තලබුමු-විදලුව(ඉංගිරිසියෙන්: Turbojet //ටර්බෝජෙට්//; ජර්මානුවෙන්: Turbotriebwerk(?) [turbo engine], //තෝබෝතහ්යිබ්වෙයාහ්ක්//(?)) යනු සැමැනි විසින් අයස් යානාහි ගැනෙනා පවන්-සිස්මුම් විදලු ඇන්ජිමෙකි. එය පෙරයැතුම් නැසින්නක් හා ඇති ගෑසි තලබමනයකින් යුතුයි. ගෑසි තලබමනයට පවන් තුළුමුවක් ඇති අතර එයට තුළුමුව-නුයැවි-පිති(?), පිරිතෙරපනයක්, පිරිදැවුම් ගබක් හා තලබමනයක් (පිරිතෙරපනය දිවෙනුයේ මෙයිනි) හා අයත් වේ. පිරිතෙරපනයෙන් එන පිරිතෙරැපූ පවන පිරිදැවුම් ගැබෙහි ඇති දැවි දවා රත් කැරැ තලබමනය හරහා ඈරීමට සැලැස්වේ. තලබමන පිටාරය පෙරයැතුම් නැසින්න තුළැ දී ඈරැවෙත යතුව ලබා දෙනුව අදි වෙයකට ත්වරණය කෙරේ.  මේ සංකල්පය  එක්සත් රජදහනේ ෆ්‍රෑනක් විටල් හා ජර්මනියේ හාන්ස් වොන් ඕහයින් හා යන දෙ ඉදිකුරුවන් විසින් 1930 ගණන්හි අග හරියේ දී ස්වාධීන වැ කම්හුරු  ඇන්ජින් බවට දිවැඩුණි.

අඩු රිය වෙයකැ දී දුසුරුවක් ඇතියෙන්, ගුවන් යානාහි හැර අනෙකුදු රියෙහි දී තලබුමු-විදලුවලැ වැඩකුරු බව (usefulness) ස-හිම් වේ. ගුවන් යානා හැර අනෙකුදු රිය බලගන්වනුව සැමැනි විසින් වෙන් වෙන් විටවලැ දී ගොඩබිම් වේග වාර්තා සඳහා උසහ දරත තලබුමු-විදලු ඇන්ජින් යොදාගෙනැ ඇති. රිය "තලබමනයකින් බලගැන්වෙන" තැන්හි දී, මෙය බෙහෙවින් මැ සිදු වන්නේ ගෑසි තලබමන ඇන්ජිමේ දිවැඩුමක් වන, බෙමෙන පිටාර දඬුවක් දිවැවීමට අමතර තලබමනයක් ගැනෙනා තලබුමු-දඬු ඇන්ජිමක් යොදාගැන්මෙනි. මේවා හෙලිකොප්ටරහි ද හූවරක්රාෆ්ටරහි ද සුලබ වැ දැකියැ හැකි. සද-වෙය ඉක්මවා දිගු කලක් පියාසැරියැ යුතු වූ කොන්කෝඩ් හා අනෙකුදු ටීයූ-144හි දිගු-පරාස සැකැසුම් හා සඳහා තලබුමු-විදලු ගැනිණ. තලබුමු-විදලු තවමත් මැදි දුර කෲස මිසයිලවලැ බෙහෙවින් දැකියැ හෙන්නේ ඒවායේ වැඩි පිටාර වෙය ද කුඩා ඉදිරිපස කඩ ද අනෙක්වා හා සසඳත අති සරල බව ද හෙයිනි. එසේ මැ ඒවා තවමත් මිග්-25 වැනි ඇතැම් සද-වෙය ඉක්මවන (සුපර්සොනික) සටන්-හුරු යානාහි යෙදැවෙතුදු බොහොවක් සද-වෙය ඉක්මවා පියාසරනුයේ සුළු වේලාවක් හෙයින් තලබුමු-පංකා ගැනෙන අතර සද-වෙය පරයන කෙටි පියාසැරි (සුපර්සොනික ස්ප්‍රින්ට) සඳහා පිටාර වෙය හුවනුව පසු-දවන ගැනේ.

ඉතිහස

අයස් යානාවක් බලගන්වනුව ගෑසි තලබමනයක් යෙදැවීමෙහි ලා පළමු පේටන්ට් වරය 1921 දී ප්රංස ජාතික මැක්සිම් ගීලොම් විසින් ගොනු කැරුණි. ඔහුගේ එන්ජිම අක්ෂීය-දහර තලබුමු-විදලුවක් වියැ යුතු වූ නමුදු, එයට පිරිතෙරපන සිප් ලකුවේ සැලකියැ යුතු දියුණුවක් වුව මනා වූයෙන් කිසි දාකැ නො තැතුණි.

1928 දී, බිරිතානියේ ක්‍රැන්වේල ආර්ඒඑෆ් විදුහලේ සිසුභට ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් විටල් තලබුමු-විදලු යානාවක් සඳහා වූ සිය අදහස් නිල විසින් තම පතියන්ට (ප්‍රධානීන්ට) ඉදිරිපත් කළේ යි. 1929 ඔක්තෝම්බරයේදී හේ තම අදහස් තවදුරටත් දිවැඩී යැ.  1930 ජනවාරි 16 වන දා එංගලන්තයේ දී විටල් සිය පළමු පේටන්ට් වරය (1932 දී ලබා දෙවුණු) ඉදිරිපත් කළේ යි.   පේටන්ට් වරය පෙන්වූයේ දෙ-පිය (two-stage) අක්ෂීය පිරිතෙරපනයක් එක්-පැති මැදි'නළ පිරිතෙරපනයක්  පොහොණනා බවයි. කම්හුරු අක්ෂීය පිරිතෙරපන 1926 දී මූලික පත්‍රිකාවක වූ ඒ.ඒ. ග්‍රිෆිත්ගේ අදහස් මගින් හැකි වියැ. ("තලබමන සැකැසුම් පිළිබැඳි වා-ගතික නය"). විටල් පසු වැ නොයෙකුදු කම්හුරු හේතූන් මත සරල මැදි'නළ පිරිතෙරපනය වෙත පමණක් සිත යොමු කළේ යි. 'විටල් එන්ජිමක්' යනු පළමුවෙන් දිවැවුණු තලබුමු-විදලුව වූ පවර් ජෙට්ස් ඩබ්ලිව් යූව යි. ඒ 1937 අප්‍රේල් 12 වන දා යි. එය දියර-දැවි මගින් දිවෙන්නක් වියැ. දැවි සපයුව සිඳැපී තිබියෙතත් එන්ජිම පාලනයෙන් තොර වැ සාපේක්ෂ වැ වැඩි වෙයකට ත්වරණය වූ විටැ, පළමු ඇරැඹුම් තැත්හි දී මැ විටල්ගේ කණ්ඩායම කලබලයට පත් වියැ. පසු වැ පෙරැ-පැටුම් බැමැවුම් සරික්සීම්හි (pre-start motoring checks) දී පිරිදැවුම් ගබට දැවි කාන්දු වී තටාකවලැ එකතු වී ඇති බව සොයාගැනිණ. එ හෙයින් කාන්දු වුණු දැවි සියල්ල පිලිස්සී යන තෙක් එන්ජිම ත්වරණය වීම නො නවතී. විටල්ට සිය නව නිපැයුමෙහි ලා රජය උනන්දු කරවීමට නො හැකි වූ අතර දිවැඩුම අඩු වෙයකින් ඉදිරියට ගියේ යි.

ජර්මනියේ, හාන්ස් වොන් ඕහයින් 1935 දී සමාන එන්ජිමකට පේටන්ට් වරය ලබා ගති. විටල්ගේ මැදි'නළ දහර එන්ජිමට පිළිවිරුදු වූ ඔහුගේ සැකැස්ම, අක්ෂීය-දහර එන්ජිමක් වී. අවසන එය 1950 ගණන් වත බොහෝ නිපයුවන් විසින් ගැනිණ.

පළමු තලබුමු-විදලු, මැදි'නළ පිරිතෙරපනයක් (හයින්කල් HeS 3 හි මෙන්) හෝ අක්ෂීය පිරිතෙරපනයක් (ජංකර්ස් ජූමෝ 004 හි මෙන්) හෝ යොදාගත් අතර එයින් කුදු දෑරයකින් යුත් නමුත් දිගුතර එන්ජිමක් ලැබුණි. පිස්ටන් එන්ජින්වලැ ගැනෙනා පෙරයතුව වෙනුවට ඉවේ බැහැරැවි විදල්ලක් (high speed jet of exhaust) ආදේශ කිරීමෙන්, වැඩිතර ගුවන් යානා වෙයක් ලබාගත හැකි වියැ.

මුල් සැකැසුම්
තලබමන සඳහා සුදුසු වැඩි උණුයුරු දෑහි වූ හිඟය නිසා කට හැකි දිවැවීම් පමණ මුල් ජර්මානු තලබුමු-විදලුහි ලා දැඩි සේ ස-හිම් වැ තිබිණි. රොල්ස්-රෝයි වෙලන්ඩ් ඈ බිරිතානි ඇන්ජින් වැඩි කල් පැවැත්මක් ලබාදෙනනා වූ වඩා හොඳ දෑ යොදාගති. වෙලන්ඩ් මුලින් පෑ* 200 (හෝරා 80ක්) සඳහා පන්න-සහතික කැරුණුව අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම් අතර පෑ* 375 (හෝරා 150) දක්වා එය දිගෑදුණේ සවික්සුම්හී දී පෑ* 1250ක (හෝරා 500) දිගෑදි දිවැවුමක් අත්කැරැගැන්මේ පල විසිනි.  *පැය 2.5 = හෝරා 1 (1 Hour)

එක්සත් රජයුවන්හි ජෙනරල් ඉලෙක්ට්‍රිකය විදලු එන්ජින් වියපුරුවට පිවිසීමට සුතතුවෙකැ වූයේ දෙ වන ලෝ මහ යුද සෙමෙහි දී තලබුමු-සුපිරි-සුවසුරනයන්හි යොදාගැනුණු වැඩි-උණුයුරු දෑ පිළිබැඳි ඔවුනගේ අත්දැකීම් හෙයිනි.

කොටස්

පවන් තුළැගනුව(?) (Air intake)
තුළට එන පවන, බෙමෙන පිරිතෙරපන තලවලට සුමට වැ යොමු කැරුමට රුකුල් වනුව පිරිතෙරපනය ඉදිරියෙන් තුළැගනුවක් හෝ බටයක් හෝ ඇවැසි වේ. පැරැණි ඇන්ජින්හි සැලෙන තල ඉදිරියෙන් නිසල පිති(?) (vanes) වී. මේ පිති ද තල මතට පවන යොමු කැරුමට වහල් වියැ. අහස් යානයේ වෙය කුමක් වුව ද තලබුමු-විදලු ඇන්ජිමක් තුළට දහරන පවන හැම විටැ මැ සද-වෙයට පහළින් (Subsonic) වේ.

පිරිතෙරපනය
පිරිතෙරපනය දිවෙනුයේ තලබමනයෙනි. එය වැඩි වෙයින් බෙමෙත, පවන් දහරට ඔද එක් කරනුයේ ඒ හා මැ එය කුඩා ඉඩකට තද කොටැ (පිරිතෙරපමින්) යවමිනි. පිරිතෙරැපුම පවනෙහි තෙරපුව හා උණුයුරුව හා වඩයි. පිරිතෙරපනය කුඩා වන තරමට එය වෙයින් කැරැකේ. පරාසයේ විසල් කෙළවරේ ඇති ජීඊ90-115බී විදිලි පංකාව විනාඩියට* බුමු 1000 (මිනිත්තුවට බුමු 2,500) (RPM)කින් බෙමෙන අතර කුඩා හෙලිකොප්ටර ඇන්ජින් පිරිතෙරපනයක් විනාඩියට* බුමු 20,000 (මි.බු. 50,000) (RPM)කින් පමණ බෙමෙයි. *(විනාඩි 60 = මිනිත්තු 24 (24 Minutes))

පිරිදැවුම් ගබ
පිරිදවනය තුළැ පිරිදැවුම් පෙරස(?) පිස්ටන ඇන්ජිමට වඩා සැලැකියැ යුතු සේ වෙනසි. පිස්ටන ඇන්ජිමෙකැ, දැවෙන පවන කුඩා පරිමාවකට ස-හිම් වැ ඇති අතර, දැවි පිලිස්සෙත තෙරපුව වැඩෙයි. තලබුමු-විදලුවෙකැ දී, පවන්-දැවි මුසුව පිරිදවනය තුළැ දී දැවෙන අතර තෙරපු ගොඩැනැඟ්මෙකින් තොර වැ නොකැඩී දැහැරෙන පෙරසකින් තලබමනය වෙත යේ. ඒ වෙනුවට, පිරිදවනයේ දී සුළු තෙරපු නැස්මෙක් සිදු වේ.

තලබමනය
පිරිදවනයෙන් පිටැවන උණුසුම් පවන තලබමනය හරහා ඈරේ. තලබමන සඳහා සැමැනි අමු දෑ වනුයේ ඉන්කොනල හා නිමොනික හා වේ.  ඇන්ජිමෙකැ උණුසුම්තම තලබමන පිති(?) (vanes) හා තල (blades) හා අබතුරු වැ සිසිලුම් මංකඩවලින් යුතුයි. පිරිතෙරපනයෙන් එන පවන මේවා හරහා යැවෙනුයේ ලොහො උණුයුරුව සීමාවන් තුළැ රඳවනුවයි. ඉතිරි අදියරයන් සිසිලවියැ යුතු නො වේ.

