Le  Bofors L/70 (également appelé canon automatique L/70, Bofors  L/70, Bofors /70, Bofors 40/70 et similaires), est un canon automatique polyvalent développé par le fabricant d'armes suédois AB Bofors (aujourd'hui BAE Systems Bofors) construit après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour remplacer le Bofors 40 mm L/60 à succès.

Initialement conçu en tant qu'une arme anti-aérienne, vendue sous le nom de , sa conception a depuis été redéveloppée pour devenir une arme polyvalente dédiée capable de tirer à la fois des projectiles sabot et des munitions programmables. Le design Bofors  L/70 n'atteindra jamais la même popularité et le même statut historique que le design original L/60, mais connait toujours une grande exportation et popularité à ce jour, ayant été adopté par environ  différents et même accepté comme norme de l'OTAN en novembre 1953. Il est toujours produit et vendu (depuis mars 2005 par BAE Systems AB), et plusieurs variantes existent pour les applications de terrain et navales. Une variante notable est la « variante de véhicule blindé léger » Bofors 40 / 70B qui est utilisée sur les véhicules de combat d'infanterie suédois Strf 90 40 et coréens .

Le Bofors  L/70, comme la plupart des canons automatiques Bofors, est basé sur la même conception de base que le canon automatique Bofors  L/60 d'origine, à savoir un feu rapproché, un canon à éjection automatique avec un chargement automatique à recul dans le même récepteur, et semble donc visuellement similaire. Malgré cela, le L/70 a adopté quelques changements majeurs par rapport à son prédécesseur. Les changements les plus superficiels sont le canon L/70 plus long, le double dispositif de refroidissement et le fait que l'arme est chambrée pour une cartouche  plus puissante (contre  pour le Bofors  L/60). Le plus important cependant est le nouveau système d'éjection qui éjecte les douilles vides du côté opposé à la rampe d'alimentation, par rapport au système d'éjection du L/60, qui éjecte les étuis directement à l'arrière du canon. Ce changement de système a presque doublé la cadence de tir mécanique par rapport au système précédent.

Bien que le Bofors  L/70 soit un développement distinct de l'ancien modèle Bofors  L/60, les similitudes et le succès entre les deux canons sont largement connus simplement sous le nom de  ou , les confondant comme une seule et même arme.

Variantes
 Système de canon L/70 BOFI (Bofors Optronic Fire control Instrument) : Système de conduite de tir électro-optique (avec un ordinateur et un télémètre laser) et des munitions à fusion de proximité. Un .
 L/70 BOFI-R (Tous temps) : système de contrôle de tir multicapteur avec un radar en bande J. Fournit une acquisition et un suivi automatiques avec une portée effective de  sans entrée radar externe.
 L/70 REMO (Rénovation et Modernisation) : variante visant à prolonger la durée de vie et à augmenter l'efficacité. Cadence de tir plus élevée, nouveau système de contrôle de tir/programmation d'éclatement d'air et munitions.
 Mise à niveau du L/70 aux Pays-Bas : nouveau système d'asservissement, amplificateurs, cadence de tir augmentée (à 300 coups/min), râteliers de munitions et groupe électrogène diesel.
 Amélioration espagnole du L/70 : système de suivi automatique électro-optique Felis (téléviseur HD, suivi automatique, laser de télémétrie, indicateur de cible portable et interface radar)
 AOS  L70 FADM () : système de visée à entraînement électrique de Singapore Technologies
 TRIDON  L/70 : Bofors a installé un camion Volvo 725 6 x 6 avec une cabine entièrement fermée et blindée pour un équipage de cinq personnes, avec seulement deux membres d'équipage requis. Jamais entré en service.
 LVS  L/70 : équipé du système de conduite de tir modulaire LVS de Saab. Entré en service dans l'armée suédoise et l'armée royale thaïlandaise en 1994 et 1997.

DARDO

Breda (aujourd'hui Oto Melara) d'Italie utilise le Bofors  L/70 dans ses systèmes d'armes anti-aériens Type 64, Type 106, Type 107, Type 564 et Type 520. Ils ont également développé un système d'arme rapproché nommé DARDO pour l'armée et la marine italienne. Un développement plus récent de Breda, le , utilise deux Bofors  modifiés, chacun avec une cadence de tir améliorée de , contre  pour la version L/70. Pour une utilisation navale, il est normalement équipé d'un chargeur de  et d'un mécanisme d'alimentation double.

Utilisateurs
*  : Construit sous licence

  : Plusieurs variantes

  : Construit sous licence

  : 40/70 Mk. II sur les navires d'attaque rapide lance-missiles de la classe Rauma et les dragueurs de mines de la classe Katanpää

  : Construit sous licence

  : Construit sous licence par Breda

  : Construit sous licence

  : 40/70 Mk. I comme  automatkanon m/48 et 40/70B comme  automatkanon m/70B
 : Construit sous licence

  : Construit sous licence
  : Construit sous licence
  : Don de 36 par la Lituanie annoncé le 10 février 2023.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Bofors 40 mm L/60
 Bofors 57 mm L/60
 Bofors 57 mm L/70
 Bofors 75 mm modèle 1929
 Liste des canons antiaériens
 Liste des canons antiaériens de marine

Canon automatique
Artillerie de calibre 40 mm
Artillerie navale britannique
Artillerie navale des Forces armées des États-Unis
Arme militaire fabriquée en Suède

Bofors 40 mm L/70


A variante  (também conhecida como linhagem B.1.1.529) é uma variante do SARS-CoV-2, o vírus que causa a COVID-19.

A linhagem B.1.1.529 foi relatada à Organização Mundial da Saúde pela África do Sul em 24 de novembro de 2021. Em 26 de novembro de 2021, o Grupo Técnico Consultivo da OMS sobre a evolução do vírus SARS-CoV-2 designou a B.1.1.529 como uma variante de preocupação e a OMS deu a ele a designação Ômicron.

A OMS deveria nomear a variante de Nu, porém como a pronúncia é semelhante a palavra inglesa new ("novo", em português) o órgão decidiu não introduzir para evitar estigmatização. O mesmo ocorreu com a letra Xi que, basicamente, lembraria o nome do presidente chinês, Xi Jinping.

A variante apresenta um grande número de mutações, algumas das quais preocupantes. O número de casos na linhagem B.1.1.529 está aumentando em todas as áreas da África do Sul. Algumas evidências mostram que essa variante apresenta risco aumentado de reinfecção. Estudos estão em andamento para avaliar o impacto exato na transmissibilidade e mortalidade, entre outros fatores. Será a variante dominante em todo o mundo, devido à sua elevada transmissibilidade.

O primeiro espécime da variante encontrado foi a partir de uma coleta feita em 9 de novembro de 2021 em Botswana. Também foi detectado na África do Sul, além de casos confirmados em Hong Kong, Israel (a partir de um viajante voltando do Malaui,  junto com dois que retornaram da África do Sul e um de Madagascar). Um caso confirmado na Bélgica aparentemente adquiriu o vírus no Egito antes de 11 de novembro.

Em 30 de novembro de 2021, foram confirmados no estado de São Paulo, pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz, os primeiros casos da variante omicron no Brasil, sendo um homem de 41 anos e uma mulher de 37, provenientes da África do Sul. Um terceiro caso foi confirmado um dia depois, também em São Paulo.

Em maio de 2023, era a única variante detectada em sequências publicadas no GISAID, e suas sub-variantes as únicas classificadas como de interesse ou monitoradas pela OMS em junho do mesmo ano. Segundo a OMS, pelo menos desde fevereiro de 2022 a ómicron já representava mais de 98% das sequências genéticas coletadas e disponíveis publicamente.

Em agosto de 2023, uma sub-variante da Omicron denominada EG.5 ou Eris foi adicionada à lista da OMS como variante de interesse, sendo classificada como de baixo risco global pela agência. A variante foi identificada pela primeira vez em fevereiro de 2023 na China, sendo detectada nos Estados Unidos pela primeira vez em abril do mesmo ano, e se tornou a variante dominante nos EUA em agosto.

Ver também

 Variantes do SARS-CoV-2

Variantes do SARS-CoV-2
Pandemia de COVID-19 no Botswana
Pandemia de COVID-19 na África do Sul

Variante Ómicron do SARS-CoV-2


Sveti Franjo u ekstazi je slavno ulje na drvu renesansnog slikara Giovannija Bellinija, započeto 1475. godine, a završeno najvjerojatnije 1480. Slika jasno pokazuje utjecaj Andree Mantegna, slikarevog šogora, a potpisana je s IOANNESBELLINVS u donjem lijevom kutu.

Odlike

Slika portretira srednjovjekovnog sveca Franju Asiškog koji izlazi na sunčevu svjetlost iz špilje. Postoji više tumačenja o kojem se događaju iz Franjinog života točno radi. Prema nekim teorijama slika prikazuje primanje stigmi ili trenutke u kojima sveti Franjo stvara "Pjesmu stvorova". Naime, Franjo je ispočetka živio u lošim uvjetima i sudjelovao je tek u izoliranim duhovnim vježbama u samostanima. Slika prikazuje vjersku ekstazu, bilo da Franjo prima stigme, kao što zaključuje Millard Meiss, moli, ili možda pjeva svoju "Pjesmu stvorova", kako tvrdi Richard Turner.

Djelo je izrazito detaljno naslikano, a svaki element sadrži određeno značenje u kontekstu Franjinog života i kršćanske kulture. U središnjem lijevom djelu slike nalazi se magarac koji se tumači kao simbol poniznosti i strpljenja. Općenito, oslikane životinje na slici doživljavaju se kao simboli Franjine ljubavi prema životinjama i prirodi općenito. U desnom kutu, na rustikalnom pisaćem stolu, nalazi se lubanja kao znak smrtnosti/smrti koju sveti Franjo, u "Pjesmi stvorova", naziva "sestricom smrti". Prizor u mnogočemu podsjeća na Božju objavu Mojsiju. Sveti Franjo bos je na slici, kao što je i Mojsije bio nakon što mu je na Horebu Bog rekao da se izuje jer stoji na svetom tlu. Također, lijevo na slici, nalazi se drvo neobičnog sjaja što podsjeća na gorući grm iz Mojsijevog viđenja. U daljini se nazire "Novi Jeruzalem" iz knjige proroka Ezekiela. Također, smatra se da je cjelokupna kompozicija meditacija sv. Franje o stvaranju svijeta, povezana s Knjigom Postanka.

Iako je skraćeno, djelo je ostalo prilično očuvano do današnjeg dana i nalazi se u muzeju "Frick Collection" u New Yorku i smatra se jednim od najboljih Bellinijevih radova.

Bilješke

 Pierluigi De Vecchi, Elda Cerchiari, I tempi dell'arte. 2., Milan: Bompiani, 1999.

Vanjske poveznice
 Slika na službenim stranicama muzeja Frick Collection
 Bellini's St. Francis , Smarthistory, Khan Academy
 Esej na Great Works of Western Art

Renesansne slike
Slike iz 1480-ih

Sveti Franjo u ekstazi


Die Eparchie Segheneity () ist eine in Eritrea gelegene Eparchie der Eritreisch-Katholischen Kirche mit Sitz in Segheneytī.

Geschichte
Die Eparchie Segheneity wurde am 24. Februar 2012 durch Papst Benedikt XVI. aus Gebietsabtretungen der Eparchie Asmara errichtet und der Erzeparchie Addis Abeba der äthiopisch-katholischen Kirche als Suffraganbistum unterstellt. Erster Bischof wurde Fikremariam Hagos Tsalim.

Mit der Errichtung der Eritreisch-Katholischen Kirche wurde die Eparchie am 19. Januar 2015 der Erzeparchie Asmara als Suffragan unterstellt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der römisch-katholischen Diözesen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Segheneity
Debub
Segheneity

Eparchie Segheneity


Die ukrainische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Herren-Tennisnationalmannschaft der Ukraine.

Geschichte
Seit 1993 nimmt die Ukraine am Davis Cup teil. Die besten Ergebnisse erzielte die Mannschaft mit der zweimaligen Teilnahme an den Play-offs um den Aufstieg in die Weltgruppe 2009, 2013 und 2014. Sie unterlagen jedoch 2009 und 2014 knapp mit 2:3 gegen Belgien und 2013 mit 0:5 gegen Spanien. Erfolgreichster Spieler ist Serhij Stachowskyj mit 36 Siegen innerhalb von elf Jahren.

Aktuelles Team
Folgende Spieler traten im Davis Cup 2015 für ihr Land an:
 Serhij Stachowskyj
 Denys Moltschanow
 Oleksandr Dolhopolow
 Illja Martschenko
 Marat Dewjatjarow
 Wladyslaw Manafow

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Mannschaft
Daviscupmannschaft
Daviscup

Ukrainische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft


ديلا سكالا السلالة التي حكمت مدينة فيرونا الإيطالية لمائة خمسة وعشرين عاماً من 1262 حتى 1387.

