امحمد باحنيني (ولد عام 1914 في فاس - توفي في 19 سبتمبر 1989) سياسي مغربي.

حياته
تلقى باحنيني دراسته الثانوية في الرباط، ثم تخرج بشهادة الدراسات القانونية والإدارية المغربية والإجازة في الحقوق والآداب. شغل منصب كاتب مخزني عين قاضيا بالمحكمة الشريفة العليا ثم أستاذا بالمدرسة المولوية لتعليم أصحاب السمو الملكي الأمير مولاي الحسن والأمير مولاي عبد الله والأميرة للاعائشة والأميرة للا مليكة.

مناصب
في سنة 1950 شغل منصب مدير الديوان الملكي ثم استقال منه أثناء أزمة سنة 1951 وعين بعد ذلك قاضي منتدبا بمكناس حيث مارس مهامه إلى غاية ديسمبر 1952 وهي السنة التي أبعد فيها إلى جنوب البلاد. وبعد عودة محمد الخامس من المنفى عين أمينا عاما للحكومة.

وشغل امحمد باحنيني منصب وزير العدل ما بين 3 ديسمبر 1958 إلى 31 أغسطس 1960 في حكومة عبد الله إبراهيم. وعين في 20 أكتوبر 1970 وزيرا للدفاع الوطني وأمينا عاما للحكومة وظل يشغل هذا المنصب إلى غاية 6 أغسطس 1971 حيث عين وزيرا للعدل مع الاحتفاظ بمهام الأمين العام للحكومة. كما عين في 12 أبريل 1972 نائبا للوزير الأول مع ممارسته لمهام وزير العدل والأمين العام للحكومة.

وعين في 20 نوفمبر من نفس السنة وزيرا للدولة وهو المنصب الذي ظل يشغله إلى غاية 25 أبريل 1974 حيث أصبح وزيرا للدولة مكلفا بالشؤون الثقافية واحتفظ بهذا المنصب في الحكومتين المشكلتين في 10 أكتوبر 77 و28 مارس 1979. وعين الحاج امحمد باحنيني في 7 يناير 1980 وزيرا مشرفا على تربية أصحاب السمو الملكي الأمراء والأميرات. وعين يوم 5 نوفمبر 1981 وزيرا للدولة وهو المنصب الذي ظل يشغله إلى أن وافته المنية.

وفاته
توفي يوم الثلاثاء 17 صفر الخير عام 1410 هـ الموافق ل 19 سبتمبر 1989 بمستشفى بيتي سالبيتريير بباريس عن سن يناهز 75 سنة وذلك إثر مرض طويل ودفن بالزاوية الملكية بالمدينة العتيقة حيث أقيمت صلاة الجنازة بعد أداء صلاة العصر.

حضر مراسم تشييع الجنازة الوزير الأول الدكتور عز الدين العراقي ورئيس مجلس النواب السيد أحمد عصمان وأعضاء الحكومة ووزير القصور الملكية والتشريفات والأوسمة الجنرال مولاي عبد الحفيظ العلوي ومستشارو جلالة الملك وعدد من السفراء المعتمدين بالمغرب ووالي صاحب الجلالة على الرباط وسلا والعلماء وعدد من أعضاء أكاديمية المملكة المغربية وعدد كبير من الشخصيات المدنية والعسكرية.

مذكرات ومراجع

مواليد في فاس
مواليد 1914
أشخاص من فاس
أشخاص مغاربة في القرن 20
سياسيون مغاربة في القرن 20
سياسيون مغاربة
وزراء عدل مغاربة
وزراء عدل
وزراء دفاع مغاربة
وزراء دفاع
وزراء دولة مغاربة
وزراء دفاع عرب
وزراء ثقافة المغرب
وزراء عرب
سياسيون في القرن 20 حسب الجنسية
سياسيون
سياسيون مغاربة حسب القرن
وفيات 1989
وفيات في باريس

امحمد باحنيني


Granica između Libanona i Sirije duga je 394 km, a proteže se od mediteranske obale na sjeveru do trotočke s Izraelom na jugu.

Opis
Granica počinje na ušću rijeke Nahr al-Kabir u Sredozemno more, a zatim prati ovu rijeku prema istoku. Libanonska granica zatim čini izbočinu koje obuhvaća sela Karha i Knaisse Akkar na sjeveroistoku okruga Akkar, zapadno od sirijskog jezera Homs. Zatim skreće prema jugoistoku nizom nepravilnih linija, presijecajući pritom Oront (na  ) i cestu preko doline Beqaa između naselja Qaa i Al-Qusayr (na ), te stiže do gorja Antilibanon oko . Granica tada skreće prema jugozapadu, ugrubo slijedeći Antilibanon nizom nepravilnih linija do planine Hermon.

Točno mjesto libanonsko-izraelsko-sirijske tromeđe je sporno zbog izraelske okupacije Golanske visoravni proizašle iz Šestodnevnog rata 1967. godine. De jure trotočka se nalazi na rijeci Hasbani, pritoci rijeke Jordan, na , sjeveroistočno od izraelskog grada Ma'ayan Baruch. De facto trotočka se nalaze na trotočki s Zonom UNDOF. Situaciju dodatno komplicira spor oko područja farmi Shebaa na granici Golan-Libanon.

Povijest

Početkom 20. stoljeća današnji Libanon i Sirija pripadali su Osmanskom Carstvu, a poluautonomni Mutasarifat Mount Libanon. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata arapskim ustankom, podržanim od Britanije, uspjelo se ukloniti Osmanlije s većeg dijela Bliskog istoka. Međutim, kao rezultat tajnog Anglo-francuskog sporazuma Sykes-Picot iz 1916. godine, Britanija i Francuska podijelile su osmanska područja, a Sirija i Libanon potpali su pod francuski mandat.

Godine 1920. Francuska je podijelila svoj mandat na nekoliko političkih subjekata, od kojih je jedan, prošireni Mutasarifat Mount Libanon, nazvan "Veliki Libanon", uspostavljen uglavnom kako bi stvorila domovina općenito profrancuskim maronitskim kršćanima. Proces preciznog ocrtavanja granice nije jasan, iako se čini da se temeljio na karti koja je potjecala iz francuske ekspedicije 1860-ih u regiju koju je vodio libanonski nacionalist Bulus Nujaym. Mnogi su se sirijski nacionalisti protivili novom entitetu, smatrajući Libanon sastavnim dijelom Velike Sirije. Preostale sirijske države na kraju su se 1930-ih spojile u jednu sirijsku državu, bez Libanona (i bez Hataya, koji je postao dio nove Republike Turske). I Libanon i Sirija stekli su potpunu neovisnost u razdoblju 1943. – 46.

Odnosi između dvije nove države često su bili napeti, a precizna granica nikada nije službeno utvrđena s bilo kakvom preciznošću, unatoč libanonskim zahtjevima da se to napravi i nekim preliminarnim provedbama 1950-ih i 1960-ih. Mnogi Libanonci su se bojali da će ih njihov veći susjed aneksirati. Godine 1975. dugogodišnje sektaške napetosti unutar Libanona eskalirale su u građanski rat, a Sirija je sljedeće godine okupirala državu. Sirijske trupe ostale su u Libanonu sve do 2005.

Od 2011. granično područje ozbiljno je pogođeno prelijevanjem iz Sirijskog građanskog rata.

Granični prijelazi
 Granični prijelaz Arida
 Granični prijelaz Jusiyah al-Amar - Qaa
 Granični prijelaz Masnaa, na cesti između Damaska i Bejruta
 Granični prijelaz Dabousieh
 Granični prijelaz Talkalakh
 Granični prijelaz Zemrani
 Granični prijelaz Hamra

Izvori

Sirija
libanon

Libanonsko-sirijska granica


Le Manukau United Football Club, plus couramment abrégé en Manukau United, est un club néo-zélandais de football fondé en 2018 et basé à Māngere East, une banlieue d'Auckland.

Il participe actuellement à la NZNL, plus haut niveau du football néo-zélandais, dans la Northern League.

Histoire
Le club a été créé en 1964, sous le nom de Manukau City. Il prend son nom actuel en 2018, après un partenariat avec le club de Māngere United.

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Site officiel du club

Club de football en Nouvelle-Zélande
Club de football à Auckland
Club de football fondé en 2018

Manukau United Football Club


راس كيفا هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال.

المراجع

يمر نهر قاديشا في أسفل القرية كما يوجد فيها عدد من الكنائس القديمة والأثرية منها كنيسة مار إلياس الحي وكنيسة مار قبريانس وكنيسة مار سابا العجائبي وكنيسة سيدة الانتقال وكنيسة مار ميخائيل (للطائفة المارونية وأخرى لطائفة الروم) وكنيسة سيدة حماطورة العجائبية وكنيسة مار جرجس حماطورة.أصل الاسم يعني رأس الصخر كون القرية تقع على شفق صخري عالي مطل على نهر قاديشا.من عظمائها سيادة الحبر العلامة المفضال المطران يوسف الدبس, رئيس أساقفة بيروت صاحب كتاب تاريخ سوريا.

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
مدن لبنان

راس كيفا


Hope 95 er en eksperimentalfilm fra 1996 instrueret af Bynke Maibøll efter manuskript af Bynke Maibøll.

Handling
Det var rart at se dette håb bøje sig, men hun tog fejl - det sænkede kun nakken for at stange.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1996

Hope 95


An Phragmites in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Phragmites in nahilalakip ha familia nga Poaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Phragmites

sv:Bladvass

Phragmites


Olga Hahn-Neurath (née Olga Hahn le  à Vienne et morte le  à La Haye) est une mathématicienne et philosophe autrichienne.

Biographie
Olga Hahn est la sœur du mathématicien Hans Hahn. Elle étudie à l'université de Vienne les mathématiques et la philosophie à partir de 1902 ; à 22 ans, en 1904, elle devient aveugle. En 1911, elle soutient sa thèse en philosophie (sous la direction d'Adolf Stöhr) et devient la troisième femme docteur dans cette discipline et cette université. Malgré sa cécité, elle passe du temps entourée d'étudiants et leur propose des problèmes mathématiques à résoudre.

