Michael Corleone is a fictional character and the protagonist of Mario Puzo's 1969 novel The Godfather. In the three Godfather films, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, Michael was portrayed by Al Pacino, for which he was twice-nominated for Academy Awards. Michael is the youngest son of Vito Corleone, a Sicilian immigrant who builds a Mafia empire. Upon his father's death, Michael succeeds him as the don of the Corleone crime family.

In June 2003, Michael Corleone was recognized as the 11th most iconic villain in film history by the American Film Institute, although some critics consider him to be a tragic hero. The British film magazine Empire selected Michael Corleone as the 11th greatest movie character, with Pacino's performance as Michael Corleone widely regarded as one of the greatest performances in cinematic history.

Family
Born on March 23, 1920, to Mafia don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando) and his wife Carmela (Morgana King), Michael has two older brothers, Santino "Sonny" Corleone (James Caan) and Frederico "Fredo" Corleone (John Cazale), and a younger sister, Constanzia "Connie" Corleone (Talia Shire). The family consigliere, Tom Hagen (Robert Duvall), is their informal adopted brother.

The Godfather
In his novel The Godfather, Mario Puzo introduces Michael with the following physical description: "He did not have the heavy, Cupid-shaped face of [his siblings], and his jet black hair was straight rather than curly. His skin was a clear olive-brown that would have been called beautiful in a girl. He was handsome in a delicate way." Later in the novel, Puzo writes, "Michael was not tall or heavily built but his presence seemed to radiate danger."

Unlike his two older brothers, Michael wants nothing to do with the Corleone "family business", wanting instead to lead a more Americanized life. Vito does not want Michael to join the Corleone criminal empire either, hoping that his favorite son would go into politics. Michael was enrolled at Dartmouth College, but dropped out to enlist in the United States Marine Corps the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. During World War II, he fights in the Pacific War, and is wounded in battle. For his bravery, he received a battlefield commission to the rank of Lieutenant, and was awarded the Silver Star and the Navy Cross. He was discharged as a Captain after V-J Day in the fall of 1945. His heroics during the war were featured in Life magazine.

During the autumn of 1945, Michael is discharged from the Marines, unaware that Vito secretly arranged for his discharge, using his political influence. Michael returns home to attend his sister Connie's wedding, accompanied by Kay Adams (Diane Keaton), his college sweetheart. Michael stays for a few weeks, intending to re-enter college without telling his family.

Just before Christmas 1945, Vito is critically wounded in an assassination attempt by drug kingpin Virgil Sollozzo (Al Lettieri), pushing a reluctant Michael into the Mafia world he has avoided for so long. Arriving at the hospital, he finds his bedridden father unprotected from potential attack. While awaiting Corleone reinforcements, Michael prevents a second assassination attempt on Vito by Sollozzo, then affirms his loyalty to his father. Captain Mark McCluskey (Sterling Hayden), a corrupt NYPD captain on Sollozzo's payroll, breaks Michael's jaw before more Corleone button men arrive.

As Vito Corleone recuperates, Sollozzo requests that Michael broker a truce, but acting boss Sonny, suspecting a trap, refuses and demands the other Mafia families hand over Sollozzo to the Corleone family or else face war. Michael volunteers to meet Sollozzo in a public place and kill him and McCluskey. Hagen warns that killing McCluskey would violate a long-standing Mafia rule not to kill police officers, and says it would incite deadly backlash from rival Mafia families and law enforcement. Michael argues they can publicly expose McCluskey as a corrupt cop involved in the drug trade and serving as Sollozzo's bodyguard, contending that McCluskey has crossed into their world and is fair game. Sonny agrees and approves the hit.

After careful preparation, Michael meets with Sollozzo and McCluskey at an Italian restaurant in The Bronx. He retrieves a handgun that Corleone caporegime Peter Clemenza (Richard Castellano) had planted beforehand in the bathroom and kills Sollozzo and McCluskey by shooting them at point-blank range. This ignites the New York underworld's first Mafia war in a decade.

Michael escapes to Sicily and spends two years under Corleone ally Don Tommasino's (Corrado Gaipa) protection. Michael falls in love with and marries a young local woman named Apollonia Vitelli (Simonetta Stefanelli). Back in the United States, Sonny is murdered. After Michael is notified of Sonny's murder, he and Apollonia prepare to move to Siracusa, but she is killed by a car bomb meant for Michael, proving the other Mafia families know where he is hiding.

Michael returns to the United States in 1950 and assumes Sonny's role as Vito's heir apparent. After Vito's suspicions are confirmed that Don Emilio Barzini (Richard Conte), his main rival in New York City, is the mastermind of his shooting and Sonny's murder, he and Michael begin a secret, complex plot to wipe out the other New York Dons. They deliberately allow their rivals to whittle away at Corleone interests to lull them into inaction. Meanwhile, Michael convinces his father that it is time to remove the family from crime. More than a year following his return, Michael reunites with Kay and they marry. He promises her the Corleone family will be completely legitimate in five years. Within three years, they have two children, Anthony and Mary.

Vito semi-retires in 1954, and Michael becomes operating head of the family. He offers to buy out casino owner Moe Greene's (Alex Rocco) stake in the Las Vegas casino that the Corleones bankrolled, intending to move the family to Nevada as part of his effort to legitimize the Corleone interests; Greene refuses to sell. Corleone family caporegimes Salvatore Tessio (Abe Vigoda) and Clemenza request permission to begin operating their own families in Corleone territory. Michael, with Vito's support, advises them to be patient and wait until the move to Las Vegas is completed. Tessio and Clemenza agree, but are clearly dissatisfied.

In 1955, Vito warns Michael that Barzini will likely attempt to assassinate Michael under the pretense of negotiating peace between the families, using a disloyal contact within the Corleone regime. Whoever approaches Michael about the meeting, Vito explains, will be the traitor within the family. Shortly thereafter, Vito dies of a heart attack while playing with his grandson Anthony in his tomato garden.

At Vito's funeral, Tessio tells Michael that Barzini wants to arrange a meeting, confirming Vito's prediction. Michael sets his plan in motion to murder the other New York Mafia heads: Barzini, Philip Tattaglia (Victor Rendina), Carmine Cuneo (Rudy Bond), and Victor Stracci (Don Costello), as well as Greene. The plot unfolds on the same day Michael stands as godfather to Connie's newborn son. Later the same day, he has Tessio and Carlo Rizzi (Gianni Russo), Connie's abusive husband who conspired in Sonny's murder, executed. In one stroke, Michael re-establishes the Corleone family as the nation's most powerful crime family and establishes a reputation as being even more cunning and ruthless than his father.

A few days later, Connie furiously accuses Michael of murdering Carlo. When challenged by Kay, Michael denies having ordered Carlo's murder. Kay, initially believing Michael, later observes him receiving his capos. Clemenza addresses Michael as "Don Corleone" and kisses his hand in the same manner that he did with Michael's father. Kay realizes Connie's accusations were true, and that Michael has become a powerful Don becoming his father's successor in every way. In the novel, Kay leaves Michael, but Hagen persuades her to return.

The Godfather Part II
The Godfather Part II is set in 1958 and 1959. The Corleone family has relocated to Nevada, while capo Frank Pentangeli (Michael V. Gazzo) runs the family's operations in New York, Clemenza having died a few years before. While Michael's many enemies and growing obsession with revenge keep him tethered to the criminal underworld, he still plans to finally legitimize the family by negotiating with Hyman Roth (Lee Strasberg), his father's former business partner, over controlling casino operations in Cuba.

Hours after Anthony's First Communion party, assassins open fire on the Corleone house, nearly killing Michael and Kay. Michael suspects Roth ordered the hit, and believes a mole within the Corleone family aided him. To uncover Roth's involvement, Michael maintains their business relationship, and orders Pentangeli to settle a dispute with Roth's business partners, the Rosato Brothers. When Pentangeli meets with them, they try to kill him, but he survives.

Michael, Roth, and Fredo travel to Cuba to forge a partnership with Fulgencio Batista allowing them to operate casinos in Cuba without interference in exchange for generous payments to the Cuban government. Michael sends his bodyguard to eliminate Roth on New Year's Eve, but Cuban soldiers kill the bodyguard during the attempt. That same night, Fredo unintentionally reveals that he was the mole within the family; Michael confronts Fredo and gives him the Sicilian "kiss of death". During the New Year's Eve festivities, victorious rebel forces enter Havana, forcing Batista into exile and ruining Michael's plans. Fredo, afraid of his brother, runs off, while Roth escapes to Miami.

Meanwhile, Pentangeli, believing Michael had ordered a hit on him, prepares to testify against him in the Senate's investigation of organized crime. However, Michael has Pentangeli's brother Vincenzo (Salvatore Po) brought from Sicily. Just prior to the hearing, Vincenzo and Frank exchange glances. Understanding the threat, Pentangeli recants his earlier sworn statements, throwing the hearings into chaos and effectively destroying the government's case against Michael.

Fredo confesses to Michael that Roth's right-hand man, Johnny Ola (Dominic Chianese), had promised to reward him for information about Michael. Fredo also says that he resents being "passed over" to head the family in favor of Michael, and that he withheld key information about the Senate investigation. Michael disowns Fredo and tells his personal assassin Al Neri (Richard Bright) that nothing is to happen to his brother while their mother is alive — the implication being that Neri is to kill Fredo after she dies.

Meanwhile, Kay decides to leave Michael and take their children with her, believing Michael will always live in a world of crime and violence. Michael asks her to reconsider, but Kay reveals she aborted their unborn son because she refused to bring another of his children into the world. Enraged, Michael hits Kay in the face and severs ties with her, taking custody of Anthony and Mary.

Following their mother's death, and at Connie's behest, Michael seemingly forgives Fredo, but it is actually a ploy to draw him in closer in order to have him killed. Soon after, Neri murders Fredo on Michael's orders. At the same time, Michael sends Hagen to persuade Pentangeli to commit suicide to spare his family, and has caporegime Rocco Lampone (Tom Rosqui) kill a heavily guarded Roth at Idlewild Airport upon his return to the US.

The film ends as Michael recalls a surprise birthday party for his father on December 7, 1941. In a flashback scene, Michael informs the family that he has dropped out of college to enlist in the Marines. Only Fredo supports Michael's decision. When Vito arrives off-screen, everyone goes to greet him except Michael, who sits alone. The film closes with Michael sitting alone in the Corleones' Lake Tahoe compound.

The Godfather Part III
The Godfather Part III is set in 1979 and 1980. Michael has moved back to New York, abandoned the Nevada estate, and taken great strides to remove the family from crime.

He turns over his New York criminal interests to longtime enforcer Joey Zasa (Joe Mantegna). Ridden with guilt over his ruthless rise to power, particularly his order to kill Fredo, Michael uses his great wealth to rehabilitate his reputation through numerous acts of charity, administered by a foundation named after his father.

A decade earlier, he had given custody of his two children to Kay, who has since remarried. He sells his gambling interests to other Mafia families and reorganizes his vast legitimate business holdings as the "Corleone Group".

The Holy See has named him a Commander of the Order of Saint Sebastian for his charitable works and large donations to Catholic institutions.

At the ceremony, Michael and Kay have an uneasy reunion after nine years. Kay supports their son Anthony's (Franc D'Ambrosio) ambition to reject the "family business" and become an opera singer, and tells Michael that both she and Anthony know the truth about Fredo's death. Michael had previously wanted Anthony to either finish law school or join the family business, but now consents to Anthony going his own way.

Michael's new connection to the Church provides an opportunity to take over the large property company, Immobiliare. He is already its largest shareholder, and offers to buy the Vatican's 25 percent share, which will give him controlling interest. He also takes in Sonny's illegitimate son Vincent Mancini (Andy Garcia), a soldier in Zasa's crew, as his protégé. Nevertheless, Michael is distressed by Vincent's fiery temper, and disapproves of his romance with Michael's daughter, Mary (Sofia Coppola).

