Southern Illinois University (SIU or SIUC) is a public research university in Carbondale, Illinois. Chartered in 1869, SIU is the oldest and flagship campus of the Southern Illinois University system. SIU enrolls students from all 50 states and more than 100 countries. Originally founded as a normal college, the university today provides programs in a variety of disciplines, combining a strong liberal arts tradition with a focus on research. SIU was granted limited university status in 1943 and began offering graduate degrees in 1950. A separate campus was established in Edwardsville, Illinois in 1957, eventually becoming Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.

The university is known for its research partnerships, including those with the Argonne and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and NASA. The university is also home to hundreds of student organizations, twenty-seven fraternity and sorority chapters, and a nationally-recognized competitive flight team. SIU's intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Southern Illinois Salukis.

History

Southern Illinois Normal College was chartered by an act of the Twenty-Sixth Illinois General Assembly on March 9, 1869, the second state-supported normal school to be created in Illinois. Carbondale was selected to host the university and a cornerstone-laying ceremony was held on May 17, 1870. Various alternate sites for the university included Centralia and DuQuoin, among others. The accidental death of a site contractor and other delays prevented the university's opening until 1874. The first session of the university was a summer institute with eight faculty members and an enrollment of 53 students.

In 1876 SIU admitted its first African-American student, Alexander Lane. In 1878 SIU established a program for the Douglas Corps Cadets, beginning a relationship with ROTC programs which lasts into the present day. The original "Old Main" building was destroyed by fire in 1883, and a new one was built in the same spot. The university's first student newspaper, The Normal Gazette, was published in 1888 and its first yearbook, The Sphinx, in 1899. SIU's first sports teams, known as "the Maroons", formed in the 1913-1914 school year.

The Shryock Auditorium was completed in 1918 and dedicated by former U.S. President Taft with a speech in support of the on-going war effort. Post-war prosperity aided the university's growth, and by 1922 it enrolled over 1,000 students. Stagnation occurred with the onset of the Great Depression and the sudden deaths of university presidents Henry Shryock and Roscoe Pulliam. In 1943, SIU was granted limited university status to offer graduate degrees, and in 1947 the Illinois General Assembly officially adopted the name Southern Illinois University. Budget concerns and leadership challenges dogged the presidency of Chester F. Lay, Pulliam's successor, until his resignation in 1948. In that same year, the first formal research conducted at SIU began with Lay's appointment of geneticist Carl C. Lindegren.

Delyte W. Morris was inaugurated as SIU's president in 1949. Morris was SIU's longest-serving president, his 22-year tenure seeing the expansion and transformation of the university. New educational programs, administrative positions, and physical facilities were added, financed by a growth in student population and state-supported bonds. Housing and other amenities for students received particular focus. In 1957 a second campus of SIU was established at Edwardsville, near St. Louis. This school would develop into Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, now a public university within the SIU system.

President Morris left office in 1970. Formal explanations focused on Morris' declining health, but campus unrest due to the Vietnam War, the burning of the Old Main Building in 1969, financial scandals, and distrust amongst SIU's Board of Trustees are speculated to have played a role. The university continued to grow with the creation of law, medical, and dental schools in the early 1970s. Other achievements included the opening of the long-awaited recreation center in 1977, the foundation of Project Achieve by Barbara Kupiec in 1978, and the Saluki men's football team NCAA I-AA national football championship title win in 1983.

SIU's enrollment reached a record of 24,869 students in 1991, a time when SIU became notorious for its party school reputation. Tensions with the surrounding community resulted in a ban on Halloween celebrations in the mid-1990s as students living in university dormitories were sent home for the holiday. Funding issues stemming from Illinois' state budget crises, including the 2015-2017 budget impasse, and declining student enrollment exacerbated a situation made worse by the unexpected deaths of university presidents Paul Sarvela and Carlo Montemagno. In recent years, a focus on research, building renovations and expansions, and stabilizing enrollment numbers have improved the university's position. Student celebrations like the ones seen in Saturday Night Live's Roadshow have now largely been replaced with the traditions of "Unofficial Halloween", "Solar Bear", and "Polar Bear". Despite this, SIU was still named ninth in a list of "The Top 10 Schools that Party All Day, Everyday" by College Magazine in 2015.

Academic programs and rankings

Rankings

SIU offers 120 undergraduate majors, with more than 200 specializations, and over 100 minors. Its programs also include 80 master's degrees and 40 doctoral degrees, in addition to professional degrees in law and medicine. The university provides general and professional training ranging from two-year associate degrees to doctoral programs, as well as certificate and non-degree programs meeting the needs of those uninterested in degree education. SIU's full undergraduate program offerings are listed in its academic catalogue. Program accreditations are also listed on the same site.

SIU enrolls students from all 50 US states and over 100 other nations. The university is classified as a Doctoral/Research-Extensive University by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Learning. In 2022, The Princeton Review included SIU Carbondale among its "Best of the Midwest". In 2019, SIU was listed among College Gazette's "10 Best 'Hidden Gem' Public Universities in the U.S." SIU has also been recognized for its commitment to sustainability and diversity.

Academic colleges and schools
The various colleges, schools, and academic departments which make up SIU have been reorganized and renamed countless times since the university's founding. SIU's original designation as a teachers' college, or normal school, means many of its current academic programs can trace their establishment to a period before the creation of the college they belong to today. Only the College of Liberal Arts can trace an unbroken lineage to the year SIU was officially granted limited university status in 1943.

The College of Agricultural, Life, and Physical Sciences, and the College of Health and Human Sciences were created from the now-defunct College of Science, College of Agriculture, and College of Applied Science and Arts. The College of Engineering, Computing, Technology, and Math was originally created as the College of Engineering and Technology; the result of a protracted effort to create an independent engineering college. The most recent reordering occurred when the College of Mass Communications and Media Arts became the College of Arts and Media.

College of Agricultural, Life, and Physical Sciences
The College of Agricultural, Life, and Physical Sciences consists of six constituent schools and several pre-health professional programs. It is based in the Agricultural Building, which was constructed in 1957. The college offers experiential opportunities for students in the form of a 2,000+ acre working farm, tree improvement center, and other hands-on activities. SIU is the only public university in Illinois to offer a zoology program, and one of only two to offer programs in botany and microbiology.

College of Arts and Media
The College of Arts and Media consists of six constituent schools, including the School of Architecture, School of Music, and School of Journalism and Advertising. As a mixture of liberal arts and digital humanities, the College of Arts and Media combines practical education with programs catering to creative pursuits. SIU offers a number of programs associated with College of Arts and Media students, including the McLeod Summer Playhouse theatre series, the Southern Illinois Symphony Orchestra, and SIU's student newspaper, The Daily Egyptian.

College of Business and Analytics
The College of Business and Analytics consists of three constituent schools, focusing on three major areas of academic focus for the college: the School of Accountancy, the School of Analytics, Finance, and Economics, and the School of Management and Marketing. Due to its association with the College of Liberal Arts, the School of Analytics, Finance, and Economics offers a B.A. degree in economics, one of only a few B.S. programs at SIU to also offer a B.A. option. The college offers numerous research facilities, including a trading floor equipped with Bloomberg terminals. The Saluki Student Investment Fund, a student organization directed by the college, manages a $3.8 million portfolio for the university. The college also offers an online M.B.A. program that was ranked #58 in the nation in 2023.

College of Engineering, Computing, Technology, and Mathematics
The College of Engineering, Computing, Technology, and Mathematics consists of six constituent schools with a wide range of national accreditation. The college is housed in a modern four-building engineering complex located near Campus Lake. The college is one of the few institutions in the United States to offer a concurrent masters with a J.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Law. Students in the School of Computing can choose between a B.A. and a B.S. degree in Computer Science, with the option to focus on Graphic Design and/or Game Design and Development by completing a joint minor with the College of Arts and Media.

College of Health and Human Sciences
The College of Health and Human Sciences consists of seven constituent schools, with programs ranging from the School of Aviation and the School of Automotive to the School of Justice and Public Safety as well as the School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences. The polyglot nature of the college's programs means students of radiological science, paralegal studies, mortuary science, dental hygiene, and aviation flight all belong to the College of Health and Human Sciences. SIU's School of Aviation, which maintains separate facilities at the Transportation Education Center near Southern Illinois Airport, hosts the nationally recognized Flying Salukis.

College of Liberal Arts
The College of Liberal Arts consists of six constituent schools and a pre-law professional program. The college's programs are augmented with faculty-sponsored research experiences, the ability to mix and match majors and minors to suit preferences and needs, access to internships, study abroad opportunities, and the university honors program. Most of the college's classrooms and offices are found in Faner Hall, an iconic part of the SIU campus whose twisting hallways are explained on a specially maintained page on the college's website.

Campus
At the time of SIU's first class in 1874, the university consisted of one three-story building constructed between 1870 and 1874. Many of the university's first buildings were constructed as the university expanded throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s. Major additions were built during the 1960-70s and the 2000-10s. The age of the university is reflected in the various architectural styles on display, including examples of Victorian and Brutalist designs. In addition to its physical facilities, the campus boasts several areas of natural beauty, including Thompson Woods and Campus Lake. Various memorials, monuments, artistic structures, and other sites of interest are also present throughout the campus.

Student amenities

SIU offers a number of modern amenities for the benefit of its students. These include the Student Services Building, the Student Center, Morris Library, the Student Recreation Center, and the Student Health Center.

The Student Services Building contains most of the university's student-related offices. Spread across four floors, students have easy access to help and consultation from advisors at the Undergraduate Admissions Office, Graduate School, Financial Aid Office, University Housing, Career Development Center, and numerous other offices.

The Student Center is a large building near the center of campus which serves as a hub for events held by students and community members. Containing over eight and a half acres of space, the building hosts food vendors, dining and study spaces, a bowling alley and pool room, Esports Arena, the University Bookstore, Sustainability Hub, the Craft Shop, and the Saluki Food Pantry. It is the former home of the WIDB 104.3 FM student-run radio station. It is also the main meeting space for most of SIU's RSOs, as well as the Black Affairs Office, International Student Council, Student Programming Council, and both student governments.

The Student Recreation Center, or "Rec," is the university's primary hub for intramural and fitness activities. Most of the Rec's budget is raised by a student recreation fee included in students' fees, meaning individual students do not need to pay for entrance or membership. Other revenue generated by instructional programs, camps, and community citizens who pay for membership.Indoor facilities include an Olympic-sized pool, areas for basketball, volleyball, racquetball, handball, and squash, a two-story running track, rooms for weightlifting, martial arts, and aerobics, and programs for the disabled.

The Student Health Center is connected to the Student Recreation Center on the east side of campus. The 57,000-square-foot health center offers a medical clinic, pharmacy, wellness resources, psychiatry clinic, sports medicine and physical therapy, and counseling and psychological services. Community partners Southern Illinois Dermatology and the Marion Eye Center also provide services.

Instructional and research facilities
The majority of SIU's instructional and research facilities are enclosed on or within Lincoln Drive, which circles the university's main campus on three sides before connecting with South Illinois Avenue. As the university expanded, new buildings with similar academic purposes to existing buildings were often added in the same location. As such, most students of any of SIU's constituent colleges will only ever use a few of SIU's main buildings.