L'année suivante, en 1912, elle épouse Otto Neurath. Olga Hahn assiste aux séminaires de son frère, ainsi qu'aux réunions d'un groupe de chercheurs formé autour de Moritz Schlick qui deviendra le Cercle de Vienne. Comme de nombreux membres du cercle, elle quitte Vienne après la guerre civile autrichienne en 1934, pour les Pays-Bas, avec Otto Neurath et Marie Reidemeister.

Olga Hahn décède à La Haye des complications d'une opération aux reins.

Postérité
Dans , Clarence Irving Lewis salue les apports des recherches d'Olga Hahn au domaine de la logique mathématique.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Vienne (Autriche)
Naissance en juillet 1882
Mathématicienne autrichienne
Mathématicien autrichien du XXe siècle
Philosophe autrichien
Cercle de Vienne
Décès à La Haye
Décès en juillet 1937
Naissance en Autriche-Hongrie

Olga Hahn-Neurath


Zavičajni radio Breške je radio postaja iz Brežaka na hrvatskom jeziku.
Emitira na frekvenciji od 92,4 MHz iz Doma kulture u Breškama i na internetu.

Proradio je na 5. obljetnicu postojanja Udruge "Društvo Breščana", 27. prosinca 2013. godine.
Prvi cilj Udruge Društva Breščana bio je stvoriti radio, a poslije da radio za stalno opstane. Zahvaljujući Zavičajnom radio Breške glas zavičaja širi se preko web stranice Društva Breščana diljem svijeta te lokalno preko frekvencije 92,4 MHz. Na postaji nema stalnih zaposlenika, nego svi koji rade su volonteri. Tako će ostati zabilježeno u povijesti Brežaka, župe Breške, Grada Tuzle, Tuzlanske županije i cijele BiH da i jedno selo, mjesto, župa kao što su Breške ima radijsku postaju.

Zavičajni radio Breške nastavlja misiju tuzlanskog radija na hrvatskom jeziku Radija Soli, koji je zbog financijskih i pravnih problema prestao emitirati program 2011. godine. Misiju Radija Soli nastavlja Zavičajni radio Breške zahvaljujući članovima udruge Društvo Breščana.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
www.drustvobrescana.com Društvo Breščana
Zavičajni radio Breške na Facebooku
YouTube, kanal Tuzlarije.net ''Breške Tuzla - Obljetnica Udruge Društvo Breščana i Zavičajnog radija, prosinac 2014.Datum objavljivanja: 28. pro 2014.

Radijske postaje na hrvatskom jeziku u Bosni i Hercegovini
Breške

Zavičajni radio Breške


Regina Pacini Quintero de Alvear (Lisboa, 6 de janeiro de 1871 - Buenos Aires, 18 de setembro de 1965), conhecida como Regina Pacini, foi uma soprano lírica ligeira e benfeitora portuguesa, de mãe espanhola e pai italiano. Para além de se ter notabilizado como cantora é também reconhecida por ter sido primeira dama da Argentina entre 1922 e 1928.

Biografia
Filha do barítono, ator e empresário italiano Pietro Andrea Giorgi-Pacini e de Felisa Quintero, natural da Andaluzia, Espanha, Regina Isabel Luisa Pacini Quintero, de Alvear por casamento, nasceu em Lisboa, a 6 de janeiro de 1871, durante a regência do seu pai no Teatro de São Carlos de Lisboa. Descendente de uma família nobre e artística, pelo lado paterno, era neta do basso buffo Luigi Pacini e sobrinha-neta do compositor Giovanni Pacini.

Seguindo o mesmo interesse pelas artes que a sua família, estudou música em Paris com a mezzosoprana alemã Mathilde Marchesi, regressando à capital portuguesa em 1888, onde estreou-se com apenas 17 anos de idade, tendo interpretado o papel de Amina em La sonnambula, no Teatro de São Carlos, com grande sucesso.

Apenas um ano depois, e sempre acompanhada pela sua mãe, cantou em Milão, Palermo e Londres, estreando-se no Teatro Real de Madrid em 1890, de novo com La sonnambula. Em 1893 atuou no Grande Teatro do Liceu de Barcelona e entre 1894 e 1895 em Varsóvia e São Petersburgo. Regressando esporadicamente a Lisboa e Madrid durante os últimos anos da década de 1890, em 1899 debutou no Teatro Solís de Montevidéu, no Teatro Politeama e no Teatro Municipal General San Martín de Buenos Aires, onde conheceu Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, advogado e político argentino liberal, neto de Carlos María de Alvear, que se apaixonou perdidamente por Regina Pacini, tendo lhe enviado um colar ou um anel (segundo vários periódicos de então), que foi rejeitada pela cantora portuguesa, e um ramo de rosas. Com o virar do século apresentou-se em diferentes teatros, passando pelo Covent Garden (Royal Opera House) de Londres, onde contracenou com o tenor Enrico Caruso, ou ainda no Teatro San Carlo de Nápoles e no Teatro alla Scala de Milão, para além de ter atuado em Roma e Florença.

A 29 de abril de 1907, no auge da sua carreira, após oito anos de intensa corte de Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, que, contra os desejos da sua família aristocrática, viajou atrás da atriz por vários países e continentes para a conquistar, e gerando um enorme escândalo na sociedade argentina, Regina Pacini casou-se com o político argentino na Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação em Lisboa, passando a residir pouco depois com o seu esposo em Louveciennes, França. Retirando-se do mundo da música e da representação desde então, apesar de ter tido uma curta carreira, como soprano foi uma importante expoente do bel canto da época, tendo interpretado Lucia di Lammermoor, A bohème, I Puritani, Rigoletto, Manon e o papel de Rosina na ópera O Barbeiro de Sevilha.

Em 1916, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, o seu marido foi nomeado embaixador da Argentina em França por Hipólito Yrigoyen. Apesar das duras dificuldades que enfrentaram durante esse período, a antiga cantora procurou usufruir da sua influência, através da filantropia, tendo auxiliado várias associações e movimentos cívicos de apoio às vítimas de guerra e aos militares destacados na frente do combate ou ainda financiado um hospital de guerra e um banco de sangue, onde exerceu como enfermeira. Por essas ações, após a guerra, o casal foi condecorado com a Ordem Nacional da Legião de Honra pelo governo francês.

A12 de junho de 1922, apesar de ainda residir em Paris, Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear foi eleito presidente da Argentina, obrigando o casal a viajar para Buenos Aires poucos meses depois. Como primeira dama da Argentina, Regina Pacini teve um papel de destaque, tornando-se notória por promover fervorosamente as artes e a cultura no país. Segundo vários historiadores, inauguraram-se mais obras públicas durante a gestão presidencial de seu marido que durante a de todos os seus antecessores, tendo sido construídos, inaugurados ou fundados o Museu de Luján, o Conservatório Nacional de Música e Declamação, o Departamento de Artes Musicais e Sonoras da Universidade Nacional de las Artes, o Estadio Alberto J. Armando, o Monumento a La Carta Magna y las Cuatro Regiones Argentinas (conhecido como Monumento de los Españoles), o Palacio de Correos, a primeira Feira do Livro de Buenos Aires ou ainda parte da linha B do metro de Buenos Aires, entre muitos outros.
Após o mandato presidencial ter terminado, o casal fixou residência uma vez mais em França, tendo somente regressado a Buenos Aires em abril de 1931, poucos meses antes de se instalar a lei marcial e o auge do regime ditatorial de José Félix Uriburu, que os obrigou a se exilarem na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, até outubro desse mesmo ano, partindo depois o casal para Montevidéu e, de seguida, Paris. Após a queda de Uriburu, em 1932, ambos regressaram à Argentina, onde o seu marido continuou a desempenhar um papel de relevo como um dos principais dirigentes do partido Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) até ser uma vez mais perseguido politicamente e preso na ilha Martín García, juntamente com vários opositores do regime de Agustín Pedro Justo e da aliança política Concordancia. Apesar das difíceis condições e persistente vigilância, Regina Pacini permaneceu em Buenos Aires, onde pode visitar Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear na prisão, até este ter aceitado um acordo em que estipulava que passaria a viver no exílio. Em outubro de 1933, partiram uma vez mais de França para a capital argentina, onde Regina acompanhou o seu marido na sua campanha para as eleições dos governadores e deputados nacionais.Apesar dos escândalos e da perseguição política que abalaram a carreira do seu marido, Regina Pacini continuou a desempenhar o seu papel de filantropa e benemérita, tendo fundado em 1938 um projeto que tinha idealizado ainda quando desempenhava o papel de primeira dama - a Casa del Teatro de Buenos Aires, um asilo para atores, semelhante à Casa Verdi de Milão, com 45 habitações, dois pequenos museus e a sede do Teatro Regina, nomeado em sua homenagem, para além do Templo de San Marcelo e o Colégio anexado.

Nos seus últimos anos de vida, viveu em Villa Regina, Mar del Plata, Villa Elvira e, por fim, em Don Torcuato, com uma modesta pensão nacional que repartia por várias obras de beneficência, após ter enviuvado em 1942. Deve-se a ela a construção da capela de San Marcelo, em Don Torcuato.

Faleceu a 18 de setembro de 1965, com 94 anos de idade, sem gerar descendência.

Homenagens e Legado
O seu nome foi atribuído em 1925 à então recém criada colónia agrícola e hoje cidade de Villa Regina, na Província de Rio Negro, e a algumas ruas de diversas localidades argentinas, incluindo um bairro em Porto Madero.

Na Casa del Teatro, em Buenos Aires, existem dois museus dedicados à obra e vida de Carlos Gardel e de Regina Pacini.

Bibliografia Passiva
 Ana Maria Cabrera, Regina e Marcelo: um duetto de amor. Editorial Sudamericana, 2001. 9500720043
 Ovidio Lagos, A paixão de um aristócrata : Regina Pacini e Marcelo T. de Alvear Emecé Editores, 1993. 9500413043
 Chirico, Gabriel, As primeiras damas da história argentina. Editorial Dunken, 2005. 9870210600

Naturais de Lisboa
Família Alvear
Cavaleiros da Ordem Nacional da Legião de Honra
Sepultados no cemitério da Recoleta
Primeiras-damas da Argentina
Filantropos de Portugal
Filantropos da Argentina
Sopranos de Portugal
Nascidos em 1871
Mortos em 1965

Regina Pacini


ياسمين نصر، ممثلة بحرينية.

