Maren Ulvestad Haugstuen (* 6. April 1989 in Bærum) ist eine norwegische Telemarkerin.

Werdegang
Haugstuen ist in Asker aufgewachsen und startet für den Verein Haga Hogget Låmlag. Am 20. Januar 2007 gab sie ihr Debüt im Telemark-Weltcup. In ihrer ersten Saison im Weltcup erreichte sie bei zwei Weltcupstationen die Top 10 sowie einmal den 11. Platz. In der Weltcup-Gesamtwertung belegte sie daraufhin den 11. Platz, im Classic Sprint den 10., im Classic den 13. und im Riesenslalom den 14. Platz.

Bei den Telemark-Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2007 in Thyon gewann Haugstuen im Classic Sprint und Classic die Bronzemedaille. Den Riesenslalom beendete sie auf dem unbeliebten vierten Platz. Bei der Telemark-Weltmeisterschaft 2007 erreichte sie im Riesenslalom und im Classic den 12. Platz und im Classic Sprint den achten Platz. Eine Saison später war sie nur beim Heim-Weltcuprennen in Rjukan zu sehen. Dort erreichte sie im Classic Sprint-Rennen zweimal den fünften Platz. In der Gesamtwertung landete sie am Ende der Saison auf den 17. Platz und im Classic Sprint auf den 15. Platz.

In der Saison 2009 bestritt sie nur die zwei letzten Weltcups in Rjukan und Bjorli, bei denen sie jeweils zwischen den Plätzen elf und Platz sieben landete. Sie verbesserte sich in der Gesamtwertung zur vorigen Saison vom 17. auf den 15. Platz, dies war im Classic Sprint ebenfalls ein 15. Platz. Im Classic kam sie auf den 16. Platz. Wieder fanden die Junioren- und die Weltmeisterschaften 2009 zusammen in Kreischberg statt.

Haugstuen gewann bei der Telemark-Juniorenweltmeisterschaften 2009 im Riesenslalom die Goldmedaille, im Classic und im Classic Sprint die Silbermedaille. Bei der Telemark-Weltmeisterschaft 2009 kam sie zweimal auf den zehnten Platz im Classic und im Classic Sprint und wurde Achte im Riesenslalom. In der Saison 2010 war sie zum ersten Mal bei allen Weltcupstationen dabei und fuhr mehrfach unter die Top 10. Den dritten Platz fuhr sie im Classic Sprint-Rennen in Steamboat Springs ein, dies ist ihr erstes Podiumsplatz ihrer Karriere. Am Ende wurde Haugstuen in der Weltcupgesamtwertung Siebte, im Classic Achte, im Classic Sprint Sechste und im Riesenslalom Neunte.

Gleich zu Beginn der Saison 2011 fuhr sie beim Weltcup in Rauris zweimal im Classic Sprint-Rennen auf den achten Platz. Die restlichen Ergebnisse bewegten sich zwischen den Plätzen zehn und 16. In der Weltcup-Gesamtwertung kam sie auf den 13. Platz, im Classic auf den 22. Platz, im Classic Sprint auf den 13. Platz und im Riesenslalom auf den Zwölften Platz. Bei der Telemark-Weltmeisterschaft 2011 kam sie im Riesenslalom auf Platz 14, im Classic auf Platz elf, im Classic Sprint auf Platz zehn, womit sie insgesamt den neunten Platz belegte.

Gleich zu Beginn der Saison 2012 fuhr sie im FIS-Rennen in Geilo einmal auf den dritten Platz und einmal auf den vierten Platz. Die folgende Weltcup-Saison 2012 verlief jedoch durchwachsen, ihr bestes Saisonergebnis erreichte sie in Espot mit einem fünften Platz im Parallelsprint. Sie belegte in der Gesamtwertung sowie im Classic den neunten Platz, im Classic Sprint den zehnten Platz und im Parallelsprint den elften Platz.

Erfolge

Telemark-Weltmeisterschaften
 Thyon 2007: 8. Classic Sprint, 12. Classic, 12. Riesenslalom
 Kreischberg 2009: 8. Riesenslalom, 10. Classic Sprint, 10. Classic
 Rjukan 2011: 14. Riesenslalom, 10. Classic Sprint, 11. Classic, 9. Gesamt

Juniorenweltmeisterschaften
 Thyon 2007: 4. Riesenslalom, 3. Classic, 3. Classic Sprint
 Kreischberg 2009: 1. Riesenslalom, 2. Classic, 2. Classic Sprint

Weltcup
 ein Podiumsplatz

Weltcupplatzierungen

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage

Telemarker (Norwegen)
Norweger
Geboren 1989
Frau

Maren Ulvestad Haugstuen


Na heráldica moderna, uma cifra real é um monograma ou dispositivo semelhante a um monograma do soberano reinante de um país, normalmente consistindo nas iniciais do nome e título do monarca, às vezes entrelaçadas e muitas vezes encimadas por uma coroa. Tal cifra usada por um imperador ou imperatriz é chamada de cifra imperial. No sistema usado por vários reinos da Commonwealth, o título é abreviado como 'R' para 'rex' ou 'regina' (latim para "rei" e "rainha"). Anteriormente, 'I' significava 'imperator' ou 'imperatrix' (latim para "imperador" e "imperatriz") do Império Indiano.

Cifras reais aparecem em alguns prédios do governo, impressas em documentos reais e estaduais e são usadas por departamentos governamentais. Eles também podem aparecer em outras estruturas governamentais construídas sob um governante específico. Por exemplo, a insígnia de "N III" para Napoleão III é vista em algumas pontes de Paris, como a Pont au Change.

Reinos da Commowealth

O uso de uma cifra real nos reinos da Commonwealth teve origem no Reino Unido, onde o uso público das iniciais reais data pelo menos do início do período Tudor, e era simplesmente a inicial do soberano com, após o reinado de Henrique VIII, a adição da letra 'R' para 'Rex' ou 'Regina'. A letra 'I' de 'Imperatrix' foi adicionada ao monograma da rainha Vitória depois que ela se tornou imperatriz da Índia em 1877.

As iniciais - que não tinham padrão definido ou forma de letras estabelecidas - eram geralmente mostradas em companhia das armas reais ou coroa como nas mansões e palácios do rei - como as de Henrique VIII na portaria do Palácio de St. James. O objetivo parece ter sido simplesmente identificar um soberano individual, particularmente em certos marcos que ele ou ela encomendou, já que o brasão real, em contraste, foi frequentemente usado por monarcas sucessivos e, portanto, não é distinto. As iniciais são, além disso, usadas em papéis do governo, selos fiscais e objetos semelhantes, e são encimadas na Inglaterra por uma versão estilizada da Coroa Tudor ou Coroa de Santo Eduardo; na Escócia, a Coroa da Escócia é usada em seu lugar.

Embora os símbolos reais (incluindo, principalmente, o brasão de armas, estandartes reais e grandes selos) difiram entre os 15 reinos da Commonwealth, pois são monarquias separadas, o único soberano usa a mesma cifra em todos os seus países. A distinção continua a ser feita entre a cifra pessoal e as iniciais públicas mais simples e comuns, sendo a primeira o monograma do próprio soberano e a segunda apenas um meio de identificar um reinado. Hoje em dia, as iniciais também são chamadas de cifra real, mas, para ajudar no esclarecimento, o monograma é chamado de cifra real entrelaçada e invertida.

Carlos III

Em 26 de setembro de 2022, o Palácio de Buckingham revelou a cifra do novo rei, Carlos III, que está gradualmente substituindo a cifra de Isabel II (EIIR) no uso diário. O design foi selecionado pelo próprio Carlos a partir de uma série de designs preparados pelo College of Arms e apresenta a inicial "C" do rei entrelaçada com a letra "R" para Rex com "III" denotando Carlos III, com uma coroa Tudor acima das letras. A cifra escocesa de Carlos usa a Coroa da Escócia.

Isabel II
A cifra da falecida rainha era EIIR, que significa "Elizabeth II Regina". A cifra do monarca é hoje geralmente encimada por uma versão estilizada da Coroa de Santo Eduardo. Na Escócia, como resultado de uma disputa, conhecida como Pillar Box War, sobre o título correto do novo monarca (Isabel I da Inglaterra e Irlanda não era monarca da Escócia, então a nova rainha teria sido Isabel I, não II na Escócia, de acordo com essa visão), depois de 1953 novas caixas postais carregavam apenas a imagem da Coroa da Escócia em vez da cifra EIIR, que continuou a ser usada no resto do Reino Unido e em outros reinos e territórios.

A produção da cifra foi um passo inicial nos preparativos para sua coroação em 1953, pois deveria ser bordada nos uniformes da Casa Real e em outros artigos. As cifras para outros membros da família real são projetadas pelo College of Arms ou Court of the Lord Lyon e posteriormente aprovadas pelo monarca.

Canadá
As cifras reais foram incorporadas pela Autoridade Heráldica Canadense aos vários estandartes reais do Canadá. O uso no Canadá da cifra do monarca reinante, que às vezes é circundado exclusivamente por uma guirlanda de folhas de bordo, é um símbolo não apenas do próprio soberano, mas da soberania total do Canadá.

Austrália
A cifra real também é encontrada nos correios e em alguns prédios do governo na Austrália.

Em outros lugares
As cifras reais britânicas ainda são visíveis em vários prédios públicos e caixas postais na República da Irlanda.

Outras casas reais também fizeram uso de cifras reais ou imperiais. Os sultões otomanos tinham uma assinatura caligráfica, sua tughra.

Todos os monarcas dos outros seis reinos sobreviventes da Europa usam cifras, com coroas reais acima deles. O rei Haroldo V da Noruega usa a letra H cruzada com o numeral arábico 5; O rei Carlos XVI Gustavo da Suécia usa as letras C e G sobrepostas ao numeral romano XVI abaixo delas; O rei Filipe VI da Espanha usa a letra F com o numeral romano; e a Rainha Margarida II da Dinamarca usa a letra M com o numeral arábico 2 e a letra R (de Regina) abaixo dela. O rei Filipe dos belgas usa as letras P e F entrelaçadas, referindo-se ao fato de seu nome ser Philippe em francês e Philipp em alemão, mas Filip em holandês, as três principais línguas da Bélgica. O rei Guilherme Alexandre da Holanda e sua rainha Maxima compartilham uma cifra conjunta que consiste na letra W entrelaçada com a letra M.

O rei Maha Vajiralongkorn da Tailândia usa uma cifra composta por suas iniciais em escrita tailandesa ("ว.ป.ร." V.P.R. – Vajiralongkorn Parama Rajadhiraj, um equivalente a Vajiralongkorn Rex).

Galeria

Referências

Monarquia
Monarquia britânica
Heraldistas

Cifra Real


Elija Eudoksija (oko 377. – Konstantinopol, 6. listopada 404.) bila je supruga bizantskog cara Arkadija.

Obitelj

Bila je kći Flavija Bauta, romaniziranog
vojskovođe franačkog podrijetla, koji je tijekom 380-ih godina služio kao Magister Militum, odnosno vrhovni vojni zapovjednik, u zapadnoj rimskoj vojsci. Spominje ga i Filostorgije, povjesničar Anomoinske Crkve, a prema fragmentima kronike Ivana iz Antiohije, monaha iz 7. stoljeća, (nekoć poistovjećivanog sa sv. Ivanom III. od Sedre, sirijskim ortodoksnim patrijarhom Antiohije), smatralo se da je Bauto također bio otac generala Flavija Arbogasta, što suvremeni povjesničari ne prihvaćaju.
J.B. Bury, britanski klasični učenjak u svome djelu: "Povijest kasnoga carstva od smrti Teodozija I. do Justinianove smrti"  i povijesna studija dr. Kennetha Holuma: "Teodozijeve Carice: Žene i carska vladavina u kasnoj Antici",  smatraju da joj je majka Rimljanka a da je Eudoksija bila polubarbarka. Međutim, primarni izvori šute o njezinom podrijetlu s majčine strane.

Mladost

Otac Elije Eudoksije, Flavije Bauto, se posljednji put spominje kao rimski konzul kod cara Teodozija I. 385. godine, te da je preminuo 388. godine, (po nekim izorima je poginuo u Galiji, današnjoj Francuskoj). Prema povjesničaru Zosimu, pretpostavlja se da je Eudoxia s nepunih 11 godina ostala siroče i da ju je Bautov prijatelj Flavija Promote,  inače Magister militum Istočnog Rimskog Carstva primio u svoje kućanstvo gdje je i odrasla. Međutim, Promota biva ubijen iz zasjede 391. godine i prema Zosimu, nakon njega su ostali njegova udovica Marsa i dvojica sinova. Oni su odrastali i školovali se zajedno s Flavijem Arkadijem i njegovim mlađim bratom Flavijem Honorijem, sinovima nasljednicima cara Teodozija I. Eudoksiju je obrazovao Pansofije, koji je 402. godine. promoviran u biskupa Nikomedije.

