Giovanni Matteo Toscano (-) est un littérateur et humaniste italien.

Biographie
Né à Milan vers la fin du , il cultive la poésie et emploie une partie de son temps à rassembler les pièces des poètes italiens qui ont écrit en latin. Il compose des odes bibliques et traduit les Psaumes de David, d'après le texte hébreu. Ce dernier ouvrage est publié par Jean Dorat, son ami, dont il se vante d'être l'élève. Il l'a connu à la cour de Catherine de Médicis, dont il est particulièrement protégé. Toscano est aussi l'auteur d'un recueil d'épigrammes et de discours en l'honneur des écrivains qui parurent en Italie depuis la Renaissance. Il mourut en France, peu après l'année 1576.

Œuvres
 Octo cantica sacra, e sacris Bibliis, latino carmine expressa, Paris, 1575, in-8° ;
 Psalmi Davidis, ex hebraica veritate, latinis versibus expressi, ibid. , 1575, in-8° ;
 Carmina illustrium poetarum italorum, ibid., 1576, 2 vol. in-16. Il avait préparé un troisième volume, qui devait contenir le recueil complet des vers de Michel Marulle.
 Peplus Italiæ, in quo illustri viri, ... tum carmine, tum soluta oratione recensentur, ibid., 1578, in-8°, réimprimé, en 1730, par Johann Albert Fabricius, dans le Conspectus thesauri literarii in Italia, in-8°.

Bibliographie

 Argelati, Bibliotheca scriptorum médiol., t. 2,  partie, page 1507.

Liens externes

Écrivain italien du XVIe siècle
Naissance en 1500
Décès en 1576

Giovanni Matteo Toscano


Ostsachsen ist eine Region im Freistaat Sachsen.

Lage
Eine einheitliche Definition des Begriffes gibt es nicht. Meist wird als "Ostsachsen" das Territorium der Landkreise Bautzen und Görlitz verstanden, das zum größten Teil zur Oberlausitz gehört. Vereinzelt werden darüber hinaus auch weitere Gebiete zu Ostsachsen gezählt.

Geschichte

Naturräumliche Gliederung

Ostsachsen liegt gleichermaßen im Naturraum Sächsisch-Niederlausitzer Heideland, Sächsisches Lössgefilde sowie Sächsisches Bergland und Mittelgebirge.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Landschaften in Sachsen

Einzelnachweise

Region in Sachsen

Ostsachsen


Lindsay Ann Crouse (født 12. maj 1948) er en amerikansk teater-, tv- og filmskuespiller.

Crouse har, blandt andet spillet Maggie Walsh i tv-serien Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Hun har været med i film som Forført, Impostor, Insider. For sin præstation i En plads i mit hjerte fra 1984 blev hun nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle. Crouse var tidligere gift med dramatikeren David Mamet. Sammen har de datter Zosia Mamet, som også er skuespiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra New York
Personer fra New York City
Amerikanere i 1900-tallet
Amerikanere i 2000-tallet
Buddhister

Lindsay Crouse


Delphi, Object Pascal'ı temel alan bir olaya dayalı programlama dili ve masaüstü, mobil, web ve konsol yazılımları için tümleşik geliştirme ortamıdır (IDE). Delphi, 2008 yılından beri Embarcadero Technologies tarafından geliştirilmektedir.

Delphi'nin derleyicileri Windows, macOS, iOS, Android ve Linux (sadece x64) için kodlar üretebilir.

Delphi, Code Insight kod editörü, Error Insight gerçek-zamanlı hata yakalama ve diğer özelliklere sahiptir. Başlıca özellikleri; refactoring; VCL (yerel Windows) ve FMX (çoklu-platform, her platform için kısmi yerel); mobil platformlar dahil tüm platformlar için entegre edilmiş debugger; kaynak kod kontrolü (SVN, git ve Mercurial); üçüncü-parti bileşenleri destekleyen RAD Studio'nun bir parçasıdır. Çok güçlü veritabanı desteğine sahiptir. Delphi, derleme hızı açısından dikkat çekici bir hıza sahiptir.

C# ve Swift gibi yaygın dillerin aksine, bir milyon satırlık Delphi projesi saniyeler içerisinde derlenebilir. 170,000 satırdan oluşan test projesini saniyeler içinde derlemiştir. Aktif geliştirilmeye devam edilmektedir ve her altı ayda bir yeni özellikler ve düzenlemeler ile yeni sürümü yayınlanmaktadır.

Özgün Delphi Borland tarafından hızlı uygulama geliştirme aracı olarak Windows platformu için geliştirilmiştir ve Turbo Pascal'ın yerini almıştır. Delphi var olan dile tam nesne merkezli programlama özellikleri eklemiş ve dilin kullanımı, geliştirilmesi ve desteklenmesi artmıştır. Modern dil özelliklerinden sayılan jenerikler ve anonim metodların yanı sıra string tipleri ve yerel COM port desteği ile özellikleri geliştirilmiştir.

2006 yılında, Borland'ın yazılım geliştirme araçları CodeGear firmasına transfer edilmiş, daha sonra firma Embarcadero Technologies tarafından 2008 yılında satın alınmıştır. 2015 yılında Embarcadero, Idera firması tarafından satın alındı fakat Embarcadero markası adı altında ürünlerin geliştirilmesine devam edildi.

29 Ağustos 2016'da Embarcadero Delphi Ürün Müdürü Marco Cantu, yazdığı blog yazısı ile Delphi'nin Linux'a doğrudan desteğinin verildiğini duyurdu. "Delphi, 25 yılını dolduran Linux'u tebrik etmeye geliyor" isimli yazısında Cantu, birkaç görsel paylaştı. Projenin kod adının Godzilla olduğunu ve PlatformAssistant Sunucusu ile Ubuntu işletim sisteminde derlenmiş Pascal kodlarını paylaştı.

Tarihçe
Borland Delphi

Delphi (daha sonra Delphi 1 olarak bilinir) 16-bit Windows 3.1 için 1995'te piyasaya sürüldü ve Hızlı Uygulama Geliştirme (RAD) araçları olarak bilinenlerin ilk örneklerinden biriydi.

Kaynakça

Kullanıcı arayüzü oluşturucuları

Delphi (programlama dili)


Formula 3 – sezona 2019. je bila 1. sezona FIA Formula 3 prvenstva. Vozilo se 16 utrka od 11. svibnja do 12. rujna 2019. Vozački naslov je osvojio Robert Švarcman, a momčadski naslov Prema Racing.

Vozači i momčadi

Promjene u Formuli 3
Došli u Formulu 3

  Keyvan Andres: Europska Formula 3 → HWA Racelab

  Marcus Armstrong: Europska Formula 3 → Prema Theodore Racing

  David Beckmann: Europska Formula 3 → ART Grand Prix

  Jehan Daruvala: Europska Formula 3 → Prema Theodore Racing

  Devlin DeFrancesco: GP3 Series → Trident

  Alessio Deledda: Talijanska Formula 4 → Campos Racing

  Felipe Drugovich: EuroFormula Open → Carlin Buzz Racing

  Andreas Estner: ADAC Formula 4 → Jenzer Motorsport

  Sebastián Fernández: Europska Formula 3 → Campos Racing

  Max Fewtrell: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 → ART Grand Prix

  Jake Hughes: GP3 Series → HWA Racelab

  Raoul Hyman: Azijska Formula 3 → Sauber Junior Team by Charouz

  Simo Laaksonen: GP3 Series → MP Motorsport

  Liam Lawson: ADAC Formula 4 → MP Motorsport

  Christian Lundgaard: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 → ART Grand Prix

  Teppei Natori: Japanska Formula 4 → Carlin Buzz Racing

  Niko Kari: GP3 Series → Trident

  Alex Peroni: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 → Campos Racing

  Artjom Petrov: Europska Formula 3 → Jenzer Motorsport

  Pedro Piquet: GP3 Series → Trident

  Leonardo Pulcini: GP3 Series → Hitech Grand Prix

  Logan Sargeant: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 → Carlin Buzz Racing

  Fabio Scherer: Europska Formula 3 → Sauber Junior Team by Charouz

  Robert Švarcman: Europska Formula 3 → Prema Theodore Racing

  Yuki Tsunoda: Japanska Formula 4 → Jenzer Motorsport

  Richard Verschoor: GP3 Series → MP Motorsport

  Jüri Vips: Europska Formula 3 → Hitech Grand Prix

  Bent Viscaal: EuroFormula Open → HWA Racelab

  Ye Yifei: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 → Hitech Grand Prix

  Lirim Zendeli: ADAC Formula 4 → Sauber Junior Team by Charouz

Kalendar

Sažetak sezone

Prva sezona FIA Formula 3 prvenstva počela je na stazi Barcelona-Catalunya, a Robert Švarcman u Prema Racingu je nakon pole positiona osvojio glavnu utrku ispred Christiana Lundgaarda u ART Grand Prixu i momčadskog kolege Marcusa Armstronga. Sprint utrka u Barceloni je pripala još jednom vozaču Prema Racinga - Jehanu Daruvali, koji je ostvario pobjedu ispred Jürija Vipsa u Hitechu i Nike Karija u Tridentu. Daruvala je bio pobjednik i glavne utrke druge runde, ispred Švarcmana i Pedra Piqueta u Tridentu, koja se vozila 22. lipnja na stazi Paul Ricard. Daruvali je ovo bila ujedeno i posljednja pobjeda u sezoni. Sprint utrka na Paul Ricardu pripala je Švarcmanu, koji je nakon četiri utrke bio vodeći vozač u prvenstvu sa 70 bodova. Drugoplasirani Daruvala je imao 58 bodova, a trećeplasirani Armstrong 35 bodova. Kod momčadi Prema Racing je uvjerljivo držala vodeću poziciju sa 167 bodova, dok je drugoplasirani ART Grand Prix imao tek 50 bodova.

Jüri Vips je ostvario prvu pobjedu u sezoni na Red Bull Ringu 29. lipnja, ispred Maxa Fewtrella u ART Grand Prixu i Armstronga, dok je sprint utrka sutradan pripala Jakeu Hughesu u HWA Racelabu, ispred Preminog dvojca - Daruvale i Švarcmana. Hughesu je to bila ujedno i jedina pobjede ove sezone. Glavna utrka četvrte runde vozila se na stazi Silverstone 13. srpnja, a Vips je stigao do svoje druge pobjede u sezoni ispred Daruvale i Armstronga. Svoju jedinu pobjedu ove sezone ostvario je Leonardo Pulcini u Hitechu, koji je sutradan u sprint utrci na Silverstoneu slavio ispred Švarcmana i Liama Lawsona u MP Motorsportu. Nakon pola prvenstva, Švarcman je držao vodstvo sa 114 bodova. Daruvala je imao 102 boda, a trećeplasirani Vips 92 boda.

Sezona je nastavljena 3. kolovoza na Hungaroringu, a Christian Lundgaard je s pole positiona stigao do svoje jedine pobjede ove sezone. Drugo mjesto pripalo je Maxu Fewtrellu kojem je to bilo drugo i posljednje postolje ove sezone, dok je na trećem mjestu završio Jake Hughes. Marcus Armstrong je ostvario svoju prvu pobjedu ove sezone sutradan na sprint utrci. Leonardo Pulcini je završio na drugom mjestu, dok je treće mjesto drugi dan zaredom pripalo Jakeu Hughesu. Svoju jedinu pobjedu ove sezone ostvario je Pedro Piquet na glavnoj utrci šeste runde, koja se vozila 31. kolovoza na stazi Spa-Francorchamps. Piquet je slavio ispred dva vozača Prema Racinga - Švarcmana i Daruvale. Svoju drugu pobjedu u sezoni osvojio je Armstrong sutradan na sprint utrci ispred Yukija Tsunode u Jenzer Motorsportu i Švarcmana.

