Los miserables (Les Misérables) es una película musical dramática producida en 2012 por compañías del Reino Unido y de Francia, producida por Working Title Films y distribuida por Universal Pictures. La película está basada en el musical homónimo de Alain Boublil y Claude-Michel Schönberg, que a su vez se inspira en Los miserables, novela de 1862 escrita por el francés Victor Hugo. La película fue dirigida por Tom Hooper, con guion de William Nicholson, Boublil, Schönberg  y Herbert Kretzmer. Tiene un reparto coral encabezado por Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried y Eddie Redmayne.  Cuenta la historia de Jean Valjean, exconvicto que se convierte en el alcalde de una aldea en Francia. Valjean acepta tomar el cuidado de Cosette, la hija ilegítima de la agonizante Fantine, pero debido a su situación como fugitivo, debe evitar ser capturado por el inspector de policía Javert. La historia cubre 17 años y se establece en un contexto de inestabilidad política, con la película culminando en la Rebelión de junio de 1832 de Francia.

El desarrollo basado en el musical comenzó a finales de los años 80. Tras el concierto conmemorativo del 25º aniversario del musical en octubre de 2010, el productor Cameron Mackintosh anunció que había retomado el desarrollo de la película. Hooper y Nicholson fueron contactados en marzo de 2011 y los personajes principales fueron elegidos en 2011. El rodaje comenzó en marzo de 2012, y tomó lugar en varias locaciones, incluyendo Greenwich, Londres, Chatham, Winchester y Portsmouth en Hampshire (Inglaterra), al igual que en la ciudad francesa de Gourdon. Se estrenó en Londres el 5 de diciembre de 2012, y fue lanzada el 25 de diciembre del mismo año en Estados Unidos, el 26 de diciembre en Australia, y el 11 de enero de 2013 en Reino Unido. La película ha recibido críticas divididas, pero generalmente positivas, con muchos críticos alabando al reparto, especialmente la actuación de Hugh Jackman y Anne Hathaway. La película recibió el Globo de Oro a la mejor película - Comedia o musical, el Globo de Oro al mejor actor - Comedia o musical para Jackman, y el Globo de Oro a la mejor actriz de reparto para Hathaway. También recibió cuatro premios BAFTA, incluyendo Mejor actriz de reparto (Hathaway). Recibió ocho nominaciones en la 85.ª ceremonia de los Premios de la Academia, incluyendo Mejor película (el primer musical nominado desde la ganadora de 2002, Chicago) y Mejor actor para Jackman, ganando tres: Mejor mezcla de sonido, Mejor maquillaje y Mejor actriz de reparto para Hathaway.

Argumento
En 1815, el convicto Jean Valjean (Hugh Jackman) es puesto en libertad condicional por el guardia de la prisión, Javert (Russell Crowe), tras cumplir una condena de diecinueve años por robar una hogaza de pan y numerosos intentos de fuga. Valjean es expulsado de todos los pueblos por su condición de libertad condicional. El obispo de Digne (Colm Wilkinson) le ofrece comida y refugio, pero Valjean roba sus utensilios de plata durante la noche. Es capturado por las autoridades cuando escapaba, pero el obispo les dice que el dinero se lo había dado como un regalo, asegurando así la liberación de Valjean. Después de eso, el obispo le dice a Valjean que debe seguir el camino del bien. Por la amabilidad del obispo, Valjean rompe su libertad condicional y promete iniciar una nueva vida bajo una nueva identidad.
Ocho años más tarde, en 1823, Valjean se ha convertido en propietario de una fábrica y alcalde de la ciudad francesa de Montreuil-sur-Ver. Fantine (Anne Hathaway), una de sus trabajadoras, es despedida por el capataz por culpa de una de sus compañeras debido a que descubrió que Fantine, le enviaba dinero a su hija ilegítima Cosette (Isabelle Allen), la cual vive con los inescrupulosos Thénardiers (Helena Bonham Carter y Sacha Baron Cohen) y la hija de estos, Éponine (Natalya Wallace). En un intento desesperado por mantener a su hija, Fantine vende su cabello y dientes, llegando a ser una prostituta.

Ella es arrestada por Javert después de atacar a un cliente abusivo, pero es salvada por Valjean, quien la lleva al hospital. Más tarde, Valjean se entera de que un hombre está arrestado debido a que lo confunden con él. Él no puede aceptar que un hombre inocente sea condenado en su lugar, y decide revelar su identidad a la corte antes de regresar al hospital, donde le promete a Fantine que tras su muerte, él cuidará de su hija. Javert llega a tomar a Valjean en custodia, pero después de un breve enfrentamiento, Valjean salta a un río para escapar. Él paga a los Thénardiers para que le permitan tomar a Cosette, y promete ser como un padre para ella. Valjean y Cosette huyen a París. Javert se compromete a llevar preso a Valjean.

Nueve años más tarde, en 1832, cada vez hay más pobreza en París. Jean Maximilien Lamarque, el único funcionario del gobierno de simpatía hacia los pobres, está cerca de la muerte, por lo que un gran grupo de estudiantes revolucionarios adolescentes, conocido como los Amigos del ABC, planifican una rebelión contra la monarquía francesa. Los estudiantes se componen de Marius Pontmercy (Eddie Redmayne), Enjolras (Aaron Tveit), Gavroche (Daniel Huttlestone), Courfeyrac (Fee Fra) y Joly (Hugh Skinner). Marius se vislumbra por Cosette (Amanda Seyfried), ahora una mujer joven, e inmediatamente se enamora de ella. Mientras tanto, a pesar de las preguntas de Cosette, Valjean se niega a hablar de su pasado o de su madre. Tras la muerte del funcionario Lamarque, Enjolras organiza un grupo de estudiantes idealistas. Mientras tanto, Éponine (Samantha Barks), amiga de Marius, lo lleva hasta Cosette, donde los dos profesan su amor. Lamentando que su amor secreto por Marius nunca será correspondido, Éponine decide unirse a la revolución.

Cuando una banda liderada por los Thénardier intenta capturar a Valjean para pedir rescate a Javert, Eponine grita para advertirles a Valjean y a Cosette. Valjean decide huir, sin darse cuenta del amor de Cosette por Marius. Al salir, Enjolras envía a los parisinos a la revuelta, y Marius envía una carta de despedida a Cosette. Al día siguiente, los estudiantes interrumpen el cortejo fúnebre de Lamarque y comienzan su revuelta. Javert se hace pasar por un rebelde con el fin de espiarlos, pero Gavroche lo reconoce y es capturado. Durante el tiroteo que siguió, apuntan a Marius, y Éponine, a costa de su propia vida, se pone en medio. Antes de morir, confiesa  su amor a Marius y luego muere en sus brazos, y en ese instante Marius la besa en la frente mientras derrama unas lágrimas. Éponine intercepta la carta de Cosette a Marius, y decide ir a la barricada para proteger a Marius. Le pide a Enjolras que se le permita ser él quien ejecute a Javert. Sin embargo, cuando los dos están solos, Valjean libera Javert, diciéndole que huya mientras dispara la pistola hacia una pared para convencer a los estudiantes que lo mató. Los parisinos que no se unieron a la revolución y los estudiantes están decididos a luchar hasta la muerte. Muchos mueren, pero Marius se salva gracias a Valjean, que arrastra su cuerpo inconsciente por las alcantarillas.

Ahí están los Thénardier, limpiando los cadáveres, y roban el anillo de Marius. Valjean escapa de las alcantarillas con Marius, pero se enfrenta a la salida con Javert. Valjean pide una hora para llevar a Marius a un médico; Javert se niega y amenaza con matarlo si no se rinde. Valjean no le hace caso y se va con Marius. Incapaz de conciliar el conflicto entre sus deberes cívicos y morales, dos cosas que siempre consideró lo mismo, Javert se suicida saltando al Sena. Más tarde, Marius llora por sus amigos, ya que todos han muerto, pero Cosette lo consuela. Valjean le revela su pasado a Marius. Le dice que debe irse porque su presencia pone en peligro a Cosette. Marius se sorprende, y en un primer lugar intenta persuadirlo para quedarse, pero de mala gana acepta la decisión de Valjean de irse, prometiendo que no va a decirle a Cosette la verdad. Marius y Cosette se casan, los Thénardiers llegan a la boda y testifican que vieron a Valjean llevando un cadáver asesinado por él mismo por las alcantarillas. Thénardier muestra involuntariamente a Marius el anillo que le robó al supuesto cadáver como "prueba". Reconociendo el anillo, Marius se da cuenta de que era Valjean quien le salvó la vida.

Ante todo lo sucedido con los Thénardier, Marius y Cosette salen a buscar a Valjean tras saber el lugar en el que se encuentra. Como Valjean siente que se va a morir, percibe el espíritu de Fantine para llevarlo al Cielo. Cosette y Marius se apresuran a decirle adiós. Valjean hace su confesión a Cosette de su vida pasada y Valjean fallece, uniéndose en el paraíso con el Obispo, Fantine, Enjolras, Eponine, Gavroche, Courfeyrac, Joly y los otros rebeldes asesinados en la barricada.

Reparto

Producción
En 1988 Alan Parker se consideró director de la cinta del musical Los Miserables. Sin embargo, en 1991 se confirmó que Bruce Beresford sería definitivamente el director de la cinta. En 1992, Cameron Mackintosh confirmó que la película sería coproducida por Tri-Estar Pictures. Sin embargo, el proyecto fue abandonado dejándolo apenas en preparación. A principios de 2005, Mackintosh confirmó que estaba interesado en adaptar el musical en una película. Además, quería que la película fuera dirigida por "alguien que tuviera una visión del show como fue en realidad, reuniendo al equipo original (incluyendo a Mackintosh) de vuelta al trabajo.", y cuya audiencia fuera tan fresca como las del musical mismo.
El lanzamiento en DVD Y Blu-ray de Les misérables: 25th AnniversaryConcert confirmó el anuncio de la película del musical.