Vjenčanje

Dana 17. siječnja 395. godine, Teodozije I. je u Milanu podlegao zbog edema. Arkadije je naslijedio krunu Cara Istočnog Rimskog Carstva i Honoriusa (Cara) Zapadnog Rimskog Carstva, ali je odmah djelotvorno stavljen pod kontrolu bizantskog konzula, pretorijanskog prefekta Istoka, Flavija Rufinusa. Rufinus je, kako se navodi, namjeravao oženiti svoju kćer za Arkadija te uspostaviti svoj osobni odnos s Teodozijevom dinastijom. J.B. Bury smatra da je na taj način "od nekoć carevog punca, i sam želio postati car".
Međutim, Rufinus je ušao u sukob s generalom Flavijem Stilikom, Magister Militumom i i jednim od najmoćnijih ljudi Zapadnog Rimskog Carstva, što ga je potpuno rastrojilo, tako da su mu svi planovi propali. Eudoksijino vjenčanje za Arkadija je orkestrirao konzul Eutropije, jedan od eunuških visokih dužnosnika koji su služili u Velikoj palači Konstantinopola. Vjenčanje je održano 27. travnja 395., a sve bez znanja i suglasnosti Rufina.Eutropije je u tome vidio šansu da poveća osobni utjecaj nad carem s puno nade da bi na taj način mogao osigurati i privrženost nove carice. Rufin je, inače neprijatelj Promotusa kao i cijele obitelji Magister Milituma, nakon svih događanja iza njegovih leđa, postao i Eudoksijin neprijatelj, te je vrlo vjerojatno da je na sve načine želio potkopati Arkadija. Sam Arkadije je bio izuzetno motiviran da se otrgne i nametne svoju vlastitu volju nad voljom njegovog regenta. Zosimus govori da je ljepota njegove nevjeste imala veliki utjecaj na Arkadija koji je, u to vrijeme, imao otprilike osamnaest godina, pa se za Eudoksiju može pretpostaviti da je bila otprilike iste dobi.

Carica

U desetljeću između njezina braka i njezine smrti, Eudoksija je rodila petoro žive djece. Suvremeni izvor poznat kao pseudo-Martyrius također spominju i dva mrtvorođena djeteta. "Pseudo-Martyrius" je bio neprijateljski raspoložen prema Eudoksiji i vjerojatno će to biti da je Kozmij, koji je bio snažan pristaša Ivana Zlatoustog, povezivao mrtvorođenčad s Božanskom kaznom radi dva izgnanstva Ivana Zlatoustog.
Pisac, Zosimus, također je tvrdio da je njezin sin Teodozije bio rezultat njezine veze s nekim dvorjaninom, čime je opetovano pokazao da je bio neprijateljski nastrojen prema Eudoksiji, jer je točnost njegove pripovijesti jako sumnjiva i osporavana).
Međutim, sve govori da je Eudoksija bila opasna žana prema onima koji se usude stati joj na put, tako da se smatra da su ona i
Gainas, novi Magister Militum, sudjelovali u oduzimanju svih dužnosti te naknadnoj egzekuciji Eutropija 399. godine, radi očitog pokušaja proširenja vlastitih ovlasti, utjecaja i moći na dvoru. Međutim, opseg i priroda njezine uključenosti u taj čin bili su predmet rasprava i na kraju su osporeni. Ipak, čini se da joj se osobni utjecaj na dvoru bitno povećao nakon Eutropijeve egzekucije.
Eudoksija se također uključila u rješavanje pravnih pitanja, tako ju je general Arbazakije podmitio kako bi izbjegao suđenje radi kampanje iskorjenjivanja Isaurijanaca. Kao rezultat toga, dana 9. siječnja 400. Eudoksija je službeno dobila počasnu titulu Auguste. Tada je mogla nositi purpurni paludamentum koji
predstavlja carski položaj, a prikazan je na rimskom novcu.
Službene slike njezina načina nošenja paludamentuma koji je bio sličan onome muškom načinu, također je bio u opticaju. Njezin šurjak, Honorije je kasnije prigovorio Arkadiju kako su on i Eudoksija dogurali da imaju svoj osobni dvor.
Opseg njenog utjecaja na pitanja vezana za dvor i državu bila je tema rasprave među povjesničarima, tako da Filostorgije smatra da je bila inteligentnija od supruga, pri čemu ne izbjegava komentirati njenu "barbarsku aroganciju".
Međutim, Zosime smatra da je imala snažnu volju, ali da su njome, u konačnici, manipulirali dvorski eunusi kao i žene koje je okružuju. J. W. H. G. Liebeschuetz u svome djelu: "Barbari i biskupi: vojska, crkva i država u doba Arkadija i Zlatoustog" (izdana 1990.) smatra da je njezin utjecaj precijenjen u primarnim izvorima, dok Antička povijest Cambridgea XIII.  A.D. 337-425 "Kasno carstvo" (1998.), navodi da je dominirala vladom između 400. i njezine smrti 404. godine.
Bez obzira na mnoge nedoumice, Eudoksija je neosporno bila cijenjena kao carica, pa je tako 403. godine, Simplicije, prefekt
Konstantinopola, dao izraditi masivni srebrni kip Eudoksije, koji je bio postavljen na stupu izrađenom od porfira s bazom od mramora, a cijela ceremonija otkrivanja statue je popraćena javnim slavljem. Međutim, Sokrat i Sozomen opisuju tu javnu svečanost kao posljednju slamku spasa u napetom odnosu između Eudoksije i patrijarha Ivana Zlatoustog. Ako je vjerovati da je pseudo-Martyrius, njezine dvije trudnoće (koje su završile 403. te one kasnije krajem 404. godine) nisu završile pobačajima, kao što se prethodno pretpostavljalo, nego porodom mrtvorođenčadi, pri čemu je drugi porod uzrokovao smrt Eudoksije zbog krvarenja i infekcije.
Arkadije je nakon njene smrti, gradu Selimbrii (Silivri) promijenio ime u Eudoksiopolis, iako to ime nije preživjelo.

Crkvena politika

Njena uloga u crkvenim poslovima toga vremena je relativno dobro zabilježena.Ona je postala zaštitnica frakcije kršćanske crkve koja je prihvaćala Nicejsko vjerovanje, a Sokrat Skolastik, konstantinopolski crkveni povjesničar, je zabilježio da je financirala noćne antiarijanske procesije u Konstantinopolu. Također je rukovodila javnim proslavama kad bi se donijele novie Relikvije kršćanskih Mučenika u grad, kojom prilikom bi se pridružila noćnom bdjenju.
U svakoj relevantnoj prigodi koja se ticala vjerskih pitanja je djelovala sama, dok je njezin suprug Arkadije općenito bio odsutan s takvih javnih zbivanja. Postoje tvrdnje da je Eudoksija na sebe prenijela ulogu zaštitnice Crkve koja je prethodno pripadala, u to vrijeme, Augustusu Konstantinu, budućem rimskom caru Konstantinu I. Velikom. Njezina uloga u crkvenim poslovima će je dovesti do sukoba s Ivanom Zlatoustim, konstantinopolskim patrijarhom, osobito nakon njegova prosvjeda zbog oduzimanja svih dužnosti, te naknadne egzekucije Eutropija - Ivanovog saveznika na dvoru. Tijekom obavljanja dužnosti patrijarha, Ivan je striktno poštivao pravila Crkve, pa je odlučno odbijao biti domaćin, te kao takav udomljavati izdašna društvena okupljanja, što ga je učinilo popularnim među običnim ljudima, ali nepopularnim kod bogatih građana i svećenstva. Njegove reforme klera, također su bile nepopularne kod tih grupa utjecajnih ljudi. Reforme su išle tako daleko da bi gostujućim svećenicima naredio da se vrate u crkve iz kojih dolaze, i to bez ikakve naknade.
Otprilike u isto vrijeme, Teofilije, aleksandrijski patrijarh je želio staviti Konstantinopol pod svoj utjecaj pa je odbio doći na dogovoreni sastanak s Ivanovom u Konstantinopolu. Budući da je bio protivnik Origenova učenja, optužio je Ivana da je bio previše pristrasan prema kasnijim učenjima. Teofilije je disciplinirao četvoricu egipatskih redovnika poznatih kao "Visoka braća" zbog njihove podrške Origenovom učenju. Posljedično su Braća bila prisiljena pobjeći pa su potražili utočište u Konstantinopolu gdje ih je primio Ivan Zlatousti. U to je vrijeme Zlatousti održao propovijed u kojoj je kritizirao bespotrebni luksuz žena. To je prijavljeno carici kao da se ta propovjed odnosila na nju osobno, što je kod nje izazvalo još veći gnjev protiv Ivana, tako da je stvorio još jednog neprijatelja, onog u Eudoksiji. Ona je, obzirom na njegove oštre stavove, možda opravdano pretpostavljala da su optužbe u vezi ekstravagancije ženskog luksuza bile usmjerene upravo na nju.
Uskoro se protiv njega formirao savez Eudoksije, Theofilija i drugih. Oni su održali sinodu 403. godine poznatu kao Sinoda od Hrasta kako bi optužili Ivana, u kojoj je njegova veza s Origenskim učenjem bila upotrijebljena protiv njega. To je rezultiralo njegovim izopćenjem i protjerivanjem. Budući da je presuda u znatnoj mjeri uznemirila narod, Arkadije je gotovo odmah opozvao presudu.
Također, nešto prije Arkadijevog opoziva presude, točnije u noći nakon Ivanovog izopćenja, desio se zemljotres, što je Eudoksija vidjela kao znak Božjeg gnjeva, pa ju je i to potaknulo da zamoli Arkadija za Ivanovo vraćanje u službu.
Međutim, mir je bio kratkotrajan. Kad je u blizini gradske katedrale podignut je srebrni kip Eudoksiji, Ivan je osudio posvećenu ceremoniju. Izražavao se protiv Eudoksije prilično neprijatnim terminima: "Herodija opet bjesni, opet je uznemirena, ponovno pjeva i ponovno želi primiti Ivanovu glavu na pladnju", te na taj način uspoređujući sebe sa sv. Ivanom Krstiteljem.
Međutim Ivanovi neprijatelji, a posebno Teofilije, nisu mirovali, pa su ga uspjeli ponovno izopćiti i prognati, ali ovaj put na Kavkaz u Armeniji, gdje je i umro 407. godine. Ni Eudoksija nije dugo živjela. Njena sedma i posljednja trudnoća, završila je ili pobačajem ili, prema pseudo-Martyriusu, drugim mrtvorođenim djetetom nakon čega je umrla 6. listopada 404. godine od krvarenja i infekcije.

Djeca
Eudoksija i Arkadije su imali petoro preživjele djece za koje se zna. Glavni izvor o njihovim rođenjima i smrti jest kronika Amijana
Marcelina:
Flacila (rođena 17. lipnja 397.). Njezino rođenje zabilježio je Amijan Marcelin. Pretpostavlja se da je umrla prije svoga oca, jer je bila jedino dijete koje nije spomenuto 408. godine kad je umro Arkadije.
Pulherija (19. siječnja 399 - 453). Udala se za Marcijana.
Arkadija (3-4. Travnja, 400. – 444.).
Teodozije II. (10. travnja 401. – 28. srpnja 450).
Marina (11. veljače 403. – 3. kolovoza 449.).

Ostavština
Eudoksija je istaknuta figura na instalacijskom djelu američke umjetnice koja je pripadala kategoriji feminističke umjetnosti Judy Chicago nazvanom "The Dinner Party" - Svečana večera. Instalacija dokumentira 999 mitskih, povijesnih i značajnih žena koje su prikazane na ručno izrađenim bijelim pločicama.

Izvori

Kršćanstvo
Životopisi, Sirija
Bizantske carice
Ekumenski sabori

Elija Eudoksija


Miro Blažina-Pikutar (Marčana, 20. travnja 1905. – Marčana, 6. lipnja 1976.), hrvatski izrađivač i svirač narodnih glazbala

Životopis
Rođen u Marčani. Tradiciju gradnje narodnih glazbala naslijedio je od oca Mate, stolara, svirača i izrađivača roženica. Zarana je počeo svirati i pomagati ocu u izradbi narodnih glazbala, a nakon njegove smrti samostalno je izrađivao roženice, mišnice i svirale. Kao dobar svirač, poznavatelj i zagovornik narodne glazbe sudjelovao je na različitim smotrama narodne glazbe i plesa, najprije kao izvođač, a poslije i član ocjenjivačkoga povjerenstva. Zauzimao se za očuvanje istarske glazbene baštine te je poučavao mlade u sviranju na roženicama i pjevanju "na tanko i debelo". Bio je posljednji izrađivač glazbala ručnom obradbom na starinski način i jedan od rijetkih narodnih glazbenika koji je poznavao notno pismo.

