This is a list of aviation-related events from 1901:

Events

At the start of the 20th century, French Navy uses shipboard balloons and man-lifting kites. They are a major user of them.
The French Navy torpedo boat tender Foudre operates a spherical balloon experimentally during naval maneuvers in the Mediterranean Sea.

January – December
10 January – German meteorologist and aerologist Arthur Berson and artillery officer Alfred Hildebrandt travel from Berlin, Germany, to Markaryd, Sweden, in a balloon, becoming the first people to cross the Baltic Sea by air.
11 July – The Wright brothers arrive for their second season at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, during which they will test their 1901 glider.
27 July – Wilbur Wright makes 17 flights in the Wright 1901 glider on the first day of the gliders flight trials at Kitty Hawk.
31 July – In a 7½-hour flight from Berlin-Tempelhof to Briesen, Germany, German meteorologists Arthur Berson and Reinhard Süring climb to 10,800 meters (35,433 feet) in the free balloon Preussen, setting a world altitude record for human flight which will stand until 27 May 1931.
8 August – Wilbur Wright achieves a flight of 389 feet (118.5 m) at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the Wright 1901 glider.
3 October – Wilhelm Kress trials his Drachenflieger twin-hulled tandem triplane seaplane, the first powered marine aircraft, in Austria-Hungary. It begins to become airborne when Kress slows and tries to turn to avoid an obstruction, capsizing the aircraft.
19 October – Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont collects the FF100,000 (USD $50,000) Deutsch de la Meurthe prize by flying his dirigible Number 6 from the Aero Club at Saint-Cloud, Paris, around the Eiffel Tower, and back in less than one hour. The flight in fact takes only 29 minutes 30 seconds despite a stiff headwind on the return leg.
29 October – The Aero Club of the United Kingdom, predecessor of the Royal Aero Club, is established.
 22 November – The Wright brothers begin wind tunnel experiments at Dayton, Ohio, to optimise the wing design of what will become their 1902 glider. During their experiments, which last into December, they will in essence develop the modern understanding of aerodynamics.

Births
19 October – Maxine (Blossom) Miles, née Forbes-Robertson, English aviation engineer (d. 1984)

References

Aviation by year
1901 in transport

1901 in aviation


Bethlehem Works is a  development site in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, based on land formerly owned by Bethlehem Steel.

After Bethlehem Steel discontinued its steelmaking activities at the main Bethlehem plant in 1995 after about 140 years of metal production, outside consultants developed concept plans for the reuse of the property. The plan was to rename the site "Bethlehem Works" and to use the land for cultural, recreational, educational, entertainment and retail development, including the Smithsonian Institution, an educational and research institution.

Timeline

1995
Spring - Adaptive land use and environmental consultants retained by Bethlehem Steel to explore new uses for land to be vacated by the transition from steelmaking.

November - Bethlehem Steel ends about 140 years of metal production on the south shore of the Lehigh River.

1995
Winter - Brandenburg Industrial Services, Inc. begins site remediation by removing buildings that are not architecturally or historically significant or structurally viable for new uses.

April - Bethlehem City Council approves zoning changes of the 163 acres (0.7 km2) of land owned by Bethlehem Steel between the Minsi Trail and Fahy Bridges. The land, formerly zoned "heavy industrial," has been rezoned to permit a wide range of redevelopment projects.

April - Discovery Center of Science and Technology agrees to purchase former Bethlehem Plant office building to house an interactive museum for children.

December - Enterprise Development Company is named the master developer for the 163 acre (0.7 km2) tract of land between the Minsi Trail and Fahy Bridges. The tract is now known as Bethlehem Works and will feature entertainment, cultural, recreational and retail establishments.

1997
February - Bethlehem Steel Corporation signs a memorandum of understanding with the Smithsonian Institution for the long-term loan of artifacts to be exhibited in a new museum, the National Museum of Industrial History, that will be affiliated with the Smithsonian.

August - Headquarters for the Bethlehem Works revitalization effort are now open at 530 East Third Street in Bethlehem that establish a presence for Enterprise Development Company, the project's master developer. The building, located across from the Discovery Center and the former Main Gate, gives Enterprise staff and visitors easy access to the Bethlehem Works' site.

November - The Master Plan for Bethlehem Works was reviewed with the community in a public meeting. The economic impact was revealed to be a $450 million investment that will create 2,500 full-time equivalent jobs and produce more than $20 million each year in tax revenue to local and state taxing authorities.

1998
Winter - Master plan approved by City of Bethlehem's Planning Commission following the plan's unveiling to the community in late 1997.
Fall - Infrastructure improvement grants through the federal Transportation and Efficiency Act for the 21st century were authorized by the U.S. Congress. The Bethlehem Works project will receive $3 million for public access way improvements as work is ready to begin.

Fall - Funding for public infrastructure improvements for roadways leading to Bethlehem Works is included in the longer-range budget process of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Local monies to match the anticipated PennDOT allocation are being pursued with the City of Bethlehem.

Fall - Bethlehem Steel is preparing a proposal for funding through a "brownfields" initiative from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to support infrastructure improvements.

1999
February - Industrial artifacts from the 19th century moved to Bethlehem on a long-term loan basis from the Smithsonian Institution to the National Museum of Industrial History. The Preview Center will be affiliated with the Smithsonian and will showcase artifacts that will be moved to the permanent 300,000 ft2 (28,000 m2) museum that will have a planned opening in the plant's No. 2 machine shop in 2004.
February - Designated developer is named for former headquarters building to become a 262-room, full-service hotel with an adjacent conference center. Castlebrook Development (formerly known as Wynco), a real estate development group located in Pittsburgh, is expected to partner with a national hotel chain under whose flag the hotel will operate.

April - Ground broken for the John M. Cook Technology Center-a 36,250 ft2 (3,368 m2) post incubator facility for development of high-tech business start-ups.

June - Officials from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection approved the remediation plan for Bethlehem Works and called the 1,800 acre (7 km2) Bethlehem Works and Bethlehem Commerce Center initiatives "a national model for brownfields development."

August - Designated developer is named for a family fun center to be known as "The Fundry at Bethlehem Works." James Lewis of Lewiston, N.Y., a developer of other family fun centers, plans up to 100,000 ft2 (9,000 m2) of space in the existing carpenter shop and a new structure adjacent to the existing building.

November - Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge presents the Governor's Award for Environmental Excellence to Bethlehem Steel Corporation for its remediation process that will expedite the return of the Bethlehem Works property to productive use.

December - The City of Bethlehem's Planning Commission approved the subdivision plan and infrastructure improvements for Phase 1 of Bethlehem Works.

December - Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge presented $4.5 million to help build the Preview Center for the National Museum of Industrial History. The project was enabled in February 1998 when the General Assembly approved Governor Ridge's plan to fund vital community and economic development projects statewide.

2000
February - Letter of Designation is signed with Armada/Hoffler of Chesapeake, Va., to develop a multiplex cinema and up to 175,000 ft2 (16,000 m2) of retail space.

April - Infrastructure funding in place to facilitate construction of roads and utility systems.

April - John M. Cook Technology Center opens adjacent to Bethlehem Works on land formerly owned by Bethlehem Steel. Cook Technology Center and neighboring Tech Center I, opened in 1993, house high-tech start-up businesses.

September - Bids for the infrastructure for the first phase of Bethlehem Works construction are being advertised by the city of Bethlehem.

November - Heralding "a new beginning for an old place" ground was broken for the installation of infrastructure for the first phase of Bethlehem Works.

2001
January - Business Facilities magazine has awarded Bethlehem Works and Commerce Center its Gold Award for innovation in redevelopment.

January - Armada/ Hoffler of Chesapeake, Va., has purchased six buildings on seven acres (28,000 m2) for the construction of a multiplex cinema and up to 175,000 ft2 (16,000 m2) of retail space.

February - Eleven restaurants will open at two different locations within Bethlehem Works. Three eateries/pubs will be part of the Fundry at Bethlehem Works and eight will be part of Armada/Hoffler's retail complex.

April - A third technology center will be established on Bethlehem Steel property to support the growth of high technology companies. The new building will comprise 60,000 ft2 (5,600 m2) of floor space to open in 2002.

April - A purchase and sale agreement has been signed with Paramount Pavilion Group for 3.6 acres (15,000 m2) of land to construct a 70,000 ft2 (6,500 m2) dual indoor ice skating rink with an outdoor in-line skating area.

2004
September - New York investment group Bethworks Now purchase the Bethlehem Works site for an undisclosed sum, stating that it will follow much of the original development plan.

2006
October - Bethlehem City Council vote through zoning changes to allow a portion of the Bethlehem Works site to be used for gambling.
December - Bethlehem obtains a license from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to open a slots parlor on the BethWorks development site.

2009
Wind Creek Bethlehem opened on May 22, 2009.

References

External links
 Save Our Steel! - "A grassroots effort to preserve Bethlehem's past while ensuring its economic future"

Bethlehem Steel
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Ironworks and steel mills in Pennsylvania
Landmarks in Pennsylvania

Bethlehem Works


Aarhus Universitet Station, med undernavnet Ringgaden, er en letbanestation på Trøjborg i Aarhus. Stationen ligger på Randervej ved krydset med Nordre Ringgade. Stationen er anlagt midt på Randersvej og består af to sideliggende perroner. De er anbragt på hver sin side af krydset med en placering umiddelbart efter dette set i forhold til køreretningen. Adgang sker via fodgængerfelterne i krydset. På hver perron er der en kort overdækning med bænke og en rejsekort-billetautomat.

Omgivelserne er generelt præget af Aarhus Universitet og forskellige tilknyttede institutioner. Et skilt på stationen fortæller, hvordan universitet blev oprettet i 1928 og flyttede til det der nu hedder Universitetsparken i 1930'erne. Universitet har nu 42.000 studerende og 11.500 medarbejdere fordelt på dets forskellige afdelinger.

Strækningen mellem Aarhus H og Universitetshospitalet, hvor stationen ligger, åbnede den 21. december 2017. Mens letbanen blev bygget havde den arbejdsnavnet Rytterstenen Station, mens naboen Universitetsparken Station til gengæld hed Universitetet Station. Rytterstenen er et mindesmærke for Rytterfægtningen ved Aarhus, der fandt sted i området 31. maj 1849 som et led i Treårskrigen.

Galleri

Noter

Stationer på Aarhus Letbane
Etableret i 2017

Aarhus Universitet Station


El surgimiento de la gestión vincular o relacional (o relationship management o organization-public-relationship, en inglés) como un nuevo paradigma de la investigación científica en Relaciones Públicas se debe al retorno a la preocupación fundacional de la disciplina: los vínculos que los individuos y/o las organizaciones establecen con sus stakeholders.

El paradigma vincular provee un marco teórico que explora la "contribución de las Relaciones Públicas a la construcción del capital social de las organizaciones" (Baro, 2011). Sobre la base de diferentes teorías, tales como la teoría de stakeholders, la teoría reticular, y la teoría de vínculos, entre otras, la gestión vincular busca administrar los stakeholders de la organización, de los vínculos que con ellos establece, y de los recursos que a través de ellos canaliza, para maximizar su capital social.

El enfoque fue primeramente desarrollado por Mary Ann Ferguson en 1984. Desde entonces, y de la mano de prestigiosos investigadores como Grunig, Broom, Casey, Ritchey, Ledingham, y Huang, la gestión vincular ha emergido como la principal área de desarrollo teórico de Relaciones Públicas en el mundo.

