Provincetown Harbor is a large natural harbor located in the town of Provincetown, Massachusetts. The harbor is mostly  deep and stretches roughly  from northwest to southeast and  from northeast to southwest – one large, deep basin with no dredged channel necessary for boats to enter and exit.

A tall green buoy east of Long Point (i.e., the tip of Cape Cod) marks the entrance to Provincetown Harbor from Cape Cod Bay.

Geology

Most of Cape Cod was created by the Laurentide Glacier between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago. However, the Provincetown Spit, i.e., the land surrounding Provincetown Harbor from High Head in North Truro through all of Provincetown, consists largely of marine deposits transported from farther up the shore during the last 6,000 years.

History

A stone wall discovered in Provincetown in 1805 is thought to have been built by Viking Thorvald Eiriksson about AD 1007, when according to Norse sagas, the keel of Ericson's ship was repaired in the harbor.

Bartholomew Gosnold explored the harbor in 1602, and his mate Gabriel Archer wrote: "The fifteenth day of May we had again sight of the land, which made ahead, being as we thought an island, by reason of a large sound that appeared westward between it and the main, for coming to the west end thereof, we did perceive a large opening, we called it Shoal Hope. Near this cape we came to anchor in fifteen fathoms, where we took great store of codfish, for which we altered the name, and called it Cape Cod. Here we saw sculls of herring, mackerel, and other small fish, in great abundance. This is a low sandy shoal, but without danger..."

John Smith explored the harbor in 1614 and wrote: "Cape Cod... is only a headland of high hills of sand, overgrown with shrubby pines, hurts, and such trash, but an excellent harbor for all weathers. This Cape is made by the main sea on the one side, and a great bay on the other, in form of a sickle..."

Pilgrims' first landing

Provincetown Harbor was the initial anchoring place of the Pilgrims traveling on the Mayflower in 1620, before they proceeded to Plymouth, Massachusetts. Thoreau later observed that Smith's description of the harbor may have been less colored by the hardships of transoceanic troubles than the Pilgrims'. Mourt's Relation describes the harbor as:

The Mayflower held several different passengers in addition to the Pilgrims on its first transoceanic voyage. Before coming ashore at the extreme northwest corner of the harbor, the Pilgrims and other settlers signed the Mayflower Compact in the harbor on November 11, 1620. Dorothy Bradford, the first wife of William Bradford, was one of the first adult Pilgrims to die in the New World. According to the only known written description of her death from close to when it actually occurred, she fell overboard from the Mayflower in Provincetown Harbor on December 17, 1620 and drowned. Peregrine White, the first child born to the Pilgrims in New England, was born while they were in Provincetown Harbor.

Village of Long Point

From 1818 until the 1850s a fishing village existed at Long Point, complete with a post office, schoolhouse, 6 windmills for saltworks, and 38 homes for about 200 adults and 60 children.  When the families left in the 1850s, they floated their homes a mile across the harbor, where many still stand today.

During the American Civil War, the military established defensive artillery battery positions at this location. The Long Point Battery would come to be known as "Fort Useless" and "Fort Ridiculous" by the local residents.

Today, Long Point is a ghost village, and nothing remains save for the Long Point Light, which had been replaced by a new light in 1875.

East Harbor
For the better part of modern history, the eastern part of Provincetown harbor was connected to yet another harbor, historically known as East Harbor. East Harbor was the most protected mooring place in the outer Cape for boats using Cape Cod Bay and the Gulf of Maine. East Harbor had a  inlet from Provincetown Harbor, as shown in the adjacent map from 1836.

Until the late 19th century, there was not a single road leading in or out of Provincetown – the only land route connecting Provincetown to points beyond was along a thin stretch of beach along the shore to the north (locally called the "backshore").  A wooden bridge was erected over the East Harbor in 1854, only to be destroyed by a winter storm and ice two years later.  Although the bridge was replaced the following year, a traveler using it still had to traverse several miles over a sand route, which, along with the backshore route, would occasionally be washed out by storms.  This made Provincetown much like an island, in that it relied almost entirely upon its harbor for its communication, travel, and commerce needs.

In 1868 the mouth of the East Harbor was diked, to facilitate the laying of track for the arrival of the railroad; the wooden bridge and sand road were finally replaced by a formal roadway in 1877, as shown in the accompanying map from 1887.  The East Harbor thus became a lake, connected to Provincetown Harbor only through a culvert in the dike, and in 1910, the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) officially renamed it Pilgrim Lake.

In the ensuing years, the dike became clogged with vegetation, beginning a trend of desalination and oxygen-depletion that resulted in the demise of native wildlife populations, occasionally in the form of fish kills. In 2004, tidal flow was successfully restored by the National Park Service, working together with other local, state, and federal agencies. In the following year, for the first time since Abraham Lincoln was president, legal-size clams were found in East Harbor.  In 2008, the USGS officially renamed Pilgrim Lake, restoring the original appellation of East Harbor.

Other history
The Portland gale of 1898 destroyed several wharves and fishing vessels within the harbor.

In 2002, Provincetown Harbor Beach was selected by the US Environmental Protection Agency as one of three Flagship beaches for the state of Massachusetts that serve as models for beach managers in water quality monitoring and pollution assessments and because of its health.

The harbor is the southern boundary of the Provincetown historic district, which is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Landmarks
Two main parallel wharves dominated the center of the harbor in the late 19th century: Railroad Wharf and Steamboat Wharf. President Grant visited Provincetown for the opening of the railroad in 1874. Today, the wharves have been replaced by piers. Although rail and steamboat service to Provincetown both ended long ago, ferry service continues.

MacMillan Pier, the town pier of Provincetown, was significantly renovated and expanded during 2003-2005 with the help of a $1.95 million low interest loan from the Rural Development program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The pier primarily serves tourists and high-speed ferries to Boston and Plymouth that charge their passengers up to $44 per one-way trip. The Provincetown Public Pier Corporation  (PPPC) entered into a 20-year lease agreement for MacMillan Pier operations in 2005. The pier is named after arctic explorer Donald B. MacMillan, a Provincetown native who retired to Provincetown and died there in 1970.

Immediately parallel to MacMillan Pier is Fisherman's Wharf, also known to locals as Cabral's Pier. They Also Faced the Sea is an outdoor art installation of five large portraits of local Portuguese-American women photographed by Norma Holt hanging since 2003 on one side and one end of the old fish-packing plant on Cabral Pier.

In both 1907 and 1910, when the Pilgrim Monument began construction and when it was dedicated, the entire Atlantic fleet of the U.S. Navy was inside the harbor for large ceremonies led by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, respectively.

In addition to a panoramic view of the whole town, the harbor affords views of three working lighthouses: Long Point Light, Wood End Light, and Highland (or Cape Cod) Light.  All three are on land within the Cape Cod National Seashore. The harbor serves as the southern boundary of the nationally registered Provincetown historic district, which consists of some , 1127 buildings, three structures, and five objects.

On the East End of Provincetown, Lewis Wharf was purchased by Mary Heaton Vorse, and its old fish shack converted into a theater which became the home of the Provincetown Players. Eugene O'Neill debuted his first play, Bound East for Cardiff, there in 1916.

Captain Jack's Wharf is on the West End of Provincetown.

U.S. Coast Guard has administrative buildings and barracks at the base of a concrete pier on the harbor. The current station opened in 1979 and is responsible for safety and law enforcement in over  of Cape Cod Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Noteworthy past disasters within this station's area include the wreck of the submarine S-4 in 1927. This station includes the first federal building to receive solar power. A frequent sight in the harbor is the station's 47-foot Motor Lifeboat.

The West End Breakwater, built in 1911 by the US Army Corps of Engineers, is open to the public for walking and exploring. Technically speaking, it is more of a dike than a breakwater. The harbor also has a "true" breakwater built between 1970 and 1972 and located  from the end of MacMillan Pier.

Marine life
Provincetown Harbor supports a wide variety of marine life from algae, seagrasses and plankton through bryozoa, hydroids, echinoderms, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, birds, marine mammals, and other animals.

The harbor is an amazingly diverse and productive habitat. The following tables list in no particular order 94 examples of marine life that are regularly observed within the harbor. A few landbirds are included that are common around MacMillan Pier, on the beaches, and on the breakwater.

Historic annual events
The Great Provincetown Schooner Regatta each September preserves the harbor's history as a great sailing port.

A Blessing of the Fleet ceremony is held at the end of MacMillan Pier in late June, when all the boats operating in the harbor are blessed by a visiting bishop as part of the Provincetown Portuguese Festival.

The Swim for Life occurs each September since 1988, which is a swim across the harbor to raise funds and awareness of HIV/AIDS, women's health and community health.

Commercial use

Roughly a dozen fishing trawlers (locally known as "draggers"), ferries to Boston and Plymouth, Massachusetts, several different sportfishing boats, boat rentals, and other commercial boats also use the harbor today.

East Coast whale watching on Stellwagen Bank originated as a joint effort of the Dolphin Fleet and the Center for Coastal Studies leaving from MacMillan Pier in 1975.  In addition, other tour boat operators offer a variety of tours of and from the harbor, including historical sightseeing tours, harbor marine life tours, sunset cruises and more.

Further reading and other information
 Wikipedia List of Nationally Registered Historic Places in Provincetown
 Oldale, R. N., 1992, Cape Cod and the Islands, the geologic story: Parnassus Imprints, East Orleans, Massachusetts, 208 p. see Geologic History of Cape Cod, Massachusetts
 Carl Christian Rafn, 1837. Antiquitates Americanæ. referred to by The Norse Wall House
 Strahler, A. N., 1966, A Geologist's View of Cape Cod: Doubleday. Reprinted Parnassus Imprints (1988), Orleans, Massachusetts, 115 p.
 Vorse, M.H.  Time and the Town: A Provincetown Chronicle. 1942. Dial Press, New York, 372 p.
 a Norma Holt exhibit in "Faces & Places"
 "Shutterbug" 1999 interview with Norma Holt
 Things to Do compiled by Provincetown Public Pier Corporation
 Provincetown Chamber of Commerce has information about annual events, plus tourist information such as cruises and tours of the harbor.
 old postcard of Captain Jack's wharf in West End

External links
 WikiMapia aerial view showing several landmarks

References

Ports and harbors of Massachusetts
Geography of Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Transportation in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Massachusetts natural resources
Provincetown, Massachusetts
Bays of Massachusetts

Provincetown Harbor


Lost in Time es un videojuego para ordenador del género aventura gráfica de ciencia ficción en primera persona. Fue desarrollado y publicado por Coktel Vision en 1993. Se promocionó como "la primera videoaventura interactiva en usar la tecnología Full motion video", además de contener dibujos a mano y decorados prerenderizados en 3D.

La versión que salió originalmente en Europa se vendió en formato disquete de 3.5" en dos entregas separadas. Más tarde Sierra On-Line publicaría una versión en CD-ROM que incluía las dos partes, además de vídeos más largos con voces y una tasa de imágenes por segundo superior. En España una versión en CD-ROM de este juego se vendió junto a la revista Computer Gaming World.

El argumento trata sobre como una mujer llamada Doralice, al explorar en el año 1992 un barco naufragado, es transportada a través del tiempo al año 1840 cuando el barco aún navegaba. En esa situación no tendrá más opción que investigar lo que ha ocurrido, hasta descubrir cosas acerca de su pasado.

El juego es controlado solo con el ratón. Al hacer clic izquierdo se ampliará un objeto o se cogerá, el clic derecho abrirá el inventario de objetos. Los objetos podrán combinarse creando nuevos objetos. Al llevar el cursor a la parte superior de la pantalla se consigue acceder a los menús, donde se puede salvar/cargar/salir y leer una especie de diario donde se relatan los sucesos acaecidos durante el juego.