كانت المدينة الفينيتية قد مرت مع ماستينو بمرحلة تحول هادي من البلدية إلى الحكم الوراثي، وإن كان الانتقال الفعلي لم يحدث إلا مع شقيقه ألبيرتو. بينما في عهد كانغراندي وصل الحكم إلى ذروة شهرته وأهميته.

مراجع

العصور الوسطى
عائلات إيطالية نبيلة
مملكة إيطاليا (عصور وسطى)

ديلا سكالا


بلدية سانتا ماريا دي لوس كاباييروس (بالإسبانية: Santa María de los Caballeros) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية سانتا ماريا دي لوس كاباييروس 95 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية سانتا ماريا دي لوس كاباييروس

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

سانتا ماريا دي لوس كاباييروس


Kelly McCrimmon, (né le  à Plenty, dans la province de la Saskatchewan au Canada), est un ancien joueur et entraîneur de hockey sur glace. Il évolue à la position d'ailier droit. Depuis , il occupe le poste de directeur-général des Golden Knights de Vegas.

Biographie

Jeunesse
Lors de la saison 1977-1978 il évolue pour les Raiders de Prince Albert dans la Ligue de hockey junior de la Saskatchewan (LHJS), avec qui il termine champion.

La saison suivante, il rejoint les Wheat Kings de Brandon dans la Ligue de hockey de l'Ouest et remporte le championnat également cette même année.

Après une année supplémentaire avec les Wheat Kings, il se joint aux Wolverines du Michigan dans la NCAA pour la saison 1980-1981. Pour sa quatrième et dernière année dans son cursus universitaire, il est nommé capitaine de l'équipe.

Wheat Kings de Brandon
Après son diplôme universitaire, McCrimmon entraîne deux équipes de la LHJS, les North Stars de Battlefords en 1986-1987 et les Lancers de Lloydminster en 1987-1988.

Il rejoint son ancienne équipe des Wheat Kings de Brandon pour la saison 1988-1989 en tant qu'entraîneur assistant. La saison suivante, il devient le directeur général de l'équipe et remplace Doug Sauter en tant qu'entraîneur.

Durant la saison 1991-1992, il embauche Kevin Maxwell à titre d'entraîneur et ne se concentre plus que sur son rôle de directeur général. La saison suivante, il achète un tiers des parts de la franchise et devient ainsi propriétaire. À la suite du départ de Maxvell, il embauche Bob Lowes au poste d'entraîneur. Ce dernier conduit l'équipe à une seconde Coupe Ed Chynoweth en 1995-1996.

En 2000-2001, Kelly rachète les parts de Bob Cornell et devient l'unique propriétaire de la franchise. La saison suivante, il se sépare de Bob Lowes et confie l'équipe à Dean Clark durant deux ans, puis à Mike Kelly pour une année.

De 2004 à 2011, il cumule trois fonctions : propriétaire, directeur général et entraîneur. Pour la saison 2011-2012, il parvient à embaucher l'ancien entraîneur des Sénateurs d'Ottawa, Cory Clouston. Ce dernier ne reste qu'une année et est remplacé la saison suivante par Dwayne Gylywoychuk, qui est promu d'entraîneur-assistant à entraîneur chef.

De 2013 à 2016, McCrimmon retourne derrière le banc et parvient à emmener son équipe vers une nouvelle Coupe Ed Chynoweth en 2016.

Golden Knights de Vegas
Le , Kelly accepte un nouveau défi en s'engageant avec l'équipe d'expansion de la LNH les Golden Knights de Vegas, au titre d'assistant du directeur général. Il a préalablement décliné une offre des Maple Leafs de Toronto.

Le , il remplace George McPhee en tant que directeur général de Vegas. Ce dernier reste dans l'organisation et devient président des affaires hockey.

Le , il cède toutes ses parts de la franchise des Wheat Kings de Brandon à un groupe de compagnies locales.

Durant à la Pandémie de Covid-19, tout le personnel d'entraîneurs des Golden Knights se retrouve provisoirement en isolement le . Kelly se retrouve donc derrière le banc pour diriger son premier match en LNH, une défaite 5-4 en tir de fusillade face aux Blues de Saint-Louis.

Vie privée
Il est le frère de Brad McCrimmon, ancien défenseur ayant évolué dans la LNH. Avec son épouse Terry, ils ont une fille nommée Chelsea.

Statistiques

En club

| 1977-1978 || Raiders de Prince Albert || LHJS || 49 || 10 || 19 || 29 || 63 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 1978-1979 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 40 || 15|| 24 || 39 || 139 || 18 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 23
|-
| 1979-1980 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 55 || 13 || 12 || 25 || 89 || 9 || 3 || 3 || 6 || 6
|-
| 1980-1981 || Wolverines du Michigan || NCAA || 35 || 7 || 7 || 14 || 40 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 1981-1982 || Wolverines du Michigan || NCAA || 15 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 6 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 1982-1983 || Wolverines du Michigan || NCAA || 32 || 5 || 13 || 18 || 20 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| 1983-1984 || Wolverines du Michigan || NCAA || 30 || 8 || 5 || 13 || 34 ||  ||  ||  ||  ||

Entraîneur

| 1986-1987 || North Stars de Battlefords || LHJS || 64 || 38 || 23 || 3 || 0 ||
|-
| 1987-1988 || Lancers de Lloydminster || LHJS || 60 || 16 || 44 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| 1989-1990 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu ||  ||  ||  ||
 ||  || Non qualifiés
|-
| 1990-1991 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 19 || 51 || 2 || 0 || Non qualifiés
|-
| 1991-1992 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 11 || 55 || 6 || 0 || Non qualifiés
|-
| 2004-2005 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 45 || 21 || 5 || 1 || Finalistes
|-
| 2005-2006 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 30 || 32 || 0 || 10 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2006-2007 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 41 || 20 || 0 || 11 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2007-2008 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72|| 42 || 24 || 0 || 6 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2008-2009 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 48 || 19 || 0 || 5 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2009-2010 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 50 || 18 || 0 || 4 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2010-2011 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 32 || 31 || 0 || 9 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2013-2014 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 34 || 29 || 0 || 9 || Éliminés au  tour
|-
| 2014-2015 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 53 || 11 || 0 || 8 || Finalistes
|-
| 2015-2016 || Wheat Kings de Brandon || LHOu || 72 || 48 || 18 || 0 || 6 || Champions
|-
| 2020-2021 || Golden Knights de Vegas || LNH || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||

Trophées et honneurs
 Champion de la LHJS avec les Raiders de Prince Albert en 1978.
 Coupe Ed-Chynoweth avec les Wheat Kings de Brandon en 1979 (joueur), 1996 (directeur général) et 2016 (entraîneur).
 Trophée Lloyd-Saunders remis au meilleur membre exécutif de la LHOu en 1995, 2010 et 2015.
 Nommé meilleur dirigeant de la LCH en 1995.

Notes et références

Naissance en octobre 1960
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Entraîneur canadien de hockey sur glace
Dirigeant canadien de hockey sur glace
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur des Wheat Kings de Brandon
Golden Knights de Vegas

Kelly McCrimmon


Lewis Henry Morgan  (November 21, 1818 – December 17, 1881) was a pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer. He is best known for his work on kinship and social structure, his theories of social evolution, and his ethnography of the Iroquois. Interested in what holds societies together, he proposed the concept that the earliest human domestic institution was the matrilineal clan, not the patriarchal family.

Also interested in what leads to social change, he was a contemporary of the European social theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were influenced by reading his work on social structure and material culture, the influence of technology on progress. Morgan is the only American social theorist to be cited by such diverse scholars as Marx, Charles Darwin, and Sigmund Freud. Elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, Morgan served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1880.

Morgan was a Republican member of the New York State Assembly (Monroe Co., 2nd D.) in 1861, and of the New York State Senate in 1868 and 1869.

Biography

The American Morgans
According to Herbert Marshall Lloyd, an attorney and editor of Morgan's works, Lewis was descended from James Morgan, a Welsh pioneer. Various sources record that James and his brothers, Miles and John, the three sons of William Morgan of Llandaff, Glamorganshire, left Wales for Boston in 1636. From there John Morgan went to Virginia, Miles to Springfield, Massachusetts, and James to New London, Connecticut. Lloyd writes, "From these two brothers [James and Miles] all the Morgans prominent in the annals of New York and New England are believed to be descended." It is these Morgans who played a critical part in the foundation of the colonies. During the American Revolutionary War, they were Continentals. Immediately after the war, James's line, along with many other land-hungry Yankees, migrated into New York State. Following the United States' victory against the British, the new government forced the latter's Iroquois allies to cede most of their traditional lands in New York and Pennsylvania to the US. New York made 5 million acres available for public sale. In addition, the US government granted some plots in western New York to Revolutionary War veterans as compensation for their military service. L. H. Morgan's ancestor James Morgan's brother Miles Morgan was the ancestor of J. P. Morgan.

Early life and education
Lewis' grandfather, Thomas Morgan of Connecticut, had been a Continental soldier in the Revolutionary War. Afterward he and his family migrated west to New York's Finger Lakes region, where he bought land from the Cayuga people and planted a farm on the shores of Lake Cayuga near Aurora. He and his wife already had three sons, including Jedediah, the future father of Lewis; and a daughter.

In 1797, Jedediah Morgan (1774–1826) married Amanda Stanton, settling on a 100-acre gift of land from his father. After she had five children and died, Jedediah married Harriet Steele of Hartford, Connecticut. They had eight more children, including Lewis. As an adult, he adopted the middle initial "H." Morgan later decided that this H, if anything, stood for "Henry".

A multi-skilled Yankee, Jedediah Morgan invented a plow and formed a business partnership to manufacture parts for it; he built a blast furnace for the factory. He moved to Aurora, leaving the farm to a son. After joining the Masons, he helped to form the first Masonic lodge in Aurora. Elected a state senator, Morgan supported the construction of the Erie Canal, which opened in 1825.

At his death in 1826, Jedediah left 500 acres with herds and flocks in trust for the support of his family. This provided for education as well. Morgan studied classical subjects at Cayuga Academy: Latin, Greek, rhetoric and mathematics. His father had bequeathed money specifically for his college education, after giving land to the other children for their occupations. Morgan chose Union College in Schenectady. Due to his work at Cayuga Academy, Morgan finished college in two years, 1838–1840, graduating at age 22. The curriculum continued study of classics combined with science, especially mechanics and optics. Morgan was strongly interested in the works of the French naturalist Georges Cuvier.

Eliphalet Nott, the president of Union College, was an inventor of stoves and a boiler; he held 31 patents. A Presbyterian minister, he kept the young men under a tight discipline, forbidding alcoholic beverages and requiring students to get permission to go to town. He held up the Bible as the one practical standard for all behavior. His career ended with some notoriety when he was investigated by the state for attempting to raise funds for the college through a lottery. The students evaded his strict regime by founding secret (and forbidden) fraternities, such as the Kappa Alpha Society. Lewis Morgan joined in 1839.

The New Confederacy of the Iroquois

After graduating in 1840, Morgan returned to Aurora to read the law with an established firm. In 1842 he was admitted to the bar in Rochester, where he went into partnership with a Union classmate, George F. Danforth, a future judge. They could find no clients, as the nation was in an economic depression, which had started with the Panic of 1837. Morgan wrote essays, which he had begun to do while studying law, and published some in The Knickerbocker under the pen name Aquarius.

On January 1, 1841, Morgan and some friends from Cayuga Academy formed a secret fraternal society which they called the Gordian Knot. As Morgan's earliest essays from that time had classical themes, the club may have been a kind of literary society, as was common then. In 1841 or 1842 the young men redefined the society, renaming it the Order of the Iroquois. Morgan referred to this event as cutting the knot. In 1843 they named it the Grand Order of the Iroquois, followed by the New Confederacy of the Iroquois. They made the group a research organization to collect information on the Iroquois, whose historical territory for centuries had included central and upstate New York west of the Hudson and the Finger Lakes region.

The men intended to resurrect the spirit of the Iroquois. They tried to learn the languages, assumed Iroquois names, and organized the group by the historic pattern of Iroquois tribes. In 1844 they received permission from the former Freemasons of Aurora to use the upper floor of the Masonic temple as a meeting hall. New members underwent a secret rite called inindianation in which they were transformed spiritually into Iroquois. They met in the summer around campfires and paraded yearly through the town in costume. Morgan seemed infused with the spirit of the Iroquois. He said, "We are now upon the very soil over which they exercised dominion ... Poetry still lingers around the scenery. ... " These new Iroquois retained a literary frame of mind, but they intended to focus on "the writing of a native American epic that would define national identity".

Encounter with the Iroquois

On an 1844 business trip to New York's capital, Albany, Morgan started research on old Cayuga treaties in the state archives. The Seneca people were also studying old US-Native American treaties to support their land claims.