On the night Michael announces he is dissolving his gambling empire, Zasa wipes out most of The Commission in a helicopter attack in Atlantic City. Michael escapes with help from Vincent and Neri. Michael realizes that his old friend Don Altobello (Eli Wallach) is the brains behind the attempt on his life. Traumatized by the attack, Michael suffers a diabetic stroke, briefly incapacitating him. (Francis Ford Coppola reveals in his audio commentary that Michael is frequently seen drinking water in the first two films—subtle hints that he is a diabetic.)

With Michael still bedridden, Connie gives Vincent consent to assassinate Zasa. Disguised as an NYPD mounted officer, Vincent kills Zasa in the middle of an Italian street festival. Michael is infuriated upon learning of the hit, and demands that no similar orders be issued while he is alive.

Michael returns to Sicily for Anthony's operatic debut at the Teatro Massimo. Suspecting that Altobello may make another attempt on his life, he has Vincent infiltrate Altobello's regime under the pretense of defecting.

Michael and Kay tour Sicily together, during which Michael asks for Kay's forgiveness. Kay admits she will always love him, and they begin to rekindle their relationship.

Meanwhile, the Immobiliare deal has stalled, supposedly because the critically ill Pope Paul VI must personally approve it. Michael learns that the Immobiliare deal is an elaborate swindle concocted by Immobiliare chairman Licio Lucchesi (Enzo Robutti), who schemed with Vatican Bank head Archbishop Gilday (Donal Donnelly) and accountant Frederick Keinszig (Helmut Berger) to embezzle a fortune from the Vatican Bank, using Michael's "investment" to cover their tracks. Hoping to salvage the deal, Michael seeks Don Tommasino's assistance. He directs Michael to Cardinal Lamberto (Raf Vallone), the future Pope John Paul I. With Lamberto's prodding, Michael makes his first confession in 30 years, tearfully breaking down as he admits to ordering Fredo's murder. Lamberto tells Michael he deserves to suffer for his terrible sins, but that there is hope for his redemption.

John Paul I dies soon after being elected pope, poisoned by Gilday. Michael learns that Altobello (in league with the conspirators) has hired an assassin named Mosca (Mario Donatone) to kill him. Mosca murders Tommasino, and Michael vows before his old friend's casket to sin no more. Vincent reports that Lucchesi, working with Altobello, is behind the assassination attempts on Michael.

Weary of the bloody, lonely life of a Don, Michael retires, making Vincent his successor, but not before giving him permission to retaliate. In return, Vincent agrees to end his relationship with Mary. That night, Michael, reconciled with Kay and Anthony, watches his son's performance in the opera Cavalleria Rusticana. Meanwhile, Vincent has Lucchesi, Gilday, and Keinszig murdered, while Connie murders Altobello with a poisoned cannoli.

After the performance, Mosca shoots Michael, wounding him, and a second bullet hits Mary, killing her. Mary's death breaks Michael's spirit, and he screams in agony over her body. In an epilogue scene set in 1997, an elderly Michael dies in the same courtyard where he married Appollonia. In the December 2020 release of The Godfather Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone, a recut of the third film, the final scene is re-edited to portray Michael sitting alone in the courtyard.

The Sicilian
Michael is a secondary character in Puzo's novel The Sicilian, which takes place during his first exile in Sicily. He learns from Clemenza about the legendary exploits of the novel's main character, Salvatore Guiliano (In the novel, the spelling of Salvatore Giuliano's name was intentionally changed by Puzo to "Guiliano".), and is eager to meet him, but Giuliano is murdered before the meeting can take place.

Sequel novels
Michael appears in Mark Winegardner's sequel novels The Godfather Returns and The Godfather's Revenge. In Godfather Returns, set roughly during the time of Godfather Part II, Michael battles with a new rival, disgruntled Corleone capo Nick Geraci, while attempting to legitimize the family. In The Godfather's Revenge, set a few years after the second film, he moves to protect his criminal empire against Geraci and the machinations of a powerful political dynasty, while dealing with the collapse of his marriage and his guilt over having Fredo murdered. In the latter novel, he has a relationship with actress Marguerite "Rita" Duvall in the early 1960s, but he ends it upon realizing that he is still in love with Kay.

Family members
 Vito CorleoneMichael's father and head of the Corleone crime family, played by Marlon Brando in The Godfather, and by Robert De Niro in flashback scenes in Part II
 Carmela CorleoneMother, played by Morgana King in The Godfather Part I and Part II, and by Francesca De Sapio in flashback scenes in Part II
 Tom HagenAdopted brother and consigliere, played by Robert Duvall
 Santino "Sonny" CorleoneEldest brother, underboss to Vito, played by James Caan in The Godfather Part 1, and by Roman Coppola in flashback scenes from Part II
 Constanzia "Connie" CorleoneYounger sister, played by Talia Shire
 Frederico "Fredo" CorleoneElder brother, underboss to Michael; played by John Cazale
 Apollonia Vitelli-CorleoneFirst wife, played by Simonetta Stefanelli
 Kay Adams-CorleoneSecond wife, played by Diane Keaton
 Anthony CorleoneSon, played by Anthony Gounaris in The Godfather, by James Gounaris in Part II, and by Franc D'Ambrosio in Part III
 Mary CorleoneDaughter, played by an uncredited actress in Part II, and by Sofia Coppola in Part III
 Vincent CorleoneNephew and succeeding Don, played by Andy García

References

Bibliography

The Godfather characters
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Cultural depictions of the Mafia
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional domestic abusers
Fictional fratricides
Fictional Italian American people
Fictional mass murderers
Male film villains
Male literary villains
Fictional military personnel in films
Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel
Fictional World War II veterans
Literary characters introduced in 1969
Male characters in literature
Fictional characters from the 20th century
Film characters introduced in 1972

Michael Corleone


Cadı Kazanı, Arthur Miller'ın 1952'de yazdığı bir oyundur.

17. yüzyılda ABD'nin Massachusetts eyaletindeki Salem kasabasında  cadılıkla suçlanan bir grup insanın  cadı mahkemelerinde yargılanıp idam edilmesi olayını ele alır.  Eserde tüm baskı yönetimlerine ve baskı dönemlerine gönderme yapılmakta; özellikle de yazıldığı dönemde ABD'de hüküm süren, pek çok kişinin komünist ya da "komünist duygudaşı" olmakla suçlanıp saldırgan soruşturmalara uğramasına neden olan McCarthycilik hicvedilmektedir. Yazar oyunda cadılıkla suçlananların insanlık onurunu koruyabilmek için ölümü göze almış olduklarına vurgulamış ve gerçeğin her zaman kazanacağı mesajını vermiştir. Miller'in kendisi de bu eserden ötürü  komünizmi desteklemekle suçlanarak  1957'de Amerikan Karşıtı Faaliyetleri İzleme Komitesi tarafından yargılandı.

Oyun, ilk defa Broadway'de 22 Ocak 1953'te sahnelendi. İlk eleştiriler olumlu olmasa da bir sonraki yıl başka bir yapımla oyun klasikleşti. Günümüzde Amerika'daki lise ve üniversitelerde, diğer ülkelerde de olduğu gibi okutulmaktadır.

Oyun, iki kere beyazperdeye aktarıldı. İlki, Jean-Paul Sartre'ın senaryosunu yazdığı 1957 tarihli Les Sorcières de Salem filmiyle, diğeri de Miller'ın kendisi tarafından yaklaşık kırk yıl sonra oldu. Miller'ın versiyonu, ona senaryo kategorisinde bir Akademi Ödülleri adaylığı kazandırdı. Oyun  Robert Ward tarafından 1961'de operaya da uyarlanmış ve Pulitzer Ödüllerini kazanmıştır.

Türkçeye Sabahattin Eyüboğlu- Vedat Günyol tarafından tercüme edildi.  İstanbul Devlet Tiyatrosu'nda 1958-1959 sezonunda Cüneyt Gökçer tarafından sahneye konulan eser, 27 Kasım 1970'te yapımı yeni biten İstanbul Kültür Sarayı'nda İstanul Devlet Tiyatrosu tarafından yeniden sahnelendi. İlk gösterimde bir dekorun projektörlerden tutuşması sonucu çıkan yangında bina büyük hasara uğramıştır ve 1978'e kadar kapalı kalmıştır.

Oyunun adı
Oyunun özgün adı, "The Crucible" 'dır. Bu sözcük içinde madenlerin eritildiği büyük kapları anlatmak için kullanılır. Oyunda karakterler, çevre şartlarının oluşturduğu ısıda eriyen bir metali simgelemektedir. Ölümle tehdit edilseler bile prensiplerinden fedakârlık etmeyen ve zorlandıkları sahte itirafları reddedenler, ısıya en fazla direnenlerdir.

Konusu
John Proctor,  eşi Elizabeth ile birlikte Salem'de  Hristiyanlığa bağlı ve kapalı bir toplumda yaşayan özgür düşünceli bir çiftçidir. Papaz Parris'in bağnazca vaazlarını dinlememek için kiliseye gitmediğinden toplumda yabancı gözüyle görülür.

Papaz Parris'in yeğeni olan ve evlerinde çalışan Abigail Williams, John'u karısı Elizabeth'in uzun hastalığı sırasında  baştan çıkarmış; Elisabeth  ise iyileştiğinde durumu anlayarak Abigail'i evden uzaklaştırmıştır. Abigail'le ilişkisine son veren Proctor, karısına karşı vicdanında rahatsızlık duymaktadır.
1692 yılının Ocak ayında Abigail, Proctor'ların yeni çalışanı Marry Warren, Papaz Parris'in 9 yaşındaki kızı Betty  Parris ve onlara bakıcılık yapan zenci köle Tituba ile birlikte ormanda çocuksu oyunları arasında ruh çağırmakta, büyülü iksirden içip çıplak dans etmektedir. Genç kızlar, kendi aralarında gizli "cadıcılık oyunu" nu oynarken Papaz Parris'in baskınına uğrarlar ve Betty düşüp kalır. Cadılık söylentileri üzerine halkın Parris'in evinin önünde toplanması karşısında Papaz Parris kızını iyileştirmesi için şeytan kovma uzmanı Papaz Hale'i haber çağırır. Böylece Hale  "cadı avı"na başlar. Genç kızlar suçlamalardan kurtulabilmek için cadılık suçlamalarını başkalarının üzerine atmaya çalışırlar. Kızların suçlamaları yüzünden çok sayıda kişi tutuklanır. Çiftçi Protoctor'a saplantılı bir ilgi duyan Abigail, Protoctor'un karısı Elisabeth'in adını verir.

Proctor, cadı mahkemesi karşısında Abigail ile olan evlilik dışı ilişkisini açığa dökerek karısını kurtarmak ister. Ancak, başka bir yerde sorguya çekilen Elisabeth, kocasını kurtamak için, kocasının böyle bir ilişkisini bilmediğini söyleyince, Proctor'un savı kanıtsız kalır. Elisabeth serbest bırakılırken, Proctor cadılık suçuyla hapse girer.

Bu arada Abigail, kilisenin paralarıyla uzaklara kaçmıştır. Gittikçe huzursuzlaşan halkı yatıştırmak amacıyla mahkeme, bir kişiyi ölüme mahkûm etmeye ve suçunu itiraf etmesi koşuluyla salıvermeye karar verir. Bu kişi Proctor'dur; başka cadı adlarını da vermesi koşuluyla serbest bırakılacak, itirafnamesi de kilisenin kapısına asılacaktır. Ancak kendi adını ve saygınlığını sonuna kadar korumaya çalışan Proctor, yalancı tanıklıkta bulunmayı reddeder ve diğer masum insanlarla birlikte idama gider.