Izvori

Graditelji narodnih glazbala
Životopisi, Hrvatska
Hrvatski glazbenici

Miro Blažina-Pikutar


El Arroyo San Luis es un curso de agua uruguayo que atraviesa el departamento de  Colonia perteneciente a la cuenca hidrográfica del Río de la Plata.

Nace en la Cuchilla de la Colonia y desemboca en el río San Juan tras recorrer alrededor de  16 km.

Referencias

Cuenca del Plata
San Luis
San Luis

Arroyo San Luis (Colonia)


Litra MX 131-132 er to danskbyggede dieselelektriske lokomotiver, der blev leveret til DSB af Frichs i 1932. MX 131 er i dag ophugget, men MX 132 er bevaret af Danmarks Jernbanemuseum i Odense.

MX 131-132

Litra MX 131-132


Radiwzi (ukrainisch ; russisch /) ist ein Dorf in der Oblast Chmelnyzkyj der Ukraine mit etwa 800 Einwohnern. Das Dorf liegt beim Flüsschen Shar ().

Geschichte
Das Dorf wurde 1629 zum ersten Mal schriftlich erwähnt, 1871 bekam es durch den Bau einer Eisenbahn von Schmerynka nach Wolotschysk (heute Teil der Bahnstrecke Krasne–Odessa) Anschluss an das Eisenbahnnetz Europas.

Am 14. September 2017 wurde das Dorf ein Teil der neugegründeten Siedlungsgemeinde Wowkowynzi, bis dahin bildete es zusammen mit dem Dorf Strekiw () die gleichnamige Landratsgemeinde Radiwzi (Радовецька сільська рада/Radowezka silska rada) im Osten des Rajons Deraschnja.

Am 17. Juli 2020 kam es im Zuge einer großen Rajonsreform zum Anschluss des Rajonsgebietes an den Rajon Chmelnyzkyj.

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Oblast Chmelnyzkyj
Rajon Chmelnyzkyj
Ersterwähnung 1629

Radiwzi


Le phénylsodium est un organosodique de formule chimique . Bien que ses propriétés chimiques soient semblables à celles du bromure de phénylmagnésium , le phénylsodium est bien moins utilisé que cet organomagnésien comme réactif de Grignard. L'existence du phénylsodium a été proposé par Kekulé après avoir observé la formation de benzoate de sodium  lors de la réaction du bromobenzène  avec le sodium sous une atmosphère de dioxyde de carbone. La synthèse originale par transmétallation fait intervenir le diphénylmercure  et le sodium pour donner une suspension de phénylsodium :
 + 3 Na ⟶ 2  + NaHg.

Il est également possible de traiter un alkylsodium avec du benzène :
RNa +  ⟶ RH + .

Cette méthode peut également conduire à l'addition d'un second atome de sodium. Cette dimétallation se produit en position méta et para. L'emploi de certains alkylsodium tels que le pentylsodium  favorise cet effet.

Une voie de synthèse courante utilise le bromobenzène avec du sodium en poudre :
 + 2 Na ⟶  + NaBr.

Le rendement de cette méthode est réduit par la formation de diphényle à la suite de la réaction du phénylsodium avec l'halogénure d'aryle.

Enfin, il est également possible de faire réagir le phényllithium  avec le tert-butylate de sodium  :
 +  ⟶  + .

Notes et références

Composé organosodique
Composé phénylé

Phénylsodium


An Myoxanthus aciculifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer. An Myoxanthus aciculifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Myoxanthus, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Myoxanthus

Myoxanthus aciculifolius


Prospero Caffarelli (Roma, 1592 - Roma, 14 de agosto de 1659) foi um cardeal do século XVII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Roma em 1592/1593. De uma família antiga e ilustre. Segundo filho de Alessandro (ou Curzio) Caffarelli, conservador de Roma em 1608, e Pantasilea (Panta) Astalli. Os outros filhos foram Fausto (arcebispo de S. Severina e núncio em Sabóia), Pierto ( conservador de Roma em 1648), Gianandrea (capitão de infantaria) e Francesco Antonio (morto na batalha de Lützen em 1631). Ele era parente do Papa Paulo V .

Educação
Estudou no Jesuíta Collegio Romano .

Início da vida
Prelado papal. Cânon da basílica patriarcal do Vaticano, 1611-1628. Governador de várias cidades e províncias dos Estados Pontifícios. Clérigo da Câmara Apostólica; depois, auditor geral daquela câmara.

Ordens sagradas
(Nenhuma informação encontrada).

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 2 de março de 1654; recebeu o gorro vermelho e o título de S. Calisto, a 23 de março de 1654. Participou no conclave de 1655 , que elegeu o Papa Alexandre VII.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 14 de agosto de 1659, perto das 4 horas da manhã, no palácio romano onde residia. Sepultado no túmulo dos seus antepassados na capela de S. Lodovico Bertrando, igreja de S. Maria sopra Minerva, Roma, sem qualquer inscrição. Ele deixou todos os seus bens para a sacristia da basílica patriarcal do Vaticano.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Inocêncio X

Prospero Caffarelli


Donald S. Tait, abrégé Don Tait, (-) est un scénariste américain d'origine canadienne ayant travaillé pour la télévision et aussi durant six années pour Walt Disney Productions.

Biographie

Don Tait commence sa carrière en lisant beaucoup comme analyste éditorial chez 20th Century Fox, Warner Bros et la MGM. Il poursuit par travailler pour la télévision mélangeant des scénarios.

En 1956, il vend son premier scénario pour un épisode de la série , pour . Au début des années 1960, il est producteur associé sur la série télévisée 77 Sunset Strip. En 1969, il écrit le film Les Démons de la violence.

En 1973, Don Tait signe un contrat exclusif avec Walt Disney Productions pour trois ans, une position très inhabituelle pour un scénariste d'Hollywood, tous ses écrits étant uniquement pour Disney. Ce poste est due à une offre de Ron Miller. Ce type de poste exclusif à un studio est même exceptionnel pour l'époque mais était la norme dans les années 1940 quand les studios produisaient deux fois plus de films. Les scénaristes sont désormais des freelance avec des salaires à cinq ou six chiffres mais aussi des ulcères, ironise Schreger. Bien que peu fan des productions Disney, il gagne le respect des équipes techniques.

En 1976, il reste chez Disney bien que sans contrat exclusif. Il explique qu'il est agréable de travailler pour et dans un studio pour le divertissement que cela procure. Aussi de nombreuses personnes tentent d'écrire pour Disney mais n'y parviennent pas.

En 1979, il est crédité pour le scénario de quatre des six films de Disney. Et Charles Schreger du Los Angeles Times indique sur le ton de l'humour, que malgré ses précédentes productions avant Disney, il n'est pas nécessaire d'organiser une campagne de courrier à la direction du studio Disney, à savoir le président Card Walker. En mars 1979, à l'époque de l'article, le film The North Avenue Irregulars est déjà sorti, les films Un cosmonaute chez le roi Arthur et Le Retour du gang des chaussons aux pommes sont déjà tourné et doivent sortir et il écrit le scénario de La Coccinelle à Mexico, la dernière production de la série La Coccinelle.

Filmographie

 1957-1962 : Maverick, série télévisée,
 1958-1964 : 77 Sunset Strip, série télévisée, producteur associé
 1969 : Les Démons de la violence, série télévisée
 1972 : 3 Étoiles, 36 Chandelles
 1974 : Un cowboy à Hawaï
 1975 : Le Gang des chaussons aux pommes
 1976 : Le Trésor de Matacumba
 1976 : Un candidat au poil
 1979 : The North Avenue Irregulars
 1979 : Le Retour du gang des chaussons aux pommes
 1979 : Un cosmonaute chez le roi Arthur
 1980 : La Coccinelle à Mexico

Références

Liens externes

Scénariste américain
Scénariste Disney
Naissance en mars 1920

Don Tait


26 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 646 و647.

أحداث
 أمر عثمان بن عفان بتجديد أنصاب الحرم. وزاد في المسجد الحرام ووسعه

مواليد
 عبد الملك بن مروان
 يزيد بن معاوية
 شبيب الخارجي الشيباني
 العباس بن علي بن ابي طالب
 مصعب بن الزبير

وفيات
 كعب بن زهير

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 26 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 26 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

26 هـ


بلدية مونتياغودو دي لاس ساليناس ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قونكة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط البلاد, و المائلة لجهة الشرق من إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 158 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قونكة
بلديات قونكة

مونتياغودو دي لاس ساليناس


Tunisia is divided into 24 governorates (wilayat, sing. wilayah). This term in Arabic can also be translated as province.

The governorates are divided into 264 delegations (mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (baladiyat), and sectors (imadats). Tunisia is divided into 6 regions. It is mostly temperate near the capital Tunis, but becomes more arid in the southern regions due to the Saharan Desert.

See also
 Subdivisions of Tunisia
 Grand Tunis
 ISO 3166-2:TN

References

Subdivisions of Tunisia
Tunisia, Governorates
Tunisia 1
Governorates, Tunisia
Tunisia geography-related lists
Tunisia

Governorates of Tunisia


Vefa Poyraz (d. 1918; Nevşehir - 24 Temmuz 2018; İstanbul) Türk asker, bürokrat ve siyasetçi idi.

Hayatı
İlk ve orta öğrenimini Nevşehir'de yaptı. 1932 yılında İstanbul'daki Maltepe Askeri Lisesine girdi. 1937 yılında Harp Okulu'nu, 1939 yılında Halıcıoğlu'ndaki Topçu Okulu'nu bitirdi. Bir süre devam eden kıta hizmetinden sonra, 1948 yılında Harp Akademisi imtihanlarını kazanmış ve 1952 yılında bitirdi.

Ordu saflarında Kurmay Subay olarak çeşitli kademelerde Kurmay Başkanlıkları, Harekât Şubesi Müdürlüğü ve nihayet Harekât Şubesi Müdürlüğü ve Yıldız Silahlı Kuvvetler Akademisi Harekât Öğretmenliği yaptı.

15 Nisan 1960 tarihinde Bitlis, 1961 tarihinde Trabzon Valisi ve Belediye Başkanlığı görevlerinde bulundu. 1964 yılında Bursa Valiliğine, 1966 yılında İstanbul Valiliğine atandı. 2 Haziran 1973 tarihine kadar bu görevde kaldı.

Cumhuriyet Senatosu İstanbul Üyeliği (14 Ekim 1973 - 12 Eylül 1980) ile Köy İşleri ve Kooperatifler Bakanlığı yaptı. Evli ve 2 Çocuk babasıydı.

Kaynakça

1918 doğumlular
Türk albaylar
Nevşehir doğumlu siyasetçiler
TBMM İstanbul Cumhuriyet Senatörleri
Bürokrat Senatörler
2018 yılında ölenler
Resim aranan siyasetçiler
İstanbul valileri
Köyişleri Bakanları
Topçu subaylar
Maltepe Askerî Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Kara Harp Okulunda öğrenim görenler

Vefa Poyraz


KinoPoisk (cirílico: КиноПоиск, literalmente en español buscador de películas) es una base de datos en línea de cine fundada en 2003 por Vitaly Tatsiy y Dmitri Sujánov. En 2009, la multinacional francesa AlloCiné, propietaria de otros portales y servicios relacionados con el cine alrededor del mundo, se hizo por el 40% de las acciones de KinoPoisk, dejando el 60% para los fundadores de la misma.

Descripción
Con un funcionamiento similar a la americana IMDb, KinoPoisk se ha consolidado en los mercados de Rusia, Ucrania y Kazajistán, así como todos los países que anteriormente fueron repúblicas de la URSS, además de otros donde el ruso también es hablado, conociéndose en internet como Runet. Según los datos de Alexa, ocupa el lugar 22 en Rusia por tráfico de usuarios (primer trimestre de 2012).

El portal está especializado en la clasificación y revisión de todos los aspectos relacionados con películas y series, así como de los profesionales que intervinieron, tanto detrás de las cámaras como los actores y directores de las mismas. También muestra los carteles, bandas sonoras, carátulas y tráileres en ruso. El portal permanece interactivo con la comunidad, que puede votar y añadir reseñas sobre los contenidos publicados, además de estar integrada con la red social VKontakte, similar al Facebook, y ampliamente usada en Rusia.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Bases de datos en línea de cine
Sitios web de cine
Internet en Rusia

KinoPoisk


Aşk Yazım (Özgün adı My Summer of Love) Pawel Pawlikowski tarafından yazılan ve yönetilen Britanyalı filmi. Farklı sınıflardan gelen iki genç kızın bir yaz tanışıp birbirlerine aşık olmalarını ve beraberinde meydana gelen olayları anlatır.

