The AMP was a youth center and music venue in Minot, North Dakota, United States. Established in October 2003 by Billy Luetzen, the AMP provided a place for local youth to hang out, and on most weekends staged a concert. Generally concerts had a lot of punk rock, but indie and acoustic acts played there. The AMP also organized film and theater events.

The predecessor of AMP was the Liberty Social Tavern.

History
In September 2003, following the closure of the Liberty, a group of people met at the Minot Public Library to discuss the future of live performance in the city. These artists, musicians, and performers group led by Billy Luetzen found a location for a new venue with an owner willing to allow preemptible use of the building for virtually no cost; an abandoned fur and leather factory in northeast Minot.

The building, at 412 3rd St. NW, was renovated over the course of a month, and the first concerts were held in October 2003.

In July 2004, the AMP was forced to close its first location when the building owner found a renter. The AMP organized events at the Taube Museum of Art and the Minot Public Library over the summer of 2004. There was considerable controversy over a show held in September 2004, a film festival put on by a travelling group espousing borderline criminal activities. The manager of the Dakota Square Mall asked the president of Minot State University to cancel the show, which was then scheduled to take place at the Aleshire Theatre on campus. Following a row with several professors over censorship concerns, the show was reinstated, but by that time a room at the Public Library had already been rented and the show took place there.

Soon thereafter, the building of a closed downtown curio and scrapbook shop was offered to Luetzen, and on 30 October 2004 the AMP held its first concert at a location downtown, at 106 South Main Street. In February 2006, the owner sold the building to developers, and the AMP was forced to return to finding venues for shows on an ad-hoc basis.

Notable acts that have played at the AMP

burnthe8track
The Robot Ate Me
Southerly
Sycamore Smith
The White Foliage
Defiance Ohio

External links
The AMP website

Youth organizations based in North Dakota
Music venues in North Dakota
Music venues completed in 2003
Music venues in Minot, North Dakota
2003 establishments in North Dakota

The AMP


Kristjana Arnarsdóttir (fædd 1990) er íþróttafréttamaður og kynnir í sjónvarps leikjaþættinum Gettu Betur á RÚV.

Íslenskt fjölmiðlafólk

Kristjana Arnarsdóttir


Tsering Lhamo (), née le 10 février 1969 dans la région de Ngaba en Amdo au Tibet, est une femme politique tibétaine.

Biographie
Après ses études, elle travaille comme traductrice de langue tibétaine et chinoise à la section politique du bureau du comté de Ngaba en 1991.

Elle s'enfuit en Inde en 1992 et devient sous-secrétaire au Tibet Policy Institute de l'administration centrale tibétaine (ACT), alors appelé Research and Analysis, pendant six ans. En 1999, elle s'installe à Taïwan et travail comme journaliste à Radio Free Asia pendant un an et à Voice of America pendant huit ans. Après son retour en Inde, elle travaille comme co-secrétaire du département de la sécurité de l'ACT pendant trois ans, et au département de l'information et des relations internationales en tant qu'éditrice de site Web et responsable du bureau Chine pendant cinq ans. Elle est élue à la  assemblée tibétaine du Parlement tibétain en exil, et siège alors dans des commissions parlementaires et traduit en chinois le livre Ma terre et mon peuple du  dalaï-lama.

En novembre 2019, Tsering Lhamo dirige une délégation de quatre membres du Parlement tibétain en exil, dont Kunga Sotop, Lobsang Dakpa et Gowo Lobsang Pendé qui visite la France, la Belgique et les Pays-Bas. Ils concentrent leur plaidoyer sur trois sujets : la répression contre le bouddhisme tibétain ; les attaques contre la culture et l'identité tibétaines ; et la situation environnementale au Tibet. Ils soulignent aussi les difficultés d'accès au Tibet, notamment pour les citoyens tibétains d'Europe, et appellent les parlementaires à adopter une législation similaire à la loi américaine sur l'accès réciproque au Tibet. En France, ils rencontrent les sénateurs Guillaume Arnell et Maurice Antiste. À Bruxelles, ils rencontrent le vice-président de la commission des Affaires étrangères du Parlement belge Samuel Cogolati ainsi que les membres du Parlement européen Isabel Santos, Manuel Pizarro, Martin Horwood, Mikuláš Peksa et Fabio Massimo Castaldo. Aux Pays-Bas, les membres de la délégation sont reçus par la Commission des relations extérieures du Parlement. Ils rencontrent aussi des responsables du ministère néerlandais des Affaires étrangères, et le DWARS, l'organisation de jeunesse du Parti de la gauche verte. La réunion est organisée par Kunsel Rinchen Dorjee, un jeune Tibétain né et élevé aux Pays-Bas, qui est membre du DWARS. Ils visitent aussi la Tibetan Gangjong Rigzod Weekend School à Amsterdam et rencontrent la communauté tibétaine des Pays-Bas. La délégation note l'enthousiasme et l'engagement des enseignants et des jeunes enfants tibétains dans l'apprentissage de la langue tibétaine dans un effort pour préserver leur culture en Occident.

Tsering Lhamo est actuellement membre de la  assemblée tibétaine du Parlement tibétain en exil et représente la province de Dhomey.

Références

Naissance en Amdo
Naissance en février 1969
Traducteur depuis le tibétain vers le chinois
Député tibétain
Journaliste tibétain
Femme politique tibétaine

Tsering Lhamo


එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලනික සන්ධානයකි.

සන්ධානය නිර්මානය වූයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂය, ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ, ශ්‍රි ලංකා මහජන පක්ෂය, මුස්ලිම් ජාතික එක්සත් සන්ධානය, මහජන එක්සත් පෙරමුණ, ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එක්සත් ජාතික පෙරමුණ, දේශ විමුක්ති ජනතා පක්ෂය

2004 මැතිවරණය ඉදිරියේ තිබිය දී කොමියුනිස්ට් ශ්‍රී ලංකා පක්ෂය සහ ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය  සමඟ අවබෝධතා ගිවිසුමක් අත්සන් කරන ලදී. එමඟින් එම පක්ෂ දෙක යූ.පී.එ‍ෆ්.ඒ. සංධානයේ මැති‍වරණ ලකුණෙන් තරඟ කිරීමට එකඟ වුණි.
2004 අප්‍රේල් 2 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මැතිවරණයේ දී ආසන 225න් ආසන 105ක් ලබා 45.6% ඡන්ද ප්‍රතිශතයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ සුළුතර ආණුඩුවක් බවට පක්ෂය පත් කරමින් චන්ද්‍රිකා කුමාරතුංග ජනාධිපතිනි‍යගේ රජයෙන් එහි ප්‍රධාන පක්ෂයක් වූ ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ 2005 අප්‍රේල්වලදී අස් විය.
2005 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ජනාධිපතිවරණය, 2005 දී එම පක්ෂ අපේක්ෂක මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ සියයට ඡන්ද 50.29% ලබමින් පළවෙනි තැනට පත්විය.
2010 දී ද ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනාධිපතිවරණය, 2010 දී එම පක්ෂ අපේක්ෂක මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ සියයට ඡන්ද 57.88% ලබමින් පළවෙනි තැනට පත්විය. කෙසේ වෙතත් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජනාධිපතිවරණය, 2015 දී තෙවන වතාවට තරඟ වැදුනු එම පක්ෂ අපේක්ෂක මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතා පරාජයට පත් විය.

ආශ්‍රිත
 එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය

දේශපාලන පක්ෂ ලැයිස්තුව

එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානය


Mixed pickles are pickles made from a variety of vegetables mixed in the same pickling process. Mixed pickles are eaten much like other pickles: in small amounts to add flavor and to accent a meal. Mixed pickles appear in many different world cuisines.

In U.S. cuisine, a mixed pickle consists of vegetables typically including cucumbers, cauliflower, cut large onions, and bell peppers, as well as spices like garlic, dill, allspice, and chili peppers, suspended in vinegar. Mixed pickles may also be categorized as sweet or sour depending on the addition of a sweetening agent like sugar.

In British cuisine, mixed pickles typically include small whole onions, gherkins, and cauliflower. Some specific kinds of British mixed pickle are Branston pickle (more properly termed a relish), and piccalilli (the latter also found in U.S. cuisine).

In Indian cuisine, a mixed Indian pickle is more likely to contain fruits (for example, mangos and limes) as well as vegetables. Indian pickle is prepared using oil unlike western pickles, and is more likely to use lemon juice or some other acid as a souring agent instead of vinegar. Spices and ingredients vary from region to region.

Recipes for mixed pickles can also be found in Chinese cuisine, Middle Eastern cuisine, and many other world cuisines.

See also

References

External links
Photos of Western mixed pickles  (second to last and third to last photos)

Pickles
Indian pickles
Vegetable dishes

Mixed pickle


HŠK Šparta Zagreb, hrvatsko športsko društvo iz Zagreba. Nogometni klub osnovan je 1911., a službeno registriran 1913. godine. Rukometnu sekciju osnovali su Klement Heger, Krešo Pavlin i Josip Ljubičić 1939. godine. Rukometne utakmice igrala je na igralištu pokraj Elektrane. Utakmice su se igrale subotom ili nedjeljom poslije podne. Šparta se natjecala u rukometnim prvenstvima NDH.

Klupska boja je zelena.

Izvori

Športska društva
Šport u Zagrebu

HŠK Šparta Zagreb


Hrvatska muslimanska čitaonica bila je kulturna ustanova muslimanskih Hrvata u Tešnju. Osnovao ju je Ademaga Mešić, poznati hrvatski nacionalist, 1895. godine, zbog čega ga je zatvorio režim Benjamina Kallaya, koji je silom Hrvatima i Srbima neuspješno naturao bošnjaštvo, uvjeravajući ih da nisu to kako se osjećaju i deklariraju.

Izvori

Tešanj
Kultura Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine

Hrvatska muslimanska čitaonica u Tešnju


Anita O'Day (d. 18 Ekim 1919 - ö. 23 Kasım 2006), Amerikalı bir caz şarkıcısıdır. Ella Fitzgerald ve Billie Holiday gibi caz ustalarıyla birlikte, cazın kraliçelerinden sayılır. "Beyaz tenli caz vokalistleri"nin vazgeçilmezlerindendir. Asıl adı "Anita Belle Colton"dur. "Swing" ve "bebop" zamanlarının sanatçılarındandır. Sesinin berraklığı ve tüm caz türlerinde verdiği eserler sayesinde, yaşadığı yüzyılın en büyük caz sanatçılarından biri olarak kabul görmüştür. 86 yaşında iken, "Indestructible!" adlı albümü çıkarmıştı.

Biyografi

İlk yıllar ve "Off-Beat"
Müzik dünyasına "küçük" sayılabilecek yaşlarda atılan O'Day, ilk iş olarak, adında birkaç değişikliğe gitti ve "Anita Belle Colton" olan adını, "Anita O'Day" olarak değiştirdi. İsminde, kendince gerekli gördüğü değişiklikleri yaptıktan sonra, 1930'ların başında, "Off-Beat" olarak bilinen bir caz klubünde şarkı söylemeye başladı. "Off-Beat", o zamanların Amerika'sının en ünlü müzik adamlarından biri olan Gene Krupa'nın uğrak bir mekanı olduğundan; bu, O'Day için büyük bir şans oldu ve 1941 yılında, O'Day, Krupa'nın grubuna katıldı. Anita O'Day'in de aralarına katılması ile daha da güçlenen "Gene Krupa ve Grubu", birkaç hafta sonra da trompetçi Roy Eldridge'i ye bünyesine alarak, daha da güçlendi. Özellikle Eldridge ile büyük uyum sağlayan O'Day, "Let Me Off Uptown" adlı şarkıyı da kendisiyle işbirliği yaparak piyasaya sürdü ve ilk büyük başarısını elde etti. Bu parça, üç/dört hafta gibi çok kısa bir sürede, rekor seviyesinde satarak; 1 milyon dolarlık satış yaptı. Bu satış rakamı ile O'Day, birlikte çalıştığı ve o zamanların çok meşhur müzik grubu olan "Gene Krupa ve Grubu"nun ününden daha büyük bir üne kavuştu. Aynı yıl içerisinde, O'Day, "Down Beat" tarafından, "Yılın En İyisi" olarak seçildi.