Tom Hooper comenzó negociaciones para dirigir Los Miserables en marzo de 2011, con guion de William Nicholson, y para ser producido por Cameron Mackintosh. En junio del mismo año, Hugh Jackman comenzó las negociaciones para interpretar a Jean Valjean, y Paul Bettany como Javert. Otras estrellas que se unieron al proyecto fueron Anne Hathaway y Helena Bonham Carter.
 El 9 de septiembre de 2011, Jackman fue confirmado para hacer el papel de Valjean y Russell Crowe para el de Javert.
 El 17 de octubre de 2011, Cameron Mackintosh confirmó que Anne Hathaway encarnaría a Fantine.
 El 1 de noviembre de 2011, Eddie Redmayne se unió al reparto como Marius Pontmercy.
 El 30 de noviembre de 2011, se informó de que la lista de actrices para el papel de Éponine incluía a Lea Michele, Taylor Swift, Scarlett Johansson y Evan Rachel Wood; el 2 de enero de 2012, se comunicó que Taylor Swift fue la que consiguió el papel de Éponine superando a las otras actrices, aunque más adelante se reveló que en realidad el papel sería para la actriz de Broadway Samantha Barks, que ya había interpretado a ese personaje en las tablas.
 El 8 de diciembre de 2011, Sacha Baron Cohen se unió al reparto como Thénardier, el mismo día Aaron Tveit fue elegido como Enjolras, líder de los amigos del ABC.
 El 10 de diciembre de 2011, tuvo lugar en la ciudad de Nueva York un casting abierto para la elección del papel de Cosette.
 El 4 de enero de 2012 se informó de que Amanda Seyfried se unía al reparto como Cosette, la hija pobre de Fantine (Anne Hathaway).
 El 30 de enero de 2012 la revista Variety confirmó que George Blagden había sido elegido para el papel de Grantaire, el Cínico de los amigos del ABC, dando así por finalizada la elección del elenco.

En la página web Broadwayworld.com se confirmó que a Cosette le dará vida Isabelle Allen Cast, mientras que en Screenterrier.blogspot.mx se confirmó la aparición de Daniel Huttlestone como el travieso Gavroche.

Recepción

Comercial
Les misérables recaudó $86.720.160 en América del Norte y $480.700.000 en el resto del mundo, dando un total de $567.420.160 mundialmente. En Norteamérica, Los miserables debutó el 25 de diciembre de 2012 en 2808 teatros ocupando el primer lugar en la taquilla con una recaudación de $18,1 millones, convirtiéndose así en la película musical más taquillera durante el día de su apertura, superando a High School Musical 3: Senior Year, y también fue el segundo día de apertura más taquillero para una película estrenada el día de Navidad. Ganó $28 millones en su primer fin de semana, quedando tercero detrás de Django Unchained y El hobbit: un viaje inesperado.

Crítica
Les misérables recibió críticas generalmente favorables. Tiene un índice de aprobación del 70% en el sitio Rotten Tomatoes sobre 227 comentarios, con una calificación de 9/10 bajo el consenso: "Impecablemente montada, pero ocasionalmente rimbombante, Les misérables en gran medida tiene éxito gracias a las virtuosas actuaciones de su distinguido elenco". En Metacritic, la película obtuvo una puntuación media de 63 sobre 100 basada en 41 opiniones que indican "revisiones generalmente favorables".
Debido a las numerosas escenas eliminadas en la película se han creado diversas páginas, entre ellas: https://lesmisextendedversion.tumblr.com/ solicitando firmas para que los directivos se decidan a editar la versión completa del filme. Ante esta iniciativa se han sumado numerosos fanáticos de la película de todo el mundo, con el objetivo de conseguir una respuesta favorable por parte de los directivos.

Premios

Véase también
 Los miserables
 Los miserables (musical)
 Los miserables (película de 1998)
 Los miserables (telenovela de 2014)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Guion de la película.
 Texto .

 Todas las noticias, fotos y tráileres de la película Los Miserables.
 Carteles oficiales.

Películas dramáticas de Reino Unido
Películas dramáticas de Francia
Películas musicales de Estados Unidos
Películas en inglés
Películas de Universal Pictures
Películas basadas en novelas
Películas ambientadas en los años 1810
Películas ambientadas en los años 1820
Películas ambientadas en los años 1830
Películas ganadoras del premio Óscar al mejor sonido
Películas ganadoras del Globo de Oro a la mejor película de comedia o musical
Películas ambientadas en París
Películas candidatas al premio Óscar a la mejor película
Películas históricas de Reino Unido
Películas basadas en las obras de Victor Hugo

Los miserables (película de 2012)


Bolti er kúlulaga hlutur sem hefur margskonar notkunarmöguleika, þar á meðal í boltaíþróttum og boltaleikjum. Einnig gætu þeir verið notaður í djögl eða jafnvel í verkfræði. Áður fyrr var algengt að nota litla málmbolta sem hluta af skotföngum.

Leikföng

Bolti


Ante Tomić (født 23. maj 1983) er en kroatisk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Kroatien

Ante Tomić


Li Wenlong (en ) est un patineur de vitesse sur piste courte chinois.

Biographie
Il naît le 4 février 2001 à Fushun. Il est entraîné par Kim Sun-Tae et Viktor Ahn. Li Wenlong commence le short-track en avril 2012 à Qingdao.

En 2018, il reçoit le titre d'athlète d'élite de classe nationale de la part de l'administration générale du sport en Chine. L'année suivante, il est cinquième des championnats du monde junior au 500 mètres et neuvième au 1500 mètres, remportant le relais masculin.

Il participe aux épreuves de patinage de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques de 2022 sur le 1000 mètres et le relais masculin. Dans la saison de coupe du monde qui précède, il a reçu une médaille d'argent au relais masculin. Lors des qualifications nationales, il se qualifie lors de la deuxième des trois manches.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Patineur de vitesse sur piste courte chinois
Patineur de vitesse sur piste courte aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillé aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022
Médaillé d'argent olympique chinois
Naissance en février 2001
Naissance dans la province du Liaoning

Li Wenlong


Wolverine Blues treći je studijski album švedskog death metal-sastava Entombed. Diskografska kuća Earache Records objavila ga je 4. listopada 1993. Album prikazuje potpuno drugačiji zvuk od prethodnih izdanja, kombinirajući elemente hard rocka, heavy metala i hardcore punka, dok još uvijek zadržava velik dio svojih tradicionalnih, death metal korijena, u stilu koji će kasnije biti poznatiji kao death 'n' roll. Sastav je za ovo izdanje također usvojio groove metal-stil srednjeg tempa, sličan onom američkog sastava Pantera.

Marvel

Jedna od verziji albuma Wolverine Blues objavljen je s Wolverineom, likom Marvel Comicsa, na naslovnici, unatoč tome što Entombed nikada nije želio da se njihov album povezuje sa superjunakom. Earache Records, bez dopuštenja sastava, sklopio je ugovor s Marvelom kako bi iskoristio Wolverinea za promociju albuma većoj publici, s glazbenim spotom za naslovnu pjesmu s istaknutim ilustracijama lika. Ovo izdanje sadržao je mini strip Wolverinea unutar CD knjižice. Izdanje Marvela također je uvelike uređeno, a pjesma "Out of Hand" u potpunosti je uklonjena. Ograničen broj ranih izdanja albuma sadržao je audio uzorke preuzete iz filmova (najviše Flatliners i Hellraiser III) koji su naknadno uklonjeni iz kasnijeg tiska zbog straha izdavačke kuće od potencijalnih pravnih postupaka zbog njihove nelicencirane upotrebe.

Popis pjesama

Recenzije

Godine 2005., Wolverine Blues završio je na 494. mjestu u knjizi Rock Hard magazina 500 najboljih rock i metal albuma svih vremena. Gitaristički časopis Guitar World označio je Wolverine Blues kao "najbolji death metal album 1994. i vrlo vjerojatno najbolji death metal album ovog desetljeća."

Osoblje

Entombed
 Nicke Andersson – bubnjevi, gitara, grafički koncept, dizajn
 Lars-Göran Petrov – vokal, likovna pomoć
 Ulf Cederlund – gitara, tamburin
 Lars Rosenberg – bas-gitara
 Alex Hellid – solo-gitara, naslovnica, grafički dizajn, dizajn

Ostalo osoblje
 Tomas Skogsberg – produkcija, inženjer zvuka
 Benny Rehn – likovna pomoć, fotografije
 Nimbus – mastering
 Micke Lundström – fotografije
 Guerilla Art – grafički dizajn

Izvori

Albumi sastava Entombed
Albumi iz 1993.

Wolverine Blues


Benzocaine, sold under the brand name Orajel amongst others, is a local anesthetic, belonging to the amino ester drug class, commonly used as a topical painkiller or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers. It is combined with antipyrine to form A/B ear drops. In the US, products containing benzocaine for oral application are contraindicated in children younger than two years old. In the European Union, the contraindication applies to children under 12 years of age.

It was first synthesised in 1890 in Germany and approved for medical use in 1902.

