Alien abduction (also called abduction phenomenon, alien abduction syndrome, or UFO abduction) refers to the phenomenon of people reporting what they believe to be the real experience of being kidnapped by extraterrestrial beings and subjected to physical and psychological experimentation. People claiming to have been abducted are usually called "abductees" or "experiencers". Most scientists and mental health professionals explain these experiences by factors such as suggestibility (e.g. false memory syndrome), sleep paralysis, deception, and psychopathology. Skeptic Robert Sheaffer sees similarity between some of the aliens described by abductees and those depicted in science fiction films, in particular Invaders From Mars (1953).

Typical claims involve forced medical examinations that emphasize the subject's reproductive systems. Abductees sometimes claim to have been warned against environmental abuses and the dangers of nuclear weapons, or to have engaged in interspecies breeding. The contents of the abduction narrative often seem to vary with the home culture of the alleged abductee. Unidentified flying objects (UFOs), alien abduction, and mind control plots can also be part of radical political apocalyptic and millenarian narratives.

Reports of the abduction phenomenon have been made all around the world, but are most common in English-speaking countries, especially the United States. The first alleged alien abduction claim to be widely publicized was the Betty and Barney Hill abduction in 1961. UFO abduction claims have declined since their initial surge in the mid-1970s, and alien abduction narratives have found less popularity in mainstream media. Skeptic Michael Shermer proposed that the ubiquity of camera phones increases the burden of evidence for such claims and may be a cause for their decline.

Overview

Mainstream scientists reject claims that the phenomenon literally occurs as reported. According to John E. Mack, a psychiatrist who gave credence to such claims, most of those who report alien abductions and believe their experiences were real are sane, common people, and psychopathology was associated only with some cases. Mack reported that some abduction reports are quite detailed, and an entire subculture has developed around the subject, with support groups and a detailed mythos explaining the reasons for abductions: The various aliens (Greys, Reptilians, "Nordics" and so on) are said to have specific roles, origins, and motivations. Abduction claimants do not always attempt to explain the phenomenon, but some take independent research interest in it themselves and explain the lack of greater awareness of alien abduction as the result of either extraterrestrial or governmental interest in cover-up.

History

Paleo-abductions
While the term "alien abduction" did not achieve widespread attention until the 1960s, modern speculation about some older stories interpreted them as possible cases. UFO researcher Jerome Clark dubbed them "paleo-abductions".
 In the November 27, 1896, edition of the Stockton, California, Daily Mail, Colonel H. G. Shaw claimed he and a friend were harassed by three tall, slender humanoids whose bodies were covered with a fine, downy hair who tried to kidnap the pair.
 In the October 1953 issue of Man to Man Magazine, an article by Leroy Thorpe titled "Are the Flying Saucers Kidnapping Humans?" asks the question "Are an unlucky few of us, and perhaps not so few at that, being captured with the same ease as we would net butterflies, perhaps for zoological specimens, perhaps for vivisection or some other horrible death designed to reveal to our interplanetary invaders what makes us tick?"
 Rogerson writes that the 1955 publication of Harold T. Wilkins's Flying Saucers Uncensored declared that Karl Hunrath and Wilbur Wilkinson, who had claimed they were contacted by aliens, had disappeared under mysterious circumstances; Wilkins reported speculation that the duo were the victims of "alleged abduction by flying saucers".

Two landmark cases
An early alien abduction claim occurred in the mid-1950s with the Brazilian Antônio Villas Boas case, which did not receive much attention until several years later.

Widespread publicity was generated by the Betty and Barney Hill abduction case of 1961, culminating in a made-for-television film broadcast in 1975 (starring James Earl Jones and Estelle Parsons) dramatizing the events. The Hill incident was probably the prototypical abduction case and was perhaps the first in which the claimant described beings that later became widely known as the Greys and in which the beings were said to explicitly identify an extraterrestrial origin.

Though these two cases are sometimes viewed as the earliest abductions, skeptic Peter Rogerson notes they were only the first  abduction cases, establishing a template that later abductees and researchers would refine but rarely deviate from. Additionally, Rogerson notes purported abductions were cited contemporaneously at least as early as 1954, and that "the growth of the abduction stories is a far more tangled affair than the 'entirely unpredisposed' official history would have us believe." (The phrase "entirely predisposed" appeared in folklorist Thomas E. Bullard's study of alien abduction; he argued that alien abductions as reported in the 1970s and 1980s had little precedent in folklore or fiction.)

Later developments
R. Leo Sprinkle, a University of Wyoming psychologist, became interested in the abduction phenomenon in the 1960s. Sprinkle became convinced of the phenomenon's actuality and was perhaps the first to suggest a link between abductions and cattle mutilation. Eventually, Sprinkle came to believe that he had been abducted by aliens in his youth; he was forced from his job in 1989.

Budd Hopkins had been interested in UFOs for some years. In the 1970s, he became interested in abduction reports and began using hypnosis to extract more details of dimly remembered events. Hopkins soon became a figurehead of the growing abductee subculture.

The 1980s brought a major degree of mainstream attention to the subject. Works by Hopkins, novelist Whitley Strieber, historian David M. Jacobs and psychiatrist John E. Mack presented alien abduction as a plausible experience. Also of note in the 1980s was the publication of folklorist Thomas E. Bullard's comparative analysis of nearly 300 alleged abductees.

With Hopkins, Jacobs and Mack, accounts of alien abduction became a prominent aspect of ufology. There had been earlier abduction reports (the Hills being the best known), but they were believed to be few and saw rather little attention from ufology (and even less attention from mainstream professionals or academics). Jacobs and Hopkins argued that alien abduction was far more common than earlier suspected; they estimate that tens of thousands (or more) North Americans had been taken by unexplained beings.

Furthermore, Jacobs and Hopkins argued that there was an elaborate process underway in which aliens were attempting to create human–alien hybrids, the most advanced stage of which in the "human hybridization program" are known as hubrids, though the motives for this effort were unknown. There had been anecdotal reports of phantom pregnancy related to UFO encounters at least as early as the 1960s, but Budd Hopkins and especially David M. Jacobs were instrumental in popularizing the idea of widespread, systematic interbreeding efforts on the part of the alien intruders.

The descriptions of alien encounters as researched and presented by Hopkins, Jacobs and Mack were similar, with slight differences in each researcher's emphasis; the process of selective citation of abductee interviews that supported these variations was sometimes criticized – though abductees who presented their own accounts directly, such as Whitley Strieber, fared no better.

The involvement of Jacobs and Mack marked something of a sea change in the abduction studies. Their efforts were controversial (both men saw some degree of damage to their professional reputations), but to other observers, Jacobs and Mack brought a degree of respectability to the subject.

According to Boston Globe writer Linda Rodriguez McRobbie, "Abduction and contact stories aren't quite the fodder for daytime talk show and New York Times bestsellers they were a few decades ago...Today, credulous stories of alien visitation rarely crack the mainstream media, however much they thrive on niche TV channels and Internet forums." Skeptic Michael Shermer noted that "the camera-phone age is increasing the burden of evidence on experiencers".

John E. Mack
Harvard psychiatry professor John E. Mack believed in the credibility of alien abduction claims. Niall Boyce writing in The Lancet called him "a well-meaning man uncritically elaborating on tales of alien abduction, and potentially both cementing and constructing false memories". Boyce observed that Mack's work in hypnotic regression of claimants helped spread the Grey aliens meme into the culture.

Mack was a well known, highly esteemed psychiatrist, author of over 150 scientific articles and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for his biography of T. E. Lawrence. Mack became interested in claims of alien abduction in the late 1980s, interviewing over 800 people and eventually writing two books on the subject. Due to Mack's belief and subsequent promotion of the claims of those he interviewed, his professional reputation suffered, prompting Harvard to review his position in 1994. He retained tenure, but "was not taken seriously by his colleagues anymore".

Abductees

The precise number of alleged abductees is uncertain. One of the earliest studies of abductions found 1,700 claimants, while contested surveys argued that 5–6 percent of the general population might have been abducted.

Demographics
Although abduction and other UFO-related reports are usually made by adults, sometimes young children report similar experiences. These child-reports often feature very specific details in common with reports of abduction made by adults, including the circumstances, narrative, entities and aftermaths of the alleged occurrences. Often, these young abductees have family members who have reported having abduction experiences. Family involvement in the military, or a residence near a military base is also common among child abduction claimants.

Mental health
As a category, some studies show that abductees have psychological characteristics that render their testimony suspect, while others show that "as a group, abduction experients are not different from the general population in term of psychopathology prevalence". Elizabeth Slater conducted a blind study of nine abduction claimants and found them to be prone to "mildly paranoid thinking", nightmares and having a weak sexual identity, while Richard McNally of Harvard Medical School concluded in a similar study of 10 abductees that "none of them was suffering from any sort of psychiatric illness."

Political conspiracy theories

Political scientist Michael Barkun, without taking a position on if UFOs and aliens are real, highlighted links between radical politics and conspiracy theories involving UFOs, alien visitation, environmental pollution, hidden groups, government and world takeover.  He observed the rise of a form of eclectic and apocalyptic millenarism which he termed "improvisional millenarism".  UFO and abduction stories can often be part of stigmatized or suppressed knowledge narratives, where alleged orthodoxy is claimed to be maintained in error for nefarious purposes and to keep society in ignorance.  UFO and alien-related conspiracy theories emerged in far-right politics from the 1980s onwards.

According to Barkun, in popular culture, TV shows like The X-Files motion picture not only included aliens as part of coverup conspiracies, with militias and black helicopters but also featured demonization of FEMA, a common target of conspiracy theorists and millenarian scenarios.  One conspiracy theory alleges that FEMA plans to incarcerate "patriots" suddenly in concentration camps during a disaster.  Political scientist Jodi Dean noted that the stigma of alien abduction stories is seductive to dismiss "consensus reality" in favor of deviant alternative realities.

Self-described abduction victims often join self-help communities of victims and may resort to questionable regression therapy, similarly to other self-reported victims of child sexual abuse or satanic ritual abuse.  Some espouse conspiracy theories of sophisticated technological mind control, including the use of implants, to force them to serve an alleged New World Order, or for the purposes of the antichrist, considering it important to warn the world of such imminent danger.

Abduction narrative

Various researchers have noted common points in report narratives.  According to CUFOS's definition of abductee, the person must have been taken against their will by apparent non-human beings, taken to a special place perceived as extraterrestrial or to be a spaceship.  They then must experience being subjected to an examination or to engage in some form of communication with the beings (or both).  Communication may be perceived as telepathic rather than verbal.  The memory of the experience may be conscious or "recovered" through means like hypnosis.

Although different cases vary in detail (sometimes significantly), some UFO researchers, such as folklorist Thomas E. Bullard argue that there is a broad, fairly consistent sequence and description of events that make up the typical "close encounter of the fourth kind" (a popular but unofficial designation building on J. Allen Hynek's classifications). Though the features outlined below are often reported, there is some disagreement as to exactly how often they actually occur.

Bullard argues most abduction accounts feature the following events. They generally follow the sequence noted below, though not all abductions feature all the events:

 Capture. The abductee is somehow rendered incapable of resisting, and taken from terrestrial surroundings to an apparent alien spacecraft.
 Examination and Procedures. Invasive physiological and psychological procedures, and on occasion simulated behavioral situations, training & testing, or sexual liaisons.
 Conference. The abductors communicate with the abductee or direct them to interact with specific individuals for some purpose, typically telepathically but sometimes using the abductee's native language.
 Tour. The abductees are given a tour of their captors' vessel, though this is disputed by some researchers who consider this definition a confabulation of intent when just apparently being taken around to multiple places inside the ship.
 Loss of Time. Abductees often rapidly forget the majority of their experience, either as a result of fear, medical intervention, or both.
 Return. The abductees are returned to earth, occasionally in a different location from where they were allegedly taken or with new injuries or disheveled clothing.
 Theophany. Coinciding with their immediate return, abductees may have a profound sense of love, a "high" similar to those induced by certain drugs, or a "mystical experience", accompanied by a feeling of oneness with God, the universe, or their abductors. Whether this is the result of a metaphysical change, Stockholm syndrome, or prior medical tampering is often not scrutinized by the abductees at the time.
 Aftermath. The abductee must cope with the psychological, physical, and social effects of the experience.

When describing the "abduction scenario", David M. Jacobs says:

The entire abduction event is precisely orchestrated. All the procedures are predetermined. There is no standing around and deciding what to do next. The beings are task-oriented and there is no indication whatsoever that we have been able to find of any aspect of their lives outside of performing the abduction procedures.