Gene Krupa: Beraber ve yalnız
1942 yılında, Gene Krupa ile birlikte iki kısa filmde yer alarak; "Thanks for the Boogie Ride" ve "Let Me Off Uptown" parçalarını seslendirdi ve aynı yıl "Down Beat" okurları tarafından, "En İyi 5 'Band' Şarkıcısı" arasında gösterildi (Dördüncü sırada). Aynı listede, Helen O'Connell, Helen Forrest, Billie Holiday ve Dinah Shore da vardı.

1943 yılında, Krupa'nın marihuana kullanmasından ötürü tutuklanmasıyla; "Krupa'nın Grubu" dağıldı. Bu dağılmadan sonra, birkaç müzik grubu ile de çalışmaya başlayan O'Day, sonunda, 1944 Nisan'ında Stan Kenton'un grubuna katıldı. Yaklaşık 1 yıl kadar (11 ay) Kenton ile çalıştıktan sonra, tekrar Krupa'ya döndü. Kenton ile çalıştığı yıllarda onlarca şarkı kaydetti ve "And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine" adlı parça ile milyonlar satarak; Kenton'u müzik listelerinde zirveye taşıdı. Yine Kenton ile çalışmakta iken, iki kısa filmde de yer aldı ve "Kenton ile beraber çalıştığım süre boyunca, kendimi çok geliştirdim" açıklamasını yaptı.

1945 yılında, tekrar Krupa ile çalışmaya başladı ve bu süre boyunca yine onlarca kayıt yaptı. Bu kayıtlar içerisinde, "That Feeling in the Moonlight" ve "Harriet" büyük yankı uyandırdı. 1946 yılında, Krupa'dan tekrar ayrılan O'Day, solo kariyerine tekrar başladı ve tek başına hareket etmeye devam etti.

1940'ların sonu ve uyarıcılar
1940'ların sonuna doğru, O'Day artık tek başına ilerlemeye karar vermişti ve parçalarını, popüler olmak adına birbiri ardına çıkardı. Bunların birçoğu kendisini "caz vokalistliği"ni tehlikeye atacak derecede de olsa, How High The Moon gibi şimdilerin pek meşhur caz standartlarını da içlerinde barındırıyorlardı.

1947'nin sonlarına doğru, edindiği şöhretin bir getirisi mi bilinmez, O'Day'in başı uyarıcılar ile belaya girdi ve 90 yıllık süre ile devam edecek hapis cezasına mahkûm edildi. Ancak, O'Day bundan da bir şekilde kurtulmuş olmalı ki, 90 yıllık süre ile cezaevinde kalmadı.

Olay üzerinden tam bir yıl sonra, 1948 yılında, caz piyasisti Count Basie ile çalışması sebebiyle, O'Day, o zamana kadar kariyerinde geldiği en üst noktaya erişti. Bu başarılardan birkaç yıl sonra, 1952 yılında, O'Day marijuana bulundurmaktan tekrar tutuklandı. Ancak, suçsuz bulundu. 1953 yılının Mart ayında, bu sefer, eroin bulundurmaktan tutuklandı ve 6 ay hapse mahkûm edildi.

İlk albüm ve sonrasında gelen başarı
"The Lady Is A Tramp" adlı albümü ile (yeniden düzenlemedeki adı ile), O'Day, ilk albümünü de kaydetmiş oldu. Bu albüm, O'Day'in müzik dünyasında kalıcı olabilmesi için hayli önemli bir sınavdı. O'Day bu albümü ile, büyük bir başarı yakaladı ve bu zorlu sınavı başarıyla geçti. "An Evening With Anita O'Day" (yeniden düzenlemedeki adı ile) adlı ikinci albümü ile de, bu başarısını daim kıldı (Her ne kadar, uyarıcı haplar ile başı belaya girse de) ve 50'li yılların sonlarına kadar da albüm çalışmalarına devam etti.

Canlı performanslar
"Anita" adlı albümü ile "Verve Records"tan çıkardığı ilk albümünü çıkaran ve büyük yankı uyandıran O'Day, artık bir festival şarkıcısı olmuştu ve canlı performansları ile adından söz ettirmeye başlamıştı. Louis Armstrong ve Dinah Washington gibi döneminin en büyük sanatçıları ile sahneye almaya başlayan O'Day; "Jazz On A Summer's Day" adlı belgeselde de kendine yer buldu ki bu belgesel, yalnızca usta isimleri bünyesine katan bir eserdi ve O'Day'in büyüklüğünü kanıtlar nitelikteydi. Böylelikle, O'Day, uluslararası alanda tanınan bir caz sanatçısı olmuştu.

Fiyasko, 1960'lı yıllar ve "tekrarlayan" uyarıcı belası
1960'ların başında, "'Swing'in kralı" olarak bilinen Benny Goodman ile bir Avrupa turuna çıkan O'Day, Goodman tarafından yeterince desteklenmediği için; turneden pek yarar elde edemedi. O'Day için "Tam bir fiyasko" olarak nitelendirilen bu turneden sonra, O'Day, kariyerine tek başına devam etti. 1968 yılında, aşırı dozda "uyarıcı"dan kariyerine ve yaşamına neredeyse son verecek olan O'Day; uyarıcı belasından kurtulduktan sonra, 1970 yılında Berlin'de yapılan caz festivali ile müzik yaşantısına kaldığı yerden devam etti. Sonraki yıllarda da, Japonya'daki müzik stüdyolarında birçok kayıt yaptı.

Dış bağlantılar
 Anita O'Day resmi sitesi
 "Verve Records"taki Anita O'Day profili
 "Caz profilleri"ndeki Anita O'Day profili

Kaynakça
 Anita O'Day resmi sitesi
 "Verve Records"taki Anita O'Day profili

1919 doğumlular
Chicago doğumlular
2006 yılında ölenler
Amerikalı kadın şarkıcılar
Amerikalı caz şarkıcıları
Amerikalı caz müzisyenleri
Swing müzisyenleri
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Pinus strobus, commonly called the eastern white pine, northern white pine, white pine, Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine is a large pine native to eastern North America. It occurs from Newfoundland, Canada, west through the Great Lakes region to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota, United States, and south along the Appalachian Mountains and upper Piedmont to northernmost Georgia and perhaps very rarely in some of the higher elevations in northeastern Alabama. It is considered rare in Indiana.

The Haudenosaunee maintain the tree as the central symbol of their multinational confederation, calling it the "Tree of Peace", where the Seneca use the name o'sóä' and the Kanien'kehá:ka call it onerahtase'ko:wa. Within the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Mi'kmaq use the term guow to name the tree, both the Wolastoqewiyik and Peskotomuhkatiyik call it kuw or kuwes, and the Abenaki use the term kowa.

It is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom, after Captain George Weymouth of the British Royal Navy, who brought its seeds to England from Maine in 1605.

Distribution

P. strobus is found in the nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of the large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the red crossbill, and small mammals such as squirrels.

Fossilized white pine leaves and pollen have been discovered by Brian Axsmith, a paleobotanist at the University of South Alabama, in the Gulf Coastal Plain, where the tree no longer occurs.

Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and northeastern North America. Only 1% of the old-growth forests remain after the extensive logging operations from the 18th century to early 20th century.

Old-growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include Algonquin Provincial Park, Quetico Provincial Park, Algoma Highlands in Ontario, and Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest in Quebec, Canada; Estivant Pines, Huron Mountains, Porcupine Mountains State Park, and Sylvania Wilderness Area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States; Hartwick Pines State Park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota; White Pines State Park, Illinois; Cook Forest State Park, Hearts Content Scenic Area, and Anders Run Natural Area in Pennsylvania; and the Linville Gorge Wilderness in North Carolina, United States.

Small groves or individual specimens of old-growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Grove, Maine; Ice Glen, Massachusetts; and Adirondack Park, New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced old-field ecological succession. The tall stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Massachusetts are examples.

As an introduced species, P. strobus is now naturalizing in the Outer Western Carpathians subdivision of the Carpathian Mountains in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as ornamental trees.

Description
Like most members of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, the leaves ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of five, or rarely three or four, with a deciduous sheath. The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated, and  long.

The seed cones are slender,  long (rarely longer than that) and  broad when open, and have scales with a rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The seeds are  long, with a slender  wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years.

The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with five or six branches appearing like spokes on a wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200–250 years old, and some live over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York, was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to roughly 500 years old.

Dimensions

The eastern white pine has been described as the tallest tree in eastern North America, perhaps sharing the prize with the deciduous tulip tree whose range overlaps with eastern white pine in a few areas. In natural precolonial stands, the pine is reported to have grown as tall as . No means exist for accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's Tall Trees, Tough Men.

Total trunk volumes of the largest specimens are around , with some past giants possibly reaching . Photographic analysis of giants suggests volumes closer to .

Height
P. strobus grows about  annually between the ages of 15 and 45 years, with slower height increments before and after that age range. The tallest presently living specimens are  tall, as determined by the Native Tree Society (NTS). Prior to their exploitation, it was common for white pines in northern Wisconsin to reach heights of over . Three locations in the Southeastern United States and one site in the Northeastern United States have trees that are  tall.

The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and the tallest trees in the present range of P. strobus. One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the Cataloochee Valley of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At  tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, though this conflicts with citations for Liriodendron tulipifera. It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by the NTS. Before Hurricane Opal broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was  tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements.

The tallest specimens in Hartwick Pines State Park in Michigan are  tall.

In the northeastern USA, eight sites in four states currently have trees over  tall, as confirmed by the NTS. The Cook Forest State Park of Pennsylvania has the most numerous collection of  eastern white pines in the Northeast, with 110 trees measuring that height or more. The park's "Longfellow Pine" is the tallest presently living eastern white pine in the Northeast, at  tall, as determined by tape drop. The Mohawk Trail State Forest of Massachusetts has 83 trees measuring  or more tall, of which six exceed . The "Jake Swamp Tree" located there is  tall. The NTS maintains precise measurements of it. A private property in Claremont, New Hampshire, has approximately 60 specimens that are  tall.

Diameter
Diameters of the larger pines range from , which translates to a circumference (girth) range of . However, single-trunked white pines in both the Northeast and Southeast with diameters over  are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of  or less often have no more than two or three trees in the 1.2- to 1.4-m-diameter class.

Unconfirmed reports from the colonial era gave diameters of virgin white pines of up to .

Mortality and disease

Because the eastern white pine tree is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to reseed burned areas. In pure stands, mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of their trunks. The white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) and white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees.