أعمالها

من المسلسلات
 2008 - سقوط الأقنعة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
ممثلات تلفزيون بحرينيات

ياسمين نصر


Longa 59 Lichtenvoorde ist ein niederländischer Volleyball-Verein aus Lichtenvoorde (Provinz Gelderland).

Geschichte
Der Verein wurde 1959 gegründet. Die Frauen wurden 2004 und 2005  niederländischer Meister sowie 2003, 2004 und 2005 niederländischer Pokalsieger. Von 2000 bis 2009 nahmen sie auch regelmäßig an den europäischen Wettbewerben teil. Beste Platzierung war ein dritter Platz 2006 im Top Teams Cup. Trainer war von 2004 bis 2008 Mathias Eichinger. 2009 wurde die Frauenmannschaft in die B-League zurückgestuft. Die Männer spielten 2010/11 in der A-League.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website des Vereins (niederländisch)

Lichtenvoorde, Longa 59
Sport (Gelderland)
Oost Gelre
Organisation (Gelderland)

Longa 59 Lichtenvoorde


Numen (Noumenon) veya Ding an sich, yani "kendinde olan şey", Kant felsefesinde fenomenin ötesindeki bilinemez ve tanımlanamaz "gerçeklik", "gerçek bilgi" manasındadır. Bilginin imkânı ya da imkânsızlığına yönelik düşünceler çerçevesinde, özne'nin ilişki kurduğu nesnenin görüntüsünün ardındaki gerçek özünü tanımlama çabası olan numen, somutun ifade bulduğu "fenomen"'in karşıtı olup, varoluşsal özü ifade eder. Herhangi bir varlığın algımızdan bağımsız, kendi içinde oluşur.

Etimolojik olarak Yunanca "nous"dan (akıl) gelmektedir. Çoğulu Noumenadır. Her ne kadar bazı yazarlar "noumena"yı kullanmayı daha uygun görmüş olsalar da sadece tekil veya çoğul hâlinin kullanımı bile sorun yaratmaktadır. Zira "numen", algıladığımız fenomenin ötesindeki bilinemez gerçeklik olduğu için, gerçekte "tekil" veya "çoğul" olma hâli yani ferdiyet de bir numendir. Kant felsefesinde numenin karşıtı fenomendir; çünkü fenomen algılarımızla oluşturduğumuz dünya, algılarımızla kavradığımız "gerçeklik" ve "bilgi"dir.

Alman düşünürü Kant'a göre öz, kendinde şey ve phenomenon karşıtı olarak numendir. Asla bilinemez. Bizler sadece nesnelerin görünüşlerini bilebiliriz, kendinde ne olduklarını bilemeyiz.

Kant bu konudaki düşüncelerini ve görüşlerini "Saf Aklın Eleştirisi" isimli eserinde belirtmiştir.

Kaynakça

Epistemoloji
Kantçılık
Metafizik

Numen


Beaver Island is an island in Lake Michigan in the U.S. state of Michigan.  At , it is the largest island in Lake Michigan and the third largest island in Michigan after Isle Royale and Drummond Island.  The island is located approximately  from the city of Charlevoix.  Beaver Island had a total population of 657 at the 2010 census. Beaver Island is part of Charlevoix County.

Until 1856, Beaver Island was home to a unique American political and religious experiment, a Mormon theocracy and monarchy ruled by King James Strang, who unsuccessfully challenged Brigham Young for the post-Joseph Smith leadership of Mormonism. Despite failing to gain a majority following, Strang remained the self-appointed leader of a Mormon splinter group, who were known colloquially as the Strangites to distinguish them from the much larger and mainstream Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. After Strang's assassination that year, dispossessed Irish American fishermen from the County Donegal Gaeltacht returned, expelled the Strangites, and retook the island, which is now a popular vacation and tourist destination.  Portions of the island and surrounding archipelago are protected as part of the Beaver Islands State Wildlife Research Area.

History

Prehistory
Ancient Stone Circles

There are at least two stone circle sites located on Beaver Island. The main site, Beaver Island Sun Circle (site no: 20CX65) (aka Beaver Island Stone Circle, or Beaver Island Stonehenge), is an unusually symmetrical 397-foot diameter stone circle consisting of approximately 39 (up to 150) stones and boulders of various sizes, from 2 feet to 10 feet with a ground height of 6 inches to 4 feet, with some stones presenting the appearance of hand carved symbols and incised lines, hieroglyphs or pictographs including: geometric shapes, Algonquian thunderbirds, bulls, feathers, human faces/heads, human figures, and early Celtic writing. An example of these face/head markings, the Carved Face Rock, is on display at the Mormon Print Shop Museum. The site is located on the northwestern side of the island bisected by Mrs Reddings Trail, south of Angeline's Bluff Lookout, near Peshawbestown, a historic Native American village. It is considered a sacred site by the Anishinaabemowin and Anishinaabe culture, as explained in 1990 by Frank Ettawageshik, Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (LTBBOI) Tribal Chairman.

The site was discovered in 1985 by Dr. Terri Bussey, of the Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council, who would spend 32 summers researching and documenting the site. It was further investigated in 1988 at Bussey's request by Dr. Donald P. Heldman, Mackinac Island State Park Commission archaeologist, and Dr. Elizabeth B. Garland, Western Michigan University Anthropology professor. The stone circle construction date has been estimated to be approximately 1,000 years ago, possibly produced by the Mississippian people, and was possibly used by the Odawa Indigenous peoples as a solar and lunar medicine wheel calendar  or for navigation. The site is astronomically aligned with the midsummer solstice, the center stone positioned under the North Star, and appears to chart constellations like the Big Dipper.

The validity of the site has been scrutinized and disputed since its discovery as being a misinterpreted common geological phenomenon, such as a random scattering of rocks or glacial deposits by other archeologists like Dr. Charles Cleland, Michigan State University Anthropology professor, and Dr. Christian Feest, Austrian ethnologist and ethnohistorian that specializes in the Native Americans of Eastern North America and the Northeastern United States. The site has been protected/owned since 1988 by the LTBBOI (Public Law: 103-324), and interpreted by the Amik Circle Society, a 501(c)3 organization (EIN: 81-3233690) originally formed in the 1990s and dedicated to understanding and protecting "the many stone circles, mounds and burial sites found in the Islands."

The island's second site discovered by M. T. Bussey in 2014, Fairy Stone Circle, is located on the northeastern side of the island bisected by East Side Drive, north of Mike Boyles Beach Road, and shows similar astronomical alignments as the Beaver Island Sun Circle.

Pre-Settlement
The Odawa, who speak a a dialect of the Ojibwe language, lived on Beaver Island for at least 300 years prior to its settlement by more recent immigrants. The region of Lake Michigan that surrounds Beaver Island has an unenviable reputation in the long history of shipwrecks on the Great Lakes, and a wreck within swimming distance of the island itself has been proposed as the possible last resting place of La Salle's missing 1679 flagship Le Griffon, which is widely considered the "Holy Grail" among Great Lakes shipwreck hunters.

The Odawa population on Beaver Island was so large that a fur trading post was established there in the late 1830s. Despite Federal legislation criminalizing the sale of alcohol to Native Americans, the former location of the trading post is still known, revealingly, as "Whiskey Point".

The Mormon Kingdom

Although Beaver Island is known today mostly for its beaches, forests, recreational harbor and seclusion, previously it was the site of a unique Latter Day Saint kingdom.

The island's association with Mormonism began with the death of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Most Latter Day Saints considered Brigham Young to be his successor, but many others followed James J. Strang, who argued his own claim using a letter that he said Smith had written and mailed to him. Strang founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), claiming it was the sole legitimate continuation of the church that Joseph Smith founded. His group initially settled in Voree, Wisconsin Territory, in 1844, and established a community there that persists today as an unincorporated community within the town of Burlington, Wisconsin. Seeking refuge from religious persecution, Strang and his followers moved from Voree to Beaver Island in 1848.

At the time, unlike the Danish-American settlement on nearby Garden Island, Beaver Island was inhabited by mostly Irish Catholic immigrants. In particular they came from an Ulster Irish-speaking island (off the coast of County Donegal) called Arranmore ().

The Strangites flourished under their Prophet's rule and, due to the Island's strategic location, they became both an economic and a political power in the region at the expense of nearby Mackinac Island. The Strangites also founded the town of St. James, which was named in honor of Strang. They constructed a road denominated "King's Highway" into the interior of the island that remains one of its primary thoroughfares. The Strangites cleared land; constructed cabins, farms and other improvements; and attempted to establish themselves permanently on the island.

In fact, Strang became powerful enough to force the "Gentiles", or non-Mormons, of Beaver Island to pay tithes to his church. "Gentiles" who refused were allegedly subjected to flogging or violently driven off their land claims. Nothing, however, would have been more infuriating to Irish Catholic immigrants, for whom the events of the Tithe War were still a recent memory, than having once more to pay tithes to a denomination other than their own.

Irish Americans on the island, who were not welcome in St. James, first moved to a new settlement around Cable Bay, on Beaver Island's southern tip. The Ojibwe and Odawa population, on the other hand, fled to nearby Garden Island, where they sided invariably with the Strangites' enemies to the point that Strang later alleged that the Indians had been, "armed and hunting me for my life."

After first decreeing eleven days before the election that, "every Gentile family must come to the harbor and be baptized into the Church of Zion or leave the island within ten days", Strang was unanimously elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 1853 and again in 1855. He founded the first newspaper in Northern Michigan, the Northern Islander. During his tenure in the State Legislature, he made the island the center of the new County of Manitou, which included the Beaver Islands, Fox Islands and North Manitou and South Manitou Islands, and set the county seat at St. James in Beaver Island. The State of Michigan, however, abolished Manitou County in 1895 (see below).

After meeting and falling in love with 17-year old Elvira Field during a mission trip in 1849, Strang declared that God had commanded him to become a polygamist, contrary to his previous opposition to polygamy. After allegedly eloping with Strang, Miss Field became the second of an ultimate five wives, by whom Strang fathered a total of fourteen children.

James J. Strang proclaimed himself "King of Heaven and Earth", and was crowned on 8 July 1850 inside a large log "tabernacle" that his adherents erected, in an elaborate coronation ceremony. On him was bestowed a crown that a witness described as "a shiny metal ring with a cluster of glass stars in the front", a royal red robe, shield, breastplate, and wooden scepter.