Capture
Abduction claimants report unusual feelings preceding the onset of an abduction experience. These feelings manifest as a compulsive desire to be at a certain place at a certain time or as expectations that something "familiar yet unknown" will soon occur. Abductees also report feeling severe, undirected anxiety at this point even though nothing unusual has actually occurred yet. This period of foreboding can last for up to several days before the abduction actually takes place or be completely absent.

Eventually, the experiencer will undergo an apparent "shift" into an altered state of consciousness. British abduction researchers have called this change in consciousness "the Oz Factor". External sounds cease to have any significance to the experiencer and fall out of perception. They report feeling introspective and unusually calm. This stage marks a transition from normal activity to a state of "limited self-willed mobility". As consciousness shifts one or more lights are alleged to appear, occasionally accompanied by a strange mist. The source and nature of the lights differ by report; sometimes the light emanates from a source outside the house (presumably the abductors' UFO), sometimes the lights are in the bedroom with the experiencer and transform into alien figures.

As the alleged abduction proceeds, claimants say they will walk or be levitated into an alien craft, in the latter case often through solid objects such as walls, ceilings or a closed window. Alternatively, they may experience rising through a tunnel or along a beam of light, with or without the abductors accompanying them, into the awaiting craft.

Examination
The examination phase of the so-called "abduction narrative" is characterized by the performance of medical procedures and examinations by apparently alien beings against or irrespective of the will of the experiencer. Such procedures often focus on sex and reproductive biology. However, the literature holds reports of a wide variety of procedures allegedly performed by the beings. The entity that appears to be in charge of the operation is often taller than the others involved and is sometimes described as appearing to be of a different species.

Miller notes different areas of emphasis between human medicine and what is reported as being practiced by the abductors. This could result from a difference in the purpose of the examination – routine diagnosis or treatment or both versus scientific examination of an unfamiliar species –, or it could be due to a different level of technology that renders certain kinds of manual procedures unnecessary. The abductors' areas of interest appear to be the cranium, nervous system, skin, reproductive system, and to a lesser degree, the joints. Systems given less attention than a human doctor would – or omitted entirely – include the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system below the pharynx and the lymphatic system. The abductors also appear to ignore the upper region of the abdomen in favor of the lower one. The abductors do not appear to wear gloves during the "examination". Other constants of terrestrial medicine like pills and tablets are missing from abduction narratives, although sometimes abductees are asked to drink liquids. Injections also seem to be rare and IVs are almost completely absent. Miller says he has never heard an abductee claim to have a tongue depressor used on them.

Subsequent procedures
After the so-called medical exam, the alleged abductees often report other procedures being performed with the entities. Common among these post-examination procedures are what abduction researchers refer to as imaging, envisioning, staging, and testing.

"Imaging" procedures consist of an abductee being made to view screens displaying images and scenes that appear to be specially chosen with the intent to provoke certain emotional responses in the abductee. "Envisioning" is a similar procedure, with the primary difference being that the images being viewed, rather than being on a screen, actually seem to be projected into the experiencer's mind. "Staging" procedures have the abductee playing a more active role, according to reports containing this element. It shares vivid hallucination-like mental visualization with the envisioning procedures, but during staging the abductee interacts with the illusionary scenario like a role player or an actor.

"Testing" marks something of a departure from the above procedures in that it lacks the emotional analysis feature. During testing the experiencer is placed in front of a complicated electronic device and is instructed to operate it. The experiencer is often confused, saying that they do not know how to operate it. However, when they actually set about performing the task, the abductee will find that they do, in fact, know how to operate the machine.

Child presentation
Abductees of all ages and genders sometimes report being subjected to a "child presentation". As its name implies, the child presentation involves the abduction claimant being shown a "child". Often the children appear to be neither human, nor the same species as the abductors. Instead, the child will almost always share characteristics of both species. These children are labeled by experiencers as hybrids between humans and their abductors, usually Greys.

Unlike Budd Hopkins and David Jacobs, folklorist Thomas E. Bullard could not identify a child presentation phase in the abduction narrative, even after undertaking a study of 300 abduction reports. Bullard says that the child presentation "seems to be an innovation in the story" and that "no clear antecedents" to descriptions of the child presentation phase exist before its popularization by Hopkins and Jacobs.

Less common elements
Bullard also studied the 300 reports of alien abduction in an attempt to observe the less prominent aspects of the claims. He notes the emergence of four general categories of events that recur regularly, although not as frequently as stereotypical happenings like the medical examination. These four types of events are:

 The conference
 The tour
 The journey
 Theophany

Chronologically within abduction reports, these rarer episodes tend to happen in the order listed, between the medical examination and the return.

After allegedly displaying cold callous disregard towards the abduction experiencers, sometimes the entities will change drastically in behavior once the initial medical exam is completed. They become more relaxed and hospitable towards their captive and lead him or her away from the site of the examination. The entities then hold a conference with the experiencer, wherein they discuss things relevant to the abduction phenomenon. Bullard notes five general categories of discussion that occur during the conference "phase" of reported abduction narratives: An interrogation session, explanatory segment, task assignment, warnings, and prophecies.

Tours of the abductors' craft are a rare but recurring feature of the abduction narrative. The tour seems to be given by the alleged abductors as a courtesy in response to the harshness and physical rigors of the forced medical examination. Sometimes the abductees report traveling on a "journey" to orbit around Earth or to what appear to be other planets. Some abductees find that the experience is terrifying, particularly if the aliens are of a more fearsome species, or if the abductee was subjected to extensive probing and medical testing.

Return
Eventually, the abductors will return the abductees, usually to exactly the same location and circumstances they were in before being taken. Usually, explicit memories of the abduction experience will not be present, and the abductee will only realize they have experienced "missing time" upon checking a timepiece.

Sometimes the alleged abductors appear to make mistakes when returning their captives. UFO researcher Budd Hopkins has joked about "the cosmic application of Murphy's Law" in response to this observation. Hopkins has estimated that these "errors" accompany 4–5 percent of abduction reports. One type of common apparent mistake made by the abductors is failing to return the experiencer to the same spot that they were taken from initially. This can be as simple as a different room in the same house, or abductees can even find themselves outside and all the doors of the house locked from the inside. Another common (and amusing) error is putting the abductee's clothes (e.g. pajamas) on backwards.

Realization event
Physician and abduction researcher John G. Miller sees significance in the reason a person would come to see themselves as being a victim of the abduction phenomenon. He terms the insight or development leading to this shift in identity from non-abductee to abductee the "realization event". The realization event is often a single, memorable experience, but Miller reports that not all abductees experience it as a distinct episode. Either way, the realization event can be thought of as the "clinical horizon" of the abduction experience.

Trauma and recovery
Most people alleging alien abductions report invasive examinations of their bodies and some ascribe psychological trauma to their experiences. "Post-abduction syndrome" is a term used by abductees to describe the effects of abduction, though it is not recognized by any professional treatment organizations. People who have a false memory which makes them believe that they have been abducted by aliens develop symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress disorder. People who believe they have been abducted by aliens usually have previous New Age beliefs, a vivid fantasy life, and suffer from sleep paralysis, according to a 2003 study by Harvard University.

Support groups
Support groups for people who believed they were abducted began appearing in the mid-1980s. These groups appear throughout the United States, Canada and Australia.

Hypnosis
Many alien abductees recall much of their alleged abduction(s) through hypnosis. Due to the extensive use of hypnosis, and other methods which they view as being manipulative, skeptics explain the abduction narratives as false memories and suggestions.

Criticism
Alleged abductees seek out hypnotherapists to try to resolve issues such as missing time or unexplained physical symptoms such as muscle pain or headaches. This usually involves two phases, an information gathering stage, in which the hypnotherapist asks about unexplained illnesses or unusual phenomena during the patients' lives (caused by or distortions of the alleged abduction), followed by hypnosis and guided imagery to facilitate recall. The information-gathering enhances the likelihood that the events discussed will be incorporated into later abduction "memories". Seven steps are hypothesized to lead to the development of false memories:
 A person is predisposed to accept the idea that certain puzzling or inexplicable experiences might be telltale signs of UFO abduction.
 The person seeks out a therapist, whom he or she views as an authority and who is, at the very least, receptive to this explanation and has some prior familiarity with UFO abduction reports.
 Alternatively, the therapist frames the puzzling experiences in terms of an abduction narrative.
 Alternative explanations of the experiences are not explored.
 There is increasing commitment to the abduction explanation and increasing anxiety reduction associated with ambiguity reduction.
 The therapist legitimates or ratifies the abductee's experience, which constitutes additional positive reinforcement.
 The client adopts the role of the "victim" or abductee, which becomes integrated into the psychotherapy and the client's view of self.

Supportive arguments
Harvard psychiatrist John E. Mack counters this argument, noting "It might be useful to restate that a large proportion of the material relating to abductions is recalled without the use of an altered state of consciousness, and that many abduction reporters appear to relive powerful experiences after only the most minimal relaxation exercise, hardly justifying the word hypnosis at all. The relaxation exercise is useful to relieve the experiencer's need to attend to the social demands and other stimuli of face-to-face conversation, and to relieve the energies involved in repressing memories and emotion."

Perspectives

There have been a variety of explanations offered for abduction phenomena, ranging from sharply skeptical appraisals, to uncritical acceptance of all abductee claims, to the demonological, to everything in between.

Some have elected not to attempt explanations, noting instead similarities to other phenomena, or simply documenting the development of the alien abduction phenomenon.

Others are intrigued by the entire phenomenon but hesitate in making any definitive conclusions. Psychiatrist John E. Mack concluded: "The furthest you can go at this point is to say there's an authentic mystery here. And that is, I think, as far as anyone ought to go" (emphasis as in original). Mack was unconvinced by piecemeal counterclaims, however, and countered that skeptical explanations naturally need to "take into account the entire range of phenomena associated with abduction experiences", up to and including "missing time", directly contemporaneous UFO sightings, and the occurrence in small children.

Putting aside the question of whether abduction reports are literally and objectively "real", literature professor Terry Matheson argues that their popularity and their intriguing appeal are easily understood. Tales of abduction "are intrinsically absorbing; it is hard to imagine a more vivid description of human powerlessness". After experiencing the frisson of delightful terror one may feel from reading ghost stories or watching horror movies, Matheson notes that people "can return to the safe world of their homes, secure in the knowledge that the phenomenon in question cannot follow. But as the abduction myth has stated almost from the outset, there is no avoiding alien abductors".

Matheson writes that when compared to the earlier contactee reports, abduction accounts are distinguished by their "relative sophistication and subtlety, which enabled them to enjoy an immediately more favorable reception from the public".

Some writers have said abduction experiences bear similarities to pre-20th century accounts of demonic manifestations, noting as many as a dozen similarities. One notable example is the Orthodox monk Fr. Seraphim Rose, who devotes a whole chapter in his book Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future to the phenomena of UFOs and abductions, which, he concludes, are manifestations of the demonic.

As some studies suggest that in some UFO/alien encounters, these phenomena could be related to dissociative REM sleep states, like lucid dreams, sleep paralysis, and out-of-body experiences. In a 2021 study, published in International Journal of Dream Research, researchers focused on the hypothesis that if some of alien abduction stories are the products of REM sleep, then they could be deliberately emulated by lucid dreaming practitioners. To check the hypothesis, they instructed a group of volunteers to try to emulate alien encounters via lucid dreams. Of the volunteers, 114 (75%) were able to experience alien encounters. Regarding the successful cases, 20% were close to reality in terms of the absence of paradoxical dreamlike events. And only among this 20% sleep paralysis and fear were observed, which are common in 'real' stories. In theory, random people might spontaneously encounter the same situation during REM sleep and confuse the events with reality.

Testimonials
Abduction researcher Brian Thompson claims that a nurse reported to him 1957 in Cincinnati she encountered a  praying mantis-like entity two days after a V-shaped UFO sighting. This mantis-like creature is reminiscent of the insectoid-type entity reported in some abduction accounts. He related this report to fellow researcher Leonard Stringfield. Stringfield told him of two cases he had in his files where separate witnesses reported identical circumstances in the same place and year.

While some corroborated accounts seem to support the literal reality of the abduction experience, others seem to support a psychological explanation for the phenomenon's origins. Jenny Randles and Keith Basterfield both noted at the 1992 MIT alien abduction conference that of the five cases they knew of where an abduction researcher was present at the onset of an abduction experience, the experiencer "didn't physically go anywhere".

Brazilian researcher Gilda Moura reported on a similar case, the Sueli case, from her home country. When psychologist and UFO researcher Don Donderi said that these cases were "evidence of psychological processes" that did not "have anything to do with a physical alien abduction", Moura replied: "If the Sueli case is not an abduction, I don't know what is an abduction any more". Gilda Moura noted that in the Brazilian Sueli case during the abduction UFOs were observed. Later, she claims the experiencer had eye burns, saw lights and there seemed to be residual poltergeist activity.

