Marion King Hubbert (October 5, 1903 – October 11, 1989) was an American geologist and geophysicist. He worked at the Shell research lab in Houston, Texas.  He made several important contributions to geology, geophysics, and petroleum geology, most notably the Hubbert curve and Hubbert peak theory (a basic component of peak oil), with important political ramifications.  He was often referred to as "M. King Hubbert" or "King Hubbert".

Biography
Hubbert was born in San Saba, Texas. He attended the University of Chicago, where he received a Bachelor of Science in 1926, a Master of Science in 1928, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1937, studying geology, mathematics, and physics.  He worked as an assistant geologist for the Amerada Petroleum Company for two years while pursuing the PhD, additionally teaching geophysics at Columbia University. He also served as a senior analyst at the Board of Economic Warfare. He joined the Shell Oil Company in 1943, retiring from that firm in 1964. After he retired from Shell, he became a senior research geophysicist for the United States Geological Survey until his retirement in 1976.  He also held positions as a professor of geology and geophysics at Stanford University from 1963 to 1968, and as a professor at UC Berkeley from 1973 to 1976.

Hubbert was an avid technocrat. He co-founded Technocracy Incorporated with Howard Scott. Hubbert wrote a study course that was published without attribution called the Technocracy Study Course, which advocates a non-market economics form of energy accounting, in contrast to the current price system method.

Hubbert was a member of the board of governors, and served as secretary of education in that organization. Hubert died on October 11, 1988, at the age of 86 while receiving treatment for pulmonary embolism.

Research

Hubbert made several contributions to geophysics, including a mathematical demonstration that rock in the Earth's crust, because it is under immense pressure in large areas, should exhibit plasticity, similar to clay.  This demonstration explained the observed results that the Earth's crust deforms over time.  He also studied the flow of underground fluids.

Based on theoretical arguments, Hubbert (1940) proposed a constitutive equation  for absolute permeability  of an underground water or oil reservoir where  is the average grain diameter and  is a dimensionless proportionality constant. However, Kozeny (1927) proposed a constitutive equation for absolute permeability which contains Hubbert's proposal as a factor. Hubbert (1940, 1956) also presented a force potential, denoted  or , that bears his name:

Some years later Hubbert (1956) showed that Darcy's law can be derived from the Navier-Stokes equation of motion of a viscous fluid.

Hubbert is best known for his studies on the size of oil fields and natural gas reserves, and the limits these impose on rates of oil and gas production. He predicted that for any oil-producing area, whether a province, a nation, or the planet as a whole, the rate of petroleum production of the reserve over time would resemble a bell curve. Based on his theory, he presented a paper to the 1956 meeting of the American Petroleum Institute in San Antonio, Texas, which predicted that overall petroleum production would peak in the United States between 1965, which he considered most likely, and 1970, which he considered an upper bound. At first his prediction received much criticism, for the most part because many other predictions of oil capacity had been made over the preceding half century, but these had usually been based on the reserves-to-production ratio, had not taken into account future discoveries, and had proven false.  Hubbert became famous when U.S. oil production peaked in 1970 and began to decline, as he had predicted.

In 1974, Hubbert projected that global oil production would peak in 1995 "if current trends continue". Various subsequent predictions have been made by others as trends have fluctuated in the intervening years.

Hubbert believed that solar power would be a practical renewable energy replacement for fossil fuels, and that nuclear energy in breeder reactors would be able to sustain humanity for centuries. He also states that "provided world population can somehow be brought under control, we may at last have found an energy supply (uranium) adequate for our needs for at least the next few centuries of the 'foreseeable future'."

Contributions
Hubbert's contributions to science have been summarized as follows:
 Mathematical demonstration that rock in the Earth's crust is plastic, and that the Earth's crust deforms over time.
 Prediction of migration paths of hydrocarbons.
 Predictions of peak rates of oil and gas production, based on a consistent mathematical model which ties reserves, discovery rates, and production rates. His model remains highly influential, and has been widely applied to other finite resources.

Renewable resources
Fisheries: At least one researcher has attempted to perform Hubbert linearization (Hubbert curve) on the whaling industry, as well as charting the transparently dependent price of caviar on sturgeon depletion. The Atlantic northwest cod fishery was a renewable resource, but the numbers of fish taken exceeded the fish's rate of recovery. The end of the cod fishery matches the exponential drop of the Hubbert bell curve. The comparison of the cases of fisheries and of mineral extraction shows that the human pressure on the environment is causing a wide range of resources to go through a depletion cycle which mirrors the Hubbert curve.

Accolades
Hubbert was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.  He was long affiliated with the Geological Society of America, receiving their Arthur L. Day Medal in 1954, being elected President of the Society in 1962, and receiving the Society's Penrose Medal in 1973.  He received the Vetlesen Prize from the G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation and Columbia University in 1981.  He also received the Elliott Cresson Medal in 1981.

Hubbert on peak oil
.

See also

Bioeconomics (biology)
Fred Meissner

Notes

External links

M. King Hubbert Bibliography
M. King Hubbert papers at the University of Wyoming - American Heritage Center

American geophysicists
American petroleum geologists
1903 births
1989 deaths
Penrose Medal winners
Shell plc people
Stanford University Department of Geology faculty
Stanford University Department of Geophysics faculty
Technocracy movement
United States Geological Survey personnel
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Scientists from Houston
20th-century American geologists
People from San Saba, Texas
Presidents of the Geological Society of America
Deaths from pulmonary embolism

M. King Hubbert


Erkolano Lodu Tombe (Bilinyang, 25 de abril de 1943) é um clérigo sudanês e bispo católico romano emérito de Yei.

Paulo VI ordenou-o sacerdote em 17 de maio de 1970.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Yei em 21 de março de 1986. O Arcebispo de Nairobi e Bispo Militar do Quênia, Maurice Michael Cardeal Otunga, o consagrou em 28 de novembro do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram Luis Robles Díaz, Núncio Apostólico no Sudão, e Gabriel Zubeir Wako, Arcebispo de Cartum.

Em 11 de fevereiro de 2022, o Papa Francisco aceitou a renúncia de Erkolano Lodu Tombe por motivos de idade.

Ver também

Bispos católicos do Sudão do Sul

Erkolano Lodu Tombe


Akyazı, Sakarya ilinin bir ilçesi. 2020 itibarıyla nüfusu 92.093'tür.

Tarihçe

Bitinya dönemi
Akyazı'yı da içine alan Sakarya Bölgesi, üzerinde yaşayan topluluklara bağlı olarak sırayla Misya ve Bitanya adlarını aldı. Bu adlardan en uzun ömürlüsü MÖ 9. yüzyıldan MS N. yüzyıla kadar varlığını koruyabilen Bitinya idi. Bitinler, Bedrikler ve Moriondinler'in kaynaşmasından meydana gelmiş bir toplumdur. Tarihçi Heredotes, Bitinlerin Trakyalı olduğunu ileri sürer. Bitinya, Lidya kralı Krosos'un tümüyle eline geçmiş ise de MÖ 546'da Lidyalıları yenilgiye uğratan Pers Kralı II. Kiros, bu bölgeyi de topraklarına katmıştır.

MÖ 334-332'de Pers ordularını arka arkaya yenilgiye uğratan Makedonya kralı Büyük İskender, Bitinya topraklarına da egemen oldu. Bu bölge MÖ 282'ye kadar İskender'in komutanlarının eline kaldı.

Roma orduları MÖ 85'te Sakarya bölgesine girdi. Bitinya kralı IV. Nikonedes, Roma'nın bir uydusu durumuna düştü. Sakarya bölgesi daha sonra Roma'nın Bitinya Pontus eyaleti içinde yer aldı.

Roma Dönemi
Roma'nın ilk egemenliği döneminde Bitinya'nın Akyazı kesimi Balat krallıklarının elindeydi. Balat kralı Amintos'un MÖ 27'de ölümünden sonra bu bölge Roma'nın bir uydusu durumuna düştü.

Anadolu Selçuklular dönemi
Bu bölge Malazgirt Meydan Muharebesi'nden bir yıl sonra Artuk Bey tarafından Selçuklu Hanedanı'na kazandırıldı (1072). Fakat Alp Arslan'ın ölümü üzerine Artuk Bey geri çağrıldı. Bu yüzden Sakarya bölgesi tekrar Bizanslıların eline geçti. Fakat Kutalmış oğlu Süleyman Bey tarafından 1075'ten sonra tekrar ele geçirilmiştir.

Dördüncü Haçlı Seferi'nde (1204) Haçlılar İstanbul'da Latin İmparatorluğu kurdular, İznik'e kaçan Bizans İmparatoru III. Aleksios'un damadı Theodoros Laskaris burada imparatorluğu ilan etti. Theodoros Laskaris sonra İç Anadolu'da Çorum çevresinde öldü. Bu dönemde Sakarya ve yöresi İznik-Bizans imparatorluğu sınırlan içinde kaldı. 126l'de Latin İmparatorluğu yıkılınca, Sakarya yöresinde yönetim gevşedi. Bizanslı Valiler yarı bağımsız bir duruma geldiler.

Osmanlı dönemi
Akyazı'nın Osmanlı yönetimine geçmesi konusunda çeşitli rivayetler olsa da genel kanı Osman Bey ve Orhan Gazi döneminde Osmanlılara geçtiğidir. Osman Gâzi, 1300 yılından îtibâren, Bizanslılara karşı gazâ mücâdelelerine girişince, yanında Akakoca, Samsa Çavuş, Aykut Alp ve Gâzi Abdurrahmân gibi silah arkadaşları ile Konur Alp bulunuyordu. Orhan Bey ise, daha babasının sağlığında askerî idâreyi eline aldığından, Karadeniz'e doğru olan mıntıkanın zaptına Konur Alp'i gönderdi.

Konur Alp, Akyazı, Mudurnu ve sonradan kendi adı verilen Düzce taraflarındaki Konrapa'yı fethetti. Gâzi Abdurrahmân'la berâber Aydos'u aldı. Bursa'nın fethinde (1326) büyük kahramanlıklar gösterdi ve aynı yıl içinde vefât etti. Konur Alp'in vefâtından sonra, idâresindeki yerler birleştirilerek Şehzâde Murâd'ın emrine verildi.

Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'ın oğulları Selim ve Beyazıt zamanında başlayan taht kavgaları, Selim tarafını tutan kapıkulu ile Beyazıtın tutan tımarlı sipahiler arasında çıkan kanlı çatışmalar yöre halkı üzerine derin izler bırakmıştır. Yine bu bölgede çıkan suhte(softa) ayaklanmaları yüzünden Akyazı ve çevre halkı çok zarar görmüştür.

Millî Mücadele dönemi
Düzce Ayaklanması'nın başladığı günlerde verilen bir emirle Adapazarı yöresine çağrılan Çerkez Ethem, çeşitli işleri dolayısıyla ancak Mayıs ayı sonlarında bu emre uyabildi .Yüzbaşı Mesut Bey komutasındaki çeteler de O'na yardımcı olmak üzere ikramiye üzerinden Sapanca'nın batısına ilerleyerek isyancıları yandan sıkıştırdılar.

Çerkez Ethem güçleri 23 Mayıs 1920 akşamı Sapanca ve Adapazarı'nı çatışmasız ele geçirdi. 24 Mayıs'ı Adapazarında geçiren Çerkez Ethem oradan Akyazı'ya geldi. Akyazı halkı Onu kurtarıcı gibi karşıladı. Çerkez Ethem Akyazı Kuvay-i Milliye düşmanı olarak gösterilen bir vatandaşı idam ettirdiği ve daha sonra Pazarköy'e geldiği burada 3 gün kalıp at ve silah temin ettiği akabinde katılmaları kabul ederek Hasan Bey köyüne geçtiği oradan Beynevit yolu ile Hendek ilçesine geçtiği o günleri yaşayan kimselerin verdiği bilgilerden anlaşılmaktadır.