After the Revolutionary War, the United States had forced the four Iroquois tribes allied with the British to cede their lands and migrate to Canada. By specific treaties, the US set aside small reservations in New York for their own allies, the Onondaga and Seneca. In the 1840s, long after the war, the Ogden Land Company, a real estate venture, laid claim to the Seneca Tonawanda Reservation on the basis of a fraudulent treaty. The Seneca sued and had representatives at the state capital pressing their case when Morgan was there.

The delegation, led by Jimmy Johnson, its chief officer (and son of chief Red Jacket), were essentially former officers of what was left of the Iroquois Confederacy. Johnson's 16-year-old grandson Ha-sa-ne-an-da (Ely Parker) accompanied them as their interpreter, as he had attended a mission school and was bilingual. By chance Morgan and the young Parker encountered each other in an Albany book store. Soon intrigued by Morgan's talk of the New Confederacy, Parker invited the older man to interview Johnson and meet the delegation. Morgan took pages of organizational notes, which he used to remodel the New Confederacy. Beyond such details of scholarship, Morgan and the Seneca men formed deep attachments of friendship.

Morgan and his colleagues invited Parker to join the New Confederacy. They (chiefly Morgan) paid for the rest of Parker's education at the Cayuga Academy, along with his sister and a friend of hers. Later the Confederacy paid for Parker's studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, where he graduated in civil engineering. After military service in the American Civil War, from which Parker retired at the rank of brigadier general, he entered the upper ranks of civil service in the presidency of his former commander, Ulysses S. Grant.

The Ogden Land Company affair
Meanwhile, the organization had had activist goals from the beginning. In his initial New Gordius address Morgan had said:

... when the last tribe shall slumber in the grass, it is to be feared that the stain of blood will be found on the escutcheon of the American republic. This nation must shield their declining day ...

In 1838 the Ogden Land Company began a campaign to defraud the remaining Iroquois in New York of their lands. By Iroquois law, only a unanimous vote of all the chiefs sitting in council could effect binding decisions relating to the tribe. The OLC set about to purchase the votes of as many chiefs as it could, plying some with alcohol. The chiefs in many cases complied, believing any resolutions to sell the land would be defeated in council. Obtaining a majority vote for sale at one council called for the purpose, the OLC took their treaty to the Congress of the United States, which knew nothing of Iroquois law. President Martin Van Buren advised Congress that the treaty was fraudulent but on June 11, 1838, Congress adopted it as a resolution. After being compensated for their land by $1.67 per acre (Morgan said it was worth $16 per acre), the Seneca were to be evicted forthwith.

The great majority of the tribe were against the sale of the land. When they discovered they had been defrauded, they were galvanized to action. The New Confederacy stepped into the case on the side of the Seneca, conducting a major publicity campaign. They held mass meetings, circulated a general petition, and spoke to congressmen in Washington. The US Indian agent and ethnologist Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and other influential men became honorary members. In 1846 a general convention of the population of Genesee County, New York sent Morgan to Congress with a counter-offer. The Seneca were allowed to buy back some land at $20 per acre, at which time the Tonawanda Reservation was created. The previous treaty was thrown out. Returning home, Morgan was adopted into the Hawk Clan, Seneca Tribe, as the son of Jimmy Johnson on October 31, 1847, in part to honor his work with the Seneca on the reservation issues. They named him Tayadaowuhkuh, meaning "bridging the gap" (between the Iroquois and the European Americans).

After Morgan was admitted to the tribe, he lost interest in the New Confederacy. The group retained its secrecy and initiation requirements, but they were being hotly disputed. When internal dissent began to impede the group's efficacy in 1847, Morgan stopped attending. For practical purposes it ceased to exist, but Morgan and Parker continued with a series of "Iroquois Letters" to the American Whig Review, edited by George Colton. The Seneca case dragged on. Finally in 1857 the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed that only the federal government could evict the Seneca from their land. As it declined to do that, the case was over. The Ogden Land Company collapsed.

Marriage and family
In 1851 Morgan summarized his investigation of Iroquois customs in his first book of note, League of the Iroquois, one of the founding works of ethnology. In it he compares systems of kinship. In that year also he married his cross-cousin, Mary Elizabeth Steele, his companion and partner for the rest of his life. She had intended to become a Presbyterian missionary. On their wedding day he presented to her an ornate copy of his new book. It was dedicated to his collaborator, Ely Parker.

In 1853 Mary's father died, leaving her a large inheritance. The Morgans bought a brownstone in a wealthy suburb of Rochester. In that year they had a son, Lemuel, who "turned out to be mentally handicapped". Morgan's rising fame had brought him public attention, and Lemuel's condition (on no specific evidence) was universally attributed to the first-cousin marriage. The Morgans had to endure perpetual criticism, which they accepted as true, Lewis going so far as to take a stand against cousin marriage in his book Ancient Society. The Morgan marriage nevertheless remained a close and affectionate one. In 1856, Mary Elisabeth was born and in 1860 Helen King.

Morgan and his wife were active in the First Presbyterian Church of Rochester, although it was mainly of interest to Mary. Lewis refused to make "the public profession of Christ that was necessary for full membership". They both sponsored and contributed to charitable works.

Supporting education
For several years "his ethnical interests lay dormant", but not his scholarship and writing. In 1852 Morgan and eight other "Rochester intellectuals" instituted The Pundit Club, shortened later to just The Club, a scientific and literary society before which the members read papers they had researched for the occasion. Morgan read papers to The Club every year for the rest of his life. He also joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Morgan and other leading men of Rochester decided to found a university, the University of Rochester. It did not support the matriculation of women. The group resolved to found a college for women, the Barleywood Female University, which was advertised but apparently never started. In the same year of its foundation, 1852, the donor of the land on which it was to be located gave it to the University of Rochester instead. Morgan was gravely disappointed. He believed that equality of the sexes is a mark of advanced civilization. For the present, he lacked the wealth and connections to prevent the collapse of Barleywood. Later he would serve as a founding trustee of the board of Wells College in Aurora. In addition, he and Mary would leave their estate to the University of Rochester for the foundation of a women's college.

Success at last
In 1855 Morgan and other Rochester businessmen invested in the expanding metals industry of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. After a brief sojourn on the 5-man board of the Iron Mountain Railroad, Morgan joined them in creating the Bay de Noquet and Marquette Railroad Company, connecting the entire Upper Peninsula by a single, ore-bearing line. He became its attorney and director. At that time the U.S. government was selling lands previously confiscated from the natives in cases where the sale benefited the public good. Although the Upper Peninsula was known for its great natural beauty, the discovery of iron persuaded Morgan and others to develop wide-scale mining and industrialization of the peninsula. He spent the next few years between Washington, lobbying for the sale of the land to his company, and in large cities such as Detroit and Chicago, where he fought lawsuits to prevent competitors from taking it. Morgan vigorously defended American capitalism to protect his own interests. After the stockholders refused to pay him for some of his legal work, he all but withdrew from business in favor of field work in anthropology.

In 1861 in the middle of his field work, Morgan was elected as Member of the New York State Assembly on the Republican ticket. The Morgans traditionally had belonged to the Whigs, which dissolved in 1856; most Whigs joined the Republicans, created in 1854. Morgan did not run with any agenda except his own as it pertained to the Iroquois. He was seeking appointment by the President of the United States as Commissioner of the new Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Morgan anticipated that William H. Seward would be elected president, and outlined to him plans to employ the natives in the manufacture and sale of Indian goods.

At the last moment Abraham Lincoln displaced Seward as the Republican candidate. The new president was deluged by letters from Morgan's associates asking that Morgan be appointed commissioner. Lincoln explained that the post had already been exchanged by his campaign manager for political support. With the chance for appointment lost, Morgan, who had made no pretense of interest in New York state's government, returned to field study of the natives.

Field anthropologist
After attending the 1856 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Morgan decided on an ethnology study to compare kinship systems. He conducted a field research program funded by himself and the Smithsonian Institution, 1859–1862. He made four expeditions, two to the Plains tribes of Kansas and Nebraska, and two more up the Missouri River past Yellowstone. This was before the development of any inland transportation system. Passengers on riverboats could shoot Bison and other game for food along the upper Missouri River. He collected data on 51 kinship systems. Tribes included the Winnebago, Crow, Yankton, Kaw, Blackfeet, Omaha and others.

At the height of Morgan's anthropological field work, death struck his family. In May and June, 1862, their two daughters, ages 6 and 2, died as a result of scarlet fever while Morgan was traveling in the West. In Sioux City, Iowa, Morgan received the news from his wife. He wrote in his journal:

Two of three of my children are taken. Our family is destroyed. The intelligence has simply petrified me. I have not shed a tear. It is too profound for tears. Thus ends my last expedition. I go home to my stricken and mourning wife, a miserable and destroyed man.

The Civil War
During this time, neither Morgan nor Mary showed any interest in abolitionism, nor did they participate in the American Civil War. They differed markedly from their friend Ely Parker. The latter attempted to raise an Iroquois regiment but was denied, on the grounds that he was not a US citizen, and denied service on the same ground. He entered the army finally by the intervention of his friend, Ulysses S. Grant, serving on Grant's staff. Parker was present at the surrender of General Lee; to Lee's remark that Parker was the "true American" (as an American Indian), he responded, "We are all Americans here, sir."

Morgan held no consistent views on the war. He could easily have joined the anti-slavery cause if he had wished to do so. Rochester, as the last station before Canada on the Underground Railroad, was a center of abolitionism. Frederick Douglass published the North Star in Rochester. Like Morgan, Douglass supported the equality of women, yet they never made connection.

Morgan was anti-slavery but opposed abolitionism on the grounds that slavery was protected by law. Before the war he assented to the possible division of the nation on the grounds of "irreconcilable differences", that is, slavery, between regions. Morgan began to change his mind when some of his friends who had gone out to watch the First Battle of Bull Run were captured and imprisoned by the Confederates for the duration. By the end of the war, he was insisting along with most others that Jefferson Davis be hanged as a traitor. In 1866 he formed the Rochester Committee for the Relief of Southern Starvation.

Morgan did participate indirectly in the war through his company. Recovering from the deaths of his daughters and having resolved to end the expeditions that had taken him away from home, he gave his life totally over to business. In 1863 he and Samuel Ely formed a partnership creating the Morgan Iron Company in northern Michigan. The war had created such a high demand for metals that within the first year of business, the company paid off its founding debt and offered 100% dividends on its stock. The demand went on until 1868, enabling the company to construct a blast furnace. Morgan became independently wealthy and could retire from the practice of law.

The Erie Railroad affair
Morgan took up trout fishing during his Michigan period. He fished in the wilds of Michigan during the summers, sometimes with Ojibwe guides. During this recreational activity, he became interested in beavers, which had greatly modified the lowlands. After several summers of tracking and observing beavers in the field, in 1868 he published a work describing in detail the biology and habits of this animal, which shaped the environment through its construction of dams.

In that year also, his wealth secure and free of business, Morgan entered the state government again as a senator, 1868–1869, still seeking appointment as head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He was ridiculed by the Union Advertiser as being a "hobby candidate". The Republicans that year were running on a platform of moral probity. They argued that as a superior class, they could and should serve as guardians of the public morals. Morgan passed muster on the heredity because of his descent and Mary's descent from William Bradford, of Mayflower note. Morgan soon was immersed in such issues as whether beer drinking on Sunday should be allowed (a veiled hit at the new German immigrants).

As member of the Standing Committee on Railroads, Morgan became embroiled in a major issue of the day and one closer to his interests: monopoly. The New York Central Railroad, under Cornelius Vanderbilt, had attempted a hostile takeover of the Erie Railroad under Jay Gould by buying up its stock. The two railroads competed for the Rochester market. Daniel Drew, Erie's treasurer, defended successfully by creating new stock, which he had his friends sold short, dropping the value of the stock. Vanderbilt dumped the stock, barely covering the losses. Ordinarily such stock manipulations were illegal. The Railroad Act of 1850, however, allowed railroads to borrow money in exchange for bonds convertible to stocks. Given essentially free stocks, friends of the Erie Railroad grew rich; that is, Drew had found a way to transfer Vanderbilt's wealth to his own friends. Vanderbilt just escaped ruin. He immediately appealed to the state government.

The Railroad Committee investigated the affair. Gould purchased inaction among the senators, a practice Morgan had seen in the Ogden Land Company Affair. This time he worked to protect his friends from investigation. No action was taken. The Erie Railroad affair tapped Morgan's deepest ideological beliefs. To him the role of capitalism in creating mobile wealth was essential to the advancement of civilization. A monopoly such as Vanderbilt had been trying to build would choke off the downward flow of wealth. His report of the Railroad Committee attacked both Vanderbilt and Gould. It argued that the system in its "tendency to combination" was broken. He asserted that the people had to use government action to rein in the power of large corporations. For the time being the Erie Railroad was supported, but Morgan noted that its victory was just as dangerous to society as its defeat would have been.

