est un club de rugby à XV basé à Édimbourg, en Écosse, représentant l'université d'Édimbourg.

Histoire

Créé en 1857, le club dispute son premier match en . Représentant l'université d'Édimbourg, il contribue au développement du rugby-football en Écosse, comme toutes les équipes scolaires et universitaires écossaises.

Après le match entre l'Écosse et l'Angleterre de 1871, première rencontre internationale de l'histoire, le club adhère à la , fédération fondée en Angleterre afin de codifier les règles du rugby-football. Au soir de la troisième rencontre entre les deux équipes nationales, il est l'un des huit clubs fondateurs de la , dédiée à l'organisation du rugby en Écosse.

Rivalité avec University of St Andrews RFC
Les clubs universitaires de Edinburgh University RFC et de University of St Andrews RFC se rencontrent régulièrement depuis les années 1860. D'abord à un rythme irrégulier, le match est organisé annuellement à partir des années 1870, bien que plusieurs occurrences ont été annulées, notamment pour des conditions météorologiques. Depuis 2011, il est disputé sous le titre de  ; un équivalent féminin est quant à lui organisé à partir de 2014.

Joueurs emblématiques

Durant son histoire, le club a formé de nombreux internationaux, avec environ 55 écossais, 12 irlandais, et 5 anglais.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Club de rugby à XV à Édimbourg
Club de rugby à XV fondé en 1857
Université d'Édimbourg

Edinburgh University Rugby Football Club


Louis Pierre Vieillot (født 10. maj 1748, død 1830) var en fransk ornitolog.

Vieillot var en af de første ornitologene som studere fjerdragtsforandringer. Han var også en af de første som studere levende fugle, ikke bare skind. Et stort antal fuglearter blev beskrevet af Viellot for første gang, primært dem som han støtte på i sin tid i Caribien og Nord-Amerika.

Vieillot blev født i Yvetôt. Han arbejdet i det nuværende Haiti, men blev tvunget til at flygte til USA under den franske revolution. Han vendte tilbage til Frankrig, der skrev han Histoire naturelle et générale des colibris, oiseaux-mouches, jacamars et promerops (1802) med Jean Baptiste Audebert og Ornithologie Française (1823-30). Han bidrog også til Nouveau Dictionaire d'Histoire Naturelle (1803-19). Han antages at død fattig i Rouen.

Kilder

Zoologer fra Frankrig

Louis Pierre Vieillot


آرثر كيو. براين  ولد وتوفي (8 مايو 1899- 18 نوفمبر 1959). كان ممثل أصوات وكوميديان أمريكي، عرف بدور الدكتور غامبل في برنامج الراديو فيبر مكغي آند مولي، وصوت شخصية إلمر فاد في كارتون وارنر براذرز.

بدايات العمل
ولد براين في بروكلين، نيويورك، تربى برغبة قوية للعمل في البرامج، وجد عملا كمعلق أفلام في هوليوود، ثم تولى أداء صوت شخصية إيغهيد وإلمر فاد في كارتون وارنر براذرز التي كانت تنتجها ليون شليسنجر برودكشنز.

مرافقا لباغز باني، دافي داك، وبوركي بيغ بأصوات ميل بلانك، كان إلمر فاد أحد النجوم الأوائل لكارتون وارنر براذرز، الشخصية البطيئة في الحديث، البطيئة في الإدراك، وذات «اللثغة» في الحديث. إلمر فاد هو صياد هاو عرف بتحدثه بلكنة بروكلين (مسقط رأس براين) ولثغته باستبدال صوت حرفي L وR بصوت حرف W. هذه اللثغة استخدمت في عناوين الأفلام القصيرة التي يشارك إلمر فيها مع باغز باني، مثل وابيت تووبل، في هذا الفيلم كتبت أسماء فريق العمل بطريقة إلمر في الكلام (المخرج روبرت كلامبيت كتب اسمه «ووبرت كوامبيت»)، كما وظهر إلمر لأول مرة بشكل سمين، في تصميم يشابه ممثله براين.

الراديو
لم يذهب عمل براين في الرسوم المتحركة هباء، بل طلب منه في برامج الراديو استخدام صوت فاد في التمثيل، سرعان ما نال براين اهتمام المنتجين دون كوين وفيل ليسلي ببرنامج الراديو فيبر مكغي آند مولي. في هذا البرنامج، كان براين يؤدي شخصية الدكتور غامبل، هذه الشخصية كانت مختلفة جدا عن إلمر فاد، فكانت أكثر ذكاء، أعلى ثقافة، وأكثر تفوقا من نظريتها شخصية مكغي، بينما إلمر كان العكس تماما.

الأفلام
لم يقتحم براين مجال الأفلام بقوة، بل اقتصر ظهوره في الأدوار الصغيرة التي يقوم بها بتقليد إلمر فاد. إلا أنه ظهر في أفلام ناجحة مثل سامسون آند دليلاه.

التلفزيون
قدم براين دورا صغيرا في مسلسل بروفشنال فاذر عام 1955.

وفاته
براين مات بنوبة قلبية مفاجئة في 18 نوفمبر 1959. تولى هال سميث تقديم صوت إلمر فاد في إنتاجات لووني تونز اللاحقة، كما قدم ميل بلانك الصوت نفسه في عروض السبعينات التلفزيونية الخاصة. دفن براين في مقبرة فالهالا ميموريال بارك.

إرثه
في عروض DVD الخاصة لكارتون واتس أوبيرا، داك، سمع حديث بين بلانك وبراين أثناء جلسة التسجيل في نادرة لسماع صوت براين الحقيقي من دون اللثغة. صوت براين الحقيقي سمع في فيلم أ بيست إن ذا هاوس بدور النزيل المرهق، حيث يتحدث براين مع نفسه، بينما كان إلمر فاد هو مدير الفندق.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Fibber McGee & Molly، حلقات من مسلسل الراديو

أشخاص من بروكلين
كوميديون أمريكيون
كوميديون أمريكيون في القرن 20
كوميديون من مدينة نيويورك
لوني تونز
مدفونون بمقبرة حديقة فالهالا ميموريال
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون إذاعيون أمريكيون
ممثلون من مدينة نيويورك
مواليد 1899
مواليد في بروكلين
وفيات 1959
وفيات بسبب نوبة قلبية
وفيات في هوليوود
ممثلون ذكور من بروكلين

آرثر كيو. براين


Harut ve Marut, Pers mitolojisinde, Zerdüştlük'te ve Kur'an'da ismi geçen iki melek. Hurdad ile Harut, Murdad ile de Marut arasında bağlantı kurulur. Murdad ile bağlantılı olduğu düşünülen bir başka konu ise Marduk'tur.

Mitolojik köken / etimoloji
Avesta'nın bölümlerinden olan Vendidad'a göre Kral Tanrı Ahura Mazda ile Kral Şeytan Ehrimen'in sayısız "asker"ler, "erbaş"lar, "subay' ve "komutan"lardan oluşan orduları bulunmakta ve bunlar birbirleriyle çatışmaktaydılar.

Ahura Mazda'nın yanında altı komutan "melek" bulunur. Kralın "yardımcı"ları ve "bakan"ları durumunda, tahtın (Arş) önünde "buyruk" alır ve yerine getirirler.

"Behmen": Yararlı Hayvanlar Bakanı,
"Erdibihişt": Ateş Bakanı,
"Şehriver": Madenler Bakanı,
"Spenta-Aramitié": Yeryüzü Bakanı,
"Haur-Vatat veya Hurdâd": İyi sağlık,
"Amertat veya Murdâd": Ölmezlik.

Turan Dursun'a göre Harut ve Marut isimli melekler ile birlikte 4 büyük melek Zerdüştlükten Yahudiliğe, oradan da Hristiyanlık ve İslam'a geçen, Pers mitolojisine ait ruhani figürlerden başkası değildir.

William St. Clair Tisdall Harut ve Marut'un Ermeniler'in Hristiyanlık öncesi tapındıkları iki ilahın ismi olduğunu söyler. Onlar tanrıça Spandaramit'in yardımcıları idiler. Yeryüzünün verimliliği ile ilgiliydiler.

Bazı eski kaynaklarda, Hristiyan ve Yahudi kaynakları da referans gösterilerek Babil'in düşmüş melekleri olarak da adlandırılırlar. Efsaneye göre melekler, insanların işledikleri günahları görünce kınarlar, Allah "Siz onların yerinde olsanız aynısını yapardınız" der ve meleklerden en iyilerinden ikisi, Harut ve Marut seçilerek Babil şehrine yargıç olarak gönderilir.

İslami yazarlarca kabul gören açıklama Harut ve Marut'un Allah'ın emri ile sadece insanlara çeşitli bilgileri ve sihri öğreten iki melek olduğudur. Bazı tefsirlerde Harut ve Marut'un melek değil insan olabileceği belirtilmiştir.

Hikâye

Harut ile Marut aralarında sohbet eden iki melekti. Sohbetlerinde "İnsanlar yerine biz duygu sahibi olsaydık sürekli ibadet ederdik" diyorlardı. Allah onlara "Size şehvet duygusunu verseydim siz insanlardan daha çok günah işlerdiniz" demiş. Melekler kendilerine güveniyorlarmış. Allah onlara şehvet duygusu verip dünyaya indirmiş. Harut ile Marut bir kadın görmüşler. Kadın Harut ile Marut'a bir şartla onlarla birlikte olacağını söylemiş. Ya kocasını öldürecek, ya puta tapacak ya da şarap içeceklerdi. Şarap içmeyi tercih ettiler.

Hikâyeye göre kadın bir şartta daha bulundu. Aşk duygusuna kapılan Harut ile Marut bu şartı da kabul etmişler. Kadının şartı ona ism-i azamı öğretmeleriydi. Onlar öğretince kadın söyleyip gökyüzüne çıkmış. Allah kadını Zühre yıldızının üstüne koymuş ve Harut ile Marut'u da Babil'de bir yerde baş aşağı kıyamete kadar duracakları cezasını vermiş.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Azazil
 İslam mitolojisi
 Marduk
 Dahhak

Dış bağlantılar
 Muazzez İlmiye Çığ. Harut Marut hikâyesinin Sümer, Yahudi ve Hint kökenleri
 Harut, Marut, Azazil

Kaynakça

Düşmüş melekler
İslam mitolojisi

Harut ve Marut


Cimetière militaire

Le  Bray Hill British Cemetery  (Cimetière militaire britannique de Bray Hill) est un cimetière militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, situé sur le territoire de la commune de Bray-sur-Somme, dans le département de la Somme, au nord-est d'Amiens.

Localisation
Ce cimetière militaire est situé en pleine campagne au nord du terroir de la commune, sur la  en direction de Fricourt à environ 2 km du village.

Histoire

Bray-sur-Somme tombe de nouveau aux mains des Allemands en mars 1918, mais le village est repris par le 40è Battaillon  australienle 24 août suivant. Le cimetière britannique de Bray Hill a été construit le 31 août 1918 par la 58th (London) Division, qui avait pris part à l'avancée de Corbie. Le cimetière d'origine contenait 41 tombes mais a été agrandi après l'armistice lorsque des tombes ont été apportées des champs de bataille de mars et août 1918, entre Bray et Fricourt. Il comprend maintenant 104 sépultures de la Première Guerre mondiale, dont 32 sont non identifiées.

Caractéristique
Ce cimetière a un plan rectangulaire de 15 m sur 30.
Il est entouré d'un mur de briques.
Il a été conçu par AJS Hutton.

Sépultures

Galerie

Liens internes

 Cimetière militaire
 Liste des mémoriaux et cimetières militaires de la Somme
 Bataille de la Somme
 Commonwealth War Graves
 Bray-sur-Somme

Notes et références

Cimetière militaire britannique en France
Lieu de mémoire de la Première Guerre mondiale dans la Somme
Cimetière dans la Somme

Bray Hill British Cemetery


Salomón (Sam) de Wolff (Sneek, 13 de agosto de 1878-Ámsterdam, 24 de noviembre de 1960) fue un economista y político neerlandés.

Vida Familiar
Nació en el seno de una familia judía ortodoxa, el segundo de nueve hijos del mayorista de manufacturas textiles Abraham de Wolff y de Goudtje de Vries. Su padre quería que fuera médico y a pesar de estar interesado por las matemáticas debió matricularse en medicina en 1897, sin  que terminara la carrera. Se casó con Sara Veldman en 1910, con quien tuvo un hijo. Sara falleció en 1941 y en 1946 Sam de Wolff se casó con Anna Maria Gruntjes.

Político y economista
Amigo de Johannes van der Wijk, admirador ferviente de Joseph Dietzgen, marxista seguidor de Karl Kautsky, en 1898 se afilió al Partido Socialdemócrata de los Trabajadores (SDAP) y en 1899 fundó la sección del mismo en Sneek. Su padre le suspendió entonces toda ayuda, lo que le obligó a buscar empleo. Desde 1902 se vinculó al movimiento sionista. Estuvo en 1903 en Londres y de regreso en Ámsterdam se dedicó, con éxito a trabajar como contador.

