Polydesmida (do grego poli "muitos" e desmos "ligação") é a maior ordem de milípedes, contendo aproximadamente 3.500 espécies, incluindo todos os milípedes relatados para produzir cianeto de hidrogênio (HCN).

Descrição
Os membros da ordem Polydesmida também são conhecidos como "diplopodes de costas chatas", porque na maioria das espécies, cada segmento do corpo possui quilhas laterais largas conhecidas como paranota. Essas quilhas são produzidas pela metade posterior (metazonita) de cada anel do corpo atrás do collum. Os polidesmídeos não têm olhos e variam em comprimento de . Muitas das espécies maiores mostram padrões de coloração brilhantes que alertam os predadores de suas secreções tóxicas.

Os adultos geralmente têm 20 segmentos, contando o collum como o primeiro anel e o télson como o último anel. Os juvenis têm de 7 a 19 anéis. Nas espécies com os 20 segmentos usuais, as fêmeas adultas possuem 31 pares de pernas, mas nos machos adultos, o oitavo par de pernas (o primeiro par de pernas do 7º anel) é modificado em um único par de gonópodes, restando apenas 30 pares de andar. pernas.

Muitas espécies se desviam do plano corporal típico. Um desvio marcante e único ocorre em machos adultos da espécie Aenigmopus alatus, que retêm 31 pares de pernas ambulantes e não apresentam gonópodes. Este milípede é a única espécie da infraclasse Helminthomorpha sem gonópodes.

O desvio mais comum, no entanto, é uma redução no número de segmentos. Muitas espécies têm apenas 19 segmentos (incluindo o telson) como adultos, incluindo aqueles nos gêneros Brachydesmus, Macrosternodesmus, Poratia e Bacillidesmus. Nestas espécies, as fêmeas adultas têm apenas 29 pares de pernas e os machos adultos têm apenas 28 pares de pernas andantes. Em algumas espécies, incluindo Hexadesmus lateridens, Agenodesmus reticulatus e Eutynellus flavior, os adultos têm apenas 18 segmentos (incluindo o telson), com uma redução correspondente no número de pares de pernas (27 na fêmea adulta, 26 no macho adulto, excluindo os gonópodes). Ainda outras espécies apresentam dimorfismo sexual no número de segmentos, por exemplo, Prosopodesmus panporus (os habituais 20 em fêmeas adultas, mas apenas 19 em machos adultos) e Doratodesmus pholeter (19 em fêmeas adultas; 18 em machos adultos), com o número esperado de pares de pernas dado o número de segmentos em cada sexo.

Algumas espécies se desviam por terem mais do que o número normal de segmentos, incluindo os do gênero Devillea. Por exemplo, na espécie D. tuberculata, as fêmeas adultas têm 22 segmentos e os machos adultos têm 21 (incluindo o télson), com um aumento correspondente no número de pares de pernas (35 nas fêmeas adultas e 32 nos machos adultos, excluindo os gonópodes ). Algumas espécies deste gênero também apresentam variação no número de segmentos dentro do mesmo sexo, por exemplo, em D. subterranea, os machos adultos podem ter apenas 19 segmentos ou até 23 (incluindo o télson). O outlier mais extremo em número de segmentos entre os polidesmídeos, no entanto, é uma espécie cavernícola descoberta no Brasil, Dobrodesmus mirabilis, com machos adultos encontrados com 40 segmentos (incluindo o télson).

Ecologia
Os polidesmídeos são muito comuns na serapilheira, onde se enterram alavancando com a extremidade anterior do corpo.

Classificação
O C. 3500 espécies de Polydesmida são classificadas de várias maneiras em quatro subordens (nomes que terminam em "-idea") e 29 famílias, a maior (numericamente) incluindo Paradoxosomatidae, Xystodesmidae e Chelodesmidae.

Dalodesmidea Hoffman, 1980. 2 famílias
Dalodesmidae Cook, 1896
Vaalogonopodidae Verhoeff, 1940
Leptodesmidea Brölemann, 1916. 13 famílias
Chelodesmoidea Cook, 1895
Chelodesmidae Cook, 1895
Platyrhacoidea Pocock, 1895
Aphelidesmidae Brölemann, 1916
Platyrhacidae Pocock, 1895
Rhachodesmoidea Carl, 1903
Rhachodesmidae Carl, 1903
Tridontomidae Loomis & Hoffman, 1962
Sphaeriodesmoidea Humbert & de Saussure, 1869
Campodesmidae Cook, 1896
Holistophallidae Silvestri, 1909
Sphaeriodesmidae Humbert & de Saussure, 1869
Xystodesmoidea Cook, 1895
Eurymerodesmidae Causey, 1951
Euryuridae Pocock, 1909
Gomphodesmidae Cook, 1896
Oxydesmidae Cook, 1895
Xystodesmidae Cook, 1895
Paradoxosomatidea Daday, 1889. 1 família
Paradoxosomatidae Daday, 1889
Polydesmidea Pocock, 1887. 12 famílias
Oniscodesmoidea Simonsen, 1990
Dorsoporidae Loomis, 1958
Oniscodesmidae DeSaussure, 1860
Pyrgodesmoidea Silvestri, 1896
Ammodesmidae Cook, 1896
Cyrtodesmidae Cook, 1896
Pyrgodesmidae Silvestri, 1896
Haplodesmoidea Cook, 1895
Haplodesmidae Cook, 1895
Opisotretoidea Hoffman, 1980
Opisotretidae Hoffman, 1980
Polydesmoidea Leach, 1815
Cryptodesmidae Karsch, 1880
Polydesmidae Leach, 1815
Trichopolydesmoidea Verhoeff, 1910
Fuhrmannodesmidae Brölemann, 1916
Macrosternodesmidae Brölemann, 1916
Nearctodesmidae Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1958
Trichopolydesmidae Verhoeff, 1910

Ligações externas

 Anatomia Externa da Polidesmida
 Polidesmida norte-americana - BugGuide

Diplópodes
Polydesmida

Polydesmida


HMPNGS Lakekamu is  landing craft heavy (LCH) operated by the Maritime Operations Element of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force (PNGDF). The vessel was one of eight built for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in the 1970s, and was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Labuan (L 128) in March 1973. Labuan was decommissioned in November 2014. She was transferred to the PNGDF for use as a training ship and was commissioned as HMPNGS Lakekamu in December 2014.

Design and construction

The eight-vessel Balikpapan class was ordered as a locally manufactured replacement for the Australian Army's LSM-1-class landing ship medium and ALC 50 landing craft. They are  long, with a beam of , and a draught of . The landing craft have a standard displacement of 316 tons, with a full load displacement of 503 tons.  They are propelled by two G.M. Detroit 6–71 diesel motors, providing 675 brake horsepower to the two propeller shafts, allowing the vessels to reach . The standard ship's company is 13-strong. The Balikpapans are equipped with a Decca RM 916 navigational radar, and fitted with two  machine guns for self-defence.

The LCHs have a maximum payload of 180 tons; equivalent to 3 Leopard 1 tanks, 13 M113 armoured personnel carriers 23 quarter-tonne trucks, or four LARC-V amphibious cargo vehicles. As a troop transport, a Balikpapan-class vessel can transport up to 400 soldiers between a larger amphibious ship and the shore, or embark 60 soldiers in six-berth caravans for longer voyages. The vessel's payload affects the range: at 175 tons of cargo, each vessel has a range of , which increases to  with a 150-ton payload, and  when unladen. The flat, box-like keel causes the ships to roll considerably in other-than-calm conditions, limiting their ability to make long voyages.

The vessel was laid down by Walkers Limited, at Maryborough, Queensland on 1 November 1971, and launched on 29 December 1971. She was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Labuan (pennant number L 128) on 9 March 1973. Labuan is named after the World War II amphibious landings at the Borneo island of Labuan. On entering service, she was homeported at  in Brisbane.

Operational history
After completing working-up exercises, in May 1973, Labuan transported Clearance Diving Team One (CDT1) to Moreton Island to destroy a World War II era torpedo. In August, CDT1 was embarked again aboard Labuan, this time for a two-month deployment to Papua New Guinea. Between 15 August and 12 October, the landing craft visited communities around Papua New Guinea, with the clearance divers clearing reef passages and disposing of unexploded ordnance from World War II. After CDT1 flew back to Australia on 12 October, Labuan surveyed the Fly River, reaching . On 19 October, the vessel left Papua New Guinea and sailed to Cairns with sister ship . In November, Labuan was used for the Army exercise Temple Tower. On 21 November, Labuan and two fishing boats towed the rafts of the Las Balsas Expedition into the mouth of the Richmond River, after the rafts drifted off course on the final leg of their trans-Pacific voyage.

Between March and May 1974, the landing craft was based in Singapore, and was used to transport military materiel and stores to and from Belawan, Indonesia. Several major exercises were participated in during the rest of 1974: Kangaroo One in June, and Kentia Palm in September. During October and November, Labuan was stationed on the Great Barrier Reef with clearance divers embarked, as part of a project tracking the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish. Labuan was the only RAN Balikpapan-class ship not involved in Operation Navy Help Darwin (the RAN response following Cyclone Tracy's destruction of Darwin in December 1974), as she was undergoing refit at the time. In late February 1975, Labuan collided with a lighter during Exercise Wagon Train II. The damage was limited to patching a hole above the waterline. During April and May, the landing craft operated in southern Australian waters in support of Army training exercises. Labuan returned to Sydney, and during 12 and 13 May transported the RAN's first two Sea King helicopters to Jervis Bay. The rest of 1975 and most of 1976 was spent on training exercises.

During September and October 1977, Labuan visited ports throughout South East Asia, cumulating in Biak on 6 October, where materiel used for Operation Cenderawasih – mapping and charting of Irian Jaya – was loaded aboard. The ship returned to Townsville on 25 October. During June and July 1978, Labuan was deployed on Operation Beachcomber – surveying of northern Queensland beaches. The rest of 1978 was spent on exercises. On 12 February 1979, Labuan began a refit. After the refit's conclusion, the vessel was transferred to the Royal Australian Navy Reserve (RANR) on 15 June 1979 to serve as the training vessel for the Port Brisbane Division. In RNVR service, Labuan was used to provide training and seagoing experience to Reserve personnel, generally on two-week deployments. Despite being operated by the RANR, Labuan maintained a heavy schedule of exercise deployments and operations in support of the Army and RAN. During September and October 1980, clearance divers were embarked aboard Labuan for three weeks of shipping channel clearing around the Solomon Islands.

On 9 April 1987, Labuan rescued the 11 crew of the yacht Madame de Farge, which had run aground during the Sydney to Mooloolaba Yacht Race. During January 1988, the vessel was in Ballina, New South Wales for Bicentenary celebrations. In September, Labuan was in Sydney for the Bicentennial Naval Salute. Labuan was granted the right of Freedom of Entry to Ballina, New South Wales in 1988.  At the start of 1992, the final RANR training cruise occurred, after which the vessel was docked in Cairns for a refit. On 17 August, Labuan was reassigned to the Permanent Naval Force, but because she was still undergoing refit, no permanent command team was assigned, and the post-refit trials were conducted under frequently-changing commanding officers.

From March until May 1993, Labuan was at Forgacs' Newcastle shipyard for removal of asbestos. In August, the ship's home base was relocated to  in Cairns, Queensland. On 31 December, the ship was forced to sail to avoid Tropical Cyclone Rewa. During 1995, Labuan provided logistical support to NORFORCE. On 14 May 1996, while returning from Exercise Thunder Bay 96, the landing craft ran aground on a reef off South Harrison Island. She was refloated on the next high tide, and returned to Cairns for repairs. In March 1997, the ship was placed on standby to evacuate Australian citizens from political unrest in Papua New Guinea; this need did not eventuate, and Labuan resumed normal operations in early April. During November, Labuan and Tarakan delivered humanitarian supplies to drought-stricken areas in northern Papua New Guinea. From December 1997 to February 1998, the vessel was berthed in Cairns for communications upgrades.

During 1998 and 1999, Labuan made four deployments to Bougainville Island as part of Operation Bel Isi: March to April and August to October in 1998, and January to March and July to August in 1999. In between these deployments, the ship continued on a program of training exercises and logistical support for other defence units. Labuan sailed to Dili, East Timor on 18 September 1999 as part of INTERFET. The ship provided logistic support, beach landing capability, and rest facilities for INTERFET forces. She remained in the area until 14 October, and was redeployed in support of INTERFET during November–December 1999, February–April 2000, June–July 2000, August–September 2000 and November–December 2000. These deployments were later recognised with the battle honour "East Timor 1999–2000". On returning to Cairns at the end of 2000, the ship was prepared for a Life of Type Extension refit; the refit itself lasted from late February 2001 to early September 2001. On 15 October, Labuan sailed on another deployment to Bougainville, under Operation Bel Isi II.

During January 2002, Labuan was sent to Dili with a cargo of military vehicles. From April to July, she was deployed to Bougainville as part of Operation Bel Isi II. Subsequent deployments as part of the operation were made during September to October 2002, and April to May 2003. From July until September, the ship was in the Solomon Islands as part of the RAN contribution to the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), with Labuan undertaking logistic support operations, patrols, and assisting in the collection of weapons under the gun amnesty. A second RAMSI deployment occurred from April until May 2004. In November 2004, the ship visited Ballina. In March 2006, Labuan was involved in humanitarian operations following Cyclone Larry (after having ridden out the storm herself in Wahday Creek), moving supplies and equipment from Townsville to Mourilyan. In June 2006, the ship transported materiel between Darwin and Dili in support of Operation Astute. During August, Labuan was deployed on border patrol operations under Operation Resolute. Further Resolute deployments occurred during September and October, and in June 2007.