Karakterler

Rahip Parris
Betty Paris
Tituba
Abigail Williams
Susanna Walcott
Bayan Ann Putnam

Thomas Putnam
Mercy Lewis
Mary Waren
John Proctor
Rebecca Nurse
Giles Corey

Rahip John Hale
Elizabeth Protctor
Grancis Nurse
Yargıç Hathorne
Vali Danforth
Sarah Good
Hopkins

Sinema ve TV uyarlamaları

Kaynakça

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tiyatro oyunları
Arthur Miller oyunları
Tony Ödülü kazanan oyunlar
Sinemaya uyarlanmış oyunlar
Kurguda Salem cadı mahkemeleri

Cadı Kazanı (oyun)


Miss Brasil CNB 2022, foi a 32ª edição de um concurso de beleza feminino específico para a eleição da representante brasileira ao Miss Mundo, bem como foi o 62º ano de participação do Brasil no certame. O evento teve a participação de cerca de trinta e seis (36) aspirantes ao título, que pertencia a brasiliense eleita Miss Brasil CNB 2021 Caroline Teixeira. O evento prima pelas causas sociais e teve seu ápice no dia 4 de agosto direto do Teatro da CAESB, em Águas Claras, Distrito Federal.

Histórico

Trívia
 Cinco Estados brasileiros não estiveram representados no concurso deste ano: Acre, Amapá, Roraima, Sergipe e Tocantins.
 Curiosamente, 4 são da região Norte do País; essa região só esteve representada pelos estados do Amazonas, Pará e Rondônia.
 O Distrito Federal do Brasil é representado pela faixa "Brasília" este ano.
 É a primeira vez desde 2015 que o concurso teve menos do que 40 candidatas inscritas.
 A última candidata a ser anunciada foi a representante do Alagoas (Carolina Borsatto) em 01/06/2022.
 Já a primeira com inscrição validada para a disputa foi a representante de Santa Catarina (Lara Mateus), eleita em 26/02/2021.
 É a segunda vez consecutiva que o evento é realizado em Brasília; e a terceira vez na história (1990 e 2021).
 As paulistas dominam o concurso deste ano: 6 são naturais do Estado.
 Quatro candidatas já disputaram o título antes: Carolina Borsatto (Alagoas), Giovanna Coltro (Baixada Santista), Carolina Costa (Pará) e Tainá Laydner (Rio G. do Sul).
 Novamente uma mulher trans disputa a coroa, este ano com a representante do Agreste Pernambucano (Alice Ridenn).
 O certame já havia sido o primeiro a ter uma candidata transsexual disputando o título, no ano anterior com Rayka Vieira.
 Duas candidatas estaduais não são nascidas nos Estados que representaram:
 Gabrielle Araújo (Espírito Santo) nasceu em Ibirité, Minas Gerais;
 Vitória Rodrigues (Paraíba) nasceu em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte;

Desistências
  Costa Verde & Mar - Sarah Lemonie

  Pampa Gaúcho - Fernanda Craz

Resultados

Colocações
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Posição
! Representação e Candidata
|- bgcolor="gold"
| align="center"| Vencedora
|
  Amazonas - Letícia Frota
|- bgcolor="silver"
| align="center"| 1ª Princesa
|
  Espírito Santo - Gabrielle Araújo
|- bgcolor="DEB887"
| align="center"| 2ª Princesa
|
  São Paulo - Ana Manginelli
|-
| align="center"| 3ª Princesa
|
  Recôncavo Baiano - Isabella Gregorutti
|-
| align="center"| 4ª Princesa
|
  Rio Grande do Norte - Thuany Medeiros
|-
| align=center| Finalistas(Em ordem de classificação final)
|
  Pará - Maria Carolina Costa

  Maranhão - Danielly Martins

  Mato Grosso do Sul - Hemilly Duarte
|-
| align=center| Top 15Semifinalistas(Em ordem de classificação final)
|
  Rio Grande do Sul - Tainá Laydner

  Santa Catarina - Lara Mateus

  Pernambuco - Luana Ferreira

  Região do ABCD - Kauany Izi

  Brasília - Gabriella Soares

  Baixada Santista - Giovanna Coltro

  Alagoas - Carolina Borsatto
|-
| align=center| Top 20''Semifinalistas(Em ordem de classificação final)
|
  Paraná - Marcela Germano

  Bahia - Rebeca Brasil

  Ceará - Dominique Neves

  Minas Gerais - Karina Almeida

  Plano Piloto - Marina Netto
|}

 Prêmios Especiais
Designados às candidatas durante a noite final televisionada:

 Ordem dos anúncios

 Top 20
 Ceará
 Plano Piloto
 Santa Catarina
 Alagoas
 Maranhão
 Rio Grande do Norte
 Paraná
 Pará
 Minas Gerais
 Região ABCD
 Amazonas
 São Paulo
 Baixada Santista
 Brasília
 Bahia
 Mato Grosso do Sul
 Pernambuco
 Recôncavo Baiano
 Espírito Santo
 Rio Grande do Sul

 Top 15
 Santa Catarina
 Pará
 Brasília
 Amazonas
 Espírito Santo
 Rio Grande do Sul
 Mato Grosso do Sul
 São Paulo
 Alagoas
 Região ABCD
 Recôncavo Baiano
 Pernambuco
 Rio Grande do Norte
 Baixada Santista
 Maranhão

 Top 08
 Maranhão
 São Paulo
 Mato Grosso do Sul
 Espírito Santo
 Pará
 Rio Grande do Norte
 Recôncavo Baiano
 Amazonas

 Outros Prêmios
 Rainhas Regionais
As melhores candidatas colocados por região do País:

 Jurados
 Final
Ajudaram a eleger a vencedora:

  Mirela Piazzi, neuropsicóloga e aromaterapeuta;
  Marina Fontes, diretora do CNB e chef de cozinha;
  Naraiel Ferrari, engenheiro e Mister Rondônia CNB 2022;
  Fernanda Demichelli, jornalista e relações públicas da dōTERRA;
  Fábio Luís de Paula, jornalista e colunista da Folha de São Paulo;
  Katarina Wagner, coordenadora de projetos sociais da dōTERRA;
  João Ricardo Camilo Dias, do Voy Miss Brazil on Board;
  Ceres Sessim Ribeiro, Miss Rio Grande do Sul 1989;

  Caroline Teixeira, Miss Brasil CNB 2021;
  Janaína Dias Flores, empresária e designer floral;
  Vanja Andréa Santos, presidente da "União Brasileira de Mulheres";
  Drª Cieila Machado, cirurgiã-dentista da clínica "La Renovence";
  Arthur Custódio, coordenador nacional do "MORHAN";
  Guilherme Werner, Mister Brasil CNB 2022;
  Paulo Filho, preparador de misses;
  Roberto Macêdo, jornalista;

 Provas com Classificação Automática
 Classificação Automática ao Top 08
Dentre os três melhores projetos, a vencedora garantiu uma vaga ao Top 08:

 Classificação Automática ao Top 20
As candidatas vitoriosas destas etapas garantiram uma vaga ao Top 20:

 Beleza Pelo Bem
Excepcionalmente nesta etapa, as 3 com melhores projetos se classificam ao Top 20:

 Melhor Traje Típico

 Miss Popularidade

 Desafio Comercial dōTERRA

 Desafio Clínica La Renovence

 Miss Talento

 Candidatas
As candidatas ao título deste ano:
 Estaduais

  Alagoas - Carolina Borsatto

  Amazonas - Letícia Frota

  Bahia - Rebeca Brasil

  Brasília - Gabriella Soares

  Ceará - Dominique Neves

  Espírito Santo - Gabrielle Araújo

  Goiás - Verônica Abreu

  Maranhão - Danielly Martins

  Mato Grosso - Ana Flávia Reis

  Mato Grosso do Sul - Hemilly Duarte

  Minas Gerais - Karina Almeida

  Pará - Maria Carolina Costa

  Paraíba - Vitória Rodrigues

  Paraná - Marcela Germano

  Pernambuco - Luana Ferreira

  Piauí - Bárbara Veras

  Rio de Janeiro - Diana Fidalgo

  Rio Grande do Norte - Thuany Medeiros

  Rio Grande do Sul - Tainá Laydner

  Rondônia - Ingredy Lopes

  Santa Catarina - Lara Mateus

  São Paulo - Ana Manginelli

 Outras Representações

  Agreste Pernambucano - Alice Ridenn

  Baixada Santista - Giovanna Coltro

  Centro Goiano - Laura Thereza de Araújo

  Estrada Real - Hellena da Fonsêca

  Grande São Paulo - Bruna Brito

  Guanabara - Sunamita Rubim

  Ilhas do Araguaia - Iara Kintschev

  Ipiranga - Beatriz Soares

  Pantanal Mato-grossense - Vitória Corvalan

  Planalto Central - Amanda Teles

  Plano Piloto - Marina Netto

  Recôncavo Baiano - Isabella Gregorutti

  Região Centro Paulista - Gabriela Souza

  Região do ABCD - Kauany Izi

 Candidatas em Outros Concursos

 Estaduais
Miss Brasília CNB
 2022:  Planalto Central - Amanda Teles (Top 08)
 (Representando a região administrativa de Arniqueira)

 2022:  Plano Piloto - Marina Netto (4º. Lugar)
 (Representando a região administrativa de Sudoeste/Octogonal)

Miss Goiás CNB
 2021:  Centro Goiano - Laura Thereza (2º. Lugar)
(Representando o município de Campo Limpo de Goiás)

Miss Mato Grosso CNB
 2022:  Pantanal Mato-grossense - Vitória Corvalan (2º. Lugar)
(Representando o município de Primavera do Leste)
 2022:  Ilhas do Araguaia - Iara Kintschev
(Representando o município de Sinop)

Miss Minas Gerais CNB
 2022:  Espírito Santo - Gabrielle Araújo (3º. Lugar)
(Representando o município de Ibirité)

Miss Paraná BE Emotion
 2017:  Paraná - Marcela Germano (Top 16)
(Representando o município de Quatro Barras)

Miss Paraná Latina
 2020:  Paraná - Marcela Germano (3º. Lugar)
(Representando o município de Curitiba)

Miss Piauí CNB
 2021:  Piauí - Bárbara Veras (3º. Lugar)
(Sem representação específica. Casting online)

 Nacionais
Miss Mundo Brasil
 2018:  Rio Grande do Sul - Tainá Laydner (16º. Lugar)
(Representando a Ilha da Pintada em Angra dos Reis, RJ)
 2019:  Baixada Santista - Giovanna Coltro
(Representando Bem Viver Paulista em Bento Gonçalves, RS)
 2021:  Alagoas - Carolina Borsatto (13º. Lugar)
(Representando o Alagoas em Brasília, DF)
 2021:  Pará - Maria Carolina Costa (8º. Lugar)
(Representando o Pará em Brasília, DF)

Miss Beleza T Brasil
 2021:  Agreste Pernambucano - Alice Ridenn (2º. Lugar'')
(Representando o Estado de Pernambuco)

Internacionais
Miss Eco International
 2019:  Rio Grande do Sul - Tainá Laydner
(Representando o Brasil no Egito)

Designações
 Legenda
   A representante do Brasil venceu a disputa.
   A representante do Brasil parou na 2ª colocação.
   A representante do Brasil parou na 3ª colocação.

2022
Candidatas designadas para representar o Brasil em concursos internacionais à convite da organização:

1 Isabella Menin foi eleita em um concurso separado intitulado "Miss Grand Brasil 2022".
2 Giovanna Reis foi eleita em um concurso separado intitulado "Miss Brasil Supranational 2022".
3 Maria Eduarda Valotto foi a primeira "Miss Brasil CNB Teen", em 2019.
4 Bianca Fernandes foi convidada pelo CNB para disputar o título teen internacional.