Desde 1909 formó parte del Partido Socialdemócrata (SDP), pero en 1913 regresó al SDAP. Escribía en el semanario del partido Het Weekblad y después de 1919 en De Socialistische Gids ("La Guía Socialista") de la que llegó a ser editor en los años 30. Polemizó con las tesis de Rosa Luxemburgo sobre la acumulación de capital.

Basándose en las observaciones de Jacob van Gelderen y su teoría de la "onda larga" de la economía capitalista, en 1924, en el artículo "Períodos de Prosperidad y Depresión", Sam de Wolff expuso sus tesis sobre el ciclo largo de la economía capitalista, de unos 50 años de duración, con un período de ascenso y otro de descenso, equivalentes cada uno a dos y medio ciclos económicos corrientes.

Publicó en 1929 su obra principal, Het economisch getij. Bijdrage tot de verklaring van het conjunctuurverschijnsel ("La Marea Económica: contribución a la explicación del fenómeno cíclico"), en la cual explica que el ciclo largo está relacionado con la reposición del capital fijo duradero. Desde 1930 se desempeñó como profesor privado de Teoría Económica en la Universidad de Ámsterdam. En 1933 fundó la sección holandesa de la organización judía socialista Poalei Zion.

Resistencia
Durante la ocupación nazi de Holanda, entre 1940 y 1943 Sam de Wolff trabajó en la clandestinidad con los jóvenes y judíos y participó en la impresión y distribución de un diccionario hebreo - holandés. Fue detenido por los nazis y llevado a Westerbork y luego hasta el campo de concentración de Bergen-Belsen. En julio de 1944 fue canjeado por alemanes detenidos en Palestina. En Tel-Aviv fue profesor de economía en la Escuela Superior de Derecho y Economía.

Últimos años
De regreso a Holanda, se incorporó a la redacción de participó en diversos colectivos socialdemócratas y laboristas, así como en el mantenimiento de la memoria de las víctimas del Holocausto. En abril de 1958 se despidió de "todas sus funciones públicas" para dedicarse a un estudio sobre los orígenes de la mística judía.

Bibliografía
Salomon de Wolff Historici.nl.
WOLFF, Salomon de; BWSA.
Wolff, Sam de (1924) "Prosperitats und Depressionsperioden"; Otto Jansen (ed.) Der Lebendige Marxismus: 38-39. Jena
Wolff, Sam de (1929) Het economisch getij. Bijdrage tot de verklaring van het conjunctuurverschijnsel. Ámsterdam.

Wolff, Salomon de
Sionistas de los Países Bajos
Fallecidos en Ámsterdam

Salomón de Wolff


«(Drop Dead) Beautiful» —en español: «(Caigo muerta) Hermoso»—es una canción interpretada por la cantante estadounidense Britney Spears. La canción fue producida por Benny Blanco, Ammo, JMIKE y el productor Billboard y fue escrita por Jeremy Coleman, Joshua Coleman, Esther Dean, Mathieu Jomphe, Benjamin Levin y Christopher Maurice Brown, e incluida en el séptimo álbum de Britney Spears, Femme Fatale. La canción es la sexta según el orden del disco y fue candidata a ser el cuarto sencillo del álbum, pero perdió ante Criminal. La canción cuenta con la colaboración de la rapera estadounidense de origen Salvadoreño Sabi, y está influenciada por géneros de naturaleza urbana, como el rhythm and blues y el hip hop.Esta cuenta con una estructura repetitiva, con una letra bromista destinada a conquistar a un chico guapo y con un verso de rapinterpretado por la cantante Sabi.
A pesar de no ser lanzada como sencillo, en el año 2011 ingresó al ranking de Corea del Sur los Gaon Chart respectivamente.
Spears ha interpretado la canción en el Femme Fatale Tour, donde ha hecho diferentes representaciones donde ella y sus bailarines realizan una performace con simulaciones de espejos puestos en diferentes posiciones frente a ella, en alusión a la belleza de Spears.

Antecedentes y composición
La canción fue producida por Benny Blanco, Ammo, JMIKE y el productor Billboard y fue escrita por Jeremy Coleman, Joshua Coleman, Esther Dean, Mathieu Jomphe, Benjamin Levin y Christopher Maurice Brown.En ella, se presenta la forma de conquistar a un chico guapo, en lo que se basa el título se la canción en la que dice "Caigo muerta hermoso".La canción es la más representada por el género urbano, con toques del pop e influenciada por las melodías de otras canciones del álbum como Hold It Against Me y Till the World Ends y cuenta con la colaboración de la cantante Sabi, quien hace un rap en la tercera estrofa y gracias a esta canción la cantante Sabi fue más conocida y empezó a llamar más la atención.

Recepción crítica
«(Drop Dead) Beautiful» recibió comentarios mixtos por parte de los críticos de la música contemporánea. En la revisión de Femme Fatale, Alexis Petridis de The Guardian cuestionó los temas sexuales de la canción. Robert Christgau dijo que todas las canciones del disco sonaban «como a una fantasía tonta». El sitio Samesame comparó el coro de la pista con el de «Blow» de Ke$ha y a Sabi con Nicki Minaj. Sal Cinquemany de Slant Magazine dijo que «(Drop Dead) Beautiful» era una de las mejores canciones de Femme Fatale y comparó a la canción con «Desnúdate» de Christina Aguilera.
Keith Caufield de Billboard dijo que «cuando Sabi empieza a rapear, empiezas a sudar con tus vegetales». Robert Copsey de Digital Spy considera a Spears «segura de sí misma» en la pista. Genevieve Koski de The A.V. Club dijo que la canción tenía «un coro estúpido, el cual es rescatado por los "ganchos" de la canción».

Presentaciones en vivo

La canción fue incluida en el Femme Fatale Tour. La canción se presenta en el tercer acto de la gira, después de Gimme More y antes de He About to Lose Me. En algunas fechas de las giras, la acompañará Sabi para interpretar juntas la canción.

Rankings musicales

Créditos
 Colaboración — Sabi

 Producción — Benny Blanco, Ammo, JMIKE, Billboard

 Escritura — Jeremy Coleman, Joshua Coleman, Esther Dean, Mathieu Jomphe, Benjamin Levin, Christopher Maurice Brown

 Mezcla — Serban Ghenea

 Instrumentación y programación — Benny Blanco, Ammo, JMIKE, Billboard

 Ingeniería — Emily Wright, Sam Holland

 Voz — Britney Spears

 Asistencia de ingeniería — Eric Eylands

 Asistencia — Jeremy «J Boogs» Levin

 Ingeniería de mezcla — John Hanes

 Asistencia de ingeniería de mezcla — Tim Roberts

 Producción vocal — Emily Wright

 Respaldos vocales — Ammo, Benny Blanco, Crystal «Cri$tyle» Johnson, Esther Dean, JMIKE, Bonnie McKee, Myah Marie

 Coordinación de producción — Irene Richter, Clint Gibbs

Fuentes:Allmusic, MTV y Discogs.

Referencias

Canciones de 2011
Canciones de Britney Spears
Canciones producidas por Ammo
Canciones producidas por Benny Blanco
Canciones producidas por Billboard
Canciones en inglés

(Drop Dead) Beautiful


සීක් අධිරාජ්‍යය (1799 සිට 1849 දක්වා) සීක් සන්ධානය පාදක කොට ගෙන මහාරාජා රංජිත් සිං විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. අධිරාජ්‍යය බටහිර දෙසින් කාබුල් හා කන්දහාර් සිට කාශ්මීරය දක්වාද, උතුරු දෙසින්(ස්පර්ශ කරමින්) ටිබෙටයේ මායිම් දක්වාද, දකුණට ඉන්දු ගංගාව දක්වාද, නැගෙනහිරට වර්තමානයේ චීනයට අයත් ටිබෙට් ස්වාධින දේශය දක්වා විහිදුනි. අධිරාජ්‍යයේ ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය සාධකය වූයේ පන්ජාබයයි. (ඓතිහාසික පන්ජාබ් පලාත). සික් රාජ්‍යයේ ආගමික ප්‍රජා සංයුතිය වූයේ මුස්ලිම් (80%), හින්දු (10%) සහ සීක් (10%) වශයෙනි. වරෙක බලවත් රාජ්‍යයක් ව පැවති, මෙම රාජ්‍යය 1839දී මහාරාජා රංජිත් සිංගේ අභාවයත් සමග දරුණු ලෙස දුර්වල තත්ත්වයට පත් විය. දෙවැනි ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සීක් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු 1849දී බ්රි තාන්යු අධිරාජ්යටයේ සීමාවන්ට එකතු කිරීමෙන් පසු සීක් අධිරාජ්‍යයද අවසන් විය.

සීක් සන්ධානය පැවති සමයේ සීක් අධිරාජ්‍යයේ මූලාරම්භය 1707 තරම් කාලයක් ආපස්සට යන අතර අවුරන්සෙබ් ගේ අභාවයෙන් ආරම්භ වී මෝගල් අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පහත වැටීම දක්වා දිවෙන බව විස්තර වේ. මෝගල් අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පහත වැටීම නිසා දාල් කාල්සා නමින් හදුන්වන සීක් හමුදාවට මොගල් වරුන් හා ඇෆ්ගන්වරුන්ට විරුද්ධව වූ ගමනට අවස්ථාවක් ඇති විය. මෙය හමුදාවේ වර්ධනයට හේතු වූ අතර එය එකිනෙකට වෙනස් සන්ධාන වලට වෙන් වී පසුව ස්වාධීන රාජධානි වලට වෙන් විය. හමුදාවේ මෙම එක් එක් කොටස් මිස්ල් නමින් හැදින් වූ අතර ඒවා වෙනස් ප්‍රදේශ හා නගර පාලනය කරන ලදී. කෙසේ වෙතත් 1762-1799 දක්වා වූ කාලය තුල සීක් පාලකයින් රාජධානි තමන්ගේම කර ගත් තේය. විධිමත් සීක් අධිරාජ්‍යය ආරම්භ වූයේ 1801දී මහාරාජා රංජිත් සිං රාජාභිෂේකය ලබා දේශපාලන වශයෙන් එක්සත් අධිරාජ්‍යයක් ඇති කර සීක් සන්ධානය විසුරුවා හැරීමෙනි.

එක්සේසත් විම

ඓතිහාසික හැදින්වීම

1716 සිට 1799 දක්වා වූ කාල සීමාව දේශපාලනික වශයෙන් හා හමුදාමය වශයෙන් පන්ජාබයේ බොහෝ කලබලකාරී තත්ත්වයක් පැවති වකවානුවක් විය. මෙසේ වීමට හේතු වූයේ මෝගල් අධිරාජ්යලයේ පරිහානියයි. වි‍ශේෂයෙන් පන්ජාබයේ මොගල් අධිරාජ්යපයට විරුද්ධව සිදු වූ හමුදාමය ක්රිායාමාර්ග වේ. මේ නිසා ඇති වූ හිදැස සීක් සමාජය විසින් පිරවින. 19 වැනි සියවසේදී මෙම සීක් සන්ධානය නිරායාසයෙන්ම සීක් රාජධානියෙහි බලපෑමට යටත් වූ අතර තවමත් තදින් පැවති බව ඉතිහාසය පුරා දන්කට ඇත. බලන්න. හැදින්වීම Confederacy

භූ විද්‍යාත්මක පිහිටීම

මුල් සීක් අධිරාජ්‍යය හෙවත් පන්ජාබය වර්තමාන ඉන්දියාව හා පකිස්ථානය අතර මායිම්ව පිහිටි, කලාපයකි. "පුන්ජාබ්" හෙවත් "පන්ජාබ්" යන නම් පුන්ජි/පන්ජි (punji/panji) හා ඇබ් (Ab) "පහ" සහ "වතුර" යන තේරුම් ඇති පර්සියානු වචන වලින් සෑදුනකි. මෙම වචන දෙක එකට එකතු කිරීමෙන් ඇති වන වචනයෙහි අර්ථය " ගංගාවන් පහේ භූමිය" "The land of five rivers" යන්න වේ. එයට හේතු වූයේ අවුරුදු 3000කට පෙර විනාශයට පත් වී ගිය ඉන්දු නිම්න ශිෂ්ටාචාරට මුල් වූ ඉන්දු ගංගාවේ අතු ගංගාවන් පහ වන "බීස්" (Beas), "රවී" (Ravi), "සූට්ලෙජ්" (Sutlej), "චේනබ්" (Chenab) සහ ජේලුම් (Jhelum) පන්ජාබයේ පිහිටා තිබීමය. පන්ජාබයට දීර්ඝ ඉතිහාසයක් හා සංස්කෘතික උරුමයක් ඇත. රටේ ජනතාව පන්ජාබීන් වශයෙන් හදුන්වන අතර ඔවුන් කථාකරන භාෂාව පන්ජාබී ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

සීක් සන්ධානය (1716-1977) සිටු වරුන් විසින් පාලනය කළ කුඩා හා මධ්යබම පරිමානයේ නිදහස් සෛවරී පන්ජාබී සීක් රාජ්යතයන් ගේ එකතුවකි. ඒවා  දේශපාලන වශයෙන් ලිහිල් සම්න්ධතාවයකින් බැදුනු අතර සංස්කෘතික හා අගමීක වශයෙන් තද බැදීමක් විය. මේවායෙහි විස්තර වාර්තා අම්රිස්තාර් හා ලාහෝර් වල තබා තබුනි. සික් හමුදාවේ (ඩාල් කල්සා Dal Khalsa)  වැඩීමත් සමග පාලනයට නව කලාපයන් ඇති වී සික් සිටු වරුන් ඉදිරියට ස්මෙන් මිස්ල්ස් සංඛ්යා්ව ඉබේම 12 දක්වා වැඩි විය. (70,000 Cavalry). මහා රාජා රංජිත් සිං මහා රාජා විසින් සීක් සන්ධානය පාදක කර ගෙන සීක් අධිරාජ්යලය (1799-1849) බිහි කරන ලදී.