Robert Švarcman je 7. rujna u Monzi stigao do svoje treće i posljednje pobjede ove sezone. Švarcman je slavio u glavnoj utrci ispred momčadskog kolege Jehana Daruvale i Yukija Tsunode. Utrku je obilježio veliki incident Alexa Peronija u Campos Racingu. Australac je prošao neozlijeđen, ali nije više nastupao do kraja sezone, već ga je zamijenio David Schumacher - sin Ralfa Schumachera. Japanac Yuki Tsunoda je sutradan na sprint utrci osvojio svoju jedinu pobjedu u sezoni, ispred Liama Lawson i Jakea Hughesa, kojima su to bila posljednja postolja u ovoj sezoni. Posljednja runda vozila se na Sočiju. Marcus Armstrong je stigao do svoje treće pobjede ispred Švarcmana i Nike Karija, dok je Jüri Vips sutradan upisao svoju treću pobjedu ispred Armstronga i Švarcmana. Rus je na glavnoj utrci svoje domaće runde osigurao naslov prvaka prve sezone FIA Formula 2 prvenstva. Na kraju je skupio 212 bodova, dok su na drugom i trećem mjestu završili njegovi momčadski kolege. Marcus Armstrong je osvojio 158 bodova, a Jehan Daruvala 157 bodova. Kod borbe za momčadski naslov nije bilo previše uzbuđenja. Prema Racing je osvojila 527 bodova, a drugoplasirani Hitech Grand Prix tek 223 bodova. Na trećem mjestu se našla francuska momčad ART Grand Prix sa 174 osvojena boda.

Sistem bodovanja
Glavna utrka

Sprint utrka

Poredak

Vozači

Momčadi

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
FIA Formula 3 Championship

2019

Formula 3 – sezona 2019.


أفرمشن أو «اثبات»  هو ألبوم إستوديو يعد الثاني والأخير لفريق الغناء الأسترالي سافج غاردن. وصدر في 9 نوفمبر 1999.
كتب أغاني الألبوم كل من دارين هايس ودانيال جونز. أما الإنتاج فكان لوالتر أفاناسيف. واحتل الألبوم المركز الأول في تصنيف ARIA الأسترالي في العام 1999. وبيع منه مايزيد عن 13 مليون نسخة حول العالم.
وقد أدى الفريق الأغنية الرئيسية للألبوم والتي حملت ذات العنوان "Affirmation" في الحفل الختامي للألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية في سيدني العام 2000.

أغاني الألبوم
 Affirmation – 4:56
 Hold Me – 4:50
 I Knew I Loved You – 4:10
 The Best Thing – 4:19
 Crash and Burn – 4:41
 Chained to You – 4:08
 The Animal Song – 4:39
 The Lover After Me – 4:50
 Two Beds and a Coffee Machine – 3:27
 You Can Still Be Free – 4:18
 Gunning Down Romance – 5:34
 I Don't Know You Anymore – 3:50
 The Animal Song ,Mix

مراجع

استخدامات الرسم البياني للألبوم في السويد
استخدامات مخطط الألبوم لألمانيا 4
ألبومات 1999
ألبومات سافج غاردن
ألبومات كولومبيا ريكوردز

أفرمشن


Akamai Technologies, Inc. este un furnizor American de servicii de conținut (CDN) și servicii de cloud cu sediul în Cambridge, Massachusetts, Statele Unite ale Americii.

Note

Companii listate la bursa NASDAQ

Akamai Technologies


Caroline Albertine Minor (født 25. oktober 1988 i København) er en dansk forfatter, der i 2018 modtog PO Enquists pris. Hun er nomineret til Nordisk Råds Litteraturpris 2018.

Minor har gået på Forfatterskolen og læser antropologi ved Københavns Universitet. Hun debuterede i 2013 med romanen Pura vida og udgav i 2017 novellesamlingen Velsignelser. Denne samling har indbragt hende flere priser. I 2020 udkom Hummerens skjold, der er solgt til udgivelse i flere lande.

Bibliografi
Pura vida (roman, 2013)
Velsignelser (noveller, 2017)
Hummerens skjold (roman, 2020)

Udmærkelser
 Michael Strunge-prisen, 2017
 PO Enquists pris, 2018
Det tre-årige arbejdslegat fra Statens Kunstfond, 2018.

Referencer

Romanforfattere fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Caroline Albertine Minor


Grady Booch (born February 27, 1955) is an American software engineer, best known for developing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) with Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh. He is recognized internationally for his innovative work in software architecture, software engineering, and collaborative development environments.

Education
Booch earned his bachelor's degree in 1977 from the United States Air Force Academy and a master's degree in electrical engineering in 1979 from the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Career and research
Booch worked at Vandenberg Air Force Base after he graduated. He started as a project engineer and later managed ground-support missions for the space shuttle and other projects. After he gained his master's degree he became an instructor at the Air Force Academy.

Booch served as Chief Scientist of Rational Software Corporation from its founding in 1981 through its acquisition by IBM in 2003, where he continued to work until March 2008.  After this he became Chief Scientist, Software Engineering in IBM Research and series editor for Benjamin Cummings.

Booch has devoted his life's work to improving the art and the science of software development. In the 1980s, he wrote one of the more popular books on programming in Ada. He is best known for developing the Unified Modeling Language with Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh in the 1990s.

IBM 1130
Booch got his first exposure to programming on an IBM 1130.

...  I pounded the doors at the local IBM sales office until a salesman took pity on me. After we chatted for a while, he handed me a Fortran [manual]. I'm sure he gave it to me thinking, "I'll never hear from this kid again." I returned the following week saying, "This is really cool. I've read the whole thing and have written a small program. Where can I find a computer?" The fellow, to my delight, found me programming time on an IBM 1130 on weekends and late-evening hours. That was my first programming experience, and I must thank that anonymous IBM salesman for launching my career. Thank you, IBM.

Booch method

Booch developed the Booch method of software development, which he presents in his 1991/94 book, Object Oriented Analysis and Design With Applications. He advises adding more classes to simplify complex code. The Booch method is a technique used in software engineering. It is an object modeling language and methodology that was widely used in object-oriented analysis and design. It was developed by Booch while at Rational Software.

The notation aspect of the Booch method has now been superseded by the Unified Modeling Language (UML), which features graphical elements from the Booch method along with elements from the object-modeling technique (OMT) and object-oriented software engineering (OOSE).

Methodological aspects of the Booch method have been incorporated into several methodologies and processes, the primary such methodology being the Rational Unified Process (RUP).

Design patterns
Booch is also an advocate of design patterns. For instance, he wrote the foreword to  Design Patterns, an early and highly influential book in the field.

IBM Research - Almaden
He now is part of IBM Research - Almaden, serving as Chief Scientist for Software Engineering, where he continues his work on the "Handbook of Software Architecture" and also leads several long-term projects in software engineering. Grady has served as architect and architectural mentor for numerous complex software-intensive systems around the world.

Publications
Grady Booch published several articles and books. A selection:

Software Engineering with Ada.
Object Solutions: Managing the Object-Oriented Project.
The Unified Software Development Process.  With Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh.
The Complete UML Training Course.  With James Rambaag and Ivar Jacobson.
The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, Second Edition.  With James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson.
The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, Second Edition.  With James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications.

Awards and honors

In 1995, Booch was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He was named an IBM Fellow in 2003, soon after his entry into IBM, and assumed his current role on March 18, 2008.  He was recognized as an IEEE Fellow in 2010. In 2012, Booch was awarded the  Lovelace Medal for 2012 by the  British Computer Society and gave the 2013 Lovelace Lecture. He gave the Turing Lecture in 2007. He was awarded the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer award in 2016 for his pioneering work in Object Modeling that led to the creation of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

References

External links

1955 births
Ada (programming language)
American computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
IBM employees
Living people
American software engineers
Unified Modeling Language
United States Air Force Academy alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Fellow Members of the IEEE
IBM Fellows
IBM Research computer scientists
Open source advocates

Grady Booch


Cvjetko Milanja (Zaglav, 1943.), hrvatski književni povjesničar i književni teoretičar, član suradnik HAZU od 2016. godine.

Životopis
Rođen je 1943. u Zaglavu (Dugi otok). Diplomirao je grupe Jugoslavenski jezici i književnosti te Talijanski jezik i književnost. Doktorsku disertaciju o Janku Poliću Kamovu obranio je 1978. godine.

U razdoblju 1976. – 2008. godine radi na zagrebačkom Filozofskom fakultetu; od 1997. kao redoviti profesor. Bio je predsjednik III. hrvatskog međunarodnog slavističkog kongresa u Zadru (2002.).

Za svoj znanstveni doprinos primio je Nagradu HAZU za 2001. godinu i Godišnju nagradu za znanost 2002. Odlikovan je Redom Danice hrvatske 2003. godine. Područje Milanjina znanstvenog interesa podjednako je književnopovijesna i književnoteorijska problematika. Od važnijih priloga hrvatskoj književnoj historiografiji treba istaknuti studiju o Tadijanovićevu pjesništvu, monografije o Jakši Čedomilu i Janku Leskovaru kao i studiju o najnovijoj hrvatskoj prozi, a osobito Pjesništvo hrvatskog ekspresionizma.

Najvažnije Milanjino djelo svakako je kapitalna sinteza suvremene hrvatske poezije u četiri sveska (Hrvatsko pjesništvo od 1950. do 2000., I-IV, 2000. – 2012.). Bogata i raznovrsna bibliografija prof. dr. Cvjetka Milanje potvrđuje da je riječ o vrijednom i afirmiranom stručnjaku na području hrvatske književne historiografije i teorije književnosti.

Izvori

Hrvatski jezikoslovci
Dugi otok
Životopisi, Zagreb
Dobitnici_nagrade_HAZU

Cvjetko Milanja


Gabriel VII d'Alexandrie (mort en ) est le  patriarche copte d'Alexandrie.

Biographie
Le futur patriarche Gabriel nait dans les environs du monastère de El-Mouharraq, et devient très jeune moine dans le Monastère Saint-Macaire de Scété. Du fait de sa bonne conduite et de sa grande rigueur, il aurait été ordonné patriarche après la mort du  Pape Jean XIII peut être vers 1525 après une vacance du siège et la conquête ottomane de l'Égypte en 1518.

Il aurait exercé sa fonction pendant 43 années, « prêchant et enseignant à son troupeau ». Parmi ses actes les  plus importants on relève la rénovation du Monastère Saint-Antoine et du Monastère de Saint-Paul, le premier ermite, dans le désert de l'Est près de la Mer Rouge et du monastère de El-Mouharraq en Haute-Egypte

Selon les Bollandistes le Pape Pie IV  pendant son pontificat (1559-1565) lui envoie une délégation comprenant un évêque nommé Ambrogio et un jésuite Cristoforo Roderico pour le persuader d'entrer en communion avec l'église Catholique.... comme l'avait laisser espérer deux correspondances adressées par lui au Saint-Siège...cette démarche serait demeurée vaine du fait de la mauvaise foi du patriarche Gariel VII meurt en paix, après une courte maladie, le  jour de Abib de l'année 1571 A.D. qui marque le décès du Grand Saint Anba Gabriel VII,  Pape d'Alexandrie. il est inhumé dans le Tombeau des Patriarches du Monastère Saint-Mercure

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Lien externe
  The Departure of Anba Gabriel VII, 95th Pope of Alexandria.