Véase también
 Stakeholder
 Comunicación organizacional
 Relaciones públicas

Enlaces externos
 Institute for Public Relations Research
 Toward a Concept and Theory of Organization-Public Relationships
 Teoría reticular

Referencias
 Baro, M. (2011). Contribución de la gestión vincular a la construcción del capital social de las organizaciones. "Revista Iberoamericana de Comunicación, 20", 89-104.
 Broom, G. M., Casey, S., & Ritchey, J. (1997). Toward a concept and theory of organization-public relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 9(2), 83-98.
 Ferguson, M. A. (1984). Building theory in public relations: Interorganizational relationships. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Gainesville, FL.
 Grunig, J. E., Grunig, L. A., & Ehling, W. P. (1992). What is an effective organization? en J. E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence public relations and communication management: Contributions to effective organizations (pp. 65-89). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 Hon, C. L., & Grunig, J. E. (1999). Guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. Gainesville, FL: The Institute for Public Relations.
 Huang, Y. (1998). Public relations strategies and organization-public relationships. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, San Francisco.
 Huang, Y. (2001). OPRA: A cross-cultural, multiple-item scale for measuring organization-public relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(1), 61-90.
 Ledingham, J. A., & Bruning, S. D. (1998). Relationship management in public relations: Dimensions of an organization-public relationship. Public Relations Review, 24(1), 55-65.
 Ledingham, J. A., Bruning, S. D., Thomlison, T. D., & Lesko, C. (1997). The applicability of the interpersonal relationship dimensions to an organizational context: Toward a theory of relational loyalty; a qualitative approach. Academy of Managerial Communication Journal, 1(1), 23-43.

Relaciones públicas
Comunicación
Mercadotecnia

Gestión vincular


Nick getur átt við eftirfarandi:
 Nick Cave
 Nick Drake
 Nick Jonas
 Nick Hornby
 Nick Leeson
 Nick Swardson
Mannanöfn

Nick


Viktorin Jurić - Paša (Drijenča, 10. veljače 1961.), heroj Domovinskog rata, heroj Sajmišta, Vukovara

Životopis
Rodom je iz Drijenče. Iz rodnog kraja otišao je u Austriju, a 1991. godine bio je u Beču odakle se vratio u Hrvatsku te dragovoljno pristupio HOS-u. Borio se na karlovačkom bojištu. S još 60-ak suboraca otišao je na Mejaško Selo na Koranu gdje je imao vatreno krštenje. Potom je s pripadnicima HOS-a u Zagrebu u akciji blokade borongajske vojarne. Koncem rujna 1991. otišao je na bojište u Vukovar. Istakao se u borbama na najtežem gradskom bojištu u posljednjem dijelu vukovarske bitke, Sajmištu. Iz gotovo beznadežne situacije okruženog i okupiranog Vukovara zaputio se u proboj.
Pred odlazak u proboj otišao je u bolnicu pozdraviti se s ranjenicima. Nikome nije govorio za planirani proboj. Francuskog dragovoljca u HOS-u Jean-Michel Nicoliera obavijestio je da idu u proboj, govoreći mu na slabom engleskom i njemačkom, ponudivši mu da će ga ponijeti. Slabašni Nicolier koji je tad imao samo 48 kg je odbio, na miješavini francuskog, engleskog i hrvatskog, spominjući Ženevsku konvenciju u koju se uzdao, uvjeren da će za desetak dana biti u Zagrebu. Akcija proboja odvijala se je u nemogućim uvjetima. Kod Henrikovaca i Cerića na raskrižju ih je gađao snajper. Kilometar i pol hodali su između špagica, po minskom polju, dok su ih velikosrpski agresori tražili transporterom. Ušavši u Nuštar, jedan je suborac išao na previjanje, a Jurić i još nekoliko njih vratili su se po istoj čistini po ranjenika. Slijedili su žice dalekovoda i tako nakon duge hodnje napokon stigli u Vinkovce. Trideset sati probijao se Jurić prema slobodnom teritoriju Republike Hrvatske, noseći ranjenog prijatelja. Akcija izvlačenja bila je uspješna. Izbijanjem velikosrpske agresije na BiH vratio se u rodni kraj. Zapovijedao je bojnom "Pro Patria" iz Drijenče kod Tuzle i zaslužan je za organiziranje obrane Drijenče. Borben i hrabar, bio je primjer bojovnicima. U jednoj akciji stao je na nagaznu minu zbog čega je ostao bez noge. Nikad nije klonuo duhom, nego je nastavio svoj borbeni put.

Izvori

Drijenča
Hrvatski vojni zapovjednici u Domovinskom ratu
Časnici HVO-a
Časnici HOS-a

Viktorin Jurić


Tanzanias fodboldlandshold repræsenterer Tanzania i fodboldturneringer og kontrolleres af Tanzanias fodboldforbund.

Referencer

Fodboldlandshold i Afrika

Tanzanias fodboldlandshold


To venner er en børnefilm instrueret af Paw Charlie Ravn efter manuskript af Anna Bro, Paw Charlie Ravn.

Handling
I 'To Venner' leger to børn sammen i en dystopisk fremtidsverden, hvor kvinder eller piger ikke findes. De gemmer sig for de uhyggelige, nøgne mænd, som huserer i gaderne, men så sker der noget, som får afgørende betydning for forholdet mellem dem.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2010
Børnefilm fra Danmark
Robertprisen for årets korte fiktions- eller animationsfilm

To venner (film fra 2010)


Euscorpius niciensis est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Euscorpiidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce se rencontre en France en Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur dans les départements des Alpes-Maritimes, des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, des Hautes-Alpes et du Var, à Monaco et en Italie en Ligurie dans les provinces d'Imperia et de Savone et au Piémont dans la province de Coni.

Description
Le mâle décrit par Tropea et Parmakelis en 2022 mesure  et la femelle . Euscorpius niciensis mesure de  à .

Systématique et taxinomie
Cette espèce a été décrite sous le protonyme Scorpius niciensis par C. L. Koch en 1841. Elle est considérée comme sous-espèce dEuscorpius carpathicus par Caporiacco en 1950. Elle est élevée au rang d'espèce par Tropea et Parmakelis en 2022.

Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce, composé de nic(i)[e] et du suffixe latin , « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte, Nice.

Publication originale
 C. L. Koch, 1841 : Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Euscorpiidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)

Euscorpius niciensis


Torsten Rossmann ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Torsten Rossmann (Journalist) (* 1963), deutscher Journalist
 Torsten Rossmann (Geowissenschaftler) (* 1966), deutscher Geowissenschaftler

Torsten Rossmann


قصر بريزينة هو قصر قديم لا يختلف من حيث تصميمه والمواد بنائه عن بقية قصور المنطقة. وهو مشيد على مرتفع يشرف على واحة النخيل ووادي سقر ازقته ضيقة وبيوته متراصة لا تتجاوز الطابق الأول والقصر عبارة عن أطلال عدا بعض البيوت القليلة التي لا تزال مسكونة وهو مشيد بالطريقة التي تراعي الظروف الاجتماعية والروحية للسكان.

قصور ولاية البيض

قصور ولاية البيض


Wenwen Han ( 韓雯雯 Xi'an, China, 24 de agosto de 1995) es una actriz y violinista de nacionalidad china.

Música
Su afición por la música se inicia desde muy niña y comienza a tocar la viola, debido a su alejamiento del mundo del espectáculo no se tiene muy claro si sigue tocando este instrumento.

Capaz de hablar inglés y chino, coprotagoniza la película The Karate Kid de Harald Zwart en el 2010.  Remake del filme homónimo que dirigió John G. Avildsen en 1984, junto a Jaden Smith y Jackie Chan. En ella interpreta a Meiying, la jovencita de procedencia asiática amiga de Dre Parker (Smith), el aprendiz de Artes Marciales del Sr. Han
(Chan).

Vida personal
Después de grabar la película karate Kid no apareció en nuevos proyectos y no se sabe mucho de su vida. Ha abierto algunas cuentas en redes sociales como Twitter o Facebook pero aun así es difícil tener claro a que se dedica o hace en la actualidad. También es importante destacar que se le confunde con otra actriz asiática nacida en el año 1982 conocida con el mismo nombre y en algunos sitios como Vivian Han.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actrices de China

Wenwen Han


İpek böceği (Bombyx mori). Kelebek yumurtalarını dut yaprakları üzerine bırakır, yumurtladıktan üç dört gün sonra ölür. Baharda taze dut yaprakları üzerindeki yumurtalardan larva halinde çıkan tırtıllar sık tüylü ve siyahtır. Büyük bir iştahla devamlı dut yaprağı yerler ve dört beş defa gömlek değiştirerek bir birbuçuk ayda 7 veya 8 santime ulaşırlar. Büyüdükçe renkleri açılır ve tüyleri kaybolur. İyice büyüyüp de hücrelerine yerleşince üst dudağındaki delikten iplik halinde zamk gibi bir sıvı çıkararak kozasını yapmaya başlar. Tırtıl önce kozanın dış kısmını sonra kendi vücudunun etrafını örmeye devam eder ve görünmez olur. Eğer kendi haline bıraklırsa iki üç hafta içinde kelebek haline gelerek ördüğü kozayı parçalar ve dışarı çıkar. Bu yüzden kozayı parçalamadan kozalar sıcak suya atılır veya sıcak su buharına tutularak tırtıl öldürülür. Böylece ipek kozaları elde edilir. Bu kozalardan da tel şeklindeki ipek lifleri çıkarılıp ham ipek üretilir.

Böceğin neslinin devamı için bir kısım kozanın gelişimini tamamlayıp kelebeğin çıkmasına müsaade edilir. Suni ipek kavak, göknar, söğüt gibi selülozca zengin olan ağaçlardan kimyasal yollarla elde edilen liflere denir.

Suni ipek viskos metodu ile elde edilir. Belirtilen ağaçlar önce levha haline getirilir. Sonra kurutulur ve makinelere konularak lif lif parçalanır. Selüloz lifleri sac kaplarda birkaç gün bekletildikten sonra kükürtleme makinalarında 100 kilogramına 33 kilogram karbonsülfür karıştırılarak, belirli sıcaklıkta 2-3 saat bekletilir. Bu arada selüloz renklenmeye başlar istenilen beyaz renk elde edilince kükürtleme kesilir. Elde edilen madde kesilir. Sonra platin alaşımından yapılmış çok ince delikli gözlerden asitli bir banyo içine fışkırtılır. Böylece gözlerden çıkan madde iplik haline gelir ve makaralara sarılır. Asit kükürt ve serbest tuzdan temizlenen madde suni ipek olarak piyasaya sürülür. Suni ipek doğal ipek kadar dayanıklı değildir.

İpekböceği ilk defa M.Ö. 2600 yılında Çin'de beslemeye alınmıştır. Türkiye'de ipekböcekçiliği 1500 yıllık bir geçmişe sahiptir ve dut ağacının yetiştiği yerlerde yardımcı tarım olarak yapılır.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Bombycidae
Böcek
Genomu dizilenmiş böcekler
Evcil hayvanlar
1758'de tanımlanan ilkin ağızlılar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

İpek böceği


Dramafilm er en genre af fiktive film med en alvorlig stemning og handling, der stræber på en seriøs og nuanceret fremstilling af personernes følelsesliv. Vægten er lagt på tilværelsens drama, der påvirker hovedpersonerne vist i filmen, samt på følelseslivet, der kommer til udtryk personerne imellem.
Dramafilm er forskellige fra komediefilm, der er ment som underholdning og satire. En dramatisk filmslutning er heller ikke altid lykkelig, til forskel fra komediefilmenes typisk lykkelige slutning.