අධිරාජ්‍යයේ අවසානය

අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ මරණයෙන් පසු අභ්යඇන්තර බෙදීම් හා දේශපාලන වශයෙන්වූ අවිධාමත් කළමනාකරණය නිසා රාජ්‍ය බොහෝ දුර්වල විය. මෙම තත්ත්වය ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගන්නා ලද බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්යයය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සීක් යුද්ධයේ පළමු පියවර දියත් කරන ලදී. 1849 දෙවන ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සීක් යුදුධයෙන් පසු බ්රි තාන්යො අධිරාජ්යළය විසින් අන්තිමේදී  සීක් අධිරාජ්ය්ය අල්ලා ගන්න ලදී.

සටහන්

|Sikh Empire - Unification
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සීක් අධිරාජ්‍යය


La microrregión de Canoinhas es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de Santa Catarina perteneciente a la mesorregión Norte Catarinense. Su población censada en 2010 por el IBGE era de 243.782 habitantes y está dividida en doce municipios. Posee un área total de 9.420,322 km², siendo por lo tanto, la 2ª mayor microrregión de Santa Catarina.

Municipios
 Bela Vista do Toldo
 Canoinhas
 Irineópolis
 Itaiópolis
 Mafra
 Major Vieira
 Monte Castelo
 Papanduva
 Porto União
 Santa Terezinha
 Timbó Grande
 Três Barras

Canoinhas

Microrregión de Canoinhas


Die Sri-lankische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1973 war die 21. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Sri Lanka.

Sieger und Finalisten

Weblinks
 http://www.srilankabadminton.lk/pdf/past_winners.pdf

1973
Badminton 1973


Weret-Hekau var magiens og trolddommens gudinde i det gamle Egypten.

Hun kan fremstilles som en slange med kvindehoved, men også som en kvinde med løvindehoved. Hendes navn kan oversættes til "Stor af Magi".

I myterne
Som en guddom dedikeret til beskyttelse viste hun sig ofte på begravelsesgenstande, især våben, for at give den afdøde mulighed for at beskytte sig mod farerne ved underverdenen. Hun blev også placeret på elfenbensknive for at beskytte gravide og ammende mødre.
Hendes magt var en af de iboende kvaliteter af egyptenes kroner. Som kronens gudinde var hun en slange eller en løvehovedkone og boede i statshelligdommen. Som hustru til Ra er hun skildret med sin solskive på sit hoved. Weret-hekau var en titel, der ofte blev tildelt Isis, Sekhmet, Mut, og andre.
Egyptiske gudinder

Weret-Hekau


Triakis megalopterus é uma espécie de tubarão da família Triakidae encontrada em águas costeiras rasas do sul de Angola à África do Sul. Favorecendo áreas arenosas próximas a recifes rochosos e ravinas, é uma espécie de natação ativa que costuma ficar perto do fundo. Este tubarão robusto atinge 1,7 metros de comprimento e tem barbatanas caracteristicamente grandes e arredondadas; as barbatanas peitorais em particular são largas e em forma de foice nos adultos. Ele também tem um focinho curto e rombudo e longos sulcos ao redor da boca. Esta espécie é cinza ou bronze em cima, com quantidades variáveis de manchas pretas.

Principalmente ativo à noite, o T. megalopterus se alimenta principalmente de crustáceos, peixes ósseos e cefalópodes. Foi observado reunindo-se em grupos em águas rasas durante o verão, possivelmente para fins reprodutivos. Esta espécie é vivípara aplacentária, o que significa que os filhotes não nascidos são sustentados principalmente pela gema. As fêmeas dão à luz 6 a 12 filhotes entre o final de maio e agosto, em um ciclo de 2 ou 3 anos. A espécie é frequentemente fisgada por pescadores recreativos, e alguns indivíduos também são capturados em palangres de fundo comerciais. Devido ao seu pequeno alcance e baixas taxas de crescimento e reprodução, é muito vulnerável à sobrepesca. A União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza listou esta espécie como pouco preocupante.

Taxonomia e filogenia

O zoólogo escocês Andrew Smith originalmente descreveu a espécie como pertencente ao género Mustelus em 1839, como parte de seu trabalho "Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa". Seu relato foi baseado em dois espécimes capturados no Cabo da Boa Esperança, na África do Sul. Smith nomeou o tubarão megalopterus, do grego mega ("grande") e pteron ("asa"), referindo-se às suas grandes barbatanas. Nomes comuns para estre tubarão incluem "sharptooth houndshark", " spotted gully shark" e "sweet William".

Autores posteriores reatribuíram o tubarão ao gênero Triakis, mais especificamente ao subgênero Cazon ao lado do T. acutipinna e do T. maculata. Um estudo filogenético de 2006 por J. Andrés López e colegas, baseado em quatro sequências de genes codificadores de proteínas, descobriu que esta espécie não se agrupava com o T. semifasciata. Em vez disso, agrupava-se com o Scylliogaleus quecketti e formou um clado dentro da linhagem Mustelus. Este resultado sugere que os dois subgêneros de Triakis—Cazon e Triakis— podem não estar intimamente relacionados, o que justificaria uma redefinição do gênero.

Descrição
O T. megalopterus é uma espécie de corpo robusto com um focinho curto, grosso e brusco. As narinas são amplamente espaçadas e precedidas por retalhos de pele semelhantes a lóbulos que não atingem a boca. Os olhos horizontalmente ovais têm sulcos embaixo e são equipados com membranas nictitantes. A boca grande tem sulcos longos e profundos nos cantos, com os da mandíbula inferior quase se encontrando no meio. Os dentes são pequenos e compactados para formar superfícies semelhantes a pavimentos. Cada dente tem uma base arredondada, semelhante a um molar, que se eleva até uma cúspide central afiada e ereta; raramente, um par de cúspides laterais pouco desenvolvidas também pode estar presente. Cinco pares de fendas branquiais são encontrados.

As barbatanas são distintamente grandes e arredondadas nas pontas. As barbatanas peitorais dos adultos são largas e falcadas (em forma de foice). As barbatanas dorsais têm margens de fuga quase verticais, com a primeira originando-se sobre as pontas traseiras das barbatanas peitorais. A segunda barbatana dorsal tem cerca de três quartos da altura da primeira. A barbatana anal é muito menor que a segunda barbatana dorsal e se origina bem atrás dela. O pedúnculo caudal curto e grosso carece de entalhes nas origens da nadadeira caudal. A barbatana caudal tem um lobo inferior pequeno mas bem definido e um lobo superior mais longo com um entalhe ventral perto da ponta. A pele é muitas vezes frouxa. Esta espécie é cinza escuro a bronze acima e branco abaixo. Os tubarões jovens geralmente não são marcados, enquanto os adultos variam de lisos a densamente cobertos com manchas pretas irregulares. Pode atingir 1,7 metros de comprimento e 40 quilos de peso. As fêmeas crescem mais que os machos.

Distribuição e habitat

O alcance da espécie é limitado às águas costeiras da sul da África, do sul de Angola ao Cabo Oriental (ou raramente KwaZulu-Natal) na África do Sul. Esta espécie localmente comum habita habitats arenosos como baías; pode ser encontrado desde a zona de arrebentação até uma profundidade de 50 metros mas a maioria não é mais profunda que 10 metros. Geralmente nada acima do fundo, favorecendo áreas planas perto de recifes rochosos ou ravinas, e raramente sobe em águas abertas.

Biologia e ecologia

A espécie é altamente ativa, embora às vezes possa ser encontrada descansando dentro de fendas rochosas. Ela caça principalmente à noite e é conhecida por perseguir presas quase até a costa. As cúspides pontiagudas de seus dentes permitem que ela agarre presas escorregadias, enquanto suas bases largas permitem que ela esmague presas de casca dura. Este tubarão se alimenta de uma variedade de crustáceos, peixes ósseos  e cefalópodes (em particular Octopus vulgaris). Tubarões e raias e suas cápsulas de ovos são uma fonte de alimento menor para indivíduos maiores. Ao largo da África do Sul, a espécie de presa mais importante é o caranguejo Plagusia chabrus. Sua composição dietética muda com a idade; tubarões jovens com menos de 1,0 metro de comprimento subsistem quase completamente de caranguejos, enquanto tubarões maiores consomem mais peixes ósseos e cefalópodes, bem como uma maior variedade de presas em geral. Este tubarão foi observado desviando de seus hábitos noturnos para se alimentar de Loligo reynaudii durante suas desovas em massa. O Notorynchus cepedianus é conhecido por atacar esta espécie.

Durante o verão, esse tubarão forma grupos em águas rasas. Essas agregações são particularmente bem documentadas em False Bay e podem estar relacionadas à reprodução, dada a presença de muitas fêmeas grávidas. É vivípara aplacentária, com os embriões em desenvolvimento nutridos principalmente pela gema. As fêmeas maduras têm um único ovário funcional e dois úteros funcionais. Ninhadas de 6 a 12 filhotes nascem entre o final de maio e agosto, após um período de gestação de cerca de 20 meses. As fêmeas maiores tendem a produzir ninhadas maiores. O comprimento ao nascimento foi estimado de 30 a 32 centímetros e 42 a 44 centímetros por diferentes fontes; os filhotes de uma única ninhada podem variar em tamanho em até 30%. As fêmeas aparentemente se reproduzem a cada dois ou três anos, dependendo se ela tem óvulos ovarianos em desenvolvimento durante a gravidez que permitiriam que ela acasalasse novamente alguns meses após o parto. A espécie é de crescimento lento, com ambos os sexos seguindo um padrão de crescimento semelhante. Os machos amadurecem sexualmente em 1,2-1,4 metros de comprimento e 11-13 anos de idade, enquanto as fêmeas amadurecem sexualmente em 1,3-1,5 metros de comprimento e 15-16 anos de idade. A idade média máxima é de pelo menos 25 anos.

Interações humanas
Inofensivo para os seres humanos, o T. megalopterus se adapta bem ao cativeiro e foi exibido em aquários públicos. É frequentemente capturado por pescadores recreativos da costa ou de barcos de esqui; é comestível, mas raramente comido. Pequenos números também são capturados incidentalmente por uma pesca comercial de espinhel demersal visando o Galeorhinus galeus na região de Gansbaai e False Bay. A carne de tubarões capturados na pesca é transformada em carne seca e vendida localmente, ou exportada fresca ou congelada para a Itália e Taiwan. Embora na África do Sul, a espécie seja listada como uma espécie não comercial, portanto, não pode ser colhida comercialmente, muitas vezes é confundida com o Mustelus mustelus pelos pescadores. A União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza avaliou a espécie como pertencente à categoria de espécie pouco preocupante. Esta espécie é altamente suscetível a níveis moderados de pressão de pesca, devido ao seu alcance restrito, taxa de crescimento lenta e baixa fecundidade. O fato de que a maioria dos tubarões capturados por pescadores são imaturos é uma fonte adicional de preocupação.

Triakis
Peixes descritos em 1839

Triakis megalopterus


Området Puerto de Marabio er et bredt bjergpas med et udstrakt græsland og et værdifuldt hydrogeologisk fletværk med jordfaldshuller og skjulte huler. Systemet dækker 1.225 ha, som ligger i de administrative områder Yernes y Tameza, Teverga og Proaza, alle i Asturien.

Området blev erklæret et nationalt monument den 19. april 2002 under navnet "Monumento Natural de los Puertos de Marabio". Det er en del af Naturparken Las Ubiñas-La Mesa, den særlige bevaringszone, Caldoveiro, og af det særlige fuglebeskyttelsesområde Ubiña-La Mesa.

Huler

Man kan fremhæve tre huler: Sumidoiro del Fondadal (156 m lang), Cueva del Vistulaz (3.000 m lang) og Vegalonga-systemet (5.900 m lang), og ud over dem findes der tusinder af huler i området. Mange af disse skjulte tunneller oversvømmes på grund af de mange bække, som findes i engene, hvor de danner små søer som Barrera, Vega Castro, Foslayegua eller Tambaisna.

Flora og fauna
I den flora, som findes på græssletter og skovstepper i bjergene, kan man fremhæve kristtorn (Ilex aquifolium), engriflet hvidtjørn (Crataegus monogyna), taks (Taxus baccata) og almindelig røn (Sorbus aucuparia). Om foråret dufter engene af romerkamille (Chamaemelum nobile).