Patriarche d'Alexandrie
Décès en 1571
Pape copte orthodoxe du XVIe siècle

Gabriel VII d'Alexandrie


Tour du Haut-Var 2019 var den 51. udgave af det franske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 22. til 24. februar 2019. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2019 og var i kategorien 2.1. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev franske Thibaut Pinot fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Matti Breschel kørte for
Rasmus Quaade kørte for
Alexander Kamp kørte for
Nicolai Brøchner kørte for
Jonas Aaen Jørgensen kørte for
Emil Vinjebo kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

2019
UCI Europe Tour 2019

Tour du Haut-Var 2019


There are twelve towns in Luxembourg, as defined by statute. Despite the status as towns, they are not all contiguous urbanised areas.  They are similar to communes, but have been given a separate legal status.  There is a technical difference between the status of commune and towns, but this is limited in practicality.  One difference is that échevins in towns are formally appointed by the Grand Duke, whereas échevins for other communes are appointed by the Minister for the Interior.

Terminology
The officially used terms for a town in the sense of this article are Stad (plural Stied) in Luxembourgish, Stadt (plural Städte) in German, and ville (plural villes) in French.

All of these terms may be translated as either "town" or "city". However, apart from the capital, Luxembourg, and Esch-sur-Alzette, most of the places have none of the qualities that would award them the status of a "city" according to English usage.

History
Historically, this status was derived from a town's possession of a town charter, but town rights are now granted and regulated by statute.  In the modern era, the status was first conferred on 24 February 1843, when seven of the eight towns that had previously been granted charters were reinstated as towns (Clervaux was not).  They were (in the order given in the law): Luxembourg City, Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Echternach, Wiltz, Vianden, and Remich.

For over sixty years, no more towns were added, but the vast demographic shift during the last part of the nineteenth century made it impossible to leave the arrangements unchanged.  Thus, on 29 May 1906, Esch-sur-Alzette was promoted; Esch was followed by Differdange, Dudelange, Ettelbruck, and Rumelange on 4 August 1907.  An area of the (now extinct) commune of Hollerich was conferred the title on 7 April 1914, under the title of 'Hollerich-Bonnevoie'; this status was lost when Hollerich was merged into Luxembourg City on 26 March 1920.

The last such statute affecting town status in Luxembourg was the Loi communale du 13 décembre 1988.  In the order outlined in that legislation (i.e. alphabetical, except with Luxembourg City first), the twelve communes with town status are: Luxembourg City, Diekirch, Differdange, Dudelange, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Ettelbruck, Grevenmacher, Remich, Rumelange, Vianden, and Wiltz.

In spite of their town status, some of the municipalities are very small and more like villages than towns. There are also municipalities without town status that have more inhabitants than some of the official towns (especially in the Luxembourg and Red Lands agglomerations, but also elsewhere, such as Mersch). Apart from the capital, Luxembourg, which is a city with now over 110,000 inhabitants, only the three or five next largest municipalities (Esch-sur-Alzette, Differdange, Dudelange, plus possibly Ettelbruck and Diekirch) have long been urbanised enough to be described as towns. However, most municipalities are now growing with the continuously high figures of immigration to Luxembourg. There is a town planning project that aims at developing Ettelbruck, Diekirch and four bordering municipalities into a new centre called Nordstad ("North Town") with an expected population of 30,000.

List of towns

See also
 List of villages in Luxembourg

Footnotes

Luxembourg, List of cities in
Towns

List of towns in Luxembourg


X-Men 2 may refer to:

 X2 (film), a 2003 superhero film based on the fictional characters the X-Men
 X-Men 2: Clone Wars, a video game released in 1995 by Sega of America for the Mega Drive/Genesis
 X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants, a role-playing DOS game for the PC

X-Men 2


Les protestants au Japon constituent une minorité religieuse d'environ 0,4% de la population totale, avec environ .

Toutes les grandes confessions protestantes traditionnelles sont présentes dans le pays: les baptistes, les pentecôtistes, les luthériens, les anglicans, les méthodistes, les presbytériens, les mennonites, l'Armée du salut et quelques autres.

Avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale

Missions épiscopaliennes et anglicanes

En 1859, les premiers représentants de la Communion anglicane, le révérend, plus tard évêque, Channing Moore Williams et le révérend John Liggins de l'Église épiscopalienne des États-Unis arrivent à Nagasaki. Williams et Liggins sont suivis à Nagasaki en janvier 1869 par le révérend George Ensor, représentant la Church Mission Society (CMS), qui suit les traditions anglicanes de l'Église d'Angleterre. En 1874, il est remplacé par le révérend H Burnside à Nagasaki. La même année, la mission CMS est élargie pour inclure le révérend CF Warren à Osaka, le révérend Philip Fyson à Yokohama, le révérend J. Piper à Tokyo (Yedo), le révérend H. Evington à Niigata et le révérend W. Dening à Hakodate. Le révérend H Maundrell rejoint la mission au Japon en 1875 et sert à Nagasaki. Le révérend John Batchelor est un missionnaire auprès des Aïnous  d'Hokkaido de 1877 à 1941. Hannah Riddell arrive à Kumamoto, Kyūshū, en 1891. Elle travaille à la création de l'hôpital Kaishun (connu en anglais sous le nom de «  ») pour le traitement de la lèpre, l'hôpital ayant ouvert ses portes le 12 novembre 1895. Hannah Riddell quitte la CMS en 1900 pour diriger l'hôpital.

Le révérend Williams est nommé évêque épiscopal de Chine et du Japon en 1866. Il réunit les diverses missions anglicans en une seule église nationale, la Nippon Sei Ko Kai ou Église anglicane-épiscopale du Japon. En 1874, il établit l'Université Rikkyō. Après la Restauration de Meiji, une nouvelle législation relative à la liberté de religion est introduite en 1871, ce qui facilite  l'arrivée à Tokyo en septembre 1873 des révérends Alexander Croft Shaw et W. Ball Wright, les premiers missionnaires envoyés au Japon par la Société pour la propagation de l'Évangile. En 1888, l'Église anglicane du Canada commence également une œuvre missionnaire au Japon.

Missions presbytériennes

James Curtis Hepburn
Le , James Curtis Hepburn, un médecin associé à l'Agence missionnaire presbytérienne, et sa femme arrivent à Yokohama, où ils séjournent dans un temple bouddhiste, le Jobutsu-ji dans l'arrondissement de Kanagawa. Rapidement, il ouvre une clinique à Soko-ji, un autre temple bouddhiste voisin. Cependant, sa fermeture est ordonnée. Pendant les quatre années suivantes, il n'ouvre pas d'autre clinique, car il consacre plutôt son temps à l'étude de la langue japonaise.

En mai 1863, il ouvre une autre clinique dans le quartier étranger de Yokohama, spécialisée en optométrie, mais il offre aussi un large éventail de services médicaux, dont la chirurgie. Dans cette clinique, il devient célèbre après avoir amputé les pieds du célèbre acteur de Kabuki, Sawamura Tanosuke III, victime d'une gangrène.

En novembre de la même année, Hepburn ouvre sa deuxième clinique, et lui et sa femme Clara ouvrent une école qui accueille notamment Hayashi Tadasu, Takahashi Korekiyo et Masuda Takashi, entre autres. Clara enseigne l'anglais ; Hepburn enseigne la médecine.

Plus tard, en 1867, Hepburn publie un dictionnaire japonais-anglais, résultat de sa longue étude du japonais. Ce dictionnaire utilise la romanisation Hepburn, qui est toujours la forme la plus courante pour les romaji.

En 1887, l'Académie Hepburn, qui a fusionné avec un certain nombre d'autres projets missionnaires, devient l'Université Meiji Gakuin de Shirokane. Hepburn en est le premier président. Le célèbre poète et romancier Tōson Shimazaki est membre de la première promotion et écrit la chanson de l'école.

Divie Bethune McCartee
Divie Bethune McCartee est un missionnaire chrétien presbytérien qui s'est rendu au Japon en 1861-1862. Son tract évangélique traduit en japonais figure parmi les premières publications protestantes au Japon. En 1865, McCartee retourne à Ningbo, en Chine, mais d'autres suivent ses traces.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale
La Société biblique japonaise est créée en 1937 avec l'aide de la Société biblique nationale d'Écosse (NBSS, maintenant appelée la Société biblique écossaise), de l'American Bible Society et de la British and Foreign Bible Society.

Les années qui suivent la Seconde Guerre mondiale voient une activité croissante des chrétiens évangéliques, initialement sous l'influence américaine, et une certaine croissance se produit entre 1945 et 1960. L' Association évangélique du Japon est fondée en 1968.

À partir de 1957, le Synode évangélique luthérien du Wisconsin envoie plusieurs missionnaires au Japon. En 1962, l'Église chrétienne évangélique luthérienne (LECC) est formée au Japon. La LECC est l'un des membres fondateurs de la Conférence internationale confessionnelle évangélique luthérienne.

Selon certaines estimations, il y a 3 000 églises protestantes à Tokyo et 7 700 églises protestantes dans tout le Japon.

Voir aussi
 Église unie du Christ au Japon

Notes et références

Christianisme au Japon

Protestantisme au Japon


An Avena longiglumis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve. An Avena longiglumis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Avena, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Avena

Avena longiglumis


Die Alte Bürg ist eine abgegangene hochmittelalterliche Spornburg auf  bei Möckmühl im Landkreis Heilbronn im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg.

Geographische Lage
Die Alte Bürg befindet sich auf einem Bergsporn zwischen Seckach und Hannackerklinge, ungefähr einen Kilometer nordwestlich des Ortskerns von Möckmühl. Von der Anlage sind oberirdisch keine Mauerreste zu erkennen, doch zeichnet sich im Geländeverlauf noch gut der künstliche Halsgraben ab, der den Burgstall von der restlichen Hochfläche trennt.

Geschichte
Die Datierung der bereits im 19. Jahrhundert bekannten Anlage erfolgt vor allem durch die große Anzahl von Keramikscherben, die bei Grabungen in den Jahren 1962 bis 1964 am Burgstall gefunden wurden. Die Scherben werden in den Zeitraum von 1150 bis 1250 datiert. Gotische Keramik wurde keine aufgefunden, so dass die Burg um 1300 wohl schon verlassen war. Vier vorgefundene Silbermünzen wurden ebenfalls zur Zeit der Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossa oder Heinrich VI. geprägt und bestätigen die Datierung. Zu den weiteren Funden zählen Hohlziegel, Pfeilspitzen, Messer, Nägel, Kettenglieder sowie ein romanischer Säulenkämpfer.

Nach bisherigem Forschungsstand wird die Alte Bürg als Sitz des einstigen Möckmühler Ortsadels, d. h. der Herren von Möckmühl, betrachtet, während die heute noch erhaltene Burg Möckmühl im hohen Mittelalter der Sitz der Herren von Dürn war. Der zur Alten Bürg gehörende Burgweiler war wohl die ebenfalls abgegangene Alte Stadt im Tal östlich des Burgstalls. Der Niedergang der Burg steht wahrscheinlich in zeitlichem Zusammenhang mit dem Verschwinden der Herren von Möckmühl, die schon im 14. Jahrhundert nur noch andernorts nachweisbar sind.

Literatur
 Frank Buchali: Lexikon der Burgen und Schlösser im Kreis Heilbronn. 5. erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage. Eigenverlag, Lehrensteinsfeld 2012, ISBN 3-00-007056-7, S. 128–129.
 Erich Strohhäcker: Möckmühl – Bild einer Stadt. Stadtverwaltung Möckmühl, Möckmühl 1979, S. 33–36.