2023
Candidatas designadas para representar o Brasil em concursos internacionais à convite da organização:

1 Adriana Yanca foi eleita em um concurso separado chamado Miss Grand Brasil 2023.
2 Cinthya Moura ficou em segundo lugar em um concurso separado chamado Miss Grand Brasil 2023.
3 Júlia Castro ficou em quinto lugar em um concurso separado chamado Miss Grand Brasil 2023.
4 Larissa Han foi escolhida pela organização do concurso internacional para representar a Coreia do Sul.
5 Luma Russo foi convidada para ocupar a vaga de Ariely Stoczyński. Ela ficou em 3º lugar no "Miss Brasil Supranational 2021".
6 Jéssica Caroline foi a 5ª colocada no "Miss Brasil Supranational 2021" representando São Paulo.
7 Anny Victória venceu o concurso "Miss Brasil CNB Teen 2023" realizado 100% de forma virtual.

2024
Candidatas designadas para representar o Brasil em concursos internacionais à convite da organização:

1 Luciana Gomes ficou em terceiro lugar em um concurso separado chamado Miss Grand Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Sites
 Site do CNB

 Site do Miss Mundo

 Redes sociais
 Miss Brasil CNB no Facebook

 Miss Brasil CNB no Instagram

2022
Concursos de beleza do Brasil
Brasil

Miss Brasil CNB 2022


جان فرانسوا دوميرغي  (23 يونيو 1957 في بوردو) لاعب كرة قدم فرنسي معتزل كان يجيد اللعب في مركز قلب الدفاع وحاليا مدرب من دون نادي .

خلال مسيرته الرياضية شارك في 9 مباريات دولية مع منتخب فرنسا مسجلا هدفين كانا في مرمى منتخب البرتغال ضمن مباريات الدور النصف النهائي من بطولة كأس الأمم الأوروبية 1984 والتي انتهت بفوز منتخب فرنسا 3-2 بعد تمديد الوقت .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو أولمبيك ليون
لاعبو أولمبيك مارسيليا
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1984
لاعبو بوردو
لاعبو تولوز
لاعبو كاين
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من بوردو
لاعبو ليل
لاعبو منتخب فرنسا لكرة القدم
لاعبون فائزون ببطولة أمم أوروبا
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو لوهافر
مدربو نادي مونبلييه
مواليد 1957
مواليد في بوردو

جان فرانسوا دوميرغ


George Afedzi Hughes (aussi connu comme George O. Hughes ou Kwesi Afedzi), né en 1962 au Ghana, est un artiste contemporain et enseignant ghanéen naturalisé américain. Il est considéré comme .

Biographie
George Afedzi Hughes naît en 1962 à Sékondi, au Ghana.

Il étudie la peinture à la Faculté d'Art de l'université des sciences et technologies Kwame Nkrumah à Kumasi de 1985 à 1991, où il obtenu un Bachelor of Arts en peinture et dessin et un Master of Arts en éducation artistique.

En 1991, Hughes quitte le Ghana pour l'Angleterre avant de s'installer aux États-Unis en 1994 après qu'une importante exposition solo de ses œuvres créées à Londres a été présentée à Accra, au Ghana, à la galerie The Artists Alliance, la galerie d'Ablade Glover. Il a été dans diverses résidences d'artistes, comme au Haverford College, à l'université Queen's de Belfast et à l'université Humboldt de Berlin.

Professeur d'art à l'université de Toledo de 1997 à 2001, il obtient la même année un Master of Fine Arts en peinture à l'université d'État de Bowling Green, où il enseigne également de 1999 à 2000.

Il enseigne aussi à l'université de l'Oklahoma de 2001 à 2006 avant de devenir professeur associé et de diriger le département de peinture de l'Université d'État de New York à Buffalo.

Œuvre
Dans son œuvre, mêlant peinture, techniques mixtes et performance, Hughes fait un parallèle entre la violence et les turbulences du colonialisme et les conflits mondiaux contemporains, ainsi que la subjectivité de l'information que l'on reçoit de ces conflits. Dans sa peinture, il cherche à faire prendre conscience de l'inconfort suscité par les atrocités humaines, montrer leur existence au-delà de leur aspect familier ou nouveau ; de l'actualité du conflit ou de sa résolution. Lors de ses performances, il utilise des techniques mixtes, y compris la sculpture, l'art corporel, la musique, le son, les costumes et les rituels afin de .

Expositions
Les œuvres de George Hughes ont été exposées dans plusieurs pays, notamment en Angleterre, en Allemagne, en France, aux Pays-Bas, en Chine et dans son pays le Ghana.

Il est représenté par la galerie Artco gallery en Allemagne, Influx Contemporary Gallery au Portugal, Artists Alliance Gallery au Ghana et par la Skoto Gallery aux États-Unis.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Dele Jegede, Encyclopédie de l'art afro-américain, 2009, p. 109-112.
  Maruška Svašek Anthropology, art and cultural production, Londres : Ann Arbor, Pluto Press, 2010 .
  Doran Ross, African Arts, volume 34, p. 50-57. Los Angeles : Université de Californie, 2001 .

Liens externes

 .

Naissance au Ghana
Naissance en 1962
Artiste contemporain ghanéen
Artiste contemporain américain
Peintre ghanéen du XXe siècle
Peintre ghanéen du XXIe siècle
Peintre américain du XXe siècle
Peintre américain du XXIe siècle
Professeur d'arts plastiques
Universitaire ghanéen
Universitaire américain
Étudiant de l'université des sciences et technologies Kwame-Nkrumah
Étudiant de l'université d'État de Bowling Green

George Afedzi Hughes


8005 Albinadubois este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
8005 Albinadubois este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Eleanor Francis Helin. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,55 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 6,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 8001-9000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

8005 Albinadubois


Ginkgolid, bitkiler alemi içindeki Ginkgophyta bölümünün tek yaşayan üyesi Mabet ağacından (Ginkgo biloba) elde edilen organik bileşiklerdir. Ginkgolidler, 20 karbonlu yapıda ve geranylgeranyl pirofosfattan sentezlenen diterpen laktonlardır.

Ginkgolidler, Ginkgo biloba'dan ilk kez 1932 yılında Furukawa tarafından izole edilmiştir. Ne var ki bileşiğin yapısının aydınlatılması 1967 yılında Nakanishi ve Okabe tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ginkgolidlerin izole edilmesi zahmetli bir işlemdir ve endüstriyel olarak Ginkgolid üretimi yapılamamaktadır. Bu sebeple tek ginkgolid kaynağı, Ginkgo biloba bitkisidir.

Günümüzde 5 tür ginkgolid (G-A, G-B, G-C, G-J, GM) izole edilmiştir. Bunlardan G-A ve G-B saf olarak elde edilebilmiştir.

Ginkgo biloba yapraklarında sadece ginkgolidler bulunmaz. Bunun yanı sıra, bazı seskiterpenler, triterpenler, flavonoidler ve organik asitler de barındırır. Bir yapraktaki ginkgolid konsantrasyonu %0.1 civarındadır.

Ginkgolidler doğada pek sık görülmeyen, kafese benzer yapıdaki 20 karbonlu bileşiklerdir. 6 adet beşli halka içerir. Oksijenli diterpendir ve doğadaki tersiyer bütil taşıyan tek bileşik grubudur.

Kaynakça
  , "Antifungal Activity of Biflavones from Taxus baccata and Ginkgo biloba", Mirosława Krauze-Baranowska ve Marian Wiwart
 , "Gingko biloba L (Ginkgoaceae) ve önemi", Maksut Coşkun, ISBN 975-94077-2-8
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070218204650/http://www.herbalgram.org/default.asp?c=ginkgo
 http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/history.htm
 Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

Terpenler ve terpenoidler

Ginkgolid


Marie Balmary es una psicoanalista francesa, nacida en Bretaña y afincada en París, dedicada tanto a la práctica profesional de la psiquiatría como a la investigación.

Discípula de Jacques Lacan, se dio a conocer en la década de 1970 por su relectura del complejo de Edipo descrito por Sigmund Freud. En su trabajo, Balmary intentó recuperar la historia del padre de Edipo, Layo, según el relato mitológico y la etimología del lenguaje, además de relacionar el complejo y su descripción freudiana con la historia de la propia familia de Freud. Sus conclusiones, publicadas en L'homme aux statues. Freud et la faute cachée du père (1979), fueron rechazadas por muchos de sus colegas, lo que provocó su salida de la Universidad de La Sorbona.

Prosiguió su trabajo publicando estudios interdisciplinarios en los que busca los puntos de encuentro entre el psicoanálisis, las religiones, la Biblia, la mitología (especialmente la griega) y otros relatos fundamentales de la civilización occidental. Defensora de la necesidad de la dimensión trascendente de la persona, ha expresado sus convicciones en libros como Freud hasta Dios (2010) y en una de sus obras más conocidas, El monje y la psicoanalista (2005), fruto de sus conversaciones con Marc-François Lacan, hermano pequeño de Jacques Lacan y monje benedictino.

Obras
1979 : L'homme aux statues. Freud et la faute cachée du père
1986 : El sacrificio prohibido. Freud y la Biblia (Le sacrifice interdit. Freud et la Bible), edición española por Fragmenta Editorial, 2018. ISBN 978-84-15518-82-2
1993 : La divine origine. Dieu n'a pas créé l'homme
1999 : Abel ou la traversée de l'Eden
2001 : Je serai qui je serai
2005 : El monje y la psicoanalista (Le moine et la psychanalyste), edición española por Fragmenta Editorial, 2011. ISBN 9788492416370
2010 : Freud hasta Dios (Freud jusqu'à Dieu), edición española por Fragmenta Editorial, 2011. ISBN 9788492416455
 2012 : Iremos todos al paraíso. El Juicio Final en cuestión, con Daniel Marguerat (Nous irons tous au Paradis, le Jugement dernier en question, edición española por Fragmenta Editorial, 2013. ISBN 978-84-92416-79-0

Referencias

Psiquiatras de Francia del siglo XX
Escritoras de Francia
Psicoanalistas de Francia
Francesas del siglo XX
Francesas del siglo XXI
Nacidos en Bretaña

Marie Balmary


Adverse possession, sometimes colloquially described as "squatter's rights", is a legal principle in the Anglo-American common law under which a person who does not have legal title to a piece of property—usually land (real property)—may acquire legal ownership based on continuous possession or occupation of the property without the permission (licence) of its legal owner.

Description
In general, a property owner has the right to recover possession of their property from unauthorised possessors through legal action such as ejectment. However, in the English common law tradition, courts have long ruled that when someone occupies a piece of property without permission and the property's owner does not exercise their right to recover their property for a significant period of time, not only is the original owner prevented from exercising their right to exclude, but an entirely new title to the property "springs up" in the adverse possessor. In effect, the adverse possessor becomes the property's new owner. Over time, legislatures have created statutes of limitations that specify the length of time that owners have to recover possession of their property from adverse possessors. In the United States, for example, these time limits vary widely between individual states, ranging from as low as three years to as long as 40 years.

Although the elements of an adverse possession action are different in every jurisdiction, a person claiming adverse possession is usually required to prove non-permissive use of the property that is actual, open and notorious, exclusive, adverse and continuous for the statutory period.  The possession by a person is not adverse during periods when they are in possession as a tenant or licensee of the legal owner.

Personal property, traditionally known as chattel, may also be adversely possessed, but owing to the differences in the nature of real and chattel property, the rules governing such claims are rather more stringent, and favour the legal owner rather than the adverse possessor. Claims for adverse possession of chattel often involve works of art.