Oyuncular
 Natalie Press - Mona
 Emily Blunt - Tamsin
 Paddy Considine - Phil
 Dean Andrews - Ricky
 Michelle Byrne - Ricky's wife
 Paul-Anthony Barber - Tamsin's father
 Lynette Edwards - Tamsin's mother
 Kathryn Sumner - Sadie

Dış bağlantılar
 Imdb sayfası

2004 çıkışlı filmler
LGBT temalı Britanyalı filmleri
Lezbiyen temalı filmler
Focus Features filmleri
Pawel Pawlikowski'nin yönettiği filmler
Birleşik Krallık genç yetişkin filmleri
2000'lerde genç yetişkin filmleri
Konusu Yorkshire'da geçen filmler
2000'lerde LGBT temalı filmler
Ateizm ile ilgili filmler
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler

Aşk Yazım


serviciu indisponibil incepand cu 01 august 2020

Serviciul orei exacte organizează, stochează și oferă informații despre schimbarea timpului curent cu o precizie foarte mare. Telefoanele de serviciu care oferă informații în modul de voce despre ora exactă, comunicând ora curentă la momentul adresării. În radiocomunicații serviciile de ora exactă transmit informații în formă de semnale periodice precise de timp, de obicei — în fiecare oră. Serviciile de internet care anunță ora exactă, funcționează prin sincronizare periodică cu serverul folosind protocolul NTP.

Serviciul 1958 "ora exacta" este cel mai vechi centru de mesaje vocale din Romania, cu o "varsta" de peste 25 ani. "Ceasul vorbitor" beneficiaza de folosirea semnalului furnizat de satelitii GPS catre serverele NTP (Network Time Protocol), generand secventele vocale corespunzatoare pe iesirile audio ale unor calculatoare.

Precizia "ceasului" este asigurata de folosirea semnalului furnizat de satelitii GPS catre servere, astfel incat eventualele intarzieri nu vor fi mai mari de 100 milisecunde, iar comutarea la ora de iarna / vara, precum si saltul de o secunda pentru compensarea Timpului Coordonat Universal (UTC) furnizat de GPS fata de durata medie a anului solar se face automat.

Legături externe

Fotografie a Speaking clock announcer module (ZBA4264), construit în 1955
Site despre istoricul ceasurilor vorbitoare
 &  - Ceas vorbitor polonez din 1936
ora exactă în Romania

Măsurarea timpului
Ceasuri

Ora exactă


Earl V. Shaffer (November 8, 1918 – May 5, 2002), was an American outdoorsman and author known from 1948 as The Crazy One (and eventually as The Original Crazy One) for attempting what became the first publicized claimed hiking trip in a single season over the entire length of the Appalachian Trail (AT).  He also worked as a carpenter, a soldier specializing in radar and radio installation, and an antique dealer.

Biography
Shaffer was born in rural York, Pennsylvania, which lies approximately twenty miles from the AT, and which he always made his home.  In the late 1930s he hiked with a neighbor and close friend, Walter Winemiller, and they made plans to hike the whole of the AT together, after the war that they anticipated the US would eventually enter.

Shaffer enlisted in the army in 1941, was well along in his training at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, and did arduous and risky service as a forward-area radioman in the South Pacific into 1945. His friend Winemiller served in the Pacific Theater as well, and died in the Iwo Jima landings. Shaffer said he did the trail to "walk the war out of my system".

In 1948, he began the journey from Mt. Oglethorpe, in Georgia (the trail's southern end at that time). With sparse equipment that would be regarded as grossly inadequate by most of the through-hikers since – he used worn boots, his army rucksack, and no stove or tent – he reached Mt. Katahdin in Maine, in 124 days, averaging 17 miles per day. Especially after he overcame the skepticism of Appalachian Trail Conference officials (who initially believed his claim of completing the route was obviously fraudulent), his trip raised public awareness of the Trail.  He privately published his memoir of the experience; his book, Walking With Spring (), reflects the experience of most AT hikers, that the project of making the whole trip in the northward direction (the most common choice), is furthered by a start timed to the weather in the  Georgia mountains, and by continually taking advantage of the northward progress of milder weather.

In 1965 Shaffer hiked in 99 days from Maine to Springer Mountain, which had recently replaced Oglethorpe as the Trail's Georgia end, becoming the first person to claim a complete trip in each direction.

In 1982, the Appalachian Trail Conference published Shaffer's Walking With Spring commercially; it is now called "a classic trail diary".

In 1998, he claimed another northward through-hike (at age 79) from May 2 to October 21 (six days past official closing of the state park), in 173 days, for the 50th anniversary of his first one, with David Donaldson (known as "The Spirit of '48").  He later developed his notes from this trip, under the working title "Ode to the Appalachian Trail", into The Appalachian Trail: Calling Me Back To The Hills.

Shaffer was diagnosed with liver cancer, and died of its complications soon after on May 5, 2002. Donaldson, his most recent through-hike companion, was at his bedside.

On June 17, 2011, he was inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame at the Appalachian Trail Museum as a charter member.

Long distance hiking
Earl Shaffer is best known as the first person to hike the entire length of the Appalachian Trail in one, continuous journey. Such hikes have come to be known as "thru-hikes" from the words, "hiking through."

The original concept of a thru-hike was a continuous journey from one end of a long trail to the other. In the 21st century, however, the requirements with respect to the Appalachian Trail have been relaxed to recognize a hike of the entire Appalachian Trail completed within a single period of 12 months.  This was not the case at the time of Earl's A.T. thru hikes.

1948: first thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail
Prior to 1948, only 7 people had hiked the entire length of the Appalachian Trail—more than 2,000 miles. They had done so by means of "section hiking", consisting of shorter journeys of a month or a few weeks completed over the course of several years.  Completing a hike of the entire trail in one journey was not considered feasible. Earl, however, believed it was possible, and set out do so on April 4, 1948.

For extraordinary claims, extraordinary evidence is necessary. With this in mind, Earl carefully documented his northbound hike through photography, entries into notebooks kept at trail shelters where he spent the night and, most importantly, detailed entries into the trail journal he called his "Little Black Book."

The first indication that Earl was well on his way to completing his hike took the form of a postcard sent to the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC) from Holmes, New York. On the postcard, Earl had sketched a view of the Pinnacles of Dan in Virginia (no longer on the AT) along with the following poem as his message:

The flowers bloom, the songbirds sing,

And though it sun or rain,

I walk the mountain tops with spring

From Georgia north to Maine.

Earl's claim to have hiked the entire Appalachian Trail received careful scrutiny, particularly by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) whose members had the most intimate knowledge of the Trail. After careful consideration of Earl's documentation and other evidence, he was officially recognized by the ATC as the first person to hike the entire length of the Appalachian Trail without interruption.

Nevertheless, as Philip D'Anieri has written, subsequent research based on Shaffer's trail diary and other sources suggests that Shaffer "may have missed 20 percent or more of the southern AT in his travels, including two car trips that skipped over almost 25 miles of trail."

1965: first person to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail in both directions
After many years of volunteer work related to the Appalachian Trail, Earl undertook a second thru-hike in 1965, starting from Mount Katahdin in Maine and finishing at Springer Mountain, which had recently been designated the Trail's southern terminus, replacing Mount Oglethorpe. On completing this hike, Earl Shaffer became the first person known to have completed thru-hikes of the Appalachian Trail in both directions: northbound, from Georgia to Maine, and southbound, from Maine to Georgia.

1998: oldest person to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail
Fifty years after the completion of his historic 1948 hike, the mountains called Earl back for a final, northbound thru-hike that established him as the oldest person at the time to have completed a thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail. When Earl completed this "50 Anniversary" hike, he was 79 years old and just two weeks short of his 80th birthday.

Earl's account of his 1948 hike, Walking with Spring, is published by the Appalachian Trail Conservancy.  His final hike is recorded in two books published by the Earl Shaffer Foundation. Appalachian Trail: Calling Me Back to the Hills is a large format, "coffee table size" book that is richly illustrated with photographs of the Appalachian Trail taken by Bart Smith. Ode to the Appalachian Trail is a smaller, more personal account of Earl's final hike written in a poetic, "ode" format.  It is a limited, numbered printing for which copies are still available.

Earl Shaffer's writing
During his groundbreaking first thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail in 1948, Earl Shaffer documented his adventures in vivid detail. Along with his photographs, Earl's trail diary was used to confirm that he was the first-ever person to complete the more than 2,000-mile long trail in one continuous journey. Filled with stories of interactions with locals and other hikers, stories of adventure, poetry, and  reflections on the stillness he found in nature, this compilation was later published as his best-known book, Walking with Spring.

The original "Little Black Book" is part of the Smithsonian Institution's permanent collection at the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. along with many of Earl's belongings. Earl's 1948 trail journal has been both scanned and transcribed by volunteers and is available to read in its entirety as an online exhibit here.

Earl Shaffer's poetry
Before Earl "walked with spring" he documented his entire Army experiences in a poetic journal.  A portion of the journal was written in a fast moving "marching" rhythm with ballad quatrains and end rhyme. It is titled "The Doughboy Odyssey." In other sections of his journal, he experimented with different poetic forms such as the difficult English and Heroic sonnet forms as well as free verse and the ballad.  He had with him a Bible, rhyming dictionary, and a book of Rudyard Kipling poetry. Through his poetic journal, he not only documented his South Pacific odyssey from island to island as a Signal Corps man, but also specific battles, war machinery, war time news, and island cultures. These poems have been compiled into two volumes.  Before I Walked With Spring includes "The Doughboy Odyssey" which is a ballad review of his entire military career. South of the Sunset specifically describes the war in the Pacific Theater with eyewitness accounts of battles and cultures.

Appalachian Trail volunteer
As teens Earl, along with his neighbor Walter Winemiller and younger brother Evan Shaffer, frequently walked the section of the Appalachian Trail from Caledonia off Route 30 to Dillsburg, PA.  Before Walter entered the US Marines and Earl the US Army, they made a pact to walk the entire Appalachian Trail when they returned home. Pearl Harbor and World War II intervened and only one of the two returned home.

The decision to attempt hiking the entire length of the Appalachian Trail in 1948 was not only the challenge of doing something never done before, but also to honor his friend Walter and "walk off the war" as he described his own war trauma.  Every year thousands of recent war veterans begin their trek on the Appalachian Trail for the same reason. Publicity following Earl Shaffer's 1948 thru-hike increased public awareness of the Appalachian Trail and brought to it many new hikers.

Following his thru-hike, Earl became active in the work the Appalachian Trail Conference (ATC), which he had joined prior to his hike.  Earl's contributions as an Appalachian Trail volunteer are recorded in his authorized biography by Donaldson and Forrester, A Grip on the Mane of Life.

Musician
While he concentrated much of his time on writing poetry, Earl Shaffer enjoyed setting many of his poems to song. In his later years, Earl recorded many of these songs while playing his acoustic guitar, steel string guitar and mandolin. Many of his songs are dedicated to his experience and love of the Appalachian Trail, and to his experience as a soldier during WWII.

His music is compiled into albums that include Always in April and Trail of the Tropic Moon.

Always in April is an album of songs primarily focused on Earl's experience on the Appalachian Trail. Trail of the Tropic Moon contains music written by Earl while he was stationed in the South Pacific during World War II and after he returned home to Pennsylvania.

Earl's music can be downloaded digitally on the Earl Shaffer Foundation website.

References

External links
 Earl Shaffer Foundation
 NPR interview, the day after his third thru-hike, on October 22, 1998
Earl Shaffer's digitally uploaded music
 Earl Shaffer and the Appalachian Trail An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
Earl Shaffer's books

Hikers
Writers from York, Pennsylvania
1918 births
2002 deaths
Appalachian Trail
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers

Earl Shaffer


Međuopćinska nogometna liga Varaždin za sezonu 1979./80. je bila liga 6. stupnja Nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.  Sudjelovalo je 13 klubova, a prvak je bila "Podravina" iz Ludbrega.

Ljestvica

 Črnec – tadašnji naziv za Črnec Biškupečki

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 Zona Varaždin – Čakovec – Krapina 1979./80.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Franjo Novak, Zvonko Gerić: NK Podravina : Ludbreg : [1919.-2009.], Ludbreg, 2001.,

1979-80 MOL Varaždin
MOL Varaždin
1979-80 MOL Varaždin

Međuopćinska nogometna liga Varaždin 1979./80.


الشيخ أحمد بن حمد بن سعيد بن محمد بن يوسف الشيباني القمزي، هو مدرس وفقيه وعالم مسلم تولى مهمة نشر الثقافة والتعليم في إمارة دبي، ولد في منطقة الرأس في ديرة بمدينة دبي عام 1916م، وكان يتمتع بمكانة عالية في مجال التعليم في فترة تعتبر من أدق الفترات وأكثرها افتقاراً للثقافة في وقته، حيث تنتشر الأمية والفقر بالإضافة إلى السيطرة الاستعمارية وكلها عوامل تكرست في مجتمعات الخليج العربي، فكان الشيخ أحمد في بداية حياتهِ وعلى الرغم من صغر سنهِ فقد جالس العلماء وأختلط بالرجال الصالحين، وتفاعل في ذلك الجو الثقافي، من أجل نشر العلم والمعرفة.