During August and September 2008, Labuan hosted scientists from the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Curtin University, and the Universities of Queensland and Sydney during a research survey of Beaked Whales. From April until June 2009, Labuan and Tarakan were deployed to the southwest Pacific, visiting Vanuatu, Tonga, and Western Samoa. In July 2010, the ship was involved in the US Navy's Pacific Partnership humanitarian assistance operation, providing over-the-shore support and acting as a forward base for medical and dental personnel during visits to Indonesia and Timor Leste. In October 2013, Labuan participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney.

Labuan visited Ballina in August 2014, during the ship's final cruise before decommissioning. After participating in Exercise Croix Du Sud off New Caledonia, Labuan and Tarakan delivered humanitarian supplies to remote coastal settlements in the Solomon Islands in September 2014 as part of Australian support efforts in the region.

Labuan, along with Brunei and Tarakan, were decommissioned on 20 November 2014. The ship's bell and ceremonial life ring are to be put on display at the Ballina Naval and Maritime Museum.

In 2013, the Australian government had promised to gift one of the Balikpapan-class vessels due to leave RAN service to Papua New Guinea. To this end, Labuan was sailed to Port Moresby by a combined RAN and PNGDF complement, and was commissioned into the PNGDF Maritime Operations Element on 4 December 2014. The ship's new name comes from the Lakekamu River, in Papua New Guinea's Gulf Province.

HMPGS Lakekamu is used as a training ship. As part of Australia's assistance to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, the Royal Australian Navy provides her commanding officer and a chief of the boat.

References

Sources
Books

Journal articles

Balikpapan-class landing craft heavy of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force
1971 ships
Ships built in Queensland

HMPNGS Lakekamu


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Onthophagus longimanus é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1887 por Bates.

Referências

Ligações externas

longimanus
Coleópteros descritos em 1887

Onthophagus longimanus


As a result of the surrender and occupation of Japan at the end of World War II, the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were placed under the governance of the Republic of China (ROC), ruled by the Kuomintang (KMT), on 25 October 1945. Following the February 28 massacre in 1947, martial law was declared in 1949 by the Governor of Taiwan, Chen Cheng, and the ROC Ministry of National Defense.  Following the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the ROC government retreated from the mainland as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The KMT retreated to Taiwan and declared Taipei the temporary capital of the ROC. For many years, the ROC and PRC each continued to claim in the diplomatic arena to be the sole legitimate government of "China". In 1971, the United Nations expelled the ROC and replaced it with the PRC.

In 1987, martial law was lifted and Taiwan began a democratisation process, beginning with the abolition of the Temporary Provisions and culminating with the first direct president election in 1996. By 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) came to power and began to pursue Taiwanese independence and identity.

Due to Taiwan's ambiguous political status, the ROC has participated in a number of international organizations under the name "Chinese Taipei". Due to the One-China policy of the PRC government the PRC holds that the ROC ceased to exist and that Taiwan is an inseparable part of the PRC despite the fact that it has never controlled the island. Moreover, the PRC refuses diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC. However, the ROC still controls Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy, Lienchiang, and other minor islands.

Chronology

Early postwar society
The Second World War's hostilities came to a close on 2 September 1945, with the defeat of the Empire of Japan and Nazi Germany. Taiwan, which had been ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, was placed  under the control of the Kuomintang-led Republic of China (ROC) with the promulgation of General Order No. 1 and the signing of the Instrument of Surrender on that day.

He Yingqin, the ROC representative at the Japanese surrender ceremonies established the  separate from the provincial-level executive system on mainland China. After the establishment of the provincial executive office, Chen Yi was appointed Chief Executive. Chen proclaimed 25 October to be Retrocession Day. However, because Japan had not formally relinquished the sovereignty of Taiwan at that time, Allies of World War II did not recognize the unilateral annexation of Taiwan by the Republic of China.

Chen Yi's administration was marred by corruption, as well as a lack of discipline in the military police assigned to occupation duties, resulting in a severe undermining of the chain of command. With the rampant corruption in his administration, Chen Yi began to monopolize power. In addition to this, the island's post-war economy was failing and headed into a recession, causing people on the island to endure economic hardship.  The government's program of "De-Japanization" also created cultural estrangement, along with tensions between the growing population of migrants from the mainland and the pre-war residents of the island.  The building tensions erupted in 1947, when the arrest of a cigarette vendor by government agents led to the death of a bystander. The clashes between police and residents that followed quickly spread across the island, and grew into a general rebellion against Chen Yi and the Chief Executive's Office in what came to be known as the February 28 incident. Several weeks later, government troops were sent to Taiwan from the mainland to handle the crisis and to suppress any opposition or resistance to the government. Many prominent individuals in Taiwanese society, as well as other residents of the island, many of whom had nothing to do with the incident, were either killed, imprisoned without trial, or simply disappeared.  The February 28 Incident was a prelude to the  White Terror of the 1950s, resulting in ethnic tensions between pre- and post-war residents, as well as the genesis of the Taiwanese independence movement.

After the February 28 Incident, the Kuomintang-led ROC government reorganized the local government, abolishing the Chief Executive's Office, while establishing a new provincial government.  Wey Daw-ming, whose parents were scholars, became the first Governor of Taiwan Province and, during his administration, reduced the scope of the public enterprises, which had grown significantly under Chen Yi.

Wey was succeeded as governor by Chen Cheng in 1949.  Wey reformed the currency system, replacing the devalued Old Taiwan dollar with the New Taiwan dollar, at a 40,000:1 exchange rate, and implemented the , easing the inflationary situation.

The KMT viewed the population of Taiwan as corrupted by Japanese influence and neither fully Chinese or fully trustworthy. This perceived influence led the KMT to believe that the population of Taiwan was backwards and required re-education. The KMT sought to remove any trace of Japanese influence and to force a new Chinese identity on the people of Taiwan.

After Japan's surrender, most of Taiwan's approximately 300,000 Japanese residents were expelled. The KMT also seized properties from Japanese colonists either for sale or for their own use. In modern Taiwan these appropriated properties are considered ill-gotten assets. The KMT also took assets which had belonged to the Japanese colonial authorities.  In 2017 a court ordered the KMT to pay compensation for 458 properties which had been expropriated in this way.

Authoritarianism, martial rule and cold war

On 20 July 1946, Chiang Kai-shek launched a large-scale assault on CCP territory in Huabei with 113 brigades (a total of 1.6 million troops), starting a new phase of the Chinese Civil War. Chen Cheng, who served as the chairman of Taiwan Provincial Government and commander of Taiwan Garrison Command, declared martial law on the island on 19 May 1949.

In December 1949, the Republic of China Armed Forces and the Kuomintang were defeated in the Chinese Civil War, forcing the Government of the Republic of China to relocate to Taiwan.  This allowed the CCP to declare the establishment of a new Chinese state: the People's Republic of China.

Following their retreat to Taiwan the KMT viewed their retreat as a temporary one with Chiang Kai-shek saying "prepare for one year, counterattack in two years, sweep out the enemy in three years and succeed within five years." This led them to prioritize military armament and preparation over economic development.

After the February 28 Incident, the Nationalist government launched a campaign of suppression against political dissents. The KMT mostly imprisoned Taiwan's intellectual and social elite out of fear that they might resist their rule or sympathize with communism.

Up and until 1958, small-scale military campaigns between the ROC forces and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) were carried out across the strait. An attempt by the CCP government to take the ROC-controlled island of Quemoy was thwarted in October 1949, halting the PLA advance towards Taiwan.

In April 1950, amphibious operations were successful in conquering Hainan Island in April 1950, leading to the  capture of Wanshan Islands off the Guangdong coast (May–August 1950) and Zhoushan Island off Zhejiang (May 1950).

This period of tension lasted until the Second Strait Crisis, in which the United States pledged to protect the island from the mainland. From that point on, both sides of the strait have ceased all major hostilities against each other, with the ROC Navy having resumed unilateral combat and escort duties while the US Navy secretly and quietly removed their extra warships from the Taiwan Strait.

Democratic reforms

The Republic of China entered into the development phase of Constitutional Democracy with the promulgation of the Constitution of the Republic of China in 1947. Subsequently, the National Revolutionary Army was also renamed as Republic of China Armed Forces and was nationalized. However, due to the Chinese Civil War, the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion were passed as an amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of China. This established martial law in Taiwan and curtailed civil liberties and democracy. The official rationale for the Provisions was the ongoing Chinese Civil War and ROC was effectively under the military rule of the KMT during the period of mobilization. Taiwan was effectively under martial law.

However, with the demise of the KMT single-party system and democratization movement during the 1980s, martial law was eventually lifted in 1987 (and its provisions were eventually rescinded in 1991). Constitutional Democracy was restored in ROC after 1987.

When the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan in 1949, the Chinese Youth Party, China Democratic Socialist Party, and KMT were the only legal political parties in Taiwan. The other established parties operated under the Tangwai movement.

Until the early 1970s, the Republic of China was recognized as the sole legitimate government of China by the United Nations and most Western nations, which refused to recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) on account of the Cold War. The KMT rule of Taiwan under martial law until the late 1980s had the stated goals of being vigilant against Communist infiltration and preparing to retake mainland China. Therefore, political dissent was not tolerated.

The late 1970s and early 1980s were a turbulent time for the Taiwan-born as many of the people who had originally been oppressed and left behind by economic changes became members of Taiwan's new middle class. Free enterprise had allowed native Taiwanese to gain a powerful bargaining chip in their demands for respect for their basic human rights. The Kaohsiung Incident would be a major turning point for democracy in Taiwan.

Taiwan also faced setbacks in the international sphere. In 1971, the ROC government walked out of the United Nations shortly before it recognized the PRC government in Beijing as the legitimate holder of China's seat in the United Nations. The ROC had been offered dual representation, but Chiang Kai-shek demanded to retain a seat on the UN Security Council, which was not acceptable to the PRC. Chiang expressed his decision in his famous "the sky is not big enough for two suns" speech. In October 1971, Resolution 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly and "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" (and thus the ROC) were expelled from the UN and replaced as "China" by the PRC. In 1979, the United States switched recognition from Taipei to Beijing.

Chiang Kai-shek died in April 1975 at the age of 87, and was succeeded in the presidency by Yen Chia-kan while his son Chiang Ching-kuo succeeded to the leadership of the Kuomintang (opting to take the title "Chairman" rather than the elder Chiang's title of "Director-General"). Formerly the head of the feared secret police, Chiang Ching-kuo recognized gaining foreign support to securing the ROC's future security required reform. His administration saw a gradual loosening of political controls, a transition towards democracy, and moves toward Taiwanization of the regime. Opponents of the Nationalists were no longer forbidden to hold meetings or publish papers. Though opposition political parties were still illegal, when the Democratic Progressive Party was established as the first opposition party in 1986, President Chiang decided against dissolving the group or persecuting its leaders. Its candidates officially ran in elections as independents in the Tangwai movement. In the following year, Chiang ended martial law and allowed family visits to mainland China.

Chiang selected Lee Teng-hui, a Taiwan born technocrat to be his vice president, first in the line of succession to the presidency. The move followed other reforms giving more power to native-born citizens and calmed anti-KMT sentiments during a period in which many other Asian autocracies were being challenged.

After Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, his successor, President Lee Teng-hui, continued to democratize the government. Lee transferred more government authority to Taiwanese-born citizens, and Taiwan underwent a process of localization. In this localization process, local culture and history was promoted over a pan-China viewpoint. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank instead of the usual Provincial Bank of Taiwan. He also largely suspended the operation of the Taiwan Provincial Government. In 1991 the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly, elected in 1947, were forced to resign. These groups were originally created to represent mainland China constituencies. Also lifted were the restrictions on the use of Taiwanese languages in the broadcast media and in schools. Lee Teng-hui believed that agriculture was the backbone of a nation and promoted it extensively. He implemented health insurance and occupational hazard insurance programs for farmers. He also emphasized the Japanese roots of much of Taiwan's agricultural infrastructure.

Attempting to maintain good relations with the PRC, Taiwan avoided any criticism of the Tiananmen Square Massacre and the media was largely barred from reporting on it. A group of students who attempted to sail a chartered ship into the Formosa Strait and beam pro-democracy broadcasts into China via amateur radio were foiled by the government by putting various obstacles in their way that caused them to abandon the attempt.

However, Lee failed to crack down on the massive corruption that pervaded the government and many KMT loyalists felt that Lee betrayed the ROC by taking reforms too far, while those in the opposition felt he did not take reforms far enough.

Democratic period
Lee ran as the incumbent in Taiwan's first direct presidential election in 1996 against DPP candidate and former dissident, Peng Min-ming. This election prompted the PRC to conduct a series of missile tests in the Taiwan Strait to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate so that electorates would vote for pro-unification candidates, Chen Li-an and Lin Yang-kang. The aggressive tactic prompted U.S. President Clinton to invoke the Taiwan Relations Act and dispatch two aircraft carrier battle groups into the region off Taiwan's southern coast to monitor the situation, and PRC's missile tests were forced to end earlier than planned. This incident is known as the 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis.

One of Lee's final acts as president was to declare on German radio that the ROC and the PRC have a special state-to-state relationship. Lee's statement was met with the PLA conducting military drills in Fujian and a frightening island-wide blackout in Taiwan, causing many to fear an attack.

The 2000 presidential election marked the end of the Kuomintang's status as the ruling party. The DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian was elected president with Annette Lu as vice-president, after a three-way race that saw the Pan-Blue vote split by independent James Soong (formerly of the Kuomintang) and Kuomintang candidate Lien Chan. Chen garnered 39% of the vote. After the election, Soong formed the People First Party (PFP).