Meanwhile, ships sailing near Beaver Island routinely, "sailed into a crack in the Lake", even during the summer, when shipwrecks in the region were highly unusual. During Strang's rule and for decades afterwards, allegations of Mormon acts of piracy, wrecking through the use of false light beacons and the cutting of anchor cables by Strangites on skiffs, the mass murder of male shipwreck survivors, and the subjecting of attractive female shipwreck survivors to forced marriage, continued to be commonly told by Beaver Island residents, as well as by Great Lakes sailors and fishermen.

In an interview with folklorist Ivan Walton, one old sailor later recalled, "Old Strang was a bad one. One time there was a fine old schooner anchored down here in Sand Bay to wait out a blow. She was a fine old schooner and when it came dark, them Mormons came done on her and murdered the whole crew except the two daughters of the Captain who were making the trip with him. Strang sees them and has him put on his boat and struck for the harbor with them but on the way one of the girls jumps overboard and they think she was drowned and went on but she swam back to the schooner and got a hold of the bob stays and there she was a-hanging when two Irishmen seeing the schooner and thinking she might be in trouble, rowed out and found the girl almost exhausted. Well, she told them her story and they took her back with them. One of the men was married and his wife took care of her and the fellow who wasn't married went to the nearest Mormon house and with two loaded pistols, stole a horse and rode as fast it could run right up Strang's big palace and went in and made them all put their hands up except the girl, who he told to go out and get on the horse and as soon as she did he backed out still keeping their hands up. There was old Strang and his five wives and some others and he got out and on the horse and rode with the girl. He later married her."

According to Strang's biographer Miles Harvey, there are numerous well-documented cases of groups of Strangites, who saw non-Mormons as the enemy, making marauding raids in settlements around the shores of Lake Michigan. Their acts included timber piracy, counterfeiting, home invasions, armed robbery, and horse theft in Koshkonong, Wisconsin, Perrysburg, Ohio, Woodstock, Illinois, and the theft of fishing equipment from the refugee fishermen in Mackinac Island. Furthermore, on July 13, 1853, Mormon fishermen from Beaver Island fought a pitched battle on Lake Michigan against fishermen from what is now Charlevoix, Michigan.

Strang, however, insisted through his newspaper that all of these charges were lies motivated by Anti-Mormonism.

Strang and his adherents often conflicted with their neighbors on the island and adjacent locales. While claiming dominion of only his church, Strang tended to exert authority over non-Strangites on the island also, and was regularly accused of forcibly seizing their property and ordering physical assaults against them. Meanwhile, the island and surrounding County were ruled with Strang as the political boss, while the Strangites imposed both a monarchy and theocracy upon local government that violated both the American system of Republicanism and the separation of church and state. Even before the new County's creation, Strang was powerful enough to order the Treasurer of Mackinac County to surrender one tenth of Beaver Island's tax revenue to his church.

Open hostility between the two groups frequently became violent, and a growing number of Irish-American refugees fled to Mackinac Island. Other Irish-Americans once assaulted Strangites at the post office and, in what is still called the "Battle of Whiskey Point", Strang fired a cannon at a private army of Irish-American fishermen who had come to retake the island and expel the Strangite church.

Meanwhile, one former Strangite later recalled that more and more Mormon families were, "leading a double life, seemingly good Mormons, but only waiting for the opportunity to get away". The beginning of the end came when Strang ordered all Mormon women to wear bloomers instead of dresses. When two Mormon women refused obedience, Strang punished them by having their husbands flogged, an act that was rendered less unpopular after one of them was discovered in flagrante delicto while committing adultery. While recovering from their floggings, both outraged husbands vowed revenge against Strang. On June 16, 1856, the United States Navy gunboat  entered the harbor of St. James and Strang was invited aboard. As Strang walked along the dock the two Mormon flogging victims followed by several other disaffected Strangites repeatedly shot the Mormon king from behind and pistol-whipped him as he lay dying. The shooters then boarded the gunboat, which refused to surrender them to the Mormon Sheriff and instead sailed away and disembarked both men in Mackinac Island. No one was arrested, tried, or convicted of Strang's murder.

After Strang died of his wounds on July 9, 1856, mobs of dispossessed Irish fishermen from Mackinac Island and St. Helena Island arrived and expelled the Strangites, who then numbered approximately 2,600, from their claims
on Beaver Island.

The Strangite tabernacle and Strang's royal palace no longer survive, neither does the Strangite regalia, but a printing shop that his disciples erected persists as the only Strangite-era building still existing on Beaver Island. The Mormon printing shop now houses a museum of local history. The Strangite church continues to exist, though not on Beaver Island, and numbers a maximum of 300 adherents.

According to Frederick Stonehouse, "Whether Strang and his Mormons were guilty of the charges of piracy and murder their enemies levelled at them or not is unknown. In today's more politically correct climate, the feeling is that the charges were trumped up by their enemies, who were jealous of the success of the 'Saints'. As usual, the truth is likely somewhere between the two extremes. There is a persistent rumor of treasure on Beaver Island. As the old tale goes it is part of King Strang's ill-gotten gains and is 'buried' in Fox Lake in a large chest. Over the years, people have searched for it without result, but of course if someone did find it, is it wise to announce it to the world or just keep mum?"

"America's Emerald Isle"
Irish Catholic fishermen from Gull Island, Mackinac Island and various port cities of mainland Michigan, and also emigrants from County Donegal, Ireland, rapidly replaced the Strangites in Beaver Island. Their community, which more immigration from the Gaeltacht increased, developed a unique identity that isolation from the mainland fostered. Catholic sermons and even quotidian conversations were in Ulster Irish for decades. By the middle of the 1880s the Island became the largest supplier of freshwater fish consumed in the US, yet overfishing and technological change ended this dominance by 1893.

After the expulsion of the Strangites, local government in Manitou County, which included Beaver Island, almost ceased. Court sessions and elections were rarely held, county offices were often left vacant, and the region acquired a reputation for lawlessness. Michigan Governor John J. Bagley affirmed this reputation in 1877 when he advocated for abolition of the county. A bill was introduced to this effect yet failed to be enacted. A second attempt in 1895 was more successful, and Beaver Island was incorporated into Charlevoix County while Fox and Manitou Islands were incorporated into Leelanau County.

In addition to King Strang, the Island became the residence of two other locally famous persons. Father Peter Gallagher, a priest from 1865 to 1898, was a colorful and charismatic leader who dominated insular society. He once engaged one of his parishioners in a fistfight in the insular chapel. Feodor Protar, who arrived in 1893, was a member of the religious movement founded by Leo Tolstoy. He served as a local doctor and friend-to-all while living as a recluse in a cabin in the interior of the Island. Protar died in 1925 and left many admirers.

In 1938, John W. Green (1871–1963), a resident of Beaver Island, was recorded by folklorist and ethnomusicologist Alan Lomax singing traditional songs, which can be heard on the Library of Congress website.

Logging, which was always an important part of the insular economy, greatly increased with the formation of the Beaver Island Logging Company in 1901. Docks, housing, railroads and a mill impacted the local scenery, while fishing continued as the primary economic activity. The collapse of the Great Lakes fish population caused by the accidental introduction of the lamprey eel by deep sea ships during the 1940s and '50s also caused the exodus of most of the residents, until tourism in the 1970s renewed interest in the Island.

Geography
The island is  long,  wide, and is part of Charlevoix County, Michigan. It is mostly flat and sandy, with large forested tracts. According to data of the US census, it has  of land, and a permanent population of 657 as of 2010. The more densely populated part, which comprises a mere 6% of total insular land, is within Saint James Township on the northern part of the island. The census of 2010 reported its population as 365. St. James Township also includes Garden Island, High Island, Hog Island and several minor islands in Lake Michigan, which are all permanently uninhabited Peaine Township, which comprises the remaining 94% of insular land, contains large parcels of state land which are managed as part of the Beaver Islands State Wildlife Research Area. The research area is mostly undeveloped, with some relictual homesteads within the township that were constructed in the clearings of successful farms of the nineteenth century. In 2010 the township had a population of 292.

The island has several small to moderately sized lakes, including Lake Geneserath in the southeast, Greenes Lake and Fox Lake in the central part, and Font Lake, Egg Lake, Round Lake and Barneys Lake in the northern part. There are only two named streams: Jordan River that flows into Sand Bay on the eastern part of the island and Iron Ore Creek that flows into Iron Ore Bay on the southern part.

Climate
The island is within a climatic region that has great seasonal differences in temperature, with warm to hot, and often humid, summers and cold, even severely cold, winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, it has a humid continental climate, which is abbreviated "Dfb" on climatic maps.

Economy

Historically, the primary industries in the island are fishing, logging and farming. Presently the economy centers in governmental services, tourism and residential and cottage construction. Recreational opportunities abound in the insular harbor, beaches, inland lakes and the state forest that includes much of the island. A golf course, nature trails, restaurants, hotels, a marina and other amenities are available.

The island describes itself as "America's Emerald Isle" in allusion to the Irish ancestry of many of its residents.

Central Michigan University owns and operates a research facility in the island, denominated the "CMU Biological Station". The station hosts classes and workshops for students and researchers. CMU also owns a former Coast Guard Boathouse on Whiskey Point in the northern part of the island and part of Miller's Marsh.

Transportation
Two small airlines serve the island: Island Airways and Fresh Air Aviation. Airplanes are twin engine propeller airplanes for 6–10 passengers. The flight to the island takes approximately 20 minutes, are available multiple times a day throughout the year and reservations often are accepted with only brief notice. Luggage generally is included in the cost of a ticket, with a "pounds per person" limit, and additional luggage is charged according to its weight in pounds. Pets may be transported also, with prices of such tickets premised on the size of pets. Island Airways' airplanes depart from Charlevoix to Welke Airport (6Y8), a privately owned yet publicly accessible airport in Peaine Township that is approximately one mile (1,600 meters) south of St. James. Fresh Air Aviation's airplanes depart from Charlevoix to the public airport of Peaine Township (KSJX), which is on the Western side, a little over  from St. James.