مولده
ولد الشيخ أحمد بن حمد بن سعيد الشيباني القمزي سنة 1918م، لأب كان محباً للعلم وأهله، ونال قسطاً من العلم وأهلهُ ذلك لأن يصلي بالناس إماماً، مما رسخ هذا الجانب في حياة الأبن ليحظى بفرصة أتاحها له والده لينشأ من صغره في كتاتيب البلدة.

ارتحلت بعض تلك القبائل والجماعات إلى مناطق أخرى استطاعات أن يكون لها مكاناً جديدا، كما هو الحال مع عائلة الشيخ أحمد الشيباني القمزي والتي كانت لديها الإمكانات المادية والبشرية، فكان أن حلت في المنطقة الشرقية الجزيرة العربية، والتي كانت شهرتها في أنها منطلق لسفن التجارة المحملة بالبضائع والمنتجات التي تصدر إلى المواني التجارية كالبصرة وجوادر والسواحل الشرقية من أفريقيا.

وعندما ارتحلت عائلته كانت لديها الإمكانات المادية التي استثمرتها في تلك التجارة الرائجة في تلك الفترة من تمور وحمضيات ومواد بناء، وغيرها من مستلزمات الحياة التي ساعدت على نماء المنطقة، حيث إن ذلك الشاطئ يبحر منه أكثر من أربعين سفينة، وعندما حلت قبيلته كانت أم والده يطلق عليها الشيبانية.

ومع منطقة ليوا للشيخ أحمد ذكريات زوده بها والده حمد بن سعيد الشيباني القمزي، حيث يذكر أنهُ كانت لهم أملاك من بساتين النخيل، وبما أن المنطقة تعرضت إلى فترة من فترات شح في المياه بسبب قلة الأمطار مما ألجأ الكثير من ملاكها إلى عدم العناية بها.

إلا أنه وبعد مجيئ الشيخ زايد بن سلطان أولى تلك المناطق الكثير من الاهتمام، مما أعاد لها مكانتها وعادت واحة غناء.

وما أن ولد الشيخ أحمد وبلغ من العمر اثنى عشر عاماً إلا والتحق بخالهِ الشيخ يوسف بن عبد الله الشيباني القمزي في دبي، حيث إن والده فارق الحياة، ولحقته أمه آمنة بنت حمد الشيباني القمزي.

التحق بخاله وتوسم خاله فيه النجابة والذكاء، فالحقه بمن كان أهلاً في تربيته وتعليمه، فكانوا علماء أجلاء نهل على يدهم شتى العلوم العربية والشرعية والاجتماعية.

سيرته
شاءت الأقدار أن يأتي الشيخ أحمد الشيباني إلى منطقة الراس في ديرة بدبي بعد أن كان في سلطنة عمان الباطنة - ودام الساحل، ويستقر فيها، وكان عمره اثنتي عشرة سنة وأخذ منذ ذلك الوقت يجد ويجتهد في تحصيل الدروس، وقد درس في مدرسة الفلاح على يد العلامة الشيخ محمد العبسي الأزهري اليماني، ثم انتقل إلى المدرسة الأحمدية عند افتتاحها، وكان يدرس فيها علماء حلقات، أي على شكل حلقات العلم التي كانت تعقد في الزوايا والمساجد، وكان التدريس في بداية ظهور الأحمدية يشبه إلى حد ما الدروس التي تعقد في الأزهر الشريف وفي المسجد النبوي، خاصة أن علماء كباراً وفدوا إلى المدرسة الأحمدية من مصر ومن مكة المكرمة والاحساء، وكانوا يقيمون في الأحمدية مدة ثلاثة إلى أربعة أشهر ويعودون ويأتي غيرهم. وكان في مدرسة الأحمدية دار سكن للطلاب القادمين من خارج دبي، ويوفر لهم الشيخ محمد بن أحمد بن دلموك الطعام والكساء والشراب والمسكن وأدوات التدريس والكتب، وجاء بعد ذلك أهل الزبير وهم من العلماء الكبار الذين تواجدوا في المدرسة الأحمدية في مرحلتها الثانية وهم الذين حولوا التدريس في هذه المدرسة من حلقات العلم إلى تعليم تطوري أو شبه نظامي حيث استحدثوا فيها سنة 1348 هـ دروس الحساب والخط والفقه والجغرافيا والتاريخ، وكذلك العلوم الشرعية واللغة العربية والبلاغة والعروض والمنطق، إلى جانب علم المواريث.

ومن الطلبة الذي درسوا في المدرسة الأحمدية وزاملوا الشيخ أحمد بن حمد، الشيخ راشد بن سعيد آل مكتوم وعدد كبير من رجالات دبي ووجهائها.

وفاته
توفى الشيخ أحمد بن حمد الشيباني في الأول من صفر عام 1413هـ/ السادس من شهر نوفمبر 1983م، وكان حينها في ساعات دوامه بالمعهد الديني، وهو بين اساتذته وطلابه ليستأذن منصرفاً إلى العيادة القريبة من مقر عمله يشكو من ألم في القلب وليودع الحياة خلال ساعتين.

المصادر

وصلات خارجية
  الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن حافظ
  الشيخ محمد علي رضا زينل
  المدرسة الأحمدية
  مدرسة الفلاح
  المدرسة السالمية
  مدرسة السعادة
  العلامة الشيخ محمد العبسي الأزهري اليماني
  الشيخ عبد الرحيم المريد
  الشيخ احمد بن عبد الرحمن بن حافظ
  الشيخ محمد نور سيف
  مدرسة الفلاح جدة

مراجع

معلمون إماراتيون
مواليد 1916
مواليد في دبي
وفيات عقد 1980
وفيات في دبي

أحمد حمد الشيباني


James Carroll Patrick McNulty (-) est un homme politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral libéral de la circonscription ontarienne de Lincoln de 1962 à 1968 et de St. Catharines de 1968 à 1972.

Biographie
Né à Belleville en Ontario, McNulty étudie à l'université de Toronto, à l'université McMaster, au Hamilton College of Education et à l'Ottawa College of Education. Il travaille ensuite comme enseignant à St. Catharines.

McNulty entame une carrière politique en siégeant au conseil  de 1957 à 1958, au conseil  en 1959, comme préfet du Grantham Township en 1959 et comme conseiller municipal de St. Catharines de 1960 à 1962.

Élu député fédéral de Lincoln en 1962, il est réélu en 1963, 1965 et dans la nouvelle circonscription de St. Catharines en 1968. McNulty est défait en 1972.

De 1968 à 1970, il est secrétaire parlementaire de Bryce Mackasey, ministre du Travail.

Résultats électoraux

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1918
Naissance à Belleville (Ontario)
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Parti libéral du Canada
Conseiller municipal de St. Catharines
Étudiant de l'Université de Toronto
Étudiant de l'Université McMaster
Décès en avril 2011
Décès à 92 ans

James McNulty (homme politique canadien)


Sinningia valsuganensis é uma espécie de planta do gênero Sinningia e da família Gesneriaceae.  É considerada em perigo de extinção.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1991 por Alain Chautems.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola e herbácea.

Descrição
<p>Planta de 30-60 centímetros de altura, todas as partes coberta de um indumento hirsuto e com cheiro moderado. Inflorescência de 2 a 8
flores na axila das brácteas, pedicelo ascendente, corola bilabiada vermelha, 4,2 a 5 centímetros de comprimento.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada no estado brasileiro de Espírito Santo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Araujo, A.O.; Chautems, A.; Rossini, J. Sinningia  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Sinningia valsuganensis no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Sinningia valsuganensis no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Sinningia
Plantas descritas em 1991
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Sinningia valsuganensis


الأمير تركي بن طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود: أمير منطقة عسير منذ ديسمبر 2018. وهو الابن الرابع للأمير طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود من الذكور.

المؤهلات العلمية
 شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية في الإدارة من جامعة عمان العربية 2015.
بكالوريوس في العلوم السياسية مع مرتبة الشرف.
 أكاديمية ساندهيرست الحربية البريطانية.
 كلية طيران الجيش الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
 دورات مدنيه وعسكريه في مجالات القيادة.

المناصب
 الممثل الشخصي للأمير طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.
 عميد طيار بالقوات المسلحة السعودية.
 رئيس مجلس أمناء مؤسسة مينتور العربية للوقاية من المخدرات.
 رئيس الهيئة الاستشارية لمباني الجامعة العربية المفتوحة.
 المشرف العام على مبادرة نلبي النداء الإغاثية.
 نائب أمير منطقة عسير.
 أمير منطقة عسير.

نشاطات أخرى
 إقامة اللقاءات الفكرية المتنوعة وأبرزها الندوات الرمضانية، ومهتم بالتراث.
 عرف عنه مبادراته الوطنية ومن أبرزها إتمام مساعي الصلح بين القبائل في قضايا القصاص إضافة لمبادرات وطنية متنوعة كتجسيد ملحمة فتح الرياض من خلال مشروع بوابة الرياض وترميم قصر العناقر التاريخي بثرمداء وغيرها.
 قاد عملية إغاثية عاجلة للأخوة الفلسطينيين شاركت بها عدة منظمات دولية وعربية ومحلية، نتج عنها زيارته للأراضي المحتلة وصلاته في المسجد الأقصى.
 قاد عمليات إغاثية من أبرزها إغاثة برية للجمعيات الأهلية إبان الحرب الإسرائيلية في يوليو 2006 على لبنان، وإبان الهجوم الإسرائيلي على غزة في يناير 2009 ونقل مواد الإغاثة الطبية ونقل الجرحى وإدخال الإعاشة للمتضررين وقت الحرب.
 تأسيس مبادرات إنسانية إغاثية كمبادرة نلبي النداء لإغاثة اللاجئين السوريين (حصل بموجبها على جائزة الشخصية العربية المتميزة في العمل الإغاثي).
 حصل على تكريم سمو أمير منطقة الرياض للمشاركين بمشاريع «مبادرة ثمين» لتدعيم التراث العمراني بالمنطقة.
 يرأس الهيئة الاشرافية لمباني الجامعة العربية المفتوحة، والتي نفذت خمسة جامعات في خمس دول عربية وهي المملكة العربية السعودية والكويت والبحرين والأردن ومصر، ويجري الإشراف على تنفيذ ثلاثة مباني أخرى لها.

الندوات

 المشاركة وتقديم ورقة عمل في ندوة أمين الريحاني (مد الجسور بين الشرق والغـرب) - واشنطن 2002م.
 رعاية والقاء كلمة في مؤتمر الطاقة المائية والبيئة - بيروت 2002 م.
 مشاركة والقاء كلمة في مؤتمر الخليج السابع للمياه - الكويــت 2005 م.
 افتتاح وتبرع في مؤتـمر صحة الطفل العربـي - الريــاض 2007 م.
 القاء كلمة في الجلسة الخاصة بالمياه بالمنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي حول الشرق الأوسط - دافوس 2008 م.
 القاء كلمة في افتتاح مؤتمر العمل الإنساني - الأردن 2014م.
 الكلمة الافتتاحية لمؤتمر قمة البوسفور السابع-إسطنبول في تركيا 2016 م.

المقالات الصحفية
قدم تركي بن طلال العديد من المقالات ولا سيما في المجال السياسي والأمني والتاريخي. وفي القضايا المحلية والخاصة بالمملكة ولقد قدم مقالات تتحدث عن العقبات التي كانت تواجه المواطنين داخل المملكة وكيفية التغلب عليها ومن تلك المقالات التي قدمها:

 الميدان عن الحركة المرورية: والتي أبرز بها المعوقات المرورية ومدي أهمية حل المشكلات المرورية ودورها في التأثير علي المواطنين.
 ملاحظات حول إدارة أزمة (حمي الوادي المتصدع)
 دعوة للتفكير والحوار (إدارة الأزمات.. أليست ضرورة)
 لماذا طريق التوحيد بدلا من عقبة سنان
 وجه طليق ولسان لين
 وهل يُكبُّ الناس على وجوههم في النار إلا حصائد ألسنتهم؟
 كورونا.. درس مريم العذراء في النجاة من المحن

كما كان مهتما بالجانب التاريخي للمملكة العربية السعودية إذ قدم:

 الفارس العابد (الأمير عبدالله بن فيصل): والذي ساهم في توحيد المملكة العربية السعودية وله دور تاريخي في توحيد وتأسيس المملكة.
 رحلة أثرية وأدبية في طريق الإمام تركي بن عبد الله آل سعود مؤسـس الدولة السعودية الثانية

كما قدم العديد من المقالات التي تهتم بالجانب التاريخي الدولي العربي مهتما بالقضايا العربية إذ قدم الآتي:

 التحليل السياسي لقرار تطوير حرب أكتوبر.
 إليكم أقول.. غير معقول: والتي توجه فيها بدعوة لقيادات الدول العربية لإلتفاف حول مشكلة أم المدائن (القدس) مستنكرا حالات الصمت الموجودة في تلك الفترة.
 في ظل حالة الترقب التي نعيش
 إدارة الأزمة وأزمة الإدارة- المسألة اللبنانية نموذجا
 أخ في الإيمان.. ونظير في الخلق
كما اهتم أيضا بالقضايا الرياضية الخاصة بالمملكة العربية السعودية اذ اضاف لمقالاته:
 وطني في عيون أولمبياد أثينا.. أشياء أكبر من الرياضة
 الحق يدمغ ترهات الباطل
 التأسيس لذكرى التأسيس
 يوم التقدير

الأبناء

 عبد العزيز بن تركي بن طلال آل سعود. متزوج من الأميرة وضحى بنت بدر بن عبد المحسن آل سعود وله من الأبناء عبد الله، وطلال.

