En kanonport er en åbning i skibssiden på et krigsskib, hvorigennem mundingen på en kanon kan føres frem, inden der skydes. Kanonporte fandtes på de træskibe, der førte kanoner, herunder krigsskibene. Kanonporten kan, undtagen evt. på øverste batteridæk, lukkes med en eller to klapper, der kan hales op med reb eller kæder. Derved undgår man, at havvand i hårdt vejr skyller ind over dækket.

Kanonporte gjorde det muligt for et sejlskib at føre kraftigere og tungere kanoner i forhold til skibe, der kun havde kanoner monteret i gafler på rælingen eller på for- og agterkastellet, idet kanonerne kan anbringes lavere og dermed påvirker skibets stabilitet i mindre grad.

Ved kraftig sidevind, hvor skibet krænger meget, kunne kanonportene på det nederste batteridæk i læ side ikke altid benyttes uden fare for, at dækket blev oversvømmet, og skibet forliste.

Nogle sejlskibe havde falske kanonporte, der blot var malet på, for om muligt at holde sørøvere på afstand.

Skibsterminologi

Kanonport


Nicéforo I Comneno Ducas (,  1240- 1297), fue el gobernante de Epiro desde 1267 o 1268 hasta 1297.

Biografía

Nicéforo fue el hijo mayor de Miguel II Comneno Ducas y Teodora Petralifas. Hacia 1249, en Pege, se comprometió con María, nieta del emperador de Nicea Juan III Ducas Vatatzés, quien le confirió la dignidad de déspota. El matrimonio tuvo lugar en Tesalónica en octubre de 1256, pero María murió en 1258.

En los siguientes años Nicéforo participó en la lucha de su padre contra el emperador Miguel VIII Paleólogo y junto con su padre se retiró antes de la batalla de Pelagonia. Después los nicenos invadieron la mayor parte de Epiro en 1259, Nicéforo fue a la península itálica, donde recibió refuerzos de su cuñado el rey Manfredo de Sicilia. Con este apoyo Nicéforo ayudó a su padre a reconquistar Epiro, pero en 1264 sufrieron una nueva derrota, y se vieron obligados a llegar a un acuerdo con Miguel VIII. Como parte del acuerdo de paz, Nicéforo se casó con Ana Paleólogo Cantacuceno, una sobrina de Miguel VIII.

En 1267/1268 Nicéforo I sucedió a su padre como gobernante de Epiro y tuvo que hacer frente a Carlos de Anjou, que había eliminado a Manfredo y seguido sus pasos mediante la captura Dirraquio en 1272. Cuando los bizantinos interfirieron en los intereses de Nicéforo en su campaña de represalia contra Carlos en 1274, Nicéforo abrió negociaciones con Carlos y firmó una alianza con él en 1276. La coalición de Carlos de Anjou, Nicéforo, y el medio hermano de Nicéforo Juan I Ducas de Tesalia obtuvieron varias ciudades, incluyendo Butrinto en 1278. Irónicamente, mientras se aliaban con un monarca católico, Nicéforo y Juan actuaron como defensores de la facción anti-unionista de Bizancio, los cuales se refugiaban de las persecuciones de Miguel VIII. En 1279 Nicéforo mismo se reconoció vasallo de Carlos y entregó Butrinto a su señor. Con la derrota de Carlos, poco después, Nicéforo perdió sus posesiones en Albania ante los bizantinos. La coalición recibió un duro golpe con el brote de las vísperas sicilianas en 1282, que fueron fomentados en parte por la diplomacia de Miguel VIII y distrajeron a Carlos en el oeste, donde perdió Sicilia y sólo conservó el Reino de Nápoles.

Después de la restauración de la ortodoxia bajo Andrónico II Paleólogo en 1282, Nicéforo renovó la alianza con el Imperio bizantino a través de su esposa Ana, quien viajó a Constantinopla para arreglar el tratado. En efecto Nicéforo se convirtió en una herramienta dispuesta en las manos de su esposa Ana, que sirvió a los intereses de la corte bizantina. En 1284 atrajo a Miguel, el hijo de Juan Ducas de Tesalia, a Epiro con la promesa de una alianza dinástica, y lo hizo arrestar y enviar a Constantinopla. Esto llamó a Nicéforo en una guerra contra su medio hermano, que asoló los alrededores de Arta, en represalia en 1285. Ana se embarcó en un ambicioso proyecto de unir las casas de Epiro y Constantinopla casando a su hija Tamar con Miguel IX Paleólogo, hijo de Andrónico II y coemperador. Aunque este proyecto fracasó, en 1290 su pequeño hijo Tomás le fue conferido la dignidad de déspota por el emperador.

La aristocracia anti-bizantina ahora persuadía a Nicéforo a entablar negociaciones con el rey Carlos II de Anjou en 1291, lo que provocó una invasión bizantina. Esto selló la alianza con Nápoles, y la intervención de Carlos II por medio de sus vasallos el conde Ricardo I Orsini de Cefalonia y el príncipe de Acaya, Florencio ayudó a contener el avance bizantino. Nicéforo ahora casó a su hija María con Juan Orsini, el heredero de Cefalonia, y su otra hija Tamar con el hijo de Carlos II, Felipe de Anjou. A Tamar se le dio el derecho a heredar Epiro en lugar de su hermano, y Carlos II prometió que se les permitiría permanecer en la fe ortodoxa. La boda tuvo lugar en 1294 y contó con la transferencia de varias fortalezas costeras a Felipe como dote de Tamar. Felipe recibió simultáneamente los derechos de su padre y reclamaciones en Grecia.

La inevitable tensión entre los terratenientes locales griegos y sus señores angevinos crearon una oportunidad para que el sobrino de Nicéforo, Constantino Ducas de Tesalia, interviniera y se apoderase de la mayoría de las fortalezas que habían sido entregados a Felipe. Eventualmente, la mayoría de estos fueron recuperados por los angevinos y la paz fue restaurada en 1296. Nicéforo murió poco después de la conclusión de la paz, entre septiembre de 1296 y julio de 1298. Su viuda Ana aseguraba la sucesión de su hijo menor de edad Tomás.

Matrimonio y descendencia
De su primera esposa, Nicéforo tuvo una hija, María. Se casó con el futuro conde Juan I Orsini de Cefalonia y Zacinto en 1294; sus hijos Nicolás Orsini y Juan II Orsini devinieron en déspotas en Epiro.

Con su segunda esposa Ana, la sobrina del emperador bizantino Miguel VIII Paleólogo, tuvo tres hijos:

 Tamar, que se casó con Felipe I de Tarento, hijo del rey Carlos II de Anjou.
 Miguel, que fue rehén en Glarentza entre 1279 y 1281. Se sopesa que falleció antes que su padre.
 Tomás, que sucedió a su padre como déspota de Epiro.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Déspotas de Epiro
Dinastía Comneno Ducas
Bizantinos del siglo XIII
Monarcas ortodoxos

Nicéforo I Comneno Ducas


In Carnatic music, the Akshipthika is the first part or the introductory part of the alapana. It gives an idea about the raga (musical mode) in which the song is going to be sung. It is followed by the ragavardhini.
Akshipthika is the introduction  to the raagam. It usually starts on a low note in the scale but then again the artist is permitted to start wherever they want on the scale and at whatever tempo they want. We must remember that the idea raagam alapana is to allow the musician to creatively express themselves and the raagam without sticking to a particular scaffold as they must in a song. Thus, there is no particular order or manner in which it must be performed.

Carnatic music terminology

Akshipthika


Marie-Christine Barrault (født 21. marts 1944) er en fransk teater-, tv- og filmskuespiller. Hun er bedst kendt for sin præstation i Fætter og kusine fra 1975, for hvilken hun blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle. I 2010 udgav hun sin selvbiografi med titlen This Long Way To Get To You.

Opvækst
Marie-Christine Barrault blev født i Paris, Frankrig, datter af fransk-katolske forældre Martha (født Valmier) og Max-Henri Barrault. Hendes forældre skiltes og hendes far, der arbejdede i teatret, døde, mens hun var teenager. Hendes mor var ude af stand til at passe på sine børn. Hun har en bror, Alain, og hun blev opdraget af sin bedstemor, Felicite. Hendes mor blev igen gift og fik flere børn. Hun blev vejledt i at skuespille med sin tante og onkel, de franske kunstnere Jean-Louis Barrault og Madeleine Renaud, selv om de i første omgang ikke støttede hendes drømme om at blive skuespiller. Hun optrådte i skuespil på gymnasiet og derefter indskrevet i en skuespilleskole. Hun er en brystkræft overlever.

Karriere
Barrault fik sin start på tv i L'oeuvre (1967). Hun fik sin spillefilmdebut i 1969 i Éric Rohmers Min nat hos Maud. I 1970 spillede Barrault  sammen med Pierre Richard i komediefilmen Distracted. I 1975 medvirkede Barrault i Fætter og kusine, som hun modtog en Oscar-nominering for bedste kvindelige hovedrolle for. Hun arbejdede med Rohmer igen i 1978, i rollen som Guinevere i Perceval le Gallois, og hun har også en cameo i hans film Kærlighed om eftermiddagen.

Barrault er ikke flydende på engelsk og har derfor generelt afvist tilbud i at optræde i engelsksprogede film. Imidlertid accepterede hun i 1980 et tilbud fra Woody Allen til i at optræde i sin film, Stardust Memories. I 1988 blev hun nomineret til en Genie Award for sin præstation i No Blame. I 1991 skildrede hun Marie Curie i en tv-mini-serie. I sin senere karriere har hun foretrukket at optræde på scenen i Frankrig. I 2015 kom hun til Los Angeles på turné for at optræde i skuespillet Les Yeux Ouverts, hvor hun skildrer den franske forfatter Marguerite Yourcenar.