Medical uses
Benzocaine is indicated to treat a variety of pain-related conditions. It may be used for:

 Local anesthesia of oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes (sore throat, cold sores, mouth ulcers, toothache, sore gums, denture irritation)
 Otic pain (earache)
 Surgical or procedural local anesthesia
 Relief of skin pain caused by sunburn, ingrown toenails, hemorrhoids,

Examples of combination medications of benzocaine include:

Antipyrine-benzocaine otic consists of antipyrine and benzocaine, and is used to relieve ear pain and remove earwax.
Cepacol consists of menthol and benzocaine, and is used to treat sore throat.
 A solution of benzocaine and menthol is marketed for the treatment of bee stings, mosquito bites, jellyfish stings, and other insect bites

Other uses

Benzocaine is used as a key ingredient in numerous pharmaceuticals:

 Some glycerol-based ear medications for use in removing excess wax as well as relieving ear conditions such as otitis media and swimmer's ear.
 Some previous diet products such as Ayds.
 Some condoms designed to prevent premature ejaculation. Benzocaine largely inhibits sensitivity on the penis, and can allow for an erection to be maintained longer (in a continuous act) by delaying ejaculation. Conversely, an erection will also fade faster if stimulus is interrupted.
 Benzocaine mucoadhesive patches have been used in reducing orthodontic pain.
 In Poland it is included, together with menthol and zinc oxide, in the liquid powder (not to be confused with the liquid face powder) used mainly after mosquito bites. Today's ready-made Pudroderm was once used there as pharmaceutical compound.

Available forms
Benzocaine can come in a variety of preparations including:

Oral preparations:

 Lozenges (ex. Cepacol, Mycinettes)
 Throat Spray (ex. Ultra Chloraseptic)

Topical preparations:
 Aerosol (ex. Topex)
 Gel (ex. Orajel)
 Paste (ex. Orabase)
 Cream (ex. Lanacane - active ingredient 3% Benzocaine)
Otic preparations:
 Solution (ex. Allergen)

Side effects
Benzocaine is generally well tolerated and non-toxic when applied topically as recommended.

However, there have been reports of serious, life-threatening adverse effects (e.g., seizures, coma, irregular heart beat, respiratory depression) with over-application of topical products or when applying topical products that contain high concentrations of benzocaine to the skin.

Overapplication of oral anesthetics such as benzocaine can increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration by relaxing the gag-reflex and allowing regurgitated stomach contents or oral secretions to enter the airway. Applying an oral anesthetic and consuming beverages before going to bed can be particularly hazardous.

The topical use of higher concentration (10–20%) benzocaine products applied to the mouth or mucous membranes has been found to be a cause of methemoglobinemia, a disorder in which the amount of oxygen carried by the blood is greatly reduced. This side effect is most common in children under two years of age. As a result, the FDA has stated that benzocaine products should not be used in children under two years of age, unless directed by and supervised by a healthcare professional. In European countries, the contraindication applies to children under 12 years of age. Symptoms of methemoglobinemia usually occur within minutes to hours of applying benzocaine, and can occur upon the first-time use or after additional use.

Benzocaine may cause allergic reactions. These include:
 Contact dermatitis (redness and itchiness)
 Anaphylaxis (rare)

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Pain is caused by the stimulation of free nerve endings. When the nerve endings are stimulated, sodium enters the neuron, causing depolarization of the nerve and subsequent initiation of an action potential. The action potential is propagated down the nerve toward the central nervous system, which interprets this as pain. Benzocaine acts to inhibit the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) on the neuron membrane, stopping the propagation of the action potential.

Chemistry
Benzocaine is the ethyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). It can be prepared from PABA and ethanol by Fischer esterification or via the reduction of ethyl p-nitrobenzoate. Benzocaine is sparingly soluble in water; it is more soluble in dilute acids and very soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl ether. The melting point of benzocaine is 88–92 °C, and the boiling point is about 310 °C. The density of benzocaine is 1.17 g/cm3.

Benzocaine is commonly found, particularly in Britain, as an additive in street cocaine and also as a bulking agent in "legal highs". Benzocaine gives a numbing effect similar to cocaine and as a bulking and binding agent it can not be detected once mixed. It is the most popular cutting agent worldwide.

Treatment of benzocaine with hydrazine leads to aminostimil, a compound related to isoniazid.

Synthesis
Benzocaine can be prepared by esterification using 4-aminobenzoic acid and ethanol. It can also be prepared by reduction of ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate to the amine. In industrial practice, the reducing agent is usually iron and water in the presence of a little acid.

History
Benzocaine was first synthesized in 1890 by the German chemist Eduard Ritsert (1859–1946), in the town of Eberbach and introduced to the market in 1902 under the name "Anästhesin".

Veterinary medicine
Bath solutions of benzocaine and its derivatives are commonly used to anesthetize amphibians for surgery. Benzocaine-based anesthetics are potent and highly effective for both anesthesia and euthanasia in amphibians.

References

External links

4-Aminobenzoate esters
Ethyl esters
Local anesthetics
Sodium channel blockers
Wyeth brands

Benzocaine


Aristides Stávros de Grécia (em grego: Αριστείδης Σταύρος; Los Angeles, Califórnia, Estados Unidos, 29 de junho de 2008) é o quinto filho dos príncipes herdeiros de Grécia, Paulo da Grécia e Maria Chantal Miller, e por isso lhe corresponde o tratamento de Alteza Real.

Primeiros anos
Nasceu em Centro Médico Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, Califórnia, Estados Unidos, o 29 de junho de 2008. O Príncipe é neto dos reis Constantino II da Grécia e Ana Maria da Dinamarca, é membro da Família Real Grega. É o quinto filho do príncipe Paulo da Grécia e de sua esposa, a princesa Marie Chantal da Grécia. Tem uma irmã maior, a princesa Maria Olympia da Grécia e Dinamarca, e três irmãos maiores que ele, os príncipes Constantino Alexios, Achileas Andreas e Odysseas Kimon da Grécia.

Batismo
O príncipe foi batizado em 7 de agosto de 2009 no Monastério de Santa Anargyron Hermioni, sob o rito da Igreja ortodoxa, assim como seus outros quatro irmãos.

Títulos

 29 de junho de 2008 – presente: Seu Alteza Real, o príncipe Aristides Stavros de Grécia e Dinamarca.

Referências

Ancestros

Categoría:Hombres
Categoría:Nacidos en 2008
Categoría:Personas vivas

Casa de Glücksburg
Príncipes da Grécia
Naturais de Los Angeles

Aristides Stavros de Grécia


Höllviken (old ) is a locality situated in Vellinge Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 15,678 inhabitants in 2019. It is located close to both Malmö and the Øresund Bridge which connects Sweden and Denmark.

The town is a popular summer vacation spot for northern Europeans, who are attracted to its sand beaches and the historical sites which date back to the time of the Vikings. The peninsula on which the town is situated is unique because it is surrounded by two different seas: Öresund and The Baltic Sea.

Prior to the 1960s, the peninsula remained mainly populated by wealthy businessmen from the Malmö region during the summers. Recently, however, it has begun to grow as a commuter town.

The following sports clubs are located in Höllviken:

 FC Höllviken

References

Coastal cities and towns in Sweden
Populated places in Vellinge Municipality
Populated places in Skåne County
Cities and towns in the Øresund Region

Höllviken


Katar (Arapça:  قطر, Katar) veya resmî adıyla Katar Devleti (Arapça: دولة قطر, Devletü Katar), Arap Yarımadası'nın doğusunda bulunan bir Basra Körfezi ülkesidir. Tek kara sınır komşusu Suudi Arabistan olup, diğer tarafları Basra Körfezi ile çevrilidir. Kuzeybatısında Bahreyn, batı ve güneyinde Suudi Arabistan, doğusunda Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri ve kuzeyinde İran bulunur.

Ülkenin başkenti ve en büyük şehri Doha'dır. Ülkenin nüfusunun %80'i başkentte yaşamaktadır. Toprakların geri kalan kısmı deniz seviyesinden alçakta bulunan çölle kaplıdır.

Ülke Irsî monarşi ile yönetilmektedir. Ülkenin yönetimi Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı ile 1868 yılında Muhammed bin Sani'nin imzaladığı antlaşmayla Sani Hanedanı'nına verilmiştir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu kontrolünden çıktıktan sonra İngiliz himayesine giren bölge 1971 yılında bağımsız olmuştur. Ülkenin güncel emiri  Temim bin Hamed es-Sani ülkenin anayasasına göre yargı ve yürütmenin başıdır. Bakanları ve hükümeti tayin etme yetkisine sahiptir. Ülkenin meclisi yasa iptal etme ve sınırlı da olsa bakanı görevden alma yetkisine sahiptir. Nüfusu yaklaşık 2.6 milyon olan ülkede sadece 313.000 kişi Katar vatandaşı iken geri kalan 2.3 milyon kişi yabancı ülkelerden çalışmaya gelen gurbetçilerden oluşur. Ülkenin resmi dini İslam'dır. Resmî dili Arapçadır. 2,66 milyon nüfusu olan Katar, artan petrol fiyatları ve sahip olduğu doğalgaz rezervleri sayesinde,  yılında kişi başına düşen gelire göre dünyanın . zengin ülkesidir. Katar, Orta Doğu'daki diğer bütün körfez ülkelerinde olduğu gibi ekonomik olarak hızla gelişmektedir.