Durante la aventura se deberán resolver diferentes situaciones para avanzar, usando o combinando diferentes objetos. Estas acciones irán acompañadas por un vídeo de la acción realizada. Durante el transcurso del juego el personaje controlado no podrá morir.

Referencias

Videojuegos de 1993
Videojuegos de Coktel Vision
Videojuegos para DOS
Aventuras gráficas
Videojuegos de aventura en primera persona
Videojuegos de Sierra Entertainment
Videojuegos desarrollados en Francia
Videojuegos con protagonistas femeninas
Viajes en el tiempo en videojuegos
Película interactiva

Lost in Time (videojuego)


Asarcık (), Samsun ilinin bir ilçesidir. 1987 yılına kadar Kavak ilçesine bağlı olup, nüfusunun az olmasına rağmen merkeze uzaklığı sebebiyle ilçe statüsüne girmiştir. İlçe merkezinin nüfusu 2012 sayımına göre 2.435'tir. İlçenin tümü 2020 sayımına göre 16.706 nüfusludur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerel net

Asarcık


Das Philosophische Wörterbuch ist der Name des von Walter Brugger erstmals im Jahre 1947 bei Herder verlegten Wörterbuchs. Nach zahlreichen Auflagen wurde es im Jahre 2010 von Harald Schöndorf im Verlag Karl Alber in vollständiger Überarbeitung neu herausgegeben.

Das Wörterbuch orientiert sich an der klassischen Tradition der Philosophie, deren Begrifflichkeit und Fragestellungen bis in die Philosophie der Gegenwart weiterwirken. Eine Besonderheit des Wörterbuchs stellt der philosophiegeschichtliche Anhang dar, der in einer knappen gegliederten Übersicht eine große Zahl wichtiger Denker von der Antike bis in die Gegenwart anführt und der von ihnen vertretenen Richtung zuordnet. Die verschiedenen Artikel sind zu einem großen Teil von Professoren der Münchener Hochschule für Philosophie verfasst.

Ausgaben
 Walter Brugger: Philosophisches Wörterbuch. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 1947. XLI, 532 Seiten. Erstausgabe.
 Walter Brugger, Harald Schöndorf (Hrsg.): Philosophisches Wörterbuch.  Alber, Freiburg im Breisgau 2010, ISBN 978-3-495-48213-1, 739 Seiten.

Die Neuausgabe gliedert sich in ein Verzeichnis der Autoren, in Abkürzungen der Verlagsorte, den Hauptteil von Seite 13 bis 596, einen Abriss der Geschichte der Philosophie von Seite 597 bis 706 und ein Namensregister.

Literatur

 Rezension:

Lexikon oder Enzyklopädie (Philosophie)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Fachliches Nachschlagewerk für die Gemeinsame Normdatei

Philosophisches Wörterbuch (Brugger-Schöndorf)


The Cannon River a tributary of the Mississippi River flows  from Shields Lake near Shieldsville to Red Wing in the U.S. state of Minnesota, where it joins the Mississippi River.  It drains a watershed approximately 1460 square miles (3,780 km²) in size. The river flows through the counties of Le Sueur, Rice, Dakota, and Goodhue.

The Cannon River has few rapids, but some can be difficult (Class II). Some have claimed lives, as has the confluence with the Little Cannon River in Cannon Falls. Canoes traversing the river must portage several dams; the low header dams are more dangerous than they appear to novices. Downed trees and logjams are extreme hazards in high water, as are low bridges. The river varies in width from 50 to 200 feet (15 to 60 m).

Water characteristics

Stream flow usually peaks in early April. Very heavy rains can cause the river to flood. The dam at Lake Byllesby does not affect water levels and canoeing downstream, because it  maintains instantaneous flow-through. From Faribault, Minnesota to its mouth, the Cannon, a designated Minnesota Wild and Scenic River falls 280 feet (85 m), an average of 4.8 feet/mile (1 m/km).  In its upper course, the river flows through the lake region of western Rice County.  The chief tributary of the Cannon River is the Straight River, which enters the Cannon in Faribault. The Straight River is an important and scenic river in its own right. It originates in southern Steele County at Oak Glen Lake near Bixby.

Landscape
Bounded by rolling hills, bluffs, farmland, and woods in its upper reaches, dammed by H.M. Byllesby in 1910 for hydroelectric power to create Lake Byllesby Reservoir, the Cannon enters a broad gorge below Cannon Falls, where it is flanked by bluffs up to 300 feet (100 m) high. The Cannon River is underlaid with a variety of sedimentary rocks. The river valley was created by cutting through these rocks produced rock outcrops of St. Peter Sandstone, the Prairie du Chien Group of dolomites and sandstone, and near the river's mouth, Jordan Sandstone and the St. Lawrence and Franconia formations.

Past the Falls, the river is in the Driftless Area of Minnesota, a region that remained ice free during the last ice age, allowing the river to carve a very impressive canyon. The upper region of the river is involved with terminal moraines and glacial drift and till, and is not in the Driftless Area.

Animals and plants
In the reservoirs and slow stretches above Faribault the most common game fish are northern pike, black crappies, bluegills, and bullheads. Downstream from Faribault the most common species are smallmouth bass, northern pike, walleye, and, in the stretch below Cannon Falls, Minnesota, channel catfish. Wildlife seen in the river valley includes white-tailed deer, beavers, otters, raccoons, bobcats, red fox, gray fox, and coyotes. Bald eagles are sighted near the Mississippi River.

The Dwarf Trout Lily is a rare plant present only in the Cannon River watershed.

Cultural information
Evidence of human activity along Inyan Bosndata (or "Standing Rock River" as the Cannon is named in the Dakota Indian language)  goes back at least 12,000 years.  By C.E. 1000 the Mississippian culture, a tradition heavily dependent on agriculture, was established in southern Minnesota. An important part of the yearly cycle was the hunting of buffalo west of the Mississippi and the Big Woods. The Cannon served as a primary route from the Mississippi River valley to the plains of western Minnesota where bison were common. The Dakota were forced to surrender the area in the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and most Dakota (except for a small group south of Faribault) left the area after the Dakota War of 1862.  The "Standing Rock" of the Dakota language name is Castle Rock, located two miles east of the unincorporated community of Castle Rock.

The mouth of the Cannon River was a major center of this culture. In historic times Indians and traders frequently hid their canoes near the river's mouth, and so French fur traders called the stream La Riviere aux Canots, "the river of canoes." In 1877 there were 15 flour mills along the stretch of river between Faribault and Northfield alone. At Dundas, travelers still can see the aging limestone walls of the Archibald Mill.  The Cannon River also flows through the Science Center at the Maltby Nature Preserve in Randolph, Minnesota.

Adapted from the Minnesota DNR web site

Historic Industries
Ingenious Cannon Valley flour millers harnessed the power of the Cannon to run their simple country grist mills. In a scant few decades during the mid-to-late 19th Century, more innovations in the flour milling industry were developed here than in several centuries before. Their inventions and processes figuratively changed the face of milling around the world. The first mills they built at Faribault, Morristown, Dundas, Northfield, Cannon Falls and Red Wing became the first bona fide industry that helped grow the Cannon Valley's first economy. These people, John North, John T. Archibald, Alexander Faribault, Edmund LaCroix, and Captain Jesse Ames, to name a few, had much to do with advancing the newer technology, thereby establishing the first towns along the Cannon River.
Remnants of the earliest mill companies live on through Malt-O-Meal and in textile milling at the Faribault Woolen Mill.

Parks and Recreation
The Cannon Valley Trail runs along the south bank of the river, between Cannon Falls and Red Wing and provides scenic views of surrounding farmland and the river valley. Sakatah Lake State Park is on a natural widening of the river near Waterville.
The 40-mile Sakatah-Singing Hills Trail begins at Faribault at the White Sands Trailhead facility, winding its way west along the Cannon River, past several lakes connected by it, ending at Mankato. The four-season asphalt pathway is a remnant of the Cannon Valley Railroad built in the 1880s.

See also
List of rivers of Minnesota, List of longest streams of Minnesota
Lake Byllesby
Sakatah Lake State Park
Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail, a large portion of the trail follows the Cannon River.

References

External links

Cannon River State Water Trail - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MN DNR)
Clean River Partners, Formerly Cannon River Watershed Partnership

Rivers of Minnesota
Tributaries of the Mississippi River
Rivers of Goodhue County, Minnesota
Driftless Area
Rivers of Dakota County, Minnesota
Rivers of Rice County, Minnesota
Rivers of Le Sueur County, Minnesota

Cannon River (Minnesota)


Los conflictos ambientales, conflictos socio-ambientales o conflictos ecológicos-distributivos son un tipo particular de conflicto social. Los conflictos ambientales se producen cuando hay un impacto negativo o daño sobre el medio ambiente y una disputa entre actores alrededor de la gestión del medio ambiente.

Perspectivas teóricas

Posmaterialismo
El posmaterialismo es una perspectiva sociológica que plantea que una vez alcanzado cierto grado de realización material (en términos de seguridad económica, alimentaria), las personas ponen más énfasis en objetivos inmateriales tales como la auto-expresión, la autonomía, la libertad de expresión, la igualdad de género y el ambientalismo. El término fue acuñado por el politólogo estadounidense Ronald Inglehart en su libro de 1977 La revolución silenciosa. El posmaterialismo ha recibido varias críticas, entre ellas, la inconsistencia de sus datos y la imposibilidad de explicar el surgimiento de movimientos ambientales en América Latina y países del Tercer Mundo.

Ecología política y economía ecológica
La ecología política surge como respuesta a la visión del posmaterialismo. Joan Martínez Alier y Ramachandra Guha son sus principales exponentes. Critican la perspectiva según la cual el ambientalismo es un problema de ricos (según la visión de Inglehart). Además de centrarse en los conflictos ambientales de América Latina, también estudian fenómenos como el racismo ambiental. Para la ecología política, los conflictos ambientales son conflictos ecológicos-distributivos, un término que proviene de la economía ecológica. La economía ecológica busca entender la relación entre el crecimiento económico y el ambiente. Para Martínez Alier, la distribución ecológica es la desigualdad o las asimetrías entre quienes consumen los recursos y quienes deben soportar la contaminación producto de ese consumo.

Clasificaciones

Tipología del metabolismo social
La ecología política propone entender a la economía desde el punto de vista del metabolismo social. Esto quiere decir que la economía es concebida como un ecosistema donde ingresan materiales y energía y del que salen residuos. Desde esta perspectiva, los conflictos ecológicos-distributivos pueden analizarse según su ubicación en los distintos puntos de la cadena de valor. La tipología propuesta por Martínez Alier clasifica los conflictos de la siguiente forma:

 Conflictos en la extracción de materiales y energía: son todos aquellos conflictos vinculados a la extracción primaria de un recurso, por ejemplo, los conflictos mineros, por la extracción de petróleo, la degradación y erosión de las tierras, la deforestación y la plantación de bosques implantados, la biopiratería.
 Conflictos sobre el transporte: son todos aquellos conflictos relacionados con el transporte de materiales y energía, por ejemplo los derrames de petróleo sobre hidrovías, ampliación de puertos y aeropuertos, construcción de nuevas autopistas, etc.
 Conflictos sobre los residuos y la contaminación: por ejemplo, los conflictos por pesticidas, residuos de energía nuclear, desechos en las aguas, exportación de residuos, contaminación transfronteriza, etc.