Beaver Island Boat Company operates a scheduled automobile ferry service from Charlevoix during most of the year. Daily service is available from May through September, and a more limited service is available October through mid-December. The ferry runs on a seasonal schedule where the number of daily trips ranges from one to four trips departing from Charlevoix to the island. The ferry is closed from January through March. Travelers are advised to verify the weather before boarding because rough waves can cause sea sickness. Visitors wishing to transport their own motor vehicles must make reservations in advance as ferry space is limited. Two ferry boats are in service, The Emerald Isle and the Beaver Islander, the latter of which is smaller. The journey is slightly more than two hours to two and one half hours, contingent on weather and which ferry is ridden. Dogs, bikes, canoes, kayaks, boats, and motorcycles can be transported aboard the ferry for a fee.

Two lighthouses are on the island:
Beaver Island Harbor Light (St. James Light), erected in 1870, on the northern part of the Island, which continues to aid navigation.
Beaver Island Head Lighthouse on the southern part of the Island, erected in 1858, was deactivated in 1961.

Archipelago

The islands of the Beaver Islands archipelago include, in approximate order of size from largest to smallest:

Beaver Island
 Garden Island
 High Island
 South Fox Island
 Hog Island
 North Fox Island
 Gull Island
 Whiskey Island
 Ojibwa Island
 Trout Island
 Grape Island
 Hat Island
 Shoe Island
 Pismire Island

Gull, Hat, Pismire, and Shoe Islands comprise the Lake Michigan division of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge and are administered as a satellite of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge. Pismire and Shoe Islands are also part of the Michigan Islands Wilderness Area.

Events

Dark Sky Island
Beaver Island is a part of the Dark Sky Sanctuary which is designated to only 14 locations in the whole world. The Dark Sky Sanctuary is used as a way to raise awareness for the benefits of reducing light pollution. The Dark Sky Sanctuary is not only a way to promote appreciation for the environment, but it also allows for the exploration of the night sky. In honor of Beaver Island being involved in the Dark SKy Sanctuary, Beaver Island Community Center creates events to bring the community together to view constellations, meteor showers, the Northern Lights, etc.

Beaver Island Music Festival
The Beaver Island Music Festival brings music artists from around the world to perform in the wilderness of Beaver Island. Founded in 2003, the festival is centered around combining music and wilderness together. The Festival is catered to all ages, but is centered around nature at the core. The festival is typically during the third week of July, and it lasts three days. Some of the well known performers of the festival include Sponge, an American rock band founded in Detroit; Lipstick Jodi; The Burney Sisters; etc. The Beaver Island Music Festival involves local businesses and community members to establish itself as a community-wide organization.

Beaver Island Bike Festival
The Beaver Island Bike Festival allows bikers to enjoy the scenery of Beaver Island at their own leisure. The festival occurs during the third week of June. Biker can bike 20 to 42 miles of self-paced biking. Campgrounds, rest stops, food, drinks, and restrooms are provided for those attending. Bikers can also visit the scattered historical sights and monuments throughout the island. There is also a downtown party to conclude the festival where music and entertainment is provided.

Baroque on Beaver
Founded in 2001, Baroque on Beaver is an event where orchestral and vocal performers come to Beaver island during the end of July and beginning weeks of August. This event is presented by the Beaver Island Performing Arts Alliance (BIPAA), where they strive to bring Classical music to this remote Great Lakes island.

Beaver Island Irish Féile
Beginning in 2019, the Beaver Island Irish Féile showcases the Irish heritage of Beaver Island. The event takes place during the second week of September. The event includes Irish traditional music and activities that center around the unique history of the Island.

See also
Populated islands of the Great Lakes
List of islands of Michigan
List of islands of the United States

References

External links

BeaverIsland.net
Beaver Island Virtual Tour
Beaver Island Chamber of Commerce
Satellite map of Beaver Island from Google Maps
Beaver Island Boat Company
Island Airways
Fresh Air Aviation
Central Michigan University Biological Station on Beaver Island
Technology a blessing, a curse for remote island, By Martha Irvine, Associated Press, November 8, 2010.
WVBI, the island's FM radio station.
WVBI BIC Center Community Calendar, an on-line calendar of events on Beaver Island.
Beaver Island Ferry Schedule

Anti-Catholicism in the United States
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
History of Michigan
Irish-American culture in Michigan
Irish-American history
Irish language outside Ireland
Islands of Charlevoix County, Michigan
Islands of Lake Michigan in Michigan
Mormonism and politics
Mormonism and polygamy
Mormonism and violence
Mormonism and women
Mormonism-related controversies
Piracy in the United States
Pirate dens and locations
Pirate treasure
Riots and civil disorder in Michigan
River and lake piracy
Significant places in Mormonism
Tithing in Mormonism

Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)


Rețeaua de troleibuz din Iași a asigurat transportul electric din oraș. Rețeaua a fost inaugurată în 1 mai 1985 și a fost închisă în 4 martie 2006.

Istorie
Troleibuzele din Iași și-au început activitatea la 1 mai 1985. Rețeaua avea 23 km lungime. Ultima linie de troleibuz 43 a fost închisă pe data de 4 martie 2006. 46 de troleibuze au fost deținute pentru a opera această linie. După dezafectare, 29 troleibuze au rămas în depou dacă ar trebui să mai fie nevoie din nou de troleibuze.

Linii
În Iași au existat 5 linii de troleibuz. Acestea erau:

41: Copou - CUG 2

42: Copou - Complex Tudor Vladimirescu

43: Păcurari - CUG 1

44: Piața Dacia - CUG 1

46: Piața Mihai Eminescu - Bucium

Flotă

Galerie foto

Reintroducere
În iunie 2020, primarul Mihai Chirica a propus reintroducerea troleibuzelor în Iași, folosind fonduri europene. Șapte trasee sunt propuse: 3 trasee noi, 3 trasee de troleibuz originale, care sunt în prezent circulate de autobuze diesel și un traseu de autobuz transformat în traseu de troleibuz.

Vezi și
Tramvaiul din Iași
Autobuzele din Iași
Transportul public din Iași
Troleibuz

Note

Iași
Iași

Troleibuzele din Iași


Mathilde Lavenne est une artiste contemporaine française et réalisatrice basée en France.

Biographie
Au terme d'études en cultures espagnoles et latino-américaines, Mathilde Lavenne obtient un Master à l'université des arts plastiques de Lille 3 et un DNSEP à l'école supérieure des beaux arts de Tourcoing, suivi d'un passage à la HEAR, Haute école des arts du Rhin de Strasbourg. Diplômée du Fresnoy, Studio national des arts contemporains en 2016, elle se spécialise dans l'animation, le cinéma, l'art vidéo et les installations numériques.

En 2014, elle part à la rencontre d'un glacier et capte ses cristallisations dans le film Focus on Infinity, récompensé par le prix Talents d'eau de la Fondation François Schneider en 2015.

En 2016, elle créé une installation numérique Artefact Digital Necrophony #0, pour communiquer avec l'au-delà numérique.

En 2018, elle réalise TROPICS au Mexique, récompensé par le Prix Golden Nica en animation par le Festival Ars Electronica à Linz en Autriche, le prix Vidéoformes du conseil général du Puy de Dôme à Clermont Ferrand et le prix du meilleur court métrage expérimental au Festival international du film de Ann Arbor aux États Unis. Il est programmé en première au Festival International du film de Rotterdam (IFFR). Dans ce film, l'artiste utilise un scanner pour capturer l'invisible.

En 2019, l'artiste est pensionnaire de l'académie de France à Madrid, la Casa de Velazquez. Elle s'intéresse au rayonnement cosmique et à la physique des particules au CERN à Genève. Son film Solar Echoes questionne les échelles d'espace et de temps à travers le mouvement de la centrale thermo solaire Gemasolar située en Andalousie.

En 2021, elle est en résidence à la cité internationale des arts de Paris et elle collabore avec la compositrice Diana Syrse dans le cadre d'une commande du National Sawdust pour le Bethmorrison project à New York.

Filmographie

 Story of leaving (2021)en collaboration avec Diana Syrse
 Solar Echoes (2020) composition musicale de Léonore Mercier
 TROPICS (2018) composition musicale de Léonore Mercier
 Artefact Digital Necrophony (2016) composition algorithmique de Daniel Cabanzo
 Focus on infinity (2015)composition musicale de Léonore Mercier
 Made of Dust (2013) collaboration avec l'artiste Léonie Young

Récompenses

 Prix Vidéoformes du Conseil Général du Puy de Dôme, Clermont Ferrand (2020)
 Best experimental short award, Ann Arbor Film Festival, États Unis (2019)
 Mention spéciale, jury experimental, Festival Tous-courts, Aix en Provence, France (2019)
 Golden Nica, Computer Animation, Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria (2019)
 Prix de la Fondation François Schneider, Wattwiller, France (2015)
 Prix Pierre Schaeffer, Scam, Paris, France (2013)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Mathilde Lavenne sur Unifrance
 Mathilde Lavenne sur IFFR
 Site web de l'institut Français IF Digital

Réalisatrice française
Élève du Fresnoy - Studio national des arts contemporains
Naissance en 1982
Naissance à Amiens

Mathilde Lavenne


O Leipzig foi um cruzador rápido operado pela Reichsmarine e Kriegsmarine e a primeira embarcação da Classe Leipzig, seguido pelo . Sua construção começou em abril de 1928 na Reichsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven e foi lançado ao mar em outubro do ano seguinte, sendo comissionado na frota alemã em outubro de 1931. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por nove canhões de 149 milímetros em três torres de artilharia triplas, tinha um deslocamento carregado de mais de oito mil toneladas e conseguia alcançar uma velocidade máxima de 32 nós.

O Leipzig passou seus primeiros anos realizando exercícios e depois participou de patrulhas de não-intervenção na Guerra Civil Espanhola. A Segunda Guerra Mundial começou em setembro de 1939 e o navio foi inicialmente usado na escolta de navios de guerra. Foi torpedeado por um submarino britânico em dezembro durante uma dessas operações e seriamente danificado. Passou por reparos na Alemanha até o final de 1940 e retornou ao serviço como um navio de treinamento. Ele proporcionou suporte para a Wehrmacht na invasão da União Soviética em 1941.

O cruzador operou brevemente na Noruega antes de retornar aos seus deveres como navio de treinamento. Colidiu com o cruzador pesado  em outubro de 1944 durante uma operação de escolta. Seus danos foram considerados muito grandes para serem realisticamente reparados, assim foi apenas remendado para se manter flutuando. Ajudou na defesa de Gotenhafen em março de 1945 e fugiu para a Dinamarca em abril com um grupo de civis. O Leipzig foi usado como alojamento flutuante depois da guerra e então deliberadamente afundado em julho de 1946.