History

In Roman law, usucapio laws allowed someone who was in possession of a good without title to become the lawful proprietor if the original owner did not appear after some time (one or two years), unless the good was obtained illegally (by theft or force). Stemming from Roman law and its successor, the Napoleonic Code, adopted as the basis of law in France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, and also, in part, by the Netherlands and Germany, adverse possession generally recognises two time periods for the acquisition of property: 30 years and some lesser time period, depending on the bona fides of the possessor and the location of the parties involved.

Parliament passed England's first general statute limiting the right to recover possession of land in 1623. At common law, if entitlement to possession of land was in dispute (originally only in what were known as real actions), the person claiming a right to possession was not allowed to allege that the land had come into their possession in the past (in older terminology that he had been 'put into seisin') at a time before the reign of Henry I. The law recognised a cutoff date going back into the past, before which date the law would not be interested. There was no requirement for a defendant to show any form of adverse possession. As time went on, the date was moved by statute—first to the reign of Henry II, and then to the reign of Richard I. No further changes were made of this kind. By the reign of Henry VIII the fact that there had been no changes to the cutoff date had become very inconvenient. A new approach was taken whereby the person claiming possession had to show possession of the land for a continuous period, a certain number of years (60, 50 or 30 depending on the kind of claim made) before the date of the claim. Later statutes have shortened the limitation period in most common law jurisdictions.

At traditional English common law, it was not possible to obtain title to property of the Crown by means of adverse possession. This principle was embodied by the Latin maxim nullum tempus occurrit regi ('no time runs against the king'). In the United States, this privilege was carried over to the federal and state governments; government land is immune from loss by adverse possession.  Land with registered title in some Torrens title systems is also immune, for example, land that has been registered in the Hawaii Land Court system.

In the common law system of England and its historical colonies, local legislatures—such as Parliament in England or American state legislatures—generally create statutes of limitations that bar the owners from recovering the property after a certain number of years have passed.

England and Wales

Adverse possession is one of the most contentious methods of acquiring property, albeit one that has played a huge role in the history of English land. Historically, if someone possessed land for long enough, it was thought that this in itself justified acquisition of a good title. This meant that while English land was continually conquered, pillaged, and stolen by various factions, lords or barons throughout the Middle Ages, those who could show they possessed land long enough would not have their title questioned.

A more modern function has been that land which is disused or neglected by an owner may be converted into another's property if continual use is made. Squatting in England has been a way for land to be efficiently utilised, particularly in periods of economic decline. Before the Land Registration Act 2002, if a person had possessed land for 12 years, then at common law, the previous owner's right of action to eject the "adverse possessor" would expire. The common legal justification was that under the Limitation Act 1623, just like a cause of action in contract or tort had to be used within a time limit, so did an action to recover land. This promoted the finality of litigation and the certainty of claims. Time would start running when someone took exclusive possession of land, or part of it, and intended to possess it adversely to the interests of the current owner. Provided the common law requirements of "possession" that was "adverse" were fulfilled, after 12 years, the owner would cease to be able to assert a claim. Different rules are in place for the limitation periods of adverse possession in unregistered land and registered land. However, in the Land Registration Act 2002 adverse possession of registered land became much harder.

In recent times the Land Registry has made the process of claiming Adverse Possession and being awarded "title absolute" more difficult. Simply occupying or grazing the land will no longer justify the grant of title, instead the person in adverse possession must demonstrate commitment to own and utilize to the exclusion of all other the land intended to be claimed.

Another significant limit on the principle, in the case of leases, is that adverse possession actions will only succeed against the leaseholder, and not the freeholder once the lease has expired.

Land Registration Act 2002

This legislation received Royal Assent on 26 February 2002. The rules for unregistered land remained as before. But under the LRA 2002 Schedule 6, paragraphs 1 to 5, after 10 years the adverse possessor is entitled to apply to the registrar to become the new registered owner. The registrar then contacts the registered title holder and notifies him of the application. If no proceedings are launched for two years to eject the adverse possessor, only then would the registrar transfer title. Prior to the 2002 Act, a land owner could simply lose title without being aware of it or notified. This was the rule because it indicated the owner had never paid sufficient attention to how the land was in fact being used, and therefore the former owner did not deserve to keep it. Before 2002, time was seen to cure everything. The rule's function was to ensure land was used efficiently.

Requirements
Before the considerable hurdle of giving a registered owner notice was introduced in the LRA 2002, the particular requirements of adverse possession were reasonably straight forward.

First, under Schedule 1, paragraphs 1 and 8 of the Limitation Act 1980, the time when adverse possession began was when "possession" was taken. This had to be more than something temporary or transitory, such as simply storing goods on a land for a brief period. But "possession" did not require actual occupation. So in Powell v McFarlane, it was held to be "possession" when Mr Powell, from age 14, let his cows roam into Mr McFarlane's land. The intruder must also show that they were dealing with the land as an occupying owner might have done, and that no one else had done so.

The second requirement, however, was that there needed to be an intention to possess the land. Mr Powell lost his claim because simply letting his cows roam was an equivocal act: it was only later that there was evidence he intended to take possession, for instance by erecting signs on the land and parking a lorry. But this had not happened long enough for the 12-year time limit on McFarlane's claim to have expired. As a result, proving intention to possess is likely to rely heavily on the factual matrix of the case and the squatters' factual possession. In Clowes Developments (UK) Ltd v Wales and Others [2005] EWHC (Ch), the squatter cannot be found to have an intention to possess if they mistakenly believe that they are on the property with the permission of the title owner.

Third, possession is not considered "adverse" if the person is there with the owner's consent. For example, in BP Properties Ltd v Buckler, Dillon LJ held that Mrs Buckler could not claim adverse possession over land owned by BP because BP had told her she could stay rent free for life. Fourth, under the Limitation Act 1980 sections 29 and 30, the adverse possessor must not have acknowledged the title of the owner in any express way, or the clock starts running again. However, the courts have interpreted this requirement flexibly.

Human rights challenges
In JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham, Mr and Mrs Graham had been let a part of Mr Pye's land, and then the lease had expired. Mr Pye refused to renew a lease, on the basis that this might disturb getting planning permission. In fact the land remained unused, Mr Pye did nothing, while the Grahams continued to retain a key to the property and used it as part of their farm. At the end of the limitation period, they claimed the land was theirs. They had in fact offered to buy a licence from Mr Pye, but the House of Lords held that this did not amount to an acknowledgement of title that would deprive them of a claim. Having lost in the UK courts, Mr Pye took the case to the European Court of Human Rights, arguing that his business should receive £10 million in compensation because it was a breach of his right to "peaceful enjoyment of possessions" under Protocol 1, article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court it its Grand Chamber rejected this, holding that it was within a member state's margin of appreciation to determine the relevant property rules. The House of Lords in Ofulue v Bossert confirmed this.

Timing
For registered land, adverse possession claims completed before 13 October 2003 (the date the 2002 Act came into force) are governed by section 75(1) and 75(2) of the Land Registration Act of 1925. The limitation period remains the same (12 years) but instead of the original owner's title to the land being extinguished, the original owner holds the land on trust for the adverse possessor. The adverse possessor can then apply to be the new registered proprietor of the land.

For registered land, adverse possession claims completed after 13 October 2003 follow a different procedure. Where land is registered, the adverse possessor may henceforth apply to be registered as owner after 10 years of adverse possession and the Land Registry must give notice to the true owner of this application. This gives the landowner a statutory period of time [65 business days] to object to the adverse possession, object to the application on the ground that there has not actually been the necessary 10 years' adverse possession, and/or to serve a "counter-notice". If a counter-notice is served, then the application fails unless
 it would be unconscionable because of an equity by estoppel for the registered proprietor to seek to dispossess the squatter and the squatter ought in the circumstances to be registered as proprietor, or
 the squatter is for some other reason entitled to be registered as proprietor, or
 the squatter has been in adverse possession of land adjacent to their own under the mistaken but reasonable belief that they are the owner of it, the exact line of the boundary with this adjacent land has not been determined and the estate to which the application relates was registered more than a year prior to the date of the application.

Otherwise, the squatter becomes the registered proprietor according to the land registry. If the true owner is unable to evict the squatter in the two years following the first [unsuccessful] application, the squatter can apply again after this period and be successful despite the opposition of the owner. The process effectively prevents the removal of a landowner's right to property without their knowledge, while ensuring squatters have a fair way of exercising their rights.

Where a tenant adversely possesses land, there is a presumption that they are doing so in a way that will benefit the landlord at the end of their term. If the land does not belong to their landlord, the land will become part of both the tenancy and the reversion. If the land does belong to their landlord, it would seem that it will be gained by the tenant but only for the period of their term.

Since September 2012, squatting in a residential building is a criminal offence, but this does not prevent title being claimed by reason of adverse possession even if the claimant is committing a criminal offence. This was confirmed in Best v Chief Land Registrar, where it was held that criminal and land law should be kept separate.

United States

Requirements
The party seeking title by adverse possession may be called the disseisor, meaning one who dispossesses the true owner of the property. Although the elements of an adverse possession claim may be different in a number of states, adverse possession requires at a minimum five basic conditions being met to perfect the title of the disseisor. These are that the disseisor must openly occupy the property exclusively, in a manner that is open and notorious, continuously, and use it as if it were their own in a manner expected for the type of property. Some states impose additional requirements. Many of the states have enacted statutes regulating the rules of adverse possession. Some states require a hostility requirement to secure adverse possession. While most states take an objective approach to the hostility requirement, some states require a showing of good faith. Good faith means that claimants must demonstrate that they had some basis to believe that they actually owned the property at issue. Four states east of the Mississippi that require good faith in some form are Georgia, Illinois, New York, and Wisconsin.

Additional requirements
In addition to the basic elements of an adverse possession case, state law may require one or more additional elements to be proved by a person claiming adverse possession. Depending upon the state, additional requirements may include:

Color of title, claim of title, or claim of right. Color of title and claim of title involve a legal document that appears (incorrectly) to give the disseisor title. In some jurisdictions the mere intent to take the land as one's own may constitute "claim of right", with no documentation required.  Other cases have determined that a claim of right exists if the person believes they have rightful claim to the property, even if that belief is mistaken. A negative example would be a timber thief who sneaks onto a property, cuts timber not visible from the road, and hauls the logs away at night. Their actions, though they demonstrate actual possession, also demonstrate knowledge of guilt, as opposed to claim of right.
Good faith (in a minority of states) or bad faith (sometimes called the "Maine Doctrine" although it is now abolished in Maine)
Improvement, cultivation, or enclosure
Payment of property taxes. This may be required by statute, such as in California, or just a contributing element to a court's determination of possession. Both payment by the disseisor and by the true owner are relevant.
Dispossession of land owned by a governmental entity: Generally, a disseisor cannot dispossess land legally owned by a government entity even if all other elements of adverse possession are met. One exception is when the government entity is acting like a business rather than a government entity.

Consequences

A disseisor will be committing a civil trespass on the property he has taken and the owner of the property could cause him to be evicted by an action in trespass ("ejectment") or by bringing an action for possession. All common law jurisdictions require that an ejectment action be brought within a specified time, after which the true owner is assumed to have acquiesced. The effect of a failure by the true landowner to evict the adverse possessor depends on the jurisdiction, but will eventually result in title by adverse possession.