Alte Burg
Mockmuhl, Alte Burg
Abgegangenes Bauwerk im Landkreis Heilbronn

Alte Bürg (Möckmühl)


Marie de Régnier (; 20 decembrie 1875 – 6 februarie 1963), cunoscută de asemenea sub numele anterior căsătoriei Marie de Heredia sau sub pseudonimul Gérard d'Houville (), a fost o poetă și romancieră franceză, implicată îndeaproape în cercurile artistice pariziene de la începutul secolului al XX-lea.

Biografie
Marie de Heredia a fost cea de-a doua dintre cele trei fiice ale poetului francez de origine cubaneză José-Maria de Heredia și a fost implicată încă de la o vârstă fragedă într-un cerc literar-artistic în care făceau parte mulți scriitori și artiști care veneau în casa tatălui ei, inclusiv Leconte de Lisle, Anna de Noailles, Paul Valéry, Pierre Louÿs și Anatole France.

Viața ei personală a fost oarecum complicată. S-a căsătorit cu poetul Henri de Régnier, dar a avut o relație pe termen lung cu Pierre Louÿs, care a fost, probabil, tatăl fiului ei, Pierre de Régnier (1898-1943). Ea a avut, de asemenea, mai mulți alți iubiși printre care Edmond Versailles, Jean-Louis Vaudoyer, Gabriele D'Annunzio (în timpul exilului său de la Paris din 1910-1914) și dramaturgul Henri Bernstein. Asocierea ei cu colegele cunoscute ca lesbiene au dus, de asemenea, la zvonuri despre propria ei sexualitate.

Activitatea literară
Deși, uneori, mai bine cunoscută pentru legăturile ei cu alți artiști, Marie de Régnier a fost o poetă și romancieră foarte apreciată, "considerată una dintre cele mai talentate din rândul scriitorilor femei ai epocii". Primele ei încercări de poezie au fost scrise la Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, unde tatăl ei era director. El și prietenii lui i-au încurajat talentele de la o vârstă foarte tânără și ea a început în cele din urmă să publice sub numele obținut prin căsătorie, luându-și mai târziu pseudonimul masculin "Gérard d'Houville" (derivat de la numele unei bunici normande, "Louise Gérard d'Houville" sau "Girard d'Ouville"). Mai târziu, ea a spus că folosirea unui pseudonim a fost un mod de a se distanța de tatăl și de soțul ei, mai celebri, dar nu a fost o încercare serioasă de a-și ascunde sexul: criticii și comentatorii contemporani se refereau mereu la "Madame" Gérard d'Houville.

Creația ei literară a apărut în special în Revue des deux Mondes începând din 1894 și a fost foarte admirată, iar unii critici au comparat-o favorabil cu Mallarmé. Multe dintre aceste poezii nu au fost încă adunate într-o ediție modernă. Primul ei roman, L'Inconstante, a apărut în 1903.

Receptare critică și moștenire

Opera literară a lui De Heredia a fost apreciată de-a lungul carierei sale și ea a fost o scriitoare populară în rândul publicului și al criticii. Când ziarul francez L'Intransigeant a cerut cititorilor în 1910 să numească primele trei scriitoare care meritau un loc în Academia franceză, "Gérard d'Houville" a fost plasat pe prima poziție, deasupra Annei de Noailles și a lui Colette. În 1918 ea a obținut Grand Prix de Littérature decernat de Académie française pentru opera sa de ficțiune, iar în 1958 a primit Grand Prix de Poésie al aceleiași academii pentru opera sa poetică – fiind până în prezent singura femeie care a primit ambele premii.

Mai mulți artiști și pictori ai timpului i-au realizat portretul, inclusiv Jacques-Emile Blanche și Jean-Louis Forain. Ea a fost, de asemenea, subiectul mai multor fotografii nud realizate de Pierre Louÿs.

Scrieri
 L'Inconstante, roman, 1903
 Esclave, 1905
 Le Temps d'aimer, 1908
 Le Séducteur, 1914
 Jeune Fille, 1916
 Tant pis pour toi, 1921
 Le Roman des quatre, 1923 (scris în colaborare cu Paul Bourget, Henri Duvernois și Pierre Benoit)
 Le Chou, 1924
 Vingt poèmes, 1925
 L'Enfant, 1925
 La Vie amoureuse de l'Impératrice Joséphine, 1925
 Clowns, 1925
 Paris et les voyages, 1925
 Chez le magicien, 1926
 Proprette et Cochonnet, 1926
 Opinions candides, 1926
 Je crois que je vous aime... Sept proverbes, 1927
 Esclave amoureuse, 1927
 La Vie amoureuse de la Belle Hélène, 1928
 Le Diadème de Flore, 1928
 Le Charmant Rendez-Vous, 1929
 Les Rêves de Rikiki, 1930
 Les Poésies, 1931
 L'Impératrice Joséphine, 1933
 Peau d'âme, 1935
 Le Temps d'aimer, 1935
 Enfantines et Amoureuses, 1946

Lectură suplimentară
 Dominique Bona, Les yeux noirs : les vies extraordinaires des sœurs Heredia, J-C. Lattès, 1989
 Robert Fleury, Marie de Régnier, Plon, 1990
 Jean-Paul Goujon, Dossier secret : Pierre Louÿs-Marie de Régnier, Paris, Christian Bourgois, 2002
 Robert Fleury, Marie de Régnier, l'inconstante, Omnibus, 2003
 Marie de Laubier (dir.), Une muse de la Belle Époque : Marie de Régnier, BNF, 2004 ISBN 271772270X

Referințe

Legături externe
 Selected poems (in French)

Nașteri în 1875
Decese în 1963
Înmormântări în cimitirul Père Lachaise
Poeți francezi

Marie de Régnier


L'Association des maires ville et banlieue de France (AMVBF), plus connue sous son nom abrégé de Ville & Banlieue, existe depuis 1984. Son objectif est de « favoriser le développement des quartiers les plus fragiles du territoire et valoriser l'image des villes de banlieue ».

Reconnue par le ministère de la Cohésion des territoires et des Relations avec les collectivités territoriales comme l'un des acteurs de la mobilisation pour les habitants des quartiers populaires, l'association regroupe des quartiers prioritaires de la politique de la ville (QPV) de grandes villes comme Paris, Lyon ou Marseille, de métropoles comme Dijon Métropole ou Toulon Provence Méditerranée, de communes périphériques des principales agglomérations françaises et de villes de première couronne urbaine ou de grande banlieue. Elle constitue ainsi un lieu privilégié de dialogue entre les élus et leurs partenaires naturels : représentants de l'État et des collectivités locales, experts et professionnels de la politique de la ville.

Depuis le 28 juin 2022, l'association est présidée par Gilles Leproust, maire d'Allonnes.

Historique
Née à Rezé sur l'initiative de son maire, Jacques Floch, Ville & Banlieue publie, en 1985, son premier livre blanc intitulé « La ville reconquise ».

Consultée par le gouvernement en 1988, l'association demande la mise en œuvre d'une politique de la ville à l'échelle nationale, dotée de moyens significatifs. Elle préconise des commissions parlementaires de développement urbain et réclame des contrats de plan sur la ville intégrant la dimension sociale urbaine.

En 1989, Ville & Banlieue s'élargit aux maires de la région Île-de-France.

En 2007, à quelques semaines de l'élection présidentielle, Ville & Banlieue publie un « Manifeste des villes de banlieue » et l'adresse à tous les candidats déclarés. L'association renouvelle son appel aux candidats lors de l'élection présidentielle française de 2012 grâce au lancement de la plateforme « 120 maires, 120 propositions ».

En 2013, l'association fête ses  dans sa commune de naissance, Rezé.

Le 16 octobre 2017, un millier de personnes, élus, parlementaires, représentants associatifs ou citoyens engagés dans la vie locale, se réunissent à Grigny pour les États généraux de la politique de la ville. Ce rassemblement est initié par trois associations : Ville & Banlieue, Villes de France et Bleu Blanc Zèbre. À la suite de l'annonce de la suppression des contrats aidés et de la réduction du budget « politique de la ville » qui finance des actions en faveur des quartiers populaires, les élus et personnes présentes lancent une alerte au président de la République, Emmanuel Macron, et appellent à un sursaut national : cet « appel de Grigny », porté par une centaine de maires comprend une série de mesures pour que l'effort en faveur des quartiers populaires et de la réduction des inégalités soit plein et entier.

Le 14 novembre 2020, Ville & Banlieue réunit des maires de toutes les régions et sensibilités politiques pour interpeller le président de la République Emmanuel Macron à propos du décrochage économique, social et républicain dans les villes et quartiers populaires. S'appuyant sur un diagnostic chiffré des conséquences locales de la crise sanitaire, cet « Appel du 14 novembre » est signé par plus de 200 maires, représentant  d'habitants. Il met en lumière des tendances lourdes : explosion du recours à l'aide alimentaire, augmentation du chômage et des demandes de RSA, effondrement des inscriptions dans les associations sportives et culturelles. Constatant la dégradation de la situation des habitants des quartiers populaires, les élus demandent qu'un milliard d'euros du plan de relance soit consacré aux territoires prioritaires.

Le 9 mars 2022, Ville & Banlieue lance un plaidoyer intitulé « Harangue à la Nation ». L'association y interpelle, entre autres, les candidats à l'élection présidentielle française de 2022 afin de faire entendre la voix des quartiers populaires et soumettre leurs propositions au débat public. En rappelant le rôle crucial joué par les habitants de ces territoires durant la pandémie de Covid-19, elle appelle à ne pas céder aux discours de haine qui associent mécaniquement les quartiers populaires à l'échec, la délinquance ou le communautarisme.

Commissions
Réunis en 14 commissions thématiques, les élus de Ville & Banlieue auditionnent des experts, alimentent la réflexion et préparent les positions de l'association sur :
la culture ;
l'éducation et la petite enfance ;
la fiscalité et les finances locales ;
les futurs contrats de ville ;
l'image des quartiers ;
l'insertion, la formation professionnelle et l'emploi ;
le logement, l'habitat et le renouvellement urbain ;
les mobilités et le cadre de vie ;
le numérique et l'accès aux droits ;
la santé mentale et l'alimentation ;
la sécurité et la tranquillité publiques ;
le sport ;
la transition des âges ;
les transitions écologique et énergétique.

Instances

Liste des présidents

Bureau

Anciens présidents membres de droit

Conseil d'administration
Le conseil d'administration se compose des membres du bureau, des anciens présidents membres de droit et des administrateurs suivants :

Adhérents
L'Association des Maires Ville & Banlieue de France compte  (collectivités territoriales et EPCI) :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Association de collectivités territoriales en France
Politique de la ville
Association d'élus locaux en France
Association de maires en France
Association française fondée en 1984


L'assassinat de Sergueï Kirov est survenu le  décembre 1934 au bâtiment Smolny, à Léningrad, en URSS, lorsque le chef de l'organisation du parti de Leningrad, membre du Politburo, Orgburo et secrétaire du Comité central du Parti communiste des bolcheviks de toute l'Union, Sergueï Mironovitch Kirov, a été assassiné par .

Déroulement

Assassinat

Nikolaev prévoyait de faire la première tentative d'assassinat de Kirov le 15 octobre 1934. Ce jour-là, il fut détenu par des gardes près de la maison de Kirov sur Kamennoostrovski Prospekt, mais fut libéré sur présentation d'une carte de parti et d'un permis d'arme.

Le  décembre 1934, vers , Nikolaev tendit une embuscade à Kirov près de son bureau dans le couloir du troisième étage du Smolny et lui tira dans la tête avec un revolver. Le tueur tenta de se suicider en se tirant une balle dans la tête, mais la rata et perdit connaissance. Il fut interpellé sur les lieux du crime en état de choc et conduit à l'hôpital psychiatrique n°2, où, après les procédures nécessaires, il reprit ses esprits vers .