නැසින්න
තලබමනයෙන් පසු වැ පවන බැහැරැවි නැසින්න හරහා ඈරී ඉපිරිවේ විදල්ලක් (high velocity jet) නිපයයි. අභිසාරී නැසින්නක් තුළැ දී, නලය කෙමෙන් ගෙලටියක් තෙක් පටු වේ. තලබුමු-විදලුවකැ නැසින්නේ තෙරපු එකැගිය(?) (ratio) වැඩි යතු සැකැසුම්හි (thrust settings) දී නැසින්නෙහි පවන හිරැවීමට පමණ වන සා ඉහළයි.

යතුව වැඩැවීම (Thrust augmentation)
පොදුවේ තලබුමු-විදලුහි යතුව වැඩැවුණේ බෙහෙවින් මැ දිය-මෙතිනෝල් සුවිදුම හෝ පසු-දැවුම හෝ මගිනි. සමහර ඇන්ජින් සඳහා මේ දෙක මැ එක්වර යොදාගැනිණ.

පළමු වැ ඇමෝනියා ගනිමින් දියර සුවිදුම 1941 දී පවර් ජෙට්ස් W.1 සඳහා අත්හදා බැලුණේ පසු වැ දිය හා අනතුරු වැ දිය-මෙතිනෝල හා බවට මාරු වීමට පෙරාතුවයි. ග්ලොස්ටර ඉ.28/39යේ සිල්පය අත්හදා බලනුව සැටියක් ඇටැවුණ ද එය කිසි දාකැ සවි නො කැරුණි.

පසු-දවනය
පසු-දවනය හෝ "පිළිරත්(?)-විදලුනලය" හෝ යනු තලබමනයෙන් බැහැරැවි ගෑසි පිළිරත්කරනුව එක් කැරුණු පිරිදැවුම් ගබකි. මෙහි දැවි පිරිබිදුම ඉවැඩි අතර එය සැමැනියෙන් මහ ඇන්ජිමේ මෙන් හතරකි. සුපර්සොනික අහස් යානා සඳහා පමණක් මැ පාහේ පසු-දවන ගැනේ. ඉන් බොහෝවක් හමුදා ගුවන් යානා වේ. ස්පේශිප්වන් අත්හදා බැලීමේ උප-කක්ෂීය අජට'හස් යානයේ දරායැවි ගුවන් යානයක් වූ ස්කේල්ඩ් කොම්පොසිට්ස් වයට් නයිට් මෙන් මැ සුපිරිසොනික ගුවන් සේවා දෙකකට ද, කොන්කෝඩ් හා ටීයූ -144 හා සඳහා ද පසු-දවන ගැනිණ.

පිළිරත්කැරුම 1944 දී ග්ලොස්ටර මීට්යෝර I හි ඩබ්ලිව්.2/700 එන්ජින් මත පියාසැරි වැ අත්හදා බැලිණ.

හුදු යතුව (Net thrust)
තලබුමු-විදලු යානයක හුදු යතුව  ලබා දෙවෙනුයේ:

මෙහි:

විදලු වෙය සද-පිරිවෙයට සම නම්, නැසින්න " හිරැවුණ" හ යි කියැවේ. නැසින්න හිරැවී ඇත්නම්, නැසින්නේ පිටැවීමේ තලයේ තෙරපුව වා-ගුලාවේ තෙරපුවට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර තෙරපු යතුව සඳහා ඉහත සමයුරුවට අමතැරි පද (extra terms) එක් කළ යුතු.

සකැලි වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම්
තලබුමු-විදලු යානයකැ මෙහෙයුම දළ විසින් බ්‍රේටන් සකැලියෙන් මාදිලි ගන්වා(?)(modelled) ඇති.

මේකත් බලන්නැ

 වා-පැටුම් සැටිය(Air-start system)
 Exoskeletal එන්ජිම
 විදලු කාර
 තලබමන එන්ජිම නො සමත් වීම
 RAEහි තලබුමු-විදලු දිවැඩුම
 විචල්ය සකැලි එන්ජිම

සටහන් හා යොමු කිරීම්

වැඩිදුර කියැවීම

බැහැරි ඈඳි

 Erich Warsitz, ලෝ පළමු ජෙට් නියමුවා : දුලබ විදිසි (Heinkel He 178) හා ඇසි විවරු (විවරණ) ඇතුළති.
 NASA අනුවැටුම් එන්ජින් විතර  : මෘදුකාංග ආකෘතියක් ඇතුළති.
 ජෙට් ප්‍රචාලනයේ ශක්‍යතා : 1941 සමීක්ෂණය සමඟ 1920 සහ 1930 ගණන්වල පර්යේෂණාත්මක සැලසුම් පිළිබඳ සැසැඳිල්ල (සාකච්ඡාව).
 විටල් බල විදලු පත් - කේම්බ්‍රිජ දිතිත් පොත්ගුලේ (ඩිජිටල් පුස්තකාලයේ) විටල්ගේ ප්‍රතිවර්තක එන්ජිමේ දිවැඩුම සබැඳි වැකේම්බ්‍රිජ සරසවියේ පීටර්හවුස් හි ලිපිගරයේ ලිපි හුවමාරුව

තලබුමු-විදලුව


Halayık kelimesi ile şunlardan biri kastedilmiş olabilir:

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Kaynakça

Halayık


Realpolitik, herhangi bir ideale veya kurama bağlanmaksızın tamamıyla mevcut gerçeklere uyum sağlayarak amaçlarını gerçekleştirmeye çalışmak anlamında kullanılan Almanca terimdir. Realpolitik kelimesi bir dış politika kavramı olarak İngilizce ve Türkçe de dahil olmak üzere tüm dillere geçmiştir.

Bu politikayı uygulayanlar kendi ülkelerinin çıkarlarını amansızca korurlar ve karşılarındakilerden de bunu beklerler. Bismarck'ın Alman birliğini sağlamak için izlediği politika realpolitikin en bilinen örneğidir. Günümüzde realpolitikayı en yoğun biçimde uygulayan devlet ABD'dir.

Realpolitik, güçlü devletlerin politikası olmanın yanı sıra, iç kamuoyu baskısından da uzak olmayı gerektiren bir politika türüdür. İç kamuoyu baskısı (örneğin insan hakları örgütleri, yeşiller vb.) devletin çıplak ulusal çıkarlarının tek güdü olmasını engellemektedir.

Dış politika
Uluslararası ilişkiler

Realpolitik


Le gouvernement militaire de l'armée des États-Unis en France (en anglais : Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories, AMGOT), est un organisme créé conjointement par les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni dans le but d'administrer la France après la Libération. Ce projet a été empêché par l'action du cabinet de Charles de Gaulle.

Contexte

Fragilité des États européens
La Seconde Guerre mondiale fait chuter plusieurs gouvernements européens, ainsi qu'asiatiques. Les États-Unis mettent en place, dès leur engagement dans la guerre, des projets d'administration par des forces militaires américaines des pays tombés. L'AMGOT se déploie à la fin de la guerre en Italie, dirigée par Harold Alexander. L'occupation militaire a lieu à partir du Long Armistice du . En Corée, un organisme similaire, l'USAMGIK, dirige la moitié sud de la péninsule coréenne du 8 septembre 1945 au 15 août 1948.

Projet avorté de démembrement de la France
Le président Franklin Delano Roosevelt et son cabinet préparent différents plans pour reconfigurer la politique européenne de l'après-guerre. Il propose à Anthony Eden de créer un nouvel État appelé Wallonia, en retirant à la France l'Alsace-Lorraine, ainsi que des parties des Hauts-de-France, pour les donner à la Belgique. Ce plan est finalement abandonné.

Projet d'occupation militaire
Un autre plan, plus ambitieux, d'un gouvernement militaire pro-américain de la France est mis en place. Le président considère en effet que la France tient certains points stratégiques en Europe, en Afrique et en Chine, que les Américains doivent récupérer. Comme le rapporte Dwight D. Eisenhower dans Croisades en Europe : .

Ainsi, en , Roosevelt fait signer par Mark Wayne Clark les accords Clark-Darlan, qui mettent sous occupation américaine les territoires de l'Empire colonial français. Lorsque Charles de Gaulle envoie à Washington André Philip pour annoncer que la France libre ne pourra tolérer une administration par les États-Unis de territoires français, Roosevelt révèle à Philip le plan d'occupation militaire de la métropole : . Philip prévient Roosevelt que de Gaulle s'opposera à ce plan.

Conformément à ce qu'il avait annoncé à Philip, dans un mémorandum daté du , Roosevelt écrit à Winston Churchill : .

Préparatifs
Roosevelt propose un plan d'action selon lequel les généraux anglo-saxons s'appuieraient sur les préfets et les départements. Les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni créent des écoles ad hoc pour entraîner et préparer ceux qui seront amenés à diriger les gouvernements militaires d'occupation, notamment à l'université Columbia. En plus de supports sur l'Allemagne et le Japon, ils préparent des supports et des cours sur la France, sa vie politique et administrative.

Des billets sous forme de francs sont imprimés par la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis. Ils commencent à être distribués dès le débarquement de Normandie et sont bien reçus par la population. Selon Claude Hettier de Boislambert, l'opération américaine avait vocation à mettre la France sous dépendance de manière totale : des officiers auraient remplacé les maires, les budgets municipaux auraient été gérés par les libérateurs, ainsi que les systèmes de communication et de chemins de fer. Charles-Louis Foulon, un historien ayant travaillé pour de Gaulle, a soutenu que les Américains auraient voulu mettre en place des tribunaux Alliés en place en France.

Oppositions

Opposition française
Charles de Gaulle rapporte dans ses Mémoires de guerre qu'il connaissait les projets de l'AMGOT, qui aurait eu pour ambition d'administrer pleinement l'État et d'y insérer durablement une influence américaine, et s'y était à ce titre opposé. Il aurait été informé grâce aux renseignements fournis par Philippe Thyraud de Vosjoli, récupérés en Afrique du Nord. André Gros, membre du cabinet de de Gaulle et négociateur avec les Américains, a écrit que le plan AMGOT a été arrêté à temps par de Gaulle en l'espace de dix jours, entre le 4 et le 14 juin 1944.

Michel Debré a joué un rôle essentiel en organisant, durant le mois de juin 1944, le remplacement des préfets nommés par le régime de Vichy par des commissaires de la République dotés de la légitimité de la Résistance. Cela a permis une prise de pouvoir par les résistants français, et empêché que les États-Unis ne nomment des personnalités extérieures à la résistance.

Selon Diane de Bellescize, la création du gouvernement provisoire de la République française avait précisément pour objectif de former une entité légale reconnue qui puisse s'opposer à l'AMGOT. Sa création aurait ainsi été subordonnée à un double objectif : éviter l'anarchie, perçue comme favorisant les communistes, et bloquer l'AMGOT. Ainsi, avant le débarquement de Normandie, le président Roosevelt donne au général Eisenhower de ne rien faire sur place qui donne l'idée que l'administration reconnaissait officiellement le gouvernement provisoire comme légitime.

Opposition anglaise
De manière plus générale, les Anglais ont obtenu des Américains que l'AMGOT ne s'applique pas aux . Or, le Royaume-Uni a reconnu de Gaulle comme chef de la France depuis juillet 1940. Les Américains et les Anglais sont en désaccord sur la nécessité de reconnaître à la France un gouvernement légitime en de Gaulle.

Le gouvernement anglais se montre ainsi à certains moments opposé au projet. Anthony Eden, devenu ministre des Affaires étrangères du Royaume-Uni, rend visite à Roosevelt en mars 1943, et s'oppose au projet d'AMGOT. Il écrira plus tard : . Dans son journal, il écrit le  que les Britanniques seraient .

Opposition américaine
Le projet de démembrement de la France, puis d'occupation du pays, font également l'objet d'oppositions aux États-Unis. Les médias américains, d'abord, sont pro-gaullistes et même s'ils n'ont pas vent du projet de Roosevelt, considèrent de Gaulle comme le chef légitime de la France.

Dwight D. Eisenhower se montre plutôt opposé au projet du président, ne comprenant pas l'animosité et la mesquinerie de Roosevelt vis-à-vis du général français. Il influence Roosevelt en 1944 via des télégrammes afin de l'inciter à reconnaître en de Gaulle le seul chef légitime. Le 3 juin, il écrit : .

Postérité
Devenu le premier président de la , Charles de Gaulle refuse de célébrer le débarquement de Normandie. Il explique cette décision à Alain Peyrefitte en faisant référence au projet de gouvernement militaire d'occupation :

Notes et références

Relations entre les États-Unis et la France
Libération de la France

Gouvernement militaire de l'armée des États-Unis en France


World in Action is a British investigative current affairs programme made by Granada Television for ITV from 7 January 1963 until 7 December 1998. Its campaigning journalism frequently had a major impact on events of the day. Its production teams often took audacious risks, and the programme gained a solid reputation for its often-unorthodox approach. The series was sold around the world and won numerous awards. In its heyday, World in Action drew audiences of up to 23 million in Britain alone, equivalent to almost half the population.

Cabinet ministers fell to its probings. Numerous innocent victims of the British criminal justice system, including the Birmingham Six, were released from jail. Honouring the programme in its 50th anniversary awards the Political Studies Association said, "World in Action thrived on unveiling corruption and highlighting underhand dealings. World in Action came to be seen as hard-hitting investigative journalism at its best."

A melodramatic post-trial encounter in 1967 between Mick Jagger and senior British establishment figures, in which the rock star and his retinue were flown by helicopter onto the lawn of a stately home, was engineered by then World in Action researcher and future BBC Director General John Birt. Decades later, Birt himself described it as "one of the iconic moments of the Sixties."

Soon after she became Conservative Party leader, Margaret Thatcher was said to have told the BBC Director General, Sir Ian Trethowan, that she considered World in Action to consist of "just a lot of Trots. Panorama, however, are bastards."