İdari yapısı
Yapılan araştırmalara göre 1535'te Akyazı ve Adapazarı nahiyeleri Sapanca kazasına bağlı idi. Fakat 1546 da Adapazarı, Akyazı nahiyesine bağlıydı. Akyazı nahiyesi de Sapanca kazasına bağlı idi.
Sakarya yöresi, Osmanlı Devleti'nin Klasik Dönem ve 1831 Osman nüfus sayımında Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid Eyaletine bağlı Kocaeli Livası içinde yer almaktaydı. 1846 devlet salnamesinde Kocaeli Livasının bu dönemde Kastamonu eyaletine bağlı olduğunu kaydetmektedir. 1867 Vilayet nizamnamesinde Kocaeli Sancağı'nın Hüdavendigar (Bursa) vilayetine bağlanmıştır (1878).

1899 Devlet salnamesine göre ise, Kocaeli bağımsız sancağına bağlı Adapazarı'nın nahiyeleri şunlardır: Sapanca, Akyazı, Hendek, Adapazarı. 1892 ile 1899'daki idari bölüm yerini 1916 ve 1920 yıllarında da korudu.

Akyazı, 1944 yılında çıkarılan bir kanunla Kocaeli vilayetine bağlı bir kaza oldu. 1954'te Sakarya'nın vilayet olması sebebiyle de Sakarya'ya bağlandı.ayrıca turizmi de gelişmiştir. Kuzuluk kaplıca evleri ile önemli gelir sağlanmaktadır.Ayrıca en önemli gelir kaynakları ise fındık, mısır, pancar, tavukçuluk, orman ürünleri; ile ilgili en önemli gelir kaynağı olmuştur.ayrıca 10 mahalleden oluşmaktadır, buraya bağlı 4 belde 55 köy bulunmaktadır, Akyazı ulaşım yönünden en şanslı ilçelerden biridir.

Nüfus durumu
Nüfus yoğunluğu ova köylerinde daha fazladır, İstanbul ve çevresindeki sanayii tesislerinin Akyazı'ya kayması ile ilçe nüfusunda gözle görülür bir artış gözlenmektedir. 1997 nüfus sayımındaki büyük oranlı nüfus artışının ana nedeni sanayileşmedir, ilçe nüfusunun artışında Kuzuluk'ta bulunan kaplıca tesislerinin de etkisi olmuştur.

Ekonomi
Akyazı'da yaşamakta olan insanların geçimi tarıma dayalıdır. Yıllık ortalama yağış miktarı 800 mm. olan ilçede mısır başta olmak üzere üretilen ürünler arasında buğday, pancar, patates ve çeşitli sebzeler gelmektedir. Ayrıca fındık deposu olan Akyazı'da yılda ortalama olarak üretilen 11.000 ton fındık ürünü de bölge insanlarının en önemli gelir kaynaklarından biridir.

Son zamanlarda seracılığa verilen önem meyvesini vermeye başlamış ve bölge insanlarının geçim kaynakları arasında yer almaya başlamıştır.

Orman köylerinde yaşayan vatandaşlarımızın gelir kaynaklarından biri de arıcılık ve ipekböcekçiliği ile birlikte yaban çileği üretimidir. Ayrıca meyvecilik ve sebzecilik de yeteri kadar yapılmaktadır.Orman ürünlerinden parke imalatı, ceviz tomruğu ve kavak tomruğu satışlarından da önemli gelirler elde edilmektedir.

İlçede, tarımla birlikte paralel olarak gelişmekte olan sanayi yöre insanlarının kazanç elde ettikleri dallardan biridir. Vatandaşların kendi gayretleri ile küçük çaptaki atölyelerde sanayi ürünleri üretilmekte ve pazarlaması yapılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra son yıllarda Kuzuluk ve Küçücek belediye sınırları içerisinde peş peşe kurulan ve çeşitli ürün üreten fabrikalar bir taraftan Akyazı'nın ekonomisine olumlu katkı sağlarken diğer taraftan da işsizliği büyük ölçüde ortadan kaldırmıştır.

Kaynakça

Akyazı


was a town located in Ōchi District, Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 4,335 and a density of 23.32 persons per km2. The total area was 185.89 km2.

On October 1, 2004, Ōchi, along with the village of Daiwa (also from Ōchi District), was merged to create the town of Misato.

Rivers and mountains
Gōnokawa River

References

Dissolved municipalities of Shimane Prefecture

Ōchi, Shimane


"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" er en sang af den britiske duo Wham!, der første gang blev udgivet som en single i Storbritannien den 14. maj 1984. Sangen blev deres første nummer-et hit i USA og i Storbritannien. Den blev skrevet og produceret af George Michael, halvdelen af duoen. I 2015 blev sangen af det britiske publikum stemt som den 13. mest populære UK singles af nummer-et hits fra 1980'erne og 90'erne i en afstemning, som ITV stod for.

Trackliste

Note: US 7" single (Columbia 04552) har identisk trackliste.

Hitlisteplaceringer

Ugelige hitlister

Hitlister ved årsende

Referencer

Sange fra 1984
Singler fra 1984
Wham!

Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go


David Chavlovich (Arlington, Teksas, SAD, 14. rujna ), američki košarkaš. Igra na mjestu razigravača. Visine je 180 cm.

Životopis
Rodio se u obitelji metodista. Otac mu je iz Wisconsina, a pradjed i prabaka s očeve strane su Hrvati iz Hrvatske, iz Novigrada, odnosno Turnja. U srednjoj školi igrao je za srednju školu James Bowie High School iz rodnog Arlingtona. Srednju je završio 2014. godine. Košarku je igrao četiri godine na koledžu West Texas A&M. Sveučilište se natječe u Diviziji II NCAA a te sezone kad je Chavlovich prešao u Hrvatsku otišlo je na Final Four. Svake je sezone gotovo postizao 20 koševa po utakmici, dvaput je izabran u najbolju postavu Divizije II, svake je godine bio u najboljoj postavi konferencije te jednom najbolji igrač konferencije. Najbolji je strijelac u povijesti fakulteta i konferencije te jedan od samo 10 igrača u povijesti konferencije s dvije tisuće koševa u karijeri. Sveučilište je završio 2018. godine. Prvi profesionalni angažman trebao je imati u jednom klubu iz druge zemlje, ali nakon što je porazgovarao s nekim ljudima koji su ga savjetovali neka ide tamo, pronašao je hrvatskog agenta koji ga je doveo. Tako je Chavlovich prvi odlazak iz SAD ujedno značilo doći u zemlju predaka Hrvatsku u salezijanski klub Bosco iz Zagreba. Potpisao je jednogodišnji ugovor.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Basketball.hr Chavlovich u Boscu
West Texas A&M University West Texas A&M - David Chavlovich - 2016-17

Američki košarkaši
Hrvati u SAD-u
KK Bosco Zagreb

David Chavlovich


The Trump Organization (Organizația Trump) (fosta Elizabeth Trump & Son) este un conglomerat american internațional cu capital integral privat cu sediul în clădirea Trump Tower care se află în cartierul de afaceri Midtown din districtul Manhattan, orașul New York. Ea cuprinde asociații de afaceri și de investiții ale președintelui ales al SUA Donald Trump. Trump este președintele și directorul general al acestei organizații,  o poziție la care el va renunța, conform declarațiilor sale, înainte de preluarea mandatului de președinte al SUA, predând managementul companiei celor trei copii mai mari: Donald Trump Junior, Ivanka Trump și Eric Trump,  care în prezent sunt vicepreședinți executivi.

Organizația Trump obține profituri din amenajări imobiliare, investiții, brokeraj, vânzări și marketing, precum și din gestionarea proprietăților. Compania deține, administrează, investește și construiește imobiliare rezidențiale, hoteluri, stațiuni de vacanță, blocuri de apartamente și terenuri de golf în diferite țări și deține mai multe hectare de imobiliare de primă calitate din Manhattan. Ea are 515 filiale și organizații din care 264  poartă numele lui Trump și alte 54 includ inițialele sale. Cu investiții în Statele Unite și la nivel mondial, Organizația Trump cuprinde o varietate largă de industrii și agenții, inclusiv industria imobiliară, industria de construcții, industria hotelieră, industria de divertisment, publicarea de cărți și reviste, agenții mass-media, agenții de modă, agenții de comerț cu amănuntul, servicii financiare, cluburi de jocuri de societate, industria alimentară și a băuturilor, servicii de instruirea în domeniul afacerilor, agenții de voiaj on-line, servicii aeriene cu elicopterul și organizarea de concursuri de frumusețe. Aceasta deține o companie de televiziune din New York, care realizează emisiuni de televiziune, inclusiv programul de telerealitate, The Apprentice. Compania este angajată în comerțul cu amănuntul, vânzând în diferite perioade îmbrăcăminte de modă, bijuterii și accesorii, cărți, mobilier pentru casă, echipamente de iluminat, textile și accesorii de baie, lenjerie de pat, articole de parfumerie pentru casă, mici articole din piele, articole din sticlă pentru băuturi alcoolice, biftecuri, batoane de ciocolată și apă minerală îmbuteliată.

Organizația Trump a renunțat la o serie de proprietăți care continuă să poarte numele Trump, chiar dacă Donald Trump nu le mai deține. De exemplu, în februarie 2016, el a vândut pachetul de acțiuni deținut la Trump Entertainment Resorts (un operator de cazinouri), care deținea companiile afiliate Trump Taj Mahal, Trump Plaza și cazinourile Trump Marina din Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Referințe

Donald Trump

The Trump Organization


Mozartov se skatološki humor (humor sa spominjanjem izmetina) odrazio u njegovim pismima i većem broju rekreacijskih skladbi. Takav je materijal dugo zbunjivao njegove učenjake; neki ga proučavaju u kontekstu njegove uloge u Mozartovoj obitelji, njegovu društvu i vremenu, dok ga ostali shvaćaju kao rezultat "impresivnoga popisa" psihičkih bolesti od kojih je Mozart navodno bolovao.

Primjeri

Pismo datirano 5. studenoga 1777. Mozartovoj sestrični Mariji Anni Thekli Mozart primjer je u kojem se Mozart služi skatologijom. Njemački izvornik sastoji se od rimovanih stihova.

Mozartov kanon "Leck mich im Arsch" K. 231 (K6 382c) sadrži tekst:

Na hrvatski se jezik ta fraza prevodi kao "Poliži mi dupe, brže, brže!"

"Leck mich im Arsch" standardni je vulgarizam u njemačkom jeziku, a naziva ga se i eufemizmom švapski pozdrav (njem. "schwäbischer Gruß"); suvremeni bi Nijemci prije rekli "Leck mich am Arsch".

Kontekst
David Schroeder napisao je:
Tijek vremena stvorio je gotovo nepremostiv jaz između nas i Mozartova vremena, zbog čega još više pogrešno čitamo njegova skatološka pisma od njegovih ostalih pisama. Zbog takvih nam je pisama neugodno i pokušali smo ih zataškati, trivijalizirati ili izuzeti ih iz grupe kanonskih pisama pravdajući se patološkim razlozima.

Peter Hall, kazališni redatelj, opisao je događaj tijekom kojeg je Margaret Thatcher otišla u njegovo kazalište kako bi vidjela predstavu Amadeus Petera Shaffera:
Nije bila zadovoljna. Kao prava ravnateljica žestoko me kritizirala zato što sam dopustio da se održi predstava koja je prikazivala Mozarta kao skatološkog đavolčića zaljubljenog u proste riječi. Rekla je da je nezamislivo da čovjek koji je skladao tako finu i elegantnu glazbu može imati toliko poganu jezičinu. Rekao sam joj da su Mozartova pisma potvrdila da je bio upravo takav: imao je nevjerojatno djetinjast smisao za humor... "Mislim da nisi čuo što sam rekla", odgovorila je premijerka. "Nije mogao biti takav." Idućeg sam dana [...] poslao primjerak Mozartovih pisama na adresu 10 Downing Street; čak mi je zahvalila i njezina osobna tajnica. Međutim, bilo je uzalud: bio sam u krivu jer je premijerka tako rekla.