Günümüzde Orta güç'te bir ülke olarak sınırlandırılan Katar, sahip olduğu Al Jazeera yayın grubu sayesinde Arap dünyasına ve Arap Baharı'na etki edebilen ülke olarak bilinmektedir. Körfez Arap Ülkeleri İşbirliği Konseyi üyesi olan devletin insan hakları karnesi ise çeşitli yabancı kuruluşlarca örgütlenme özgürlüğü, ifade özgürlüğü, basın özgürlüğü, işçi hakları gibi konularda zayıf olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Etimolojisi
Romalı yazar Gaius Plinius Secundus tarafından yazılan eski belgelerde bölgenin adı Catharrei olarak geçmektedir. Eski coğrafyacı Batlamyus ise çizdiği haritada bölgeyi Catara olarak adlandırmıştır. Günümüze bu isimlendirmenin en yaygın telaffuzu Katara şeklinde ulaştıktan sonra günümüzde son şekli olan Katar veya İngilizce  Qatar şeklini almıştır.

Tarih

Katar'ın tarihi 50.000 yıl öncesine dayanır. Taş devri'nden kalma aletler bölgeden çıkartılmıştır. Obeyd kültürü'nden kalma eserler bölgede keşfedilmiştir. MS 224'te Sasaniler bölgeyi ele geçirmiştir. Emeviler döneminde at ve deve yetiştirilen bir bölge olarak biliniyordu. Abbasiler döneminde ise inci ticareti önem kazanmıştır. Sırasıyla Usfurlular ve Portekiz kontrolüne giren bölgede daha sonradan Osmanlı Devleti geldi ancak kısa sürede 1660 yılında Halidoğulları kabilesince bölgeden çıkartıldı. 1766 yılında Kuveyt bölgesinde yaşayan Al Khalifa adlı Bahreyn kabilesi Zübare şehrine yerleşti. Ülkede fiilî Türk egemenliği ilk olarak 1852'de, daha sonra ve kesin olarak 1871'de Muhammed el-Sani'nin daveti üzerine başlamıştır. Katar'ın bugünkü başkenti Doha ve yine bugün ABD üssünün bulunduğu El-Ubeyd'e yerleşen Türk birlikleri, 1913'e kadar kaldılar. Katar da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Basra Vilayeti'nin Lahsa sancağına bağlı bir kaza (ilçe) oldu. El-Sani ailesi de Osmanlı kaymakamları olarak görev yapmaya başlamışlardır. Osmanlı Devleti, Katar üzerindeki haklarından 29 Temmuz 1913'te vazgeçti. Son Türk askeri, Katar'dan Ağustos 1915'te çekildi. I. Dünya Savaşı'nın çıkmasının akabinde, 3 Kasım 1916'da Katar, Britanya işgaline girdi. Katar, 3 Eylül 1971'de Britanya hâkimiyetinden ayrılarak resmen bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. Bölgenin kontrolü Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı ile 1868 yılında Muhammed bin Sani'nin imzaladığı antlaşmayla Sani Hanedanı'nına verilmiştir.

Ekonomi

Petrolün keşfinden önce Katar bölgesinin ekonomisi balıkçılık ve inci avcılığına odaklanmıştı . 1892'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun yerel valileri tarafından hazırlanan bir raporda, 1892'de inci avcılığından elde edilen toplam gelirin 2.450.000 kran olduğu belirtiliyor. Japon kültür incisinin 1920'lerde ve 1930'larda dünya pazarına sunulmasından sonra, Katar'ın inci endüstrisi çöktü. 1940 yılında Katar'da Duhan sahasında petrol bulundu. Bu keşiften sonra ülke yasal vatandaşları için yüksek bir yaşam standardına sahip hale geldi. Gelir vergisi olmayan Katar, dünyanın en düşük vergi oranlarına sahip ülkelerinden biridir. Haziran 2013'te işsizlik oranı sadece %0,1 idi. Şirketler hukuku, Katar vatandaşlarının emirlikteki herhangi bir girişimin %51'ine sahip olmasını şart koşmaktadır.

Ülke, dünyadaki en çok gaz rezervlerine sahip ülkeler arasındadır.1 tanesi karada 6'sı açık denizde olmak üzere toplam 7 adet doğalgaz üretim noktası vardır. Ülkenin körfeze bakan kısmında Ras Laffan isimli bir endüstri şehri kurulmuştur.

Petrolün varlığı ülkede gübre ve çimento sanayisinin gelişmesine de katkıda bulunmuştur.

2017 yılında 2 milyondan fazla turistin ziyaret ettiği ülkede turizm de ülkenin önemli bir gelir kaynağı haline gelmiştir.

Demografi

Katar vatandaşlarının tamamına yakını İslam dinine mensuptur. Etnik Arapların dışında çoğu vatandaş, çeşitli ülkelerden petrol sektöründe çalışmak için gelmiştir. Arapça, ülkenin ana dilidir. Onlarca değişik milletten insanların bulunması, İngilizceyi de ikinci bir millî dil hâline getirmiştir. Katar Araplarının genelde üst düzey yönetici, bürokrat ya da mal sahibi olduğu ülkede diğer ülke Arapları bankalarda, petrol ve gaz tesislerinde ya da devletin kurumlarında memur olarak çalışırlar. Ülkenin demografik yapısı göçmenlik sistemine dayalıdır. Ülkede yabancı ülkelerden yaklaşık 1,8 milyona yakın işçi çalışmaktadır. Genellikle Filipinler, Nepal, Hindistan gibi ülkelerden insanlar bu ülkeye inşaat, sağlık, hizmet, enerji sektörlerinde çalışmak için gelirler.

Katar'da her 100 kadına 329 erkek düşer; 25-54 arasında bu oran 461'e kadar çıkar. Bu oranlar, erkeklerin aleyhine olan dünyanın en yüksek cinsiyet oranlarıdır.

Coğrafya
Katar Yarımadası, Basra Körfezi'ne doğru Suudi Arabistan'dan çıkmış 160 km'lik bir uzantıya benzer. Genellikle alçak düzlüklerden oluşan ülke, kumla örtülüdür. Ülkenin güneyi ise çöllerle kaplıdır.

İklim

Ülkede yazın kurak ve nemli, kışın ise ılık ve az yağışlıdır.

Eğitim

Yakın tarihte Katar'da eğitime büyük önem verilmeye başlandı. Öğrenci sayısı az olduğundan daha iyi eğitim olanakları sağlanmaya başladı. Herkese bedava olarak verilen sağlık hizmetlerinin yanında, anaokulundan üniversiteye kadar eğitim, tüm Katar vatandaşları için ücretsiz hale getirildi. Ülkenin Katar Üniversitesi adında bir üniversitesi ve birçok yüksek eğitim kurumu vardır. Ayrıca başkent Doha'da yapımı devam eden eğitim kasabası, ülkenin tüm Orta Doğu'nun en büyük eğitim yeri olmasını sağlamakta ve tüm bölgeden öğrencilerin burada toplanmasını hedeflemektedir.

2009 yılında Katar, Katar Bilim ve Teknoloji Parkı'nı kurdu.

İdari bölümler

Katar, en büyük idari birim olan 8 ayrı belediyeye bölünmüştür. Bunlar; Doha, Er Reyyan, El Şahaniye, Umm Selâl, El Hor, El Vakra, Ed Daayin ve El Şemal belediyeleridir.

Sosyal yaşam

Katar, sosyal hayat olarak da birçok etkinliğe ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Ülke, hareketli gece hayatı ve birçok dünya yıldızının uğrak yeridir. Uçsuz bucaksız çöllerinde kamp yapılabilmekte, şubat ayında bile denize girilebilmektedir. Birçok alışveriş merkezleri bulunmaktadır.

Spor
Ülkede en çok sevilen spor futboldur. Bu nedenle birçok ünlü futbol yıldızı ve dünya takımlarının katıldığı özel maç organizasyonları sık düzenlenmektedir. Tenis de ülkede sevilen sporlar arasındadır. Her yıl uluslararası düzeyde 5 ayrı turnuva düzenlenmektedir.
Aynı zamanda Katar, 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupası'na ev sahipliği yapmaya hak kazanmıştır. Bu turnuvayla birlikte ilk defa bir Dünya Kupası organizasyonu, Orta Doğu'da gerçekleşmiştir. Katar'daki yoğun sıcak nedeniyle turnuva, Kasım ile Aralık aylarında düzenlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Katar Devleti, Resmi Portalı

Arapça konuşan bölgeler ve ülkeler
Arap Yarımadası
İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı ülkeleri
Birleşmiş Milletler üyesi ülkeler
Emirlikler

Katar


Fairhaven bezeichnet

 Fairhaven (Kalifornien), gemeindefreies Gebiet und censuns-designated place im Humboldt County, Kalifornien
 Fairhaven (Massachusetts), Stadt (town) im Bristol County, Massachusetts
 Fairhaven (Washington), heute einem Stadtteil und historischem Bezirk von Bellingham, Whatcom County, Washington

Fairhaven Township oder Fair Haven Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Fairhaven Township (Illinois)
 Fairhaven Township (Michigan)
 Fair Haven Township (Minnesota)

Siehe auch:

 Fair Haven

Fairhaven


Zelena glavica, arheološko nalazište u Glavini Donjoj, Grad Imotski, zaštićeno kulturno dobro

Opis dobra
Vrijeme nastanka: od 2000. pr. Kr. do 1500. godine. Arheološko nalazište Zelena glavica nalazi se na uzvisini jugoistočno od Crvenog jezera, južno od ceste za Imotski. Radi se o višeslojnom arheološkom nalazištu s ostacima arhitekture i groblja koji se datiraju od prapovijesti i antike do kasnog srednjeg vijeka.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4623 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "arheološka baština".