 الأميرة العنود بنت تركي بن طلال آل سعود.
 الأميرة علياء بنت تركي بن طلال آل سعود.
 الأميرة عبير بنت تركي بن طلال آل سعود.
 الأميرة الجوهرة بنت تركي بن طلال آل سعود. كانت مخطوبة للأمير سعود بن عبد الرحمن بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

تزوجت إحدى بناته من سلطان بن تركي بن محمد بن سعود الكبير.

روابط خارجية
صور ضوئية لمقالات تركي بن طلال

مصادر

آل سعود
أبناء طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود
أحفاد عبد العزيز آل سعود
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أمراء المناطق السعودية
أمراء سعوديون
أمراء منطقة عسير
خريجو ساندهيرست
سعوديون من أصل أرمني
سياسيون سعوديون
سياسيون سعوديون في القرن 21
طيارون سعوديون
طيارون عسكريون سعوديون
عسكريون سعوديون
مسلمون سعوديون
مواليد 1388 هـ
مواليد 1968

تركي بن طلال بن عبد العزيز آل سعود


Der PZL Bielsko SZD-42 Jantar 2 () ist ein polnisches, einsitziges, mit Wölbklappen ausgestattetes Hochleistungssegelflugzeug der Offenen Klasse in Kunststoffbauweise.

Konstruktion
Das Flugzeug, welches weitgehend auf dem Jantar 1 basiert, hat eine vergrößerte Spannweite von 20,5 Metern. Der Innenflügel wurde nahezu unverändert von der Jantar 1 übernommen, besaß allerdings aufgrund einer Änderung des verwendeten Epoxidharzes und einer verbesserten Holmstruktur eine um etwa 50 % erhöhte Festigkeit. Der äußere Flügel wurde verlängert und mit einem anderen Profil versehen, außerdem wurde anstatt eines T-Leitwerks auf ein Kreuzleitwerk zurückgegriffen. Weiterhin besitzt das Flugzeug wie sein Vorgänger nach oben und unten ausfahrende Schempp-Hirth-Bremsklappen und ein einziehbares Hauptfahrwerk sowie eine zweigeteilte, nach hinten aufklappende Haube.

Der SZD-42-2 Jantar 2b ist eine verbesserte Variante mit mehreren kleinen Veränderungen, unter anderem größeren Wasserballasttanks, einem verbesserten Fahrwerk, einem Spornrad anstatt eines Schleifsporns, eine veränderte Position der Tragfläche, und eine Änderung des Einstellwinkels der Fläche sowie des Masseausgleichs des Höhenruders.

Technische Daten

Vergleichbare Flugzeuge
 Schempp-Hirth Nimbus 2
  LAK-12
 Schleicher ASW 17

Einzelnachweise

Segelflugzeug
Erstflug 1976

PZL Bielsko SZD-42


Reader's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine, published ten times a year. Formerly based in Chappaqua, New York, it is now headquartered in midtown Manhattan. The magazine was founded in 1922 by DeWitt Wallace and his wife Lila Bell Wallace. For many years, Reader's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States; it lost the distinction in 2009 to Better Homes and Gardens. According to Media Mark Research (2006), Reader's Digest reached more readers with household incomes of over $100,000 than Fortune, The Wall Street Journal, Business Week, and Inc. combined.

Global editions of Reader's Digest reach an additional 40 million people in more than 70 countries, via 49 editions in 21 languages. The periodical has a global circulation of 10.5 million, making it the largest paid-circulation magazine in the world.

It is also published in Braille, digital, audio, and a large type called "Reader's Digest Large Print." The magazine is compact, with its pages roughly half the size of most American magazines. Hence, in the summer of 2005, the U.S. edition adopted the slogan "America in your pocket." In January 2008, it was changed to "Life well shared."

History

Inception and growth
In 1922, DeWitt Wallace started the magazine while he was recovering from shrapnel wounds received in World War I. Wallace had the idea to gather a sampling of favorite articles on many subjects from various monthly magazines, sometimes condensing and rewriting them, and to combine them into one magazine.

Since its inception Reader's Digest has maintained a conservative and anti-Communist perspective on political and social issues. The Wallaces initially hoped the journal could provide $5,000 of net income. Wallace's assessment of what the potential mass-market audience wanted to read led to rapid growth. By 1929, the magazine had 290,000 subscribers and had a gross income of $900,000 a year. The first international edition was published in the United Kingdom in 1938. By the 40th anniversary of Reader's Digest, it had 40 international editions, in 13 languages and Braille, and at one point, it was the largest-circulating journal in China, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, Peru, and other countries, with a total international circulation of 23 million.

The magazine's format for several decades consisted of 30 articles per issue (one per day), along with an "It Pays to Increase your Word Power" vocabulary quiz, a page of "Amusing Anecdotes" and "Personal Glimpses", two features of funny stories entitled "Humor in Uniform" and "Life in these United States", and a lengthier article at the end, usually condensed from a published book. Other regular features were "My Most Unforgettable Character" (since discontinued), the "Drama in Real Life" survival stories. and more recently "That's Outrageous". These were all listed in the table of contents on the front cover. Each article was prefaced by a small, simple line drawing. In more recent times, the format evolved into flashy, colorful, eye-catching graphics throughout, and many short bits of data interspersed with full articles. The table of contents is now contained inside. From 2003 to 2007, the back cover featured "Our America", paintings of Rockwell-style whimsical situations by artist C. F. Payne. Another monthly consumer advice feature is "What [people in various professions] won't tell you," with a different profession featured each time.

The first "Word Power" column of the magazine was published in the January 1945 edition, written by Wilfred J. Funk. In December 1952, the magazine published "Cancer by the Carton", a series of articles that linked smoking with lung cancer, and this topic was later repeated in other articles.

From 2002 to 2006, Reader's Digest conducted a vocabulary competition in schools throughout the US called Reader's Digest National Word Power Challenge. In 2007, the magazine said it will not have the competition for the 2007–08 school year: "...but rather to use the time to evaluate the program in every respect, including scope, mission, and model for implementation."

In 2006, the magazine published three more local-language editions in Slovenia, Croatia, and Romania. In October 2007, the Digest expanded into Serbia. The magazine's licensee in Italy stopped publishing in December 2007. The magazine launched in the People's Republic of China in January 2008. It ceased publishing in China in 2012, due to a lack of sales caused by a relatively high price, a poorly defined audience and low-quality translated content.

For 2010, the US edition of the magazine reduced its publishing schedule to 10 times a year rather than 12, and to increase digital offerings. It also cut its circulation guarantee for advertisers to 5.5 million copies from 8 million. In announcing that decision, in June 2009, the company said that it planned to reduce its number of celebrity profiles and how-to features, and increase the number of inspiring spiritual stories and stories about the military.

Beginning in January 2013, the US edition was increased to 12 times a year.

Business organization and ownership

In 1990, the magazine's parent company, The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (RDA), became a publicly traded corporation. From 2005 through 2010, RDA reported a net loss each year.

In March 2007, Ripplewood Holdings LLC led a consortium of private-equity investors who bought the company through a leveraged buyout for US$2.8 billion, financed primarily by the issuance of US$2.2 billion of debt. Ripplewood invested $275 million of its own money, and had partners including Rothschild Bank of Zürich and GoldenTree Asset Management of New York. The private-equity deal tripled the association's interest payments, to $148 million a year.

On August 24, 2009, RDA announced it had filed with the US Bankruptcy court an arranged Chapter 11 bankruptcy to continue operations, and to restructure the US$2.2 billion debt undertaken by the leveraged buyout transaction. The company emerged from bankruptcy with the lenders exchanging debt for equity, and Ripplewood's entire equity investment was extinguished.

In April 2010, the UK arm was sold to its management. It has a licensing deal with the US company to continue publishing the UK edition.

On February 17, 2013, RDA Holding filed for bankruptcy a second time. The company was purchased for £1 by Mike Luckwell, a venture capitalist and once the biggest shareholder in WPP plc.

Direct marketing
RDA offers many mail-order products included with "sweepstakes" or contests. US Reader's Digest and the company's other US magazines do not use sweepstakes in their direct-mail promotions. A notable shift to electronic direct marketing has been undertaken by the company to adapt to shifting media landscape.  In the mid-20th century, phonograph record albums of popular classical and easy-listening music, bearing the magazine's name, were sold by mail. Reader's Digest also partnered with RCA to offer a mail-order music club which offered discount pricing on vinyl records.

Sweepstakes agreement
In 2001, 32 states' attorneys general reached agreements with the company and other sweepstakes operators to settle allegations that they tricked the elderly into buying products because they were a "guaranteed winner" of a lottery. The settlement required the companies to expand the type size of notices in the packaging that no purchase is necessary to play the sweepstakes, and to:
 Establish a "Do Not Contact List" and refrain from soliciting any future "high-activity" customers unless and until Reader's Digest actually makes contact with that customer and determines that the customer is not buying because they believe that the purchase will improve their chances of winning.
 Send letters to individuals who spend more than $1,000 in a six-month period telling them that they are not required to make purchases to win the sweepstakes, that making a purchase will not improve their chances of winning, and that all entries have the same chance to win whether or not the entry is accompanied by a purchase.

The UK edition of Reader's Digest has also been criticized by the Trading Standards Institute for preying on the elderly and vulnerable with misleading bulk mailings that claim the recipient is guaranteed a large cash prize and advising them not to discuss this with anyone else. Following their complaint, the Advertising Standards Authority said they would be launching an investigation. The ASA investigation upheld the complaint in 2008, ruling that the Reader's Digest mailing was irresponsible and misleading (particularly for the elderly) and had breached three clauses of the Committee of Advertising Practice code. Reader's Digest was told not to use this mailing again.

International editions
International editions have made Reader's Digest the best-selling monthly journal in the world. Its worldwide circulation including all editions has reached 17 million copies and 70 million readers. Reader's Digest is currently published in 49 editions and 21 languages and is available in over 70 countries, including Slovenia, Croatia, and Romania in 2008.

Its international editions account for about 50% of the magazine's trade volume. In each market, local editors commission or purchase articles for their own markets and share content with U.S. and other editions. The selected articles are then translated by local translators and the translations edited by the local editors to make them match the "well-educated informal" style of the American edition.

Over the 90 years, the company has published editions in various languages in different countries, or for different regions. Often, these editions started out as translations of the U.S. version of the magazine, but over time they became unique editions, providing material more germane to local readers. Local editions that still publish the bulk of the American Reader's Digest are usually titled with a qualifier, such as the Portuguese edition,  (Selections from Reader's Digest), or the Swedish edition,  (The Best of Reader's Digest).

The list is sorted by year of first publication. Some countries had editions but no longer do; for example, the Danish version of Reader's Digest () ceased publication in 2005 and was replaced by the Swedish version (Det Bästa); as a result, the Swedish edition covers stories about both countries (but written solely in Swedish).

 1938 – United Kingdom (sold in 2010, operated under license)
 1940 – Cuba and Latin America (in Spanish) (as )
 1942 – Brazil
 1943 – Sweden, Egypt (in Arabic) ()
 1945 – Finland
 1946 – Australia, Denmark, Japan
 1947 – Belgium (in French), France, Norway, Canadian French
 1948 – Canada (English), Japan (operations discontinued in 1985), Germany, South Africa, Switzerland (in French and German), Italy (operations discontinued in 2007)
 1950 – Argentina, New Zealand
 1952 – Austria, Spain (as  in Spain)
 1954 – India and Pakistan (in English)
 1957 – Netherlands
 1959 – Chile, Costa Rica and Central America
 1965 – Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (in traditional Chinese)
 1968 – Belgium (Dutch)
 1971 – Puerto Rico and United States (in Spanish), Portugal
 1978 – South Korea (operations discontinued in 2009)
 1991 – Hungary, Russia
 1993 – Czech Republic (operations discontinued in 2017)
 1995 – Poland
 1996 – Thailand (operations discontinued in 2014)
 1997 – Slovakia
 2004 – Indonesia (operations discontinued in October 2015)
 2005 – Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Bulgaria
 2007 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Ukraine
 2008 – China (operations discontinued in 2012)

Arabic editions
The first Reader's Digest publication in the Arab World was printed in Egypt in September 1943. The license was eventually withdrawn.

