Sąjūdis o Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis (Movimiento Reformista Lituano) fue un movimiento político, posteriormente convertido en partido político de Lituania, que lideró la lucha por la independencia lituana tras la etapa soviética, a finales de los años 80 y principios de los 90 del . Se establece el 3 de junio de 1988, con el liderazgo de Vytautas Landsbergis, que se convertiría asimismo en el primer presidente de la nueva república lituana.

Aunque tuvo una preponderancia muy importante desde su fundación y triunfó, ya constituido como partido político, en las elecciones legislativas de la Unión Soviética de 1989 y en las elecciones al Soviet Supremo de la RSS de Lituania de febrero y marzo de 1990, su heterogeneidad (que incluía desde comunistas reformistas hasta nacionalistas conservadores) acabó pasándole factura una vez conseguido su principal objetivo, la independencia lituana. Pasó a la oposición en 1992 y en 1993 acabó disolviéndose para ser el germen de otros partidos políticos, como  la Unión de la Patria-Conservadores Lituanos (Tevynes Sajunga).

Contexto histórico

A mediados de los años 80, los líderes del Partido Comunista de Lituania dudan si abrazar las políticas de perestroika y glásnost lanzadas por Mijaíl Gorbachov para la URSS. La muerte en 1987 de Petras Griškevičius, primer secretario del PC lituano, lleva al secretariado a otro comunista de la línea dura, Ringaudas Songaila. En cualquier caso, animados por la retórica de Gorbachov, la fuerza cada vez mayor de Solidaridad en Polonia, y el apoyo del Papa Juan Pablo II y el gobierno estadounidense, los activistas por la independencia de los Países Bálticos iniciaron la convocatoria de manifestaciones públicas en Riga, Tallin y Vilna.

Fundación

En un encuentro en la Academia de Ciencias Lituana el 3 de junio de 1988, intelectuales comunistas y no comunistas forman el Grupo Iniciativa Sąjūdis, (en lituano, Sąjūdžio iniciatyvinė grupė), para organizar un movimiento que apoye las políticas democratizadoras de Gorbachov. El grupo se componía de treinta y cinco miembros, la mayoría artistas. De entre ellos diecisiete eran miembros también del partido comunista. Su meta era organizar el Movimiento Reformista Sąjūdis, finalmente conocido únicamente como Sąjūdis.

Entre los fundadores se encuentran el musicólogo Vytautas Landsbergis; el científico Vaidotas Antanaitis, el ingeniero Kazimieras Antanavičius, los físicos Aleksandras Abishala y Zigmas Vaišvila, los abogados Egidijus Bičkauskas y Kazimieras Notieka, los filósofos Bronislovas Genzelis y Romualdas Ozolas, el poeta y traductor Sigitas Geda, los profesores Romas Gudaitis y Algirdas Sakalas, los médicos Valdemaras Katkus, Algirdas Saudargas, Juozas Olekas y Egidijus Klumbys, los agrónomos Vytautas Knašys y Virmantas Velikonis, el historiador y filólogo Bronislovas Kuzmickas, el psicólogo Mečys Laurinkis, el arquitecto Algimantas Nasvytis, el periodista Algimantas Cekudis, los economistas Kazimiera Prunskiene y Eduardas Vilkas, el librero Juozas Tumelis, el nacionalista Virgilijus Cepaitis y el historiador Kazimieras Uoka.

Inicialmente el movimiento no pretendía convertirse en un partido político, sino en una corriente de opinión dentro del propio Partido Comunista de Lituania, de manera similar al Rahvarinne estonio y al Frente Popular de Letonia.

Sus demandas eran variadas, e iban desde el apoyo a Gorbachov hasta la promoción de cuestiones estrictamente lituanas (como la oficialidad de su idioma), pasando por el ecologismo. Entre otras reclamaciones, piden que no se construyan las centrales químicas de Janov, Kedainiai y Mazeikiai, así como el cierre de la central nuclear de Ignalina.

En una de sus primeras convocatorias, el 24 de junio, informan a los delegados lituanos que iban a acudir al 19º Congreso del PCUS sobre las metas del movimiento. En julio, unas cien mil personas recibirán de vuelta a los delegados en el parque Vingis de Vilna. El 9 de julio se convoca una manifestación en apoyo de la lucha de Armenia por el Alto Karabaj que también cuenta con cien mil participantes.

El 23 de agosto, el movimiento condena el Pacto Ribbentrop-Mólotov y exige a Moscú que lo haga público, en el que será una de las demandas sostenidas continuadamente por el movimiento. En esta ocasión se reúne aproximadamente un cuarto de millón de personas.

El 19 de junio se publica el primer número de Sąjūdžio žinios, un periódico distribuido a través de samizdat. En septiembre publican, ya de modo legal el diario Atgimimas (Renacimiento). Más de ciento cincuenta periódicos fueron impresos contando con el apoyo de Sąjūdis.

La colaboración con los comunistas

En octubre de 1988, Sajūdis celebra su Primer Congreso con 1.121 delegados que se constituyen en Seimas (Dieta) y nombran una Mesa de doscientos veinte miembros y una dirección colegiada de treinta y cinco, que nombrará a su vez presidente a Vytautas Landsbergis. Centrarán su programa en los derechos civiles, la paz, la desnuclearización y la retirada de las tropas soviéticas del país, así como en el control de los recursos propios, la propiedad privada y la libertad de empresa.

Aunque al principio los líderes comunistas habían rechazado unirse a los objetivos del movimiento, pronto se convirtió en una necesidad política. Algirdas Brazauskas, entonces secretario de industria del PC Lituano, asistió a una manifestación de Sąjūdis en junio del 1988. En octubre se convertiría en secretario general reemplazando a Songaila. Los líderes comunistas llegaron a amenazar con tomar medidas enérgicas contra el movimiento, pero las protestas tenían un respaldo popular que lo evitó.

Hacia enero de 1989 se produce una estrecha colaboración con el Partido Comunista de Lituania. Piden un desarrollo efectivo del artículo 72 de la Constitución Soviética, que permitiría la secesión. Entre los éxitos de los nacionalistas lituanos cabe destacar:

 La enseñanza separada de la geografía e historia lituanas en las escuelas.
 La enseñanza del ruso se retrasa al tercer grado de estudios primarios.
 Negativa de apoyo financiero al tercer reactor nuclear de Ignalina.
 Reforma de la constitución lituana para darle un carácter más nacionalista.
 Emisión de programas nacionalistas en la televisión lituana.

En febrero de 1989, se reinstaura la fiesta nacional lituana del 16 de febrero y se devuelve a la iglesia católica la propiedad de las catedrales de San Pedro y San Pablo de Vilna, así como las reliquias de San Casimiro, patrón del país, hacia el mes de marzo. También se propone la creación de una moneda convertible.

Sin embargo, a finales de ese mismo mes se rompe la colaboración con el Partido Comunista lituano cuando este se niega a proclamar una Declaración de Soberanía; Sajūdis hace público un documento donde se exige la independencia, la soberanía nacional, la desnuclearización y salida del Pacto de Varsovia. El documento declaraba asimismo que Lituania había sido anexionada por la fuerza a la URSS.

El 26 de marzo de 1989 se convocan las primeras (y últimas) elecciones libres para el Congreso de Diputados del Pueblo. Los candidatos de Sąjūdis obtuvieron un magnífico resultado, en las que ganaron en treinta y seis de los cuarenta y dos escaños lituanos en juego. En julio, junto con la Liga de la Libertad de Lituania recoge un millón doscientas mil firmas de lituanos para exigir la retirada de las tropos soviéticas de Lituania. Y como conmemoración del cincuentenario del Pacto Ribbentrop-Mólotov, un millón y medio de lituanos participan en la Cadena Báltica de Vilna a Tallin, que atraviesa el territorio de las tres repúblicas. De hecho, un par de días antes, 170 miembros de Sajūdis   aprueban con sólo cinco abstenciones una declaración pidiendo "una república lituana, soberana e independiente, no sometida al sistema legislativo de la URSS".

El proceso independentista

Entre el 24 de febrero y el 4 de marzo de 1990 se celebraron las primeras elecciones democráticas en el todavía Soviet Supremo Lituano, a dos vueltas. El partido más votado es el Sąjūdis, que obtiene 101 de 141 escaños posibles. Vytautas Landsbergis es nombrado presidente y Kazimiera Prunskiene primera ministra. El día 11 de marzo, se proclama la independencia. Queda declarada la abolición de la censura, y se exige a la URSS treinta y cinco mil millones de dólares en compensaciones e indemnizaciones. También que los OMON, el KGB y el ejército cedan el control de las aduanas. Se restablece provisionalmente la constitución de 1938.

Esto provoca un conflicto no sólo con Moscú, que somete a Lituania a un bloqueo económico, sino con las minorías rusa y polaca, que reclaman su cuota de autogobierno. Ello acaba provocando la adopción de una moratoria en la declaración de independencia. En diciembre de 1990 el gobierno lituano decide no firmar el nuevo Tratado de la Unión impulsado por Mijaíl Gorbachov, y se producen doce heridos en una manifestación en Vilna que termina en enfrentamiento con el ejército. Ese mismo mes se ilegaliza el Partido Comunista prosoviético.

El 2 de enero de 1991 se acaba la moratoria, y Landsbergis decide restaurar la declaración de independencia. Moscú procedería entonces a intentar derrocar el recién establecido régimen lituano por la fuerza, lo que produciría escaramuzas que se saldarían con varias víctimas civiles a manos de paracaidistas rusos el 13 de febrero, frente a la Seimas.

Durante el resto del año y en 1991 se producen varios enfrentamientos hasta el golpe de Estado en Moscú de 19 de agosto de 1991. Cuando éste finalmente fracasa, el gobierno lituano hace efectiva la declaración de independencia, que durante el resto del año es reconocida por Estados Unidos y los diferentes estados de la Unión Europea. Lituania ingresa en la ONU el 13 de agosto de 1993.

La ruptura de Sąjūdis

El movimiento se constituye en partido político, pero se ve sacudido por conflictos internos, que provocan varias escisiones como la Unión de Centro de Lituania (LCS), en la que se integra por ejemplo el fundador Romualdas Ozolas. Así, en las elecciones legislativas de 1992 es derrotado y pasa a la oposición. En 1993 finalmente se disuelve y se constituye en Unión de la Patria (Conservadores Lituanos) (Tėvynės sąjunga/Lietuvos konservatoriai), que gana las elecciones de 1996.

Resultados electorales

Véase también
 Revolución Cantada

Bibliografía
 Vicent Partal (1991) La revuelta nacionalista en la URSS. Editorial Tres y Cuatro, Valencia
 Vicent Partal (1988) Los nacionalistas en la URSS. Editorial El Rayo, Barcelona
 Carlos Taibo (1999) Las transiciones en Europa Central y Oriental. La Catarata, Madrid
 Charles Urjewicz El espacio postsoviético: Los estados bálticos. en Anuario CIDOB, 1994. Barcelona.
 Charles Urjewicz De la URSS a la CEI, en Anuario CIDOB, 1991. Barcelona.
 Charles Urjewicz El resurgir de los nacionalismos en la Unión Soviética y en la Europa del Este, en Anuario CIDOB 1990, Barcelona.
 Charles Urjewicz Evolución de la antigua Unión Soviética, en Anuario CIDOB, 1996. Barcelona.