Izvori

Prapovijesni arheološki lokaliteti u Hrvatskoj
Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Imotski

Zelena glavica


The mid central vowel (also known as schwa) is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter e, which is called a "schwa".

While the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association does not define the roundedness of , it is more often unrounded than rounded. The phonetician Jane Setter describes the pronunciation of the unrounded variant as follows: "a sound which can be produced by basically relaxing the articulators in the oral cavity and vocalising." To produce the rounded variant, all that needs to be done in addition to that is to round the lips.

Afrikaans contrasts unrounded and rounded mid central vowels; the latter is usually transcribed with . The contrast is not very stable, and many speakers use an unrounded vowel in both cases.

Danish and Luxembourgish have a mid central vowel that is variably rounded. In other languages, the change in rounding is accompanied with the change in height and/or backness. For instance, in Dutch, the unrounded allophone of  is mid central unrounded , but its word-final rounded allophone is close-mid front rounded , close to the main allophone of .

The symbol  is often used for any unstressed obscure vowel, regardless of its precise quality. For instance, the English vowel transcribed  is a central unrounded vowel that can be close-mid , mid  or open-mid , depending on the environment.

Mid central unrounded vowel
The mid central unrounded vowel is frequently written with the symbol . If greater precision is desired, the symbol for the close-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, . Another possibility is using the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel with a raising diacritic, .

Features

Occurrence
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|Albanian
|
|një
|[ɲə]
|'one'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | Afrikaans || Standard ||  || rowspan="2" |  || 'light' || Also described as open-mid . See Afrikaans phonology
|-
| Many speakers ||  || 'air' || Many speakers merge  with , even in formal speech. See Afrikaans phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Bhojpuri
|
|
|'to do'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | Catalan || Balearic ||  ||  || 'dry' || Stressable schwa that corresponds to the open-mid  in Eastern dialects and the close-mid  in Western dialects. See Catalan phonology
|-
| Eastern || rowspan="2"|  || rowspan="2"|  || rowspan="2"| 'with' || rowspan="2"| Reduced vowel. The exact height, backness and rounding are variable. See Catalan phonology
|-
| Some Western accents
|-
|Chinese
|Hokkien|| () || || 'snail' ||
|-
| Chuvash || || ăман ||  || 'worm' ||
|-
| Danish || Standard ||  ||  || 'mare' || Sometimes realized as rounded . See Danish phonology
|-
| Dutch || Standard ||  ||  || 'runner' || The backness varies between near-front and central, whereas the height varies between close-mid and open-mid. Many speakers feel that this vowel is simply an unstressed allophone of . See Dutch phonology
|-
| rowspan="8" | English || Most dialects || Tina ||  || 'Tina' || Reduced vowel; varies in height between close-mid and open-mid. Word-final  can be as low as . See English phonology
|-
| Cultivated South African || rowspan="3" | bird || rowspan="3" |  || rowspan="3" | 'bird' || May be transcribed in IPA with . Other South African varieties use a higher, more front and rounded vowel . See South African English phonology
|-
| Norfolk ||
|-
| Received Pronunciation || Often transcribed in IPA with . It is sulcalized, which means the tongue is grooved like in . 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a near-open vowel , but for some other speakers it may actually be open-mid . This vowel corresponds to rhotacized  in rhotic dialects.
|-
| Geordie || rowspan="4" | bust || rowspan="4" |  || rowspan="4" | 'bust' || Spoken by some middle class speakers, mostly female; other speakers use . Corresponds to  or  in other dialects.
|-
| Indian || May be lower. Some Indian varieties merge  or  with  like Welsh English.
|-
| Wales || May also be further back; it corresponds to  or  in other dialects.
|-
| Yorkshire || Middle class pronunciation. Other speakers use . Corresponds to  or  in other dialects.
|-
| rowspan="2" | Galician
| rowspan="2" | Some dialects
|
|
| 'milk'
| Alternative realization of final unstressed  or  (normally )
|-
|
|
| 'to die'
| Alternative realization of unstressed  or  in any position
|-
| rowspan="2" | German || Standard || [[German orthography|Beschlag]] ||  || 'fitting' || See Standard German phonology
|-
| Southern German accents ||  ||  || 'or' || Used instead of . See Standard German phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Georgian
|დგას/dgas
|[dəɡas]
|1st person singular 'to stand'
|Phonetically inserted to break up consonant clusters. See Georgian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Kashmiri
|
|
|'how many'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | Kensiu || colspan="2" align="center" |  || 'to be bald' || Contrasts with a rhotacized close-mid .
|-
| colspan="2" | Khmer
|
|
| 'to transport'
| See Khmer phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kurdish
|Sorani (Central)
| rowspan="2" |/şew
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |'night'
| rowspan="2" |See Kurdish phonology
|-
|Palewani (Southern)
|-
| colspan="2" | Luxembourgish ||  ||  || 'thin' || More often realized as slightly rounded . See Luxembourgish phonology
|-
| rowspan="5" |Malay
|Standard Indonesian
|lelah
|[lə.lah]
|'tired'
| rowspan="2" |See Malay phonology
|-
|Standard Malaysian
|pengadil
|[pə.ŋä.dɪl]
|'referee'
|-
|Johor-Riau
| rowspan="2" |apa
| rowspan="2" |[ä.pə]
| rowspan="2" |'what'
|Common realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Malay phonology
|-
|Terengganu
|Common realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Terengganu Malay
|-
|Jakartan dialect
|datang
|[da.təŋ]
|'to come'
|Usually occurs around Jakarta. If the letter /a/ is located in the last syllable between consonants, the sound changes from [a] to [ə]. For the dialects in Sumatra in which the /a/ letter ([a]) in the last syllable changes to an [ə] sound, see Malay phonology.
|-
|Moksha
|
|търва
|[tərvaˑ]
|'lip'
|See Moksha phonology
|-
| Norwegian || Many dialects ||  ||  || 'the strongest' || Occurs only in unstressed syllables. The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Some dialects (e.g. Trondheimsk) lack this sound. See Norwegian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Plautdietsch ||  ||  || 'means' || The example word is from the Canadian Old Colony variety, in which the vowel is somewhat fronted .
|-
|Portuguese
|Brazilian
|maçã
|
|'apple'
|Possible realization of final stressed /ɐ̃/. Also can be open-mid .
|-
| colspan="2" | Romanian ||  ||  || 'hairy' || See Romanian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian ||  ||  || 'garden' ||  is a possible phonetic realization of the syllabic trill  when it occurs between consonants. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
|-
| Swedish || Southern ||  ||  || 'mitten' || Corresponds to a slightly retracted front vowel  in Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology
|-
|colspan="2"| Tyap ||  ||  || 'ɡood' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |Welsh
|mynydd
|[mənɪð]
|'mountain'
|See Welsh phonology
|}

Mid central rounded vowel

Languages may have a mid central rounded vowel''' (a rounded ), distinct from both the close-mid and open-mid vowels. However, since no language is known to distinguish all three, there is no separate IPA symbol for the mid vowel, and the symbol  for the close-mid central rounded vowel is generally used instead. If precision is desired, the lowering diacritic can be used: . This vowel can also be represented by adding the more rounded diacritic to the schwa symbol, or by combining the raising diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol, although it is rare to use such symbols.

Features

Occurrence

See also
 Schwa

Notes

References

  A summary of the presentation can be found here.

External links

Mid vowels
Central vowels

Mid central vowel


Aceasta este o listă de companii producătoare de încălțăminte din România:

 Antilopa (companie)

 Banatim
 Bihore

 Clujana

 Flaros

 Guban

 Musette

 Rekord

 Rieker România, Raffaello shoes factory

Companii străine
 Ara AG

Note

Încălțăminte

Listă de companii producătoare de încălțăminte din România


Albacon es una convención de ciencia ficción realizada cada otoño en Albany, la capital del Estado de Nueva York (también llamada Distrito Capital). Esta reunión es una de las más grandes "Con" realizadas al norte de dicho estado, y es organizado por el Latham-Albany-Schenectady-Troy Science Fiction Association (LASTSFA), un grupo de fandom de ciencia ficción local.

Lista de Albacons

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web de Albacon
 Sitio web de LASTSFA

Convenciones de ciencia ficción en Estados Unidos

Albacon


Johann Hertze († 18. August 1510 in Lübeck) war ein Bürgermeister der Hansestadt Lübeck.

Hertze war der Sohn des Lübecker Protonotars und späteren Ratsherrn Johann Hertze († 1476). Er wurde 1484 in den Rat der Stadt erwählt und dort im Jahr 1498 zu einem der Lübecker Bürgermeister bestimmt. Im Jahr 1503 saß er dem Wendischen Städtetag vor. Ebenfalls im Jahr 1503 verhandelte er mit weiteren Lübecker Ratsherren wie dem Kämmereiherren Johann Kerkring († 1516) in Segeberg mit König Hans von Dänemark über die Frage der Verletzung von Privilegien der Hanse seitens Dänemark und die damit verbundene Schädigung der Interessen von Kapitalanlegern und Kaufleuten aus Lübeck in Dänemark.

Hertze war der Schwiegersohn des Lübecker Ratsherrn Bernhard Darsow und bewohnte das über seine Frau ererbte Haus Darsows in der Schildstraße 10. Seit dem Jahr 1479 war er Mitglied der einflussreichen Zirkelgesellschaft.