The Grant-Parker policy on Native Americans
Despite his new interest in government, which was to come to be expressed in his subsequent works on social systems, Morgan persisted in his major goal in running for office, to be appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The choice was now up to President Grant. Together in The League, Parker and Morgan had determined the policy Grant was to adopt. They thought that, much as Parker had assimilated, American Indians should assimilate into American society; they were not yet considered US citizens. Of the two men responsible for his policy, Grant chose his former adjutant. Terribly disappointed, Morgan never applied for the post again. The two collaborators did not speak to each other during Parker's tenure, but Morgan stayed on intimate terms with Parker's family.

The implementation of assimilation policy was more difficult than either man had anticipated. Parker controlled none of the variables. The American Indians were to be moved into reservations, assisted with supplies and food so they could start subsistence farming, and educated at mission schools to be converted to Christianity and American values, until they adopted European-American ways. In theory they would then be able to enter American society at large. The system of appointed Indian agents and traders had long been corrupt; in addition, unscrupulous land agents took the best land and moved American Indians into the desert lands, which did not support small-scale household farms and did not have sufficient game for hunting. Thieves among the agents replaced food and goods intended for the Indians with inedible or no foodstuffs. Faced with these realities, the American Indians refused the reservations or abandoned them, and attempted to return to ancestral lands, now occupied by white settlers. In other cases, they raided white settlements for food or attacked them seeking to repel the invaders. Grant resorted to military solutions and used U.S. soldiers to repress the tribes. This warfare exacerbated the failure of the army to protect the American Indians against depredations and encroachment by white settlers.

In 1871 Congress took action to halt the suppression of the Natives. It created a Board of Indian Commissioners and relieved Parker of his main responsibilities. Parker resigned in protest. After suffering years of poverty and attempt to suppress their cultures, American Indians were admitted to citizenship in 1924. The government continued to send their children to Indian boarding schools, started in the late 1870s, where Indian languages and cultures were prohibited. Policies of diversity and limited sovereignty were adopted. The Grant administration is universally regarded as inept in Indian affairs as well as have been rife with corruption. Although Morgan contributed to the ideology of assimilation, he escaped accountability for the results.

Later career
Having failed to become Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Morgan applied for various ambassadorships under the Grant administration, including to China and Peru. Grant's administration rejected all the applications, after which Morgan resolved to visit Europe on his own with a professional as well as a personal agenda.

For one year, 1870–71, the three Morgans went on a grand tour of Europe. During his European travels, Morgan met Charles Darwin and the great British anthropologists of the age. He visited Sir John Lubbock, who had coined the words "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic", and used the terms "barbarians" and "savages" in his own studies of the three-age system. Morgan adopted these terms, but with an altered sense, in Ancient Society. Lubbock was using modern ethnology as he knew it to reconstruct the ways of human ancestors. Lubbock's main works had already been published by the time of Morgan's visit. Morgan recorded his European travel and contacts in a journal of several volumes. Extracts were published in 1937 by Leslie White.

He continued with his independent scholarship, never becoming affiliated with any university, although he associated with university presidents and the leading ethnologists looked up to him as a founder of the field. He was an intellectual mentor to those who followed, including John Wesley Powell, who became head of the Bureau of Ethnology in 1879 at the Smithsonian Institution. Morgan was consulted by the highest levels of government on appointments and other ethnological matters. In 1878 he conducted one final field trip, leading a small party in search of native ruins in the American Southwest. They were the first to describe the Aztec ruins on the Animas River but missed discovering Mesa Verde.

Death and legacy
In 1879 Morgan completed two construction projects. One was his library, an addition to the house he had purchased with Mary many years before and where he died in December 1881. He combined the opening of the library with a celebration of the 25th anniversary of The Club. It included a dinner for 40 persons, who were by that time the leading lights of Rochester. The library acquired some fame as a local monument. Pictures were taken and published. The Club only met there one other time, however, at Morgan's funeral in 1881. The second building project was a mausoleum for his daughters in Mount Hope Cemetery. It became the resting place of the entire remainder of the family, starting with Lewis.

His wife survived him by two years. They both left wills. A nephew of Lewis moved to Rochester with his family and took up residence in the house to care for Lewis' and Mary's son. On the son's death 20 years later, the entire estate reverted to the University of Rochester, which by the terms of the wills was to use the funds for the endowment of a college for women, dedicated as a memorial to the Morgan daughters. The nephew attempted to break the wills on his behalf but lost the case in the state supreme court. The house with the library survived into mid-20th-century, when it was demolished to make way for a highway bypass system. Materials relating to Morgan's writings are held in a special collection at the University of Rochester library.

Lewis Henry Morgan Lecture
The Lewis Henry Morgan Lecture is a distinguished lecture held annually by the Department of Anthropology at the University of Rochester. Begun in 1963, the lectures honor the career and seminal research of American anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan. Many of the lectures have been published, including the inaugural one by South African anthropologist Meyer Fortes.

Professional associations
Morgan was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1865. He was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1879. Morgan was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Thought

Work in ethnology
In the 1840s, Morgan had befriended the young Ely S. Parker of the Seneca tribe and the Tonawanda Reservation. With a classical missionary education, Parker went on to study law. With his help, Morgan studied the culture and the structure of Iroquois society. Morgan had noticed they used different terms than Europeans to designate individuals by their relationships within the extended family. He had the creative insight to recognize this was meaningful in terms of their social organization. He defined European terms as "descriptive" and Iroquois (and Native American) terms as "classificatory", terms that continue to be used as major divisions by anthropologists and ethnographers.

Based on his research enabled by Parker, Morgan and Parker wrote and published The League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois (1851). Morgan dedicated the book to Parker (who was then 23) and "our joint researches". In subsequent publications of the book Parker's name was omitted. This work presented the complexity of Iroquois society in a path-breaking ethnography that was a model for future anthropologists, as Morgan presented the kinship system of the Iroquois with unprecedented nuance.

Morgan expanded his research far beyond the Iroquois. Although Benjamin Barton had posited Asian origins for Native Americans as early as 1797, in the mid-nineteenth century, other American and European scholars still supported widely varying ideas, including a theory they were one of the lost tribes of Israel, because of the strong influence of biblical and classical conceptions of history. Morgan had begun to theorize the Native Americans originated in Asia. He thought he could prove it by a broad study of kinship terms used by people in Asia as well as tribes in North America.

He wanted to provide evidence for monogenesis, the theory that all human beings descend from a common source (as opposed to polygenism).

In the late 1850s and 1860s, Morgan collected kinship data from a variety of Native American tribes. In his quest to do comparative kinship studies, Morgan also corresponded with scholars, missionaries, US Indian agents, colonial agents, and military officers around the world. He created a questionnaire which others could complete so he could collect data in a standardized way. Over several years, he made months-long trips to what was then the Wild West to further his research.

With the help of local contacts and, after intensive correspondence over the course of years, Morgan analyzed his data and wrote his seminal Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871), which was printed by the Smithsonian Press. It "created at a stroke what without exaggeration might be called the seminal concern of contemporary anthropology, the study of kinship ..." In this work, Morgan set forth his argument for the unity of humankind. At the same time, he presented a sophisticated schema of social evolution based upon the relationship terms, the categories of kinship, used by peoples around the world. Through his analysis of kinship terms, Morgan discerned that the structure of the family and social institutions develop and change according to a specific sequence.

Theory of social evolution
This original theory became less relevant because of the Darwinian revolution, which demonstrated how change happens over time. In addition, Morgan became increasingly interested in the comparative study of kinship (family) relations as a window into understanding larger social dynamics. He saw kinship relations as a basic part of society. Morgan viewed society as a living system that changes over time.

In the years that followed, Morgan developed his theories. Combined with an exhaustive study of classic Greek and Roman sources, he crowned his work with his magnum opus Ancient Society (1877). Morgan elaborated upon his theory of social evolution. He introduced a critical link between social progress and technological progress. He emphasized the centrality of family and property relations. He traced the interplay between the evolution of technology, of family relations, of property relations, of the larger social structures and systems of governance, and intellectual development.

Looking across an expanded span of human existence, Morgan presented three major stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. He divided and defined the stages by technological inventions, such as use of fire, bow, pottery in the savage era; domestication of animals, agriculture, and metalworking in the barbarian era; and development of the alphabet and writing in the civilization era. In part, this was an effort to create a structure for North American history that was comparable to the three-age system of European pre-history, which had been developed as an evidence-based system by the Danish antiquarian Christian Jürgensen Thomsen in the 1830s; his work  (Guideline to Scandinavian Antiquity) was published in English in 1848. The concept of evidence-based chronological dating received wider notice in English-speaking nations as developed by J. J. A. Worsaae, whose The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark was published in English in 1849.

Initially Morgan's work was accepted as integral to American history, but later it was treated as a separate category of anthropology. Henry Adams wrote of Ancient Society that it "must become the foundation of all future work in American historical science." The historian Francis Parkman also was a fan, but later nineteenth-century historians pushed Native American history to the side of the American story.

Morgan's final work, Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines (1881), was an elaboration on what he had originally planned as an additional part of Ancient Society. In it, Morgan presented evidence, mostly from North and South America, that the development of house architecture and house culture reflected the development of kinship and property relations.

Although many specific aspects of Morgan's evolutionary position have been rejected by later anthropologists, his real achievements remain impressive. He founded the sub-discipline of kinship studies. Anthropologists remain interested in the connections which Morgan outlined between material culture and social structure. His impact has been felt far beyond the Ivory Tower.

Morgan was not quite the social reformer some would believe him to be. Outraged at the manipulations of the Ogden Land Company to get possession of the Tonawanda Seneca Reservation, Morgan exerted some effort in behalf of the natives, but not nearly as much or to such effect as is generally supposed. Most of his effort seems to have been limited to a few months in 1846, and the issue was not settled until 1857, more than ten years later. The natives' principal legal counsel in these years was not Morgan, but John Martindale. Morgan's role, such as it was, was that of citizen activist. Then, too, although a champion of the Native Americans, Morgan was not an advocate of cultural pluralism nor did he work for "cultural survival." The Indian, Morgan exhorted his fellow citizens, ought to be rescued "from his impending destiny," "reclaimed and civilized, and thus saved eventually from the fate which has already befallen so many of our aboriginal races" by education and Christianity.

Influence on Marxism
In 1881, Karl Marx started reading Morgan's Ancient Society, thus beginning Morgan's posthumous influence among European thinkers. Friedrich Engels also read his work after Morgan's death. Although Marx never finished his own book based on Morgan's work, Engels continued his analysis. Morgan's work on the social structure and material culture strongly influenced Engels' sociological theory of dialectical materialism (expressed in his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 1884). Scholars of the Communist bloc considered Morgan as the preeminent anthropologist. Morgan's work has led some to believe that early communist-like societies existed in Native American society. However, the belief of primitive communism as based on Morgan's work is flawed due to Morgan's misunderstandings of Haudenosaunee society and his since disproved theory of social evolution. This, and subsequent more accurate research, has led the society of the Haudenosaunee to be of interest in communist and anarchist analysis, particularly societal aspects where land was not treated as a commodity, communal ownership and near non-existent rates of crime.

Eponymous honors
 Annual lecture in Morgan's name at the Anthropology Department of the University of Rochester.
 Rochester Public School #37 in the 19th Ward named "Lewis H. Morgan #37 School"
 Lewis Henry Morgan Institute (a research organization), SUNYIT, Utica, New York
 Lewis H. Morgan Rochester Regional Chapter of the New York State Archeological Association

List of Morgan's writings
Lewis Morgan wrote continuously, whether letters, papers to be read, or published articles and books. A list of his major works follows. Some of the letters and papers have been omitted. A complete list, as far as was known, is given by Lloyd in the 1922 revised edition (posthumous) of The League ... . Specifically omitted are 14 "Letters on the Iroquois" read before the New Confederacy, 1844–1846, and published in The American Review in 1847 under another pen name, Skenandoah; 31 papers read before The Club, 1854–1880; and various book reviews published in The Nation.

See also
 Cultural evolution
 Sociocultural evolution
 Ethnology
 Unilineal evolution
 Origins of society
 List of important publications in anthropology

References

Bibliography

 .
 .

 Stern, Bernhard J. "Lewis Henry Morgan Today; An Appraisal of His Scientific Contributions," Science & Society, vol. 10, no. 2 (Spring 1946), pp. 172–176. In JSTOR.

External links

 1963 reissue of Ancient Society with introductions by Eleanor Leacock

 Knight, C. 2008. Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal.  In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds), Early Human Kinship. London: Royal Anthropological Institute, pp. 61–82.