Referencias

Partidos políticos nacionalistas
Partidos políticos de Lituania
Partidos políticos fundados en 1988
Partidos políticos disueltos en 1993
Disolución de la Unión Soviética

Sąjūdis


JDHS  may refer to:
 Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Dutch politician and Secretary General of NATO
 Jamesville-Dewitt High School, Central New York
 Jeff Davis High School, Hazelhurst, Georgia
 John Dewey High School, Brooklyn, New York
 John Dickinson High School, Wilmington, Delaware
 Jonathan Dayton High School, Springfield, New Jersey
 Juneau-Douglas High School, Juneau, Alaska

JDHS


Hotel Transylvania: Serialul este un serial de animație de comedie de groază produs de Sony Pictures Animation și Nelvana în asociație cu Corus Entertainment. Este bazat pe și plasat înaintea evenimentelor filmului Hotel Transilvania (2012), concentrându-se pe activitățile lui Mavis și prietenii ei la Hotelul Transilvania în timp ce Dracula e plecat la Consiliul Vampirilor.

Primul sezon a avut avanpremiera pe 20 iunie 2017 în cadrul aplicației Watch Disney Channel, YouTube și VOD, apoi a avut premiera oficială pe 25 iunie 2017 în Statele Unite pe Disney Channel și pe 2 octombrie 2017 în Canada pe Teletoon. Ultimele opt episoade ale sezonului 1 au fost lansate pe Netflix pe 25 iunie 2018 înainte de premierele televizate.

Al doilea sezon a fost anunțat pe 12 septembrie 2018 și a fost difuzat între 8 octombrie 2019 și 29 octombrie 2020.

Aici este lista completă de episoade ale serialului Hotel Transilvania: Serialul.

Episoade

Referințe

Liste de episoade ale serialelor americane de televiziune

Lista episoadelor din Hotel Transilvania: Serialul


Zvijad Gamsahurdia (Gruz. ზვიად გამსახურდია; Tbilisi, 31. ožujka 1939. – Hibula, 31. prosinca 1993.) je bio gruzijski političar i državnik.

U sovjetsko doba je bio disident. Utamničen je 1978. godine, a nakon izlaska iz zatvora 1979. godine postaje vođa pokreta za neovisnost Gruzije. Bio je predsjednik parlamenta neovisne Gruzije 1990.  1991., te predsjednik republike 1991.  1992. Optužbe za korupciju i kršenje ljudskih prava dovele su do njegova smjenjivanja i građanskoga rata, u kojem je izgubio život u još nerazjašnjenim okolnostima.

Izvori

Gruzijski političari
Povijest Gruzije 1918. – 1989.
Gruzijski predsjednici

Zvijad Gamsahurdia


المقالة نوع من الأدب، هي قطعة إنشائية، ذات طول معتدل تُكتب نثراً، وتهتمُّ بالمظاهر الخارجية للموضوع بطريقة سهلةٍ سريعة، ولا تعنى إلا بالناحية التي تمسُّ الكاتب عن قرب. رأى النور في عصر النهضة الأوروبية، واتخذ مفهومه من محاولات التي أطلق عليها اسم Essais، و«الفصل» (صيد الخاطر) كما عرفه العرب أقدم رائد للمقالة في الآداب العالمية، ذلك أن الفصل في الأدب العربي قد ظهر قبل ظهور مقالات مونتاني إمام هذا الفن غير مدافع بين الأوروبيين، فقد ظهر فن المقالة لأول مرة في فرنسا سنة 1571م، ثم ظهر بعد ذلك ببضع عشرة سنة في كتابات فرانسيس بيكون، ثم أصبحت المقالة منذ ذلك الحين فناً إنجليزياً شائعاً بين قراء الإنجليزية مع سبق الفرنسيين إليه.

مفهوم المقالة
يقول مونتاني في مقدمة كتابه (محاولات أو تجارب):

يتضح في مقدمة كتاب ابن الجوزي صيد الخاطر إنما كتب هذه الفصول ليسجّل فيها خواطره التي أثارتها تجاربه وعلاقاته مع الأشياء. وهذه الخواطر ليست وليدة البحث والدرس العميق وإنما هي خواطر آنية تولد وتزول سريعاً إنْ لم تُدوّن لهذا سعى إلى تدوينها في هذا الكتاب وسمّاه (صيد الخاطر) كما سمّى فيما بعد أحمد أمين أشهر كتاب في المقالة الأدبية في الأدب العربي الحديث (فيض الخاطر) وهذا يعني أنَّ مفهوم ابن الجوزي لفصول كتابه قريب من مفهوم مونتاني لفصوله فهو جسّد فيها خواطره معلّقاً على هذا القول أو ذاك ومصوراً تجارب نفسه وعيوبها وما توصل إليه من أفكار تتعلق بالدين والحياة والمجتمع.

يقول ابن الجوزي في مقدمة (صيد الخاطر):

عناصر المقالة
للمقال ثلاثة عناصر المادة والأسلوب والخطة.
 الخطة: وهي مقدمة، وعرض، وخاتمة.
 المادة: مجموعة الأفكار، والآراء، والحقائق، والمعارف والنظريات، والتأملات، والتصورات، والمشاهد، والتجارب والأحاسيس، والمشاعر، والخبرات التي تنطوي عليها المقالة.

ويجب أن تكون المادة واضحة، لا لبس فيها ولا غموض، وأن تكون صحيحة بعيدة عن التناقض بين المقدمات والنتائج، فيها من العمق ما يجتذب القارئ، وفيها من التركيز ما لا يجعل من قراءتها هدراً للوقت، وفيها وفاء بالغرض، بحيث لا يُصاب قارئها بخيبة أمل، وأن يكون فيها من الطرافة والجدة بحيث تبتعد عن الهزيل من الرأي، والشائع من المعرفة، والسوقي من الفكر، وفيها من الإمتاع، بحيث تكون مطالعتها ترويحاً للنفس، وليس عبئاً عليها.

 الأسلوب : هو الصياغة اللغوية والأدبية لمادة المقالة أو هو القالب الأدبي الذي تُصَبُّ فيه أفكارها،
ومع أن الكتَّاب تختلف أساليبهم، بحسب تنوع ثقافاتهم، وتباين أمزجتهم، وتعدد طرائق تفكيرهم، وتفاوتهم في قدراتهم التعبيرية، وأساليبهم التصويرية، ومع ذلك فلا بد من حدٍّ أدنى من الخصائص الأسلوبية، حتى يصح انتماء المقالة إلى فنون الأدب.
فلا بد في أسلوب المقالة من الوضوح لقصد الإفهام، والقوة لقصد التأثير، والجمال لقصد الإمتاع.

فالوضوح في التفكير يفضي إلى الوضوح في التعبير، ومعرفة الفروق الدقيقة، بين المترادفات، ثم استعمال الكلمة ذات المعنى الدقيق في مكانها المناسب، سبب من أسباب وضوح التعبير ودقته (لمح ـ لاح ـ حدَّج ـ حملق ـ شخص ـ رنا ـ استشف ـ استشرف)
ووضوح العلاقات وتحديدها في التراكيب سبب في وضوح التركيب ودقته، فهناك فرق شاسع بين الصياغتين (يُسمح ببيع العلف لفلان ـ يسمح لفلان ببيع العلف).

والإكثار من الطباق يزيد المعنى وضوحاً، وقديماً قالوا: (وبضدها تتميز الأشياء) الحرُّ والقرُّ، والجود والشحُّ، والطيش والحلم واستخدام الصور عامة، والصور البيانية خاصة، يسهم في توضيح المعاني المجردة، مثال ذلك:
"الأدب اليوم عصاً بيد الإنسانية، بها تسير، لا مرود تكحل به عينها. وهو نور براق يفتح الأبصار، وليس حلية ساكنة بديعة تزين الصدور.

 القوة في الأسلوب
والقوة في الأسلوب سبب في قوة التأثير، فقد يسهم الأسلوب في إحداث القناعة، لكن قوة الأسلوب تحدث «موقفاً»
وتأتي قوة الأسلوب من حيوية الأفكار، ودقتها، ومتانة الجمل، وروعتها، وكذلك تسهم في قوة الأسلوب الكلمات الموحية، والعبارات الغنية، والصورة الرائعة، والتقديم والتأخير، والإيجاز والإطناب، والخبر والإنشاء، والتأكيد والإسناد، والفصل والوصل.

 جمال الأسلوب
إذا كان الوضوح من أجل الإفهام، والقوة من أجل التأثير، فالجمال من أجل المتعة الأدبية الخالصة.
وحينما يملك الكاتب الذوق الأدبي المرهف والأذن الموسيقية والقدرات البيانية، يستطيع أن يتحاشى الكلمات الخشنة والجمل المتنافرة، والجرس الرتيب. وحينما يوائم بين الألفاظ والمعاني ويستوحي من خياله الصورة المعبرة، يكون أسلوبه جميلاً.

تاريخ المقالة
تجمع مراجع التاريخ الأدبي على أن الكاتب الفرنسي ميشيل دي مونتين، هو رائد المقالة الحديثة في الآداب الأوروبية، ولهذا يقسم مؤرخو الأدب تاريخ المقالة على طورين متباينين، يقف مونتين حداً فاصلاً بينهما. والطور الأول هو الذي ظهرت فيه المحاولات المقالية في صورتها البدائية الفجة، حين كان تجارب مضطربة لا يحكمها ضابط ولا يحدها قانون، وذلك قبل أن تتطور إلى صورتها الحديثة حين أخذت طريقها نحو النضج والتكامل، واتخذت لها قالباً أضحى مقرراً معروفاً فغدت فناً من فنون الأدب المعرف بها، كالملحمة والقصيدة الغنائية والمسرحية والقصة والسيرة وما إلى ذلك.

الكاتب الفرنسي مونتين هو أول من كتب المقالة في العالم، في كتابه محاولات الصادر في عام 1585، لكن العالم والأديب البغدادي أبو الفرج بن الجوزي سبق مونتين في كتابة المقالة بعدة قرون في كتابه صيد الخاطر الذي يتضمن قطعاً نثرية قصيرة تدور حول شؤون الحياة والمجتمع والدين وهموم النفس.

غير أن مقالات ابن الجوزي لم تترك أثراً يذكر في الكتاب الذين أتوا من بعده، ولم يشتهر كتابه كثيراً، وعندما ظهرت المقالة في الأدب العربي في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، كان ظهورها بتأثير المقالة الغربية ولما كان احتكاك مصر ولبنان بالحضارة الغربية قبل احتكاك غيرها من البلدان العربية، صارت الأسبقية للمقالة في أدبيهما ومن ثم النضج من هنا برز في مصر ولبنان كتاب كبار بمقالة أمثال الشيخ محمد عبده وطه حسين والعقاد والمازني وأحمد أمين ومصطفى لطفي المنفلوطي والرافعي وزكي نجيب محمود وجبران خليل جبران وميخائيل نعيمة..إلخ.