One of the more recognizable buildings on campus is Pulliam Hall, the home of the School of Education and the location of SIU's iconic clock tower. Pulliam was once known as Carbondale University High School, a functioning high school which served to train teachers. The College of Business occupies nearby Rehn Hall. The Neckers Building, Engineering Building, and Applied Sciences and Arts Building contain most of the university's physical and chemical laboratories as well as lecture halls. The Neckers Building hosts several large telescopes, facilitating regular viewings of astronomical events. The College of Liberal Arts primarily occupies Faner Hall, whose design and size have made it a controversial symbol of the campus. Allegations that Faner was built to be riot-proof are likely apocryphal; however it is true that Faner is almost thirty feet longer than the Titanic. Faner is also the home of the University Museum, which holds over 70,000 unique artifacts ranging from local history to original renaissance tapestries. Students of the agricultural sciences will spend their time in the Agricultural Building, which boasts an award-winning flower display and living wall. Students in the media arts occupy the Communications Building, which hosts the annual McLeod Summer Playhouse. SIU's Law School is situated in the Lesar Law Building at the extreme west end of the campus.

All of the buildings on the main campus are connected by footpaths, interspersed with small parks and green areas. More heavily trafficked paths are lit up with brighter lighting at night as a safety feature. Students who choose to drive on campus will need to purchase a parking sticker from SIU's Parking Division or else park at the pay station lot in front of the Student Center. Walking or biking is the preferred method of transport on-campus, although Carbondale and SIU entered into an agreement with Veo Scooters in 2022 to bring electric scooters to the campus during warmer months.

Morris Library is the main library for the Southern Illinois University Carbondale campus. The library holds four million volumes, 53,000 current periodicals and serials, and over 3.6 million microform units. It also provides access to the statewide automated library system (I-Share) and an array of online collections such as The Lancet, JSTOR, and The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The library is a member of the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois, Association of Research Libraries, and the Greater Western Library Alliance. SIU's Special Collections Research Center, which holds unique and rare historical artifacts, and the Geospatial Resources area, which holds over 255,000 maps and 93,000 aerial photographs, are maintained in the library. The library is a registered depository for Illinois, U.S. Federal, and United Nations documents. Delyte's, a coffee shop named after former SIU President Delyte W. Morris, operates near the entrance of the library.

Old campus

SIU's "First Building" was chartered in 1869 and completed in 1874. This building burned in 1883 and was replaced by a building known as "Old Main", which itself burned in 1969. While arson related to Vietnam War unrest continues to be suspected as the primary cause for the 1969 fire, this theory has never been conclusively proven. This second building was never replaced, and a rectangular green space remains where it once stood. This space is surrounded by some of the university's earliest buildings, most of which were built throughout the early 1900s. Collectively, this area of campus is known as "Old Campus".

To the east of the former site of Old Main is Davies Hall and Wheeler Hall, the latter of which served as SIU's library until the construction of the original Morris Library. On the west side is Altgeld Hall, Shryock Auditorium, and the Allyn Building. Altgeld Hall, which served as the university's science and astronomy building before being given to the School of Music, is affectionately known as "The Castle" due to its distinctive design. Similar buildings exist on four other Illinois university campuses, having been built with the funding and direction of Illinois governor John Altgeld. Shryock Auditorium is a large performance hall capped by an iconic domed roof, which was once made entirely of stained glass. The Auditorium was completed in 1918 and is named for SIU's fifth President, Henry Shryock. On the south side of the old campus area is Anthony Hall and Parkinson Laboratory. Anthony Hall was the university's first permanent dormitory structure; today it serves as an administrative office for executive staff. Being a women's dormitory, it is named in honor of Susan B. Anthony. Parkinson Laboratory is named for the university's fourth president, Daniel Parkinson, and has served continuously as the home of SIU's geology department.

Near the Old Campus area is the Old Baptist Foundation building and Woody Hall. The former building is now used as a recital hall and the meeting place of SIU's musical fraternity, while the latter building was completed in the early 1950s to take over Anthony Hall's role as SIU's permanent women's dormitory. Woody Hall today serves as an administrative office space and alumni center.

Natural scenery

SIU's campus has been recognized for its natural beauty. The most striking natural feature of the university is Campus Lake, formerly Thompson Lake, which is a 40-acre spring lake at the southwest end of the campus. The lake has been closed to swimmers for several years due to health concerns, but remains open to canoes and kayaks. In addition to this, the lake is ringed by a 2-mile walking trail popular with joggers and a large frisbee golf course. At the center of the campus is Thompson Woods, an area of natural woodlands crisscrossed by walking paths. The Thompson Woods is a completely natural area which was given to the university as a gift from the eponymous Thompson family, which once owned the woods and surrounding campus areas.

The Dorothy Morris Garden, Kumakura Garden, and Sculpture Garden are a collection of small gardens behind Faner hall. They include a tea house, fish pond, and numerous student-created sculptures. The gardens are located roughly on the former site of the home of Dorothy and Delyte Morris, SIU's eighth president. SIU's Rinella Field, a large green area in front of the East Campus residential area, is named after former Director of Housing Samuel Rinella. The field is often used for impromptu soccer matches as well as SIU's Quidditch team.

SIU's campus is located near Giant City State Park, Shawnee National Forest, and several other areas popular for hiking and camping. The campus also maintains a tagged category of its diverse tree inventory, which includes a rare Dawn Redwood planted in 1950 by William Marberry.

Former facilities
There are a number of derelict facilities on or related to the SIU campus which can still be visited by students. Just west of the Thompson Point housing area sits the remains of the Small Group Housing area, otherwise known as Greek Row. The set of two-story housing structures was originally built to provide safe housing space for the university's growing fraternities and sororities, but this system largely collapsed in later decades. Southern Hills, another abandoned housing area, can be found just south of the East Campus towers along Logan Dr.

Further south of the university at the meeting of E. Pleasant Hill Road and S. Wall St. is the abandoned Marberry Arboretum. Known today by students as the "Bamboo Forest" due to its abundance of overgrown bamboo, the Marberry Arboretum was once owned by SIU faculty member William Marberry. The site contains a wide variety of plant species, but has not been regularly maintained by the Carbondale City Council.

Two completely demolished sites include the blue barracks and the Vocational Technical Institute.

Athletics

Southern Illinois University's intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Southern Illinois Salukis. The university first sponsored athletic teams during the 1913–14 school year, when they were informally known as the Maroons. Students and faculty began lobbying for a new name and mascot during the late 1940s. On March 19, 1951, the student body voted to change the official name to the Salukis. The selection of the Saluki, a royal dog of ancient Egypt, as the university's mascot is often attributed to its reputation as a fast and tenacious hunter and the southern Illinois region's colloquial nickname, "Little Egypt". The first women's sports teams were formed in 1959, and all athletics programs were merged in 1988.

SIU is classified as an NCAA Division I school. Most varsity SIU teams compete in the Missouri Valley Conference, specifically in basketball, cross country, golf, softball, women's swimming, women's tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The football program competes in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. Men's swimming and diving is part of the Mid-American Conference.

Between the spring of 2018 and the fall of 2019, SIU athletics was led by three-time national coach-of-the-year Jerry Kill. He was replaced by Liz Jarnigan, who left the university in 2021 amid an alleged cover-up scandal. As of 2022, SIU's athletics director is Tim Leonard, former athletics director for Towson University.

Athletic highlights
 8 National Championships in men's gymnastics (1963, 1966, 1967, 1972), men's golf (1964), men's tennis (1964), men's basketball (1967, NIT Championship), and football (1983)
 53 Olympians including 3 silver medalists and 13 top-ten individual finishes
 102 All-Time CSC Academic All-Americans, leading the Missouri Valley Conference
 42 NFL players, 9 NBA players, 25 MLB players
 In baseball, finished second place in the National Championship in 1968 and 1971
In men's basketball, advanced to the NCAA tournament for six straight seasons between 2002 and 2007, including two trips to the Sweet Sixteen
In women's basketball, was Missouri Valley Conference champions in 2007 and in 2022
In football, was in the playoffs for seven straight years between 2003 and 2009, and advanced to the quarterfinals of the playoffs four times in five years from 2005 to 2009
In softball, has thirteen NCAA appearances and six conference championships, the most recent of which occurred in 2021

Facilities
 Saluki Stadium was opened in 2010 to replace McAndrew Stadium, which had served as SIU's principal football stadium for 73 seasons. The $29.9 million stadium has a seating capacity of over 15,000. Coors Light, the official beer of ESPN's College Gameday, began being sold in the stadium in 2017.
 The Banterra Center, formerly the SIU Arena prior to 2019, is the home of SIU men's and women's basketball. The 8,284-seat arena was built in 1964 and underwent a $30 million renovation in 2010.
 Charlotte West Stadium is SIU's modern softball field and stadium. It was constructed for $1.7 million and opened in 2003. It hosted the Missouri Valley Conference in 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016.
 Davies Gym was built in 1925 and is located on the original main campus of SIU. The facility has been renovated several times, and is currently the home of SIU's volleyball program.
 The Dr. Edward J. Shea Natatorium opened in 1977 and is one of the most modern facilities in the Missouri Valley Conference. It features a 770,000 gallon Olympic-sized pool with three underwater viewing stations, underwater speakers, Colorado electronic timing system, rapid sand filter system, and a closed gutter filtration system. The pool is located within the Student Recreation Center near campus.
 Richard "Itchy" Jones Stadium opened in 2014 for the use of the Salukis baseball team. The $4.2 million stadium replaced Abe Martin Field, which was built in 1964. The stadium is the first in the United States to install Astro Turf's new 3Di on the base paths. Richard "Itchy" Jones and Abe Martin are both commemorated for their contributions to SIU athletics.
 Lew Hartzog Track & Field Complex opened in 2012 and is located directly next to Itchy Jones Stadium. The complex cost $3.96 million and its multi-event synthetic turf infield can be set to accommodate an NCAA regulation soccer pitch or football field. The field is regularly used by the women's soccer team.

Student life
SIU has a vibrant student culture and is home to more than 300 Registered Student Organizations (RSOs). Student groups include honor societies, sports clubs, fraternities and sororities, religious organizations, student governments, and other special interest groups. The largest RSO on campus is the Student Programming Council, which organizes events such as concerts, comedy shows, lectures, film showings, and homecoming celebrations.

On-campus housing

On-campus housing at SIU has developed steadily from the completion of a second women's dormitory in 1953 to the expansive system of tower blocks and apartment buildings that exists today. Housing is provided in residence halls and apartments both on and near campus. Different housing opportunities are offered to undergraduates, graduates, international students, parents, and married couples.

The two main residence hall areas are known as East Campus and West Campus. West Campus, also known as Thompson Point, consists of 11 three-story dormitory structures and was built between 1957 and 1962. East Campus, also known as the Brush Towers, consists of 3 seventeen-story high rises and was built between 1965 and 1968. Each site also includes a commons building and dining hall. The traditional housing contract includes a furnished room, WiFi, utilities, and a dining plan. Residence hall rooms are fully furnished, and many have been modified to meet the needs of specific types of disability. Apartment housing is available at Evergreen Terrace, Wall & Grand, and Elizabeth Apartments.