Literatur
 Georg Wilhelm Dittmer: Genealogische und biographische Nachrichten über Lübeckische Familien aus älterer Zeit, Lübeck 1859, S. 43
 Emil Ferdinand Fehling: Lübeckische Ratslinie, Lübeck 1925, Nr. 571

Bürgermeister (Lübeck)
Lübecker Ratsherr (15. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Zirkelgesellschaft
Deutscher
Geboren im 15. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1510
Mann

Johann Hertze († 1510)


يتكون علم مالي  من ثلاثة ألوان وهي الأخضر والأصفر والأحمر واعتمد هذا العلم في 1 مارس من سنة 1961.

معنى الوان العلم
    الأخضر: يرمز إلى ثروة المحاصيل الزراعية في مالي.
    الأصفر: يرمز إلى ثروة الرواسب المعدنية.
    الأحمر: يرمز إلى الدماء التي سالت من اجل استقلال البلاد.

التاريخ
أُعتمد العلم الحالي في 1 مارس 1961. بينما أعتمد العلم الأصلي في 4 أبريل 1959، عندما اتحدت مالي مع السنغال تحت اسم اتحاد مالي. كان هذا العلم هو نفسه، باستثناء صورة لقناع كاناقا . وقد تم إزالته بسبب المعارضة، في بلد 90% من سكانه مسلمون (95% سنة 5% شيعة) من الأصوليين الإسلاميين (انظر التصوير في الإسلام).

الألوان

مراجع

أعلام اخترعت في 1961
مالي
أعلام مالي
أعلام وطنية
رموز مالي الوطنية
علم

علم مالي


McBurney's point is the name given to the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel). This is near the most common location of the appendix.

Location
McBurney's point is located one third of the distance from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel). This point roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix, where it is attached to the cecum.

Appendicitis
Deep tenderness at McBurney's point, known as McBurney's sign, is a sign of acute appendicitis. The clinical sign of referred pain in the epigastrium when pressure is applied is also known as Aaron's sign. Specific localization of tenderness to McBurney's point indicates that inflammation is no longer limited to the lumen of the bowel (which localizes pain poorly), and is irritating the lining of the peritoneum at the place where the peritoneum comes into contact with the appendix. Tenderness at McBurney's point suggests the evolution of acute appendicitis to a later stage, and thus, the increased likelihood of rupture. Other abdominal processes can also sometimes cause tenderness at McBurney's point. Thus, this sign is highly useful but neither necessary nor sufficient to make a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The anatomical position of the appendix is highly variable (for example in retrocaecal appendix, an appendix behind the caecum), which also limits the use of this sign, as many cases of appendicitis do not cause point tenderness at McBurney's point. For most open appendectomies (as opposed to laparoscopic appendectomies), the incision is made at McBurney's point.

Pseudoaneurysm
A pseudoaneurysm in the aorta may be treated surgically, with an incision made between McBurney's point and the lower intercostal spaces.

Peritoneal dialysis
McBurney's point may be a useful site for insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter.

History
McBurney's point is named after American surgeon Charles McBurney (1845–1913). McBurney himself did not locate his point in a precise way in his original article.

References

Bibliography

External links

Medical signs

McBurney's point


Das Dameneinzel der French Open 1985 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Paris.

Titelverteidigerin war Martina Navratilova. Das Finale bestritten Chris Evert-Lloyd und Martina Navrátilová, das Evert-Lloyd in drei Sätzen gewann.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Viertelfinale, Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Obere Hälfte 3

Obere Hälfte 4

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte 3

Untere Hälfte 4

Weblinks

Dameneinzel
1985

French Open 1985/Dameneinzel


අධ්‍යයන පුස්තකාලය උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනයකට අනුයුක්ත කර ඇති පුස්තකාලයක් වන අතර ඒ යටතේ අනුපූරක අරමුණු ලෙස පාසලේ විෂය මාලාව සඳහා සහය වීම සඳහා සහ විශ්වවිද්යාල පීඨ සිසුන් හා පර්යේෂණ සහාය සඳහා යොදා ගැනේ.

පුස්තකාල වර්ග

අධ්‍යයන පුස්තකාලය


Basque music refers to the music made in the Basque Country, reflecting traits related to its society/tradition, and devised by people from that territory. While traditionally more closely associated to rural based and Basque language music, the growing diversification of its production during the last decades has tipped the scale in favour of a broad definition.

Traditional music

Basque traditional music is a product of the region's historic development and strategic geographical position on the Atlantic arch at a crossroads between mountains (Cantabrian mountain range, Pyrenees) and plains (Ebro basin), ocean and inland, European continent and Iberian Peninsula. Its culture and music has thus been exposed to a wide number of influences throughout history, ranging from British and northern European to Mediterranean to Arabic. For example, traditional overseas commerce with England, or international pilgrimage on the Way of St James added greatly to leave an imprint in both instruments and tunes.

Instruments
Folk instruments widespread in Europe ceased to be used in some places at some point of history and only remained in specific areas, where they took hold and adopted features and a character associated with the region, e.g. the three-hole pipe or tabor pipe in widespread use in Europe ultimately resulted in two specific instruments in the Basque Country: the txistu and the xirula. Accordingly, different instruments may have evolved out of one, such as Navarrese dulzaina and Souletin txanbela, with slight differences between them.

Most instruments adopted in rural and folk circles do not go back more than six centuries, with some having been introduced as late as the 19th century, such as the trikitixa, or the txistu, shaped in its present-day form during that period, despite the fact that it resulted from a long evolution. Most Basque instruments originated outside the Basque Country and became popular in the territory at some stage, but the txalaparta is not one of them.

Some traditional Basque instruments are the following:
Alboka, a difficult double clarinet played in a circular breathing technique similar to that used for the Sardinian launeddas.
Txalaparta, a wooden xylophone-like percussion instrument for two players.
Kirikoketa, a wooden percussion device akin to the txalaparta associated with the cider making process.
Toberak, a percussion instrument made of horizontal metal bars.
Txistu, a local pipe.
Drum, called danbolin, and usually accompanying the txistu.
Atabal, a double sided, portable flat drum played together with aerophones.
Xirula, a three-hole flute, shorter and more high-pitched than txistu.
Ttun-ttun, a vertical stringed drum played usually together with the xirula.
Trikitixa or eskusoinua, a lively diatonic button accordion.
Tambourine, usually played together with the trikitixa.
Dulzaina, a Navarre-based pipe belonging to the shawm family.
Blowing horn, an instrument made of ox horn.

Singing tradition

A collective soul

The Basque people are especially given to singing. Basque language has stuck to the oral tradition stronger than Romance languages, and its literature was first recorded in writing in the 16th century. There are ballads dating from the 15th century that have been passed from parents to children by word of mouth, e.g. Ozaze Jaurgainian from Soule, which relates events six centuries ago and has come down to us in different versions (the best known was popularized by Benito Lertxundi), or Alostorrea, from Biscay. These ballads were crafted and spread by minstrels or bertsolaris, were kept in popular memory, and were transmitted in the so-called kopla zaharrak, sets of poems with a characteristic rhythmic pattern that could be sung: this is similar to traditional practices elsewhere in Europe. So, for example, the first work of literature in Basque Linguæ Vasconum Primitiæ (1545) by Bernard Etxepare shows long verses that, while deceptively fashioned in metres resembling those used in Romance poetry, follow an internal rhythmic pattern similar to a kopla, so they can be popularly sung. Even today, it is not unusual to see groups of people marching around a town at some local festival singing and asking the neighbours for a food, drink or money donation, while the most famous celebrations following this pattern across the whole Basque Country may be those taking place on Christmas Eve (Olentzero) and the Saint Agatha's Eve, with singers dressing up in traditional costumes.

It follows that traditional singing is closely related to bertsolaris, improvising bards, who even nowadays hold an important status in Basque culture. They voice the people's concerns by means of a formal tradition coming from the people (tunes, linguistic devices), and act as their spokespersons. A considerable corpus of traditional songs was gathered by Resurrección María de Azkue and Aita Donostia, two religious scholars interested in Basque folk culture, at the turn of the 20th century; and also later on, in Cancionero popular vasco (1918) and Euskal Eres-Sorta. Cancionero Vasco (1922), to mention but a few works.

In the present day, the band Hiru Truku (comprising the celebrated musicians Joseba Tapia, Ruper Ordorika and Bixente Martinez) has chosen several ancient songs from all over the Basque Country, updated the music brilliantly and released them in a number of albums. Another current long-standing and renowned group who elaborate on traditional songs is Oskorri: The band set about singing traditional songs in public performances previously handing out to the audience a repertoire bill including the lyrics and encouraging them to sing along. The band has launched a couple of albums of this kind so far and performed on various tours to public acclaim, becoming especially popular with middle-aged parents.

A key figure bridging the old singing tradition of Soule and the folk song revival of the 20th century is Pierre Bordazaharre (1907–1979), aka Etxahun Iruri. A xirula player and singer, he collected old songs and fashioned new ones, which eventually caught on and spread, take for instance, Agur Xiberoa. He also contributed to new pastoral plays in the tradition of Soule, reshaping the pastoral and adding new topics.

There is also a tradition of choral music all over the Basque Country. Church choirs were set up in some towns to meet the religious musical needs. Yet at the turn of the 20th century some ensembles became established outside the ecclesiastical context, e.g. the Sociedad Coral de Bilbao (founded in 1886), Orfeón Donostiarra (founded in 1897) or the Coral Santa Cecilia from Donostia (founded in 1928). Later on, other ensembles were formed, such as Oldarra Abesbatza from Biarritz (founded in 1947), made up of men and sometimes putting on performances as an ochote (see below), or the reputed Coral Andra Mari from Errenteria, established in 1966, featuring Basque folk music and Aita Donostia's several scores. Nowadays many minor choral ensembles, largely offering the Basque folk repertoire, dot the Basque territory. In Bayonne and Donostia a cheerful informal initiative has grown popular with amateurs in the late noughties, who meet once a month and go bar hopping around the streets of the respective Old Quarters while singing traditional songs.