Privatliv
Barraults første mand var producent Daniel Toscan du Plantier, som hun giftede sig i 1965, med hvem hun havde to børn, David og Ariane. Hun var gift med instruktøren Roger Vadim fra 1990 til han døde af kræft i 2000.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Frankrig
Personer fra Paris
Franskmænd i 1900-tallet
Franskmænd i 2000-tallet
Modtagere af Æreslegionen
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Marie-Christine Barrault


Giesensdorf er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Lauenburgische Seen under Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Giesensdorf ligger ca. 4 kilometer sydvest for Ratzeburg og godt 6 kilometer nord for Mölln.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Giesensdorf


Ryoma Hashiuchi (født 22. april 1989) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder FC Gifu.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryoma Hashiuchi


Cavernães Portekiz'de Viseu belediyesine bağlı olan, 14,13 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 1.471 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Viseu

Cavernães


Blómatoppur (fræðiheiti Lonicera x amoena) er blendingur af geitblaðsætt á milli tegundanna hirðingjatopps (L. korolkowii) og rauðtopps (L. tatarica).

Hann hefur lítið eitt verið reyndur á Íslandi.

Heimild

Geitblaðsætt

Blómatoppur


Fallout 3 es un videojuego RPG de acción desarrollado por Bethesda Game Studios y publicado por Bethesda Softworks, y es el tercer mayor de la serie Fallout. El juego fue lanzado en Norteamérica el 28 de octubre de 2008, en Europa, Australasia y Rusia el 30 de octubre, y en Japón el 4 de diciembre, para PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 y Games for Windows.

Fallout 3 tiene 5 expansiones. Cada expansión contiene nuevas misiones, nuevos lugares para recorrer, y nuevos objetos que el jugador podrá usar, al igual que nuevo armamento y armaduras. Todd Howard de Bethesda, confirmó durante la E3 2008 que el contenido descargable estaría disponible para las versiones de Fallout 3 en Xbox 360 y Windows. De las 5 expansiones, Broken Steel tiene mayor impacto en el juego, alterando el final, incrementando el nivel máximo del personaje hasta 30, y permitiendo continuar el juego después de acabar la historia principal. La edición Game of the year o "Juego del Año" tiene incluidas las 5 expansiones en un disco aparte dentro del mismo estuche.

Desarrollo

El contenido descargable era originalmente exclusivo para Xbox 360 y Games for Windows. A pesar de que Bethesda no había ofrecido una explicación oficial de por qué el contenido no fue lanzado para PlayStation 3, el análista Colin Sebastian de Lazard Capital Markets, especuló que pudo haber sido el resultado de un acuerdo de dinero con Bethesda y el competidor de Sony, Microsoft. Cuando se le preguntó a Todd Howard si la versión de PlayStation 3 recibiría una actualización que permitiera seguir jugando más allá de finalizar la historia principal, él contestó; "Not at this time, no" "No en este momento, no". Sin embargo, en mayo de 2009, Bethesda anunció que las existentes expansiones (Operation: Anchorage, The Pitt y Broken Steel) estarían disponibles para PlayStation 3; las 2 siguientes (Point Lookout y Mothership Zeta) fueron lanzadas para todas las plataformas.

Ambientación

Las 5 expansiones de Fallout 3 usan el mismo motor gráfico Gamebryo. Los enemigos presentes en el juego original aparecen nuevamente pero en menor cantidad y frecuencia, dando lugar a los nuevos enemigos exclusivos en las expansiones, a excepción de Mothership Zeta. Al igual que en el juego original, los enemigos tienen la explicación de su apariencia y características, por ejemplo; los Trogs presentes en The Pitt son consecuencia del trabajo forzado en fábricas con altos niveles de radiación. Cada expansión cuenta con una ambientación e historia distinta, permitiendo al jugador conocer nuevas áreas y zonas sin recordar a Capital Wasteland; en una de las expansiones el jugador tendrá la oportunidad de viajar al espacio exterior.

Windows Live
Uno de los problemas para jugar las expansiones de Fallout 3 en la versión de PC es la obligada conexión a Internet (a excepción de la versión Game of the Year), al no haber un parche que arregle esto, es necesario hacer lo siguiente:

Importante: Antes de seguir los pasos, ajusta la función de búsqueda de Windows para buscar "Hidden folders/Carpetas ocultas". De lo contrario, no será capaz de encontrar las carpetas que necesitarás. Una alternativa más segura es abrir la aplicación "Run/Ejecutar" y copiar y pegar los enlaces de abajo para ir directamente a las carpetas.

Mientras que Games for Windows requiere una conexión a Internet o estar en línea para poder jugar las expansiones, se puede encontrar los archivos de las expansiones (el principal .bsa, el sonido .bsa, y un .esm) en la siguiente carpeta:
 %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data\Microsoft\Xlive\DLC (Windows XP)
 %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\XLive\DLC (Windows Vista & Windows 7)

Si se mueven hacia la carpeta Fallout 3\Data, se podrá jugar con las expansiones sin tener que activar Games for Windows Live.
Recordar cargar a través del Launcher/Lanzador de Fallout 3 y luego dar clic en "Data Files/Archivos de Datos" y seleccionar la casilla junto a los nombres de las expansiones antes de ejecutar el juego. Esta no es una solución oficial.

Operation: Anchorage

Argumento
Los Proscritos de la hermandad están intentando hacerse con tecnología militar avanzada y el único modo de abrir el refugio que contiene estas reliquias es completando una simulación táctica en la que solamente tú puedes entrar. En Operación: Anchorage volverás a vivir la épica Batalla de Anchorage del mundo de Fallout. Consigue entrar en la simulación, sin recursos y sobrevive cumpliendo las reglas de los creadores de la simulación. El ejército rojo chino está por todas partes, protege las montañas de los alrededores y ábrete paso hasta la base china.

Recepción

The Pitt

Argumento
The Pitt comienza con un mensaje de radio desesperado y un encuentro con su emisor, un esclavo fugitivo llamado Wernher. Wernher afirma que el líder de "The Pitt" ha creado una cura para las mutaciones… y necesita que entres y te hagas con ella. A partir de ahí, el jugador puede proceder de diversas maneras, al más puro estilo Fallout 3. ¿Te abres camino luchando o te disfrazas de esclavo? ¿Te alías con los esclavos o te sumas a sus caciques saqueadores?  The Pitt es moralmente ambiguo, nada es correcto o incorrecto, simplemente se deben tomar decisiones, elegir un bando y existe un misterio que puede conmocionar al Yermo por completo.

Recepción

Broken Steel

Argumento
Puede que gracias a ti el Enclave sufriera un buen revés con el Proyecto Pureza, pero sus tropas siguen ahí fuera y son una grave amenaza para el pueblo y la seguridad de Yermo Capital. En Broken Steel, tu personaje dejará atrás lo sucedido con el Proyecto Pureza y trabajará codo con codo con la Hermandad del Acero para erradicar al Enclave de una vez por todas. Viajarás a nuevos escenarios, como la Central Olney; manejarás nuevas armas, como el cañón Tesla y te enfrentarás a poderosas criaturas, como el Cacique Supermutante.

Recepción

Point Lookout

Argumento
Compra tu pasaje, sube a bordo del Duque Gambito y deja que Tobar el Barquero te conduzca hasta Point Lookout, una intrigante ciudad costera. ¿Qué secretos encierra el destartalado parque de atracciones? ¿Quién vive en la enorme mansión? ¿Por qué son tan importantes las pungas? ¿Qué horrores esconde el oscuro pantano?

Point Lookout es la entrega para descarga más abierta de la saga; para que puedas explorar esta insólita ciénaga a tus anchas. Una línea de acción totalmente nueva que te invita a descubrir los secretos de la ciudad y a empuñar novedosas armas, como la escopeta de doble cañón, contra los peligrosos habitantes del pantano.

Recepción

Mothership Zeta

Argumento
Por todo Yermo Capital se recibe una extraña señal alienígena procedente de un ovni accidentado. ¿Se trata de una llamada de socorro... o acaso esconde algo más siniestro? Darás con la respuesta cuando seas abducido a bordo de una enorme nave alienígena. Solo hay una alternativa: lucha para llegar hasta el puente y asegurar tu huida.

Recepción

Game of the Year
La edición Juego del Año de Fallout 3 incluye el juego original además de las cinco expansiones del juego:

Operation: Anchorage,
The Pitt,
Broken Steel,
Point Lookout y
Mothership Zeta.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página oficial de Fallout 3

Expansiones de videojuegos
Videojuegos para Xbox 360
Videojuegos para PlayStation 3
Videojuegos para Windows

Expansiones de Fallout 3


Claude Horstmann (* 1960 in Minden) ist eine deutsche Bildhauerin und Performance-Künstlerin.

Leben
Horstmann studierte Kunstwissenschaft an der Universität Osnabrück sowie Bildhauerei an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart, u. a. bei Inge Mahn und Joseph Kosuth. Horstmann lebt in Stuttgart und Marseille. Neben ihrer künstlerischen Arbeit hatte sie immer wieder Lehraufträge (u. a. FH Pforzheim 1995–97; Akademie der bildenden Künste Stuttgart 1998; Merz Akademie Stuttgart 2012). Im Jahr 1997 war Horstmann Trägerin des Sybille-Assmus-Preises.