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe Leipzig
Navios de 1929
Navios construídos em Wilhelmshaven
Cruzadores da Reichsmarine
Cruzadores da Kriegsmarine
Cruzadores da Alemanha na Segunda Guerra Mundial
Embarcações afundadas de propósito da Alemanha

Leipzig (cruzador)


An Ponthieva ephippium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Ponthieva ephippium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ponthieva, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ponthieva

Ponthieva ephippium


John Tayler (July 4, 1742 – March 19, 1829) was a merchant and politician. He served nine years as Lieutenant Governor of New York, four months acting as the sixth Governor of New York, and also in both houses of the New York State Legislature.

Life
He was a trader, farmer, and shopkeeper in Albany, New York. He married Margarita Van Valkenburgh in 1764.

Tayler was a Patriot during the Revolutionary War. He was drawn into public service for the Colonies.

He was a member from Albany County in the New York State Assembly from 1777 to 1779, in 1780–81, and from 1785 to 1787. He was appointed City Recorder (Deputy Mayor) of Albany in 1793, and First Judge of the Albany County Court in 1797. In 1798, he ran for U.S. Senator from New York, but was defeated by Federalist James Watson. He served in the New York State Senate from 1804 to 1813. On January 29, 1811, he was elected President pro tempore of the State Senate and was Acting Lieutenant Governor, Lt. Gov. John Broome having died in August 1810. He served until the end of June 1811 when he was succeeded by DeWitt Clinton who had been elected Lt. Gov. in a special election under the provisions of Article XX of the New York State Constitution of 1777.

Tayler was elected Lieutenant Governor in 1813, and re-elected in 1816, on the ticket with Daniel D. Tompkins. After Tompkins' resignation to assume the office of Vice President of the United States, Tayler served as Acting Governor from February 24 to June 30, 1817.

Article XVII of the New York State Constitution of 1777 states "...as often as the seat of government shall become vacant, a wise and descreet freeholder of this State shall be, by ballot, elected governor,..., which elections shall be always held at the times and places of choosing representatives in assembly..." This meant that, whenever a vacancy occurred, the Lt. Gov. did not succeed to the governor's office but administrated the state only until the end of the yearly term of the New York State Assembly on June 30, the successor being elected in April. This was the only occurrence of a vacancy of the governor's office under this Constitution, and in April 1817 DeWitt Clinton was elected Governor. Tayler was re-elected Lt. Gov. and re-elected in 1820.

The duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in 1804 is linked to comments spoken by Hamilton at Tayler's home in Albany, which were related in a letter written by Tayler's son-in-law, Dr. Charles D. Cooper, which was later published in an Albany newspaper.

Tayler was a presidential elector in 1828, voting for Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun.

Tayler died on March 19, 1829, in Albany. He was buried in Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York.

Sources

 The People of Colonial Albany – John Tayler
 The Political Graveyard

Governors of New York (state)
New York (state) state senators
Members of the New York State Assembly
1742 births
1829 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Politicians from Albany, New York
Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery
Politicians from New York City
New York (state) Democratic-Republicans
1828 United States presidential electors
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States

John Tayler


Gibbsovo pravilo faza ili fazno pravilo je pravilo kojim se određuje broj termodinamičkih faza jednoga termodinamičkog sustava u ravnoteži. Formulirao ga je američki fizičar J. W. Gibbs. Prema tom pravilu sustav u ravnoteži koji se sastoji od C međusobno neovisnih sastojaka, može imati samo određeni broj faza P:

P ≤ C + 2,

to jest broj faza može biti najviše za dva veći od broja sastojaka. Broj stupnjeva slobode F, to jest broj promjenjivih ili varijabla (na primjer tlak, volumen, temperatura, koncentracija) koje se mogu neovisno mijenjati, jednak je:

Ako se sustav sastoji od samo jednog sastojka, onda prema faznom pravilu mogu postojati najviše tri faze. Za svaku tvar kod određene temperature, tlaka i specifičnog volumena moguće je da su tri faze (čvrsta, tekuća i plinovita) u ravnoteži. To je takozvana trojna točka ili trostruka točka, u kojoj nema nijednoga stupnja slobode (F = 0). U dvofaznom sustavu od jednog sastojka (na primjer tekućina – para) tlak je ovisan o temperaturi, pa se kaže da taj sustav ima jedan stupanj slobode (F = 1). Kod plina (jednofazni sustav) tlak i temperatura međusobno su neovisni, pa taj sustav ima dva stupnja slobode (F = 2). U sustavu od dvaju sastojaka mogu biti najviše četiri faze u termodinamičkoj ravnoteži. Na primjer vodena otopina amonijaka pri određenoj temperaturi, tlaku, specifičnom volumenu i koncentraciji sastojaka (F = 0) ima četiri faze: paru, zasićenu otopinu, led i sol. Ako je broj faza manji za jedan (dva ili tri), onda se jedna (dvije ili tri) od ovih varijabla sustava mogu neovisno mijenjati.

Fazno pravilo ima izvanrednu važnost u proučavanju složenih sustava, a posebnu praktičnu primjenu u istraživanju legura.

Izvori

Zakoni termodinamike

Gibbsovo pravilo faza


Ratu Inoke Matavasona Kububuabola (born 1948) is a Fijian politician and Cabinet Minister. He is the former leader of the opposition and Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Kubuabola worked as an assistant manager for the New Zealand Insurance Company in Auckland and Suva. From 1975 to 1987 he was secretary of the South Pacific Bible Society. A Fijian nationalist, he was involved in the planning of the 1987 Fijian coups d'état. Following the coup he was appointed Minister for Information in the Military Government, and subsequently served as Minister for Information, Broadcasting, Television and Telecommunication.

Kubuabola was elected to Parliament in the 1992 election as a candidate for the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) and reappointed to Cabinet as Minister for Youth, Employment Opportunities and Sports. He was re-elected at the 1994 election and was appointed Minister for Regional Development and Multi Ethnic Affairs. In 1996 he was appointed Minister of Works, Infrastructure and Transport.

Following the defeat of the SVT government at the 1999 election and the subsequent resignation of its leader, the defeated Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, Kubuabola became leader of the SVT and Leader of the Opposition. Under the 1997 Constitution of Fiji the Leader of the Opposition chose 8 of the 32 members of the Senate, and Kubuabola sparked controversy in the role by limiting his selection to members of opposition parties.

Following the Fiji coup of 2000 Kubuabola was appointed Minister for Information and Communications in the interim Cabinet formed by Laisenia Qarase. He held this office till September 2001, when he lost his seat in the 2001 election. That year he also resigned the Chairmanship of the Cakaudrove Provincial Council, which he had led for served years, to Sitiveni Rabuka.

Diplomat
Kubuabola served as Fiji's High Commissioner to Papua New Guinea from 2002 to 2005.  In late 2005, he attempted to handle the problem of Fijian security guards, whom some accused of being mercenaries, operating illegally on the island of Bougainville.

On 4 May 2006 Kubuabola was posted to Tokyo as Fiji's Ambassador to Japan and Korea, replacing Ratu Tevita Momoedonu. He remained in this position until July 2009 when he was named Minister for Foreign Affairs by the Interim Government.

Kubuabola ran as a candidate for FijiFirst in the 2014 election, and was elected with 5,414 votes. He did not seek re-election at the 2018 election.

References

1948 births
Living people
Fijian chiefs
I-Taukei Fijian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
High Commissioners of Fiji to Papua New Guinea
Ambassadors of Fiji to Japan
Ambassadors of Fiji to South Korea
Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei politicians
FijiFirst politicians
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Parliament of Fiji
Fijian nationalists
Foreign Ministers of Fiji
Fijian Christians
Politicians from Cakaudrove Province
Leaders of the Opposition (Fiji)

Inoke Kubuabola


James Blades OBE (9 September 190119 May 1999) was an English percussionist.

He was one of the most distinguished percussionists in Western music, with a long and varied career. His book Percussion Instruments and their History (1971) is a standard reference work on the subject.

Blades was born in Peterborough in 1901. He was a long-time associate of Benjamin Britten, with whom he conceived many of the composer's unusual percussion effects. In 1954, Blades was appointed Professor of Percussion at the Royal Academy of Music.

As a chamber musician he played with the Melos Ensemble and the English Chamber Orchestra.

Blades' pupils included the rock drummers Max Sedgley, Carl Palmer, and Richard James Burgess as well as percussionist Evelyn Glennie.

His most famous and widely heard performances were the sound of the drum playing "V-for-Victory" in Morse code, the introduction to the BBC broadcasts made to the European Resistance during World War II, and providing the sound of the gong seen at the start of films produced by the Rank Organisation. Blades played this sound on a tam-tam. On screen Blades's sound was mimed by the "Gongman".

His autobiography Drum Roll: A Professional Adventure from the Circus to the Concert Hall was published by Faber & Faber in 1977.

Bibliography
Orchestral Percussion Techniques (Oxford: University, 1961)
Percussion Instruments and their History (London: Faber & Faber, 1971)
Early Percussion Instruments from the Middle Ages to the Baroque (Oxford: University, 1976)  (with Jeremy Montagu)
Drum Roll: A Professional Adventure from the Circus to the Concert Hall (London: Faber & Faber, 1977)
Ready to Play (London: BBC, 1978)  (with Carole Ward)
From Cave to Cavern (London: Sussex, 1982)
A Check-List of the Percussion Instruments in the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments (Edinburgh: Reid School of Music, 1982)
How to Play Drums (London: Penguin, 1985)  (with Johnny Dean)
These I Have Met... (London: Music Sales, 1998)

References

External links

 Obituary from The Guardian

1901 births
1999 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Bass drum players
British classical percussionists
Classical percussionists
English classical musicians
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English musicians
20th-century drummers

James Blades


La Coupe Spengler 2022 est la  de la Coupe Spengler, la première après deux annulations en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19. Elle se déroule du 26 au  à Davos, en Suisse.