In 2008, due to the volume of adverse possession and boundary dispute cases throughout New York City, the New York State Legislature amended and limited the ability of land to be acquired by adverse possession. Prior to the 2008 amendment, to acquire property by adverse possession, all that was required was a showing that the possession constituted an actual invasion of or infringement upon the owner's rights. Approximately eight years after the 2008 amendment, on 30 June 2016, the New York State Appellate Division, First Department (i.e., the appellate court covering the territory of Manhattan) determined the legal questions concerning the scope of rights acquired by adverse possession and how the First Department would treat claims of adverse possession where title had vested prior to 2008. The Court specifically held that title to the adversely possessed property vested when the plaintiff "satisfie[d] the requirement of the statute in effect at the relevant time." In other words, if title had vested at some time "after" the 2008 amendment, a plaintiff would have to satisfy the adverse possession standards amended by the New York State Legislature in 2008; however, if title vested at some time "before" the 2008 amendment, a plaintiff would have lawfully acquired title to the disputed area by satisfying the pre-amendment standard for adverse possession. Hudson Square Hotel also resolved two often highly litigated issues in adverse possession cases where the air rights are more valuable than the underlying land itself: (a) "where" (i.e., in three-dimensional physical space) is an encroachment required in order for such encroachment to have any relevant operative effect or consequences under the law of adverse possession, and (b) "what" property rights are acquired as a result of title to the ground floor area (i.e., the land) vesting with the plaintiff. In Hudson Square Hotel the defendant argued that the plaintiff had only acquired title to the underlying land, but not the air rights, because the plaintiff never encroached above the two-story building. This argument was motivated, in part, by the fact that the zoning laws at the time permitted the owner of the land to build (i.e., develop) up to six times the square footage of the ground floor area. For example, if the disputed area was 1,000 square feet, there would be 6,000 square feet of buildable square footage to potentially be won or lost by adverse possession. The Court clarified, "It is the encroachment on the land ... that allows title to pass to the adverse possessor." In other words, the plaintiff did not need to encroach upon all six stories in order to adversely possess the air rights above the land. The Court also held, "With title to land come air rights." In other words, by acquiring title to the land (i.e., ground floor area), the plaintiff also acquired ownership of the more valuable air rights that were derivative of title to the underlying land.

In other jurisdictions, the disseisor acquires merely an equitable title; the landowner is considered to be a trustee of the property for the disseisor.

Adverse possession extends only to the property actually possessed. If the original owner had a title to a greater area (or volume) of property, the disseisor does not obtain all of it. The exception to this is when the disseisor enters the land under a color of title to an entire parcel, their continuous and actual possession of a small part of that parcel will perfect their title to the entire parcel defined in their color of title. Thus a disseisor need not build a dwelling on, or farm on, every portion of a large tract in order to prove possession, as long as their title does correctly describe the entire parcel.

In some jurisdictions, a person who has successfully obtained title to property by adverse possession may (optionally) bring an action in land court to "quiet title" of record in their name on some or all of the former owner's property. Such action will make it simpler to convey the interest to others in a definitive manner, and also serves as notice that there is a new owner of record, which may be a prerequisite to benefits such as equity loans or judicial standing as an abutter. Even if such action is not taken, the title is legally considered to belong to the new titleholder, with most of the benefits and duties, including paying property taxes to avoid losing title to the tax collector. The effects of having a stranger to the title paying taxes on property may vary from one jurisdiction to another. (Many jurisdictions have accepted tax payment for the same parcel from two different parties without raising an objection or notifying either party that the other had also paid.)

Adverse possession does not typically work against property owned by the public.

The process of adverse possession would require a thorough analysis if private property is taken by eminent domain, after which control is given to a private corporation (such as a railroad), and then abandoned.

Where land is registered under a Torrens title registration system or similar, special rules apply. It may be that the land cannot be affected by adverse possession (as was the case in England and Wales from 1875 to 1926, and as is still the case in the state of Minnesota) or that special rules apply.

Adverse possession may also apply to territorial rights. In the United States, Georgia lost an island in the Savannah River to South Carolina in 1990, when South Carolina had used fill from dredging to attach the island to its own shore. Since Georgia knew of this yet did nothing about it, the U.S. Supreme Court (which has original jurisdiction in such matters) granted this land to South Carolina, although the Treaty of Beaufort (1787) explicitly specified that the river's islands belonged to Georgia.

Civil law states
Some non-common law jurisdictions have laws similar to adverse possession. For example, Louisiana has a legal doctrine called acquisitive prescription, which is derived from French law.

Squatter's rights
Most cases of adverse possession deal with boundary line disputes between two parties who hold clear title to their property. The term "squatter's rights" has no precise and fixed legal meaning. In some jurisdictions the term refers to temporary rights available to squatters that prevent them, in some circumstances, from being removed from property without due process. For example, in England and Wales reference is usually to section 6 of the Criminal Law Act 1977. In the United States, no ownership rights are created by mere possession, and a squatter may only take possession through adverse possession if the squatter can prove all elements of an adverse possession claim for the jurisdiction in which the property is located.

As with any adverse possession claim, if a squatter abandons the property for a period, or if the rightful owner effectively removes the squatter's access even temporarily during the statutory period, or gives their permission, the "clock" usually stops. For example, if the required period in a given jurisdiction is twenty years and the squatter is removed after only 15 years, the squatter loses the benefit of that 15-year possession (i.e., the clock is reset at zero). If that squatter later retakes possession of the property, that squatter must, to acquire title, remain on the property for a full 20 years after the date on which the squatter retook possession. In this example, the squatter would have held the property for 35 years (the original 15 years plus the later 20 years) to acquire title.

Depending on the jurisdiction, one squatter may or may not pass along continuous possession to another squatter, known as "tacking". Tacking is defined as "The joining of consecutive periods of possession by different persons to treat the periods as one continuous period; esp., the adding of one's own period of land possession to that of a prior possessor to establish continuous adverse possession for the statutory period." There are three types of Privity: Privity of Contract; Privity of Possession; and Privity of Estate. One of the three types of privity is required in order for one adverse possessor to "tack" their time onto another adverse possessor in order to complete the statutory time period. One way tacking occurs is when the conveyance of the property from one adverse possessor to another is founded upon a written document (usually an erroneous deed), indicating "color of title."  A lawful owner may also restart the clock at zero by giving temporary permission for the occupation of the property, thus defeating the necessary "continuous and hostile" element. Evidence that a squatter paid rent to the owner would defeat adverse possession for that period.

England and Wales

"Squatting" became a criminal offense in England/Wales under Section 144 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO).

Section 17 of the Limitation Act 1980 means the old title holder's estate will be extinguished and a new one will be created for the successful squatter. This section also inserted an immediate power of entry to the premises into Section 17 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.

Finally, schedule 6 (para 7) of the Land Registration Act 2002 allows the successful adverse possessor to be registered as the new proprietor.

Theory and scholarship

Utilitarianism
Scholars have identified four utilitarian policies which justify adverse possession. The first is that it exists to cure potential or actual defects in real estate titles by putting a statute of limitations on possible litigation over ownership and possession. Because of the doctrine of adverse possession, a landowner can be secure in title to their land. Otherwise, long-lost heirs of any former owner, possessor or lien holder of centuries past could come forward with a legal claim on the property. The second theory is that adverse possession is "a useful method for curing minor title defects". For example, someone may have had the intention to sell all of a parcel of land but mistakenly excluded a portion of it on the title. Thus, adverse possession allows the purchaser of the land to maintain ownership of the parcel which they believed was theirs from the impressions given by the seller. The third theory is that adverse possession encourages and rewards productive use of land. Essentially, "by vesting title in the industrious settler—rather than the absentee landowner—adverse possession promote[s] rapid development". The fourth and final theory is that the adverse possessor places a high personal value on the land while the real title holder has effectively abandoned it, thus on principles of personhood and efficiency it makes sense to allow the change in title.

Copyright scholarship
Some legal scholars have proposed the extension of the concept of adverse possession to intellectual property law, in particular to reconcile intellectual property and antitrust law or to unify copyright law and property law.

See also

Adverse possession in Australia
Appropriation (economics)
Informal settlement
Title (property)
Pedis possessio ("possession of the foot"): ownership by first occupier
Squatting: unauthorized use of abandoned property with no implied ownership or right to use
Usucaption: acquisitive prescription ownership after defined period of unauthorized occupation
Uti possidetis
Preemption Act of 1841: acquisitive prescription law in USA
Rights of way in England and Wales
Usufruct: acquired right to use but not own property
Revised statute 2477: highways & paths law in USA
Easement: for related adverse rights
Lien: right of others to hold or sell to solve debt
List of real estate topics
Possession is nine-tenths of the law
Property law
Property rights
Deed: legal document defining interest or ownership
Adverse abandonment

Notes

Citations

Works cited

Further reading
O Jones, 'Out with the Owners: The Eurasian Sequels to J A Pye (Oxford) Ltd v. United Kingdom' (2008) 27 Civil Justice Quarterly 260–276

External links

Real property law
Common law legal terminology
English property law
United States property case law
Time in government

Adverse possession


Luodian County () is a county under the administration of Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in the south of Guizhou province, China, bordering Guangxi to the south.

The climate in the area is humid subtropical, with strong monsoon influences bringing heavy rain during the summer. Winters are dry due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system.

The county seat and the largest town in the county is also named Luodian; it was formerly known as Longping.

The county is frequented by both Chinese and foreign geologists, with the core area of work called Big Guizhoutan, or Big Guizhou Shoal.  This has been called a "treasure land for Triassic Period research."

History

In 629, the Tang dynasty put Le'an County (now Luodian) under the jurisdiction of Zhuangzhou.

Luodian was the seat of the Yi-speaking Luodian Kingdom () in the 9th century.

In 1292, Yuan dynasty set up Yuanfu, Le'an County was renamed Luobo County, and was put under its jurisdiction.

During the Ming dynasty, Luodian County was affiliated to the Luoboguan Inspection Department of Xilongzhou, Guangxi Province.

In the Qing dynasty, in 1727, Yongfeng Prefecture was set up, and the Luoju Court (now Luodian) was within the territory.

In 1749, Luojing Prefecture was renamed to the Prefecture of Fanzhou and was transferred to Guiyang Prefecture.

In 1913, Luojing was under the jurisdiction of Yuzhong Circuit (in Guiyang). In 1914, Luojing was set up as a county of Guizhou Province.

On March 23, 1951, Luodian was under PRC control, and the next day the Luodian County People's Government was established.

Climate

References

External links
Li Wei-huang, "The Moon above Guizhou", Tzu Chi Quarterly, Spring 2001
Hsu Hsi-man, "Guizhou: Into the Light, Tzu Chi Quarterly, Summer 2004
"China - Travel diary 2001, An Adventure to Guizhou Province", tribaltextiles.info

County-level divisions of Guizhou
Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture

Luodian County


Elfenesh Melaku (* 1985) ist eine äthiopische Marathonläuferin.

Elfenesh Melaku gewann 2007 den Genf-Marathon. 2009 wurde sie Dritte beim Alexander-der-Große-Marathon. 2011 siegte sie mit ihrer persönlichen Bestzeit von 2:35:25 h beim Athen-Marathon, und 2012 wurde sie Zweite beim Marrakesch-Marathon und Dritte bei der Maratona di Sant'Antonio.

Weblinks

     Athletenporträt von Elfenesh Melaku bei der IAAF (englisch)

Marathonläufer (Äthiopien)
Äthiopier
Geboren 1985
Frau

Elfenesh Melaku


الكهرباء الحيوية  وهو العلم الذي يبحث في الاستفادة من الإشارات الكهربائية أو المغناطيسية أو الكهرومغناطيسية للأنسجة الحية وللأجسام المجهرية التي توثر عليها بهدف تشخيص حالة وأداء هذه الأنسجة،
و هذا العلم هو أحد فرعي الهندسة الكهربائية الطبية.

مراجع

كهرومغناطيسية
علم وظائف الأعضاء
فيزياء حيوية
هندسة طبية حيوية

كهرباء حيوية


Aleksandrijski papa Petar III., također poznat kao Mongus (od grčkog μογγός mongos, "mucavi"), bio je 27. patrijarh Aleksandrije i patrijarh episkopskog trona sv. Marka.

Životopis

Nakon kalcedonskog Sabora, Petar Mongus bio je gorljivi sljedbenik miafizitizma kao i aleksandrijskog pape Timoteja II.Eilurosa pa je, nakon što je Timotej II. je protjerao patrijarha Aleksandrije, kalcedonca Proterija 457. godine, Mongus započeo s progonom kalcedonaca.