Its removal after 35 years was seen by some as part of a general dumbing down of British television and of ITV in particular. One commercial TV regulatory official privately characterised the Tonight programme, which replaced it, as merely "fluffy". Others saw World in Action's eventual disappearance as the inevitable consequence of rising commercial pressures. Announcing a £250,000 fund for an investigative journalism training scheme, Channel Four said in November 2011 that a decline in the pool of investigative journalism had occurred since "the demise of training grounds such as World in Action".

Origins
World in Action was the pre-eminent current-affairs programme produced by Britain's ITV Network in its first 50 years. Along with This Week, Weekend World, TV Eye, First Tuesday, The Big Story, and The Cook Report – and the news-gathering of ITN – World in Action gave ITV a reputation for quality broadcast journalism to rival the BBC's output.

For the first 35 years of its existence, ITV had a near-monopoly of television advertising revenue. Roy Thomson, who ran Scottish Television, famously described ITV as a "licence to print money". In return for this income, the broadcasting regulator insisted that the ITV companies broadcast a proportion of their programmes as public-service TV. Out of this was born the network's reputation for serious current affairs, eagerly grabbed by programme makers under Granada's founder, Lord Sidney Bernstein.

Some of the most prominent figures in 20th-century British broadcasting helped to create World in Action, in particular, Tim Hewat, "the maverick genius of Granada's current affairs in its formative years", and David Plowright, but also Jeremy Isaacs, Michael Parkinson, John Birt, and Gus Macdonald and its most long-serving executive producer, Ray Fitzwalter. The series developed the skills of generations of journalists, and in particular, filmmakers. Michael Apted worked on the original Seven Up!. Paul Greengrass, who spent 10 years on World in Action, told the BBC: "My first dream was to work on World In Action, to be honest. It was that wonderful eclectic mixture of filmmaking and reportage. That was my training ground. It showed me the world and made me see many things." He later told The Guardian: "If there's a thread running through my career it's World in Action – the phrase as well as the programme."

Although its rivals produced many memorable programmes, World in Action;s "slamming into the subject of each edition without wordy prefaces from a reassuring host-figure" consistently gained a reputation for the kind of original journalism and filmmaking that made headlines and won major awards. In its time, the series was honoured by all of the major broadcasting awards, including many BAFTA, the Royal Television Society, and Emmy awards.

World in Action's style was the opposite to its urbane BBC rivals, especially to the London BBC. By repute, especially in its early days, World in Action would never employ anybody who was on first-name terms with any politician. Gus Macdonald, an executive producer of the programme, said it had been "born brash". Steve Boulton, one of its last editors, wrote in The Independent that the programme's ethos was to "comfort the afflicted – and afflict the comfortable." Paul Greengrass told The Guardian in June 2008 that the chairman of Granada TV once told him: "Don't forget, your job's to make trouble."

The series outlasted all of its contemporaries in ITV current affairs, killed off as the commercial pressures on the network grew with the arrival of multichannel TV in the UK. Eventually, World In Action, too, was removed from the schedules by its own creator, Granada TV. On 7 December 1998, World in Action ceased operations for good after 35 years on air. It was replaced in the schedules by Tonight.

Investigative legacy
From the beginning, and especially from the late 1960s, World in Action broke new ground in investigative techniques. Landmark investigations included the Poulson affair, corruption in the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad, the exposure of the shadowy and violent far-right group Combat 18, investigations into L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology, and most notably, a long campaign that resulted in the release from prison of the Birmingham Six, six Irishmen falsely accused of planting Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs in Birmingham pubs.

World in Action's appetite for controversy created tension with the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), the official regulator during most of the series's run, which had the power to intervene before broadcast. Sir Denis Forman, one of Granada's founders, wrote that "trench warfare" existed between the programme and the industry regulator, the Independent Television Authority, in the years between 1966 and 1969 as World in Action sought to establish its journalistic freedoms.

The most celebrated dispute was in 1973, over the banning of The Friends and Influence of John L Poulson, the definitive film about the Poulson affair, itself one of the defining scandals of British political life in the 1960s. Poulson was an architect, who was jailed a year later for corrupting politicians and civil servants to advance his construction business. The regulator, which was then the IBA, banned the film without seeing it and without giving official reasons other than "broadcasting policy". As a protest, Granada broadcast a blank screen – which, bizarrely, recorded the third-highest TV audience of that week. After a public furor, which saw newspapers from the Sunday Times to the Socialist Worker unite in condemnation of "censorship", the IBA held a second vote, having by then seen the film. By a single vote, the ban was lifted and the programme, by then retitled The Rise and Fall of John Poulson, was transmitted on 30 April 1973, three months after it was first scheduled.

In January 1980, the programme examined the business practices of the then chairman of Manchester United football club, Louis Edwards. Edwards ran a wholesale butchery business that supplied schools in Manchester; WIA exposed practices of bribery of council officials and the supply of meat that was unfit for human consumption to such institutions; Edwards' businesses were subsequently prosecuted and lost their contracts. Louis Edwards himself died of a heart attack a month after the show was broadcast.

World in Action tackled the British intelligence services, as well as the Royal Navy, over their recruitment practices; senior navy personnel famously door-stepped the director of World in Actions film in question. The programme broadcast revelations by whistleblowers from both GCHQ, the government's electronic eavesdropping and surveillance headquarters, and from the Joint Intelligence Committee.

Its most audacious investigation of the intelligence community was, perhaps, an extended edition in July 1984 titled "The Spy Who Never Was", the confessions of a former MI5 officer, Peter Wright. Spycatcher, Wright's subsequent account of the period when his colleagues and he had, as he put it, "bugged and burgled our way across London", revealed what had in effect been a planned coup against the then-Labour government of Harold Wilson. Wright appeared to have been in charge of the technical side of things. "The Wilson plot", as it became known, was corroborated to varying degrees both before and after the film's transmission in various other books by journalists and in volumes of memoirs by others involved in the conspiracy. Wright's book was the most explosive of them all. Wright, embittered by a still-unresolved pension dispute, fled to Australia, where the book was written and finally published – to the fury of Margaret Thatcher – with the assistance of the original programme's chief researcher, Paul Greengrass. Publication in Britain was initially banned outright by the government of Margaret Thatcher.

The series was rarely away from the courts and the threat of legal action. The Scientologists tried – and failed – to stop World in Action'''s broadcasts about them through the courts, and in 1980, members of the programme's staff and senior executives at Granada TV announced that they would be prepared to go to prison rather than submit to a House of Lords ruling that the programme reveal the identity of an informant who had supplied WIA with 250 pages of secret documents from the then-state-owned British Steel Corporation which was at the time locked in an industrial dispute with its workforce.

In 1995, Susan O'Keeffe, a World in Action journalist, was threatened with prison in Ireland for refusing to reveal her sources. She had investigated scandals within the Irish meat industry in two films in 1991, setting in motion a three-year Tribunal of Inquiry in Dublin, which found that much of her criticism of the industry was substantiated. The tribunal, though, demanded that she name her informants, and when she refused to do so, she was charged by the Irish Director of Public Prosecutions. The case became a cause célèbre in the Republic of Ireland, and in January 1995 she faced trial for contempt of court but was cleared of the charge. O'Keeffe was honoured in the 1994 Freedom of Information Awards for her stand.

In its last few years, the programme was involved in two high-profile libel cases. It won the first (along with The Guardian) against the former Conservative cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken, and lost the second, against the high street chain Marks & Spencer.

On 10 April 1995, Aitken, himself a former journalist for Yorkshire Television, called a televised press conference three hours before the transmission of a World in Action film, Jonathan of Arabia, demanding that allegations about his dealings with leading Saudis be withdrawn. In a phrase that would come to haunt him, Aitken promised to wield "the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play ... to cut out the cancer of bent and twisted journalism." Aitken was subsequently sentenced to 18 months in prison for perjuring himself in the resulting libel case. World in Action followed the collapse of Aitken's libel case with a special edition whose title reflected the MP's claim to wield the "sword of truth". It was called The Dagger of Deceit.

Television techniques
Although the series's lasting reputation is for its investigative work, it also led the way in introducing other techniques to mainstream TV. In 1971, years before the rise of "reality" programmes on TV schedules, World in Action challenged the Staffordshire village of Longnor to quit smoking, a forerunner of many of the popular-challenge documentaries that enjoyed success in the 21st-century reality-television boom.

In 1984, World in Action caused a sensation by challenging a rising young Conservative Member of Parliament, Matthew Parris, to live for a week on a £26 unemployment benefit payment to test the reality of his own critical views on unemployed people – Parris subsequently abandoned Parliament for a career as a broadcaster and writer. The same year, World in Action revealed the tricks behind political oratory by coaching a complete beginner, Ann Brennan, to deliver a speech, which won a standing ovation at the annual conference of the Social Democratic Party, using techniques developed by Professor Max Atkinson. Eminent political commentator Sir Robin Day, covering the conference for BBC television, described Mrs Brennan's performance as "[t]he most refreshing speech we've heard so far."World in Action helped to pioneer the technique of using covert cameras, not just in investigative work, but also in social documentary, including, from the earliest days, the treatment of gypsies, the old in care ("Ward F13"), and poverty in England. The arrival of high-quality miniature cameras allowed ambitious projects such as Donal MacIntyre's award-winning programmes in October 1996 on the illegal drug trade, and the future Conservative MP Adam Holloway's disturbing reports on the reality of life among the homeless in 1991. In 1998, World in Action took advantage of the new technology to equip an entire house with secret cameras hidden in places from coke tins to fish tanks to catch out shoddy builders. The success of the two-part series called House of Horrors, produced by Kate Middleton, led not only to the ITV series House of Horrors and to the BBC's Rogue Traders, but also to a whole new genre of programming, around the world, based around hidden-camera footage of dodgy tradesmen.World in Action also gave rise to a number of other spin-off series, most famously the Seven Up! documentaries that have followed the lives of a group of British people who turned seven years old in 1963. The most recent, 63 UP, was shown in 2019. Michael Apted directed most episodes; parallel series have also started in South Africa, the US, and Russia.

More recent current-affairs series on other channels, such as the MacIntyre series on BBC and Five, and Channel 4's Dispatches, commissioned by Dorothy Byrne, a former World in Action producer, may be seen as having inherited certain aspects of World in Actions hard-hitting journalistic style.

World in Action and popular culture
One of the programme's hallmarks was its willingness to embrace popular culture, at a time when its competitors preferred a more highbrow approach. One of the earliest editions reported on overspending at the Ministry of Defence in the style of a contemporary gameshow, Beat the Clock. The programme was so controversial, it was banned from being shown on ITV by the then-regulatory body, the Independent Television Authority; instead, 10 minutes of it were shown on the BBC as an act of journalistic solidarity. The gameshow device re-emerged in 1989, when an academic study of the uptake of tax-funded benefits by the middle class was transformed into a mock quiz show named Spongers, fronted by a well-known star of game formats, Nicholas Parsons.

Popular music played a significant role in WIA's history. An early edition, in 1966, carried a fly-on-the-wall account of daily life aboard one of the then-pirate radio ships, Radio Caroline, at a time when the British government was determined to preserve the radio monopoly of the BBC by driving the "pirates" off the air. In 1964, the show covered the launch of the second pirate radio ship, Radio Atlanta, by putting a film crew on board the radio ship as she sailed into position.

After the offshore radio ships were outlawed, only Radio Caroline's two ships continued, so WIA visited one of the ships in September 1967. The British government were furious and banned the camera crew from sailing back into the UK at Felixstowe, just a few miles away, forcing them to sail to Holland and then fly back to the UK.

The long-running intermittent Seven Up! series of TV films, which in due course spanned decades, was first broadcast from 1964 as part of World in Action. By its intimate technique of filming the everyday lives of children and interviewing them, a different picture of life in Britain was formed.

In 1967, a young researcher named John Birt established his early reputation by persuading the rock star Mick Jagger to appear on World in Action to debate youth culture and his recent drug conviction, with establishment figures, including William Rees-Mogg of The Times, who had written a famous editorial defending the singer. Jagger so enjoyed the experience that he invited the Granada team to film the Rolling Stones at the band's free 1969 concert in Hyde Park, London. The resulting film, The Stones in the Park, was one of the iconic concert films of the 1960s. John Birt moved on to edit World in Action, and eventually became the director general of the BBC.

The rise of Thatcherism and the misery of mass unemployment had WIA examining the phenomenon through the eyes of another emerging band, UB40, in A Statistic, A Reminder (1981), a line taken from one of the band's songs. Six years later, a special edition of the programme was devoted to the Irish rock band U2 and their charismatic front man Bono. Like the Rolling Stones before them, U2 allowed World in Action to film one of their classic concerts in 1987 in Ireland. This footage, shot by future Hollywood director Paul Greengrass, was shown only once on ITV because of copyright restrictions, although it has circulated among fans as a bootleg.

In 1983, Stevie Wonder, at the height of his popularity, gave the programme a musical exclusive when he agreed to let a World in Action crew record him performing an unreleased song, written to help Democratic politician Jesse Jackson's electioneering, for The Race Against Reagan. Another popular singer, Sting, appeared in a more critical World in Action episode, which questioned the effectiveness of his Rainforest Foundation. In August 1980, the series devoted an edition to the story behind chart rigging – an ongoing practice where record companies were bribing the British chart compilers to put certain artists' singles higher in the charts than they actually were. Singles mentioned on the programme included several UK number-one hits of the previous 12 months.