Attempts at confirmation

It has been argued that if actual "flesh and blood" aliens are abducting humans, there should be some hard evidence that this is occurring. Proponents of the physical reality of the abduction experience have suggested ways that could conceivably confirm abduction reports.

One procedure reported occurring during the alleged examination phase of the experience is the insertion of a long needle-like contraption into a woman's navel. Some have speculated that this could be a form of laparoscopy. If this is true, after the abduction there should be free gas in the female's abdomen, which could be seen on an X-ray image. The presence of free gas would be extremely abnormal and would help substantiate the claim of some sort of procedure being done to her.

Notable abduction claims

 1956: Elizabeth Klarer (South Africa)
 1957: Antônio Vilas Boas (Brazil)
 1961: Betty and Barney Hill (US)
 1973: Pascagoula Abduction (US)
 1975: Travis Walton (US)
 1978: Valentich disappearance (Australia)
 1979: Robert Taylor incident (Scotland)
 1970s–1980s: Whitley Strieber (US)
 1994: Meng Zhaoguo incident (China)

Notable figures

 Danielle Egnew
 Raymond E. Fowler
 Steven M. Greer
 Budd Hopkins
 Linda Moulton Howe
 David Icke
 David M. Jacobs
 John E. Mack
 Riley Martin
 Whitley Strieber

See also

 Alien abduction claimants
 Alien abduction entities
 Alien abduction insurance
 Alien language
 Anal probing
 Anterograde amnesia
 Astral projection
 Confabulation
 Delirium

 Grey alien
 Hallucination
 Hypnotherapy
 Incubus
 Inferno (Dante)
 List of reported UFO sightings
 Mare (folklore)
 Recovered-memory therapy
 Sexuality in Christian demonology
 Sleep paralysis
 Temporal lobe epilepsy
 The Myth of Repressed Memory
 Witchcraft – similarities include the involvement of sexual contact with non-human creatures in historical accusations of witchcraft.

Footnotes

Bibliography

 Jacobs, David M. (Ph.D.) (2015), Walking Among Us: The Alien Plan to Control Humanity, Disinformation Books, an imprint of Red Wheel/Weiser, LLC; The Disinformation Company Ltd., .

 C. J. Stevens, The Supernatural Side of Maine, 2002, about alien abductions and people from Maine who faced the supernatural.

External links
R. Leo Sprinkle papers at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center

 Ballester-Olmos, V.J. and Heiden, Richard W. (Eds.), The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony. UPIAR, Turin, Italy (2023). ISBN 9791281441002.

Kidnapping
abduction
Supernatural legends
UFO conspiracy theories
UFO-related phenomena
Urban legends

Alien abduction


Obuhvat je vojni manevar u kojem napadačka sila nastoji izbjeći primarnu obranu neprijatelja zauzimanjem položaja u neprijateljskoj pozadini, s ciljem uništavanja neprijatelja na njegovom trenutnom položaju.  Zapovjednici se često odlučuju za ovaj manevar umjesto frontalnog napada jer njegovom primjenom napadačka sila često ima manje gubitke, povećava mogućnost uništenja neprijatelja i stvara mu pritom veliki psihološki šok.

Primjeri

Schlieffenov plan

Schlieffenov plan bio je plan njemačkog vrhovnog stožera iz Prvog svjetskog rata, kojim su brzim obuhvatom preko neutralne Belgije željeli Francusku izbaciti iz stroja u prvim mjesecima rata 1914., kako bi snage potom mogli koncentrirati na bojištu s Rusijom. U stvarnosti, pak, ofenziva nije polučila željeni uspjeh, što su Francuzi kasnije prozvali "čudom na Marni" pa se nakon njena neuspjeha rat pretvorio u statično rovovsko ratovanje.

Bitka kod Farsala
Prilikom Bitke kod Farsala, 48. godine pr. Kr., Gaj Julije Cezar uspješno je primijenio ovaj manevar koristeći tzv. skrivenu četvrtu bojnu vrstu. Ista je prvo uspješno spriječila neprijateljski pokušaj obuhvata, da bi potom ta ista bojna vrsta s lijevog boka opkolila neprijateljsku vojsku, nakon čega se je ona počela raspadati. Uspješnom primjenom ovog manevra, Cezar je dobio bitku, unatoč brojčanoj inferiornosti vlastitih snaga u odnosu na protivnika.

Dvostruki obuhvat
Prema priručniku iz taktike Američke vojske, dvostruki obuhvat je manevar u kojem se frontalnim napadom neprijateljske snage fiksiraju, dok se istovremeno koriste druge snage kako bi se obuhvatila oba boka neprijatelja.

Operacija Bljesak
CIA Balkan Battlegrounds piše da su tijekom Operacije Bljesak hrvatske snage izvele takav manevar. Svaki od 2 glavna pravca napada predvodile su gardijske brigade HV-a. Iz smjera Novske dijelovi 1 HGZ, te 1., 2. i 3. gardijske brigade, probile su neprijateljsku crtu, dok je iz pravca Nove Gradiške isto to napravila 5. gardijska brigada,  81. gardijska bojna i 265. izvidničko-diverzantska satnija. "Kliješta" Hrvatske vojske uspješno su se zatvorila kod Okučana, nakon čega su neprijateljske snage ostale okružene. U idućim danima, okruženi neprijatelj je prvo jakom topničko-raketnom vatrom istjeran iz svojih zaklona a potom natjeran u unaprijed pripremljene "kordon zone" gdje je eliminiran.

Izvori

Vojne taktike
Vojna strategija
Obrambene crte

Obuhvat (vojni manevar)


Allen Alfred Van (* 30. März 1915 in Newport, Minnesota; † 27. August 1995 in Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota) war ein US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler.

Karriere
Allen Van besuchte die University of Minnesota, für deren Eishockeymannschaft er parallel zu seinem Studium spielte. Anschließend verbrachte er eine lange Karriere im Amateur-Eishockey.

International
Für die USA nahm Van an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1952 in Oslo teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Silbermedaille gewann.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1952 Silbermedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Eishockeynationalspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Eishockeyspieler (Minnesota Golden Gophers)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1952
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1915
Gestorben 1995
Mann

Allen Van


Kaşoba, Adana ilinin Çukurova ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Geçmişte Karaisalı ilçesine bağlı bir köy olan Kaşoba, 2008'de Çkurova ilçesine bağlanmıştır.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 35 km, Karaisalı ilçesine 40 km uzaklıktadır.

Tarih
1877 Kaşoba köyü doğumlu olan "İbo Osman" lakaplı Bekir Ağa (Özçete), I. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra yöreyi işgal eden Fransızlara karşı mücadeleye katılarak bir Kuvay-ı milliye neferi olarak savaşmış, yiğitliği ile nam salmış bir tarihsel kişiliktir. Fadıl Savaşları'nda gösterdiği gayret ile tanınan İbo Osman, 9 Eylül 1922'de İzmir'e giren Akıncılar Alayı'nda yer aldı.

1885'te Kaşoba köyünde doğan Gamalı Fatma lakaplı Fatma Hatun, İbo Osman'ın müfrezesine katılmış, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nın kadın kahramanları arasına girmiştir. İstiklal madalyası sahibi Gamalı Fatma, savaştan sonra yaşamını Kaşoba'da çiftçilik yaparak sürdürdü.

Köy, Karaisalı ilçesine bağlı iken 2008 yılında Çukurova ilçesine bağlanmıştır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Çukurova'nın mahalleleri

Kaşoba, Çukurova


La Secretaría de Integración Económica Centroamericana (SIECA) es el órgano regional centroamericano que ofrece acompañamiento técnico a los gobiernos de la región, para impulsar los esfuerzos para alcanzar gradualmente la unión económica de Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá.

Funciones
La SIECA es el ente ejecutor de las decisiones que le otorgan las distintas instancias que forman parte del Subsistema de Integración Económica – el marco institucional creado por los estados parte para impulsar la unión económica de la región – y tiene posibilidad de promover iniciativas a los estados parte para avanzar en los objetivos que le han sido asignados. Como tal, es la secretaría técnica del Consejo de Ministros de Integración Económica (COMIECO), órgano rector del Subsistema de Integración Económica que formula las propuestas de políticas generales y directrices fundamentales del mismo. La SIECA también es la secretaría técnica de Comité Ejecutivo de Integración Económica y de otros órganos del subsistema que no tienen una secretaría específica, como el Consejo de Ministros de Transporte (COMITRAN).

La SIECA es el ente regional encargado de velar por la correcta aplicación de los instrumentos jurídicos del proceso de integración económica de Centroamérica, principalmente el Tratado General de Integración Económica y el Protocolo de Guatemala. Además, realiza los trabajos y estudios que los órganos del subsistema económico le encomienda y las funciones que le asigne su órgano superior, el Consejo de Ministros de Integración Económica (COMIECO).

La sede permanente de la SIECA es en la ciudad de Guatemala y su actual secretario general es el salvadoreño Francisco A. Lima Mena.

Áreas de trabajo
La SIECA ejerce capacidades de iniciativa y ejecución para acompañar a los gobiernos de la región en sus esfuerzos relacionados con integración económica, que incluyen:
 Facilitación del comercio;
 Optimización del aprovechamiento de la apertura comercial y los tratados suscritos a nivel regional;
 Consolidación de la Unión Aduanera Centroamericana;
 Mejora de la competitividad regional;
 El proceso de incorporación de Panamá al Subsistema;
 El cumplimiento de los compromisos regionales del Pilar Comercial del Acuerdo de Asociación entre Centro América y la Unión Europea; y
 Fortalecimiento institucional.
La visión de la secretaría es, en 2018, ser el bien público regional de referencia para el aprovechamiento de las oportunidades de la Integración Económica Centroamericana.

Principales estrategias y metas
La SIECA ha participado en el diseño, aprobación y ejecución de los siguientes planes y estrategias centroamericanos:
 Estrategia de Facilitación del Comercio y la Competitividad con énfasis en la Gestión Coordinada de Fronteras: Aprobada el 22 de octubre de 2015, busca contribuir con la simplificación y armonización regional de los procedimientos, prácticas y formalidades que exige la libre circulación de mercancías. Es uno de los componentes de la hoja de ruta para avanzar en la Unión Aduanera.
 Estrategia Centroamericana Marítimo-Portuaria: elaborada por la Comisión Centroamericana de Transporte Marítimo (COCATRAM). Busca impulsar comercio marítimo centroamericano para transformar a la región en una plataforma logística regional que contribuya al mejoramiento de la competitividad del comercio exterior.
 Agenda Regional MIPYME: Plantea cinco áreas para apoyar el desarrollo del sector de micro, pequeña y mediana empresa (MIPYME) en Centroamérica, que incluyen la promoción y fomento del emprendimiento, fortalecimiento de la articulación productiva, financiamiento inclusivo, gestión del conocimiento y estadísticas del sector, y alianzas público-privadas.
 Política Marco de Movilidad y Logística: Busca impulsar el desarrollo de un sistema de movilidad efectiva de las personas y mercancías y la articulación de los diferentes modos de transporte de manera complementaria y eficiente en los distintos países de la región.
 Hoja de Ruta para avanzar hacia la Unión Aduanera: Contiene una serie de actividades para alcanzar la Unión Aduanera en tres etapas (facilitación del comercio; modernización y convergencia normativa; y desarrollo institucional), donde la SIECA ofrece seguimiento y acompañamiento técnico a los países en el proceso de negociación e implementación del territorio aduanero único. Como parte de las actividades, Guatemala y Honduras han decidido dar pasos de forma bilateral para el establecimiento de una unión aduanera entre sus países; el protocolo de dicho acuerdo ya fue aprobado por ambos parlamentos y está en proceso de implementación.

Orden del Jaguar
La SIECA instituyó la Orden del Jaguar con el objetivo de reconocer los aportes de personas, entidades o instituciones, centroamericanas o no, que se han constituido en socios estratégicos del proceso de integración económica.

El galardón se institucionalizó en septiembre de 2014, en el marco de las celebraciones del aniversario de la SIECA. Se otorga en el grado de Gran Cruz – concedido únicamente a jefes de estado y de gobierno y a centroamericanos que hayan prestado servicios extraordinarios a la región –, Gran Oficial, concedida a ciudadanos extranjeros en reconocimiento de su trayectoria y mérito en apoyo al proceso de integración; y Oficial, destinado a entidades o instituciones que han colaborado en el avance de la unión.