Timotej II. Eiluros je bio aleksandrijski patrijarh od 457. do 460. godine kada je prognan, a na njegovo mjesto je izabran Timotej III. poznat i kao Timotej Salofakiolos. Timotej II. Eiluros se vratio 475. godine, te je ponovno izabran za aleksandrijskog patrijarha što je obnašao sve do svoje smrti 477. godine. Njegovi sljedbenici su ponovno izabrali Petra Mongusa za njegovog nasljednika. Međutim, očito nezadovoljan ponovnim izborom Petra Mongusa za patrijarha, bizantski car car Zenon dovodi nazad u Aleksandriju Timoteja III. Salofakiolosa - kalcedonca koji je mijenjao Timoteja II. Eilurosa od 460. do 475. godine, a Mongusa osuđuje na izgnanstvo.

Mongus je žurno pobjegao i ostao skriven do 482. godine. Nakon smrti aleksandrijskog patrijarha Timoteja III. 482. godine, Ivan I. Talaiaje postaje aleksandrijski patrijarh. Bizant su tada potresali vjerski sukobi monofizita i kalcedonaca tj. pristalica pravovjerja. Želeći stati na kraj sukobima car je izdao henotikonski edikt (grč. unija), kojim je htio pronaći kompromisno rješenje za obje strane. Međutim, jer je Talaia odbio priznati edikt, car ga izopćuje i protjeruje, a priznaje Mongusu status legitimnog patrijarha, ali pod uvjetom da potpiše Henotikon. Mongus je to ispoštovao i nakon što je preuzeo tron, potpisao je kontroverzni dokument i poslao obavijest o njegovom ustoličenju svojim kolegama patrijarsima. Konstantinopolski patrijarh Akacije ga je upisao u svoj diptih kao aleksandrijskog patrijarha. Upisivanjem patrijarhovog imena u diptih je značilo da lokalna crkva smatra, odnosno potvrđuje da je u svom zajedništvu s patrijarhom.

Talaia je u međuvremenu pobjegao u Rim, gdje ga je papa Simplicije. srdačno dočekao. Simplicije je odbio priznati Mongusa na mjestu aleksandrijskog patrijarha i branio je prava patrijarha Talaia u dva pisma koja je poslao patrijarhu Akaciju. Pošto je Akacije ostao odan Henotikonskom ediktu i zajedništvu s Mongusom, Papa je 484. godine ekskomunicirao patrijarhe što je dovelo do Akacijeve šizme koja je trajala do 519. godine.

Unatoč svemu, Mongus je postao glavni pobornik svih miafizita. Održao je sinodu da bi osudio Kalcedon te oskrnavio grobove dvojice kalcedonskih prethodnika - Proterija i Timoteja Salofakiolosa. Kad je Akacije umro 489. godine, Mongus je poticao njegovog nasljednika konstantinopolskog patrijarha Fravita (489. do 490.) da održava raskol s Rimom. Fravitov nasljednik Eufemie (490. do 496.) nastojao je prevazići raskol na način što je ekscomunicirao Mongusa koji je ubrzo nakon toga umro 490. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 "Peter Mongo" in: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church., F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (ed.), London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 1074.
 New Advent, Petar Mongus
 "Peter Mongo" in: The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church., F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (ed.), London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 1074.

|-

|-

Koptski pape

Petar III. Aleksandrijski


The Henschel Hs 126 was a German two-seat reconnaissance and observation aircraft of World War II that was derived from the Henschel Hs 122. The pilot was seated in a protected cockpit under the parasol wing and the gunner in an open rear cockpit. The prototype aircraft frame was that of a Hs 122A fitted with a Junkers engine. The Hs 126 was well received for its good short takeoff and low-speed characteristics which were needed at the time. It was put into service for a few years, but was soon superseded by the general-purpose, STOL Fieseler Fi 156 Storch and the medium-range Focke-Wulf Fw 189 "flying eye".

Development
The first prototype was not entirely up to Luftwaffe standards; it was followed by two more development planes equipped with different engines. Following the third prototype, ten pre-production planes were built in 1937. The Hs 126 entered service in 1938 after operational evaluation with the Legion Condor contingent to the Spanish Civil War.

Operational history
By the time the Hs 126 A-1 joined the Luftwaffe, the re-equipping of reconnaissance formations was already well advanced. By the start of World War II in September 1939, the Hs 126 served with Aufkl.Gr 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 23, 31, 32 und 41. They were used with great success in the attack on Poland where it proved itself as a reliable observation and liaison aircraft. Its use continued after the end of the Phony War in May 1940. It suffered some losses when intercepted by Allied fighter aircraft: 20 Hs 126s were lost between 10 and 21 May 1940.

Its successor, the Focke-Wulf Fw 189 entered service in 1940 but the Hs 126 remained the main short range reconnaissance aircraft until 1942. 47 squadrons equipped with Hs 126s participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The Hs 126 was also used in North Africa, such as with the 2./Aufklärungsgruppe (H)/14 which used the type until the end of 1942.

Late in the war, it was used in glider tug and night ground attack roles, but production of the Hs 126 ended in 1941 and the type was retired from the front line in 1943.

On 12 September 1943 Henschel 126s were used to tow 10 DFS 230 attack gliders from Pratica Di Mare airfield near Rome to the Gran Sasso on a raid to rescue Benito Mussolini. Mussolini had been imprisoned there after being deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism, followed by a decree from the King of Italy. The Henschel was a smaller tow plane compared the usual Junkers Ju 52 three-engine tow plane and struggled to gain altitude to clear the mountains on the way. This led to confusion when the lead Kette of three gliders turned to gain altitude allowing Otto Skorzeny's group of three gliders to assume the lead.

Greece
At the outbreak of Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, the Royal Hellenic Air Force (Ellinikí Vasilikí Aeroporía, RHAF) had in service 16 Henschels, with 3 Observation Mira, under III Corps, based in Thessaloniki and Veria. Two days after the start of the war, on 30 October, there was the first air battle between Italian Regia Aeronautica and the RHAF when some Henschel Hs 126 of 3/2 Flight from 3 Observation Mira took off to locate Italian Army columns. But they were intercepted and attacked by Fiat CR.42s of 393a Squadriglia. A first Henschel was hit and crashed, killing its observer, Pilot Officer Evanghelos Giannaris, the first Greek aviator to die in the war. A second Hs 126 was downed over Mount Smolikas, killing Pilot Officer Lazaros Papamichail and Sergeant Constantine Yemenetzis.

Operators
 Estonian Air Force
 Luftwaffe
 Royal Hellenic Air Force
 Spanish State Spanish Air Force

Specifications (Hs 126 B-1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Carr, John, On Spartan Wings, Barnsley, SY: Pens & Sword Military, 2012. .
 Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. .
 Gerdessen, F. Versatile Informer in Estonia. Air Enthusiast 105, May/June 2003, p. 76.
 Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 1970 (fourth impression 1979). .

 Luranc, Zbigniew. Henschel Hs 126 - Skrzydła w Miniaturze (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: Wydawnictwo Avia-Press, 1995. .
 Nowarra, Heinz J. Nahaufklärer, 1910-1945: Die Augen des Heeres (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag, 1981. .
 Pęczkowski, Robert and Robert Panek. Henschel Hs 126. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2008. .
 Smith, J. Richard and Anthony Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company, 1972 (third impression 1978). .
 Wood, Tony and Bill Gunston. Hitler's Luftwaffe: A Pictorial History and Technical Encyclopedia of Hitler's Air Power in World War II. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1977. .

Hs 126
1930s German military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
World War II reconnaissance aircraft of Germany
Aircraft first flown in 1936

Henschel Hs 126


Beňadovo este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Námestovo din regiunea Žilina. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 862 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Breza.

Istoric
Localitatea Beňadovo este atestată documentar din 1663.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Beňadovo


Selva María es una telenovela venezolana producida por la productora Coral Pictures para la cadena venezolana RCTV en el año 1987.

Es versión de la telenovela Mariana de la noche, historia original de la escritora cubana Delia Fiallo, cuya adaptación fue de Gustavo Michelena.

Protagonizada por Mariela Alcalá y Franklin Virgüez, y con las participaciones antagónicas de Guillermo Ferrán e Hilda Abrahamz.

Argumento
La protagonista de esta historia es Selva María Altamirano, hija de un empresario de minería llamado Fernando Altamirano. Cuando era niña, Selva María se fue de su pueblo para ir a estudiar a un colegio de monjas en la ciudad de Caracas. Durante los años de estudio nunca tuvo contacto con su padre, sino con su tía paterna, Adelaida, que iba a visitarla con cierta frecuencia.

Cuando termina sus estudios, Selva María regresa a su casa muy feliz porque volverá a ver a toda su gente, pero Selva María no sabe que Fernando Altamirano no es su verdadero padre y además es un mal hombre que hará todo lo que esté en su mano para que ningún hombre se acerque a ella.

Sin embargo, Selva María conoce a Rodrigo, un apuesto periodista del cual se enamorará a pesar de la oposición de Fernando. Aunque en la relación de los dos se opone también Carla, quien se convierte en cómplice y mano derecha de Fernando.

Selva María y Rodrigo tendrán que luchar duramente por su amor para poder estar juntos y ser felices.

Elenco
 Mariela Alcalá .... Selva María Altamirano
 Franklin Vírgüez .... Rodrigo Reyes-Navas / Cheo Reyna
 Tomás Henríquez .... Cuaima
 Hilda Abrahamz .... Carla Altamirano
 América Barrios .... Mirita
 Helianta Cruz .... Adelaida Altamirano
 Dalila Colombo .... Evelyn
 Guillermo Ferrán .... Fernando Altamirano
 Roberto Moll .... Dr. Andrés Ávila
 Ignacio Navarro .... Klauss
 Carlos Villamizar .... Joaquín Mijares
 Dilia Waikkarán .... Gioconda
 Arístides Aguiar .... Ing. Germán Figueroa
 Jaime Araque
 Gisvel Ascanio
 Gledys Ibarra .... Lirio
 Abby Raymond .... Magui Altamirano
 Nancy Soto
 Evelyn Berroterán
 Pedro Durán
 Antonio Machuca .... Bienmesabe
 Pablo Gil
 Johan Andrade
 Crisol Carabal .... Daniela
 Carlos Flores
 Ricardo Gruber
 Rómulo Herrada
 José Rafael Giménez
 Trino Jiménez
 Julio Mujica .... Sargento
 Ana Berta López ... "Loly"
 Oswaldo Paiva
 Blanca Pereira
 María Alexandra Salamánquez
 Karl Hoffman

Versiones

 La primera versión de esta telenovela fue la telenovela Mariana de la noche, producida en 1976 por Tabaré Pérez para el canal venezolano Venevisión, sus protagonistas fueron Lupita Ferrer y José Bardina y sus antagonistas fueron Martín Lantigua e Ivonne Attas.

 La productora mexicana Televisa realizó una adaptación de esta telenovela para México también con el título original, Mariana de la noche, producida en 2003 por Salvador Mejía, sus protagonistas fueron Alejandra Barros y Jorge Salinas y sus antagonistas fueron Angélica Rivera y César Évora.

Telenovelas de Venezuela
Telenovelas de 1987
Telenovelas de RCTV
Telenovelas en español

Selva María


Un ravelin este o fortificație triunghiulară având rol de avanpost, situată în exteriorul zidului de incintă (curtina) și bastioanele unei fortărețe sau cetăți. Inițial s-a numit demilună, după fortificația din centru (lunetă).

