Snicket reads books 3 to 5. Of narrating the audiobooks, Handler has said: "It was very, very hard. It was unbelievably arduous. It was the worst kind of arduous." As such, future narrating duties were handed back to Curry, of whom Handler states: "he does a splendid job". The "Dear Reader" blurb is usually read by Handler (as Snicket) at the beginning, although it is missing in The Hostile Hospital. Handler usually reads the "To my Kind Editor" blurb about the next book at the end. Starting at The Carnivorous Carnival, there is another actor who replaces Handler in reading the two blurbs, although they are skipped entirely in The Grim Grotto. All of the recordings include a loosely related song by The Gothic Archies, a novelty band of which Handler is a member, featuring lyrics by Handler's Magnetic Fields bandmate Stephin Merritt.

Album

In October 2006, The Tragic Treasury: Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events by The Gothic Archies was released. The album is a collection of thirteen songs written and performed by Stephin Merritt (of The Magnetic Fields), each one originally appearing on one of the corresponding thirteen audiobooks of the series. Two bonus songs are included.

Reception

Reviews
Reviews for A Series of Unfortunate Events have generally been positive, with reviewers saying that the series is enjoyable for children and adults alike, and that it brings fresh and adult themes to children's stories. The Times Online refer to the books as "a literary phenomenon", and discuss how the plight of the Baudelaire orphans helps children cope with loss—citing the rise in sales post September 11, 2001 as evidence. Mackey attributes the series' success to the "topsy-turvy moral universe." Langbauer feels that the series "offers a critique of the pieties" of earlier generations and imparts "its own vision of ethics." In a May 2000 article for Publishers Weekly, Sally Lodge notes kids and educators' enthusiasm for the first four books in the series.

Criticism

Access to the books was restricted at Katy ISD Elementary School in Katy, Texas. A school in Decatur, Georgia criticized The Reptile Room for its inclusion of the word "damn", canceling an author event with Handler in protest.

Criticisms include the suggested incest in Olaf's attempt to marry his distant cousin Violet in The Bad Beginning. The series has also been criticized for formulaic and repetitive storytelling, including by Bruce Butt, who likened the first eight books to "junk food" for children.

Sales

Within a year of The Bad Beginning's publication, the first four books in the series had a combined printing of 125,000 copies. A Series of Unfortunate Events has been printed in 41 different languages, selling at least sixty-five million copies as of 2015.

Awards
The Bad Beginning won multiple literary awards, including the Colorado Children's Book Award, the Nevada Young Readers Award and the Nene Award. It was also a finalist for the Book Sense Book of the Year.

Its sequels have continued this trend, garnering multiple awards and nominations. Among these are three IRA/CBC Children's Choice Awards, which it received for The Wide Window, The Vile Village, and The Hostile Hospital. The Penultimate Peril won a best book prize at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, and a 2006 Quill Book Award.

Book lists
While not technically awards, The Ersatz Elevator was named a Book Sense 76 Pick, and The Grim Grotto is an Amazon.com Customers' Favorite.

See also
 Lemony Snicket bibliography
 Charles Baudelaire – French poet

References

Bibliography

External links

 Official website

 Daniel Handler's official website
 A Series of Unfortunate Events on Netflix

Book series introduced in 1999
Absurdist fiction
Black comedy books
British Book Award-winning works
American children's novels
Novels about orphans
Series of children's books
HarperCollins books
Postmodern novels

A Series of Unfortunate Events


Bryggens Museum er et kulturhistorisk museum i Bergen, der beskæftiger sig med de historiske træbygninger kaldet Bryggen. Det er en del af Bymuseet i Bergen

Erling Dekke Næss' Institutt for Middelalder-arkeologi stod færdig i 1976. Arkitekt var Øivind Maurseth, som også har tegnet SAS-hotellet, som ligger lige ved museet. Bygningerne er rejst på brandtomten efter branden på Bryggen i 1955. Her fandtes rester fra Bryggens grundlæggelse, som blev afdækket ved arkæologiske udgravninger på brandtomten. Disse danner basis for museet og kan ses i den permanente udstilling og inkluderer bl.a. Bryggeskibet. Museet har også skiftende udstillinger.

Bryggens Museum blev tildelt arkitekturprisen Betongtavlen i 1980.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger
 Bergen byleksikon på nettet, om Bryggens Museum
 Bryggens Museum
 Bymuseet i Bergen

Museer i Bergen
Museer etableret i 1976
Modtagere af Betongtavlen

Bryggens Museum


Fayzabad (også stavet Feyzabad, Fayz Abad, Fazelabad eller Faizabad) (dari: فیض‌آباد) er en by i det nordøstlige Afghanistan med et indbyggertal på cirka 80.000 (2015). Indbyggertallet er et estimat baseret på 7,5 personer pr husstand. Byen er hovedstad i provinsen Badakhshan tæt på grænsen til Tadsjikistan.