El galardón fue entregado a Luis Alberto Moreno, Presidente del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y a la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) en 2014. En 2015, la SIECA reconoció a Jorge Bueso, único signatario vivo del Tratado General de Integración Económica, al Embajador de la Unión Europea en Nicaragua, Panamá y ante el SICA, Javier Sandomingo y a la Organización Mundial del Comercio, a través de su director general Roberto Azevêdo, en reconocimiento al aporte y apoyo que el sistema multilateral ha brindado al proceso de integración económica de Centroamérica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio oficial.
 Facebook de SIECA

Integración económica
Instituciones unionistas centroamericanas


Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu (27 July 1948 – 12 March 2021) was the King of the Zulu nation from 1968 to his death in 2021.

He became King on the death on of his father, King Cyprian Bhekuzulu, in 1968 aged 20 years. Prince Israel Mcwayizeni acted as the regent from 1968 to 1971 while the King took refuge in the then Transkai province of South Africa for three years to avoid assassination. After his 21st birthday and his first marriage, Zwelithini was installed as the eighth monarch of the Zulus at a traditional ceremony at Nongoma on 3 December 1971, attended by 20,000 people. Zwelithini died on 12 March 2021, aged 72, after reportedly being admitted to hospital for diabetes-related illness. During preparations for his funeral, the king's traditional prime minister, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, announced that he had died of COVID-19.

Political role

In the power vacuum created in the 1990s as Apartheid and the domination of the country by White South Africans was abolished, the King was increasingly drawn to partisan politics. The Zulu-dominated Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) initially opposed parts of the new constitution advocated by the African National Congress (ANC) regarding the internal governance of KwaZulu. In particular, the IFP campaigned aggressively for an autonomous and sovereign Zulu king, as constitutional head of state. As a result, the IFP abstained from registering its party for the 1994 election until the king's  role in the new democracy is  clarified. Mandela and president De Klerk arranged a special meeting where it was agreed that international mediators would be called to try and sort out the issue of a king. As a result, the IFP was registered for the elections. It demonstrated its political strength by taking the majority of the provincial votes for KwaZulu-Natal in the said election.

Although the constitution makes the role of the King largely ceremonial, it is incumbent upon him to act on the official advice of the provincial premier. On occasion, South African President Nelson Mandela made efforts to bypass the IFP in negotiating with the Zulus, instead making direct overtures to the King (Mandela's daughter, Zeni, is married to Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini, a brother of King Zwelithini's Great Wife, Queen Mantfombi). Nonetheless, the IFP remained in power in the province until 2003.

During most of the King's reign, his cousin (uncle in Zulu African reckoning), Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Prince of KwaPhindangene and founder/head of IFP, was the Zulu prime minister. But, in September 1994, tension between the previously allied kinsmen peaked publicly as the annual Shaka Zulu celebration approached. Rumours that the King was manoeuvring to replace Buthelezi as Zulu prime minister with former regent Prince Mcwayizeni, who had joined the ANC in 1990, seemed likely after the King announced that Buthelezi would no longer be his chief advisor, and simultaneously cancelled the holiday ceremony. For his safety, federal troops escorted King Zwelithini by helicopter to Johannesburg. Although Buthelezi was then serving as Minister of Home Affairs in South Africa's Cabinet, President Mandela's efforts to broker a reconciliation failed. Buthelezi moved the event from Nongoma to Stanger, and addressed a throng of 10,000 of his Zulu supporters.

Subsequently, the King's spokesman, Prince Sifiso Zulu, was being interviewed on television at the South African Broadcasting Corporation's studio when Buthelezi and his bodyguards forcibly interrupted the programme, physically intimidating Prince Sifiso. The televised incident drew national attention and a public rebuke from Mandela, prompting Buthelezi to apologise to the Zulu Royal Family, Cabinet and nation for his behaviour. Relations between Zwelithini and Buthelezi later improved.

King Zwelithini has cooperated as the law requires with the ANC since it took over the reins of government in KwaZulu-Natal. The King's finances are controlled by KwaZulu-Natal provincial authorities.

In 1989 he criticized the ANC leadership for not inviting him and Buthelezi to a rally welcoming back the Rivonia Trial defendants, who had been released after almost three decades of imprisonment.

As the constitutional monarch of the kingdom of KwaZulu-Natal, he was head of the Ubukhosi, the state-recognized institution of Traditional Leadership that consists of local chiefs. His leadership role also entailed chairmanship of the Usuthu Tribal Authority and Nongoma Regional Authority, both established under the provisions of the KwaZulu Amakhosi and Iziphakanyiswa Act. In his address upon the opening of the Provincial Parliament on 28 September 2003, the King advised the government and legislators to give more heed to the Ubukhosi: Traditional Leaders are neither consulted nor involved in the process of formulating policies that have a direct bearing on their day to day activities. The institution of Ubukhosi has been in existence from time immemorial and has survived many hardships under past colonial regimes. From the point of view of the ordinary citizen, an Inkosi's most important role may lie in his symbolizing of community solidarity. So any notion that the institution of Ubukhosi, now that we have a democratic government in place, can just be wished away, remains a pipe-dream. Some countries just across our borders had decided to do away with the institution of traditional leadership immediately after attaining independence from colonial rulers. However, they have since realised that they had committed gross mistakes and were now re-inventing these institutions at great costs. As King of the Zulu Nation I am proud of the role played by the Prime Minister of the Zulu Nation, Prince of KwaPhindangene, Dr MG Buthelezi who had singlehandedly championed the cause of the Institution of Traditional Leadership in this country.

Cultural role

The King was chairman of the Ingonyama Trust, a corporate entity established to administer the land traditionally owned by the king for the benefit, material welfare and social well-being of the Zulu nation. This land consists of 32% of the area of KwaZulu/Natal.

As the custodian of Zulu traditions and customs, King Zwelithini revived cultural functions such as the Umhlanga, the colourful and symbolic reed dance ceremony which, amongst other things, promotes moral awareness and AIDS education among Zulu women, and the Ukweshwama, the first fruits ceremony, which is a traditional function involving certain traditional rituals including the killing of a bull. The latter ceremony was subject to a lawsuit brought in November 2009 by Animal Rights Africa, alleging that the method of killing the animal was cruel and barbaric. He has also traveled abroad extensively to promote tourism and trade in the West for KwaZulu-Natal, and to fundraise for Zulu-supported charities, often accompanied by one of his queens consort. On such occasions he was frequently officially hosted by local Zulu organizations, and granted audiences to Zulus living abroad.

In June 1994, the University of Zululand conferred an honorary doctorate in agriculture upon the King. He was Chancellor of the South African branch of the American-based Newport University. In March 1999 Coker College of South Carolina awarded him an honorary doctorate in law. During the first half of 2001 he was inaugurated as Chancellor of the ML Sultan Technikon in KwaZulu-Natal.

The King's authorized biography, King of Goodwill, was published in 2003. The musical dramatization of this work premiered at the Market Theatre, Johannesburg on 16 March 2005.

The King spoke at The Synagogue Church Of All Nations in Lagos, Nigeria, in 2004 regarding the importance of trade and peace.

Controversies

In January 2012, while speaking at an event commemorating the 133rd anniversary of the Battle of Isandlwana, the King caused controversy with his statement that same-sex relations were "rotten". His statements were condemned by the South African Human Rights Commission as well as LGBT rights groups. President Jacob Zuma rebuked the king for his comments. The Zulu Royal Household later said that the King's comments had been mistranslated and that he had not condemned same-sex relations, only expressed concern about a state of moral decay in South Africa that has led to widespread sexual abuse, including male-on-male sexual abuse.

In September 2012, King Goodwill Zwelithini asked the KwaZulu-Natal government for R18 million to build new property, including a new R6 million palace for his youngest wife Queen Mafu and upgrades to Queen MaMchiza's palace. The King's royal household department CFO, Mduduzi Mthembu, told a parliamentary committee that the money was needed. The department also requested $1.4 million USD for improvements to Queen MaMchiza's palace. The government had already budgeted around $6.9 million USD for the royal family during 2012, not for the first time prompting accusations of lavish spending; in 2008, opposition parties criticised King Zwelithini's wives for spending around $24,000 USD on linen, designer clothes, and expensive holidays.

Speaking at  Phongolo UPhongolo Local Municipality community meeting in March 2015, King Zwelithini acknowledged that while other nations had participated in efforts which led to South Africa's liberation, that should not be considered an excuse for foreigners to cause inconvenience in the country now by competing with locals for scarce economic opportunities.<ref name="nehanda">Foreigners must go home – King Zwelithini Nehanda'. Retrieved 15 April 2015.'</ref> Contending that he was free to say what politicians were not, he asked that foreigners please return to their native lands since, he maintained, South African nationals in diaspora had not gone on to open businesses in host countries. These observations were made during a time of growing unease between South Africans and non-nationals, violence having erupted in Soweto in January and spread to KwaZulu-Natal, resulting in three deaths. The Democratic Alliance's spokesman, calling for a public retraction and apology, criticised the remarks as "highly irresponsible", while a SAHRC official labelled them  xenophobic in light of recent attacks on foreigners. Alleged to have sparked violence against non-nationals, although Zwelithini's remarks about anti-social behaviour and the desirability of foreigners believed responsible leaving South Africa did not distinguish between legal and illegal immigrants, his spokesman subsequently said that he was referring only to those present in the country illegally.

 Wives and children

King Goodwill Zwelithini had six wives and 28 children. These include

 maDlamini of Kwa-Khethomthandayo Royal House, Nongoma, (born Sibongile Winifred Dlamini), married 27 December 1969 at St Margaret's Church, Nongoma.
 Prince Lethukuthula Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), born 1970 - died 2020.
 Princess Nombuso Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), owner of Durban-based Ilembe Catering Services, born 1973.
 Princess Ntombizosuthu Ka Zwelithini Duma (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), a businesswoman who co-owns Strategic Persuasions and Zamalwandle Transport Logistics with her husband. Born 1979, married to Mbongiseni Duma, a Johannesburg-based businessman.
 Princess Ntandoyenkosi Ka Zwelithini Ngcaweni (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile MaDlamini), an Asset Manager at the Public Investment Corporation (PIC), born 1982. Married to Busani Ngcaweni, who headed the office of the former Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.
 Princess Sinethemba Bati Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Sibongile Dlamini), born 1989, currently pursuing a degree in International Relations, at the University of Witwatersrand.
 Buhle KaMathe of Kwa-Dlamahlahla Royal House, Nongoma, born . In May 1996, she and her daughter were seriously wounded in an assault during which they were clubbed, stabbed and shot.
 Princess Sibusile Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), born 1972.
 Princess Nandi Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), born 1977, married (civil) 6 December 2002 in St John's Cathedral, Mthatha, by Bishop Sitembele Mzamane and (traditional) 7 December at the Thembu Great Place near Qunu, to Chief Mfundo Bovulengwa Mtirara, born 25 March 1973, Acting Deputy Paramount Chief of the Thembu from 2000, Chief of the Matye'ngqina Traditional Authority Area.
Prince Phumuzuzulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe – Phumuza), named after his great grandfather King Phumuzululu kaDinuzulu, son of King kaCetshwayo
 Prince Shlobosenkosi Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), born 1988, studied at Kearsney College in Botha's Hill, Durban.
 Prince Nhlanganiso Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Buhle KaMathe), married Wandi
 Prince Buzabazi, proposed to succeed his father by a royal faction
 late Prince Butho Zulu
 Mantfombi Dlamini, of Kwa-Khangelamankengane Royal House, Nongoma, the Great Wife, 1953–2021, daughter of Sobhuza II of Swaziland and sister of King Mswati III, married 1977. Her Highness was also a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and was the acting regent upon her husband's death.
 King Misuzulu Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), born 23 September 1974 in Kwahlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, with a degree in International Studies from Jacksonville, Florida, King of Zulu from 7 May 2021. He is married and has two children with his wife. Educated at St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg
 Princess Ntandoyesizwe Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), born 1976, married 13 April 2002 at Enyokeni Royal Palace, Nongoma, to late Prince Oupa Moilwa, Chief of the Bahurutshe BagaMoilwa. Civil ceremony 11 July 2004, in Pongola. Educated at St. John's Diocesan School for Girls, Pietermaritzburg
 Princess Nomkhosi (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), born 1978, fiancee Melusi Moyo. Educated at The Wykeham Collegiate
 Prince Bambindlovu (Makhosezwe), born 1981 (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi) a farmer,  interior designer and artist. Educated at St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg
 Princess Bukhosibemvelo, (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), born 1985, married Sipho Nyawo, who paid 120 cows as part of the ilobolo'' for her. Educated at Epworth School, Pietermaritzburg
 Prince Lungelo, born 1984 (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi), once a student at Michaelhouse boarding school in KwaZulu-Natal.
 Prince Mandlesizwe, born 1990 (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi)
 Prince Simangaye, born 1991 (by Ndlunkulu Mantfombi)
 Thandekile "Thandi" Jane Ndlovu of Linduzulu Royal House, Nongoma, married 1988
 Prince Sihlangu Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Thandi), artist by name zulusoul
 Princess Mukelile Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Thandi)
 Nompumelelo Mchiza of oSuthu Royal House, Nongoma, married 25 July 1992.
 Princess Nqobangothando Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo)
 Prince Nhlangano Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo)
 Princess Cebo Zulu (by Ndlunkulu Nompumelelo)
 Zola Zelusiwe Mafu of Ondini Royal House, Ulundi, born , betrothed 2006, married 2014.
 Prince Nhlendlayenkosi Zulu (by Ndlunkulu LaMafu)

See also

 List of Zulu kings

References

External links

 Tourism site describing the Reed dance ceremony
 Non-European Royalty website
 Zulu royals 'travel in style' News24

Zulu kings
1948 births
2021 deaths
20th-century monarchs in Africa
21st-century monarchs in Africa
Monarchies of South Africa
South African Anglicans
People from Nongoma Local Municipality
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa

Goodwill Zwelithini


Pipistrellus is a genus of bats in the family Vespertilionidae and subfamily Vespertilioninae. The name of the genus is derived from the Italian word , meaning "bat" (from Latin  "bird of evening, bat").