Opdelingen i seriøs og komisk stemning kendes siden antikken, hvor det græske teater var groft opdelt i tragedie og komedie, og i senere opera og musik, med opdeling i opera seria og opera buffo, samt dur og mol. Tragedie endte altid med heltens død, mens komedie endte med en succes for hovedpersonen. I løbet af det 19. århundrede har teater-forfattere som Tjekov dog udvisket den skarpe opdeling og alvorlige eller lykkelige slutninger, og drama begyndte at betyde hverken tragedie eller komedie, men blot et fiktivt værk, hvor hele historien fortælles ved skuespillernes spil.

Dramafilm opdeles i mange underarter, herunder melodrama, hvor vægten er lagt på et opildnet og eksalteret fremstilling af følelsesliv.
Opdelingen mellem filmgenrene er ikke skarpt afgrænset, idet begge genre kan indeholde alvor og humor, og genrebetegnelsen "dramedy" eller komediedrama betyder, at filmen indeholder netop lige dele drama og underholdning.

Kildehenvisninger

Film
Filmgenrer

Dramafilm


Nahija Abu Qilqil () je nahija u okrugu Manbij, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 394,38 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 47.109 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Abu Qilqil.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Abu Qilqil (nahija)


Beltane eller beltaine er et angliseret navn for den gæliske majdag-festival. Den afholdes den 1. maj eller halvvejs mellem forårsjævndøgn og sommersolhverv. Den har været afholdt i Irland, i Skotland og på Isle of Man. På irsk er navnet på festivalen Lá Bealtaine, på skotsk gælisk Là Bealltainn og på manx gælisk Laa Boaltinn/Boaldyn. Det er en af de fire gæliske helligdage som Samhain, Imbolc og Lughnasadh og minder om den walisiske Calan Mai.

Beltane nævnes i den tidligste irske litteratur og associeres med vigtige begivenheder i irsk mytologi. Den markerer begyndelsen af sommeren og var det tidspunkt, hvor kvæget blev drevet ud på sommergræsning. Der blev udført ritualerer for at beskytte husdyrene, kornet og menneskene. Der blev afbrændt særlige bål, og deres flammer, røg og aske blev tilskrevet beskyttende kræfter. Disse sammenkomster blev en fest, og der blev spist og drukket ved aos sí.

I midten af 1900-tallet ophørte fejringen af beltane, men visse elementer blev kulturelle arrangementer nogle steder. Siden slutningen af 1900-tallet har bl.a. wicca'er opfattet beltane som en religiøs helligdag.

Referencer

Gælere
Kultur i Skotland
Kultur i Irland
Højtider

Beltane


29845 Wykrota este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
29845 Wykrota este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Wykrota de Cristóvão Jacques (astronom). Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,41 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 13,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 29001-30000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

29845 Wykrota


Get a Grip is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released in April 1993 by Geffen Records. Get a Grip was the band's last studio album to be released by Geffen before they returned to Columbia Records.

Get a Grip featured guests including Don Henley, who sang backup on "Amazing", and Lenny Kravitz, who offered backup vocals and collaboration to "Line Up". As on Permanent Vacation and Pump, this album featured numerous song collaborators from outside the band including: Desmond Child, Jim Vallance, Mark Hudson, Richie Supa, Taylor Rhodes, Jack Blades, and Tommy Shaw.

Get a Grip became Aerosmith's best-selling studio album worldwide, achieving sales of over 20 million copies. The album became the band's first album to reach number one in the United States and tied with Pump for their second best-selling album in the U.S., selling over 7 million copies as of 1995 (Toys in the Attic leads with nine million). This also made it their third consecutive album with U.S. sales of at least five million. Two songs from the album won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, in 1993 and 1994. The album was voted Album of the Year by Metal Edge readers in the magazine's 1993 Readers' Choice Awards, while "Livin' on the Edge" was voted Best Video.

Production
The album originally had 12 songs and was scheduled to be released in the third quarter of 1992, but Geffen A&R executive John Kalodner listened to what had been recorded and thought it lacked variety and a radio-friendly song. So the band went back to write more songs with collaborators such as Child.

Regarding songs that reflect on the band's history with drug abuse such as "Get a Grip" and "Amazing", Steven Tyler declared: "We were saying you can point it back to some of those old beliefs about the crossroads and signing up with the devil, that you can look at the drugs as that: It can be fun in the beginning but then it comes time to pay your debt, and if you're not sharp enough to see that it's taking you down, then it really will get you."

Many songs were written and recorded for the album that were either used as B-sides or never released. "Don't Stop" and "Head First" were released as B-sides, as well as "Can't Stop Messin'", which also appears on several special editions of the album as an addition in the track list. Alternate versions of other songs recorded during the sessions including "Deuces Are Wild", "Lizard Love", "Devil's Got a New Disguise", and "Legendary Child" have since been released on various albums and soundtracks.

Other songs were listed on the official Aerosmith website in the late 1990s. "Black Cherry", "Dime Store Lover", "Meltdown", "Rocket 88", "Wham Bam", and "Yo Momma" were listed on the lyrics page of the website. In 2005, Kalodner confirmed the existence of several of these songs, as well as "Trouble", "Strange", "13", and "Keep on Movin'". "Deuces Are Wild" was possibly recorded again during these sessions. Several songs are also listed on copyright repertoires, including "Ain't Gonna Break My Heart", "Good Thang", and "Jake". These songs can be traced to the year 1991.

Cover art
Get a Grip's cover art, depicting an image of a cow with a captive bead nipple ring through its udder and a brand of the Aerosmith logo, was designed by noted album-cover artist Hugh Syme. Music critic Steven Hyden has referred to the album's cover art as "the worst album cover ever", expressing surprise that Syme was responsible for it given his other work. An animal-rights group objected to the cover art, but the band confirmed the image had been digitally altered and did not depict an actual act of animal cruelty.

A special edition of the album was released in a fabric-covered case made to resemble cowhide.

First digital download
On June 27, 1994, Aerosmith became the first major artist to release a song as an exclusive digital download, making "Head First" available as a 4-megabyte WAV file to CompuServe subscribers. Around 10,000 users downloaded the song in the first few days, even though at the time, most users accessed the service with a modem, meaning the download would have taken the better part of an hour.
"Head First" was earlier used as the B-side for "Eat the Rich".

Critical reception

Reviewing for Rolling Stone in 1993, Mark Coleman said he enjoyed the title song and compared the introductory track to the band's 1986 rendition of "Walk This Way" with Run–D.M.C. However, he found much of the rest unadventurous and too "somber", negatively comparing "Livin' on the Edge" to a Bon Jovi song, and lamenting the outside contributions from songwriters and collaborators. Ultimately, Coleman determined that, "for a spirited half-hour or so, Aerosmith pretty much gets over on sheer awe-inspiring technique". Robert Christgau was more positive in a contemporaneous review for Playboy, saying that while it "occasionally exploits their rap connection", remains faithful to Aerosmith's template of "fast ones and slow ones; lyrically it's fuck me and fuck you", but with such superpro crunch and commitment that no good-timing headbanger will give a shit. Christgau highlighted "Cryin'" as "the classic" on the album, while saying that "the closest thing to a duff cut [is] the 'meaningful' Livin' on the Edge, which could be a hit anyway." He later ranked it 64th on his "Dean's List" accompanying The Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics poll of the year's best albums, and assigned it an A-minus in his 2000 book Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s.

Track listing

Immediately after "Amazing," a snippet of "Who Threw the Whiskey in the Well", by Lucky Millinder, is heard as if being tuned in on an old radio. Tyler says, "So from all of us at Aerosmith to all of you out there, wherever you are, remember: the light at the end of the tunnel may be you. Good night." The music then fades out.

Personnel
Aerosmith
Steven Tyler – lead vocals, keyboards, mandolin, harmonica, additional percussion, arranger
Joe Perry – guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Walk On Down"
Brad Whitford – guitar, lead guitar on "Fever", "Gotta Love It", and "Flesh"
Tom Hamilton – bass guitar, bass solo on "Gotta Love It"
Joey Kramer – drums

Additional personnel
David Campbell – orchestra arrangements on "Crazy" and "Amazing"
Desmond Child – keyboards on "Crazy"
John Webster – keyboards
Richard Supa – keyboards on "Amazing"
Don Henley – background vocals on "Amazing"
Lenny Kravitz – background vocals on "Line Up"
Paul Barontrumpet
Tom Keenlyside – saxophone
Bruce Fairbairn – trumpet, production
Ian Putzbaritone saxophone
Bob Rogerstrombone
Liainaiala Tagaloa – log drums on "Eat the Rich"
Mapuhi T. Tekurio – log drums on "Eat the Rich"
Aladd Alationa Teofilo – log drums on "Eat the Rich"
Melvin Liufau – log drums on "Eat the Rich"
Wesey Mamea – log drums on "Eat the Rich"
Sandy Kanaeholo – log drums on "Eat the Rich"

Production
EngineersJohn Aguto, Ed Korengo, Ken Lomas, Mike Plotnikoff, David Thoener, Karl Heilbron
Pre Production EngineerTony Lentini
MixingBrendan O'Brien
MasteringGreg Fulginiti at Masterdisk
Mastering SupervisorDavid Donnelly
ProgrammingJohn Webster
Production coordinationDebra Shallman
Guitar technicianDan Murphy
Art directionMichael Golob
Cover designHugh Syme
PhotographyEdward Colver, William Hames
John Kalodner

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Awards
Grammy Awards

Metal Edge Readers' Choice Awards

See also
Get a Grip Tour

References

Bibliography

1993 albums
Aerosmith albums
Geffen Records albums
Albums produced by Bruce Fairbairn
Albums recorded at A&M Studios
Albums recorded at Little Mountain Sound Studios

Get a Grip


Cikadolike (lat. Cycadales), biljni red u razredu Cycadopsida (cikadovnice; Cycadatae) koji se sastoji od najmanje dvije porodice vazdazelenog grmlja i drveća, cikasovke s rodom cikas (Cycas)(Cycadaceae) i kijakovke (Zamiaceae) s rodovima ceratozamija (Ceratozamia), dion (Dioon), Encefalartos (Encephalartos), lepidozamija (Lepidozamia), makrozamija (Macrozamia), mikrocikas (Microcycas) i zamija (Zamia). Rodovi bovenija (Bowenia) i stangerija (Stangeria)se ponekad vode kao posebna porodica Stangeriaceae. Ukupan broj vrsta u ove dvije porodice je oko 350.

Cikadolike su rasprostranjene po tropskim predjelima Amerike, Afrike, Azije, Australije. Rod cikas po kojem su porodica red i razred dobili ime ima preko stotinu vrsta, a ime mu dolazi po grčkoj riječi kykas što je kod Teofrasta označavalo neku palmu.