All single students under the age of 21, not residing with their parents or legal guardians, with fewer than 26 credit hours earned after high school are required to live in University-owned and operated residence halls per university policy. This policy can be circumvented if the student is living in the permanent home of a parent or guardian, provided the home is within 60 miles of campus. Furthermore, university apartment housing is restricted to those students who are married, parents, graduate students, or who are over the age of 21; the effect of this policy means that freshmen and sophomore students often live in dormitories, while older students reside in on and off-campus apartments.

Student government
SIU has two primary bodies of student government responsible for advising the SIU administration on student needs. The student governments are also responsible for distributing funds collected from the student activity fee to eligible RSOs. The two student governments are:

 The Undergraduate Student Government (USG)
 The Graduate and Professional Student Council (GPSC)

Additionally, one student is elected as a student trustee and appointed by the governor to serve as a voting member of the SIU Board of Trustees.

Greek life
SIU is home to 17 registered fraternities and 10 registered sororities, including 7 multicultural fraternities and sororities. The Greek organizations are governed by the Interfraternity Council, The College Panhellenic Association, The Multicultural Greek Council, and the National Pan-Hellenic Council. They are responsible to the dean of students and the Office of Student Affairs. Popular events held by Greek organizations include the Go Greek Barbecue and the annual "Greek Sing" talent contest.

All members of the Greek organizations at SIU must maintain a 2.0 GPA or higher to be members. The university rigorously restricts hazing and discriminatory induction practices. The first fraternity and sorority appeared on SIU's campus in 1923, although the introduction, chartering, and growth of many of the Greek groups on-campus today occurred during or after the 1940s.

Student newspaper
SIU's student-run newspaper, The Daily Egyptian, has been printed without interruption since the spring of 1921. The Daily Egyptian is published weekly in print and online during the fall and spring semesters. It has a distribution of 7,800 copies and reaches nearly 200 locations. The paper has received more than 25 awards from the Illinois College Press Association. In 2002 it received the National Newspaper Pacemaker Award for General Excellence, and in 2017 and 2018 it received the National Online Pacemaker Award. The Daily Egyptian was one of only a few university newspapers in the United States to own and operate its own printing press. The press was retired in 2015 after nearly 50 years of continuous service.

Gus Bode, a cartoon character created to give satirical commentary on the paper's articles, has appeared regularly in the paper since 1956.

Past editions of The Daily Egyptian and other SIU student newspapers going back to 1888 are maintained on-campus by Morris Library.

Saluki patrol
Founded in 1959, the Saluki Patrol is one of the oldest student security teams in the country. Organized as a form of community policing, the Saluki Patrol assists the Department of Public Safety in their duties by performing foot patrols, conducting traffic enforcement, and serving as crowd control. Members of the Saluki Patrol can often be seen on-campus in the evenings and at major on-campus sporting events.

The Saluki Patrol has continued to evolve and become more professional, with personnel receiving some of the same police training as sworn officers. Many leaders in the law enforcement community both locally and at the state and federal level began their careers as a Saluki Patrol.

Cardboard boat regatta

The Great Cardboard Boat Regatta is an event held every spring semester at Campus Lake. Participants include university students and community members. The goal is to complete three trips around a 200-yard course on the lake using makeshift cardboard boats. There are three different categories for entries: canoes or kayaks, experimental boats, and instant boats (boats created on-site the day of the event).

"Commodore" Richard Archer, a professor of Art and Design, created the regatta as a final examination for students in his freshman design class in 1974. Archer was inspired by Buckminster Fuller, then a distinguished professor at SIU, who had espoused the principle of "doing the most with the least." Participation peaked in the late 1980s and 90s, drawing crowds upwards of 20,000 people and receiving coverage on CNN's Good Morning America.

Saluki startup and weeks of welcome
The Saluki Startup & Weeks of Welcome are held during the first five weeks of the fall semester and include a range of activities designed to introduce new students to campus. Events include job fairs, theater and orchestra auditions, a pep rally, paint and sips, concerts, RSO fairs, a pickleball tournament, board game nights, and organized meetups between the students and faculty of each college.

These events coincide with the DuQuoin State Fair and the annual football game between SIU and SEMO, called the "War for the Wheel". Both of these events are attended by SIU students as part of the Weeks of Welcome.

Competitive teams and professional student organizations

 Flying Salukis Flight Team – The Flying Salukis is one of the premier competitive flight teams in the United States. They took first place in the National Intercollegiate Flying Association (NIFA) – regional competition for 7 consecutive years (2011-2017). At the NIFA national championships in 2015, the Flying Salukis won the team's ninth national title. The team has consistently beaten or tied other nationally ranked schools, including the United States Air Force Academy. , the team had qualified for the national championships in 49 of the last 50 years.
 Saluki Debate Team – The Saluki Debate Team is an internationally recognized award-winning debate team. Under the direction of debate coach Todd Graham, SIU won the National Parliamentary Tournament of Excellence in 2008, 2013, and 2015. The team also won the National Parliamentary Debate Association National Tournament in 2013 and 2014. They were ranked first in the country over the course of the 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 seasons.
 Alt.news 26:46 – SIU's award-winning half-hour alternative TV news magazine. Alt news received an Emmy in the magazine news program category at the 2010 National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Mid-America Regional Chapter Emmy Awards in St. Louis.
 Forestry Club – SIU's Forestry Club is one of the university's many competitive registered student organizations. The Forestry Club was the STIHL Timbersports Midwestern Forester's Conclave champion every year from 1992 to 2009 and once more in 2017, competing in events such as pulp toss, bolt toss, log roll, and axe throw.
 American Marketing Association Team – SIU's American Marketing Association Team is a registered student organization in the College of Business and Analytics. The team won national recognition in 2020 by competing in the American Marketing Association Collegiate Case Competition.
 Equestrian Team – SIU's Equestrian Team is a registered student organization for students interested in equitation activities. The Equestrian Team competes in many competitions, including those hosted by the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association.
 Rover Team – SIU's Rover or "Moonbuggy" Team is a registered student organization in the College of Engineering Computing, Technology, and Mathematics. The organization competes in the Human Exploration Rover Challenge, previously known as the Moonbuggy Race, sponsored annually by NASA in Huntsville, AL. The team placed in the top ten during the 2016 competition.
 Saluki CFA Challenge Team – The CFA Challenge Team is a group of students chosen to compete in the CFA Institute Research Challenge. The CFA Challenge Team finished in second place at the St. Louis regional competition between 2016 and 2018 and won the competition in 2021.
Steel Bridge and Concrete Canoe Team – SIU engineering students compete in steel bridge and concrete canoe competitions hosted by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Medieval Combat Club – The Medieval Combat Club is a registered student organization and member of the Belegarth Medieval Combat Society. The club is a full contact combat sport with medieval fantasy inspiration, and competes in competition with other local universities, such as University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Saluki Student Investment Fund – The Saluki Student Investment Fund provides undergraduate students with hands-on experience in portfolio management and investment research. Since its inception in 2000, the fund has grown to manage well over $3.5 million in assets in 2021.

Leadership
Systems of administration at SIU have greatly evolved since the university's earliest days. The growth of the university after the appointment of President Delyte Morris led to shorter tenures and a speedier succession of leaders. Many of SIU's Chancellors after this period were selected to serve in an interim capacity, a problem which persists in limited cases to this day. The early deaths of Chancellors Paul D. Sarvela and Carlo Montemagno only exacerbated this issue. The hiring of Austin Lane to fill the position of Chancellor in 2020 ended the succession issues that began after Chancellor Rita Cheng left to become President of Northern Arizona University.

The discrepancy between the title of President and Chancellor began after the founding of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville in 1957, along with the proliferation of associated schools and programs that were created under the tenure of SIU President Delyte Morris. Currently, both SIU Carbondale and SIU Edwardsville are led by Chancellors, who in turn report to the President of the Southern Illinois University System. The current SIU System President is Daniel F. Mahoney.

Many of the buildings on the SIU campus are named after former Presidents and Chancellors. These include the Allyn Building, the Parkinson Laboratory, the Shryock Auditorium, the Pulliam Hall and the Pulliam Industrial Education Building, the Morris Library, the Hiram H. Lesar Law Building, and the Guyon Auditorium in Morris Library.

Notable alumni

There are currently over 250,000 alumni of Southern Illinois University Carbondale worldwide.
Notable SIU alumni include:

 Lionel Antoine – Former NFL offensive tackle
 Houston Antwine – Former NFL defensive lineman
 Charles Basch – Professor of health education at Teachers College, Columbia University
 James Belushi – Actor and comedian, star of According to Jim, Saturday Night Live, and other films
 Jim Bittermann – CNN European correspondent based in Paris
 Gus Bode – Satirical news commentator and amateur comedian
 Frederick J. Brown – Artist
 Amos Bullocks – Former NFL running back
 Hannibal Buress – Stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and producer
 Chris Carr – Former NBA player
 Jeremy Chinn – NFL safety for the Carolina Panthers
Kim Chizevsky-Nicholls – IFBB pro bodybuilder
 Bill Christine – Sportswriter, author, and thoroughbred horse racing executive
Sam Coonrod – MLB pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies
 Randy Daniels – Former Secretary of State of New York
 Don S. Davis – Actor and theater professor best known for his role as "General Hammond" on the TV series Stargate SG-1
 Open Mike Eagle – Hip hop artist and comedian
 Lee England Jr. – Musician and concert violinist
 Lee Feinswog – Author and TV host
 Steve Finley – Former Major League Baseball center fielder, 5-time Gold Glove winner, and 2-time All-Star, World Series Champion
 Stephen Franklin – Former NFL Linebacker
 Dennis Franz – Actor best known for his work on NYPD Blue
 Walt Frazier – Basketball Hall of Fame inductee named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History
 Julio M. Fuentes – Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 Jerry Hairston Jr. – Former MLB player
 Jim Hart – Former NFL quarterback and 4-time Pro Bowl selection
 Joan Higginbotham – Engineer and NASA astronaut
 Kevin House – Former NFL wide receiver
 Mary Lee Hu – Artist and goldsmith
 Troy Hudson – Former NBA point guard
 Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq – Pakistani politician and son of former President General Zia-ul-Haq
 Brandon Jacobs – NFL running back
 Steve James – Two-time Oscar nominated film producer
 Curt Jones – Founder of Dippin' Dots
 Darryl Jones – Bassist of The Rolling Stones
 Yonel Jourdain – NFL running back for the Buffalo Bills
 Deji Karim – NFL running back for the Jacksonville Jaguars
 Rodney P. Kelly – Retired United States Air Force Major General
Timothy Krajcir – Serial killer
 Tony Laubach – Meteorologist and storm chaser featured on Discovery Channel's Storm Chasers as a researcher with TWISTEX
 Al Levine – Former MLB player
 Milcho Manchevski – Filmmaker of Macedonia's first Oscar-nominated film
 Adrian Matejka – Poet, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, and recipient of the National Book Award in poetry
 Carl Mauck – Former NFL center
 Jenny McCarthy – Actress, model, and television host
 Melissa McCarthy – Actress, comedian, writer, and producer
 Donald McHenry – United States ambassador to the United Nations (1979–1981)
 Travis Morgan – Former USA power lifter
 Brett James McMullen – Retired United States Air Force Brigadier General
 Albert E. Mead – Former Governor of Washington
 Bryan Mullins – Former men's basketball star and current head coach of the Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball team
 Gary Noffke – Artist and silversmith
 Bob Odenkirk – Actor and comedian best known for his role as Saul Goodman/Jimmy McGill on AMC's series Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul
 Glenn Poshard – Illinois State Senator and United States Congressman
 Sir Curtis Price, KBE – President of the Royal Academy of Music and former president of the Royal Musical Association
 James F. Rea – Illinois State Representative and Senator
 Jason Ringenberg – Founding member of Jason & the Scorchers
 Richard Roundtree – Actor best known for his work in the 1971 film Shaft
 Marion Rushing – Former NFL linebacker
 John F. "Jack" Sandner – Attorney, commodities trader, and former chairman of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
 Randy Savage – Professional wrestler; graduated 1971
 Bart Scott – NFL Pro Bowl player
 Jared Yates Sexton – Author, political commentator, and creative writing professor
 Derek Shelton – MLB manager for the Pittsburgh Pirates
 Sam Silas – NFL Pro Bowl player
 Chad Simpson – Micro Award-winning short and flash fiction author
 Marilyn Skoglund – Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 Russ Smith – Former NFL guard
 Jackie Spinner – Author, journalist, and war-time correspondent
 Dave Stieb – Retired MLB pitcher, 7-time All-Star, pitched no-hitter on September 2, 1990
 Joe Swanberg – Independent filmmaker with notable filmography in the mumblecore sub-genre
 Lena Taylor – Wisconsin Democratic State Senator and member of the Wisconsin 14
 Terry Taylor – Former NFL cornerback
 Mallica Vajrathon – United Nations senior staff member
 Chico Vaughn – Basketball player
 George Vukovich – Baseball player
 Robert K. Weiss  – Producer of The Blues Brothers and other films
 Ernie Wheelwright – Former NFL running back
 Adrian White – Former NFL safety
 Walt Willey – Actor best known for his work on All My Children
 David Wong – Author and online personality