Blister rust
Mortality from white pine blister rust in mature pine groves was often 50–80% during the early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its lifecycle on alternate hosts of the genus Ribes, the native gooseberry or wild currant. Foresters proposed that if all the alternate host plants were removed, white pine blister rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted, and all land owners in commercial pine-growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all native gooseberry and wild currant plants. The ramifications for wildlife and habitat ecology were of less concern at the time than timber-industry protection.

Today, native wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England, and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged, or even illegal in some jurisdictions. As an alternative, new strains of commercial currants have been developed that are highly resistant to white pine blister rust. Mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today.

Conservation status in the United States
Old white pines are treasured in the United States. An American National Natural Landmark, Cook Forest State Park in Pennsylvania, contains the tallest known tree in the Northeastern United States, a white pine named Longfellow Pine. Some white pines in Wisconsin are over 200 years old. Although widely planted as a landscape tree in the Midwestern states, native White pine is listed as "rare or uncommon" in Indiana.

Historical uses

Lumber
In the 19th century, the harvesting of Midwestern white pine forests played a major role in America's westward expansion through the Great Plains. A quarter-million white pines were harvested and sent to lumber yards in Chicago in a single year.

The white pine had aesthetic appeal to contemporary naturalists such as Henry David Thoreau ("There is no finer tree.") Beyond that, it had commercial applications. It was considered "the most sought and most widely utilized of the various forest growths of the northwest." Descriptions of its uses are quoted below from a 19th-century source:

The species was imported in 1620 to England by Captain George Weymouth, who planted it for a timber crop, but had little success because of white pine blister rust disease.

Old-growth pine in the Americas, of various Pinus species, was a highly desired wood since huge, knot-free boards were the rule rather than the exception. Pine was common and easy to cut, thus many colonial homes used pine for paneling, floors, and furniture. Pine was also a favorite tree of loggers, since pine logs can still be processed in a lumber mill a year or more after being cut down. In contrast, most hardwood trees such as cherry, maple, oak, and ash must be cut into 1" thick boards immediately after felling, or else large cracks will develop in the trunk which can render the wood worthless.

Although eastern white pine was frequently used for flooring in buildings constructed before the U.S. Civil War, the wood is soft and tends to cup over time with wear. George Washington opted for the much harder southern yellow pine at Mount Vernon, instead.

Mast pines
During the 17th and 18th centuries, tall white pines in the Thirteen Colonies became known as "mast pines". Marked by agents of the Crown with the broad arrow, a mast pine was reserved for the British Royal Navy. Special barge-like vessels were built to ship tall white pines to England. The wood was often squared to better fit in the holds of these ships. A  mast was about  at the butt and  at the top, while a  mast was  by  on its ends.

By 1719, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, had become the hub of pine logging and shipping. Portsmouth shipped 199 masts to England that year. In all, about 4500 masts were sent to England.

The eastern white pine played a significant role in the events leading to the American Revolution. Marking of large white pines by the Crown had become controversial in the colonies by the first third of the 18th century. In 1734, the King's men were assaulted and beaten in Exeter, New Hampshire, in what was to be called the Mast Tree Riot. Colonel David Dunbar had been in the town investigating a stock pile of white pine in a pond and the ownership of the local timber mill before caning two townspeople. In 1772, the sheriff of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, was sent to the town of Weare to arrest mill owners for the illegal possession of large white pines. That night, as the sheriff slept at the Pine Tree Tavern, he was attacked and nearly killed by an angry mob of colonists. This act of rebellion, later to become known as the Pine Tree Riot, may have fueled the Boston Tea Party in 1773.

After the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States used large white pines to build out its own navy. The masts of the USS Constitution were originally made of eastern white pine. The original masts were single trees, but were later replaced by laminated spars to better withstand cannonballs.

In colonial times, an unusually large, lone, white pine was found in coastal South Carolina along the Black River, far east of its southernmost normal range. The king's mark was carved into it, giving rise to the town of Kingstree.

Eastern white pine is now widely grown in plantation forestry within its native area.

Contemporary uses

Lumber

Timber framing
Eastern white pine has often been used for timber frames, and is available in large sizes. Eastern white pine timbers are not particularly strong, so timbers increase in size to handle loads applied. This species accepts stains better than most, but it has little rot resistance, so should be used only in dry conditions.

Characteristics
Freshly cut eastern white pine is yellowish white or a pale straw color, but pine wood which has aged many years tends to darken to a deep, rich, golden tan. Occasionally, one can find light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish-brown hues. This is the famous "pumpkin pine". Slow growing pines in old-growth forests are thought to accumulate colored products in the heartwood, but genetic factors and soil conditions may also play a role in rich color development.

This wood is also favored by patternmakers for its easy working.

Foods and medicines
Eastern white pine needles exceed the amount of vitamin C of lemons and oranges and make an excellent herbal tea. The cambium is edible. It is also a source of resveratrol. Linnaeus noted in the 18th century that cattle and pigs fed pine bark bread grew well, but he personally did not like the taste. Caterpillars of Lusk's pinemoth (Coloradia luski) have been found to feed only on P. strobus.

Pine tar is produced by slowly burning pine roots, branches, or small trunks in a partially smothered flame. Pine tar mixed with beer can be used to remove tapeworms (flat worms) or nematodes (round worms). Pine tar mixed with sulfur is useful to treat dandruff, and marketed in present-day products. Pine tar can also be processed to make turpentine.

 Native American traditional uses
The name "Adirondack", an Iroquois word that means tree-eater, referred to their neighbors (more commonly known as the Algonquians) who collected the inner bark of P. strobus, Picea rubens, and others during times of winter starvation. The white, soft inner bark (cambial layer) was carefully separated from the hard, dark brown bark and dried. When pounded, this product can be used as flour or added to stretch other starchy products.

The young staminate cones were stewed by the Ojibwe Indians with meat, and were said to be sweet and not pitchy. In addition, the seeds are sweet and nutritious, but not as tasty as those of some of the western nut pines.

Pine resin (sap) has been used by various tribes to waterproof baskets, pails, and boats. The Chippewa also used pine resin to successfully treat infections and even gangrenous wounds, because pine resin apparently has a number of quite efficient antimicrobials. Generally, a wet pulp from the inner bark, or pine tar mixed with beeswax or butter was applied to wounds and used as a salve to prevent infection.

Cultivation
P. strobus is cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. The species is low-maintenance and rapid-growing as a specimen tree. With regular shearing, it can also be trained as a hedge. Some cultivars are used in bonsai.

Cultivars
Cultivars have been selected for small to dwarf mature forms, and foliage color characteristics. They include:
P. strobus Nana group –  tall by  wide MBG: Pinus strobus (Nana Group)
P. strobus 'Macopin' –  tall & wide. MBG:Pinus strobus 'Macopin'
P. strobus 'Paul Waxman' –  tall & wide. MBG: Pinus strobus 'Paul Waxman'

Christmas trees
Smaller specimens are popular as live Christmas trees. Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard  tree takes around 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can be sparse, or grow bushy in texture. The branches of the eastern white pine are also widely used in making holiday wreaths and garlands because of their soft, feathery needles.

Water filtration
White pine xylem has been used as a filter to clean certain bacteria from contaminated water. Hemacytometer tests revealed that at least 99.9% of bacteria tested were rejected after being passed through white pine xylem.

Symbolism
The eastern white pine is the provincial tree of Ontario, Canada.

In the United States, it is the state tree of Maine (as of 1945) and Michigan (as of 1955). Its "pine cone and tassel" is also the state flower of Maine, and is prominently featured on the state's license plates. Sprigs of eastern white pine were worn as badges as a symbol of Vermont identity during the Vermont Republic and are depicted in a stained-glass window in the Vermont State House, on the Flag of Vermont, and on the naval ensign of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the state of Maine. The 1901 Maine Flag prominently featured the tree during its brief tenure as Maine's state flag. The Maine State Guard also use the tree in their uniform badges.

The indigenous Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederation) named it the "Tree of Peace". Since 2017, it has appeared on the flag and seal of the city of Montreal to represent the indigenous peoples of the area.

See also
Central Appalachian dry oak–pine forest

References

Pinetum.org: Cone photo from Arboretum de Villardebelle
The Monday Garden: The Eastern White Pine

External links

EFLORAS: P. strobus Distribution map

Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: Pinus strobus images

Pinus strobus - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

strobus
Hardwood forest plants
Trees of Canada
Trees of the United States
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Provincial symbols of Ontario
Symbols of Michigan
Symbols of Maine
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Plants used in Native American cuisine
Garden plants of North America
Plants used in bonsai
Ornamental trees

Pinus strobus


A rubber duck or a rubber duckie is a toy shaped like a duck, that is usually yellow with a flat base. It may be made of rubber or rubber-like material such as vinyl plastic. Rubber ducks were invented in the late 1800s when it became possible to more easily shape rubber, and are believed to improve developmental skills in children during water play.

The yellow rubber duck has achieved an iconic status in Western pop culture and is often symbolically linked to bathing. Various novelty variations of the toy are produced, and many organisations use yellow rubber ducks in rubber duck races for fundraising worldwide.

History

The history of the rubber duck is linked to the emergence of rubber manufacturing in the late 19th century. The earliest rubber ducks were made from harder rubber when manufacturers began using Charles Goodyear's invention, vulcanized rubber. Consequently, these solid rubber ducks were not capable of floating and were instead intended as chew toys.

Sculptor Peter Ganine created a sculpture of a duck in the 1940s. He then patented it and reproduced it as a floating toy, of which over 50 million were sold.

Besides the ubiquitous yellow rubber duck with which most people are familiar, there have been numerous novelty variations on the basic theme, including character ducks representing professions, politicians, or celebrities, a concept introduced by Mark Boldt's Rubba Ducks. There are also ducks that glow in the dark, quack, change color, have interior LED illumination, or include a wind-up mechanism that enables them to "swim". In 2001, The Sun, a British tabloid reported that Queen Elizabeth II had a rubber duck in her bathroom that wore an inflatable crown. The duck was spotted by a workman who was repainting her bathroom. The story prompted sales of rubber ducks in the United Kingdom to increase by 80% for a short period.

Rubber ducks are collected by enthusiasts. The 2011 Guinness World Record for World's Largest Rubber Duck Collection stood at 5,631 different rubber ducks, and was awarded to Charlotte Lee. In 2013, the rubber duck was inducted into the Toy Hall of Fame, a museum in Rochester, New York, along with the game of chess. Toys are selected based on factors like icon-status, longevity, and innovation.

In popular culture
Ernie, a popular Muppet from the television series Sesame Street, has performed the song "Rubber Duckie" multiple times since the series began. Ernie frequently spoke to his duck and carried it with him in other segments of the show. On a special occasion, Little Richard performed the song.

C. W. McCall's hit song "Convoy" (and the movie and novel it inspired) are narrated from the viewpoint of a character who replaced the bulldog hood ornament on his Mack truck with a bathtub toy and used the on-air handle of "Rubber Duck".

The Akron RubberDucks, formerly known as the "Aeros", officially adopted the nickname on October 29, 2013. The nickname pays tribute to the city's history in the rubber industry, particularly as the birthplace of companies such as Goodyear, Firestone, B.F. Goodrich, and General Tire.

Protest symbol
Rubber ducks have also become a protest symbol simultaneously in Belgrade, Brazil, and Moscow in 2017, and in Bangkok in 2020.

World's largest rubber duck

The world's largest rubber duck was created by Dutch artist Florentijn Hofman in 2007, measuring  and weighing about . Since 2007, several ducks of various sizes created by Hofman have been on display in countries and territories such as Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lommel, Belgium; Osaka, Japan; Sydney, Australia; São Paulo, Brazil; Hong Kong, China; Kaohsiung, Taiwan; and Seoul, Korea; until 14 November 2014, and went on display in the United States after 20 October 2013.

