Coaliția pentru Familie este o asociație fără statut juridic, neafiliată confesional sau politic, la care au aderat 44 de organizații neguvernamentale, fundații și asociații și patru federații românești care militează pentru promovarea valorilor familiei tradiționale.

Obiectivele declarate ale Coaliției sunt definirea familiei, în legislație și în Constituție, ca instituția fundamentală pentru societate întemeiată pe căsătoria liber consimțită între un bărbat și o femeie și pe raporturile juridice părinte-copil, informarea populației tinere cu privire la importanța căsătoriei și familiei astfel întemeiate, sprijinirea familiei din punct de vedere social, cultural și legislativ și respectarea ei ca instituție, nerecunoașterea formelor alternative de conviețuire precum concubinajul, creșterea și educarea copilului într-un mediu familial complet și stabil, cu o mamă și un tată.

Printre susținători se numără personalități influente în societatea românească: soprana Felicia Filip și soțul acesteia, Cristian Mihăilescu, solist la Opera Națională din București, medicul Leon Dănăilă și alții.

Obiective
Obiectivele declarate ale Coaliției sunt:
 menținerea definirii familiei, în legislație și în Constituție, ca instituția fundamentală pentru societate întemeiată pe căsătoria liber consimțită între un bărbat și o femeie și pe raporturile juridice părinte-copil și clarificarea Constituției în acest sens;
 informarea populației tinere cu privire la importanța, unicitatea și beneficiile căsătoriei și familiei astfel întemeiate;
 sprijinirea familiei din punct de vedere social, cultural și legislativ și respectarea ei ca instituție de care depinde bunăstarea individuală și a întregii societăți;
 nerecunoașterea formelor alternative de conviețuire precum concubinajul care descurajează cuplurile să se mai căsătorească;
 politicile publice și legislația să aibă ca prioritate creșterea și educarea copilului într-un mediu familial complet și stabil, cu o mamă și un tată.

Susținători
Printre susținători se numără personalități influente în societatea românească:

 Felix Tătaru, președinte GMP Advertising, președinte IAA România;
 Felicia Filip, soprană;
 Cristian Mihăilescu, tenor și regizor, solist la Opera Națională București;
 Leon Dănăilă, profesor doctor, specialist în neurochirurgie;
 Pavel Chirilă, medic, profesor universitar, specialist în bioetică;
 Gheorghiță Geană, cercetător la Institutul de Antropologie al Academiei Române și profesor la Universitatea din București;
 Matei Damian, arhitect diplomat al Universității din Karlsruhe;
 Nicolae-Șerban Tanașoca, doctor în filologie, director al Institutului de Studii Sud-Est Europene al Academiei Române;
 Octav Bjoza, președintele Asociației Foștilor Deținuți Politici din România;
 Mihai Covaliu, campion olimpic și mondial la sabie, președinte al Federației Române de Scrimă;
 Silvia Radu, sculptoriță și pictoriță;
 Sorin Lavric, scriitor și doctor în filosofie;
 Vlad Miriță, cântăreț, tenor la Opera Națională București;
 Aureliu Surulescu, actor;
 Tudor Sișu, cântăreț de hip-hop;
 Cedry2k (Marius Stelian Crăciun), cântăreț de hip-hop;
 Dragonu AKA 47 (Dragoș Tudorache), cântăreț de hip-hop;
 Paul Grigoriu jr., muzician;
 George Ogăraru, fost fotbalist la Steaua București și Ajax Amsterdam.

Acțiuni
În 2013, cu ocazia discuțiilor în vederea revizuirii Constituției, Coaliția pentru Familie a militat pentru redefinirea conceptului de familie din articolul 48 printr-o formulare mai restrictivă. Ulterior, proiectul de lege de modificare a Constituției a fost respins la Curtea Constituțională. Tot în 2013, Coaliția pentru Familie a acuzat Ministerul Educației că încalcă legea pentru că permite și promovează sărbătorirea Halloween-ului în școlile românești.

În repetate rânduri, Coaliția s-a opus legalizării formelor alternative de conviețuire, precum concubinajul sau parteneriatului civil, considerând că nu are decât rolul de a diminua importanța familiei și de a face acceptabilă ideea căsătoriei cuplurilor homosexuale în ochii opiniei publice.

În 2016, Coaliția pentru Familie a strâns trei milioane de semnături în favoarea înlocuirii exprimării "soți" cu "un bărbat și o femeie" în articolul 48 privind familia din Constituția României. Imediat după depunerea celor trei milioane de semnături în Parlamentul României, o scrisoare deschisă de susținere a comunității LGBT semnată de 1.000 de personalități publice (printre care regizori, cântăreți, oameni din industria modei, artiști și intelectuali) a devenit o petiție online care în scurt timp a strâns peste 11.000 de semnături.  Biserica Ortodoxă Română și-a anunțat sprijinul oficial pentru inițiativă la mijlocul lunii ianuarie 2016. Organizația evanghelică Liberty Counsel și ONG-ul conservator Alliance Defending Freedom și-au exprimat public susținerea față de inițiativă și au prezentat Curții Constituționale note de informare în sprijinul unui referendum. Atât Liberty Counsel, cât și Alliance Defending Freedom sunt descrise de Southern Poverty Law Center ca grupuri de ură anti-LGBT. În iulie 2016, Curtea Constituțională a pronunțat o hotărâre unanimă prin care avizează pozitiv inițiativa cetățenească de revizuire a Constituției, în sensul în care aceasta respectă limitele revizuirii in privința drepturilor omului. Organizațiile care militează pentru drepturile LGBT, precum ACCEPT, MozaiQ și TRANSform, și-au exprimat nemulțumirea față de decizia CCR, susținând că aceasta ar putea duce "la o creștere a tensiunilor sociale și a infracțiunilor motivate de ură". Mai mult, 24 de ONG-uri românești, Amnesty International, Comisia Internațională a Juriștilor, ILGA-Europe și European Commission on Sexual Orientation Law au avertizat că inițiativa va duce la limitarea dreptului la nediscriminare și la viață privată și de familie al persoanelor LGBT. Inițiativa Coaliției s-a concretizat într-un referendum național pe 6 și 7 octombrie 2018. Acesta a fost invalidat din cauza prezenței scăzute la urne. Ulterior, Comitetul de inițiativă cetățenească pentru revizuirea art. 48 (1) din Constituția României a fost dizolvat. Eforturile Coaliției de a modifica Constituția au început în 2013, când Amnesty International a ajutat la anularea unui amendament similar. Cu toate acestea, a participat la o campanie de succes împotriva introducerii parteneriatelor civile.

Coaliția pentru Familie s-a opus în 2018 Strategiei Naționale de Educație Parentală. Ea propunea introducerea de cursuri de parenting pentru toți părinții care își înscriu copiii în școlile din România.