Pisma
Benjamin Simkin, endokrinolog, pretpostavlja da oko 39 Mozartovih pisama sadrži skatološke tekstove. Skoro su sva ta pisma bila namijenjena Mozartovoj vlastitoj obitelji, pogotovo njegovu ocu Leopoldu, njegovoj majci Anni Mariji, njegovoj sestri Nannerl i njegovoj rođakinji Mariji Anni Thekli. Simkin tvrdi kako su se Leopold, Anna Maria i Nannerl također u vlastitim pismima služili skatološkim humorom. Anna Maria svojem je suprugu napisala ovo pismo (pismo je napisano 26. rujna 1777., izvornik je također u rimi):

Čak se i relativno moralan Leopold poslužio skatološkom frazom u jednom pismu. Riječ je o frazi "srati naranče", što otprilike znači "uzrujati se"; fraza se nalazi u pismu napisanom u Italiji 1770.

Mozart je napisao nekoliko skatoloških pisama svojoj rođakinji (u koju je, prema Maynardu Solomonu, vjerojatno bio zaljubljen) Mariji Anni Thekli Mozart; ta se pisma često nazivaju "pisma za Bäsle" prema njemačkoj riječi Bäsle, umanjenici koja znači "mali rođak / mala rođakinja". U tim je pismima, koja je Mozart napisao nakon što je proveo dva ugodna tjedna s rođakinjom u njezinom rodnom Augsburgu, skatologiju pomiješao s igrama riječi i aluzijama na spolne odnose. Prijevod jednoga dijela pisma koje je Mozart 5. studenoga 1777. poslao iz Mannheima glasi ovako:

U jednom pismu koje je Mozart napisao svojem ocu dok je bio u posjetu Augsburgu spominje susret Mozarta i njegove rođakinje sa svećenikom, paterom Emilianom:

Glazba
Mozartova glazba sa skatološkim elementima vrlo je vjerojatno skladana za rekreaciju i manju grupu prijatelja tijekom opijanja. Sve skladbe zapravo su kanoni u kojima svaki glas pjeva isti tekst i melodiju nekoliko sekundi nakon prijašnjeg glasa. Muzikolog David J. Buch napisao je:

Reakcije članova obitelji i prijatelja
Godine 1798. Constanze je poslala pisma svojeg pokojnog muža namijenjena njegovoj rođakinji izdavačima Breitkopf & Härtel, koji su tad skupljali materijal u nadi da će moći napisati Mozartovu biografiju. U popratnom je pismu napisala: "Iako nisu baš najukusnija, pisma njegovoj rođakinji puna su dosjetki i zaslužuju spomen, premda, naravno, ne mogu biti objavljena u potpunosti."

Prilike u 18. stoljeću

Schroeder smatra da je u 18. stoljeću skatološki humor bio javniji i više "u glavnoj struji". Njemačko je pučko kazalište u Mozartovo vrijeme nadahnula talijanska commedia dell'arte i u njemu je istaknut bio Hanswurst, sirov i robustan lik koji bi zabavljao publiku tako što bi glumio da jede velike i nevjerojatne predmete (poput cijeloga teleta), nakon čega bi obavio veliku nuždu i tako ih izbacio iz tijela.

Schroeder tvrdi da je skatologija u pučkom kazalištu imala političke konotacije: gledatelji su živjeli u sustavu nasljedne aristokracije zbog kojega nisu mogli sudjelovati u politici. Vulgarnost skatologije u pučkom kazalištu pružala je kontrast profinjenoj kulturi koju su viši staleži prisilno uspostavljali. U jednom od svojih pisama Mozart je plemiće opisao skatološkim frazama; plemiće na koncertu u Augsburgu iz 1777. nazvao je ovako: "vojvotkinja Nabiguzica, grofica Dobropiša, princeza Đubresmrdica i dva princa, Trbonja i Svinjokurc".

U njemačkoj kulturi
Folklorist i kulturni antropolog Alan Dundes izjavio je da je zanimanje za skatološke teme posebna odlika njemačke narodne kulture koja je opstala do danas:

Dundes navodi velik broj primjera skatološkog humora u Mozartovim tekstovima, ali citira i skatološke tekstove Martina Luthera, Johanna Wolfganga von Goethea, Heinricha Heinea i ostalih predstavnika njemačke kulture. L. R. Karhausen komentira da je "skatologija bila uobičajena u srednjoj Europi" i ističe da je Mozartov salzburški kolega Michael Haydn također napisao skatološki kanon.

Neki frazemi kojima se Mozart služio u svojim skatološkim materijalima nisu njegove izvorne ideje, nego dio folklora i kulture njegova doba: Wolfgang Mieder tvrdi da pisma za Bäsle sadrže "Mozartovu namjernu igru s onim što su uglavnom preoblikovani narodni izrazi". Robert Spaethling objašnjava da je fraza "Gute Nacht, scheiß ins Bett dass' Kracht" "dječja pjesmica koja se i danas pjeva na južnom njemačkom govornom području". Također, kad je Mozart Aloysiji Weber otpjevao riječi "Leck mich das Mensch im Arsch, das mich nicht will" ("Tko god me ne želi, nek' mi poliže dupe") nakon što je odbila njegovu ljubav, pjevao je postojeću narodnu pjesmu, a ne pjesmu koju je samostalno osmislio.

Medicinske dijagnoze
Početkom 20. stoljeća austrijski pisac Stefan Zweig, koji je prikupio velik broj glazbenih rukopisa, pretpostavio je da Mozartovi skatološki radovi mogu biti shvaćeni kao psihološka patologija. U njegovoj su se zbirci nalazila pisma za Bäsle (tad još neobjavljena) i autografi Mozartovih skatoloških kanona "Difficile lectu" i "O du eselhafter Peierl". Poslao je primjerke pisama za Bäsle psihoanalitičaru Sigmundu Freudu s priloženim tekstom:

Freud je navodno odbio Zweigov prijedlog. Schroeder tvrdi da su kasniji psihobiografi zaplijenili pisma kao dokaze za psihopatološke Mozartove navike.

Određeni su autori tijekom 1990-ih iz Mozartovih radova zaključili da je patio od Touretteova sindroma. Simkin je popisao skatološka pisma i usporedio učestalost vulgarizama navedenih u njima sa sličnim vulgarizmima ostalih članova Mozartove obitelji i zaključio da su mnogo češća u Mozartovim pismima. Simkin je potom povezao skatološke materijale sa svjedočanstvima iz Mozartova vremena i pretpostavio da je Mozart patio od tikova tipičnih za Touretteov sindrom. Njegove su navode prenijele novine diljem svijeta i izazvale međunarodnu senzaciju, a na mrežnim se mjestima dodatno polemiziralo.

Iako se o tome često raspravljalo, teorija da je Mozart patio od Touretteova sindroma nije uvjerila širu javnost. Thomas Kammer tvrdi da je rad u kojem se predlaže ta teorija "odmah i grubo" kritiziran. Kritike spominju da je riječ o pogrešnoj medicinskoj dijagnozi i da su Mozartovi učenjaci izveli pogrešne zaključke. Kammer je zaključio da je "Touretteov sindrom kreativna ali neuvjerljiva dijagnoza u Mozartovoj medicinskoj povijesti". Dokaza za motoričke tikove nije bilo, a pretpostavka da su glasovni tikovi preneseni u pisani oblik nazvana je "problematičnom". Neurolog i autor Oliver Sacks objavio je članak u kojem je osporio Simkinove tvrdnje, a Američko udruženje Tourette dodatno je istaknulo kako Simkinove tvrdnje nisu posve pouzdane. Nijedan stručnjak za Touretteov sindrom ili nadležna organizacija nije potvrdila  postojanje valjanih dokaza za teoriju prema kojoj je Mozart patio od toga poremećaja. Jedan je stručnjak za Touretteov sindrom izjavio: "Premda na nekim mrežnim mjestima piše da je Mozart jedna od poznatijih osoba koja je patila od Touretteova sindroma ili OKP-a, iz opisa njegova ponašanja ne može se čvrsto zaključiti da je patio od bilo kojeg od tih poremećaja."

Skatološki radovi

Pisma
U zbirci Benjamina Simkina nalaze se Mozartova skatološka pisma upućena:
njegovom ocu Leopoldu: dvadeset pisama
njegovoj supruzi Constanze: šest pisama
njegovoj rođakinji Mariji Anni Thekli: šest pisama
njegovoj sestri Mariji Anni (Nannerl): četiri pisma
njegovoj majci Anni Mariji: jedno pismo
njegovoj majci i sestri zajedno: jedno pismo
njegovom salzburškom prijatelju Abbéu Josephu Bullingeru: jedno pismo
njegovom prijatelju zborovođi Antonu Stollu, za kojeg je skladao Ave verum corpus: jedno pismo

Glazba
 "Leck mich im Arsch" ("Poliži mi dupe"), K. 231 (K6 382c), za šest glasova. Skladana tijekom 1780-ih. Prvo objavljena pod imenom "Lass froh uns sein" ("Budimo radosni").
 "Leck mir den Arsch fein recht schön sauber" ("Poliži mi dupe dobro i da bude čisto"), K. 233 (K6 382d). Prvo objavljena kao "Nichts labt mich mehr als Wein" ("Ništa me ne veseli više od vina"). Nekoć se smatralo da je glazbu za taj kanon skladao Mozart, no Wolfgang Plath dokazao je 1988. da ju je skladao Wenzel Trnka i da je izvorno bila popraćena talijanskim stihovima "Tu sei gelosa, è vero". Urednici Neue Mozart-Ausgabea navode da bi se djelo svakako trebalo smatrati Mozartovim, ali samo u pogledu stihova.
 "Bei der Hitz im Sommer eß ich" ("Jedem usred vrućega ljeta"), K. 234 (K6 382e). Kao što je bio slučaj s K. 233, glazbu nije napisao Mozart; izvorno se radilo o kanonu "So che vanti un cor ingrato" Wenzela Trnke.
 "Gehn wir im Prater, gehn wir in d' Hetz", K. 558, za četiri glasa. Skladano 1788. ili ranije.
 Difficile lectu mihi Mars, K. 559, za tri glasa. Skladano između 1786. i 1787.
 O du eselhafter Peierl, ("Oh, ti glupane Peierlu") za četiri glasa. K. 560a. Skladano između 1786. i 1787. Djelomično izmijenjena inačica, "O du eselhafter Martin", navedena je kao K. 560b.
"Bona nox" ("Laku noć") K. 561, za četiri glasa. Skladano 1788. ili ranije.

Izvori

Bilješke

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Humor

Mozart i skatologija


بوبوس فيلم كوميدي مصري إنتاج عام 2009، بطولة عادل إمام ويسرا وحسن حسني وغيرهم من الممثلين الشباب يتحدث عن آثار الازمة الاقتصادية العالمية على رجال الأعمال والمجتمع وما يدور في ردهات رجال الأعمال في اطار كوميدي واجتماعي.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداث الفيلم حول رجل الأعمال محسن هنداوي (عادل إمام) له نفوذه الأقتصادي والسياسي يتعرض لتعثر مالي بسبب الأزمة الاقتصادية العالمية، وأيضاً يتعرف على سيدة أعمال تتعرض للمشكلة ذاتها فيتحدان معاً لحل مأزقهما وتحدث العديد من المواقف الكوميدية بينهما.

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 أحمد صيام
 حسن عبدالفتاح
 عماد بعرور
 فايزة عبدالجواد
 عادل مصطفى متولي

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المصادر

أفلام أشرف عبد الباقي
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بوبوس (فيلم)


Bandaríska flokkakerfið er tveggja flokka kerfi, þar sem Demókrataflokkurinn og Repúblikanaflokkurinn bera höfuð og herðar yfir aðra flokka í kosningum síðan á 19 öld. Þó frambjóðendur annarra flokka vinni stöku sinnum kosningar þá hafa slíkir flokkar yfirleitt verið skammlífir og haft takmarkaða útbreiðslu. Frambjóðendur sem starfa utan flokka ná sömu leiðis stundum kjöri, en starfa þá yfirleitt alltaf með öðrum hvorum stóru flokkanna sem skipta með sér völdum á öllum stigum stjórnkerfisins.