Clasificación de Moore
Christopher Moore propuso en un artículo de 1989 la siguiente clasificación de los conflictos ambientales:

Conflictos por información: se producen por la ausencia de información necesaria para la toma de decisión, es decir, cuando las personas están mal informadas o cuando está en discusión la relevancia de los datos con que se cuenta o su interpretación.
Conflictos por relaciones: causados por modelos de relación entre instituciones o individuos, cuando hay desconfianza, falta de credibilidad o duda sobre la integridad de los actores. Generalmente son los responsables del conflicto o los agravantes factores externos a los grupos involucrados.
Conflictos por intereses: originados por la discusión de intereses realmente divergentes o que han sido interpretados como tales.
Conflictos por problemas estructurales: cuando existen límites físicos, institucionales o formales para dar una resolución a las demandas.
Conflictos por divergencia de valores o de enfoque:  surgen por la existencia de valores o sistemas de creencias diferentes. Estos solo surgen cuando los diferentes valores no son tenidos en cuenta o cuando se presentan con exigencias de exclusividad.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Observatorio Latinoamericano de Conflictos Ambientales: Conflictos ambientales en México.
 Observatorio de Conflictos por Recursos Naturales (OCRN), de Argentina.

Cuestiones ambientales
Términos medioambientales
Economía ambiental
Economía ecológica
Términos de ecología

Conflicto ambiental


ماركيز روكنغهام الثاني  هو اللقب الذي عرف به تشارلز واتسون ونتورث  سياسي بريطاني (13 مايو 1730-1 يوليو 1782). تولى رئاسة الوزارة في بريطانيا مرتين:
 من 13 يوليو 1765 إلى 30 يوليو 1766.
 من 27 مارس إلى 1 يوليو 1782.

توفي وهو لا يزال في منصبه.

نشأته

وكان اللورد روكينغم ترعرع في منزل عائلة ودهاوس وينتوورث بالقرب من روثرهام في جنوب يوركشاير. تلقى تعليمه في مدرسة وستمنستر. وخلال يعقوبي ارتفاع أب 1745 روكينغم لجعله عقيد والمتطوعين المنظمة للدفاع عن البلاد ضد «المدعي الشاب». روكينغم ماري كتب له من لندن، قائلا الملك «كتب لا شك ولكن الذي كان جيدا، برتبة عقيد، كما فعل في جيشه»، وشارلوت شقيقة أخرى له «إن كنت قد اكتسبت شرف الخالد ولدي كل يوم عن ارتياح جلسة 20 أشياء وسيم وقال للبلوز وتسبب لهم مسيرة الجيش يعقوبي في شمال إنجلترا الأسرة وينتوورث على الفرار إلى دونكاستر وروكينغم ركب من وينتوورث لكارلايل للانضمام إلى دوق كمبرلاند في السعي لتحقيق» المدعي الشاب «. روكينغم فعل ذلك دون موافقة الوالدين، وكتب إلى والده كمبرلاند روكينغم، قائلا إن حماس» له في هذه المناسبة ويبين نفس المبادئ التي تقوم أصلحتها نفسك قدموا أدلة قوية من هذا القبيل«روكينغم كتب إلى والده الذي كمبرلاند اللوم لي لبلدي العصيان، ولكن كما قلت جاء مع تصميم لإنقاذ الملك وبلادي... إنها جريمة مخفف إلى حد كبير لي. روكينغم وكتب إلى والده:» على الرغم من أنني أرجو أن لا يقولوا ذلك له واجتمع أبدا أي شيء من هذا القبيل مع تصفيق عامة، وباختصار هو بطل هذه الأوقات، ومحادثات جلالة الملك في هذا الموضوع الشباب، في مثل هذه الشروط، كما يجب عليك أن نسمع من فضلك... في غرفة رسم أي شخصين الحديث معا، لكنه يجعل جزءا من الخطاب.

في أبريل 1746 والد روكينغم وقدم المركيز (المتبقية من المركيز فقط في طبقة النبلاء البريطانية لبعض الوقت)، وروكينغم نفسه وارتقى إلى إيرل من اسم علم. وجاءت هذه يكرم بسبب وشك رعاية بيلهام هنري وفي هذا الوقت روكينغم كان مسافرا في جميع أنحاء أوروبا تحت الوصاية من كوارم جورج، كما والده قرر عدم إرساله إلى كامبردج. وخلال فترة إقامته في روما روكينغم ولاحظ أن من بين الإنجليز اليمينيون اليعاقبة فاقت أربعة إلى واحد وأنه «لا يوجد أشخاص من ذوي الرتب عن المدعي» وأن «روح الشريرة من حركة اليعاقبه» آخذة في الانخفاض بشكل كبير. عندما تكون في هيرين هاوسن، هانوفر روكينغم التقى جورج الثاني وكان لها أثرا: الملك قال عمه روكينغم هنري فينش أنه لم يسبق له مثيل في الدقيقة أو أكثر للشباب واعد.

مراجع

أشخاص توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
أنجليكانيون إنجليز
خريجو كلية سانت جونز (كامبريدج)
رؤساء حكومات في القرن 18
رؤساء مجلس اللوردات
رؤساء وزراء بريطانيا العظمى
زملاء الجمعية الملكية
سياسيون توفوا أثناء شغلهم لمنصب
فرسان الرباط
مدفونون في كاتدرائية يورك
مواليد 1730
مواليد في جنوب يوركشير
وفيات 1782
وفيات بسبب الإنفلونزا
وفيات في لندن

ماركيز روكنغهام


Vermont South is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, 26 km (16 miles) east of its Central Business District. It had a population of 11,954 at the .

The eastern boundary is Dandenong Creek, which flows from the Dandenong Ranges through to Port Phillip. The suburb was mostly developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, after developers bought the apple orchards in the area.

History

Before the first European colonialists, the landscape was thickly timbered bushland, occupied by the Wurundjeri, Indigenous Australians of the Kulin nation, who spoke variations of the Woiwurrung language group. They were hunters and gatherers, camping near the creeks and gullies of the area now known as Bellbird Dell. The creek flowed from immediately north of the Dell, through it and on to join the Dandenong Creek.

The first settlers, who were woodcutters and charcoal burners, came in the 1850s before land sales. Selectors followed and they marked out, leased and improved allotments, which would enable them to gain freehold titles from the Crown. Temporary wattle and daub huts were erected and later substantial timber cottages.

Apart from some general farming, orchards dominated the landscape until the 1950s and 60s, when the demand for new housing areas led to the subdivision of orchards. Nunawading Council (now Whitehorse Council) began the acquisition of property in 1966, with the purchase of a large block (7.26 hectares; 18 acres) from local orchardist Cecil Rhodes to form Bellbird Dell.

Vermont South was the location of the Australian Gun Club in the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1972, after heavy rains and the increased run-off from the subdivisions caused flooding of Morack Road and the Burwood Highway, Bellbird Dell Creek was barrelled and the natural watercourse disappeared, with the site and its adjoining land reserve as public open space.

Vermont South Post Office opened on 22 October 1974 as the suburb developed.

Landmarks

Pin Oak Court in Vermont South is the filming location for "Ramsay Street" in the Australian soap opera Neighbours. A Neighbours tour bus operates on a regular basis, which is popular with UK backpackers.

Vermont South is the home of the Nunawading Motorcross Track, just off Burwood Highway. Behind the motorcross track are bush walk trails connecting to Dandenong Creek and a spectacular lookout. The lookout is located at the peak of a man-made hill, which is the remains of the former City of Nunawading Tip that was closed in the 1970s. These walking/bike trails (Dandenong Creek Trail) connect to the greater bike trails of eastern Victoria, including the Mount Dandenong National Park and Nortons, Napier and Jells Parks. Sportlink is also a landmark.

The Burvale Hotel is named after its location at the intersection of Springvale Road and Burwood Highway. There is a pub, bottle shop (previously a drive-thru, now developed into a Dan Murphy's store) and motel.

Commercial areas

The Vermont South Shopping centre is located on the Burwood Highway, which contains anchor stores such as Coles, an Aldi supermarkets, a Westpac bank with a variety of small retails shops such as Baker's Delight.  There are adjoining retail outlet franchises such as Coles Express, McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Subway, and a variety of smaller businesses that trade in fast food and miscellaneous services.

On the south side of Burwood Highway is the head office and laboratories of the former Australian Road Research Board, now ARRB Group Ltd. This property has now sold majority of its land to developers, where a retirement village has been constructed.

The following businesses have previously been established in the Burwood Highway front location of Vermont South Shopping Centre: Venture, a Jewells Food Stores, Dan Murphy's Liquor Superstore and "Get Fresh" fruit & vegie and a butcher.

At the end of 2005, the largest Bunnings Warehouse in the world was built in Vermont South. The Australian Lifestyle television program, Better Homes and Gardens, filmed a special at this location.

Transport

The Government of Victoria extended tram route 75 from its former terminus at Burwood East to the Vermont South Shopping Centre in 2005. In addition to the tram, a Transit Bus Link has been added, which travels down Burwood Highway to Westfield Knox Shopping Centre.

This transit bus, named the "Knox Transit Link" runs up to 21 hours per day, in conjunction with the route 75 tram timetable, making a "seamless connection" to and from the tram.

On weekdays it runs from 4:30 am–1:20 am the next morning, running at every 10 minutes in the daytime off-peak period and from every 5–7 minutes in the morning and afternoon peak periods, while after 7:30 pm on weeknights, service intervals are set at every 20 minutes. On Saturdays, the Knox Transit Link bus service runs from approximately 4:30 am–1:20 am the next morning, at 12-minute intervals in the daytime, and every 15–20 minutes beyond the 12 minute interval periods. On Sundays, a 12-minute daytime frequency is offered with a 30-minute service in the early morning and at night, with the last service to run from Vermont South at approximately 12:45 am.

An upgrade in November 2007 saw the introduction of an hourly Sunday service and buses running until 9 pm 7 days a week.

Bus routes 732, 736, 742 and 902 also service Vermont South. All four bus routes operate seven days.

732: Box Hill to Upper Ferntree Gully

736: Mitcham to Blackburn

742: Ringwood to Chadstone Shopping Centre

902 SmartBus: Chelsea to Airport West

Route 732 duplicates the Knox Transit Link section entirely, however it does not have the extended-hours operation of the Knox Transit Link.

Routes 736 and 742 run past Vermont South Shopping Centre and the tram terminus, with both routes sharing bus stops in Hanover Rd.

Route 902 runs along Springvale Rd along the western extremity of Vermont South.

Parks and reserves

Local parks in Vermont South include Billabong Park, Charlesworth Park, Terrara Park, Tyrol Park and the Dandenong Valley Metropolitan Park (west of Dandenong Creek).

Bellbird Dell is a natural park, located in the north of the suburb. It is a 1.4 km (1500 yard) linear park with an area of 17.5 hectares (43 acres), named after the bellbirds that can be heard in the park. The majority of the park is thick bush, however, there are walking trails, wetlands and ornamental lakes. Open grassed areas are provided with picnic tables. For walkers 'The Dell' offers short or long strolls but dogs must be on a leash, as the main pathways are shared with cyclists. Birds and frogs can be seen and heard here and, in spring, there are wildflowers. Victoria's floral emblem, the pink heath (Epacris impressa), can be seen growing wild within the remnant areas.

Hanover Reserve in Vermont South has a playground for children, as well as accessible swings. A pocket guide to Walking and Wheeling in Whitehorse has been produced highlighting some of the parks and walking trails in the municipality.

Education

 Emmaus College – Years 7-12 Campus
 Vermont South Special School
 Weeden Heights Primary School – Established in 1980
 Livingstone Primary School
 Holy Saviour Primary School
 Barriburn Pre-School, Birralee Pre-School Association, Terrara Pre-School Association,
 Vermont South Children's Services Centre

Clubs and facilities

Vermont South Club
Vermont South Club offers Tennis, Darts & Bowls.
$1 million redevelopment works began at Vermont South Club on 3 October 2007. The redevelopment for the Bowling Clubhouse extended capacity from 60 people to 120 people. Other changes proposed include improving disabled access, toilet, shower and kitchen facilities.
More information can be found on their website. Vermont South Club

Sustainability street hub activities
Sustainability Street hubs have been operating in Blackburn, Box Hill, Vermont South and most recently Wattle Hill. Participating communities are guided through a process where they learn about sustainability and how to share practical sustainable principles and actions with others, as well as how to organise themselves as a group in implementing an event/project. The six-month training period is organised around four stages, called mulch (learn), sow (plan), grow (do) and harvest (teach).