Another Basque choral phenomenon is represented by the so-called ochotes, which became popular in the 1930s in the Bilbao region: Eight men with deep voices, with a marked taste for local and folk subjects, singing in Spanish and Basque. This may stem from summer ecclesiastic seminaries and they thrived on the warm atmosphere of the bars after the work shift was over. Eventually a branch of this genre evolved out into bilbainadas (up to the 1960s, nowadays much in decay).

Classical soloists
Awash in the same singing tradition, but shifting towards the refined European trends prevailing in the higher levels of society, certain Basques became renowned as individual singers. Some soloists worth highlighting include:
Pierre-Jean Garat (1764-1823): An early soloist thriving on the heat of Labourd's Enlightenment.
Julián Gayarre (1844-1890): A Navarrese tenor from Roncal with an outstanding tenor voice.

Composers

The Basque Country has been home to various notable composers, writing mainly in the 20th century. Much in step with the artistic trends of the first half of the century (painting,...), some of them developed a liking for Basque customs, manners and subjects.
 Juan de Anchieta (1462–1523): Composer of the Renaissance hailing from the area of Azpeitia.
 Santiago de Herdoiza (Durango, c. 1700)
 Juan Crisostomo Arriaga (Bilbao, 1806 – Paris, 1826)
 Jose Maria Usandizaga (Donostia/San Sebastian, 1887–1915): He is considered along with J. Guridi the father of Basque opera. He drew up orchestral and chamber pieces, like the celebrated Cuarteto de cuerda en Sol, Op. 31, shifting to elaborate zarzuela as well as opera works at the end of his life (Mendi-Mendiyan, 1910: Las Golondrinas, 1914). He had his increasingly successful career cut short by an early death.
 Jesús Guridi (Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1881 – Madrid, 1961): Himself a friend of Usandizaga, whom he met in Paris while attending the Schola Cantorum, he was appointed manager of Bilbao's Sociedad Coral choir in 1912. Influenced by Wagner and musicians of the Late Romanticism, he found inspiration and phrases for his compositions in Basque folklore. His rich musical education enabled him to deal with different types of music, e.g. zarzuela, opera, compositions for choir as well as religious pieces for organ. Some acclaimed works include El caserío (1926), Diez melodías vascas (1940), La meiga (1929), Seis canciones castellanas (1939) and Sinfonía pirenaica (1945).
 Nemesio Otaño (Azkoitia, 1880 – San Sebastian, 1956 ): Composer, organist and musicologist. One of the most important figures in 20th century Spanish music history. Director of the Royal Conservatory of Madrid between 1939 and 1956. Among his most known works is 'Saint Ignatius March' ('Marcha de San Ignacio'), the patron saint of Biscay and Gipuzkoa. In 1894, he studied in the Colegio Preceptoría of Baliarrain, in which he composed two of his first litanies and a zortziko for piano; he was then only fourteen years old, but already played the organ in the school parish. In 1896 he joined the Society of Jesus and began his ecclesiastical studies along with the music classes. In 1911, he founded the Schola Cantorum at Comillas: His performances in plainsong and polyphony were highly influential. His works range from popular sacred songs (e.g. Estrella hermosa, Anima Christi, Baldako) to large-scale choral pieces.
 Pablo Sorozábal (Donostia/San Sebastian, 1897 – Madrid, 1988)
 Maurice Ravel (Ziburu, 1875 – Paris, 1937): Basque French composer and arranger
 Carmelo Bernaola (Otxandio, 1929 – Madrid, 2002)
 Francisco Escudero (Donostia/San Sebastian, 1912–2002), composer of Zigor and Gernika), operas with Basque librettos
 Sebastian Iradier (Lanciego, 1809 – Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1865)
 Javier Bello-Portu (Tolosa, 1920- San Sebastian, 2004)

Basque musical revival

Postwar desolation and first sprouts
In the wake of the Civil War (1936–1937 in the Basque territory), headway made in the Basque culture in the pre-war period ground to a halt: Fear grew amidst harsh repression, famine became an overriding concern, and former cultural figures died or ran for their lives to exile. As an individual singing figure of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Luis Mariano and his powerful tenor voice should be highlighted. Born in Irun and moving in his 20s to Bordeaux, he jumped onto the Spanish and international scene with light-hearted songs in Spanish and French (and, occasionally, in Basque).

After the hardest postwar years, the younger generation set about putting together duos and small musical groups in Gipuzkoa and Biscay, who gradually began singing original tunes in Basque. Notable bands from the 1960s include Urretxindorrak, Enarak, Soroak and Estitxu (female singer born to fleeing parents near Bayonne). These new bands sought to take advantage of the regime's increasing liberalization, despite the fact that major obstacles that still hindered cultural activity associated with anything Basque. Cultural and political awareness, social rebelliousness and an urge for action emerged in the following generations, resulting in a new left-leaning Basque nationalist movement.

Music as identity assertion
Some people from the southern Basque Country fled the territory to the French Northern Basque Country and seeking shelter. They left their imprint in the traditional Basque society of the Northern Basque Country, contributing to the rise of cultural and political awareness. In this category falls Mixel Labeguerie, who worked and lived in Kanbo, its mayor for more than a decade (1965–1980), Councillor General of the department and a founder of Basque nationalist movement Embata (he walked out later). He had a musical education, soaked up the new European musical trends, e.g. Brassens, folk music from England and France, and released an album in 1961 with songs that struck a chord, such as Gu gira Euskadiko, Primaderako liliak, etc. He was to have influence on the new artistic Basque artist collective "Ez dok amairu" put together in 1965, largely made up of folk singer-songwriters concerned with Basque culture: Benito Lertxundi, Mikel Laboa (popular song "Txoriak txori"), Xabier Lete, Lourdes Iriondo, etc.

Lourdes Iriondo took up singing accompanied on a guitar for the first time in Basque music, a fact that came in for much criticism on the grounds that the instrument was alien to the native culture. "Ez Dok Amairu" broke up in 1972 and its members took up separate paths that eventually confirmed some of them as acclaimed and key folk Basque singers up to the 2000s. Along the lines of singer-songwriter style, Guk, Larralde eta Etxamendi or the beloved duo Pantxoa eta Peio provide the musical background for the 1970s period of struggle, repression and turmoil across the Northern Basque Country. Especially in the provinces of Álava and Navarre, Enrike Zelaia (Altsasu) and Gorka Knörr struck a chord with a more folkloric and nuanced approach.

A shift towards urban music
Meanwhile, new and more urban style musical ensembles and bands sprang up in the 1970s, performing first to other's songs of the time at summer local festivals. They gradually developed their own repertoire fashioned in line with the Basque revival and activism (special focus on the lyrics) and ongoing Western musical trends, e.g. folk (Gwendal for one), progressive rock (Pink Floyd,...). As regards choral bands, Mocedades from Bilbao should be highlighted, founded in 1967 initially by Amaya Uranga and two sisters of her. They soon gained public notability by ranking second at the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest.

In the same city, the prolific band Oskorri (see above) got together featuring folk music, launching first album in 1976, where they paid homage to poet Gabriel Aresti, while in the Northern Basque Country Michel Ducau and Anje Duhalde teamed up and put together the first Basque rock band, the celebrated and politically committed Errobi, releasing album Errobi (1975) to critic and public acclaim, Bizi bizian ensued, probably its best, with the record company CBS considering signing up a contract with them. The group disbanded (not definitely) at the top of their popularity (1979); the split came to be regarded as a "suicide".

Beginning in the mid-60s, Imanol Larzabal led a solo career as a singer/songwriter, featuring a deep voice as well as a socially committed and poetic subjects, with the collaboration of domestic and foreign poets and singers. He went through a short period in prison and came back from exile in 1977. Friend of his and son of emigrant Souletin parents, Niko Etxart came back to the Basque Country from Paris with brand-new ideas about music in 1972, so turning into a forerunner of Basque rock music (Euskal Rock&Roll in 1973, released in 1979) alongside Errobi, while especially in the traditional Northern Basque Country some lashed out at his looks, manners and music. He alternately performed onstage in verbenas (dancing music in local festivals) with the band Minxoriak up to 1994.

In the area of Mutriku, Itoiz, a milestone in Basque folk-pop music, was formed in 1978, with Juan Carlos Perez as its lead vocalist and front-man, releasing that very year the critically acclaimed album Itoiz, which contained such poignant tracks as Hilzori, Lau teilatu etc. Akin ensemble Haizea delivered a couple of good albums during this period.

The rise of Basque punk music

Up to that point, Basque music bands from the Southern Basque Country resorted to labels from Spain to record and release their works. Yet at the end of the 1970s and notably in the early 1980s, new regional publishers arose (Xoxoa, Soñua...), providing a springboard for small bands that previously found it difficult to see their works come to light.

At the same time, a whole network of youth squats, the gaztetxes, sprang up all over the Basque Country, so furnishing small bands with premises to rehearse and a venue to stage concerts. For the first time, a younger disaffected and unruly generation stemming from urban sprawls and towns could find an outlet to voice its protest along the lines of a punk outlook ("do it yourself"), but could not avoid being badly shaken by drugs. 1984 saw the surge of Basque punk rock, or Basque Radical Rock (Rock Radical Vasco in Spanish).