تطورها
ترتبط المقالة ارتباطا وثيقا بعصر النهضة وما واكبها من نشاط فكري وثقافي وسياسي. فقد استدعت الصحافة مع كل عدد جديد عددا من المقالات. وكلما زاد ظهور الصحف اليومية والمجلات زاد الطلب على المقالات مما نشّط حركة الكتابة وفسح المجال لظهور الكتاب. ولنا أن نتصور الدول العربية وقد استفاقت من غفوتها وتشكلت في دول ودويلات، فسارعت في إنشاء الصحف والمجلات وشجعت النابهين على فعل ذلك، فتضخم عددها وعدد الكتاب ولا سيما حين رافق ذلك نشوء مصانع للورق وأدوات الكتابة.
ومن جهة أخرى شهدت المنطقة العربية نشاطا سياسيا وحركات حزبية استدعت الكتاب أن يصطفوا داعين ومؤيدين لأحزابهم وأفكارهم ومقارعين لمناوئيهم وداعين للنهضة ومقاومة المستعمر.
ولا يخفى أثر انتشار التعليم والوعي السياسي والثقافي في البلدان العربية، سواء أكان ذلك بازدياد عدد المدارس أو بالاتصال بالغرب عن طريق البعثات أو الهجرات، مما زاد في تلبية الطلب على الكتاب فنشطت سوق الكتابة في هيئة تفاعلية مضطردة تتمثل بزيادة الكُتاب والقراء.

أنواع المقالة
المقالة نوعان: المقالة الأدبية أو الذاتية التي تعنى بإبراز شخصية كاتبها وتعتمد الأسلوب الأدبي الذي يشع بالعاطفة ويستند إلى الصور الفنية، والمقالة الموضوعية أو العلمية التي تعنى بتجلية موضوعها بسيطاً وواضحاً وتحرص على التقيد بما يتطلبه الموضوع من منطق في العرض وتقديم المقدمات واستخراج النتائج، لكن كلتيهما تنبع من منبع واحد هو رغبة الكاتب في التعبير عن شيء ما وقد يكون هذا الشيء تأملاته الشخصية في الحياة والناس فيكتب مقالة ذاتية وقد يكون موضوعاً من الموضوعات فيعمد إلى المقالة الموضوعية.

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مراجع

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المقالة
كتابة
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مقالة (أدب)


Hanna G. Alwan CML (* 20. September 1954 in Aytou) ist ein libanesischer Geistlicher und Kurienbischof im Maronitischen Patriarchat von Antiochien.

Leben
Hanna G. Alwan trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Kongregation der libanesisch-maronitischen Missionare bei, legte die Profess 1979 ab und empfing am 18. Juli 1981 die Priesterweihe. Die Synode der Maronitischen Kirche wählte ihn am 6. Juni 2011 zum Kurienbischof in Antiochien. Papst Benedikt XVI. bestätigte diese Ernennung und ernannte ihn am 13. August 2011 zum Titularbischof von Sarepta dei Maroniti. Der Maronitische Patriarch von Antiochien und des ganzen Orients, Béchara Pierre Raï OMM, spendete ihm am 16. September desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Joseph Habib Hitti, Bischof der Eparchie des Hl. Maron von Sydney, und Georges Bou-Jaoudé CM, Erzbischof von Tripoli.

Am 22. Januar 2021 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zum Konsultor des Päpstlichen Rates für die Gesetzestexte des Ostkirchenrechts.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Titularbischof
Kreimist
Maronitischer Bischof
Libanese
Geboren 1954
Mann

Hanna G. Alwan


Ee, Türk alfabesinin 6. harfidir. Şimdiki Suriye ve Filistin coğrafyasında yaşayan Sümerler, alfabelerinin beşinci harfi olan he´yi  bu harfle sembolize etmişlerdir. Sümerler, Mısırlıların hiyeroglif yazısındaki eğlenen adam sembolünü, E harfinin sembolü olarak almışlardır. Bunun en olası nedeni, "he" sesinin sevinç ifadesi olan "hey" ünlemini andırmasıdır. Eski Yunanlar, E harfini kendi epsilon harflerini yazmak için kullanmışlardır. Romalılar ise E harfine şimdiki görünümünü vermişlerdir.

E, yazınlarda en fazla kullanılan harftir. Ayrıca bakınız È, É, Ê, Ë, Ē, Ĕ, Ė, Ę, Ě, E.

Ayrıca bakınız
 È (Aksanlı E Harfi)
 À (Aksanlı A Harfi)

E

E


Bilješke
NK Sloga Satnica kažnjena oduzimanjem 1 boda

Izvori

 Sportsko društvo GRAFIČAR Osijek 1926. – 1981., monografija NK Grafičar Osijek

1969-70
1969-70
Osijek

Područna nogometna liga NSP Osijek 1969./70.


Mihail Mărcuș, ortografiat în unle surse ca Mihai,  () a fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia de la 1 decembrie 1918, din partea cercului Orosháza, județul Mureș, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Mihail Mărcuș  a terminat Facultatea de Drept din Budapesta. După anul 1922, a fost prefectul județului Arad dar și directorul filialei Arad  Băncii Naționale a României. A decedat la Timișoara, în anul 1949.

Activitate politică
A fost membru al P.N.R. și delegat din partea cercului Giula, comitatul Bichiș (județul Mureș) la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, p. 99

Lectură suplimentară
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Vezi și
Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1876
Decese în 1949
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Prefecți români

Mihail Mărcuș


ශ්රී  ලංකාවේ රාජධානිවල දෙවැනි පුරාණ රාජධානිය වූ පොළොන්නරුව, පළමුවැනි විජයබාහු රජතුමා තම අගනුවර ලෙස ප්රලකාශයට පත් කළේය. චෝල ආක්රනමණිකයින් පරාජය කොට දේශීය රජෙකු යටතේ 1070 දී රට නැවත එක්සත් කළේ විජයබාහු රජතුමාය. විජයබාහු රජුගේ ජයග්ර හණය සහ රාජධානිය යුද්ධෝපාය වශයෙන් වඩාත් වැදගත් වූ පොළොන්නරුවට ගෙනයාම සුවිශේෂ කරුණක් විය. එහෙත් ඉතිහාස පොත්වල සඳහන් වන පරිදි පොළොන්නරුවේ සැබෑ වීරයා වශයෙන් සැළකෙන්නේ පළමු වැනි පරාක්රහමබාහු රජතුමාය. චෝල පාලනය යටතේ පැවති සුළු කාලය තුළ පොළොන්නරුව 'ජනනාථමංගලම්' වශයෙන්ද හඳුන්වා ඇත.

රජතුමාගේ අනුග්රනහය ලැබ කෘෂි කර්මාන්තය සහ වෙළඳාම ඉතා දියුණු වීම නිසා පොළොන්නරුවේ ස්වර්ණමය යුගය ලෙස පරාක්ර මබාහු රජ සමය සළකනු ලැබේ. "අහසින් වැටෙන සෑම වැසි බිඳුවක්ම භූමියේ සංවර්ධනය සඳහා යොදා ගැනීමෙන් තොරව නාස්ති නොවිය යුතුය" යන්න රජුගේ පරම අභිලාෂය විය. පරාක්ර මබාහු රජතුමාගේ කාලයේ ඉදි කරනු ලැබූ වාරි කර්මාන්ත අනුරාධපුරයේ ඒවාට වඩා අතිශයින් උසස් වූයේය. මෙම වාරි ක්රුමයන් මගින් දරුණු නියං කාලයකදී පවා නැගෙනහිර පෙදෙසේ කුඹුරුවලට අදද ජලය සැපයේ. මෙම වාරි කර්මාන්තවලින් විශාලතම එක වන්නේ සම‍හරෙකු මුහුද ලෙස වරදවා තේරුම් ගන්නා පරාක්රරම සමුද්රල නම් අති විශාල ජලාශයයි. එය කෙතරම් විශාලදැයි කිවහොත් ජලාශයේ මේ ඉවුරේ සිටින කෙනෙකුට විරුද්ධ පැත්තේ ඉවුර නොපෙනෙයි. එය ප්රහධාන නගරය වට කොට සිටින්නේ පීත්ත පටියක් පරිද්දෙනි. එය නගරයේ ආරක්ෂක වැටක් ලෙසට මෙන්ම සාමකාමි කාලය තුළ ජනතාවගේ ජල අවශ්යදතා සපුරන ජීවන මාර්ගයක්ද වශයෙන් එක විට ප්ර යෝජනවත් කාර්යයන් දෙකක් ඉටු කළේය. පරාක්රයමබාහු රජතුමාගේ කාලයේ පොළොන්නරුව සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම ස්වයං පෝෂිත තත්වයේ පැවතියේය.

ඔහුගෙන් පසු රජ වූ පළමු වැනි නිශ්ශංක මල්ල හැරුණු විට පොළොන්නරුවේ රජ වූ අනෙකුත් සියල්ලෝම දුර්වල පාලකයන් වූ අතර  ආරවුල් ඇති කර ගැනීමේ නැඹුරුවක් ඇත්තේ වූහ. එපමණක් නොව ඔවුහු වඩා බලවත් දකුණු ඉන්දීය රාජ්යීයන් සමග වෛවාහික සබඳතාවයන් වැඩි වශයෙන් පැවැත්වූහ. එහි ප්රඇථිඵලයක් වූයේ දේශීය රජ පරම්පරාව අභිබවමින් 1214 දී සිදුවූ කාලිංග මාඝගේ සහ ඉන් පසු 1284 දී සිදු වූ ආර්ය චක්රපවර්තී නම් පාණ්ඩ්යස රජුගේ ආක්රාමණය වැනි ආක්රරමණයන්ට අවස්ථාව ඇති වීමයි. ඉන් පසු අගනගරය දඹදෙණියට ගෙන යනු ලැබීය.

ඉතා හොඳින් සැලසුම් කළ නගරයක ස්වභාවයද, පොළොන්නරුවේ මුල්ම රජවරුන්ගේ ශ්රේහෂ්ඨත්වයද, ශික්ෂණයද පුරාණ පොළොන්නරුව නගරයේ නටබුන්වලින් පෙන්වා දෙයි. මෙහි ඇති සුන්දරත්වය 'ඩුරන් ඩුරන්' (Duran Duran) නැමති සංගීත කණ්ඩායෙම් ෙස්ව් අ ෙප්යර් සංගීත වීඩියෝ පටය සඳහා දර්ශන ගත කරන ලද පසුබිමක් වශයෙන් යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

පුරාණ පොළොන්නරුව නගරය ලෝක උරුම බිමක් ලෙස යුනෙස්කෝව විසින් ප්රලකාශයට පත් කර ඇත.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnaruwa

පුරාණ පෙ‍ාළොන්නරුව නගරය යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුමයට අයත් බිම


Carl Härle (* 26. August 1879 in Königseggwald; † 26. August 1950 in Mülheim an der Ruhr) war ein deutscher Industriemanager und Werksdirektor der Firma August Thyssen & Co.