Enquête, procès et exécution
Une affaire pénale fut ouverte contre Nikolaev et ses connaissances du NKVD pour participation à une organisation clandestine de Zinoviev dirigée par le Centre de Leningrad. Les dirigeants du NKVD Guenrikh Iagoda et ses adjoints ont tenté de saboter « en douceur » la version que leur imposait Staline sur l'implication dans l'assassinat de Kirov d'anciens opposants : Zinoviev, Kamenev et leurs partisans. Cependant, Nikolaï Iejov, au grand dam des tchékistes, a orienté l'enquête dans la « bonne » direction. Iejov lui-même la rappela lors du plénum de février-mars 1937 :

Les 28 et 29 décembre 1934 à Leningrad, la session de visite du Collège militaire de la Cour suprême de l'URSS, présidée par Vassili Oulrikh, examina le cas de Nikolaev et de 13 autres accusés (Antonov, Zvezdov, Iouskine, Sokolov, Kotolynov, Chatski, Tolmazov, Miasnikov, Khanik, Levine, Soskitski, Rumiantsev et Mandelstam). La plupart des accusés plaidèrent non coupable. Nikolaev ne confirma ses aveux qu'après qu'Oulrikh l'eut interrogé en l'absence des autres accusés. À , le 29 décembre 1934, la condamnation à mort fut annoncée à Nikolaev et tous les autres. Ils furent fusillés une heure plus tard. Selon l'histoire de l'escorte, après avoir entendu le verdict, Nikolaev cria : « Trompé ! »

Nouvelles représailles
Milda Draule, l'épouse de Nikolaev, fut d'abord expulsée du parti après l'assassinat de Kirov. Le même mois, elle fut arrêtée et fusillée le 10 mars 1935. D'autres parents et connaissances de Nikolaev furent réprimés : sa mère, son frère, ses sœurs, sa cousine et les parents de sa femme.

L'historien Iouri Joukov fit valoir qu'en plus du tueur direct, les accusés étaient des parents proches et éloignés de Nikolaev. La sœur de Draule et son mari, R. Koulicher, furent également abattus. Lors de cinq procès, 17 personnes furent condamnées à mort par peloton d'exécution, 76 personnes à l'emprisonnement et 30 personnes à l'exil. 988 personnes furent expulsées, dont d'anciens opposants du groupe Zinoviev. Plus tard, environ 12 000 « éléments socialement étrangers » furent réprimés, à savoir d'anciens nobles, sénateurs, généraux et intelligentsia.

Version du meurtre
Comme le note l'historien O. Khlevniouk, Kirov était un allié fidèle de Staline et a été victime d'une tentative d'assassinat par un seul homme, Leonid Nikolaev. Cependant, sous Khrouchtchev, une version est apparue selon laquelle Kirov s'opposait à Staline à la tête d'une certaine opposition, qui serait la raison de sa mort sur les ordres de Staline, cependant, un certain nombre de commissions qui ont examiné cette affaire et recherché des preuves d'un complot n'ont trouvé aucune preuve directe. En 1961, Khrouchtchev a reçu une lettre de l'escorte d'une cellule spéciale du collège militaire, qui déclarait que Nikolaev avait calomnié le reste des accusés dans l'enquête.

Version de l'implication de Staline
Nikita Khrouchtchev, dans ses mémoires, a affirmé que l'assassinat de Kirov avait été organisé par Staline et le NKVD de l'URSS. Après le XXe Congrès du parti communiste de l'Union soviétique, à l'initiative de Khrouchtchev, une Commission spéciale du Comité central du parti communiste de l'Union soviétique dirigée par Nikolaï Chvernik avec la participation de la cheffe du parti  a été créée pour enquêter sur la question. Les documents de la commission n'ont pas été publiés pendant la période de Khrouchtchev, qui a dit à Chatounovskaïa que les résultats seraient publiés dans 15 ans. Viatcheslav Molotov en 1979 a affirmé que la commission avait établi que Staline n'était pas impliqué dans le meurtre, et Khrouchtchev a refusé de publier des documents qui lui étaient défavorables. Par la suite, Chatounovskaïa s'est dite convaincue que les documents compromettant Staline avaient été saisis. Dans sa lettre à Alexandre Nikolaïevitch Iakovlev datée du 13 juin 1989, elle a énuméré les documents spécifiques qu'elle a vus et qui ont disparu de l'affaire.

En 1990, au cours d'une enquête menée par l'équipe de poursuite et d'enquête du bureau du procureur de l'URSS, du bureau du procureur militaire en chef et du comité de sécurité de l'État de l'URSS, ainsi que des employés du comité de contrôle du parti relevant du comité central du parti communiste de l'Union soviétique, il a été conclu que l'implication du NKVD et de Staline personnellement n'a pas été trouvée. Dans une note de la Commission centrale de contrôle du Parti communiste de la RSFSR, qui a vérifié la déclaration de Chatounovskaïa, il a été déclaré que les enquêteurs du NKVD « ont artificiellement lié Nikolaev à d'anciens membres de l'opposition Zinoviev Kotolynov, Rumiantsev, Tolmazov et d'autres (13 personnes au total), des dossiers criminels falsifiés » d'un grand groupe de citoyens qui ont ensuite été abattus.

Malgré cette décision du bureau du procureur, la littérature exprime souvent des points de vue sur l'implication de Staline dans le meurtre de Kirov (et aussi, en variante, que Nikolaev a subjectivement agi seul selon ses propres intentions, mais Staline les a découverts et a permis au meurtre d'avoir lieu), ainsi et en faveur de la version du tueur solitaire.

Notes et références

Décembre 1934
1934 en Union soviétique
Assassinat en Russie
Assassinat politique
Histoire de Saint-Pétersbourg

Assassinat de Sergueï Kirov


Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Erebus after Erebus, the dark region of Hades in Greek Mythology.

 was a rocket vessel launched in 1807, converted to an 18-gun sloop in 1808, to a fire ship in 1809, and to a 24-gun post ship in 1810. She was sold in 1819.
 was a 14-gun bomb vessel launched in 1826. She and  took part in James Clark Ross' expedition to Antarctica from 1839 to 1843. The two ships were converted to screw propulsion in 1844, and took part in Rear Admiral Sir John Franklin's expedition to the Arctic in 1845. In 1848 their crews abandoned them after they became trapped in ice near King William Island.
 was a 16-gun iron screw floating battery launched in 1856 and sold in 1884.
HMS Erebus was an  launched in 1864 as . She was renamed HMS Erebus in 1904, HMS Fisgard II in 1906 and sank in a storm in 1914.
 was an  monitor launched in 1916 and broken up in 1947.

References

Royal Navy ship names

HMS Erebus


An Aechmea ramosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, Schult. ngan Julius Hermann Schultes. An Aechmea ramosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aechmea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. r. festiva
 A. r. ramosa

Mga kasarigan

Aechmea

Aechmea ramosa


Georgia Wilson née le 20 mai 1996 à Mahogany Creek, est une joueuse de hockey sur gazon australienne. Elle évolue au poste de milieu de terrain au Perth Thundersticks et avec l'équipe nationale australienne.

Elle a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020.

Carrière

Coupe d'Océanie
  : 2017

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse australienne de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en mai 1996
Naissance en Australie-Occidentale
Championne d'Océanie de hockey sur gazon
Joueuse de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Georgia Wilson


Heaven cries for no one er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1988, der er instrueret af Leif Andruszkow.

Handling
Sub-pop-video performed med Andruszkow & The Act. Ideen er at arbejde visuelt med hvide flader og enkle klare farver, der samkopieres. I optagelserne er overbelysning brugt som basiseffekt. I teksten græder himlen over, at folk forurener verden, men den græder forgæves - for ingen bemærker det.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1988

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Heaven cries for no one


James Falconer "Jefferson Jim" Wilson (October 19, 1828April 22, 1895) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a Republican U.S. Congressman from Iowa's 1st congressional district during the American Civil War, and later as a two-term U.S. Senator from Iowa. He was a pioneer in the advancement of federal protection for civil rights.

While in the United States House of Representatives, he had prominently opposed the 1867 effort to impeach President Andrew Johnson. However, he voted for the subsequent 1868 impeachment of Johnson, and served as a manager (prosecutor) in the Johnson's impeachment trial.

In the last half of the nineteenth century, two unrelated Iowans named James Wilson achieved high office, necessitating an early form of disambiguation. Representative and Senator James F. Wilson (of Jefferson County, Iowa) became known as "Jefferson Jim" Wilson, while Representative and Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson (of Tama County, Iowa) became known as "Tama Jim" Wilson.

Personal background
Wilson was born in Newark, Ohio. After his father died when James was eleven, James needed to work from an early age, and attended school when work permitted. After serving as a harnessmaker's apprentice, he studied law in Newark alongside future U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Burnham Woods. He was admitted to the bar in 1851 and practiced in Newark until 1853.

In 1853, he moved to Fairfield, Iowa, where he resumed the practice of law. Three years later in 1856 amidst the 1856 United States presidential election, Wilson ran for and was elected to serve as a delegate to the Convention for the Revision of the Constitution of Iowa. The following year he was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives, where he served in the Ways and Means Committee.

During his early career, Wilson's opposition towards slavery led him to join the Free Soil Party.

Wilson played an important role in the formation of the Iowa Republican Party, and antebellum Iowa government.  In 1857, he was a delegate to Iowa's constitutional convention, and served as a Republican in the Iowa House of Representatives that year and in 1859, when he was elected to the Iowa Senate. He served on the Committee of the Judiciary, and later served as a delegate to the 1860 Republican National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine to head the party ticket for the presidential election.

U.S. House of Representatives
In 1860, Wilson and three others, including incumbent Samuel R. Curtis, vied for the Republican nomination to represent Iowa's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives.  Curtis won the nomination, then the general election.  After the outbreak of the Civil War, however, Curtis resigned to accept appointment as an officer of the Union Army. At the convention called to choose the Republican nominee to succeed Curtis, "it was a foregone conclusion that James F. Wilson would be the unanimous choice." In October 1861 Wilson was elected to fill the vacancy, easily defeating Democrat Jairus Edward Neal.

After completing Curtis's term in the 37th Congress, he was re-elected three times, serving in the 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses. He was chairman of the House Committee on the Judiciary during the tumultuous periods during the War and Reconstruction.

Rep. Wilson's first action in Congress was introducing a resolution prohibiting fugitive slaves from being returned to the South and ordering the dismissal of any military officer that instructs troops to do such, which was enacted. He in addition reported legislation which enfranchised blacks in Washington, D.C., as well as shepherding a bill that granted freedom to the family of black soldiers.

A business lawyer, Wilson advocated moderating the income tax among lower brackets and "reasonable" levels of protectionism. He also backed railroad grants and the Homestead Act, though opposed the Morrill College Land-Grant Act. Along with other Radical Republicans, Wilson adamantly supported a military occupation of the South during Reconstruction on the grounds that it was the only effective means of ensuring security.

Wilson was aligned with the faction of his Party known at the time as the "Radical Republicans."  He supported civil rights moves and objected to President Andrew Johnson's attempts to veto the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Reconstruction Acts. His speech refuting arguments that lamented of the 1866 bill's alleged unconstitutionality were remarked by James G. Blaine as having:

He supported the first bill in Congress to provide voting rights to black citizens of the District of Columbia.  He was not a candidate for renomination in 1868, explaining prior to the district convention that with the election of an acceptable Republican president guaranteed and a change in administration inevitable, a change in representation of the First District was also timely.  In all, Wilson served in the House from October 8, 1861, to March 4, 1869.