Controverse și critici
Coaliția se descrie ca o inițiativă civică independentă, neafiliată oricărei religii. Cu toate acestea, dintre cei 43 de membri listați, mulți împărtășesc opinii politice și religioase puternice. Asociația "Părinți pentru Ora de Religie" a desfășurat cu succes o campanie de introducere a religiei în curriculum-ul școlar și își are sediul în centrul social al Arhiepiscopiei Bucureștiului. Alte ONG-uri cu scop declarat religios – fie el ortodox sau catolic – includ: Asociația Familiilor Catolice "Vladimir Ghika", Asociația Studenților Creștini Ortodocși Români, Asociația Filantropică Medical-Creștină "Christiana", Fundația Creștină Părintele Arsenie Boca, Fundația Sfinții Martiri Brâncoveni, Asociația "Tineretul Ortodox Român", Asociația "Rost", Asociația "Lăcașuri Ortodoxe" și altele. De altfel, Consiliul Consultativ al Cultelor din România a menționat existența unor "organizații și asociații ale cultelor religioase" în cadrul Coaliției pentru Familie. Asociația PRO VITA București și Alianța Familiilor din România sunt alți doi membri notabili cu o puternică poziție antiavort, care favorizează și terapia de conversie, o practică controversată menită să "vindece" homosexualitatea, practică condamnată și interzisă de multe țări occidentale. În septembrie 2018, Asociația Pro Decizii Informate, membră a Coaliției pentru Familie, a tipărit și a distribuit mai multe pliante antivaccinare care conțin informații false despre vaccinare și folosesc abuziv siglele Ministerului Sănătății, Organizației Mondiale a Sănătății și UNICEF. Ministerul Sănătății s-a delimitat de această campanie, menționând că "autorii campaniei inițiate împotriva vaccinării utilizează fără aprobarea Ministerului Sănătății sau a partenerilor săi identitatea vizuală a campaniei precum însemnele oficiale ale instituțiilor partenere, iar materialele conțin informații false care pot induce în eroare părinții și pot pune în pericol sănătatea populației". Ulterior, Ministerul Sănătății a depus plângere penală împotriva celor care au folosit însemnele instituției pe pliante.

Revista pro-LGBT Vice a publicat un document intern al PRO VITA care prezintă agenda sa politică pentru România. În document, minoritățile sexuale sunt considerate "inferioare moral", iar divorțul, căsătoria între persoane de același sex, avortul (chiar și pentru cazurile de viol) și contracepția sunt privite ca niște concepte ce nu țin de viața privată a individului. Tot Vice precizează că PRO VITA urmărește să "impună principii morale autentice" bazate pe o "lege naturală dată de Dumnezeu" asupra societății în general, inclusiv tuturor celor care se opun opiniilor lor.

Organizațiile ACCEPT și MozaiQ au fost extrem de critice față de inițiativă și și-au manifestat îngrijorarea cu privire la unii membri ai Coaliției, precum Mihai Gheorghiu, președintele Comitetului de Inițiativă pentru modificarea articolului 48 din Constituția României. Ambasada SUA la București și-a manifestat îngrijorarea că protestul homofob de la Muzeul Țăranului Român ar fi fost organizat sau cel puțin tolerat de acesta în calitate de director adjunct al muzeului, întrucât acesta i-a însoțit pe protestatari și nu le-a descurajat acțiunile. Mihai Gheorghiu s-a declarat dezamăgit și indignat de reacția Ambasadei SUA, despre care a spus că a preluat și promovat "acuzațiile calomnioase ale activiștilor mișcării homosexuale, fără o minimă verificare". Asociația PRO VITA București este condusă de Bogdan Stanciu, cel care a manageriat și filiala românească a AlterMedia înainte de 2007, o rețea extremistă internațională fondată de rasistul american și fostul lider Ku Klux Klan, David Duke. Stanciu a fost membru al Noii Drepte între 2000 și 2005, o organizație naționalistă de extremă dreaptă, autoarea numeroaselor atacuri asupra marșurilor gay din București. Astăzi, Stanciu neagă orice legătură cu partidul. Stanciu este, de asemenea, fondatorul Eurosceptic, un blog anti-UE și anti-imigrație. ACCEPT afirmă că Stanciu are legături strânse cu Alexandr Dughin, un politolog rus cunoscut pentru viziunile sale fasciste. Peter Costea, fondatorul Alianței Familiilor din România, a fost unul dintre coordonatorii primei inițiative de modificare a Constituției pentru a defini căsătoria drept "uniunea dintre un bărbat și o femeie" în 2006. Așa cum afirmă site-ul său web, inițiativa a fost făcută "cu sprijinul personalităților religioase influente din România".

Note

Vezi și
 Căsătorii între persoane de același sex în România
 Drepturi LGBT în România

Legături externe

Asociații din România
Dreptul familiei

Coaliția pentru Familie


يعتبر بعض المؤرخين سُبُكْتِكِيْن مؤسس الدولة الغزنوية، وهو من عبيد ألب تكين والذي أسس الدولة الغزنوية.

وقد توفي ألب عندما بدأ بتنظيم جيش لغزو الهند، في 13 سبتمبر 963. وبعد وفاته حل مكانه ابنه أبو إسحاق إبراهيم وبفترة قصيرة فقد سيطرته على مدينة غزنة، وبمساعدة أمير السامانيين استطاع السيطرة على المدينة من جديد. وعندما توفي جاء بيلجا تكين خلفا له في 12 نوفمبر 966، وأعلن أنه مرتبط بالدولة السامانية. وبعد موت بيلجا تكين في عام 975 جاء بوري تكين وقد كان عبدا، وبسبب معارضة الناس له ورفضهم لحكمه أُنزل من على العرش في 20 إبريل 977، وحل محله سُبُكْتِكِيْن الذي تم اختياره من قبل القواد الأتراك. وعلى الرغم من تصرف سُبُكْتِكِيْن الظاهري بأنه تابع للسامانيين إلا أنه تم في عهده وضع حجر الأساس لدولة الغزنويين المستقلة. ولم يمر الكثير حتى انتشر النفوذ التركي باتجاه الشرق حتى وصل إلى زابلستان التي في أفغانستان. واتسعت الأراضي الغزنوية حتى شملت باختر وزمين دفر، وبلوشستان، وكوزدر. وقام أيضا بهزم رجاسي شاه الهند الذي كان سببا في عرقلة نشر الإسلام هناك، وتقدم على طول نهر كابل حتى وصل إلى بيشاور. وقد طلب أمير السامانيين العون من سُبُكْتِكِيْن في عام 994 عندما خرج أبو على السيجوري وفائق لمواجهته. وعندما قام سُبُكْتِكِيْن وابنه محمود الغزنوي بهزيمة المتمردين
والانتصار عليهم، أطلق أمير السامانيين لقب سيف الدولة على محمود الغزنوي، ومنحه قيادة الجيش. وقد توفي سُبُكْتِكِيْن الذي قام بتوسعة رقعة الدولة الغزنوية في أغسطس عام 997.

بعدما مات سُبُكْتِكِيْن وانتشر خبر وفاته، جاء إبنه الصغير إسماعيل إلى بلخ وأعلن نفسه حاكما للدولة الغزنوية وذلك لوصية والده.

نسبه وحياته قبل الحكم
تختلف الروايات في أصل سُبُكْتِكِيْن، انه تركي الاصل من تركستان، وقد وقع سُبُكْتِكِيْن في الأسر وحمل إلى بخارى فبيع إلى ألبتكين، وأبو سُبُكْتِكِيْن هو «جوقي» الذي لقب لبطولته «قرابجكم» وقد رتبت سلسلته على هذا النحو: سُبُكْتِكِيْن بن جوقي بن قرا

توسيعه لمملكته
وقد حسن ذكر سُبُكْتِكِيْن بين الناس وعظم شأنه وطمع الناس بالاستعانة به، وفي إحدى المرات جاءه أمير يدعى «طغان» وهو صاحب مدينة بُست، وقد أتى لكي يستغيث بسُبُكْتِكِيْن لأنى أميراً يعرف ب«بابي تور» قد هاجمه وحاربه حرباً شديدة وأخذ بُست منه، وقد أعطا طغان سُبُكْتِكِيْن مقابل ذلك مالاً منه وطاعة، فذهب سُبُكْتِكِيْن إلى بُست وخرج عليه بابي تور وتقاتلا قتالاً شديداً حتى هزم بابي تور واستعاد طغان الحكم، فلما استقر فيها وعاد ملكاً علبها طالبه سُبُكْتِكِيْن بما وعده به، فأخذ طغان يجادل ويماطل ثم أخذ سيفاً وضرب يد سُبُكْتِكِيْن فجرحها، فأخذ سُبُكْتِكِيْن سيفاً وضربه فجرحه وفصل العسكر بينهما، وعلى إثر ذلك قامت حربٌ بينهما وفاز سُبُكْتِكِيْن واستولى على مدينة بُست.