Notable faculty

Robert Corruccini – Distinguished Professor and 1994 Outstanding Scholar; taught from 1978 to 2011 in the College of Liberal Arts, Department of Anthropology; known for his expertise in dental anthropology and epidemiology, formulating a theory of malocclusion
David F. Duncan – Professor of Health Education and 1984 Teacher of the Year; taught from 1978 to 1989; established the Ph.D. program in community health and the masters in health care administration; later served as a policy advisor in the Clinton White House
Buckminster Fuller – Taught at SIUC 1959–1970; began as an assistant professor in the School of Art and Design and gained full professorship in 1968; known for his geodesic dome design
Robert S. Gold – Professor of Health Education; pioneer of computer programs for health education and public health; Executive Vice President of Macro International; founding Dean of the University of Maryland School of Public Health
 Michael D. Higgins – Visiting Professor; Politician, Sociologist and President of Ireland
 L. Brent Kington – Art educator and artist who worked in blacksmithing and sculpture; widely regarded as responsible for the blacksmithing revival in the 1970s
 William M. Lewis Sr. – Director of the Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit 1950–1983 (now called the Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center); Chair of the Department of Zoology; President of the American Fisheries Society; received the American Fisheries Society Award of Excellence in 1995
 Fazley Bary Malik – Professor of theoretical nuclear and atomic physics from 1980 to 2014; Max Planck Societies Senior Fellow (1976 - 1977); Fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (since 2002); John Wheatley Award by American Physical Society in 2007
 William Marberry – Assistant Professor of Botany from 1939 onward; noted local conservationist and creator of the Marberry Arboretum; secured a specimen of the endangered Dawn Redwood after its discovery in China in 1945 which still thrives on the SIU campus today
 Harry T. Moore – Professor of English and famed biographer of D.H. Lawrence; author of several books on national literature of the 20th century; namesake of the Moore Auditorium
 Richard Russo – Taught in the English department when his first novel was published in 1986; wrote Nobody's Fool and the Pulitzer Prize-winning Empire Falls, both of which were adapted for the screen and starred Paul Newman
 Paul Arthur Schilpp – Noted philosopher and educator; instructed general studies courses in philosophy; founding editor of the Library of Living Philosophers
 Alan Schoen – Discoverer of the gyroid
 Paul Martin Simon – Taught politics, history, and journalism; Illinois state representative, senator, and lieutenant governor; United States representative and senator; director of the SIU Public Policy Institute (now the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute)
 Nicholas Vergette – Professor of Art and noted potter and sculptor; part of the British sculpting group named the "Piccassettes"
 Marianne Webb – Professor in the School of Music teaching organ and music theory as a nationally recognized concert organist; chapter dean and member of the American Guild of Organists; designer and namesake of the Marianne Webb organ in Shryock Auditorium on the SIU campus

See also

 Alt.news 26:46
 Southern Illinois University Press
 WSIU-TV
 List of monuments and memorials on the SIU-C Campus

References

External links

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Southern Illinois University Carbondale


Cauza Pierdută a Confederației, cunoscută și sub denumirea de Cauza Pierdută, este o mișcare ideologică care descrie cauza Statelor Confederate ca fiind una eroică. Ideologia susține așa-zisele virtuți ale Sudului antebelic și consideră Războiul Civil American drept o luptă onorabilă a cărei scop era protejarea stilului de viață sudist. Adepții mișcării minimalizează sau neagă rolul sclaviei în conflict.

Ideologia Cauzei Pierdute sintetizează numeroase idei. Adepții acesteia susțin că sclavia nu a reprezentat principala cauză a Războiului Civil și afirmă că puțini academicieni au considerat-o astfel înainte de 1950. Pentru a putea obține o astfel de concluzie, aceștia ignoră declarațiile de secesiune, declarațiile membrilor care au părăsit Congresul pentru a se alătura Confederației și tratamentul sclavilor în Constituția Confederată. Concomitent, aceștia neagă sau minimalizează scrierile și discursurile - precum Discursul Cornerstone - din timpul războiului ale liderilor confederați care susțineau perspectivele postbelice. Susținătorii consideră secesiunea ca fiind o modalitate de apărare a stilului de viață în fața agresorilor nordici și menționează că amenințarea a încălcat drepturile statelor garantate prin Constituție. Statele considerau că au dreptul să părăsească uniunea, fapt negat de partea nordică. Cauza Pierdută portretiza Sudul ca fiind mai dedicat valorilor creștine decât lacomul Nord. Sclavia era binevoitoare și nu crudă, fiind o modalitate prin sclavii erau "civilizați" și învățați ideile de bază ale creștinismului. Povestirile care aveau ca subiect "sclavi fericiți" erau utilizate ca propagandă împotriva aboliționismului. De asemenea, comportamentul proprietarilor de sclavi era descris în termeni pozitivi. Cu privire la pierderea războiului, simpatizanții mișcării afirmă că principalul factor nu a fost calitatea inferioară a liderilor sau pregătirea soldaților, ci superioritatea industriei yankeilor. La apogeul puterii militare în 1863, soldații uniunii i-au depășit numeric pe cei confederați, iar din punct de vedere financiar, aceștia aveau de trei ori mai multe depozite bancare decât confederații.

Criticii ideologiei au declarat că supremacismul alb este o trăsătură esențială a idealurilor Cauzei Pierdute. Susținătorii portretizează de obicei cauza confederată drept nobilă și pe conducătorii acesteia exemple demne de urmat în materie de onoare și cavalerism; înfrângerea a survenit ca urmare a superiorității numerice și industriale care a copleșit superioritatea militară și curajul statelor sudice. În același timp, aceștia condamnă Reconstrucția care a urmat Războiului Civil pe motiv că a fost o încercare a politicienilor din nord și a speculanților de a distruge stilul tradițional de viață al sudiștilor. În ultimele decade, temele Cauzei Pierdute au fost puternic promovate de mișcarea neoconfederată prin intermediul cărților, op-eds-urilor și revistelor (Southern Partisan). Mișcarea Cauzei Pierdute a contribuit la păstrarea relațiilor de gen tradiționale și la realizarea a numeroase monumente comemorative și chiar atitudini religioase.

Istoric

Secolul XIX
O mare parte din populația albă din Sudul Statelor Unite a avut de suferit din punct de vedere economic, emoțional și psihologic ca urmare a înfrângerii Confederației. În perioada antebelică, mândri de bogata lor tradiție militară și de respectul pe care îl purtau față de conceptul de "onoare", sudiștii erau siguri că vor câștiga războiul. Odată învinși, comunitățile albe, care nu puteau suporta această povară, au început să arunce vina pe diferiți factori pe care nu-i putea controla, precum forțele armate copleșitoare.

Gary W. Gallagher, profesor al Universității din Virginia, menționa că:Arhitecții Cauzei Pierdute au fost motivați de anumite motive. Aceștia au încerca să-și justifice faptele și să-și îngăduie lor înșiși și celorlalți soldați ai Confederației să găsească ceva pozitiv în acest eșec. De asemenea, aceștia doreau să le transmită proprilor odrasle și viitoarelor generații de sudiști albi o variantă "corectă" a războiului.Cauza Pierdută a devenit o parte esențială a procesului de împăcare dintre Nord și Sud în jurul anului 1900 și a contribuit la  stabilirea zilei de comemorare a celor căzuți în Războiul Civil pentru sudiștii albi. United Daughters of the Confederacy reprezintă o organizație majoră care a fost asociată cu ideile Cauzei Pierdute de peste un secol.

Rollin G. Osterweis, profesor de istorie în cadrul Universității Yale, rezumă esența "Cauzei Pierdute":Legenda Cauzei Pierdute a apărut sub forma unei expresii care îngloba deznădejdea unui popor învins a cărui identitate a fost pierdută. Aceasta descria un peisaj presărat cu figuri ale trecutului: colonistul-cavaler; Southern belle; bunul veteranul confederat, cândva un războinic în șa și amabilul Unchi Remus. Toate acestea, deși expuse repede într-o lumină pozitivă, au devenit realitate pentru oamenii din Sud care au considerat simbolurile utile în reconstruirea civilizației lor distruse. Au răspândit idealurile Vechiului Sud și au conferit o oarecare alinare Noului.Gaines Foster, profesor de istorie al Universității din Louisiana, a afirmat în 2013 că:Academicienii au ajuns la un oarecare acord în privința rolul pe care Cauza Pierdută l-a jucat în acești ani, deși volumul de cunoștințe obținut despre acest subiect este încă contestat. Majoritatea sudiștilor albi sunt de acord că s-au depus eforturi imense în sărbătorirea liderilor și soldaților Confederației accentuând faptul că și-au conservat propria onoare și pe cea a Sudului.Termenul Cauza Pierdută a apărut pentru prima dată în titlul unei lucrări din 1866 intitulată The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates. Redactată de ajutorul și jurnalistul Edward A. Pollard, aceasta promovează o mare parte din ideile anterior menționate. Pollard subevalua cruzimea sclaviei, considerând-o o modalitate prin care viața africanilor ar putea fi ameliorată și respinge ideea că dreptul de a deține sclavi a reprezentat o cauză a războiului:Nu vom discuta statutul moral al sclaviei. Însă vom putea pune la îndoială utilitatea odiosului termen de "sclavie", impus lumii de multă vreme de către exagerările scriitorilor nordici, utilizat în sistemul de robie din Sud, cel mai blând dintre toate; fundamentat nu pe fapte înjositoare și lipsire de drepturi, ci pe fapte care au condus la progresul Africanului și a fost în interesul ameliorării umane; și care, conform legilor, i-a protejat viața și drepturile personale acestuia și, conform reglementărilor sistemului, îi acordă o serie de privilegii care la rândul lor îl transformă în cel mai frapant individ din această lume a voioșiei și mulțumirii.Totuși, articolele redactate de generalul Jubal A. Early în anii 1870 pentru Southern Historical Society au fost cele care au solidificat fundamentul Cauzei Pierdute și au transformat-o într-un fenomen cultural și literar. Publicarea lucrării The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government în 1881 de către Jefferson Davis - care argumenta în două volume cauza Sudul - a furnizat un alt text important pentru istoria Cauzei Pierdute. Davis a învinuit inamicul pentru "toată vărsarea de sânge, toate distrugerile sau șocul resimțit de guvernul republican". I-a acuzat pe yankei că au luptat "cu o ferocitate care încălcau toate legile conflictelor civilizate". Cu privire la sclavie, Davis a precizat că aceasta contribuia la civilizarea sclavului cu ajutorul "artelor păcii, ordinii și civilizației", iar aceștia erau mulțumiți cu statutul lor de sclavi.