I faunaen fremhæves ulv (Canis lupus), rådyr (Capreolus capreolus) og vildsvin (Sus scrofa), vildkat (Felis silvestris) og som en sjælden gæst brun bjørn (Ursus arctos) Der findes også tilholdssteder for flagermus af flere arter. Blandt fuglene fremhæves murløber (Tichodroma muraria), stendrossel (Monticola saxatilis), kongeørn (Aquila chrysaetos), ådselgrib (Neophron percnopterus), gåsegrib (Gyps fulvus) og musvåge (Buteo buteo).

Noter

Eksterne links
 Asturiens turistkontor: Puertos de Marabio

Asturien

Puerto de Marabio


Eduard, baron von Fleissner (Fleißner) von Wostrowitz, né le  à Lemberg et mort le  à Vienne, est un officier et cryptographe autrichien.

Biographie

Fils d'un capitaine autrichien, il commence sa carrière militaire dans la cavalerie et devient commandant de l'école des officiers de Ödenburg (Sopron) en 1871.

Colonel (1872), il invente un système de messages codés en perfectionnant la grille de Jérôme Cardan. Cette invention (grille tournante) est utilisée dans le roman de Jules Verne Mathias Sandorf où il est mentionné dans le chapitre II de la première partie.

Publication
 Handbuch der Kryptographe, 1881

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 P. Valerio, De la cryptographie: essai sur les méthodes de déchiffrement, 1893,
 Helen F. Gaines, Cryptanalysis: A Study of Ciphers and Their Solution, 2014,
 Arnaud Henry-Labordère, Cryptographie classique, 2021,

Liens externes

Militaire autrichien
Cryptographie
Naissance en janvier 1825
Naissance à Lemberg
Décès en avril 1888
Décès à Vienne (Autriche)
Décès à 63 ans

Eduard Fleissner von Wostrowitz


Rannsóknarnefnd samgönguslysa er ríkisstofnun sem sinnir rannsókn flugslysa, sjóslysa og umferðaslysa á Íslandi til að leiða í ljós orsakir samgönguslysa og samgönguatvika, en ekki að skipta sök eða ábyrgð. Markmiðið er að fækka slysum og auka öryggi í samgöngum með því að efla og bæta slysarannsóknir. Nefndin heyrir stjórnsýslulega undir Samgönguráðherra, en starfar sjálfstætt og óháð stjórnvöldum og öðrum rannsóknaraðilum, ákæruvaldi og dómstólum.

Saga

Með lögum um rannsókn samgönguslysa nr. 18/2013 var starfsemi Rannsóknarnefndar flugslysa, Rannsóknarnefndar sjóslysa og Rannsóknarnefndar umferðarslysa sameinuð undir Rannsóknarnefnd samgönguslysa. Nefndirnar þrjár sameinaðar voru sameinaðar í eina sjö manna rannsóknarnefnd samgönguslysa.

Rannsókn nefndarinnar miðar eingöngu að því að leiða í ljós orsakir samgönguslysa og samgönguatvika, en ekki að skipta sök eða ábyrgð. Markmiðið er að draga úr hættu á sams konar slysum og atvikum og afleiðingum sambærilegra slysa.

Hjá Rannsóknarnefndinni starfa 7 manns, það er 6 rannsakendur og einn móttökuritari. Höfuðstöðvar hennar eru í húsi Flugbjörgunarsveitar Reykjavíkur að Flugvallarvegi 7, í Reykjavík.

Tenglar

 Vefur Rannsóknarnefndar samgönguslysa]
 Lög um rannsókn samgönguslysa nr. 18 2013
 Reglugerð um störf rannsóknarnefndar samgönguslysa nr. 763/2013
 Lög um köfun nr. 81 /2018.

Rannsóknarnefnd samgönguslysa


Ayvat, Adana ilinin Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar

Tufanbeyli'nin mahalleleri

Ayvat, Tufanbeyli


"Larry King" é o 12.° episódio da terceira temporada da série de televisão de comédia de situação norte-americana 30 Rock, e o 48.° da série em geral. O seu argumento foi escrito pelo produtor supervisor Matt Hubbard e foi realizado por Constantine Makris. A sua transmissão nos Estados Unidos ocorreu na noite de 11 de Dezembro de 2008 através da rede de televisão National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Dentre as estrelas convidadas para o episódio, estão inclusas Ajay Naidu, Salma Hayek, Rip Torn, John Lutz, e Brian Stack. Os apresentadores de televisão Larry King e Meredith Vieira fizeram participações desempenhando versões fictícias de si mesmos.

No episódio, após um colapso económico asiático, o astro do TGS, Tracy Jordan (interpretado por Tracy Morgan) dá alguns conselhos financeiros irresponsáveis no Larry King Live, inadvertidamente desencadeando o caos na Cidade de Nova Iorque. Enquanto isso, o relacionamento do executivo Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) com a sua nova namorada Elisa Padriera (Hayek) pode estar em perigo quando ele considera avançar ao próximo passo. Ao mesmo tempo, argumentista-chefe do TGS Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) tenta recuperar o seu celular do motorista de táxi Asif (Naidu), que a chantagea por causa de uma informação privada que descobriu.

No geral, embora não universalmente, "Larry King" deixou os críticos especialistas em televisão do horário nobre com opiniões divididas. A presença maior do actor Scott Adsit no episódio foi condecorada mas, segundo eles, a execução do episódio como um todo deixou por desejar. De acordo com os dados publicados pelo serviço de registo de audiências Nielsen Ratings, "Larry King" foi assistido em 6,40 milhões de domicílios norte-americanos durante a sua transmissão original e foi-lhe atribuída a classificação de 2,9 e sete de share no perfil demográfico dos telespectadores entre os dezoito aos 49 anos de idade.

Produção

"Larry King" é o 12.° episódio da terceira temporada de 30 Rock. O seu argumento foi escrito pelo produtor supervisor Matt Hubbard, sua sexta vez a trabalhar em um guião para o seriado, e foi realizado por Constantine Makris, uma realizadora e cinematografista de cinema conhecida pelo seu trabalho na série Law & Order, também transmitida pela NBC. Este foi o seu único crédito como realizadora em 30 Rock.

Em Novembro de 2008, foi relatado que o apresentador de televisão Larry King "havia filmado silenciosamente uma participação" como ele mesmo em 30 Rock. Para a actriz mexicana Salma Hayek, "Larry King" marcou a sua quinta e penúltima aparição como a enfermeira colombiana Elisa Padriera no seriado, enquanto para o actor Rip Torn esta foi a sua sétima e última da temporada Don Geiss, diretor executivo da General Electric (GE). Porém, embora inicialmente não planeado, este viria a ser o último episódio no qual Torn participaria, como a sua personagem foi revelada como morta em "Future Husband" na temporada seguinte. Outras participações em "Larry King" foram a do actor e comediante Brian Stack na sua terceira vez como Howard Jorgensen, um executivo da GE e associado de Jack; do actor Ajay Naidu como Asif, o motorista de táxi que chantagea Liz com o seu telemóvel; e de Meredith Vieira, co-apresentadora do The Today Show que apareceu pela segunda vez no seriado através deste episódio. Embora os seus nomes tenham sido listados ao longo da sequência de créditos finais, as actrizes Jane Krakowski e Katrina Bowden não participaram de "Larry King" desempenhando as suas respectivas personagens Jenna Maroney e Cerie Xerox.

Enredo
Durante a sua aparição no Larry King Live, uma notícia de última hora sobre a queda de ações asiáticas interrompe a entrevista de Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) com o apresentador Larry King, que pede a opinião do actor sobre o assunto. Tracy acaba instalando um caos em Nova Iorque com os seus comentários. Nos estúdios da NBC, a equipa do TGS with Tracy Jordan tenta procurar o dinheiro que Tracy suposytamente escondeu no prédio, conforme revelado por si no Larry King Live. O produtor Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit) liga para o programa questionando-o acerca do esconderijo. Segundo Tracy, o lugar tem "uma parte superior dura e uma parte inferior macia, não importa para onde se mova, o dinheiro permanece no mesmo lugar."

Enquanto isso, Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) acompanha Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) ao bairro de Queens para recuperar o celular que ela esqueceu em um táxi. O motorista do táxi, Asif (Ajay Naidu), encontra uma foto adulta dela e ameaça enviá-la para todos os seus contactos a menos que ela pague dois mil dólares americanos. No caminho para recuperam o telefone, o caos causado por Tracy se desenrola ao redor deles, levando Kenneth a querer voltar aos estúdios da NBC. Tentando fazê-lo mudar de ideia, Liz mente para o estagiário dizendo que o telefone tem valor sentimental, embora mais tarde revele a ele as verdadeiras razões pelas quais quer tanto o telefone de volta. Sentindo-se traído, Kenneth abandona-a. Liz eventualmente chega ao encontro com Asis e diz-lhe que não tem dinheiro para pagar porque crianças revoltadas roubaram a sua bolsa. Então, Kenneth aparece e eles assistem Tracy a revelar o seu segredo sobre o paradeiro do seu dinheiro, levando Kenneth a perceber que o dinheiro está guardado no seu blazer. Kenneth paga a Asif e o telefone de Liz é devolvido.

Finalmente, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decide se comprometer com a sua namorada Elisa Pedrera (Salma Hayek), que deseja levar o relacionamento ao próximo nível. Jack convence-a cancelar a sua viagem anual a Porto Rico para passarem um tempo juntos. Como resultado, o executivo dedica uma semana inteira à sua namorada exatamente ao mesmo tempo em que a crise económica se desenrola, forçando-o a liderar a GE enquanto se desenvolve a queda do mercado asiático. Depois que uma fita de vídeo de Don Geiss (Rip Torn) aparecer — gravada no caso de um colapso financeiro — Geiss afirma "ser o fim, e o amor é tudo o que importa," fazendo Jack perceber o seu amor por Elisa. Então, pede-a em casamento. Embora ela aceite, parte para Porto Rico no dia seguinte.

Referências culturais
"Sou novo neste país. Isso é uma coisa real?," pergunta Asif depois de Liz dizer-lhe que o pagaria no Dia Oposto. Na entrevista no Larry King Live, Tracy reconta todo o enredo do filme Teen Wolf (1985) e revela que deveria ter participado do filme Rush Hour (1998), mas foi substituído por Jackie Chan. Liz mente para Kenneth que o seu telefone tem uma gravação da sua falecida avó cantando uma canção de embalar, a qual Kenneth mais tarde obriga-a a cantar e descobre ser "99 Luftballons," uma música de protesto do cantor alemão Nena.

Quando Pete liga para o Larry King Live, Tracy acredita que Pete é Peter Frampton, um músico britânico. Quando Jack apercebe-se dos seus verdadeiros sentimentos por Elisa, decide impedi-la de ir a Porto Rico, mas quando vê-a do lado de fora do prédio GE, diz-lhe: "Eu estava prestes a fazer toda a corrida até o aeroporto, tipo Ross fez em Friends e Liz Lemon fez na vida real," uma referência à personagem Ross Geller episódio final de Friends, e a Liz no episódio "Sandwich Day" da segunda temporada de 30 Rock, no qual vai ao aeroporto para acertar as coisas com o seu ex-namorado, Floyd DeBarber (Jason Sudeikis).

Transmissão e repercussão

Audiência

Nos Estados Unidos, "Larry King" foi transmitido pela primeira vez na noite de 26 de Fevereiro de 2009 pela NBC como o 48.° episódio de 30 Rock. Naquela noite, de acordo com os dados publicados pelo serviço de mediação de audiências Nielsen Ratings, foi assistido por uma média de 6,40 milhões de agregados familiares norte-americanos e recebeu a classificação de 2,9 e sete de share no perfil demográfico dos telespectadores entre os dezoito aos 49 anos de idade,. Isso significa que foi visto por 2,9 por cento de todas as pessoas de dezoito a 49 anos de idade, e por sete por cento de todas as pessoas de dezoito a 49 anos de idade que estavam assistindo a televisão no momento da transmissão.

Na noite de 26 de Fevereiro de 2009, 30 Rock teve um aumento de vinte por cento em relação aos 5,30 milhões de telespectadores que assistiam a The Office, seriado transmitido meia-hora antes de 30 Rock. Por entre os outros programas transmitidos no horário nobre daquela noite, no perfil demográfico bastante competitivo dos telespectadores masculinos entre as idades de dezoito aos 34, o seriado ocupou o primeiro lugar. Na semana de 23 de Fevereiro a 1 de Março de 2009, 30 Rock teve a 12.ª classificação mais alta no perfil demográfico dos telespectadores entre os dezoito aos 49 anos de idade para a NBC, assim como a sétima mais alta no perfil demográfico dos telespectadores entre os dezoito aos 34 anos de idade para a NBC, no qual conseguiu uma média de 3,4 e dez de share.