Perhaps the most bruising encounter between WIA and popular entertainment was the 1995 film Black and Blue, which featured a covert recording of a performance by comedian Bernard Manning as the star of a charity function organised by the Manchester branch of the Police Federation, which represents rank-and-file officers. Manning's racist and homophobic performance, loudly applauded by those present, caused outrage when WIA broadcast excerpts, sparking an intense debate about the willingness of British police officers to embrace a diverse culture. Former WIA editor Steve Boulton revealed during a 2013 ITV documentary about World in Action that the covert recording had been made by a fellow speaker at the function, former Liverpool Militant politician Derek Hatton, himself a previous target of a World in Action investigation. Hatton used a miniature cassette recorder concealed in Boulton's own Filofax.

Leading contributors

JournalistsWorld in Action employed many leading journalists, among them John Pilger; Michael Parkinson; Gordon Burns; Nick Davies, Ed Vulliamy and David Leigh of the Guardian; Alasdair Palmer of the Sunday Telegraph; John Ware, BBC Panorama's leading investigative reporter; Tony Wilson, whose second career as a music impresario was immortalised in the feature film 24 Hour Party People; Michael Gillard, creator of the Slicker business pages in the satirical magazine Private Eye; Donal MacIntyre; the writer Mark Hollingsworth; Quentin McDermott, since 1999 a leading investigative reporter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation; Tony Watson, editor of the Yorkshire Post for 13 years and editor-in-chief of the Press Association from December 2006; and Andrew Jennings, author of Lords of the Rings and The Dirty Game, who has campaigned vigorously for more than a decade against corruption in international sport.

Two former World in Action journalists uncovered one of the biggest broadcasting scandals of the 1990s. Laurie Flynn, a central figure in the British Steel papers case, and Michael Sean Gillard revealed that large parts of a 1996 Carlton Television documentary, The Connection, about drug trafficking from Colombia, had been fabricated.
Flynn and Gillard's exposé in the Guardian in May 1998 led to an inquiry and a record £2 million fine for Carlton from the then-regulator, the Independent Television Commission, as well as provoking a passionate debate about truthfulness in broadcast journalism.

Presenters
Unusually for a current-affairs programme, WIA's standard format was as a voice-over documentary without a regular reporter, although a handful of WIA journalists did appear in front of camera, including Chris Kelly, Gordon Burns, John Pilger, Gus Macdonald, Nick Davies, Adam Holloway, Stuart Prebble (who later became the programme's editor), Mike Walsh, David Taylor, Donal MacIntyre, and Granada Reports journalist and Factory Records supremo Tony Wilson, who became the show's first in-vision anchor in the early 1980s. Guest presenters were used on rare occasions, among them Jonathan Dimbleby, Sandy Gall, Martyn Gregory, Sue Lawley, and Lynn Faulds Wood. Perhaps its most celebrated guest presenter was distinguished American anchorman Walter Cronkite, who came out of retirement to cover the 1983 UK general election for the series.

A small group of narrators delivered the vast majority of WIA's voice-overs. The two original narrators were Derek Cooper, later to become well known as a broadcaster and writer about food, and Wilfrid Thomas. The science presenter. James Burke, did a number of commentaries on early editions of the programme. Other major contributors included David Plowright, Chris Kelly, Jim Pope, Philip Tibenham, and Andrew Brittain. Among the guest narrators who contributed occasional commentaries were popular actors Robert Lindsay and Jean Boht.

Producer-directors
The series was known for its gritty visual style, almost always shot on location, and a number of its producer-directors went on to work on major film projects. Those working on the series in its early years included Michael Apted, later to direct Coal Miner's Daughter, Gorillas in the Mist, and the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, as well as the Up Series documentaries (the earliest programmes were part of the WIA series), and Mike Hodges, who went on to direct Get Carter and Flash Gordon. Director John Goldschmidt made several films for the series in the early 1970s. Later, Paul Greengrass, director of the feature films United 93, The Bourne Supremacy, and The Bourne Ultimatum and of the drama-documentaries Bloody Sunday and The Murder of Stephen Lawrence, cut his directing teeth on World in Action. Leslie Woodhead, director of The Stones in the Park, the award-winning A Cry From The Grave, many Disappearing World films and also regarded by many as a founder of the drama-documentary movement, worked on World in Action for many years as a producer-director and executive. Long-time World in Action alumni who went on to direct and produce Granada's international award-winning Disappearing World films include Brian Moser, its instigator and original producer, and Charlie Nairn.

Among the more recent generation of filmmakers to emerge from World in Action were Alex Holmes, who became editor of the BBC2 documentary strand Modern Times and went on to write and direct the BAFTA-winning dramatised documentary series Dunkirk for the BBC and House of Saddam for the BBC and HBO; and Katy Jones, a former WIA producer who became a key collaborator with the screenwriter Jimmy McGovern as a producer on the drama-documentaries Hillsborough (1996) and Sunday (2002).

BroadcastersWIA was a starting point for several key programme-makers who went on to major roles in British broadcasting. John Birt became director general of the BBC, having been programme controller of the ITV station London Weekend Television, where he created the current-affairs flagship, Weekend World.

Several WIA staffers were promoted to significant roles in Granada Television, among them David Plowright, who became its chairman and later went on to become deputy chairman of Channel 4. Steve Morrison became chief executive at Granada. Gus Macdonald held the same role at another ITV franchise, Scottish Television.

Stuart Prebble, a former editor, became chief executive of ITV, and Steve Anderson became head of news and current affairs for that channel. Both have since moved on to the independent production industry. Ian McBride, who led the team that made the Birmingham Six programmes, became managing editor of Granada TV, and was director of compliance for ITV until 2008.

Dianne Nelmes, who worked as a researcher and executive producer of WIA, was the founding editor of Granada TV's hugely successful This Morning with Richard and Judy and went on to head daytime and factual programmes at ITV.

Dorothy Byrne, a former WIA producer, went on to become head of news and current affairs at Channel 4. Julian Bellamy, who worked as a young researcher on one of WIA's last big foreign investigations – about arms deals between Britain and Indonesia – later headed Channel 4's entertainment channel E4 and was programme controller of the BBC digital channel BBC Three before rejoining Channel 4 as its head of programming from 2007 to 2011. In 2012, Bellamy was appointed creative director of Discovery International.

TV production companies
A number of WIA veterans went on to set up and run their own independent television production companies. John Smithson and David Darlow, who set up the production company Darlow Smithson, responsible for the feature films Touching the Void and Deep Water and many factual TV programmes including Black Box and The Falling Man, worked together on WIA. Claudia Milne founded twentytwenty TV, which made a successful current-affairs strand for ITV, The Big Story, as well as popular factual series such as Bad Boys' Army' on ITV and That'll Teach 'Em on Channel 4. Brian Lapping set up the much-garlanded Brook Lapping company, which made The Death of Yugoslavia and many other landmark contemporary history programmes. Stuart Prebble, a former editor of World in Action, runs Liberty Bell, best known for the popular Grumpy Old Men series on the BBC. Another former editor, Steve Boulton, started an eponymous company, which made Young, Nazi & Proud, a Bafta-winning profile of the young British National Party activist Mark Collett. Simon Albury went on to lead the Campaign for Quality Television and was a founder director of the ITV company Meridian Broadcasting.

One of the biggest British independent production companies is All 3 Media, which controls several other leading companies, including Lime Pictures, formerly Mersey Television, makers of Hollyoaks. It is run by Steve Morrison, a former WIA producer.

Political connections
Although in its early days, World in Action was reputed never to employ anyone who was on first-name terms with any politician, a number of subsequent British parliamentarians have World in Action on their curricula vitae. The most recent is the Conservative MP Adam Holloway, elected to the House of Commons in 2005. Former British cabinet minister Jack Straw worked on World in Action as a researcher, as did Margaret Beckett, who served as Tony Blair's last Foreign Secretary. Chris Mullin, Labour MP for Sunderland South from 1987 to 2010, played a major role in the programme's campaign on behalf of the Birmingham Six. Gus Macdonald, now Baron Macdonald of Tradeston, and from 1998 to 2003 a government minister, was formerly an executive on the programme. John Birt (by then ennobled as Baron Birt), was personal adviser to British Prime Minister Tony Blair between 2001 and 2005.

Editors
Editors of the programme (sometimes with the title of executive producer) were, successively, Tim Hewat, Derek Granger, Alex Valentine, David Plowright, Jeremy Wallington, Leslie Woodhead, John Birt, Gus Macdonald, David Boulton, Brian Lapping, Ray Fitzwalter, Allan Segal, David Cresswell, Stuart Prebble, Nick Hayes, Dianne Nelmes, Charles Tremayne, Steve Boulton, and Jeff Anderson. Anderson also became editor of World in Action's replacement, Tonight, before becoming head of current affairs at ITV in 2006. Mike Lewis, a former WIA producer, was appointed editor of Tonight in October 2006.

Academic connections
Brian Winston, Pro-Vice Chancellor (External Relations) at the University of Lincoln, who has also held leading posts at the Universities of Westminster, Cardiff, Pennsylvania State and New York, was a researcher and producer in the early series of World in Action.

Ray Fitzwalter, WIA's longest-serving editor and the man behind the ground-breaking Poulson investigations, became a visiting fellow at the University of Salford School of Media, Music, and Performance.

The late Gavin MacFadyen, who worked on early series of World in Action as a producer-director, best known for his undercover human-rights films, became a visiting professor at City University in 2005. He was also director of the Centre for Investigative Journalism.

David Leigh, who made Jonathan of Arabia, the film which provoked Jonathan Aitken's self-destructive libel action, was made Britain's first professor of reporting at City University, London, in September 2006.

Camerawork
Although a great many director/producers, journalists, and editors passed through the programme, one cameraman played an overwhelming role in shaping the appeal of the series. George Jesse Turner served on the programme from 1966 until its end. By his own count, he shot the principal footage for some 600 of its 1,400 editions, and filmed all of Michael Apted's documentaries in the Seven Up! series. Turner was shot himself – in the backside – by an Israeli bullet while filming a clash between Fatah guerrillas and the Israeli Army in 1969. Shortly before he retired from Granada, Turner was honoured by BAFTA in 1999 for his work as a documentary cameraman.

Among the many cameramen who also contributed to WIA was Chris Menges, who went on to become a distinguished cinematographer – Kes, The Killing Fields, and The Mission are among his credits – and a film director for A World Apart.

Title sequence
Early series were introduced by composer Laurie Johnson's track "Private Eye", but the series is perhaps best remembered for the distinctive title sequence created by John Sheppard in the late 1960s, combining the image of da Vinci's Vitruvian Man with a musical score of a modern classical music structure (inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugues), in a descending series of organ and acoustic guitar chords combined with a jazz rhythm. The score was given the working title of "Jam for World in Action", and has been credited variously to Jonathon Weston or Shawn Phillips. English musician Mick Weaver also claims to have jointly authored the score with Phillips.Statement by Mick Weaver on Youtube, September 2016 via the 'Mick Weaver' channel: 'Any comment about the 'World in Action' theme being written by Shawn Phillips, is utter bullshit. I played the B3 Organ parts over a descending chord progression that Phillips came up with. It was a 50/50 collaboration between [him] and [me], and I am utterly pissed off with this charlatan claiming or being credited with having 'created' the entire thing. What happened was that Shawn came to me and said that he had been asked to compose some theme music for a T.V. programme, and that he had come up with a chord progression, but needed help with putting some melody lines to it, and asking would I be interested in collaborating with him to complete it. So, I came up with some vaguely 'Bachish' melody lines and we spent an evening in Trident Studios in Wardour Street, London, recording several segments of varying lengths of my melody lines with Shawn's chord progression. We were told by the Granada people, some of whom attended the recording sessions, that the music would become the property of Granada, and that we would be paid Musician's Union scale session fees for the evening's work, which at the time was £9 per hour. Not only has my contribution to this music (not to imply that the stuff is a work of magnificent art) never been acknowledged, but I never even received the session fees. Not only that, I had to take the tube to Piccadilly Circus to get to the studio, and was never reimbursed, so, as well as never having been credited, financially or otherwise with my participation in the project, I am down the f-ing tube fare. I was young and easily conned in those days, but to be worked over by a fellow musician is especially galling ...' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95qLDc7zwYY The track was covered by Matt Berry in 2018 on his album Television Themes.

Books and articles
Jonathan Aitken (2003), Pride and Perjury, London: Continuum International Publishing Group – Academi.
Ray Fitzwalter (2008), The Dream That Died: The Rise And Fall Of ITV, London: Matador.
Ray Fitzwalter, David Taylor (1981), Web of Corruption: The Story of J. G. L. Poulson and T. Dan Smith, London: Granada.
Denis Forman (1997), Persona Granada, London: Andre Deutsch
Peter Goddard (2004), 'World in Action', in Glen Creeber (ed.), Fifty Key Television Programmes, London: Arnold.
Peter Goddard (2006), '"Improper liberties": Regulating undercover journalism on ITV, 1967–1980', Journalism, 7(1): 45–63.
Peter Goddard, John Corner and Kay Richardson (2001), 'The formation of World in Action: A case study in the history of current affairs journalism', Journalism, 2(1): 73–90.
Peter Goddard, John Corner and Kay Richardson (2007), Public Issue Television: World in Action 1963–98, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Luke Harding, David Leigh and David Pallister (1997), The Liar: The Fall of Jonathan Aitken, London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Jonathan Margolis (1996), Bernard Manning, London: Orion Books
Chris Mullin (1990), Error of Judgement: Birmingham Bombings, Dublin: Poolbeg Press.
George Jesse Turner, Jeff Anderson (2000), Trouble Shooter: Life Through The Lens of World in Action's Top Cameraman, London: Granada Media.

See also
 Unreported World'', another current affairs program, broadcast on Channel 4.