The size of the genus has been considerably reduced as a result of work during the 1990s and 2000s, with genera  such as Arielulus, Hypsugo, Falsistrellus, Neoromicia, Parastrellus, Perimyotis, Scotozous, and Vespadelus being split off. Still, molecular evidence suggests the genus is not monophyletic. Several other genera in the subfamily Vespertilioninae have also been merged with Pipistrellus in previous classifications. Species in the genus may be referred to as "pipistrelles" or "pipistrelle bats", though these terms are also used for species now placed in other genera, such as the western pipistrelle (Parastrellus hesperus) and eastern pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) of North America. Species of the Southern Hemisphere separated to genus Falsistrellus are sometimes referred to as false pipistrelle or falsistrelle.

They are somewhat distinguished from their much larger relatives, the noctule bats Nyctalus by their weak, fluttery flight reminiscent of a butterfly, though a few species are more direct in their flight.

Species
Japanese pipistrelle, P. abramus
Forest pipistrelle, P. adamsi
Mount Gargues pipistrelle, P. aero
Anchieta's pipistrelle, P. anchietae
Angulate pipistrelle, P. angulatus
Kelaart's pipistrelle, P. ceylonicus
Greater Papuan pipistrelle, P. collinus
Indian pipistrelle, P.  coromandra
Crete pipistrelle, P. creticus
Dhofar pipistrelle, P. dhofarensis
Endo's pipistrelle, P. endoi
Hanak's dwarf bat, P. hanaki
Dusky pipistrelle, P. hesperidus
Aellen's pipistrelle, P. inexspectatus
Java pipistrelle, P. javanicus
Kuhl's pipistrelle, P. kuhlii
Madeira pipistrelle, P. maderensis
Minahassa pipistrelle, P. minahassae
†Christmas Island pipistrelle, P.  murrayi (extinct, last sighted in August 2009)
Tiny pipistrelle, P. nanulus
Nathusius's pipistrelle, P. nathusii
Lesser Papuan pipistrelle, P. papuanus
Mount Popa pipistrelle, P. paterculus
Dar es Salaam pipistrelle, P. permixtus
Common pipistrelle, P. pipistrellus
Soprano pipistrelle, P. pygmaeus
Racey's pipistrelle, P. raceyi
Rüppell's pipistrelle, P. rueppellii
Rusty pipistrelle, P. rusticus
Simandou pipistrelle, P. simandouensis
Narrow-winged pipistrelle, P. stenopterus
†Sturdee's pipistrelle, P. sturdeei (extinct 2000)
Least pipistrelle, P. tenuis
Watts's pipistrelle, P. wattsi
Northern pipistrelle or Koopman's pipistrelle, P. westralis

References

External links

Bat genera
Taxa named by Johann Jakob Kaup

Pipistrellus


ජගත් රාමනායක (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Jagath Ramanayake) යනු  රාමා ඩිබිකේ මෝටර්රත ආයතන ජපානය සභාපති වරයායි.

ජීවන සටහන්

ජගත් රාමනායක  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.  1982 සිට 1985 දක්වා ජගත් කොලඹ නාලන්ද  විද්‍යාලයේ  ජේෂ්ට රගර් පිලේ ක්‍රීඞා කල අතර 1985 දී නාලන්දා නායකයාවිය.
1988 සිට ජපානයට උසස් අධාපනය සදහා පිටත්ව ගියේය. එහිදි 1988 ~ 1990 දක්වා ජපන් භෂාව හධාරා 1991~1995 දකවා යෝකොහමා කන්තෝ ගකුඑන් විශ්ව විද්ය්‍යලයේ Bsc උපාධිය ලබාගනි.
1996 ~ 1998 දක්වා තෝකියෝ ජොහො විශ්ව විද්ය්‍යලයේ MSc උපාධිය ලබාගනි.

රාමා DBK ආයතනයේ සභාපති තනතුරට පත්විම.

ආශ්‍රිත
  ජගත් රාමනායකයන් ගේ ඉංග්‍රීසි විකිපීඩියා පිටුව

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු වෙළඳ ව්‍යාපාර නියමුවන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

වෙබ් පිටුව :
http://jagathramanayake.com

ජගත් රාමනායක


La línea 2 de la red de autobuses urbanos de Arganda del Rey une La Poveda con el Hospital del Sureste.

Características
Esta línea tiene por función unir el barrio de La Poveda con el Hospital del Sureste, previo paso a medio camino por los polígonos industriales de Arganda, la estación de Arganda del Rey de metro y los barrios del Oeste de Arganda.

La línea circula exclusivamente por el término municipal de Arganda del Rey. Como bien se expresa en la numeración interna del CRTM, recibe el número 2014. El primer dígito corresponde a la línea, en este caso la línea 2. Y los últimos tres dígitos corresponden al municipio por el que circula, en este caso 014 corresponde al municipio de Arganda del Rey.

Está operada por ALSA mediante concesión administrativa del Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid.

Frecuencias

Recorrido y paradas

Sentido Hospital
La línea parte desde la calle Monte Potrero, y continúa por todo el barrio de La Poveda hasta el cruce con la carretera de Campo Real. Toma la Avenida de Madrid, pasando por todos los polígonos industriales. Continúa por esta avenida hasta la Plaza del Progreso, donde se desvía por la Carretera de Loeches hasta la rotonda con el cruce de Ronda de Batres, donde prosigue por ella hasta el enlace con la calle Real, girando en esta hasta la rotonda del Paseo de los Navegantes. Su trayectoria sigue siendo de frente hasta el cruce con la Calle de Belén, introduciéndose en la colonia Siete Vientos, hasta su cruce con la Ronda Sur, donde gira por la calle homónima llegando a su punto final, el Hospital del Sureste.

Sentido La Poveda
La línea parte desde el Hospital del Sureste, y prosigue por la ronda del Sur, calle Valdemaría y el Paseo de los Navegantes sin cambiar de dirección. En la rotonda con la Avenida de Valencia gira dirección Arganda del Rey por la Calle Real, recorriéndola hasta la Plaza de la Constitución donde se desvía hacia Calle Juan de la Cierva. Al terminar esta, sigue por la Carretera de Loeches, hasta la Plaza del Progreso en la cual, se desvía hacia la Avenida de Madrid hasta el final de ella. Cuando finaliza la avenida gira a la derecha por la Carretera de Campo Real, hasta la mediana de La Poveda, donde gira hacia la Calle Gran Vía y termina en la calle Monte Potrero a la altura del IES La Poveda.

Véase también
 Estación de Arganda del Rey
 Arganda del Rey
 ALSA

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial Consorcio Regional de Transportes
 Página oficial de ALSA, la empresa operadora de la línea (sólo la sección que informa de las líneas del CRTM)

2

Línea 2 (Urbanos de Arganda del Rey)


An Schismatoglottis brevicuspis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joseph Dalton Hooker. An Schismatoglottis brevicuspis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schismatoglottis, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schismatoglottis

Schismatoglottis brevicuspis


سانتي بنتيفوليو (1426 - بولونيا، 1462) نبيل بولوني . ابن إركولي بنتيفوليو و ابن عم أنيبالي الأول بنتيفوليو حكم مدينة بولونيا من عام 1445 حى 1462.

تربى في فلورنسا لدى بلاط كوزيمو دي ميديشي .

خـَلـَف أنيبالي الذي قتل في كمين نظمته أسرة كانيتولي المنافسة، وعين غونفالونييري العدل، وهو منصب يعادل بالأمر الواقع الحاكم المدينة. كما عـُيـّن وصياً على جوفاني ابن أنيبالي .

كان عاشق نيكولوزا كاستيلاني زوجة الكونت نيكول سانوتيا . في 19 مايو من عام 1454 تزوج بكنيسة سانت جاكومو في بولونيا جينيفرا سفورزا ابنة ألساندرو حاكم بيزارو ذات الرابعة عشرة ربيعاً.

أنجب الزوجان اثنين من الأبناء :
 كوستانسا (1458-1491) ، تزوجت أنتونماريا بيكو دا ميراندولا ؛
 إركولي (1459 --؟) ، كوندوتييرو.

بدأت الأعمال بتشييد قصره سنة 1460 ، و ساهم بها النحات بانيو دي لابو بورتيجاني و أنهاها جوفاني ابن أنيبالي . دُمـّر القصر لاحقاً في سنة 1507 بعد طرد آل بنتيفوليو من المدينة .

حصلت بولونيا من البابا على حكم ذاتي وأنشأ مجلس شيوخ بلدي يتألف من نبلاء بولونيا وممثلين عن البابا .

وطـّـدت سياسته الخارجية التحالفات مع البندقية و آل سفورزا و آل ميديشي.

توفي متأثراً بمرضه سنة 1462 و خـَلـَفه جوفاني الثاني الذي كان وصيه عليه .زوجته جينيفرا تزوجت بعد ستة أشهر من جوفاني وأنجبا ستة عشر إبناً.

مراجع

بنتيفوليو
مواليد 1426
وفيات 1462
وفيات في بولونيا (إيطاليا)

سانتي بنتيفوليو


An Johnsonia teretifolia in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher. An Johnsonia teretifolia in nahilalakip ha genus nga Johnsonia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Johnsonia

Johnsonia teretifolia


كريستوف ميتزيلدر  من مواليد 5 نوفمبر 1980 في هالترن في ألمانيا، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني سابق.

لعب لعدة أندية أوروبية منها ريال مدريد ونادي شالكة.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم في سنة 2001.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص أدينوا بجرائم استغلال الأطفال في المواد الإباحية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون أدينوا بجرائم
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بوروسيا دورتموند
لاعبو توس هالتيرن
لاعبو ريال مدريد
لاعبو شالكه 04
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من شمال الراين-وستفاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مونستر (منطقة إدارية)
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي بروسيا مونستر
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1980

كريستوف ميتسلدر


Druga hrvatska rukometna liga predstavlja treći rang hrvatskog rukometnog prvenstva u sezoni 2017./18., te se sastoji od četiri skupine - Istok, Jug, Sjever  i Zapad u kojima sudjelujue 44 kluba.

Ljestvice

Istok

 Izvori:
 hrs.hr
 furkisport.hr/hrs
 hr-rukomet.hr

Jug

 Izvori:
 hrs.hr
 furkisport.hr/hrs
 hrs.hr, Glasnik
 hr-rukomet.hr

Sjever

 Izvori:
 hrs.hr
 furkisport.hr/hrs
 hrs.hr, Glasnik 2. HRL Sjever M
 hr-rukomet.hr

Zapad

 Izvori:
 hrs.hr
 furkisport.hr/hrs
 hrs.hr, Glasnik 2. HRL Zapad
 hr-rukomet.hr

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Premijer liga 2017./18.
 1. HRL 2017./18.
 3. HRL 2017./18.
 5. rang hrvatskog rukometnog prvenstva 2017./18.
 Hrvatski kup 2017./18.

Vanjske poveznice
 hrs.hr
 hr-rukomet.hr

Izvori
 hrs.hr, glasnici liga

2017-18
m-2

2. HRL 2017./18.


Kim Behrens(Bremen, 22 de setembro de 1992) é uma jogadora de vôlei de praia alemã, competindo nesta modalidade sagrou-se medalhista de prata na Letônia em 2020.

Carreira

No ano de 2020, formava dupla com Cinja Tillmann e conquistaram a medalha de prata no Campeonato Europeu de Voleibol de Praia em Jūrmala.