Bandaríska flokkakerfið hefur verið tveggja-flokka kerfið frá 1797. Nöfn flokkanna, áherslur þeirra, og þau kjósendabandalög sem standa þeim að baki, hafa hins vegar gengið í gegnum mikilvægar umpólanir sem eiga sér stað í umpólandi kosninga (e. realigning elections).Fræðimenn eru ekki sammála um fjölda umpólana síðan á nítjándu öld. Yfirleitt er þó talað um þrjú ólík flokkakerfi. Núverandi kerfi ásamt Repúblíkanaflokknum og Demókrataflokknum kom fram í kosningunum 1854, en samsetning flokkanna hefur gengið í gegnum nokkrar grundvallarbreytingar síðan þá.

Saga bandaríska flokkakerfisins
Bandaríska flokkakerfið hefur gengið í gegnum nokkrar umbreytingar síðan það kom fram í kjölfar Bandarísku Byltingarinnar og Stjórnlagaþingsins 1789. Meðan George Washington var forseti ríkti þverpólítísk sátt í Bandaríkjaþingi og stjórnmálamenn skiptu sér ekki í fylkingar. Margir höfunda bandarísku stjórnarskrárinnar töldu stjórnmálaflokka hættulega lýðræðinu og sáu fyrir sér að stjórnmálamenn myndu bjóða sig fram í eigin nafni og aðeins starfa eftir eigin samvisku. Washington varaði við flokkamyndun í kveðjuávarpi sínu til þjóðarinnar 1796.

Eftirmenn Washington og leiðtogar meðal þingmanna skiptu sér engu að síður í flokka eftir að Washington hafði látið af embætti.

Fyrsta flokkakerfið
Fyrsta flokkakerfið (e. The First Party System) kom fram 1792 og var við lýði til ársins 1824. Annars vegar var Federalistaflokkurinn (e. Federalist Party), stofnaður af m.a. Alexander Hamilton og hins vegar Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican flokkurinn, sem var stofnaður af Thomas Jefferson og James Madison. Sá flokkur var yfirleitt kallaður Jeffersonian-Repúblican, eða bara Repúblíkanaflokkurinn. Federalistaflokkurinn, talaði fyrir sterku ríkisvaldi, sérstaklega sterku alríki, og höfðaði til stórkaupmanna og iðnrekenda í stórborgum á austurströnd Bandaríkjanna. Repúblikanaflokkurinn talaði máli bænda og landeigenda, þar á meðal stórlandeigenda í Suðurríkjum Bandaríkjanna þar sem þrælahald var undirstaða stórbúskapar.

John Adams, frambjóðandi Federalista vann fyrstu forsetakosningarnar eftir að Washington lét af embætti, árið 1797. Adams sat aðeins eitt kjörtímabil og enginn annar frambjóðandi flokksins vann forsetakosningar. Repúblíkanaflokkurinn hafði forystu í stjórnmálum Bandaríkjanna á fyrstu tveimur áratugum 19. aldar. Þegar komið var fram á annan áratug aldarinnar var flokkurinn orðinn svo að segja allsráðandi. Árin 1816-1824 voru kölluð The Era of Good Feelings, en þá voru flokkadeilur næsta fátíðar og pólítísk sátt ríkti, sérstaklega í Bandaríkjaþingi.

Innanflokksátök í Repúblíkanaflokknum á þriðja áratug nítjándu aldar urðu til þess að hann liðaðist í sundur. Í forsetakosningunum 1820 voru tveir ólíkir fulltrúar flokksins í kjöri, og í kosningunum 1824 voru alls fjórir framjbóðendur sem kenndu sig við flokkinn í kjöri. Stuðningsmenn Andrew Jackson höfðu náð  undirtökum í flokknum árið 1828. Árið 1832 var farið að kalla flokkin Demókrataflokkinn. Ólíkar fylkingar andstæðinga Jackson klufu sig úr flokknum og stofnuðu Whig flokkinn, (e. the Whig Party).

Annað flokkakerfið
Annað flokkakerfið (e. The Second Party System) var við lýði frá 1828 – 1854. Tímabilið einkenndist vaxandi kosningaáhuga og pólítískri virkni, vexti fjöldasamtaka. Tveir flokkar tókust nú á. Annars vegar Demókrataflokkurinn, undir forystu Andrew Jackson sem aðhylltist ódýra peninga og fríverslun sem voru hagsmunamál bænda sem reiddu sig á útflutning, og hins vegar Whig flokkurinn (e. Whig Party) undir forystu Henry Clay, sem talaði máli iðnrekenda sem vildu verndartolla, sterkt alríki og gullfótarkerfið.

Whig flokkurinn vann forsetakosningarnar 1840 og 1848. Árið 1850 klofnaði Demókrataflokkurinn vegna deilna innan flokksins um afstöðu til þrælahalds og Whig flokkurinn liðaðist sömu leiðis í sundur vegna deilna um afstöðu til þrælahalds.

Þriðja flokkakerfið
Þriðja flokkakerfið (e. The Third Party System) kom fram 1854. Sjötti áratugurinn einkenndist af vaxandi þjóðernishyggju, nútímavæðingu og vaxandi spennu milli stuðningsmanna og andstæðinga þrælahalds. Repúblikanaflokkurinn var andsnúinn þrælahaldi og beitti sér fyrir því að ríkisvaldið styddi við iðnvæðingu með járnbrautarlagningu og stuðningi við bankastarfsemi. Flokkurinn fylgdi verndarstefnu og hækkaði tolla auk þess að auka félagsleg útgjöld. Demókrataflokkurinn talaði máli bænda, sérstaklega í Suðurríkjum Bandaríkjanna.

Í skjóli hernáms Suðurríkjanna í kjölfar Borgarastríðsins sem geisaði á árunum 1861-1865, vann Repúblíkanaflokkurinn forsetakosningarnar 1868 og 1872, en í kosningunum 1876 – 1892 var mjög mjótt á munum. Demókrataflokkurinn vann þó eininguis forsetakosningarnar 1884 og 1892. Flokkurinn hafði hins vegar meirihluta í fulltúradeild og öldungadeild Bandaríkjaþings frá 1879 – 1881 og frá 1893 - 1895.

Meginstyrkur Repúblíkanaflokksins var í Norður- og Vesturríkjum Bandaríkjanna, að New York, Indiana, New Jersey og Connecticut undanskildum. Eftir 1876 náðu Demókratar einokunarstöðu í Suðurríkjunum. Sú einokunarstaða var grundvöllur þess sem kallað var "Gegnheila Suðrið", (e. Solid South), sterkasta kjósendablokk flokksins sem varð grundvöllur meirihluta flokksins í Bandaríkjaþingi stóran hluta allrar 20 aldar.

Heimildir

Bandarísk stjórnmál

Bandaríska flokkakerfið


Die Eredivisie 1985/86 war die 30. Spielzeit der höchsten niederländischen Fußballliga. Sie begann am 18. August 1985 und endete am 25. Mai 1986.

Meister wurde zum achten Mal PSV Eindhoven. Absteigen mussten MVV Maastricht, NEC Nijmegen und SC Heracles Almelo '74

Modus
Die 18 Mannschaften spielten an insgesamt 34 Spieltagen aufgeteilt in einer Hin- und einer Rückrunde jeweils zwei Mal gegeneinander. Die letzten drei Teams stiegen ab. Bei Punktgleichheit entschied die Tordifferenz über die Platzierung.

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle
Die Kreuztabelle stellt die Ergebnisse aller Spiele dieser Saison dar. Die Heimmannschaft ist in der linken Spalte aufgelistet und die Gastmannschaft in der obersten Reihe.

Die Meistermannschaft von PSV Eindhoven
(In den Klammern hinter den Spielernamen werden die Anzahl der Einsätze und Tore der Meistersaison angegeben)

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Einzelnachweise

Fußballsaison 1985/86

Eredivisie 1985/86


අන්තර් මෞලික බන්ධන

අණු, අයන හෝ පරමාණු දෙකක් හෝ වැඩි ගණනක් අතර ඇතිවිය හැකි මූලික වර්ධන වර්ග හතරක් පවතී. අන්තර්මෞලික බල අණු ආකර්ෂණය කිරීමට හෝ එකිනෙක විකර්ෂණය කිරීමට හේතුවේ. මෙම ක්‍රියාවලි පදාර්ථයේ භෞතික ලක්ෂණ තීරණය කිරීමට හේතුවේ.

ස්ථර ද්විධ්‍රැව - ස්ථර දිවිධ්‍රැව බන්ධන

ශක්තිමත්ව බැඳුනු අණුවක පරමාණු දෙකක් අතර තිබෙන විශාල විද්යුත් ඝණතාවයේ වෙනස නිසා එම අණු වේ. ස්ථර ද්විධ්‍රැවයක් හටගනී. මෙම ද්වි-ධ්‍රැව ආකර්ෂණය වීම හෝ විකර්ෂණය වීම සිදුවේ.

හයිඩ්‍රජන් බන්ධන

මෙය එක්තරා අන්දමකට සැලකූ විට ස්ථර ද්වි-ධ්‍රැවයකට හොඳ උදාරහරණයකි. කෙසේවුවත්, හයිඩ්‍රජන් බන්ධනයකදී, හයිඩ්‍රජන් ප්‍රෝටෝන දායක පරමාණුවක් හා ග්‍රාහක පරමාණුවක් අතර හවුල් වීමට ලංවීමක් සිදුවේ. මෙය කේන්ද්‍ර තුනක් ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන දෙකක් බන්ධනයකි. (උදාහරණ ලෙස ඩයිබොරේන් (B2 H6 - බොරෝන් 2ක් හා හයිඩ්‍රජන් 6ක් ඇති රසායන සංයෝගය) ආකාරයේ) ආවර්තිතා වගුවේ සිරස් පෙළක ස්කන්ධයෙන් වැඩි පරමාණු වලට වඩා හයිඩ්‍රජන් බන්ධන වලට වැඩි තාපාංක පවතී (උදාහරණ ජලය, ඇමෝනියා හා හයිඩ්‍රජන් ප්ලුවොරයඩ්)

ක්ෂණික ද්වි-ධ්‍රැව හා ප්‍රේරිත ද්වි-ධ්‍රැව (වැන්ඩර් වාල් බන්ධන)

බන්ධන අතර දුර්වලම හා විශාල ලෙස සියලුම රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යය අතර ඇතිවන බන්ධන වර්ගයකි. හීලියම් පරමාණුවත් සලකා බැලුවිට, දෙන ලද ඕනැම අවස්ථාවක පරමාණුවක් වටා ඇති ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන වලට (නැතිනම් උදාසින) තරමක් අසමතුලිත වන අතර එනිසා ක්ෂණිකව වඩා ඝෘණ ආරෝපණයක් එක පැත්තක පවතී. මෙයට ක්ෂණික ද්වි-ධ්‍රැව යන නම යෙදේ. මෙනිසා ළඟින් පවතින හිලියම් පරමාණු වල ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන ආකර්ෂණය හෝ විකර්ෂණය කරමින් තවත් ද්වි-ධ්‍රැව නිර්මාණය වීම සිදුවේ. පරමාණු දෙක මොහොතකට අකාර්ෂණය වන අතර පසුව ආරෝපණ නැවස සමතුලිත වී පරමාණු චලනය වේ.

කැටායත - පයි අන්තර් ක්‍රියාව

කැටයත - පයි අන්තර් ක්‍රියාව ඇරොමැටික වළල්ලේ තලයේ ඉහලින් හා පහලින් පිහිටා ඇති තක්ෂීය ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන වල ස්ථානයක ඝෘණ ආරෝපණ හා ධන ආරෝපණ අත

අන්තර් මෞලික බන්ධන


State Library Victoria (SLV) is the state library of Victoria, Australia. Located in Melbourne, it was established in 1854 as the Melbourne Public Library, making it Australia's oldest public library and one of the first free libraries in the world. It is also Australia's busiest public library and, as of 2018, the fourth-most-visited library globally.

The library has remained on the same site in the central business district since it was established fronting Swanston Street, and over time has greatly expanded to now cover a block bounded also by La Trobe, Russell, and Little Lonsdale streets. The library's collection consists of over five million items, which in addition to books includes manuscripts, paintings, maps, photographs and newspapers, with a special focus on material from Victoria, including the diaries of Melbourne founders John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner, the folios of Captain James Cook, and the armour of Ned Kelly.