Leben und Wirken

Carl Härle wurde als Sohn des Braumeisters Fridolin Härle (1844–1918) und seiner Frau Bertha (1855–1928) im württembergischen Königseggwald geboren. Nach dem Besuch des Gymnasiums arbeitete er zunächst als Bankangestellter und Fremdsprachenkorrespondent in London. Anschließend studierte er Jura in Leipzig und Tübingen, promovierte 1906 an der Universität Tübingen und legte 1908 das Assessorexamen in Stuttgart ab. Seine berufliche Laufbahn begann er bei den Thyssen-Stahlwerken in Krefeld. 1909 wurde er als Prokurist in die Thyssensche Firmenzentrale nach Mülheim an der Ruhr berufen. Hier war er unter anderem dafür zuständig, August Thyssen bei der Um- und Neugliederung des Gesamtkonzerns sowie der Umsetzung sozialer Maßnahmen zu beraten. Nachdem er von 1914 bis 1917 als Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg gekämpft hatte, engagierte er sich nach Kriegsende bei der Reorganisation des Konzerns. Härle war Alleinvorstand der Firma Thyssen & Co., Mitglied des Grubenvorstandes der August-Thyssen-Hütte sowie Aufsichtsratsmitglied der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks AG und der Vereinigten Stahlwerke. Er genoss das uneingeschränkte Vertrauen August Thyssens und wirkte nach dessen Tod im Jahr 1926 als sein Testamentsvollstrecker. Härles privates Interesse galt der Kultur, was er unter anderem in der Förderung des Germanischen Nationalmuseums in Nürnberg und des Folkwang-Museums in Essen ausdrückte.

Familie
Härle heiratete Mathilde Schäffer (1885–1928), eine Tochter des Zementfabrikanten Gottlieb Schaefer (1850–1900). Das Paar hatte drei Töchter, darunter Maria Härle (* 20. November 1918; † 23. Januar 1996) die als Malerin bekannt wurde. Maria gründete zusammen mit ihrer Schwester Regina (* 13. Juni 1921; † 8. Oktober 2000) die gemeinnützige Stiftung Arboretum Park Härle auf dem ererbten Landsitz.

Literatur

 Andreas Zilt: Carl Härle – Manager bei Thyssen und Bürger Mülheims. In: Horst A. Wessel (Hrsg.): Mülheimer Unternehmer und Pioniere im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2012, S. 291–306.

Weitere Quellen
 Stiftung Arboretum Park Härle Geschichte
 ThyssenKrupp Konzernarchiv, Bestand A/1807
 Stadtarchiv Mülheim an der Ruhr, Bestand 1550

Industriemanager
Manager (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1879
Gestorben 1950
Mann

Carl Härle


Ajgjun Alesger kizi Kazimova (azerski: Aygün Ələsgər qızı Kazımova, engleski: Aygun Kazimova, ruski: Айгюн Кязимова), (Baku, 26. siječnja 1971.) azerbajdžanska je pjevačica pop i R'n'B glazbe i skladatelj.

Diskografija
 Ömrüm – Günüm  (1997.)
 Göz yaşımı yar silə (1998.)
 Ah...! (1999.)
 Aygün (2000.)
 Sevdim (2001.)
 Sevgi gülləri (2003.)
 Son söz (2004.)
 Sevərsənmi? (2005.)
 Sevdi ürək (2005.)
 Yenə tək (2008.)
 Coffee from Colombia (2014.)
 Aygün Kazımova, Vol. 1 (2008.)
 Aygün Kazımova, Vol. 2 (2008.)
 Aygün Kazımova, Vol. 3 (2008.)
 Aygün Kazımova, Vol. 4 (2008.)
 Sevdi Ürək (2012.)
 Ya Devushka Vostochnaya (2013.)
 Səni Belə Sevmədilər (2015.)
 Azərbaycan Qızıyam (2015.)
 Aygün Kazımovanın ifaları  (2016.)
 Duy (2018.)
 By SS Production (2020.)
 Remakes (2020.)
 Crystal Hall (2020.)

Vanjske poveznice

Životopisi, Baku
Azerbajdžanski glazbenici
Pop pjevači
Azerbajdžanski skladatelji

Ajgjun Kazimova


Héraðið er íslensk kvikmynd frá árinu 2019 í leikstjórn Gríms Hákonarsonar.

Leikarar

 Arndís Hrönn Egilsdóttir sem Inga
 Þorsteinn Bachmann sem Oddur lögreglumaður
 Þorsteinn Gunnar Bjarnason sem Gummi málari
 Daníel Hans Erlendsson sem Heiðar
 Hafdís Helga Helgadóttir sem Katla sjónvarpsfréttamaður

Tenglar

Íslenskar kvikmyndir

Héraðið


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ඉන්දියාව පුරා පැතිරුණු ශාඛා රැසක් එන්ඩීටීවී සතුව පවතින අතර වාර්ශිකව මොවුන් විසින් වසරේ විශිෂ්ඨම ඉන්දියානුවා තෝරා සම්මානයක් ලබා දීම සිදු කරයි. එන්ඩීටීවී සතුව ප්‍රධාන පුවත් නාලිකා 3කි. එනම්  එන්ඩීටීවී 24x7 (ඉංග්‍රීසි), NDTV India (හිංදි) සහ  එන්ඩීටීවී ප්‍රොෆිට් (ව්‍යාපාරික පුවත්) වේ.

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NDTV විසින් විවිධ අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගනු වස් විවිධ ව්‍යාපෘති ක්‍රියාවට නංවා තිබෙයි. දේෂගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ ජනතාව දැනුවත් කිරීම, ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා විදුලි බලය ලබාදීම හා අධ්‍යාපන ප්‍රවර්ධනය එවැනි සමහරක් ව්‍යාපෘති වෙයි. පහත දැක්වෙන්නේද එවැනි ව්‍යාපෘති කීපයකි.

 Greenathon: දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ ජනතාව දැනුවත් කිරීම, ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ වලට විදුලි බලය ලබාදීම සඳහා මුදල් එකතු කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපෘතියකි. 2010 හා 2011 වසර වලදී ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ මෙයින් ඉන්දියානු රුපියල් මිලියන 130 ක අරමුදලක් උපයා ගන්නා ලදී.
 Save Our Tiger Campaign:  2010 වසරේදී ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ මෙය වේගයෙන් අඩුවී යන ඉන්දියානු කොටි සම්පත රැක ගැනීම වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වූවකි. මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මගින් ඉන්දියානු රුපියල් මිලියන 19.9 ක අරමුදලක් ගොඩනගා ගත් බව පැවසෙයි.
 Support My School Campaign: 2011 දී සිදුකල මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතියෙන් ඉන්දියාවේ ග්‍රාමීය පාසල් 140 ක් සඳහා ඉන්දියානු රුපියල් මිලියන 72 ක ආධාර ලබා දීම සිදු කරන ලදී.
 Fit India Movement:2011 දී දියත් කල සෞඛ්‍ය ප්‍රවර්ධන ව්‍යාපාරයකි.
Marks for Sports: 2011 වසරේදී දියත් කල ක්‍රීඩාව සහ යහපත් සෞඛ්‍ය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාරයකි.
Save India's Coasts: ඉන්දියානු වෙරළ සංරක්ෂණය පිළිබඳ දැනුවත් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපෘතියකි.

මතභේදයට ලක්වීම්

දූෂණ කුමන්ත්‍රණ චෝදනාව
1998 ජනවාරි 20 දින ඉන්දියානු සීබීඅයි [Central Bureau of Investigation] සංවිධානය විසින් එන්ඩීටීවී හි අධ්‍යක්ෂක  ප්‍රනෝයි රෝයි, හිටපු අධ්‍යක්ෂ දූර්දර්ශන් හා තවත් 5 දෙනෙකුට එරෙහිව චෝදනා ගොනු කරන ලද්දේ අයුතු මාධ්‍ය භාවිතාවක් සිදු කල බව පවසමිනි.

බදු වංචා පිළිබඳ චෝදනාව
එන්ඩීටීවී ය ඉන්දියානු රජයට බදු වංවා සිදුකොට ඇතැයි චෝදනා එල්ල විය. නමුත් එන්ඩීටීවී ය විසින් එය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.

පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව

2011 අගෝතු 5 දින ඉන්දියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තුවට ඉදිරිපත් වූ වාර්ථාවක දැක්වුනේ 2010 පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල ප්‍රචාරණ කටයුතු සඳහා ටෙන්ඩර කැඳවූ අවස්ථාවේ එහි නිලදාරීන් විසින් එම කොන්ත්‍රාත්තු හිතුමනාප ලෙස එන්ඩීටීවී සහ සීඑන්එන්-අයිබීඑන් (CNN-IBN) නාලිකා වෙත ලබා දීමට කටයුතු කර ඇති බවයි.

TAM ඉන්ඩියා ට එරෙහි නඩුව

TAM (television audience measurement) ආයතනයට එරෙහිව නඩුවක් පැවරුන අතර එන්ඩීටීවී ය එහිදී කියා සිටියේ TAM ඉන්ඩියා ආයතනය විසින් යම් හැසිරවීමකට ලක් කරන ලද ප්‍රේක්ෂක දත්ත ඉදිරිපත් කර ඇති බවයි.

මේවාද බලන්න
සීසීටීවී නිව්ස්
එන්එච්කේ වර්ල්ඩ්
චැනල් නිවුස්ඒෂියා

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැදි

 NDTV Worldwide

Indian television networks

එන්ඩීටීවී


مانويل (مانيو) فيرنانديز  (1 فبراير 1922 في لانغريو - 9 يناير 1971) لاعب كرة قدم ومدرب فرنسي ذو أصول إسبانية راحل .

مانيو ابن لاجئ إسباني مقيم في فرنسا ولعب للمرة الأولى لصالح نادي لنس ثم انضم إلى نادي الدرجة الثانية كليرمونت . في سنة 1947 انضم إلى نادي سانت إتيان وبقي وفيا له لمدة 14 موسم متتالي مشاركا في 230 مباراة في بطولة دوري الدرجة الأولى . في السنوات الثماني الأولى شارك في مركز الظهير الأيسر واعتبارا من سنة 1955 تم تعيينه مدربا للفريق . في موسم 1961/1962 غادر نادي سانت إتيان متوجها لتدريب غريمه التقليدي نادي ليون . توفي مانيو في حادث سيارة أثناء عودته من حضور مباراة الفريق الذي يدربه وهو إتريت . تكريما له تم إطلاق اسمه على الشارع المحيط بملعب نادي سانت إتيان غيوفري غيشارد .

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية فرنسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
ضحايا حوادث الطرق
فرنسيون من أصل إسباني
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي
لاعبو الدوري الفرنسي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو سانت إتيان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم فرنسيون
لاعبو كليرمونت
لاعبو لنس
مدربو كرة قدم فرنسيون
مدربو أولمبيك ليون
مواليد 1922
وفيات 1971
وفيات في فرنسا

مانويل فيرنانديز (مدرب)


An Eggelingia in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Eggelingia in nahilalakip ha familia nga Orchidaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eggelingia

Eggelingia


O Voo Aeroflot 6502 foi um voo doméstico soviético de passageiros operado por um Tupolev Tu-134A de Sverdlovsk (agora Yekaterinburg) para Grozny, que caiu em 20 de outubro de 1986, 70 dos 94 passageiros e tripulação a bordo foram mortos. Os investigadores determinaram que a causa do acidente foi negligência do comandante.

Tripulação
A tripulação da aeronave Tu-134A, Número 62327 fabricada em 28 de junho de 1979, era composta pelo Comandante Alexander Kliuyev, co-piloto Gennady Zhirnov, oficial de navegação Ivan Mokhonko, engenheiro de voo Kyuri Khamzatov, e três comissárias de bordo.

Tendo decolado do Aeroporto Koltsovo em Yekaterinburg (então Sverdlovsk) e com destino a Grozny, o voo 6502 teve uma escala no Aeroporto Kurumoch em Samara (então Kuibyshev).