In 2013, China's "Great Firewall" blocked searches for "big yellow duck" because Chinese activists were photo-shopping the Rubber Duck sculpture into the Tank Man photo of the Tiananmen Square Massacre. If the term "Big Yellow Duck" were searched, a message appeared stating that according to relevant laws, statutes, and policies, the results of the search could not be shown.

Races

Rubber duck races, also known as derby duck races, have been used as a method of fundraising for organizations worldwide. People donate money to the organization by sponsoring a duck. At the end of the fundraising drive, all of the ducks are dumped into a waterway, with the first to float past the finish line winning a prize for its sponsor.

North America
There are hundreds of races held in the United States and internationally. The largest race in the United States is the annual Freestore Foodbank Rubber Duck Regatta in Cincinnati, Ohio. First run in 1995, the Rubber Duck Regatta now features over 150,000 ducks raced to raise money for the organization. Since its beginning in 1995 the Rubber Duck Regatta in Cincinnati Ohio has raised over $9 million, and over $1 million has been raised for each year's race since 2014.

The annual Aspen Ducky Derby was first run by the Rotary Club of Aspen, Colorado, in 1991. The derby now features 30,000 ducks and takes place each August in Aspen's Rio Grande Park. Through its past 20 years, the Aspen Ducky Derby has raised more than $2.3 million to benefit 65 nonprofit groups.

In Fort Wayne, Indiana, for over 30 years the Weigand Construction Duck Race takes place in the summer at Johnny Appleseed Park to support the organization SCAN, whose mission is to eliminate the abuse and neglect of children in northeast Indiana through family services, education and community partnerships.

One of the more famous rubber duck races is the Great Knoxville Rubber Duck Race. This race received attention when the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that it was a lottery, which stopped the race for a few years. After the state amended its constitution to allow lotteries with special exceptions, the race was reinstituted. The Derby Duck race sees over 40,000 ducks race to benefit the Boys and Girls Club of Tennessee Valley.

A famous rubber duck race is the Halifax Duck Derby. This race has 10,000 rubber ducks in the Halifax Harbour along Bishops Landing. There is a grand prize of $1 million Canadian dollars; other prizes include a trip to anywhere in Canada, large-screen TVs, and more. This race has been very successful in raising money and awareness for its organizations.

The Lumsden Duck Derby is a Labour Day tradition in the town of Lumsden, Saskatchewan,  northwest of Regina. Founded in 1988 to help the town raise funds for a new ice rink, nowadays the Derby races 25,000 rubber ducks down a stretch of the Qu'Appelle River and features a grand prize of CAD$1 million. The town makes a day out of it, with a pancake breakfast, bands and other entertainments, kids' activities, and a "parade to the post."

The Estes Park Rotary Duck Race raises money for sixty-eight different charities.  Contestants must choose which charity to donate their money to when they buy their ticket.

Australia
The Great Brisbane Duck Race is held on the Brisbane River each year to raise funds for the PA Research Foundation. The  race saw 30,000 rubber ducks enter the race in 2011. The PA Research Foundation also holds a Team Duck Race Challenge where groups are invited to raise funds and participate in either the motorised or non-motorised Team Duck Race with a large  tall rubber duck that teams can decorate, brand, and modify.

One other race was conducted in Australia in January 1988. It was run from the "High-level bridge" to the "Low-level bridge" near Katherine, Northern Territory on the Australia Day long weekend. Acting on behalf of the town's Bicentennial Committee, Royal Australian Air Force officers Andrew Cairns and Jock MacGowan constructed the release cage from PVC pipe, purchased and numbered the ducks, printed tickets, and even arranged a helicopter flypast.

Europe

United Kingdom

In Stockbridge, Edinburgh since 1988, the Stockbridge Community Festival has held the annual Stockbridge Duck Race to raise money for local charities. 1000 rubber ducks are released into the Water of Leith at the Stockbridge to float downstream to the finishing post at the Falshaw Bridge. The 2010 race was memorable for a sudden rain shower at the finish line. The 2011 race was held on 3 July with proceeds going to local charities Stockbridge House & St. Columba's Hospice.

For over 25 years, Bibury in Gloucestershire has hosted an annual Duck Race on Boxing Day. The charity event, which attracts thousands of spectators, is split into two races; one featuring the iconic yellow ducks, the other featuring the more realistic decoy ducks, both held on the River Coln.

On 31 August 2008, the Great British Duck Race was held near Hampton Court Palace in London. The race broke the world record for the number of ducks used together, with a total of 250,000. The ducks used in the race were a bright blue color, after stewards in the previous year faced problems from spectators throwing their own ducks into the water.

Each year, on Easter Monday, a duck race is organised in Glenridding by the local mountain rescue team to raise funds. Another is the Manchester Duck Race, held at Spinningfields on the River Irwell each Good Friday, with several thousand ducks.

Germany

Every July a charity race called "Entencup" is held in Nuremberg. The beneficiary changes each time, among them the Nuremberg Zoo.

Scientific studies

Oceanography

During a Pacific storm on 10 January 1992, three 40-foot containers holding 28,800 Friendly Floatees plastic bathtub toys from a Chinese factory were washed off a ship, containing 7,200 each of blue turtles, yellow ducks, red beavers, and green frogs. Two-thirds of the toys floated south and landed three months later on the shores of Indonesia, Australia, and South America. The remaining 10,000 toys headed north to Alaska and then completed a full circle back near Japan, caught up in the North Pacific Gyre current as the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Many of the toys then entered the Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia and were trapped in the Arctic ice. They moved through the ice at a rate of one mile per day, and in 2000 they were sighted in the North Atlantic. The movement of the toys had been monitored by American oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer. Bleached by sun and seawater, the ducks and beavers had faded to white, but the turtles and frogs had kept their original colors.

Between July and December 2003, The First Years Inc. offered a $100 US savings bond reward to anybody who recovered a Floatee in New England, Canada or Iceland. More of the toys were recovered in 2004 than in any of the preceding three years. However, still more of these toys were predicted to have headed eastward past Greenland and make landfall on the southwestern shores of the United Kingdom in 2007.

These  toys were the subject of Donovan Hohn's 2011 book Moby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea.

Glacial melting

In August 2008, NASA'S Jet Propulsion Laboratory undertook studies of Greenland's Jakobshavn Glacier to determine how interior glacial meltflow during the summer influenced its movement. A sophisticated football-sized probe that had a GPS device, pressure sensor, thermometer and accelerometer was lowered by rope into one of the glacier's moulins. The probe's equipment was designed to find structures such as waterfalls inside the ice. Unfortunately the probe went silent, so ninety rubber ducks marked in English, Danish, and Inuit with the text "science experiment" and "reward", along with an email address to contact if found, were also put into the moulins and it was hoped that the ducks would eventually exit and be found by hunters or fishermen around Baffin Bay. As of 2012, none of the ducks were found or returned, possibly due to being trapped in large aquifers later discovered inside the ice.

Germ study

A 2019 article in the scientific journal Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology details how rubber ducks were used to expand knowledge on how potable water interacts with flexible plastic materials in relation to microbial and nutrient contamination. Particularly how these microbes could affect potentially vulnerable end users. The bathroom, despite being the place for the family to bathe and become clean, is surprisingly good at creating the perfect conditions for microbial growth and so the researchers wished to see if these soft plastic toys could potentially pose a risk. They determined that, although some bacteria and microbes can be absorbed into the toys, only under specific laboratory conditions did they become dangerous to human beings and so are largely safe.

See also

 Hook-a-duck
 Rubber duck debugging

References

Bathing
Charity fundraisers
Fictional ducks
Rubber toys
Duck
Traditional toys
Water toys
Ducks in popular culture

Rubber duck


جمعية نجاح سوس أكاديرالمعروف أيضًا باسم نجاح سوس ويشار إليه أيضًا باسم ANSA، هو نادي رياضي مغربي مقره في أكادير، المغرب. يشارك في دوري الدرجة التالتة المغربي. تأسس فريق نجاح سوس أكاديرلكرة القدم عام 1974. يلعب النجاح مبارياته على أرضه في ملعب سيدين بلخير. ألوان الفريق هي الأصفر والأخضر.

التاريخ

المنافسات

لائحة اللاعبين
لائحة اللاعبين في نادي نجاح سوس

 حمزة انجارن
 مراد الهيمش
 عبد الرحيم فاتيح
 أنس الإدريسي البوعناني
 مهدي سامونو
 حسن مرادي
 حسن بوالحيا
 زكرياء بوسمارة
 أيوب بوالقان
 أسامة الناجم
 مهدي واكرا
 حمزة الجمري
 بوفيتراس عامر
 أحمد لشكر
 محمد فارس
 عثمان الحسناوي
 مراد القرنيشي
 أمين أنزار

فروع النادي

ملعب النادي
ملعب النادي هو ملعب سيدين بلخير

وصلات خارجية

  موقع البطولة كوم المختص بأخبار الدوري المغربي.
  موقع جريدة المنتخب المغربية المتخصصة في أخبار الرياضة المغربية
  الموقع الرسمي للقناة الرياضية المغربية

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1974
أندية كرة قدم في المغرب
تأسيسات سنة 1974 في المغرب

نادي نجاح سوس


Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet  (21 June 1784 – 19 September 1854) was Lieutenant Governor of British Honduras from 1814 to 1822 and of Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania) from 1823 to 1836. The campaign against Aboriginal Tasmanians, known as the Black War, occurred during this term of office. He later served as Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada from 1838 to 1841, and Governor of Bombay from 1842 to 1846.

Early life
George Arthur was born in Plymouth, England. He was the youngest son of John Arthur, from a Cornish family, and his wife, Catherine, daughter of Thomas Cornish. He entered the army in 1804 as an ensign and was promoted lieutenant in June 1805. He served during the Napoleonic Wars, including Sir James Craig's expedition to Italy in 1806. In 1807 he went to Egypt, and was severely wounded in the attack upon Rosetta. He recuperated and was promoted to captain under Sir James Kempt in Sicily in 1808, and participated in the Walcheren expedition in 1809.

Family

Major George Arthur married Eliza Orde Ussher, daughter of Lieut.-Gen. Sir John Sigismund Smith, K.C.B., in May, 1814. Lady Arthur lived in Toronto, Ontario 1838–41 with three of the couple's sons and their five daughters. She died in London, England, 14 January 1855. Their daughter Catherine married Sir Henry Bartle Frere after he had been her father's personal secretary for two years in Bombay, and gave birth to the poet Mary Frere. Their son John married Aileen Spring Rice, the granddaughter of Lord Monteagle of Brandon.

Honduras
In 1814 he was appointed lieutenant governor of British Honduras, holding at the same time the rank of colonel on the staff, thus exercising the military command as well as the civil government.

Arthur fell out with Honduran landowners over the local system of democratically elected magistrates. Pointing out its iniquity, he reported cases of maltreatment of women in slavery that went unpunished. In an 1823 Commons debate, abolitionists cited Arthur's 1816 letters describing the maltreatment. However, Arthur had also stated in an 1816 article that, apart from those few cases he had reported, in no part of the world  had he seen "the labouring class of people possess anything like the comforts and advantages of the Slave population of Honduras". Despite opponents mocking Arthur's contradictory position, William Wilberforce's resolution prevailed and flogging of women in slavery was banned. With this collaboration and success came Wilberforce's patronage which was key to Arthur's next promotion.