Ligações externas

Jogadores de voleibol de praia da Alemanha

Kim Behrens


Les Trois-Bassins ist eine französische Gemeinde im Übersee-Département Réunion. Sie wurde am 27. Februar 1897 gegründet. Ihre Gemarkung wird im Norden von Saint-Paul und im Süden von Saint-Leu flankiert und erstreckt sich vom Indischen Ozean im Westen zum Gebirgsgrat «Du battant des lames au sommet des montagnes». Les Trois Bassins war bis zu dessen Auflösung 2015 der Hauptort und die einzige Gemeinde des gleichnamigen Kantons, seither gehört sie zum Kanton Saint-Leu.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort auf Réunion
Ort in Afrika
Stadt in Frankreich

Les Trois-Bassins


În economie, legea lui Gresham este un principiu monetar care spune că "banii răi alungă banii buni". Dacă sunt două forme de bani acceptate ca mijloc de plată, cu o valoare (impusă de stat) nominală înscrisă pe moneda similară, atunci banii care conțin un metal mai valoros (de exemplu aur) sau cu un conținut mai mare din același metal (40% argint față de 30%) vor dispărea din circulație.

Legea este numită după finanțistul și comerciantul englez Sir Thomas Gresham (1519-1579), care încerca să-i explice reginei Elisabeta I a Angliei ce se întâmpla cu șilingul englezesc devalorizat  de către Henric al VIII-lea pentru a-și mări bugetul, devalorizare realizată prin reducerea conținutului de argint (cu 40%) și mărirea masei monetare. Primul care a formulat ideile regăsite în legea lui Gresham a fost Sir Thomas Smith the Elder (1513-1577), provenit dintr-o familie de păstori săraci și oponent al devalorizării, susține în Discourse on the Commonwealth că, creșterea generalizată a prețurilor este rezultatul acțiunilor statului, nu a deciziei arbitrare a comercianților sau a producătorilor (ex. agricoli).

Cauze

Stabilirea prin  dictat de către stat a valorii dintre două forme de bani
Datorită descoperirilor mari de argint, paritatea dintre aur si argint s-a modificat făcând ca aurul să fie mai valoros. Impunându-se o anumită valoare a banilor de aur/argint, monedele de aur erau subevaluate față de cele de argint. Se puteau cumpăra mai multe produse/servicii cu conținutul de aur dintr-o monedă decât cu valoarea nominală înscrisă pe aceeași monedă.

Exemple
Impunerea  unui curs de schimb fix între dolarii de aur și cei de argint în America secolul al XIX-lea .

Devalorizarea prin modificarea conținutului de aur/argint
Prin asumarea unor cheltuieli din ce în ce mai mari de către conducătorii unui teritoriu (i.e. stat) finanțarea lor devine problematică. Pe lângă mărirea taxelor sau împrumuturi   "mai marii zilei" măreau masa monetară prin crearea de monedă, având  o nouă "sursă de venit" și devalorizând puterea de cumpărare.

Exemple
Dinarul Imperiului Roman a început prin a fi o formă de bani, mai apoi fiind doar monedă folosită în tranzacții. A ajuns de la o puritate de 98% argint la numai 2%, astfel monedele cu o puritate mai mare erau ținute spre tezaurizare (valoare reală mai mare) rămânând în circulație numai cele cu o puritate mai mică.

Note

Vezi și
 Mercantilism
 Monedă de necesitate
 Titlu (aliaj)
 Valută

Economie monetară
Monedă
Istorie economică
Politică monetară
Proverbe

Legea lui Gresham


Herman H. "Herm" Schaefer (nacido el  en Fort Wayne, Indiana y fallecido el  en Indianapolis, Indiana) fue un jugador y entrenador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas entre la BAA y la NBA, además de jugar previamente en la NBL. Como entrenador dirigió durante dos temporadas a los Indianapolis Olympians de la NBA. Con 1,83 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de base.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante 4 temporadas con los Hoosiers de la Universidad de Indiana, a los que ayudó a ganar su primer Torneo de la NCAA en 1940, derrotando en la final a la Universidad de Kansas por 60–42. Fue el máximo anotador del torneo.

Profesional
En 1941 fichó por los Fort Wayne Pistons, entonces en la NBL, donde jugó cuatro temporadas, interrumpidas durante dos años por su incorporación al servicio militar. En su primera temporada, tras promediar 8,6 puntos por partido fue incluido en el segundo mejor quinteto de la competición. En 1946 fichó por los Indianapolis Kautskys, donde actuó una temporada como jugador-entrenador, promediando 8,2 puntos.

En 1947 ficha por los Minneapolis Lakers, con los que, tras ganar el título de la NBL en su primera temporada, el año siguiente da el salto a la BAA, competición que también ganan en su primera participación tras derrotar a Washington Capitols en las Finales. Schaefer sería el tercer mejor anotador del equipo, tras George Mikan y Jim Pollard, promediando 10,4 puntos, a los que añadió 3,2 asistencias por partido.

Repitieron título el año siguiente, ya en la NBA, derrotando a Syracuse Nationals en las Finales. La aportación de Schaefer se quedó esta vez en 5,1 puntos y 3,1 asistencias por partido.

Entrenador
En  se puso al frente del banquillo de los Indianapolis Olympians de la NBA, donde permaneció durante dos temporadas, consiguiendo 62 victorias y 75 derrotas, cayendo ambos años en la primera ronda de playoffs.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la BAA y la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Herm Schaefer en ultimatenba.com

Nacidos en Fort Wayne
Fallecidos en Indianápolis
Baloncestistas de Indiana
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Fort Wayne Pistons
Baloncestistas de los Indiana Hoosiers
Baloncestistas de los Indianapolis Kautskys
Baloncestistas de los Minneapolis Lakers
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Estados Unidos
Entrenadores de la NBA
Entrenadores de los Indianapolis Olympians

Herm Schaefer


Hagen er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Bad Bramstedt-Land i
den vestlige del af Kreis Segeberg. Kreis Segeberg ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Hagen ligger omkring syv kilometer nordvest for Bad Bramstedt. Mod syd går Bundesstraße B206 fra Bad Bramstedt mod Itzehoe.

Det 12 hektar store beskyttede landskab Hagener Moor ligger i kommunen.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Segeberg

Hagen (Holsten)


خمر وهو كل ما خَمَّرَ العقل، وكل مسكر خمر. قَالَ ابْنُ الأَعرابي: . وَرَوَى الأَصمعي عَنْ مَعْمَرِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ قَالَ:. وقد حرم الإسلام الخمر، فإنه قد ثبت بالنقول الصحيحة أن الخمر لما حرمت بالمدينة النبوية وكان تحريمها بعد غزوة أحد في السنة الثالثة من الهجرة لم يكن من عصير العنب شيء، فإن المدينة ليس فيها شجر عنب وإنما كانت خمرهم من التمر، فلما حرمها الله عليهم أراقوها بأمر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم. بل وكسروا أوعيتها وشقوا ظروفها، وكانوا يسمونها خمرًا، فعلم أن اسم الخمر في كتاب الله عام لا يختص بعصير العنب.

فروى البخاري في صحيحه عن ابن عمر  قال:. وقد استفاضت الأحاديث عن النبي  بأن كل مسكر خمر، وهو حرام كما في الصحيحين عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت: . وعن ابن عمر عن النبي  قال:  .

حد شارب الخمر
حد شارب الخمر في الإسلام هو أربعون جلدة، وما زاد منه هو تعزير حسب ما تقتضيه الحاجة، وقد يصل إلى ثمانين جلدة كم فعل عمر بن الخطاب، ففي صحيح مسلم أن عليًا أمر عبد الله بن جعفر بن أبي طالب أن يجلد الوليد بن عقبة فجلده، وعلي يعد حتى بلغ أربعين، فقال أمسك، وجلد النبي أربعين، وجلد أبو بكر أربعين، وجلد عمر ثمانين جلدة. وكان يضرب في الخمر بالنعال والجريد. ذهب الأحناف ومالك إلى أنه ثمانون جلدة، وذهب الشافعي إلى أنه أربعون، وعن أحمد بن حنبل الروايتان.

وقد روى أبو داود في سننه عن جابر بن عبد الله عن النبي قال: «إِنَّ مَنْ شَرِبَ الخَمْرَ فَاجْلِدُوهُ، فَإِنْ عَادَ فِي الرَّابِعَةِ فَاقْتُلُوهُ»، قال: ثم أُتي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بعد ذلك برجل قد شرب الخمر في الرابعة فضربه ولم يقتله. وقد أجمع الفقهاء أن الأمر بقاتل شارب الخمر للمرة الرابعة منسوخ؛ لقول النبي: . قال محمد بن إدريس الشافعي: «والقتل منسوخ بهذا الحديث وغيره وهذا ممّا لا اختلاف فيه بين أحد من أهل العلم علمته».

يشترط في إقامة الحد أن يكون شارب الخمر مُسلما بالغًا عاقلًا مختارًا؛ غير مكره عليها، ولا مضطرًا. يثبت حد شرب الخمر على شاربه بأحد أمرين، إما أن يقر بالشرب، ويعترف بأنه شرب الخمر مختارًا، وإما بالبيِّنة، وهي شهادة رجلين عدلين مسلمين عليه. كأن رأوه قد شرب الخمر أو تقيأها، وفي حديثٍ عن حصين بن المنذر أبي ساسان قال: .

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 فقه الشراب

مراجع

الدين والكحول
محرمات في الإسلام
مصطلحات إسلامية
مصطلحات عربية في الشريعة الإسلامية

خمر


Cosmópolis es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Tiene una población estimada, a mediados de 2020, de 73,474 habitantes.

Se localiza a una latitud 22º38'45" sur y a una longitud 47º11'46" oeste. Está a una altitud de 652 metros y tiene un área de 154,7 km².

Historia

En 1892, se ve una nueva perspectiva de progreso para toda región. El entonces presidente de la Cámara de Campinas, José Paulino Nogueira, autorizaba al municipio a contraer préstamos para la construcción de una vía de ferrocarril, el "Carril Agrícola Funilense", que fue fundada en 24 de julio de 1890, la cual se aseguraba la producción agrícola de esa región. Con la intención de intensificar la producción, en 1896, la Cámara Municipal de Campinas, oficializa un proyecto visando la formación de una colonia suiza, donde futuramente sería la ciudad de Cosmópolis. Los suizos llegaron unos años después. Pero, por problemas climáticos y de adaptabilidad, pocos se quedaron. Se abre más tarde la oportunidad para otros pueblos colonizadores: austríacos, alemanes e italianos. Estos fueron obteniendo sus tierras, plantando y construyendo sus comunidades. El poblado fue creciendo, bajo varios nombres. En 1905 es bautizada como "Cosmópolis", «cosmos», mundo, y «polis», ciudad. El 27 de noviembre de 1906 es creado el Distrito de Cosmópolis, subordinado de Campinas. La época marca crecimiento de la producción agrícola, principalmente del algodón y caña de azúcar.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página de la prefectura
 Cosmópolis en el WikiMapia

Localidades de São Paulo

Cosmópolis


Mai Nakagawa (jap. , Nakagawa Mai; * 7. April 1987 in Komatsu) ist eine japanische Wasserspringerin. Sie startet im 10-m-Turmspringen sowie im 3-m- und 10-m-Synchronspringen.

Ihre erste internationale Meisterschaft bestritt Nakagawa bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2005 in Montreal, wo sie mit Misako Yamashita im Finale des 10-m-Synchronspringens Neunte wurde. Im folgenden Jahr gewann das Duo in Doha bei den Asienspielen die Silbermedaille. Nakagawa startete bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Melbourne erstmals auch im Einzelwettbewerb vom Turm und erreichte auf Anhieb das Halbfinale, mit Yamashita wurde sie im Synchronfinale vom Turm Achte. Nakagawa qualifizierte sich für die Olympischen Spiele 2008 in Peking. Im Einzelspringen vom Turm erreichte sie das Finale und wurde Elfte. Im folgenden Jahr startete sie mit Sayaka Shibusawa erstmals auch im 3-m-Synchronspringen, das Duo wurde bei der Weltmeisterschaft in Rom Achter und konnte wiederum ein Jahr später bei den Asienspielen 2010 in Guangzhou die Bronzemedaille gewinnen. Weniger erfolgreich lief für Nakagawa die Weltmeisterschaft 2011 in Shanghai. Mit Shibusawa schied sie im Vorkampf aus, im Einzel vom Turm belegte sie im Halbfinale Rang 18.