بعد استيلاءه على مدينة بُست ذهب إلى مدينة قُصْدار، وأخذها ثم أعاد لواليها حكمه ولكنه فرض عليه مالاً يدفعه إليه كل سنة. بعد ذلك بدأ يغزو سُبُكْتِكِيْن قلاع الهند الواحدة تلو الأخر، ولما رأى «جيبال» ملك الهند ما أصابه غضب غضباً شديداً وحشد الكثير من الفيلة، وذهب إلى دولة سبكتيكين فخرج سُبُكْتِكِيْن من غزنة واتجه إليه ومعه جيشه والكثير من المتطوعين، واستمرت المعركة أياماً عديدة، وكان بالقرب من ميدان المعركة مكان فيه عين ماء، إذا ألقي فيها نجاسة تظل الماء تبرق بالبرق والرعد وتمطر حتى تطهر عين الماء من النجاسة، فأمر سُبُكْتِكِيْن بإلقاء نجاسةٍ فيها فجاء الغيم والرعد والبرق، وتوالت الصواعق والأمطار فوق رؤوس الهنود واشتد البرد حتى هلكوا واستسلموا.

أرسل ملك الهند إلى سُبُكْتِكِيْن الرسل يطلب الصلح وترددت الرسل على سُبُكْتِكِيْن لكن إبنه محمود كان يرفض، ثم قال لهم جيبال: أن الهناكدة سيفقؤون أعين أفيالهم ويرمون أولادهم في النار ويخربون بيوتهم ثم سينتحرون وسيدخل المسلمون ولايجدون إلى خرابا ودمارا، عنده قرر سُبُكْتِكِيْن وابنه محمود أن يوافقوا على الصلح بشرط أن يدفع لهم ملك الهند مليون درهماً وأن يسلم له مدناً وقلاعاً من الهند وأن يعطيه خمسين فيلاً، ورهن سُبُكْتِكِيْن جماعة من أقرباء ملك الهند عنده لعله عندما يسحب جيشه يرفض ملك الهند تسليمه أراضي الهند، وعند وصول المسلمين الذين أتوا لتنفيذ شروط الصلح نقض الصلح وقبض عليهم وأخذهم رهائن عنده، فلما سمع سُبُكْتِكِيْن جمع جيشه وسار إلى الهند فدمر كل المدن التي مر عليها ثم ذهب إلى لمغان، وهي أحصن قلاع الهند ففتحها سُبُكْتِكِيْن ودمر بيوت الأصنام وأقام شعائر الإسلام، ثم عاد إلى غزنة، فلما سمع «جيبال» بذلك حشد مئة ألف مقاتل واتجه إلى سُبُكْتِكِيْن فلقيه سُبُكْتِكِيْن، وأمر سُبُكْتِكِيْن جنوده أن يتناوبوا بالقتال فتعب الهنود من القتال المتواصل وهزم الهنود شر هزيمة وأخذت منهم رهائن كثيرة جداً وغنم منهم أموالٌ وحيوانات كثيرة، وذل الهنود بعد هذه الوقعة وقوي نفوذ سُبُكْتِكِيْن ووافق الأفغانيون والخرج على طعاته ورفع شأنه بين الناس.

في سنة 384 هـ وضع الأمير نوح محمود بن سُبُكْتِكِيْن والياً على خراسان، وكان سبب ذلك أنه احتاج إلى معونة منه لما سيطر أبو علي عليه، وقد بدأ الأمر أن فائق حاكم بلخ لما رأى أن الأمير نوح احتل بخارى قرر الذهاب إليه والاستيلاء على دولته، وعندما علم نوح بذلك أرسل جيشه لصد الهجوم فانهزم فائق وانسحب وذهب إلى أبي علي، ففرح أبو علي بهم واتفق مع فائق على عصيان نوح ولما فعلوا ذلك أرسل الأمير نوح رسالة إلى سُبُكْتِكِيْن يطلب منه معونته ونجدته وسيوليه على خراسان مقابل ذلك، وكان سُبُكْتِكِيْن حينها مشغولاً بالغزو ولكنه عندما وصلته الرسالة ذهب إلى نوح ووافق على مساعدته وحشد جيشه، وعندما علم فائق وأبو علي استنجدا بفخر الدولة بن بويه فوافق على طلبهما وأرسل إليهم جيشاً كبيراً، وسار سُبُكْتِكِيْن مع ولده محمود إلى خراسان والتقى هناك بالأمير نوح والتقوا مع أبو علي وفائق في نواحي هراة، وفي أثناء المعركة ذهب دارا بن قابوس بن وشكمير إلى صف نوح وترك أبا علي وفائق فانهزم أبو علي وفائق، وأسر سُبُكْتِكِيْن الكثيرين كما غنم الكثير بينما انسحب أبو علي إلى نيسابور وارتاح الأمير نوح وسُبُكْتِكِيْن في هراة لمدة وبعد ذلك اتجهوا نحو نيسابور، فلما علم أبو علي وفائق هربا إلى جرجان واستولى نوح على نيسابور ووضع محمود بن سُبُكْتِكِيْن قائداً على جيوش خراسان ولقبه سيف الدولة، ولقب أباه سُبُكْتِكِيْن ناصر الدولة وعاد نوح إلى بخارى وسُبُكْتِكِيْن إلى هراة وبقي محمود بنيسابور.

وفاته
في سنة 387 هـ في شعبان توفي سُبُكْتِكِيْن ونقل إلى غزنة ميتاً ودفن فيها بعد أن دام حكمه عشرين سنة.

مراجع

العبيد في القرن 10
أتراك في القرن 10
أشخاص من مقاطعة ايسيك كول
حكام غزنويون
حكام في آسيا في القرن 10
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
عبيد وإماء في القرون الوسطى
غلمان
قادة عسكريون سامانيون
ملوك القرن 10 في آسيا
مواليد عقد 940
مواليد في بارسغان
وفيات 387 هـ
وفيات 997
وفيات في بلخ

سبكتكين


Akçaabat aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Yerleşim yerleri
 Akçaabat - Trabzon ili ilçesi
 Akçaabat, Karpuzlu - Aydın ili Karpuzlu ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Akçaabat (anlam ayrımı)


'Alphonse Soupert' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1883 et mis au commerce en  1884 par le rosiériste français François Lacharme. Il rend hommage au rosiériste luxembourgeois Alphonse Soupert (1862-1918). Il est issu d'un semis de 'Jules Margottin' (Margottin, 1853). Il ne doit pas être confondu avec un cultivar du même nom soulevé en 1909 par Soupert & Notting et sembie-t-il éteint aujourd'hui.

Description
Cet hybride remontant présente un buisson érigé aux rameaux très épineux et au feuillage vert touffu pouvant atteindre 120 cm de hauteur. Ses fleurs sont plutôt grosses et doubles, fleurissant surtout en solitaires. Elles sont parfumées et d'un rose soutenu, voire rose indien. Les boutons sont arrondis et rouge bordeaux, avec de longs sépales. La floraison est remontante.