Van Diemen's Land

In 1823 he was appointed lieutenant governor of Van Diemen's Land (later known as Tasmania). He arrived on the ship  with his wife and family on 12 May 1824 and took office on 14 May. At the time Van Diemen's Land was the main British penal colony and it was separated from New South Wales in 1825. It was during Arthur's time in office that Van Diemen's Land gained much of its notorious reputation as a harsh penal colony. He selected Port Arthur as the ideal location for a prison settlement, on a peninsula connected by a narrow, easily guarded isthmus, surrounded by shark-infested seas. Arthur's predecessors had executed no one in Tasmania as capital punishment was carried out in Sydney.  George Arthur executed 260 people in his term of office (some bodies were left hanging for months).

As lieutenant governor, George Arthur is responsible for the repression and persecution of the Aboriginal population in the conflict known as the Black War.  Throughout the 1820s Arthur had instituted various measures to protect settlers from Aboriginal attacks, including the stationing of garrison troops in remote farmhouses and the dispatch of combined military and police teams into the wilderness to track Indigenous bands. These proved ineffective, and by 1830 the conflict between Aborigines and settlers had increased.

Arthur's initial brief had stated, "when such disturbances cannot be prevented or allayed by less vigorous measures, to oppose force by force, and to repel such Aggressions in the same manner, as if they proceeded from subjects of any accredited State." However, on 17 April 1828 in an official dispatch, Arthur described Aboriginal combatants as "Savages", a nomenclature that placed them outside the conventions of European warfare.

In February 1830 Arthur sought public input on alternative measures to end the fighting; suggestions included a system of rewards for captured Aborigines, and the importation of packs of hunting dogs to "set [on] the natives as they would a quail." Arthur himself expressed regret that a treaty was not signed with Aborigines when the colony was established. In its absence, and given the increasing attacks on both sides, on 27 August 1830 Arthur obtained Executive Council approval for a declaration of martial law.

The centrepiece of Arthur's military efforts would be the Black Line fiasco, which was intended to drive the Aborigines from the colony's grazing land onto isolated peninsulas where they could be controlled. At the beginning of the Black War in 1826 Arthur issued an official statement setting out those situations that would justify settlers using violence: 'If it should be apparent that there is a determination on the part of one or more of the native tribes to attack, rob, or murder the white inhabitants generally, any person may arm, and joining themselves to the military, drive them by force to a safe distance, treating them as open enemies.

In 1833, Arthur wrote to his line superior, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Viscount Goderich, "I am willing to make almost any prudent sacrifice that may tend to compensate for the injuries that the government is unwillingly and unavoidably made the instrument of inflicting." However, Arthur was a fastidious administrator who once wrote to his son "As to chance and good luck I know of nothing more absurd". "All happens under the direction of providence of the Almighty who works by human agency".  To the first Aboriginal Establishment (internment camp) on Bruny Island, Arthur initially sent used blankets without any instruction to laund them and a syphilitic assistant overseer. When mortality there skyrocketed, Arthur became concerned. However, his concern appears to have been for the perception of his Abolitionist patrons and the home government regarding deaths of women and children in custody rather than for the tragedy of the Aboriginal Tasmanians' lives lost. Arthur obfuscated the mortality and distanced himself by setting up a committee. At the Aboriginal Establishment's subsequent locations, the litany of pernicious mortality-driving failings continued while Arthur, the Committee and the overseers ignore the everyday prophylactic protocols implemented on convict transports, in prisons and barracks. The failings are in every aspect remarkably reminiscent of the contagion-driving factors documented in an 1811 Parliamentary Paper on the 1909 Walcheren Debacle that Arthur most probably read. A split command hobbled the expeditionary force which became figuratively and literally bogged down. Lacking necessary supplies, accommodation and medical care, mortality due to contagion rose to 10%. Arthur served and fell ill at Walcheren. After the evacuation, he become Aid-de-Camp and close friend to General George Don who had initially reconnoitered Walcheren and was then brought in to organize the evacuation. The Parliamentary Paper cited around 50 of Don's dispatches. At its various subsequent locations, the Aboriginal Establishment's mortality rate averaged just over 10%, while every other institution under Arthur was a paragon of well-managed efficiency with mortality rates below England's average of 1.9%.

A Sydney Monitor editorial on his recall stated, "[Arthur] gave plausible replies, while he smiled in secret, knowing that those smiles would be communicated to his satraps and underlings, and that they would increase rather than mitigate this undercurrent of tyranny against the opposers of his government." The improbable level of failures and this description of his character point to Arthur obfuscating an orchestrated diminution which is consistent with a caution Arthur had received from Goderich's predecessor, Sir George Murray, in 1830. Murray – an expert in military intelligence analysis who had served as a lieutenant-governor – wrote, "the adoption of any line of conduct, having for its avowed, or for its secret object, the extinction of the Native race, could not fail to leave an indelible stain upon the character of the British Government."

Arthur failed in his attempts to reform the colony and the system of penal transportation with Arthur's autocratic and authoritarian rule leading to his recall in January 1836. By this time he was one of the wealthiest men in the colony, having totaled £50,000 (in 1839 value) by selling nearly all his landed property. He departed Hobart for England on 30 October 1836, boarding the Elphinstone in tears, acclaimed by hundreds of cheering colonists.

Canada
In 1837 Arthur was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order (KCH), given the rank of Major General on the staff. In December 1837 he was appointed lieutenant governor of Upper Canada and took office in Toronto from 23 March 1838. From the very start of his administration, he had to deal with the aftermath of the Upper Canada Rebellion and was instrumental in the execution of Peter Matthews (rebel) and Samuel Lount. In the same year, Upper Canada was invaded by a band of American sympathizers, one of a series of attempts to subvert British authority in Upper and Lower Canada. He failed to address the issues of fixing colonial administration from the influence of Family Compact, and was replaced by Lord Durham while the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada sat betimes.

The two colonies were united in 1841. The Lord Sydenham, the first governor-general, asked Sir George Arthur to administer Upper Canada as deputy governor. Arthur agreed, on condition that the service was unpaid. Later in 1841 he returned to England and was created a hereditary baronet in recognition of his services in Canada.

India
On 8 June 1842, he was appointed governor of the Indian presidency of Bombay, which he retained until 1846. He displayed great tact in the office, as well as ability, and this helped in extending and strengthening British rule in India.

He was appointed provisional governor-general, but did not assume office, as he was compelled by ill health to leave India before Lord Hardinge vacated the governor-generalship.

Sir George Arthur, during his administration of the affairs of the presidency, perfected the Deccan survey, the object of which was to equalise and decrease the pressure of the land assessment on the cultivators of the Deccan; and gave his hearty support to the project of a railway line from Bombay to Cailian, which may be regarded as the germ of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, while during his administration the reclamation of the foreshore of the island of Bombay was projected. During his tenure, he inaugurated the famous 'Grant Medical College' in Bombay (1845 AD) one of the first three Medical Colleges in India teaching the western medical sciences. The other two being, the Medical College, Bengal (1835 AD) and Madras Medical College (Formerly Madras Medical School in 1835 and later, Madras Medical College in 1850 AD). The hospital for the Grant Medical College, the Jamshedji Jijiboy Hospital was constructed by the Parsee Trust beforehand.

Final years
On his return to England in 1846, he was made a privy councillor, and in 1853 he received the colonelcy of the 50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1854 and died that September.

Legacy
Famous Arthur Road Jail in Mumbai is named after Arthur Road which was named after Sir George Arthur, Governor of Bombay

See also
 1828 Proclamation of Demarcation
 Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
 Governor of Bombay
 Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land

References

Sources

Further reading

 Robson, L. L. (1983). A History of Tasmania. Volume I. Van Diemen's Land From the Earliest Times to 1855. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. .

External links
 Bio at Australian Dictionary of Biography
 World Statesmen – Belize

1784 births
1854 deaths
Military personnel from Plymouth, Devon
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Governors of Tasmania
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada
British Army lieutenant generals
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
People from Plymouth, Devon
Governors of Bombay
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Australian penal colony administrators
Van Diemen's Land people
Governors of British Honduras
19th-century Australian public servants

Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet


Franz de Paula von Colloredo-Waldsee, auch -Wallsee (* 29. Oktober 1799 in Wien; † 26. Oktober 1859 in Zürich) war ein österreichischer Diplomat.

Leben
Franz de Paula entstammte dem Adelsgeschlecht derer von Colloredo. Er war Sohn des 1806 verstorbenen Staats-, Konferenz- und kaiserlichen Kabinettsministers Franz de Paula Karl von Colloredo. Nach dem frühzeitigen Tod des Vaters sorgte Kaiser Franz I. für den damals noch 6-jährigen Jungen. Franz de Paula von Colloredo-Wallsee trat frühzeitig in die Armee, schlug aber 1820 eine diplomatische Laufbahn ein. 1830 war er Gesandter in Dresden. 1837 war er Gesandter in München. 1843 bis 1847 war er Gesandter in Sankt Petersburg.

Vom 12. März bis 14. Mai 1848 war er Bevollmächtigter der österreichischen Regierung bei der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung. Vom 19. Januar 1849 bis 5. November 1849 war er Botschafter am Hof von St. James. 1856 war er Gesandter in Rom. Vom 1. Mai 1852 bis 25. Januar 1856 war er ein weiteres Mal Botschafter am Hof von St. James in London.

Neben seinen diplomatischen Tätigkeiten vergrößerte er auch die Familienbesitzungen durch Ersteigerung der Herrschaft Ober-Wölbling 1825 und Ankauf der Kartause Aggsbach und damit einhergehend der Herrschaft Aggsbach 1846.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Botschafter (Kaisertum Österreich)
Österreichischer Botschafter in Dänemark
Gesandter in Sachsen
Gesandter in Bayern
Österreichischer Botschafter in Russland
Österreichischer Botschafter im Vereinigten Königreich
Franz De Paula
Geboren 1799
Gestorben 1859
Mann

Franz de Paula von Colloredo-Waldsee


Veronika Edujardovna Kudermetova (; født 24. april 1997 i Kazan, Rusland) er en professionel kvindelig tennisspiller fra Rusland.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Rusland
Personer fra Kasan

Veronika Kudermetova


El Museo de Premià de Dalt tiene como objetivo recoger, estudiar y difundir la riqueza patrimonial de Premiá de Dalt (Maresme), reflejada en evidencias arqueológicas, documentales, arquitectónicas y urbanas. El museo, integrado en la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona, parte de un proyecto museológico abierto, lúdico y participativo.

Edificio
El museo ocupa una de las dependencias del Mas Figueres, edificio documentado a finales del , aunque la construcción actual parece ser del . La fachada principal presenta una puerta dovelada y dos ventanas góticas coronan la segunda planta; la fachada de poniente tiene una alberca adosada, cuya agua brota a través de una fuente embaldosada con la imagen de San José Oriol, quien según la tradición pasó una noche en la casa. En 1994 el Ayuntamiento de Premiá de Dalt adquirió el edificio y la finca que lo rodea y proyectó su rehabilitación como casa de cultura.