Există posibilitatea ca perspectivele sale să fi fost influențate de generalul Robert E. Lee. După transmiterea ordinului de rămas-bun armatei statului Virginia de Nord, acesta și-a consolat soldații menționându-le "numerele și resursele copleșitoare" împotriva cărora a luptat Confederația. Într-o scrisoare către Early, Lee i-a solicitat informații privitoare la puterea inamicului din mai 1864 până în aprilie 1865, perioadă în care armata sa era implicată într-o luptă cu Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (Campaniile Overland și Richmond–Petersburg). Acesta i-a transmis că "Singurul meu obiectiv este să transmit, dacă se poate, adevărul posterității și să fac dreptate soldaților nostru curajoși". Într-o altă scrisoare, Lee a cerut "statistici" cu privire la numărul soldaților și proprietăților distruse pentru a demonstra discrepanța dintre forțele unioniste și cele confederate. Concomitent, Lee a menționat că "va fi dificil să-i fac pe ceilalți să înțeleagă sorții de izbândă pe care i-am avut". Acesta a declarat în legătură cu articolele din presă care-l considerau vinovat de pierderea războiului că "Nu am încercat să observ sau să corectez denaturarea vorbelor și faptelor mele. Vom fi răbdători și vom suferi pentru un timp... În momentul de față, public nu este pregătit să afle adevărul". Toate aceste subiecte au fost răspândite de Early și de scriitorii Cauzei Pierdute pe parcursul secolului XIX; acestea și-au găsit adepți și pe durata secolului XX.

În noiembrie 1868, generalul armatei SUA George Henry Thomas, născut în Virginia și a servit în armata unionistă, și-a notat eforturile pe care foștii confederați le făceau pentru a pune într-o lumină mai bună Confederația:Cele mai mari eforturi depuse de insurgenți de la încheierea războiului au fost legate de promovarea ideii că libertatea, dreptatea, umanitatea, egalitatea și toată mulțimea de virtuți au suferit din cauza pierderii războiului de independență. Afirmațiile sunt, desigur, ipocrite; prin intermediul lor trădarea a fost poleită cu un fals patriotism, astfel încât vinovații, cei care au întreprins revolta, să rămână în istorie ca egali ai celor care au apărat guvernul, spălându-se astfel pe mâini. O specie de iertare de sine incredibil de impertinentă, în special dacă luăm în calcul faptul că viața și proprietatea nu le-au fost pretinse.George Henry Thomas, Noiembrie 1868Asociații comemorative precum United Confederate Veterans, United Daughters of the Confederacy și Ladies' Memorial Association au integrat subiectul Cauzei Pierdute în programele lor care îi ajutau pe albii cu simpatii confederate să facă față schimbărilor din perioada Reconstrucției. Aceste instituții încă funcționează, iar urmașii soldaților sudiști continuă să frecventeze întâlnirile.În 1879, John McElroy a publicat Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons, lucrare în care se critica în termeni duri modul în care erau tratați soldații Confederației; acesta a precizat în mod indirect în prefață că mitologia Confederației era bine fundamentată și orice criticism la adresa acesteia erau privit cu dispreț:Sunt conștient că tot conținutul va fi negat vehement. Sunt pregătit pentru asta. În copilărie am fost martor al sălbăticiei campaniilor pentru sclavie - în tinerețe am simțit ferocitatea urii îndreptate spre toți cei care susțineau Națiunea. Știu că furia iadului nu se compară cu dușmănia pe care ți-o poartă cei care nu vor să audă adevărul.

Referințe

Bibliografie

 Bailey, Fred Arthur. "The Textbooks of the" Lost Cause": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories." Georgia Historical Quarterly (1991): 507–33. in JSTOR
 Bailey, Fred Arthur. "Free Speech and the Lost Cause in the Old Dominion." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography (1995): 237–66. in JSTOR
 Barnhart, Terry A. Albert Taylor Bledsoe: Defender of the Old South and Architect of the Lost Cause (Louisiana State University Press; 2011) 288 pages
 Blight, David W. (2001). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00332-2.
 Boccardi, Megan B. "Remembering in black and white: Missouri women's memorial work 1860–1910" (PhD. Dissertation), University of Missouri—Columbia, 2011, online, with detailed bibliography pp. 231–57
 Coski, John M. The Confederate Battle Flag. (2005) ISBN 0-674-01722-6
 Cox, Karen L. Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (University Press of Florida, 2003)
 Davis, William C. (1996). The Cause Lost: Myths and Realities of the Confederacy (1st ed.). Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.: Univ Pr of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0809-5.
 Davis, William C. Look Away: A History of the Confederate States of America. (2002) ISBN 0-684-86585-8
 Dorgan, Howard. "The doctrine of victorious defeat in the rhetoric of confederate veterans." Southern Journal of Communication 38.2 (1972): 119–30.
 Foster, Gaines M. (1988). Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505420-2.
 Freeman, Douglas Southall, The South to Posterity: An Introduction to the Writing of Confederate History (1939).
 Gallagher, Gary W. and Alan T. Nolan (ed.), The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, Indiana University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-253-33822-0.
 Gallagher, Gary W., Jubal A. Early, the Lost Cause, and Civil War History: A Persistent Legacy (Frank L. Klement Lectures, No. 4), Marquette University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-87462-328-6.
 Goldfield, David. Still Fighting the Civil War. (2002) ISBN 0-8071-2758-2
 Gulley, H. "Women and the lost cause: Preserving a Confederate identity in the American Deep South." Journal of historical geography 19.2 (1993): 125
 Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. "'You must remember this': Autobiography as social critique." Journal of American History (1998): 439–65 in JSTOR.
 Hattaway, Herman (Summer 1971). "Clio's Southern Soldiers: The United Confederate Veterans and History". Louisiana History. Louisiana State University. XII (3): 213–42.
 Janney, Caroline E. (2008). Burying the dead but not the past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the lost cause. U of North Carolina P. ISBN 978-0-8078-3176-2. Retrieved 24 ianuarie 2012.
 Janney, Caroline E. "The Lost Cause." Encyclopedia Virginia (Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2009)
 Kennedy, James Ronald and Kennedy, Walter Donald. The South Was Right! (1994) ISBN 1-56554-024-7
 Loewen, James W.; Sebesta, Edward H., eds. (2010). The Confederate and Neo-Confederate Reader: The "Great Truth" about the "Lost Cause". Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-218-4.
 Osterweis, Rollin G. The Myth of the Lost Cause, 1865–1900 (1973) online
 Reardon, Carol, Pickett's Charge in History and Memory, University of North Carolina Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8078-2379-1.
 Simpson, John A. (2003). Edith D. Pope and Her Nashville Friends: Guardians of the Lost Cause in the Confederate Veteran. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572332119. OCLC 750779185.
 Stampp, Kenneth. The Causes of the Civil War. (3rd edition 1991)
 Ulbrich, David, "Lost Cause", Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Heidler, David S., and Heidler, Jeanne T., eds., W. W. Norton & Company, 2000, ISBN 0-393-04758-X.
 Wilson, Charles Reagan, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920, University of Georgia Press, 1980, ISBN 0-8203-0681-9.
 Wilson, Charles Reagan, "The Lost Cause Myth in the New South Era" in Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. ISBN 1-881089-97-5

Alte surse

 Bonekemper III, Edward H. (2015). The Myth of the Lost Cause: Why the South Fought the Civil War and Why the North Won. Regnery History. ISBN 978-1621574545.
 Coulter, E. Merton (1947). The South During Reconstruction, 1865–1877: A History of the South. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-0008-0.
 Early, Jubal Anderson (1866). A memoir of the last year of the War of Independence, in the Confederate States of America. Toronto, Printed by Lovell & Gibson.
 —— (1872). The campaigns of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Baltimore : J. Murphy.
 —— (1915). The heritage of the South. Lynchburg, Va., Press of Brown-Morrison co.
 Fahs, Elizabeth; Waugh, Joan, eds. (2004). The Memory of the Civil War in American Culture. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807855720.
 Grady, Benjamin Franklin (1899). The case of the South against the North; or Historical evidence justifying the southern states of the American Union in their long controversy with northern states. Raleigh, N. C., Edwards & Broughton.

Legături externe

 Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (15 iunie 2009). "Southern Memory, Southern Monuments, and the Subversive Black Mammy

Istoria Statelor Unite ale Americii (1849–1865)
Istoria Statelor Unite ale Americii (1865-1918)
Naționalism alb în Statele Unite ale Americii
Supremație albă în Statele Unite ale Americii

Cauza Pierdută a Confederației


An Pleurothallis cucumeris in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Pleurothallis cucumeris in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Panamá. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis cucumeris


චායා කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය () යනු වෙස්මිනිස්ටර් සම්ප්‍රදායේ (Westminster system) ආණ්ඩුවක (government) අංගයකි.

චායා කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලය


Serratus posterior superior er en tynd, quadrilateral muskel, placeret på den øvre og bagerste del af thorax, bag rhomboideus musklerne.

Den udspringer fra en tynd og bred aponeurosis i den nedre del af nakkeligamentet, fra torntappene på den syvende cervikale og øverste to eller tre thorakale vertebrae og fra det supraspinale ligament.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Serratus posterior superior


O. Josip (Jozo, Joso) Milošević (Sinj, 19. rujna 1869. – Zagreb, 28. siječnja 1926.), provincijal hrvatskih franjevaca konventualaca i teolog Bio je na glasu kao poznati propovjednik, domoljub i prosvjetni radnik, oduševljeni pristaša katoličkog pokreta, u koji je uložio sve svoje snage i sposobnosti.