Einzelausstellungen und Aktionen (Auswahl)
 2021 STAY GOLD + guests, Laura Mars Gallery, Berlin
 2021 MAGMOZONIER, performative Lesung, Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart (mit Kathrin Kaps)
 2019 Ein Hungerkünstler, Performance zu einem Text von Kafka, Goethe-Institut Lyon (mit Stéphane Le Mercier)
 2018–19 DESSINATION, Goethe-Institut Lyon
 2018 ce qui est traversé et traverse, Lecture-Performance, LE18, Marrakech
 2017 LES INVITÉS, centre international de poésie (cipM), Marseille
 2016 a r e a, Laura Mars Gallery, Berlin
 2015 my translators transformers, Galerie im Kornhaus, Kirchheim/Teck
 2015 MARSEILLE WORKS, Galerie Gudrun Fuckner, Ludwigsburg
 2013 the darker, Laura Mars Gallery, Berlin
 2012 NSCH, T66 kulturwerk, Freiburg (mit Nicolas Schneider)
 2011 Le Cube, École supérieure des arts décoratifs de Strasbourg
 2010 PERMANENT SIGNAL, Laura Mars Gallery, Berlin
 2010 du sagst dein haus ist fast leer, Schauraum, Nürtingen (Performance mit Kurt Laurenz Theinert)
 2008 124HOURROOM, Galerie du Tableau, Marseille
 2008 NORMALNULL, Tresor-Raum für flüchtige Kunst, Stuttgart, Performance
 2008 NN (noch zu nennen), Turm Hauptbahnhof Stuttgart, Performance
 2007 Fortune Drawings, Kunsthalle Göppingen C1
 2007 Galerie OÙ, Marseille, mit Emmanuelle Germain
 2007 On drawing on, art3, Valence (K)
 2005 L'Habité, Le SEPA/Bon Accueil, Rennes
 2005 rest, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Performance
 2004 Zeichenzone, Galerie am Pfleghof, Tübingen
 2003 X-olation room, Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart (mit Stéphane Le Mercier), Publikation
 2002 mode mineur, Tohu Bohu, Marseille, mit Carlo Schiuma
 2001 Institut francais, Stuttgart
 2000 called to be – to be called, Galerie der Stadt Stuttgart (Performance mit Stéphane Le Mercier)
 2000 Landschaft ist nicht die Lösung, http://www.domnick.de/seiten/va_2000_horstmann.html Stiftung Domnick, Nürtingen (K)
 1999 Galerie Tilly Haderek, Stuttgart
 1998 Hundert Räume, Heidelberger Kunstverein (K)
 1998 I was a secret person, Galerie Tilly Haderek, Stuttgart
 1996 kannst du mal die Skulptur nach Norden halten, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart (Performance mit Andreas Schmid) (K)
 1994 arbeiten. Arbeiten, Galerie Tilly Haderek, Stuttgart

Gruppenausstellungen (Auswahl)
 2022–23 WHAT THE FLAG?!, Leopold-Hösch-Museum und Very Contemporary Network Euregio Maas-Rhein
 2022–23 Jahresgaben,  Leopold-Hösch-Museum, Düren
 2022 multiple x multiple, Galerie Michel Journiac, École des Arts de la Sorbonne, Paris
 2022 FRAGMENT FRAGMENT, Gedok Stuttgart
 2021 MATIÈRES PRÉCIEUSES, Arts contemporains & Anthropocène, Cité du design, Saint-Étienne (kuratiert von Stéphane Le Mercier)
 2021 Jubilee Jubilee, 20 Jahre Laura Mars Gallery, Berlin
 2021 PROGNOSE, Plakatausstellung, Mitgliederausstellung, Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart
 2021 CONNECTING CULTURES, Kunstverein Neuhausen a.d.F.
 2021 STILL ALIVE, Mitgliederausstellung, Deutscher Künstlerbund, Berlin
 2021 All of them have a promise, Billboards, Greylight Projects, Heerlen, NL
 2020 SCHWARZMARKT, Kunstverein Neuhausen a.d.F.
 2020 taufrisch #6, Gedok, Stuttgart
 2019 ARRIVAL CITIES, La Friche Belle de Mai, Goethe-Institut Marseille
 2019 OWL 5 Spurensuche, Marta Herford
 2011 Laura Mars Grp. 2001–2011, Laura Mars Gallery, Berlin
 2010 Antigrav, Parrotta Contemporary Art, Stuttgart
 2009 Polyglottolalia, Tensta Konsthall, Stockholm (K)
 2009 Anonyme Zeichner, Kunstraum Kreuzberg / Bethanien, Berlin
 2009 Minimale, Alpineum, Produzentengalerie, Luzern, CH
 2008 Re-Cherche, Akademie der Bildenden Künste, Stuttgart (K)
 2005 XVe Bourse d'Art Monumental, Galerie Fernand Léger, Centre d'Art d'Ivry-sur-Seine (K)
 2004 Passage, Goethe-Institut, Istanbul
 2003 Natures apprivoisées, Galerie des Grands Bains Douches, Marseille
 2002 Retour de Paris, Akademie Schloss Solitude, Stuttgart (K)
 2000 Die Arbeiten gehen weiter, Galerie der Stadt Backnang
 1996 Gullivers Reisen, Württembergischer Kunstverein Stuttgart

Sammlungen
 Artothèque de la Ville de Strasbourg
 Daimler Kunst Sammlung
 Deutsche Bank
 Kunsthalle Göppingen
 Kunstmuseum Stuttgart
 Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
 Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus
 Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, Graphische Sammlung
 Stadtbibliothek Stuttgart, Graphothek

Literatur
 Horstmann, Claude: Fortune drawings Drawing fortunes, Art 3, Valence 2007, ISBN 2-912342-29-5
 Hans Gercke, Ralf Christofori, Heidelberger Kunstverein: Claude Horstmann – Hundert Räume. Heidelberger Kunstverein 1999, ISBN 3-926905-48-4
 Horstmann, Claude und Schmid, Andreas, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart: kannst du mal die Skulptur nach Norden halten. Ein Projekt von Claude Horstmann und Andreas Schmid, Künstlerbuch 1996

Weblinks

 website claude horstmann

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Deutschland)
Performancekünstler (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1960
Frau

Claude Horstmann


Das Institut national des études territoriales (INET) "Nationale Institut für Territorialstudien" ist eine in Straßburg ansässige Grande école, die für die die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Führungskräften größerer Gebietskörperschaften (Städte mit über 40.000 Einwohnern, Gemeindeverbände, Départements oder Regionen) zuständig ist.

Sie wurde 1990 unter dem Namen Institut d'études supérieures de la fonction publique territoriale gegründet und ist an das Centre national de la fonction publique territoriale (CNFPT) "Nationales Zentrum für den öffentlichen Dienst der Gebietskörperschaften" angeschlossen.

Bekannte Absolventen
 Brice Hortefeux, französischer Minister
 Marie-Luce Penchard, französische Ministerin
 Jean-Jacques Hyest, französischer Senator
 Jean-Christophe Parisot, Politikwissenschaftler
 Bernard Roman, Abgeordneter der Nationalversammlung

Weblinks
 Das nationale Institut für Territorialstudien (INET) (PDF; 592 kB)
 Institut national des études territoriales (französisch)

Nationale Dadministration
Verwaltungshochschule
Hochschule in Straßburg
Gegründet 1990


المشتبه فيلم إثارة مصري من إنتاج 2009 وبطولة عمرو واكد، بشرى وباسم سمرة.

قصة الفيلم
تدور أحداثه في إطار ملئ بالإثارة والتشويق حول قاتل غامض يقتل رجل أعمال في حادث سيارة، فتبدأ الشرطة التحقيق في الحادث فتكتشف شخصاً غامضاً يحاول تهديد أم (بشرى) وابنتها، وتصبح الأشخاص في موضع شك واشتباه ليكتشف القاتل في النهاية.

الفيلم يعد التجربة الإخراجية الأولى لمدير الإنتاج محمد حمدي وأول فيلم من نوعية الإثارة للنجمة بشرى، أيضاً ظهر النجم عمرو واكد بشخصيتين (توأم) هما مجدي رجل الأعمال القتيل ومعتز بالشرطة.

الممثلون
 عمرو واكد
 بشرى
 باسم سمرة
 أحمد راتب
 سوسن بدر
 فريد النقراشي
 أحمد فهمي
 أشرف فاروق

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أحمد راتب
أفلام بشرى
أفلام عمرو واكد
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2009
أفلام سوسن بدر

المشتبه (فيلم)


Klara Svensson (født 15. oktober 1987 i Höllviken (syd for Malmö) i Sverige) er en svensk professionel bokser. Hun har været WBC Interim Weltervægtsmester siden september 2016.
Hun har to medaljer i EM og 3 medaljer i VM i amatørboksning.

Svensson bokser for Sauerland Promotion og trænes af den tidligere professionelle bokser Joey Gamache fra USA. Hun havde sin debutkamp den 11. juni 2011, hvor hun vandt en 4-omganes enstemmig afgørelse over Andrea Rotaru, der også debuterede.

Den 24. februar 2017 skal hun møde norske Cecilia Brækhus til kamp i The Nordic Rumble i Oslo Spektrum.

Boksere fra Sverige

Klara Svensson


HWA AG je njemačka automobilistička momčad koju je osnovao Hans Werner Aufrecht 1999. Momčad se trenutno natječe u FIA Formula 2 prvenstvu i FIA Formula 3 prvenstvu. U prošlosti se momčad natjecala u FIA Formula E prvenstvu i u Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters prvenstvu, u kojem je osvojila osam vozačkih i jedanaest momčadskih naslova.

Naslovi

Vozački

Momčadski

Vanjske poveznice
 hwaag.com.de - Official website

Automobilizam u Njemačkoj
Momčadi Formule 2
Momčadi Formule 3

HWA AG


Stanislav Pavlovschi (n. 24 ianuarie 1955, Florești, RSS Moldovenească, URSS) este un jurist și politician din Republica Moldova, unul dintre fondatorii Partidului Platforma Demnitate și Adevăr, participant activ în viața socială și politică din Republica Moldova, pledând pentru respectarea drepturilor omului și construirea statului de drept în Moldova.

Studii
Din anul 1962 până în anul 1972 a învățat la școala din Florești. În anul 1976 a fost înmatriculat la Institutul Juridic de la Harkov, Ucraina, actualmente Universitatea Națională de Drept a Ucrainei, pe care l-a absolvit cu merite în anul 1980.

Activitate profesională
În perioada 1980 - 1985 a fost încadrat în câmpul muncii în calitate de  anchetator și anchetator superior al procuraturii raionului Criuleni. Din 1985 - 2001 a lucrat anchetator pe cauzele excepționale, anchetator superior pe cauzele excepționale, șef adjunct al secției de anchetare a cauzelor excepționale și, ulterior, șef adjunct al Direcției Urmărire Penală a Procuraturii Generale.

În perioada 1996 - 2001 a activat în calitate de membru al Grupului Multidisciplinar Anti-corupție, instituit de către Consiliul Europei, unde a participat la elaborarea Convențiilor Civilă și Penală împotriva corupției.

În 2001 - 2008 a activat în calitate de Judecător la Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului.