Acidente
Ao se aproximar do aeroporto de Kurumoch, o capitão Kliuyev fez uma aposta com o primeiro oficial Zhirnov de que ele, Kliuyev, poderia fazer uma aproximação somente por instrumentos com janelas de cockpit cortadas, não tendo assim nenhum contato visual com o solo, ao invés de uma aproximação NDB, sugerida pelo controle de tráfego aéreo. Kliuyev ignorou ainda mais o aviso de proximidade do solo a uma altitude de 62-65 metros (203-213 pés) e não fez a aproximação sugerida.  A aeronave aterrissou na pista a uma velocidade de 150 nós (280 km/h; 170 mph) e veio para descansar de cabeça para baixo após ultrapassar a pista. Sessenta e três pessoas morreram durante o acidente e outras sete nos hospitais mais tarde. Entre os passageiros estavam 14 crianças, todas sobrevivendo ao acidente. O relatório ultra-secreto do presidente da Kuibyshev oblispolkom V. A. Pogodin para o primeiro-ministro Nikolai Ryzhkov deu números ligeiramente diferentes: De 85 passageiros e oito tripulantes a bordo, 53 passageiros e cinco tripulantes morreram no acidente e outros 11 nos hospitais mais tarde.

Embora Zhirnov não tenha feito nenhuma tentativa de evitar o acidente, ele posteriormente tentou salvar os passageiros e morreu de parada cardíaca a caminho do hospital. Kliuyev foi processado e condenado a 15 anos de prisão, mais tarde reduzido a seis anos de prisão

Referencias

Acidentes e incidentes aéreos de 1986
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos na Rússia
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos na União Soviética
Acidentes e incidentes envolvendo o Tupolev Tu-134
Acidentes e incidentes da Aeroflot
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos causados por erro do piloto
1986 na União Soviética
Samara

Voo Aeroflot 6502


Witi Tame Ihimaera-Smiler  (; born 7 February 1944) is a New Zealand author. Raised in the small town of Waituhi, he decided to become a writer as a teenager after being convinced that Māori people were ignored or mischaracterised in literature. He was the first Māori writer to publish a collection of short stories, with Pounamu, Pounamu (1972), and the first to publish a novel, with Tangi (1973). After his early works he took a ten-year break from writing, during which he focused on editing an anthology of Māori writing in English.

From the late 1980s onwards Ihimaera wrote prolifically. In his novels, plays, short stories and opera librettos, he examines contemporary Māori culture, legends and history, and the impacts of colonisation in New Zealand. He has said that "Māori culture is the taonga, the treasure vault from which I source my inspiration". His 1987 novel The Whale Rider is his best-known work, read widely by children and adults both in New Zealand and overseas. It was adapted into the critically acclaimed 2002 film Whale Rider directed by Niki Caro. His semi-autobiographical novel Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1996) was about a married man coming to terms with his homosexuality. In later works he has dealt with historical events such as the campaign of non-violent resistance at Parihaka in the late nineteenth century.

Ihimaera is an influential figure in New Zealand literature, and over his long career has won numerous awards and fellowships, including multiple awards for both fiction and non-fiction at the New Zealand Book Awards spanning the period 1973 to 2016, the Robert Burns Fellowship (1975), the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship (1993), and a Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement (2017). Until 2010 he was the Professor of English and Distinguished Creative Fellow in Māori Literature at the University of Auckland. He has since published two volumes of his memoirs: Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014) and Native Son: The Writer's Memoir (2019).

Early life and education
Ihimaera was born in Gisborne, a city in the east of New Zealand's North Island and is of Māori descent. His iwi (tribe) is Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki. He has affiliations to Ngāi Tūhoe, Te Whānau-ā-Apanui, Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāi Tāmanuhiri, Rongowhakaata, Ngāti Porou, and Whakatōhea. He also has Scottish ancestry through both parents. His family marae is Te Rongopai Marae in Waituhi, and he grew up in Waituhi—many of his stories are set in a fictional recreation of the town. He began writing at a young age, and in later life recounted writing stories on the wall of his childhood bedroom.

He attended Te Karaka District High School for three years and the Church College of New Zealand in Temple View, Hamilton, for one year, after which he completed his final year of schooling at Gisborne Boys' High School. He has said that he became interested in becoming a writer when he was fifteen and realised that Māori did not feature in the books he read. His schoolteacher then instructed his class to read the short story "The Whare" by Pākehā writer Douglas Stewart, about a young man who encounters a Māori settlement. He found the story "so poisonous" that he threw the book out of the window and was caned for doing so. Writing about the incident in his 2014 memoir Māori Boy, he said:

After high school, Ihimaera attended the University of Auckland for three years, from 1963 to 1966, but did not complete his degree, and returned to Gisborne where he became a cadet journalist for the Gisborne Herald. He subsequently became a postman, moved to Wellington and started studying part-time at Victoria University of Wellington, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts in 1971. He met librarian and student Jane Cleghorn at university, and they married in 1970.

Career

Early career: 1960s and 1970s
Ihimaera began writing seriously in 1969, around age 25, and had his first short story "The Liar" accepted for publication by the New Zealand Listener magazine in May 1970. His first book, Pounamu Pounamu (1972), was a collection of short stories, which was awarded third prize at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards in 1973. Ihimaera has said it was rejected by three publishers before being accepted by the fourth. His first two novels were published in quick succession: Tangi (1973), which won first prize at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards in 1974, and Whanau (1974), which told the story of a day in the life of a Māori village. He was the first Māori writer to publish a collection of short stories and the first to publish a novel.

Norman Kirk, then the prime minister of New Zealand, read Pounamu Pounamu and arranged for Ihimaera to be employed as a writer at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1973. During his career he wrote a non-fiction booklet called Māori (1975), later adapted into a short film of the same name in 1981, although he felt the final film was a propaganda exercise that bore little resemblance to his written work. He subsequently worked as a diplomat with posts in Canberra, New York City, and Washington, D.C. In 1975 he was the recipient of the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago, and in 1982 he received a Victoria University of Wellington writing fellowship.

Beginning in 1975, Ihimaera stopped his own creative writing for a ten-year period, due to his belief that it was "tragically out of date" and a wish not to have it seen as the "definitive portrayal of the world of the Maori". He instead began working on the anthology Into the World of Light (1982) together with co-editor Don Long. The anthology collected the work of 39 Māori writers. In Ihimaera and Long's introduction, they said that Māori oral tradition formed the context for Māori literature, and observed that the apparent lack of Māori writing in the mid-20th century was due to publishers' reluctance to publish books by Māori writers because of a belief that Māori "don't read books". The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature described the collected works as being "of a uniformly high standard", and Graham Wiremu writing in the New Zealand Listener called the anthology "prodigious and powerful".

Return to writing: 1980s and 1990s
When Ihimaera began writing again, he wrote The Matriarch (1986) which examined the impacts of European colonisation on Māori, and which again received first prize at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards. Not long after publication, it came to light that Ihimaera had used passages from the entry on Māori land in An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand (1966), written by Keith Sorrenson, without acknowledgement. Ihimaera apologised to Sorrenson at the time. Mark Williams later noted that the consequences for Ihimaera were minor, and he became a professor in the year of the book's publication. He also wrote a libretto for an opera by Ross Harris, based on his second novel Whanau, and Dear Miss Mansfield (1989), a rewriting of Katherine Mansfield's short stories from a Māori perspective, in response to celebrations of 100 years since her birth. The collection was well-received overseas but criticised by New Zealand reviewers for a perceived lack of respect for Mansfield.

In a three-week period Ihimaera wrote his best-known work The Whale Rider (1987), the story of a young girl becoming a leader of her people. It has been reprinted many times, read by both adults and children, and was adapted into the critically acclaimed film of the same name in 2002.  It won the Nielsen BookData New Zealand Booksellers' Choice Award in 2003. It was published and read internationally; Kirkus Reviews described it as a "luminous joining of myth and contemporary culture".

In 1989 he left his job as a diplomat at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the following year he became a lecturer in the English department at the University of Auckland. He later became Professor of English and Distinguished Creative Fellow in Māori Literature, until 2010. He was awarded a Scholarship in Letters in 1991. In 1993 he received the Katherine Mansfield Memorial Fellowship which allowed him to work in Menton, France, for a period, where he wrote his next two novels: Bulibasha: King of the Gypsies (1994) and Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1996). Bulibasha: King of the Gypsies was awarded the prize for Fiction at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards in 1995. It was described in The Dominion Post as "a rollicking good yarn about Maori rural life in the 1950s", and Ihimaera himself has said he was intending to write a Māori Western. The novel was adapted into the 2016 film Mahana by Lee Tamahori (released as The Patriarch outside of New Zealand).

In 1996 he published Nights in the Gardens of Spain, a semi-autobiographical novel about a man coming out. Like Ihimaera, the main character was married with two daughters, but unlike Ihimaera the main character was Pākehā (European). Ihimaera had accepted his sexuality in 1984 and began the work, but out of sensitivity to his daughters, did not finish or publish it then. The novel was described by scholar Roger Robinson as featuring "conflict, growth and reconciliation, with subplots heroic, political and tragic". Robinson said it was "no small achievement to take this material off the grubby walls of public toilets, free it from sleaze, write it with vivid passion and through it affirm and celebrate a way of life of which most of us know almost nothing". In a review for The Dominion Post, Gavin McLean described it as Ihimaera's best book to date, and noted that much of the book's impact came from the intensity of the main character's relationship with his parents and his "desperate need to do better by his children"; "Unlike characters in many similar novels, coming out does not mean discarding all one's past." In 2010, it was adapted into the film Kawa by director Katie Wolfe. The central character was changed from Pākehā to Māori businessman Kawa, played by Calvin Tuteao. In an article in The Sunday Star Times, Ihimaera was quoted as saying the change "was quite a shock to me because I had always tried to hide, to say 'this is a book that could be about "everyman", this is not a specific story'. So [the film] is now actually nearer to the truth than I would like to admit." After the publication of the novel, Ihimaera and his wife remained married, but no longer lived together.

A decade after his anthology Into the World of Light (1982), Ihimaera edited the five-volume bilingual anthology of Māori writing, Te Ao Marama ("the world of light"), published between 1992 and 1996. It represented the most comprehensive collection of writing by Māori writers that had been published at that time. In 1997 he published The Dream Swimmer, a sequel to his 1986 novel The Matriarch. That same year, Mataora, The Living Face: Contemporary Māori Artists, which he co-edited with Sandy Adsett and Cliff Whiting, received the Montana Award for Illustrative Arts at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards. His poem "O numi tutelar" was recited at the dawn opening of the British Museum's long-awaited 'Maori' Exhibition in 1998.

Later career: 2000 onwards

In the early 2000s Ihimaera published Woman Far Walking (2000), a play from the perspective of an elder Māori woman who has witnessed key historic events and who Ihimaera describes as the personification of the Treaty of Waitangi. He also published The Uncle's Story (2000), a love story about two generations of gay Māori men, children's picture book The Little Kowhai Tree (2002) (illustrated by Henry Campbell), and the novel Sky Dancer (2003), featuring Māori myths with contemporary characters. Sky Dancer was shortlisted for Best Book in the South Pacific & South East Asian Region of the 2004 Commonwealth Writers' Prize. In 2004, he published Whanau II, which featured the characters of his second novel Whanau (1974), and which was subsequently published in London under the title Band of Angels (2005). His novella "The Halcyon Summer" was published in Nine New Zealand Novellas (2005), edited by Peter Simpson. The Rope of Man was published in 2005, which featured both a revised version of his first novel Tangi (1973) and a new sequel The Return. His short story collection Ask at the Posts of the House (2007) was longlisted for the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award, and one of the novellas included in that collection was adapted into the 2013 film White Lies. In 2003, and again in 2009, Penguin New Zealand published His Best Stories, a collection of twenty-four stories selected by Ihimaera.