Ce rosier résiste à des températures de l'ordre de -15° C. Cette variété qui a marqué la Belle Époque par son coloris éclatant est redécouverte depuis le début du XXIe siècle par les amoureux des roses romantiques. Elle nécessite une exposition ensoleillée et des soins contre les maladies du rosier.

On peut l'admirer dans plusieurs roseraies européennes, comme au château de Munsbach, au Luxembourg, ou à la roseraie du Val-de-Marne de L'Haÿ-les-Roses, près de Paris.

Références

Bibliographie
Cochet, Journal des roses, Alphonse Soupert, illustration et texte, juin 1890, pp. 93-94
 Rosen-Zeitung, n° 4, 1891, ill. p. 49

Voir aussi
'Madame Mélanie Soupert' (hybride de thé, Pernet-Ducher, 1905), dédié à l'épouse d'Alphonse Soupert.

Liens externes
 Plants Database

Cultivar de rosier
Hybride remontant

Alphonse Soupert


غوفيا (Γουβιά) هي قرية في كيركيرا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 891 نسمة.

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كورفو (مقاطعة)
مدن اليونان

غوفيا (كيركيرا)


Cree Summer Francks (born July 7, 1969) is an American and Canadian actress. She has worked extensively in animation, voicing long-running characters such as Susie Carmichael in Rugrats and Elmyra Duff in Tiny Toon Adventures and related media. She is also known for her roles in Inspector Gadget, Clifford the Big Red Dog, Codename: Kids Next Door, Danny Phantom, Drawn Together, and Puppy Dog Pals.

In live-action, she is known for her role as Winifred "Freddie" Brooks in the NBC sitcom A Different World from 1987 to 1993.

Early life
Summer was born in Los Angeles on July 7, 1969, and grew up in Saskatchewan and  Toronto, Canada. Her parents are Canadian actors Don Francks, and Lili "Red Eagle" Francks (née Clark). She and her family traveled and lived around British Columbia during her childhood, and she started public school at the age of nine in Toronto. Her brother, Rainbow Sun Francks, is an actor and a former MuchMusic VJ.

Career

Acting
Summer's acting career began in 1983 when she was cast as Penny in the first season of the original version of Inspector Gadget. She appeared frequently in animated programs. She appeared in The Care Bears Movie (1985) and Ewoks (1985, part of the Star Wars franchise).

In 1988, Summer was cast as the free-spirited Winifred "Freddie" Brooks in The Cosby Show spin-off A Different World. She remained a regular cast member of the show from 1988 through its end in 1993.

During the run of A Different World, Summer continued working in voice acting. She was cast in the short-lived television series Sweet Justice in 1994 until its cancellation in 1995. In the fall of that same year, Summer and her A Different World co-star Jenifer Lewis starred in the prime time drama Courthouse, which was cancelled two months after it premiered. Apart from guest appearances on other live-action television shows such as Living Single, Better Things, and The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Summer's professional work since has mostly been limited to voice acting.

She appeared as herself in "It Was All a Dream", the final episode of Atlanta, following a voice cameo in the first season episode "B.A.N.". At the start of the third season of A Different World in 1988, the cartoon series The Real Ghostbusters episodes were expanded from their original half-hour format to an hour. The show was changed to be more youthful. Episodes had a lighter tone designed to be less serious and frightening. In these lighter episodes, she voiced Chilly Cooper, the neighborhood ice-cream woman and innocent love interest of Slimer.

Summer voiced over 101 animated characters between 1983 and 2006. These have spanned video games, cartoon television series, animated films and commercials. Among her most famous roles was in Inspector Gadget (Season 1) as Penny (a role she reprised in the Robot Chicken episode "Adoption's an Option"), WB's Tiny Toon Adventures (1990) as Elmyra Duff (which she reprised for Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain) and Mary Melody, Aka Pella in WB's Histeria!, Susie Carmichael in Nickelodeon's Rugrats and its spin-off All Grown Up!, Cleo the Poodle in PBS Kids' Clifford the Big Red Dog, Miranda from Nickelodeon's As Told by Ginger, Foxxy Love in Drawn Together, Dulcy the Dragon in Sonic the Hedgehog, Valerie Gray in Nickelodeon's Danny Phantom, Numbuh 5 and Cree Lincoln in Cartoon Network's Codename: Kids Next Door, Penelope in Barbie as Rapunzel, octogenarian villain Granny May on WordGirl, Tiff from Nickelodeon's My Life as a Teenage Robot, and Blackarachnia in Transformers: Animated. She also voiced Princess 'Kida' Kidagakash for the franchise of Disney's Atlantis: The Lost Empire. Summer has regarded the character of Kida as one of her favorite roles and even considers the character among the official Disney Princess line. She also played a role in Scooby Doo Mystery Incorporated as Lady Marmalad in the episode "The Haunting". In December 2016, Summer reprised her role as Penny from Inspector Gadget in an episode of the web-series, Nostalgia Critic. She later joined SpongeBob SquarePants spinoff The Patrick Star Show, where she voices Patrick Star's mother plus Squidward Tentacles' grandmother.

Video game voice acting
She performed voice over for the games Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance, Black, as well as Tony Hawk's American Wasteland. She voiced Auriel in Diablo III, and reprised the role for Heroes of the Storm. She was the voice of Tandi in Fallout and First Citizen Lynette in Fallout 2, Tatjana in Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits, Lady Belgemine, Young Tidus and additional voice-overs in Final Fantasy X, Lenne/Calli in Final Fantasy X-2, Storm in Marvel Super Hero Squad, Cynder in The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning, Magma in X-Men Legends, and the Inca Princess Micay in Pitfall: The Lost Expedition. She voices Medusa in the game Kid Icarus: Uprising for the Nintendo 3DS. She voiced Catalina Thorn, the leader of the Cell in Crackdown 2. She had a small role in Mass Effect. She did miscellaneous voices in World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria. She reprised her voice of She-Hulk in Marvel Super Hero Squad: The Infinity Gauntlet. She voiced Kit Brinny in the introduction video for the MMORPG Wildstar. She provides the voice of vampire Roller Brawl in the Skylanders series. She has voiced Professor Penelope Young, a minor character original in Batman: Arkham Asylum.

Music
Summer has sung since an early age and joined her first band at 13. In 1985, she recorded the theme song for OWL/TV. In 1990, she sang background vocals on two tracks for fellow A Different World cast member Jasmine Guy's self-titled LP. In 1993, she released an album (as lead singer) with her band Subject to Change. Capitol Records did not release the album because of creative differences; the records that were produced were distributed as promotions and are considered a rarity. The band, with a strong political message and rock-soul fusion sound, remained popular as a co-headlining act with other performers. In 1999, Summer released her solo album Street Faërie produced by and featuring guest artist Lenny Kravitz, with the album a moderate success. Although Summer toured as Kravitz's opening act, her label dropped her and a planned spot with Lilith Fair was canceled. The label continued to promote the album, however, sending out a four-track sampler to radio and issuing remix singles of the track "Revelation Sunshine" in Europe, with a special single specifically for Austria.

Summer recorded a song titled "Savior Self" for which she directed a music video co-starring Zoë Kravitz. The video was screened online, but the track was never made available commercially, nor was it distributed to the radio.