History

19th century

In 1853, the decision to build a combined library, museum and gallery was made at the instigation of Governor of Victoria Charles La Trobe and Sir Redmond Barry. A competition was held, won by the recently arrived architect Joseph Reed, whose firm and its successors went on to design most of the later extensions, as well as numerous 19th-century landmarks such as the Melbourne Town Hall, and the Royal Exhibition Building.

On the same day of 3 July 1854, the recently inaugurated Governor Sir Charles Hotham laid the foundation stone of both the new library complex and the University of Melbourne. The library's first stage (the central part of the Swanston Street wing) opened on 11 February 1856, with a collection of 3,800 books chosen by Mr Justice Barry, the President of Trustees. Augustus H. Tulk, the first librarian, was appointed three months after the opening. The Melbourne Public Library as it was then known was one of the first free public libraries in the world, open to anyone over 14 years of age, so long as they had clean hands.

The complex of buildings that now house the Library was built in numerous stages, housing various library spaces, art galleries and museum displays, finally filling the entire block in 1992. In 1860 Joseph Reed designed a grand complex for the whole block including a domed section facing Russell Street to House the Museum and Gallery, painting a broad canvas that was more or less followed over the next century.

The next stage was the south part of the front wing, opened in 1859, including the elaborate first floor Queen's Reading Room (now Queen's Hall). The northern part (now Hansen Hall) was added complete in 1864 by Abraham Linacre, but the classical portico was not built until 1870.

A number of temporary halls and a pagoda were built in 1866 for the Intercolonial Exhibition of Australasia just behind the front wing. From 1870, some of these housed the Industrial & Technological Museum of Victoria (I&T Museum). That year, author, journalist and bohemian figure Marcus Clarke joined the library stuff, serving as sub-librarian from 1874 until his death in 1881.

The Library Museums and National Gallery Act 1869 formed a single body to run the Public Library of Victoria, National Gallery of Victoria (NGV), National Museum of Victoria, and the then embryotic I&T Museum.

In 1875 the McArthur Gallery was built to house the NGV.

Barry Hall, along Little Lonsdale Street, was built in 1886. This now houses the Wheeler Centre. In 1887, the Buvelot Gallery opened for the NGV, (the gallery was later known as Swinburne Hall). It now houses the Arts Reading Room.

1892 saw extensive expansion on the site. In that year, what is now the Cowen Gallery (was Stawell Gallery) and Victoria Gallery (was La Trobe Gallery) opened for NGV use. The Lending Library opened. And what is now the Redmond Barry Reading Room was built to house the I&T Museum. In 1899, this was taken over by the National Museum, which renamed it McCoy Hall after Frederick McCoy, its first director. The I&T Museum was put into storage.

20th century

In 1909, most of the remaining Intercolonial Exhibition buildings were closed and the Great Hall was demolished. On part of the land they occupied, Baldwin Spencer Hall was built (now the "Russell Street Welcome Zone"), and work began on the library's famed Domed Reading Room. Opened in 1913, it was designed by Bates, Peebles and Smart, the successor to Joseph Reed's firm, now known as Bates Smart. Its construction led to much less use of Queen's Hall, which led to it becoming the home of a reborn I&T Museum in 1915.

In 1928 the South Rotunda opened. The McAllan Gallery on the LaTrobe Street side was built in 1932. In 1940, the North Rotunda opened.

The Public Library, National Gallery and Museums Act 1944 organisationally separated the four major cultural institutions, while they continued to share the one site.

In 1959, the dome's skylights were covered in copper sheets due to water leakage, creating the dim atmosphere that characterised the Library for decades.

In 1963, the south-west courtyard next to the dome became a planetarium. (This space is now the Pauline Gandel Children's Quarter.)

In 1965, the La Trobe Library was opened to house the Library's Australiana collections. This building later become the Conference Centre and Theatrette.

The National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) moved to a new home in St Kilda Road in 1968. This led to the I&T Museum moving out of Queen's Hall and into the NGV's buildings. Queen's Hall returned to Library use.

In 1971 the Lending Library closed. Melbourne's CBD was to be without a public lending library until the opening of the City Library in 2004.

Public Record Office Victoria was once the Archives Department of the Library. In 1973 the Public Records Act established the Public Record Office as the state's archive authority, independent of the Library. The Office moved to Laverton in 1977, then to North Melbourne in 2004. PROV now frequently supplies exhibits for the Old Treasury Building museum.

In 1973, construction began on Museum station (now Melbourne Central station), which, upon completion in 1981, provided direct heavy rail access to the State Library for the first time. The National Museum and what was now known as the Science Museum of Victoria merged in 1983 to form the Museum of Victoria, filling the Russell St end of the site. Part of this combined museum was moved to Spotswood to form Scienceworks in 1992, with the bulk of the galleries remaining until 1997. At that time the remaining museum closed temporarily before part reopened elsewhere as the Immigration Museum in 1998, and the rest as the Melbourne Museum in 2000.

The Library underwent major refurbishments between 1990 and 2004, designed by architects Ancher Mortlock & Woolley. The project cost approximately A$200 million.

In 1995, the north-west courtyard next to the dome was glassed in to become a reading room (and later the Genealogy Centre, and now the Conversation Quarter). In 1998, the north-east courtyard was glassed in to become the Newspaper Reading Room (and is now the Ideas Quarter).

The NGV returned to the Library building from 1999–2002, occupying the Russell Street halls while its St Kilda Road buildings were renovated.

The reading room closed in 1999 to allow for renovation, when the skylights were reinstated.

By the late 1990s, on Sundays between 2.30 pm and 5.30 pm, a speakers' forum took place on the library forecourt. Orators took turns in speaking on various subjects, and it was a popular location for protest meetings and a rallying point for marches.

21st century

A building redevelopment included the creation of a number of exhibition spaces which opened between 2001 and 2003. Some of these are used to house permanent exhibitions The Mirror of the World: Books and Ideas and The Changing Face of Victoria, as well as a display from the Pictures Collection in the Cowen Gallery. As a result of the redevelopment, State Library Victoria could now be considered one of the largest exhibiting libraries in the world.

The now renamed La Trobe Reading Room reopened in 2003. Also in 2003, the final dome-side courtyards were enclosed and become the Arts Reading Room (now the Create Quarter) and Experimedia (now Pauline Gandell Children's Quarter).

In February 2010, the southern wing of the library building on Little Lonsdale Street was reopened as the Wheeler Centre, part of Melbourne's city of literature initiative.

In 2015 the Library embarked on a five-year,  million redevelopment project, Vision 2020, to transform its public spaces, programs and facilities to better meet the changing needs of the community. On 29 April 2015 the Minister for Creative Industries Martin Foley announced that the 2015–16 State Budget would provide  million towards the redevelopment of State Library Victoria, including the restoration of the Queen's Hall, the creation of a rooftop garden terrace, a dedicated children's and youth space, and the opening up 40 per cent more of the building to the public. In late 2017, the library's contribution of  million from donations was eventually raised. In September 2018, the main Swanston Street entrance was temporarily closed and replaced by the newly refurbished Russell Street and La Trobe Street entrances.

In December 2019 the Library officially completed its Vision 2020 redevelopment project. A huge amount of space left vacant for nearly 20 years was again open to the public.

Forecourt

The grassy lawn in front of the library's grand entrance on Swanston Street is a popular lunch-spot for the city's workers and students at the adjacent RMIT University. Originally enclosed by a picket fence, then by a wrought iron fence and gates in the 1870s, the space was opened up with the removal of the fence and the creation of diagonal paths in 1939.

The forecourt includes a number of statues. A pair of bronze lions flanked the entry from the 1860s until they were removed in 1937 due to deterioration. A memorial statue of Sir Redmond Barry, Q.C., by James Gilbert and built by Percival Ball was installed on the central landing of the main stairs in 1887. Flanking the entrance plaza are Saint George and the Dragon, by the English sculptor Sir Joseph Edgar Boehm, installed in 1889 and Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc), a replica of the statue by French sculptor Emmanuel Frémiet, installed in 1907. World War I commemorative statues 'Wipers' and 'The Driver' were at the centre points of the 1939 diagonal paths, but were relocated to the ground of the Shrine of Remembrance in 1998. A statue of Charles La Trobe, by Australian sculptor Peter Corlett, was installed in 2006 in the north east corner of the lawn.

In 2012, the Dromkeen Foundation and Scholastic Australia gifted the entire Dromkeen Collection, along with the Dromkeen archive, to State Library Victoria. The collection includes a number of sculptures featuring children's book characters that are installed in the Library forecourt.

The forecourt is often used for rallies and protests.

Reading rooms and other spaces

The dome (La Trobe Reading Room and Dome Gallery)

The landmark Domed Reading Room was opened in 1913, and was designed by Norman G. Peebles of Bates Smart. Its octagonal space was designed to hold over a million books and up to 600 readers. It is 34.75 metres in both diameter and height, and its oculus is nearly 5 metres wide. The dome was the largest in the world on completion.

In 2003, the area under the dome was officially renamed the La Trobe Reading Room, and now houses the Library's Australiana collection, previously held in the 1965 La Trobe Building. The Dome Gallery in Level 4 houses the free permanent exhibition "World of the book". Level 5 housed the long-running exhibition "The changing face of Victoria" until its closure on 6 February 2022. Level 6 provides visitors with a view of the reading room below.

The dome is also home to the Victorian Indigenous Research Centre.

The Ian Potter Queen's Hall
The central portion of the Ian Potter Queen's Hall opened in 1856 as the Library's original reading room, above the ground floor rooms below. After the opening of the larger Domed Reading Room in 1913, it was less used. In 1915, it became the home of the Industrial and Technological Museum, which remained here until 1969. It became a reading room of the Library again at this time. It closed to the public in 2003 due to disrepair before being renovated and reopening in 2019 as a mixed-use study space containing Victorian young adult literature. After hours, the Ian Potter Queen's Hall functions as a special events venue.

Redmond Barry Reading Room

Located at the eastern end of the library, the Redmond Barry Reading Room is home to the library's contemporary collection of books, magazines and periodicals with the mezzanine housing folio-size books and providing additional independent study desks. It was built in 1893 as the home for the Industrial and Technological Museum. It became home to the National Museum of Victoria (now Melbourne Museum) from 1899 to 1997, and was known as McCoy Hall during this time.

Heritage Collections Reading Room
This closed-access reading room provides a space to view heritage collection materials. There are 14 historical pendant lamps hanging off the ceiling and a detailed ceramic embossed wall and ceiling. Map bags are the only collection of materials held in HCRR and consist of copies of maps of metropolitan Melbourne between the 1800s to 1900s and can be viewed without appointment, for all other collections entry to the Heritage Collections Reading Room is by appointment only.

Arts Reading Room
The library maintains an extensive, world-class collection of books, periodicals, recordings and other materials pertaining to art, music and the performing arts. The Arts Reading Room is located beside the Newspaper and Family History Reading Room at the eastern end of the building, and contains workspaces for quiet study and AV equipment for providing access to the library's vast array of AV resources.

Newspaper and Family History Reading Rooms
Relocated beside the Redmond Barry Reading room in 2018, this room contains a comprehensive collection of Victorian newspaper titles on microfilm, as well as some interstate titles. Modern microfilm machines enable patrons to save images of newspapers to USB memory stick. Physical copies of current Victorian newspapers are available for use, with three months' worth stored onsite. Services related to family history include a vast collection of microfilm and microfiche, printed references, databases and biographies. Research tools for newspaper and family history research include computers, printers and scanners, with a specialist librarian available for reference inquiries. For many years this room was known as the McArthur Gallery.

Other spaces

Other public spaces include the Swanston Street Welcome Zone, The Quad (including StartSpace, Conversation Quarter, Create Quarter, Ideas Quarter and Pauline Gandel Children's Quarter), Isabella Fraser Room, Cowen Gallery (formerly Stawell Gallery), South Rotunda, North Rotunda, Conference Centre, Village Roadshow Theatrette, Keith Murdoch Gallery, Hansen Hall, Victoria Gallery and Russell Street Welcome Zone.

The building also contains the Wheeler Centre, which is open to the public.