1818 births
1881 deaths
People from Aurora, Cayuga County, New York
American people of Welsh descent
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) state senators
American anthropologists
American feminists
Economic anthropologists
Native Americans' rights activists
19th-century American politicians
Union College (New York) alumni
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)
University of Rochester

Lewis H. Morgan


مجلس أبوظبي للتطوير الاقتصادي يهدف إلى تعزيز الشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص في إمارة أبوظبي من خلال عقد الاجتماعات الدورية بينهما، وذلك بغرض التبادل الحر للأفكار والرؤى، والمساهمة في بناء روابط وثيقة بين القطاعين من خلال النشاطات المكثفة والحوارات الثنائية للخروج بمفهوم مشترك إزاء التحديات التي تواجه القطاعين، وتحفيز أصحاب الأعمال الخاصة لمزيد من المشاركة في التنمية الاقتصادية للإمارة، وضمان الشراكة الفعلية بين القطاعين في المشاريع والبرامج التي يقيمها القطاعان، والحصول على قدر أكبر من الإفصاح والشفافية.

ويتولى المجلس بصفة خاصة ما يلي:

 المشاركة في تخطيط السياسة الاقتصادية للإمارة.
 بحث أسباب معوقات العمل الاقتصادي التي تواجه المستثمرين ورجال الأعمال، واقتراح الحلول المناسبة لها.
 المشاركة في تقديم الاقتراحات الخاصة باستيعاب القوى العاملة المواطنة في سوق العمل.
 إبداء الرأي في التشريعات المقترحة ذات البعد الاقتصادي.
 دعم الأنشطة الهادفة إلى الترويج للإمارة كمركز اقتصادي عالمي.
 نشر الوعي الاستثماري بين المواطنين.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي مجلس أبوظبي للتطوير الاقتصادي

وكالات حكومية في أبو ظبي

مجلس أبو ظبي للتطوير الاقتصادي


Palayan City (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Palayan) ist eine philippinische Gemeinde (Component City) in der Provinz Nueva Ecija, in der Verwaltungsregion III, Central Luzon. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 19 Barangays lebten. Sie wird als Gemeinde der fünften Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert eingestuft.

Palayan City liegt im Zentrum und ist Hauptstadt der Provinz. Sie grenzt an die westlichen Ausläufer der Sierra Madre im Osten der Zentralen Luzon-Ebene. Sie liegt 129 km nördlich von Manila und ist erreichbar über den Marhalika Highway. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Bongabon und General Mamerto Natividad im Norden, Laur im Süden und Osten, Cabanatuan City im Westen.

Baranggays

Weblinks

Ort auf den Philippinen
Nueva Ecija

Palayan City


Geißbach ist ein Gewässername:

 Geißbach (Alb) oder Gaisbach, rechter Zufluss der Alb (Oberrhein) in Bad Herrenalb, Landkreis Calw, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach (Beutenmühlebach), linker Zufluss des Beutenmühlebachs vor Höpfigheim, Stadt Steinheim an der Murr, Landkreis Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach (Blinde Rot), linker Zufluss der Blinden Rot zwischen Vorderwald und Ottenhof, beide zur Gemeinde Adelmannsfelden, Ostalbkreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach (Buchbach), linker Zufluss des Buchbachs (zum Tannbach, zur Steinlach) in Belsen, Stadt Mössingen, Landkreis Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach, Oberlaufname bis nahe Saulorn des Buchberger Bachs, linker Zufluss der Wolfsteiner Ohe bei Buchberg, beide Orte in der Gemeinde Hohenau, Landkreis Freyung-Grafenau, Bayern
 Geißbach (Gambach), linker Zufluss des Gambachs (zum Wenzenbach, zum Regen) nach Löchl, Gemeinde Bernhardswald, Landkreis Regensburg, Bayern
 Gambach (Wenzenbach), rechter Zufluss des Wenzenbachs (zum Regen) vor Grafenhofen, Gemeinde Wenzenbach, Landkreis Regensburg, Bayern
 Geißbach (Kleinaschaff), linker Zufluss der Kleinaschaff vor Waldaschaff, Landkreis Aschaffenburg, Bayern
 Geißbach (Külzbach), rechter Zufluss des Külzbachs vor Neuerkirch, Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Geißbach (Loisach), auch Gaisbach, rechter Zufluss der Loisach in Weidach, Gemeinde Ehrwald, Bezirk Reutte, Tirol
 Geißbach (Murg) oder Gaisbach, linker Zufluss der Nordschwarzwälder Murg (zum Oberrhein) in Weisenbach, Landkreis Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach (Naab), linker Zufluss der Naab an der Naabmühle bei Luhe, Markt Luhe-Wildenau, Landkreis Neustadt an der Waldnaab, Bayern
 Geißbach (Oleigenbach), rechter Zufluss des Oleigenbachs (zur Mosel) in Trimmelterberg, kreisfreies Trier, Rheinland-Pfalz
 Geißbach (Perlbach), linker Zufluss des Perlbachs bei der Adlmühl, Markt Falkenstein, Landkreis Cham, Bayern
 Geißbach (Salemer Aach), rechter Zufluss der Salemer Aach bei Hebsack, Stadt Überlingen, Bodenseekreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach (Schutter), rechter Zufluss der Schutter (Kinzig) in Schweighausen, Gemeinde Schuttertal, Ortenaukreis, Baden-Württemberg
 Geißbach (Weißbach), linker Zufluss des hier noch Mühlbach genannten Weißbachs (zum Rhaner Bach, zur Schwarzach, zur Naab) nach Grafenkirchen, Gemeinde Pemfling, Landkreis Cham, Bayern
 Geißbach (Wieseth), linker Zufluss der Wieseth gegenüber Ammonschönbronn, Gemeinde Wieseth, Landkreis Ansbach, Bayern
 Geißbach (Würzbach), auch Fronsbach oder Frohnsbach, linker Zufluss des Würzbachs im Würzbacher Weiher vor Niederwürzbach, Saarpfalz-Kreis, Saarland

Siehe auch:
 Gaisbach
 Geisbach
 Geisenbach
 Geißenbach
 Geißklingenbach

Geißbach


Vittorio Vergeat dit Vic Vergeat (Domodossola, 15 mai 1951), est un guitariste, auteur-compositeur et producteur de disques italien.

Biographie

Vic Vergeat fait ses débuts très jeune avec les Piémontais the Black Birds, auteurs d'un single à succès en 1966, Dolce Delilah. Il s'installe ensuite à Londres où il collabore avec Hawkwind, puis rejoint Toad, un groupe de hard rock suisse avec lequel il enregistre quelques disques au début des années 70, dont l'album Tomorrow Blue. Après avoir quitté le groupe, il s'installe aux États-Unis où il enregistre un album sous le nom de "Vic Vergat Band" avec la production de Dieter Dierks (Scorpions) [1] publié par Capitol Records qui entre dans le top 50 Rock Charts sur Billboard. ] Au début des années 80, il forme The Bank, un groupe AOR suisse.

Discographie
Avec les Black Birds
1967 - Dolce Delilah/Torna verso il sole (45 giri - Durium)
Avec  Toad
1971 - Toad
1972 - Tomorrow Blue
1975 - Dreams
1993 - Hate to Hate
Vic Vergat band
1981 - Down to the Bone (EMI Harvest)/(Capitol)
The Bank
1985 - Victims of a Mistery (Phonag)
1986 - Stop AIDS (K-Tel)
Avec Marc Storace
1992 - Blue (a nome Blue)
1998 - When A Man... (BMG)
Avec David Hasselhoff
1993 - Pingu Hits (BMG)
Vic Vergeat band
2002 - No Compromise!
2002 - Comet Records All Stars - Live at the Torrita Blues Festival 2002
2006 - Live at Music Village (Cramps)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Musicien italien
Guitariste italien
Compositeur italien du XXe siècle
Compositeur italien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en mai 1951

Vic Vergeat


පාර්වතී  (සංස්කෘත: पार्वती, IAST: pārvatī)  හෙවත් උමා යනු හින්දු දෙවඟනක් වේ. ව්‍යසනයේ මෙන්ම පුනර්ජිවයේ ද බලසම්පන්න ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ තෙවන මෙහෙසිය පාර්වතී බව  පිළිගැනීමයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් පාර්වතී දෙවඟන ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ පෙර මෙහෙසිය වූ "සති" දෙවඟනගේ පුනර්ජන්මයක් වන නිසා මේ දෙදෙනා අතර වෙනසක් ඇති බවක් නොසැලකේ. එසේම ඇය ගනේෂ සහ ස්කන්ධ (කාර්තිකේය) ගේ මව් තුමියද වේ. පාර්වතී විෂ්ණු දෙවියන්ගේ සොහොයුරියක බවට ද විශ්වාසයක් පවතී. එසේම ශක්ත බැතිමතුන්ගේ විශ්වාසය පරිදි පාර්වතී දේවිය මෙම විශ්වයේ පවතින සියලුම බලයන්ගේ එකතුව අවසානයේ රැස් කර ගන්නා සර්වබලධාරි දෙවඟන ආදි පරාශක්ති මාතාවගේ ප්‍රතීරූපයක් වේ.

ශිව දෙවිඳුන් සමඟ සිටින විට ඇයව පිළිබිඹු කෙරෙන්නේ අත් දෙකක් සහිතව වුවද තනිව සිටින විට අත් සතරක් ඇතිව සිංහ හෝ ව්‍යාඝ්‍ර වාහනය මත ඉඳ සිටින ආකාරයෙන් දැක්වෙයි. සෞම්‍ය ගති ඇති කරුණාවන්ත දෙවඟනක් ලෙස පාර්වතී දේවිය පිළිබඳ සාමාන්‍ය පිළිගැනීම  වුවද ඇය තුළින් දුර්ගා, කාලි, චන්ඩි සහ මහා විද්‍යා වැනි ස්වරූපයන් මතුවන අවස්ථා තිබෙන බවද දක්වා ඇත. එසේම මහාගෞරි, ශෛලපුත්‍රි, සහ ලලිතා වැනි දිව්‍ය අඟනන්ගේ මෘදු කරුණාවන්ත ස්වරූපයෙන් ද බොහෝ විට ඇගෙන් නිරූපනය වේ. පාර්වති උතුම් මාතෘ දෙවඟන ලෙස සලකන බැවින් අනෙකුත් දෙවඟනන් ඇයගේ ප්‍රතිබිම්භ ස්වරූපයන් හෝ වෙනත් වේශ නිරූපනයන් ලෙසද පිළිගැනීමක් ඇත. ශෛවන නිකාය හි දැක්වෙන පරිදි පාර්වතී සහ දුර්ගා එකම කෙනෙක් වේ. එහෙත් ශක්ති බැතිමතුන් උසස්ම දෙවඟනගේ පූර්ණ ප්‍රතිරූපයක් ලෙස පාර්වතී දේවිය සලකන අතර චන්ඩි, දුර්ගා සහ කාලි ඇගේ භයංකාර ස්වරූපයන් ලෙස පිළිගනී.