1867 impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson
Wilson voted in support of launching the 1867 impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson. The vote authorizing the impeachment inquiry was largely seen as a means for Republicans to voice their displeasure with Johnson without actually going so far as to impeach him. Many Republicans fully expected that the House Committee on the Judiciary, which would oversee the inquiry, would not recommend impeachment, and that the prospect of impeachment would die quietly in the committee.

At the time of the inquiry, Wilson was the chairman of the House Committee on the Judiciary. During the inquiry, Wilson opposed impeaching Johnson, publicly arguing that there were no proven legal grounds that an impeachment could justifiably be based upon. As a member of the committee, Wilson voted against recommending impeachment. However, on November 25, 1867, the committee voted 5–4 in support of recommending impeachment. Wilson wrote one of the committee's minority reports against impeachment. In his minority report, Wilson argued that, while Johnson, "deserves the censure and condemnation of every well-disposed citizen," the Congress should wait and let Americans remove Johnson from office in the 1868 presidential election. His minority report declared that Johnson, "has disappointed the hopes and expectations of those who placed him in power. He had betrayed their confidence and joined hands with their enemies." However, in arguing against impeachment, it declared, "the day of political impeachments would be a sad one for this country."

When the full House of Representatives subsequently voted on whether to impeach President Johnson, on December 7, 1867, he presented the argument against impeachment after George S. Boutwell made the case in support of impeachment. Wilson argued that while Johnson was the "worst of presidents", his opposition to the positions of the Republican Party was not itself illegal. He argued that, despite Boutwell's assertions that it did, the House did not have lone authority to determine what constitutes an "impeachable offense". Wilson warned the that a broad interpretation of impeachment powers, as Boutwell championed, in theory could allow the House to effectively dictate the policy of presidents. He spent half of his speech arguing that impeachment was only reserved for indictable crimes, and half attacking those who opposed this position. Wilson characterized Boutwell as having effectively argued that the House should be allowed to impeach Johnson for something he could do, rather than some thing he had done. Wilson argued, "this would lead us even beyond the conscience of this house." In his closing remarks, Wilson asked, "if we cannot arraign the president for a specific crime, for what are we to proceed against him?" After Wilson delivered his argument against impeachment were presented, the House voted proceeded to hold a vote in which it strongly voted against impeachment.

1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson

On January 27, 1868, Wilson voted in support of launching the second impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson.

Despite his initial misgivings on impeachment, after Johnson attempted to dismiss and replace of Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, Wilson voted to impeach President Johnson on February 24, 1868, when the House successfully voted to impeach him. Before the vote, Wilson expressed an opinion representative of those expressed during debate by many Republicans that had previously voted against the impeachment resolution brought by the Judiciary Committee at the close of the 1867 impeachment inquiry against Johnson, declaring that,  Wilson opined that in the previous impeachment vote, Johnson had not committed any action that was a crime under either common law or statute. Wilson declared that Johnson had mistakenly been emboldened after he was not impeached in December 1867 and had proceeded to commit an act that constituted clear impeachable conduct, declaring,

Wilson was afterwards appointed as a member of the seven-member committee that was tasked with writing articles of impeachment. When the House voted on specific articles of impeachment in early March, Wilson voted for all but one of the eleven articles, being one of twelve members of the Republican Party to vote against the tenth article of impeachment (which had been written by Benjamin Butler independent from the seven-member committee). Wilson was elected one of the seven House managers (prosecutors) for impeachment trial of President Johnson. During the trial, Wilson sparred with Maine senator William P. Fessenden, who claimed that he broke from "his usual discretion."

Government director of the Pacific Railroad
President Ulysses S. Grant offered Wilson the post of Secretary of State, but Wilson declined it, serving instead as government director of the Pacific Railroad for eight years.

U.S. Senate
In 1882, the Iowa General Assembly elected Wilson to the U.S. Senate. His first initiative as a U.S. Senator was to propose an unsuccessful constitutional amendment to more explicitly authorize the federal government to adopt laws that protect civil rights from violations by private citizens, to nullify the Supreme Court's ruling two months earlier in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883). The General Assembly re-elected him in 1888 to a second six-year term. In the Senate, Wilson served as chairman of the Committee of Mines and Mining (in the Forty-eighth Congress), Committee on Expenditures of Public Money (in the Forty-eighth Congress), Committee on Revision of the Laws of the United States (in the Forty-ninth through Fifty-second Congresses), and the Committee on Education and Labor (in the Fifty-second Congress).

In the Senate, Wilson was known as a staunch supporter of the Prohibition cause, being a member of the Sons of Temperance. He was particularly outspoken on the issue, advocating in 1883 to commit the GOP state convention in Iowa to the issue.

In 1890, Wilson was one of three Senators mentioned as potential nominees to fill the vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court created by the death of Justice Samuel F. Miller of Iowa. President Benjamin Harrison instead picked Michigan judge Henry Billings Brown, who would later write the Supreme Court's opinion upholding "separate but equal" racial segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

Death
Wilson died in Fairfield shortly after his second Senate term ended. In its obituary, the New York Times attributed his death to "paralysis of the brain", and stated that his death had been expected.  He was interred in Fairfield-Evergreen Cemetery.

See also
US Senator James F. Wilson House in Fairfield is listed on the National Register of Historic Places

References

James F. Wilson at The Political Graveyard

External links

1828 births
1895 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American abolitionists
Members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Iowa state senators
Iowa lawyers
Ohio lawyers
Union (American Civil War) political leaders
People of Iowa in the American Civil War
Politicians from Newark, Ohio
Iowa Free Soilers
Iowa Whigs
People from Fairfield, Iowa
Radical Republicans
Neurological disease deaths in Iowa
Republican Party United States senators from Iowa
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
19th-century American politicians

James F. Wilson


Marydel bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Marydel (Delaware)
 Marydel (Kansas)
 Marydel (Maryland)

Marydel


José Benedicto da Cruz, mais conhecido como J.B.C., foi um erudito artista sacro-popular brasileiro. Nasceu aos 2 de fevereiro de 1877, em Paraíbuna-SP. Ainda jovem inicia seus ofícios, primeiro como pintor de caiação, e posteriormente atuando em trabalhos artísticos, como pintura, estatuária, marcenaria e alvenaria. Todos os seus trabalhos são de cunho religioso, contratado por igrejas para decoração em pintura, confecção de imagens sacras (muitas vezes de barro), construindo altares em madeira e até mesmo trabalhando em construção e ampliação de igrejas (de taipa e pau-a-pique).

A maioria de seus trabalhos se perdeu no tempo, e, se não fosse o médico e historiador Eduardo Etzel em seu livro "JBC - Um singular artista sacro-popular. A obra transcende o homem" o artista certamente teria caído no esquecimento.

Felizmente algumas de suas obras resistiram ao tempo, como é o caso da Igreja de São Sebastião, no distrito de Taiaçupeba, em Mogi das Cruzes - SP. O templo abriga o maior acervo artístico de JBC ainda preservado. Entre seus trabalhos nesta igreja estão as pinturas do forro, os altares em madeira e alvenaria e até mesmo o coreto em madeira e a ampliação do templo que deu a pequena igreja uma fachada decorada e uma torre de sino.

No início do século XX JBC começa a trabalhar, de acordo com Etzel, pela região de Salesópolis. Tudo levou a crer que entre este período tenha ganhado a vida através da labuta como pintor de caiação e pedreiro. Nos anos de 1900 JBC, também chamado de Zé Santeiro, começa a pintar pela região do Alto Tietê, trabalhando em Mogi das Cruzes e Biritiba-Mirim. Em Mogi das Cruzes, JBC trabalhou em Taiaçupeba, Quatinga, e na Serra do Itapeti.

Ver também
Arte sacra

Arte sacra
Artistas do estado de São Paulo

José Benedicto da Cruz


Turbe sedam braće ili Jedileri, turbe je u sarajevskom naselju Bistrik. Pored turbeta se do 1937. godine nalazila tekija Jedileri.

Turbe

Ispod samog ulaza u džamiju hadži Sulejmana Čokadžije, pod Bistrikom, nalazi se jedan od najtajanstvenijih sarajevskih objekata: turbe Jedileri, odnosno Turbe sedam braće. U posjetu dolaze i mnogi građani kako iz cijele Bosne i Hercegovine tako i iz regije. Sam naziv turbeta potiče od turskih riječi yediler turbesi što znači turbe sedmorice.

Prema legendi, na mjestu današnjeg turbeta prvi je ukopan šejh koji je 1463. godine došao u Bosnu sa sultanom Mehmedom II. Osvajačem. Šejh je kupio zemljište poznato kao šejhova duga njiva. To je prostor od današnje Gazi Isa-begove banje do Dženetića kuća, tj. do stare policije i tim se imenom ovaj prostor zvao sve do 1878. godine.

U Sarajevu se 1494. godine odigrao nemio i tužan događaj. Iz državne kase, koja se nalazila na mjestu današnje kasarne pod Bistrikom, ukradena je izvjesna svota novca. Razbojnici, u želji da prikriju zločin, optužili su dvojicu stranih derviša, putnika, koji su se u tom momentu našli u Sarajevu. Vlast je povjerovala podvalama lopova, pohvatala derviše i pogubila ih. Ukopani su pored šejhovog mezara, a kasnije se ustanovilo da su derviši nepravedno pogubljeni.

Nakon više od 200 godina, princ Eugen Savojski je 1697. godine spalio Sarajevo. U to vrijeme su dućani i kuće bili građeni od drveta, zemlje i pruća. Sarajevo je tada doživjelo najveću tragediju u svojoj dotadašnjoj povijesti. Osmanske vlasti su pokrenule istragu kako bi otkrile odgovorne za ovu katastrofu.

Privedeno je nekoliko muslimanskih prvaka od Bosanskog Broda do Sarajeva. Četvorica od njih optuženi su da nisu na vrijeme dostavili dojavu o prelasku princa Eugena Savojskog preko rijeke Save. Osuđeni su na smrt i ukopani pored već spomenute trojice.

Iako ime turbeta tako sugerira, tu ipak nisu sahranjena braća po krvi, već sedam nevino pogubljenih ljudi, koji čak nisu niti živjeli u isto vrijeme.

Brojna narodna vjerovanja vezana su za ovo mjesto. Jedno od najpoznatijih je vjerovanje da će biti uslišene molitve onome koji, krenuvši od vrata, rukama dodirne svaki prozor te ubaci nešto novca i prouči Fatihu. Poslije ubacivanja sedam novčića, od turbeta se ne treba vraćati istom ulicom kojom se došlo, a u povratku treba osluškivati koje će prve riječi izgovoriti slučajni prolaznici.

Tekija
Nekada je u blizini turbeta bila tekija koja je nastala postupno. U početku je bila samo prostorija za čuvara turbeta. Jedilersku tekiju, nakšibendijskog tarikata, osnovao je Sejfulah Iblizović 1879. godine.

U popisu islamskih vjerskih objekata iz 1933. godine kaže se da Jediler tekija pripada nakšibendijskom tarikatu i da je u to vrijeme aktivno djelovala. Pretpostavlja se da je Jedilerska tekija, privremeno, prešla od nakšibendijskog na halvetijski tarikat u kasnom 20. stoljeću.