A number of Summer's portrayed characters (animated or otherwise) are singers or sing songs within the soundtrack of a show. The character of Susie in All Grown Up! was portrayed as a singer with real talent, allowing Summer to sing in the role. Summer sings the opening theme song for All Grown Up!. The character of Foxxy Love in Drawn Together was a singer, with songs like "La-La-La-La-Labia" and "Crashy Smashy", Numbuh 5 from Codename: Kids Next Door sang a lullaby to lull babies to sleep. Elmyra Duff sang many times on Tiny Toon Adventures. She co-performed lead vocals in the song "Cool Kitty" with Tara Strong, which accompanied a cartoon called Class of 3000, directed and written for Cartoon Network by André 3000. She provided the voice of a recurring pomegranate singer in The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange, who usually sang during montage sequences. Her character Priscilla on Sheriff Callie's Wild West sings many times, as well.

In 2008, Summer appeared on The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAA Birthday Bundle, performing a cover of Zappa's song "Dirty Love" with Dweezil Zappa on guitar and backup vocals by Ahmet Zappa, produced by Linda Perry.

Musical influences
Summer's musical influences include Frank Zappa, Al Green and Dinah Washington.

Personal life
Summer was married to producer Angelo Pullen for nearly 10 years; they announced the dissolution of their marriage in May 2022. They have two daughters: Brave Littlewing, born in 2011, and Hero Peregrine (named after the peregrine falcon) born in 2013. Summer has a younger brother, Rainbow Sun Francks, a Canadian actor and songwriter who was an on-air personality at Much Music, a Canadian music video and variety television channel.

Filmography

Animated film roles

Animation roles

Live-action film roles

Live-action television series roles

Video games

Discography

Albums
 Appeared on the Juno Award-nominated album I Lost My Pet Lizard (1979)
 Appeared as Debbie on the Juno Award-nominated Canadian Sesame Street album Big Bird & Oscar the Grouch: Camping in Canada (1981)
 Womb Amnesia – (1993) (with her band Subject to Change)
 Street Faërie – (1999)

Singles
 "Revelation Sunshine"

References

External links

1969 births
20th-century American actresses
20th-century Black Canadian women singers
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century Black Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Saskatchewan
Actresses from Toronto
American child actresses
American expatriate musicians in Canada
American soul singers
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Black Canadian actresses
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian people of African-American descent
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian soul singers
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Indigenous rights activists
Living people
Musicians from Saskatchewan
Native Americans' rights activists
Singers from Toronto
20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Cree Summer


La fusée Longue Marche 6A, abrégée en CZ-6A (acronyme de l'appellation chinoise ) est un lanceur moyen de la République populaire de Chine dont le premier lancement a eu lieu en mars 2022. Il comprend deux étages et quatre propulseurs d'appoint. Ce lanceur chinois de deuxième génération est le premier à utiliser des propulseurs d'appoint à propergol solide et des moteurs à ergols cryogéniques. Il dérive du lanceur Longue Marche 6 dont il reprend les moteurs du premier étage et du second étage brulant un mélange semi-cryogénique kérosène / oxygène liquide mais sa capacité est multipliée par quatre (4,5 tonnes en orbite héliosynchrone) grâce notamment à quatre propulseurs d'appoint d'une poussée totale de 480 tonnes.  Il est développé par SAST, il utilise certains composants du lanceur lourd Longue Marche 5. Il est lancé depuis la base de lancement de Taiyuan.

Historique

Caractéristiques techniques

Le lanceur Longue Marche 6A dans sa configuration de base comporte deux étages propulsés par des moteurs à ergols liquides utilisant tous un mélange de kérosène et d'oxygène liquide. Sa masse au décollage est de  pour une hauteur de  et un diamètre de 3,35 mètres.

Comparaison avec les lanceurs Longue Marche 6 et 7

Historique des lancements

Le premier lancement de la Longue Marche 6A a eu lieu le . Le lanceur a placé sur une orbite héliosynchrone le satellite Puijang-2 et la charge utile Tiankun-2. Le lanceur a décollé depuis un nouveau pas de tir construit à Taiyuan.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Longue Marche 6 et Longue Marche 7, lanceurs chinois faisant partie de la même famille
 Programme spatial chinois
 YF-100, moteur propulsant le premier étage

6A

Longue Marche 6A


90533 Laurentblind este un asteroid din centura principală. A fost descoperit la 28 martie 2004, de astronoma amatoare franceză Claudine Rinner, la Ottmarsheim.

Caracteristici
Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă majoră egală cu 2,6941496 u.a. și de  o excentricitate de 0,0671476, înclinată cu 5,59556° în raport cu ecliptica.

Denumirea asteroidului
Asteroidul a primit numele 90533 Laurentblind, în onoarea prietenului descoperitoarei, timp de optsprezece ani, Laurent Blind (n. 1965). La descoperire, asteroidul primise denumirea provizorie 2004 FB29.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
  JPL Small-Body Database Browser 90533 Laurentblind (2004 FB29)
  JPL Small-Body Database Browser 90533 Laurentblind (2004 FB29) Orbit Diagram
  Astronomia, Planetka Laurentblind

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2004
Laurentblind
Laurentblind

90533 Laurentblind


Blazin' Squad are an English hip hop group.  The group had six top ten hits, including "Crossroads", a cover version of the Bone Thugs-n-Harmony original. Jon O'Brien of AllMusic called them the "self-proclaimed pioneers of 'chav' culture".

Career

In The Beginning: 2002
The band released a number of white label singles on the Weighty Plates label featuring remixes of the track "Standard Flow" from their album In the Beginning. "Standard Flow" was remixed by Ras Kwarme and Origin Unknown, with a version available featuring Jamaican dancehall musician Elephant Man on guest vocals. Even though the releases were issued as underground white labels, "Standard Flow" sold enough copies to chart as Blazin' Squad's first Top 100 chart entry, peaking at number 78 on the chart of 17 August 2002 with three weeks in the countdown.

For their official debut, the band released a cover of the Bone Thugs-N-Harmony song "Crossroads" for Warner Music's East West Records label. This single was the first to reach the UK Top 40, and debuted in the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart of 31 August 2002. The song was highly re-recorded and hardly contained any lyrics of the original. The single was heavily criticised by the media, some of whom claimed their rap skills were 'not to be taken seriously', and others sidelining them to a younger audience. Despite this, however, their debut album, In the Beginning achieved gold status in the UK and spawned two further top ten hits, "Love on the Line" and double A-side single, "Reminisce/Where the Story Ends". The album was released to general critical censure.

Now or Never: 2003–2004

The group went on to achieve further chart success in 2003, with two further top five chart hits. "We Just Be Dreamin'" reached number three in July 2003, and "Flip Reverse", which was co-written by former member Liam D'Souza reached number two in November. "Flip Reverse" was subsequently used to re-launch Top of the Pops, with a special performance recorded outside the BBC Television Centre with 100 or so hooded back-up dancers. Despite the chart success of their singles, the group failed to match their success with their second album, Now or Never, only peaking at #36 on the UK Albums Chart. A live recording of a concert in Liverpool was released on DVD for Christmas 2003 but failed to achieve any commercial success. It also failed to re-ignite the low sales of the album. "Here 4 One" was issued as the third single from Now or Never in early 2004, peaking at #6 on the UK Singles Chart, but sales failed to be strong enough to warrant a third album deal.

Friday Hill and Times Like These: 2005–2006
In 2005, Strider, Flava and Kenzie signed a record deal with Polydor records, and began recording an album under the name Friday Hill, named after a location in their hometown in Chingford. In October 2005, the group released their debut single, "Baby Goodbye", which reached #5 in the UK Singles Chart, selling over 80,000 copies. In February 2006, they released a second single, "One More Night Alone", which reached #13 on the UK Singles Chart. Their album, entitled Times Like These, was also released in February 2006, but only peaked at #67 on the UK Albums Chart, and such, were soon dropped from their label.