In 2009, Ihimaera published The Trowenna Sea, a novel about the early history of Tasmania. At the time, he planned to write a trilogy. Shortly after publication, book reviewer Jolisa Gracewood detected short passages from other writers, especially from historical sources, used without acknowledgement. Ihimaera apologised for not acknowledging the passages, said the omission was inadvertent and negligent, and pointed to many pages of other sources that he had acknowledged. The University of Auckland investigated the incident and ruled that Ihimaera's actions did not constitute misconduct in research, as the actions did not appear to be deliberate and Ihimaera had apologised. Gracewood subsequently found additional passages that had been copied without explanation, and the book's publisher Penguin Books removed the book from public sale. Ihimaera purchased the remaining stock himself. A revised edition, with fuller acknowledgements, originally planned for 2010, was subsequently cancelled, with no reasons given for the decision. Some literary commentators, such as Vincent O'Sullivan, C.K. Stead and Mark Williams, criticised the university's response to the incident. Keith Sorrenson said that the events suggested Ihimaera had "learnt nothing" from his earlier plagiarism of Sorrenson's work in The Matriarch (1986).

His twelfth novel, The Parihaka Woman (2011), featured elements of the opera Fidelio and the history of Parihaka and the campaign of non-violent resistance. Michael O'Leary, writing in the online edition of Landfall, called it an "intriguing and significant, if somewhat flawed, work"; he praised the novel's efforts to tackle the horrific events at Parihaka in the late nineteenth century, and the demonstration of the rich cultural life of Māori in that period, but also noted some issues in the detail of Ihimaera's use of Māori lore and in historical accuracies. Reviewers for the Sunday Star-Times, Otago Daily Times and The New Zealand Herald were more negative, and all noted Ihimaera's use of an amateur historian as narrator; they noted that this device allowed him to add numerous citations and references, and avoid any further accusations of plagiarism, but detracted from the quality of the writing. It was followed by the short-story collection The Thrill of Falling (2012), in which Ihimaera explored a range of genres including contemporary comedy and science fiction.

Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014) was the first instalment of Ihimaera's memoirs, and recorded experiences from his childhood up till his teenage years. It received the award for General Non-Fiction at the 2016 Ockham New Zealand Book Awards. The second instalment, Native Son: A Writer's Memoir was published in 2019, and covers his early adult years in the 1960s and 1970s and how he became a published writer. After finishing Native Son, he decided to take a four-year break from writing, but ended up instead writing Navigating the Stars: Māori Creation Myths (2020), a modern re-telling of traditional Maori legends. Ihimaera wrote the script for a stage show adaptation of Navigating the Stars, produced by theatre company Taki Rua, which was performed at the Soundshell in the Wellington Botanic Garden in early 2021.

Legacy

Ihimaera has been recognised as "one of the world's leading indigenous writers". Literary scholar and Professor Emeritus at the University of Otago Alistair Fox in The Ship of Dreams: Masculinity in Contemporary New Zealand Fiction (2008) devotes four of the eleven chapters in the book to the writings of Ihimaera, indicating his importance within the context of New Zealand literature. Fox describes his epic novel The Matriarch as "one of the major and most telling 'monuments' of New Zealand's cultural history in the late twentieth century as far as the situation of Māori in this postcolonial society is concerned", noting that Ihimaera "has remained at the forefront of Māori arts and letters to an unprecedented degree, with an impressive output across a range of genres".

As part of the Auckland Arts Festival 2011, musician Charlotte Yates directed and produced the stage project "Ihimaera", featuring Ihimaera's lyrics about his life and works, and with performances by New Zealand musicians including Victoria Girling-Butcher, Paul Ubana Jones, Ruia Aperahama and Horomona Horo. Yates had previously created similar projects as tributes to New Zealand poets James K. Baxter and Hone Tūwhare, and chose Ihimaera for her third project because he was "a writer with a huge body of work that I can give to a number of musicians for them to put their heart and soul to".

Awards and honours
In the 1986 Queen's Birthday Honours, Ihimaera was awarded the Queen's Service Medal for public services. In the 2004 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to literature. In 2009, following the restoration of titular honours by the New Zealand government, he declined redesignation as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit.

In 2004, Ihimaera received an honorary doctorate from Victoria University of Wellington. In the same year he undertook a residency in world literature at George Washington University, funded by Fulbright New Zealand. In 2009 he was one of five recipients of the Arts Foundation of New Zealand Laureate Award, for which he received 50,000. In the same year he received the prestigious Māori arts award Te Tohutiketike a Te Waka Toi at the 2009 Creative New Zealand Te Waka Toi Awards. The award is made to artists who are "exemplary in their chosen field of artistic endeavour". On receiving the award, Ihimaera said it was a recognition of his iwi: "Without them, I would have nothing to write about and there would be no Ihimaera. So this award is for all those ancestors who have made us all the people we are. It is also for the generations to come, to show them that even when you aren't looking, destiny has a job for you to do."

In 2017, Ihimaera was awarded a Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement. The selection panel described him "as one of New Zealand's most important post-colonial writers, who has consistently proved to be an outstanding storyteller, celebrated as a voice for Māoritanga and a literary leader". In the same year, he was appointed a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres on Bastille Day by the French government for his "pivotal role in bringing Maori storytelling to the forefront and enabling its international recognition as a taonga from New Zealand".

Selected works

Novels, short-story collections and non-fiction

 Pounamu Pounamu (1972, short-story collection)
 Tangi (1973)
 Whanau (1974)
 The New Net Goes Fishing (1977, short-story collection)
 The Matriarch (1986)
 The Whale Rider (1987)
 Dear Miss Mansfield: a tribute to Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp (1989, short-story collection)
 Bulibasha: King of the Gypsies (1994)
 Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1995)
 Te Kaieke Tohorua (Māori edition of The Whale Rider) (1995)
 Kingfisher Come Home: the complete Maori stories (1995, short-story collection)
 The Dream Swimmer (1997)
 The Uncle's Story (2000)
 Sky Dancer (2003)
 Ihimaera: His Best Stories (2003, short-story collection)
 Whanau II: The Anniversary Collection, or Band of Angels (2005)
 The Rope of Man, combining Tangi and its sequel The Return (2005)
 Ask at the Posts of the House (2007, short-story collection)
 The Trowenna Sea (2009)
 The Parihaka Woman (2011)
 The Thrill of Falling (2011, short-story collection)
 Māori Boy: A Memoir of Childhood (2014, memoir)
 Sleeps Standing Moetū (2017, novella, with Hemi Kelly)
 Native Son: A Writer's Memoir (2019, memoir)

Anthologies and other edited works

 Into the World of Light, edited by Ihimaera and D.S. Long (1982)
 Te Ao Maramara Volume 1: Whakahuatanga o te rau (Reflections of Reality), selected and edited by Ihimaera, with contributing editors, Haare Williams, Irihapeti Ramsden and D.S. Long (1992)
 Te Ao Maramara Volume 2: He whakaatanga o te ao (The Reality) (1992)
 Te Ao Maramara Volume 3: Puawaitanga o te korero (The Flowering) (1993)
 Regaining Aotearoa: Māori writers speak out, edited by Ihimaera, D.S. Long, Irihapeti Ramsden and Haare Williams (1993)
 Te Ao Maramara Volume 4: Te ara o te hau (The Path of the Wind) (1994)
 Vision Aotearoa = Kaupapa New Zealand (1994)
 100 Lovers of Taamaki Makaurau, edited by Ihimaera and Albert Wendt (1994)
 Te Ao Maramara Volume 5: Te Torino (The Spiral) (1996)
 Mataora = the living face: contemporary art (1996)
 Growing up Māori (1998)
 Where's Waari: a history of the Maori through the short story (2000)
 Te Ate: Māori art from the East Coast, New Zealand, edited by Ihimaera and Ngarino Ellis, afterword by Katerina Te Hei k-ok-Mataira (2002)
 Auckland: the city in literature (2003)
 Get on the Waka: best recent Māori fiction (2007)
 Black Marks on the White Page, edited by Ihimaera and Tina Makereti (2017)

Other works

 Maori (1975, pamphlet)
 New Zealand Through the Arts: past and present (1982, lecture)
 Waituhi: the life of the village, by Ihimaera (libretto) and Ross Harris (composer) (1984, opera)
 The Clio Legacy, by Ihimaera (libretto) and Dorothy Buchanan (1991, cantata)
 Tanz Der Schwane, Ihimaera (libretto) and Ross Harris (composer) (1993, opera)
 The Two Taniwha (1994, play)
 Symphonic Legends, Ihimaera (text) and Peter Scholes (composer) (1996)
 Land, Sea and Sky, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1994)
 Legendary Land, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs), with a foreword by Keri Hulme (1994)
 Faces of the Land, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1995)
 Beautiful New Zealand, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1997)
 Beautiful North Island of New Zealand, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1997)
 Beautiful South Island of New Zealand, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1997)
 This is New Zealand, Ihimaera and Tim Plant (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1998)
 On Top Down Under: photographs of unique New Zealanders, Ihimaera (text) and Sally Tagg (photographs) (1998)
 New Zealand: first to see the dawn, Ihimaera (text) and Holger Leue (photographs) (1999)
 Woman Far Walking (2000, play)
 Galileo, by Ihimaera (libretto) and John Rimmer (composer) (2002, opera)
 The Wedding, with choreographer Mark Baldwin and composer Gareth Farr (2006, ballet)
 The Amazing Adventures of Razza the Rat (2006, children's book)
 Navigating the Stars: Māori Creation Myths (2020)

See also

 List of honorary doctors of Victoria University of Wellington
 New Zealand literature

References

External links

 Māori-language biography, including list of works—At Māori Wikipedia
 Read NZ Te Pou Muramura biography
 Extensive bibliography in the New Zealand Literature File, archived copy as at 11 March 2008

1944 births
20th-century New Zealand male writers
20th-century New Zealand novelists
21st-century New Zealand male writers
21st-century New Zealand novelists
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Distinguished Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand gay writers
Halbert-Kohere family
New Zealand LGBT novelists
New Zealand LGBT poets
Living people
Māori culture
New Zealand male novelists
New Zealand Māori writers
People educated at Gisborne Boys' High School
People educated at the Church College of New Zealand
People from the Gisborne District
Recipients of the Queen's Service Medal
Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki people
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
Victoria University of Wellington alumni

Witi Ihimaera


Bégot peut faire référence à :
 Amandine Bégot (née en 1981), journaliste française ;
 , constructeur automobile français ;
 , constructeur automobile français.

Voir aussi

Homonymie de patronyme
Patronyme français

Bégot


Ramil Sahib oghlu Safarov (, , born August 25, 1977) is an officer of the Azerbaijani Army who was convicted of the 2004 murder of Armenian Army Lieutenant Gurgen Margaryan. During a NATO-sponsored training seminar in Budapest, Safarov broke into Margaryan's dormitory room at night and axed Margaryan to death while he was asleep. In Azerbaijan, Safarov has become a highly celebrated figure for his killing of an Armenian.