The second effort and the first Reader's Digest franchise agreement was negotiated through the efforts of Frederick Pittera, in 1976, an American entrepreneur, who sold the idea to Lebanon's former foreign minister, Lucien Dahdah, then son-in-law of Suleiman Frangieh, President of Lebanon. Dahdah partnered with Ghassan Tueni (former Lebanon ambassador to the United Nations, and publisher of  newspaper, Beirut) in publishing Reader's Digest in the Arabic language. It was printed in Cairo for distribution throughout the Arab world under title . In format,  was the same as the U.S. edition with 75% of the editorial content. Philip Hitti, Chairman of Princeton University's Department of Oriental Languages and a team of Arabic advisers counseled on what would be of interest to Arabic readers. The publication of  ceased in April 1993.

Canadian edition
The Canadian edition first appeared in July 1947 in French and in February 1948 in English, and today the vast majority of it is Canadian content. Nearly all major and minor articles are locally produced or selected from Canadian publications that match the Digest style. Usually, there is one American article in each issue.

"Life's Like That" is the Canadian name of "Life in These United States." Most of the other rubrics are taken from the American publication.

Indian edition
The Indian edition was first published in 1954. Its circulation then was 40,000 copies. It was published for many years by the Tata Group of companies. Today, the magazine is published in India by Living Media India Ltd, and sold over 600,000. It prints Indian and international articles. According to the Indian Readership Survey Round II of 2009, the readership for Reader's Digest was 3.94 million, second only to India Today at 5.62 million. That has since declined. In the 2017 Survey, the India edition had fallen to ninth position with a readership of 1.354 million, and in the latest Survey (Quarter 1 of 2019), it is not in the Top 10 list of English-language magazines published in India.

Australian edition
Reader's Digest Australia has an any issue readership of 1.5 million (according to Nielsen) and a circulation of over 200,000.

Books
Nonfiction books with the Reader's Digest brand and yearly collections of the magazine's content are currently published by Trusted Media Brands, sold through their website and distributed to retailers by Simon & Schuster.

Since 1950, Reader's Digest has published a direct mail series of hardcover anthologies containing abridged novels and nonfiction. The series was originally called Reader's Digest Condensed Books and renamed in 1997 to Reader's Digest Select Editions.

From the mid-1960s to early 1980s, full-length, original works of non-fiction were published under the imprint Reader's Digest Press and distributed by Thomas Y. Crowell Co. Beginning in 1982, a series of classic novels was published as World's Best Reading and made available by mail order to magazine subscribers.

In Germany, Reader's Digest runs an own book-publishing house called  which not only publishes the German edition of the Reader's Digest magazine. Since 1955, it has published  (a German edition of Reader's Digest Condensed Books). Besides publishing the magazine, the publisher is especially well known in Germany for the science fiction anthology  ("The Road to Tomorrow"), consisting of 50 hardcover volumes of classic science fiction novels (such as Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land, Arthur C. Clarke's 2001, or Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, usually two novels per volume) published between 1986 and 1995. More recent book series by the publisher include  ("Reflections of the Times", a series of recent newspaper or magazine reports) and  ("World Literature Classics").

Editors-in-chief
 Lila Bell Wallace and DeWitt Wallace (1922–1964) (original founders)
 Hobart D. Lewis (1964–1976)
 Edward T. Thompson (1976–1984)
 Kenneth O. Gilmore (1984–1990)
 Kenneth Tomlinson (1990–1996)
 Christopher Willcox (1996–2000)
 Eric Schrier (2000–2001)
 Jacqueline Leo (2001–2007)
 Peggy Northrop (2007–2011)
 Liz Vaccariello (2011–2016)
 Bruce Kelley (2016–2021)
 Jason Buhrmester (2021–present)

See also
 World's Best Reading
 List of United States magazines
 John Patric, noted writer for Reader's Digest during the 1930s and 1940s
 "My Last Wonderful Days", a 1956 article about an Iowa woman dying from cancer

References

Bibliography

 John Bainbridge, Little Wonder. Or, the Reader's Digest and How It Grew, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945.
 John Heidenry, Theirs Was the Kingdom: Lila and DeWitt Wallace and the Story of the Reader's Digest, New York/London: W.W. Norton, 1993
 Samuel A. Schreiner, The Condensed World of the Reader's Digest, New York: Stein and Day, 1977.
 James Playsted Wood, Of Lasting Interest: The Story of the Reader's Digest, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1958.
 Clem Robyns, "The Internationalisation of Social and Cultural Values: On the Homogenization and Localization Strategies of the Reader's Digest", Folia Translatologica 3, 1994, 83–92
 Joanne P. Sharp, Condensing the Cold War: Reader's Digest and American Identity, University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
 Joanne P. Sharp, Hegemony, popular culture and geopolitics: the Reader's Digest and the construction of danger, Political Geography, Elsevier, 1996.
 Visnja Milidragovic, "From direct marketing tool to digital niche product: a Reader's Digest Sweepstakes case study", SFU, 2012.

External links

Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Conservative magazines published in the United States
Digests
English-language magazines
General interest digests
Magazines established in 1922
Magazines published in New York (state)
Magazines published in New York City
Private equity portfolio companies
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2012

Reader's Digest


أولاد يعقوب هم إحدى قبائل بني سليم و إحدى قبائل الجنوب التونسي وهم بنو يعقوب بن عبد الله بن كثير بن حرقوص بن فائد ويصل نسبهم إلى حكيم من علاق بن عوف بن بهثة بن سليم ، كان مجال ظعنهم يمتد على مناطق شاسعة بالجنوب غير أن مستقرهم ونقطة ارتكازهم بمنطقة نفزاوة وتحديدا بقرية نقة. وفي نهاية القرن التاسع عشر، استقرت بعض عروشهم بكل من قبلي حيث يحمل الحي الذي يقطنونه إلى حد الآن اسمهم، كما استقر عدد آخر منهم بدوز وبعدد من القرى ألأخرى بالمنطقة...
عرف أولاد يعقوب ببأسهم وفروسيتهم في كل مناطق الجنوب حيث كانوا في القرن التاسع عشر يؤمنون حماية بعض القرى والعروش الصغيرة. وفي حين قاوم البعض من أولاد يعقوب انتصاب الحماية ومن أشهرهم علي بوعلاق عمل عدد منهم في الإدارة الاستعمارية ومن أهمهم القائد سعيد بن نصر وإبنه نصر بن سعيد الذي توزّر في آخر عهد الحماية بين أوت 1954 وسبتمبر 1955.

قبائل تونسية
قبائل عربية
ولاية قبلي

أولاد يعقوب


Aragatsotn (, ) is a province (marz) of Armenia. It is located in the western part of the country. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Ashtarak. The Statistical Committee of Armenia reported its population was 132,925 in the 2011 census.

Etymology

Literally meaning "the foot of Aragats" (the highest mountain of Armenia), it is named after the Aragatsotn canton of the historic Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia, ruled by the Amatuni noble family under the reign of the Arsacid dynasty.

Geography

Aragatsotn Province occupies the northwestern part of Armenia and covers an area of 2,756 km2 (9.3% of the total area of Armenia). It has internal borders with Shirak Province from the north, Lori Province from the northeast, Kotayk Province from the east, Armavir Province from the south and the city of Yerevan from the southwest. The Akhurian River at the west separates Aragatsotn from the Kars Province of Turkey.

Historically, the current territory of the province mainly occupies parts the Aragatsotn, Nig and Shirak cantons of Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenia.

The northern part of the province is dominated by the Aragats mountain range. At the northeast and the east, it approximates the mountains of Pambak and Tsaghkunyats, respectively. The mountains of Arteni dominate the northeastern and the central eastern parts of the province. The tiny Akhurian valley occupies the eastern edge of Aragatsotn. Aragatsotn occupies the northwestern parts of the Ararat plain in the south and the southeast.

The altitude of the province ranges between 950 and 4,090 meters above sea level.

Mount Aragats (4,090 m.) is the highest peak of Aragatsotn and Armenia.

Besides the Akhurian river, the rivers of Kasagh, Gegharot, and Amberd are the main water resources in the province. Mountainous lakes including Lake Kari, Lessing, Amberd, Tagavor, and Kuraghbyur are found on Mount Aragats. Between 1962 and 1967, the Aparan reservoir was built on the Kasagh river.

The climate of Aragatsotn is deeply diversified due to the wide range of altitudes of the region. The annual precipitation level ranges between  at the lower areas and  at the mountainous territories.

History

According to Movses Khorenatsi, Aramaniak -the son of the patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation Hayk- along with his clan, settled in the area of modern-day Aragatsotn. The cemeteries of Verin Naver archaeological site -located 3 km west of Ashtarak- date back to the 24th and 14th centuries BC.

Being situated at the heart of the Ayrarat province at the centre of the Armenian Highland, Aragatsotn was among the most strategic regions in the history of Armenia, especially since the establishment of the Kingdom of Armenia in 331 BC by the Orontid dynasty. Later in 190 BC, the Artaxiad dynasty took over the reign of the Armenian Kingdom. During the 2nd century AD, the towns of Casala (the Hellenized version of Kasagh, now Aparan), and Talina (now Talin) were mentioned by Ptolemy during the reign of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia. The territory of Nig canton, including the area of Aparan, was under the administration of the Gntunyan Armenian noble family, while the territory of Aragatsotn canton, including the area of Ashtarak, was ruled by the Amatuni noble family.

Following the partition of Armenia by the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia in 387 and in 428, Eastern Armenia including Aragatsotn became under the rule of Sassanid Persia. The 4th-century Holly Cross Basilica of Kasagh located at the outskirts of modern-day Aparan, is among the earliest surviving samples of the Armenian church architecture.

In 658, Armenia was conquered by the Arab invaders. At the end of the 9th century, Aragatsotn became part of the newly established Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. The Armenian noble families of Kamsarakan and Pahlavuni ruled over Aragatsotn under the Bagratid kings.

However, between the 11th and 15th centuries, Aragatsotn along with the rest of the historic territories of Armenia suffered from the Seljuk, Mongol, Ag Qoyunlu and Kara Koyunlu invasions, respectively. At the beginning of the 16th century, Aragatsotn became part of the Erivan Beglarbegi within the Safavid Persia. During the first half of the 18th century, Aragatsotn became part of the Erivan Khanate under the rule of the Afsharid dynasty and later under the Qajar dynasty of Persia. It remained under the Persian rule until 1827–1828, when Eastern Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire as a result of the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 and the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay.

After the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Armenian, Georgian and Muslim leaders of Transcaucasia united to form the Transcaucasian Federative Republic and proclaimed Transcaucasia's secession. However, it was a fragile short-lived federation that collapsed in May 1918, while the Turkish army was advancing towards Eastern Armenia through Gyumri, Aragatsotn, and Sardarapat. On May 21, 1918, the Turkish forces attacked through Aparan in Aragatsotn trying to reach Yerevan. The Turks were opposed by the Armenian forces under the command of Dro at the outskirts of Aparan. After three days of fierce fighting, the Armenians launched a counter-attack on 25 May, and the Turkish troops were forced to retreat back to the north on 29 May. As a result of the decisive victories over the Turks in the battles of Sardarabad, Abaran, and Gharakilisa, the Armenians declared independence on May 28, 1918.

After 2 years of brief independence, Armenia became part of the Soviet Union in December 1920. From 1930 until 1995, modern-day Aragatsotn was divided into 3 raions within the Armenian SSR: Talin raion, Aparan raion, and Ashtarak raion. With the territorial administration reform of 1995, the 3 raions were merged to form the Aragatsotn Province.

Demographics

Population
According to the 1989 Soviet census, the Aragatsotn Province (then part of the Aparan, Aragats, Ashtarak, and Talin districts in 1930–1995) had a population of 141,611. 24,277 or 17.14% of which was urban, distributed in the city of Ashtarak, and 117,334 or 82.86% were rural, distributed in the districts of Aparan (21,654), Aragats (13,401), Ashtarak (42,701), and Talin (39,578).
According to the 2011 official census, Aragatsotn has a population of 132,925 (66,738 men and 66,187 women), forming around 4.4% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 31,376 (23.6%) and the rural is 101,549 (76.4%). Aragatsotn has the highest percentage of rural population in Armenia.

The province has 3 urban and 111 rural communities. The largest urban community is the provincial centre of Ashtarak, with a population of 19,615. The other urban centres of Aparan and Talin have a population of 6,451 and 5,310 respectively.

With a population of 4,780, the village of Oshakan is the largest rural municipality of Aragatsotn.

Ethnic groups and religion

The province is primarily inhabited by Armenians who migrated from Moush, Manzikert, Sasun, Kars, Khoy, and Alashkert in the 19th and 20th centuries as well as a minority of Armeno-Tat who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The regulating body of the church is the Diocese of Aragatsotn, headed by Bishop Mkrtich Broshyan. The Saint Mesrop Mashtots Church of Oshakan of is the seat of the diocese.