Exposición
La exposición permanente se divide en tres ámbitos diferenciados:
 La colección "De Masía a Museo", con objetos de Can Figueres, sede del museo, que muestra la evolución y los cambios producidos en la casa.
 La maqueta dinámica "Yo, Premià", que presenta un recorrido virtual por la historia de la población.
 El panel táctil "Premià (des)de Dalt", que permite visualizar las imágenes y la historia de los puntos patrimoniales más emblemáticos del municipio sobre una fotográfia aérea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial
 Web del Museo más grande de Cataluña

Museos de la Red de Museos Locales de la Diputación de Barcelona
El Maresme
Premiá de Dalt
Museos de España inaugurados en los años 1990
Arquitectura en Cataluña en el siglo XV

Museo de Premià de Dalt


Momo - Skuespillernes Eget Forlag - eller Forlaget Momolydbog - er et dansk lydbogsforlag.

Lydbogsforlaget er stiftet som et andelsselskab i 2008 af en række skuespillere, som indtaler de lydbøger, forlaget producerer.

Lydbogsforlaget ledes af Lotte Andersen, der fungerer som direktør, samt Julie Carlsen, der er formand for bestyrelsen.

Tilknyttede skuespillere
Blandt de skuespillere, som har etableret og er tilknyttet lydbogsforlaget (pr. 2015) er
 Lotte Andersen
 Nis Bank-Mikkelsen
 Kristian Boland
 Julie Carlsen
 Helene Egelund
 Linda Elvira
 Benjamin Hasselflug
 Vibeke Hastrup
 Morten Hauch-Fausbøll
 Søren Hauch-Fausbøll
 Louise Herbert
 Torbjørn Hummel
 Paul Hüttel
 Henrik Koefoed
 Jon Lange
 Ole Lemmeke
 Thomas Magnussen
 Lars Mikkelsen
 Karen-Lise Mynster
 Sonja Oppenhagen
 Neel Rønholt
 Søren Spanning
 Anette Støvelbæk
 Helle Merete Sørensen
 Lars Thiesgaard
 Sofie Vea

Eksterne henvisninger
 www.momolydbog.dk - officiel website for Momo - Skuespillernes Lydbogsværksted

Forlag fra Danmark

Momo - Skuespillernes Eget Forlag


El Gran Premio Latinoamericano (ex Gran Premio Asociación Latinoamericana de Jockey Clubes e Hipódromos) es una carrera de caballos originalmente destinada a aquellos que compiten en hipódromos sudamericanos. Es la carrera emblemática de la Organización Sudamericana de Fomento del Pura Sangre de Carrera (OSAF), el organismo  que representa activamente a las entidades de turf de toda Sudamérica en los foros internacionales. Actualmente esta carrera es la prueba más importante de Latinoamérica, y con la mayor bolsa de premios disponibles. Desde el año 2014 fue patrocinado por Longines, el acuerdo con la marca de relojes suiza culminó después de disputada la edición 2023 en el Hipódromo de San Isidro.

El Hipódromo Presidente Remón de Panamá en 2009 y el Hipódromo de las Américas de México en 2011 han sido incorporados a la Asociación Latinoamericana de Jockey Clubes e Hipódromos para recibir la prueba en el futuro. En el mismo año 2011 también fueron incorporados el Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo y el Valparaíso Sporting (Chile) como sedes para disputar esta carrera. Tiene carácter anual y la sede del evento es rotativa.

En la versión 2018 Chile fue excluido de participar luego de haber estado presente en todas las ediciones, la decisión fue tomada por las autoridades santarias uruguayas debido a algunos casos de Influenza Equina ocurridos en Chile, por esa razón el Club Hípico de Santiago, recibió la prueba el año 2019.

La versión 2020 marcó un precedente dentro de esta prueba. Debido a la pandemia mundial por Coronavirus (COVID-19), se suspendieron las actividades extrahipicas y la jornada se corrió sin público.

La versión 2021 de este clásico tuvo una importante variación, debido a las consecuencias e implicancias de la pandemia mundial por Coronavirus (COVID-19), las autoridades del Hipódromo de Monterrico (recinto que estaba asignado para llevar a cabo la prueba en 2021) declararon que no estaban en condiciones de realizar el "Latinoamericano", por lo que la OSAF mediante un comunicado con fecha 3 de diciembre de 2020 decidió cambiar la sede de este clásico al Hipódromo de Maroñas, como también la fecha, excepcionalmente se corrió el domingo 24 de octubre de 2021, coincidiendo además con los 40 años de la disputa del primer Latinoamericano en la misma pista.

La versión 2023 tuvo una nueva variación, por petición del Hipódromo de San Isidro a la OSAF, se corrió este clásico el sábado 7 de octubre (coincidiendo con la fecha del Gran Premio Jockey Club) y también cambió la condición de la carrera, en esta oportunidad fue para todo caballo de 4 años y más edad, ya que los potrillos y potrancas de 3 años a la fecha estaban disputando sus respectivos procesos generacionales.

Es la prueba peso-por-edad más importante de Sudamérica. Esta prueba es para caballos purasangres de 3 años o más de edad, apuntados por los respectivos hipódromos, y se disputa sobre 2000 metros (en el Latinoamericano de 2017 que se disputó en el Valparaíso Sporting, se hizo una excepción respecto a la distancia, se corrió sobre 2400 metros).

Sedes
Argentina ha recibido la prueba en doce ocasiones, siete en el Hipódromo de San Isidro, (1982, 1992, 1998, 2005, 2011, 2020 y 2023), tres en el Hipódromo de La Plata (1989, 1994 y 2007), y dos en el Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo (2012 y 2015). Chile ha recibido la prueba en once oportunidades, seis veces en el Hipódromo Chile (1984, 1990, 1997, 2004, 2013, y 2022), cuatro veces en el Club Hípico de Santiago (1988, 1995, 2010 y 2019) y una vez en el Valparaíso Sporting (2017). Perú la ha recibido cinco veces en el Hipódromo de Monterrico (1987, 1993, 1999, 2008 y 2014), mientras que Uruguay la ha recibido en cuatro ocasiones en el Hipódromo de Maroñas (1981, 2006, 2018 y 2021). En Brasil se ha recibido la prueba seis veces, el Hipódromo de Cidade Jardim en tres oportunidades (1983, 1991 y 2009), y el Hipódromo de La Gávea también en tres ocasiones (1985, 1996 y 2016), mientras que en una sola oportunidad se disputó en el Hipódromo venezolano de La Rinconada (1986).

Participaciones de jockeys mujeres
Hasta la edición 2015 sólo dos jocketas participaron en esta prueba. La primera jockey mujer en correr esta carrera fue Marina Lezcano en el año 1984 con el caballo argentino El Asesor. La segunda en hacerlo fue su compatriota argentina Andrea Marinhas, quien condujo al caballo Cafrune en la edición del año 2011.

Historial

Nota: Este clásico no se corrió desde el año 2000 hasta el 2003.

 Some in Tieme (BRA), es ganador del Gran Premio Latinoamericano 2016 por descalificación del ganador Don Inc (ARG) y también se descalifica al quinto clasificado Río Allipén (CHI) ambos por dopaje.

Récords
Caballo con más victorias:
 Much Better : 2 (1994, 1996)

Jinetes más ganadores:
 Jorge Ricardo : 5 (1991, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2007)
 Edwin Talaverano : 3 (1993, 1999, 2015)
 Carlos Trujillo : 2 (2008, 2011)
 Jorge Valdivieso : 2 (1989, 2005)
 Victor Bardales : 2 (1986, 1987)

Entrenadores más ganadores:
 João Luiz Maciel : 3 (1991, 1994, 1996)
 Jorge Salas Vera : 2 (2008, 2011)

Propietarios más ganadores:
 Stud Myrna : 2 (2008, 2011)
 Stud TNT : 2 (1994, 1996)

Títulos por País:
 Brasil : 11 (1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2009, 2016, 2023)
 Chile : 10 (1984, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1997, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2019, 2022)
 Perú : 9 (1986, 1987, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015)
 Argentina : 7 (1989, 1992, 2005, 2006, 2017, 2018, 2020)
 Uruguay : 2 (2007, 2021)

Última edición
El sábado 7 de octubre de 2023, se llevó a cabo el 39º Gran Premio Latinoamericano,  en el Hipódromo de San Isidro , recinto que recibía por septima vez la prueba. El ganador fue el brasileño DOUTOR SUREÑO (hijo de Agnes Gold), dándole su undécimo triunfo en esta prueba a Brasil, en segundo lugar llegó el ejemplar peruano Don Feres, en tercer lugar se ubicó el argentino Natan, en cuarto lugar se colocó el uruguayo Papa Mim y el marcador lo cerró la peruana Samay. Douror Sureño fue corrido por José Severo, y preparado por Victorio Fornasaro Neto, dupla que suma su primer "Latino", defendió las sedas del Haras Moema y fue criado en el Haras Old Friends.

Véase también

 Clásico Internacional del Caribe

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Organización Latinoamericana de Fomento del Pura Sangre de Carrera (OSAF)

Latinoamericano

Gran Premio Latinoamericano


Annalena Baerbock (f. 15. desember 1980) er þýsk stjórnmálakona og núverandi utanríkisráðherra Þýskalands. Hún hefur verið annar tveggja leiðtoga þýsku Græningjanna ásamt Robert Habeck frá árinu 2018. Hún var jafnframt frambjóðandi Græningja til embættis kanslara Þýskalands fyrir þingkosningar landsins í september 2021 og var álitin fyrsta kanslaraefni Græna flokksins með raunhæfa möguleika á að ná kjöri í embættið.

Annalena Baerbock hefur setið á þýska sambandsþinginu fyrir Brandenborgarkjördæmi frá árinu 2013. Hún var meðlimur í flokksráði Græningjanna frá 2012 til 2015 og var leiðtogi landsdeildar flokksins í Brandenborg frá 2009 til 2013.

Æviágrip

Menntun
Baerbock nam stjórnmálafræði við Hamborgarháskóla frá 2000 til 2004 og útskrifaðist með mastersgráðu í þjóðarétti við Hagfræði- og stjórnmálafræðiháskólann í London árið 2005. Frá 2009 til 2013 bjó hún sig undir doktorsnám í þjóðarétti við Fríháskólann í Berlín en hefur til þessa dags ekki lokið gráðunni.

Stjórnmálaferill
Baerbock var leiðtogi Sambandsins 90/Græningjanna í Brandenborg frá 2009 til 2013. Hún var kjörin á þýska sambandsþingið árið 2013 og endurkjörin árið 2017. Hún var talsmaður flokksins í loftslagsmálum.

Kjör í formennsku Græningjanna
Baerbock er talin tilheyra raunræisvæng Græningjaflokksins. Hún var kjörin annar formaður Sambandsins 90/Græningjanna þann 28. janúar 2018 með 97,1%. Robert Habeck var kjörinn meðformaður flokksins ásamt Baerbock. Sem leiðtogar hafa Baerbock og Habeck reynst farsælt og vinsælt tvíeyki og undir þeirra stjórn hafa Græningjarnir mælst með þremur fylgishæstu stjórnmálaflokkum Þýskalands þökk sé raunsærri nálgun þeirra og sáttastefnu.

Kosningaárángur Græningja á formannstíð Baerbock og Habeck vakti mikla athygli og leiddi til umræðu um að þau gætu orðið eftirmenn Angelu Merkel á kanslarastól. Velgengni þeirra var tengd við aukið fylgi umhverfishreyfinga í Evrópu.

Þann 19. apríl 2021 var Baerbock formlega valin sem kanslaraefni Græningja í þingkosningum Þýskalands 2021.