Collections and services

Exhibitions
The Library has a permanent exhibition, World of the Book. The exhibition features more than 300 rare, remarkable, historically significant items in the State Collection, celebrating the unique place books have in our culture.The Library also mounts special exhibitions of the Library collection and of international loans. 2022-23's The Rest Is Up To You: Melbourne Fringe Festival 1982-2042 was the Library's most popular exhibition on record. It was co-curated with the Melbourne Fringe Festival and featured innovative display of oral history recordings about the festival in celebration of its 40th anniversary, as well as items from the Melbourne Fringe archive held by the Library. In 2023, MIRROR: New views on photography was the first exhibition at an Australian cultural institution to embed sign language throughout. The exhibition showcases over 140 photographs from the State Collection, alongside creative responses from emerging and established Victorian storytellers.
In October 2023, the Library opened Luminous: A thousand years of Hebrew manuscripts. This is the third in a series of exhibitions at the Library featuring major international loans and about the significance of books and the written word to various cultures. Luminous follows The Medieval Imagination in 2008, which looked at European manuscripts, and 2012's Love and Devotion, which focused on Persian manuscripts.

The Library's first born-digital exhibition was launched in 2023. Beyond the Book: A journey through the Treasures of the Emmerson Collection used state-of-the-art photogrammetry techniques to digitally capture rare books about the English Civil War in extreme detail. The exhibition was the result of an Australian Research Council linkage project. The Library worked with the Australian National University, the University of Newcastle and the Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka.

Events
The Library's contemporary and heritage spaces are often used for major cultural events, such as Melbourne Writers Festival, Melbourne Fashion Week, Art After Dark, Blak & Bright Literary Festival and YIRRAMBOI.

Ask a Librarian
State Library Victoria offers a free reference enquiry service called Ask a Librarian. Onsite and online visitors to the Library can seek help with research questions including family history research.

eResources
Many of the library's eResources are available from home to any Victorian registered as a State Library Access member. Databases include multi-subject magazine and journal article databases; newspaper archives of most major Australian and international papers; and specialist subject databases. There are thousands of eBooks in the Library's collection.

Photographs
The library's collection numbers 1,253,543 photographs. These have been subject to an extensive digitising program. Out-of-copyright images, that do not have cultural sensitivities, are made available as freely downloadable TIF format.

The La Trobe Journal
This publication was founded by the Friends of State Library Victoria in 1968 to promote interest in the Library's Australiana collection (then housed in the "La Trobe Library"). In 1998, the State Library Victoria Foundation became the sponsor of the journal, enabling the publication to expand considerably. From 2014 the journal has been published by State Library Victoria and is published once a year in December.

Chess Collection
The library houses a wide range of materials dedicated to the history, study and practice of chess. It contains a collection of items from the Anderson Chess Collection, one of the three largest public chess collections in the world. In addition to bookshelves containing an extensive range of books and periodicals relating to chess, the room has game tables with chessboards and pieces, and a few glass cabinets containing historical chess paraphernalia. The Chess Room was closed in February 2017 with collections temporarily moved to the LaTrobe Reading Room. In 2019, the chess collection and game sets were relocated to the renovated Ian Potter Queen's Hall.

National eDeposit (NED)
As a member library of National and State Libraries Australia (NSLA), the organisation collaborated on the creation of the national edeposit (NED) system, which enables publishers from all over Australia to upload electronic publications as per the 2016 amendment to the Copyright Act 1968 and other regional legislation relating to legal deposit, and makes these publications publicly accessible online (depending on access conditions) from anywhere via Trove. As CEO of State Library Victoria and Chair of NSLA, Kate Torney played an important role on the steering committee, which met 100 times during the two-year build phase of the project.

In popular culture
The exterior of the Library is prominently featured at the conclusion of the post-World War III-set movie On the Beach.

Rock band Faker shot the music video for their 2005 single "Hurricane" in the La Trobe Reading Room.

The La Trobe Reading Room is the setting for a confrontation between Justin Theroux's character Kevin Garvey and a librarian in the fourth episode of the third season of the critically acclaimed HBO drama series The Leftovers.

Parts of the Library were used for the SBS series Safe Home.

Gallery

See also

Edmund la Touche Armstrong
Museums Victoria
National Gallery of Victoria
Architecture of Melbourne
List of heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne
Victorian architecture

References

External links

State Library Victoria's Official Website
Wheeler Centre
 State Library Victoria Foundation
The history of the State Library Victoria State Library Victoria accessed 23 March 2015.
Inside a dog
Virtual tour of the State Library Victoria provided by Google Arts & Culture

Libraries in Melbourne
Buildings and structures in Melbourne City Centre
Victoria, State
Archives in Australia
Deposit libraries
Photo archives in Australia
Library buildings completed in 1913
Landmarks in Melbourne
Heritage-listed buildings in Melbourne
1854 establishments in Australia
Neoclassical architecture in Australia
Research libraries in Australia
Libraries established in 1854

State Library Victoria


بلدية أرمنيون (بالإسبانية: Armiñón) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة ألافا التابعة لإقليم الباسك شمال إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية أرمنيون 229 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 قائمة البلديات في ألافا.

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية أرمنيون

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة ألافا
بلديات ألافا

أرمنيون (ألافا)


Tampereen Ilves (eller FC Ilves) er en finsk fodboldklub fra byen Tampere. Ilves spiller i den finske liga .

Historiske slutplaceringer

Noter

Fodboldklubber i Finland
Etableret i 1931
Tampere

FC Ilves


Caoimhín Odhrán Kelleher (Cork, 23 de novembro de 1998) é um futebolista irlandês que atua como goleiro. Atualmente, defende o .

Carreira
Kelleher chegou às categorias de base do  em 2015, vindo do Ringmahon Rangers. Foi utilizado em algumas partidas da pré-temporada de 2018–19, e em agosto de 2018 assinou um novo contrato com os Reds, que o relacionou para a final da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA contra o Tottenham como terceiro goleiro. Embora não tivesse atuado, foi o 12º jogador irlandês a sagrar-se campeão europeu e o primeiro de seu país a fazê-lo em uma década.

Com a ausência do titular Alisson na Supercopa da UEFA de 2019 (foi substituído pelo espanhol Adrián), o irlandês ficou novamente como terceira opção apesar de estar se recuperando de uma cirurgia no pulso, acompanhando a vitória dos Reds nos pênaltis por 5 a 4 após empate por 2 a 2 contra o . A estreia de Kelleher como titular foi em setembro do mesmo ano, pela terceira fase da Copa da Liga Inglesa, contra o Milton Keynes Dons, onde o Liverpool venceu por 2 a 0. Foi também utilizado em outras 2 partidas da Copa da Liga e em um jogo da Copa da Inglaterra, além de ter feito parte do time que venceu a Premier League, como quarto goleiro, mas não foi inscrito para o Mundial de Clubes da FIFA, sendo preterido pelo veterano Andy Lonergan.

O primeiro jogo na Premier League foi contra o Wolverhampton Wanderers, em dezembro de 2020, 5 dias depois de ter atuado contra o  pela Liga dos Campeões. O irlandês se destacou ao garantir a meta do Liverpool invicta na vitória por 1 a 0, uma semana após completar 22 anos. Agradado com as atuações do goleiro, o técnico Jürgen Klopp anunciou que Kelleher seria promovido a reserva imediato de Alisson. Em junho de 2021, o irlandês assinou um novo contrato com o Liverpool, válido até 2026.

Na Copa da Liga Inglesa de 2021–22, foi o titular na vitória do Liverpool sobre o  por 11 a 10 na decisão por pênaltis, após empate sem gols no tempo normal e na prorrogação - a última cobrança dos Reds foi de Kelleher, que deslocou Kepa Arrizabalaga (o espanhol, que entrara no lugar de Édouard Mendy no final da prorrogação, foi o único jogador a errar o cute).

Carreira internacional
Entre 2014 e 2019, Kelleher fez parte das seleções de base da República da Irlanda, chegando a ser convocado para um amistoso do time principal em novembro de 2018 contra a Dinamarca, porém não entrou em campo.

Seu primeiro jogo pela Seleção Irlandesa foi em junho de 2021, entrando como substituto no empate sem gols contra a Hungria.

Vida pessoal
É irmão mais novo de Fiacre Kelleher, que também é futebolista profissional. Outros 3 irmãos do goleiro também seguem carreira esportiva, mas no hurling.

Estatísticas

 a. Jogos da Liga dos Campeões da UEFA de 2020–21.

Títulos
 Liverpool
 Liga dos Campeões da UEFA: 2018–19
 Supercopa da UEFA: 2019
 Copa da Liga Inglesa: 2021–22
 Copa da Inglaterra: 2021–22

Ligações externas

Naturais de Cork
Goleiros da Irlanda
Futebolistas do Liverpool F.C.
Jogadores da Seleção Irlandesa de Futebol

Caoimhín Kelleher


La saison 2022 du Championnat de Colombie féminin de football (Liga Femenina Dimayor 2022) est la sixième saison du championnat. Le Deportivo Cali, vainqueur la saison précédente, remet son titre en jeu.

Format
Le championnat est disputé par 17 équipes. Lors de la première phase, ces équipes s'affrontent chacune une fois dans une poule unique.

À l'issue de cette phase de groupes, les huit meilleures équipes se qualifient pour une phase à élimination directe. Les équipes s'affrontent alors en matches aller-retour.

Équipes participantes

Agglomération de Bogota:La EquidadFortaleza CEIFMillonariosIndependiente Santa Fe

Résultats

Saison régulière

Tournoi final

( ) = Tirs au but; [ ] = Match d'appui; ap = Après prolongation; e = Victoire grâce aux buts marqués à l'extérieur; f = Victoire par forfait

Bilan

Statistiques

Meilleures buteuses
Source.

Notes et références

Liens externes

  dimayor.com.co

2022
Colombie feminin
Football

Championnat de Colombie féminin de football 2022


O prêmio de Futebolista sul-americano do ano de 2021, chamado de Rei da América, foi organizado pelo jornal uruguaio El País. O argentino Julián Álvarez, do River Plate, foi eleito vencedor com 28% dos votos. A definição ocorreu pela votação de mais de 200 jornalistas.

Os três finalistas

Seleção do ano

Treinador do ano

2021 no futebol
Prémios de futebol da América do Sul

Futebolista sul-americano do ano 2021


The 8th (King's) Regiment of Foot, also referred to in short as the 8th Foot and the King's, was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1685 and retitled the King's (Liverpool Regiment) on 1 July 1881.

As infantry of the line, the 8th (King's) peacetime responsibilities included service overseas in garrisons ranging from British North America, the Ionian Islands, India, and the British West Indies. The duration of these deployments varied considerably, sometimes exceeding a decade; its first tour of North America began in 1768 and ended in 1785.

The regiment served in numerous conflicts during its existence, notably in the wars with France that dominated the 18th and 19th centuries, the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Indian rebellion of 1857 (historically referred to as the "Indian Mutiny" by Britain). As a consequence of Childers reforms, the 8th became the King's (Liverpool Regiment). A pre-existing affiliation with the city had derived from its depot being situated in Liverpool from 1873 because of the earlier Cardwell reforms.

History
The regiment formed as the Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Foot during a rebellion in 1685 by the Duke of Monmouth against King James II. After James was deposed during the "Glorious Revolution" that installed William III and Mary II as co-monarchs, the regiment's commanding officer, the Duke of Berwick, decided to join his royal father in exile. His replacement as commanding officer was Colonel John Beaumont, who had earlier been dismissed with six officers for refusing to accept a draft of Catholics.