Análises da crítica

O crítico Bob Sassone escreveu na sua análise para a coluna televisiva TV Squad do portal AOL que este foi o "melhor da temporada até agora" devido ao "equilíbrio muito bom" nas tramas do episódio. Embora tenha achado visto o desempenho da actriz convidada Salma Hayek como "bom," Sassone prefere ver a personagem Jack solteira. Para Alan Sepinwall, colunista de televisão do jornal The Star-Ledger, "Larry King" foi "muito melhor" e talvez o primeiro episódio que gostou "sem limitações." Sepinwall acrescentou que todo o elenco foi "bem" usado e "deu-nos uma história de Jack que equilibrou comédia com alguma emoção genuína, conseguiu uma boa quilometragem de uma história rara entre Liz / Kenneth ... e também empregou as estrelas convidadas tão bem quanto têm feito durante toda a temporada."

Apesar de ter inicialmente ficado "emocionado" depois de ler a sinopse do episódio, especialmente pela trama de Tracy causando caos em Nova Iorque, Robert Canning ultimamente sentiu-se "um pouco decepcionado," explicando na sua análise ao portal britânico IGN que a história "não foi tão exagerada" o quanto esperava mas, no geral, "este foi ainda um episódio divertido e engraçado." James Poniewozik, colaborador da revista de entretenimento Time, apreciou a história "aparentemente mais emocionalmente real" de Liz e Kenneth que "permitiu a Kenneth mostrar um pouco mais de espinha do que o habitual, enfrentando Liz na sua jornada para partes mais sombrias de Queens." Segundo Poniewozik, foi "bom" ver a personagem Pete Hornberger de volta, visto que Scott Adsit não aparecia em 30 Rock há algum tempo.

Em um tom menos positivo na sua resenha para a revista digital TV Guide, Matt Webb Mitovich achou o episódio "bem sem graça. Algo sobre ele parecia monótono e sem vida, como se os guionistas e o elenco estivessem em uma corrida louca para o Natal." Na sua análise para o jornal de entretenimento A.V. Club, o repórter Scott Tobias sentiu que "Larry King" ficou aquém dos "altos padrões de 30 Rock," com um "grande problema" sendo a trama de Jack e Elisa. "O conceito de um Jack viciado em trabalho, rico, superficial e com fobia de compromisso que se apaixona por seu exacto oposto não é ruim, mas a estadia de Hayek tem sido mais ou menos um fracasso." Tobias acrescentou ainda que Alec Baldwin e Salma Hayek "são um casal estranho" citando que eles não têm muita química juntos.

Ligações externas

30 Rock (3.ª temporada)
Episódios de 2009
Episódios de televisão escritos por Matt Hubbard

Larry King (30 Rock)


Dayton Lummis Sr. (8 de agosto de 1903 – 23 de marzo de 1988) fue un actor cinematográfico y televisivo estadounidense especializado en la interpretación en series televisivas, principalmente de género western, a menudo encarnando a personajes autoritarios. Desde 1959 a 1960 fue el marshal Andy Morrison en nueve episodios del western de la NBC Law of the Plainsman, interpretado por Michael Ansara y Robert Harland. En 1955 fue el general Douglas MacArthur en el film The Court Martial of Billy Mitchell.

Primeros años
Nacido en Summit (Nueva Jersey), Lummis estudió teatro en Los Ángeles (California), en la Martha Oatman School. Su primer trabajo profesional, a los 24 años de edad, fue con la Russell Stock Company en Redlands (California). Desde entonces siguió actuando a nivel regional hasta debutar en el circuito de Broadway en 1943.

Lummis trabajó por vez primera para la pantalla a lo 42 años de edad en un papel menor en el film de Burt Lancaster y Barbara Stanwyck Sorry, Wrong Number. Tras otras pocas actuaciones para el cine, algunas de ellas no acreditado, Lummis encarnó a un superintendente de la policía en la serie televisiva Racket Squad, en el episodio de 1952 "The Strange Case of James Doyle". Ese mismo año fue Paul Clarkson en el capítulo "Where There's a Will" de la serie detectivesca Mr. and Mrs. North, protagonizada por Richard Denning. En 1954 fue el sargento de policía Jack Gotch en el episodio "The Bink Trunk" de la serie protagonizada por Jack Webb Dragnet. En 1958 encarnó a Jonas Warman en "The Healer", una entrega del show de la NBC M Squad, cuyo protagonista era Lee Marvin.

Series de antología
Lummis actuó en numerosas series de antología, destacando de entre ellas las siguientes interpretaciones: Los capítulos "Vote of Confidence" y "A Championship Affair" (ambos en 1954) de la serie de la CBS Four Star Playhouse; dos actuaciones en 1955 para el show de la CBS Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, en los episodios "The Last Pilot Schooner" y "Ambitious Cop"; cuatro papeles para la serie de la NBC The Loretta Young Show entre 1954 y 1956; episodio "Temptation", dentro de la producción de la CBS Lux Video Theatre, en el cual encarnó en 1956 a Nigel; episodio "Sky Pilot" de la serie militar de la CBS Navy Log (1955); cuatro papeles entre 1953 y 1957 pare el show General Electric Theater, en las entregas "Best Seller", "My Wife, Poor Wretch", "Too Good with a Gun", y "I Will Not Die"; fue el coronel Duncan Smuthe en "The Tichborne Claimant", una entrega de la serie de la NBC The Joseph Cotten Show; episodio "The Nightingale" (1958) en el show de la NBC Shirley Temple's Storybook; papeles de Tom Ackley en "Crack of Doom", Charles Blanchard en "Mr. Blanchard's Secret" y el sargento Oliver en "Listen, Listen!", episodios de Alfred Hitchcock Presents en los que participó entre 1956 y 1958; dos actuaciones en 1958, como el doctor Engle en "Before I Die" y como el coronel Brecker en "Bitter Heritage", ambas entregas del show de la CBS Playhouse 90; episodios "The Lady Takes the Stand" y "A London Affair" del programa de la NBC Goodyear Theatre, en los que trabajó en 1958 y 1959.

Papeles en westerns
El primer papel western de Lummis fue el del banquero Jonathan Wilkins en la episodio de 1953 "Trouble in Town" de la serie The Lone Ranger. Otro papel del género western fue el de general Rogers en The Adventures of Jim Bowie (1957). Ese mismo año participó en el episodio "The Fugitive" de la serie Man Without a Gun, protagonizada por Rex Reason y Mort Mills; en 1958 Lummis hizo un papel sin créditos en el film de Audie Murphy From Hell to Texas, y ese mismo año fue Jabez Lord en el episodio "Hunter's Moon" de la serie de la NBC Buckskin, protagonizada por Tom Nolan; el año siguiente actuó en "Excitement at Milltown", del show de Rod Cameron State Trooper, y fue el juez Randall en el capítulo "Gone But Not Forgotten" de la serie de la CBS Yancy Derringer, protagonizada por Jock Mahoney; en 1960 encarnó a Gideon Templeton en "Path of the Eagle", episodio de la producción de la NBC Riverboat, interpretada por Darren McGavin.

Entre sus actuaciones para el género, destacan sus diferentes colaboraciones para Law of the Plainsman, producción en la que intervino en los siguientes episodios:
"Prairie Incident" (1 de octubre de 1959)
"A Matter of Life and Death" (15 de octubre de 1959)
"The Hostiles" (22 de octubre de 1959)
"Blood Trails" (5 de noviembre de 1959)
"Appointment in Santa Fe" (19 de noviembre de 1959)
"The Gibbet" (26 de noviembre de 1959)
"The Innocents" (10 de diciembre de 1959)
"Endurance" (14 de enero de 1960)
"Dangerous Barriers" (10 de marzo de 1960)

Lummis trabajó en otras muchas producciones del género western. Entre ellas pueden citarse: dos intervenciones en 1960 en el show de Chuck Connors para la ABC The Rifleman, en los capítulos "The Lariat" y "The Illustrator"; ese mismo año trabajó también dos veces para la serie Death Valley Days, encarnando a Lewis Wallace en "Shadows on the Window" y a De La Mar en "City of Widows"; en 1961 fue un juez en "Killer Without Cause", episodio de la serie de la NBC Laramie, y además trabajó en dos westerns de Warner Brothers, "Trouble at Sand Springs", dentro del show de Will Hutchins Sugarfoot y "The Young Fugitives", entrega de la serie de Clint Walker Cheyenne, en la que actuó junto a Richard Evans; en 1962 fue el Dr. Burroughs en el episodio "The Ross Bennett Story", perteneciente a la producción de la NBC The Wide Country, protagonizada por Earl Holliman y Andrew Prine.

En 1963 fue Horatio Turner en "The Money Cage", episodio de la serie de la NBC El virginiano. Lummis encarnó a Jasom Simms en "Green, Green Hills" (1962) y a Thomas Fenton Giler en "Down There, the World" (1963), dentro del programa de NBC Empire, protagonizado por Richard Egan. En 1963 interpretó a Clayton Emory en el episodio "The Chooser of the Slain", perteneciente a una serie de Warner Brothers de corta trayectoria, The Dakotas, protagonizada por Larry Ward y Chad Everett. También en 1963, fue el coronel Bob Grainter en "Fracas at Kiowa Flats", dentro de la serie de la NBC Temple Houston, interpretada por Jeffrey Hunter.

Lummis trabajó en tres ocasiones para la serie Wagon Train, en los episodios "the Martha Barham Story" (1959, con Ann Blyth), "The John Turnbull Story" (1962, con Henry Silva), y "The Myra Marshall Story" (1963, con Suzanne Pleshette). Por otra parte, hizo un total de cuatro actuaciones para Bonanza, en los episodios "Escape to Ponderosa" (1960), "The Secret" (1961), "The Legacy" (1963), y "The Dilemma" (1965). La actuación de 1965 en Bonanza fue su último papel de western durante una década, volviendo al género el 3 de febrero de 1975 en el episodio ""The Angry Land", uno de los últimos de la serie de la CBS Gunsmoke, protagonizada por James Arness. "The Angry Land" fue la penúltima actuación de Arness en Gunsmoke, así como la última aparición de Lummis en la pantalla.

 Otros papeles
Lummis actuó en otras películas y series de televisión a lo largo de su carrera, entre ellas las siguientes:I Love Lucy, como Bill Parker en "Lucy Has Her Eyes Examined" (1953), como Mel Eaton en "Lucy Writes a Novel" (1954), y como Mr. Sherman en "Hollywood at Last" (1955).Lassie, como Dr. Walter Stewart en tres episodios, "Gramps" (1954) y "The Injury" y "The Snake" (CBS, ambos en 1955).The Glenn Miller Story, como el coronel Spaulding (no acreditado), 1954.Crusader, como Ray Talbot en "Nine Priceless Objects" (1956).You Are There, "The Bank Holiday Crisis of March 6, 1933" de Walter Cronkite (CBS, 1957).Markham, como Howard Fulton en "The Father" (CBS, 1959).Angel, como Mr. Mathews en "Angel's Temper" y "The Museum" (CBS, ambos de 1960).The Lawless Years, como el juez en "The Prantera Story" (NBC, 1960).Espartaco, como Symmachus, no acreditado (1960).Elmer Gantry, como el periodista Eddington (1960).Adventures in Paradise, como Charles Fouchet en "Please Believe Me" (ABC, 1962).Thriller, como Clarence en "The Cheaters" (1960) y como Millard Braystone en "Cousin Tundifer" (NBC, 1962).77 Sunset Strip, como Guy Winters en "Shadow on Your Shoulder" (ABC, 1962).Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, como un comisionado en "The Mooncussers" (NBC, 1962).Arrest and Trial, como el doctor Murray en "Funny Man with a Monkey" (ABC, 1964).Viaje al fondo del mar, como Gustave Reinhardt en "The Last Battle" (ABC, 1965).El túnel del tiempo', como Gladstone en "Night of the Long Knives" (ABC, 1966).

This Is the Life, como el juez Brandt en "Parents, Too, Can Be Delinquents" (1967).

Moonfire, como Fuentes, con Richard Egan, Richard Bull, Charles Napier, y el boxeador Sonny Liston (1973).

Vida personal
A lo largo de su carrera, Lummis mantuvo un rancho. Estuvo casado con Dorothy L. Lummis (11 de abril de 1912 – 21 de enero de 1997), una nativa de Pensilvania. Dayton Lummis falleció en 1988, a los 84 años de edad, en Santa Mónica (California). Su hijo, Dayton Lummis, Jr. (nacido hacia 1936), fue director de museo y autor de numerosos trabajos relacionados con el Oeste de Estados Unidos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Estados Unidos
Actores de televisión de Estados Unidos
Actores de Nueva Jersey

Dayton Lummis


Jens van 't Wout est un patineur de vitesse sur piste courte néerlandais.

Biographie
Il naît le  et grandit au Canada.

Il se place second du classement général aux championnats des Pays-Bas en janvier 2022, derrière Dylan Hoogerwerf.

Il participe aux épreuves de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 sur le 1000 mètres, ainsi que pour le relais masculin et le relais mixte.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Patineur de vitesse sur piste courte néerlandais
Patineur de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Naissance en octobre 2001
Naissance aux Pays-Bas

Jens van 't Wout


Andrew Lintner Harris (also known as The Farmer–Statesman) (November 17, 1835 – September 13, 1915) was one of the heroes of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War and served as the 44th governor of Ohio.