Skoðanir
Annalena Baerbock hefur reynt að staðsetja Græningjaflokkinn sem "borgaralegan flokk". Hún skilgreinir sig hvorki til vinstri né hægri en styður bæði Evrópusambandið og markaðshagkerfið. Hún hefur einnig lýst yfir vilja til þess að mynda samsteypustjórn með Kristilegum demókrötum.

Baerbock hefur einkum sótt fylgi sitt til ungra kjósenda. Árið 2018 var einn af hverjum fjórum kjósendum Græningja á áldrinum 18 til 24 ára, sem var 12 % hlutfallshækkun á fimm árum.

Græningjarnir eru á móti lagningu olíuleiðslunnar Nord Stream 2 á milli Þýskalands og Rússlands og hafa látið þau orð falla að "aðeins kerfi Pútíns græði á henni" og að hún "grafi undan utanríkisstefnu Þýskalands".

Umfjöllun
Árið 2021 taldi miðillinn Politico Baerbock meðal 28 voldugustu einstaklinga í Evrópu og þann þriðja voldugasta í flokknum Dreamers ("dreymendur").

Einkahagir
Baerbock er gift stjórnmálaráðgjafanum Daniel Holefleisch og á með honum tvær dætur sem fæddar eru árin 2011 og 2015. Þau búa í Potsdam í Brandenborg.

Tilvísanir

Utanríkisráðherrar Þýskalands

Annalena Baerbock


معاهدة نويي معاهدة بين بلغاريا وبلدان الوفاق الثلاثي، تم توقيعها في 27 نوفمبر 1919 في نويي سور سين، فقدت بلغاريا بموجبها جزءاً من أراضيها (11 ألف كم2 أو 10% من مساحة أراضيها وسُبع سكانها) التي تم تسليمها لليونان ويوغوسلافيا.

وفق هذه المعاهدة تخلت بلغاريا عن 4 مقاطعات على حدودها الغربية ليوغوسلافيا وتم وضع تراقيا الغربية تحت إدارة دول الحلفاء الرئيسية ثم تسليمها لليونان، حيث فقدت بلغارياً مخرجها إلى بحر إيجة.

مراجع

بلغاريا في 1919
أحداث نوفمبر 1919
الحدود البلغارية اليونانية
العلاقات الإيطالية البلغارية
العلاقات البلغارية الرومانية
العلاقات البلغارية الصربية
العلاقات البلغارية الفرنسية
العلاقات اليونانية البلغارية
إصلاحات
تاريخ البلقان
تاريخ اليونان الحديث
تاريخ تراقيا الغربية
رومانيا الكبرى
مشاعر معادية للبلغاريين
معاهدات أبرمت في 1919
معاهدات الإمبراطورية اليابانية
معاهدات الجمهورية البولندية الثانية
معاهدات الجمهورية الفرنسية الثالثة
معاهدات بلجيكا
معاهدات تايلاند
معاهدات ترتبت عليها تعديلات حدودية
معاهدات تشيكوسلوفاكيا
معاهدات جمهورية الصين (1912–49)
معاهدات سلام
معاهدات سلام اليونان
معاهدات سلام بلغاريا
معاهدات سلام لإيطاليا
معاهدات سلام للمملكة المتحدة
معاهدات سلام للولايات المتحدة
معاهدات سلام لليابان
معاهدات في الحرب العالمية الأولى
معاهدات كوبا
معاهدات مملكة الحجاز
معاهدات مملكة المتحدة (1801–1922)
معاهدات مملكة اليونان
معاهدات مملكة إيطاليا (1861–1946)
معاهدات مملكة بلغاريا
معاهدات مملكة رومانيا
معاهدات مملكة يوغوسلافيا
مؤتمر باريس للسلام 1919

معاهدة نويي


2001 ආසියානු ටෙස්ට් ශූරතාවලිය යනු 2001 අගෝස්තු මාසයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ පකිස්ථානයේ පැවති ටෙස්ට් ක්‍රිකට් තරඟාවලියකි. එය ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, බංග්ලාදේශය සහ පකිස්ථානය යන ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම් අතර තුන්කොන් තරඟාවලියක් වූ අතර ඉන්දියාව තරඟාවලියට සහභාගී නොවීය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව අවසන් මහා තරගයේදී පාකිස්තානය කඩුලු 8කින් පරාජය කරමින් තරගාවලියේ ශූරතාව දිනා ගත්තේය.

3 වන තරගය ලෙස ශ්‍රී ලංකාව හා පකිස්ථානය අතර පැවැත්වීමට තිබූ තරගය, ඒ වන විටත් එම කණ්ඩායම් දෙක අවසාන තරගයට සුදුසුකම් ලගා තිබූ හෙයින් අවසාන තරගය ලෙස පවත්වන්නට යෙදිනි.

සංචිත

තරග

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වැනි ටෙස්ට් තරගය

ප්‍රසාද ලකුණු වගුව

අවසාන තරගය

යොමු කිරීම්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 ESPN Cricinfo හි තරගාවලි නිවස

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්
ක්‍රිකට්

ආසියානු ටෙස්ට් කුසලානය 2001


Johann Michael Wittmer (født 15. oktober 1802 i Murnau, Oberbayern, død 9. maj 1880 i München) var en tysk maler.

Wittmer var elev af Johann Peter von Langer ved Münchens Akademi. Efter en kortere virksomhed i München, hvor han arbejdede med Glyptotekets fresker og Odeon samt malede et alterbillede for Isseldorf tog han 1828 til Rom. Sammen med kronprins Max af Bayern var han over Syditalien på lange rejser i
Grækenland, Lilleasien og Konstantinopel; han udnyttede sine mange rejsestudier, da han kom tilbage til Rom, hans fremtidige hovedopholdssted. Til Münchens Pinakotek kom blandt andet Hyrdernes tilbedelse, til Thorvaldsens Museum Æsop fortæller fabler (1841).

Kilder

Malere fra Tyskland
Historiemalere
Tyskere i 1800-tallet

Johann Michael Wittmer


Aleksije Charon (grč. Ἀλέξιος Χάρων; 11. st.) bio je bizantski službenik u južnoj Italiji te djed (po majci) cara Aleksija I. Komnena (vladao 1081. – 1118.), osnivača Dinastije Komnenâ. Spomenuo ga je u svom djelu o povijesti Nikefor Brijenije Mlađi, koji je oženio njegovu praunuku Anu Komnenu. Prema Brijeniju, Aleksiju je dan nadimak Charon (hrv. "Haron"), po liku iz grčke mitologije jer se Aleksije isticao hrabrošću.

Kći Aleksija Charona bila je carica Ana Dalasena. Prema teoriji, Aleksije je bio guverner Italije te je povjesničarka Vera von Falkenhausen iznijela vlastitu teoriju o Aleksiju — da je on identičan Aleksiju Xiphiasu, koji je umro 1007.

Izvori i bilješke

Životopisi, Italija
Grčko plemstvo

Aleksije Haron


The Borscht Belt, or Yiddish Alps is a colloquial term for the mostly defunct summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in parts of Sullivan, Orange, and Ulster counties in the U.S. state of New York, straddling both Upstate New York and the northern edges of the New York metropolitan area. A source interviewed by Time magazine stated that visits to the area by Jewish families were already underway "as early as the 1890s ... Tannersville ... was 'a great resort of our Israelite '...from the 1920s on [there were] hundreds of hotels".

A 2019 review of the history is more specific: "in its heyday, as many as 500 resorts catered to guests of various incomes". These resorts, and also the Borscht Belt bungalow colonies, were a popular vacation spot for New York City Jews from the 1920s through the 1960s. By the late 1950s, many began closing, with most gone by the 1970s, but some major resorts continued to operate, a few into the 1990s. Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel closed in 1986 and the Concord Resort Hotel struggled to stay open until 1998, and was subsequently demolished for a possible casino site.

Name
The name comes from borscht, a soup of Ukrainian origin, made with beetroot as the main ingredient giving it a deep reddish-purple color, that is popular in many Central and Eastern European countries and brought by Ashkenazi Jewish and Slavic immigrants to the United States. The name is a play on existing colloquial names for other American regions (such as the Bible Belt and Rust Belt).  The name the Yiddish Alps was used (possibly coined) by Larry King and is satirical:  a classic example of borscht belt humor.

History
In the 1920s and 1930s, some hotels and resorts' advertisements refused to accept Jews and indicated "No Hebrews or Consumptives" in their ads. This discrimination led to a need for alternative lodging that would readily accept Jewish families as guests. One report states that the larger hotels provided "Friday night and holiday services as well as kosher cooking."

At the hotels, "food was of primary importance ... there was a sense that 'too much was not enough, according to one source. "To understand the emphasis on food," writes Johnathan Sarna, "one has to understand hunger. Immigrants had memories of hunger, and in the Catskills, the food seemed limitless."

The singles scene was also important; many hotels hired young male college students to attract single girls of a similar age. One book on the era contended that the Catskills "became one great marriage broker."

Borscht Belt hotels, bungalow colonies, summer camps, and kuchaleyns (a Yiddish name for self-catered boarding houses) flourished. The bungalows usually included
"a kitchen/living room/dinette, one bedroom, and a screened porch" with entertainment being simple: bingo or a movie.  The kuchaleyns were also often visited by middle-class and working-class Jewish New Yorkers. Because of the many Jewish guests, this area was nicknamed the Jewish Alps and "Solomon County" (a modification of "Sullivan County") by many people who visited there.

Borscht Belt resorts stood in towns such as Liberty, Fallsburg, Mamakating, Thompson, Bethel, and Rockland in Sullivan County as well as Wawarsing and Rochester in Ulster County. Such resorts included Avon Lodge, Brickman's, Brown's, Butler Lodge, The Concord, Grossinger's, Granit, the Heiden Hotel, Irvington, Kutsher's Hotel and Country Club, the Nevele, Friar Tuck Inn, the Laurels Hotel and Country Club, the Pines Resort, Raleigh Hotel, the Overlook, the Tamarack Lodge, Shady Nook Hotel and Country Club, Stevensville, Stier's Hotel, and the Windsor. Some of these hotels originated from farms that Jewish immigrants established in the early part of the 20th century.

Two of the larger hotels in High View (just north of Bloomingburg) were Shawanga Lodge and the Overlook. One of the high points of Shawanga Lodge's existence came in 1959 when it was the site of a conference of scientists researching laser beams. The conference marked the start of serious research into lasers. The hotel burned to the ground in 1973.

The Overlook, which offered entertainment and rooms, as well as bungalows, was operated by the Schrier family.

The Granit Hotel and Country Club, located in Kerhonkson, boasted many amenities, including a golf course. It closed in 2015, and was renovated and turned into the Hudson Valley Resort and Spa, which closed in 2018. The property was sold in May 2019 to Hudson Valley Holding Co. LLC. The company did not announce its plans for the hotel.

Decline
According to Time, "the Borscht Belt resorts reached their peak in the 1950s and 60s, accommodating up to 150,000 guests a year" but the start of a decline was apparent by the late 1960s. "Railways began cutting service to the area, the popularity of air travel increased, and a younger generation of Jewish-Americans chose other leisure destinations." Another source mentions a secondary factor: "anti-Semitism declined, so Jews could go other places".