După întoarcerea în țară, a activat în calitate de lector la Institutul de Relații Internaționale din Moldova (IRIM), fiind numit și membru al Consiliului pentru dezvoltarea strategică al acestei instituții.

Din 2008 este avocat la Uniunea Avocaților din Moldova. Activează în cadrul Biroului asociat de avocați "Corect", Chișinău, Republica Moldova. A participat în mai multe proiecte ale Uniunii Europene privind reformarea sectorului justiției în Macedonia, Georgia,  Azerbaijan etc.

Pe 08 iunie 2019 a fost numit ministrul al Justiției   în componența Guvernului Sandu, funcție din care a demisonat pe 23 iunie 2019. Stanislav Pavlovschi a menționat că "în perioada lucrului asupra Planului de Acțiuni în domeniul Justiției, eu am identificat mai multe incompatibilități de caracter personal, care, din păcate, potrivit Constituției Republicii Moldova fac imposibilă activitatea mea în calitate de Membru al Guvernului... Rămân atașat valorilor democratice, proeuropene, promovate de Platforma Demnitate și Adevăr și voi continua să le promovez în continuare în calitatea mea de vicepreședinte al Partidului Politic Platforma Demnitate și Adevăr".

Pe 16 septembrie 2019 Stanislav Pavlovschi a demisionat din funcția de vicepreședinte al Platformei Demnitate și Adevăr, retrăgându-se din activitate politică.

Onoruri
Deține titlul onorific "Om Emerit".

Note

Nașteri în 1955
Juriști moldoveni
Politicieni moldoveni
Oameni din Florești
Miniștri ai justiției ai Republicii Moldova

Stanislav Pavlovschi


Cotoneaster pannosus es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rosáceas. Es originaria de China pero ha sido introducido en otras partes del mundo, incluida Sudáfrica y  Australia como una planta ornamental.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza fácilmente más de 3 metros de altura. Está cubierto de hojas de color verde pálido de forma ovalada, con el envés blanco difuso y con las floraciones de flores blancas. Los frutos son de pomos de color rojo-naranja  que contienen dos semillas. Estos frutos son muy atractivos para las aves, que son el principal agente de dispersión de sus semillas.

Taxonomía
Cotoneaster pannosus fue descrita por Adrien René Franchet y publicado en Plantae Delavayanae 223–224, en el año 1890.
Variedades aceptadas
 Cotoneaster pannosus var. pannosus
 Cotoneaster pannosus var. robustior W.W. Sm.
Sinonimiavar. pannosus
 Cotoneaster vernae C.K. Schneid.
var. robustior W.W.Sm.
 Cotoneaster robustior (W.W. Sm.) Flinck & Hylmö

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Jepson Manual Treatment
 USDA Plants Profile
 Photo gallery