Tzv. sago palma, lažna palma ili cikas palma (Cycas revoluta) nije prava palma, nego je samo nalik na nju, a nije ni u srodstvu s pravom sago palmom (Metroxylon sagu), ali i jedna i druga služe za izradu sago brašna, nakon što se iz biljke višestrukim namakanjem otklone otrovni sastojci.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Cikade
Biljni redovi

Cikadolike


La Ruta Estatal de Nevada 265, y abreviada SR 265 (en inglés: Nevada State Route 265) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Nevada. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la Silver Peak Road en Silver Peak hacia el Norte en la . La carretera tiene una longitud de 33 km (20.500 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta Estatal de Nevada 265 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Nevada por sus siglas en inglés Nevada DOT.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Nevada DOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Nevada

Ruta Estatal de Nevada 265


Duplik Jonas 7 ist ein Roman zum Thema Gentechnologie der deutschen Schriftstellerin Birgit Rabisch, der 1992 im Georg Bitter Verlag erschien und 1996 im Deutschen Taschenbuchverlag (dtv) veröffentlicht wurde. Der Roman wurde mit dem Literaturpreis Umwelt des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 1994 ausgezeichnet. Zuletzt erschien eine űberarbeitete und aktualisierte Fassung des Romans im Verlag duotincta (2017) als E-Book.

In Duplik Jonas 7 schildert Rabisch eine zukünftige Welt, in der Klone produziert und als Ersatzteillager für Menschen gehalten werden. Außer mit dem Hauptthema des Klonens beschäftigt sich der Roman mit vielen weiteren ethischen Fragen, z. B. Leihmutterschaft, Organtransplantationen, vorgeburtliche Selektion, Gen-check-ups, standardisierte Euthanasie.

Inhalt
Bis zu 50 Jahren in der Zukunft (2021) an einem nicht genau definierten Ort in Europa leben die Dupliks. Sie werden in "Horten" gefangen gehalten und darauf ausgerichtet, auf ihre Gesundheit zu achten, indem sie sich richtig ernähren, viel Sport treiben und sich regelmäßigen Check-ups unterziehen. Dennoch werden immer wieder Dupliks von einer Krankheit befallen, dem "Fraß". Nur durch die Entfernung der betroffenen Körperteile lässt sich ihr Leben retten. Das wird den Dupliks jedenfalls von ihren "Horterinnen" erzählt. In Wirklichkeit sind die Dupliks Klone, d. h. genidentische Zwillinge, die für ihren in der normalen Welt lebenden Zwilling als Ersatzteillager dienen. Eines Tages ist auch der Duplik Jonas 7 angeblich vom "Fraß" befallen, denn "sein Mensch" Jonas Helcken hat einen Autounfall erlitten, bei dem seine Augen zerstört worden sind. Jonas Helcken werden die Augen seines Dupliks transplantiert. Jonas Helckens Schwester Ilka engagiert sich als "Lebensschützerin" gegen das ihr unmenschlich erscheinende System der "medizinischen Duplikhaltung". Sie überzeugt ihren Bruder davon, "seinen" Duplik aus dem Hort zu entführen, um ihn der Öffentlichkeit zu präsentieren. Die soll davon überzeugt werden, dass auch ein Duplik ein Mensch mit allen Rechten ist und nicht als Ersatzteillager missbraucht werden darf. Jonas Helcken willigt ein, seinem Duplik ein Auge rücktransplantieren zu lassen, um ihm dadurch zur Flucht über die europäische Grenze zu verhelfen. Dort finden zwar Kontrollen der Ausweise statt, in denen das Genom gespeichert ist, doch da Jonas Helcken und Jonas 7 genidentisch sind und Jonas Helcken als Einäugiger im System ausgewiesen ist, könnte die Flucht gelingen. Im letzten Moment verweigert sich Jonas 7 jedoch dem Fluchtplan und tritt zusammen mit Ilka im TV auf, um sich für die Rechte der Dupliks einzusetzen. Dadurch riskiert er, getötet und dem freien Organspendemarkt zugeführt zu werden. Das Ende bleibt offen.

Literatur
Der Roman steht in der Tradition dystopischer Romane wie Aldous Huxleys "Schöne neue Welt" und George Orwells "1984". Anders als bei Huxley und Orwell spielt sich das Geschehen aber nicht in einer Diktatur ab, sondern in einer von Medien beherrschten Demokratie. Das Parlament hat sich nach kontroverser Debatte für die "medizinische Duplikhaltung" entschieden. Die Gesunderhaltung der Menschen gilt als höchstes Gut, dem nicht nur die Menschwürde der Dupliks, sondern auch ihr Leben geopfert wird.
In ihrem dem Roman vorangestellten Motto zitiert Rabisch aus Günther Anders' Werk Hiroshima ist überall. Deutliche Bezüge werden auch sichtbar zu seiner Vorstellung von der Antiquiertheit des Menschen, der viel mehr herstellen kann als er sich vorstellen kann, d. h. als er in seinen Auswirkungen ethisch verantwortbar beherrschen kann.

Rezeption
Nach Erscheinen des Buches 1992 im kleinen Georg Bitter-Verlag gab es durchweg positive Rezensionen, wirklich bekannt wurde das Buch jedoch erst nach der Taschenbuchausgabe im dtv-Verlag 1996, also im selben Jahr, in dem das Klonschaf Dolly geboren wurde. Erst da wurde auch einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit die Brisanz des Themas Klonen bewusst. Das Buch wurde immer wieder neu aufgelegt. 2017 erschien die 20. Auflage.

Rezensionen
Drei typische Beispiele für die Rezensionen nach der Erstveröffentlichung 1992 (Auszüge):

Duplik Jonas 7 ist ein beklemmend realistischer Zukunftsroman …Mit jeder neuen Buchseite kommt der Leser – wie die Romanhelden – zunehmend ins Nachdenken. … Er liefert keine einfachen Antworten. Er macht sensibel für die gesellschaftspolitischen Folgen eines Technologiebereiches, der nur allzu häufig rein naturwissenschaftlich betrachtet wird. Dabei kommt Birgit Rabisch ohne erhobenen Zeigefinger und ohne Schwarzweißmalerei aus. Genau diese Ausgewogenheit macht den Roman so lesenswert.

Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung 7. Mai 1992

Eine schreckliche und zugleich spannende Zukunftsvision hat Birgit Rabisch da entwickelt. … So ist aus der anrührenden Leidensgeschichte vom Duplik Jonas 7 ein allgemeinverständliches Informationsbuch geworden, – über die Risiken und die ethischen Probleme, die damit verbundenen sind, wenn die Menschen die Baupläne der Natur abzeichnen und verändern wollen.

Buchtip auf 90,3, NDR 12. Juni 1992

Birgit Rabisch begibt sich mit ihrer komplexen Pro und Contra Geschichte mitten in hochaktuelle Problematik. Sie argumentiert schonungslos, vielschichtig und drückt sich nicht vor den ethisch-moralischen Aspekten des Themas. Ein forderndes, offenes Buch, das Fragen aufwirft, denen sich jeder irgendwann im Leben stellen muß.

Jugendliteratur in der Schweiz 3/1992

Eine ausführliche Rezension aus dem Jahr 2011:

Am 8. März 2011 wurde Duplik Jonas 7 in einem Artikel in der FAZ.NET als zentrales Buch zum Thema behandelt.

Übersetzungen
 1998 ins Französische, Titel: Jonas 7: clone, im Verlag Hachette, Paris
 1999 ins Spanische, Titel: Jonas 7, replicant, bei Editorial Cruilla, Barcelona
 1999 ins Griechische, bei Kedros, Athen
 2006 ins Italienische, Titel: Il mio clone Jonas, bei Archimede

Dramatisierungen
 27. Juni 1997 Premiere in Bleidenstadt als Schultheaterstück unter dem Titel Marias Augen
 17. Juli 1998 Premiere in Stuhr-Brinkum als Schultheaterstück (Originaltitel)
 16. Juli 2004 Premiere an den Kammerspielen Heilbronn (Originaltitel)

Unterrichtsmaterial
Duplik Jonas 7 wird vielfach als Schullektüre eingesetzt, sowohl im Deutschunterricht als auch in den Fächern Philosophie, Ethik und Biologie.

Zahlreiche Auszüge in Schulbüchern wurden veröffentlicht:

Wortstark 10, 1997, Textinterpretation 9, 2002, Der Neue Kolumbus 9, 2003, Sonne, Klon und Sterne 2006, Duo Deutsch B 7 2006, Deutsch Kombi 5, 2007, Abenteuer Mensch Sein 3, 2007/2009, Auer Deutschbuch 9, 2008, Realschule Bayern Jahrgangsstufentest 8, 2009, Forum Ethik 11, 2012

1998 setzte sich Wolfgang Biesterfeld in seinem Artikel Sciencefiction für Jugendliche in Praxis Schule 5-10 ausführlich mit dem Buch und seiner Verwendung im Schulunterricht auseinander.

Zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Arbeiten haben sich mit Duplik Jonas 7 beschäftigt, z. B. Renate Grubert in ihrer Abschlussarbeit 1998 Science-fiction in der Kinder- und Jugendliteratur an der Universität Wien und Timo Saß in seiner Staatsexamensarbeit 2002: Das Thema Klonen in der modernen Jugendliteratur, Ein Vergleich zwischen Rabischs Duplik Jonas 7 und Eschbachs Perfect Copy an der Universität Kiel.

Quellen

Weblinks
 www.birgitrabisch.de
 www.dtv.de/buecher/duplik_jonas_78081.html
 www.duotincta.de/kulturgut/duplik-jonas-7/

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Roman, Epik

Duplik Jonas 7


Karatay Medresesi, Konya'da bulunan Selçuklu dönemine ait yapı. Medrese Karatay ilçesi, Ferhuniye Mahallesi, Adliye Bulvarı'nda bulunmaktadır.

Özellikleri
Karatay Medresesi, II. İzzeddin Keykavus devrinde, 1250-1251 yıllarında yapılmıştır. Eyvanın solundaki kubbeli hücre Celaleddin Karatay'ın türbesi olduğundan ve Celalettin Karatay Vakfiyesine kayıtlı olduğundan Celalettin Karatay tarafından yaptırıldığı düşünülmektedir. Mimarı bilinmemektedir. Osmanlı devrinde de kullanılan medrese 19. yüzyılın sonlarında terk edilmiştir.

Medrese, Selçuklular devrinde hadis ve tefsir ilimleri okutulmak üzere "Kapalı Medrese" tipinde Sille taşından inşa edilmiştir. Tek katlıdır. Giriş doğudan gök ve beyaz mermerden yapılmış kapı ile sağlanmaktadır. Kapı Selçuklu devri taş işçiliğinin şaheser bir örneğidir. Yazı ve desenlerle süslenmiştir. Kapının üzerinde medresenin yapımı ile ilgili kitabeler yer almaktadır. Kapının diğer yüzeylerine seçme ayet ve hadisler kabartma olarak işlenmiştir. Kapıdan, evvelce kubbe ile örtülü (şimdi üzeri açık) bir avluya, buradan da bir kapı ile medreseye girilir. Medrese salonunun üzeri, merkezinde fener bulunan ve mozaik çinilerle kaplı kubbe ile örtülüdür. Kubbe kasnağında, duvarların üst kısımlarındaki bordürlerde ve hücre kapıları üzerindeki panoda ayetler yazılıdır. Binanın batı yönünde bulunan beşik tonozlu eyvanın kemerinde besmele ve Ayet-el Kürsi yer almaktadır. Kubbeye geçiş elemanı olan üçgenlerde ise Muhammed, İsa, Musa ve Davud peygamberlerin isimleri ile dört halifenin (Ebu Bekir, Ömer, Osman, Ali) isimlerine yer verilmiştir.