Životopis
Rodio se je 1869. godine. Rodom iz Sinja. Gimnaziju je završio u Splitu. Bogosloviju i filozofiju pohađao je u Cresu i Camposanpieru kraj Padove. Kao svećenik nastavio je svoje naukovanje u Padovi, gdje je već počeo pisati oveće studije. U Šibenik je 1900. postao gvardijan i razvio je svoju djelatnost.
Učeni fratar fra Jozo Milošević, dok je službovao u Šibeniku, otkrio je u kodeksu br. 11 zapis Šibenske molive koji je proučio skupa s prof. Ivanom Milčetićem te stručni prikaz objavio u Starinama JAZU.
Marom i skrbi fra Josipa Miloševića i fra Vida Markovine samostanska knjižnica sv. Frane u Šibeniku preuređena je i obnovljena 1910. – 1912. i opskrbili su ju katalogom.  Fra Jozo Milošević je među značajnijim darovateljima šibenske knjižnice.

Aktivno je sudjelovao u svakom narodnom i kulturnom pothvatu te je radi toga oko sebe okupio veliki broj suradnika i prijatelja. Katoličkim đacima je uvijek bio pri ruci, i za njegova boravka osnovali su svoju organizaciju.

Provincijalom je postao 1912. godine te se je preselio na Cres.
Djelovao je u Cresu, gdje mu je provincija imala nutarnju gimnaziju, novicijat i bogoslovlje sve do izgona 4. ožujka 1919. godine. U Cresu je 1913. ustrojio za redovnički pomladak Zbor duhovne mladeži Ferkić.
Na Cresu je surađivao s biskupom Mahnićem i Roguljem. Papi u Rimu odnio je tajnu poruku da će Hrvati katolici svim silama raditi na tome da Austrija propadne i da hrvatski narod dobije svoju slobodu.

Cres je morao napustiti kad je talijanska vojska okupirala Cres. S redovničkom subraćom morao ga je napustiti i otišao je u Zagreb.

Kod crkvice sv. Duha u Zagrebu osnovao je i bio je prvi gvardijan samostana otvorenog 4. listopada 1922. na sv. Duhu kod Zagreba. Umro je u Zagrebu 28. siječnja 1926. godine. Sprovodu su nazočili mnogi uglednici: nadbiskup dr Bauer, gradski načelnik arh. Heinzel, svi stanovnici Sv. Duha s Orlovima i Orlicama. Na sprovodu je u ime zagrebačkih župnika govorio dr Ritig, a nad grobom o. dr. Alfirević.

Djela
Pisao je u Radovima JAZU (studija Život i djela fra Mate Ferkića iz Krka, konventualnog franjevca (1583—1669)). Milošević je zapisao da je Ferkić ušao u Ivančićeve »Povjesne crte«... Ivančićeve, str. 229 i u Znamenite i zaslužne Hrvate 925—1925 (Zagreb 1925, str. 78), no da Ferkića nisu pustili ući u Crtice iz hrvatske književne kulture Istre (autor Vjekoslav Spinčić, izdanje nadb. tiskare u Zagrebu 1926.). Milošević je pisao 1911. godine i u Starinama JAZU (s Ivanom Milčetićem studiju o Šibenskoj molitvi).

Izvori

Hrvatski konventualci
Hrvatski rimokatolički teolozi
Životopisi, Sinj

Josip Milošević (provincijal)


Ján Kadár (n. 1 aprilie 1918 la Budapesta – d. 1 iunie 1979 la Los Angeles) a fost un scenarist și regizor de film evreu.
A lucrat ca realizator de filme în Cehoslovacia, SUA și Canada.
Cele mai multe dintre filmele sale au fost regizate împreună cu Elmar Klos.
Cei doi au devenit celebri pentru filmul premiat cu Oscar Magazinul de pe strada mare (Obchod na korze, 1965). În calitate de profesor la FAMU (Școala de Film și Televiziune a Academiei de Arte Dramatice) din Praga, Kadár i-a instruit pe mulți dintre regizorii care au dat naștere Noului Val Cehoslovac din anii 1960.

După ce s-a mutat în Statele Unite ale Americii, a devenit profesor de regie de film la American Film Institute din Beverly Hills. Viața sa privată, precum și filmele sale, au inclus influențe ale mai multor culturi: evreiască, slovacă, maghiară, cehă și americană.

Primii ani
Kadár s-a născut la Budapesta, capitala Regatului Ungariei, ce făcea parte pe atunci din Austro-Ungaria. Părinții săi s-au mutat curând la Rožňava, Slovacia, în noul stat înființat Cehoslovacia, unde Ján a copilărit. Kadár a urmat cursuri de drept la Bratislava după terminarea liceului, dar s-a transferat curând, în 1938, la primul Departament de Film din Cehoslovacia (probabil al treilea astfel de departament din Europa) de la Școala de Arte Industriale din Bratislava unde a urmat cursurile predate de celebrul regizor de film slovac Karel Plicka până când departamentul a fost închis în 1939. Orașul natal al lui Kadár, numit în maghiară Rozsnyó, a devenit parte a Ungariei în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Ca urmare a aplicării legilor anti-evreiești, Kadár a fost trimis într-un lagăr de muncă. El a spus mai târziu că aceasta a fost prima dată în viața lui în care a acționat ca un evreu: el a refuzat să se convertească și a servit într-o unitate de muncă cu o banderolă galbenă și nu cu una albă, care era privilegiul celor botezați.

Regizor de film

Prezentare generală
Ján Kadár și-a început cariera de regizor la Bratislava, Slovacia, după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial cu documentarul Life Is Rising from the Ruins (Na troskách vyrastá život, 1945). După mai multe documentare în care erau exprimate opiniile Partidului Comunist, căruia i s-a alăturat, Kádár s-a mutat la Praga în 1947 și a revenit temporar la Bratislava cu scopul de a realiza acolo primul său film artistic Kathy (Katka, 1950). Începând din 1952, el a regizat toate filmele sale cehoslovace, împreună cu Elmar Klos, doar la Praga, cu excepția proiectelor lor cehoslovace Moartea se numește Engelchen (în , în , 1963), Magazinul de pe strada mare (Obchod na korze, 1965) și Adrift (în , în , în , 1969) filmate cu actori slovaci, maghiari și cehi la Rusovce, Slovacia. Kádár a revenit pentru a-l termina pe ultimul dintre ele din Statele Unite ale Americii, unde emigrase în noiembrie 1968. Acesta a fost ultimul său film realizat împreună cu Klos. El și-a reluat cariera în SUA și Canada, realizând atât filme de cinema, cât și de televiziune. A fost, de asemenea, un profesor popular de regie de film la Centrul pentru Studii de Film Avansate din cadrul American Film Institute.

Anii 1950
Ján Kadár și Elmar Klos au oscilat inițial între comedie și propagandă hard-core, prezentând doctrina marxist-leninistă și aderând la curentul realist socialist. Primul film artistic al lui Kadár, Kathy (Katka, 1950), realizat înainte de a începe colaborarea cu Klos, a fost puțin diferit în această privință de activitatea comună ulterioară. Alegerea temelor a început să se schimbe odată cu relaxarea ușoară a comunismului în Cehoslovacia după discursul secret al liderului sovietic Hrușciov din 1956. Primul film realizat de Kadár și Klos în această perioadă de dezgheț minor, Trei dorințe (Tři přání, 1958), o satiră precaută cu privire la diferite aspecte din viața de zi cu zi, a indignat autoritățile și a fost amânat până ce condițiile cenzurii s-au mai relaxat în 1963. Studiourile i-au suspendat pe ambii regizori timp de doi ani. Calitatea de membri ai Partidului Comunist i-au protejat de o soartă mai rea iar Kádár a fost capabil, cu toate acestea, să-și găsească un refugiu în realizarea unor lucrări avangardiste din punct de vedere tehnic și semipropagandistice pentru emisiunea timpurie Laterna magika (Lanterna Magică) a Televiziunii Cehoslovace.

Anii 1960
Primul film pe care au putut să-l realizeze Ján Kadár și Elmar Klos după cinci ani de pauză a demonstrat o revenire la realizarea de filme clasice alb-negru, înglobând unele rezultate artistice ale activității experimentale a lui Kadár de la emisiunea Laterna magika. O relaxare treptată a controlului comunist în Cehoslovacia, ale cărei prime semne au venit mai întâi din Slovacia, i-a permis jurnalistului și scriitorului Ladislav Mňačko din Bratislava să publice romanul Moartea se numește Engelchen (Smrť sa volá Engelchen, 1959) iar Kadár și Klos au putut să-l ecranizeze la Praga, după ce suspendarea lor a expirat. Romanul lui Mňačko și filmul Moartea se numește Engelchen (în , în , 1963) au reflectat marea revoltă prodemocratică slovacă din 1944, care fusese prezentată anterior în mod invariabil ca glorioasă. El a arătat unele aspecte ale revoltei care au condus la o tragedie umană. Filmul a fost prezentat la cel de-al treilea Festival Internațional de Film de la Moscova unde a câștigat Premiul de Aur. Următorul film al celor doi regizori, Accused aka Defendant (Obžalovaný, 1964), a refolosit structurile propagandiste ale cinematografiei realist-socialiste anterioare, dar le-a transformat prin înlocuirea conținutului impus în anii 1950 cu o critică socială neutră ce a devenit rapid unul dintre semnele distinctive ale cinematografiei cehoslovace a anilor 1960.

Toate aceste experiențe și influențe au contribuit la succesul de durată obținut de Kadár și Klos cu filmul Magazinul de pe strada mare (Obchod na korze, 1965), o descriere tulburătoare și plină de compasiune a străzilor evreiești din Europa Centrală în timpul deportărilor evreilor în lagărele de concentrare germane din perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Filmul a primit mai multe premii, printre care și Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin. Oamenii de știință și criticii de film cehi și slovaci îl consideră încă drept cel mai bun film din istoria cinematografiilor slovacă și cehă.

Munca lui Kadár și Klos la următorul lor proiect inspirat din romanul maghiar Something Is Drifting on the Water (Valamit visz a víz, 1928) de Lajos Zilahy, în fapt un remake al filmului maghiar cu titlul englezesc Something Is in the Water (Valamit visz a víz, regizat de Gusztáv Oláh și Lajos Zilahy în 1943) a fost întreruptă de invadarea Cehoslovaciei de către Armata Sovietică în august 1968. Ján Kadár și familia sa au emigrat rapid în Statele Unite ale Americii și, deși el a revenit o scurtă perioadă pentru a contribui la terminarea filmului Adrift (în , în , 1969), implicarea lui a fost limitată în comparație cu activitatea sa anterioară alături de Klos. Aceasta a fost, de altfel, ultima dată când cei doi regizori s-au întâlnit.

Anii 1970
Primul film al lui Ján Kadár realizat după imigrarea în Statele Unite ale Americii și primul său film de lung metraj regizat singur după anul 1950 a fost Un înger pe nume Levine (The Angel Levine, 1970), o versiune modificată în mod substanțial a povestirii "Angel Levine" (1958) a lui Bernard Malamud. El a regizat mai târziu Minciunile tatălui meu (Lies My Father Told Me, 1976) în Canada.