Biography
Harris was born in Milford Township, Butler County, Ohio, and was educated in the local schools. After graduating from Miami University in 1860, Harris enlisted as a private in the Union Army.  Harris was married at West Florence, Ohio, to Caroline Conger  of Preble County, Ohio, on October 17, 1865. They had one son.

Career
He quickly rose to the rank of colonel of the 75th Ohio Infantry, seeing action in many of the Army of the Potomac's engagements. At Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, he led his men in a successful withdrawal through the hotly contested streets to Cemetery Hill, where they entrenched on the northeastern slope. Assuming command of a brigade, Harris played a key role in delaying repeated attacks the next day by Harry T. Hays's famed Louisiana Tigers, helping secure the critical hill for George G. Meade. Harris continued to lead troops through the war, although he suffered an embarrassing defeat in August 1864 at the Battle of Gainesville in Florida. When the war ended he was brevetted a brigadier general of volunteers.

An attorney, Harris began practicing law in 1865 and then served in the Ohio State Senate from 1866 to 1870 and as Preble County Probate Judge from 1875 to 1882. Harris served as the 23rd and 29th lieutenant governor of Ohio having been elected in 1891 and 1893 as the running mate of William McKinley, and again in 1905, when Democrat John M. Pattison was elected governor. An early temperance activist and Republican politician, Harris succeeded Pattison (upon the latter's death in June 1906) as governor, serving from 1906 to 1909. He was nominated in 1908, but lost narrowly to Judson Harmon in the gubernatorial election. While in office, Harris signed legislation banning corporate political donations. Harris also served on the U.S. Industrial Commission on Trusts under President McKinley. His official residence was at the Hartman Hotel in Downtown Columbus.

Honors
Per state law, U.S. 127 between Hamilton and Eaton was renamed the Gov. Andrew L. Harris Bicentennial Roadway. At the Milford Township Bicentennial in 2005, the Gov. Andrew L. Harris Bicentennial Roadway was dedicated by the Governor's relative, James Brodbelt Harris, president of the family reunion association and whose family continues to own an Ohio Century Farm in the township.

Death
Harris died of heart trouble on September 13, 1915, and is interred in Mound Hill Union Cemetery, Eaton, Preble County, Ohio US.

References

External links
 Baumgartner, Richard A., Buckeye Blood: Ohio at Gettysburg. Huntington, West Virginia: Blue Acorn Press, 2003. .
 Bissland, James "Blood, Tears, and Glory: How Ohioans Won the Civil War." Wilmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 2007. .

1835 births
1915 deaths
Republican Party governors of Ohio
Republican Party Ohio state senators
Union Army colonels
Miami University alumni
People from Butler County, Ohio
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People from Preble County, Ohio
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians

Andrew L. Harris


Die Liste der beweglichen Denkmäler in Duisburg enthält die sieben beweglichen Denkmäler auf dem Gebiet Stadt Duisburg in Nordrhein-Westfalen, die nach dem Denkmalschutzgesetz Nordrhein-Westfalen (DSchG NRW) für schützenswert befunden wurden. Sie sind im Teil C in der Duisburger Denkmalliste eingetragen (Stand: 29. August 2022).

Liste der beweglichen Denkmäler in Duisburg

Quellen

!Bewegliche Denkmale
Duisburg Bewegliche Denkmale
Denkmaler Duisburg


Lucas van Leyden (1494 – 8 August 1533), also named either Lucas Hugensz or Lucas Jacobsz, was a Dutch painter and printmaker in engraving and woodcut. Lucas van Leyden was among the first Dutch exponents of genre painting and was a very accomplished engraver.

Lucas was the son of the painter Huygh Jacobsz.  He was born, died, and was mainly active in Leiden.

Carel van Mander characterizes Lucas as a tireless artist, who as a child annoyed his mother by working long hours after nightfall, which she forbade not only for the cost of candlelight, but also because she felt that too much study was bad for his sensibilities. According to Van Mander, as a boy he only consorted with other young artists, such as painters, glass-etchers and goldsmiths, and was paid by the Heer van Lochorst (Johan van Lockhorst of Leiden, who died in 1510) a golden florin for each of his years at age 12 for a watercolor of St. Hubert.

Paintings

He learned basic techniques from his father  and from Cornelis Engelbrechtsz, but his precocious originality was paramount. Where he learnt engraving is unknown, but he took advantage of the works of Marcantonio Raimondi, whose motifs are reworked in Lucas' engravings and paintings, and became highly skilled in that art at a very early age: the earliest known print by him (Mohammed and the Murdered Monk) dates from 1508, when he was perhaps only 14, yet reveals no trace of immaturity in inspiration or technique.

Seventeen paintings surely by Lucas survive, and a further twenty-seven are known from descriptions by Carel van Mander, from contemporary copies or from drawings of them made by Jan de Bisschop in the later 17th century. Max Friedländer described no clear pattern of stylistic development, in large part because Lucas' oeuvre was swelled and obscured by attributions since found unsustainable.

Four broad stages in his artistic development are characterized by Elise Lawton Smith as his early half-length figures (c 1506–1512), the development of his landscapes (c 1512–1520), the influence of Antwerp paintings (c 1521–25) and the late works (ca 1525–1531), where multiple figures are deployed against wooded landscapes, as in the Healing of blind man of Jericho (illustration).

Raimondi's studies of nudes inspired van Leyden in his later work, particularly his altarpieces, in which he is an early Dutch adopter of the Italian-style nude figure. Two further artistic influences were Albrecht Dürer and Jan Gossaert. Indeed, he was friends with both, and Dürer drew van Leyden's portrait when they met in 1521. Dürer's mastery of engraving and Gossaert's Romanist style both heavily influenced van Leyden's work.

Prints

Lucas's print included secular subjects, and many depictions of famous Biblical scenes, including Adoration of the Magi, The Virgin and Child on the Crescent, and The Holy Family.

The Power of Women Series
From 1513 to 1517, Lucas created a series of woodcuts called "The Power of Women", which consisted of two large and small sets of prints. The series is one of a number of representations of the Power of Women theme, which was extremely popular in Renaissance art and literature. Artworks in the genre depict the traditional roles of men and women in inverse, with women dominating over men in various situations. The subjects illustrated often consist of legendary historical women who were considered to be virtuous heroines as well as women who were considered cunning, seductive, and manipulative of men. The purpose of the "Power of Women" theme was to demonstrate that even the strongest and wisest of men were not resistant to the sexuality of women.

Large Power of Women (1513—)
The Mouth of Truth: A woman kneels in front of the Emperor of Rome and places her hand in the mouth of a statue of a lion while a crowd observes in the background.

The Fall of Man: In the foreground, Eve stands to the left of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, around which a serpent is wrapped, and hands an apple to Adam, who sits to the right of the tree. In the background to the right, an angel drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.

Samson and Delilah: Delilah sits a bed of rocks while Samson lies sleeping in her lap. She holds his hair in one hand and cuts it with a knife.

Solomon's Idolatry: King Solomon kneels in front of an idol of Moloch in the center foreground while one of his mistresses and a crowd of men observe him from behind.

Herod and Herodias: Herod and Herodias sit at a table while their daughter Salome approaches them, holding a plate bearing the head of St. John the Baptist.

The Poet Virgil Suspended in a Basket: Virgil is shown stranded in a basket hung on the side of a tower in the town square, with a jeering crowd below him.

Small Power of Women (1517—)
The Fall of Man: In the foreground, Adam and Eve are around the tree of knowledge of good and evil, with the serpent wrapped around the trunk and holding an apple. In the background, an angel drives Adam and Eve out of paradise.

Jael Killing Sisera: In the foreground, Jael hammers a tent peg into Sisera's ear as he lies on the ground. In the middle ground on the right, Jael points out the foreground scene to a group of armed Israelites. In the background on the left, Sisera drinks from a goblet given to him by Jael.

Samson and Delilah: Same as woodcut of larger size. Delilah sits a bed of rocks while Samson lies sleeping in her lap. She holds his hair in one hand and cuts it with a knife.

Solomon's Idolatry: Same as woodcut of larger size. King Solomon kneels in front of an idol of Moloch in the center foreground while one of his mistresses and a crowd of men observe him from behind.

Jezebel Promising Naboth's Vineyards to King Ahab: Jezebel stands beside her husband King Ahab of Israel, who is lying on his bed in his room.

Herod and Herodias: In the foreground, Salome holds a plate bearing the head of St. John the Baptist in front of Herod and Herodias, who are sitting at a table. Through a window on the back wall, St. John the Baptist is seen being beheaded.

Family
In 1515, Lucas married Elisabeth van Boschhuysen, from a patrician Leiden family. The marriage remained childless. Lucas did have a daughter Marijtje, born in Leiden out of wedlock around 1512. This daughter Marijtje would later marry the painter Dammas Claesz de Hoij. In their offspring, the De Hoij family, one can find prominent artists throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Collections
Today, Lucas's work is held in the permanent collections of several institutions worldwide, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the British Museum, the Princeton University Art Museum, the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Fralin Museum of Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, the Worcester Art Museum, the Clark Art Institute, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum.

See also
Renaissance in the Netherlands

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Lucas van Leyden (see index)
Works by Lucas van Leyden at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Literature on Lucas van Leyden

Dutch Renaissance painters
Dutch engravers
Artists from Leiden
1494 births
1533 deaths
Painters from Leiden
16th-century Dutch artists
16th-century engravers

Lucas van Leyden


Gordon Crosse ( décembre 1937 - 21 novembre 2021) est un compositeur britannique.

Biographie
Il naît à Bury dans le Lancashire. Il étudia la musique à Oxford avec notamment Egon Wellesz où il obtient son diplôme en 1961. Ensuite il part à Rome pour étudier dans la classe de Goffredo Petrassi à l'Académie nationale Sainte-Cécile. Il s'intéressa à la musique du . À partir de 1965-66, il enseigna à Birmingham, puis à l'université de l'Essex, à l'université de Californie à Santa Barbara et enfin au Royal Academy of Music à Londres. Pour son œuvre il s'intéressa particulièrement au théâtre et la littérature anglaise. À la fin des années 1980 il arrête de composer, puis reprend en 2008 par l'initiative du flûtiste John Turner. Il décède à son domicile à Wenhaston à l'âge de 83 ans.

Œuvres
Il composa son opus 1 en 1959. Il écrivit quatre symphonies, quatre opéras, quatre ballets, six quatuors à cordes, et de nombreuses mélodies à partir de poèmes.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1937
Naissance dans le Lancashire
Étudiant de St Edmund Hall (Oxford)
Professeur à l'université de Californie à Santa Barbara
Compositeur britannique de musique classique de la période contemporaine
Compositeur britannique d'opéra
Décès à 83 ans
Décès dans le Suffolk
Décès en novembre 2021

Gordon Crosse


Heliamphora minor, es una especie de planta carnívora perteneciente a la familia
Sarraceniaceae. Es un endemismo de los grupos de tepuys de Auyan y Chimanta en Venezuela.

Descripción
Tal como el nombre sugiere, es la más pequeña especie de género.  Está estrechamente relacionada con Heliamphora pulchella.

Cultivo

Heliamphora minor es una de las especies más ampliamente disponibles en el género para el cultivo. Por lo general, H. minor se cultiva con potentes luces fluorescentes en un terrario o en un invernadero con luz solar parcial. Al igual que otras plantas carnívoras, H. minor requiere agua libre de minerales añadidos y productos químicos. Puede sobrevivir a una amplia gama de temperaturas, preferentemente en torno a 20-25 °C, sin embargo durante la noche la temperatura debe bajar hasta 10 grados menos que la temperatura del día. A pesar de que es carnívora, no necesitan ser alimentadas para vivir o desarrollarse. El suelo debe ser bajo en nutrientes. Pueden ser utilizadas las combinaciones de arena lavada, cortezas, siempre con fibras musgo (en polvo o vivas), turba y perlita. Las plantas también requieren un alto nivel de humedad, que se puede lograr en un invernadero o un terrario

Taxonomía
Heliamphora minor fue descrita por Henry Gleason y publicado en  Brittonia 3: 164, en el año 1939.
Etimología
El epíteto deriva del latín minor = pequeño.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Plantas carnívoras de Sudamérica
minor
Plantas carnívoras
Flora endémica de Venezuela

Heliamphora minor


النُشوز هو مصطلح في القرآن الكريم يدور معناه في اللغة على العلو والارتفاع، ومنه النشَز والنشْز: المكان المرتفع من الأرض، وأنشزتُ الشيء إذا رفعته عن مكانه. واستعير هذا المعنى الحسي للدلالة على ترفع المرأة أو الرجل واستعلائهما أو امتناع المرأة أو الرجل من أداء حق الزوج/ الزوجة أو إساءة العشرة .