Medrese duvarlarındaki mozaik çinilerin büyük bir kısmı dökülmüştür. Çinilerde kullanılan renkler, turkuvaz (firuze), lacivert ve siyahtır. Anadolu Selçuklu devri çini işçiliğinde önemli yeri bulunan Karatay Medresesi 1955 yılında "Çini Eserler Müzesi" olarak ziyarete açılmıştır. 2006 yılında genel bir bakımdan geçirilmiştir.

Kubadabad Sarayı
Sergilenen eserler Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemine aittir. Celaleddin Karatay Türbesi'nin bulunduğu hücrede ve güneydeki öğrenci hücrelerinde Kubadabad Sarayı çinileri alçı süsleri, çini tabaklar, kandiller ve sırsız seramikler sergilenmektedir. Kubadabad Sarayı çinileri haç, yarım haç, sekiz köşeli yıldız ve kare şeklinde olup, lüster ve sıraltı tekniği ile yapılmıştır. I.Alaeddin Keykubat'ın emri ile yaptırılan Kubadabad Sarayı İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı ve Osman Turan'ın Beyşehir civarında olması gerektiğini işaret etmelerinden sonra 1949 yılında dönemin Konya Müze Müdürü Zeki Oral tarafından bulunmuştur. 1952'de Zeki Oral'ın, 1965-1966'da Katharina Ottodorn'un ve 1967'de Mehmet Önder'in sondaj ve kazı çalışmaları ardından uzun süre kendi kaderine terk edilen Kubad-Abad 1980 yılından itibaren Rüçhan Arık tarafından yeniden ele alınarak sistemli kazılara başlanmıştır.

Eyvan
Eyvanda Selçuklu dönemine ait çini kalıntıları, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemine ait seramikler sergilenmektedir. Kubbeli salonda Selçuklu dönemine ait cam tabak, çini parçaları, Beyşehir Eşrefoğlu Camii'ne ait tavan göbekleri ve Osmanlı dönemine ait seramikler bulunmaktadır.

Pazartesi dışında her gün 08.30-12.30/13.30-17.30 saatlerinde ziyarete açıktır.

Ayrıca bakınız
Medrese
Osmanlı'da eğitim

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Karatay Medresesi'ndeki (Çini Müzesi) Kubad-Abad Sarayı Çinileri

Konya'daki medreseler
Anadolu Selçuklu yapıları
Konya'daki müzeler

Karatay Medresesi


An Stelis molleturoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Dodson, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Alec M. Pridgeon och Mark W. Chase. An Stelis molleturoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stelis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stelis (Orchidaceae)

Stelis molleturoi


Jens Meulengracht-Madsen (født 1939, død 21. april 2007 på Bornholm) var læge og passioneret akvarist fra en alder af fem år. Han udgav en lang række bøger om akvariefisk. Han arbejdede som naturvidenskabelig journalist for Danmarks Radio og var en fremragende naturfotograf.

I 1954 begyndte han at opdrætte sommerfugleciclider (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi), og da han var 17 år gammel, skrev han sin første artikel, "Mine ramirezi",  til Dansk Akvarieblad.
Han illustrerede sine bøger med egne fotos.

Meulengracht-Madsen medvirkede i Danmarks Radios programmer Videnskaben og vi, Den grønne Linie, Viden om (P1), Natursyn og var fra 1967 til 1987 redaktør for Danmarks Radios naturvidenskabelige spørgeprogram Lexicon sammen med Bent Jørgensen, direktør for København Zoo. Han var medstifter af Dansk Saltvands Klub og en tid klubbens formand, medlem af Dansk Cichlide Selskab og præsident for DAU (Dansk Akvarie Union).

I 1975 blev han hædret af det svenske tidsskrift Akvariets Oscar for sin indsats for Akvariehobbyen.

Bibliografi
 Adfærd i ferskvandsakvarie, Clausens forlag
 Akvariet i fokus, Clausens forlag
 Akvariefoto, Clausens forlag
 Skalarer, Diskosfisk og Cichlider, Clausens forlag
 Politikens Akvariehåndbog (1994), Politikens forlag

Noter

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger
 Københavns Akvarieforenings websted

Iktyologer
Læger fra Danmark
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark

Jens Meulengracht-Madsen


Olga Nawoja Tokarczuk (rođena 29. siječnja 1962.) poljska je književnica, aktivistica i intelektualka koja je u Poljskoj opisana kao jedna od komercijalno najuspješnijih i od kritike najprepoznatijih autorica njezine generacije. 2018. godine osvojila je međunarodnu Bookerovu nagradu za književno stvaralaštvo za svoj roman Bieguni. Godine 2019. nagrađena je Nobelovom nagradom za književnost za 2018. godinu.

Izvori

Nobelova nagrada
Pisci

Olga Tokarczuk


La fontaine des Zurichois s'élève à Strasbourg sur la place du Pont aux-Chats dans le quartier de la Krutenau, au bord de ce qui était autrefois le cours du Rheingiessen. C'est un monument en grès rose de style néo-renaissance, dessiné par l'architecte Émile Salomon, dont l'érection a été financée par la Société d'embellissement (Verschönerungs-Verein) de Strasbourg et inauguré en 1884, comme l'indique une plaque du monument. Il commémore un événement qui eut lieu en 1576.

Le monument dédié aux Zurichois

Ce monument a été conçu comme une fontaine monumentale flanquée de deux bassins arrondis dans lesquels l'eau se déverse pendant la saison estivale par deux tuyaux en bronze. L'eau jaillit depuis la partie basse d' haut monument de style néo-renaissance, de plan carré et de composition assez complexe. Il présente une toiture arrondie couverte de petites tuiles à bout rond sculptées dans le grès et bordée de quatre frontons triangulaires. Au , elle était encore garnie d'un petit couronnement sommital et de petites piles de grès, qui ont disparu depuis. En façade, le fronton présente les armoiries de Strasbourg et celles de Zurich. En-dessous, dans une niche en conque, est placé le buste en bronze du poète Jean Fischart. Les trois autres côtés sont garnis de hautes plaques de métal sur lesquelles se lisent des inscriptions en allemand en léger relief.

Sur la partie basse du monument, deux plaques métalliques ont été apposées, la première dès son inauguration, la seconde au  :

À l'avant est représentée une barque à nombreuses rames voguant sur des flots tumultueux. Au centre de l'image trône un chaudron tripode d'où s'élèvent des volutes de fumée. De part et d'autre sont placées les bannières des deux villes. Au fond se dresse la cathédrale de Strasbourg et se trouve un encart dans lequel se croisent une arquebuse et une arbalète. Aucun humain ne figure dans cette scène et elle ne porte aucune inscription.

 À l'arrière du monument se trouve une plaque posée lors du quatrième centenaire de l'événement. Elle représente une barque de profil avec ses occupants. Elle est entourée par un phylactère portant l'inscription : « Hirsebreifahrt 1576-1976 Zurich-Strasbourg// 20.6.1976/ La ville de Zurich à ses amis strasbourgeois ».

L'événement de 1576

Ce monument commémore l'exploit des rameurs venus à Strasbourg en barque depuis Zurich le  pour y assister à la finale du concours de tir à l'arquebuse. L'expédition comptait 53 hommes, dont plusieurs notables et des joueurs de tambour, de trompette et de fifre. Depuis la Limmat, qui passe à Zurich, le bateau avait rejoint le Rhin, puis emprunté un de ses bras pour arriver au  Rheingiessen , qui débouchait dans l'Ill devant le quai des Bateliers, où la délégation suisse fut reçue par les représentants des Conseils strasbourgeois.

Les Zurichois apportaient avec eux un chaudron rempli de bouillie de mil qui n'aurait pas eu le temps de refroidir durant les dix-huit heures qu'avait duré le voyage. L'objectif de l'entreprise était de montrer aux Strasbourgeois que les Zurichois, leurs alliés, étaient prêts à venir les secourir très rapidement si nécessaire. Les Zurichois furent très bien reçus par le Magistrat de Strasbourg, qui se chargea de les loger, leur offrit de grandes quantités de vin, leur remit des bannières honorifiques, ainsi que des bourses contenant des médailles de valeur.

L'événement, qui n'est pas une légende, avait fortement marqué les contemporains : il a été mentionné dans le registre des procès-verbaux du Conseil des Vingt-et-Un de la Ville pour l'année 1576 :

Commémorer l'événement

Des objets commémoratifs furent créés à cette occasion. Un orfèvre de Zurich nommé Heidegger a réalisé une coupe à pied en vermeil, sertie de cinq des médailles remises par Strasbourg, aujourd'hui conservée au Musée historique de Strasbourg. Elle porte en allemand l'inscription gravée « Cette année-là, nous sommes allés de Zurich vers Strasbourg en un jour. C'est pourquoi on nous a donné cette pièce de 5 Pfennig dans une bourse en souvenir et des drapeaux à la délégation ». Quatre scènes faites au repoussé représentent la barque et ses rameurs, la place de tir, la remise de cadeaux et bannières à la délégation suisse, enfin le retour des participants vers Zurich dans des voitures couvertes. De même, un moule à pain d'épices circulaire en bois réalisé l'année suivante montre la barque surmontée de Dieu le père, et surtout, des médailles commémorant l'événement montrent la popularité de cet exploit, en Suisse autant qu'à Strasbourg.

La marmite tripode qui avait contenu la bouillie aurait été placée dans un tonneau contenant du sable brûlant, pour en garder le contenu au chaud durant le voyage. Elle est aussi conservée au Musée historique de Strasbourg, bien qu'elle ait été endommagée lors du bombardement allemand de la ville en 1870.

La venue des rameurs zurichois est fêtée tous les dix ans depuis 1946 ; le quatrième centenaire a été marqué en 1976 et la dernière venue en barque des Zurichois eut lieu en 2016. La plupart du temps, les arrivants suisses portaient des costumes historicisants, et des notables zurichois furent plusieurs fois du voyage. Celui-ci dura cependant bien plus longtemps qu'en 1576, à cause des barrages hydroélectriques implantés sur le Rhin, qui nécessitèrent des arrêts à terre.

Un geste diplomatique

Le récit le plus connu de cet événement a été publié par l'écrivain strasbourgeois Johann Fischart dans un long poème intitulé Das glückhafte Schiff von Zürich, ein Lobspruch von der glücklichen und wolfertigen Schiffart, dans lequel se trouvent entre autres les lignes inscrites sur le monument de la place du Pont-aux-Chats (ici traduites de l'allemand) : « Dieu veuille toujours conserver /En solide amitié l'aimable voisinage/ Entre la ville de Strasbourg et la Confédération (helvétique)/ Comme il a été hérité des temps anciens ».
Ainsi que l'écrivait Fischart, cette expédition était un geste diplomatique autant qu'un exploit sportif. L'usage d'organiser des concours de tir entre cités du Saint-Empire (jusqu'à Leipzig ou Nuremberg) et de la Confédération suisse était fréquent depuis la fin du . C'était l'occasion pour ces cités de renforcer leur alliance et elles étaient conviées régulièrement à ces rencontres, des invitations étant largement diffusées par la ville organisatrice. Celles-ci nous renseignent sur les droits d'inscription, les divertissements organisés à l'occasion de la rencontre, qui comportait une loterie ou une tombola, et sur les prix que les participants pouvaient gagner, comme du vin, des animaux, des tissus, et, pour le gros lot, une somme d'argent en florins. La cité des vainqueurs était chargée d'accueillir le tournoi de l'année suivante, ce qui lui conférait un grand prestige. En 1576, c'est Strasbourg qui invitait au concours de tir à l'arbalète et à l'arquebuse. Les épreuves se tenaient à l'extérieur des remparts, au nord de la ville, au lieu appelé Schiessrain, aujourd'hui parc du Contades, comme le montre une gravure de Tobias Stimmer de 1576.