Notes

References

External links
 Ray Fitzwalter on World in Action, Centre for Investigative Journalism, London, March 2011
 British Film Institute database of World In Action programmes
 TV Ark archive of World In Action title sequences
 Encyclopedia of Television
 ITV North West England – World in Action titles for 1963 and 1995
 Network DVD – World in Action Vol. 1
 Nostalgia Central – The World in Action 1963 to 1998
 Paul Almond – 7 Up
 World Socialist Website – 14 March 1998
 'Televérité' hits Britain: Documentary, Drama and the growth of 16mm Filmmaking in British Television
  'Scandal at the regulator' (World in Action and the Poulson affair)

1960s British documentary television series
1970s British documentary television series
1980s British documentary television series
1990s British documentary television series
1963 British television series debuts
1998 British television series endings
ITV documentaries
Television series by ITV Studios
British television news shows
Current affairs shows
Television shows produced by Granada Television
English-language television shows
BAFTA winners (television series)

World in Action


Radoslav Kirilov (búlgaro: Радослав Кирилов; Simitli, 29 de junio de 1992) es un futbolista búlgaro que juega como delantero para el F. C. CSKA 1948 Sofia de la Primera Liga de Bulgaria.

Selección nacional
Ha sido internacional con  en 12 ocasiones.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en Transfermarkt

Futbolistas de Bulgaria
Futbolistas del Rimini Football Club
Futbolistas de la Associazione Calcio ChievoVerona
Futbolistas del Football Club Lumezzane
Futbolistas del A.C. Carpi
Futbolistas del Venezia Football Club
Futbolistas de la Unione Sportiva Cremonese
Futbolistas del Fussball Club Südtirol
Futbolistas del Beroe Stara Zagora
Futbolistas del Pirin Blagoevgrad
Futbolistas del Vis Pesaro dal 1898
Futbolistas del Slavia Sofia
Futbolistas del FC CSKA 1948 Sofia
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Bulgaria en los años 2010
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Bulgaria en los años 2020

Radoslav Kirilov


A corporate collapse typically involves the insolvency or bankruptcy of a major business enterprise. A corporate scandal involves alleged or actual unethical behavior by people acting within or on behalf of a corporation. Many recent corporate collapses and scandals have involved false or inappropriate accounting of some sort (see list at accounting scandals).

List of major corporate collapses
The following list of corporations involved major collapses, through the risk of job losses or size of the business, and meant entering into insolvency or bankruptcy, or being nationalised or requiring a non-market loan by a government.

List of scandals without insolvency
 Australia & New Zealand Banking Group scandal involving misleading file notes in the Financial Ombudsman Service (Australia) presented to the Supreme Court of Victoria.
 Australia & New Zealand Banking Group allegations of racial bigotry toward billionaire businessman Pankaj Oswal and his wife. Court was presented with emails where an ANZ staff member comments to ANZ CEO Mike Smith: "We are dealing with Indians with no moral compass and an Indian woman as every bit as devious as PO (Mr Oswal)."
 Australia & New Zealand Banking Group toxic culture. Court case where allegations were made by ex-employees that the bank's senior management tolerated drugs and strip clubs.
 Australia & New Zealand Banking Group alleged manipulation of the Australian benchmark interest rates. ANZ is currently being pursued by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission, which filed an originating process in the Federal Court of Australia against ANZ in March 2016.
 BAE Systems bribery scandal related to the Al-Yamamah arms deal with Saudi Arabia
 Bristol-Myers Squibb accounting scandal
 British Airways, for the "Dirty Tricks" scandal against Virgin Atlantic
 Brown & Williamson, for chemically enhancing the addictiveness of cigarettes, becoming the leading edge of the tobacco industry scandals of the 1990s, eventually resulting in the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
 Chevron-Texaco Lago Agrio oil field pollution scandal
 Commonwealth Bank facts uncovered that showed the insurance arm of the bank denied life insurance policy holders despite having legitimate claims, resulting in calls for a Royal Commission into the Australian insurance industry.
 Commonwealth Bank provision of unsuitable financial advice to a large number of customers between 2003 and 2012 and continuous delay in providing compensation to victims.
 Compass Group, bribed the United Nations in order to win business
 Corrib gas controversy Kilcommon, Erris, Co. Mayo, Ireland
 Deutsche Bank, spying scandal
 Deutsche Bank Libor scandal, agreed to a combined US$2.5 billion in fines
 Duke Energy
 El Paso Corp.
 Fannie Mae, underreporting of profit
 Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, part of the General Motors streetcar conspiracy, labor controversies, Firestone and Ford tire controversy
 Forced labour under German rule during World War II, financial enrichment by several major companies
 Ford Pinto, fuel tank scandal
 Financial Ombudsman Service (Australia) scandal involving misleading file notes in the Financial Ombudsman Service (Australia) presented to the Victorian Supreme Court.
 Global Crossing
 Guinness share-trading fraud
 Hafskip's collapse
 Halliburton overcharging government contracts
 Harken Energy Scandal
 HealthSouth reporting exaggerated earnings
 Hewlett-Packard spying scandal
 Hospital Corporation of America
 Homestore.com
 KBC Bank human rights scandal
 Kerr-McGee, the Karen Silkwood case
 Kinney National Company financial scandal
 Lernout & Hauspie accounting fraud
 Lockheed bribery scandal in Germany, Japan, and Netherlands
 Livedoor scandal
 Luxembourg Leaks. Luxembourg under Jean-Claude Juncker's premiership had turned into a major European centre of corporate tax avoidance.
 Marsh McLennan
 Merck Medicaid fraud investigation
 Mirant
 Morrison-Knudsen scandal. Led to William Agee's ouster
 Mutual-fund scandal (2003)
 Nestlé
 Nugan Hand Bank
 Olympus Scandal
 Options backdating involving over 100 companies
 Pacific Gas & Electric Company, 2017 California wildfires, 2018 California wildfires
 Panama Papers International. Leak of hundreds of thousands of confidential documents pertaining to the bank accounts and companies held by politicians, High-net-worth individuals and other people, some in off-shore tax havens. The focus was Panama law firm Mossack Fonseca.
 Paradise Papers leak
 Peregrine Systems corporate executives convicted of accounting fraud
 Phar-Mor company lied to shareholders. CEO eventually sentenced to prison for fraud and company eventually became bankrupt
 Qwest Communications
 RadioShack CEO David Edmondson lied about attaining a B.A. degree from Pacific Coast Baptist College in California
 Reliant Energy
 Rite Aid accounting fraud
 Royal Dutch Shell overstated its oil reserves twice, it downgraded , or about 20 percent of its total holdings.
 S-Chips Scandals, Singapore
 Satyam Computers, India
 7-Eleven Australia. Allegations of bullying tactics, underpayment of wages and entitlements.
 Siemens Greek bribery scandal, involving cases of bribery on behalf of Siemens towards the Greek Government
 Société Générale, derivatives trading scandal causing multibillion-euro losses
 Southwest Airlines, violations of safety regulations
 SunTrust Banks, "claims of shoddy mortgage lending, servicing and foreclosure practices."
 Tesla, involving "420 funding secured" private buyout scheme resulting in fraud charges against CEO Elon Musk
Tyco International, executive theft and prison sentence
 Union Carbide, the Bhopal disaster
 ValuJet, loading live oxygen generators into cargo hold of passenger jet causing fatal crash
 Volkswagen emissions violations, fraud in diesel motors pollution measurements
 David Wittig "looting" scandals
 Xerox alleged accounting irregularities involving auditor KPMG, causing restatement of financial results for the years 1997 through 2000 and fines for both companies

See also

 List of bank failures in the United States (2008–present)
 List of largest U.S. bank failures
 List of sovereign defaults
 List of stock market crashes and bear markets
 List of UK businesses entering administration during 2008–2009 financial crisis
 List of accounting scandals
 List of defunct airlines
 Agency cost
 Center for Audit Quality (CAQ)
 Corporate crime
 Global settlement
 Subprime mortgage crisis
 White collar crime

References

Further reading
 The Corporation, a documentary and book examining and criticising the corporation and its history.
 Conspiracy of Fools, Enron documentary.
 Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, Oscar-nominated Enron documentary.

External links
 33 biggest corporate implosions

Corporate crime
Political corruption
Fraud

List of corporate collapses and scandals


Brindley Heath es una parroquia civil del distrito de Cannock Chase, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Brindley Heath tiene una superficie de 22,56 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Brindley Heath tenía 862 habitantes (49,07% varones, 50,93% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 38,21 hab/km². El 21,46% eran menores de 16 años, el 74,36% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 4,18% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 37,49 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 28,36% estaban solteros, el 55,24% casados, y el 16,4% divorciados o viudos.

Según su grupo étnico, el 99,19% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,46% mestizos, y el 0,35% negros. La mayor parte (99,19%) eran originarios del Reino Unido y el resto (0,81%) había nacido en cualquier otro lugar, salvo en los países europeos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 77,09%, mientras que el 14,65% no eran religiosos y el 8,26% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 326 hogares con residentes y 6 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Brindley Heath


Paolo Polidori (4 de janeiro de 1778 - 23 de abril de 1847) foi um cardeal italiano da Igreja Católica .

Biografia
Paolo Polidori nasceu em Iesi , Marche ; onde estudou no seminário de Perugia.

Foi ordenado sacerdote em 1800 e tornou -se vigário geral de Viterbo e depois da diocese suburbicária de Ostia . Durante a ocupação francesa de Roma, foi preso e exilado da cidade até 1814. Continuou sua carreira na Cúria Romana como Secretário da Congregação do Conselho . Ele foi nomeado secretário dos conclaves papais de 1829 e 1830-1831

Polidori foi feito cardeal sacerdote de Sant'Eusebio no consistório de 23 de junho de 1834 pelo Papa Gregório XVI . Foi nomeado Prefeito da Congregação da Disciplina Regular em 21 de novembro de 1834. Optou pelo título de Santa Prassede em 12 de julho de 1841 após a supressão do título de Sant'Eusebio em 1839. Foi então nomeado Prefeito da Congregação da Conselho em 15 de setembro de 1841 e ocupou esse cargo até sua morte.

Polidori foi nomeado arcebispo titular de Tarso em 22 de janeiro de 1844 e recebeu sua consagração episcopal em 11 de fevereiro. Participou do conclave papal de 1846 .

Polidori morreu em 23 de abril de 1847 em Roma e foi sepultado na igreja de Sant'Ignazio de acordo com seu testamento.

Link externo
 The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary
 Catholic Hierarchy data for this cardinal

Cardeais da Itália
Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Gregório XVI

Paolo Polidori


The Commission for Dark Skies (CfDS) (formerly the Campaign for Dark Skies; the name was changed on March 29, 2015) is the United Kingdom's largest anti-light-pollution campaign group forming part of the international dark-sky movement.

It is run by the British Astronomical Association (BAA) and affiliated with the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), and composed of a network of local officers (and other members) who try to improve lighting in their areas and advise local people.

The campaign was founded in 1989 by amateur astronomers as a sub-section of the BAA specialising in combatting skyglow.  It is now open to non-members of the BAA, includes lighting engineers and environmentalists, and campaigns on the wider effects of light pollution.

Legislation

CfDS's work with the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee on legislating against light pollution has resulted in the government including provisions in their Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Bill.

Dark sky park, island and reserve

Members of the CfDS have been involved in the following International Dark-Sky Association designations:

 Galloway Forest Park – Dark Sky Park (2009)
 Sark –  IDA's first international dark-sky island (Silver tier) (2011)
 Exmoor – Dark Sky Reserve (2011)
 Elan Valley Estate (mid-Wales) Dark Sky Park (2015)
 Tomintoul and Glenlivet-Cairngorms Dark Sky Park (2018)

Publications

In 2009, the CfDS published its handbook Blinded by the Light?.

Conferences

 CfDS 2006: Dark-Skies Symposium, Portsmouth, UK, September 15–16, 2006.
 Exterior lighting, statutory nuisance and light pollution, De Montfort University, April, 2006.
 Planning, Exterior Lighting and the Environment, De Montfort University, 20 April 2012.

Notes

References

 Campaign for Dark Skies, Blinded by the Light - A Handbook on light pollution, Campaign for Dark Skies, 2009
 Mizon, Bob, Light Pollution - Responses and Remedies, Springer, 2002. ()
 Mizon, Bob, Light Pollution - Responses and Remedies, 2nd Edition, Springer, 2012. ()
 Mizon, Bob, "20 years of fighting for the stars", Astronomy Now, September 2009. pp28–31
 Mizon, Bob, 'Finding a Million-Star Hotel' Springer, 2018 ()
 Philip's, in association with the BAA Campaign for Dark Skies, Dark Skies Map, Philip's, 2004. ()
 Tabb, Michael, "Where are the UK's darkest skies", Astronomy Now, November 2004. pp75–6 (Article on the production of the Philip's Dark Skies Map.)
 Various authors, "Focus - Light Pollution", Astronomy Now, April 2001. pp49–59

External links

 The CfDS's online image library
 CfDS - Facebook
 CfDS - Twitter
 Light Pollution and  Astronomy - House of Commons Report, 2003. (pdf)
Conference Proceedings
 CfDS 2006 (pdf)
 Exterior lighting, statutory nuisance and light pollution, DeMontfort University, April, 2006
 Light Pollution: Causes and effects (pdf)
 Exterior Lighting as a Statutory Nuisance (pdf)
 Is Lighting Needed to reduce Crime? (pdf)
 Effective use of lighting as a crime deterrent (pdf)

+
Organizations established in 1989
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Astronomy in the United Kingdom
Amateur astronomy organizations

Commission for Dark Skies


est une comédie américaine de 1923 écrite et réalisée par John G. Blystone. Le film met en vedette Tom Mix, Billie Dove, Joseph W. Girard, Lee Shumway, Tom Wilson et Frank Beal. Le film est sorti le 26 août 1923 par Fox Film Corporation.

Synopsis
Un oncle et son neveu tous deux très colérique vont essayer de calmer leur tempérament en faisant un pari où pendant un mois ils ne doivent pas se fâcher...