In August 2002, President Chen openly indicated that the relationship between Taiwan and the mainland is "One Country on Each Side". This declaration led to disputations throughout Taiwan, in mainland China and in the United States. In 2004, the day before the 2004 presidential election, there was a supposed assassination attempt on President Chen and Vice-president Lu.  They were re-elected the next day, although the Pan-Blue Coalition disputed the legality of the result due to the close margin of the election and the shooting incident. In 2005, an ad hoc National Assembly passed constitutional amendments ruling that elections for the Legislative Yuan change to use of parallel voting, aiding the formation of a two-party system. As a result of scandals in the DPP administration, on 9 September 2006, former chairperson of the DPP, Shih Ming-teh, led an anti-Chen Shui-bian campaign called the Million Voices Against Corruption, President Chen Must Go but did not achieve the desired result of President Chen's resignation.

The KMT also retained control of the legislature in the Legislative Yuan elections in January 2008. In the presidential election in May 2008, KMT candidate Ma Ying-jeou ran on a platform supporting friendlier relations with mainland China and economic reforms and defeated DPP candidate Frank Hsieh with 58.48% of the vote.

Ma was re-elected, and the KMT retained its majority in the Legislative Yuan, in combined elections in January 2012. In the 2016 elections, the DPP regained power with Tsai Ing-wen becoming Taiwan's first female president.

On 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry, and gave the Legislature Yuan two years to adequately amend Taiwanese marriage laws. According to the court ruling, if amendments are not passed within two years, same-sex marriages will automatically become legal. In effect, Taiwan (ROC) became the first country in Asia and the first non-UN sovereign state to allow same-sex marriage in May 2019.

The local elections held on November 24, 2018, resulted in a major setback for the DPP majority and led to President Tsai Ing-wen resignation as leader of the party. The DPP lost a total of nine legislative seats, giving the KMT control of the majority of the 22 seats. KMT mayoral candidates won in New Taipei City, Taichung and Kaohsiung, the latter of which has been a political stronghold for the DPP for 20 years.

In May 2019, Taiwan became the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage.

In January, 2020, Tsai Ing-wen was re-elected in the presidential election. In the parliamentary election President Tsai's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won majority 61 out of 113 seats. The Kuomintang (KMT) won 38 seats.

The 2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan resulted in increased tensions between Taiwan and China while reinforcing US-Taiwan ties. In response to the trip the PLA conducted military exercises around Taiwan, included missile launches which overflew Taiwan.

Cross-straits relations and international position

At the end of 1943, the Cairo Declaration was issued, including among its clauses that all territories of China, including Formosa (Taiwan), that Japan had occupied would be returned to Republic of China.  This declaration was reiterated in the Potsdam Declaration, issued in 1945.  Later that year, World War II ended, and Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration, surrendering unconditionally.  The Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces commanded that the Japanese forces in Taiwan surrender to the government of the Republic of China, which acted as the representative of the Allied Forces.  On 25 October 1945 in Taipei Zhongshan Hall, the Japanese government in Taiwan surrendered to the representative of the Republic of China, Chen Yi, the Republic of China formally receiving Taiwan.  In 1951, Japan formally signed the Treaty of San Francisco, but, due to the unclear situation of the Chinese civil war, the peace treaty did not clearly indicate to whom Taiwan's sovereignty belonged.  In the second article of the 1952 Treaty of Taipei, following the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan reiterated its abandonment of sovereignty of Taiwan, the Pescadores, the Spratlys and the Paracels.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) continued a state of war until 1979. In October 1949 a PRC attempt to take the ROC controlled island of Kinmen was thwarted in the Battle of Kuningtou halting the PLA advance towards Taiwan. The Communists' other amphibious operations of 1950 were more successful: they led to the Communist conquest of Hainan Island in April 1950,
capture of Wanshan Islands off the Guangdong coast (May–August 1950) and of Zhoushan Island off Zhejiang (May 1950).

In June 1949 the ROC declared a "closure" of all mainland China ports and its navy attempted to intercept all foreign ships. The closure covered from a point north of the mouth of Min River in Fujian Province to the mouth of the Liao River in Manchuria. Since mainland China's railroad network was underdeveloped, north–south trade depended heavily on sea lanes. ROC naval activity also caused severe hardship for mainland China fishermen.

After losing mainland China, a group of approximately 12,000 KMT soldiers escaped to Burma and continued launching guerrilla attacks into south China. Their leader, General Li Mi, was paid a salary by the ROC government and given the nominal title of Governor of Yunnan. Initially, the United States supported these remnants and the Central Intelligence Agency provided them with aid. After the Burmese government appealed to the United Nations in 1953, the U.S. began pressuring the ROC to withdraw its loyalists. By the end of 1954, nearly 6,000 soldiers had left Burma and Li Mi declared his army disbanded. However, thousands remained, and the ROC continued to supply and command them, even secretly supplying reinforcements at times.

During the Korean War, some captured Communist Chinese soldiers, many of whom were originally KMT soldiers, were repatriated to Taiwan rather than mainland China. A KMT guerrilla force continued to operate cross-border raids into south-western China in the early 1950s. The ROC government launched a number of air bombing raids into key coastal cities of mainland China such as Shanghai.

Though viewed as a military liability by the United States, the ROC viewed its remaining islands in Fujian as vital for any future campaign to defeat the PRC and retake mainland China. On 3 September 1954, the First Taiwan Strait Crisis began when the PLA started shelling Quemoy and threatened to take the Dachen Islands. On 20 January 1955, the PLA took nearby Yijiangshan Island, with the entire ROC garrison of 720 troops killed or wounded defending the island. On January 24 of the same year, the United States Congress passed the Formosa Resolution authorizing the President to defend the ROC's offshore islands. The First Taiwan Straits crisis ended in March 1955 when the PLA ceased its bombardment. The crisis was brought to a close during the Bandung Conference.

The Second Taiwan Strait Crisis began on 23 August 1958 with air and naval engagements between the PRC and the ROC military forces, leading to intense artillery bombardment of Quemoy (by the PRC) and Amoy (by the ROC), and ended on November of the same year. PLA patrol boats blockaded the islands from ROC supply ships. Though the United States rejected Chiang Kai-shek's proposal to bomb mainland China artillery batteries, it quickly moved to supply fighter jets and anti-aircraft missiles to the ROC. It also provided amphibious assault ships to land supply, as a sunken ROC naval vessel was blocking the harbor. On September 7, the United States escorted a convoy of ROC supply ships and the PRC refrained from firing. On October 25, the PRC announced an "even-day ceasefire" — the PLA would only shell Quemoy on odd-numbered days.

Despite the end of the hostilities, the two sides have never signed any agreement or treaty to officially end the war.

After the 1950s, the "war" became more symbolic than real, represented by on-again, off-again artillery bombardment towards and from Kinmen. In later years, live shells were replaced with propaganda sheets. The bombardment finally ceased in 1979 after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States.

During this period, movement of people and goods virtually ceased between PRC- and ROC-controlled territories. There were occasional defectors. One high-profile defector was Justin Yifu Lin, who swam across the Kinmen strait to mainland China and is now Chief Economist and Senior Vice President of the World Bank.

Most observers expected Chiang's government to eventually fall in response to a PRC invasion of Taiwan, and the United States initially showed no interest in supporting Chiang's government in its final stand. Things changed radically with the onset of the Korean War in June 1950. At this point, allowing a total Communist victory over Chiang became politically impossible in the United States, and President Harry S. Truman ordered the United States Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait to prevent the ROC and PRC from attacking each other.

After the ROC complained to the United Nations against the Soviet Union supporting the PRC, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505 was adopted on 1 February 1952 to condemn the Soviet Union.

In 1987, the March 7 Incident (Lieyu massacre) in Lesser Kinmen cast a profound ripple on the cross-strait relation between China and Taiwan—4 months later on July 15, the martial law in Taiwan was lifted; and 5 months later on December 15, the ROC government began to allow visits to mainland China. This benefited many, especially old KMT soldiers, who had been separated from their family in mainland China for decades. This also proved a catalyst for the thawing of relations between the two sides. Problems engendered by increased contact necessitated a mechanism for regular negotiations.

In order to effect negotiations with mainland China on operational issues without compromising the government's position on denying the other side's legitimacy, the ROC government under Chiang Ching-kuo created the "Straits Exchange Foundation" (SEF), a nominally non-governmental institution directly led by the Mainland Affairs Council, an instrument of the Executive Yuan. The PRC responded to this initiative by setting up the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS), directly led by the Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council.  This system, described as "white gloves", allowed the two governments to engage with each other on a semi-official basis without compromising their respective sovereignty policies.

Led by highly respected elder statesmen Koo Chen-fu and Wang Daohan, the two organizations began a series of talks that culminated in the 1992 meetings, which, together with subsequent correspondence, established the 1992 Consensus, under which both sides agreed to deliberate ambiguity on questions of sovereignty, in order to engage on operational questions affecting both sides.

Also during this time, however, the rhetoric of ROC President Lee Tung-hui began to turn further towards Taiwan independence. Prior to the 1990s, the ROC had been a one-party authoritarian state committed to eventual reunification with mainland China.  However, with democratic reforms the attitudes of the general public began to influence policy in Taiwan. As a result, the ROC government shifted away from its commitment to the One-China policy and towards a separate political identity for Taiwan. Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was also unwilling to compromise. Jiang notoriously attempted to influence the 1996 ROC election in Taiwan by conducting a missile exercise designed to intimidate Taiwanese voters and interfere with international shipping, leading to the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis. By 1998, semi-official talks had broken down.

Chen Shui-bian was elected President of the ROC in 2000.  Politically, Chen is pro-Taiwan independence. Chen's repudiation of the 1992 Consensus combined with the PRC's insistence that the ROC agree to a "One China" principle for negotiations to occur prevented improvement in cross-strait relations.

Up until the 1970s, the international community generally considered the Kuomintang on Taiwan to be the legal representative of China, but acknowledgment of the nation of the People's Republic of China slowly increased. In 1954, the Republic of China and the United States signed the Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China. In 1971, the United Nations acknowledged the People's Republic of China to be the sole legal representative of China (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The KMT government strengthened their "Han and the thief cannot both stand" (漢賊不兩立) stance and announced withdrawal from the United Nations. After this, the international position of the Republic of China slid to a large extent. In 1979, when the United States broke relations, it created an even more severe attack on the diplomatic plight of the ROC. In recent years, the ROC government has tried several times to apply anew to enter international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization, but, under the opposing side's powerful obstruction, there has been no success.

The question of the political status of Taiwan or whether the two sides are moving toward unification or seeking de jure independence is still unresolved. The assertion of the People's Republic of China both domestically and internationally is "Whether from the perspective of history, government or international law, Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. The political status of Taiwan is a Chinese domestic affair, and, under the premise of no hope for unification as well as certain other (conditions), (the Chinese government) does not abandon (the possibility of) the use of force to resolve it."  Those persons promoting Taiwan independence feel that, because of the Treaty of San Francisco signed by Japan and the United States and the unclear indication of the handover of Taiwan's sovereignty (the status of Taiwan was not decided on), Taiwan's future direction should be decided upon by the people of Taiwan and that the People's Republic of China not be permitted to threaten the use of force.

On 14 March 2005, the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China passed the Anti-Secession Law, making clear for the first time in legal form the One-China principle. Some people in Taiwan felt dissatisfied about this, and, on March 26, hundreds of thousands of people went to the streets of Taipei, participating in the 326 Protect Taiwan Demonstration, indicating their strong dissatisfaction with and protest of the law. Beginning on 26 April 2005, KMT, and various Pan-Blue political parties visited mainland China, creating an upsurge in the political dialogue between the two sides (see 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China), but cross-straits relations are still full of uncertainty.

Mainland China and Taiwan resumed regular weekend cross-strait charter direct flights on 4 July 2008, for the first time in six decades, as a "new start" in their tense relations. Liu Shaoyong, the China Southern Airlines chair, piloted the first flight from Guangzhou to the Taipei Songshan Airport. Simultaneously, a Taiwan-based China Airlines flew to Shanghai. A total of five mainland Chinese cities will be connected with eight Taiwan airports, with four days a week, 36 round-trip flights across the Taiwan Strait, thereby eliminating time-consuming Hong Kong stopovers.

On 7 November 2015, a meeting was held by ROC president Ma Ying-jeou and CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping in Singapore.

Recognition of the ROC has dwindled over the years. Recognition was withdrawn by The Gambia in 2013, São Tomé and Príncipe on 21 December 2016, Fiji in May 2017 (with unofficial relations from 1996 onwards), Panama on 13 June 2017, the Dominican Republic on 1 May 2018, Burkina Faso on 24 May 2018, El Salvador on 20 August 2018, Kiribati and the Solomon Islands in September 2019, Nicaragua in December 2021, and Honduras in March 2023. Only 12 UN member states (Guatemala, Belize, Eswatini, Haiti, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Paraguay, Nauru, Tuvalu, Marshall Islands and Palau) and the Holy See maintain relations with the ROC.

Economic growth

During the post-war period, Taiwan was lacking in goods and materials, the economy was depressed, and inflation was severe. After the national government moved to Taiwan, agriculture was first to grow, and, in 1953, Taiwan's economy returned to its pre-war level.  After this, the government pursued a policy of "Nurture industry with agriculture"(以農養工) on the foundation established during Japanese rule. With the capital, manpower, and skilled labor that was in Taiwan, American aid, etc., Taiwan's economy progressively moved toward rapid growth.  In the 1950s, the government carried out an import substitution policy, taking what was obtained by agriculture to give support to the industrial sector, trading agricultural product exports for foreign currency to import industrial machinery, thus developing the industrial sector.  The government raised tariffs, controlled foreign exchange and restricted imports in order to protect domestic industry.  By the 1960s, Taiwan's import exchange industry was faced with the problem of saturating the domestic market.  At the same time, the factories of some industrialized nations, because of rising wages and other reasons, slowly moved to certain areas that had both basic industry and low labor costs.  Consequently, the economic policy of Taiwan changed to pursue export expansion.  In 1960, the government enacted the "Regulations for Encouraging Investment," actively competing for foreign business investment in Taiwan. In 1966, the government established the Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone, Asia's first export processing zone, to expand the manufacturing production. In the role of a manufacturing relay station, Taiwan became a link in the international system of division of labor.  In 1963, the proportion of Taiwan's economy occupied by industry exceeded that of agriculture.  From 1968, Taiwan maintained two-digit long-term annual average economic growth up until the 1973 oil crisis.  In 1971, Taiwan had a foreign trade surplus and continued from then on in an export state and a major producer of electronics goods.