Sportlink multipurpose indoor sports facility
A new $8 million, multi-purpose netball stadium was opened in Hanover Road on 7 February 2009. Sharelle McMahon gave a speech and umpired a community netball match for the occasion. It provides for netball, basketball, indoor soccer, badminton and volleyball games, and is already home to local clubs.

To celebrate the opening milestone event, a 'Come and Try Day' was held at Sportlink Vermont South, with the chance to see the new development, watch sports demonstrations and take part in fun activities. Sportlink, which features four indoor and four outdoor courts, includes a multipurpose room, community room, café, first aid room and change rooms. It includes netball, basketball, volleyball, badminton and many more. Planning for this facility started in 2006, with community consultation conducted in November 2006.

Vermont South skateboard ramp
Located at Lookout Trail Park, on the corner of Morack Road and Burwood Highway. The ramp features a vertical half pipe that is suitable for advanced skaters and is built to international standards.

Soccer
The Whitehorse United Soccer Club is located in Vermont South. The men's team won the State League 4 East competition in 2017 and currently compete in the State league 3 south-east competition. The Women's team compete in the newly formed Victorian Premier League Women, having been promoted in 2018 (champions) and 2019.

Other clubs and facilities include:
 Vermont South Tennis Club
 Vermont South Cricket Club
 Whitehorse School of Physical Culture (formerly Vermont South School of Physical Culture)
 Morack Golf Course
 Holy Saviour Tennis Club
 Livingstone Netball Club
 Hi-Lites Netball Club
 Lions Club of South Vermont Inc.

Churches

 Vermont South Evangelical Church
 Holy Saviour Catholic Church
 Anglican Church of the Holy Name of Jesus
 Evangelical Church

Services

Vermont South Metropolitan Fire Brigade (South Vermont Fire Station No. 28) is located at 721 Highbury Road, on the corner of Springvale Road. This Brigade moved from 535 High Street Road, Mount Waverley in 1999. The building has won a design award.

The Vermont South Community House is one of nine community and neighbourhood houses that provide courses and activities for all age groups within the City of Whitehorse. Vermont South Community House was established in 1976 as a sustainable community organisation. An environment has been created, where the community can work together to achieve common goals. The house is run by a volunteer network, who run programs to share information and advocate on behalf of the community. The Community House was the winner of the 2008 Whitehorse Sustainability Awards.

 Whitehorse Manningham Regional Library – Vermont South Campus. The Whitehorse Manningham Regional Library Corporation holds over 421,000 items, which includes books, magazines, audio cassettes, language kits, videos, compact discs, electronic games, sheet music and large print books. Joining the library is free. The library also loans books, talking books, videos, CDs, and CD-Roms in Chinese.
 Vermont Village
 Whitehorse Recycling and Waste Centre processes and manages green waste. It is located at 638-640 Burwood Highway (corner of Morack Road).

People

 Cameron "The Cube" Stollery, speed cubing champion

Statistics
Population of Vermont South:
 2001 Census: 11,655
 2006 Census: 11,485
 2011 Census: 11,416
 2016 Census: 11,678

See also
 City of Nunawading – Vermont South was previously within this former local government area.

References

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Whitehorse

Vermont South, Victoria


is a town located in Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of  15,429 and a population density of 610 persons per km². The total area of the town is .

Geography
Kanan is located in the southeastern part of Osaka Prefecture on the west side of Kongō Range and Katsuragi Mountains which separate Osaka from Nara Prefecture. It is approximately 25 kilometers from central Osaka City. The town is roughly square, measuring 7.5 kilometers east-to-west by 6.7 kilometers north-to-south. The landscape is hilly or mountainous, with about a third of the town area within the borders of Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen Quasi-National Park.

Neighboring municipalities
Osaka Prefecture
 Tondabayashi
 Taishi
 Chihayaakasaka
Nara Prefecture
 Katsuragi

Climate
Kanan has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kanan has increased steadily since the 1970s.

History
The area of the modern town of Kanan was within ancient Kawachi Province. The area has many kofun burial mounds and ancient Buddhist temples.  The villages of Ishikawa, Shiraki, Kochi, and Nakamura were established within Ishikawa District with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889.  On April 1, 1896 the area became part of Minamikawachi District, Osaka. The four villages merged on September 3, 1956 to form the town of Kanan.

Government
Kanan has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 12 members. Kanan collectively with the cities of Tondabayashi and Ōsakasayama, and other municipalities of Minamikawachi District contributes two members to the Osaka Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Osaka 15th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Kanan was traditionally dependent on agriculture (eggplants, cucumbers) and forestry, with forests occupying half the town area. Manufacturing is centered around pulp and paper and paper-manufactured goods.

Education
Kanan has two public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the town government. The town does not have and a public high school; however, the Osaka University of Arts is located in the town.

Transportation

Railway
Kanan does not have any passenger rail service. The nearest station is Tondabayashi Station on the Kintetsu Nagano Line.

Highway

Local attractions
Ichisuka Kofun Cluster,  National Historic Site
Kanayama Kofun, National Historic Site
Hirokawa-dera, Buddhist temple with grave of Saigyō

Notable people from Kanan
Naokazu Takemoto, politician

Notes

External links

Towns in Osaka Prefecture
Kanan, Osaka

Kanan, Osaka


Harris Michael Brewis, (nascido em 19 de setembro de 1992), mais conhecido como Hbomberguy, é um YouTuber britânico e streamer da Twitch. Brewis produz ensaios em vídeo sobre uma variedade de tópicos, como cinema, televisão e videogames, muitas vezes combinando-os com argumentos de posições políticas e econômicas de esquerda. Ele também cria vídeos destinados a desmascarar teorias da conspiração e responder a argumentos de direita e antifeministas. Brewis é bissexual e ateu.

Conteúdo
Brewis iniciou o canal Hbomberguy no YouTube em 28 de maio de 2006. Em 30 de março de 2022, o canal tinha mais de 1 milhão de inscritos. As técnicas de apresentação de Brewis incluem animação desenhada à mão e humor para mostrar seus pontos de vista. Seus vídeos também tratam de temas relacionados à política e justiça social, incluindo análises de argumentos e temas da alt-right. Brewis construiu seu estilo de "respostas medidas" para formar o que se tornou uma série de leituras próximas de figuras culturais como teóricos da conspiração da Terra plana, "artistas de pegação" e criadores de conteúdo que perpetuam alegações sobre o suposto efeito feminizante dos fitoestrógenos de soja.

Juntamente com sua análise política e séries de respostas medidas, Brewis vem produzindo longas resenhas de mídia e ensaios em vídeo sobre vários tópicos, como televisão, cinema, cultura da internet e videogames. Hbomberguy é um dos membros fundadores do Nebula Streaming Service como parte da Standard Creator Community, com alguns vídeos exclusivos e estendidos no serviço.

Stream de caridade para o Mermaids
De 18 a 21 de janeiro de 2019, Brewis transmitiu continuamente uma tentativa de completar Donkey Kong 64 para arrecadar dinheiro para a organização britânica de caridade transgênero Mermaids, que ele completou em 57 horas e 48 minutos. A instituição de caridade havia sido designada para financiamento pela British National Lottery, mas o financiamento foi retido e colocado sob revisão após críticas do escritor de comédia e ativista anti-transgênero Graham Linehan e outros. Isso inspirou Brewis a transmitir ao vivo em apoio à caridade.

A transmissão ao vivo contou com muitos convidados notáveis, incluindo a deputada dos EUA Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a ativista Chelsea Manning, a atriz Mara Wilson, os jornalistas Paris Lees e Owen Jones, Adam Conover, criador de Adam Ruins Everything, o autor Chuck Tingle, Matt Christman e Virgil Texas do podcast Chapo Trap House, compositor de Donkey Kong 64 Grant Kirkhope, os designers de jogos Rebecca Heineman, Josh Sawyer, John Romero e Scott Benson, YouTubers Natalie Wynn, Lindsay Ellis, Abigail Thorn e Jim Sterling ; bem como a CEO do Mermaids, Susie Green. Colin Mochrie, Neil Gaiman, Cher, Matthew Mercer, Adam Savage, Hidetaka Suehiro e SonicFox também twittaram em apoio à transmissão ao vivo e à caridade. A transmissão ao vivo começou com uma meta de 500 dólares, mas ultrapassou essa meta e várias metas de financiamento subsequentes rapidamente. Nas primeiras 24 horas, a transmissão ao vivo arrecadou mais de 100 mil dólares. No total, mais de 347 mil dólares (265 mil libras) foram arrecadados para a caridade através da transmissão ao vivo, com mais de 659.000 pessoas assistindo a transmissão.

A transmissão ao vivo atraiu atenção e elogios. Foi descrito pelo The Guardian como "um antídoto para o pior da cultura gamer" e elogiado em uma moção apresentada no parlamento escocês pelo co-organizador do Green Party Patrick Harvie. Em julho de 2019, a revista LGBT Attitude reconheceu a transmissão ao vivo ao homenagear Brewis com um Attitude Pride Award. Mermaids também agradeceu a Brewis pela transmissão ao vivo em sua conta no Twitter.

Recepção

Brewis foi elogiado pela crítica pelo formato e comentários de seu canal no YouTube. Sua análise em vídeo do quadrinho do Ctrl+Alt+Del "Loss" recebeu elogios da crítica: foi selecionado pelo Polygon como um dos dez melhores video essays de 2018 e foi indicado três vezes no Sight & Sound coleção das críticas videográficas mais marcantes de 2018, com o crítico de cinema e cineasta britânico Charlie Lyne afirmando: "O confiável e excelente H. Bomberguy empurrou o video essay do YouTube para um novo território com esta boneca Matryoshka de um upload: uma crítica em camadas da webcomic de jogos Ctrl + Alt+Del, o clássico de mau gosto de Tommy Wiseau The Room e o próprio video essay do YouTube. Para completar, é um filme de terror". Seu vídeo sobre VHS, que foi produzido em colaboração com Shannon Strucci, foi elogiado pela TenEighty Magazine como um excelente "mergulho profundo" no tópico.

Links externos

 hbomberguy no YouTube
 Hbomberguy Live no YouTube
 Hbomberguy na Twitch
 @Hbomberguy no Twitter

Personalidades LGBT do Reino Unido
Pessoas vivas
Antifascistas do Reino Unido
Socialistas do Reino Unido
YouTubers do Reino Unido
Celebridades da Internet

Hbomberguy


Creoda (Cryda or Crida, 6th century) may have been one of the first kings of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, ruling toward the end of the 6th century.

Although he is mentioned in a pedigree found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Creoda is not given the title of king. His existence is disputed by some scholars. Barbara Yorke wrote: "Although it is possible that some kind of regnal list could be the source of the information (though the Worcester lists begin with Penda), these entries could be nothing more than intelligent guesswork based on names derived from Bede and the genealogy of Æthelred, while the dates seem to be influenced by an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the death of a West Saxon Creoda...The surviving sources allow us to say with confidence little more than that the kingdom of Mercia was in existence by the end of the sixth century."

Yorke's sentiment is shared by Professor of Medieval History Nicholas Brooks, who wrote: "Despite Professor Davies's tentative advocacy of the historicity of this material, it cannot be said that it is yet clear that what lies behind these scattered entries in the works of Henry of Huntingdon, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris is anything more important than some inventive conjectures by an English monk, perhaps as late as the early twelfth century, on the basis of the names available in Bede, the Mercian royal genealogy and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. On such an interpretation it would not be surprising that they should more or less fit the fragments of information that we have on the early history of Mercia; for the compiler of these entries may have had access to the same sources as are available to us."