Nakagawa studiert an der Universität Kanazawa Gakuin Daigaku und startet für das dazugehörige Sportteam.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisübersicht auf www.the-sports.org (englisch)

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Japan)
Wasserspringer (Japan)
Olympiateilnehmer (Japan)
Universiadeteilnehmer (Japan)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2007
Japaner
Geboren 1987
Frau
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2015
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2011

Mai Nakagawa


The National Diploma (NDip) () was a three-year ab initio specialised higher education qualification in a technology discipline offered by an Institute of Technology or other HETAC designated institution in Ireland.

Alternatively, a National Diploma could be offered as a one-year post National Certificate type course. The diploma generally exempted a student from the first two or three years of a four-year university Honours Bachelor's Degree in Ireland. Northern Ireland universities considered the standard equivalent to the BTEC Higher National Diploma, this was also the position adopted by most British universities that have large entrance from the Republic. Many of the courses were in business, engineering and science. Most entrants were school leavers presenting the Leaving Certificate or the National Certificate and many continued their studies to honours Bachelor's degree level.

The National Diploma in Ireland was first awarded in 1973 by several Regional Technical Colleges. The National Diploma has been replaced by the Ordinary Bachelor's Degree under the National Framework of Qualifications. This was decided by the National Qualifications Authority of Ireland recently. The National Diploma has not been awarded since June 2006, however holders of a National Diploma can claim equivalence to the newer award, the Ordinary Bachelor's Degree.

See also
Education in the Republic of Ireland

Educational qualifications in Ireland

National Diploma (Ireland)


Dieter Rams (20 Mayıs 1932, Wiesbaden, Hessen), tüketici ürünleri şirketi Braun, mobilya şirketi Vitsœ ve endüstriyel tasarımın fonksiyonellik ekolü ile yakından ilişkili olan Alman endüstriyel tasarımcı ve emekli akademisyendir. Ürünlerinde fazladan dikkat çekmeme yaklaşımı ve "az ama iyi" tasarıma olan inancı, zamansız bir kalite yakalamasını sağladı ve Rams'a dünyaca tanınırlığın yanı sıra beğeni de kazandıran birçok ürünün tasarımını etkiledi.

Yaşam ve kariyer
Dieter Rams, çalışmalarına 1947'de, bugün RheinMain Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi'nin bir parçası olan, Wiesbaden Sanat Okulu'nda mimari ve iç dekorasyon alanlarında başladı. Bir yıl sonra, 1948'de,  pratik deneyim kazanmak ve marangozluk stajını bitirmek için eğitimine ara verdi. 1948'de Wiesbaden Sanat Okulu'na döndü ve 1953'te mimarlık bölümünden onur derecesi ile mezun oldu, daha sonra Frankfurt merkezli mimar Otto Apel için çalışmaya başladı. 1955'te Braun'a mimar ve iç mimar olarak alındı. 1961'de,1995 yılına kadar sürdürdüğü, Braun'un baş tasarımcılığı görevine geldi.

Dieter Rams, bir marangoz olan büyükbabasının varlığından fazlasıyla etkilendi. Rams bir seferinde tasarım yaklaşımını "Az, ama iyi" anlamında gelen "Weniger, aber besser" ifadesiyle açıkladı. Rams ve ekibi, ünlü SK-4 plak çalar ve 35 mm film slayt projektörlerinin yüksek kaliteli 'D' serisi (D45, D46) dahil olmak üzere Braun için birçok unutulmaz ürün tasarladı. Ayrıca 1960'larda, 606 Çok Amaçlı Raf Sistemi ve 620 Sandalye Programı da dahil olmak üzere Vitsœ için bir mobilya koleksiyonu tasarımlarıyla da bilinir.

Rams, sade şıklığı ve kullanıcı dostu olmasıyla dikkat çeken elektronik ürünler üreterek, 1950'lerde Braun'u çok bilinen bir ev ürünleri markası yaptı.

Rams, sonunda, Bauhaus'un da halefi olan, Ulm, Almanya'daki Ulm Tasarım Okulu'nun öncülerinden Hans Gugelot, Fritz Eichler ve Otl Aicher'in öğrencisi oldu.

"İyi tasarım" ilkeleri
Rams, 1970'lerde sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve planlı eskime'nin bir suç olması fikrini ortaya attı. Böylece, kendisine "Tasarımım iyi tasarım mı?" sorusunu sordu. Oluşturduğu cevap ünlü on ilkesinin temelini oluşturdu. Ona göre, "iyi tasarım":

 yenilikçidir - İlerleme olanakları hiçbir şekilde tükenmiş değildir. Teknolojik gelişme her zaman özgün tasarımlar için yeni fırsatlar oluşturmaktadır. Ancak yaratıcı tasarım her zaman gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte gelişir ve asla kendi başına bir sonuç olamaz.
 bir ürünü faydalı kılar - Bir ürün, kullanılmak üzere satın alınır. Sadece işlevsel değil, aynı zamanda psikolojik ve estetik kriterleri de karşılamak zorundadır. İyi tasarım, bir ürünün yararlılığına vurgu yaparken, bundan uzaklaştıracak herhangi bir şeyi görmezden gelir.
 estetiktir - Bir ürünün estetik kalitesi, kullanışlılığının ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır çünkü ürünler her gün kullanılmaktadır ve insanlar ile refahları üzerinde bir etkiye sahiptir. Sadece iyi üretilmiş nesneler güzel olabilir.
 bir ürünü anlaşılabilir kılar - Ürünün yapısını netleştirir. Daha da iyisi, ürünün, kendi işlevini açıkça ifade etmesini kullanıcının sezgilerinden faydalanarak sağlayabilir. En iyi haliyle açıklayıcıdır.
 fazla dikkat çekmez - Bir amaca ulaşan ürünler alet gibidir. Bunlar ne dekoratif nesneler ne de sanat eserleridir. Bu nedenle tasarımları, kullanıcının kendini ifade etmesine yer açmak için hem nötr hem de sınırlı olmalıdır.
 dürüsttür - Bir ürünün gerçekte olduğundan daha yenilikçi, güçlü veya değerli görünmesini sağlamaz. Tüketiciyi, tutamayacağı sözlerle aldatmaya çalışmaz.
 uzun ömürlüdür - Moda olmaktan kaçınır ve bu nedenle asla modası geçmiş gibi görünmez. Moda tasarımından farklı olarak, günümüzün tüketim toplumunda bile uzun yıllar yaşamını sürdürür.
 son detaya kadar eksiksizdir - Hiçbir şey nedensiz veya şansa bırakılmış olmamalıdır. Tasarım sürecindeki özen ve doğruluk tüketiciye saygı gösterir.
 çevre dostudur - Tasarım çevrenin korunmasına önemli katkıda bulunur. Kaynakları korur ve ürünün yaşam döngüsü boyunca fiziksel ve görsel kirliliği en aza indirir.
 en azıdır - Daha az, daha fazladır (ing. Less is more). Mümkün olduğunca sade, ama daha basit değil. İyi tasarım, bir ürünün temel işlevlerini geliştirir.

Ödüller ve başarılar
Rams 70'i aşkın yıldır  tasarım alanında yer alıyor ve kariyeri boyunca birçok onursal unvan aldı. Ödülleri ve başarılarından bazıları:

 1960: Kulturkreis im Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie burs ödülü aldı
 1961: TP1 portatif plak çalar ve radyo, Londra, Interplas sergisinde 'Üstün Ödül' aldı
 1963: F21, Londra Interplas sergisinde 'Üstün Ödül' aldı
 1968: İngiltere Kraliyet Sanat Derneği'nin mobilya ve ışık mühendisliği ürünlerindeki seçkin tasarımlarından dolayı 'Endüstri için Onursal Kraliyet Tasarımcısı' ilan edildi
 1969: 620 sandalye'si Viyana'daki Uluslararası Mobilya Fuarı'nda altın madalya kazandı
 1978: Endüstriyel Sanatçılar ve Tasarımcılar Derneği SIAD Madalyası, İngiltere
 1985: Meksika Academia Mexicana de Diseño tarafından Académico de Honor Extranjero verildi
 1989: Tasarıma özel katkılarından dolayı Industrie Forum Design Hannover, Almanya'nın ilk sahibi
 1989: Royal College of Art tarafından fahri doktora (Doctor honoris causa) ile ödüllendirildi, Londra, İngiltere
 1992: Ikea ödülü aldı ve ödül parasını, tasarımı tanıtmak için kurulan Dieter ve Ingeborg Rams Vakfı'na aktardı.
 1996: Amerika Endüstriyel Tasarımcılar Derneği'nden Dünya Tasarım Madalyası aldı
 2002: Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti Başarı Nişanı Nişanı)
 2003: Endüstriyel tasarım ve dünya kültürüne özel katkısı nedeniyle ONDI, Havana, Küba Tasarım Ödülü aldı
 2007: Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti'nin yaşamı için verdiği Tasarım Ödülü
 2007: Raymond Loewy Vakfı'ndan Lucky Strike Tasarımcı Ödülü aldı
 2009: Avustralya'da büyük tasarım ödülünü kazandı.
 2010: Köln Uluslararası Tasarım Okulu öğrencileri tarafından verilen Kölner Klopfer ödülü
 2013: Londra Tasarım Festivali 2013'te Ömür Boyu Başarı Madalyası

Miras
Apple'ın iOS 3'ünde yer alan hesap makinesi uygulamasının görünümü, Rams ve Dietrich Lubs tarafından tasarlanan 1987 Braun ET 66 hesap makinesinin  görünümünü, Apple'ın kendi Podcast uygulamasında "şu anda oynatılan" ekranın görünümü, Braun TG 60 makaradan makaraya bant kaydedicinin görünümünü taklit ediyordu. Bu, uygulamanın sonraki güncellemesiyle değişti. İOS 7 dünya saati uygulaması, Braun'un saat (ve kol saati) tasarımını, kullanılan yazı tipine ve yerleşimine kadar yansıtıyor. Gary Hustwit'in 2009 belgesel filmi Objectified'de Rams, Apple Inc.'in kendisinin ilkelerine göre ürün tasarlayan birkaç şirketten biri olduğunu belirtiyor.

Less and More Sergisi
Less and More, Rams'ın Braun ve Vitsœ için dönüm noktası olan tasarımlarının bir sergisidir. Sergi, ilk olarak 2008 ve 2009'da Japonya'ya gitti, Osaka'daki Suntory Müzesi ve Tokyo'daki Fuchu Sanat Müzesi'nde gösterildi. Kasım 2009 ile Mart 2010 arasında Londra'daki Tasarım Müzesi'nde yer aldı. Temmuz-Eylül 2010 tarihleri arasında Frankfurt'taki Angewandte Kunst Müzesi'nde sergilendi. Sergi daha sonra Ağustos 2011'den Şubat 2012'ye kadar San Francisco Modern Sanat Müzesi'nde sergilendi.

Belgesel
22 Haziran 2016'da film yapımcısı Gary Hustwit Rams belgeselini duyurdu ve bu  proje için bir Kickstarter kampanyası başlattı. Uzun metrajlı belgeselde Rams ile tasarım felsefesi, en ikonik tasarımlarından bazılarının arkasındaki süreç, ilhamları ve pişmanlıkları hakkında derinlemesine konuşmalar yer alıyor. Kickstarter kampanyasında toplanan fonun bir kısmı ile de, Rams'ın tasarım arşivinin Dieter ve Ingeborg Rams Vakfı ile işbirliği içinde korunmasına da yardımcı olundu. Film şu anda dünya çapında özel etkinliklerde gösteriliyor,  dijital ya da disk olarak sipariş edilebiliyor  ve Vimeo'da ücreti yayını mevcut .

Eser Galerisi

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

 Klemp, Klaus ve Ueki-Polet, Keiko (2011). Less and More: The Design Ethos of Dieter Rams . Die Gestalten Verlag.  ISBN   978-3-89955-397-0
 Lovell, Sophie (2011). As Little Design As Possible: The Work of Dieter Rams . Londra: Phaidon.  ISBN   978-0-7148-4918-8

Dış bağlantılar

 Londra'daki Dieter Rams Tasarım Müzesi sayfası
 Dieter Rams hakkındaki Designboom sayfası
 Icon dergisinin Dieter Rams ile röportajı
 Daha sonraki bir Icon röportajı
 Dieter Rams hakkında Vitsœ sayfası

Berlin Sanat Akademisi üyeleri
Almanya Federal Cumhuriyeti Liyakat Nişanı komutanları
Alman tasarımcılar
Yaşayan insanlar
1932 doğumlular
Endüstriyel tasarımcılar

Dieter Rams


Bruno Ferraz das Neves (født 11. juni 1984) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Bruno Ferraz das Neves


Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 යනු ඩේවිඩ් යේට්ස් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලදසහ Warner Bros. Pictures විසින් බෙදා හරින ලද2010 ෆැන්ටසි චිත්‍රපටයකි .  එය JK Rowling ගේ එම නමින්ම 2007 නවකතාව මත පදනම් වූ සිනමා කොටස් දෙකෙන් පළමුවැන්න වන අතර Harry Potter චිත්‍රපට මාලාවේ හත්වන වාරිකයයි.  එය විසින් රචනා කරන ලද ස්ටීව් Kloves හා නිෂ්පාදනය ඩේවිඩ් Heyman , ඩේවිඩ් බැරන්ස් , සහ රෝලින් යනු ලක්ෂණ ඇඳුමේ කාස්ට් .