Modus
Les six équipes participantes sont d'abord réparties en deux poules de trois, le groupe Torriani et le groupe Cattini. Chacune des équipes rencontre ses deux autres adversaires. La première équipe de chaque groupe est directement qualifiée pour les demi-finales. Les quatre autres équipes disputent des quarts de finale, durant lesquelles le deuxième du groupe Cattini rencontre le troisième du groupe Torriani, et inversement. Le vainqueur de chacun de ces quarts de finale est qualifié pour les demi-finales. Les deux équipes victorieuses s'affrontent en finale, le  à midi.

Participants
  HC Ambrì-Piotta (NL)

  HC Davos (NL)

  IFK Helsinki (Liiga)

  Örebro HK (SHL)

  HC Sparta Prague (Extraliga)

  Équipe du Canada

Résultats

Phase de groupes

Groupe Torriani

Groupe Cattini

Phase finale

Quarts de finale

Demi-finales

Finale

Équipe d'étoiles
Chaque année, une équipe type du tournoi est constituée avec les meilleurs joueurs des six équipes.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

2022
Sport en Suisse en 2022
Hockey sur glace en 2022
Sport en décembre 2022

Coupe Spengler 2022


Esta lista demostra o tráfego médio diário de todas as autoestradas portuguesas por meio dos dados do Instituto da Mobilidade e dos Transportes.

As autoestradas está designadas com o seu nome prinipal, incluíndo também as ICs que dispõe de um número de autoestrada reservada, em itálico.

Autoestradas de Portugal

Lista de autoestradas portuguesas por tráfego médio diário


Olaylar
 7 Eylül – Brezilya, Portekiz'den bağımsızlığını ilan etti
 Hatay - Halep bölgesinde meydana gelen büyük deprem tarihi dokuya zarar vermiştir.

Doğumlar
 6 Ocak - Heinrich Schliemann, Alman Arkeolog. (ö. 1890)
 27 Mart - Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Büyük Alim ve Devlet Adamı
 18 Mayıs - Mathew Brady, Amerikalı fotoğrafçı (ö. 1896)
 27 Aralık - Louis Pasteur bilim insanı (ö. 1895)

Ölümler

 16 Mart - Jeanne Louise Henriette Campan, Fransız eğitimci ve yazardır (d. 1752)

1822


Olaylar
 İmparator Keikō, Japonya İmparatoru oldu.

Doğumlar
 Chadae, Koguryo Krallığı'nın yedinci hükümdarı (ö. 165)
 Rabil II Soter, Nabati Kralı (ö. 106)

Ölümler

als:70er#Johr 71

71


Ferhat Abbas (; 1899-1985), Cezayirli siyasetçi.

Eczacılık öğrenimi gören Ferhat Abbas, bağımsızlık savaşına katılıp, 1938'de Cezayir Halk Birliği'ni kurdu ve 1943'te Cezayir Ulusu Beyannamesi'ni yayınladı. İkinci Kurucu Meclis ve Cezayir Meclisi üyeliği yapıp, ayaklanmalar patlak verince Mısır'a kaçarak 1958'de Kahire'deki "Cezayir Cumhuriyeti Geçici Hükûmeti"nin başkanı oldu. Milletvekilliğine ve meclis başkanlığına 1961'de getirilip, Ben Bella'nın radikal görüşlerini beğenmediğinden 1963 Ağustos'unda istifa etti. 18 Ağustos 1964'te tutuklandıysa da, kısa bir süre sonra 1965'te serbest bırakıldı.

Kaynakça
 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferhat-Abbas

1899 doğumlular
1985 yılında ölenler
Cezayir cumhurbaşkanları
Cezayirli siyasetçiler
Cezayir Bağımsızlık Savaşı'nda kişiler
Ulusal Kurtuluş Cephesi (Cezayir) Başkanları

Ferhat Abbas


This is a complete list of U.S. congressional committees (standing committees and select or special committees) that are operating in the United States Senate. Senators can be a member of more than one committee.

Standing committees
, there are 88 subsidiary bodies of the US Senate: 16 standing committees with 67 subcommittees, and five non-standing committees.

Non-standing committees
There are five non-standing, select, or special committees, which are treated similarly to standing committees.

Committee classes
Senate committees are divided, according to relative importance, into three categories: Class A, Class B, and Class C. In general, individual Senators are limited to service on two Class A committees and one Class B committee. Assignment to Class C committees is made without reference to a member's service on any other panels.

Standing committees
Standing committees are permanent bodies with specific responsibilities spelled out in the Senate's rules. Twelve of the sixteen current standing committees are Class A panels: Agriculture; Appropriations; Armed Services; Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Energy and Natural Resources; Environment and Public Works; Finance; Foreign Relations; Governmental Affairs; Judiciary; and Health, Education, Labor and Pensions.

There are four Class B standing committees: Budget, Rules and Administration, Small Business, and Veterans' Affairs. There are currently no Class C standing committees.

Other, select and special committees
Other (i.e., Indian Affairs), select and special committees are ranked as Class B or Class C committees. They are created for clearly specified purposes. There are currently two Class B committees: the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Special Committee on Aging, and two Class C committees: the Select Committee on Indian Affairs and the Select Committee on Ethics.

Joint committees
Joint Committees are used for purposes of legislative and administrative coordination.  At present there are four: the Joint Economic Committee (Class B), the Joint Committee on the Library (Class C), the Joint Committee on Printing (Class C), and the Joint Committee on Taxation (Class C).

Jurisdiction
Standing committees in the Senate have their jurisdiction set by three primary sources: Senate Rules, ad hoc Senate Resolutions, and Senate Resolutions related to committee funding. To see an overview of the jurisdictions of standing committees in the Senate, see Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXV.

Party leadership
Each party determines their committees leads, who serve as chair in the majority and ranking member in the minority. The table below lists the tenure of when each member was selected for their current term as committee lead. The Republican party rules stipulate that their leads of standing committees may serve no more than three congressional terms (two years each) as chair or ranking member, unless the full party conference grants them a waiver to do so. The current majority party is listed first for each committee.

See also
List of United States House of Representatives committees
List of United States congressional joint committees
List of defunct United States congressional committees

References

External links
 (see also Biographical Directory of the United States Congress)

"Committees of the U.S. Congress". Congress.gov.

Committees

List of United States Senate committees


A traveling-wave tube (TWT, pronounced "twit") or traveling-wave tube amplifier (TWTA, pronounced "tweeta") is a specialized vacuum tube that is used in electronics to amplify radio frequency (RF) signals in the microwave range.  It was invented by Andrei Haeff around 1933 as a graduate student at Caltech, and its present form was invented by Rudolf Kompfner in 1942-43. The TWT belongs to a category of "linear beam" tubes, such as the klystron, in which the radio wave is amplified by absorbing power from a beam of electrons as it passes down the tube.  Although there are various types of TWT, two major categories are:
Helix TWT - in which the radio waves interact with the electron beam while traveling down a wire helix which surrounds the beam.  These have wide bandwidth, but output power is limited to a few hundred watts.
Coupled cavity TWT - in which the radio wave interacts with the beam in a series of cavity resonators through which the beam passes.  These function as narrowband power amplifiers.
A major advantage of the TWT over some other microwave tubes is its ability to amplify a wide range of frequencies i.e. a large bandwidth.  The bandwidth of the helix TWT can be as high as two octaves, while the cavity versions have bandwidths of 10–20%.  Operating frequencies range from 300 MHz to 50 GHz. The power gain of the tube is on the order of 40 to 70 decibels, and output power ranges from a few watts to megawatts.

TWTs account for over 50% of the sales volume of all microwave vacuum tubes.   They are widely used as the power amplifiers and oscillators in radar systems, communication satellite and spacecraft transmitters, and electronic warfare systems.

Description

A Basic TWT
The TWT is an elongated vacuum tube with an electron gun (a heated cathode that emits electrons) at one end. A voltage applied across the cathode and anode accelerates the electrons towards the far end of the tube, and an external magnetic field around the tube focuses the electrons into a beam. At the other end of the tube the electrons strike the "collector", which returns them to the circuit.

Wrapped around the inside of the tube, just outside the beam path, is a helix of wire, typically oxygen-free copper. The RF signal to be amplified is fed into the helix at a point near the emitter end of the tube. The signal is normally fed into the helix via a waveguide or electromagnetic coil placed at one end, forming a one-way signal path, a directional coupler.

By controlling the accelerating voltage, the speed of the electrons flowing down the tube is set to be similar to the speed of the RF signal running down the helix. The signal in the wire causes a magnetic field to be induced in the center of the helix, where the electrons are flowing. Depending on the phase of the signal, the electrons will either be sped up or slowed down as they pass the windings. This causes the electron beam to "bunch up", known technically as "velocity modulation". The resulting pattern of electron density in the beam is an analog of the original RF signal.

Because the beam is passing the helix as it travels, and that signal varies, it causes induction in the helix, amplifying the original signal. By the time it reaches the other end of the tube, this process has had time to deposit considerable energy back into the helix. A second directional coupler, positioned near the collector, receives an amplified version of the input signal from the far end of the RF circuit. Attenuators placed along the RF circuit prevent the reflected wave from traveling back to the cathode.

Higher powered helix TWTs usually contain beryllium oxide ceramic as both a helix support rod and in some cases, as an electron collector for the TWT because of its special electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties.

Comparison

There are a number of RF amplifier tubes that operate in a similar fashion to the TWT, known collectively as velocity-modulated tubes. The best known example is the klystron. All of these tubes use the same basic "bunching" of electrons to provide the amplification process, and differ largely in what process causes the velocity modulation to occur.

In the klystron, the electron beam passes through a hole in a resonant cavity which is connected to the source RF signal. The signal at the instant the electrons pass through the hole causes them to be accelerated (or decelerated). The electrons enter a "drift tube" in which faster electrons overtake the slower ones, creating the bunches, after which the electrons pass through another resonant cavity from which the output power is taken.  Since the velocity sorting process takes time, the drift tube must often be several feet long.

In comparison, in the TWT the acceleration is caused by the interactions with the helix along the entire length of the tube. This allows the TWT to have a very low noise output, a major advantage of the design. More usefully, this process is much less sensitive to the physical arrangement of the tube, which allows the TWT to operate over a wider variety of frequencies. TWT's are generally at an advantage when low noise and frequency variability are useful.

Coupled-cavity TWT
Helix TWTs are limited in peak RF power by the current handling (and therefore thickness) of the helix wire. As power level increases, the wire can overheat and cause the helix geometry to warp. Wire thickness can be increased to improve matters, but if the wire is too thick it becomes impossible to obtain the required helix pitch for proper operation. Typically helix TWTs achieve less than 2.5 kW output power.