Tekija je postojala sve do 1937. godine, kada je srušena i na tom prostoru podignuta stambena zgrada Čokadži vakufa. Iako danas ne postoji tekija, u džamiji turbeta Jedileri redovno se okupljaju derviši nakšibendijskog tarikata.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Turbe sedam braće u Sarajevu

Građevine u Sarajevu
Tekije u Bosni i Hercegovini

Turbe sedam braće u Sarajevu


Masten Gregory (Missouri, SAD 29. veljače 1932. – Toskana, Italija, 8. studenog 1985.) je bivši američki vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Rezultati u Formuli 1

 Gregory je utrku na VN Italije 1958. završio na 4. mjestu, ali nije osvojio bodove jer je dijelio bolid s Carrollom Shelbyjem.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Američki vozači Formule 1

Masten Gregory


A Marinha dos Estados Unidos teve cinco navios chamados USS North Carolina:

 : um navio de linha que serviu de 1824 a 1866.
 : um cruzador blindado da Classe Tennessee que serviu de 1908 a 1921; renomeado Charlotte em 1920.
 : um couraçado Classe South Dakota cancelado incompleto em 1922.
 : um couraçado da Classe North Carolina que serviu de 1941 a 1947; hoje um navio-museu na Carolina do Norte.
 : um submarino de ataque da Classe Virginia em serviço desde 2008.

USS North Carolina


L'incendie du  à Icheon est un incendie survenu le  à Icheon, en Corée du Sud, tuant  alors qu'ils injectaient de la mousse d'uréthane dans les murs du sous-sol de .

Contexte
Il s'agit de l'incendie le plus meurtrier en Corée du Sud depuis l'incendie du métro de Daegu survenu le , qui avait fait . Un  survenu à Icheon le  a tué .

Incendie
L'incendie a eu lieu dans un entrepôt frigorifique qui était en construction dans une installation de produits réfrigérés. Plus de 500 pompiers ont combattu l'incendie dont des témoins ont affirmé avoir entendu de multiples explosions. En plus d'une épaisse fumée noire, des vapeurs toxiques ont entravé les opérations de lutte contre les incendies d'attaque intérieure. Des trous ont ensuite été percés dans le toit pour permettre aux toxines et à la fumée de s'échapper.

Notes et références

Janvier 2008
2008 en Corée du Sud
Incendie en 2008
Incendie en Corée du Sud

Incendie du 7 janvier 2008 à Icheon


A relationship breakup, breakup, or break-up is the termination of a relationship. The act is commonly termed "dumping [someone]" in slang when it is initiated by one partner. The term is less likely to be applied to a married couple, where a breakup is typically called a separation or divorce. When a couple engaged to be married breaks up, it is typically called a "broken engagement". People commonly think of breakups in a romantic aspect, however, there are also non-romantic and platonic breakups, and this type of relationship dissolution is usually caused by failure to maintain a friendship.

Susie Orbach (1992) has argued that the dissolution of dating and cohabiting relationships can be as painful as or more painful than divorce because these nonmarital relationships are less socially recognized.

Kamiar-K. Rueckert argues with the works of Donald Winnicott that the ability to be alone is an essentially healthy sign of emotional development and maturity. Once a child has obtained closeness and attachment by their early caregivers, they are able to develop autonomy and identity. If children have not introjected the good and protective qualities of their parents, they will fear separation and break-ups.

Models
Several psychological models have been proposed to explain the process of a relationship breakup, many suggesting that relationship dissolution occurs in stages.

Mark L. Knapp, a foundational scholar on the subject of interpersonal relationships, created a model called Knapp's relational development model. He describes two separate phases of relationships, coming together and coming apart.

The coming together phase is meant to be long-term, beginning in the initiation phase and becoming deeper with time and intimacy. In the coming apart phase, differentiating begins. This is when the individuals began noticing differences that may seem unnegotiable or place pressure on the relationship. This leads to circumscribing where the individuals begin to pull apart, set boundaries, and have their own independent lives. This may cause issues to arise. At this point, the relationship reaches stagnation where the couple stays together for other reasons rather than their will to do so. Examples include children. The next stage is avoidance in which the individuals try to stay away from each other as much as possible. They, then, reach termination, where the relationship is over and they go their separate ways.

Stages leading to a breakup
L. Lee proposes that there are five stages ultimately leading up to a breakup.

Cycle of a breakup
Steve Duck outlines a six-stage cycle of relationship breakup:

Factors that predict a breakup before marriage
Hill, Rubin and Peplau identify five factors that predict breakup before marriage:

Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution
Gottman and Levenson (1994) outline the Cascade Model of Relational Dissolution, in which four negative nonverbal behaviors lead to the breakdown of a marriage/relationship:

Uncoupling theory
In 1976, sociologist Diane Vaughan proposed an "uncoupling theory," where there exists a "turning point" in the dynamics of relationship breakup – 'a precise moment when they "knew the relationship was over," when "everything went dead inside"' – followed by a transition period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship is going to end, but holds on to it for an extended period, even for years.

Vaughan considered that the process of breakup was asymmetrical for initiator and respondent: the former 'has begun mourning the loss of the relationship and has undertaken something tantamount to a rehearsal, mentally and, to varying degrees, experientially, of a life apart from the partner'. The latter then has to play catch-up: 'to make their own transition out of the relationship, partners must redefine initiator and relationship negatively, legitimating the dissolution'.

As a result, for Vaughan 'getting out of a relationship includes a redefinition of self at several levels: in the private thoughts of the individual, between partners, and in the larger social context in which the relationship exists'. She considered that 'uncoupling is complete when the partners have defined themselves and are defined by others as separate and independent of each other – when being partners is no longer a major source of identity'.

Conscious uncoupling
Katherine Woodward Thomas,  a licensed marriage and family therapist, originated the term "conscious uncoupling"  in 2009. Thomas began teaching this new approach to divorce to students throughout the world.

The term received popularization by Gwyneth Paltrow, who used the phrase to describe her divorce with Chris Martin. Paltrow had her doctors Dr. Sherry Sami, and Habib Sadeghi and his wife explain the Conscious Uncoupling when she first made the news of her divorce public. A "conscious uncoupling is the ability to understand that every irritation and argument [within a marriage] was a signal to look inside ourselves and identify a negative internal object that needed healing," Habib Sadeghi explained. "From this perspective, there are no bad guys, just two people, it's about people as individuals, not just the relationship".

Consequences

Depending on the individual, breakups can be stressful, unpleasant, and traumatic events. Both parties could feel a large number of negative effects as a result of the relationship's dissolution, and these events often gain the reputation for being some of the worst events in people's lives. These could include psychological distress symptoms, grief reactions, an overall decline in psychological well-being, and potential stalking behaviors. Individuals often work hard to keep their relationships intact because of how significantly distressing and problematic these negative effects can be, even in the face of potential complications in their relationship, for as long as they can bear it.

Negative effects

Psychological distress symptoms

Individuals who had just recently experienced the dissolution of a romantic relationship reported several symptoms of acute psychological distress. These included flashback and intrusive memories associated with their partner, often triggered by important dates associated with either the relationship or the breakup. These intrusive distress symptoms manifested in various ways for both the individual who initiated the breakup and their partner, such as being reminded of certain aspects of their behavior or their preferences.

Another set of psychological distress symptoms that were reported by individuals who had experienced a romantic relationship breakup fell under the category of avoidance behavior. Being without their partner causes their self-concept to shift as they struggle through emotional distress. This involves an active attempt at denying or ignoring the circumstances of the current situation, or those that led to the dissolution of the relationship. In relation to this, individuals also noted feeling numb and uninterested with the world around them because of the breakup.

The combination of this desire to engage in avoidance behaviors and the intrusive memories that may naturally come up cause individuals to feel significant emotional swings and outbursts in the form of irritation, anger, and startle responses. Individuals were noted as being far more paranoid, suspicious, and jealous, often tied towards a desire to know information about their ex-partner.

Overall, these psychological distress symptoms come together to result in a significantly lower level of self-esteem among individuals who have just undergone the dissolution of a romantic relationship. Additionally, individuals undergo a significant redefinition of their self-concept, as they attempt to understand who they are without their ex-partner. This compounds upon the psychological distress symptoms that they feel from the loss of the relationship and is the most significant negative effect that people undergoing a breakup experience.

Grief reactions

A natural effect of the loss of a relationship that an individual had hoped to keep is grief, because the desire to keep relationships intact despite problems and complications is a natural human desire. This results in individuals undergoing a breakup displaying grief reactions that include symptoms like sleeplessness, depression, and suicidal thoughts. This tendency to express grief and depression is so prevalent that researchers point to it being a significant contributor to the first onset of major depressive disorder in young adults.

The extent of these grief reactions is not limited to the time frame immediately following the dissolution of the romantic relationship. Even some time after the breakup, people who are asked to recall depressing or negative events in their lives commonly make reference to traumatic events of this nature. This negative effect can be attributed to the severity of the grief reaction that people who suffer through a breakup display, making a significant mark in their lives that they are unlikely to forget.

Decline in psychological well-being
In addition to these specific negative effects, individuals who are suffering through a breakup report a general decline in their psychological well-being. The general negative emotion that they feel often triggers other behaviors and habits that are either detrimental to their mental health or signify poor mental health conditions. These include:

increased alcohol use
weight loss
worsening physical health
admissions to psychiatric services
increased criminal behavior
increased risk of suicide
negative emotions and feelings (such as guilt, anger, or rejection)

Stalking behaviors
A behavior that has been noticed following some breakups is the prevalence of stalking as one partner attempts to maintain contact with the other, however unwanted it may be. This type of behavior exists on a scale that stretches from an amicable breakup with no unwanted harassment behaviors all the way to stalking behaviors that are threatening and distressful to the partner. This behavior stems from an unhappiness with the circumstances following the dissolution of the relationship, as well as a misguided belief that the stalking behavior may result in the reforming of the relationship. There is no clear definition of stalking behavior that differentiate it from socially acceptable activities; they become more sinister when they are unwanted and form a persistent pattern.

Positive effects

Evidence shows that even in the direst of situations, there is a chance for positive emotions and growth. Breakups are no different, giving victims opportunities for stress-related growth, improving their performance in future relationships, and providing feelings of relief and freedom. Jessica Kansky and Joseph P. Allen conducted a study that followed 160 20 to 25-year-olds, or emerging adults, and observed their romantic and close friend relationships. There were a significant number of findings, but one finding was that the experience of a break-up did prove positive in the long run for several individuals, especially if they knew the reason(s) the relationship ended.

Stress-related growth
Individuals that are placed under stressful situations are often faced with an opportunity for growth and development as a result of this stress. Without this push to improve, individuals are often pushed towards complacency and refuse to make the necessary efforts to progress through life. Different ways in which people have exhibited growth following a stressful life event include improvements to the way a person views themselves, the way they connect with other people around them, or their overall approach to life. Research shows that breakups are highly representative of this type of stressful situation, as individuals experience them several times throughout their lives and have been known to self-report instances of growth because of the experience.

Improved future relationships
Another positive outcome that has been observed to follow breakup has to do with the lessons that people may have learned from going through the painful experience. The stress-related growth that a person is forced to experience following a breakup causes improvements to their overall character, self-image, and ability to interact with others. These improvements have the potential to improve the quality of future romantic relationships with other people. This is due to the increased level of maturity displayed by the individual as well as, to a lesser extent, insight into certain things that they must avoid in a relationship to ensure better relationships in the future.

Feelings of relief and freedom

While this may not necessarily be a universal positive consequence that affects all people going through a breakup, there is significant evidence towards certain individuals experiencing feelings of relief, freedom, and happiness following the end of a relationship. There is a high likelihood that these individuals were the one who initiated the breakup in the first place, but research has shown that there have been cases where individuals that have been victims of a breakup recognize that their past relationship was sub-optimal, which allows them to display the same emotions of relief, freedom, and happiness.