pannosus
Flora de China
Plantas descritas en 1890
Plantas descritas por Franchet

Cotoneaster pannosus


තේච්චිතොට යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ වර්තමානයේ වාද්දුව පොතුපිටිය දුම්‍රිය නැවතුම්පොළ නොම්මර 1 ස්ථානයට සමීපයේ පැවතියා වූ ඉපැරණි වරායකි. එම වරායේ ඉතිහාසය ප්‍රතිගාල් යුගයටත් එපිටට දිවයයි. ප්‍රතිගාල් දේශාටන වාර්තාවක සඳහන් වන්නේ මෙම තොට සමීපයේ ප්‍රතිගාලුන් පැමිණෙන විටත් එදිරිමුණි නම් හේවායෙකු බලවත් බලයක්  ගොඩනගාගෙන සිටි බවය. නමුදු මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ සලාගම බලය ව්‍යාප්ත වීම සිදුවූවේ ප්‍රතිගාල් යුගයේදී බව ජනප්‍රවාදයේ සඳහන් වේ. ඉන් එපිට කාලයේ මෙම පළාතේ වාසය කළ පට්ටිකුල කතුන් පිළිබඳ කෝට්ටේ සහ ගම්පල යුග ද්විත්වයේම රචනා වූ සංදේශ කාව්‍ය වල සඳහන් වේ.ප්‍රතිගාල් යුගයේ දී සීතාවක ධර්ම බණ්ඩාර කුමරුගේ යකඩදෝලිය සහ ඔහු පුතු වෙත කළුතර කපිතාන් දොන් දොමින්ගෝ විසින් වස්කඩුව ත්‍යාග කරවන ලදී. මෙකී යකඩ දෝලියගේ පුතු හඳුන්වන ලද්දේ යකුන්දූවේ ධර්මසේන ලෙසින. එයට හේතු වූවේ මෙම කුමරු උපත ලබන ලද්දේ සීතාවකින් තම මව ලද නින්දගම වූ රයිගම යකුන්දූවේ උපන් නිසාවෙනි. යකුන්දූවේ සිටි සමයේ ධර්මසේන කුමරු ගේ මව වූ තම්මිට බිසෝ බණ්ඩාර දේවිය ප්‍රතිගාලුන් වෙතින් කළ ඉල්ලීමකට අනුව මෙම වස්කඩුව ප්‍රදේශය තිළිණ කළ බව වස්කඩුවේ ශ්‍රී සුභූති හිමියන්ගේ මතයයි. එදවස වස්කඩුව ලෙසින් ලද මෙම නින්දගම වෙත වර්තමාන ගම් වලින් කුඩාවස්කඩුව මහවස්කඩුව පොතුපිටිය පොහද්දරමුල්ල පනාපිටිය දෙල්දූව කොරොස්දූව ආදී ගම් ඇතුළු සුවිසාල ප්‍රදේශයක් අයත් විය. මෙම නින්දගම භුක්ති විදිමින් ප්‍රතිගාල් සෙවනේ හැදී වැඩුණ ධර්මසේන කුමරු මුහුකුරාගිය සමයේ දී දේශානුරාගී හැඟීම් වර්ධනය වී තිබිණ. ප්‍රතිගාල් සහය ලබමින් හැදීවැඩුනට මොකද වැලිතර විසුවා වූ දොන් විජේසේකර නම් ප්‍රාදේශීය නායකයා සමඟ සමීප වී ප්‍රතිගාලුන් වෙත හොර රහසේ පහර දෙන ව්‍යායාමයක් පවත්වාගෙන යන ලද්දේය. විජේසේකර මුදලි පවා ප්‍රතිගාලුන් වෙත සමීප ව සිටිමින් විරුද්දවාදීන්ට සහය දුන් අයෙකු විය. ප්‍රතිගාලුන් ගේ ද සහයෙන් ධර්මසේන කුමරු විසින් තම නින්දගම වෙතට කුලී හමුදාපන්න හතක් ගෙන්වා ගන්නා ලද්දේ විජේසේකර මුදලි ගේ මෙහෙයවීමෙනි. ඔවුන් සලාගම වංශිකයන් විය. මෙම සලාගම වංශික හේවායන් සහ ඔවුනගේ පවුල් රැගත් නැව් වැලිතරින් සහ මහදම්පාගමින් පිටත්වී වස්කඩුව වෙත සේන්දු වන ලද්දේ මෙම තේච්චිතොට වරායටයි. මෙහි පැමිණි මෙම හේවා කණ්ඩායම් වස්කඩුවේ එක් එක් ප්‍රදේශ වල පවුල් ලෙසින් පදිංචි විය. ඒ අතරින් සලාගම කුලයේ මහ සලාගම උපකුලය ට අයත් වූ හේවාකාර උපවර්ගයේ පිරිස් බොහොමයක් පදිංචි වූවේ මහවස්කඩුවේය. හින්න සලාගම උපකුලයේ පිරිස් බොහොමයක් පොතුපිටිය පොහද්දරමුල්ල ලෙසින් වර්ථනාමයේ හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශ වල පදිංචි විය. කළුතොට හැරුණු කළ පානදුරේ දක්වා පැවති යේ තේච්චිතොට වරාය පමණි. ප්‍රතිගාලුන් විසින් මෙම තේච්චිතොට වගකීම ධර්මසේන කුමරු වෙත බාර කරන ලද අතර මහමුදලි තනතුරක් පිරිනමා ගෞරව සිදුකළේය. පසු කාලයේ සිදුවූ ගැටළුකාරී වාතාවරණ හමුවේ ධර්මසේන කුමරුවෙත සලාගම හේවායෙකු විසින්ම ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කළ බව සඳහන් වේ. වර්ෂඛණ්ඩරාෂ්ඨ්‍රයේ සඳහන් වන්නේ නම් ප්‍රතිගාලුන් විසින්ම කුමන්ත්‍රණය කරවා ධර්මසේන කුමරු ඝාතනය කළ බවය. කෙසේ නමුදු මෙම මිනීමැරුම සම්බන්දයෙන් වැරදිකරුවන් වූ හේවාකාර බොහෝ පිරිසක් තේච්චිතොට දීම ගිල්වා මරා දමන ලදී. ලන්දේසි ආගමනය දක්වාම මෙම වරාය ජනතාමතකයෙන් ඈත්ව පැවතියේ එම නිසාවෙනි. ධර්මසේන කුමරුවානන්ගේ මරණින් පසු ඔහුගේ එක් පුත්‍රයෙකු තම මිත්තනිය වූ තම්මිට පෙරුමාල් කුමරිය සමඟ පෙරදී තමා ලද නින්දගම වූ යකුන්දූව ග්‍රාමය වෙත පැමිණි පදිංචි විය. එයට හේතුවක් වූවේ විශ්වාසවන්ත කිසිවෙකු ඒ වන විට එම වස්කඩුවේ ඔවුනට නොසිටි නිසාවෙනි. යකුන්දූවේ ග්‍රාමයට පැමිණි ධර්මසේන කුමරුගේ පුතු එහි බලවත් බලයක් ගොඩනගා ගත් අතර කල්ගතව ඔහුව ප්‍රකට වූවේ යකුන්දූවේ ධර්මසේන හිටිරාළ නමින. (මෙම හිටිරාළගෙන්
ඇරඹි පරම්පරා යකුන්දූවේ හිටිරාළලාගේ සහ හිටිගේ දොන් ආදී වාසගම් වලින් රයිගම පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත වී සිටී.)හිටිරාළගේ වැඩිමහලු පුතු නැවත වස්කඩුවේ තම නින්දගම වෙත පැමිණ පදිංචි විය. ඔහුගේ නාමය වූවේ යකුන්දූවේ ධර්මසේන හිටිරාළලාගේ දොන් ජොවාන් පෙරේරා යි.ජොවාන් පෙරේරා ගේ පුතු වූ ගිමාර පෙරේරා විසින්   තුඩුගල පරපුර  (තෙන්නකෝන් රජ පරපුර)ට අයත් ලුසියානා පෙරුමාල් නම් කාන්තාව විවාහ කරගත් අතර ඇයගේ පියාගේ විදානෙ මුදලි තනතුර ගිමාර වෙත පැවරිණි. ලංදේසි ආණ්ඩුව විසින් ගිමාර වෙත මොල්ලිගොඩ ග්‍රාමයේ සිටදකුණු දෙසට ගම් සතක් සහ තේච්චිතොට ඇතුළුව වරායන්ගේ බලයද පවරා දෙන ලදී. වස්කඩුවේ සලාගම හේවාකාර උපවර්ගය තුලින්ම කුරුඳුකාර උපවර්ගයක් ද මේවන විට බිහිවෙමින් පැවතියේය. ලංදේසි විසින් ව්‍යාප්ත කළ කුරුඳු වගාවන්ට කුලීසේවා සැපයූ පිරිස් මෙසේ කුරුඳුකාරයින් ලෙසින් වස්කඩුව පුරාම ප්‍රචලිත විය. කුරුඳු වෙවෙළඳාම සඳහා ලංදේසි විසින් තේච්චිතොට කුඩා බලකොටුවක් ඩ ඉදිකළේය.බලකොටුව තුල විශාල මීනීවලක් පැවති බැවින් පසුකාළයේ මෙම ප්‍රදේශය වලපොල ලෙසින් හඳුන්වාතිබේ.කුරුඳු වෙළදාම තුල බදු අයකරන වගකීම ලන්දේසි විසින් පවරා දෙන ලද්දේද මෙකී ගිමාර පෙරේරා වෙතය. ගිමාර පෙරේරා විසින් පසු කාලයක මෙම වරාය බාර කටයුතු මොල්ලිගොඩ ප්‍රදේශයේ සුසෙව්හේවගේ ප්‍රැන්සිස්කු ප්‍රනාන්දු නම් පුද්ගලයා වෙත පවරාදී තිබෙන අතර සුසෙව්හේවගේ පරිවාර විසින් මෙම වරායේ බලය අත්පත් කරගන්නා ලද්දේ පසුවයි.ගිමාර පෙරේරා ගේ පුතු වූ දොන් පෙරිය සප්තපෙරුමාල් සහ සුසෙව්හේවගේ ප්‍රැන්සිස්කු ප්‍රනාන්දුගේ පුතු අතර තේච්චිතොට අධිකාරිය සම්බන්දයෙන් ශීතල යුද්ධයක් ඇතිවූ නමුදු පසුව මුදලි තානාන්තර ලද සප්තපෙරුමාල් වෙත නිතැතින්ම මෙහි වගකීම ලැබීය. සුසෙව්හේවගේ පරිවාර විසින් යළි මෙම වරායේ හිමිකාරීත්වය ලබා ගන්නා ලද්දේ ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ශ 1800ශත වර්ශය තුලදීය. ප්‍රැන්සිස්කු ප්‍රනාන්දු පසු කාලයේ ලංදේසි වරප්‍රසාද මැද තම පුතු වූ කොරනේලිස්ව රෙපරමාදු ආගමට හරවා ගරු නම්බු ලබා බෞතීස්ම කළේය. පසුව ඔහුහේ නාමය වූවේ දොන් කොරනේලිස් පිලිප් පෙරේරා අප්පුහාමි ය. පිලිප් ලංදේසි හමුදාවට බැඳී කපිතාන් මට්ටමක් දක්වා උසස් වීම් ලද අතර උඩරට වෙත සේනාවක් බාරව ගොස් උඩරට ගැටුමින් පැරදී පසුව උඩරට දීම සසුන් ගතව පනස්වස් ඉක්මවූ කළ යළි මොල්ලිගොඩ වෙත පැමිණියේය. සසුන්ගත වුවත් ගණින්නාන්සේ කෙනෙක් වූ ඔහුට පුතුන් දෙදෙනෙකු විය. ඒ අතර සුසෙව්හේවගේ දොන් හාමියෙල් ෆනැන්ඩස් පෙරේරා අප්පුහාමි නම් පුතු යළි මොල්ලිගොඩ ප්‍රදේශයේ විදානේ තනතුරට පත් විය (ලංදේසි විදානේ තනතුර නොව ඉංග්‍රීසින්ගේ පොලිස් විදානේ තනතුර). ඉංග්‍රීසින් විසින් වරාය බදු ගැනීම වෙන්දේසියේ විකිණූ අතර හාමියෙල් අප්පුහාමි රාළ විසින් එය බදුගන්නා ලද්දේය. ඔහු පෙරියසප්තපෙරුමාල් රාළගේ මිණිබිරියෙක් සමඟ විවාහ වූ අතර මේසමය වන විට පොතුපිටියේ ධර්මසේන පරිවාර ව්‍යාපාරික ක්ෂේත්‍රය ට අවතීර්ණව සිටි සමයක් විය. හාමියෙල් රාළහාමිගේ බිරිඳගේ සොයුරා වූ පොතුපිටියේ දොන් ඩේවිඩ් රාළහාමි පොල්ලෙලිවල් සියයක් කරවන ධනපතියෙක් විය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉන්දීය වෙළඳසමාගම සමඟ කොහු කඹ ව්‍යාපාර සිදුකළ ඔහුගේ කඹ සමීප බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත සියල්ලකම පාහේ ව්‍යාප්ත වී තිබුණේය.දෙමළ බසින් පවා එම කඹ හැඳින්වීමට නම් පට බැඳුනේය. ඒ කිත්තං රෝප් යන නාමයයි. ඉක්මනින් ම එය මෙම කඹ කර්මාන්තයේ ව්‍යාපාරික නාමය බවට ද පත්ව තිබුණේය.මෙම ධනවත් පවුලක කාන්තාවක් වූ හාමියෙල් අප්පුහාමි ගේ බිරිඳ එනම් දෝන මාරියා පෙරේරා(ධර්මසේන හිටිරාළලාගේ දෝන මාරියා පෙරේරා)ළමාතැනී  විසින් ප්‍රදේශයේ තවත් ධානපතීන්ගේද සහයෙන් වස්කඩුවේ උපසම්පදාව ගෙන එන ලද්දේ මෙම වරායෙනි. එසේම පොතුපිටියේ සහ වස්කඩුවේ 1850දශකය වන විට රේන්ද කර්මාන්තය හරහා දියුණුවට පත් පවුල් ගනනාවක් විය. පොතුපිටියේ ධානපති මීගමුවගේ විජේවර්ධන පවුල,වස්කඩුවේ ධානපතිනි වීරසිංහ සිට්ටි ද සිල්වා ළමාතැනීගේ පවුල ප්‍රධාන කරගත් ව්‍යාපාරික ප්‍රජාව තම ගමන් බිමන් සඳහා මෙන්ම ව්‍යාපාරික භාණ්ඩ ප්‍රවාහනය කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ලද්දේද මෙම වරායයි.ලන්දේසි සමයේ තේච්චිතොට සහ ලංදේසි කැප්පු ඇළ සම්බන්ධ කරමින් එකල ඇළමාර්ගයක් පැවත ඇති අතර පසු කාලයේ එය ගොඩවී විනාශ වීතිබේ. නාරිසංදේශ කාව්‍ය තුල මෙම ඇළමාර්ගය විවරණය කරමින් අගනා පද්‍ය ගණනාවක්ම දක්නට ලැබේ.1900 සියවසේ මුල් සමයේ දී මෙම ඇළ මාර්ගය සේම තේච්චිතොට වරායද ජනතාමතකයෙන් ඈත්ව යන ලද්දේ දුම්‍රියමාර්ග සහ වෙනත් පහසු ගමනාගමන කටයුතු ඇරඹීමෙන් පසුවයි.නමුදු 1930දශකය වන තෙක්ම ඉන්දියාවේ සිට ලංකාවේ රැකියා සොයා පැමිණි කොච්චි නැමති වංශයේ පිරිස් වරින් වර මෙම වරායට ලඟා වී තිබේ. මෙහි පැවති ඉපැරැණි සුසාන භූමිය සහ කොටුව 1900  සියවසේ මුල් දශකතුලදී පුරාවිද්‍යා කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් පරීක්ෂණ පවත්වනු ලදුව සුසාන ඵලක ගලාවාගෙන සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා රැගෙන ගොස් ඇති අතර ගම් වැසියන් පවසන පරිදි අවසානයේ එම බලකොටුව නැත්තටම නැති ලෙස විනාශයට පත්වී ගිය බවයි.වර්තමානයේ මෙම  නැව්තොට පාළුවීගිය පිට්ටනියක් පමණි.

තේච්චිතොට


بحيرة أوكي تشوبي أو Lake Okeechobee بحيرة للماء العذب في ولاية فلوريدا في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وهي ثاني أكبر بحيرة موجودة داخل الولايات المتحدة، أيضا هي أكبر بحيرة موجودة في جنوب الولايات المتحدة، تغطي البحيرة مساحة 1890 كم مربع وهي ضحلة نسبيا ويصل العمق بها إلى 3 م وتقع على ارتفاع 281 متر على مستوى سطح البحر ويبلغ أقصى طول لها 65 كم ويبلغ أقصى عرض لها 40 كم، وتصب فيها من الشمال مياه نهر كيسيمي بينما تنصرف مياهها عبر نهر ايفر كلايد من ساحلها الجنوبي نحو مضيق فلوريدا في المحيط الأطلسي وتقع على شاطئها الشمالي مدينة أوكي تشوبي التي دعيت البحيرة باسمها وتغطي البحيرة مقاطعة جلادز ومقاطعة أوكي تشوبي ومقاطعة مارتين ومقاطعة بالم بيتش ومقاطعة هندري.