The suggestion that Creoda was a king of Mercia is to be found in the Historia Anglorum, which was written by Henry of Huntingdon in the first half of the 12th century. Creoda's presumed death was reported by Henry of Huntingdon as occurring in 593, but appears to be based on a confusion, because in that year the death of a man called Crida is specified, but the context suggests that the dying man was West Saxon and not Mercian.

Creoda is recorded by the Mercian pedigree in the Anglian collection as having been the son of Cynewald and the great-grandson of Icel, the eponymous ancestor of his family, the Iclingas.

See also
Kings of Mercia family tree

Notes

External links
  (Single entry for both Creoda of Mercia and Creoda of Wessex)

Mercian monarchs
Anglo-Saxon royalty
6th-century English monarchs
Iclingas
590s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain

Creoda of Mercia


Radio Pública de Armenia (en armenio: Հայաստանի Հանրային Ռադիո; Hayastani Hanrayin Radio) es la emisora pública de radio de Armenia. Fue fundada el 1 de septiembre de 1926 y actualmente gestiona un canal nacional (dirigida a Armenia y a la República de Artsaj), una radio internacional y cuatro orquestas.

Es miembro activo de la Unión Europea de Radiodifusión desde 2005.

Historia

El 1 de septiembre de 1926, las autoridades de la República Socialista Soviética de Armenia pusieron en marcha la primera emisora de radio del país, «La Voz de Ereván», con una programación experimental de 25 minutos que solo podía sintonizarse en la capital. Durante un año se ofrecieron programas musicales y boletines informativos en pruebas, hasta que el 15 de junio de 1927 se estableció la emisión regular. La calidad del servicio mejoró después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando se amplió la cobertura e incluso se creó un segundo canal musical. La programación era tanto en armenio como en ruso.

Las primeras emisiones internacionales en habla armenia comenzaron el 10 de agosto de 1947, dirigidas para la diáspora armenia. El encargado de inaugurar este servicio fue el actor Vahram Papazian. No obstante, los armenios no tuvieron su propia emisora internacional hasta 1967, a la que llamaron «Radio Ereván».

Desde 1962, toda la república tenía cobertura nacional de radio.

La independencia de Armenia y la disolución de la Unión Soviética motivaron la nacionalización de la radiotelevisión. El gobierno armenio decidió que los medios públicos fuesen gestionados por empresas estatales independientes, dando origen a la Radio Pública de Armenia y la Televisión Pública Armenia. En 2005 se convirtió en miembro activo de la Unión Europea de Radiodifusión.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la Radio Pública Armenia (en armenio, ruso e inglés)

Empresas públicas de radiodifusión
Emisoras de radio fundadas en 1926

Radio Pública de Armenia


O Museu de São Benedito do Rosário está localizado no interior da Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário, em Vitória, no Espírito Santo, e reúne peças importantes da cultura e da religiosidade local.

História
A Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário é um templo católico localizado no centro histórico da cidade de Vitória, no estado do Espírito Santo. Sua construção foi iniciada em 1765 e para a edificação foi utilizada mão de obra escrava e foi posteriormente administrada pela Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos. Ali havia ainda a devoção a São Benedito, cuja imagem foi roubada do Convento de São Francisco, atual Cúria Metropolitana de Vitória, e levada para a Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário pelos membros da Irmandade e devotos, onde permanece até hoje. Esse episódio foi o início dos conflitos travados entre os Peroás (os irmãos da igreja do Rosário) e Caramurus (os irmãos do Convento) e hoje fazem parte da história da Festa de São Benedito de Vitória.

As primeiras propostas para a criação de um museu de São Benedito na igreja teriam surgido ainda na década de 1980, mas foi apenas após uma restauração realizada pelo Iphan que os planos começaram a sair do papel:foi encontrado um acervo numeroso e diversificado de bens móveis de natureza sacra que haviam sido deixados de lado ao longo dos anos por estarem quebrados ou sem uso, armazenados no espaço superior da igreja, esquecidos. Diante desse acervo, então, pensou-se em criar um museu simples, mas que pudesse divulgar a existência desse acervo e a memória plasmada nele, recuperando tais bens.A ideia foi formalizada em 1996, em um convênio assinado entre Iphan e a Prefeitura Municipal de Vitória. A verba, entretanto, não eram suficiente para a conclusão dos trabalhos, e outros incentivos foram buscados posteriormente, em 1998 e em 2000. Em 2002, foi anunciado nos jornais que o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (Iphan), em conjunto com a irmandade que administra a igreja, tinha organizado esse patrimônio da igreja na forma de um pequeno museu que resgata toda a história da igreja, peças sacras e antigas vestimentas utilizadas pela Irmandade de São Benedito.

No início de 2013, a igreja e o museu passaram por uma restauração organizada pelo Instituto Goia e aprovada pelo Iphan, sendo inaugurada seis meses depois.

Patrimônio do Museu
Não há um levantamento que detalhe os bens pertencentes especificamente ao museu, pois seu acervo é entendido como parte da própria igreja. Foram identificados, entretanto, em pesquisa detalhada da historiadora Ana Motta, cerca de 40 bens que fazem parte da área do museu. Apesar de a maioria ser composta de imagens, há também partituras musicais da Filarmônica Rosariense e outros itens que a historiadora destaca:A primeira entrada mencionada dá acesso à sala onde ficam expostas a reprodução da Procissão de São Benedito – com bonecos de arame, indumentária e estandarte –, duas pinturas – uma da Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário em sua antiga estrutura, com destaque para os casarios baixos no pé do morro, a casa de leilão integral, o mastro e as palmeiras, datada de 92, e outra de São Benedito. A segunda entrada mencionada dá acesso à sala onde estão localizados quadros com fotos e retratos de bispos, papas, arcebispos e demais clérigos de destaque, um armário com louças utilizadas em jantares da irmandade, uma talha de cerâmica, oratórios em madeira de diversos tipos, uma espécie de arca de metal com o que pareceram ser documentos em papel e medalhas, mas devido à grande sujidade do vidro, não conseguimos identificar. Há também o antigo órgão utilizado nas missas e festividades da igreja, mas que hoje se encontra desativado, pois o espaço das teclas foi destruído por cupins. Na sala seguinte há os tocheiros utilizados na procissão, o andor original de São Benedito, o andor de Nossa Senhora, duas indumentárias, móveis e Palio (palium); na parede há também um pequeno quadro de prospecção que deixa à mostra a pintura parietal original. A outra sala, a menor das quatro, hoje possui apenas um altar de madeira, mas antes era a reprodução do altar na missa, com cálices, castiçais e demais paramentos utilizados durante uma cerimônia. Essa sala dá acesso à sala da Procissão, já descrita acima.Assim, o acervo, que em partes encontra-se em situação de difícil preservação, vai além da representação da religiosidade da capital, representando também aspectos culturais e sociais da região.

Museus de Vitória (Espírito Santo)
Museus de arte sacra do Brasil

Museu de São Benedito do Rosário


Crkva Gospe od Zvonika je crkva u Splitu, na adresi Bajamontijeva 1.

Opis
Građena je kroz više razdoblja, od 6. do 11. stoljeća. Crkvica je podignuta u 6. st. u stražarskom hodniku iznad Željeznih vrata Dioklecijanove palače, prvotno posvećena sv. Teodoru. U 11. st. unutrašnjost je podijeljena u tri traveja presvođena križnim svodom, a nad središnjim je travejem podignut ranoromanički zvonik, najstariji sačuvani na hrvatskoj obali Jadrana. Iz istog su razdoblja ulomci oltarne pregrade s natpisom koji spominje gradskoga priora Firmina i njegovu prvu i drugu ženu, Magi i Bitu, kao donatore. Ikona Gospe od zvonika iz 13. st. po kojoj je crkva dobila današnje ime, čuva se u riznici splitske katedrale. Do crkvice vode visoke vanjske stube kojima su se penjale Splićanke zavjetujući se pred porod. Danas nema vjersku namjenu.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3863 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao sakralna graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Gospa od Zvonika
Gospa od Zvonika, Split
Predromanika

Crkva Gospe od Zvonika u Splitu


Der Baltic Cup 2010 war die insgesamt 43. Austragung des Turniers der Baltischen Länder seit der Erstaustragung im Jahr 1928. Das Turnier für Fußballnationalteams fand zwischen dem 18. und 20. Juni 2010 in Litauen statt. Ausgetragen wurden die Spiele im S.Dariaus-und-S.Girėno-Stadion in Kaunas. Die Litauische Fußballnationalmannschaft gewann den 17. Titel.

Gesamtübersicht

|}

|}

Litauen gegen Lettland

Lettland gegen Estland

Litauen gegen Estland

Weblinks
 Spielbericht Litauen 0:0 (0:0) Lettland
 Spielbericht Lettland 0:0 (0:0) Estland
 Spielbericht Litauen 2:0 (1:0) Estland

Einzelnachweise

Baltic Cup
Fußballveranstaltung 2010
Sportveranstaltung in Kaunas

Baltic Cup 2010


Scoville, biberlerin acılık birimidir. Scoville ölçüm sistemi, 1912 yılında Wilbur Scoville isimli farmakolog tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Test, bir miktar biber ekstresinin tadı denekler tarafından hissedilmeyecek hale gelene kadar şekerli su ile seyreltilmesi ve acının hissedilmediği anda şekerli su ile biberin oranlarının ölçülmesiyle yapılır.

Acı tat, kapsaisin adlı maddenin kemoreseptör sinir uçlarını (nöron uçlarındaki dentritler) uyarması sonucu hissedilir. Acı, deride de hissedilmekle beraber goblet hücrelerinin yoğun olduğu ve mukus zarıyla kaplı dokularda daha iyi hissedilir. Kapsaisin içeren meyveler acı biber olarak ifade edilir ve Scoville ölçümü de kapsaisin oranının hesaplanması esasına dayanır.

Bitki biyokimyası
Diğer ölçü birimleri
Capsicum

1912 tanıtımları
Tat sistemi
Ölçekler
Baharat bitkileri
Ölçü birimleri

Scoville Acılık Ölçeği


Spárti, en , est une île inhabitée du dème de Méganisi, district régional de Leucade, en Grèce.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Île des îles Ioniennes
Île inhabitée en Grèce

Spárti (Leucade)


Les Philasterida sont un ordre de Ciliés de la classe des Oligohymenophorea.

Liste des familles et genres non-classés
Selon le  :
 Cinetochilidae Perty, 1852
 Cohnilembidae Kahl, 1933
 Cryptochilidae Berger in Corliss, 1979
 Entodiscidae Jankowksi, 1973
 Entorhipidiidae Madsen, 1931
 Loxocephalidae Jankowksi, 1964
 Orchitophryidae Cépède, 1910
 Paralembidae Corliss & de Puytorac in Samall & Lynn, 1985
 Parauronematidae Small & Lynn, 1985
 Philasteridae Kahl, 1931
 Pseudocohnilembidae Evans & Thompson, 1964
 Schizocaryidae Jankowksi, 1979
 Thigmophryidae Chatton & Lwoff, 1926
 Thyrophylacidae Bergen in Corliss, 1961
 Uronematidae Thompson, 1964
 Philasterida incertae sedis :
 Ptyssostoma Hentschel, 1927

Selon  :
 Entodiscidae
 Orchitophryidae
 Paralembidae
 Philasteridae
 Schizocaryidae
 Thyrophylacidae
 Philasterida incertae sedis :
 Ptyssostoma Hentschel, 1927

Systématique
Le nom valide complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Philasterida Small, 1967.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Ordre de ciliés (nom scientifique)

Philasterida


الإنجليز هم أمة ومجموعة عرقية أصليَّة في إنجلترا ويتحدثون اللغة الإنجليزية. تعود أصول الهوية الإنجليزية إلى أوائل العصور الوسطى، عندما كانت معروفة في اللغة الإنجليزية القديمة باسم عائلة أنجل (باللغة الإنجليزية القديمة: Angelcynn). واستمدت التسمية العرقية من شعب الأنجل، وهي واحدة من الشعوب الجرمانية التي هاجرت إلى بريطانيا العظمى في حوالي القرن الخامس الميلادي. إنجلترا هي واحدة من بلدان المملكة المتحدة، وغالبيَّة الناس الذين يعيشون هناك هم مواطنون بريطانيون.