In 2006, Safarov was convicted of premeditated murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in Hungary with a 30-year minimum. After his request under the Strasbourg Convention, he was extradited on August 31, 2012, to Azerbaijan, where he was greeted as a hero, pardoned by Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev despite contrary assurances made to Hungary, promoted to the rank of major and given an apartment and over eight years of back pay. According to Azerbaijani authorities, Safarov was pardoned in compliance with the Constitution. Following Safarov's pardon, Armenia severed diplomatic relations with Hungary and immediate protests broke out in Yerevan. The extradition was widely condemned by international organizations and governments of many countries, including the US, Russia and France.

Early life

Ramil Safarov was born on August 25, 1977, in the Şükürbəyli village of Jabrayil District, Azerbaijan, where he finished middle school. He is one of four brothers. Jabrayil was occupied by Armenian forces on August 26, 1993, and remained under the control of the self-proclaimed Armenian Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) as part of the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict until October 4, 2020. Safarov's family fled to Baku in 1991. During a court hearing, Safarov claimed to recount memories from the years of war, during which he had lost family members. This, however, contradicted another version he told the court, where he stated that he was studying in Azerbaijan's capital of Baku and in Turkey from 1992 to 1996. He continued his studies at Maltepe Military High School in İzmir, Turkey, and then at the Turkish Military Academy, graduating in 2000, after which he returned to Azerbaijan.

Budapest murder
In January 2004, the 26-year-old Ramil Safarov, along with another officer from Azerbaijan, went to Budapest, Hungary, to participate in the three-month English language courses, organized by NATO's Partnership for Peace program for military personnel from different countries. Two Armenian officers, a 25-year-old Gurgen Margaryan and Hayk Makuchyan, also participated in this program.

At around 5:00 am at night on February 18–19, Safarov took the axe and went to Margaryan's room, which he was sharing with his Hungarian roommate. The door of their room was not locked. Safarov attacked the sleeping Margaryan with the axe and delivered 16 blows to his body, which almost severed Margaryan's head.

Safarov went to look for Makuchyan in the room of the Serbian and the Ukrainian roommates, showing them the blood-stained axe and stating that he thirsted for nobody's blood but Armenian. Later the eyewitnesses confessed that they were afraid to approach Ramil with a blood-stained axe closer than three meters.

A Hungarian court later found that it was an attempt on Makuchyan's life and recognized the latter also as a victim. While announcing the verdict the judge particularly emphasized that if Safarov had not been restrained by his fellow officers he would have killed the second Armenian officer as well.

Interrogation and trial
During his initial interrogation Safarov confessed to killing Margaryan and his intention to kill Makuchyan. Questioned about his motives during the interrogation, Safarov stated:

When the case went to trial Safarov's defense asserted that the murder was committed because Margaryan had insulted the Azerbaijani flag. This explanation later underwent several variations in the press in Azerbaijan and among his defenders. It was claimed that Margaryan and/or Makuchyan had urinated on the Azerbaijani flag; used it to clean and wipe their shoes; and had played an audio recording of "voices of suffering Azerbaijani women and girls." No witnesses were ever called during the trial to corroborate these allegations of harassment in court and prosecution lawyers strongly disputed that they had taken place. Despite the lack of evidence the Azerbaijani media, including state-owned media outlets, have circulated the version of the flag for making Safarov a national hero.

The defense also alleged that Safarov was mentally sick when committing the murder; however, the forensic medical examination, which was upheld by the judge, showed that "Safarov was sane and aware of the consequences of his act".

On April 13, 2006, a Hungarian court sentenced Safarov to life imprisonment without right of appeal for 30 years. The judge, András Vaskuti, cited the premeditated nature and brutality of the crime and the fact that Safarov showed no remorse for his deeds as the reasons for the sentence. Handing down a life sentence, the judge particularly emphasised that "the murder of a sleeping man in peace time is always a crime and cannot be an act of heroism". On February 22, 2007, a Hungarian appeals court upheld the ruling following an appeal filed by Safarov's lawyer.
While serving his sentence, Safarov translated several novels by Hungarian authors into Azeri, including Magda Szabó's The Door () and The Paul Street Boys () (youth novel by the Hungarian writer Ferenc Molnár).

Reaction to the murder and the sentence
A lawyer representing the victim's family welcomed the sentence as a "good decision for the Hungarian court and for Armenian society."

Many officials in Azerbaijan publicly praised Safarov's actions, while there were also those who condemned them. Elmira Süleymanova, the human rights commissioner (ombudsman) of Azerbaijan, declared that Safarov's punishment was far too harsh and that "Safarov must become an example of patriotism for the Azerbaijani youth". The banned radical Azerbaijan National Democrat Party awarded Safarov with the title of "Man of the Year 2005" for killing an Armenian.

Fuad Agayev, a prominent Azeri lawyer, said that Azeris "...have to urgently stop this current campaign to raise Safarov to the rank of national hero. He is no hero."

The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs condemned Azerbaijan's reaction to the brutal murder of the Armenian officer in a hearing. A report which was published by the Committee on Foreign Affairs contained a statement by Bryan Ardouny, Executive Director of the Armenian Assembly of America, who stated that "The Azerbaijani government has also consistently failed to condemn Safarov, an Azeri military officer who in 2003 [sic] brutally murdered an Armenian participant at a NATO Partnership for Peace military training exercise in Budapest, Hungary. Instead, it has encouraged domestic media and various organizations to treat the murderer as a celebrity. That individual has since been awarded the title of 'Man of the Year' by Azerbaijan's National-Democratic Party."

Extradition and pardon

Safarov's welcome in Azerbaijan
After serving eight years of the life sentence, Safarov was extradited under the framework guidelines of the 1983 Strasbourg Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons and transferred to Azerbaijan on August 31, 2012. Although the Hungarian government stated that it had received assurances from the Azerbaijan government that the remainder of the sentence would be enforced, President Ilham Aliyev issued a pardon immediately upon Safarov's arrival in Baku and ordered that he be "freed from the term of his punishment."

Azerbaijani Defense Minister Safar Abiyev promoted Safarov to the rank of major and the Defense Ministry of Azerbaijan provided him with an apartment and over eight years of back pay. On September 1, Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesman Elman Abdullayev said that the return of Safarov to Azerbaijan is a matter of relations between Azerbaijan and Hungary, which was resolved in the "framework of the law and is not contrary to norms and principles of the international law." He described Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan's statements as "hysterical" and accused him of being one of the leaders of the group that committed the Khojaly Massacre.

After arriving in Baku, Safarov stated: "This is restoration of justice. It was a bit of surprise for me." He then visited Martyrs' Lane to lay flowers at the tomb of Azerbaijan's former president Heydar Aliyev. He also laid flowers at the Eternal Flame monument and visited a monument to Turkish soldiers.

Novruz Mammadov, the head of the presidential foreign relations department, said that secret talks had been going on for a year between Azerbaijan and Hungary, and that agreement had been reached on the visit of Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán.

A week before Safarov's release there came reports that the two countries were in talks over a loan from Azerbaijan to Hungary of 2-3bn euros ($2.5–3.8bn; £1.6–2.4bn) which gave way to speculations in Hungary that Orbán extradited Safarov in return for a promise that Azerbaijan would buy Hungarian bonds.

Azerbaijani high-ranking officials have praised Safarov's extradition and pardon giving him a hero's welcome. Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan Novruz Mammadov stated in the interview:
Yes, he is in Azerbaijan. This is a great news for all of us. It is very touching to see this son of the homeland, which was thrown in jail after he defended his country's honor and dignity of the people.

Elnur Aslanov, Chief of the Political Analysis and Information Department of the Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan said that "...heroes as Mubariz Ibrahimov and Ramil Safarov with their bravery brought the second breath to the Azerbaijani society and people".

Ali Ahmedov, Deputy Chairman and Executive Secretary of the ruling New Azerbaijan Party stated that the "Order of President Ilham Aliyev to pardon Ramil Safarov is a triumph of determination, courage and justice".

Prominent public figures in Azerbaijan have made similar statements endorsing Safarov's image as a hero. Famous Azerbaijani singer and a deputy of Azerbaijani Parliament Zeynab Khanlarova made the following statement:
Safarov is not just a hero of Azerbaijan, he is an international hero! A monument should be set up to him. Not every man could do this. There are two heroes − Mr. Ilham Aliyev and Ramil Safarov. I would have done exactly as Ramil did. He did the right thing to take the life of an Armenian.

Commenting on the hero's welcome received by Safarov in Azerbaijan, Geydar Dzhemal, political scientist, the Chairman of the Islamic Committee of Russia, said,
"I am absolutely convinced that the welcoming of Ramil Safarov as a hero in Azerbaijan is quite natural".

On September 19, 2013, during the opening ceremony of the Guba Memorial Complex, President Aliyev stated that they "restored the justice" by returning Safarov to Azerbaijan.
Аzeri leaders have more than once called Armenians number one enemy, while Safarov's attorney stated at Budapest trial that "killing an Armenian is not a crime in Azerbaijan."

International reaction

Armenia

President Serzh Sargsyan announced Armenia's suspension of diplomatic relations and all official communications with Hungary on the day of Safarov's release. "This is not a simple murder. It is murder on ethnic grounds," he said.

Sargsyan suggested the possibility that Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev and Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán had entered into a secret agreement during the latter's visit to Baku on June 30, 2012. A number of sources in the media have also speculated that Hungary's deepening economic ties with Azerbaijan may have had something to do with Safarov's release. Sargsyan concluded his statements by saying, "with their joint actions the authorities of Hungary and Azerbaijan have opened the door for the recurrence of such crimes."

Demonstrations took place in front of the Hungarian consulate in Yerevan, during which the building was pelted with tomatoes. Demonstrators also burned a Hungarian flag. A photo of Safarov was also burned by the activists. National Assembly Speaker Hovik Abrahamyan cancelled his visit to Hungary planned for late September.

Hayk Makuchyan, whom Safarov unsuccessfully planned to kill on the same night as Margaryan, stated that he will petition to all judicial instances and possibly The Hague, since the murder was committed on ethnic grounds, adding: "I had no doubt that Ramil Safarov would not have served his sentence in the case of an extradition. But the Azerbaijani leadership's cynicism surpassed everything."

Hungary

On September 2 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary announced the country "refuses to accept and condemns the action of Azerbaijan, which contradicts the relevant rules of international law and sharply contrasts the undertaking of the Azerbaijani side in this matter, confirmed by the Deputy Minister of Justice of the Republic of Azerbaijan in his letter <...> of 15 August 2012." The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the action of Azerbaijan in a diplomatic note. The press release also states that "Hungary regards the decision of Azerbaijan inconsistent with the spirit of cooperation based on mutual trust that has been achieved during the past years between our respective countries."

The opposition parties strongly criticized Viktor Orbán and his cabinet for the move.
Despite government denials, opposition parties said Orbán let Safarov return to Azerbaijan in the hope of economic favors in return from the energy producer Azerbaijan.

Representatives of MSZP, the then largest opposition party, called for various subcommittees of the parliament to examine who exactly made the decision and why the procedure was kept secret. MSZP had been in power until 2010, and had refused to release Safarov. The Socialists have also called on Orbán to resign over the decision.