La venue des Zurichois en 1870

La France ayant déclaré la guerre à la Prusse, les troupes prussiennes entrèrent en Alsace, puis, avec leurs alliés badois, entreprirent le siège de Strasbourg en bombardant la ville du 23 au , causant beaucoup de dégâts, de morts et de blessés. Mais la population et son maire républicain nouvellement élu, Émile Küss, résistèrent aux assiégeants. La Croix-Rouge et des délégués de Bâle, Berne, Zurich, villes suisses alliées traditionnelles de Strasbourg, vinrent sur place et obtinrent du général allemand von Werder qu'il autorise l'évacuation, le , de deux mille femmes, enfants, vieillards et blessés enfermés dans la ville. Strasbourg ne capitula que le . Ce geste, confirmant la promesse des Zurichois en 1576, est resté dans la mémoire des Strasbourgeois, qui leur en restèrent très reconnaissants.

Le monument de Bartholdi

Natif de Strasbourg, le baron Gruyer avait souhaité dédier à la Confédération helvétique un monument pour la remercier de l'intervention de sa délégation durant le siège de Strasbourg en 1870 et en a confié la réalisation au sculpteur colmarien Auguste Bartholdi. L'élément principal de ce monument est un groupe sculpté en marbre intitulé . Il  surmonte un haut socle en granit sur lequel ont été fixées deux plaques représenant, l'une, l'arrivée en 1870 des émissaires suisses dans Strasbourg dévastée et à l'autre, l'accueil des Zurichois par les Strasbourgeois en 1576. Le monument, à la base duquel est gravée la dédicace À la Suisse, hommage reconnaissant d'un enfant de Strasbourg. 1870, avait été érigé devant la gare de Bâle et inauguré en 1895.

Bartholdi présenta cette œuvre au Salon de 1895, ce qui lui valut d'obtenir la médaille d'honneur de sculpture.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

  Collectif, Strassburg und seine Bauten, Strasbourg, K. J. Trübner, 1894,
  Johann Fischart, Das glückhafte Schiff von Zürich, 1596.
 Georges Foessel (et al.), Strasbourg, panorama monumental et architectural des origines à 1914, Contades, Strasbourg, 1984,

 Régis Hueber, Le monument à la Suisse secourant les douleurs de Strasbourg, Musée Bartholdi, Colmar, 1999, (cat. d'exposition),
 Jean-Pierre Klein, Le Musée historique de Strasbourg, Musées de Strasbourg, 1980,
 .

Fontaine dans le Bas-Rhin
Monument à Strasbourg
Édifice construit en 1884

Fontaine des Zurichois


Amanita virosa (Elias Magnus Fries, 1838 ex Louis-Adolphe Bertillon, 1866), din încrengătura Basidiomycota, familia Amanitaceae și genul Amanita este, împreună cu gemenele ei Amanita verna și Amanita phalloides, una din cele mai otrăvitoare ciuperci cunoscute. Această specie este numită în popor burete tomnatic. Ea coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriză (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor) și se poate găsi în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord din iunie până în octombrie (uneori noiembrie) în păduri de foioase, precum și de conifere umede, în primul rând sub fagi  și pini, unde pământul este acoperit de mușchi. Ciuperca preferă să crească pe soluri acide.

Istoric

Ordinul Agaricales este s-a diversificat acum foarte mult timp, între 138 și 178 milioane de ani, începând din timpul perioadei geologice în Jurasic spre deosebire de, de exemplu, genul Boletus, care există de între 34 și 44 milioane de ani.

În anul 1809, un burete sub denumirea Agaricus virosus a fost pomenit și desenat pentru prima dată de naturalistul englez James Sowerby (1757-1822) în volumul al treilea al operei sale Coloured figures of English Fungi or mushrooms. Deși fiul lui, James (1815-1834), a descris otrăviri mortale cauzate de ciuperca descrisă de tatăl lui în 1832, trebuie constatat că nici descrierea, nici imaginea lui Sowerby bătrânul nu corespund cu aspectul soiului caracterizat în acest articol, căci specia este în realitate Stropharia semiglobata a lui August Batsch (sinonim: Protostropharia semiglobata).

Astfel, abia tewrmenul determinat (tot Agaricus virosus) de marele savant Elias Magnus Fries în lucrarea sa Epicrisis systematis mycologici, seu synopsis hymenomycetum din 1838 a fost acceptat nume binomial.

Specia a fost transferată de medicul francez Louis-Adolphe Bertillon (1821-1883) corect la genul Amanita sub păstrarea epitetului, de verificat în cartea sa Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de Science Médicales din 1866.

Unii autori au susținut cum că buretele tomnatic nici nu ar fi o specie de sine stătătoare, ci doar o varietate a soiurilor Amanita phalloides (buretele viperei) sau Amanita verna (burete primăvăratic). Printre altele, doar toxicologia diferită într-un punct important dovedește contrariul.

Descriere

Această specie are un velum universale (văl universal), o membrană subțire care o învelește la începutul evoluției ei, extinzându-se de la vârful pălăriei la capătul inferior al piciorului precum un velum partiale (văl parțial) care acoperă numai părțile purtătoare de spori, astfel încât se întinde de la de marginea pălăriei la capătul superior al tijei. După puțin timp, membranele se rup, lăsând urme de fulgi pe pălărie, un guler în jurul tijei și o rămășiță în formă de săculeț la bază, numită volva (vagin).

 Pălăria: este subțire, de mărime medie pentru ciuperci plin dezvoltate, cu un diametru de aproximativ 4-8 cm și amenajată central peste picior, fiind la început sferică, apoi convexă, menținând până la final forma unui clopot. Cuticula este uscată sau ușor lipicioasă, la margine netedă și mereu ondulată. Pălăria și piciorul sunt ușor separabili. Ciuperca poartă fulgi albi puțin pronunțați (rest al velum universale), care dispar repede după o ploaie. Culoarea ei este albă, la mijloc uneori cu nuanțe brun-roșiatice.
 Lamelele: sunt aglomerate, late, libere (fără contact cu piciorul), albe, intercalate cu numeroase jumătăți de lamele foarte lungi și bulboase. Trama (micologie) lamelelor este bilaterală.
 Piciorul: are o lungime de 8,5-15 cm și o lățime de 0,7-1,8 cm, fiind alb, câteodată slab brumat, acoperit cu numeroși solzi mici de la manșetă în jos, îngroșându-se slab spre la bază și sfârșind într-un bulb înfășurat de o volvă membranoasă. În partea superioară este destul de subțire, îngustându-se în sus. Este la început plin, apoi împăiat, la sfârșit gol pe dinăuntru. După maturarea fructelor, rămâne un inel neted, liber, foarte fragil și adeseori rupt în partea de sus a mijlocului tijei.
 Carnea: este mereu albă, fragedă și moale. Mirosul și gustul sunt neplăcuți de la început. Este complet neindicat de a gusta acestest burete! Chiar și consumat în doze foarte mici este foarte otrăvitor, iar o cantitate de aproximativ 30 g se poate dovedi fatală.
 Caracteristici microscopice: Sporii sunt rotunjori, hialini (translucizi), incolori și amilozi (se colorează cu un reactiv de iod) și măsoară 8-12 x 7-10 microni. Pulberea lor este albă..
 Reacții chimice: Carnea și lamelele se colorează în roz deschis cu acid sulfuric, iar carnea și cuticula se îngălbenesc cu hidroxid de potasiu..

Toxicitate

Amanita virosa conține aproximativ zece toxine diferite. Deși are cantități numai mici din otrava non-letală muscarină, conține în schimb cantități foarte mari de alte toxine mult mai periculoase cu efect letal, ca de exemplu faloidine (între ele faloidina, falacidina și falisina), amanitine α, β, γ, δ și ε, aminopectide, virotaxine, care sunt compuse din șapte aminoacizi, peptide ciclice toxice care apar și în "gemenele" ei Amanita phalloides și Amanita verna. În acțiunea lor, ele sunt asemănătoare faloidinei. Aceste trei amanatide menționate anterior conțin în stare proaspătă aproximativ 20–60 de miligrame de falotoxine la 100 de grame masă fungidă. Doza letală de amanitină la om este de 0,1 miligrame pe kilogram de greutate corporală, ceea ce înseamnă că pentru o persoană de 70 kilograme este necesară o cantitate de aproximativ 7 miligrame de toxină. Această cantitate este conținută în mai puțin de 35 de grame de ciuperci proaspete. Un organism ajuns la maturitate poate cântări peste 50 de grame, așadar un singur exemplar consumat va duce la deces prin otrăvire.

În afară de amatoxine și falotoxine, acest burete mai conține și virotoxine. Astfel el poate fi bine distins de celelalte douä specii Amanita.

Confuzii
Specia Amanita virosa poate fi confundată cu Amanita phalloides, de culoare mai deschisă sau cu Amanita verna, și ele mortal otrăvitoare. Mai departe poate fi confundată cu ciuperci comestibile, ca de exemplu cu Amanita citrina var. alba (restrâns comestibilă), , Amanita eliae, Amanita ovoidea, Amanita strobiliformis, Amanita vaginata  sau Amanita vittadini.

Pentru începători se pot ivi probleme, deoarece aceștia confundă adeseori buretele cu specii comestibile din genul Agaricus, cum sunt Agaricus abruptibulbus, Agaricus aestivalis, Agaricus arvensis, Agaricus campestris, Agaricus radicatus, Agaricus semoticus și Agaricus silvicola.

Culegătorii mai puțin experimentați culeg într-adevăr acest burete otrăvitor în locul celor comestibile din genurile Agaricus și Amanita, dar fac această greșeală și cu alte soiuri savuroase, cum sunt de exemplu Leucoagaricus leucothites sin. Lepiota naucina, Leucoagaricus cretaceus, Volvariella bombycina, Volvariella speciosa sin. Volvariella gloiocephala sau chiar Calocybe gambosa.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Bibiliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 J. Breitenbach, J. F. Kränzlin: "Pilze der Schweiz", vol. 4: Blätterpilze, partea a 2-a, Editura Mycologia, Luzern 1995* H. Clémençon: "Pilze im Wandel der Jahreszeiten", vol. 1 și 2, Editura Éditions Piantanida, Lausanne 1981
 Bruno Cetto, volumul 1, vezi note
 H. Clémençon: "Pilze im Wandel der Jahreszeiten", vol. 1 și 2, Editura Éditions Piantanida, Lausanne 1981
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "700 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, ISBN 3-85502-0450
 E. Horak: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze in Europa" Editura Elsevier GmbH, München 2005
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: "Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci", Editura Casa, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISBN 9786068527147, 192 p.
 Axel Meixner: "Chemische Farbreaktionen von Pilzen", Editura J. Cramer, Lehre 1975
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas", ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983
 Antanamid, patentare, decizia Curții Superioare de Justiție RFG

Legături externe

Amanita virosa, film ro.

Amanita
Micoriză
Ciuperci otrăvitoare
Specii descrise în anul 1838

Amanita virosa


Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918March 7, 1999) was an American chemist and spymaster who headed the Central Intelligence Agency's 1950s and 1960s assassination attempts and mind-control program, known as Project MKUltra.