ينحدر الإنجليز إلى حد كبير من مجموعتين تاريخيتين رئيسيتين من السكان؛ آوائل البريطونيين الكلت والقبائل الجرمانية التي استقرت في بريطانيا بعد انسحاب الرومان وهي شعب الأنجل والساكسون واليوت والفريزيين. وعُرفت مجتمعةً باسم الأنجلو ساكسون، وأسسوا ما كان سيصبح مملكة إنجلترا في أوائل القرن العاشر، رداً على الغزو والإستيطان الطفيف للدنماركيين الذي بدأ في أواخر القرن التاسع. وتبع ذلك غزو النورمان واستيطان محدود من الأنجلو نورمان في إنجلترا في أواخر القرن الحادي عشر. وفي قانون الاتحاد 1707، خلفت مملكة إنجلترامملكة بريطانيا العظمى. وعلى مر السنين، أصبحت العادات والهوية الإنجليزية منسجمة بشكل وثيق مع العادات والهوية البريطانية بشكل عام.

اليوم العديد من الأشخاص الإنجليز لديهم أسلاف من أجزاء أخرى من المملكة المتحدة، بينما ينحدر البعض من المهاجرين الأحدث القادمين من دول أوروبية أخرى ومن الكومنولث. وتضم بلدان عدة على مجتمعات من أصول إنجليزية مثل الولايات المتحدة، أستراليا، نيوزيلندا. يعتنق أغلب الإنجليز المسيحية دينًا على مذهب الأنجليكانية.

إن الشعب الإنجليزي هم مصدر اللغة الإنجليزية، ونظام وستمنستر، ونظام القانون العام والعديد من الرياضات الرئيسية مثل الكريكيت وكرة القدم، واتحاد الرغبي، ودوري الرغبي والتنس. انتشرت هذه الخصائص وغيرها من الخصائص الثقافية الإنجليزية في جميع أنحاء العالم، جزئياً نتيجة للإمبراطورية البريطانية السابقة.

مراجع

أشخاص من أصل إنجليزي
مجموعات إثنية ذات أغلبية مسيحية
مجموعات عرقية في أستراليا
مجموعات عرقية في المملكة المتحدة
مجموعات عرقية في الولايات المتحدة
مجموعات عرقية في إنجلترا

إنجليز


Kerrova ćelija je uređaj u kojem se dvolom svjetlosti ostvaruje s pomoću električnoga polja. Upotrebljava se za modulaciju svjetlosnoga snopa u nekim specijaliziranim instrumentima.

Objašnjenje
Film koji reproducira samo slike zove se nijemi film, dok se film koji reproducira optičke pojave s govorom ili glazbom, i to uz potpuno vremensko podudaranje koje se zove sinkronizam, zove zvučni film. Snimanje radnje, odnosno događaja nekog filma vrši se pomoću posebnih filmskih kamera, a snimanje govora i glazbe pomoću specijalnih aparata, među kojima je najvažnija Kerrova ćelija.

Kerrova ćelija je jedan od najvažnijih dijelova uređaja za snimanje zvuka. Ona predstavlja promjenjiv svjetlosni filtar kojim možemo podešavati (regulirati) jakost izvora svjetlosti, a djelovanje joj se osniva na pojavi polarizacije svjetlosti. Glavni dio Kerrove ćelije je nitrobenzol ili nitrotoluol koji pokazuje svojstvo polarizacije ako se na njega djeluje električnim poljem, i to okomito na smjer širenja svjetlosti koja se propušta kroz te tekućine. Tu je pojavu otkrio škotski fizičar J. Kerr 1875. Osim toga ove tekućine zakreću i ravninu polarizacije kad na njih djeluje izmjenični električni napon. Zakretanje ravnine polarizacije razmjerno je dovedenom izmjeničnom naponu.

Kerrova ćelija se sastoji od staklene posude, napunjene nitrobenzolom, u kojoj se nalaze dvije elektrode u obliku paralelnih ploča na koje se dovodi izmjenični mikrofonski napon. Ispred ćelije nalazi se polarizator kroz koji propuštamo snop svjetlosti, a iza nje analizator čija je ravnina polarizacije okrenuta za 90° prema polarizatoru. Dovodimo li sada na elektrode Kerrove ćelije izmjenični električni napon, njezina će se ravnina polarizacije okretati u ritmu dovedenog napona, pa će kroz analizator prolaziti više ili manje svjetlosti. Na taj način pomoću ovakvog uređaja pretvaramo promjene jakosti mikrofonske struje u promjenjivu jakost svjetlosti.

Optičko snimanje zvučnog filma
Optičko snimanje zvučnog filma osniva se na svojstvu Kerrove ćelije. Način rada takvog snimanja je sljedeći: mikrofonsku izmjeničnu struju, koja je nastala zbog mehaničkog titranja membrane (opne) u mikrofonu, možemo pojačati pomoću elektronskih cijevi i s njome djelovati na jakost izvora svjetlosti pomoću Kerrove ćelije. Propuštenu svjetlost iz analizatora puštamo na filmsku emulziju koja će nakon razvijanja biti na različitim mjestima različito osvijetljena, već prema tome koliko je jaka bila svjetlost na pojedinim mjestima zvuka. Dakle, kod ovog snimanja pretvorila se mehanička energija u električnu, a ova konačno u kemijsku.

Slika se snima filmskom kamerom, zvuk se pomoću mikrofona pretvara u električne oscilacije koje preko pojačala dolaze na elektrode Kerrove ćelije. Oscilacije mikrofonske struje pretvaraju se pomoću Kerrove ćelije u varijacije svjetlosti koja u uskom snopu pada na rub pomične filmske vrpce. Na filmskoj vrpci za snimanje zvuka, koja se ispred proreza giba jednolikom brzinom, promjene jakosti svjetlosti prouzrokuje svjetlije i tamnije pruge različite gustoće. Što je gustoća veća, ton je viši i obratno.

Reprodukcija zvučnog filma
Kod reprodukcije zvuka glavnu ulogu ima fotoćelija. Kod toga se filmska vrpca, na kojoj se nalazi fotografija tona i slike, pomiče jednolikom brzinom ispred tonske optike. Svjetlost dolazi iz takozvane ton svjetiljke i pada kroz uski prorez i sistem optičkih leća kao tanki svjetlosni snop na filmsku vrpcu gdje se nalazi tonska fotografija, to jest tamnije i svjetlije crte, pa zatim na fotoćeliju koja se nalazi iza filma. Varijacije svjetlosnog toka izazvat će u fotoćeliji promjenjivu električnu struju, koja se preko pojačala vodi u zvučnik gdje proizvodi akustične oscilacije.

Izvori

Optički uređaji

Kerrova ćelija


Cesur Yürek; (İngilizce: Braveheart) Mel Gibson'in yönettiği ve başrolünü oynadığı tarihî, yarı kurgusal film. William Wallace'ın hayatını anlatır. Film Türkiye sinemalarında yıllarca gösterilerek bir rekora imza atmıştır. 1996 yılında 10 dalda Oscar'a aday olan yapım, yönetim, görüntü yönetimi, efekt, makyaj ve en iyi film dallarında ödüle layık görülmüştü.

Öykü
MS 1280 yılında, "Uzunbacaklı" Edward İskoçya'nın büyük bir bölümünü işgal eder ve işgal sırasında William Wallace'ın babasıyla ağabeyini öldürür. Amcası tarafından yurtdışında büyütülen Wallace, yıllar sonra Uzunbacaklı'nın zalim yönetiminin sürdüğü İskoçya'ya döner. Çiftçilik yaparak sakin bir yaşam kurmak isteyen Wallace beladan uzak durmaya çalışır. Çocukluk aşkı Murron'a tekrar âşık olan Wallace ona Murron'ın çocukken verdiği ve yıllarca sakladığı "gül"ni gösterir. Daha sonra kralın koyduğu primae noctis emri yüzünden gizlice evlenirler. Fakat bir gün, kasabadaki İngiliz askerleri Murron'a tecavüz etmeye çalışır. Askerlere saldıran Wallace, Murron'ı kurtarır ve bir ata bindirerek kaçmasını sağlar. Ancak Murron yolda yakalanır. Kasabanın şerifi, bütün kasaba halkının önünde Murron'ın boğazını keser. Gözü dönen Wallace, kasabadaki diğer İskoçların da yardımıyla İngiliz garnizonunu yener ve o da şerifin boğazını keser.

Bölgedeki İngiliz lordunun karşılık vereceğini bilen Wallace ve adamları, İngiliz askerlerinin üniformalarını giyerek bir İngiliz kalesine girer ve kaleyi tamamen yakarlar. Wallace'ın kahramanlıklarından cesaret alan İskoç halkı da İngilizlere karşı ayaklanır.

Wallace'ın efsanesi dilden dile yayılır ve dağılmış olan İskoç klanları gönüllü olarak ona katılmak isterler. Wallace ordusunun başına geçer ve  Stirling'te İngiliz ordusunu yener. Bu büyük başarısı için, İskoç soyluları onu İskoçya'nın koruyucusu ilan ederler. Daha sonra York'u işgal eden Wallace burada Uzunbacaklı'yı bekler. Sıradaki büyük savaş için soylulardan yardım ister ve İskoç tahtının varisi Bruce'dan yardım için söz alır. Ancak  Falkirk Savaşı'nda İskoç soyluları ona ihanet eder. Uzunbacaklı'ya yenilen Wallace saklanmak zorunda kalır.

İngilizlerle gerilla taktiğiyle savaşmaya devam eden Wallace, Falkirk'te ona ihanet eden iki İskoç soylusunu öldürür. Bu arada, daha önce İngiliz elçisi olarak Wallace'la görüşen ve ona aşık olan Prens Edward'ın (Uzunbacaklı'nın oğlu ve vârisi) eşi Prenses Isabelle, ona yardım eder. Sonra bir geceyi birlikte geçirirler ve Wallace'tan hamile kalır.

Wallace'a ihanet ettiği için vicdan azabı duyan Bruce, onu Edinburg'a çağırtır. Bu şekilde İngilizlere karşı başarılı olamayacağını düşünen Wallace, soyluların yardımını alabileceği umuduyla bu daveti kabul eder. Ancak Edinburg'a geldiğinde, Bruce'un babası ve diğer soylular tarafından kurulan tuzağa düşerek yakalanır. Babasına karşı büyük bir öfke duyan Bruce, onun babalığını reddeder.

Wallace Londra'da krala ihanet etmek suçundan mahkemeye çıkar. Bunu reddeden Wallace, Uzunbacaklı'ya hiçbir zaman bağlılık yemini etmediğini söyler.  Bunun üzerine mahkeme, onun "acıyla arındırılmasına" karar verir. Londra meydanında halkın önünde işkenceye maruz kalan Wallace, son gücüyle "Özgürlük!" diye haykırır. Kafası kesilmeden önce,  kalabalığa döner ve Murron'ı ona gülümserken görür.

Tarihsel Uyuşmazlıklar
'İngiliz' Tarihçi Elizabeth Ewan, Cesur Yürek'in iyi bir senaryo için tarihi gerçekleri kurban ettiğini söylemiştir.