After retreating to Taiwan, Chiang learned from his mistakes and failures in the mainland and blamed them for failing to pursue Sun Yat-sen's ideals of Tridemism and welfarism. Chiang's land reform more than doubled the land ownership of Taiwanese farmers. It removed the rent burdens on them, with former land owners using the government compensation to become the new capitalist class. He promoted a mixed economy of state and private ownership with economic planning. Chiang also promoted a 9-years compulsory education and the importance of science in Taiwanese education and values. These measures generated great success with consistent and strong growth and the stabilization of inflation.

Sports

Football was introduced to Taiwan in 1916 by Edward Band who was the principal of Tainan's Chang Jung High School. The Chang Jung High School team is considered to be the first football team in Taiwan with all current teams being in some way descendant of it.

Following the Chinese Civil War the International Olympic Committee (IOC) recognized both the PRC and the ROC Olympic Committees in 1954. In 1958, The PRC withdrew its membership from the IOC and nine other international sports organizations in protest against the two-Chinas policy. After the withdrawal of the PRC, the IOC had been using a number of names in international Olympic activities to differentiate the ROC from the PRC. "Formosa" was used at the 1960 Summer Olympics, and "Taiwan" was used in 1964 and 1968. In 1975, the PRC applied to rejoin the IOC as the sole sports organization representing the whole China. The Taiwanese team, competing under the name of Republic of China at the previous Olympics, was refused to represent itself as the "Republic of China" or use "China" in its name by host Canadian government at the 1976 Summer Olympics. In April 1979, the IOC recognized the Olympic Committee of the PRC and maintained recognition of the Olympic Committee located in Taipei. In 1981, the ROC government formally accepted the name "Chinese Taipei".

See also

 Han Taiwanese
 History of the People's Republic of China

Notes

References

Taiwan in World War II

History of Taiwan
History of China by location
Taiwan
Aftermath of World War II in Taiwan

History of Taiwan (1945–present)


ඩෙංගු උණ හා ඩෙංගු රක්ත පාත උණ නිවර්තන කලාපයන්හි ඇති කරන්නා වු රෝගීතත්වයකි.ඩෙංගු උණ රෝගය වයිරසයක් මගින් බෝවන රෝගයකි.මාංශ පේශි වල හා හන්දිපත් වල ඇතිවන ඉතා වේදනාකාරී තත්ත්වයන් නිසා මෙය ඇටකටු තලාපෙලා දමන උණ ලෙසද ප්‍රකට වේ. රෝග ලක්ෂණ ලෙස ක්ෂණිකව හටගන්නා තද උණ, තදබල හිසේ කැක්කුම, මාංශ පේශි වල හා හන්දිපත් වල  රැදාව සහ සමෙහි ඇතිවන පැල්ලම් දැක්විය හැක.

ඩෙංගු උණෙන් සමෙහි ඇති වන පැල්ලම් එයටම ආවේනික වූ දීප්තිමත්  තද රතු පැහැති කුඩා පැල්ලම් වන අතර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙය  පළමුව කලවා වල හා පපු ප්‍රදේශයන්හි ඇතිවේ. ඇතැම් රෝගීන්ගෙන් මේවා මුළු සිරුරම වසාගන්නා  ආකාරයට ව්‍යාප්ත වේ.තවද බඩෙහි ඇතිවන අම්ල ගතිය හා  සම්බන්ධව බඩේ කැක්කුම  ඔක්කාරය හා මලපහ බුරුලෙන් යාම ඇතිවිය හැක.

ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත උණ රෝග ලක්ෂණ නම්,දින 2 - 7 දක්වා පවතින අධික උණ සම යට කුඩා රතු පැල්ලම්, විදුරු මස් වලින් ලේ ගැලීම, නාසයෙන් ලේ ගැලීම, කළු/දුඹුරු පැහැති වමනය හෝ මළ පහවිම (ආහාර ජීර්ණ පද්ධතිය තුළට ලේ ගැලිම නිසා), මුත්‍ර සමග ලේ පිටවීම අක්මාව ඉදිමීමෙන් වන අධික බඩේ වේදනාව ඇතිවිය හැක.ඩෙංගු කම්පන තත්වයේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ නම්,සුදු මැලි වීම, අත් පා සීතල වීම, නාඩි වැටීම වේගවත්විම, රුධිර පීඩනය අඩුවීම සිදුවිය හැක.

ඩෙංගු වෛරසය ව්‍යාප්ත කරන මදුරු දෙවර්ගය නම් - ඊඩිස් ඊජිප්ටයි. ඊඩිස් ඇල්බොපික්ටස්. ඔවුන් වැඩිපුර දෂ්ට කරන්නේ දහවල් කාලයේය. ඩෙංගු වෛරසය කාණ්ඩ 4ක් දක්නට ලැබේ. එම වෛරස ඩෙංගු දර්ශක 1, 2, 3 හා 4 ලෙස වෛද්‍ය විද්‍යාවේ නම් කර ඇත. ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත උණ නිසා අසාධ්‍ය තත්ත්වයට පත්වනුයේ ප‍්‍රථම වතාවට රෝගයට ගොදුරු වූ අය නොව මීට පෙර රෝගයට ගොදුරුවී සුව වී යළිත් රෝගයට ගොදුරු වූ අයයි.සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ශරීරයේ ප‍්‍රතිදේහ මගින් සිදු කරනුයේ ආරක්ෂාකාරී පිළිවෙතකි. නමුත් මෙම ඩෙංගු වෛරස නිසා ඇති වන විශේෂ ප‍්‍රතිදේහ සිදුකරනුයේ ඊට හාත්පසින්ම ප‍්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ කි‍්‍රයාවලියකි.එනම් එක් ඩෙංගු වෛරස දර්ශකයකින් ශරීරය තුළ ඇති වන මෙම විශේෂ ප‍්‍රතිදේහ කරන්නේ වෙනත් ඩෙංගු දර්ශකයක් ශරීරයට ඇතුලු වූ විට ඊට එරෙහි ව සටන් කිරීම වෙනුවට එම ආගන්තුක වෛරසයට ශරීරය තුළ වර්ධනය වීමට රුකුල් දීමයි.

ඩෙංගු වයිරසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිශක්තීකරණ කිසිවක් තවම සොයා ගෙන නැත. එම නිසා ඩෙංගු මදුරුවන් බෝ වන ස්ථාන විනාශ කිරීම  මගින් ඩෙංගු වාහක මදුරුව බොවිම අවම කිරිම හා  ඩෙංගු මදුරුවාගෙන් සිරුර දෂ්ට කිරිමෙන් අරක්ෂා විම ඩෙංගු මර්දනයට ඇති එකම ක්‍රමයයී.

ප්‍රතිකාර ලෙස පළමුව සිදුකරන්නේ උණ වැලදී දින දෙකකින් පමණ සිදුකරන රුධිර පරීක්ෂණය මගින් රෝග තත්ත්වය නිශ්චිතවම අදුනා ගැනීමයි. හැකි තරම් වතුර, පළතුරු යුෂ, ජීවනී වැනි දියර වර්ගද සේලයින් ප්‍රතිකාරය දීම යන ඒවා ඉන් අනතුරුව කරනු ලැබේ.රෝහල තුලදී ලැබෙනා ඇද විවේකය(Bed rest)මෙහිදී විශේෂ කාර්යයක් ඉටු කරයි. ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත රෝගය ඇති රෝගියකු නම් තෙවන දිනයේ සිට ඉතා ප්‍රවේශමෙන් සජලනය කළ යුතුය.

ලෝකය පුරා සියයකට වැඩි රටවල් සංඛ්‍යාවක පැතිර ගොස් ඇති මාරාන්තික ඩෙංගු රෝගය වර්තමාන සමාජයට දැඩි බලපෑමක් එල්ල කරන රෝගයකි.1960න් පසු ඩෙංගු රෝගයෙහි පැතීරිම ඉතා සිග්‍රයෙන් වැඩිවිය,  අද වන විට ලොව පුර  මිලියන 50 - 100 පමන ප්‍රමාණයක්  ඩෙංගු රෝගයෙන් වසරකට පිඩා විදිනු ඇත.ඩෙංගු රෝගය සඳහා නිශ්චිත එන්නතක් හෝ නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිකාරයක් නොමැත. ඩෙංගු වෛරසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිශක්තිකරණය කිරීම තවම පරීක්ෂණ තත්ත්වයේ පවතී.

රෝග ලක්ෂණ

වයිරසය ශරීර ගතවු බොහෝ දෙනෙකු(80% පමණ) අයත් වන්නේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ පෙන්නුම් නොකරන හෝ සාමාන්‍ය වයිරස උණක රෝග ලක්ෂණ පෙන්නුම් කරන කාණ්ඩ වලටය. කිහිප දෙනෙකු (5% පමණ) රක්තපාත උණ හෝ ඩෙංගු කම්පන තත්වයට පත් විය හැක.
ඩෙංගු රෝග ලක්ෂණ බාහිරට පෙන්නුම් කිරිමට දින 3 –14 පමණ ගත විය හැක. නමුත් බොහෝවිට ඩෙංගු වයිරසය සිරුරට ඇතුළුවී දින 3 – 7 පමණ ගත වීමෙන් අනතුරුව රෝග ලක්ෂණ ඇතිවේ. ඩෙංගු රෝගය වෙනත් උණ රෝග වලින් වෙන් කර හදුනා ගැනීම මුල් දින 2 තුළ තරමක් අපහසු කාර්යයකි. මක්නිසාද යත් ඩෙංගු රෝගයේ රෝග ලක‍ෂණ අනෙක් උණ රෝග වලට සමාන බැවිනි.

තද උණ, හිසරදය, ඇස් යට වේදනාව, පේෂි හා සන්ධි කැක්කුම, සමේ රතු පැහැ ලප ඇතිවීම, වමනය, ආහාර අරුචිය, ඩෙංගු උණෙහි ලක්ෂණය. 'ඇට කැඩෙන' යන නාමය ඩෙංගු රෝගය සදහා ලැබි ඇත්තේ රෝගය සෑදුණු පසු සිරුරට ඇතිවන දැඩි අපහසුතාවය ඇඟවීමටය. ඩෙංගු රෝගය ඩෙංගු උණ, ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත උණ හා ඩෙංගු කම්පන සහලක‍ෂණ යන විවිධ මට්ටම් වලින් හට ගනී.

ශායනික පරිපාටිය

සාමන්‍ය යෙන් උණ රෝගියෙකුගෙ 40 °C (104 °F) පමණ උණ පැවතිය හැක. මෙම අධික උණ දින 2 - 7 දක්වා පැවතිය හැක. මිට අමතරව වමනය යාමද ඇතිවිය හැක. මෙවැනි ලක්ෂන දක්නට ලැබෙන 50- 60% පමණ රොගින්ගී සිරුරෙහි සම යට කුඩා රතු පැල්ලම් මුල් දින දෙක තුනෙහි දැකිය හැකි වේ. රෝගය ක්‍රමයෙන් වර්දනය වන විට ( 4 - 7 දින පමණ )  මෙය සරම්ප රෝගියෙකුගෙ ඇගෙහි දැකිය හැකි පැල්ලම් මෙන් රතු පල්ලම් වර්ධනය විය හැක.තවද  විදුරු මස් වලින් ලේ ගැලීමද මෙම කාලයෙදී සිදුවිය හැක. ඩෙංගු උණ වෙනත් උණ මෙන් නොව විවිධ ලක්ෂන පෙන්නුම් කරයි. එම උණ දින දෙකක් ඇතුලත වැඩි වෙමින් අඩු වෙමින් පැවතිය හැක.

රෝගයෙන් පෙලෙන්නෙකුගෙ සිරුරෙහි රුධිරය වහනය වීමේ රෝග ලක‍ෂණ පෙන්වයි.නමුත් සාමන්‍ය ඩෙංගු උණ රෝග තත්වයේදි ප්ලාස්මා කාන්දුවක් දැකිය නොහැකි අතර ප්ලාස්මා කාන්දුව සිදුවන්නේ ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත උණ සෑදුණහොත්ය.රුධිර පට්ටිකා අඩුවීම ඩෙංගු රෝගය පෙන්වන මනා දර්ශකයක් වන අතර රුධිරයේ මුළු පරිමාවට සාපේක‍ෂ රක්තානු පරිමාව, ඇල්බියුමින් ප්‍රමාණය, කොලෙස්ටරෝල් ප්‍රමාණය මේ සදහා යොදා ගත හැක.  ප්ලස්මා කාන්දු වීමේ රෝග ලක‍ෂණ ලෙස ප්ලාස්මාවට සාපේක‍ෂ රතු රුධිර පරිමාව (PVC) 20% ඉහළ යාම, රුධිරයේ ඇල්බියුමින් /කොලෙස්ටරෝල් මට්ටම පහළ යාම සහ ප්ලුරාවේ /වෙනත් දේහ කුහර වල තරලය එකතු වීම දැක්විය හැක.

ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත තත්ත්වයකදී පහත සඳහන් ලක්‍ෂණ දැකිය හැකි වනවා. තද උණ හෝ කම්පනය ඇති විට උණ බැස ශරීරය සීතල වීම, සමේ ඇතිවන රතු පැල්ලම්, රුධිර පීඩනය අඩු වීම, අක්මාව ඉදිමීම, කුද්දෙටි ඉදිමීම, සමෙහි ඉතා කුඩා රුධිර ගැලීම් රතු දම් පැහැයට ඇතිවීම, නාසයෙන් විදුරුමසෙන් ලේ ගැලීම, අධික ඔසප් රුධිර පිටවීම, කෝපි කුඩු පාටට වමනය ඇතිවීම  හෝ ලේ වමනය ඇතිවීම, ඇඟපත ඇල්ලූ විට ඇතිවන වේදනාව, මීට අමතරව රෝගය උග්‍ර වූ විට පෙනහලු හා බඩේ වතුර එකතු වීමත් අවසානයේදී මොළයට අදාළ සිහිමුර්ජා වීම, වලිප්පුව වැනි රෝග ලක්‍ෂණත් දැකිය හැකි වේ.මේ නිසා ඩෙංගු රෝගය මාරාන්තික රෝගයකි.ඩෙංගු රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ පුද්ගලයාගෙන් පුද්ගලයාට වෙනස් වන නිසා ඉහත රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ ගලපා ගැනීමේදී ඉතා ප්‍රවේසම් විය යුතු වේ. කෙසේ නමුත් ඒ සඳහා ඔබට වෛද්‍යවරයා උදව් වනු නොඅනුමානය. ඩෙංගු රෝගය සෑදුනු සෑම අයකුටම අසාධ්‍ය නොවන බවත්, මතක තබා ගත යුතුය. දළ වශයෙන් ඩෙංගු රෝගය වැලඳුණු රෝගීන්ගෙන් 80% පමණ එතරම් අසාධ්‍ය නොවී සුව වේ.

ඩෙංගු ආශ්‍රිත වෙනත් ගැටළු

ඩෙංගු රෝගය සිරුරේ විවිධ පද්ධති වලට බලපෑ හැක. එය තනිව හො ඩෙංගු  රෝග ලක්ෂණත් සමඟ හෝ සිදුවිය හැක. ඉතා අසාධ්‍යය තත්වයේ රෝගින්ගෙන් 0.5- 6% පමණ රෝගින්ට සිහිමුර්ජා ගතියක් අැති විය හැක. මෙයට හේතුව ඩෙංගු වෛරසය මගින් මොළයේ ආසාදනය විම හෝ සිරුරේ වැදගත් ඉන්ද්‍රියක්  වන අක්මාව වැනි ඉන්ද්‍රියකට හානි පැමිනවිම විය හැක.

රෝග කාරකය

වයිරස අධ්‍යයන විද්‍යාව

ඩෙංගු වෛරසය ෆ්ලවිවිරිඩෙ  කුලයට අයත් RNA වෛරසයකි. මෙම කුලයට අයත් අනෙකුත් වෛරස ලෙස  කහ උණ වෛරසය(yellow fever virus), වෙස්ට් නයිල් වෛරසය (West Nile virus), ශාන්ත ලුවි එන්සෙඵලිටිස්  වෛරසය (St. Louis encephalitis virus),ජැපනීස්න් එන්සෙපල්යිටීස්  වෛරසය ( Japanese encephalitis virus), ටික්-බොර්න් එන්සෙඵලිටිස් වෛරසය (tick-borne encephalitis virus), ඛ්යසනුර් ෆොරෙස්ට්ඩිසීස් වෛරසය (Kyasanur forest disease virus), සහ  ඔම්ස්ක් හෙමොරහජ්ක් උණ  වෛරසය (Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus) හැදින්විය හැක. මින් බහුතරයක් අත්‍රපෝඩාවන්ගෙන් (මදුරුවන් හෝ ටික්කන්ගෙන් ) බෝ වන රෝග වේ. එමනිසා  මේව අර්බොවෛරස (arboviruses) යන නමින්ද හදින්වේ.

ඩෙංගු වෛරසයේ	නියුක්ලියොටයිඩ භස්ම වල ජානමය ද්‍රව්‍ය 11,000 පමණ ඇත. මෙම වෛරසයේ serotypes 4ක් ඇත. එවා  DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 සහ DENV-4 ලෙස හදුන්වයි.මෙවා වෙන් කර හදුනා ගත හැක්කේ  ප්‍රතිදේහ ජනකය මතය.

සම්ප්‍රේෂණය

ඩෙංගු රෝගය ඊඩ්ස් මදුරුවා රෝග වාහකයා කරගත් රෝගයකි මෙම මදුරුවා සුදුපාට ලප සහිත (කොටියකු මෙන් ලප ඇති) මදුරු විශේෂයකි. ඊඩ්ස් ඊජිප්ට්යි (Aedes aegypti), ඊඩ්ස් ඇල්බොපික්ටස්(Aedes albopictus) හා ඊස් පොලිනේසියන් මේ අතර කැපී පෙනෙන මදුරු වර්ගයයි.මෙම මදුරුවන් සාමාන්‍ය යෙන් මිටර් 1, 000 කට ( අඩි 3, 300) පහලින් පියාසර කරමින් සිටී. ගැහැණු මදුරුවෙකු ඩෙංගු ආසාදිත පුද්ගලයකුගෙන් ලේ රුධිරය සමඟින් ඩෙංගු වයිරසය ඇතුළු වේ. එම ගැහැණු මදුරුවා වෙනත් පුද්ගලයෙකුට දෂ්ඨ කළ විට ඩෙංගු වයිරසය අඩංගු මදුරු කේඨයද එම පුද්ගලයාගෙන් සිරුරට ඇතුළු වේ. මෙසේ ඩෙංගු රෝගය පුද්ගලයාගෙන් පුද්ගලයාට පැතිර යා හැකිය.ඩෙංගු මදුරුවන් බොහෝ විට දෂ්ඨ කරනුයේ දිවා කාලයේදී පමණි.ගැහැණු මදුරුවන් ලේ උරා බිම සිදු කලද පිරිමි මදුරුවන් ශාක යුෂ උරා බීම සිදුකරයි .ගැහැණු මදුරුවන් ලේ උරා බොන්නේ බිත්තර මේරීම සදහා අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රෝටීන් අවශ්‍යතාවය සපුරා ගැනීම සදහාය .

ය කළ යුතුය . එහිදී පාදවල මාරුවෙන් මාරුවට සුදු, කළු, ලෙස තීරු දැකිය . තවද ඊඩ්ස් ඇල්බොපික්ටස් වර්ගයේ මදුරුවාගේ උරහිසේ සුදු පාට ඉරක් දැකිය හැකි අතර ඊඩ්ස් ඊජිප්ටයි වර්ගයේ මදුරුවගේ උරහිසේ දෑ කැති හැඩයේ සුදුපාට ලප දෙකක් ද දැකිය හැකිය. ඩෙංගු මදුරුවා සාමාන්‍ය ප්‍රමාණයේ මදුරුවෙක් වන අතර තද කළු පැහැයක් ගනී .

මේ සුහුඹුල් මදුරුවෙකු වරකට බිත්තර 100 ක් 200 ක් පමණ පිරිසිදු ජලය මත දමනු ලබයි. මේ බිත්තර ඇලෙන සුළුයි. බිත්තර දැමූ ස්ථානයෙන් ඉවත් නොකළේ නම් වියළි ස්වභාවයෙන් මාස 6-12 ක් පමණ කාලයක් බිත්තර නොනැසී පැවසිය හැකිය. ඩෙංගු මදුරුවා දිවා කාලයේ දෂ්ට කරන අතර එයිනුත් උදෑසන 8-10 අතර කාලය ක් සවස 3-6 අතර කාලයක් විශේෂයි. (බිත්තරයකින් සුහුඹුල් මදුරුවෙකු ඇතිවීමට සතියක පමණ කාලයක් ගතවේ.)

මිට අමතරව ඩෙංගු සම්ප්‍රේශනය ඩෙංගු ආසාදනය වු  රුධිර පාරවිලයනය හෝ ඩෙංගු ආසාදිත පුද්ගලයකුගෙ ඉන්ද්‍රිය වෙනත් කෙනෙකුට බද්ද කිරිමේදී විය හැක. තවද ගර්භනී අවදියෙදී මවගෙන් දරුවාටද ඩෙංගු සම්ප්‍රේශනය වු අවස්ථා වාර්තා වි ඇත.නමුත් එවැනි අවස්ථා බොහොම විරලය.

ප්‍රස්ථිතිය

ළදරුවන් හා කුඩා ළමුන් ඩෙංගු රෝගය හේතුවෙන් බහුලව පිඩා විදිනු අතර අනෙකුත් රෝග සමග සැසදීමේදි ඩෙංගු රෝගය නිසා වැඩිපුර පීඩා විදිනු ලබන්නේ හොදින් පෝෂ්‍යදායීව වැඩුනු දරුවන්ය. තනි දර්ශක වර්ගයකට ඩෙංගු රෝගය සම්පූර්නයෙන්ම ඇති කල හැකි අතර එක් දර්ශකයකින් ආසාදනය වු පුද්ගලයෙකුට එම දර්ශක වර්ගයට ජීවිතාන්තය දක්වා ප්‍රතිශක්තිකරනය ලැබුනද අනෙත් දර්ශක වර්ග 3 සදහා ප්‍රතිශක්තිකරන ශක්තිය ඇති වන්නේ කෙටි කලකට පමණි. ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත උණ නිසා අසාධ්‍ය තත්ත්වයට පත්වනුයේ ප‍්‍රථම වතාවට රෝගයට ගොදුරු වූ අය නොව මීට පෙර රෝගයට ගොදුරුවී සුව වී යළිත් රෝගයට ගොදුරු වූ අයයි.මිට පෙර DENV-1 දර්ශකයෙන් අසාදනය වූ රෝගියෙකුට දෙවන වරට DENV-2 හෝ DENV-3 ආසාදනය වුවහොත් එවර රෝගය අසාධ්‍යය තත්වයකට පත් විය හැක. තවද දියවැඩියාව හා ඇඳුම රෝගයෙන් පෙලෙන කෙනෙකුට ඩෙංගු වැලදුන විට රෝගය මාරන්තික තත්වයට පත් විය හැක.

යන්ත්‍රණය

ඩෙංගු රෝගය ඊඩ්ස් මදුරුවා රෝග වාහකයා කරගත් රෝගයකි.මෙම වෛරසය ශරීර ගතවී මුල් දින පහ ඇතුලත එම රෝගියාගෙන් ලේ උරා බොන මදුරුවන් සිදු කරන නැවත දෂ්ඨයකදි පමණක් රෝගය තව කෙනෙකුට බෝවිම සිදුවේ.ඩෙංගු වෛරසය රැගත් ඩෙංගු මදුරුවා මිනිස් සිරුරට දෂ්ට කල විට මදුරුවාගේ ඛෙඨය සමග වෛරසය ශර්ර්‍රගත වේ. ඉන් පසු සුදු රුධිරණුවක් හා බැදෙන එම වෛරසය එයත් සමග සිරුර තුල සංසරණය වෙමින් එම රුධිරාණුව තුලදී ඛන්ඩනය වෙමින් වර්ධනය වේ.වෛරස ආසදනය හදුනා ගන්නා සුදු රුධිරාණු සංඥා ප්‍රෝටින නිපදවමින් මේ බව බාහිරට දැනුම් දෙයි.සිරුරේ ඇතිවෙන විවිධ රෝග ලක්ෂන වන උණ,ඇග පත වේදනාව ඇති වන්නේ එබැවිනි.ඩෙංගු රොගයේ උග්‍ර අවස්ථාවේදි වෛරස වර්ධනය ඉතා සීග්‍රයෙන් සිඩුවේ. එවනි අවස්ථාවකදී වකුගඩු, අක්‌මාව හා හෘදය වැනි අභ්‍යන්තර ඉන්ද්‍රියන්වල අකර්මන්‍යතාව වැනි රෝග ලක්‌ෂණ මතුවිය හැකිය.මීට අමතරව එවැනි අවස්ථාවකදී රුධිර ප්ලාස්මා (Blood plasma) දේහ කුහර වලට  කාන්දු වීම, රුධිර පීඩනය පහල බැසීම (low Blood pressure),රුධිර පට්ටිකා(Platelets) අගය සිග්‍රයෙන් පහල බැසීම  සිදුවිය හැක.රුධිර කැටි ගැසීමේ කර්‍ය්ය සිදු කරන රුධිර පට්ටිකා(ලේ කැටි ගැසීම සිදු වන්නෙ පට්ටික මගිනි ) අගය අඩු විම නිසා අභ්‍යන්තර ලේ ගැලීම වැළක්විම දුෂ්කර වේ.  මෙහි අවසාන ඵලය වන්නේ මරණයට පත් වීමයි. බොහෝ කලාතුරකින් මෙම තත්ත්වයෙන් මිදි සුව වන අවස්ථා ඇත.

රෝග විනිශ්චය

වයිරසය ශරීර ගතවු පසු පෙන්නුම් කරන රෝග ලක්ෂණ සායන වශයෙන් පරික්ෂා කිරීම මගින් ඩෙංගු හදුනා ගත හැක.ඩෙංගු රෝගය වෙනත් උණ රෝග වලින් වෙන් කර හදුනා ගැනීම මුල් දින 2 තුළ තරමක් අපහසු කාර්යයකි. මක්නිසාද යත් ඩෙංගු රෝගයේ රෝග ලක‍ෂණ අනෙක් උණ රෝග වලට සමාන බැවිනි. දින 5ත් 7ත් අතර පවතින තද උණ සමග ඇති වන හිසරදය, වමනය, ඇස් වටා වේදනාව, මාංශ පේශී වල වේදනාව, හංදි ආශිත වේදනාවන්, කොන්දේ වේදනාව, බඩේ කැක්කුම, රුධිර පට්ටිකා අගය සිග්‍රයෙන් පහල බැසීම, රුධිර පීඩනය පහල බැසීම සහ රතු ලප මතුවීම යන ලක්ෂන කිහිපයක් නිර්ණය කිරිම මගින් ඩෙංගු හදුනා ගත හැක. (වගුව බලන්න ) තවද උණ වැලදී දින දෙකකින් පමණ සිදුකරන රුධිර පරීක්ෂණය මගින් රෝග තත්ත්වය නිශ්චිතවම අදුනා ගැනීමට  හැක.රෝගීන්ට ප්‍රතිකාර කිරීමේදී සුදුසුකම් ලත් වෛද්‍යවරයෙකුගේ උපදෙස් මත ලබාදීමට කටයුතු කිරීම වඩාත් ප්‍රතිඵල දායක සහ ප්‍රඥාගෝචර විය හැක.