مراجع

إيفرجلادز
أوكي تشوبي
بحيرات فلوريدا
بحيرات مقاطعة أوكيتكوبي (فلوريدا)
بحيرات مقاطعة بالم بيتش (فلوريدا)
بحيرات مقاطعة غلادس (فلوريدا)
بحيرات مقاطعة ماكليود (فلوريدا)
بحيرات مقاطعة هندري (فلوريدا)

بحيرة أوكي تشوبي


Tench-class submarines were a type of submarine built for the United States Navy (USN) between 1944 and 1951. They were an improvement over the  and es, only about 35 to 40 tons larger, but more strongly built and with a slightly improved internal layout. One of the ballast tanks was converted to carry fuel, increasing range from  to . This improvement was also made on some boats of the previous two classes. Further improvements were made beginning with SS-435, which are sometimes referred to as the Corsair class. Initial plans called for 80 to be built, but 51 were cancelled in 1944 and 1945 when it became apparent that they would not be needed to defeat Japan. The remaining 29 were commissioned between October 1944 (Tench) and February 1951 (Grenadier).  The last submarine of the Tench class, as well as the last submarine which served during World War II, remaining in service with the U.S. Navy was USS Tigrone (AGSS-419) which was decommissioned on 27 June 1975.

Design

The as-built diesel-electric propulsion layout was the same as the last few Balao class, with four Fairbanks-Morse or General Motors Cleveland Division two-stroke diesel engines supplying two low-speed double-armature direct-drive electric motors to drive two shafts.  All except  received the Fairbanks-Morse 38D 8-1/8 engine with 10 cylinders; Corsair had GM 16-278A engines. The direct-drive electric motors were much quieter than the reduction gear arrangement of previous classes, and they made the drive train much more reliable due to the fact that the gearing was an element prone to shock damage from depth charges. Two 126-cell -type lead-acid batteries provided submerged power to the electric motors.

A design weakness of earlier classes solved by the Tench re-design were the ballast tank vent riser pipes that passed through the interior of the boat in the forward and after torpedo rooms. These pipes allowed #1 and #7 Main Ballast Tanks (MBT) (located in the single hull sections of the boat) to vent air during diving, which allowed water to flood into them from below. The tops of these tanks formed the walking deck in the interior of both rooms and thus the normal location of the vent valves (the top of the tank) could not be used. The riser pipes allowed the tanks to vent, but when the tanks were full these pipes contained water at full submergence pressure inside the torpedo rooms. If these pipes ruptured during depth charge attack, catastrophic flooding would occur. Solving this problem initially proved quite difficult, but ultimately required the complete rearrangement of the ballast tanks. #1 MBT was moved to a location forward of the end of the pressure hull, thus allowing it to vent directly into the superstructure like the rest of the MBT's. This move eliminated the riser pipes completely. #7 MBT, after stability and buoyancy calculations were run, was found to be redundant and was converted to a variable fuel oil/ballast tank, increasing the class's surfaced range. These changes forced a rearrangement of the associated piping runs and locations of many of the other tanks. Being almost entirely internal, these changes resulted in a boat that was visually almost indistinguishable from the earlier Balao class, with the exception of a sharper angle (or knuckle) at the lower corner of the bow (only visible when the boat was drydocked). Another difference was the elimination of small bulges around the motor room that previously accommodated the reduction gears.

A significant benefit of the tank rearrangement was that these boats could carry four additional torpedoes in the forward torpedo room, for a total of 28. This was a change that had been asked for by submarine crews much earlier, but could not be accommodated in the earlier designs due to the lack of space in the torpedo rooms.

Many targets in the Pacific War were sampans or otherwise not worth a torpedo, so the deck gun was an important weapon. Due to war experience, most Tench class were armed with a /25 caliber gun, and some boats had two of these. Additional anti-aircraft guns included single 40mm Bofors and twin 20mm Oerlikon mounts, usually one of each.

Mine armament
Like the previous Tambor/Gar, Gato and Balao classes, the Tench class could substitute mines in place of torpedoes. For the Mk 10 and Mk 12 type mines used in World War II, each torpedo could be replaced by as many as two mines, giving the submarine a true maximum capacity of 56 mines. However, doctrine was to retain at least four torpedoes on mine laying missions, which further limits the capacity. The maximum is often stated as 40 mines in various publications because the authors simply used previous limitations of the Gato and Balao classes, and included the four torpedo doctrine. In practice, during the war, submarines went out with at least 8 torpedoes, and the largest minefields laid were 32 mines. Post-war, the Mk 49 mine replaced the Mk 12, while the larger Mk 27 mine was also carried which only allowed one mine replacing one torpedo.

Ships in class

29 of these boats were built during and after World War II, commissioned from October 1944 through February 1951, with 11 commissioned postwar. None of this class were lost in World War II. Ghazi (ex-Diablo (SS-479)) was lost in Pakistani service on 4 December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971, possibly due to a minelaying accident. Some of the class served actively in the US Navy through the middle 1970s, others served into the 1990s with foreign navies, and one (Hai Shih ex-) is still active in Taiwan's Republic of China Navy.

With one exception, these boats were all built at government owned shipyards; Portsmouth Naval Shipyard and Boston Navy Yard. Two boats, USS Wahoo (SS-516) and an unnamed boat designated SS-517 were laid down at Mare Island Navy Yard but canceled and broken up prior to completion. With the end of the war obviously near and due to a large construction backlog of Balao-class boats, the Electric Boat Company was only awarded contracts for three Tench-class boats, only one of which, , was completed. Electric Boat's follow on yard, the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company of Manitowoc, Wisconsin worked through its contracts for Balaos and was not awarded any Tench contracts. The Cramp Shipbuilding Company of Philadelphia, struggling with workforce problems and supply issues with its Balaos, was also not awarded any contracts.

Cancellations

A total of 125 U.S. submarines were cancelled during World War II, all but three between 29 July 1944 and 12 August 1945. The exceptions were USS Wahoo (SS-516), , and , cancelled 7 January 1946. References vary considerably as to how many of these were Balaos and how many were Tenches. Some references simply assume all submarines numbered after SS-416 were Tench class; however,  and  were completed as Balaos. This yields 10 cancelled Balaos, SS-353-360 and 379–380. The Register of Ships of the U. S. Navy differs, considering every submarine not specifically ordered as a Tench to be a Balao, and further projecting SS-551-562 as a future class. This yields 62 cancelled Balao- , 51 cancelled Tench-, and 12 cancelled "SS-551"-class boats. Two of the cancelled Tench-class boats, Unicorn,  and Walrus, were launched incomplete, never commissioned, but listed with the reserve fleet until struck in 1958 and scrapped in 1959. The cancelled hull numbers, including those launched incomplete, were SS-353-360 (Balao), 379–380 (Balao), 427–434 (Balao), 436–437 (Tench), 438–474 (Balao), 491–521 (Tench), 526-529 (Tench), 530–536 (Balao), 537-550 (Tench), and 551-562 (future).

Service

Ten of the 29 Tench-class submarines were completed in time to conduct war patrols in World War II, entering service beginning in late 1944. They finished what the previous classes had largely accomplished: the near-destruction of the Japanese merchant fleet. Another significant contribution was the rescue of downed aviators near Okinawa and Japan. Two additional boats (Cutlass and Diablo) entered Japanese waters on their first war patrols immediately after the 13 August 1945 cease-fire. Construction on the last four of the class was suspended, and they were completed 1948–1951.

Postwar, 24 of the 29 Tenches were modernized under the Fleet Snorkel and Greater Underwater Propulsion Power (GUPPY) programs, with most continuing in US service into the early 1970s. Fourteen were transferred to foreign navies for years of additional service, and the former  remained active in Taiwan's Republic of China Navy as Hai Shih as of July 2021, the last of the class in service with any navy.

Naval Reserve trainer

Interested in maintaining a ready pool of trained reservists, the Navy assigned at least 58 submarines from 1946 to 1971 to various coastal and inland ports (even in Great Lakes ports such as Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago), where they served as training platforms during the Reservists' weekend drills. At least three Tench-class boats served in this capacity. In this role, the boats were rendered incapable of diving and had their propellers removed. They were used strictly as pierside trainers. These were in commission but classed as "in commission in reserve", thus some were decommissioned and recommissioned on the same day to reflect the change in status.

Foreign service
The large numbers of relatively modern, but surplus U.S. fleet submarines proved to be popular in sales, loans, or leases to allied foreign navies. Fourteen Tench-class submarines were transferred to foreign navies, most after serving over 25 years in the US Navy. These included 2 to Turkey, 1 to Greece, 2 to Italy, 1 to Pakistan, 1 to Canada, 4 to Brazil, 1 to Venezuela, 1 to Peru, and 1 to Taiwan. The Tench-class submarine ex- was transferred along with the Balao-class ex- to the Republic of China Navy as Hai Shih and Hai Pao in 1973; as of 2015 they remained in commission as the last US-built World War II-era submarines in service.  was sold to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1968, renamed , decommissioned in 1974, and returned to the US for scrapping in 1977.  was leased to the Pakistan Navy in 1963 and then as PNS Ghazi participated in two further wars, finally sinking during a minelaying mission in the Bay of Bengal with the loss of all 92 hands, on 4 December 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Diablo was thus the last Tench-class submarine to see action.

As of 2020 the Taiwanese Hai Shih-class had largest weapons load of any conventional submarines in the world.

GUPPY and other conversions

At the end of World War II, the US submarine force found itself in an awkward position. The 29 Tench-class submarines, designed to fight an enemy that no longer existed, were obsolescent despite the fact they were only one to three years old. The German Type XXI U-boat, with a large battery capacity, streamlining to maximize underwater speed, and a snorkel, was the submarine of the immediate future. The Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program (GUPPY) conversion program was developed to give some Balao- and Tench-class submarines similar capabilities to the Type XXI. When the cost of upgrading numerous submarines to GUPPY standard became apparent, the austere "Fleet Snorkel" conversion was developed to add snorkels and partial streamlining to some boats. A total of 16 Tench-class submarines were converted to one of the GUPPY configurations, with 8 additional boats receiving Fleet Snorkel modifications. Diablo, one of the Fleet Snorkel boats, was converted immediately prior to transfer to Pakistan. Most of the converted submarines were active into the early 1970s, when many were transferred to foreign navies for further service and others were decommissioned and disposed of.