Some popular bands jumping onto the rock scene were Zarama and Eskorbuto from Santurtzi, hard rock band Barricada and whimsical Tijuana in Blue from Pamplona, La Polla Records from Agurain, Kortatu and Baldin Bada from Irun, Hertzainak, Cicatriz and Potato from Vitoria-Gasteiz, Jotakie, RIP, Naste Borraste, MCD, BAP, Zer Bizio, Delirium Tremens, etc. Most of the times Spanish language was used, sometimes Basque, while other times bands were bilingual.

This new musical trend clashed with the previous singer-songwriter tradition (generation gap), with both linking to different degrees to the leftist and Basque nationalist movement. Meanwhile, Itoiz kept its low-profile musical path switching to pop in the accomplished album Musikaz blai (three more LP albums followed), featuring internationally acclaimed songs like To Alice, As Noites da Radio Lisboa or the catchy Marea gora.

Other bands of the late 1980s stack to a different path, gentle and even naïve, using Spanish-language lyrics and combining Spanish and international pop trends, take for instance, Duncan Dhu (with leading figure Mikel Erentxun), 21 Japonesas or Sanchis y Jocano, bands from the area of Donostia. Duncan Dhu especially attained big levels of popularity on the Spanish and international pop scene, giving rise to a tradition in ensuing years that was to be called "Donosti Sound" (Le Mans, La Oreja de Van Gogh,...).

Current popular music

New trends
In 1990, Basque-language public radio station Euskadi Gaztea was born, intending to target the youth in a young, dynamic and informal manner, besides adding information, dealing with subjects Basque young people may be interested in and encouraging Basque groups. Basque music definitely opened its mind to trends all over the world.

The flagship Basque rock band Kortatu broke up in 1988 (live album Azken guda dantza), and soon after brothers Muguruza put together project Negu Gorriak. They showed a different outlook compared to previous band Kortatu: The new band sang entirely in Basque, their approach showed an open mind, while sticking to the Muguruzas' signature protest song, as showed in their acclaimed video clip Radio Rahim, that conjures up American hip-hop manners. Punk fell much in decay, while reggae as well as hardcore took over, e.g. Anestesia, Etsaiak, Sociedad Alkoholika, Su Ta Gar (heavy), etc. M-ak launched its best album Barkatu ama to critical acclaim, featuring styles ranging from hardcore to gentle tracks.

Folk and triki pop music
Early in the 1990s, younger generations took up folk again, finding a public that was eager to listen to milder tunes in Basque, e.g. Sorotan Bele, Mikel Markez, etc. Trikitixa schools finally bore fruit in the 1990s: The novelties brought about by the duo Tapia eta Leturia and Kepa Junkera confirmed them as compelling folk references in the Basque Country and even abroad. Novel trikitixa duos tried new ways that caught on, sometimes setting up bands including bass guitar and drums besides the set pair of diatonic button accordion and tambourine (triki pop), e.g. Maixa eta Ixiar, Alaitz eta Maider, Gozategi. They usually offered a cheerful repertoire, with Gozategi's song Nirekin ("Emoixtaxux muxutxuek...") hitting the summer charts in 2000 beyond language boundaries.

Specialization and diversification
Rock band Hertzainak disbanded in 1993, while its members followed their own projects. Hertzainak frontman and controversial singer Gari started up a solo and very personal career with some accomplished songs that has established him as a compelling reference in Basque music, while Josu Zabala collaborated with other singers and a bertsolari group project, i.e. the original brass band Karidadeko Benta (first album 2003). Power pop band Urtz, formed in 1988, dealt with personal stories that slightly differed from the still prevailing protest topics and harsh language of the late 1980s, besides featuring an unprecedented chorus line that delivered some charming, upbeat and catchy songs. The band broke up in the early 2000s, but staged a comeback in 2013.

In step with the hardcore punk tradition, the band Berri Txarrak from Lekunberri got together in 1994, releasing various albums and touring on Europe, where they come in for good reviews and gradually get a reputation that earned them performances and collaborations with important figures of indie rock all over the world. In August 2017, the band announced the recording of its ninth album at The Blasting Room studio in Colorado.

The band PiLT (Mungia), who showed a taste for metal and hard sounds (Clawfinger, Soundgarden), jumped into spotlight in 1995 after winning the bootleg contest "Gaztea Sariak" granted by radio station Euskadi Gaztea, while the definite hit came in 1996 with single Hil da jainkoa, earning them widespread recognition. Likewise heavy metal band Latzen came to public prominence after winning with the popular ballad Laztana the 1997 edition of the "Gaztea Sariak".

The bands Skalariak (1994) and Betagarri (1992) took over the ska tradition, offering boogie inciting and swinging live concerts. In step with other multicultural experiences, such as Fermin Muguruza from Negu Gorriak or festive Joxe Ripiau to highlight but a few, in 2003 members of Etsaiak put together Pin pan pun band, a band with good connections in Latin America, releasing in 2005 the DVD Kuba-Mexiko Rock Tour 04, which bore witness to their experience and live powerful concerts. Etsaiak got together again in 2008 (launched album Apurtu arte). In the French Basque Country, the festive band Sustraia attained great popularity after 15 years on the road, while the sudden death of charismatic frontman Patrick Mixelena in January 2009, a.k.a. Mixu, made the group's future uncertain.

Doctor Deseo was set up in Bilbao in 1986, releasing thereafter various albums during a period that spans more than 20 years. They deal with everyday and personal subjects in a rather poetic manner. Fito y los Fitipaldis (Bilbao) was formed in 1998 by Platero y Tú's frontman Fito Cabrales, comprising a variety of styles ranging soul, blues, swing, flamenco, tex-mex or Hawaiian guitars. The project kicked off with A puerta cerrada (40,000 albums sold so far) and grew steadily in popularity, one of the latest hit song being Rojitas las orejas.

In Donostia, youths from university gathered together in the mid-90s to rehearse. Yet they were in need of a singer for the band, so they fixed up a casting meeting with Amaia Montero that resulted in the creation of La Oreja de Van Gogh, who after launching album Dile al sol took off boosted by Amaia's mighty voice and catchy soft tunes trimmed with beautiful arrangements. New hit songs and albums followed.

The band hailing from Zarautz Delorean does electronic&rock with enthralling and trance raising live performances since 2000. It went international setting out on tours abroad including the United States. The band cancelled its 2013 international tour while in Mexico after a strange kidnapping attempt. A consistent career and musical know-how have confirmed several bands as compelling references as of 2014: Gatibu (Gernika), We Are Standard (Getxo), Atom Rhumba (Bilbao), Ken 7 ('minus seven', Gernika), Berri Txarrak (Lekunberri), Capsula (Bilbao), to mention but a few.

Singer-songwriters and gentle music

The singer-songwriter approach that waned in the late 1980s shows presently a sound condition in the Basque scene, with some very outstanding figures, like poignant Anari, renowned for her intense, heartbreaking voice and songs, who is now taking off (live recording Anari Kafe Antzokian Zuzenean released in 2008). Other singer-songwriters include Petti, from Bera (Navarre), with four albums published up to 2008, or the bertsolari Mikel Urdangarin, featuring somewhat melancholic songs often accompanied on string and brass instruments.

Following the folk and singer-songwriter tradition, Jabier Muguruza (born 1960) took up a solo career in 1994 after quitting other projects (Les Mecaniciens,...). The veteran musician composes and performs personal, mild songs with strong broody and literary lyrics. Meanwhile, some renowned figures of Basque folk music have kept on performing and creating, e.g. Benito Lertxundi, or Oskorri (fresh album Banda band in 2007, about to celebrate the ensemble's 35 anniversary). The celebrated singer-songwriter Mikel Laboa, considered a father figure of modern Basque music, died in December 2008.

The ensemble Bidaia, i.e. the couple Mixel Ducau and Caroline Phillips, offers gentle and elaborate folk music, while percussionist Benat Achiary (born 1947) provides an experimental approach, often featuring improvised passages in his performances (several albums released in the 1990s). Amaia Zubiria (born 1947 in Zubieta -Gipuzkoa-), who has occasionally collaborated with him, holds a long and prolific career in the Basque song panorama: She came to the spotlight with progressive-folk group Haizea, having published some solo albums since and featuring a very pure mezzo-soprano voice. Her latest work is the album Nabil (2008).

Samples
A footage of Saint Agatha's Eve

References

Further reading

External links
Basque Music and Art (Buber's Basque Page)

Badok, information on Basque music run by the daily newspaper Berria

Music of French subdivisions
Music of Spain by autonomous community
Basque

Basque music


Jon Hall ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Jon Hall (Schauspieler) (1915–1979), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler
 Jon Hall (Informatiker) (* 1950), US-amerikanischer Informatiker
 Jon Hall (Rugbyspieler) (* 1962), englischer Rugby-Union-Spieler

Siehe auch:
 John Hall

Jon Hall


Kampenlinjen var en del af Oslos sporveje, der betjente kvarteret Kampen i det østlige Oslo.

Kampenlinjen blev oprettet af Kristiania Sporveisselskab i 1900 som en sidelinje til Gamlebylinjen fra Grønland ad Motzfeldts gate, Tøyengata og Hagegata til Brinken. Strækningen var enkeltsporet indtil 1921.

I 1957 fik Gamlebylinjen en ny strækning ad Schweigaards gate som et hurtigere alternativ til den gamle strækning ad Grønland. Denne blev imidlertid nedlagt i 1960 ligesom Kampenlinjen. Strækningen betjenes nu af buslinie 60.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Trikkens historie, Sporveien Trikken.

Oslos sporveje
Etableret i 1900
Ophørt i 1960

Kampenlinjen