Filmografie
 Life Is Rising from the Ruins (Na troskách vyrastá život, 1945)
 They Are Personally Responsible for Crimes against Humanity (Sú osobne zodpovední za zločiny proti ľudskosti, 1946)
 They Are Personally Responsible for a Betrayal of the National Uprising (Sú osobne zodpovední za zradu na národnom povstaní, 1946)
 Katka (1950)
 Răpirea (Únos, 1952)
 Music from Mars (Hudba z Marsu, 1954)
 House at the Terminus (Dům na konečné, 1957)
 Trei dorințe (Tři přání, 1958)
 1963 Moartea se numește Engelchen (în , în )
 Accused (Obžalovaný, cunoscut și ca Defendant, 1964)
 Magazinul de pe strada mare (Obchod na korze, 1965)
 Adrift (în , în , în , 1969)
 Un înger pe nume Levine (The Angel Levine, 1970)
 Minciunile tatălui meu (Lies My Father Told Me, 1976)
 The Case against Milligan (1976)
 "Freedom Road" (1979)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1918
Nașteri pe 1 aprilie
Decese în 1979
Decese pe 1 iunie
Evrei maghiari
Oameni din Budapesta
Regizori cehi
Regizori slovaci

Ján Kadár


Kenozersky National Park () er en nationalpark, der ligger i det nordlige Rusland i Kargopolsky og Plesetskij i oblasten Arkhangelsk. Den blev etableret den 28. december 1911. Siden 2004 har nationalparken haft status som biosfærereservat hos UNESCO.

Eksterne henvisninger

Nationalparker
Arkhangelsk oblasts geografi

Kenozersky National Park


Wijkia, biljni rod iz porodice Sematophyllaceae, pripada redu Hypnales i pravim mahovinama. Pripada mu četrdesetak vrsta iz Afrike i Azije.

Vrste ovoga roda prethodno su bile uključene u nelegitimni rod Acanthocladium Mitt., a 1971. Crum je za njih osnovao novi rod Wijkia.

Vrste

 Wijkia albescens
 Wijkia alboalaris
 Wijkia alstonii
 Wijkia annamensis
 Wijkia baculifera
 Wijkia bessonii
 Wijkia brevifolia
 Wijkia carlottae
 Wijkia ceylonensis
 Wijkia clarkii
 Wijkia clastobryoides
 Wijkia comosa
 Wijkia concavifolia
 Wijkia costaricensis
 Wijkia crossii
 Wijkia cuynetii
 Wijkia deflexifolia
 Wijkia dentigera
 Wijkia extenuata
 Wijkia filifera
 Wijkia filipendula
 Wijkia flagellifera
 Wijkia flagelliformis
 Wijkia gracilis
 Wijkia hornschuchii
 Wijkia jacobsonii
 Wijkia jungneri
 Wijkia laxa
 Wijkia laxitexta
 Wijkia lepida
 Wijkia letestui
 Wijkia macgregorii
 Wijkia madagassa
 Wijkia nivea
 Wijkia pendula
 Wijkia penicillata
 Wijkia pinnata
 Wijkia polymorpha
 Wijkia protensa
 Wijkia radiculosa
 Wijkia rutenbergii
 Wijkia sublepida
 Wijkia subnitida
 Wijkia surcularis
 Wijkia tanytricha
 Wijkia trichocolea
 Wijkia trichocoleoides

Izvori

Sematophyllaceae

Wijkia


Ana Maria Popa (født 25. februar 1990 i Roman) er en rumænsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for CSM Roman og Rumæniens håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Håndboldspillere fra Rumænien

Ana Maria Iuganu


A Zona Rural de São Luís é uma área rural demarcada pelo plano diretor de São Luís, capital do estado brasileiro do Maranhão, onde corresponde à parte do território municipal com predomínio de atividades econômicas primárias, com potencial agrícola, pecuário, aquícola, pesqueiro, extrativista e agroindustrial.

Caracteriza-se também pela presença de enclaves urbanos e pela descontinuidade espacial na oferta de serviços urbanos e equipamentos públicos.

A lei municipal divide a Zona Rural em cinco partes, chamadas de zonas rurais urbanas (ZRU): a ZRU Tibiri, a ZRU Baía do Arraial, a ZRU Estreito dos Mosquitos, a ZRU Rio dos Cachorros e a ZRU Bacanga. Embora a lei demarque os limites de cada uma, seus respectivos usos, ocupações e índices não estão dispostos.

Redução de área
Em fevereiro de 2019, entre as propostas de alteração do plano diretor da cidade discutidas em assembleias públicas, está a de redução do tamanho da Zona Rural de 20.820 para 12.177 hectares, ou seja, uma redução total de 8.643 hectares, correspondeste a 41% da área original.

Geografia de São Luís (Maranhão)
Economia de São Luís (Maranhão)
São Luís

Zona Rural de São Luís


Le Championnat d'Allemagne masculin de handball 2003-2004 est la cinquante-cinquième édition de cette compétition. Le championnat de Division 1 de handball est le plus haut niveau du championnat d'Allemagne de ce sport.

À l'issue de la saison, le SG Flensburg-Handewitt remporte son  de Champion d'Allemagne après cinq deuxièmes places au cours des huit saisons précédente. Il devance le THW Kiel et le TBV Lemgo, tenant du titre

En bas du classement, le SG Kronau/Östringen, battu lors des barrages, est relégué en 2. Bundesliga en compagnie du ThSV Eisenach et du Stralsunder HV.

Présentation de la saison

Compétition

Classement final
Le classement final est :

 Légende

Résultats
Les résultats de la saison sont :

Barrages de relégation
Opposé au SV Post Schwerin, le SG Kronau/Östringen remporte le barrage aller à domicile 39 à 30 mais s'incline lors du barrage retour à l'extérieur 29 à 39 et est donc relégué en 2. Bundesliga tandis que le SV Post Schwerin est promu.

Champion d'Allemagne 2003-2004

L'effectif du club était :

 Dan Beutler
 Jan Holpert
 Malte Samuelsen
 Tomasz Wilkosz
 Damian Moszczynski
 Lars Krogh Jeppesen
 Kjetil Strand
 Christian Berge
 Alexander Buchmann
 Joachim Boldsen
 Marcin Lijewski
 Pierre Thorsson
 Robert Runge
 Frank Wahl
 Lars Christiansen
 Stefan Schröder
 Søren Stryger
 Matthias Hahn
 Johnny Jensen
 Andrej Klimovets
Entraîneur
 Kent-Harry Andersson

Statistiques et récompenses

Meilleur joueur

Lars Krogh Jeppesen, l'arrière gauche du SG Flensburg-Handewitt, est élu par les 18 entraineurs des clubs meilleur joueur de la saison.

Meilleurs buteurs

Les meilleurs buteurs de la saison sont

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Championnat d'Allemagne masculin de handball
 Saison 2003-2004
 Ligue des champions
 Championnat d'Espagne
 Championnat de France

Liens externes

2003-2004
Allemagne M1
Handball
Handball


Gonzalo Ernesto
 Vicente (Nacido en 1979, en la Provincia de Córdoba) es un portero argentino de vasta trayectoria en el fútbol argentino, ya que jugó en distintas categorías, desde la Primera División hasta el Argentino B. Actualmente es jugador de Complejo de Posse.

Clubes (8)

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en FP
 Ficha en BDFA

Futbolistas del Club Atlético Belgrano
Futbolistas de la Asociación Cultural y Deportiva Altos Hornos Zapla

Gonzalo Vicente


Veinte casos que hacen pensar en la reencarnación es un libro escrito por el psiquiatra Ian Stevenson sobre el fenómeno de lo que él llama recuerdo espontáneo de información de vidas anteriores en niños pequeños. El libro se centra en veinte casos investigados por el autor. Se ha traducido a siete idiomas.

Planteamiento general
Stevenson describe su planteamiento general siguiendo un "modelo casi convencional":

Stevenson creó una red de voluntarios para encontrar estos casos de recuerdos espontáneos de vidas pasadas tan pronto como los niños empezaran a hablar de ellos. Luego preguntaría cuidadosamente tanto a la familia del niño como del fallecido para asegurarse de que no tenían contacto y que ninguna información pudiera transferirse entre ellos. Obtendría información detallada acerca de la persona fallecida, incluyendo información no conocida plenamente por las personas involucradas como los detalles del testamento, que utilizaría para verificar que el niño realmente sabía la información requerida.

La publicación del libro se retrasó cuando se descubrió que uno de los intérpretes de Stevenson había sido acusado de falta de honradez. Stevenson dijo que el traductor era deshonesto en algunos asuntos, pero que "no creía que el hombre lo hubiera engañado". Sin embargo, regresó a la India, donde se había empleado al intérprete, y examinó los casos en cuestión una vez más, con diferentes intérpretes. Encontró entonces que la evidencia de reencarnación era más fuerte de lo que había pensado previamente.

Resultados publicados
Stevenson llegó a la conclusión de que la reencarnación era la "mejor explicación posible" por las siguientes razones:

 El gran número de testigos y la falta aparente de motivación y posibilidad, debido al proceso de selección, hacen muy poco probable la hipótesis de fraude.
 La gran cantidad de información poseída por el niño no es generalmente consistente con la hipótesis de que el niño obtuviera dicha información a través del contacto entre las familias investigadas.
 La demostración de habilidades y características de personalidad similares no aprendidas en la vida actual, y la falta de motivación a largo plazo de identificación con una vida pasada, hacen improbable la hipótesis de que el niño tenga sus recuerdos y comportamiento a través de percepción extrasensorial.
 Cuando existe correlación entre las malformaciones congénitas o marcas de nacimiento que posee el niño y la historia de la persona anterior, la hipótesis de ocurrencia aleatoria es improbable.

Elogios y críticas
En 1977, el Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease dedicó la mayor parte de un número al trabajo de Stevenson en el que el psiquiatra Harold Lief describió a Stevenson como "un metódico, cuidadoso, incluso prudente, investigador, cuya personalidad está en el lado obsesivo... O está cometiendo un error colosal, o será conocido ... como el Galileo del siglo XX". Sin embargo, los principales científicos tendían a ignorar o descartar décadas de trabajo de campo de Stevenson y sus numerosas publicaciones. Algunos cuestionaron su objetividad, afirmando que era crédulo, y sugiriendo que sus investigaciones eran defectuosas. Cuando el filósofo Leonard Angel criticó uno de los casos de Veinte casos que hacen pensar en la reencarnación llevado personalmente por Stevenson, Stevenson publicó una refutación sosteniendo que la crítica en sí era errónea.

Comentarios
Han sido publicados comentarios sobre Veinte casos que hacen pensar en la reencarnación en la American Journal of Psychiatry, British Journal of Psychiatry, British Journal of Medical Psychology, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease y algunas otras publicaciones.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Stevenson, Ian (1974). Twenty cases suggestive of reincarnation segunda edición (revisada y ampliada), University of Virginia Press.  ISBN 978-0-8139-0872-4
 Stevenson, Ian (1997). Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 1: Birthmarks y Reincarnation and Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Volume 2: Birth Defects and Other Anomalies. Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, and London. ISBN 0-275-95282-7
 Tucker, Jim B. (2005). Life Before Life: A scientific Investigation of Children's Memories of Previous Lives, St. Martin's Press, New York, 256pp. ISBN 0-312-32137-6

Parapsicología
Investigación acerca de la reencarnación


The Volkswagen Corrado is a compact four passenger (2+2), three door, front-engine, front-wheel-drive liftback coupe marketed by Volkswagen from 1988 until 1995, and manufactured by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany.