පාර්වතීගේ උපත හා විවාහය

පුරාණයේ, කිහිපවරක් සඳහන් වන පරිදි සති දේවිය හා ශිව දෙවිඳුන්ගේ විවාහය "දක්ෂ" රජුගේ ගේ කැමැත්තට විරුද්ධව සිදු වුවකි. එසේම පසු කාලීනව ඇය කලකිරී ශිව අතහැර ගොස් "දක්ෂ" ගේ අග්නිහෝමයේදී ස්වයං බිලි පුජාවට ලක්වු අයුරු ද එහි සඳහන් වේ. බ්‍රහ්ම වෛවර්ථ පුර්ණයට අනුව සති, ශිව දෙවිඳුන් ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිට තමන් නැවත ඉපදෙන බවත්, ඒ හිම වනයෙහි දියණිය ලෙස බවත් කියා සිටියේය. ති පාර්වතී නමින් නැවත උපන්නාය. රාමයණයේ කියැවෙන පරිදි "ගංගා" ගඟ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරිය වේ. නමුත් පාරිවම්සාවට අනුව පාර්වතීට ඒක් අපර්ණා හා ඒක්පාටාලා ලෙස බාල‍සොයුරියන් දෙදෙනක් සිටී. පාර්වතී දේවිය යොවුන් වියට එළඹෙත්ම ඇය තපසට යොමු විය. මේ ඇයගේ යටිසිත ඇයට බලකිරීම නිසායි. නමුත් ඇය නැවතත් ශිව සමඟ එක් විය. තපස් ගත වී අවුරුදු ගණනාවකට පසු ශීව ඇගේ ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිටියේය. නමුත් ඒ තත්පර කිහිපයකට පමණි. මින් සිදුවුයේ පාර්වතී තවදුරටත් දුකට පත්වීමයි. පසුව ශිව මහලු මිනිසෙකුගේ වේශයෙන් පාර්වතී ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිට ඇය වැනි රූමත් කාන්තාවක් දිවි හම අඳින, ඇග පුරා අළු තවරා සිටින පුරුෂයකු ගැන සිහින මවමින් කුමක් කරන්නේ දැයි ඇසීය. පාර්වතී මෙයින් බලවත් අමනාපයට පත්ව තම ආදරවන්තයාට එවැන්නක් කීම ගැන මහල්ලාට බලවත් ලෙස බැණ වැඳිණි. මෙම ක්‍රියාවෙන් පාර්වති තමන් කෙරෙහි දක්වන ආලය තේරුම් ගත් ශිව සිය සැබෑ ස්වරූපයෙන් පෙනී සිටියේය. මෙසේ තපස් රැක, පාර්වතී තම සැමියා නැවත ලබාගත්තාය. කාලිදාසයන්ගේ වීරකාව්‍යයක් වන " කුමරසම්භවම්" හි පාර්වතීගේ සුන්දරත්වය, ශිව ලබාගැනීමට තිබු කැපවීම, කාමදේව විනාශ කළ අයුරු, ස්කන්ධගේ අතිවිචිත්‍ර උපත (ශිවගේ පළමු පුත්‍රයා) හා කාම දේවගේ නැවත පැමිණිම ගැන සටහන් වේ. මොහොතකට ශිව දෙවිඳු පුරුෂයකු ලෙස නොව සියලු මනුෂ්‍යයාට දැනෙන දුක් පීඩා ඉක්මවු අයෙක් ලෙස ගතහොත් පාර්වතී නිර්වාණය ලබාගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරන්නකු ලෙස විද්‍යාමාන වේ. එසේම මෙම කථාව හුදෙක් ප්‍රේම වෘතාන්තයක් නොව ඊට වැඩියමක් බව පිළිඹිබු වේ. පාර්වතීගේ දේවියගේ තපස ශිව දෙවිඳු විවාහ කර ගැනීමේ අරමුණින් කරන ලද්දක් බව ඒත්තු ගැන්වීමට කතෘ ආචාර්යවරු දක්වා ඇත. මෙයට හේතුව තරුණ කාන්තාවන් පාර්වතී උදාහරණයට ගෙන ඇය මෙන් කටයුතු කර නිෂ්ක්‍රමණය කිරීම වැළැකීමයි. ඒ කෙසේ වෙතත් බොහෝ ස්ථාන වල පාර්වතී දේවියගේ තපස ගැන කියවේ.

පාර්වතී ප‍්‍රතිමා

පාර්වතී දෙවගනගේ ප‍්‍රතිමා නිර්මාණය කිරීමේදී විවිධ ස්වරූප අනුගමනය කර ඇති බැවින් ඇයට ම ආවේණික සුවිශේෂ ලක්ෂණ කවරේද යන්න තේරුම් ගැනීම පහසු නොවේ. ශිව දෙවියන් සමග පෙනී සිටින කල්හි ඇය සුපිපුණු පියුමක් දරයි. එහිදී ඇය අභය මුද‍්‍රාව දක්වන අතර සිය දරුවෙකු උකුල මත රදවාගෙන සිටින්නීය. රූමත් බවෙහි ලක්ෂණයක් සේ සැළකෙන බැවින් ඉදිරිය බලාසිටින විශාල නෙත්වලින් වෙනත් දෙවගනන්ගේ ප‍්‍රතිමා සමන්විත වන නමුදු ගැඹුරු භාවනාවක යෙදී සිට ඉන් නැගී සිටි අයෙකුගේ වැනි වූ පාර්වතියගේ නෙත්වල රැදී ඇති මදක් මලානික ස්වභාවය ගුප්ත බවක් දනවයි. හින්දු ආගමික ති‍්‍රත්වයට අයත් දෙවිවරුන් දෙදෙනෙකු වන බ‍්‍රහ්ම සහ ඊශ්වරගේ භාර්යාවන් සේ සැළකෙන සරස්වතිය සහ ලක්ෂ්මිය හුදෙකලාව නිරූපණය කිරීම දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ම වූ අනුගාමී බැතිමතුන් පිරිසක් ද සිටිති. එහෙත් පාර්වතිය එවැනි තත්වයකින් පසුගිය ශතවර්ෂ ගණනාව තිස්සේ වුව ද නිරූපණය වී නොමැත.

පාර්වතී දෙවගන ඉතා ශෝභාසම්පන්නවත් අලංකාරවත් නිරූපණය කෙරේ. ඇයගේ වස්ත‍්‍ර අවබෝධය පිළිබද වර්ණය සේ සැළකෙන කිරිසුදු පැහැය දරයි. සුදු පැහැය සියලූම වර්ණවල සංකලනයක් වන හෙයින් ඇය සියලූම ගුණවලින් සමන්විත බන බව එමගින් සංකේතවත් කෙරේ. මේ අනුව ඇය සත්ව, රජස්, තමස් යන ගුණ තුනෙන් යුතුවන හෙයින් ත්‍රෛගුණාත්මික ලෙස ද හැදින්වෙයි.  අනෙක් අතට ඇය නිර්ගුණ ලෙස ද දැක්වෙයි. පාර්වතියට නෙත් තුනක් ඇත. ශිවගේ මෙන් හිස මුදුනෙහි කෙස් කළඹක් ද කේෂ කලාපයෙහි අඩසදක් ද පැළද සිටිනු දැකිය හැකි ය. 12 වන සියවස දක්වා කාලයට අයත්වන පල්ලව සහ චෝල ප‍්‍රතිමාවල පාර්වතී දෙවගන හැමවිට ම විවෘත ළැම පෙදෙසකින් සහ පැළද සිටින පූන නූලකින් ද යුතුව නිරූපණය කර ඇත. විවෘත ළැම දේවත්වයේ සළකුණක් ලෙස පැරණි ඉන්දියාවේ සළකනු ලැබීය. ඇදුම්වලින් සංකේතවත් කරනුයේ ශාරීරික සහ ලෞකික බන්ධන වන අතර නිරුවත් බව මගින් බන්ධනවලින් තොර දේවත්වය දැක්වෙයි. ඉන්දියානු ආගමික ප‍්‍රතිමා පිළිබද ශබ්ද කෝෂයෙහි සදහන්වන පරිදි පාර්වතිය සිය අත් සතරින් නවගුණවැලක් ද කැඩපතක් ද සීනුවක් සහ යම් පලතුරු විශේෂයක් ද දරන්නීය.

පාර්වතී දෙව`ගනගේ වාහනය ලෙස දක්වා ඇත්තේ දුර්ගා දෙවගනගේ මෙන් සිංහයෙකි. ඇතැම් විටෙක එය සිංහ ධෙනුවක් සේ ද නිරූපනය කර ඇත. කෙසේවෙතත් මහාගෞරී වැනි පාර්වතියගේ ඇතැම් ස්වරූපවලදී ඇයගේ වාහනය වනුයේ ශිවගේ වාහනය වන නන්දී නම්  පූජනීය ගවයා ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

හින්දු ආගම
හින්දු දෙවිවරු

පාර්වතී දේවිය


Freaks este un film de groază american din 1932 produs și regizat de Tod Browning înainte de impunerea Codului Hays. Versiunea originală a filmului, care a avut 90 de minute, a fost considerată prea șocantă pentru a fi lansată, astfel că au fost eliminate câteva scene, rezultând o durată redusă de 64 de minute. Versiunea originală nu mai există.

Filmul se bazează pe elemente din povestirea scurtă "Spurs" de Tod Robbins. Personajele titulare au fost jucate de oameni de la circ care au avut deformări reale. În film interpretează Wallace Ford, Leila Hyams, Olga Baclanova și Roscoe Ates . Rolurile celor deformați  au fost interpretate de frații pitici Harry și Daisy Earles, Johnny Eck, surorile gemene siameze  Daisy și Violet Hilton și Schlitzie .

Freaks a fost descris ca fiind singurul film în subgenul pe care îl reprezintă.

Distribuție

 Wallace Ford - Phroso
 Leila Hyams - Venus
 Olga Baclanova - Cleopatra
 Rosco Ates - Roscoe
 Henry Victor - Hercules
 Harry Earles - Hans
 Daisy Earles - Frieda
 Rose Dione - Madame Tetrallini
 Daisy and Violet Hilton - surori siameze
 Schlitzie - himself
 Josephine Joseph - Half Woman-Half Man
 Johnny Eck - Half Boy
 Frances O'Connor - Armless girl
 Peter Robinson - Human skeleton
 Olga Roderick - Bearded lady
 Koo Koo - herself
 Prince Randian - The Living Torso
 Martha Morris - Angeleno's armless wife
 Elvira Snow - Pinhead Pip
 Jenny Lee Snow - Pinhead Zip
 Elizabeth Green - Bird Girl
 Angelo Rossitto - Angeleno
 Edward Brophy și Matt McHugh - the Rollo Brothers.

Referințe

Bibliografie

 *

Legături externe

 "Dincolo de 'Freaks': Kookoo the Bird Girl '  - Interviu cu Sarah Houbolt, Paralimpian și interpret de circ

Filme din 1932
Filme MGM
Filme din Registrul Național de Film (SUA)
Filme despre circ
Filme regizate de Tod Browning
Filme în limba franceză
Filme în limba germană
Filme în limba engleză
Filme horror americane
Filme americane

Freaks


Hawaiʻi Kai, also known as Maunalua or Koko Marina, is a largely residential area located in the City & County of Honolulu, in the East Honolulu CDP, on the island of Oʻahu. Hawaiʻi Kai is the largest of several communities at the eastern end of the island. The area was largely developed by Henry J. Kaiser around the ancient Maunalua fishpond and wetlands area known as Kuapā (meaning "fishpond wall"). Hawaiʻi Kai or Koko Marina was dredged from Kuapā Pond starting around 1959. Dredging not only transformed the shallow coastal inlet and wetlands into a marine embayment, but was accompanied by considerable filling and clearing of the pond margins. In 1961, Kaiser-Aetna entered into a lease agreement with the land owner, the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, to develop the 521 acre (2.11 km2) fishpond into residential tracts with a marina and channels separated by fingers of land and islands upon which house lots and commercial properties would be laid out and developed. Nearly all of the low-lying lands surrounding the marina have since been developed, and neighborhoods now extend back into the several valleys and up the separating ridges.

Geography
Immediately west of Hawaiʻi Kai along Kalanianaʻole Highway (State Rte. 72) is the East Honolulu neighborhood of Kuliʻouʻou. Eastward from Hawaiʻi Kai (Maunalua) on the same highway is the Koko Head area, an area now mostly included within Koko Head Park. South of Hawaiʻi Kai is Maunalua Bay, and north are the Koʻolau mountains. Eventually the road crosses over to the windward side near Makapuʻu Point.

Hawaiʻi Kai is located approximately 12 miles east of the Central Business District (CBD) of Honolulu.

In the 2000 U.S. Census the U.S. Census Bureau defined Hawaiʻi Kai as being in the urban Honolulu census-designated place. For the 2010 U.S. Census the bureau created a new census-designated place, East Honolulu.

Native Hawaiian fishpond

Maunalua Bay was formerly renown for having the largest Native Hawaiian fishpond on Oʻahu. The 523 acre fishpond known as Keahupua-O-Maunalua had a wall or kuapā which originally spanned from Kuliʻouʻou headland and to what is now Portlock. The pond was used primarily to raise mullet (ʻawaʻawa) and was also home to many endemic or indigenous waterbirds. The area remained important for fishing and agriculture until the 1950s when the fishpond was filled for housing development.

Communities
Kalama Valley is a community within the town of Maunalua, more commonly known as Hawaiʻi Kai located on the eastern coast of the island of Oʻahu. It features a shopping center, a public park and basketball facilities, and predominantly single-family, relatively high-priced housing, due to its location in Hawaiʻi Kai. There are a variety of attractions in the vicinity of Kalama Valley, including Hawaiʻi Kai Golf Course, Awawamalu (Sandy Beach), Makapuʻu Lighthouse and beach, Koko Crater Botanical Garden, the "From Here to Eternity" cove, and Hanauma Bay.

"Kamehame Ridge" is a ridge located in the middle of Kalama and Kamilo Iki Valley. Kamehame Ridge was developed during the 1990s. Now there are multi-million dollars homes and real estate stretching from the bottom to the top of the Ridge. It is most famous for its popular hike, known locally as "Dead Man's Catwalk".

Demographics
Hawaiʻi Kai was home to 30,079 residents residing in 10,702 households during the period between 2009–2013. The percentage of residents 25 and older with a bachelor's degree or higher was 51.8 percent.

Education
Maunalua is located within the Hawaiʻi Department of Education Kaiser Complex and is home to Henry J. Kaiser High, Hahaʻione Elementary, Kamiloiki Elementary, and Koko Head Elementary Schools. The three elementary schools feed into Niu Valley Middle School, which in turn feeds into Kaiser High, although Niu Valley Middle is not located in Hawaiʻi Kai.