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1923
Comédie américaine
Film réalisé par John G. Blystone
Film se déroulant au XIXe siècle
Film muet américain
Film américain en noir et blanc

Soft Boiled


Frederick County er et county beliggende i den nordvestlige del af den amerikanske delstat Maryland. Hovedbyen er Frederick, og grænser op til Pennsylvania i nord og Virginia i syd. I 2014 havde countiet 243.675 indbyggere.

Countiets største arbejdsplads er U.S. Armys Fort Detrick med cirka 7.800 ansatte. Flådens militærinstallation og USA's præsidents ferieresidens Camp David er ligeledes beliggende i Frederick County.

Geografi
Ifølge United States Census Bureau er Fredericks totale areal på 1.728 km², hvoraf de 19 km² er vand.

Grænsende counties
 Adams County, Pennsylvania (nord)
 Carroll County (øst)
 Howard County (sydøst)
 Franklin County, Pennsylvania (nordvest)
 Montgomery County (syd)
 Washington County (vest)
 Loudoun County, Virginia (sydvest)

Eksterne henvisninger

 Frederick Countys officielle hjemmeside

Counties i Maryland
Etableret i 1748

Frederick County (Maryland)


Die Sri-lankische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2004 fand im Dezember 2004 in Colombo statt. Es war die 52. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Sri Lanka.

Austragungsort
 Royal College Sports Complex, Colombo

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 http://www.island.lk/2004/12/12/sports3.html

2004
Badminton 2004
Badmintonwettbewerb in Colombo


مهند بن جبريل بن خليل أبو دية مخترع سعودي من منطقة جازان جنوب غرب المملكة العربية السعودية، وهو من مواليد مدينة جدة ولد في 14 يناير 1987 / 14 جمادى الأولى 1407 هـ، تخرج من جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن في تخصص الهندسة الصناعية مع مرتبة الشرف، والده هو الإعلامي والمذيع المعروف جبريل أبودية.

نشأته المبكرة
نشأ مهند أبودية في أحد أفقر أحياء مدينة جدة وبها ترعرع وتلقى تعليمه الابتدائي، كان طفلاً عادياً كباقي الأطفال, إلا أنه تميز بحب الاستطلاع الشديد وولعه الشديد بتفكيك الأجهزة الكهربائية والألعاب لمعرفة خباياها مما أثار استغراب أصدقائه بل وسخريتهم منه. بعدها اضطر بسبب ظروف عمل والده إلى الانتقال إلى مدينة الرياض وأكمل المرحلة المتوسطة والثانوية بمجمع مدارس جامعة الملك سعود والتي كان لها أكبر الأثر في إكمال مسيرته العلمية حيث كانت له مشاركات في بعض المسابقات المحلية والعالمية في مواد الفيزياء والكيمياء وفي الاخترعات وكان من المشاركين في النادي العلمي السعودي و مؤسسة الملك عبد العزيز ورجاله للموهبة والإبداع وفي الأنشطة اللاصفية، ثم بعد أن أكمل المرحلة الثانوية انضم إلى جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن وتخرج منها في تخصص الهندسة الصناعية . ولم يتوقف عند ذلك؛ بل كان مع انشغاله بالدراسة الجامعية يستثمر كل وقت لإكمال بعض الاخترعات والتجارب عليها بل كوّن مع مجموعة من زملائه مؤسسة تعليمية لإصدار بعض الدورات التعليمية في الفنون الفيزيائية والإلكترونية على اسطوانات وهي شركة فيزياميديا للإعلام العلمي.

إنجازاته وجوائزه
يعتبر مهند أبو دية من أنشط المخترعين السعوديين الذين تركوا وما زالوا بصمات مؤثرة في الصعيدين العلمي والاجتماعي في مجال الاختراع رغم صغر سنه ومن ذلك:
 رأس النادي العلمي في جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن خلال الفترة (2005 - 2006).
 شارك في أول فريق علمي سعودي لصناعة المسرعات النووية بمدينة الملك عبد العزيز للعلوم والتقنية.
 عمل باحث في المركز الوطني للفيزياء والرياضيات (2005).
 أنشأ ورأس الفرع السعودي في الجمعية الدولية لطلاب الفيزياء.
 حصل على المركز الأول في مسابقة الفيزياء على مستوى المملكة.
 حاصل على مراكز متقدمة في الاختبار العملي في أولمبياد الفيزياء في كوريا.
 ألّف أكثر من 10 كتب ومنشورات عن مهارات الاختراع الأساسية المتقدمة والتي طبع منها أكثر من 60000 نسخة.
 قام بالتقديم والمشاركة في إعداد 5 برامج تلفزيونية متخصصة في ثقافة الاختراع.
 مؤسس مشارك في جمعية المخترعين السعوديين.
 شارك كمخترع في 8 معارض محلية وعالمية من خلال 9 اختراعات في مجال التقنيات الفيزيائية.
 مدرب مهارات اختراع معتمد، لعدة جهات عالمية.
 تم تكريمه من قبل الراحل خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز وولي العهد الراحل الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز نظير انجاز اختراعه الغواصة العربية (صقر العروبة- 1) وقد قال له الملك عبد الله آل سعود عند لقائه به بعد اختراعه للغواصة: أن السعودية تفخر بوجودك ضمن أفرادها.
 حصل على عدة جوائز وميداليات دولية مثل ميدالية الاستحقاق الذهبية من الاتحاد الدولي للمخترعين (IFIA), والجوائز والميداليات المحلية مثل جائزة التميز لذوي الإعاقة لعام 2012م.

اختراعاته
سجل مهند أبو دية مجموعة من براءات الأختراع باسمه، منها:

 قفاز يحول لغة الإشارة إلى صوت.
 قلم ذو نهاية ممغنطة تساعد الأطفال والذين يعانون الارتعاش باليد والمكفوفين على الكتابة على سطر مستقيم.
 سماعة أذن تنبه من يستخدمها إذا كانت وضعية جلوسه خاطئة.
 ومن أشهر اختراعاته غواصة أطلق عليها اسم «صقر العروبة» والتي يمكنها الغوص إلى عمق 6525 متراً تحت الماء، متفوقة على العمق الذي وصلت إليه الغواصة اليابانية شينكاي البالغ مدى العمق الذي تصل إليه 6500 متر وقال أنه في خلال الأربع السنوات التي كان يخترع فيها الغواصة سمع كلمة مستحيل 232 مرة، وكان يسجل كل كلمة مستحيل يسمعها فهو يعشق التحدي.

الحادث
في الثالث من أبريل 2008 م، خرج مهند أبودية لإحضار بعض الأغراض لعائلته فتعطلت سيارته وأوقفها في جانب الطريق ظانا بأن المكان آمن إلا أنه حينما كان يصلح سيارته اصطدمت به وبسيارته إحدى السيارات الطائشة في حادث مروري مروع أدى إلى إصابة في الدماغ تسببت إصابته بالعمى؛ كما أدى إهمال الأطباء إلى بتر ساقه اليمنى إذ أن الطبيب المكلف أهمل ساقه لمدة طويلة ولم يتعامل معها كما يجب ما أدى إلى إصابتها بالغرغرينة فصار البتر واجبا، ودخل في غيبوبة لمدة 20 يوما، وقد صدر عنوان في إحدى الجرائد عن الحادث نصه (حادث مروع يحكي نهاية المخترع السعودي مهند أبو دية) فقال مهند : أن هذا العنوان كان أصعب عليه من الحادثة لما يحمله من سلبية.خبر الحادث في الصحف الألكترونية لكنه عاد بعد الحادث إلى نشاطه بشكل أقوى وأكثر تركيزا.

بعد الحادث
تحول مهند بعد الحادث إلى لهيب من الحماس يكاد يلتهم ما حوله وقد برر ذلك في إحدى لقاءاته قائلاً: إن كنت أتغذى على التحديات، فإن الله رزقني بوجبة دسمة من التحديات.
 فاجأ المخترع السعودي كل من حوله أنه بعد الحادث ألقى ما يزيد عن 100 محاضرة جماهيرية، وأخذ عدة اعتمادات دولية من عدة جهات أوربية.
 أكمل دراسته الجامعية في جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن في تخصص الهندسة الصناعية وقد حصل عليها مع مرتبة الشرف.
 قام بتأسيس مركز اسطرلاب للتدريب ويرأس حالياً مجلس ادارتها.
 قام بتقديم أكثر من 500 ساعة استشارية عن تنفيذ الاختراعات وتسويقها.
 ومن العجيب أنه قال: إن آخر اختراعين له قبل الحادث كانا خاصين بالمكفوفين.

من أقواله
 قال مهند عندما سُئِل عن يومياته بعد الحادث وفقد ساقه اليمنى وبصره: إن لاعبي البلايستيشن يضعون اللعبة على الوضع الصعب لكي يشعروا بالإثارة، فأنا الآن ألعب نفس حياتي السابقة ولكن على الوضع الصعب.
 عندما سُئِل عن ماذا قدم له الحادث قال: إنني مثل السهم أحتاج لقوة تشدني إلى الخلف لكي أنطلق بقوة إلى الأمام.
 قال أنه يعلق في غرفته الكثير من الحكم، وذكر منها: إذا لم تكن لديك الظروف فاصنعها.
 حل ضيفاً على برنامج «بيني وبينكم» في قناة الرأي مع الشيخ محمد العوضي بعد الحادث بسنة ونصف وختم الحلقة بقوله: إن كنت فقدت إحدى ساقيّ فأنا أقف على جبل من الطموح. ونزع نظارته السوداء وقام بتحطيمها بيده قائلاً: إن يأخذ الله من عينيّ نورهما ففي لساني وقلبي منهما نور. ورمى بها أرضاً في إشارة حقيقية إلى أنه لن يعيقك عائق إذا كنت تملك إرادة فولاذية.
 إنني أتغذى على التحديات فإذا قال لي أحدهم (أتحداك) فإن الأدرينالين يعمل بجسمي.
 قال أنه قد حفر على مكتبه بالفرجار مقولة: إذا سخر منك الناس فأنت في الطريق الصحيح.

المراجع

 أبودية» يقاوم الإعاقة بالاختراعات من موقع لوجينيات

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
خريجو جامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن
سعوديون مبتورو الأطراف
مخترعون سعوديون
مكفوفون
مكفوفون سعوديون
مهندسون سعوديون
مواليد 1407 هـ
مواليد 1987
مواليد في جدة

مهند أبو دية


Moçâmedes is a city in southwestern Angola, capital of Namibe Province. The city's current population is 255,000 (2014 census). Founded in 1840 by the Portuguese colonial administration, the city was named Namibe between 1985 and 2016. Moçâmedes has a cool dry climate and desert vegetation, because it is near the Namib Desert.

History

The area was first explored by the Portuguese in 1785 and claimed for Portugal by Luís Cândido Cordeiro Pinheiro Furtado, who had been sent there in the frigate Loanda by the then governor-general of Angola, Baron Moçâmedes (Portuguese: Barão de Mossâmedes), who also sent an overland expedition headed by Gregório José Mendes to rendezvous with Furtado. They renamed the bay Moçâmedes in honour of the baron.

In 1839 the then governor-general of Angola, Admiral Noronha, sent a fresh expedition to subdue the local chiefs and make them vassals of Portugal.

Moçâmedes was officially founded in 1840 by the Portuguese colonial administration on a bay that the Portuguese originally called Angra do Negro by order of Portuguese prime minister, the Count of Bonfim, who was also head of the Colonial Department.

In 1840 a factory was established and in July of the same year a fort was built at Ponta Negra. The area was colonized mainly by Portuguese settlers from Madeira and Brazil; in the 1850s the Portuguese government also gave sea passage and financial assistance to a large number of German colonists.

The village grew as a fishing port and by the 1960s it had 143 fishing boats and several fish processing factories. The port soon ranked alongside other important fishing ports such as Luanda, Benguela and Lobito.

About 200 km from the city of Moçâmedes the Portuguese authorities founded the Iona National Park, Angola's oldest and largest national park, proclaimed as a reserve in 1937 and upgraded to a national park covering 15,150 km2 in 1964.

Climate
Moçâmedes has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). Despite being well north of the Tropic of Capricorn on the Atlantic Coast, the climate is subtropical due to the cooling effect of the northward-flowing Benguela Current causing July and August to be below 18 °C.

Economy

During 1966-67 a major iron ore terminal was built at Saco, the bay 12 km north of Moçâmedes, to serve the iron ore mine inland at Cassinga. Construction of the mine installations and a 300 km railway were commissioned to Krupp of Germany and the modern harbour terminal to SETH, a Portuguese company owned by Højgaard & Schultz of Denmark.

Within one year the first 250,000 ton ore carrier docked and loaded with ore in 1967.

Culture

Religion
The city's Sé Catedral de São Pedro is the cathedral episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Namibe, which was established in 2009 on territory split from its Metropolitan's Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lubango, to which it is a suffragan diocese.

Sports
In 2013, Moçâmedes, then called Namibe, and the national capital Luanda jointly hosted the 2013 FIRS Men's Roller Hockey World Cup, the first time that a World Cup of roller hockey was held in Africa.

Transport

Rail
Moçâmedes is the terminus of the Moçâmedes Railway. This line was originally 600mm gauge but was converted to 1067mm gauge in the 1950s.

Sea

It has one of Angola's three major ports, alongside Luanda and Lobito.

Air
Moçâmedes is served by the Namibe Airport located about 7 km to the south of the city.  The old Yuri Gagarin airport, only about 1.7 km from the city's center, connects the city to the rest of the country.

See also
 Namibe Province

References

Bibliography
 Clarence-Smith, W. G. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840–1926. New York: Cambridge UP, 1979.
 Clarence-Smith, W. G. "Slavery in Coastal Southern Angola, 1875-1913." Journal of Southern African Studies 2.2 (1976), 214–23.