وردت كلمة (نشوز) أو ما يقابلها من الجذر (نَشَزَ) في أربعة مواضع في القرآن الكريم:

 سورة البقرة آية 256:

 سورة النساء آية 34 :

 سورة النساء آية 128 :

 سورة المجادلة آية 11:

وبالنظر في الآيات السابقة يرى أن النشوز الوارد في سورة النساء جاء في سياق الحديث عن معالجة قضايا المرأة والأسرة، ولذلك فهو مفهوم أسري. أما في السور الأخرى فقد استعمل النشوز بمعناه اللغوي، أي الارتفاع والعلو الحسي، فقوله تعالى (وَانظُرْ إِلَى العِظَامِ كَيْفَ نُنشِزُهَا) أي كيف نرفعها أو نرفع بعضها على بعض في التركيب، أي نركب بعضها فوق بعض لإحيائها، وقوله عز وجل: (وَإِذَا قِيلَ انشُزُوا فَانشُزُوا) فهو بمعنى القيام من المجلس، أي الارتفاع عنه. وبذلك تنحصر الدلالة الاصطلاحية للفظ النشوز في القرآن الكريم في آيتي سورة النساء.

الزوجة الناشز عند الفقهاء
والنُشوز (لغة) معناه الارتفاع والعلو يقال أرض ناشز يعني مرتفعة ومنه سميت المرأة ناشزا إذا علت وارتفعت وتكبرت على زوجها . والنشوز في اصطلاح الشرع هو امتناع المرأة من أداء حق الزوج أو عصيانه أو إساءة العشرة معه، فكل امرأة صدر منها هذا السلوك أو تخلقت به فهي امرأة ناشز ما لم تقلع عن ذلك أو تصلح خلقها قال ابن قدامة «معنى النشوز معصية الزوج فيما فرض الله عليها من طاعته مأخوذ من النشز وهو الارتفاع فكأنها ارتفغت وتعالت عما فرض الله عليها من طاعته».

نشوز الزوج
قال ابن عادل قال الكَلْبِيُّ : نشوز الرَّجُل للزوجة : ترك مُجَامَعَتِها، وإعراضُهُ بوجْهه عَنْها، وقلة مُجَالَسَتِها . تفسير اللباب 5/377.

وقال الطبري\«خافت من بعلها نشوزًا أو إعراضًا\»، قال: هي المرأة تكون عند الرجل حتى تكبر، فيريد أن يتزوج عليها، فيتصالحان بينهما صلحا، على أن لها يومًا، ولهذه يومان أو ثلاثة. تفسير الطبري 9/280 .

مراجع

مصطلحات إسلامية

نشوز


تم إعادة التقسيم الإداري في الجزائر مرتين منذ الاستقلال حيث أنه سنة 1974 تم ترقية 16 ولاية جديدة لتصبح 31 وكانت في السابق 15 ولاية ثم أعادت الجزائر التقسيم سنة 1984 لتزيد بذلك عدد الولايات لتبلغ 48 ولاية.

المدن المقترحة على وزارة الداخلية
تعتزم وزارة الداخلية والجماعات المحلية في الجزائر الإعلان عن القائمة التي تتضمن الولايات المنتدبة وهذا في إطار تقريب الإدارات من المواطن وقد تم اقتراح المدن والدوائر التالية:

بئر العاتر، تابلاط، العلمة، المشرية، عين الصفراء، بريكة، المنيعة، خميس مليانة، شلغوم العيد، الخروب، تلاغ، عين أميناس، بوقاعة، رويبة، الونزة، متليلي، عين البيضاء، عين صالح، بوسعادة، قمار، عين مليلة، عين ياقوت، قصر الشلالة، مازونة، الحمادية، قصر البخاري، رأس الماء، بومدفع، زغاية، أقبو، أفلو، السوقر، شلالة العذاورة، فرندة، بني عباس، التواتة، تيميمون، أريس، ثنية الحد، مسعد.

الولايات الجديدة
سيتم تصفية هاته المدن لتستقر في الاخير على المدن التي لها الحق سواء من حيث عدد السكان والبلديات التي تنتمي لها وطابعها الاقتصادي وتاريخها، بالإضافة إلى طابعها الحضري.
 1 أدرار: برج باجي مختار - تيميمون
 2 الشلف: تنس - بوقادير
 3 الأغواط: أفلو
 4 أم البواقي: عين البيضاء - عين مليلة
 5 باتنة: بريكة- أريس- مروانة- عين توتة
 6 بجاية: خراطة- أقبو
 7 بسكرة: أولاد جلال- طولفة
 8 بشار: بني عباس - العبادلة
 9 البليدة - بوفاريك - العفرون - الأربعاء
 10 البويرة: سور الغزلان - عين بسام- الأخضرية
 11 تمنراست: عين صالح - عين قزام
 12 تبسة - بئر العاتر - الشريعة
 13 تلمسان: مغنية - الغزوات- ندرومة- سبدو
 14 تيارت: فرندة - السوفر - قصر الشلال
 15 تيزي وزو: ذراع الميزان- عين الحمام- أزفون- عزازفة
 16 الجزائر العاصمة: غير معنية بالتقسيم الإداري الجديد
 17 الجلفة: عين الوسارة - مسعد
 18 جيجل: الميلية- تكسانة- الطاهير
 19 سطيف: العلمة - عين ولمان- بوفاعة
 20 سعيدة: سيدي بوبكر
 21 سكيكدة: عزابة - الحروش - القل
 22 سيدي بلعباس: تلاغ - سفيزف
 عنابة: غير معنية بالتقسيم الإداري الجديد
 24 قالمة: غير معنية بالتقسيم الإداري الجديد
 25 قسنطينة -الخروب -زيغوت يوسف - عين عبيد - حامة بوزيان - ابن زياد
 26 المدية: تابلاط - قصر البخاري- شلالة العذاورة
 27 مستغانم: سيدي علي- بوقيراط
 28 المسيلة: بوسعادة - مفرة
 29 معسكر: المحمدية-سيق -تيغنيف
 30 ورقلة: تفرت
 31 وهران: السانية-عين الترك-أرزيو-بوتليليس- بطيوة- قديل - واد تليلات - بئر ال
 32 البيض: لبيض سيدي الشيخ
 33 إليزي: جانت
 34 برج بوعريريج: رأس الوادي
 35 بومرداس: برج منايل- دلس
 36 الطارف: الذرعان
 37 تيسمسيلت: ثنية - الحد
 39 الوادي: جامعة
 40 خنشلة: ششار- قايس - أولاد رشاش
 41 سوق أهراس: سدراتة -
 42 تيبازة: شرشال -القليعة
 43 ميلة شلغوم العيد- فرجيوة-زغاية
 44 عين الدفلى: مليانة- خميس مليانة
 45 النعامة: مشرية- عين الصفراء
 46 عين تيموشنت: بني صاف- حمام بوحجر
 47 غرداية: المنيعة- متليلي-الفرارة
 48 غليزان: واد رهيو-زمورة -مازونة

2017
جاء في العدد الجديد من الجريدة الرسمية، مرسوم رئاسي، يقضي باستحداث عشر مقاطعات إدارية عبر 8 ولايات جنوبية، يتولى مهمة الإشراف عليها ولاة منتدبون يخضعون لسلطة الولاة ذوي الاختصاص الإقليمي.

وتم الإعلان رسميا عن المقاطعات الإدارية الجديدة وهي :
 تيميمون عن ولاية أدرار.
 برج باجي مختار.
 أولاد جلال عن ولاية بسكرة.
 بني عباس عن ولاية بشار.
 عين صالح.
 عين قزام عن ولاية تمنراست.
 تقرت عن ولاية ورقلة.
المغير عن ولاية الوادي.
المنيعة عن ولاية غرداية.

2020
صادق مجلس الوزراء، اليوم الثلاثاء 26 نوفمبر 2019، على استحداث 44 ولاية منتدبة بالهضاب العليا.

كما تقرر في الاجتماع الذي ترأسه رئيس الدولة عبد القادر بن صالح، ترقية 10 ولايات منتدبة بالجنوب الكبير إلى ولايات جديدة، ليصبح تعداد ولايات الجزائر 58 ولاية.

وبحسب قرارات مجلس الوزراء فإن الولايات الجديدة في الجنوب الكبير هي برج باجي مختار، وعين صالح، وجانت، وعين قزام، والمغير، وتقرت وبني عباس، وتيميمون، وأولاد جلال والمنيعة.

بالإضافة إلى ترقية 44 دائرة كبيرة، إلى ومقاطعات إدارية بالهضاب العليا.

الولايات المنتدبة (منطقة الهضاب العليا من الشرق إلى الغرب)

 عن ولاية سوق أهراس: سدراتة وتاورة.
 عن ولاية تبسة: بئر العاتر والشريعة و الونزة.
 عن ولاية خنشلة: ششار وقايس و أولاد رشاش.
 عن ولاية أم البواقي: عين البيضاء وعين مليلة.
 عن ولاية باتنة: بريكة وآريس و مروانة.
 عن ولاية ميلة: فرجيوة وشلغوم العيد وتاجنانت.
 عن ولاية سطيف: العلمة وبوقاعة و عين ولمان.
 عن ولاية برج بوعريريج: رأس الوادي.
 عن ولاية المسيلة: بوسعادة ومقرة وسيدي عيسى.
 عن ولاية البويرة: سور الغزلان وعين بسام.
 عن ولاية المدية : قصر البخاري والبرواقية و بني سليمان وتابلاط.
 عن ولاية الجلفة: مسعد وعين وسارة.
 عن ولاية الأغواط: آفلو.
 عن ولاية تيسمسيلت: ثنية الحد.
 عن ولاية تيارت: فرندة وقصر الشلالة.
 عن ولاية سيدي بلعباس: تلاغ وسفيزف و ابن باديس ورأس الماء.
 عن ولاية البيض: الأبيض سيدي الشيخ.
 عن ولاية تلمسان: مغنية وسبدو.
 عن ولاية النعامة: المشرية وعين الصفراء.

المراجع

الولايات المنتدبة في الجزائر


A Matter of Life and Death is a 1946 British fantasy-romance film set in England during World War II.

Written, produced and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, the film stars David Niven, Roger Livesey, Raymond Massey, Kim Hunter and Marius Goring. The film was originally released in the United States under the title Stairway to Heaven, which derived from the film's most prominent special effect: a broad escalator linking Earth to the afterlife.

In 1999, A Matter of Life and Death placed 20th on the British Film Institute's list of Best 100 British films. It ranked 90th in The Sight and Sound Greatest Films of All Time 2012 poll, regarded by some as the most authoritative in the world, and 78th in 2022.

Plot
On 2 May 1945, Squadron Leader Peter Carter, an RAF pilot, is flying a badly damaged and burning Lancaster bomber over the English Channel, after a mission over Germany. Carter is expecting to die, after ordering his crew to bail out, without revealing to them that his own parachute has been destroyed. The only radio operator receiving him is June, at a USAAF base on the coast of England. For a few minutes Carter converses with June, before jumping from the Lancaster without a parachute.

Peter should have died at that point, but Conductor 71, the guide sent to escort him to the Other World, misses him in the thick fog over the English Channel. The airman wakes up on a beach near June's base. At first, he assumes he is in the afterlife but, when a de Havilland Mosquito flies low overhead, discovers to his bewilderment that he is still alive.

Peter meets June cycling back to her quarters after her night shift, and they fall in love. Conductor 71 (a French aristocrat guillotined in the Revolution) stops time to explain the situation, urging Peter to accept his death and accompany him to the Other World, but Peter demands an appeal. While Conductor 71 consults his superiors, Peter continues to live. Conductor 71 returns and informs him that he has been granted his appeal and has three days to prepare his case. He can choose a defence counsel from among all the people who have ever died, but he has difficulty picking one.

Peter's visions are diagnosed by June's fascinated friend Doctor Reeves as a symptom of a brain injury—chronic adhesive arachnoiditis from a slight concussion two years earlier—and he is scheduled for surgery. Reeves is killed in a motorcycle accident while trying to find the ambulance that is to take Peter to the hospital. Reeves' death allows him to act as Peter's counsel.

Reeves argues that, through no fault of his own, his client was given additional time on Earth and that, during that time, he has fallen in love and now has an earthly commitment that should take precedence over the afterlife's claim on him. The matter comes to a head—in parallel with Peter's brain surgery—before a celestial court; the camera zooms out from an amphitheatre to reveal that it is as large as a spiral galaxy. The prosecutor is American Abraham Farlan, who hates the British for making him the first casualty of the American Revolutionary War. Reeves challenges the composition of the jury, which is made up of representatives who are prejudiced against the British. In fairness, the jury is replaced by a multicultural mixture of modern Americans whose origins are as varied as those they replace.

Reeves and Farlan both make comparisons with the other's nationality to support their positions. In the end, Reeves has June take the stand (Conductor 71 makes her fall asleep in the real world so she can testify) and prove that she genuinely loves Peter by telling her that the only way to save his life is to take his place, whereupon she steps onto the stairway to the Other World without hesitation and is carried away, leaving Peter behind. The stairway comes to an abrupt halt and June rushes back to Peter's open arms. As Reeves triumphantly explains, "... nothing is stronger than the law in the universe, but on Earth, nothing is stronger than love."

The jury rules in Peter's favour. The Judge shows Reeves and Farlan the new lifespan granted to the defendant; Reeves calls it "very generous", and Farlan jokingly complains, then agrees to it. The two then engage in supportive banter with one another, and against the stern Chief Recorder, who protests against the breach of law. In the operating room, the surgeon declares the operation a success.