See also

 Kalama Valley protests

Gallery

References

External links

Neighborhoods in Honolulu
Henry J. Kaiser
Populated places established in 1961
1961 establishments in Hawaii
East Honolulu, Hawaii

Hawaiʻi Kai, Hawaii


كلاوس كينكل  [مواليد 17 كانون الأول 1936] محامي وسياسي ألماني في الحزب الديمقراطي الحر الليبرالي (الحزب الديمقراطي الحر). شغل منصب وزير العدل الاتحادي (1991-1992)، وزير الخارجية (1992-1998) ومنصب نائب مستشار ألمانيا (1993-1998) في حكومة هيلموت كول. وكان أيضا رئيس الحزب الديمقراطي الحر من عام 1993 إلى عام 1995. في السابق، كان رئيسا لجهاز المخابرات الاتحادية (1979-1982).

كوزير للخارجية، تولى كينكل موقف واضح لوضع حد للفظائع التي ارتكبت خلال الحروب اليوغوسلافية في التسعينات، واقترح إنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغوسلافيا السابقة.

حياته ومهنته

ترعرع كلاوس كينكل في هيشنغن. كان والده طبيباً في الطب الباطني. بعد نيله شهادة الباكالوريوس عام 1956 درس العلوم القانونية في جامعات توبنغن، بون، وكولونيا. اشتغل بين عامي 1970 و1974 كسكرتير شخصي لدى وزير الداخلية الاتحادي هانز ديتريش غينشر وأخيراً كرئيس مكتب الوزير. بعد خروجه من منصب وزير الخارجية الاتحادي عام 1998 أصبح يعمل محامي.

منذ عام 1991 وهو عضو في الحزب الديمقراطي الحر. أصبح رئيساً للحزب بين عامي 11 يونيو 1993 إلى غاية 10 يونيو 1995. كان بين عامي 1994 و2002 عضواً في البرلمان الألماني.

كلاوس كينكل متزوج ولديه ثلاثة أولاد، بينهم ابنة توفيت في حادث سير.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 سيرة ذاتية من موقع البوندستاغ (باللغة الألمانية)

أشخاص من دائرة الاستخبارات الاتحادية الألمانية
أشخاص من متزنجن
أعضاء البوندستاغ من ولاية بادن-فورتمبيرغ
خريجو جامعة بون
خريجو جامعة توبنجن
رومان كاثوليك ألمان
ساسة الحزب الديمقراطي الحر (ألمانيا)
مواليد 1936
مواليد في متزنجن
نواب مستشاري ألمانيا
وزراء خارجية ألمانيا
وزراء عدل ألمانيا
خريجو جامعة كولونيا
أعضاء بوندستاغ 1994–1998
أعضاء بوندستاغ 1998–2002

كلاوس كينكل


Akinobu Yokouchi (født 30. november 1967) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Han har tidligere trænet Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan
Fodboldtrænere fra Japan

Akinobu Yokouchi


Die Tilse (tilszus = sumpfig; ) ist ein 27 km langer Fluss im früheren Ostpreußen, der in Sowetsk in die Memel mündet. Nach ihr ist das frühere Tilsit benannt.

Name und Lauf
Nach älteren Überlieferungen wird das Fließ Tilsot oder Tilsete in den Wegeberichten des  Deutschen Ordens erwähnt. Die im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert zugewanderten Litauer machten daraus Tilszele, das im Volksmund erhalten blieb.

Quellgebiet
Die Quelle der Tilse liegt im südlichen Teil des früheren  Kreises Ragnit, 5 km entfernt von der Bahnstation Wischnjowoje an der Bahnstrecke Tschernjachowsk–Sowetsk (Sowetsk – Schilino – Kaluschskoje – Tschernjachowsk – Kaliningrad). In einem von Erlen, Birken und Fichten gebildeten Wäldchen bei Bolschewo (Meldienen)-Koschelewo fließen einige Bäche zum Fluss Tilse zusammen.

Lauf
Relativ schnell fließt sie im steinigen Flussbett, in dem bei Pokrowskoje große Findlinge liegen. Dort schon 1,5 m breit, wird die Tilse von der Straße Schilino-Uljanowo überbrückt. Von hier nordwärts gewendet, passiert sie Michailowka, (Balandszen), Rudakowo, (Podszuhnen), (Luganskoje), Iskra, Gudkowo, Rakitino, Wetrowo, (Moritzkehmen) und Tilsit-Kallkappen. An den teilweise hohen Ufern ziehen sich Wäldchen und Wiesen hin. Malerische Landschaften sind der  Schloßberg zwischen Rakitino und Wetrowo und die Schlucht bei Rakitino. Der Graudenwald war eine undurchdringliche Wildnis. Im Wäldchen von Iskra nimmt die Tilse den Liepart-Bach und bei Rakitino den Malan-Bach auf.

Kultivierung
Da die Tilse niedrig gelegenes Gelände durchfließt, konnten die anliegenden Ländereien günstig entwässert werden. Die  Kreisverwaltung Tilsit-Ragnit ließ sie 1931/32 bei Woydehnen (heute Wetrowo)in ein neues Bett leiten. Zur selben Zeit wurde die untere Tilse von Kurschen (Rakitino) bis Tilsit (Sowjetsk) reguliert. Beim Willmannberg wurde eine 20 m lange Brücke für die Bahn Stallupönen - Tilsit (Sowjetsk) gebaut. Über Moritzkehmen und Kallkappen erreichte der Fluss den Schloßmühlenteich und gelangt durch den Tilszelehafen in die Memel.

Schlossmühlenteich in Tilsit
1562 ließ der amtierende Tilsiter Amtshauptmann Kaspar von Nostiz den Schloßmühlenteich aufstauen; denn bei dem ausreichenden Wasseraufkommen des Flusses wollte Herzog  Albrecht aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen eine Wassermühle anlegen.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Tilse (GenWiki)

Fluss in Ostpreußen
Fluss in der Oblast Kaliningrad
Fluss in Europa

Tilse


An Ctenium longiglume in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frances Kristina Kupicha, Longhi-wagner ngan Thomas Arthur Cope. An Ctenium longiglume in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ctenium, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Ctenium

Ctenium longiglume


Muzaffer Tema (15 Haziran 1919, İstanbul - 4 Ekim 2011, İzmir), Türk sinema sanatçısıdır.

Hayatı
İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı'ndan mezun olan sanatçı; Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası'nda görev yaptı. 1949'da sinemada ilk oyunuyla profesyonel oldu. 1959 yılında bir süreliğine Amerika'ya gitti. Zsa Zsa Gabor ile aşk yaşamıştır. Sinemada yeni yüzlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla, karakter rollerinde yer almaya başlayan 1950'li yılların popüler oyuncusu, iki evlilik yaptı. Son zamanlarda reklam filmlerinde rol aldı. Sinema yaşamında ise dört filmin yapımcısı oldu.

Filmografisi

Oyuncu olarak

 1949: Çığlık
 1949: Fato / Ya İstiklal Ya Ölüm
 1949: Uçuruma Doğru
 1950: Parmaksız Salih
 1951: Dudaktan Kalbe
 1951: İstanbul Kan Ağlarken
 1951: Seni Unutmadım
 1952: Günahını Ödeyen Adam
 1952: İngiliz Kemal Lawrence'e Karşı
 1952: Kanun Namına
 1952: Memiş ile İbiş Anaforcular Kralı
 1952: Onu Ben Öldürdüm
 1953: Aşk Izdırabtır
 1953: Hıçkırık
 1953: İstanbul Canavarı
 1954: Öldüren Sır
 1954: Son Baskın
 1955: Aşk ve Ölüm
 1955: Kadın Severse
 1955: Kızımla Beraber Ağladık
 1955: Ölüm Korkusu
 1956: Beş Hasta Var
 1956: Dişi Yılan
 1958: A Certain Smile (Pierre)
 1958: Acı Tebessüm
 1959: Aşk Rüyası
 1959: Gönül Kimi Severse
 1960: 12 to the Moon
 1960: Kırık Kalpler
 1960: Twelve to the Moon (Dr. Selim Hamid)
 1961: Özleyiş
 1961: Vahşi Kedi
 1961: Yumurcak
 1962: Gönül Ferman Dinlemez
 1962: Mağrur Kadın
 1963: Aşka Tövbe
 1964: Altın Kelepçe
 1964: Ankara'ya Üç Bilet
 1964: Baba Hasreti
 1964: Çanakkale Aslanları
 1964: Kader Kapıyı Çaldı
 1964: Sekiz Kuruş
 1965: Canım Sana Feda
 1965: Dağ Çiçeği
 1965: Dudaktan Kalbe
 1965: Fakir Gencin Romanı
 1965: Güneşe Giden Yol
 1965: Hayatımın Kadını
 1965: Hırsız
 1965: Kırbaç Yarası
 1965: Korkunç İntikam
 1965: Melek Yüzlü Caniler
 1965: Oğlum Oğlum
 1965: On Korkusuz Kadın
 1965: Onyedinci Yolcu
 1965: Posta Güvercini
 1965: Şehvetin Esiriyiz
 1965: Seven Kadın Unutmaz
 1965: Severek Ölenler
 1966: Allahaısmarladık
 1966: Allahaısmarladık Yavrum
 1966: Çalıkuşu
 1966: İbrahim Ethem İlahi Davet
 1966: İçimdeki Alev
 1966: Kaderin Cilvesi
 1966: Kadın Avcıları
 1966: Korkunç Arzu
 1966: Kumsalda Üç Kadın
 1966: Meleklerin İntikamı
 1966: Milyonerin Kızı
 1966: O Kadın
 1966: Yarın Ağlayacağım
 1967: Ağlayan Kadın
 1967: Alpaslan'ın Fedaisi Alpago
 1967: Dokuzuncu Hariciye Koğuşu
 1967: Düşman Aşıklar
 1967: Evlat Uğruna
 1967: Hacı Murat
 1967: Kader Bağı
 1967: Kara Duvaklı Gelin
 1967: Kelepçeli Melek
 1967: Kilink İstanbul'da
 1967: Kilink Uçan Adama Karşı
 1967: Killing İstanbul'da
 1967: Korkunç Yumruk
 1967: Nemli Gözler
 1967: Ringo Kid
 1967: Tapılacak Kadın
 1968: Acı İnanç
 1968: Altın Avcıları
 1968: Bozkırlar Şahini
 1968: Cilalı İbo İstanbul Kaldırımlarında
 1968: Dünyanın En Güzel Kadını
 1968: Hicran Gecesi
 1968: İftira
 1968: İngiliz Kemal
 1968: İngiliz Kemal'in Oğlu
 1968: İstanbul Kaldırımları
 1968: Kahveci Güzeli
 1968: Karanlık Yollar
 1968: Karanlık Yollar - Aşkla Sev Kinle Vur
 1968: Kezban
 1968: Mafia Ölüm Saçıyor
 1968: Son Hatıra
 1968: Yakılacak Kitap
 1969: Ana Mezarı
 1969: Ana Yüreği
 1969: Ayrı Dünyalar
 1969: Bir Aşk Türküsü
 1969: Buruk Acı
 1969: Damga
 1969: Izdırap Şarkısı
 1969: Kirli Yüzlü Melek
 1969: Sabır Taşı
 1969: Sabırtaşı
 1969: Seninle Düştüm Dile
 1969: Sevdiğim Adam
 1969: Uykusuz Geceler
 1970: Aşk Hırsızı
 1970: Çalınmış Hayat / Aşk Hırsızı
 1970: Dört Kabadayı
 1970: Kara Dutum
 1970: Maskeli Şeytan
 1970: Şeytan Kayaları
 1970: Yaban Gülü
 1971: Afacan Küçük Serseri
 1971: Asrın Kadını
 1971: Gençliğin Rüyası
 1971: Mahşere Kadar
 1971: Mavi Boncuk Lassi
 1971: Melek Mi Şeytan Mı? / Asrın Kadını
 1971: Sevenler Kavuşurmuş
 1971: Sevmek ve Ölmek Zamanı
 1971: Solan Bir Yaprak Gibi
 1971: Vurguncular
 1971: Zagor Kara Bela
 1971: Zagor Kara Korsanın Hazineleri
 1972: Aşk Fırtınası
 1972: Aslanların Ölümü
 1972: İlk Aşk
 1972: Kırık Merdiven
 1972: Sevgili Hocam
 1972: Tövbekar
 1972: Yılmayan Şeytan
 1973: Aşkımla Oynama
 1973: Balıkçı Osman
 1973: Çocuğumu İstiyorum
 1973: Yaban
 1974: Avanta Yok
 1974: Domatesler Ve Silahlar
 1974: Fırtınalar İstanbul'da / Kıranlar Öder
 1974: Macera Yolu
 1975: Bir Araya Gelemeyiz
 1975: Domatesler Silahlar (Chi Rompe, Paga!) (Büyük Lider)
 1976: Attenti ragazzi... chi rompe paga
 1986: Vazife Uğruna
 1987: Islak Sokak
 1987: Silaha Yeminliydim

Senarist olarak
 1961: Vahşi Kedi

Yapımcı olarak
 1956: Dişi Yılan
 1961: Vahşi Kedi
 1962: Mağrur Kadın
 1963: Aşka Tövbe

Yönetmen olarak
 1961: Vahşi Kedi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 TSA'de Muzaffer Tema
 ABD yapımı Aya 12 Adam Filminde oynadı

Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
1919 doğumlular
2011 yılında ölenler
İstanbul doğumlu erkek oyuncular
İzmir'de ölenler
Çakabey Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler

Muzaffer Tema


Dana Jonathan Gould (født 24. august 1964) er en amerikansk skuespiller og komiker.