External links
 The Catholic diocese, with episcopal incumbent biographies at GigaCatholic

Populated coastal places in Angola
Ports and harbours of Angola
Municipalities of Angola
Namibe Province
Provincial capitals in Angola
Populated places established in 1840
1840 establishments in the Portuguese Empire

Moçâmedes


Ludwig Mond (Kassel, Njemačka, 7. ožujka 1839. – London, Engleska, 11. prosinca 1909.), engleski kemičar, industrijalac i sakupljač umjetnina njemačko-židovskog podrijetla

Životopis
Rođen u Njemačkoj u bogatoj židovskoj obitelji. U rodnoj Njemačkoj stekao je visoko obrazovanje. U Marburgu i Heidelbergu je studirao kemiju. Preselio je u Englesku 1862. godine. Zaposlio se u tvornici koja je proizvodila sodu prema Leblancovu postupku. Osnovao je kemijsku tvrtku 1873. godine zajedno s Johnom Tomlinsonom Brunnerom. Razvili su znatno poboljšanu proizvodnju sode po novom, Solvayevu postupku. Mond se bavio time kako dobiti amonijak iz kamenog ugljena bogata dušikom. Pritom je istraživanjem našao prikladni postupak za proizvodnju generatorskoga plina. Britansko je državljanstvo stekao 1880. godine. Pridonio pionirskim istraživanjima gorivnih članaka. 1889. godine Mond i Carl Langer obnovili su zapažanja William Roberta Grovea. Gorivnom članku vodik - kisik dodali su separator, poroznu, vodljivu membranu za odvajanje anodnog i katodnog prostora, smanjujući mu na taj način dimenzije.
Niklov karbonil Mond je otkrio 1890. godine i time je omogućio proizvodnju čista nikla iz njegovih ruda. Postupak je dobio ime po Mondu. Izabran je u Kraljevsko društvo za unaprjeđenje prirodnih znanosti 1891. godine. Istaknut kao sakupljač umjetnina te se u njegovoj zbirci našla važna skupina talijanskih slika koju je oporučno ostavio Nacionalnoj galeriji u Londonu.

Spomenici
U čast Ludwiga Monda izliven je spomenik. Dizajnirao ga je Édouard Lantéri a svečano ga je otkrio poslovni partner John Brunner 1913. godine. 1995. godine spomenik je premješten do Brunnerove statue ispred ureda Brunner Mond Worksa u Winningtonu. Statua je na popisu nacionalne baštine za Englesku i označena je kao na popisu kao zgrada Drugog stupnja.

Izvori

Britanski kemičari
Njemački kemičari

Ludwig Mond


Síndrome VEXAS é uma doença autoinflamatória que afeta sobretudo homens em idade adulta, causada por uma mutação somática do gene UBA1 nas celulas progenitoras hematopoéticas.

Síndromes
Doenças raras

Síndrome VEXAS


Achyranthemum, biljni rod u porodici glavočika raširen po provincijama Cape u Južnoj Africi. Postoji sedam priznatih vrsta; manji grmovi čije je drvo mekano.

Rod je opisan tek 2019.

Vrste
 Achyranthemum affine (Less.) N.G.Bergh
 Achyranthemum argenteum (Thunb.) N.G.Bergh
 Achyranthemum mucronatum (P.J.Bergius) N.G.Bergh
 Achyranthemum paniculatum (L.) N.G.Bergh
 Achyranthemum recurvatum (L.f.) N.G.Bergh
 Achyranthemum sordescens (DC.) N.G.Bergh
 Achyranthemum striatum (Thunb.) N.G.Bergh

Izvori

Gnaphaliinae

Achyranthemum


An Sesleria wettsteinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dorfl. ngan August von Hayek. An Sesleria wettsteinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sesleria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sesleria

Sesleria wettsteinii


Yeniyapan, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Göksun ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Kahramanmaraş iline 112 km, Göksun ilçesine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 YerelNet'te mahallenin sayfası

Göksun'un mahalleleri

Yeniyapan, Göksun


صادق حمزة الفاعور (1894-1926) أحد قادة حركة المقاومة ضد الاحتلال الفرنسي لبلاد الشام بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى.
برز اسمه مع المناضل أدهم خنجر وقد حضر مؤتمر وادي الحجير الذي دعى إليه عبدالحسين شرف الدين.
توفي عام 1926.

المراجع

حركات مقاومة لبنانية
سياسيون من جبل عامل
شيعة لبنانيون
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مقاومة الاحتلال الفرنسي
وفيات 1922

صادق حمزة الفاعور


El término Ilínskaya puede referirse a:

Localidades

 Ilínskaya (Arjánguelsk), localidad del óblast de Arjánguelsk, en Rusia.
 Ilínskaya (Chechenia), localidad de la república de Chechenia, en Rusia.
 Ilínskaya (Ivánovo), localidad del óblast de Ivánovo, en Rusia.
 Ilínskaya (Krasnodar), localidad del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia.
 Ilínskaya (Vólogda), localidad del óblast de Vólogda, en Rusia.

Ilínskaya


Rodna kuća kardinala Alojzija Stepinca, kuća u mjestu Brezarić i općini Krašić.

Opis
Visoka prizemnica je zidanica iz 19. stoljeća, na adresi Brezarić 65. Zbirka se nalazi u stambenom dijelu, družinskoj hiži i u vinskom podrumu. Predmeti su uglavnom tradicijski s kraja 19. i početka 20. stoljeća. Nekoliko predmeta odnosi se na članove obitelji i samog kardinala. Prezentirani su na mjestu gdje su korišteni u razdoblju u kojemu je bila na okupu velika zadružna obitelj Stepinac, u doba dječaštva Alojzija.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3766 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene memorijalne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Alojzije Stepinac
Krašić

Rodna kuća kardinala Alojzija Stepinca


Die Communauté de communes du Pays d'Évron ist ein ehemaliger französischer Gemeindeverband (Communauté de communes) im Département Mayenne und der Region Pays de la Loire. Er wurde am 19. Dezember 2000 gegründet.
2012 fusionierte der Gemeindeverband mit der Communauté de communes de Bais, der Communauté de communes d'Erve et Charnie und der Communauté de communes du Pays de Montsûrs und bildeten somit die neue Communauté de communes des Coëvrons.

Mitglieder
 Assé-le-Bérenger
 Châtres-la-Forêt
 Évron
 Livet
 Mézangers
 Neau
 Saint-Christophe-du-Luat
 Sainte-Gemmes-le-Robert
 Saint-Georges-sur-Erve
 Voutré

Quelle
Le SPLAF - (Website zur Bevölkerung und Verwaltungsgrenzen in Frankreich) (französisch).

Pays Devron
Gegründet 2000
Aufgelöst 2012

Communauté de communes du Pays d’Évron


Süt Endüstrisi Kurumu (kısa adı: SEK), süt sanayisini geliştirmek, bu konuda özel kesime örnek ve öğretici olmak, sütçülük bölgelerinde gerekli süt işleme tesislerini kurmak, tarım kooperatifleriyle ilgili teşebbüslerde bulunmak üzere Tarım Bakanlığı'na bağlı olarak ve sermayesinin tamamı devlet tarafından karşılanarak kurulmuş (1963) özel hukuk hükümlerine tabî iktisadi devlet teşekkülüdür. Ocak 2021'de Koç Grubundan Çallı Grubuna satılmıştır.

Görevleri
Kurum, amacına uygun olarak Türkiye'de ve yurt dışında gerekli araştırmaları yapar, teknik ve idarî personel yetiştirilmesini sağlar, süt üretimini arttırmak amacıyla kurslar açar, yayın yapar, ürettiği süt ürünlerini satmak için pazarlar oluşturur, gerekli gördüğü yerlerde tesisler kurar.

İdari yapısı
Kurumun merkez teşkilâtı, dört kişilik Yönetim kurulu, bir genel müdür, iki genel müdür yardımcısı, Hukuk müşavirliği, Teknik ve İdarî Müşavirler kurulu, Teftiş kurulu ve Savunma sekreterliğinden meydana gelir. Esas birimler, süt ve mamulleri işletmelerinin kuruluş yer ve imkânlarını, bunların işleyiş şekillerini, kurulmuş tesislerin ihtiyaçlarını tespit eden ve projeleri hazırlayan İmalât ve İstihsal Şubesi müdürlüğü; tesislerin kurulmasıyla ilgilenen İnşaat ve Gayrımenkuller Şubesi müdürlüğü; süt sanayisinin gelişmesi konusunda sosyal, iktisadî ve teknik araştırmaları yürüten Etüt ve Planlama Şubesi müdürlüğü; alım, satım, nakliyat ve depolama işlerini düzenleyen Ticaret Şubesi müdürlüğüdür.

Yardımcı birimler, Genel Muhasebe şubesi, İdarî İşler şubesi, Tanıtma ve Yayın Şubesi müdürlükleri ile roportörlüktür.

Özelleştirilmesi
1968 yılından itibaren kamu iktisadi teşebbüsü olarak faaliyetlerini sürdüren ve Adana, İstanbul, İzmir ve Kars'ta süt ve süt ürünleri fabrikaları bulunan Süt Endüstrisi Kurumu, Eylül 1995'te özelleştirilmiştir. SEK İstanbul işletmesi, aynı sektörde faaliyet gösteren küçük ve orta büyüklükteki sanayici ve gıda toptancılarından oluşan 164 kişilik bir grup tarafından satın alınmıştır. Koç Holding, 1997 yılında SEK hisselerinin %68'ini satın almıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 SEK süt resmi web sitesi
 Koç Holding resmi web sitesi

Türkiye merkezli gıda şirketleri
1963'te kurulan şirketler
Türkiye'deki özelleştirmeler
Türkiye merkezli içecek şirketleri
Türk markaları

Süt Endüstrisi Kurumu


An Carex lobolepis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller. An Carex lobolepis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex lobolepis


The Wallaman Falls, a cascade and horsetail waterfall on the Stony Creek, is located in the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Wet Tropics in the locality of Wallaman, Shire of Hinchinbrook in the northern region of Queensland, Australia. The waterfall is notable for its main drop of , which makes it the country's tallest single-drop waterfall. The pool at the bottom of the waterfall is  deep. An estimated  people visit the waterfall annually.

Location and features
The waterfall is situated in the Girringun National Park as it descends from the Atherton Tableland, where the Stony Creek, a tributary of the Herbert River, flows over an escarpment in the Seaview Range. The falls initially descend over a small number of cascades before the  horsetail drop. In total, the falls descend over . Based on the falls' single-drop descent, the World Waterfall Database places Wallaman Falls at 294 in its world rankings.

The geological history of the formation may be traced back some 50 million years, when the uplift of the continental margin in the region created modern landforms. The Herbert River, which previously flowed west, began to cut through the terrain en route to its outflow in the Coral Sea. The gorge produced by this erosive action gradually retreated inland along the Herbert River's course at a rate of  per hundred years. The river's tributaries were eventually left suspended by this action, forming their own gorges.

See also

 List of waterfalls of Queensland

References

External links

 Wallaman Falls website by the Queensland Government
 Wallaman Falls at the World Waterfall Database

Waterfalls of Queensland
North Queensland
Plunge waterfalls

Wallaman Falls


Hallingskeid Station (Hallingskeid stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Bergensbanen, der ligger i Ulvik kommune i Norge. Stationen består af to spor og en perron. På grund af vejrforholdene i området ligger det meste af stationen i en sneoverdækning.

Der er ingen fastboende i Hallingskeid, men der er en del fjeldhytter i området. Det er desuden udgangspunkt for flere vandrestier, ligesom vandre- og cykelstien Rallarvegen passerer stationen. Der er ikke meget vegetation i området, men til gengæld er der mange indsøer, elve og små vandfald.

Stationen åbnede 10. juni 1908. Den blev fjernstyret 23. september 1982, og 1. oktober 1982 blev den gjort ubemandet.

Brande
22. oktober 1960 blev Hallingskeid Station ramt af en omfattende brand, hvor stationsbygningen, en banevogterbolig og en femhundrede meter lang sneoverbygning gik tabt. Det betød at fire familier med i alt fjorten personer blev hjemløse. Baneformand Ole Fuglehaug var taget til Oslo, mens familien blev tilbage på fjeldet. Først da det var blevet mørkt, nåede den bekymrede Fuglehaug hjem, men kone og de tre børn havde det godt. Branden startede i sneoverbygningen hundrede meter fra stationsbygningen og spredte sig hurtigt som følge af den stærke østenvind. Stationsmester Mons Almenningen opdagede flammerne kl. 11.55 og alarmerede Bergen, Myrdal og Finse. Dagtoget fra Bergen var på det tidspunkt kun knap en halv time væk og måtte returnere til Voss. Derfra blev passagererne kørt med bus til Haugastøl.

Slukningsarbejdet var farligt, fordi der var opmagasineret olie og benzin i både sneoverbygningen og pakhuset. Sporet lå forvredet og rødglødende tilbage. Efter at hundrede mand havde lagt nye sveller og skinner, kunne Bergensbanen imidlertid genåbne kun 24 timer efter brandens start.

I efteråret 2008 brændte det igen, men denne gang gik der flere dage, før der atter kunne køre tog der. Også 16. juni 2011 gik det galt, da de begyndte at brænde i sneoverbygningen ved Hallingskeid. To togsæt af NSB type 73 kørte ind i branden, men det lykkedes at få alle om bord ud, før ilden for alvor fik spredt sig til togsættene.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Stationer på Bergensbanen
Etableret i 1908
Jernbanestationer i Hordaland

Hallingskeid Station


Hellig ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus) er en storkefugl, der lever i Afrika og det sydøstlige Irak.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Netfugl.dk
  Avibase - the world bird database

Ibisser
Nilfugle
Afrikas fugle

Hellig ibis


Merlin Pierpont Mann (1971 San Francisco, USA) er en dansk-amerikansk børnebogsforfatter, tegneserieskaber, manuskriptforfatter, dramatiker og bordrollespiller. Han er særlig kendt for at have skabt tegneserien Taynikma, men har også arbejdet for Disney, hvor han har skabt bøget ud fra deres animationsfilm. Han har hovedsageligt skrevet inden for fantasygenren.