Access to the area improved with the opening of the George Washington Bridge and upgrade of old travel routes such as old New York State Route 17. On the other hand, passenger train access ended with the September 10, 1953 termination of passenger trains on the Ontario and Western Railway mainline from Roscoe at the northern edge of Sullivan County, through the Borscht Belt, to Weehawken, New Jersey. A 1940 vacation travel guide published by the railroad listed hundreds of establishments that were situated at or near the railway's stations. The following year the New York Central ceased running passenger trains on its Catskill Mountain Branch. The area suffered as a travel destination in the late 1950s and especially by the 1960s. Another source also confirms that "cheap air travel suddenly allowed a new generation to visit more exotic and warmer destinations". More women remained in the workforce after marriage and could not take off for the entire summer to relocate to the Catskills.

According to a recent source, by the early 1960s, some 25 to 30 percent of Grossinger's visitors were not Jewish.

A Times of Israel article specifies that "the bungalow colonies were the first to go under, followed by the smaller hotels. The glitziest ones hung on the longest" with some continuing to operate in the 1980s and even in the 1990s. The Concord, which outlasted most other resorts, went bankrupt in 1997 but survived until 1998.

In 1987, New York's mayor Ed Koch proposed buying the Gibber Hotel in Kiamesha Lake to house the homeless. The idea was opposed by local officials. The hotel instead became the religious school Yeshiva Viznitz.

21st century
The Heiden Hotel in South Fallsburg, the location of the 1987 movie Sweet Lorraine starring Maureen Stapleton, was destroyed by fire in May 2008.

The Stevensville Hotel in Swan Lake, owned by the family of accused Bernard Madoff accomplice David G. Friehling, reopened as the Swan Lake Resort Hotel.

The former Homowack Lodge in Phillipsport was converted into a summer camp for Hasidic girls. Officials of the state Department of Health ordered the property evacuated in July 2009, citing health and safety violations.

Many Buddhist and Hindu retreat centers have been constructed on the land or in the restored buildings of former camps or resorts to serve adherents in New York City, the establishment of which has then drawn even more temples and centers to the area. This led to the coining of the nickname 'Buddha Belt', 'Bhajan Belt', or 'Buddhist Belt' to refer to the area's revival.

Between 2013 and 2018 the decaying state of the abandoned resorts was captured by several ruins photographers:

The Flagler Hotel, Nemerson, Schenk's and Windsor Hotels in South Fallsburg, and the Stevensville Hotel in Swan Lake, were converted into Jewish religious summer camps.
Grossinger's Catskill Resort Hotel; the Grossinger's complex partially was demolished in 2018 and a new owner planned to build a hotel, homes and other amenities. A remaining structure on the property was destroyed by fire in August 2022.
The former Gilbert's Hotel and Brickman Hotel are not part of the Siddha Yoga SYDA complex. A gift shop remains open at the sites, which are not in current active use.
Lesser Lodge
Nevele Grand Hotel
The Vegetarian Hotel
Kutsher's Hotel and Country Club; a wellness club was built on the site; it opened in June 2018. The original Kutcher's nightclub is all that remains of the original hotel. The Kutcher's Hotel front electric sign was donated to the Sullivan County Historical Museum.
The Pines Hotel golf course was converted into a Jewish religious housing site. The Pines Hotel dilapidated main building and surrounding structures remained in a state of decay until it was destroyed in a fire in 2023.
White Lake Mansion House
Homowack Lodge
Tamarack Lodge
Concord Resort Hotel; In February 2018, Resorts World Catskills opened on the site of the old hotel.

As of the 2010s, the region is a summer home for many Orthodox Jewish families. Some of the hotels have been converted into rehab centers, meditation centers or Orthodox Jewish hotels and resorts. The Orthodox Jews who flock to the region each summer provide commerce that the area would not have otherwise.

Comedic legacy

The tradition of Borscht Belt entertainment started in the early 20th century with the indoor and outdoor theaters constructed on a 40-acre (16-hectare) tract in Hunter, New York by Yiddish theater star Boris Thomashefsky.

A cradle of American Jewish comedy since the 1920s, the Borscht Belt entertainment circuit has helped launch the careers of many famous comedians and acted as a launchpad for those just starting out.

Comedians who got their start or regularly performed in Borscht Belt resorts include:

Joey Adams
Woody Allen
Morey Amsterdam
Sandy Baron
Benny Bell
Milton Berle
Shelley Berman
Mel Brooks
Lenny Bruce
George Burns
Red Buttons
Sid Caesar
Jean Carroll
Jack Carter
Myron Cohen
Bill Dana
Rodney Dangerfield
Phyllis Diller
Totie Fields
Betty Garrett
Estelle Getty
George Gobel
Gretchen Grape
Shecky Greene
Buddy Hackett
Mickey Katz
Danny Kaye
Alan King
Robert Klein
Jack E. Leonard
Pesach Burstein
Mal Z. Lawrence
Sam Levenson
Jerry Lewis
Jackie Mason
Lou Menchell
Jan Murray
Freddie Prinze Sr.
Carl Reiner
Don Rickles
Joan Rivers
Freddie Roman
Allan Sherman
Jackie Vernon
Murray Waxman
Jonathan Winters
Henny Youngman

Borscht Belt humor refers to the rapid-fire, often self-deprecating style common to many of these performers and writers. Typical themes include:

 Bad luck
 Puns: "Sire, the peasants are revolting!" "You said it. They stink on ice." (Harvey Korman as Count de Money (Monet) and Mel Brooks as King Louis XVI, in History of the World Part I)
 Physical complaints and ailments (often relating to bowels and cramping): "My doctor said I was in terrible shape. I told him, 'I want a second opinion.' He said, 'All right, you're ugly too! "I told my doctor, 'This morning when I got up and saw myself in the mirror, I looked awful! What's wrong with me?' He replied, 'I don't know, but your eyesight is perfect! (Dangerfield)
 Aggravating relatives and nagging wives: "My wife and I were happy for twenty years. Then we met." (Dangerfield). "Take my wife—please!" (Henny Youngman); "My wife drowned in the pool because she was wearing so much jewelry." (Rickles); "My wife ain't too bright. One day our car got stolen. I said to her, 'Did you get a look at the guy?' She said, 'No, but I got the license number. (Dangerfield) "This morning the doorbell rang. I said 'Who is it?' She said 'It's the Boston Strangler.' I said 'It's for you dear! (Youngman)

See also
History of the Catskill Mountains
Chitlin' Circuit
Sawdust trail

References

External links
 The Catskills Institute at Northeastern University

 Four Seasons Lodge, a documentary about a bungalow colony of Holocaust survivors in the Catskills
 . Drone Video footage of The Pines and Grossinger's.
 The Borscht Belt: Visiting the Remains of America's Jewish Vacationland

Jewish comedy and humor
Catskills

Economy of Ulster County, New York
History of Ulster County, New York
Jewish theatre
Vaudeville theaters

Borscht Belt


Roosevelt munçağı (Muntiacus rooseveltorum) geyikgiller (Cervidae) familyasından bir munçak türüdür.

1929 yılında Chicago Field Müzesi'ne(:en:Field Museum of Natural History) Theodore (Jnr) ve Kermit Roosevelt'in av seferinden Laos'ta vurdukları bir munçak örneği getirildi. Bayağı munçak'tan biraz daha küçük olan bu örnek 1932 yılında Wilfred Hudson Osgood tarafından ayrı bir munçak türü olarak sınıflandırıldı. DNA testleri de bu türün bilinen diğer munçak türlerinden farklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Son zamanlarda Laos ile Vietnam arasındaki Truong Son Dağları'nda yaşayan köylülerin elinde bulunan kafatasları kanıt gösterilerek türün yeniden bulunduğu öne sürülmüştür. Bu bölge en yakın akrabası olan Fea munçağının güneydoğusundadır. Ancak kesin kaynak olmadan Roosevelt munçağının yaşama alanın kesin olarak saptanamamaktadır.

Durumu belirsiz hayvanlar
Munçak
Lazarus taksonları

Roosevelt munçağı


ke lo ku rwo la eh nhe peo reko ruo co mo pon ro meo ru mok

හවාරා


එඩින්බර්ග්හි ආදිපාදවරයා වන එඩ්වඩ් කුමරු දෙවන එලිසබෙත් මහ රාජෝත්තමාවියගේ හා ෆිලිප් කුමරුගේ තෙවන පුත්‍රයා හා බාලම දරුවා වේ.

සීයලා සහ ආච්චිලා -  හයවන ජෝර්ජ් රජතුමා ,එලිසබෙත් මව් රැජින,ග්‍රීසියේ සහ ඩෙන්මාර්කයේ ඇන්ඩෘ කුමරු, බැටන්බර්ග්හි ඇලිස් කුමරිය

සහෝදර සහෝදරියෝ - චාල්ස් රජතුමා , ඈන් කුමරිය, ඇන්ඩෘ කුමරු

එඩ්වඩ් කුමරු, එඩින්බර්ග් හි ආදිපාදවරයා


Gliptoteka (grčki: γλυπτός: urezan, izrezbaren + -teka) je zbirka izrezbarenih predmeta od kamena; u širem značenju, zbirka kipova, muzej skulpture. Takve su zbirke postojale već u antici; u doba renesanse bila je glasovita zbirka Lorenza de' Medicija u Firenci.

Riječ Gliptoteka skovao je knjižničar bavarskog kralja Ludviga I.

Najpoznatiji muzeji koji nose ime gliptoteke su:
 Glyptothek, München, Njemačka
 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen, Danska
 Nacionalna gliptoteka, Atena, Grčka
 Gliptoteka HAZU u Zagrebu

Izvori

Vidi još
 Lapidarij

Vrste muzeja
Starogrčke skulpture

Gliptoteka


Nedžad ef. Grabus (Travnik, 1968.) je muftija sarajevski.

Karijera
Nedžad ef. Grabus radio je u Vjersko-prosvjetnoj službi Rijaseta Islamske zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini, te kao suradnik na Radiju BiH od 2001. do 2003. godine kao urednik Religijskog programa. Također, dugogodišnji je suradnik TV Sarajevo. Predavač je na Fakultetu islamskih nauka u Sarajevu. Za muftiju Mešihata Islamske zajednice u Republici Sloveniji postavljen je u travnju 2006. godine. Tu dužnost je obnašao do svibnja 2021. godine, kada je imenovan za muftiju sarajevskog.

Govori engleski i slovenski jezik.

Djela
Mogućnosti islamskoga djelovanja posredstvom elektronskih medija (1995.)
Islam u BH medijima u oskudici vjerskog novinarstva (2000.);
O prednosti vjerovjesnika nad melekima (2001.);
Šejh-Jujino tumačenje islamskoga vjerovanja – akaida (2002.);
El-Bagdadijevo učenje o temeljima imana (2002.);

Povezani članci
 Muftija
 Islamska zajednica u Republici Sloveniji

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Nedžad ef. Grabus  na islamskazajednica.ba

Bošnjačke muftije
Islamska zajednica u Republici Sloveniji
Bošnjaci u Sloveniji

Nedžad Grabus


La Chanson de printemps, op. 172, est une œuvre de la compositrice Mel Bonis.

Composition
Mel Bonis compose sa Chanson de printemps pour voix élevée et piano sur un texte qu'elle écrit elle-même, mais qui est peut-être d'Édouard Guinand. Il existe deux manuscrits portant la mention , , mais aussi une page de titre . L'œuvre est publiée à titre posthume par les éditions Armiane en 2002 et en 2014.

Analyse

Réception

Discographie
Mel Bonis, l'œuvre vocale. Doron musique, 2006

Références

Sources

Liens externes

 Mel Bonis, compositrice - site officiel : les mélodies

Œuvre de Mel Bonis
Mélodie française

Chanson de printemps