Filmde II. Edward'ın karısı olan Isabella, III. Edward'ın da annesidir. William Wallace'la Falkirk Savaşı'ndan sonra, yani 1298'de bir ilişki yaşayan Prenses, gerçekte bu tarihte iki-üç yaşlarındadır. III. Edward da aslında 1312 yılında, yani Wallace'ın ölümden 7 yıl; Falkirk'ten 14 yıl sonra doğmuştur.

Tarihçi Sharon Kressa filmde birçok hatanın olduğunu öne sürmüştür. Bunların başında da Wallace ve adamlarının etek giymelerini gösterir. Kressa'ya göre filmin geçtiği tarihlerde İskoçya'da hiç kilt giyilmemiştir.

William Wallace'ın babası Malcolm Wallace filmde gösterildiği gibi bir köylü değil; toprak sahibi bir soyludur. Yani William Wallace da aslında doğuştan soyludur.

Primae noctis (ilk gece hakkı) hakkı diye bir şey o zamanlar yoktu.

Uzunbacaklı, Wallace'la aynı zamanda değil, ondan 2 yıl sonra öldü.

Stirling'deki savaşta İngiliz süvarileri, filmdeki gibi İskoçlar tarafından uzun mızraklarla değil, üzerinden geçtikleri köprünün aşırı ağırlıktan dolayı yıkılmasıyla yenilmişlerdir.

Yapım
Gibson, William Wallace rolünü oynamak için yaşlı olduğunu düşündüğünden bu rolü Jason Patric'in oynamasını istemiştir. Ancak şirketi Icon Productions finansal sıkıntı içinde olduğu için rolü oynamak zorunda kalmıştır. Warner Bros., Mel Gibson'ın Lethal Weapon 4'te oynayacak olması sebebiyle filmi finanse etmek istemiş, fakat Gibson bunu reddetmiştir. Paramount Pictures ise filmin dağıtımını Fox Studios'un uluslararası kanunlar konusunda yardımından sonra kabul etmiştir.

Ekip çekimler için İskoçya'da altı hafta harcadıktan sonra, ana savaş sahneleri İrlanda'da çekilmiş ve çekimlerde İrlanda Ordusu'nun askerleri kullanılmıştır. Bazı sahnelerde sayıları 1.600'e kadar çıkan askerlere film için sakal bırakma izni verilmiştir.

Karşılama

Gişe
Açılış haftasonunda, Cesur Yürek ABD'de $9.938.276 hasılat yaptı. Filmin ABD'deki toplam hasılatı $75.6; tüm dünyadaki hasılatı ise  $210.409.945 oldu.

Filmdeki Stirling Savaşı, sinema tarihinin gelmiş geçmiş en iyi savaş görüntüleri olarak kabul edilir.

Film dünyada ve tabii ki İskoçya'da büyük ilgi gördü. Filmin tüm dünyadan hayranları William Wallace'ın İskoçların bağımsızlığı için savaştığı yerleri görmeye İskoçya'ya ve filmin savaş sahnelerinin çekildiği İrlanda'ya geldi. 1997'de filmin senaristi Randall Wallace, Stirling'de Cesur Yürek'le ilgili bir konferans verdi.

Ödüller
Film  1995 Oskar Ödülü de dahil olmak üzere birçok ödül aldı:
 En İyi Film
 En İyi Yönetmen (Mel Gibson)
 En İyi Sinematografi
 En İyi Makyaj
 En İyi Ses Düzenlemeleri
Aday gösterildiği ödüller:
 Film Düzenlemeleri
 Kostüm Dizaynı
 En Orijinal Film
 Ses
 Müzik

Kültürel Etkiler
Lin Anderson'ın Cesur Yürek filminden etkilenerek yazdığı Braveheart: From Hollywood To Holyrood kitabı, 1990'ların ortasından sonuna kadar İskoçların politik görüşlerini etkilemiştir.

Wallace Anıtı
1997'de, Stirling yakınındaki Wallace Anıtı'nın dışına, Tom Church adlı heykeltıraş tarafından William Wallace olarak Mel Gibson'ın heykeli yapıldı. Bu heykel büyük tartışmalara yol açtı. Bölgede yaşayan bir sakin, heykelin Wallace'ın kutsallığını bozduğunu öne sürdü. 1998'de heykelin başı bilinmeyen bir kişi tarafından balyozla kırıldı. Heykel onarıldıktan sonra vandalizmden korunması için etrafına bir kafes yapıldı. Ancak "Özgürlük" diye bağıran heykelin bir kafes içine kapatılması komik bir çelişki olarak göze çarpıyor.

Eleştiriler
Senaryonun Randall Wallace tarafından yazılmış olmasına rağmen, İngiliz tahtının varisi II. Edward'ın eşcinsel olarak gösterilmesinin tepkilerini Gibson gördü.  Kaynak eleştiri  Bazıları II. Edward'ın bu şekilde zayıf biri olarak gösterilmesini ve I. Edward'ın oğlunun erkek sevgilisini pencereden aşağı attığı sahneyi eleştirmiştir. Gibson bu eleştiriler karşısında kendini şöyle savundu: "Ben sadece tarihi göstermeye çalıştım. Örneğin tüm dünyayı fetheden Büyük İskender de bir eşcinseldi. Ama bu öykü Büyük İskender ile ilgili değil. Bu II. Edward'la ilgili." Gibson, kralın bir psikopat olduğu için oğlunun sevgilisini öldürdüğünü ve bazı seyircilerin buna gülmesine şaşırdığını söylüyor: "Maalesef bir sahneyi filmden çıkartmak zorunda kaldık . . . II. Edward'ın acısını ve durumunu anlamanızı sağlayacak sahneyi . . . Ama bu, filmi ilk perdede çok fazla tıkadı ve şöyle düşündünüz, 'Bu hikâye ne zaman başlayacak?' "

Müzikleri
Filmin müzikleri, Titanik'in de soundtrack'ini yapan James Horner tarafından hazırlandı ve Londra Senfoni Orkestrası tarafından kaydedildi. İlk soundtrack'in çok başarılı olması üzerini Horner 1997'de  More Music from Braveheart (Cesur Yürek'ten daha fazla müzik) adıyla ikinci bir soundtrack yaptı. Uluslararası ve Fransızca versiyonları da yayınlandı. Orijinal albüm filmdeki önemli sahnelerden alınan 77 dakikalık müziği içermektedir.

Cesur Yürek (1995)
 Main Title (2:51)
 A Gift of a Thistle (1:37)
 Wallace Courts Murron (4:25)
 The Secret Wedding (6:33)
 Attack on Murron (3:00)
 Revenge (6:23)
 Murron's Burial (2:13)
 Making Plans/ Gathering the Clans (2:05)
 "Sons of Scotland" (6:19)
 The Battle of Stirling (6:07)
 For the Love of a Princess (4:07)
 Falkirk (4:04)
 Betrayal & Desolation (7:48)
 Mornay's Dream (1:18)
 The Legend Spreads (1:09)
 The Princess Pleads for Wallace's Life (3:38)
 "Freedom"/The Execution/ Bannockburn (7:24)
 End Credits (7:16)

Cesur Yürek Filmi Müzikleri (1997)
Bu albüm daha çok filmdeki dialoglardan oluşmuştur.
 Prologue/ "I Shall Tell You of Williams…" (dialogue-Robert the Bruce) (3:35)
 Outlawed Tunes on Outlawed Bag Pipes (2:03)
 The Royal Wedding (dialogue-Robert the Bruce) (2:12)
 "The Trouble with Scotland" (dialogue-King Edward the Longshanks) (0:40)
 Scottish Wedding Music (1:14)
 Prima Noctum (1:46)
 The Proposal (dialogue-Wallace and Murron) (1:35)
 "Scotland Is Free!" (dialogue-Wallace) (0:17)
 Point of War/JonnyCope/Up in the Morning Early (traditional) (2:59)
 Conversing with the Almighty (dialogue-various) (1:20)
 The Road to the Isles/ Grendaural Highlanders/ The Old Rustic Bridge by the Hill (traditional) (3:52)
 "Son of Scotland!" (dialogue-Wallace) (12:09)
 Vision of Murron (1:45)
 "Unite the Clans!" (dialogue-Wallace) (0:23)
 The Legend Spreads (dialogue-Storytellers) (1:07)
 "Why Do You Help Me?" (dialogue-Wallace and Princess Isabelle) (0:37)
 For the Love of a Princess (previously released score) (4:05)
 "Not Every man Really Lives" (dialogue-Wallace and Isabelle)
 "The Prisoner wishes to Say a Word (dialogue-The Executioner and Wallace) (3:43)
 "After the Beheading" (dialogue-Robert the Bruce) (1:48)
 "You Have Bled for Wallace!" (dialogue-Robert the Bruce) (1:22)
 Warrior Poets (dialogue-Wallace) (0:29)
 Scotland the Brave (traditional) (2:47)
 Leaving Glenurquhart (traditional) (3:32)
 Kirkhill (traditional) (4:08)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
  Sinemalar.com profili ve fragman

1990'larda aksiyon filmleri
Mel Gibson'ın yönettiği filmler
En İyi Film Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
James Horner'ın müziğini yaptığı filmler
Orta Çağ'da geçen filmler
Paramount Pictures filmleri
William Wallace
Icon Productions filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri biyografik dram filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri epik filmleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri tarihî filmleri
Gerçek olaylara dayanan dramatik filmler
Gerçek olaylara dayanan epik filmler
Gerçek olaylara dayanan savaş filmleri
Konusu Londra'da geçen filmler
Konusu Yorkshire'da geçen filmler
Konusu Edinburgh'da geçen filmler
1990'larda tarihî filmler
En İyi Film Empire Ödülü sahipleri
1990'larda İngilizce filmler
1995 çıkışlı dramatik filmler
Biyografik aksiyon filmleri

Cesur Yürek


قرية الأصبح قرية سورية تقع في الجولان، احتلت من قبل إسرائيل إبان حرب حزيران 1967 م، وتحررت بعد اتفاق وقف إطلاق النار عام 1974 م على إثر حرب تشرين.

أعيد بناؤها وتوسعت بعد 1985 م، تسكنها حاليا نحو 60 عائلة.

مصادر

مراجع وهوامش

قرى الجولان الباقية
قرى الجولان المحررة

الأصبح (قرية)


Tottenville is a neighborhood on the South Shore of Staten Island, New York City. It is the southernmost neighbourhood and settlement in both New York City and New York State, as well as the westernmost neighbourhood in New York City. Tottenville is bounded on three sides by water: the south side abuts the New York Bight while the west and north sides are bordered by the Arthur Kill. Nassau Place, Bethel Avenue and Page Avenue form the neighborhood's eastern border.

The settlement was originally named Bentley Manor by one of its first settlers, Captain Christopher Billop (1638–1726), a member of the Royal Navy, after his own ship. In 1869 it was renamed as Tottenville after John Totten and his prominent local family of that name, some of whom served as Loyalists under Billop during the American Revolutionary War.

Tottenville is part of Staten Island Community District 3 and its ZIP Code is 10307 (formerly "Staten Island 7, New York"). Tottenville is patrolled by the 123rd Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Tottenville has been represented in the New York State Senate by Andrew Lanza since 2007. It is represented in the New York State Assembly by Michael Reilly.

History

Early history

The Raritan band of the Unami Indians, a branch of the Lenape or Delaware nation, were the original inhabitants of all Staten Island, including Tottenville. The largest pre-European burial ground, known as Burial Ridge, is located in what is now Conference House Park.