Early years and education
Gottlieb was born to Hungarian Jewish immigrant parents Fanny and Louis Gottlieb in the Bronx on August 3, 1918. His older brother was plant biologist David Gottlieb. A stutterer since childhood, he earned a master's degree in speech therapy from San Jose State University after retiring from the CIA. He was born with a club foot, which got him rejected from military service in World War II but did not prevent his pursuit of folk dancing, a lifelong passion.

Gottlieb graduated from James Monroe High School in 1936, and enrolled in the free City College in NYC. He decided to transfer to a school that offered a legitimate agricultural biology course, and wished to attend the University of Wisconsin. In order to take the specialized courses he wished to have, he first attended Arkansas Tech University, where he studied botany, organic chemistry, and principles of dairying. His success at ATU won him admission to the University of Wisconsin, where he was mentored by Ira Baldwin, the assistant dean of the College of Agriculture. Gottlieb graduated magna cum laude in 1940. His accomplishments at the university, paired with a glowing recommendation from Baldwin, won him admission to the California Institute of Technology, where he received his Doctorate in Biochemistry in June 1943, writing his thesis on "Studies of Ascorbic Acid in Cowpeas."

Gottlieb met his wife Margaret Moore, daughter of a Presbyterian missionary, while attending CIT, and they swiftly married. Denied the chance of military service, he sought out another way to serve, and began looking for government work in Washington. By 1948, his wife and two daughters were living in a remote cabin near Vienna, Virginia, that had no electricity or running water. He was living there when he began working for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). His lifestyle was in stark contrast to that of the Ivy League men the CIA normally recruited.

Government career

Gottlieb's first government position was at the Department of Agriculture, where he researched the chemical structure of organic soils. He later transferred to the Food and Drug Administration, where he developed tests to measure the presence of drugs in the human body. Gottlieb grew bored with this work and sought a more challenging position. In 1948, he found a job at the National Research Council, where he described being "exposed to some interesting work concerning ergot alkaloids as vasoconstrictors and hallucinogens." He soon relocated to the University of Maryland as a research associate dedicated to studying metabolisms of fungi.

On July 13, 1951, Gottlieb had his first day of work at the CIA. Then-Deputy Director for Plans Allen Dulles hired him on Ira Baldwin's recommendation. Baldwin had founded and run the biowarfare program at Fort Detrick years earlier, and had kept Gottlieb in his orbit throughout the years. Gottlieb, who had advanced knowledge of poisons, was making his entrance in the early years of the Cold War. In the years after World War II, American paranoia about the infiltration of Communist ideology whipped the country into a nationalistic fervor to protect American cultural and political dominance from a supposed impending Soviet takeover. This also contributed to the CIA rapidly expanding its experimental methods and tactics over the next two decades, in an effort to break down and rebuild the human mind to work in its favor, falsely believing that the USSR and The People's Republic of China had already mastered brainwashing and were using it against their own citizens and prisoners. This belief drove the CIA's early forays into mind control operations and led to justifications of countless horrific acts, often with no oversight or accountability.

Project BLUEBIRD was already under way when Gottlieb was brought on board; it experimented with "Special Interrogation" techniques on captured prisoners overseas at black sites like Camp King, Fort Clayton, and Villa Schuster, using drugs to attempt to break their ego control and elicit information. But Bluebird lacked scientific knowledge and obedience; Dulles wanted Gottlieb to get it back on course. After proceeding through training, he was named chief of the newly formed Chemical Division of the Technical Services Staff (TSS). On August 20, 1951, Dulles ordered Bluebird to be expanded and centralized, and renamed the Project Artichoke, which quickly became a power base for Gottlieb. Dulles was promoted to Deputy Director of Central Intelligence days after intensifying Artichoke's scale. This assured protection and encouragement for all of Gottlieb's future mind-control projects from the highest levels of the U.S. government.

Dulles and Gottlieb both believed there was a way to influence and control the human mind that could lead to global mastery. They also wanted a "truth serum", something that had been investigated during the days of the OSS but never fully realized. Gottlieb conducted experiments using THC, cocaine, heroin, and mescaline before realizing LSD had not been properly tested or investigated by the agency. After trying LSD for the first time himself, Gottlieb accelerated LSD experiments at the agency, testing it on agents who agreed to be dosed under controlled environments and some who agreed to be dosed by surprise. LSD had been invented only a decade earlier, and few Americans knew it existed. After months of experimenting on agents and prisoners left Gottlieb unsatisfied, he sought help from the Special Operations Division at Detrick. With this agreement, the CIA acquired the knowledge and facilities of the Army to develop bioweapons suited for the CIA.

Gottlieb's first 18 months at the agency led to some frustrating discoveries. The drugs he was experimenting with were not the "truth serums" he wanted them to be, and often hindered interrogations rather than aiding them. He knew Dulles, now the Director of Central Intelligence under President Eisenhower, would approve anything he wanted to do, and this increased his ambitions. He hatched a new idea that consumed Artichoke and gave him authority over all CIA research into mind control, including the ability to test drugs on witting and unwitting Americans, which was not being done under Artichoke. Gottlieb and Richard Helms, then-Chief of Operations for Directorate of Plans, wrote a memorandum to send to Dulles.

Dulles formally approved Project MKUltra on April 13, 1953. His brother, John Foster Dulles, was tapped for Secretary of State, giving even further diplomatic cover to the project. On April 10, Dulles described the program and others like it in a speech to alumni at Princeton University, referencing the new battlefield of "brain warfare" and the battle for controlling the human mind. He disguised his program by describing it as something the Soviet Union was doing rather than something he was pioneering himself. Gottlieb selected multiple researchers, scientists, and ex-OSS members to work for him under MK-ULTRA "Subprojects." Those contracted conducted experiments on Gottlieb's behalf and reported their findings to him. He sponsored physicians such as Donald Ewen Cameron and Harris Isbell in controversial psychiatric research, including non-consensual human experiments.

Gottlieb administered LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs to unwitting subjects and financed psychiatric research and development of "techniques that would crush the human psyche to the point that it would admit anything". He was named as the person who gave Army bacteriologist Frank Olson LSD at an MK-ULTRA retreat, leading to Olson's mental spiral and death a week later.

Gottlieb was the liaison to the military subcontractor Lockheed, then working for the CIA on Project AQUATONE, later known as the U-2 spy plane. In 1953, he arranged a safe house for the Lockheed Aeronautics Services Division (LASD) with an easy and exclusive egress.

By 1955 Project MK-ULTRA had outgrown its government funding. At this point Subproject 27 (basic research of LSD) was a funding subproject that combined previous subprojects, including payment to Sandoz Pharmaceuticals for LSD, John Mulholland's The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and Deception (subproject 15 magic support, Mulholland Supplement), and further procurement of LSD (subproject 18), but it grew to almost 150 documented subprojects, including a microwave gun and the search for alternatives to LSD, which led to later programs like Project MKCHICKWIT, most of which focused on South America.

In addition to working with subcontractors, the CIA worked with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Department of Defense and the Office of Naval Intelligence, though it is unclear what role Gottlieb played in these affairs other than authorization.

In March 1960, under The Cuban Project, a CIA plan approved by President Eisenhower—and under the direction of CIA Directorate for Plans Richard M. Bissell—Gottlieb proposed spraying Fidel Castro's television studio with LSD and saturating Castro's shoes with thallium to make his beard fall out. Gottlieb also hatched schemes to assassinate Castro, including the use of a poisoned cigar, a poisoned wetsuit, an exploding conch shell, and a poisonous fountain pen. Gottlieb also played a role in the CIA's attempt to assassinate Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba of the Congo. He took a vial of poison to the Congo with plans to place it on Lumumba's toothbrush in the summer of 1960. He transported these "toxic biological materials" to Larry Devlin, the CIA station chief in the Congo, and although Devlin declined the assignment, a military coup soon overthrew and killed Lumumba.

Retirement and death
Gottlieb retired from the CIA in 1973, saying he did not believe his work had been effective. Visited in retirement by the son of his late colleague Frank Olson, he was residing in an "ecologically correct" home in Culpeper, Virginia, where he raised goats, ate yogurt, and advocated peace and environmentalism. He and his wife, Margaret, spent two years traveling Australia, Africa, and India before settling down for several months to run a leper hospital in India. He had two sons and two daughters.

Gottlieb and his wife moved back to Santa Cruz, California, to be more involved in their young grandchildren's lives. While there, Gottlieb got a master's degree in speech pathology. After five years in California, the couple moved back to Virginia for their retirement years. Both volunteered, with Gottlieb using his new degree to help in middle schools, high schools, and occasionally hospice care facilities as a speech pathologist. The couple also enjoyed farming their own food in their free time.

On March 7, 1999, Gottlieb died at his home in Washington, Virginia. He was reported to have a history of heart problems, but his wife declined to give the cause of death.

See also

References

Further reading

Holley, Joe (2005, June 16). "John K. Vance; Uncovered LSD Project at CIA". Washington Post, Page B08.
Jacobs, John (1977, September 5). "The Diaries Of a CIA Operative". Washington Post, A1.
Kettle, Martin (2000, August 10). "President 'ordered murder' of Congo leader". The Guardian.

Marks, John (1991). The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate". W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

1918 births
1999 deaths
Human subject research in the United States
Human rights abuses in the United States
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Mind control theorists
Psychedelic drug researchers
Project MKUltra
Jewish American scientists
Recipients of the Distinguished Intelligence Medal
People from Washington, Virginia
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
20th-century American chemists
Scientists from the Bronx
Scientists from Virginia
San Jose State University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Arkansas Tech University alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
City College of New York alumni
20th-century American Jews
People of Hungarian-Jewish descent

Sidney Gottlieb


Naccaria, taksonomski priznati rod crvenih algi (Rhodophyta) iz porodice Naccariaceae, dio reda Bonnemaisoniales. Postoji pet priznatih vrsta, sve su morske.

Vrste
 Naccaria antillana W.R.Taylor
 Naccaria corymbosa J.Agardh
 Naccaria hawaiiana I.A.Abbott
 Naccaria naccarioides (Kylin) Womersley & I.A.Abbott
 Naccaria wiggii (Turner) Endlicher ex J.Agardh - tip

Izvori

Bonnemaisoniales

Naccaria


Christopher Plummer (Toronto, 13. prosinca 1929. – Weston, 5. veljače 2021.) bio je kanadski glumac.

Životopis
Christopher Plummer rodio se u kanadskom torontu 1929. godine, a nakon što su mu se roditelji rastali, preselio se s majkom u Senneville u Québec. kao dječak pokazivao je interes za umjetnošću pogotovo prema glazbi no nakon završene umjetničke škole u Montréalu posvećuje se glumi. Debitira na Broadwayu u Shakespearovom Heriku IV., gdje ga je jednom prilikom zamijenio William Shatner, te naslovne uloge u Machbethu i Kralju Learu

Na filmskom platnu debitirao je 1958. u filmu Stage Struck, a popularnost je stekao ulogom kapetana von Trappa u mjuziklu Moje pjesme, moji snovi. Godine 2012. godine osvojio je Oscara za film Početnici te je time postao najstariji dobitnik Oscara u povijesti, a nominacijom za film Sav novac u svijetu postao je najstariji nominirani glumac.