වර්ගීකරණය

ලෝක සෞඛ්‍යය සංවිධානය විසින් 2009 වසරේදී ඩෙංගු උණ කාණ්ඩ දෙකකට වර්ගීකරණය කරන ලදී : සාමාන්‍ය උණ තත්වය සහ අසාද්‍යය තත්වය(උන්cඔම්ප්ලිcඅටෙඩ් අන්ඩ් සෙවෙරෙ ) අසාද්‍යය ඩෙංගු  උණ අවස්ථාවේදි අභ්‍යන්තර සහ බාහිර රක්තපාතය, අභ්‍යන්තර ඉන්ද්‍රියන්වල අකර්මන්‍යතාව හෝ ප්ලස්මා කාන්දු වීමේ රෝග ලක‍ෂණ ඇති විය හැක.1997 වසරේදි ඩෙංගු රෝගය ඩෙංගු උණ, ඩෙංගු රක්තපාත උණ හා ඩෙංගු කම්පන සහලක‍ෂණ යන කොටස් තුනට වර්ගීකරණය කරන ලදී.  ඩෙංගු කම්පන සහලක‍ෂණ තත්වය තවදුරටත් අනු කොටස් 4කට බෙදන ලදී.

නිවාරණය

ඩෙංගු වයිරසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිශක්තීකරණය කිරිම තවම පරීක්ෂණ තත්වයේ පවති.ඩෙංගු වාහක මදුරුවන් බෝවන ස්ථාන ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත්තේ ජලය එකතු වී ඇති භාජනයි (Container breeder). එම ස්ථානවල ඩෙංගු රෝගය ඇති කරන  ඊජිප්ටයි සහ ඊඩ්ස් ඇල්බොපික්ටස් යන ප‍්‍රධාන මදුරු වර්ග බෝ වේ. විශේෂයෙන් වතුර ටැංකි, හිස් ටින්, පරණ ටයර්, වැහිපීලි, පොල්කටු, තැඹිලි කෝම්බ, යෝගට් කෝප්ප හා නිවාස තුළ පිහිටි වතුර රැඳෙන මල් පෝච්චි, ගුරුලේත්තු, කලගෙඩි හා ශීතකරණ තුළ වතුර රැඳෙන බන්දේසිවල බෝවීම බහුල ලෙස සිදුවිය හැකි බවය. ඩෙංගු මදුරු කීටයන් අනෙක් මදුරු කීටයන්ට වඩා වෙනස් චලන රටාවක් පෙන්වයි .එනම් ඉංග්‍රීසි එස් අකුරේ හැඩයට එහා මෙහා ගමන් කරයි. කීට  විද්‍යා සමීක්ෂණ අනුව මිනිසා  ඉහත සදහන් ස්ථාන ඉවත් කිරීම නිසා නවතම වාසස්ථාන සොයා ගනිමින් භාවිතා නොකරන නළ ලිං ,ශීතකරණ යේ පසුපස ඇති තැටිය ,භාවිතා නොකරන වැසිකිලි පෝච්චි ආදී ස්ථාන වල බෝවීම සිදුවෙමින් පවතී .මදුරුවන් හා මදුරු කීටයන් බෝවීම වැළැක්වීම දැනට ඇති එකම ක්‍රමයයි.ඒ සඳහා  සතියකට වරක්වත් නිවස, පාසල හා සේවා ස්ථානය හෝ ඒ අවට ඩෙංගු මදුරුවන් බෝවන ස්ථාන ඇත්දැයි සොයා ඒවා විනාශ කරන්න. ඩෙංගු මදුරුවන් බෝවෙන ස්ථාන නම් මල් පෝච්චි, ටයර් පොල් කටු, ටින්, කුහුඹු උගුල්, වැහිපීලි වතුර රැදෙන ශාඛ, තැඹිලි කෝම්බ වැනිදේ. මදුරු නාශක ඉසීම, දුම් ගැසිම මදුරු දැල් දිවා කාලයේ නිදා ගැනීමේදී භාවිතා කිරීම මදුරුවන් බෝවන ස්ථාන වලට කීටයින් විනාශ කිරීමට, තිලාපියන් වැනි මසුන්, බැක්ටීරියා (බැසිලස් තුරින්ජියෙනියිස් නැමැති) යොදා ගත හැක.ඩෙංගු බිත්තර අවු. 1/2 - 1 පමණ වියලි ස්වභාවයේ නොනැසී පැවතිය හැක.එම නිසා වතුර නොමැති වු පමණින්ම ඩෙංගු බිත්තර විනාශ නොවේ.
වාස්තු විද්‍යාවට අනුව ගෘහ නිර්මාණ හා උද්‍යාන අලංකරණය ප්‍රමිතියට අනුව සිදු කිරීමෙන්ද ඩෙංගු මදුරු උවදුරට යම් විසඳුමක් ලැබේ.ගොඩනැගිලි නිර්මාණයේ දී වතුර බසින ආකාරයට වැහිපීලි ප්‍රමිතියට අනුව නිෂ්පාදනය, ඉංජිනේරුවන්ට හා වාස්තු විද්‍යාඥයන්ට මාර්ගෝපදේශකත්වයන් ලබාදීම, වෙළෙඳපොළේ පවතින වැහිපීලි යනාදිය ප්‍රමිතියට අනුව තිබේද කියා පරීක්ෂා කිරීම වැදගත් වේ. බොහෝ ගොඩනැගිලිවල පිහිටි වැහි පීලිවල කැලිකසළ සිර වී ඇති අතර ඒවා ඩෙංගු මදුරුවන් බෝ වීමේ ආකර බවට පත්වීමේ ඉඩක් පැවතිය හැකිය.

සටහන්

යොමුව

බාහිර සබැදි

රක්තපාත උණ
වෛරස් උණ
ඩෙංගු උණ

ඩෙංගු


La esperanza del navegante es una serie de pinturas realizada por Joan Miró entre 1968 y 1973, la mayor parte de las cuales actualmente pertenecen a la colección permanente de la Fundación Joan Miró de Barcelona, gracias a una donación de Pilar Juncosa de Miró. El resto de obras de la serie se conservan en varias colecciones privadas.

Historia
A diferencia de otras obras de la misma época que estaban claramente vinculadas con acontecimientos históricos y políticos del momento, como La esperanza del condenado a muerte con la condena y ejecución del activista anarquista Salvador Puig Antich por parte del régimen del general Franco, o sus llamadas pinturas quemadas, que en parte pueden haber sido un reflejo de los acontecimientos revolucionarios del mayo de 1968, con la serie la Esperanza del navegante resulta más difícil establecer una conexión directa con el contexto del artista. Entre los años 1968 y 1973 Miró se ha retirado ya a la isla de Mallorca y está inmerso en un proceso creativo que le lleva a consolidar su estilo y explorar nuevas vías, entre las que destaca un renovado interés por la cultura oriental. Jacques Dupin señala la influencia que tuvo en Miró el arte japonés, que en estas obras se puede apreciar si interpretamos las líneas como gestos caligráficos sobre manchas de color intenso. Tal y como explica Pilar Cabañas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, esta influencia fue recíproca y venía de lejos. Durante la Exposición Surrealista que tuvo lugar en Tokio en 1937, el artista japonés Shuzo Takiguchi escribió la primera crítica japonesa de Miró. Ambos artistas se conocieron y manifestaron su voluntad de establecer algunos tipos de colaboración pero como consecuencia de problemas personales y del precario estado de salud de Takiguchi, esta colaboración no se materializó hasta 1967, justo un año antes de la primera obra de la serieLa esperanza del navegante. Aquel año, el catálogo de la exposición de Miró en la galería Maeght aparecen varios poemas ilustrados por el propio Miró, entre ellos uno de Takiguchi. Durante los años siguientes y hasta mediados de la década de los setenta, Miró y Takiguchi colaboraron en varias ocasiones.

La serie

Análisis
Según Dupin, en estas obras se puede apreciar una técnica que Miró repite a menudo durante el 1968, caracterizada por grafismos negros sobre fondo coloridos o, por el contrario, manchas coloridas sobre fondos oscuros o directamente negros. Son evidentes las semejanzas entre las primeras dos obras de la serieLa esperanza del navegante , correspondientes al 1968, y la obra de MiróLa esperanza del condenado a muerte , especialmente en el gesto y en el uso de la relación entre la figura y el fondo. En contraposición, el resto de obras de la serie, que corresponden al 1973, son mucho más cercanas a la obraLa Chanson des voyelles, pintada en 1966 y conservada en el MoMA de Nueva York. A diferencia de como Miró había usado el color negro en las pinturas sobre la Guerra civil española, ahora el negro pierde el dramatismo que había logrado y se convierte en un fondo de matices sutiles sobre el que se desarrollan trazos y formas redondeadas blancas y de colores. En las últimas obras de la serie las líneas aumentan de grosor, los fondos negros están compensados por masas de color más grandes que ganan protagonismo y el trazo se acerca a la caligrafía oriental.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Cuadros de Joan Miró
Cuadros de España de los años 1960
Cuadros de España de los años 1970
Cuadros de 1973
España en 1973

La esperanza del navegante


Galaktik Dörtlükler, Uzay Yolu hayali evreninde Samanyolu galaksisi dörtlük adı verilen dört parçaya bölünmüş ve bu parçalarda sektör adı verilen alt parçalara bölünmüşlerdir.

Uzay Yolu yerleri
Uzay Yolu terminolojisi
Kurguda Samanyolu

Galaktik Dörtlükler (Uzay Yolu)


1600 Pennsylvania Avenue is the formal address of the White House, the residence of the president of the United States.

1600 Pennsylvania Avenue may also refer to:
 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (musical), a 1976 musical with music by Leonard Bernstein and book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner
 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (TV series), a panel show on MSNBC previously known as Race for the White House
 1600 Penn, an NBC sitcom that aired from December 2012 to March 2013 about the dysfunctional family of a fictional US president

1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (disambiguation)


L'Audi Q5 Sportback (désignation de type interne FYT) est un SUV familial du constructeur automobile allemand Audi. Le véhicule, basé sur l'Audi Q5 de seconde génération, a été présenté au public à l'automne 2020 et mis en vente en mars 2021.

Historique du modèle
Le 26 septembre 2020, le Q5 Sportback, une variante de carrosserie du Q5 avec un hayon profilé, a été présenté. Il a été lancé au premier semestre 2021. Par rapport au modèle normal, l'accent est mis sur le bénéfice émotionnel pour le client, c'est pourquoi ces modèles peuvent être vendus à un prix plus élevé. Une contribution majeure au développement de cette catégorie de véhicules, celle des soi-disant «SUV coupés», réside dans la République populaire de Chine, où les clients préfèrent un style de design expressif et dominant pour démontrer leur avancement social individuel.

Technologie et fabrication
Comme le Q5, le Q5 Sportback sera fabriqué au Mexique par Audi México S.A. de C.V. à San José Chiapa.

Notes et références

Q5 Sportback
Automobile des années 2020
SUV

Audi Q5 Sportback


El dimorfismo fúngico o dimorfismo en hongos es el fenómeno por el cual un hongo puede tener un estado de levadura y un estado de moho (filamentoso) durante la etapa de su vida. Un hongo dimórfico suele proliferar a manera de levaduras o grandes estructuras esféricas en los tejidos, pero asumen formas filamentosas o moho a temperatura ambiente en el entorno. Dentro de este grupo están los microorganismos que causan la blastomicosis, esporotricosis, coccidiomicosis, paracoccidiomicosis e histoplasmosis. Específicamente el término "hongo dimórfico" se usa para los hongos que pueden crecer como células de levadura y filamentosas, sin embargo, muchos de estos hongos dimórficos en realidad pueden crecer en más de estas dos formas. El dimorfismo fúngico se da comúnmente en los hongos microscópicos clasificados como basidiomicetos o ascomicetos.

Los hongos pueden presentarlo en función de:
Temperatura. Como Penicillium marneffei, que en el mismo medio, pero a temperatura diferente cambia de forma (de 25 a 28 °C es filamentoso y de 35 a 37, levaduriforme.
Temperatura y nutrientes. Es una mezcla de los dos anteriores. Entre ellos encontramos a Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitidis

Véase también
Micosis
Micología

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Generalidades de micología. Departamento de Microbiología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Definición de Hongo dimórfico en www.definicionesdemedicina.com

Fungi
Morfología (biología)

Dimorfismo fúngico


Helge Haystrup (født Helge Petersen 8. marts 1924 i Broager, død 23. august 2009) var en dansk teolog, sognepræst, kirkehistoriker, forfatter og oversætter. Han har skrevet 15 værker om kirkefaderen Augustin og blev i 1996 æresdoktor ved Københavns Universitet som følge af sit arbejde med Augustin.

Oversættelser
 Martin Luther: Store Galaterbrevskommentar I. 1981.
 Martin Luther: Store Galaterbrevskommentar II. 1984.