Rolul ravelinului era de a apăra (flanca) bastioanele și curtina. Prin poziția sa avansată împiedica artileria atacatoare să lovească direct curtina sau bastioanele. Forma sa de pană permitea să fie flancat de bastioane. Pentru a ataca un bastion atacatorul era nevoit să cucerească întâi ambele raveline care flancau bastionul respectiv, ceea ce întârzia mult atacul.

În partea din spate (spre curtină) ravelinul nu avea zid, sau cel mult un zid mic, pentru a nu oferi adăpost împotriva focului executat din bastioane sau de pe curtină trupelor care eventual ar fi cucerit ravelinul. Accesul pe ravelin se făcea pe contragărzi sau de pe curtină pe un pod care putea fi ridicat. Pe ravelin putea fi plasată o lunetă (cazemată) pentru a întări rezistența la asediu.

Primul exemplu de ravelin apare în fortificațiile orașului Sarzanello, în 1497. Înițial ele erau din cărămidă, dar ulterior au fost formate din pământ, doar fața fiind de cărămidă, cu rol de stabilizare a pământului la intemperii. Astfel ravelinul avea o capacitate de încasare mare, loviturile ghiulelelor fiind amortizate. Originile ravelinului vin din conceptul italian de fortăreață stelată. Inginerul militar francez din secolul al XVII-lea Vauban le-a folosit intensiv în fortificațiile construite pentru Ludovic al XIV-lea iar ideile sale au fost folosite în toată Europa, de exemplu în 1761 de maiorul William Green (ulterior general) la Gibraltar.

Note

Fortificații după tip

Ravelin


Karl Vögeli (* 1942) ist ein Schweizer Journalist.

Vögeli studierte Germanistik an der Universität Zürich. Danach war er Redaktor bei der Schweizerischen Depeschenagentur, Leiter der Lokalredaktion des Berner Tagblatts und Bundeshausjournalist für den Blick.

1978 ersetzte Vögeli Roger Schawinski als Chefredaktor der Zeitung Die Tat, worauf es zum Streik kam, der zum Ende dieser Zeitung führte. Danach war er Leiter der Abteilung Neue Medien beim Migros-Genossenschafts-Bund, technischer Chefredaktor der Migros-Presse sowie publizistischer und verlegerischer Leiter der Coop-Presse.

2005 bis 2015 leitete Vögeli die Vögeli Medienconsulting GmbH und hielt Vorträge. Von 2012 bis 2017 war er Präsident der Oertli-Stiftung.

Einzelnachweise

Chefredakteur
Zeitungsjournalist
Journalist (Schweiz)
Person (Zürich)
Schweizer
Geboren 1942
Mann

Karl Vögeli


Éva László (născută Hehs; ) a fost o mezzosoprană, membră cofondatoare a Operei Maghiare din Cluj. A interpretat 31 de roluri între 1949 și 1970.

Biografie

Viață privată
Eva Laszlo s-a născut la Arad la 6 octombrie 1923. Tatăl Évei László venea dintr-o familie nobilă germană, familia Hehs. Mama, era fiica unor doctori evrei și s-a convertit la religia luterană la cererea soțului ei.

Eva Hehs (care a fost numele ei de fată) a rămas orfană la 11 ani și împreună cu sora ei Agi a fost crescută de familia ei îndepărtată și a trăit într-o sărăcie lucie. Sora ei a murit în 1950 la Arad.

În 1942 i s-a oferit să lucreze ca solistă la Radio Budapesta, dar autoritățile hortiste au retrimis-o în România din cauza originilor evreiești ale mamei sale.

La 6 martie 1945 s-a căsătorit cu Laszlo Roth, la Arad. În 1948 familia Roth împreună cu mama soțului ei s-au mutat la Cluj cu ocazia deschiderii Operei Maghiare, unde Laszlo Eva a fost acceptată ca solistă.

Eva Laszlo a devenit numele de artistă a Evei Roth, ea a fost sfătuită să își schimbe numele dintr-un nume evreiesc (soțul ei era evreu) în unul maghiar. Laszlo era de fapt prenumele soțului ei.

Studii
A urmat Conservatorul de Muzica "Gheorghe Dima" din Cluj, promoția 1950 alături de Ludovic Spiess, David Ohanesian, Angela Moldovan.

Familie
Laszlo Eva a avut un copil, George Roth. George Roth trăiește în California, este căsătorit cu Leslie Roth. Prima soție a lui George Roth a fost Rodica Roth, cu care are doi copii, Iulia Roth și Andrei Roth. Iulia Roth trăiește la Bruxelles este căsătorită și are o fetiță, Andrei Roth trăiește la Cluj, este căsătorit și are un băiat și o fetiță.
Laszlo Roth a murit la Cluj, în octombrie 2009.

Eva Laszlo a trăit la Cluj până la moarte, pe strada Horea la numărul 19.

Activitatea profesională

În România
A început activitatea ca funcționară la Arad.
A venit la Cluj cu ocazia înființării Operei Populare Maghiare din Cluj în 1948. A interpretat un număr mare de roluri, printre care Carmen din Opera Carmen de Bizet, Eboli din Opera Don Carlo de Verdi, Judith din Castelul lui Barbă Albastră de Bela Bartok, Regina Gertrudis din Bank Ban de Erkel Ferencz, Orsze din Hary Janos de Kodaly, etc.

A activat ca solistă a Operei Maghiare din Cluj între 1949 și 1970 unde a interpretat 31 de roluri.

În străinătate
A cântat în multe turnee în perioada 1960-1975 în:
 URSS (Moscova, Riga, Vilnius, Tbilisi, Odesa, Kiev)
 RD Germania
 Bulgaria
 Polonia
 Egipt
 Italia

Distincții
În anul 1964 a primit Ordinul Muncii clasa a III-a, RSR. În anul 1992 a fost numita membru etern al Operei Maghiare din Cluj.

Note

Legături externe

Emisiuni de la Radio Cluj
 In memoriam Laszlo Eva , Radio Cluj , 28 decembrie 1995 - in limba maghiara
 (limba maghiara) Masa Rotunda cu Szinberger Sandor, Ronai Antal, Laszlo Eva despre turneul la Cairo , 26 ianuarie 1967, realizat de Porzsolt Victor, 9:27 limba maghiara
 Portret de Muzician - Interviu cu Laszlo Eva, 12 iulie 1977, reporter Balla Zsofia, 31:23 - limba maghiara
 25 de ani de la infintarea Operei Maghiare, 22 noiembrie 1973, Porzsolt Viktor, 33:24 - limba maghiara

Inregistrari

 Aria din Opera Carmen de Bizet interpretata de Laszlo Eva
 Aria Printesei Eboli din Opera Don Carlo de Verdi
 Aria Azucena din Opera Bal Mascat de Verdi
 Aria Gertrudis din Opera Bank Ban de Erkel
 Ceaikovski , Dama de Pica : Contesa
 Back . Pasiunea lui Sfantul Ion
 Offenbach: Povestile lui Hoffman 1960
 Note

Imagini
 Bizet Carmen: Carmen
 Erkel  Bank Ban : Gertrudis
 Verdi Bal Mascat: Azucena
 Verdi Don Carlo: Eboli
Bartok Castelul lui Barba Albastra: Judith
Kodaly Hary Janos: Orzse
Verdi: Falstaff : Mts. Quickly
Bizet Carmen: Mercedes

Nașteri în 1923
Decese în 1995
Mezzosoprane române
Opera Maghiara Cluj
Maghiari din Transilvania
Decorați cu Ordinul Muncii
Evrei din Transilvania

Éva László


Bir ilgi veya benzetme sonucu gerçek anlamından başka anlamda kullanılan sözlere veya kavramlara Türkçe eğretileme; Arapça mecaz, istiare; Fransızca trope denir. "Mecaz" Arapça, "trope" Eski Yunanca ve Metafor Yunancadır. Ad değişimi olarak da bilinir. Mecâz sanatı, anlatımı daha etkili kılmak ve söze canlılık kazandırmak amacıyla yapılır. Söze güzellik, güçlülük, canlılık, zarafet, derinlik veya genişlik verir. Eski Yunan'da "mecaz" anlamda kullanılan "metafor" sözcüğü Antikçağ'ın sonlarına doğru anlam daralmasına uğramış ve yerini "trope" sözcüğe bırakmıştır.

Kandilli yüzerken uykularda
Mehtabı sürükledik sularda
-Yahya Kemal Beyatlı

Yukarıdaki mısralarda Kandilli semtinin uykularda yüzmesi ve mehtabın sularda sürüklenmesi; sözcüklerin asıl anlamının dışında güzelleştirme, zarifleştirme ve güçlendirme gibi amaçlarla mecaz olarak kullanılmasına örnektir.

Etimoloji
"Mecaz" sözcüğü Türkçeye en geç 1300'lü yıllarda, Arapça "macāz" sözcüğünden geçmiştir. Bu sözcük Arapçadaki cwz (geçit, köprü) kökünden gelir. Türkçeye Fransızcadan geçen, Antik Yunancada "taşıma, transfer etmek" anlamlarına gelen "metafor" sözcüğü daha sonra anlam daralmasına uğramıştır.

Aristoteles tarafından "mecaz" anlamında kullanılan metafor sözcüğü, Antik Çağ'ın sonlarına doğru ise anlam daralmasına uğrayarak Türkçedeki "istiare, eğretileme" kavramları karşılığında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Gerçek anlam
Bir kavramın mecaz olmayan anlamlarına gerçek anlam denir:

 Babam yorganı üzerime çekip iyi uykular diledikten sonra alnımdan öptü. (gerçek anlam)
 Ay ışığında yakamozlar dans ediyor, dalgalar sahili öpüyordu. (mecâz)
 Bugün hava çok soğuk. (gerçek anlam)
 Soğuk bir tavırla birbirlerini selamlayıp uzaklaştılar. -R. H. Karay.  (mecâz)
 Sabah erkenden uyandım. (gerçek anlam)
 Baharın gelmesi ile birlikte doğa uyandı. (mecâz)

Yan anlam
Mecaz anlam sıklıkla yan anlam ile karıştırılır. Yan anlamların her biri, sözcüğün gerçek anlamlarından biridir ve birincil anlamla (temel anlamla) yakından ilişkilidir.

 Torpido ile vurulan gemi bir süre sonra battı. (temel anlam)
 Elime iğne battı. (yan anlam)
 Güneş bugün saat yedide batacak. (yan anlam)
 Hamileliğin de verdiği alınganlıkla her sözümüz ona batıyordu. (mecâz)

Mecaz türleri
Mecaz, sözcük ve fikir mecazları olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Sözcük mecazında bir sözcük gerçek anlamı dışında, fikir mecazında ise herhangi bir fikir kendi anlamının dışında bir amaçla kullanılır.

Kaynakça
Öyken, E. , Güven Günay, E. B. "Kum Tanelerini Saymak: Latin Şiirinde Öznel Zaman Algısına Kavramsal Metafor Açısından Bakış". Felsefe Arkivi (2023 ): 179-252

Söz sanatları
Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Mecaz


IC 4562 est une galaxie elliptique située dans la constellation du Bouvier. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . Cette galaxie a été découverte par l'astronome américain Edward Barnard en 1890.

Groupe d'IC 4562
IC 4562 fait partie d'un groupe de galaxies qui porte son nom. Selon Abraham Mahtessian le groupe d'IC 4562 au moins six membres. Les cinq autres galaxies du groupe sont NGC 5934, NGC 5945, IC 4564, IC 4566 et IC 4567.

La distance de Hubble de PGC 55563 est égale à . Cette galaxie forme donc une paire physique avec IC 4562. On doit donc logiquement l'ajouter au groupe d'IC 4562.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du IC

Liens externes

 IC 4562 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

4562
Constellation du Bouvier
Galaxie elliptique
Galaxie en interaction
Galaxie découverte en 1890
Objet céleste découvert par Edward Barnard

IC 4562