Mitigating factors
While individuals that have experienced a breakup are likely to experience a number of different positive and negative effects once the relationship has run its course, different people can expect these to manifest in varying degrees. This is because there are several mitigating factors that can either minimize or amplify the extent to which one feels the consequences of a breakup. The list of potential factors that have been shown to moderate the effects that an individual might feel are categorized and listed below:

Relationship quality
 Duration of relationship – longer relationships are more likely to be more painful after the breakup
 Admission of love for ex-partner – relationships that report to be filled with love may exacerbate the consequences that victims feel following a breakup
 Satisfaction levels of both parties – relationships that report both parties feeling satisfied are more likely to suffer during breakups
 Level of investment in maintaining the relationship – high levels of relationship investment translate to a much larger loss caused by the dissolution of the romantic relationship
 Proportion of positive and negative relationship memories – individuals that had a high number of positive relationship memories were less negatively affected by the breakup when compared to those that would constantly dredge up negative memories of their ex-partner
 Romantic situation following breakup
 Ease of finding an alternative partner – being able to find a new partner immediately following a breakup allowed the individual to better weather the negative emotions and problems associated with the dissolution of a romantic relationship
 Willingness to begin a new relationship – an openness to the formation of a new relationship was shown to translate to a lower level of victimization and negative consequences after a breakup
 Circumstances of the breakup
 Initiator of the dissolution of the relationship – while both the initiator and the victim were shown to experience consequences following the breakup, the former displayed less of these symptoms and in some cases experienced positive effects because the relationship ended
 Certainty of the reasons for the breakup – being unsure about the initiator's reasons for breaking up caused higher levels of anxiety and other stress symptoms in the victim, while achieving closure was an important step for most individuals seeking to move on from a breakup
 Characteristics of the participants
 Hardiness – individuals that displayed above average levels of hardiness were unfazed by the dissolution of their romantic relationship and were less likely to be bothered by its consequences
 Attachment styles can play a big role in why a breakup occurs in the first place. Attachment styles define the expectations an individual has when in a relationship based on the relationship they had with their caregivers during childhood. The four attachment styles are Avoidant Attachment ( which is characterized by avoiding communication and withdrawing), Anxious / Ambivalent Attachment ( which is characterized by fear that a partner will not reciprocate the same love that the individual gives), Fearful Avoidant (Disorganized) Attachment (which is characterized by a fear of relationships and attempts to avoid them even while craving love and intimacy), and Secure Attachment (which is the style that is characterized by strong, healthy relationships).  These attachment styles can affect the behavior of one partner towards another and different attachment styles can clash. For instance, if one partner has an avoidant attachment and dates someone with a secure attachment style, the two partners may clash due to a lack of communication and several misunderstandings as these attachment styles come with expectations that are acted out in behavior that can eventually lead to a breakup.
 Self-esteem levels – high levels of self-esteem allow people to be less stressed during the dissolution of a relationship and alleviate the most severe negative consequences
 Mental health – individuals that display lower levels of mental health and substance abuse have reported magnified consequence levels when going through the breakup process
 Self-complexity – people that exhibit a complex self-image, which references an ability to perceive oneself as more than just who they are in their romantic relationship, are less likely to be debilitated by the consequences of a breakup
 Sex – several studies observed that females on average exhibited larger negative symptoms during the breakup process
 Implementation of coping strategies
 Distancing – avoiding the problem has been observed to translate to negative coping outcomes and a worsening of the consequences reported by the victim, while a willingness to confront the matter and engage in problem-solving has shown overall mitigative effects to breakup consequences
 Benefit-finding – the willingness to objectively assess the relationship, as well as an ability to find benefits that resulted from its ending allowed victims to display less stress symptoms during the breakup
 Perceived social support – individuals that felt like people in their social group were on their side and would support them during this stressful time reported being less affected by the breakup and loss of a romantic relationship

Online breakups
The technologically advanced society that currently exists means that much of people's lives are online. People can date online via dating apps or using social media platforms such as Instagram or Facebook. Many relationships have been able to manifest from mediated communication and last a similar amount of time as relationships that were started in person. Others, however, have not been as long-lived. The presence of social media and technology also plays a part in relationships that began and exist in person, as well. There has been much controversy about the stress that online dating places on relationships. The constant and wide range of accessibility provided by technology and internet access can lead to a plethora of issues that may result in break-ups. An example of this is that those already in a relationship can have multiple partners that are also dating using online platforms that have no knowledge of each other due to the unlimited access they have to meet people from all over the world. Once a partner discovers the infidelity, this could result in a breakup. Online dating may also prohibit choices that could save a relationship. To further elaborate, many times in relationships, space is necessary to collect thoughts and feelings after an argument, however, the usage of social media allows access to one's partner at all times. This constant accessibility may result in disruption of both space and boundaries necessary for a healthy relationship.

LGBTQ relationship dissolutions
While public opinion has become more accepting of different forms of relationships, including those that are not heterosexual, LGBTQ couples often face adversity when it comes to maintaining their relationships due to societal-based homophobia. According to researchers Lahti and Kolehmainen, studies have shown that LGBTQ couples tend to feel pressured by society to maintain long, monogamous, and healthy relationships. They may struggle in silence and refuse to seek help or end a relationship when it may be in their best interest mentally and emotionally because of this pressure. Their studies also indicate that most counseling services, or other means of salvaging a relationship, have heteronormative assumptions. This makes it difficult for LGBTQ couples to find help for their relationships that caters to the issues they struggle with personally.

Other unique issues arise out of LGBTQ relationship dissolutions when children are involved. According to researchers Goldberg and Allen, LGBTQ separations involving children can become legally confusing. In lesbian relationships, there are two mothers, so the question arises of who would receive full custody of the child(ren). Many times, the court system favors the birth mother, however, in lesbian relationships, one mother could carry the egg of another, so it becomes challenging to determine who the child(ren) biologically belongs to. In gay male relationship dissolutions, this also causes confusion as the majority of gay male parents adopted their children. Due to the heteronormative society that currently exists, LGBTQ couples often deal with challenges post-break-up.

There is a lack of research on LGBTQ relationship dissolutions as these relationships are fairly recent to acceptance and legality in history.

See also

 Broken heart
 Defriend
 Divorce
 Emotional baggage
 Human bonding
 John Gottman
 Resignation

References

Divorce
Family law

Breakup


Roxburgh () is a civil parish and formerly a royal burgh, in the historic county of Roxburghshire in the Scottish Borders, Scotland. It was an important trading burgh in High Medieval to early modern Scotland. In the Middle Ages it had at least as much importance as Edinburgh, Stirling, Perth, or Berwick-upon-Tweed, for a time acting as de facto capital (as royal residence of David I).

History
Its significance lay in its position in the centre of some of Lowland Scotland's most agriculturally fertile areas, and its position upon the River Tweed, which allowed river transport of goods via the main seaport of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Its position also acted as a barrier to English invasion.

Standing on a defensible peninsula between the rivers Tweed and Teviot, with Roxburgh Castle guarding the narrow neck of the peninsula, it was a settlement of some importance during the reign of David I who conferred Royal Burgh status upon the town. At its zenith, between the reigns of William the Lion and James II, it was the site of the Royal mint. The town also had three churches and schools which operated under the auspices of the monks of Kelso Abbey. In 1237, the future Alexander III was born there.

English and Scots forces repeatedly captured and recaptured the town during the Scottish Wars of Independence. During his occupation of Scotland, Edward III of England resided at Roxburgh Castle, spending at least two birthdays there. The castle was besieged several times, notably in 1314, in the run-up to Bannockburn. Its final recapture in 1460 saw the town and castle destroyed. After this time the town never regained its importance because the final English capture of Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1482 left Roxburgh with little reason to exist, henceforth lacking a port.

Nothing remains standing of the town except some ruined segments of castle ramparts. Its site lies to the south of modern Kelso and Floors Castle, which lie on the other side of the Tweed. Roxburgh was superseded as the county town of the former county of Roxburghshire by Jedburgh.

Very little else is known about this site, in part due to the landowner Duke of Roxburghe's refusal to allow archaeologists to dig until the Channel Four television programme Time Team undertook excavation work in 2003. Their findings were broadcast on 21 March 2004.

Etymology
Roxburgh probably comes from Old English *hrōcas burh, "rook's burgh".

Roxburgh village

Today the name Roxburgh belongs to a small village about  south-southwest of the site of the historic Roxburgh.

See also
List of places in the Scottish Borders

References

Notes

Sources
Sadler, John (2005). Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568. Harlow, England: Pearson/Longman. . .

Former populated places in Scotland
Royal burghs
County towns in Scotland
Villages in the Scottish Borders
Parishes in Roxburghshire
Former county towns in Scotland

Roxburgh


Lille mand er en kortfilm instrueret af Jonas Thorbjørn efter manuskript af Linnea Carlsson.

Handling

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2009

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Lille mand


Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (10. maí 1760 – 26. júní 1836) var franskur tónlistarmaður og tónskáld einkum þekktur fyrir að hafa samið  La Marseillaise, þjóðsöng Frakklands.

Rouget de Lisle, sem var sonur lögfræðings, naut góðra uppeldisskilyrða og sýndi fljótt hæfileika fyrir kvæðasmíðar og tónlist.

Hann innritaðist í í franska herinn og 1784 hlaut hann stöðu liðsforingja og 1789 stöðu kapteins.

24. apríl 1792, þar sem hann dvaldist í virki í Strassborg samdi hann sitt allra frægasta verk, La Marseillaise.

Rouget de Lisle var hlynntur konungdæminu og neitaði að sverja eið við hina nýju stjórnarskrá. Fyrir það var hann sviptur sínum titli og honum hent í fangelsi.

Við Quiberon særðist hann í baráttunni gegn útflytjendunum og hætti eftir það í hernum.

Á keisaratímabilinu og restauration-tímanum naut hann ekki mikillar velþóknunar sem höfundur la Marseillaise og dró fram lífið af tónsmíðum, að búa til óperutexta og lirískum kvæðum án mikils listræns verðleika. Árið 1830 veitti Loðvík Filippus honum eftirlaun. Að honum látnum 24. april 1892, á hundrað ára afmæli La Marseillaise, var síðan afhjúpað minnismerki um hann í Choisy-le-Roi þer sem hann bjó síðustu árin og dó.

Frönsk tónskáld

Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle


Lore Frisch (Schwindegg, -Potsdam, ) fue una actriz alemana.

Filmografía seleccionada
 Der weißblaue Löwe (1952)
 Junges Herz voll Liebe (1953)
 52 Weeks Make A Year (1955)
 The Czar and the Carpenter (1956)
 The Dress (1961)

Enlaces externos

Actrices de cine de Alemania
Actrices que cometieron suicidio
Personas de Baviera
Fallecidos en Potsdam
Suicidas de Alemania
Suicidios femeninos
Suicidios en 1962

Lore Frisch


Jameson-land er stór skagi sem gengur inn í Scoresby-sund að norðanverðu. Jameson-land er stór rofslétta úr sandsteini frá Júratímabilinu sem hallar frá austri til vesturs. Vestan við Jameson-land er Hall-vík en austan megin skilja Hurry-fjörður og Carlsberg-fjörður það frá Liverpool-landi. Syðsti oddi skagans, við mynni Hurry-fjarðar, heitir Stewart-höfði. Þar eru kofar sem er viðhaldið sem sumarbyggð. Norðan við Jameson-land eru Stauning-alpar og Scoresby-land. Jameson-land er eina stóra undirlendið við Scoresby-sund og þar renna margar ár til sjávar á sumrin. Sléttan er fremur gróðursnauð en þar hafa fundist ummerki um mannabyggðir frá fornri tíð og horn af hreindýrum. Þar hafa líka fundist steingervingar frá síðtrías og árjúra.

Enski landkönnuðurinn William Scoresby nefndi skagann eftir skoska náttúrufræðingnum Robert Jameson.

Nerlerit Inaat-flugvöllur stendur á Jameson-landi við Hurry-fjörð.

Grænlenskir skagar
Scoresby-sund

Jameson-land