Udgivelser
 Oldkirken. 1974. Forlaget Lohse.
 "Hellighed som et kirketegn (nota ecclesiæ) i oldkirken". I: Præsteforeningens blad. – Årg. 65, nr. 21 (1975). Side 341-353. Emne: Oldtiden – Donatisme.
 Studier i Johannes Chrysostomos' asketiske ungdomsskrifter, Gad, 1966. (Studier fra sprog- og oldtidsforskning / udgivet af Det Filologisk-Historiske Samfund, 260).
 Kristusbekendelser i Oldkirken. 1979. C.A. Reitzels Bogh.
 Augustin-studier 1: Kærlighedens fællesskab og frihed. 1989. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 2: Forkyndelse og eksegese. 1990. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 3: Nøglemagt og nådelære. 1990. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 4: Nadversyn og festforkyndelse. 1992. C.A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 5: Omkring hovedværket. 1993. C.A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 6: Bibelens Trenighed; Eksegese og dogmatiske begreber. 1994. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 7: En filosofisk vej til Treenigheden. Sjælens opstigning til Gud. 1995. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 8: Augustinske udviklingsstadier. Brud og sammenhæng. 1996. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 9: Den dystre baggrund for troens glæde. Kampen mod Pelagianismen. 1997. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 10: Fra Grundtvig til Augustin. 1999. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 11: Skriftsyn, skriftudlægning og skriftforkyndelse. 1999. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 12: Næstekærlighedens problematik. 2000. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 13: Augustin i nutidig politik. 2001. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 14: Vestens filosof og kirkelærer. 2001. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.
 Augustin-studier 15: Kirkesyn og -brevkasse; Registre. 2002. C. A. Reitzels Forlag.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
  (Kirken i Farver)

Kirkehistorikere fra Danmark
Teologer fra Danmark
Æresdoktorer ved Københavns Universitet

Helge Haystrup


Martin Glamuzina (Rogotin, 16. prosinca 1941. – Metković, 22. studenog 2018.), hrvatski geograf izvanredni profesor i pročelnik Odjela za geografiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru.

Životopis
Rođen je u Rogotinu, gdje je završio prva četiri razreda škole. Više razrede osnovne škole i gimnaziju završio je u Pločama. Na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu u Zagrebu diplomirao je zemljopis i stekao diplomu profesora geografije 1967. godine. Potom se zaposlio u Gimnaziji u Metkoviću. Nakon reforme školstva, 1977. godine izabran je za direktora tadašnjeg Centra za usmjereno obrazovanje "Petar Levantin" u Metkoviću i na tome je mjestu ostao osam godina. Od 1975. do 1981. bio je gostujući predavač na Višoj pomorskoj školi u Splitu. Od 1985. do 1990. radio je u stručnoj službi Općine Metković.

Godine 1981. magistrira na Odsjeku za geografiju Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta u Zagrebu s temom "Geografske značajke gospodarenja vodama u delti Neretve", a 1985. doktorira na istom fakultetu s tezom doktorske disertacije ""Promjene agrarnog pejsaža delte Neretve"".

Od 1990. ponovno radi kao profesor u Gimnaziji Metković, gdje je uz profesorski rad obnašao i funkciju zamjenika ravnatelja.

Od 1996. do 1998. bio je gostujući predavač na Odsjeku za geografiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru. Godine 1998. izabran je u znanstveno-nastavno zvanje docenta za znanstvene discipline Demogeografija i Regionalna geografija. Godine 2003. izabran u znanstveno-nastavno zvanje izvanrednog profesora te je obnašao dužnost pročelnika Odjela za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zadru.

Istraživačka djelatnost
Od 1998. radio je kao istraživač na projektu "Geografske osnove razvoja malih hrvatskih otoka" pri Ministarstvu znanosti i tehnologije Republike Hrvatske, a od 2002. voditelj je i glavni istraživač projekta Ministarstva znanosti i tehnologije pod nazivom "Kretanje stanovništva, naseljenosti i naselja Dalmatinske Zagore (Južne Hrvatske)". Višegodišnji je član uredništva časopisa "Geoadria" kojeg izdaje Hrvatsko geografsko društvo - Zadar i Odjel za geografiju Sveučilišta u Zadru, kao i časopisa za zemljopis, povijest i ekologiju "Meridijani" (ranije Hrvatski zemljopis).

Autor je preko dvadesetak znanstvenih radova objavljenih u zemlji i inozemstvu i oko 25 recenzija udžbenika i znanstvenih radova.

Izbor iz radova
Glamuzina, M.: Promjene u biološkoj i ekonomskoj strukturi stanovništva južne Hrvatske (Dalmacije) od 1948. do 1991. godine, Geoadria, Zadar, 1996.
Glamuzina, M.: Demografski aspekti nestajanja starih i stvaranja novih naselja u delti Neretve, Geoadria, Zadar, 1996.
Glamuzina, M.: Promjene u prostornom razmještaju stanovništva u delti Neretve, Acta Geographia Croatica, Zagreb, 1997.
Glamuzina, M.: Agrarne promjene u delti Neretve, Zbornik radova I. Hrvatskog geografskog kongresa, Zagreb, 1995.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina N.: Problem centralnog naselja u općini Gradac, Geoadria, HGD, Zadar, 3/1998.
Glamuzina, M. – Šiljković, Ž.: Mogućnost uvođenja eko-poljoprivrede u delti Neretve, Socijalna ekologija, Zagreb, Vol. No 3. 1999.
Glamuzina, M. – Šiljković, Ž., Topolnik, D.: The state and the prospects of railway development in Croatia; Promet, FPZ, Vo. 6, Zagreb, 1999.
Glamuzina, M. – Šiljković, Ž.: Razvoj moderne cestovne mreže u tranzicijskim zemljama, Ceste i mostovi br. 5-8, god. 45, Zagreb, svibanj – kolovoz 1999.
Glamuzina, M. – Šiljković, Ž.: The presumption of Croatian entry into the European traffic system in the 21. century, ISTIEE, Trieste, 1/2000.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N. - Šiljković, Ž.: Problems of water supply in the coast – insular of the Zadar region, Period. biol. Vol. 102, Zagreb, 2000.
Glamuzina, M. – Mamut, M. – Šiljković Ž.; Modern transformation in the area of the coastal zone of the Neretva delta under the influence of melioration and hidrotehnical intervention, Period. biol. Vol. 102, Zagreb, 2000.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N., - Mamut, M.: The tourist evaluation of the Neretva delta, Period. Vol. 102, Zagreb, 2000.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N.: Suvremena geografska problematika otoka Lopuda i Koločepa, Geoadria, HGD, Zadar, 4/1999.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N. – Glamuzina, B.: Changes of the living water resources use in the Neretva delta (Croatia) under the influence of different management strategies; Seas and Oceans, Volume 1, Szczecin – Poland, 2001.
Glamuzina, M. – Šiljković Ž.: Linking north Croatia with Adriatic ports by introducing new transport technology and new traffic road; Seas and Oceans, Volume 1, Szczecin – Poland, 2001.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N.: Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of remote south-eastern Adriatic islands NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, Colleqium Reguzinum, Dubrovnik, R/D Center for Mariculture, Ston, Dubrovnik, Croatia 3-7. 10. 2001. – časopis Naše more, Vol. 48, 5-6, 2001.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, B.: Management of the Neretva river estuary past and future of a rich and fragile natural heritage, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, Colleqium Reguzinum Dubrovnik, R/D Center for Mariculture, Ston, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 3-7. 10. 2001. -  časopis Naše more, Vol. 48, 5-6, 2001.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N. – Mamut, M.: What Are the Perspectives of Metković and Ploče Port (Croatia) with Reference to New Geogstrategic Division in Southeastern Europe?, 6th International Symposium Littoral 2002, Porto, 22. – 26. rujna 2002.
Glamuzina, M. – Glamuzina, N. – Mamut, M.: The Water Supply of the Middle Dalmatian Islands (Croatia) – Regional Water Supply-System Neretva-Pelješac-Korčula-Lastovo-Mljet, 6th International Symposium Littoral 2002, Porto, 22. – 26. rujna 2002.
Glamuzina, M. – Vidović, M. – Graovac, V.: The System of Waters in the Neretva Delta (Croatia) – Use, Pollution and Protection, 6th International Symposium Littoral 2002, Porto, 22. – 26. rujna 2002.
Glamuzina, M. – Feletar, D.: Die kroatisch-ungarische Grenze auf alten Landkarten, Geoadria, br. 6/2001.
Glamuzina, M. – Faričić, J.: Donjoneretvanski kraj na Coronellijevim kartama u "Atlante della Republice di Venezia", Acta Geographica, PMF, Odsjek za geografiju, Zagreb.
Feletar, D. – Glamuzina, M.: Prostorna distribucija zaposlenosti i nezaposlenosti kao pokazatelj diferenciranosti na prostoru Hrvatske, Podravina 2/2002.
Graovac, V. – Glamuzina, M.: Contemporary Dynamics and Population Structures of Former Obrovac Area, Geoadria, 7/1, Zadar, 2002.
Faričić, J., Šiljković, Ž., Glamuzina, M. (2005.): Agrarian Changes in Lower-Neretvian Area from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century, Agricultural History, vol. 79, br. 2, 193-220;

Izvori

Hrvatski geografi
Životopisi, Ploče
Životopisi, Metković
Životopisi, Zadar

Martin Glamuzina


Katelyn "Katie" Bethke (* 3. September 1988 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin) ist eine US-amerikanische Fußballspielerin.

Karriere

Verein
Bethke begann das Fußballspielen bei ihrem Heimatverein Eau Claire United und war von 2007 bis 2010 vor allem für die Minnesota Golden Gophers, das Collegeteam der University of Minnesota, aktiv. Neben ihren Einsätzen für die Gophers spielte sie 2008 für die Boston Renegades sowie von 2009 bis 2010 für Ottawa Fury in der W-League. Zu Beginn des Jahres 2011 unterzeichnete sie einen Vertrag bei Atlanta Beat in der WPS, wechselte im folgenden Sommer jedoch zu Arna-Bjørnar in die norwegische Toppserien. Dort erzielte sie in 13 Partien sechs Tore und beendete die Saison mit ihrem Team auf dem vierten Tabellenrang.

Im Januar 2012 unterschrieb sie schließlich einen Halbjahresvertrag bei Bayer 04 Leverkusen. Dort debütierte sie am 26. Februar 2012 im Auswärtsspiel gegen Turbine Potsdam und erzielte dort am 25. März 2012 im Spiel gegen den Hamburger SV mit dem Tor zum zwischenzeitlichen 1:1 ihren ersten Bundesligatreffer. Nach der Saison kehrte Bethke zunächst in die USA zurück, ehe sie sich 2013 dem norwegischen Erstligaaufsteiger Avaldsnes IL anschloss. Mit Avaldsnes erreichte sie 2014 das Finale um den norwegischen Vereinspokal, unterlag dort jedoch Stabæk mit 0:1. Im Sommer 2014 wechselte sie zum Ligakonkurrenten Grand Bodø IK, konnte den Abstieg in die 1. Divisjon aber nicht verhindern.

Zu Beginn der Saison 2015 folgte der Wechsel nach Schweden zu Mallbackens IF, der kurz zuvor aus der Elitettan in die Damallsvenskan aufgestiegen war. Nachdem sie in den ersten sieben Spielen der Saison jeweils über die volle Spielzeit eingesetzt wurde, wechselte sie im Sommer ligaintern zu Eskilstuna United.

Nationalmannschaft
Von 2010 bis 2011 absolvierte Bethke sechs Partien für die U-23-Auswahl des US-amerikanischen Fußballverbandes.

Weblinks

 Katie Bethke auf svenskfotboll.se

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Boston Renegades)
Fußballspieler (Ottawa Fury)
Fußballspieler (Atlanta Beat)
Fußballspieler (Arna-Bjørnar)
Fußballspieler (Bayer 04 Leverkusen)
Fußballspieler (Avaldsnes IL)
Fußballspieler (Grand Bodø IK)
Fußballspieler (Mallbackens IF)
Fußballspieler (Eskilstuna United)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1988
Frau

Katie Bethke


K. G. Saur Verlag este o editură germană fondată de Klaus Gerhard Saur la München. Ea face parte, începând din 2006, din grupul editorial De Gruyter.

Istoric
Editura a fost înființată în 1948 de Karl-Otto Saur și Margarethe Gringmuth ca Ingenieurbüro für Betriebs- und Büroorganisation, având sediul peste drum de Muzeul German. În 1954 compania a fost redenumită Dokumentation der Technik și s-a mutat pe Rosenheimer Strasse din München. Karl-Otto Saur și Margarethe Gringmuth ca birou de inginerie și organizație de birouri.

În 1963 Klaus Gerhard Saur s-a alăturat editurii, iar compania s-a mutat în localitatea învecinată Pullach im Isartal. După moartea fondatorului Karl-Otto Saur (1966) compania a fost redenumită Verlag Dokumentation Saur, o.H. G. și a fost condusă de atunci de cei doi fii ai săi, Karl-Otto Saur junior și Klaus Gerhard Saur.

În 1972, Daniel Melcher din Charlottesville a intrat în companie ca partener secundar. Trei ani mai târziu, compania s-a mutat în districtul Solln din Munchen. După înființarea companiilor K. G. Saur Inc. la New York și Minerva Publikation Saur GmbH în 1977, editura a fost redenumită un an mai târziu K. G. Saur Verlag, fondând la Paris K. G. Saur Editeur S.A.R.L., preluând la Londra Clive-Bingley-Verlag și fondând, de asemenea, K. G. Saur Publishing Ltd.

Din cauza dificultăților economice din unele locații, sucursala din Londra a fost vândută în 1978 către Library Association, sucursala din New York a fost, de asemenea, vândută către Hans Zell Publishers din Oxford. În 1983 a fost restabilită o sucursală în New York. În 1987 editura a fost vândută către Reed International din Londra, preluând doi ani mai târziu editura Francke AG din Berna și după încă un an Verlag Art Address din Frankfurt.