Other countries
: Both the United States National Security Council and the State Department expressed "deep concern" over the matter. The press statement from Washington said: "We are expressing our deep concern to Azerbaijan regarding this action and seeking an explanation. We are also seeking further details from Hungary regarding the decision to transfer Mr. Safarov to Azerbaijan." National Security Council Spokesman Tommy Vietor also stated: "President Obama is deeply concerned by today's announcement that the President of Azerbaijan has pardoned Ramil Safarov following his return from Hungary... We are communicating to Azerbaijani authorities our disappointment about the decision to pardon Safarov. This action is contrary to ongoing efforts to reduce regional tensions and promote reconciliation." "We were appalled by the glorification that we heard in some quarters of somebody who was convicted of murder," said Philip Gordon, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs. He called the case "a real provocation in the region."  The Azerbaijani foreign ministry responded, "it is perplexing that the U.S. government interferes in the relations of two independent states – Azerbaijan and Hungary" and suggested that the U.S. response was connected to the elections in the U.S.
: On September 3, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued the following statement: "In Russia, which is the co-chairman of the OSCE Minsk Group on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict settlement, received reports with deep concern regarding the clemency of Baku Azeri serviceman Ramil Safarov, who was sentenced to life imprisonment for the commission of the murder of an Armenian officer with an extreme atrocity in Hungary in the 2004, as well as regarding the preceded decision of the Hungarian authorities to extradite him to Azerbaijan. We believe that these actions of Azerbaijan, as well as the Hungarian authorities to run counter to the efforts agreed at international level, particularly through the OSCE Minsk Group, directed to reduce tension in the region."
: Foreign Ministry said that "France expresses her concern following the announcement of the pardon granted to M. Safarov by the Azerbaijani authorities". As one of the OSCE Minsk Group countries, France is "strongly committed to a peaceful solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, [and] believes that this decision risks seriously damaging the negotiation efforts and the establishment of a climate of trust between the parties."
: Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt tweeted "Strange decision in Azerbaijan to pardon man having murdered an Armenian in Hungary. Rule of law must apply."
: Foreign Affairs Minister Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis's statement said "we deeply regret and deplore this Presidential pardon and the damage inflicted by the actions that followed the release, aimed at glorifying this hideous crime, to the reconciliation efforts with Azerbaijan and we are also very concerned of its effects on regional stability."

European Court of Human Rights
A court case, Makuchyan and Minasyan v. Azerbaijan and Hungary, was brought in front of the European Court of Human Rights and decided upon in 2020, the final judgement placing blame on Azerbaijan for its decisions in the treatment of Safarov (mala fide acts), but largely acquitting Hungary for its part in transferring the convicted murderer to his home country (due diligence).

Organizations
  UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has expressed his concern over Safarov's extradition and subsequent pardon. The U.N.'s top human rights official also strongly criticized Safarov's pardon. U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay's spokesman, Rupert Colville, told reporters Friday in Geneva that "ethnically motivated hate crimes of this gravity should be deplored and properly punished – not publicly glorified by leaders and politicians... We are also in full agreement with the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group who earlier this week expressed deep concern about "the damage the pardon and any attempts to glorify the crime have done to the [Nagorno-Karabakh] peace process and trust between the two sides.""
: EU Foreign Affairs Representative Catherine Ashton and European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy Štefan Füle announced that they are "concerned by the news that the President of Azerbaijan has pardoned Azerbaijani army officer Ramil Safarov". They called on Azerbaijan and Armenia "to exercise restraint, on the ground as well as in public statements, in order to prevent an escalation of the situation in the interest of regional stability and on-going efforts towards reconciliation". The EU foreign relations spokeswoman, Maja Kocjanic, told press in Brussels: "We are particularly concerned with the impact the developments might have on the wider region."
 European Parliament passed a resolution on the Ramil Safarov case, stating that it "deplores the decision by the President of Azerbaijan to pardon Ramil Safarov", "the hero's welcome accorded to Mr Safarov in Azerbaijan and the decision to promote him to the rank of major…" as well as expresses a "concern about the example this sets for future generations and about the promotion and recognition he has received from the Azerbaijani state". As for the legitimacy of Aliyev's pardon the European Parliament "Considers that, while the presidential pardon granted to Mr Safarov complies with the letter of the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons, it runs contrary to the spirit of that international agreement, which was negotiated to allow the transfer of a person convicted on the territory of one state to serve the remainder of his or her sentence on the territory of another state".

 Collective Security Treaty Organisation: Secretary-General Nikolay Bordyuzha stated that Azerbaijan's decision to pardon Safarov is against international law. He then continued, "this move was obviously done for the sake of short-term political goals and can not be justified by anything".
 OSCE Minsk Group: The OSCE Minsk Group (composed of negotiators from the US, Russia and France to encourage a peaceful, negotiated resolution to the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh) stated that Azerbaijan's pardoning of a military officer who murdered an Armenian officer has harmed attempts to establish peace between the countries.
: NATO likewise condemned Safarov's pardon. NATO Secretary General Fogh Rasmussen expressed his "deep concern" and stated that "The act [Safarov] committed in 2004 was a terrible crime that should not be glorified. The pardon damages trust and does not contribute to the peace process."
Council of Europe: "Honouring a convicted murderer and transforming him into a hero is unacceptable", Secretary General Thorbjørn Jagland has declared. Human rights commissioner Nils Muižnieks and Jean-Claude Mignon, President of the Parliamentary Assembly, also expressed their outrage at the pardon.

Non-governmental organizations
Amnesty International human rights organization issued a public statement on the occasion of Safarov's release, which stated, "By pardoning and then promoting Ramil Safarov, President Aliyev has signalled to Azerbaijanis that violence against Armenians is not only acceptable, but rewarded. The Azerbaijani government should rescind any privileges awarded to Safarov and publicly condemn ethnic violence."

British expert on Caucasus Thomas de Waal called President Aliyev's move to pardon Safarov "deeply provocative." In De Waal's view, "This is now a full-blown state-to-state row, with as yet unknowable consequences."

Azerbaijan
Mixed thoughts came from Azerbaijani organizations and figures in Azerbaijani society. Zardusht Alizadeh, chair of the Open Society Institute in Azerbaijan, condemned the act of pardon, saying it would not contribute positively to the peaceful solution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. According to Alizadeh, the act was not based on any political will, respect of law or interest in conflict resolution, but instead had only "cheap fame" to it. The noted journalist Khadija Ismayilova, Radio Liberty's lead correspondent in Azerbaijan, commented that what Safarov had done was "awful" and the reaction of seeing him as a hero "happens when society is not allowed to do anything. They are angry. People of Azerbaijan lost the war, lost the territory to occupants, became refugees, lost their siblings including civilians and they were stopped and banned from restoring justice on the battle field." on her Facebook account.

Former deputy of the Azerbaijan National Assembly and writer Akram Aylisli refused to comment on the "campaign," but did note that he had his "own ideas of and approach to heroism." Azerbaijani media have criticized the United States' concern for Safarov's pardon and added that it should have reacted the same way when Varoujan Garabedian, a member of ASALA who was imprisoned in France, was expelled to Armenia after his pardon by France in 2001. Meanwhile, the organization Azerbaijani Americans for Democracy sent an open letter to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, urging the United States to devote more of its attention to the human rights abuses of President Aliyev, instead of Safarov's pardon.

The leading Azerbaijani Russian-language news website Day.az called on its readers to edit the Russian Wikipedia article on Safarov to prevent it from the possible "revenge of Armenian nationalists."

Hungary
Péter Erdő, the Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest and the Hungarian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, in a letter to Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II, issued a statement expressing "full solidarity with the Armenian Christians and with the Armenian people that has so much suffered in the past."

In October 2012 four Hungarian intellectuals—historian and political analyst Zoltán Bíró, rector of the John Wesley Theological College Gábor Iványi, journalist/publicist Gábor Deák and writer Rudolf Ungváry—arrived in Armenia to apologize for the extradition of Ramil Safarov. During the press conference in Yerevan they stated: "We organized the journey to inform of most of Hungarian people's disagreement, and our discontent with the authorities' decision to transfer a sleeping officer's assassin back to his homeland." Mr. Iványi said, "We have come to express our regret and shame. Hungary didn't even officially recognize the Armenian genocide as the country was in need of Turkish support then. As for the prime minister having allowed for the extradition, he would have resigned his post".

Hungarian scientist and expert in Armenian studies Benedek Zsigmond joined in the protest organized by many NGOs in Hungary against the decision of Safarov's extradition and made a public statement of apology for the Hungarian government's action. On his Facebook page he wrote "Today I feel ashamed that I am Hungarian. I apologize to all Armenians... Today is the black day in the recent history of Hungary." He also personally apologized during his visit to Armenia calling the extradition an "unacceptable, amoral act".

A Facebook page was created on September 1, apologizing for Hungarian PM's actions. The group is called "Hey Armenia, sorry about our Prime Minister" (a poster with similar title was used in fall 2011, asking EU for forgiveness for Orbán) and has more than 12,400 likes as of 27 March 2013.

On September 4, 2012, a demonstration took place in front of the Hungarian Parliament Building in Kossuth Square. It was reported that about two thousand Hungarians protested against their government's actions.

In September, the Kispest district of Budapest had a new square named after Kemal Atatürk and a statue of him was revealed among protests from local Armenians and Greeks who considered it a provocation. In the months preceding the ceremony the local government was pondering the matter, being caught between the resentment of minority groups and the will to preserve good relations with its sister city Pendik, whose representatives have already been invited to the ceremony. Only two days after its unveiling, the statue was vandalized by red paint being poured over it. The statue has been restored since.

Armenian diaspora
In many cities around the world where Armenian diaspora is present, demonstrations took place against Hungarian and Azerbaijani government actions, including New York City,  Ottawa, Tbilisi, Rostov-on-Don, and Nicosia.

A year after Safarov had been extradited, the Armenian community in Hungary claimed that they did not feel safe and that their relationship with the Hungarian government was getting worse every day, as the authorities were making their lives there "more difficult".

See also
Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
 Armenia–Azerbaijan relations

References

External links
 English transcripts of the investigation:
 Interrogation of Safarov
 Interrogation of Margaryan's roommate

1977 births
Living people
21st-century criminals
Anti-Armenianism
Azerbaijani people convicted of murder
Azerbaijani prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People convicted of murder by Hungary
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Hungary
Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
Armenia–Hungary relations
People extradited from Hungary
People extradited to Azerbaijan
Recipients of Azerbaijani presidential pardons
Translators to Azerbaijani
Axe murder
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Azerbaijani people imprisoned abroad
2004 murders in Hungary
20th-century translators
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Azerbaijan
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Hungary

Ramil Safarov


An Dendrobium fulminicaule in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Dendrobium fulminicaule in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sumatera. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium fulminicaule


Francesca Leonardi (* 1957 in Rom) ist eine italienische Filmregisseurin.

Leonardi ist diplomierte Kamerafrau und arbeitet seit Beginn der 1980er Jahre für das italienische Fernsehen, wo sie hauptsächlich für Musikvideos und Jingles wirkte. 1987 legte sie ihren einzigen Spielfilm vor, den sie auch schrieb, La rosa bianca, der beim Festival "Film-Maker" in Mailand uraufgeführt wurde.

Filmografie
 1987: La rosa bianca

Weblinks

 Leonardi bei mymovies (italienisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Italiener
Geboren 1957
Frau

Francesca Leonardi