Although there was some variation in the GUPPY conversion programs, generally the original two Sargo batteries were replaced by four more compact Guppy (GUPPY I and II only) or Sargo II batteries via significant re-utilization of below-deck space, usually including removal of auxiliary diesels. All of these battery designs were of the lead-acid type. This increased the total number of battery cells from 252 to 504; the downside was the compact batteries had to be replaced every 18 months instead of every 5 years. The Sargo II battery was developed as a lower-cost alternative to the expensive Guppy battery. All GUPPYs received a snorkel, with a streamlined sail and bow. Also, the electric motors were upgraded to the direct drive double-armature type, along with modernized electrical and air conditioning systems.  All Tench-class GUPPYs received sonar, fire control, and Electronic Support Measures (ESM) upgrades.
The Fleet Snorkel program was much more austere than the GUPPY modernizations, but is included here as it occurred during the GUPPY era. The GUPPY and Fleet Snorkel programs are listed in chronological order: GUPPY I, GUPPY II, GUPPY IA, Fleet Snorkel, GUPPY IIA, GUPPY IB, and GUPPY III.

GUPPY I

Two Tench-class boats,  and , were converted as prototypes for the GUPPY program in 1947. They proved very successful, though not initially fitted with snorkels. Pomodon achieved  while Odax made 18.2 Knots submerged on trials, though even the increased battery capacity only allowed one hour of operation at that speed. However, banking and depth control problems resulting from the high speed were noted and eventually compensated for. An advantage of streamlining was that active sonar detection range against a GUPPY was reduced by about 10%, and the higher submerged speed also severely impacted anti-submarine warfare efforts.

GUPPY II

This was the first production GUPPY conversion, with most conversions occurring in 1947–49. Eleven Tench-class boats received GUPPY II upgrades (, , , , Odax, , Pomodon, , , , and ), including the two GUPPY I prototypes in 1951. This was the only production conversion with Guppy batteries.

GUPPY IA

This was developed as a more cost-effective alternative to GUPPY II. Tench was converted in 1951. The less expensive Sargo II battery was introduced, along with other cost-saving measures.

Fleet Snorkel

The Fleet Snorkel program was developed as an austere, cost-effective alternative to full GUPPY conversions, with significantly less improvement in submerged performance. Eight Tench-class boats received this upgrade (,  - immediately prior to foreign transfer to Pakistan as Ghazi, , , , , , and ). Most Fleet Snorkel conversions occurred 1951–52. Notably, the original pair of Sargo batteries was not upgraded. Each boat received a streamlined sail with a snorkel, along with upgraded sonar, air conditioning, and ESM. A few boats initially retained a 5-inch/25 caliber deck gun, but this was removed in the 1950s.

GUPPY IIA

This was generally similar to GUPPY IA, except one of the forward diesel engines was removed to relieve machinery overcrowding. Four Tench-class boats (, , , and ) received GUPPY IIA upgrades in 1952–54.

GUPPY IB

This was developed as an austere upgrade for two Gato-class and two Balao-class boats prior to transfer to foreign navies ( 2 each to Italy and The Netherlands ) in 1953–55. They lacked the sonar and electronics upgrades of other GUPPY conversions. No Tench-class boats were converted under this upgrade.

GUPPY III

Nine submarines, three of them belonging to the Tench class (Pickerel, Remora, and Volador), were upgraded from GUPPY II to GUPPY III in 1959–63 as part of the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization II (FRAM II) program. The three Tenches were lengthened by  in the forward part of the control room to provide a new sonar space, berthing, electronics space, and storerooms. A taller "Northern" sail was included for improved surfaced operations in rough seas; this was also backfitted to some other GUPPY and Fleet Snorkel boats. The BQG-4 Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility Study (PUFFS) sonar system, with three tall domes topside, was fitted. Additionally, fire control upgrades allowed the Mark 45 nuclear torpedo to be used.

Radar picket

The advent of the kamikaze demonstrated the need for a long range radar umbrella around the fleet. Radar picket destroyers and destroyer escorts were put into service, but they proved vulnerable in this role as they could be attacked as well, leaving the fleet blind. A submarine, though, could dive and escape aerial attack. Four submarines including the Tench-class boat Remora prototyped the concept at the end of World War II but were not used in this role. Ten fleet submarines were later converted for this role in 1946–53 and redesignated SSR as radar picket submarines. Three Tench-class boats (Requin, Spinax, and Tigrone) were among those converted, the first two in 1946 under Project Migraine I. Tigrone would be converted under Migraine II (aka project SCB 12) in 1948, and the other two would be upgraded to this standard with powerful air search and height finding radars installed on masts, and with the after torpedo room converted into an electronics space with torpedoes and tubes removed.

The SSRs proved only moderately successful, as the radars themselves proved troublesome and somewhat unreliable, and the boats' surface speed was insufficient to protect a fast-moving carrier group. The radars were removed and the boats reverted to general purpose submarines after 1959.

Sonar test submarines

 was fitted with Bottom Reflection Active Sonar System II (BRASS II) sonar equipment in 1961 and was redesignated as an auxiliary submarine (AGSS) in 1962. BRASS II led to the sonar sphere used on the Thresher class and all subsequent US attack submarines.

Tigrone, formerly a radar picket submarine, was redesignated as an AGSS and converted to a sonar test submarine in 1963–64. She was given a unique configuration to test developmental sonar for the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory. This included the removal of all torpedoes and tubes to allow room for sonar-related electronics. A large upper bow sonar dome and a forward extension of the sail were included, with a side-facing square sonar rack eventually added aft of the sail. The bow and sail domes were for BRASS III equipment.

Follow-on studies

In late 1944, the Bureau of Ships consulted with a group of submarine officers chaired by COMSUBPAC Admiral Charles A. Lockwood on specifications for a future submarine.  Several designs were considered. The submarine officers wanted a deeper test depth, more torpedo tubes, and a higher speed, but got only part of what they wanted. The final design merged ambition with realism. Known as Design B, it was developed by May 1945. It was to be  long,  surfaced displacement ( submerged), with larger engines (12-cylinder Fairbanks-Morse with two-stage supercharging) for a speed of  surfaced. Armament was to be twelve  torpedo tubes (six forward, six aft), with six short  external torpedo tubes in the superstructure for the swim-out  Mark 27 acoustic homing anti-escort torpedo. The external tubes would be arranged with three each firing to port and starboard. Test depth would be increased to . The wind-down of submarine production in 1945 brought an end to this project. Had SS-551 through SS-562 not been cancelled, it is possible they would have been built to the new design.

Museums
Three Tench-class submarines are on display for the general public.
 at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh, PA.
, moored at Pier Three, Baltimore's Inner Harbor, (alongside the National Aquarium in Baltimore) in Maryland.
TCG Uluçalireis (S 338) (ex-), on display at Rahmi M. Koç Museum, Golden Horn in Istanbul.

See also
 Allied submarines in the Pacific War

References

Citations

Sources

 Gardiner, Robert and Chesneau, Roger, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Conway Maritime Press, 1980. .
 Lenton, H.T. American Submarines. New York:  Doubleday, 1973.
 Silverstone, Paul H., U.S. Warships of World War II, Ian Allan, 1965, .

External links

 Fleet Type Submarine Training Manual  San Francisco Maritime Museum
 Description of GUPPY conversions at RNSubs.co.uk
 GUPPY and other diesel boat conversions page (partial archive)
 Navsource.org fleet submarines photo index page
 DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 5"/25 caliber gun

Submarine classes

 Tench
 Tench
 Tench
 Tench

Tench-class submarine


Five classes of submarine are known as the S class:

 The  of three boats built by Scotts of Greenock in 1914–1915 and transferred to the Italian Regia Marina in 1915.
 The  of the Italian Regia Marina consisted of three boats built by Laurenti-Fiat between 1914 and 1919. Length: 148 feet  Surface Tonnage: 265  Crew:  28.  All were withdrawn from service prior to World War II.
 The  of the United States Navy of 51 boats built between 1918 and 1925.
 The  of the British Royal Navy of 62 boats built in the 1930s and 1940s.
 The  of World War II vintage.
 The  also called Type S of the Imperial Japanese Navy of 2 boats built between 1917 and 1920.

S-class submarine


ශුද්ධ වූ පවුලේ බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
 ඉබ්බාගමුව මධ්‍ය විද්‍යාලය , ඉබ්බාගමුව
 ශාන්ත බෙනඩිට් ආදර්ශ පාසල
 මලියදේව විද්‍යාලය
 මලියදේව බාලිකා විද්‍යාලය
 ශාන්ත ආනා විද්‍යාලය
 උඩබදලව සුදර්සන විද්‍යාලය
 විජයබා මධ්‍යමහා විද්‍යාලය, මහව
  ශ්‍රී සුමංගල මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය,වාරියපොල
සංඝබෝධි මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය,අවුලේගම

පාසල් නාමාවලි - ශ්‍රී ලංකා

කුරුණෑගල පාසල් නාමාවලිය


An Cryptocoryne uenoi in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Yuji Sasaki. An Cryptocoryne uenoi in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptocoryne, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cryptocoryne

Cryptocoryne uenoi


قمر 14 فيلم كوميدي مصري أبيض وأسود، تم عرضه 3 أبريل 1950، من إخراج نيازي مصطفى وبطولة محمود ذو الفقار وكاميليا، ويحكى عن زواج ابن أحد الباشاوات سرا من ابنة صاحبة بنسيون، التي تعرف بقرار -الباشا- والد زوجها بمصاهرة ابنه بأحد الأثرياء فتدعى العمل ـ كخادمة- في قصر والده، فيقع الجميع في حبها.