Cast
In order of appearance:

Cast notes:

Goring was offered the role of the Conductor, but insisted that he wanted to play Peter instead; however, Powell and Pressburger were set on Niven playing the part, and eventually told Goring that the Conductor was his only choice: if he turned it down, they would approach Peter Ustinov to play the part.

Powell and Pressburger went to Hollywood to cast the role of June with no possible actress in mind except, possibly, Betty Field, who was in a play in New York at the time. The suggestion of Kim Hunter came from Alfred Hitchcock, who had recently used her to read lines from behind the camera for Ingrid Bergman's screen test for Spellbound.  Hunter had stage experience and had been under contract to David O. Selznick for two years.  Powell and Pressburger decided that she was right for the part almost immediately on their first meeting, and arranged with Selznick to use her.

Michael Trubshawe was an old drinking buddy of Niven's and he was given a cameo in this picture by Niven.

Production
A Matter of Life and Death was filmed at D&P Studios and Denham Studios in Denham, Buckinghamshire, England, and on locations in Devon and Surrey. The beach scene was shot at Saunton Sands in Devon, and the village seen in the camera obscura was Shere in Surrey. Production took place from 2 September to 2 December 1945, used 29 sets, and cost an estimated £320,000, equivalent to £ in .

A Matter of Life and Death had an extensive pre-production period due to the complexity of the production: The huge escalator linking this world with the other, called "Operation Ethel" by the firm of engineers who constructed it under the aegis of the London Passenger Transport Board, took three months to make and cost £3,000, . "Ethel" had 106 steps, each  wide, and was driven by a 12 hp engine. The full shot was completed by hanging miniatures.  The noise of the machinery prevented recording the soundtrack liveall scenes with the escalator were dubbed in post-production.

The decision to film the scenes of the Other World in black and white added to the complications. They were filmed in Three-strip Technicolor, but colour was not added during printing, giving a pearly hue to the black-and-white shots, a process cited in the screen credits as "Colour and Dye-Monochrome Processed in Technicolor". This reversed the effect in The Wizard of Oz. Photographic dissolves between "Technicolor Dye-Monochrome" (the Other World) and Three-Strip Technicolor (Earth) are used several times during the film. There was a nine-month wait for film stock and Technicolor cameras because they were being used by the US Army to make training films.  (As Conductor 71 remarks during an early transition, "One is starved for Technicolor up there.")

Other sequences also presented challenges, such as the stopped-action table-tennis game for which Hunter and Livesey were trained by champions Alan Brooke and Viktor Barna; the scene where Carter washes up on the beach, the first scene filmed, where cinematographer Jack Cardiff fogged up the camera lens with his breath to create the look he wanted; and the long, 25-minute trial sequence, which required a set with a  long by  high backcloth.

Release
A Matter of Life and Death was chosen for the first ever Royal Film Performance on 1 November 1946 at the Empire Theatre, in London, in the presence of George VI and his wife. The performance was in aid of the Cinematograph Trade Benevolent Fund and £30,000 (£ in  pounds) was raised. It then went into general release in the UK on 15 December 1946. The film subsequently had its US release in New York on 25 December 1946 under the name Stairway to Heaven.

According to trade papers, the film was a "notable box office attraction" at British cinemas in 1947.

In 1986, the film was screened out of competition at the Cannes Film Festival.

Critical reception
When it first came out in New York City, Bosley Crowther said that the film made by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger was the best Christmas movie ever made, praising it for its elegant charm, smart humour, and amazing visual artistry. Powell and Pressburger, the two smart people who came up with this idea, not only directed the movie but also wrote its script. Throughout the story, their wit and skill were a big part of it, and they showed it in many fun ways. The fact that they used Technicolor to film scenes on Earth and sepia tones to show the perfect worlds of the Beyond is a good example of how creative they were. This clever contrast made a heavenly messenger come down from the ethereal heights and make a joke about how hard it is to find Technicolor in heaven. This showed how well the directors used colour and symbolism.

In the aftermath of World War II, a notable surge of cinematic productions emerged, exemplified by iconic films such as It's a Wonderful Life and A Matter of Life and Death. These motion pictures seemingly resonated with the collective sentiment of a populace grappling with the profound loss of loved ones during the war, providing a source of solace and comfort to many individuals.

In December 2017, a digitally restored version was shown in British cinemas. Kevin Maher, writing in The Times, said the restoration was "crisp" whilst describing the film as being a "definitive fantasy classic" and also as "essential viewing."

Preservation
The Academy Film Archive preserved A Matter of Life and Death in 1999. The film underwent a 4K restoration at Sony Pictures Entertainment for a 2018 Criterion Collection blu-ray release.

Analysis

Title
According to Powell in his A Life in Movies, the United States was the only market in which the film's name was changed, except that most European countries used "A Question of Life and Death" rather than "A Matter of Life and Death".  The American title was the idea of  Arthur Krim and Robert Benjamin, two lawyers just starting out in the film business, who would be marketing the film in the US, and insisted that no film had ever done well there with the word "death" in the title.  When Pressburger countered with the hit film Death Takes a Holiday, their response was to point out that it succeeded because the very fact that Death was on holiday meant that there would be no death in the film.

Carter's visions
The film's narrative does not clarify whether Carter's visions are real, or hallucinatory. The fact that the same actor plays the celestial judge and the brain surgeon tends to indicate that they are a hallucination. To ensure that Carter's symptoms – including his visions – were consistent with the diagnosis and treatment depicted, the filmmakers read and integrated a significant amount of medical research, according to Diane Broadbent Friedman.

Interpretations of Carter's visions of the "other world" as supernatural, within the context of the film's narrative, may be supported by elements of the plot. A key question, which is alluded to in the film's dialogue, concerns the unlikelihood of Carter surviving the fall from his aircraft. (Nevertheless, in a small number of historical cases, people have survived falling from a great height, without suffering serious injury or permanent disability.) Likewise, two scenes set in the other world take place without Carter, namely Trubshawe's arrival, and the prelude to the start of the trial. A third plot device, regarding a borrowed book, also seems to hint that the other world is real. However, these devices could all be explained as retrospective inventions of Carter's mind, while he is unconscious.

The other world
The producers took pains never to refer to "the other world" as Heaven, as they felt that was restrictive. However, in the first minutes of the film, a very young Richard Attenborough appears as a dead airman registering in the "other world" and asking: "It's heaven, isn't it?" This is followed by the "other world" female attendant commenting to Flying Officer Trubshawe that some people might think it would be "heaven to be a clerk". An introductory title screen – repeated as the foreword to the 1946 novelisation by Eric Warman – contains an explicit statement, however: "This is the story of two worlds, the one we know and another which exists only in the mind of a young airman whose life and imagination have been violently shaped by war", but goes on to say "Any resemblance to any other world known or unknown is purely coincidental".

The architecture of the other world is noticeably modernist. It features a vast and open plan, with huge circular observation holes, beneath which the clouds of Earth can be seen. This vision was later the inspiration for the design of St.Paul's Bus Station, Walsall in 2000, by architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris. The film's amphitheatre court scene was rendered by BT in a TV advertisement c. 2002 as a metaphor for communication technology, especially the Internet.

Identities and significance of the statues
Lining the escalator are large statues (created by Eric Aumonier) of historically prominent men. A list of the names of the statues appears in Michael Powell's handwriting on pages 49 and 50 of the script.

They are:

Alexander the Great
Ludwig van Beethoven
Frédéric Chopin
Confucius
Benjamin Franklin
Julius Caesar
Abraham Lincoln
Michelangelo
Muhammad

Moses
Bartolomé Murillo
Plato
Rembrandt van Rijn
Cardinal Richelieu (mentioned)
William Shakespeare (mentioned)
King Solomon
Jonathan Swift

Many of these have in common a characteristic beyond their prominence in politics, art and philosophy: in 1945 most were believed to have had epilepsy – as did John Bunyan, who is seen in the film serving as the conductor for Dr Reeves.

Anglo-American relations

The film was originally suggested by a British government department to improve relations between the Americans in the UK and the British public, following Powell and Pressburger's contributions to this sphere in A Canterbury Tale two years earlier, though neither film received any government funding nor input on plot or production. There was a degree of public hostility towards American servicemen stationed in the UK prior to the D-Day invasion of Europe. They were viewed by some as latecomers to the war and as "overpaid, oversexed and over here" by a public that had suffered three years of bombing and rationing, with many of their own men fighting abroad. The premise of the film is a simple inversion: the British pilot gets the pretty American woman rather than the other way round, and the only national bigotry – against the British – is voiced by the first American casualty of the Revolutionary War. Raymond Massey, portraying an American, was a Canadian national at the time the film was made, but became a naturalised American citizen afterwards.

Chess
David Niven was a fan of chess. Peter and June play chess while they await Dr Reeves. Then Conductor 71 "borrows" a chess book Peter has accidentally knocked off the table, Alekhine's My Best Games of Chess 1924–1937.  After the trial is won, Conductor 71 throws the book from the stairway; June finds it in his jacket pocket "to serve the 'was it a hallucination or did it really happen?' motif of the film", according to Mig Greengard. He also noted, "Lots of chess in movies past and present, but I can't recall another prominent appearance of a real chess book".

Ian Christie wrote, "the chess plot may also be of more significance than at first appears. The Conductor tries to tempt Peter by offering him the opportunity to pit his skill against the great chess masters; and he 'borrows' Alekhine's famous book, only to return it in an extraordinary transitional shot which introduces the final sequence of Peter waking up in hospital. As a token of Peter's life, the book tumbles from one photographic world to another within the same shot".

Conductor 71 continually reminds Peter Carter that he will soon meet the chess master Philidor.

Adaptations

Radio
The film was twice adapted for the American CBS Radio series Lux Radio Theatre, both with the title "Stairway to Heaven", starring Ray Milland on 27 October 1947 (episode 587) and featuring David Niven on 12 April 1955 (episode 918). The film was also adapted for the American NBC Radio series Screen Director's Playhouse series as "Stairway to Heaven", airing on 26 July 1951 and starring Robert Cummings and Julie Adams.

A two-part adaptation by Ben Cottam was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 14 and 21 October 2023. Produced and directed by Simon Barnard, the cast included Will Tudor as Peter, Lydia West as June, Geoffrey McGivern as Reeves, Miles Jupp as Administrator 71 and Jonny Weldon as Bob Trubshawe.

TV
An adaptation titled "Stairway to Heaven" aired as a live performance on the American television show Robert Montgomery Presents on 9 April 1951 on NBC, starring Richard Greene.

Theatre
The film was adapted as the musical Stairway to Heaven at the King's Head in Islington in November 1994.  It was also made into a play by the Kneehigh Theatre for performances at the National Theatre in London, premiering in May 2007.

In popular culture
 A short sequence, in which Peter Carter asks June her name, was used in the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, in the "Frankie and June" musical number.
 J. K. Rowling and Daniel Radcliffe, while discussing the near-death or afterlife scenes from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, said that the film was their favourite and was in mind by both when working on the scenes in Harry Potter.
 A classic image from this film has been included in a 2014 set of postage stamps to celebrate Great British Films.
 A sketch in the second series of the comedy sketch show Big Train gently lampoons the scenes in which Carter's character is conversing with June as his plane is stricken. In the sketch, June has several doomed airmen on the radio trying to get through at once (played by Kevin Eldon and Simon Pegg) and getting their lines crossed with each other.
The title of A Matter of Loaf and Death, a 2008 British Wallace and Gromit short produced by Aardman Animations, is a play upon this film.
 The ending scene of the 2011 Marvel Comics film Captain America: The First Avenger was inspired by A Matter of Life and Death.
Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey (1991) contains a scene which utilises the original staircase. At the beginning of the sequence when Bill and Ted are addressing God, there are two statues at the base of the staircase. One is of Michael Powell, and the other is of David Niven, an homage to A Matter of Life and Death.
The cover art for the international release of Phil Collins' 1990 single, Something Happened on the Way to Heaven, features a still from the pivotal operation scene.

See also
 BFI Top 100 British films
 List of films about angels

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Christie, Ian. Arrows of Desire: The Films of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. London: Faber & Faber, 1994. .
 Friedman, Diane Broadbent. A Matter of Life and Death: The Brain Revealed by the Mind of Michael Powell. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2008. .
 Macnab, Geoffrey. J. Arthur Rank and the British Film Industry. London: Routledge, 1993..
 Powell, Michael. A Life in Movies: An Autobiography. London: Heinemann, 1986. .
 Powell, Michael. Million Dollar Movie. London: Heinemann, 1992. .
 Warman, Eric. A Matter of Life and Death. London: World Film Publications, 1946.

External links
  Full synopsis and film stills (and clips viewable from UK libraries).

A Matter of Life and Death: The Too-Muchness of It All an essay by Stephanie Zacharek at the Criterion Collection

1946 films
1940s romantic fantasy films
1946 romantic drama films
Bangsian fantasy
British romantic drama films
British romantic fantasy films
British aviation films
Films about the afterlife
Films by Powell and Pressburger
Films partially in color
Films set in 1945
Films set in England
Metaphysical fiction films
British World War II films
1940s British films

A Matter of Life and Death (film)