චිත්රපටය තරු ඩැනියල් රැඩ්ක්ලිෆ් ලෙස හැරී පෝටර් , සමග රූපට් ග්රින්ට් පිළිවෙලින් හා එමා වොට්සන් , පිළිවෙලින්, හැරී හොඳම මිතුරන් ලෙස චරිත ලෝඞ් රොන් වීස්ලි හා හමායනි ග්රේන්ජර් . එය ද ඵලයක් කිරීමට හැරී පෝටර් ඇන්ඩ් ද හාෆ් බ්ලඩ් ප්රින්ස් (2009) සහ අවසාන ප්රවේශය, විසින් අනුගමනය කරන හැරිපොටර් ඇන්ඩ් ද ඩෙත්ලි හැලෝස් - 2 වන කොටස (2011).

කතාව විසින් ඉල්ලීමක් කර ඇති හැරී පෝටර්, පහත සඳහන් Dumbledore සොයා හා විනාශ කිරීමට ස්වාමීන් Voldemort එම - අමරණීය කිරීමට රහසිගත Horcruxes . රූගත කිරීම් 2009 පෙබරවාරි 19 වන දින ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2010 ජුනි 12 වන දින අවසන් කරන ලදී .  පළමු කොටස 2010 නොවැම්බර් 19 වන දින ලොව පුරා 2D සිනමාහල් සහ IMAX ආකෘතිවලින් නිකුත් කරන ලදී .  චිත්‍රපටය විචාරකයින් එහි කාර්ය සාධනය, සිනමාකරණය, දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග සහ සංගීත ලකුණු ප්‍රශංසා කරමින් ධනාත්මක සමාලෝචන ලබා ගත්තේය.

චිත්‍රපටයේ ලෝක ව්‍යාප්ත ආරම්භක සති අන්තයේ, 1 කොටස ඩොලර් මිලියන 330ක් උපයා ගත් අතර, එය මාලාවේ තුන්වන ඉහළම සහ 2010 වසරේ ඉහළම විවෘත කිරීම මෙන්ම, සර්වකාලීනව අටවන ඉහළම ආදායමද විය.  $ 977 ක් ලොව පුරා දළ සමග, 1 වන කොටස වන්නේ 2010 තෙවන වැඩිම ආදායම් ඉපයූ චිත්රපට පිටුපස, Toy Story 3 හා ඇලිස් ,  සහ තෙවන වැඩිම ආදායම් ඉපයූ හැරී පෝටර් ලොව පුරා අනුව චිත්රපට එකතුව, Deathly Hallows පිටුපස - 2 කොටස සහ Philosopher's Stone (2001).  මීට අමතරව, එයට 83 වැනි ස්ථානයේ නාමයෝජනා දෙකක් ලැබුණි ඇකඩමි සම්මාන : හොඳම කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය සහ හොඳම දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග .

කුමන්ත්රණ
Death Eaters ගේ රැස්වීමකදී , Severus Snape විසින් Voldemort සාමිවරයාට වාර්තා කරන්නේ Order of the Phoenix විසින් Harry Potter ව ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථානයකට ගෙන යාමට උත්සාහ කරන බවයි. Voldemort පැහැදිලි කරන්නේ ඔහුට හැරී ඔහුගේම යෂ්ටියකින් මරා දැමිය නොහැකි බවයි, මන්ද ඔවුන් එකම හරය බෙදා ගන්නා අතර ඔප්පුව සඳහා Lucius Malfoy ගේ යෂ්ටිය රාජසන්තක කරයි. ගමන අතරතුර හැරීට පහර දීමෙන් ඔහු කෝපයට පත් වන අතර හැරී ඔහුගේ සැරයටිය ලුසියස්ට හානි කිරීමෙන් පසු පලා යයි.

මෙම Weasleys වන විවාහ මංගල උත්සවය සඳහා සූදානම් ලෙස රොන් වීස්ලි ගේ අයියා, බිල් , එම මැජික් අමාත්ය දන්වා හැරී, රොන් සහ හමායනි ග්රේන්ජර් ඔවුන් එක් එක් දෙයක් උරුම Albus Dumbledore රොන් ඇති: Deluminator ක, හමායනි Dumbledore පිටපත් Beedle ගේ කතාන්දර බාර්ඩ් සහ හැරී ගෝල්ඩන් ස්නිච් ඔහුගේ පළමු ක්විඩිච් තරඟයේදී මෙන්ම ග්‍රිෆින්ඩෝර්ගේ කඩුව අල්ලා ගත්තේය . වෝල්ඩ්මෝට් අමාත්‍යාංශය භාරගෙන ඇමතිවරයා මරා දැමූ පුවතකින් මංගල උත්සවයට බාධා පැමිණේ.

හැරී, රොන් සහ හර්මියෝන් ග්‍රිමෝල්ඩ් පෙදෙසේ අංක 12 හි සැඟවී සිටිති . දේශීය සොරෙකු වන Mundungus Fletcher විසින් Salazar Slytherin ගේ ලොකට් එක සොරකම් කර එය Dolores Umbridge වෙත විකුණු බව ඔවුන්ට දැනගන්නට ලැබේ. ඔවුන් ලොකට් එක නැවත ලබා ගත්තත්, ඔවුන් සැඟවී සිටි ස්ථානය මරණ භක්ෂකයෙකුට හෙළි කරයි. ඔවුන් නිස්කලංක වනාන්තරයකට විසිර ගිය විට රොන් දරුණු ලෙස තුවාල ලබන අතර, ඔවුන්ට පයින්ම තැනින් තැනට යාම හැර වෙනත් විකල්පයක් ඉතිරි නොවේ.

ලොකට් එක විනාශ කිරීමට ඔවුන් දැරූ සියලු උත්සාහයන් අසාර්ථක වූ නමුත්, Gryffindor ගේ කඩුවට Horcruxes විනාශ කළ හැකි බව හර්මියෝන් නිගමනය කරයි, මන්ද එය බැසිලිස්ක් විෂ වලින් පිරී ඇත. ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රගතිය නොමැතිකම නිසා රොන් වඩ වඩාත් කලකිරීමට පත් වන අතර හැරී සහ හර්මියෝන් කෙරෙහි ඊර්ෂ්‍යාව ඇති කරයි. ඔහු එක් රාත්‍රියක හැරී සමඟ වාද කිරීමෙන් පසු අතුරුදහන් වන අතර, හර්මියෝනිව කලකිරීමට පත් කරයි.

දිනක්, හැරී ස්නිච්ව ඔහුගේ තොල්වලට ස්පර්ශ කරමින්, "I open at the close" යන පණිවිඩය හෙළි කරයි. Harmione Beedle the Bard හි අමුතු සලකුණක් සොයා ගනී, හැරීට Bill ගේ විවාහ මංගල්‍යයේදී ලූනා ලව්ගුඩ්ගේ පියා, Xenophilius ඔහුගේ ගෙලෙහි දම්වැලක පැළඳ සිටින බව මතකයි .

ඔවුන් කඩුව සෙවීම සඳහා ගොඩ්රික්ගේ හොලෝ වෙත ගමන් කරන අතර ඉතිහාසඥ බතිල්ඩා බැග්ෂොට් වෙත ළඟා වේ. ඇය සතුව කඩුව ඇතැයි සිතමින්, ඔවුන් ඇය පසුපස ඇගේ නිවසට යන අතර එහිදී හැරී දකිනුයේ ඔහු සිහිනයකින් දුටු මිනිසෙක් යෂ්ටියක් සාදන්නෙකු වන ග්‍රෙගෝරොවිච්ගෙන් යෂ්ටියක් සොරකම් කරන ආකාරයයි . Voldemort සර්පයා බවට Bathilda රූපජනනය Nagini හා ප්රහාර හැරී ඔවුන් ආරක්ෂාව disapparate පෙර.

Harmione විසින් Harry විසින් දුටු පුද්ගලයා Gellert Grindelwald ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී . එදින රාත්‍රියේ, ඩෝ අනුග්‍රාහකයෙකු හැරීව කඩුව ඇති පොකුණකට ගෙන යයි. ඔහු සීතල වතුරේ කිමිදෙනවා, නමුත් ඔහුගේ ගෙල වටා ඇති ලොකට්ටුව ඔහුව ගිල්වීමට උත්සාහ කරයි. රොන් පෙනී, කඩුව ලබාගෙන, හැරී බේරා ගනී. ඔවුන් අවසානයේ Horcrux ලොකට් එක විනාශ කරන අතර Ron පැහැදිලි කරන්නේ Deluminator ඔහුව ඔවුන්ගේ ස්ථානයට ගෙන ගිය බවයි.

තිදෙනා සෙනොෆිලියස් වෙත පැමිණ ඔහුගේ දම්වැලෙහි ඇති සංකේතයේ තේරුම ඉගෙන ගනී. ඔහු එය නියෝජනය පවසයි Deathy හැලෝස් ය: සහෝදරයන් තිදෙනෙකු එක් එක් මරණ බහින්බස්වීමක් සඳහා නොබෙල් ත්යාගය ලබා කළ ආකාරය පිළිබඳ කතාව කියවීමට හමායනි ප්රමුඛ පෙළේ, වැඩිහිටි අඳී , එම මළවුන් කෙරෙන් නැගිටුවීම ගල් , සහ Invisibility මඟක් . මේ තුනම හිමිකර ගැනීමෙන් කෙනෙකු මරණයේ ස්වාමියා බවට පත් වේ. ඔවුන් පිටත්ව යාමට පෙර, පැහැරගත් ලූනා වෙනුවෙන් හැරී හුවමාරු කර ගැනීමේ අපේක්ෂාවෙන් සෙනෝෆිලියස් ඩෙත් ඊටර්ස් කැඳවයි.

ඔවුන් පලා ගියත්, ස්නැචර්ස් විසින් අල්ලා ගනු ලැබේ. වයෝවෘද්ධ ග්‍රින්ඩෙල්වෝල්ඩ් වොල්ඩමෝර්ට්ට කියනවා, වැඩිහිටි යෂ්ටිය ඩම්බල්ඩෝර් සමඟ වළලනු ලැබූ බව හැරී දකී. දී Malfoy මැනර් , Bellatrix Lestrange Gryffindor කඩුව සමග ගෙනැවිත් දුටු දොස් කියන බවට පත් වෙයි. ඇය හැරී සහ රොන් බඳුනක් යට වත් කොටු කර ඇති අතර, එහිදී ඔවුන් ලූනා සහ ඔලිවැන්ඩර් සොයා ගන්නා අතර, හර්මියෝන් සහ ග්‍රිෆූක් ගොබ්ලින්ට කඩුව ලැබුණු ආකාරය පැහැදිලි කිරීමට වධ හිංසා කරයි. හැරී තමා කලින් ඩම්බල්ඩෝව දැක ඇතැයි සිතන වීදුරු කැබැල්ලක් භාවිතා කරමින් උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටින අතර ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන් ඩොබී පෙනී සිටියි. ඩොබී මැල්ෆෝයිස් සහ බෙලාට්‍රික්ස් ගෙන් සියල්ලන් බේරා ගැනීමට උදව් කරන අතර හැරී ඩ්‍රැකෝ මැල්ෆෝයිගෙන් යෂ්ටියක් ලබා ගනී, නමුත් ඔවුන් සියල්ලන්ම විසුරුවා හරින ආකාරයටම, බෙලාට්‍රික්ස් ඩොබීව මරා දමයි. ඩම්බල්ඩෝර්ගේ සොහොනෙන් වොල්ඩමෝට් වැඩිහිටි යෂ්ටිය ගොඩ ගන්නා බැවින් ඔවුන් ඔහුව මුහුදුබඩ ගෘහයක් අසල වළදමා ඇත.

ඉන්පසු හැරී විසින් මෙතෙක් කළ් මායා ලොවට බලවත් හිසරදය වූ වොල්ඩර්මෝට් මරාදැමීම සඳහා සිය සටන ආරම්භ කළේය. එය ලෙස හඳුන්වයි

හැරී පොටර් සහ මාරක උපාකරණ