In July 2006, Rocky-B, Reepa, Spike-E and Melo-D made an announcement that they were going to reform as Blazin' Squad, and record and release a new album under Peach Records. They released a single, "All Night Long", in August 2006, however, it only peaked at #54, which resulted in their record deal being scrapped and a further disbandment.

Greatest Hits: 2009
In June 2009, Strider, Flava, Kenzie, Krazy and Rocky B announced they would be re-uniting as a five piece, and subsequently released their comeback single, "Let's Start Again". The single fared slightly better than the previous single but could only peak at #51 on the UK Singles Chart. Despite their record label wanting to drop them following the lack of success of the single, they had signed a binding contract to release an album. The label issued a Greatest Hits compilation via digital download and thereby ended the contract with the group.

Members
 James MacKenzie AKA "Kenzie" (2002–2004, 2005–2006, 2009)
 Ollie Georgiou AKA "Freek" (2002–2004)
 Marcel Somerville AKA "Rocky B" (2002–2004, 2006, 2009)
 Chris McKeckney AKA "Melo-D" (2002–2004, 2006)
 Stuart Baker AKA "Reepa" (2002–2004, 2006)
 Lee Bailey AKA "Krazy" (2002–2004, 2009)
 Sam Foulkes AKA "Spike-E" (2002–2004, 2006)
 James Murray AKA "Flava" (2002–2004, 2005–2006, 2009)
 Tom Beasley AKA "Tommy-B" (2002–2004)
 Mustafa Omer AKA "Strider" (2002–2004, 2005–2006, 2009)

Discography

Albums

Singles

Blazin' Squad - Weighty Plates Singles
Weighty Plates Volume 1: Standard Flow Remixes (Number 78 in the UK Top 100, 2002)
Weighty Plates Volume 2: Standard Flow Ras Kwame Mixes (with Ras Kwame and Elephant Man)
Weighty Plates Volume 3: Standard Flow: Origin Unknown & DND Remixes

Friday Hill Discography

Album

Singles

References

External links
Blazin' Squad on Myspace
2009 Interview & Feature on Music.Virgin.Com

English boy bands
English hip hop groups
British contemporary R&B musical groups
Musical groups from the London Borough of Waltham Forest
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Sony Music Publishing artists
2002 establishments in England

Blazin' Squad


Carl Ritter (August 7, 1779September 28, 1859) was a German geographer. Along with Alexander von Humboldt, he is considered one of the founders of modern geography. From 1825 until his death, he occupied the first chair in geography at the University of Berlin.

Biography
Carl Ritter was born in Quedlinburg, one of the six children of a well-respected doctor, F. W. Ritter.

Ritter's father died when he was two. At the age of five, he was enrolled in the Schnepfenthal Salzmann School, a school focused on the study of nature (apparently influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings on children's education).  This experience would influence Ritter throughout his life, as he retained an interest in new educational modes, including those of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.  Indeed, much of Ritter's writing was based on Pestalozzi's three stages in teaching: the acquisition of the material, the general comparison of material, and the establishment of a general system.

After completion of his schooling, Ritter was introduced to Bethmann Hollweg, a banker in Frankfurt. It was arranged that Ritter should become tutor to Hollweg's children, but that in the meantime he should attend the University of Halle at his patron's expense. His duties as tutor began in 1798 and continued for fifteen years. The years 1814–1819, which he spent at Göttingen in order still to watch over his pupils, were those in which he began to exclusively study geography.  It was there that he courted and married Lilli Kramer, from Duderstadt and that he wrote and published the first two volumes of his Erdkunde.

In 1819 he became professor of history at Frankfurt, and in 1820 he received a teaching appointment in history at the University of Berlin.  Ritter received his doctorate there in 1821, and was appointed professor extraordinarius in 1825. He also lectured at a nearby military college. He was particularly interested in the exploration of Africa and held constant contacts with British scholars and scientific circles like the Royal Geographical Society. He was one of the academic teachers of the explorer Heinrich Barth, who traveled in Northern and Western Africa on behalf of the British government to negotiate treaties that were to stop the Trans-Saharan slave trade. Carl Ritter himself was a dedicated anti-slavery propagandist in Germany.

Ritter's impact on geography was especially notable because he brought forth a new conception of the subject. In his view:

In 1822 Ritter was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, and in 1824 he became a corresponding member of the Société Asiatique de Paris. In 1828, he established the Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin (Berlin Geographical Society). He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849. In 1856, he was appointed curator of the Royal Cartographic Institute of Prussia. He died in Berlin in 1859.

In 1865, a monument to Ritter was installed at the entrance to the Bruehl in Quedlinburg. The house where he was born, number 15 Steinbrücke, was torn down in 1955. There is an additional monument at the Mummental school honoring both Ritter and his teacher Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths.  The Ritter Range in California is named after him.

Works
The Great Work

Carl Ritter's 19 part (21 volume)  masterwork, "Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen oder allgemeine, vergleichende Geographie, als sichere Grundlage des Studiums und Unterricts in physicalischen und historischen Wissenschaften", is one of the most extensive works of geographical literature written by a single author. The first two volumes were published by G. Reimer in 1817 and 1818 respectively, after which the third would not be published until 1822. During this time, Ritter wrote and published "Vorhalle der europäischen Völkergeschichte vor Herodotus um den Kaukasus und um die Gestade des Pontus, eine Abhandlung zur Altertumskunde", which marked Ritter's interest in India. It was also to serve as a transition to a third volume of "Erdkunde" that appeared first in 1835.

In total, Ritter intended to write an all-encompassing geography spanning the entire globe. His work was to consist of three parts:

1. The solid form or the continents

2. The fluid form or the elements

3. The bodies of the three realms of nature

Part one was to undertake the continents of the globe beginning with the "Old World" and work to the "New World". The dynamic of old and new proposed here does not correspond to contemporary notions, rather refers to the evolution of human activity on the planet as Ritter understood it. Consequently, as noted by Hanno Beck, "The most extreme parts of the world, in Ritter's opinion, in the North, the South and the East are in practical terms as much a part of the New World as America". Due to the colossal scale of his project, Ritter was never able to complete it, but the final section of the first part should have concluded by recapping each continent and its "main forms and its effects on nature and history: this was to be achieved in a brief form and used as a contribution to a survey of the "great whole".

Part two was to deal with the fluid forms; by this was meant water, air, and fire. These elements correspond approximately to the studies of Hydrography, Meteorology, Climatology, as well as Volcanology. This part, too, was to be examined within the framework of the whole system.

The final part of the proposed work was to be dedicated to the interrelationships of organic life with geography and history. Part and parcel of Ritter's approach to geography was to identify the relationship between the variables at stake. He was particularly interested in the development of these relationships over time and how their constituent components (animals and the earth) contributed to this evolution. Borrowing the concept of "organic unity" used by Alexander von Humboldt, Ritter went further saying a geography is simply not possible without it.

Methodology

The methodology employed by Ritter was an inductive one, consisting of compiling large sums of information and material and creating theories from those texts. This style of research was much criticized by his contemporaries. August Wilhelm Schlegel, in a letter to Johannes Schulze, bemoans how "It is in fact the high time that the studies of Indian monuments be made serious. It is fashionable in Germany to have one's say in it without knowing the language, which leads to aberrations. We see a woeful example of this in the "Vorhalle" of otherwise estimable Ritter." As Ritter prepared for his move into Asia the sources accumulated even further, thus compounding the problem raised by Schlegel.