Karriere
Han begyndte at leve af at skrive i år 2001. I starten af 2000'erne arbejdede han for The Walt Disney Company, hvor han lavede bogudgaver af selskabets film. Disse tæller bl.a. Find Nemo, Løvernes Konge, Skatteplaneten, De Utrolige samt til kortfilmen Jack-Jack Attack, som alle udkom på Egmont Kids Media. Han var også med til at skabe Kaptajn Klo - Min Private Logbog med Mario Cortéz som forfatter i 2006. I 2004 udgav han Magi & sværd om bordrollespil.

I 2005 var han idéforfatter på TV 2s julekalender Jul i Valhal, sammen med Lene Kaaberbøl og Mette Finderup.Bag om Jul i Valhal . TV 2. Hentet 14/3-2019

Sammen med Jan Kjær skabte han fra 2005 serien Taynikma, der var fantasy-roman og manga-inspirerede tegneserie, med indbygget tegneskole i hvert hæfte. Serien blev udgivet fra 2005 til 2012 med sammenlagt 16 hæfter samt en forhistorie, og det blev en stor succes og blev oversat til 13 sprog. I alt har den solgt mere end 150.000 eksemplarer i Danmark og over 500.000 eksemplarer på verdensplan.Stegecast med Merlin P Mann. Ca. 1h 25 min inde. Jacob Stegelmann. Hentet 15/11-2018 I 2008 modtog han Orla-prisen for Bedste tegneserie sammen med Kjær for Taynikma-album nummer 8, Skyggeskoven.
I 2011 udkom animationsfilmen Taynikma - Legenden om Rax, som Mann havde skrevet manuskriptet til. I 2015 skrev han manuskriptet til børneteaterforestillingen Skyggens vilje i Taynikma-universet, der blev opført på Teater Vestvolden.

Mann udgav fantasyromanen Spøgelsesdetektiven i 2008, som Zentropa købte filmrettighedern samme år. Det fik ham til at søge ind på Den Danske Filmskole, hvor han læste manuskriptlinjens Master Class fra 2010-2011. Efter han har afsluttet denne uddannelse har han også undervist i manuskriptskrivning på Animationsskolen i Viborg. I 2011 udgav han Ronal Barbaren - The Book! til animationsfilmen Ronal Barbaren fra samme år.

I 2015 var han manuskriptforfatter på 19 afsnit af en animationsserie, der udkom sammen med den anden generation af LEGO Bionicle.TTV Interviews Merlin P. Mann Part 2. ttvchannel.com. Hentet 14/3-219
I 2016 udgav han ungdomsromanen Bolsjoj sammen med Johanne Algren, der blev godt modtaget.

 Privatliv
Mann er født i San Francisco, Californien. Han har en amerikansk far og en dansk mor, og er opvokset i Danmark. Han bor i København og har en kone og fem børn.

 Hæder
 2005: Kunstrådets Litteraturudvalg, 150.000 kr.
 2007: Orla-prisen i kategorien "Bedste tegneserie" for Taynikma-serien
 2009: Kunstrådets Litteraturudvalg, 100.000 kr.
 2010: Kunstrådets Litteraturudvalg, 100.000 kr.
 2013: Kunstrådets Litteraturudvalg, 50.000 kr.
 2015: Kunstfonden, Rejselegat, 15.000 kr.
 2016: Nomineret, Prix Europa, Migranten 2017: Kunstfondens Litteraturudvalg, 50.000 kr.
 2018: Orla-prisen i kategorien "Bogen, der fik mig til at grine" sammen med Morten Münster for Bubbi – den talende hund Bibliografi
 Magi & sværd (2004). Forlaget Klematis.
 Den Store Nissejagt (2005). Forlaget Klematis.
 Spøgelsesdetektiven (2008). Politikens forlag
 Toron-sagaen (2009) Phabel.
 Ronal Barbaren - The Book! (2011)
 Bolsjoj (2016) sammen med Johanne Algren. Forlaget Carlsen.

 Taynikma

 Mestertyven (2005)
 Rotterne (2005)
 Soltårnet (2006)
 De Glemte Katakomber (2006)
 Den Hemmelige Arena (2006)
 Klanernes Kamp (2006)
 Henzels Fælde (2006)
 Skyggeskoven (2006)
 Lysets Fæstning (2007)
 Den Sidste Kamp (2007)
 Skyggebæsterne (2010)
 Teneborea (2010)
 Sarinas Mareridt (2011)
 Den Skjulte Fjende (2011)
 Artans Valg (2012)
 Skyggekongen (2012)

Ekstra album
 Legenden om Gekko (2009)

 Alienberg Agenterne
 Ormehullet (2010)
 Brakkerne (2011)
 På Røven I Rummet (2015)

 Bubbi
 Bubbi, den talende hund (2017)
 Bubbi Bliver Stjerne (2018)
 Bubbi I Vildmarken (2018)

 Film, tv og radio
 Jul i Valhal (2005) - idé
 Taynikma - Legenden om Rax (2011), Zentropa - manuskript
 LEGO Bionicle (2015), 19 episoder - manuskript

 Andet
 Projekt: Zarathustra (2013), DR radiodrama - manuskript
 Minus 65 (2015), DR Radiodrama - manuskript
 Skyggens vilje (2015), Teater Vestvolden skuespil - manuskript
 Kongens togt (2016), DR Radiodrama - manuskript
 Migranten (2016), DR Radiodrama - manuskript
 Ulkegade (2017), DR Radiodrama - manuskript
 De frygtede pirater (2018), DR Koncerthuset skuespil - manuskript
 Baronerne af Bogotá'' (2018), DR Radiodrama - manuskript

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Manuskriptforfattere fra Danmark
Personer fra San Francisco
Tegneserieforfattere fra Danmark
Dramatikere fra Danmark
Modtagere af Orla-prisen
Børnebogsforfattere fra Danmark
Mandlige forfattere i det 21. århundrede
Personer fra San Francisco

Merlin P. Mann


Kulturdenkmäler nach Ortsteilen

Güttersbach

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Hiltersklingen

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Hüttenthal

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Ober-Mossau

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Unter-Mossau

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Literatur
 Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen (Hrsg.): Denkmaltopographie der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Kulturdenkmäler in Hessen. Odenwaldkreis. Wiesbaden 1998, S. 572–647.

Weblinks

Mossautal
!

Liste der Kulturdenkmäler in Mossautal


كأس القارات 2009 هي النسخة الثامنة لكأس القارات، وأقيمت البطولة في جنوب أفريقيا من 14 يونيو إلى 28 يونيو 2009 كمقدمة لكأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010، أقيمت القرعة في 22 نوفمبر 2008 في ساندتون في جوهانسبيرغ، لُعِبت المباراة الافتتاحية في ملعب كوكا كولا بارك في جوهانسبيرغ، وحامل لقب البطولة هو البرازيل الذي فاز بالكأس في عام 2005.

لعبت المباراة النهائية في البطولة في يوم 28 يونيو 2009 بين البرازيل والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وانتهت المباراة بفوز منتخب البرازيل بثلاثة أهداف مقابل هدفين، وتوجوا بالبطولة للمرة الثالثة في تاريخهم، وقد حصل اللاعب البرازيلي لويس فابيانو على لقب هداف البطولة برصيد 5 أهداف، والبرازيلي كاكا على لقب أفضل لاعب في البطولة.

الفرق المتأهلة

أقيمت قرعة البطولة في 22 نوفمبر 2008 في ساندتون في جوهانسبيرغ ، كل فريق قد مثل من قبل المشاركة من بلده في مسابقة ملكة جمال العالم 2008 ما عدا العراق الذي مثل من قبل ملكة جمال العالم 2007 الصينية زهانغ زيلين، وقد قسم الفرق إلى قسمين:
 القسم الأول: جنوب أفريقيا والبرازيل وإيطاليا وإسبانيا
 القسم الثاني: مصر والعراق ونيوزيلندا والولايات المتحدة

والمنتخبات التي تنتمي لنفس القارة لم تسحب في نفس القرعة، لذا فمنتخب مصر دخل إلى المجموعة الثانية، ومثل هذا الأمر حصل لمنتخب إيطاليا ومنتخب إسبانيا.

الملاعب

أربعة مدن ستقوم باستضافة ملاعب مباريات كأس القارات 2009.

وقد كان تم اختيار ملعب نيلسون مانديلا في يزابيث، ولكن في 8 يوليو 2008 تم استبعاد الملعب لأنه لن يوافي الموعد المحدد الأخير في 30 مارس 2009.

مكافئات البطولة

قام الفيفا بتقديم حوالي 11,320,000 مليون يورو على المنتخبات المشاركة.

الحكام

تم إعلان الحكام المختارين في 5 مايو 2009 ، وانسحب طاقمين للحكام بسبب الإصابة (وهما بقيادة كارلوس باتريس وكارلوس أمارييا)، وقد تم استبدالهم بطاقمين بقيادة بينيتو أركونديا وبابلو بوزو.

أفريقيا
  كوفي كودجا
 الحكام المساعدين:  كومي كونيوه و أليكسيس فاسينو
 إيدي مالييت
 الحكام المساعدين:  إيفاريست مينكواندي و بشير حسني

آسيا
  ماثيو بريز
 الحكام المساعدين:  ماثيو كريم و بن ويلسون

أوروبا
  هوارد ويب
 الحكام المساعدين:  بيتر كيركوب و مايك مولاركي
  مارتن هانسون
 الحكام المساعدين:  فريدريك نيلسون و هنريك أندرين

  ماسيمو بوساكا
 الحكام المساعدين:  ماثياس أرنيت و فرانسيسكو بوراغينا

أمريكا الشمالية
  بينيتو أركونديا
 الحكام المساعدين:  مارفين تورنتيرا و هيكتور فيرغارا

أوقيانوسيا
  ميكائيل هستر
 الحكام المساعدين:  جان هندريك هنتز و مارك رول

أمريكا الجنوبية
  بابلو بوزو
 الحكام المساعدين:  باتريسيو باسوالتو و فرانسيسكو موندريا
  خورخي لاريوندا
 الحكام المساعدين:  بابلو فاندينيو و ماوريسيو إسبينوزا

قوائم الفرق

دور المجموعات

معايير كسر التعادل

ترتيب الفرق المشاركة في دور المجموعات يكون على النحو التالي :
 النقاط التي تم الحصول عليها.
 فارق الأهداف المسجلة والمتلقاة لكل فريق.
 أكثر الفرق تسجيلا للأهداف.

في حال استمرار التعادل بين فريقين أو أكثر، يكون الترتيب على النحو التالي :
 النقاط التي حصل عليها الفريق في المباريات بين الفرق المعنية.
 فارق الاهداف الناتجة عن مباريات المجموعة بين الفرق المعنية.
 أكبر عدد من الأهداف المسجلة في جميع مباريات المجموعة بين الفرق المعنية.
 سحب القرعة من قبل اللجنة المنظمة للفيفا.

المجموعة الأولى

المجموعة الثانية

دور خروج المغلوب

النصف نهائي

تحديد المركز الثالث والرابع

النهائي

الجوائز

الهداف

خمسة أهداف
  لويس فابيانو

ثلاثة أهداف
  فرناندو توريس
  دافيد فيا
  كلينت ديمبسي

هدفين
  داني غويزا
  لاندون دونوفان
  جوسيبي روسي
  كاكا
  بيرنارد باركر
  كاتليغو مفيلا
  محمد زيدان

 هدف واحد
  سيسك فابريغاس
  فيرناندو ليورنتي
  شابي ألونسو
  مايكل برادلي
  شارلي دافيدز
  جوزي ألتيدور
  دانييلي دي روسي
  جوان دوس سانتوس
  فيليبي ميلو
  دانييل ألفيز
  لوسيو
  مايكون
  روبينهو
  محمد شوقي
  محمد حمص

 خطأ في مرماه
  أندريا دوسينا (للبرازيل)

فريق البطولة

اختار الفيفا فريق البطولة بعد فتح باب التصويت على الموقع الرسمي للفيفا.

الإحصائيات الرسمية

الأكثر تسديدا على المرمى

أكثر الحراس تصديا للكرات

أكثر اللاعبين تمريراً

أكثر اللاعبين حصولاً على البطاقات

المنتخب الأكثر تسجيلاً

المنتخب الأكثر تسديدا

المنتخب الأكثر ارتكابا للأخطاء

المنتخب الأكثر تمريرا

المنتخب الأكثر تحصلا على البطاقات

رعاة البطولة

هذه البطولة برعاية العديد من الشركات :

 شركاء الفيفا
 أديداس
 كوكاكولا
 طيران الإمارات
 كيا موتورز
 سوني
 فيزا

رعاة البطولة الرسميون
 بودفايزر
 كاسترول
 كونتينتال أيه جي
 ماكدونالدز
 إم.تي.إن جروب
 سات يام كمبيوتر

الرعاة الوطنيون
 أولتيمات
 إف إن بي
 نيوأفريقيا
 براسا

مقالات أخرى
 بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2010

المراجع

أحداث يونيو 2009 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 2009 الرياضية في إفريقيا
كرة القدم الجنوب إفريقية في 2008-09
كرة القدم في 2009
مسابقات كأس القارات
منافسات كرة قدم دولية تستضيفها جنوب إفريقيا

كأس القارات 2009