The coupled-cavity TWT overcomes this limit by replacing the helix with a series of coupled cavities arranged axially along the beam. This structure provides a helical waveguide, and hence amplification can occur via velocity modulation. Helical waveguides have very nonlinear dispersion and thus are only narrowband (but wider than klystron). A coupled-cavity TWT can achieve 60 kW output power.

Operation is similar to that of a klystron, except that coupled-cavity TWTs are designed with attenuation between the slow-wave structure instead of a drift tube. The slow-wave structure gives the TWT its wide bandwidth. A free electron laser allows higher frequencies.

Traveling-wave-tube amplifier
A TWT integrated with a regulated power supply and protection circuits is referred to as a traveling-wave-tube amplifier (abbreviated TWTA and often pronounced "TWEET-uh"). It is used to produce high-power radio frequency signals. The bandwidth of a broadband TWTA can be as high as one octave, although tuned (narrowband) versions exist; operating frequencies range from 300 MHz to 50 GHz.

A TWTA consists of a traveling-wave tube coupled with its protection circuits (as in klystron) and regulated power supply electronic power conditioner (EPC), which may be supplied and integrated by a different manufacturer. The main difference between most power supplies and those for vacuum tubes is that efficient vacuum tubes have depressed collectors to recycle kinetic energy of the electrons, so the secondary winding of the power supply needs up to 6 taps of which the helix voltage needs precise regulation. The subsequent addition of a linearizer (as for inductive output tube) can, by complementary compensation, improve the gain compression and other characteristics of the TWTA; this combination is called a linearized TWTA (LTWTA, "EL-tweet-uh").

Broadband TWTAs generally use a helix TWT and achieve less than 2.5 kW output power. TWTAs using a coupled cavity TWT can achieve 15 kW output power, but at the expense of narrower bandwidth.

Invention, development and early use
The original design and prototype of the TWT was done by Andrei "Andy" Haeff c. 1931 while he was working as a doctoral student at the Kellogg Radiation Laboratory at Caltech.  His original patent, "Device for and Method of Controlling High Frequency Currents", was filed in 1933 and granted in 1936.

The invention of the TWT is often attributed to Rudolf Kompfner in 1942–1943.  In addition, Nils Lindenblad, working at RCA (Radio Corporation of America) in the USA also filed a patent for a device in May 1940 that was remarkably similar to Kompfner's TWT. Both of these devices were improvements over Haeff's original design as they both used the then newly invented precision electron gun as the source of the electron beam and they both directed the beam down the center of the helix instead of outside of it.  These configuration changes resulted in much greater wave amplification than Haeff's design as they relied on the physical principles of velocity modulation and electron bunching. Kompfner developed his TWT in a British Admiralty radar laboratory during World War II. His first sketch of his TWT is dated November 12, 1942, and he built his first TWT in early 1943.
The TWT was later refined by Kompfner, John R. Pierce, and Lester M. Winslow at Bell Labs.  Note that Kompfner's US patent, granted in 1953, does cite Haeff's previous work.

By the 1950s, after further development at the Electron Tube Laboratory at Hughes Aircraft Company in Culver City, California, TWTs went into production there, and by the 1960s TWTs were also produced by such companies as the English Electric Valve Company, followed by Ferranti in the 1970s.

On July 10, 1962, the first communications satellite, Telstar 1, was launched with a 2 W, 4 GHz RCA-designed TWT transponder used for transmitting RF signals to Earth stations. Syncom 2 was successfully launched into geosynchronous orbit on July 26, 1963 with two 2 W, 1850 MHz Hughes-designed TWT transponders — one active and one spare.

Uses
TWTAs are commonly used as amplifiers in satellite transponders, where the input signal is very weak and the output needs to be high power.

A TWTA whose output drives an antenna is a type of transmitter. TWTA transmitters are used extensively in radar, particularly in airborne fire-control radar systems, and in electronic warfare and self-protection systems. In such applications, a control grid is typically introduced between the TWT's electron gun and slow-wave structure to allow pulsed operation. The circuit that drives the control grid is usually referred to as a grid modulator.

Dual redundant 12-watt TWTAs were mounted on the body under the dish of the New Horizons spacecraft, which visited Pluto in 2015, then Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth in 2019 to return data at a distance of 43.4 AU from the Sun.

Historical notes

A TWT has sometimes been referred to as a "traveling-wave amplifier tube" (TWAT), although this term was never widely adopted.  "TWT" has been pronounced by engineers as "twit", and "TWTA" as "tweeta".

See also
Distributed amplifier
Magnetron
Klystron tube
Crossed-field amplifier
Backward wave oscillator
Inductive output tube
Extended interaction oscillator

References

Further reading
Copeland, Jack; Haeff, Andre A. (September 2015). "The True History of the Traveling Wave Tube".
Anderson, Carter M; (November 2015). "The Quest for the Ultimate Vacuum Tube". IEEE Spectrum;

External links
Memorial page, with photo of John Pierce holding a TWT
Nyquist page, with photo of Pierce, Kompfner, and Nyquist in front of TWT calculations on blackboard
TMD Travelling Wave Tubes, Information & PDF data sheets.
Flash animation showing the operation of a traveling wave tube (TWT) and its internal construction

British inventions
Microwave technology
Vacuum tubes

Traveling-wave tube


Madigan's Millions (It: Un dollaro per 7 vigliacchi, Sp: El Millón de Madigan) is a 1968 Italian-Spanish comedy crime film directed by Stanley Prager and produced by Sidney W. Pink.

The movie was shot in 1966 but was not released for two years. It stars Dustin Hoffman, in his first movie role, as Jason Fister, a young U.S. Treasury Dept. official sent to Rome to recover a large sum of money owed to the United States government by a deceased mobster.

The film is in the lowbrow comedy genre, with comic stop-action chase scenes, as well as many scenes involving Spaghetti Western-style gunplay on the streets of Rome. Hoffman's Fister is a seemingly naive and mild-mannered bureaucrat with a sense for sniffing out phonies.

The interiors of the film were shot largely in Spain, with exteriors in Rome.

Plot

Cast
 Dustin Hoffman – Jason Fister
 Elsa Martinelli – Vic Shaw
 Cesar Romero – Mike Madigan
 Gustavo Rojo – Lt. Arco
 Fernando Hilbeck – Burke
 Riccardo Garrone – Cirini
 Franco Fabrizi – Caronda
 Umberto Raho – Photographer
 Gérard Tichy – J. P. Ogilvie

Release
The film was released in the United States by American International Pictures in 1969 after Hoffman's success in The Graduate and Midnight Cowboy.

See also
Who's Minding the Mint? (1967)

External links

References

1968 films
Films set in Italy
Spanish crime comedy films
Italian crime comedy films
Films produced by Sidney W. Pink
English-language Italian films
English-language Spanish films
1960s English-language films
1960s Italian films
1960s Spanish films

Madigan's Millions


Die Maldives International 2011 fanden vom 7. bis zum 11. Juni 2011 in Malé statt. Es war die zweite Austragung dieser internationalen Meisterschaften der Malediven im Badminton. Bei den Titelkämpfen wurden Punkte für die Badminton-Weltrangliste vergeben.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 tournamentsoftware.com

2011
Badminton 2011
Badmintonwettbewerb in Malé

Maldives International 2011


Kenneth Pinyan (* 22. Juni 1960 in Gig Harbor; † 2. Juli 2005 in Enumclaw, Washington) war ein US-amerikanischer Ingenieur, der durch die Umstände seines Todes bekannt wurde. Er starb an den Folgen einer Darmperforation, nachdem er zuvor passiven Analverkehr mit einem Hengst gehabt hatte (Zoophilie).

Vorfall
Pinyan hatte unter dem Pseudonym "Mr. Hands" gemeinsam mit weiteren Personen über einen längeren Zeitraum hunderte Videos tierpornografischen Inhalts produziert.

Während sexueller Handlungen mit einem Hengst auf einer Farm im King County, die von einem seiner Freunde gefilmt wurden, erlitt Pinyan eine Darmperforation, die zu einer Peritonitis führte. Im Krankenhaus konnte nur noch der Tod des Mannes festgestellt werden.

Nachgeschichte
Nach Berichterstattung der The Seattle Times wurde der Vorfall landesweit bekannt. Der Online-Artikel war der meistgelesene Artikel der Zeitung im Jahr 2005.

Der Kameramann, der den Vorfall aufgezeichnet hatte, sollte zunächst wegen Tierquälerei angeklagt werden. Jedoch gab es auf den Videos keinen Beweis eines "Quälens" der Tiere. Da es im Bundesstaat Washington damals kein Gesetz gegen Tierpornografie gab, wurde er lediglich wegen Hausfriedensbruches angezeigt. Der Besitzer der Farm hatte zuvor keine Kenntnis von den Taten der Besucher. Der Mann bekannte sich schuldig und wurde zu einem Jahr auf Bewährung, einer Geldstrafe von 300 US-Dollar und einem Tag gemeinnütziger Arbeit verurteilt.

Der Fall führte dazu, dass das Gesetz über Animal cruelty in the first degree im Staat Washington im Juni 2006 geändert wurde. Dadurch wurde sexueller Kontakt mit Tieren strafbar und auch Helfer, Tierbesitzer und Fotografen beziehungsweise Filmer wurden explizit mit eingeschlossen.

Ein Tiersexvideo mit Pinyan verbreitete sich nach dem Vorfall im Internet, wurde aber von vielen Videoseiten aufgrund des anstößigen Inhaltes gelöscht. Im Gegenzug verbreiteten sich hunderte Mr. Hands Reaction Videos bzw. Horse Sex Reaction Videos, in denen Betrachter der Videos ihre Reaktionen auf das Gezeigte aufnahmen. Pinyans Lebensgeschichte und die Umstände seines Todes wurden 2007 vom Regisseur Robinson Devor im Dokumentarfilm Zoo dargestellt. Der Film wurde 2007 beim Sundance Film Festival gezeigt. In Deutschland erschien der Film 2011 im Rahmen der Reihe Kino kontrovers.

Siehe auch

 Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

Einzelnachweise

Kriminalfall 2005
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1960
Gestorben 2005
Mann

Kenneth Pinyan