A consequence of his inductive research methods, Ritter was increasingly interested in observing the planet as an organism composed of geographical individuals. In the introduction of "Geography", he states, "Thus the large continents represent the surveying view of so many more or less separate wholes, which we consider here as the big individuals of the earth in general."  First after identifying the individuals of the earth, and then describing them through extensive research, could Ritter conceive of a whole, whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Ritter elucidates the development of a geographical individual and strives to establish a natural geographical system. Comparing Geography to language theory or philosophy, he believed that it was necessary to understand each "Erdgegend" (area of the Earth) and its characteristic appearances and natural relationships without relying on the absolute work of pure description and classification. In partitioning the Earth into "Erdgegende" he has developed a theory of area, which he views as indispensable to geographical inquiry. Furthermore, Ritter believed that areas existed a priori and were formed by humans.

Constructing a geographical theory around the area allowed Ritter to make the comparative work would seek to do in the conclusion to his great work. Elevating the importance of the area, he then investigated the peculiarities of each of the localities, remembering of course, to reflect the impact of organic life, mainly humans, on that locality. Once completed, this process would allow the last component in the method of Ritter, the comparison.

The wealth of knowledge aspired was to serve as a foundation on which comparisons could then be made between the localities or areas researched. The knowledge would have allowed a "pure science" to emerge from the exhaustive research. Inherent to Ritter's understanding of the area, is the role of God in its creation. He believed the shape of the Earth functioned as a way for God to speak with humans, so that his will could be done. God's will was the development and fulfillment of the areas created.

Format of the Work

At the time of his death, Ritter had produced an astonishing amount of geographical literature contained in his "Erdkunde" alone. It amounts to 21 volumes comprising 19 parts which can be roughly divided into 6 sections

1. Africa (I)  1822

2. East Asia (II-VI) 1818–1836

3. West Asia (VII-XI) 1837–1844

4. Arabia (XII-XIII) 1846–1847

5. Sinai Peninsula (XIV-XVII) 1847–1848

6. Asia Minor (XVIII-XIX) 1850–1852

Ritter's masterwork, the 19-volume Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen (Geography in Relation to Nature and the History of Mankind), written 1816–1859, developed at prodigious length the theme of the influence of the physical environment on human activity. It is an encyclopedia of geographical lore. Ritter unfolded and established the treatment of geography as a study and a science. His treatment was endorsed and adopted by all geographers.

The first volume of Die Erdkunde was completed in Berlin in 1816, and a part of it was published in the following year. The whole of the first volume did not appear until 1832, and the following volumes were issued from the press in rapid succession. Die Erdkunde was left incomplete at the time of Ritter's death, covering only Asia and Africa.

Many of Ritter's writings were printed in the Monatsberichte of the Berlin Geographical Society, and in the Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde. His Geschichte der Erdkunde und der Entdeckungen (1861), Allgemeine Erdkunde (1862), and Europa (1863) were published posthumously. Some of his works have been translated into English by W. L. Gage: Comparative Geography (1865), and The Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula (1866)

Notes

References
James, Preston E. and Martin, Geoffrey J. (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas (2nd ed.) John Wiley, New York
Kramer, Fritz L. (1959) "A Note on Carl Ritter". Geographical Review 49: pp. 406–409
Linke, Max (1981) "Carl Ritter". Geographers Biobibliographical Studies 5: pp. 99–108
Linke, Max (2000) Ritters Leben und Werk: Ein Leben für die Geographie. Verlag Janos Stekovics, Quedlinburg, Germany  (Ritter's Life and Work: a Life [lived] for Geography in German)
Schmutterer, Felix: Carl Ritter und seine "Erdkunde von Asien". Die Anfänge der wissenschaftlichen Geographie im frühen 19. Jahrhundert. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2018.

External links
 Matt Rosenberg on Ritter
 Carl Ritter and Elisée Reclus
 Carl Ritter,  Comparative Geography, translated by W.L. Gage
Ritter's maps  at the National Library of Israel, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection.

1779 births
1859 deaths
German geographers
People from Quedlinburg
University of Halle alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Human geographers

Carl Ritter


حاسبوا منه هو مسلسل مصري من إنتاج 2007 بطولة أحمد بدير ، شيرين ، حجاج عبد العظيم ، أحمد راتب , نيرة عارف من تأليف مجدي الإبياري وإخراج إبراهيم الشقنقيري.

مسلسلات أحمد راتب
مسلسلات تلفزيونية مصرية بدأ عرضها في 2007
مسلسلات ميمي جمال

حاسبوا منه (مسلسل)


Totalna refleksija je pojava potpunog odbijanja, refleksije svjetlosti koja iz optički gušćega sredstva pada na granicu s optički rjeđim sredstvom te se u cijelosti odbija ili reflektira. Totalna refleksija svjetlosti koristi se u optičkim uređajima u kojima se se s pomoću pravokutnih prizmi mijenja smjer širenja svjetlosti. Svjetlost se totalnom refleksijom prenosi kroz svjetlovode. Kada se totalna refleksija dogodi u atmosferi, nastaju miraž i fatamorgana.

Granični kut totalne refleksije
Promatramo lom zrake svjetlosti koja dolazi iz optički gušćeg sredstva, na primjer vode, i pada na graničnu plohu rjeđeg sredstva (na primjer zrak). Zraka koja pada pod kutom α, djelomično se reflektira, a većim se dijelom lomi pod kutom β koji je veći od kuta α. Povećanjem kuta α zraka svjetlosti će se u rjeđem sredstvu sve više lomiti od okomice. Kod nekog određenog kuta φ lomljena će zraka prolaziti po graničnoj plohi, pa je kut loma β = 90°. Uz malo veći kut upadanja, svjetlost više ne ide u optički rjeđe sredstvo, već se sva svjetlost reflektira. Ta se pojava zove totalna refleksija.

Onaj upadni kut φ kod kojeg je lom zrake svjetlosti u rjeđem sredstvu β = 90°, odnosno onaj upadni kut iza kojega nastane totalna refleksija, zove se granični kut totalne refleksije. Za taj slučaj vrijedi:

odnosno, kako je sin 90° = 1:

ili

Sinus graničnog kuta totalne refleksije jednak je recipročnoj vrijednosti indeksa loma.

Za prijelaz staklo/zrak je sin φ = 2/3, a kut totalne refleksije φ ≈ 41,7 °. Za prijelaz voda/zrak je sin φ = 3/4, a φ ≈ 48,5 °. Za kvarcno staklo je φ = 38° 41', za kron staklo je φ = 40° 43'.

Prizma za totalnu refleksiju
Totalnu refleksiju iskorišćujemo u mnogim optičkim uređajima za promjenu smjera zrake svjetlosti. U tu svrhu služi na primjer prizma za totalnu refleksiju. To je trostrana staklena prizma kojoj je okomiti presjek istokračan pravokutan trokut. Ona se može upotrijebiti tako da totalna refleksija na hipotenuznoj ili katetnoj plohi. U prvom slučaju zraka svjetlosti pada okomito na katetu i nastavlja svoj put do hipotenuze. Budući da je upadni kut 45°, dakle veći od graničnog kuta za staklo, nastaje totalna refleksija, i zraka svjetlosti mijenja svoj smjer za 90°. U drugom slučaju upada zraka svjetlosti okomito na hipotenuznu plohu i nastaje dvaput totalna refleksija, to jest na prvoj i drugoj katetnoj plohi. Time je zraka svjetlosti promijenila svoj smjer za 180°. Prema tome dvokratnom totalnom refleksijom možemo sliku obrnuti.