Referencer

Byer i Afghanistan

Fayzabad


Frances Elizabeth Allan (1905-1952) est une statisticienne australienne. Elle était connue comme la première statisticienne au Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), comme « la fondatrice efficace de la division CSIRO des mathématiques et des statistiques » et pour son plaidoyer en faveur de la biométrie .

Enfance et formation
Betty Allan est née le  à St Kilda, Victoria ; ses parents étaient tous deux journalistes à The Argus et elle était l'une de leurs quatre filles. En tant qu'écolière, elle est scolarisée à la Melbourne Girls Grammar. Elle a étudié les mathématiques à l'Université de Melbourne, obtenant un bachelor en 1926 et une maîtrise en 1928 pour son travail avec John Henry Michell sur les ondes solitaires sur les interfaces liquide-liquide. Elle a voyagé grâce à une bourse au Newnham College de Cambridge, où elle a travaillé avec Ronald Aylmer Fisher et John Wishart sur les statistiques agricoles.

Carrière
De retour en Australie en 1930, elle devient biométricienne à la Division de l'industrie végétale du Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Pendant son séjour au CSIRO, elle a également enseigné au  et à l'Australian Forestry School . En 1935, elle a aidé à fonder l'Institut australien de science agricole. En 1940, elle a épousé le botaniste du CSIRO Patrick Joseph Calvert et a été forcée de prendre sa retraite par les lois de l'époque, qui interdisaient aux femmes mariées de faire partie de la fonction publique.

Durant la guerre elle continue à enseigner à temps partiel à la Forestry School et travailler à temps partiel pour le Bureau of Census and Statistics. Après la naissance de son fils en 1941, elle est active dans les organisations communautaires de Canberra venant en aide aux mères et aux enfants. Elle est secrétaire de la Canberra Nursery Kindergarten Society (1943-1944) et présidente de la Canberra Mothercraft Society (1944-1946).

Elle meurt le  à Canberra.

Reconnaissances
Le centre de données Betty Allan du Queensland Center for Advanced Technologies du CSIRO porte son nom. En 2019, la Société statistique d'Australie et Data61 ont créé un prix de voyage conjoint nommé en son honneur.

Références

Liens externes

Bibliographie

Étudiant de l'université de Melbourne
Statisticienne
Décès en août 1952
Naissance en juillet 1905
Mathématicienne australienne
Statisticien australien
Décès à 47 ans

Betty Allan


Irina Victorovna Gaidamaciuc () a fost o criminală în serie din Rusia care a omorât 17 femei în vârstă în Regiunea Sverdlovsk între 2002 și 2010.

Crimele
Irina se prefăcea că era un asistent social pentru a avea acces în casele oamenilor, apoi omorându-i cu un topor sau un ciocan. Ea fura ce putea din casa victimei. Uneori dădea foc locuinței și făcea astfel încât totul să pară un accident.

În 2010 ea a încercat să omoare altă bătrână, dar aceasta a scăpat și a raportat-o pe Irina la poliție. Irina Gaidamaciuc a fost prinsă și condamnată la 20 de ani de temniță grea. Ea a spus că a comis crimele pentru a-și câștiga bani de votcă, bani pe care soțul ei refuza să-i dea.

Referințe

Criminali ruși
Nașteri în 1972
Ruși în viață
Condamnați
Criminali în serie

Irina Gaidamaciuc


Indstilling af traktorplov er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1956.

Handling
Filmen viser plovens opbygning. Måling og justering af ploven - såvel den bugserede som den ophængte - og demonstration af pløjerens kontrol med ploven under pløjningens udførelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1956

Indstilling af traktorplov


Mr. Soft Touch  é um filme noir estadunidense dirigido por Gordon Douglas e Henry Levin e estrelado por Glenn Ford e Evelyn Keyes. Foi lançado em 1 de agosto de 1949, pela Columbia Pictures.

Enredo
Pouco antes do Natal, o ex-soldado Joe Marvel volta para casa e descobre que mafiosos mataram seu parceiro, que dirige uma boate com ele. Para evitar o mesmo destino, ele retira US$ 100.000 de seu cofre e se refugia em uma colônia administrada por meninas. No entanto, uma reportagem leva bandidos a seguir seu rastro.

Elenco
 Glenn Ford ...Joe Miracle
 Evelyn Keyes ...Jenny Jones
 John Ireland ...Henry "Early" Byrd
 Beulah Bondi ...Clara Hangale
Percy Kilbride ...Rickle
 Clara Blandick ...Susan Balmuss
Ted de Corsia ...Rainey
Stanley Clements ...Yonzi
Roman Bohnen ...Barney Teener
Lora Lee Michel ...Sonya
Harry Shannon ...policial Garrett
Charles Trowbridge ...juiz Fuller (sem créditos)

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1949
Filmes dirigidos por Gordon Douglas
Filmes dirigidos por Henry Levin
Filmes ambientados em São Francisco (Califórnia)
Filmes com trilha sonora de Heinz Roemheld
Filmes noir
Filmes de drama dos Estados Unidos
Filmes policiais dos Estados Unidos
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes em língua inglesa

Mr. Soft Touch