Odabrana filmografija
 Stage Struck kao Joe Sheridan (1958.)
 Moje pjesme, moji snovi kao kapetan von Trapp (1965.)
 Waterloo kao Arthur Wellesley, vojvoda od Wellingtona (1970.)
 Povratak Pink Panthera kao Sir Charles Litton (1975.)
 Arthur Hailey's the Moneychangers kao Roscoe Heyward (1976.)
 Malcolm X kao Chaplain Gill (1992.)
 Probuđena savjest kao Mike Wallace (1999.)
 Genijalni um kao Dr. Rosen (2001.)
 Aleksandar Veliki kao Aristotel (2004.)
 Nebesa kao Charles Muntz (2009.)
 Početnici kao Hal (2010.)
 Muškarci koji mrze žene kao Henrik Vanger (2011.)
 Nož u leđa kao Harlan Thrombey (2019.)

Nagrade

Nagrada Oscar

Nagrada Zlatni globus

Nagrada Emmy

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Dobitnici Oscara za najboljeg sporednog glumca
Kanadski filmski glumci
Kanadski televizijski glumci

Christopher Plummer


Brinjahe er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde i Amt Jevenstedt. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Brinjahe ligger i Naturpark Aukrug omkring 15 km syd for Rendsborg ved Bundesstraße 77 mod Itzehoe. Nordvest for Brinjahe løber Kielerkanalen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Brinjahe


Tour de Wallonie 2017 var den 44. udgave af det belgiske landevejscykelløb i Vallonien. Løbet foregik i perioden 22. til 26. juli 2017. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2017 og var i kategorien 2.HC. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev belgiske Dylan Teuns fra .

Ryttere og hold

Danske ryttere
 Mads Würtz Schmidt kørte for
 Michael Mørkøv kørte for
 Lasse Norman Hansen kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Tour de Wallonie 2017


Svijet

Događaji

 kolovoz - osnovan Međunarodni savez planinarskih organizacija (UIAA)

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Planinarstvo u 1932.


Amrum Mølle er en stråtækt firevingede hollandsk vindmølle beliggende på en høj ved udgangen af landsbyen Nebel på friserøen Amrum i det vestlige Sydslesvig. Møllen blev opført i 1770/1771. Den er den ældste hollandske vindmølle i Sydslesvig. Den blev fredet i 1967.

Møllens grundudstyr blev i 1770 overført fra Nederlandene til Amrum og genopbygget på øen. Møllen fungerede som kornmølle og til tider også som sømærke. Den var i drift som kornmølle frem til 1963, da den sidste møller måtte give op. Et år senere blev møllen overtaget af den nystiftede mølleforening (Verein zur Erhaltung der Amrumer Windmühle≈ Foreningen for Amrummøllens bevarelse). Foreningen igangsatte en omfattende restaurering af møllen. Stråtaget blev nylagt, trædele blev imprægneret eller helt udskiftet, sanitære faciliteter blev bygget og magasinet blev omdannet til lokalhistorisk museum.

Under en storm i august 2011 blev dele af møllen skadet og som følge deraf måtte møllehatten for første gang afmonteres og repareres i september 2012.

Litteratur
 Erich Pörksen: Die Wahrzeichen der Insel Amrum, Breklum 1987,
 Verein zur Erhaltung der Amrumer Windmühle e.V.: 200 Jahre Amrumer Windmühle 1771–1971 – Wahrzeichen der Insel Amrum, Flensborg 1971
 Verein zur Erhaltung der Amrumer Windmühle e.V.: 25 Jahre Verein zur Erhaltung der Amrumer Windmühle, Breklum 1989

Eksterne henvisninger

 Foreningen for Amrummøllens bevarelse

Mølle
Hollandske vindmøller i Sydslesvig

Amrum Mølle


الفرقة الأولى هي واحدة من أوائل الفرق العسكرية العراقية تأسست عام 1942. عند تشكيلها كانت فرقة مشاة والان هي فرقة تدخل سريع.
شاركت الفرقة في العديد من الحروب التي خاضها الجيش العراقي منذ تاسيسها ولهذا اليوم ومن هذه الحروب:
حرب الخليج الأولى أو كما تعرف بالحرب العراقية الإيرانية ومعركة تحرير الفاو والغزو العراقي للكويت وحرب الخليج الثانية
و معركة الخفجي وغزو العراق ومعركة الفلوجة الثانية وعملية صولة الفرسان عند تاسيسها كان مقر الفرقة في محافظة
الديوانية وعند عمليات احتلال العراق سنة 2003 كان مقر الفرقة في الموصل وقد تمت هيكلتها مثل بقية الجيش العراقي واعادة تشكيلها من
جديد من افواج التدخل السريع لتصبح عام 2004 فرقة التدخل السريع الأولى وحاليا يقع مقر الفرقة في الفلوجة غرب بغداد.
وتتألف الفرقة من 4 ألوية وهي:
اللواء الاول تدخل سريع - اللواء الثاني تدخل سريع - اللواء الثالث تدخل سريع - اللواء الرابع تدخل سريع

اللواء الأول تدخل سريع هو أول تشكيلات الجيش العراقي الجديد وبذرة تكوينه ويسمى أيضا بلواء الفرسان وهو الآن جزء من الفرقة الأولى تدخل سريع خرج اللواء الكثير من قادة الجيش العراقي الجديد، وشارك في الكثير من أهم المعارك لبناء الدولة العراقية أهمها معارك البصرة الأخيرة التي سميت تيمنا باسمه صولة الفرسان.
شكل اللواء نهاية عام 2003 ليكون أول تشكيلات الجيش العراقي الجديد بعد تدريب افواجه الثلاثة الفوج الأول والثاني والثالث على يد مستشارين عسكريين أمريكان وتاسيس الفوج الرابع نهاية سنة 2008.
خاض اللواء الأول معارك جداً قوية في جميع مناطق العراق وخاصة في النجف الاشرف ضد مايعرف بالمليشيات والفلوجة والموصل وتلعفر وفي جميع مناطق بغداد وفي المنطقة الغربية في راوة وعانه والقائم في منطقة الرمانه الحدودية مع سوريا وفي مناطق الرمادي مثل جويبه والسجاريه ومعارك صولة الفرسان في محافظة البصرة عام 2008 ضد المليشيات وعمليات بشائر الخير بعدها في
محافظة العمارة ومحافظة ديالى حتى استقرار اللواء في معسكر علي في مدينة الرمادي وانتشار افواجه ضمن الجدود الادارية للمدينة.

اما بخصوص الامرين:
فتم استلام منصب امر اللواء منذ تشكيله بالتسلسل الاتي:
1.العميد خالد عبد الستار سعدون من 2004/1/6 ولغاية 2004/9/15
2.العقيد الركن طارق عبد الوهاب (حاليا الفريق الأول الركن وقائد عمليات الانبار وقائد عمليات ديالى لاحقا)
3.العميد الركن عبد الرزاق
4.العميد الركن عبد الله البيدر (اللواء الركن وقائد الفرقة السابعة لاحقا)
5.العميد الركن عادل عباس شمل
6.العميد الركن وضاح العزاوي
7.اللواء الركن زياد طارق العلواني
8.اللواء إبراهيم عاشور
9. العميد الركن حسن عباس طوفان
10. العميد الركن جليل عبد الرضا محمد

اللواء الثاني تدخل سريع

ويتكون من ثلاث افواج ومتمركز في محافظة الانبار ضمن مدينة الفلوجة حيث يقوم بواجبات حفظ الأمن والامان داخل المدينة واطرافها. امر اللواء الحالي العميد الركن مرتضى جابر علي الياسري

اللواء الثالث تدخل سريع

اللواء الثالث تدخل سريع تأسس اللواء سنة 2004 بقوة ثلاثة افواج وفي نهاية العام 2008 تم إضافة فوج رابع لتصبح قوة اللواء أربعة افواج تدخل سريع وفي شهر ايار 2016 تم إلغاء وهيكلة الفوج الرابع وتوزيعه على باقي وحدات اللواء نفسه وقد تدرب اللواء على يد قوات مشاة البحرية الأمريكي وقد شارك اللواء منذ تاسيسه بالعديد من العمليات العسكرية ضد الإرهاب وكما مبين بالجدول ادناه:

اللواء الرابع تدخل سريع

اللواء الرابع تدخل سريع ويتكون من أربعة افواج متواجدة كلها في محافظة ديالى .

انظر أيضا
القوة البرية العراقية
صولة الفرسان

المصادر
 تواجد الفرق العسكرية العراقية في العراق
http://home.comcast.net/~djyae/site/?/page/Iraq_Order_of_Battle/&PHPSESSID=2fae97db8e71c032743a0fbbb2c1a186

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/world/middleeast/20iraq.html?ref=middleeast&_r=0

وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 2005
وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية عراقية

الفرقة الأولى (العراق)


The Paul var en dansk restaurant, beliggende i Glassalen i Tivoli i København. Den eksisterede fra 2003 til 2011, og havde fra 2004 til lukningen én stjerne i Michelinguiden.

Historie
Da Tivoli den 11. april 2003 åbnede for årets sæson, var det samtidig premiere på en gourmetrestaurant med kok Paul Cunningham som køkkenchef i lokaler i Glassalen. Det var Tivolis ledelses ambition, at forlystelsesparken skulle have én stjerne i Michelinguiden, og det skulle The Paul sørge for.

I marts 2004 fik The Paul tildelt én michelinstjerne, og dermed den første stjerne til en restauration i Tivoli.

Selskabet bag The Paul gik i november 2008 i betalingsstandsning, da Cateringgruppen, som ejede halvdelen af restauranten, ikke kunne fortsætte sit finansielle og administrative engagement på grund af finanskrisen. Derefter blev driften af The Paul flyttet over til Tivoli, hvilket var første gang i havens historie, at den overtog halvdelen af ejerskabet i en restaurant. Den daglige drift af The Paul fortsatte uændret.

Paul Cunningham valgte i september 2011 at lukke The Paul permanent, efter at han var blevet ramt af stress. The Paul havde sidste åbningsdag den 24. september 2011, efter at den siden 2004 havde bevaret sin stjerne i Michelinguiden. Lokalerne i Glassalen blev året efter overtaget af Adam og James Price, mens Cunningham rykkede til Henne Kirkeby Kro i Vestjylland.

Referencer

Tivoli
Værtshuse og spisesteder i København
Tidligere danske restauranter med Michelin-stjerne
Danske virksomheder etableret i 2003
Ophørt i 2011

The Paul


James Black (1787–1867) foi um médico, geólogo e paleontólogo escocês que investigou a circulação capilar do sangue (1825), bem como questões de febre e intestinos.

Vida
Nasceu na Escócia em 1787. Em 1808 foi-lhe concedida a Licenciatura do Royal College of Surgeons de Edimburgo. Foi Cirurgião Assistente da Marinha Real em 1809, durante as Guerras Napoleônicas. Em 1820 ele recebeu um doutorado em medicina em Glasgow.

Ele era então um médico em Newton Stewart, no sudoeste da Escócia, antes de receber o cargo de Médico da Casa no Union Hospital em Manchester em 1839. Ao mesmo tempo, ele lecionou Medicina Forense a partir de 1840. Em 1848, ele adotou o mesmo papel em Bolton e em 1856 retornou à Escócia para o papel de conferencista muito mais prestigioso na Universidade de Edimburgo.

Em 1857 foi eleito membro da Royal Society of Edinburgh e em 1860 foi eleito membro do Royal College of Physicians.

Por volta de 1859 ele parece ter deixado Edimburgo e retornado a Manchester e nesse ano ele aparece como presidente da Sociedade Filosófica de Manchester. Ele também foi membro da Manchester Geological Society, da Medico-Chirugical Society e da Social Science Association.

Ele morreu em Edimburgo em 30 de abril de 1867.

Médicos do Reino Unido

James Black (médico)