It took part in the Siege of Carrickfergus in Ireland in 1689 and in the Battle of the Boyne the following year. Further actions, while under the command of John Churchill (later 1st Duke of Marlborough) took place that year involving the regiment during the sieges of Limerick, Cork and Kinsale.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

For almost a decade, the regiment undertook garrison duties in England, Ireland, and the Dutch United Provinces, where it paraded for King William on Breda Heath in September 1701. On the accession of Princess Anne to the throne in 1702, the regiment became the Queen's Regiment of Foot, although it continued to be referred to as Webb's Regiment per an unofficial army convention that had a unit known by the name of its colonel. The War of the Spanish Succession, predicated on a dispute between a "Grand Alliance" and France over who would succeed Charles II of Spain, reached the Low Countries in April 1702. While Dutch marshal Prince Walrad took the initiative and besieged Kaiserswerth, the French Marshal duc de Boufflers forced Walrad's colleague, the Earl of Athlone, to withdraw deep into the Dutch Republic. Supporting Athlone's army, the Queen's Regiment fought near Nijmegen in a rearguard action during the Dutch Army's retreat between the Maas and Rhine rivers. John Churchill, Earl (later Duke) of Marlborough, ranked as Captain-General with limited authority over Dutch forces, arrived in the Low Countries soon afterwards to assume control of a multi-national army organised by the Grand Alliance. He invaded the French-controlled Spanish Netherlands and presided over a series of sieges at Venlo, Roermond, Stevensweert, and Liège, in which the regiment's grenadier company breached the citadel. After a lull during the winter, Marlborough struggled to retain the cohesion of his army against the inclination of Dutch generals to divide his resources, while the army itself experienced a reverse at Liège in 1703.

Later in the year, the regiment assisted in the capture of Huy and Limbourg, but the campaigns in 1702 and 1703 nevertheless "were largely indecisive". To aid the beleaguered Austrian Habsburgs and preserve the alliance, Marlborough sought to engage the French in a definitive set-piece battle in 1704 by advancing into Bavaria, an ally of France, and combining his force with that of Prince Eugene. As an army of 40,000 men assembled, Marlborough's elaborate programme of deception concealed his intentions from the French. The army invaded Bavaria on 2 July and promptly captured the Schellenberg after a devastating assault that included a contingent from the Queen's. On 13 August, the Allies encountered a Franco-Bavarian army under the overall command of the duc de Tallard, beginning the Battle of Blenheim. The Queen's Regiment, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Sutton, supported General Lord Cutts' left wing, opposite to French-held Blenheim. According to a contemporary account by Francis Hare, Chaplain-General of Marlborough's army, the Queen's secured a French-constructed "barrier" to prevent it being used as a route of escape, taking hundreds prisoner in its vicinity. Blenheim had become congested with French soldiers and its streets filled with dead and wounded. About 13,000 French soldiers eventually surrendered, including Tallard, while the collective carnage caused more than 30,000 soldiers to become casualties.

The effective collapse of Bavaria as a French ally and the capture of its most significant fortresses followed Blenheim by year's end. After a period of recuperation and reinforcement in Nijmegen and Breda, the Queen's returned to active service during the Allies' attempted invasion of France, via the Moselle, in May 1705. In June, French Marshal Villeroi captured Huy and besieged Liège, forcing Marlborough to abort a campaign that lacked appreciable Allied support. The regiment became detached from Marlborough's army to assist in the retaking of Huy before rejoining for the subsequent attack on the Lines of Brabant Although the lines were overcome, French resistance, combined with opposition among some Dutch generals and adverse weather conditions, prevented much exploitation. The Queen's helped to seize Neerwinden, Neerhespen, and the bridge at Elixheim.

In May 1706, Villeroi, pressured by King Louis XIV to atone for France's earlier defeats, initiated an offensive in the Low Countries by crossing the Dyle river. Marlborough engaged Villeroi's army near Ramillies on 23 May. Along with 11 battalions and 39 squadrons of cavalry under Lord Orkney, the Queen's fought initially in what transpired to be a feint attack on the left flank of the French lines. The feint convinced Villeroi to divert troops from the centre, while Marlborough had to use representatives to repeatedly instruct Orkney not to continue the attack. Most of Orkney's battalions, including the Queen's, redeployed to support Marlborough on the left. By 19:00, the Franco-Bavarian army had completely disintegrated. For the remainder of 1706, the Allies systematically captured towns and fortresses, including Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, and Ghent. The regiment fought its last siege of 1706 at Menin, one of the most formidably defended fortresses in Europe.

The threat of a French-supported Jacobite uprising in Scotland arose in 1708 and the Queen's was among those regiments recalled to Britain. Once the Royal Navy intercepted an invasion fleet off the English coast, the regiment returned to the Low Countries, disembarking at Ostend. The French later returned to the offensive, attacking Flanders and capturing territory that had been lost in 1706. Marlborough had positioned his forces near Brussels, anticipating that an offensive might be directed against the city, and had to march his army  over a period of two days. On 11 July, Marlborough led an Allied army against Bourgogne, grandson of King Louis, and Marshal Vendôme's 100,000–man army at the Battle of Oudenarde. The Queen's joined an advanced contingent under Lord Cadogan which crossed the Scheldt, via pontoon bridges assembled near Oudenarde, as a prelude to the arrival of the main army. While elements of the main army began to arrive at the bridges, Cadogan advanced on the village of Eyne and swiftly overwhelmed an isolated group of four Swiss mercenary battalions; three surrendered and the fourth attempted to withdraw but was intercepted by Jørgen Rantzau's cavalry. To signify the surrender, the commanding officer of the Queen's received some of their colours. The regiment soon became engaged in battle near the village of Herlegem, fighting through the hedges until darkness. Cadogan's precarious situation only began to alleviate by the deployment of the Duke of Argyll's reinforcements.

The Queen's became occupied by a succession of sieges: at Ghent, Bruges, and Lillie. In 1709, the regiment assisted in the protracted Siege of Tournai, which capitulated in September. On the 11th, the regiment fought in the bloodiest battle of the war: Malplaquet. After being committed from reserve in the battle's closing stages, the regiment advanced under heavy fire and fought through dense wood, having Lieutenant-Colonel Louis de Ramsay killed. The memoirs of Private Matthew Bishop, of the Queen's Regiment, contained an account that recalled: "the French were well prepared to give us a warm salute. It soon broke us in a terrible manner, though our vacancies were quickly filled up...when we got clear of the dead and wounded, we ran upon them and returning their fire, even broke them out of the breast-work."

In 1710, the regiment was represented at the sieges of Douai, Béthune, Aire and St. Venant.

Jacobites and renewed European conflict (1715–1768)

Rebellion against the Hanoverian King George I began in 1715 by Jacobite supporters of James Stuart, "Old Pretender" to the throne of Great Britain. As unrest escalated in Britain, the Queen's Regiment arrived in Scotland and became absorbed by a Government army under the Duke of Argyll. Although numerically superior, the Jacobite army did not begin an advance south until November because of the caution of their leader, the Earl of Mar. The Duke of Argyll moved north from Stirling and positioned his forces in the vicinity of Dunblane on 12 November. On the morning of the 13th, in conditions that had frozen the ground during the night, the Battle of Sheriffmuir began.

The Queen's Regiment formed part of General Thomas Whetham's left wing. Confused troop movements led to both it and the Jacobite left being weaker than the corresponding right wing. While Whetham's men attempted to readjust their dispositions, a mass of Highlanders began a rapid charge. Entwined in hand-to-hand combat within minutes, the sides fought until Whetham's men broke and retreated in disarray. The Queen's had 111 killed, including Lieutenant-Colonel Hanmer, 14 wounded, and 12 captured. The remnants withdrew from the battlefield until almost upon Stirling. Without cavalry support, the Jacobite left also broke, and the Earl of Mar abandoned the area at nightfall.

In 1716 at the behest of George I, to honour the regiment's service at Sheriffmuir, the Queen's became the King's Regiment of Foot, with the White Horse of Hanover (symbol of the Royal Household) as its badge.

The King's remained in Scotland until 1717, by which time the Jacobite uprising had been suppressed. The regiment served in Ireland between May 1717 and May 1721 and between winter 1722 and spring 1727. The regiment embarked to Flanders in winter 1742 for service in the War of the Austrian Succession. It fought at the Battle of Dettingen in June 1743 where, despite the French enjoying superiority in numbers, Britain and its Allies defeated an army under the duc de Noailles. The regiment also took part in the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745: the King's Regiment was positioned in the frontline of the Duke of Cumberland's army but a retreat was eventually ordered.

In 1745, Prince Charles Edward (popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie) landed in Scotland, seeking to restore the Stuarts to the British throne. The regiment did not become committed to battle until the Battle of Falkirk in January 1746. The regiment was part of the left wing of the front line of the army, under the command of Lieutenant-General Henry Hawley. After a failed attack by dragoons of Hawley's army, the Highlanders loyal to Prince Charles charged the Government forces, compelling the left wing of the army to withdraw while the right wing held. The rebels and Government armies both withdrew from the battlefield by night-time. The regiment also fought in the Battle of Culloden in April 1746. Once the impetuous Highlanders charged and overcame the initial volley of fire, vicious hand-to-hand fighting ensued with Hawley's men. The King's provided cross-fire support, firing across the front-line and into the Highlanders. The regiment sustained a single, severely wounded casualty.

The King's fought in the Battle of Rocoux in October 1746 and the Battle of Lauffeld in July 1747. In the latter, the King's and three other regiments became embroiled in a protracted struggle through the avenues of Val. Control of the village fluctuated throughout the battle until the Allies retreated before overwhelming numbers.

The British Army implemented a numbering system in 1751 to reflect the seniority of a regiment by its date of creation, with the King's becoming the 8th (King's) Regiment of Foot in the order of precedence. The beginning of the Seven Years' War, which would encompass Europe and its colonial possessions, necessitated the 8th's expansion to two battalions, amounting to a total of 20 companies. Both battalions formed part of an expedition in 1757 that captured Île d'Aix, an island off the western coast of France, as a precursor to a planned seizure of the mainland garrison town of Rochefort. The 2nd Battalion became the 63rd Regiment of Foot in 1758.

When the regiment augmented the Hanoverian Army in 1760, the 8th King's had its grenadier company committed to the battles of Warburg and Kloster Kampen. As a complete regiment, the 8th served at Kirch-Denkern, Paderborn, Wilhelmsthal, and the capture of Cassel.

American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
The 8th Foot arrived in Canada in 1768 and had its ten companies dispersed to garrison isolated posts on the Great Lakes: Fort Niagara (four), Fort Detroit (three), Fort Michilimackinac (two), and Fort Oswego (one). As the regiment's deployment appeared to near completion, protests in the eastern colonies began to intensify, evolving from vocal concerns about self-determination and taxation without representation, to rebellion against Britain in 1775.

During its posting, the 8th Foot possessed a number of officers adept in cultivating a relationship with tribes on the Great Lakes, notable amongst them being Captain Arent DePeyster and Lieutenant John Caldwell. Later to become 5th Baronet of County Fermanagh's Caldwell Castle, Caldwell immersed himself in his efforts to foster understanding between the British and Ojibwa, reputedly marrying a member of the tribe and becoming a chief under the adopted name of "The Runner". In the west, Captain DePeyster's negotiations proved instrumental in maintaining peace between the British and tribes such as the Mohawk and Ojibwa nations. Born into a prominent New York City family of Dutch origin, DePeyster held authority over Fort Michilimackinac. In 1778, using £19,000 of goods as leverage, he arranged for more than 550 warriors from several tribes to serve in Montreal and Ottawa.

The invasion of Canada by American generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold began in mid-1775. By the end of November, the Americans had captured Fort St. Jean, Montreal, and Fort Chambly, and besieged the city of Quebec. An attempt to storm it in December resulted in Montgomery's death. Reinforcements from Europe raised the siege in May 1776 and expelled the almost starved and exhausted Americans from the area. After the lifting of the siege, a small party from the 8th Foot led the regiment to its first significant battle in the war.

From Fort Oswegatchie, Captain George Forster, of the regiment's light company, led a composite force, including 40 regulars and about 200 warriors, across the St. Lawrence River to attack Fort Cedars, held by 400 Americans under Timothy Bedel. Forster maintained illicit contact with occupied Montreal, and received intelligence of American troop movements using Indian operatives and Major de Lorimier. On arriving at the fort on 18 May, the British briefly exchanged fire before Forster parleyed with Bedel's successor, Major Isaac Butterfield, to request his surrender and warn him of the consequences should Indian warriors be committed to battle. Butterfield, whose men had apparently been disconcerted by an earlier display of Indian war chanting, expressed a willingness to do so on the proviso of being allowed to retire with his weapons – a condition that Forster refused.