Izvori

Optika

Totalna refleksija


Talisay, officially the City of Talisay (; ), is a 3rd class component city in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 263,048 people.

The name of Talisay is taken from the talisay tree which is abundant in the city.

History

Talisay was founded in 1648 as an estate owned by the Augustinians.  In 1849 it was converted into a municipality.

During both the American colonial period and World War II, Talisay served as a haven of colonial military forces. The municipality served as the center of guerrilla intelligence operations for the Philippine resistance movement in Cebu during World War II. The returning U. S. liberation forces landed on the beaches of Talisay on March 26, 1945, and were helped together with the Philippine Commonwealth forces and the Cebuano guerrillas, an event that marked the eventual surrender of Japanese forces on Cebu. That day is now an official holiday in the province of Cebu.

Cityhood

In 2000 the municipality of Talisay was converted into a city through Republic Act No. 8979. The municipality is now linked to Cebu City via the South Coastal Highway from Lawaan, opened in 2004. This brought some recent inward investment in the form of subdivisions, but some hastily planned plagued by problems. Conflict occurred between the residents of the mountain barangay of Maghaway and those of Crown Asia's Azienda Milan and Venezia subdivisions.

Geography
Primarily a residential and trading center, Talisay lies within the Metro Cebu area. It is bordered to the north by Cebu City, to the west is the city of Toledo, to the east is the Cebu Strait, and to the south is the town of Minglanilla.

Talisay is  from Cebu City, the provincial capital.

Barangays
Talisay is politically subdivided into 22 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Climate

Demographics

In 2017, Talisay City was the most densely populated city in the Cebu province. This ranking does not include highly urbanized cities: Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu, & Mandaue. There were 5,710 people living per square kilometer.

Cebuano is the predominant language of the inhabitants of the city (96%).

Religion

Talisay City has a Roman Catholic-majority population. It also has sizeable Protestant and non-Christian minorities.

Economy

Talisay remains an important center for the production of blasting caps used in dynamite.

Much of the commerce in Talisay takes place in the Tabunok area, where several public markets, strip malls and commercial establishments are situated. The biggest mall is Gaisano Grand Fiesta Mall Tabunok, which has a supermarket, department store and formerly, a cinema. However, much of the population still depend on the public markets, where they can find fresh meat, fish and vegetables, as well as other household needs. There are many sari-sari stores. Talisay City and the Tabunok area also serve as the commercial area for municipalities south of the city, being the southern gateway to Cebu City.

Culture

Talisay City is considered the "Lechon Capital of Cebu" and is considered one of the two places to get the best of the best Lechon, which is nicknamed "Inasal", in Cebu, with the other place being Carcar.

Because of their Lechon, the town decided to create a religious-cultural festival to promote Talisay City, which was "Halad Inasal Festival" and celebrated on October 15. The festival is in honor of St. Teresa of Avila, Talisay City's patron saint, and is highlighted by street dancing merged with a procession with roasted pig, which then culminates with a ritual showdown and a grand finale with a firework display.

Transport
Talisay City has benefited from the construction of the South Road Properties and the road that traverses it, the Cebu South Coastal Road, which is a 6-lane coastal highway from downtown Cebu City to the city's Barangay Lawa-an I, near its border with the town of Minglanilla, with several exits in between, many of which serve several areas of Talisay. Because of this highway, traffic, which has always been a problem for the inhabitants in the past few years for this area, has been greatly reduced, making the city a popular zone for housing once more, as it was in the early 70s and 80s.

The city is also set to be served by the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit, wherein it will have two (2) feeder lines, going to Mambaling and to the South Road Properties, both located in Cebu City.

In 2016, the Talisay city council expressed support for the proposed Light Rail Transit (LRT) project in Cebu.

Education
20 Elementary schools (Private & Public)
12 Public secondary schools
8 Private secondary schools
Divino Amore Academy (1993) Mohon, Talisay City
3 Colleges
5 Kindergartens
5 Seminaries

References

Sources

External links

 [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
 Talisay City Official Website

Cities in Cebu
Populated places established in 1849
1849 establishments in the Philippines
Cities in Metro Cebu
Component cities in the Philippines

Talisay, Cebu


A ponte Internacional de Rumichaca é uma ponte rodoviária sobre o rio Guáitara que constitui a principal passagem fronteiriça entre o Equador e a Colômbia. A Estrada Pan-Americana passa por esta ponte. A ponte situa-se a 3 km da cidade de Ipiales, Colômbia e 7 km de Tulcán, no Equador.

Em 2013, 57,9% das exportações da Colômbia para o Equador passaram pela ponte. No mesmo ano, 77% das exportações do Equador para a Colômbia fizeram o percurso inverso.

Pontes rodoviárias
Pontes da Colômbia
Pontes do Equador
Pontes internacionais
Fronteira Colômbia-Equador

Ponte Internacional de Rumichaca


An Cypripedium plectrochilum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adrien René Franchet. An Cypripedium plectrochilum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cypripedium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cypripedium

Cypripedium plectrochilum


Hubert Kah es una banda alemana de música synthpop, liderada por Hubert Kemmler, quien nació en (Reutlingen, Alemania, 21 de marzo de 1961).

Biografía
Hubert Kemmler -hijo de comerciantes-, recibió su primera clase de piano a los 10 años. En 1976 compuso su primera pieza y un año más tarde fundó su primera banda musical: Choice Quality.
En 1982, formó el trío que lleva su nombre y la pronunciación de la primera letra de su apellido: Hubert Kah, con Hubert en voz y teclados, Markus Löhr en guitarra y teclados y Klaus Hirschburger en bajo. Con esta formación lograrían sus primeros éxitos.
El tema que los lanzó a la fama fue Rosemarie, que alcanzó el número 3 en Alemania, el 5 en Austria y el 6 en Suiza. En 1984 colaboró musicalmente con Michael Cretu y más tarde con la cantante alemana Sandra. Ha escrito canciones para Sandra, Two of Us, o Inker & Hamilton.
En 1996, se reformuló la banda, quedando Hubert como la única cara visible de la misma.

Discografía

Selección de sencillos

 1982 - Rosemarie
 1982 - Sternenhimmel (número 2 en Alemania)
 1983 - Einmal nur mit Erika (junto a Kappelle)
 1984 - Engel 07
 1984 - Wenn der Mond die Sonne berührt
 1984 - Solo Tu
 1985 - Goldene Zeiten
 1986 - Limousine
 1986 - Something I Should Know
 1987 - Military Drums
 1989 - Welcome, Machine Gun
 1989 - So Many People
 1989 - Sound Of My heart
 1989 - Carrousel
 1989 - Midnight Sun
 1990 - (It's Me) Kathy
 1996 - C'est La Vie
 1997 - Sailing
 1998 - Love Chain
 1998 - Der NDW - Kult - Mix
 2005 - No Rain
 2005 - Psycho Radio
 2005 - Sekunden

Álbumes
 1982 - Meine Höhepunkte
 1983 - Ich Komme
 1984 - Goldene Zeiten
 1986 - Ten Songs
 1989 - Sound Of My Heart
 1996 - Hubert Kah
 1998 - Best Of (compilation)
 2005 - Seelentaucher

Enlaces externos
 Sencillos de Hubert Kah
 http://www.greatsong.net

Grupos de música electrónica de Alemania

Hubert Kah