There is also a significant presence of Yazidis in the province. The 20 following villages of Aragatsotn are almost entirely populated by Yazidis: Alagyaz, Arevut, Avshen, Charchakis, Ddmasar, Hako, Jamshlu, Kanch, Kaniashir, Metsadzor, Mijnatun, Mirak, Otevan, Rya Taza, Sadunts, Shamiram, Shenkani, Sipan, Sorik and Tlik. The villages of Arteni, Oshakan, Vardenut and Voskevaz have a significant Yazidi population as well. Yazidis are also found in the towns of Aparan and Talin.

The village of Alagyaz is also home to a small number of Kurds.

Administrative divisions
As a result of the administrative reforms completed during 2019, Aragatsotn is currently divided into 9 municipal communities (hamaynkner), of which 3 are urban and 69 are rural:

A cross denotes a town (urban settlement), otherwise, the settlements are villages (rural settlements).

Many villages in Aragatsotn are currently abandoned or uninhabited, including Arum, Buravet, Karmrashen, Kasagh, Kyalashbek, Lusaghbyur, Nigatun,  Shenik, Verin Kalakut and Zovuni.

Culture

The 17th-century bridge of Ashtarak on Kasagh River is among the interesting sites of the Aragatsotn Province.

The urban settlements of the province are home to cultural palaces and many public libraries. The house-museum of novelist Perch Proshyan founded in 1948, is located in the town of Ashtarak within the Proshyan family house. It was last restored in 2008.

Aragatsotn is also home to the Armenian Alphabet park located near the town of Aparan.

The Ashtarak Walnut Festival is taking place every year during the month of October to promote the famous walnut of Ashtarak. It was first celebrated in 2012.

Talin has its local "Talin Ashkharh" weekly newspaper.

Fortresses and archaeological sites

 Ushiberd fortress of the Iron Age,
 Verin Naver archaeological site, 24th-14th centuries BC
 Amberd fortress of the 7th century,
 Dashtadem Fortress of the 9th century.

Churches and monasteries

 The Arshakid Kings Mausoleum and Basilica of the 4th century,
 Kasagh Basilica of the 4th century,
 Astvatsenkal Monastery, 4th-5th centuries,
 Saint Paul and Peter Church of Zovuni, 4th-5th centuries,
 Church of Saint John of Mastara, 5th century,
 Saint George Church of Garnahovit of the 7th century,
 Aruchavank Cathedral of the 7th century
 Saint Christopher Monastery of the 7th century,
 Artavazik Church monastery of the 7th century,
 Cathedral of Talin of the 7th century,
 Surp Hovhannes Church of Voskevaz, 7th century
 Tukh Manuk chapel of Lusagyugh, 7th century
 Saint Sarkis Monastery of Ushi, 7th century
 Yeghipatrush Church of the 10th century,
 Surp Hovhannes Church of Byurakan of the 10th century,
 Vahramashen Church of the 11th century,
 Tukh Manuk Chapel of Kuchak, 12th-13th centuries
 Tukh Manuk Shrine of Oshakan, 12-13th centuries,
 Hovhannavank Monastery of 1216,
 Tegher Monastery of the 13th century,
 Saghmosavank Monastery of the 13th century,
 Kosh fortress and churches, 13th-14th centuries,
 Saint Gevork Monastery of Mughni of the 14th century,
 Surp Astvatsatsin Church of Karbi, 17th century,
 Saint Mesrop Mashtots Church of 1879 in Oshakan,
 The churches of Spitakavor, Karmravor, Tsiranavor, Saint Mariane and Saint Sarkis in Ashtarak.

Transportation

The province is connected with the capital Yerevan through the Ashtarak highway.

The M-1 Motorway connects Aragatsotn with northwestern Armenia, including the city of Gyumri, while the M-3 Motorway connects the province with northeastern Armenia up to the Georgian border.

Economy

Agriculture

The rural population of the province is 3 times bigger than the urban. Thus, the majority of the population is involved in agriculture, including farming and cattle-breeding. Being a major agricultural region, Aragatsotn contributes 9.7% of the annual total agricultural product of Armenia.

Around 79% (2,178 km2) of the total area of the province are arable lands, out of which 25% (542 km2) are ploughed. With an approximate areա of  of farmlands are occupied by grains and dry seeds. Around 40% of the  of orchards in Aragatsotn are occupied by grapes. Potato farms occupy around , while vegetables are spread over  of farms.

Around the highlands of Mount Aragats, particularly in the regions of Aparan and Talin, cattle-breeding is more common in the rural communities. Beekeeping farms are also found at higher woodlands. The village of Voskehat is home to the "Ashtarak Dzu" poultry farm, while the Aragats village is home to the "Aragats Poultry farm".

Industry
Aragatsotn has a poor industrial structure compared to other provinces in Armenia. It has only a share of 2% in the annual total industrial product of Armenia. The existing industrial firms are mainly based on food-processing, dairy products, production of alcoholic drinks, water bottling, and building materials production.

Ashtarak is home to the "Ashtarak-Kat" company (founded in 1995), the leading ice-cream and dairy products manufacturer in Armenia. The town is also home to the "Gourmet Dourme" chocolate factory founded in 2007, the "P & D Group Armenia" for plastic containers founded in 2007, as well as the "Milen Art" plant and the "Kharam Cooperative" for building materials production.

Aparan is home to the "Nig" factory for electrical products founded in 1964, the "Aparan Cheese Factory" founded in 1982 (privatized in 1995), and the "Aparan Group LLC" for bottled water, soft drinks, and dairy products, founded in 2006, and the "Gntunik" plant for bakery and dairy products.
Aragatsotn is a major centre for dairy products and dried fruits. Talin is home to the "Bonilat" factory for dairy products founded in 2005, based on the former Talin cheese factory. Other producers of dairy products include the "Gloria Cheeses" factory founded in 2005 in Aragatsavan, the "Anulik" factory of Nigavan, the "Mastarchedo" plant of Mastara. The "Tamara Fruit" plant of Karbi (founded in 1985), the "Gyughi Tatik" plant of Oshakan (founded in 2002), the "Astghunk" plant of Aghdzk, and the "Byurakan Chir" plant of Byurakan specialize in dried-fruits production. Other notable food-processing plants of Aragatsotn include the "Village House" meat-processing plant in Agarak, the "Meat Art" for meet products in Getap, the "Avetsiyan Aghek" plant for soft drinks in Talin, the "Aparani Lavash" for bakery products in Davtashen,
Aragatsotn has many large industrial firms for alcoholic drinks production, including the Voskevaz Winery founded in 1932 in Voskevaz (privatized in 2004), the ArmAs Winery founded in 2007 in Nor Yedesia, the Armenia Wine Winery founded in 2008 in Sasunik, the "Hayasy Group" for brandy, vodka, beer and juices founded in 2011 in Voskevaz, the Wine House Winery founded in 2011 in Aghdzk, and the "Van Ardi Winery founded in 2013 in Sasunik.
The province has many large firms for the production of building materials, including the "Aragats Perlite" plant for crushed stone founded in 1961 in Aragatsavan, the "Arus" company for stone structures in Parpi, and the "Levadan LLC" for building materials. Other notable firms within the province include the "SKIFF" enterprise for paintwork materials founded in 2008 in Sasunik and the "Diamotech" factory for gemstones in Talin.

Tourism

Aragatsotn is a major centre for ecotourism and the lovers of extreme tourism. Aragats is the highest mountain of modern-day Armenia. It is a single extinct volcano consisting of 4 peaks: the northern (4090 m.), western (4080 m.), eastern (3916 m.), and southern (3879 m.) peaks. Thus, it frequently attracts hikers and adventure travelers, with its mountain lake of Kari situated at a height of 3250 meters.

The well-preserved ancient monasteries and medieval fortresses are also among the main attractions of the province.

Luxury hotels are found in Byurakan, Aghtsk and Ashtarak. Byurakan is also home to the Byurakan Observatory.

The Mount Aragats and Lake Kari are among the touristic destinations of the province. The government protects the area as a wildlife sanctuary named Aragats Alpine Sanctuary.

The Abaran Battle Memorial and the Armenian Alphabet Park near Aparan are also among the most visited locations of Aragatsotn.

Education

As of the 2015-16 educational year, Aragatsotn Province has 123 schools, out of which 119 are operated by the province administration, while 4 are under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Education and Science. The total number of the schools includes the 20 schools that are designated for the ethnic Yazidi and Kurdish minorities. As of the end of 2015, the number of students in the province's schools is 17,010. There is also one school for special needs in the province.

The town of Ashtarak is home to 2 major research institutions: the Mikael Ter-Mikaelian Institute for Physical Research and the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics.

The village of Byurakan is home to the Byurakan Observatory operated by the Armenian National Academy of Sciences.

The house-museum of novelist Perch Proshyan founded in 1948 in Ashtarak, is among the most significant cultural centres of the province.

Sport

Football is the most popular sport in Aragatsotn. The province was represented at the Armenian Premier League by FC Mika of Ashtarak until 2007 when they were relocated to Yerevan.

The Kasaghi Marzik Stadium in Ashtarak is the largest sports venue in the province. The sports centres in Ashtarak were entirely renovated and opened in July 2017, with an approximate cost of US$1 million. Ashtarak is also home to the Ayrudzi horse racing club.

It is planned to construct a modern sports complex in the village of Parpi. The football stadium of the complex was opened in 2013.

At the height of 2000 meters above sea level, the town of Aparan has a ski resort served with a ski lift.

Notable natives
Ghazar Parpetsi (circa 442-early 6th century), 5th to 6th-century Armenian chronicler and historian.
Gevorg I of Byurakan (?-795), Catholicos of All Armenians.
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (1305-1335), 9th ruler of the Ilkhanate.
Nerses V of Ashtarak (1770-1857), Catholicos of All Armenians.
Perch Proshyan (1837-1907), Armenian writer.
Smbat Shahaziz (1840-1908), Armenian poet.
Norair Sisakian (1907-1966), Soviet Armenian biochemist.
Gevorg Emin (1918-1998), Armenian poet.
Emil Gabrielian (1931-2010), Armenian physician.
Vardges Petrosyan (1932-1994), Armenian writer.

Gallery

See also
 Mount Aragats
 Yazidis in Armenia

References

External links

 Aragatsotn guide with detailed descriptions, by Rick Ney
 Aragatsotn Tourist Guide
 Armenia news

Provinces of Armenia

Aragatsotn Province


An Raddiella lunata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Fernando Omar Zuloaga ngan Emmet J. Judziewicz. An Raddiella lunata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Raddiella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Raddiella

Raddiella lunata


Fatehpur puede referirse a:
 Fatehpur, ciudad del distrito de Barabanki, en el estado de Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Fatehpur Sikri, antigua ciudad erigida por Akbar en Agra, India.
 Fatehpur (Damoh), localidad en el distrito de Damoh, estado de Madhya Pradesh.
Fatehpur, distrito en el estado de Uttar Pradesh, India.
Fatehpur, ciudad capital del distrito homónimo en Uttar Pradesh, India.

Fatehpur (desambiguación)


إبراهيم مصطفى من مواليد 20 أبريل 1904 بمحافظة الإسكندرية مصارع مصري قديم وأول مصري وعربى يفوز بميدالية ذهبية أوليمبية في المصارعة وقد تولى تدريب منتخب مصر القومي للمصارعة.
توفى في 9 أكتوبر 1968 وهو يقود منتخب مصر القومي للمصارعة في دورة الألعاب الأوليمبية بالمكسيك.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص مصريون في القرن 20
حائزون على ميداليات أولمبية في المصارعة
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1928
رياضيون من الإسكندرية
مصارعون أولمبيون مصريون
مصارعون رياضيون مصريون
مصارعون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1924
مصارعون في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1928
مصارعون مصريون
مصريون حازوا ميداليات أولمبية ذهبية
مواليد 1322 هـ
مواليد 1904
مواليد في الإسكندرية
وفيات 1388 هـ
وفيات 1968
وفيات في الإسكندرية

إبراهيم مصطفى (رياضي)


Erich Michalski (* 22. März 1918 in Berlin; † 15. März 1988 in Bremerhaven) war ein deutscher Politiker (SPD) aus Bremerhaven und er war Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft.

Leben
Michalski war als Stadtangestellter in Bremerhaven tätig und Mitglied der SPD in Bremerhaven.

Er war von 1959 bis 1967 und von 1971 bis 1979 für die SPD 16 Jahre lang Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft und in verschiedenen Deputationen und Ausschüssen der Bürgerschaft tätig.

Literatur
 Norbert Korfmacher: Mitgliederverzeichnis der Bremischen Bürgerschaft 1946 bis 1996 (= Kommunalpolitik. Band 1). LIT, Münster 1997, ISBN 3-8258-3212-0.

Mitglied der Bremischen Bürgerschaft (ab 1945)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1918
Gestorben 1988
Mann

Erich Michalski