În 1991, compania s-a mutat într-un nou sediu din districtul Sendling-Westpark. În același an a fost achiziționată editura Meckler Publishing din New Haven și colecția Allgemeinen Künstlerlexikons  de la E. A. Seemann Verlag din Leipzig. În anul 2000 editura a fost preluată de Gale Group, o unitate componentă a Thomson Corporation. În anul 2005 K.G. Saur a cumpărat prestigioasa editură academică Max Niemeyer Verlag.

În 2006 editurile Saur/Niemeyer au fost achiziționate, în cele din urmă, de grupul editorial De Gruyter. Începând de atunci, produsele editurii apar sub marca De Gruyter.

Publicații
Printre lucrările prestigioase publicate se numără, printre altele, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB), Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie (DBE), Bibliotheca Teubneriana și World Biographical Information System cu informații biografice despre aproape 5 milioane de persoane, din mileniul IV î.Hr. până în prezent. În 1981 a fost completat Gesamtverzeichnis des deutschsprachigen Schrifttums, o bibliografie națională retrospectivă pentru țările vorbitoare de limbă germană. Marca De Gruyter Saur continuă să publice lucrări cu conținut științific.

Note

Bibliografie
 Reinhard Oberschelp: Eine Denkschrift und ein Anruf, in: Erste Begegnungen - gemeinsame Projekte: Klaus G. Saur zum 60. Geburtstag; hrsg. von den Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern des K. G. Saur Verlags. - München [u.a.]: Saur, 2001; S. 130–132; ISBN 3-598-27741-5

Fondări în 1948
Edituri din Germania

K. G. Saur Verlag


Biserica de lemn din Seciurile, comuna Roșia de Amaradia, județul Gorj, are hramul "Sfinții Voievozi". Anul edificării lăcașului de cult este 1729, dar momentul construirii bisericii ar putea fi împins până în veacul al XVII-lea, datorită variantei tipologice arhaice a unghiului în ax la altar. Biserica se află pe lista monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: .

Istoric și trăsături
Despre istoricul bisericii ne vorbește pisania aflată deasupra intrării: "Această sfântă și dumnezăească biserică în care se prăsnuiește hramul Sf.Voivozi a fost întâia oară construită la anul 1729. Apoi s-a reparat și zugrăvit în zilele PSS Episcop Vartolomeiu. Cu osârdia enoriașilor săi s-a redeschis cu sfânta slujbă la 21 noembrie 1934 de către Prea C.Prot. Gr.Preșbeanu, pr.paroh fiind Gh.Marghitu. Gh.Tudor Pictor Craiova"

Cercetătoarea Ioana Cristache Panait o considera în mod eronat, pierdută: "facem notă aparte bisericii Sf.Voievozi din Seciurile (1729), care apucând zilele declarării sale ca monument istoric (1130/1955), sfârșește după aceea".

Planimetria bisericii: nava dreptunghiulară, altar decroșat, cu patru laturi și unghi în ax. Elevația interiorului: boltă semicilindrică în naos și altar, două fâșii curbe, tangente pereților, peste laturile în ax.

Biserica este tencuită, atât la interior, cât și la exterior; are acoperiș de tablă și pridvor pe latura de vest, pictură exterioară și clopotniță separată. În vecinătatea altarului se află câteva cruci vechi de piatră.

Existența localității și a bisericii a fost grav amenințată de alunecările de teren de proporții, provocate de cariera minieră din zonă, 200 de case au fost distruse în totalitate.

Bibliografie
Studii regionale

Note

Vezi și
 Seciurile, Gorj

Galerie de imagini

Seciurile
Monumente istorice din județul Gorj
Biserici din secolul al XVIII-lea din România

Biserica de lemn din Seciurile


باولو فيتور باريتو دي سوزا (بالبرتغالية:Paulo Vitor Barreto de Souza) الشهير باسم باريتو (مواليد 12 يوليو 1985 في ريو دي جانيرو - البرازيل) لاعب كرة قدم برازيلي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى باري الإيطالي منذ 2008 في مركز المهاجم كما يجيد اللعب في مركز الجناح الأيمن والأيسر . .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية برازيليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة القدم البرازيليون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
لاعبو كرة قدم من مدينة ريو دي جانيرو
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من مدينة ريو دي جانيرو
لاعبو أودينيزي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو إيه سي ميلان
لاعبو باري
لاعبو تورينو
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو فينيزيا
لاعبو كرة قدم برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون برازيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو نادي تريفيزو
مواليد 1985
مواليد في ريو دي جانيرو
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الرابعة
لاعبو كرة قدم من ريو دي جانيرو

باولو فيتور باريتو دي سوزا


Onthophagus yvescambeforti é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Ochi & Araya em 1992.

Referências

Ligações externas

yvescambeforti
Coleópteros descritos em 1992

Onthophagus yvescambeforti


සම්මත ඌර්ධවපාතන එන්තැල්පිය (∆Hsub∅)
සම්මත අවස්ථාවේ පවතින ඝන මූලද්‍රව්‍යයක මවුලයක් හෝ ඝන සංයෝගයක මවුලයක් හෝ සම්පූර්ණයයන් වායුමය අවස්ථාවට පත් කිරීමේ දී සිදුවන එන්තැල්පි විපර්යාසයයි.

තාප රසායනය

සම්මත ඌර්ධවපාතන එන්තැල්පිය


Martinović Boris, pjevač, basbariton, rođen je 27. kolovoza 1955.godine u Zadru.

Životopis
U ranoj mladosti sa 13 godina seli se s roditeljima u New Yok, gdje završava studij glazbe na Juilliardu. Na scenu međunarodnu  dolazi 1977. godine. Nastupao je po Europi po najprestižnijim scenama, osvaja Parišku operu i druge kazališne kuće. U zadnje vrijeme je umjetnički direktor u Perugi, te i Prima Vera opere u Los Angelesu. Svoju karijeru obogaćuje suradnjom sa velikim pjevačima i dirigentima, te nastupima s Tri tenora, Domingom, Carrerasom i Pavarottijem, kao i sa slavno poznatim pjevačima, Mirellom Freni, Montserrat Caballé i Denyce Graves.
U Zadru,  2021. godine pokreće, Operno ljetnu školu za solo pjevanje.  Ljetna škola je održana na otoku Ugljanu  na kojoj je prisustvovao i operni dirigent Marco Balderi iz Italije.

Izvori

Hrvatski operni pjevači

Boris Martinović


في 2007 قرر مصرف ليبيا المركزي دمج مصرفي الأمة والجمهورية في مصرف واحد تحت اسم مصرف الجمهورية. وصارت ميزانية المصرف الجديد بعد الدمج 8 مليارات دينار ليبي، ليصبح ثاني أكبر المصارف الليبية بعد المصرف الليبي الخارجي، وبعدد موظفين بلغ أثناء الدمج ما يزيد عن 5,800 موظفة وموظف إضافة إلى 146 فرعا له.
كما أنه استنادا لحجم الأصول حل بين قائمة البنوك العشرة الكبرى في شمال أفريقيا.

اغلاق اثر تهديدات
في 7 ديسمبر 2014 أغلق مصرف الجمهورية في طرابلس أبوابه أمام الجمهور حيث بدأ اضراب عام وغلق جميع فروعه في طرابلس بسبب حالات الخطف والتهديد للموظفين في كل مراكزهم الوظيفية وغياب الأمن والحماية للعاملين والجمهور داخل المصارف. حيث ذكرت مصادر أن مدير عام المصرف «أحمد رجب» اضطر الي الهروب خارج البلاد بسبب التهديدات التي تلقاها من «خالد الشريف» وكيل وزارة الدفاع وعضو الجماعة الليبية المقاتلة السابق في طرابلس لرفضه صرف مبلغ 80 مليون دينار ليبي موجودة في حساب يخص وزارة الدفاع لحسابات شخصية.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع البنك الرسمي

جمهورية

مصرف الجمهورية


Trzebnica (Polish pronunciation: ; , , ) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in west-central Poland. It is the seat of Trzebnica County, and of the smaller administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Trzebnica.

The town lies within the eastern Trzebnickie Hills in the historic Lower Silesia region, approximately  north of the regional capital Wrocław. It is part of the Wrocław metropolitan area. As of 2019, it has a population of 13,331.

Trzebnica's Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga is one of the historical burial sites of Polish monarchs and consorts.

In 2017, the town was the co-host of the World Games (orienteering, middle distance).

History

Middle Ages
In the 12th century, the area was among the possessions of the Premonstratensian St. Vincent monastery at Wrocław. Trzebnica itself was first mentioned in an 1138 deed, then held by the Polish voivode Piotr Włostowic and later seized by the Silesian duke Władysław II the Exile. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland it was part of the Silesian province of Poland.

In 1202 Władysław's grandson Duke Henry I the Bearded and his wife Hedwig of Andechs founded a Cistercian convent, present-day Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica, the first in Poland. The couple signed the deed of donation on 23 June 1203 in the presence of Hedwig's brother Ekbert Bishop of Bamberg; the monastery was settled with German nuns descending from Bamberg in Franconia. In 1218 Hedwig's daughter Gertrude became abbess of Trzebnica, the first of many Piast princesses to hold this office. After Duke Henry died in 1238 and was buried in the church, his widow moved to the Cistercian convent which by now was led by her daughter. Hedwig died in October 1243 and was buried there also, while some of her relics are preserved at Andechs Abbey in Bavaria, she was canonized in 1267.

In 1250 Trzebnica received town privileges, it passed under the jurisdiction of the Lower Silesian Duchy of Oleśnica in 1323, a Bohemian fief from 1328. In 1480 Duke Konrad X the White granted the town to the Cistercian abbey. Town and monastery were devastated several times, by fires as well as by the plague, but also by Hussite troops in 1430.

Modern era
During the Thirty Years' War, the town was plundered by Swedish forces and the nuns had to flee across the border to nearby Poland. After the war the premises were rebuilt in its present Baroque style. In the 17th century Trzebnica belonged to the Polish-speaking area in Silesia.

In 1742 Trzebnica (as Trebnitz) with most of Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and the monastery was finally securalized in 1810. Meanwhile, the town had become a centre of cloth manufacturing. In 1870 the Order of Saint John acquired the former abbey's estates to establish a hospital, cared for by the Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo up to today. Between 1871 and 1945 the town was part of Germany. It was heavily damaged during the Vistula–Oder Offensive of the Red Army in the last days of World War II.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the town once again became part of Poland. The local population was expelled and replaced by ethnic Poles. From April to June 1945, Trzebnica (instead of Wrocław) was the first post-war regional capital of the Lower Silesian (Wrocław) Voivodeship.

Notable people
 Saint Agnes of Bohemia (1211–1282), daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia, educated at Trzebnica Abbey
 Przemysł I of Greater Poland (1220/21–1257), Duke of Greater Poland
 Euphrosyne of Greater Poland (1247/50–1298), daughter of Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland, abbess of Trzebnica from 1278
Jan Willenberg (1571–1613), author of woodcuts, prints and drawings active in Moravia and Bohemia.
 Marie Leszczyńska (1703–1768), Polish princess, daughter of King Stanisław I Leszczyński of Poland, queen consort of France (born here)
 Ernst Niekisch (1889–1967), German politician and exponent of National Bolshevism (born here)
 Gila von Weitershausen (born 1944), German actress
 Ireneusz Mamrot (born 1970), Polish football coach
 Krzysztof Ulatowski (born 1980), former Polish footballer
 Mateusz Gradecki (born 1994), DP World Tour affiliated golfer

Twin towns – sister cities
See twin towns of Gmina Trzebnica.

References

External links

 Jewish Community in Trzebnica on Virtual Shtetl

Populated places established in the 13th century
Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Trzebnica County

Trzebnica


Lyra ya da Çalgı takımyıldızı, modern 88 takımyıldızdan biridir.

Yaz üçgenindeki yıldızların en parlağı olan Vega, bu takımyıldıza aittir. Takımyıldız gökyüzünde, elinizi açıp uzattığınızda avcunuzla kavrayabileceğiniz kadar küçük bir yer kaplar ve Vega'nın doğusunda, Altair'e doğru küçük bir paralelkenar gibi görünür.

Genel bilgiler
Vega bizden 26 ışık yılı uzaklıktadır. Çalgı'nın diğer yıldızlarından Sulafat (γ Lyr - Gama Lyrae) ve Şeliak (β Lyr - Beta Lyrae), Vega'dan daha uzaklardadırlar; 3.kadirden yıldızlar olarak görünmelerinin sebebi budur. Bu iki yıldız arasında gökyüzünden teleskopla alınabilecek en güzel görüntülerden birini veren M57 veya Halka Bulutsusu bulunur.

Mitoloji
Lir, efsanevi müzisyen Orpheus (Orfe)'un enstrümanıdır. Bu sayede Orpheus, karısı Eurydice'i (Yurodis) ölüler diyarından kurtarmaya çalışır. Liriyle karısına yaktığı ağıt yeraltı tanrısı Hades'i bile etkilemeyi başarır ve Hades Eurydice'in yeryüzüne dönmesine bir şartla izin verir. Orpheus yeryüzüne gidiş yolu boyunca arkasını dönüp karısına bakmayacaktır fakat içindeki şüpheye yenik düşen Orpheus yolda arkasına dönerek karısına bakar ve böylece Eurydice'i sonsuza kadar kaybeder. Yeryüzüne döndüğünde kendisine aşık kadınları reddeden Orpheus ise bu öfkeli kadınlar tarafından parçalanarak başı nehre atılır. Kendisini bulan periler onu gömdükten sonra lirini gökyüzüne yerleştirerek Lyra takımyıldızını oluşturur.

Lyra (takımyıldız)