Designed by Herbert Schäfer, the Corrado overlapped and eventually superseded Volkswagen's Scirocco model. 97,521 Corrados were manufactured over the seven year production run; about 50,000 of them were sold in the United States.

Overview

The Corrado is a three-door hatchback/liftback with a 2+2 seating layout. The Corrado's floorpan is based on the A2 platform (i.e. Mark 2 Golf/Jetta) and, with the exception of VR6 models, all versions use the subframes, suspension, steering and braking components from the Volkswagen A2 platform model range. The body shell was built by Karmann and was partially zinc plated and galvanized, providing strong rust protection.

The VR6 uses suspension components from the A3 model range, including the rear axle assembly and some parts of the A3's 'plus' type front axle assembly. The subsequent wider front wheel track of the Corrado VR6 necessitated the fitting of new front wings with wider wheel arches and liners along with a new front bumper assembly. Together with a new raised-style bonnet to accommodate the VR6 engine, these body improvements were carried across the model range.

The Corrado is noted for its flush mounted windows and active rear spoiler – which raises automatically when the car exceeds  ( in the North American market), automatically retracts at speeds below  or can be manually controlled by the driver.

The name Corrado was derived from the Spanish verb "correr", meaning to run or sprint. Prototypes were named Taifun (German for "Typhoon") but the name was changed prior to release.

Variants

Launched in the end of 1988 (three years before the end of Scirocco production), all Corrados were front-wheel drive and featured petrol engines. The Corrado debuted with two engine choices: a 1.8 litre 16-valve inline four with  (KR), and a supercharged 1.8 litre eight valve inline four, marketed as the G60 and delivering .

The Corrado G60 is named for the G Lader with which it is equipped, a scroll-type supercharger whose interior resembles the letter "G". Sales were initially slow, as the Corrado was considerably more expensive than the Scirocco it was meant to replace. Volkswagen United States stated that they had "overequipped the Corrado" when first introduced, leading to sluggish sales.

There were also two special models of the G60. The G60 Jet was an economy version for the German market only, thought to be a run out model before the introduction of the VR6. This model was only available in four colours and featured a colour coded interior. Volkswagen could not confirm production numbers for the Jet model.

Another variant is Volkswagen Motorsport (VWMS) Corrado 16V G60. Although the 16-valve engine combined with the original G-Lader was appreciated within the enthusiast community, the model never saw series production. It is generally believed that only two factory built examples were manufactured, both in Nugget Yellow.

Volkswagen introduced two new engines for 1992. The first was a naturally aspirated 2.0 litre, 16-valve  inline-four, basically a further development of the 1.8-litre engine; this engine was never made available to the North American market.

The second was the 12-valve VR6 engine, which came in two variants: a 2.8-litre  model for the United States and Canadian markets, and a  producing  at 5,800 rpm and  at 4,200 rpm of torque version for the European market, fuel feed by Bosch Motronic 2.7 fuel injection. In the United States, the VR6 model was announced in October 1991 but only arrived during the 1992 calendar year and was marketed as the Corrado SLC (Sport Luxury Coupe). 3,500 examples were brought in for 1992; 1,500 leftover G60s were also sold after the SLC had been introduced.

Upon revising the engine, Volkswagen updated the styling with a new front grill and foglamps. With the introduction of the VR6 engine, the G60 engine disappeared from the North American market after 1992 and European market in 1993. The VR6 engine provided a compromise between both V-shaped and straight engines by placing the two cylinder banks at an angle of 15°, with a single cylinder head.

This design allowed engineers to fit a six cylinder engine into roughly the space previously occupied by four cylinder engines, while closely approaching the smoothness of a straight six design. 1994 was the last model year of the Corrado in the United States.

A 2.0 litre 8-valve model  was produced in Europe in 1995. A limited edition only for the United Kingdom, the Corrado Storm, was also sold. Some discreet "Storm" badging, a colour keyed front grille, an additional Storm badge on the gear gaiter surround (an upgrade from the standard Karmann badge), 15 inch BBS "Solitude" alloy wheels, and standard fitment of some previously optional items (such as the leather heated front seats) differentiated this model from the base Corrado VR6.

Only five hundred were produced: 250 in Classic Green with a cream leather interior, and 250 in Mystic Blue, a colour unique to the Storm, with a black leather interior.

An extremely rare special edition named the Corrado Campaign was launched and produced in 1992 only and was based on the first of the VR6 models, only six models were produced with just four cars surviving as of 2022. The Campaign model was unique with Dusty Mauve Pearl Effect paint and a red brick leather interior. They were built as a prize as part of a dealer incentive to sell the most Karmann produced vehicles and all six cars were given to the top six dealerships in the United Kingdom as a bonus.

The Corrado was offered in Japan at Yanase dealerships that specialize in North American and European vehicles, offering the 1.8 L engine with either the automatic or manual transmission. The larger VR6 would have been considerably more expensive to tax, as the engine was over two liters' displacement.

Reviews
Auto Express magazine describe it as "Regarded as one of VW's best ever drivers' cars". The VR6 model was listed as one of the "25 Cars You Must Drive Before You Die" by the British magazine Car, and 'By far the most desirable version of the Corrado' by Auto Express.

In MSN Autos 'Cool Cars We Miss' feature they listed the Corrado among the top eight "Gone but not forgotten: a short list of cars once loved, still missed", describing it in the following manner: "The VW Corrado VR6 is coveted because of its seductive styling, road handling capabilities and its role as trailblazer, introducing the VR6 to the American market."

In 1988, in the first incarnation of the BBC television show Top Gear, racing car driver and presenter Tiff Needell reviewed the Corrado in G60 form, giving it a positive review and stating that "Handling wise, the Corrado is classic front wheel drive, and it's really very, very good indeed." In November 2003, in Series 3 of the relaunched Top Gear, Richard Hammond identified the Corrado as a future classic, "a kind of classic waiting in the wings... I think it's really rather special... the result is fantastic," but countered with the comment that it "was too expensive, and nobody bought it."

References

External links

Corrado
Sport compact cars
Coupés
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive sports cars
Cars powered by VR engines
Cars introduced in 1988
1990s cars
Cars discontinued in 1995

Volkswagen Corrado


تعتبر مستشفى المعمورة للطب النفسي أكبر مستشفى للأمراض النفسية في مدينة الأسكندرية. تم إنشاؤها في منطقة العوايد، في شارع النبوي المهندس، سميت بهذا الاسم في وقت ما، لتكون بعيدة عن العمران. إلا أن الزحف العمراني اقترب منها كثيرا فجعلها الآن داخل كردون المباني تقريباً
أنشئت في بداية ستينيات القرن الماضي للتسع لحوالي ألف مريض نفسي من الرجال والسيدات، ثم تم إنشاء العديد من الاقسام الخاصة بها. كما تم إنشاء مركز متخصص لعلاج الإدمان، يعمل به نخبة من أمهر فرق العمل لعلاج الإدمان.
تتبع مستشفى المعمورة الأمانة العامة للطب النفسي بالعباسية الذي يرأسها الأمين العام للطب النفسي.
أقيم بالمستشفى في عهد الدكتور أحمد كمال الدين أول عيادة خارجية لعلاج الأمراض النفسية في الإسكندرية تتبع القطاع الصحي الحكومي وذلك لمتابعة الحالات النفسية وصرف الأدوية النفسية مجاناً، وحجز المرضى إذا لزم الأمر. كما يوجد بالعيادة الخارجية قسم خاص لعلاج الأمراض النفسية للأطفال، وقسم متخصص لطب نفس المسنين، وقسم أخر للإدمان.
توالى على إدارة المستشفى أساتذة في مجال الطب النفسي بالإسكندرية منهم الدكتور كمال الفوال، والدكتور أحمد كمال الدين، والدكتور حسين الحلواني، والدكتور طلعت بشرى. المدير العام للمستشفى الآن هو الدكتور ممدوح أبو ريان.

وصلات خارجية

مستشفيات في الإسكندرية

مستشفى المعمورة


نادي هارت أوف ميدلوثيان لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم اسكتلندي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الممتازة.  تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1874.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1874
أندية كرة قدم في إسكتلندا
أندية كرة قدم في إدنبرة
تأسيسات سنة 1874 في إسكتلندا
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي الممتاز
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي لكرة القدم
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي للمحترفين لكرة القدم

هارت أوف ميدلوثيان


City air er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1995, der er instrueret af Simone Aaberg Kærn.

Handling
Simone Aaberg Kærn har i en række værker beskæftiget sig med flyvningen som både metaforisk og fysisk transportform. I filmen har hun med en enkel videoeffekt anbragt sig selv i luftrummet over London og New York, hvor hun ihærdigt forsøger at udleve en emancipatorisk utopi om vægtløshed og ubekymret beherskelse af byens rum.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1995

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

City air


Guillaume Balas (født 30. august 1972 i Rillieux-la-Pape ved Lyon, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Frankrig) er en tidligere fransk socialistisk politiker, der den 20. februar 2018 tilsluttede sig et nyt venstreorienteret parti.

Kampagnen for Benoît Hamon
I 2017 var Guillaume Balas var koordinator i kampagnen for valget af Benoît Hamon til Frankrigs præsident. Den 14. november 2017 meldte Guillaume Balas sig ud af  Socialistpartiet, og  den 20. februar 2018 meddelte han Europa-Parlamentet, at han havde meldt sig ind i Benoît Hamons nye mere venstreorienterede parti.

Medlem af Europa-Parlamentet
Guillaume Balas er indvalgt i Europa-Parlamentet for Île-de-France. Han har tilsluttet sig Den socialistiske gruppe, og han er valgt for perioden 2014 – 2019.

Noter

Socialister fra Frankrig
Medlemmer af Europa-Parlamentet fra Frankrig

Guillaume Balas


Ağcaşar Barajı, Kayseri'de, Yahyalı Deresi üzerinde, sulama amacıyla 1979-1987 yılları arasında inşa edilmiş bir barajdır.

Toprak gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 3.000.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 30 m., normal su kotunda göl hacmi 66,06 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 4,17 km²'dir. Baraj 15.500 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti vermektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türkiye'deki barajlar listesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Ağcaşar Barajı Fotoğrafları

Kayseri ilindeki barajlar
Yahyalı

Ağcaşar Barajı


Syeda Asifa Ashrafi Papia é uma política do Partido Nacionalista de Bangladesh e ex-membro do Parlamento por um assento reservado.

Carreira
Papia foi eleita para o parlamento no assento reservado como candidata do Partido Nacionalista de Bangladesh em 2009. Ela serviu como Secretária-geral da ramo do distrito de Chapainawabganj do Partido Nacionalista de Bangladesh. No dia 16 de junho de 2015 ela foi presa pela polícia de Bangladesh sob a acusação de ter iniciado um incêndio criminoso..

Nascidos em 1967
Pessoas vivas
Mulheres de Bangladesh na política
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

Syeda Asifa Ashrafi Papia


City Tour este un film românesc din 2013 regizat de Andrei Teodorescu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2013 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2013
Filme documentare românești

City Tour