Butterfield conceded the fort on the 19th, on the day an American relief force of about 150 resumed its advance on the Cedars, having previously reembarked aboard bateaux because of exaggerated scout reports. Once he learned of the column's presence, Forster had a detachment ambush the Americans from positions astride the only available path through the forest. The relief's commander, Major Sherburne, surrendered, but the engagement infuriated the Indian contingent as the Allies' only fatality was a Seneca war chief. Forster managed to dissuade them from executing the prisoners by paying substantial ransoms for some of the captives as compensation for the loss.

Emboldened by the two victories, the British landed at Pointe-Claire, on the Island of Montreal, only to withdraw after Forster established the strength of General Benedict Arnold's force at Lachine. In pursuit of a dwindling column, Arnold followed the British using bateaux, but was deterred from landing by Forster's placement of men along the embankment at Quinze-Chênes, supported by two captured cannon pieces. On the 27th, Forster sent Sherburne under a flag of truce to inform Arnold that terms to a prisoner exchange favourable to the British had been agreed upon. Arnold accepted the conditions, with the exception of Americans being forbidden from serving elsewhere. Both Arnold and Forster had postured during the battle, each threatening the other with the prospect of atrocities: the killing of prisoners by Forster's Indian allies and the destruction of Indian villages by Arnold's men. The exchange would be denounced by the American Second Continental Congress and the arrangement reneged upon under the pretext that abuses had been committed by Forster's men.

In late July 1777, the regiment contributed Captain Richard Leroult and 100 men to the Siege of Fort Stanwix. Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Barry St. Leger, 34th Foot, the force ambushed the American troops at the Battle of Oriskany in August 1777: however a few weeks later the siege collapsed with the disappearance of the dis-spirited native allies.

The regiment took part in further actions at Vincennes and the Battle of Newtown (Elmira, New York) in 1779, as well as the Mohawk Valley in 1780 and Kentucky in 1782. Captain Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment led a British and Native American siege of Fort Laurens in 1779. In 1780, he led an invasion of Kentucky, capturing two "stations" (fortified settlements) and returning to Detroit with 300 prisoners. The regiment returned to England in September 1785.

French Revolutionary War
In 1793, revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain. The King's became assigned to an expeditionary force sent to the Netherlands under the command of Prince Frederick, Duke of York. In 1794, the regiment attempted to lift the French Siege of Nijmegen. The allies planned a nocturnal attack, with the march conducted without audible commotion. The force leapt into the French earthworks, with hand-to-hand fighting ensuing. Despite the success, the town of Nijmegen was soon evacuated and the British withdrew from the Netherlands in 1795.

In 1799, the King's became resident on Menorca, which had been captured from Spain the previous year. In 1801, the regiment landed at Abukir Bay, Egypt, with an expedition sent under the command of General Ralph Abercromby to counter a French invasion. The King's participated in the capture of Rosetta, 65 miles west of Alexandria, and a fort located in Romani. The British completed the occupation of Egypt by September.

Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812
The regiment was sent to Gibraltar in 1802 and returned to England in 1803. It landed at Cuxhaven in Germany in October 1805 as part of the Hanover Expedition, but was withdrawn in February 1806 before taking part in the Battle of Copenhagen in August 1807.

The 1st Battalion moved to Canada in 1808 as the Napoleonic Wars extended to the Americas. Within a year, in January 1809, the battalion had embarked at Barbados with an expeditionary force comprising two divisions assembled to invade Martinique. Although a number of engagements with the French garrison preceded the island's seizure, disease represented the principal threat to Britain's five-year occupation. By October 1809, some 1,700 of more than 2,000 casualties had succumbed to disease. The 8th Foot returned to Nova Scotia in April, having had its commanding officer, Major Bryce Maxwell, and four others killed in a skirmish with French soldiers on the Surirey Heights during the advance on Fort Desaix in February. When sustained tension between the United States and Britain culminated in the War of 1812, the 1st and 2nd battalions were based in Quebec and Nova Scotia respectively.

Sporadic raids into Canada on the eastern frontier provided impetus for a former regimental officer, Lieutenant-Colonel "Red" George MacDonnell, to encroach into New York State and attack Ogdensburg in February 1813. To reach their destination, the 8th Foot and Canadian militia had to traverse across the frozen St. Lawrence River and through dense snow. After gaining control of the fort following close-quarters battle, the British destroyed the main barracks and three anchored vessels, and departed with provisions and prisoners. Ogdensburg would not be reestablished as a frontier garrison, ensuring relative peace in the region.

In April 1813, two companies of the 8th, elements of the Canadian militia, and Native American allies attempted to repulse an American attack on York (present-day Toronto). As the Americans landed on the shoreline, the grenadier company engaged them in a bayonet charge with 46 killed, including its commanding officer, Captain Neal McNeale. The Americans nevertheless overwhelmed the area but subsequently incurred 250 casualties, notably General Zebulon Pike, when retreating British regulars detonated Fort York's Grand Magazine.

While garrisoning Fort George, at Newark (present day Niagara-on-the-Lake), in May 1813 with companies of the Glengarries and Runchey's Company of Coloured Men, the 8th Foot attempted to disrupt an amphibious landing by the Americans. Although numerically inferior, the British delayed the invasion and retreated without disorder. In June 1813, the 8th and 49th regiments assaulted an American encampment at Stoney Creek. Five companies from the two British regiments engaged more than 4,000 Americans in a nocturnal battle. Although the Americans had two brigadiers captured and suffered losses, the British commander, Colonel John Harvey, considered the possibility of his opponents realising their numerical advantage too compelling to ignore and withdrew.

In July 1814 the regiment fought in the Battle of Chippawa in which the British commander General Phineas Riall retreated after he misidentified American regulars for militia. Later in the month, the regiment fought in the Battle of Lundy's Lane. The British, Canadian and Native soldiers, under the command of Lieutenant-General Gordon Drummond, engaged the American force. It was one of the bloodiest battles recorded on Canadian territory. The following month, the King's took part in the action at Snake Hill during the siege of Fort Erie. In September 1814 the Americans attacked the British posts with overwhelming force and the regiment suffered heavy losses. The King's Regiment received the battle honour 'Niagara' for its contributions to the war. The regiment landed back in England in summer 1815.

Indian rebellion and Second Afghan War

Between the end of the war and the Indian rebellion of 1857, the King's undertook a variety of duties in Bermuda, Canada, Cephalonia, Corfu, Gibraltar, Ireland, Jamaica, Malta and Zante. In 1846, the regiment began a 14-year posting to India, stationed initially in the Bombay Presidency. At the beginning of the rebellion in May 1857, the 8th Foot occupied a cantonment in Jullundur, together with three Indian regiments and two troops of horse artillery.

The complex array of motives and causes that culminated in the mutiny of much of the Bengal Army would be catalysed in 1857 by rumours that beef and pork fat was being used to grease paper rifle cartridges. Confined first to a number of Bengal regiments, the mutiny eventually manifested in some areas as a more diverse, albeit disparate, rebellion against British rule. Soon after reports were received of the first mutiny at Meerut on 10 May, the 8th's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Hartley, had two companies secure the fort of Phillaur, near Jullundur, due to the significance of its magazine stores and reports that the 3rd Bengal Native Infantry intended to seize it.

After a period of seven weeks in Jullundur, the regiment became attached to an army preparing to besiege Delhi. Because of a shortage of troops, due primarily to cholera and other diseases, several weeks elapsed before the British had attained a strength sufficient to commence operations.

In July 1857, two companies supported a position that had been under attack for seven hours. The King's participated in the capture of Ludlow Castle, in the vicinity of Kashmir Gate in the northern walls of Delhi. Grouped into the 2nd Column with the 2nd Bengal Fusiliers and 4th Sikhs, the 8th King's attacked Delhi early on 14 September with the intent of capturing the Water Bastion and Kashmiri Gate. Once the city had been secured by the British, the 8th's Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Greathed vacated his position and became commander of a column dispatched to Cawnpore. The regiment, commanded by Major Hinde, had been seriously depleted and the combined total of it and the 75th Foot numbered just 450. The regiment also took part in the second Relief of Lucknow in November, seeing much action until withdrawing, after the evacuation of civilians, on the 22nd. In an environment of systematic reprisal by the British, Captain Octavius Anson, of the 9th Lancers, recalled observing acts of punitive violence against Indian civilians, including the alleged killing of incapacitated villagers by soldiers of the 8th Foot.

The 1st Battalion was brought back to Britain in 1860. It spent the year 1865 in Dublin, Ireland, where the battalion supported garrison operations against Irish Republican activity in the city. Then, after two years in Malta, the 1st King's returned to India in 1868. where it remained for a decade. The regiment's 2nd Battalion, which had been reconstituted in 1857, was itself posted to Malta (in 1863) and India (in 1877), and met up with the 1st King's on the island and at Mundra, in the Bombay Presidency.

Within a year of the battalion's arrival in India, in November 1878, Britain invaded Afghanistan when an ultimatum to its ruler by the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton, went unanswered. Lytton's demands had followed the reluctant hosting of a Russian mission to Kabul by Sher Ali and the prevention of a similar British mission from entering Afghanistan at Ali Masjid. Though still acclimatising and consequently susceptible to fever, the 2nd King's was allocated to the Kurram Valley Field Force, under Major-General Frederick Roberts. The 2nd King's fought at the Battle of Peiwar Kotal in November 1878.

The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Peninsula Barracks, Warrington from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment. Under the reforms the regiment was renamed the King's Regiment (Liverpool) on 1 July 1881.

Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:

Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Foot
1685–1687: Col Robert Shirley, Lord Ferrers of Chartley
1687–1688: Lt-Gen James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
1688–1695: Col John Beaumont
1695–1715: Lt-Gen John Richmond Webb

Queen's Regiment of Foot
1715–1720: Brig-Gen Henry Morrison

King's Regiment of Foot
1720–1721: Sir Charles Hotham, 4th Baronet
1721–1732: Brig-Gen. John Pocock
1732–1738: Col. Charles Lenoe
1738–1745: Lt-Gen. Richard Onslow
1745–1759: Lt-Gen. Edward Wolfe

8th (The King's) Regiment
1759–1764: Major-Gen. The Hon. John Barrington
1764–1766: Lt-Gen. John Stanwix
1766–1772: Lt-Gen. Daniel Webb
1772–1794: Gen. Bigoe Armstrong
1794–1814: Gen. Ralph Dundas
1814–1825: Gen. Edmund Stevens
1825–1846: Gen. Henry Bayly, GCH
1846–1854: Gen. Sir Gordon Drummond, GCB
1854–1855: Lt-Gen. John Duffy, CB, KC
1855–1860: Gen. Roderick Macneil
1860–1861: Maj-Gen. Eaton Monins
1861–1881: Gen. Thomas Gerrard Ball

For colonels after 1881 see King's Regiment (Liverpool)

Notes

References

8-008 King's Regiment of Foot
King's Regiment (Liverpool)
1685 establishments in England
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
Military units and formations established in 1685
British military units and formations of the War of 1812

8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot


Albert Hänel (født 10. juni 1833 i Leipzig, død 15. maj 1918 i Kiel) var en tysk retslærd og politiker. Han var brorsøn af Gustav Friedrich Hänel.

Häel blev 1860 juris professor i Königsberg og 1863 i Kiel. Han var allerede i Königsberg et virksomt medlem af Nationalforeningen og af Fremskridtspartiet og optrådte 1864 ivrig for Slesvigs og Holstens løsrivelse fra Danmark, blandt andet med flere flyveskrifter. Han var senere en af lederne for det såkaldte Landsparti, der ville tilslutning til Preussen; var 1867—88 medlem af det preussiske underhus og 1867—93 samt på ny 1898—1903 af den tyske rigsdag. Han hørte til Fremskridtspartiets førere og var 1884 hovedophavsmanden til dets sammenslutning med de såkaldte Secessionister (udskilte fra det nationalliberale parti) og derved til dannelsen af det nye Frisindede parti. Han skrev Studien zum deutschen Staatsrecht (2 bind 1873—80) og Deutsches Staatsrecht (1892).

Kilder

Politikere fra Det Tyske Kejserrige
Jurister fra Tyskland
Professorer fra Tyskland
Ansatte ved Kiels Universitet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Tyskland
Tysksprogede forfattere
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Leipzig

Albert Hänel