The village was originally named Bentley Manor by one of its first settlers, Captain Christopher Billop (1638–1726), after a small ship he owned named the Bentley. In 1869 the district was renamed as Tottenville, apparently in honor of John Totten and the locally prominent Totten family. Their names appear on tombstones in the cemetery of Bethel Methodist Church. Several Totten family members were Loyalists during the American Revolution and served under Captain Christopher Billopp.

During the colonial period and for a significant time thereafter, Tottenville was an important waypoint for travelers between New York City—of which Staten Island did not formally become a part until 1898—and Philadelphia. These were both sites of temporary capitals of the new United States. The town was the site of a ferry that crossed the Arthur Kill to the Ferry Slip in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The ferry became less important when the Outerbridge Crossing opened in 1928, but continued to operate until 1963.

Two distinctive landmarks stand at the northern approaches to the neighborhood: the Bethel United Methodist Church, erected in 1840 and rebuilt on the same site in 1886 after a fire destroyed the original structure. Secondly, a now abandoned factory was built in 1900 as Nassau Smelting's plant. It was later used for recycling by Lucent Technologies and closed in 2001.

Tottenville is bounded on the west and south by the Arthur Kill, and on the east by Raritan Bay, the mouth of which lies immediately to the south of Arthur Kill's entry to the bay (which is also sometimes reckoned as being part of the Atlantic Ocean).

The Conference House was built by Christopher Billop and so named because it was the site of negotiations to end the American Revolutionary War in 1776, but these were unsuccessful. The historic residence has been preserved as the centerpiece of the city park of the same name. The Billop family, who developed the estate in 1678, continued to own it and the surrounding property during the 1776 meeting. Because they were Loyalists during the war, their land was confiscated in 1784.

Tottenville has a strong Victorian architecture heritage, akin to neighborhoods on Staten Island's North Shore. This is unique to this South Shore neighborhood. The other South Shore areas were developed much later. Seven buildings in Tottenville have been honored with the Preservation League of Staten Island Award: 88 Bentley Street, 24 Brighton Street, 213 Wood Avenue, 115 Bentley Street, 7647 Amboy Road, 7639 Amboy Road, and the Tottenville Branch of the New York Public Library. 88 Bentley Street has been photographed as an example of Staten Island's carefully restored Victorian homes in New York City - The Five Boroughs: A Photographic Tour (1997) by Carol M. Highsmith and Ted Landphair. In addition, the Old Church of St. Joachim and St. Anne was restored after a fire and is now used as a home for children.

20th century

During an early period of industrialization, many small factories once dotted the neighborhood's western shoreline, but jobs have shifted and most are no longer in operation. Boat construction also once flourished along the shoreline, but the industry was rendered obsolete in 1900 when ships and commercial boats began being constructed of steel rather than wood. During World War I, shipbuilding was revived here, but that proved temporary. Tottenville's last shipyard closed in 1930.

Harvesting oysters from surrounding waters was important to the economy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But this practice ceased in 1916 when the New York City Health Department determined that pollution made it unsafe. After the decrease in waterfront industries and decades of working to improve water quality, in 2005, the city approved oyster harvesting again.

Until the late 1950s, Tottenville 8 was one of the two telephone exchanges on the island with operators. The other was Honeywood 6. When dial service arrived, they were combined to become YUkon 4.

During the 1990s, the section of Tottenville southeast of Hylan Boulevard, until then nearly uninhabited, was an area of intense levels of new home construction. The district's population density and crime rate still rank among the lowest in New York City. Until the 2000s, commercial development had largely been restricted to the Main Street corridor in the heart of the neighborhood. A second commercial core began to emerge at the north end of the community along Page Avenue and west of Amboy Road at this time.  Further expansion on the neighborhood's north end was seen in 2005 with the redevelopment of the old Nassau Smelting plant. Site clean up began in October 2006, and was scheduled to be finished within a year. The site had suffered chemical contamination, as it was principally used to recycle copper and other metals from old wires. Mill Creek, which runs through the site, was also scheduled to be cleaned as part of the project.

Tottenville Beach was largely undeveloped until the 1990s. It is exclusively residential, and is bordered on the south and west by Conference House Park. The beach for which the area was named is most popular for fishing, rather than swimming or sunbathing. During the first half of the 20th century, several hotels dotted the shoreline, including the Shore House Hotel. The Coral Bay Cafe restaurant operated there but was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy.

21st century

Many large, stately homes built in Tottenville in the 19th century remain standing. But in the early 21st century, land developers have been buying up the property on which several of these houses have stood, with the intention of demolishing them and constructing townhouses on the property. The fate of 7484 Amboy Road, built circa 1870 as the parsonage of Bethel Methodist Church and contained an extremely large backyard, became the focus of an intense local controversy in March 2005. The community opposed plans by builder John Grossi, who had purchased the property, to raze the house and construct five townhouse units on the site. On March 17 Grossi spray-painted graffiti on the house, including a threat to fill it with low-income tenants under the federal Section 8 housing program.

The public outcry prompted New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg to have the home declared a landmark, and prevented its demolition. Bloomberg announced his decision during a visit to Tottenville on March 22, and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission made the designation official on April 12. After years of being uninhabited and in disrepair, the home was restored in 2017.

In March 2008, over 20 blocks in the northern section of the neighborhood were changed to one-way streets. This was intended to improve traffic management on the older, narrower blocks.

In 2016, a consortium of Bridgewater Capital and the Brooklyn-based Riseman family bought  of the Nassau Smelting property from Lucent Technologies. Their plans to rezone the property from Manufacturing (M) to residential (RX3) in order to develop residential housing units met with criticism and opposition from the community, because the soils were contaminated from the heavy metals that were recycled during Lucent Technologies tenure of operation. The future use of this property remains undetermined.

Demographics

For census purposes, the New York City government classifies Tottenville as part of a larger neighborhood tabulation area called Charleston-Richmond Valley-Tottenville. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Charleston-Richmond Valley-Tottenville was 23,313, a change of 4,981 (21.4%) from the 18,332 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 84.4% (19,685) White, 2.6% (599) African American, 0.1% (13) Native American, 3.1% (720) Asian, 0% (5) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (39) from other races, and 0.9% (200) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.8% (2,052) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 3, which comprises Tottenville and other South Shore neighborhoods, had 159,132 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.3 years. This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 21% are between the ages of between 0–17, 26% between 25–44, and 29% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 8% and 16% respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 3 was $96,796, though the median income in Tottenville individually was $81,478. In 2018, an estimated 11% of Tottenville and the South Shore residents lived in poverty, compared to 17% in all of Staten Island and 20% in all of New York City. One in sixteen residents (6%) were unemployed, compared to 6% in Staten Island and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 42% in Tottenville and the South Shore, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 49% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Tottenville and the South Shore are considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

The neighborhood is composed mostly of upper-middle-class families, and it has the highest proportion of Roman Catholics than any other neighborhood on the island (94% Roman Catholic). In the mid 2000s the first Mexican immigrants settled here. There have also been a growing number of Coptic Orthodox Christians from Egypt; as of 2012, the Virgin St. Mary and St. George Coptic Orthodox Church in Tottenville is one of two Coptic parishes on Staten Island. Tottenville's white Population is 60% ethnic Italian as of 2012.

Politics
The neighborhood is represented in the New York City Council by Joe Borelli, in the New York State Senate by Andrew Lanza, and in the New York State Assembly by Michael Reilly. Tottenville is located within Staten Island Community District 3.

Climate

Entertainment
The Stadium Theatre, a 1,037-seat movie theater, was located in Tottenville from 1927 to 1957.  In January 1969 it re-opened as the New Stadium Theatre and was a rock-music venue hosting bands such as The Brooklyn Bridge. By the 1970s it had become the site of a roller rink. It is currently closed and plans have not been made to reopen the theater.

Police and crime

Tottenville and the South Shore are patrolled by the 123rd Precinct of the NYPD, located at 116 Main Street. The 123rd Precinct ranked safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 25 per 100,000 people, Tottenville and the South Shore's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 193 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.

The 123rd Precinct has a substantially lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 70.5% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported two murders, three rapes, 22 robberies, 53 felony assaults, 42 burglaries, 271 grand larcenies, and 126 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Fire safety

Tottenville is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 151/Ladder Co. 76, located at 7219 Amboy Road.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in Tottenville and the South Shore than in other places citywide. In Tottenville and the South Shore, there were 77 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 3.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Tottenville and the South Shore have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 4%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Tottenville and the South Shore is , less than the city average. Seventeen percent of Tottenville and the South Shore residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Tottenville and the South Shore, 26% of residents are obese, 9% are diabetic, and 22% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 17% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Ninety-five percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is more than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 88% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Tottenville and the South Shore, there are 4 bodegas.

The nearest major hospital is Staten Island University Hospital South Campus in Prince's Bay.

Post office and ZIP Codes
Tottenville is located exclusively within the ZIP Code 10307.  The United States Postal Service operates one post office in Tottenville, located at 228 Main Street.

Education

Tottenville and the South Shore generally have a similar rate of college-educated residents to the rest of the city . While 41% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 8% have less than a high school education and 51% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Staten Island residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Tottenville and the South Shore students excelling in math rose from 48% in 2000 to 65% in 2011, though reading achievement declined from 55% to 52% during the same time period.

Tottenville and the South Shore's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Tottenville and the South Shore, 12% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 89% of high school students in Tottenville and the South Shore graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
Tottenville High School, a public school, was originally located in the neighborhood, but a new campus was opened approximately three miles to the north, in the neighborhood of Huguenot, in 1971 (Totten Intermediate School 34 or I.S. 34, an intermediate school, now occupies the original high school building). One of the area's oldest buildings is the old building of P.S.1 (the Tottenville School), dating from 1878, and is unique for its traditional sloped roof. Today it is still in operation, now served by a second, newer building as well, built in 1929. In 2000, a new elementary school, P.S.6 (the Corporal Allan F. Kivlehan School), was opened to serve eastern Tottenville's growing population, as well as other neighboring areas. Tottenville's local Catholic school was Our Lady Help of Christians School, which was run under Our Lady Help of Christians Parish. The school dates back to 1904. It was announced in February, 2019 that this school would close at the end of the 2018-2019 school year.

Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL)'s Tottenville branch is located at 7430 Amboy Road. The one-story Carnegie library building was designed by Carrère and Hastings and opened in 1904. It is a New York City designated landmark.

Transportation

The Tottenville station has been the southern terminus of the Staten Island Railway since the railway was extended to the neighborhood on June 2, 1860. Today, the neighborhood of Tottenville contains the two southernmost stations along the line: Tottenville station (the southernmost railway station in New York state), and Arthur Kill station. Before Arthur Kill opened on January 21, 2017, there were two other stations which were Atlantic (named after the defunct Atlantic Terra Cotta Company factory nearby) and Nassau (referring to Nassau Smelting and Refining, the original name of the factory later taken over by Lucent Technologies), which closed on the same day that Arthur Kill was opened, as Arthur Kill replaced both of them. Atlantic and Nassau stations are now closed and demolished.
The 14-mile trip to the St. George Terminal takes 42 minutes.

Tottenville is served by the  local buses. Express bus service to and from Manhattan is provided by the .

Though no highways pass through the neighborhood, NY Route 440 and Korean War Veterans Parkway (formerly known as Richmond Parkway) are located nearby.

Notable residents

 Patti Hansen, a model and actress who is married to Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards, was born and raised in Tottenville.
 George H. Pepper, turn of the 20th century archeologist whose notable work included digs from the local Burial Ridge to Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, was born here.
Paul Zindel, 20th century playwright and young adult author, was born here.
Andy Milligan, American playwright, screenwriter, actor and filmmaker, operated a hotel and lived here in the mid-1970s.
Jason Marquis, MLB player, played for Tottenville High School

References

Neighborhoods in Staten Island
Former villages in New York City
Populated coastal places in New York (state)

Tottenville, Staten Island