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Hopedale
Skuespillere fra Massachusetts

Dana Gould


Minkowski 2-9, abbreviated M2-9 (also known as Minkowski's Butterfly, Twin Jet Nebula, the Wings of a Butterfly Nebula, or just Butterfly Nebula) is a planetary nebula that was discovered by Rudolph Minkowski in 1947.  It is located about 2,100 light-years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Ophiuchus.  This bipolar nebula takes the peculiar form of twin lobes of material that emanate from a central star.  Astronomers have dubbed this object as the Twin Jet Nebula because of the jets believed to cause the shape of the lobes. Its form also resembles the wings of a butterfly.  The nebula was imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s.

The primary component of the central binary is the hot core of a star that reached the end of its main-sequence life cycle, ejected most of its outer layers and became a red giant, and is now contracting into a white dwarf.  It is believed to have been a sun-like star early in its life.  The second, smaller star of the binary orbits very closely and may even have been engulfed by the other's expanding stellar atmosphere with the resulting interaction creating the nebula. Astronomers theorize that the gravity of one star pulls some of the gas from the surface of the other and flings it into a thin, dense disk extending into space. As the central binary orbits with a period of about 86 to 120 years, the wind emitting from the binary changes direction with it.

The nebula has inflated dramatically due to a fast stellar wind, blowing out into the surrounding disk and inflating the large, wispy hourglass-shaped wings perpendicular to the disk. These wings produce the butterfly appearance when seen in projection.  The outer shell is estimated to be about 1,200 years old .

Notes

References

Planetary nebulae
Ophiuchus
Articles containing video clips

M2-9


El término finanzas colaborativas se utiliza para describir una categoría específica de las transacciones financieras que se produce directamente entre individuos, sin la intermediación de una institución financiera tradicional. Esta nueva forma de gestionar las transacciones financieras informales ha sido posible gracias a los avances de los medios de comunicación social y las plataformas en línea.

Origen
El concepto original fue defendido por Don Tapscott y Anthony D. Williams, coautores del libro MacroWikinomics: Nuevas fórmulas para impulsar la economía mundial.

"Un nuevo movimiento está comenzando y está inspirado por la ira de la población en una multitud de cosas, desde el comportamiento de Wall Street y las bonificaciones masivas de los bancos, a la ampliación de la brecha entre la tasa de interés ofrecida a los ahorradores, y la tasa que se cobra a los prestatarios. Este movimiento se activó con el crecimiento de la colaboración masiva a través de Internet. Constituye una alternativa al juego del topo (conocido en inglás como whack-a-mole), donde los reguladores se ven obligados a jugar en el siempre cambiante paisaje de los servicios financieros."

Variedad
Existe una amplia variedad de recursos relacionados con las finanzas colaborativas que pueden variar no sólo en sus aspectos organizativos y operacionales, sino también en relación con la región geográfica, la porción del mercado financiero, etc. Es precisamente esta heterogeneidad la que permite actividades informales y rentables de ahorro y crédito entre grupos de ingresos no atendidos por los bancos comerciales y otras instituciones financieras.

Son su informalidad, adaptabilidad y flexibilidad en las operaciones las características que reducen los costos de las transacciones y les confieren su ventaja comparativa y justificación económica.

Características
Las finanzas colaborativas se caracterizan por las transacciones de préstamos altamente personalizadas que implican relaciones cara a cara con los prestatarios y flexibilidad respecto del motivo del préstamo, tasas de interés, requisitos colaterales, plazos de vencimiento y reprogramación de la deuda.

A continuación se presentan las características de las finanzas colaborativas que las hacen atractivas a los hogares de bajos ingresos:

 No requieren de una licencia: la mayoría de los proveedores trabajan sin una licencia para el suministro de dinero.
 Son sin fines de lucro: si hubiera ganancias, se devuelven a la comunidad y sus miembros.
 Tiene múltiples propietarios: el propietario no se encuentra en una o dos personas, sino en el grupo como un todo.
 No requieren garantía: las garantías de reembolso están garantizadas en gran medida por la presión del grupo.
 Tienen prestatarios específicos bien identificados: la mayoría de los cuales son miembros de la comunidad.
 Mantiene estrechos vínculos de comunicaciòn e información entre los miembros: para que garanticen la devolución.
 Facilitan la reciprocidad de desembolsos de crédito: no hay una actitud de dar y tomar, donde los prestatarios y los prestamistas intercambian sus papeles.
 No están reguladas por el Banco Central: con respecto a los límites y restricciones, requisitos de información, etc.
 Fomentan la participación comunitaria en otros temas del desarrollo: el enfoque participativo de las iniciativas informales es fácilmente replicable para una amplia gama de temas de desarrollo comunitario.

El desarrollo de las finanzas colaborativas

Asociaciones de Ahorro y Crédito Rotativo

Una Asociación de Ahorro y Crédito Rotativo, conocida en inglés como ROSCA, es un grupo de individuos que acuerdan ahorrar y tomar prestado juntos durante un período de tiempo predefinido.

Las asociaciones de ahorro y de crédito son grupos de individuos que generalmente viven en el mismo lugar y hacen contribuciones cíclicas regulares a un fondo común. La suma total obtenida en cada ciclo o ronda, es entregada a un miembro. Por ejemplo, un grupo de 10 personas puede contribuir US$50 por mes durante 12 meses. Los US$600 recogidos cada mes se entregan a uno de los miembros. De ese modo, un miembro prestará dinero a otros miembros a través de su contribución mensual regular.

Luego de que un miembro reciba la suma total prestada, debe continuar aportando regularmente sus cuotas mensuales. Los miembros se alternan entre prestamistas y prestatarios, dependiendo de la ronda en la que un miembro levanta la suma total. Es decir, hay un mutuo dar y tomar entre los que participan en estos grupos.

Estilos de vida colaborativos
El sistema de estilos de vida colaborativos se basa en la participación y el intercambio de recursos y activos tales como espacio, habilidades, tiempo y dinero.

Véase también
 Asociación de ahorro y crédito rotativo
 Cooperativa de ahorro y crédito
 Préstamo solidario
 Consorcio
 Microcrédito

Referencias

Bibliografía
Tapscott, D. y Williams A.D. (2011). MacroWikinomics: Nuevas fórmulas para impulsar la Economía Mundial, Ediciones Paidós.

Enlaces externos

New Business Models for Five Industries in Crisis, Blog de Dan Tapscott (en inglés)

Finanzas

Finanzas colaborativas


(2578) Saint-Exupéry er en asteroide der indledningvis havde den midlertidige betegnelse 1975 VW3 Den blev opdaget af den russiske astronom; Tamara Smirnova d. 2. nov. 1975. Asteroiden er opkaldt efter den franske pilot og forfatter; Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, nok mest kendt for novellen Den lille Prins. Den er ca. 17 Km i diameter og er 5 år og 2 mdr. om et kredsløb om Solen.

Saint-Exupéry tilhører gruppen af Eos-asteroider, der bevæger sig i resonans med Jupiter.

En anden asteroide er navngivet; (46610) Bésixdouze (på dansk; Besekstolv - B612). B612 er den fiktive asteroide som den Lille Prins bor på.

Se også
 B612 Foundation

Kilder

Faktuelle data
 JPL Small-Body Database Browser, Hentet 29. juli 2017.

Saint-Exupery, (2578)

(2578) Saint-Exupéry


"SloMo" (em português: Câmera Lenta) é a canção que representou a Espanha no Festival Eurovisão da Canção 2022 que teve lugar em Turim. A canção foi selecionada através do Benidorm Fest 2022, que teve lugar a 29 de janeiro de 2022. A canção terminou em 3º lugar com 459 pontos, a melhor classificação de Espanha desde Festival Eurovisão da Canção 1995.

Canções do Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Espanha no Festival Eurovisão da Canção
Canções em inglês
Canções em castelhano
Canções de 2021
Singles de 2021

SloMo (canção de Chanel)


Carl Eugen Salzer (* 17. September 1866 in Heilbronn; † 2. April 1938 ebenda) war ein deutscher Verleger, der hauptsächlich evangelisch-theologische, heimatgeschichtliche und regionalgeschichtliche Literatur verlegte. Der von ihm 1891 in Heilbronn gegründete Eugen-Salzer-Verlag bestand dort bis 1999.

Leben
Salzer wuchs in Heilbronn auf, wo er auch zur Schule ging und eine Ausbildung zum Buchhändler machte. Nach beruflichen Stationen in Basel und Berlin kehrte er nach Heilbronn zurück und gründete dort am 1. Oktober 1891 den Eugen-Salzer-Verlag, bei dem schwerpunktmäßig evangelisch-theologische, heimatgeschichtliche und regionalgeschichtliche Bücher erschienen, seit den 1920er-Jahren vermehrt auch deutschbaltische Literatur. Salzer verlegte Bücher von Autorinnen und Autoren wie Hermann Hesse, Isolde Kurz, August Lämmle und Anna Schieber. 1912 startete er die erfolgreiche Reihe Taschenbücherei deutscher Dichter, die 1934 in Salzers Volksbücherei umbenannt wurde. Ab 1929 arbeitet auch Salzers Sohn Fritz (1909–1943) im Verlag mit, unter dessen Einfluss auch nationalsozialistische Literatur bei Salzer erschien. Eugen Salzers letztes verlegerisches Projekt war eine umfangreiche Geistesgeschichte des Tübinger Stifts, die 1938 unter dem Titel Stiftsköpfe erschien. Nach Salzers Tod im selben Jahr schrieb Theodor Heuss seinen Nachruf.

Familie
Salzers Vater Johann Jakob Salzer (1798–1879) war aus Dettingen an der Erms nach Heilbronn gekommen und hatte dort mit seiner ersten Ehefrau Elisabeth († 1860) eine Lackiererei gegründet, die sich zur Lackfabrik entwickelte. Dieser ersten Ehe entstammt der Kunstmaler Friedrich Salzer (1827–1878). 1864 heiratete Johann Jakob Salzer erneut, der Verbindung mit seiner zweiten Frau Caroline, geb. Haas, entstammt Eugen Salzer.

1903 heiratete Eugen Salzer die Stuttgarter Metzgerstochter Elise Wimpff (1875–1972). Aus der Ehe gingen drei Söhne und eine Tochter hervor, darunter die Söhne Fritz (1909–1943) und Hartmut (1916–1993), die beide später den Verlag leiteten.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Achim Frey: Salzer, Carl Eugen, Verleger in Heilbronn. In: Maria Magdalena Rückert (Hrsg.): Württembergische Biographien unter Einbeziehung hohenzollerischer Persönlichkeiten. Band I. Im Auftrag der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-17-018500-4, S. 216–217 (online).
 Uwe Jacobi: 100 Jahre Salzer. Geschichte eines Verlages. Salzer, Heilbronn 1991, ISBN 3-7936-0301-6.

Person (Heilbronn)
Verleger (20. Jahrhundert)
Verleger (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1866
Gestorben 1938
Mann

Eugen Salzer


Towhidi Tabari (u perzijskom توحیدی طبری ), rođen u Babolu, Iran, vizualni je umjetnik i stručnjak   : kaligrafija, slikarstvo i osvjetljenje. Kolekcionar perzijske i islamske umjetnosti živi i radi u Parizu od 2001. godine.
Ilustratori
Islamska umjetnost
Apstraktni slikari

Towhidi Tabari


est un film américain réalisé par Frank Tuttle, sorti en 1923.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Frank Tuttle
 Scénario : Frank Tuttle, James Ashmore Creelman d'après la pièce de  de 1908
 Distributeur :
 Photographie :
 Durée : 70 minutes (7 bobines)
 Date de sortie :

Distribution
Glenn Hunter : Lord Ravensbane/The Scarecrow
Mary Astor : Rachel
Osgood Perkins : Dr. Nicholas
Maude Hill : Goody Rickby
Frank Tweed : Gillead Wingate
Dwight Wiman : Bugby
Thomas Chalmers : le Ministre
Elliot Cabot : Richard Talbot

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1923
Film dramatique américain
Film muet américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre au cinéma

Puritan Passions