شخصيات الفيلم
 محمود ذو الفقار .. في دور "محسن"
 كاميليا .. في دور "قمر"
 فردوس محمد
 عبد الفتاح القصري
 حسن فايق .. في دور "منصور باشا"
 السيد بدير
 وداد حمدي
 أحمد غانم
 حليم الرومي
 سامية رشدي

فريق العمل

 إخراج : نيازي مصطفى
 إنتاج : شركة مصر للتمثيل والسينما ، استديو مصر
 توزيع : استديو مصر
 سيناريو : نيازي مصطفى
 قصة وحوار: عبد الفتاح السيد
 مدير تصوير : كيليو
 مهندس صوت : أركولى
 مونتاج : أحمد جلال مصطفى
 مساعد إخراج :محمد الهواري، محمد جلال
 مساعد تصوير :والى نور الدين
 مساعد صوت :كمال عبد الله
 تم التصوير في استديو مصر
 تم الطبع والتحميض في معامل استديو مصر

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1950
أفلام محمود ذو الفقار
أفلام أخرجها نيازي مصطفى
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام كوميدية 1950
أفلام وداد حمدي

قمر 14 (فيلم)


Avnei Hefetz ( ) est une colonie israélienne en Cisjordanie, dans le district de Judée et Samarie.

Géographie
Les villes israéliennes les plus proches sont Netanya à l'ouest et Kfar Saba au sud-ouest.

Il existe quatre quartiers distincts à Avnei Hefetz : Neve Hefetz, Avnei Shoham, Mitzpe Hefetz, Avnei Hen.

Démographie
En 2019, sa population était de 1923 habitants.

Historique

La colonie est établie en 1990 par un groupe d'Israéliens juifs orthodoxes.

Notes et références

Localité en Israël

Avnei Hefetz


A back-of-the-envelope calculation is a rough calculation, typically jotted down on any available scrap of paper such as an envelope. It is more than a guess but less than an accurate calculation or mathematical proof. The defining characteristic of back-of-the-envelope calculations is the use of simplified assumptions.

A similar phrase in the U.S. is "back of a napkin", also used in the business world to describe sketching out a quick, rough idea of a business or product. In British English, a similar idiom is "back of a fag packet".

History
In the natural sciences, back-of-the-envelope calculation is often associated with physicist Enrico Fermi, who was well known for emphasizing ways that complex scientific equations could be approximated within an order of magnitude using simple calculations. He went on to develop a series of sample calculations, which are called "Fermi Questions" or "Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations" and used to solve Fermi problems.

Fermi was known for getting quick and accurate answers to problems that would stump other people. The most famous instance came during the first atomic bomb test in New Mexico on 16 July 1945. As the blast wave reached him, Fermi dropped bits of paper. By measuring the distance they were blown, he could compare to a previously computed table and thus estimate the bomb energy yield. He estimated 10 kilotons of TNT; the measured result was 18.6.

Perhaps the most influential example of such a calculation was carried out over a period of a few hours by Arnold Wilkins after being asked to consider a problem by Robert Watson Watt. Watt had learned that the Germans claimed to have invented a radio-based death ray, but Wilkins' one-page calculations demonstrated that such a thing was almost certainly impossible. When Watt asked what role radio might play, Wilkins replied that it might be useful for detection at long range, a suggestion that led to the rapid development of radar and the Chain Home system.

Another example is Victor Weisskopf's pamphlet Modern Physics from an Elementary Point of View. In these notes Weisskopf used back-of-the-envelope calculations to calculate the size of a hydrogen atom, a star, and a mountain, all using elementary physics.

Examples
Nobel laureate Charles Townes describes in a video interview for the University of California, Berkeley on the 50th anniversary of the laser, how he pulled an envelope from his pocket while sitting in a park and wrote down calculations during his initial insight into lasers.

During lunch with NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle in 1966, Tiffany & Co. vice president Oscar Riedner made a sketch on a cocktail napkin of what would become the Vince Lombardi Trophy, awarded annually to the winner of the Super Bowl.

An important Internet protocol, the Border Gateway Protocol, was sketched out in 1989 by engineers on the back of "three ketchup-stained napkins", and is still known as the three-napkin protocol.

UTF-8, the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web, was designed by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike on a placemat.

The Bailey bridge is a type of portable, pre-fabricated, truss bridge and was extensively used by British, Canadian and US military engineering units. Donald Bailey drew the original design for the bridge on the back of an envelope.

The Laffer Curve, which claims to show the relationship between tax cuts and government income, was drawn by Arthur Laffer in 1974 on a bar napkin to show an aide to President Gerald R. Ford why the federal government should cut taxes.

Upon hearing that the S-IV 2nd Stage of the Saturn I would need transport from California to Florida for launch as part of the Apollo program, Jack Conroy sketched the cavernous cargo airplane, the Pregnant Guppy.

The Video Toaster was designed on placemats in a Topeka pizza restaurant.

See also
 Buckingham pi theorem, a technique often used in fluid mechanics to obtain order-of-magnitude estimates
 Guesstimate
 Scientific Wild-Ass Guess
 Heuristic
 Order-of-magnitude analysis
 Rule of thumb
 Sanity testing

Notes and references

External links

 Syllabus at UCSD

Approximations
Informal estimation
Metaphors referring to objects

Back-of-the-envelope calculation


Jurmala er borg í Lettlandi við strönd Eystrasalts, um 25 kílómetra frá höfuðborginni Riga. Íbúafjöldinn er tæplega 50 þúsund manns og er borgin sú fimmta stærsta í Lettlandi. Borgin státar af yfir 30 kílómetra hvítri sandströnd og er vinsæll sumarleyfisstaður. Á tímum Sovétríkjanna var Jurmala eftirsótt sumarparadís hjá ýmsum háttsettum leiðtogum kommúnistaflokksins, eins og Leoníd Brezhnev og Níkíta Khrústsjov. Jurmala var áður talin hluti af höfuðborginni Riga, en það breyttist á árinu 1959 er Jurmala varð sjálfstætt hérað.

Borgir í Lettlandi

Jurmala


La saison 2021 du Championnat des Fidji de football est la quarante-cinquième édition du championnat de première division aux Fidji.

Le championnat regroupe huit équipes du pays au sein d'une poule unique, où ils s'affrontent deux fois au cours de la saison, à domicile et à l'extérieur. À la fin de la compétition, le dernier du classement est relégué et remplacé par le champion de deuxième division.

Le Lautoka FC remporte le championnat en terminant cinq points devant avec son dauphin Rewa FC, c'est le sixième titre de champion du club.

Comme lors de l'édition précédente, le champion des Fidji et son dauphin sont automatiquement qualifiés pour la phase de groupe de la prochaine Ligue des champions.

Les clubs participants

Compétition

Classement
Le barème utilisé pour établir le classement est le suivant :
 Victoire : 3 points
 Match nul : 1 point
 Défaite : 0 point

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 Nadroga Football Club sera repêché car la première division passe à 10 équipes la prochaine saison.

Bilan de la saison

Voir aussi

Références

Liens internes
 Championnat des Fidji de football

Liens externes
  Page de résultats complets sur RSSSF

2021
Fidji
2021 aux Fidji

Championnat des Fidji de football 2021


Center on Halsted is a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community center in Chicago, Illinois. Kim Fountain serves as Chief Operating Officer.

The center is located in the Lakeview neighborhood on the corner of Halsted Street and Waveland, attached to Whole Foods Market. It is open every day from 8 am to 9 pm. Patrons participate in the diverse public programs and social services offered at Center on Halsted — ranging from volleyball and cooking classes to rapid HIV testing and group therapy.

History

In 1973, Gay Horizons was established by a group of volunteers. Over time, the organization evolved and changed its name to Horizons Community Services, becoming a comprehensive LGBT social services agency. In 2003, Horizons Community Services was renamed Center on Halsted. The core programming of Horizons Community Services remained while new services were envisioned and realized.

After a $20-million capital campaign involving 2,000 donors, Center on Halsted opened its  Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-certified building in 2007 with Whole Foods as an anchor tenant and two levels of underground parking. A major contributor was Miriam Hoover (of The Hoover Company) who donated $1 million.

Major funding for the center came through private/corporate donations, with additional funding and support from the City of Chicago. The support of Chicago's then-mayor was recognized by the construction of the Richard M. Daley Rooftop Garden.

In 2019, after protests about the previous security firm employed by the Center on Halsted, the organization changed security vendors.

Programs and services
Center on Halsted develops and hosts an array of public programs open to the public that provide fun, educational and enlightening opportunities for members of the LGBT community and allies.  These include:
 Athletic programs: A full gymnasium used by more than 300 community members/week including five recreational leagues and activities including basketball, volleyball, hockey and yoga.
 Art and Cultural programs: Regular art exhibits, film screenings, dance and live performances hosted in the state of the art theater attracting more than 5,000 attendees/year.
 Community Cyber Center: Providing free Internet access and technology training to more than 2,100 patrons/year.
 Affinity Programs: Specific cultural events, workshops, discussions and networking opportunities for various affinity groups within the LGBT Community including bisexuals, transgender people, women and LGBT families.
 Senior programs: Cultural outings, workshops and social space bringing more than 150 LGBT Seniors together each week. More than 8,300 meals provided to seniors annually.
 Culinary Arts: Comprehensive training in culinary arts provided by community chefs for new and continuing education students.
 Community Meeting Space: Convenient, state-of-the art meeting and recreational space available for rent for community members and organizations.

Center on Halsted works with city and state governments and an array of local providers to provide comprehensive social services to LGBT and ally community members in need including:
 Mental Health Services: Individual, group and family counseling for 500 community members/year on a sliding scale, resulting in more than  5,000 clinical hours. Special focus includes healthy LGBT living, coming out, HIV/AIDS and LGBT domestic violence and abuse.
 Support Groups: Group meetings offering support for community members on a variety of topics including coming out, grief and loss, living with HIV and 12-step recovery.
 Sexual Orientation & Gender Institute:  Licensed training for  local mental health graduate students and practitioners in LGBT and cultural competency and professional development.
 Legal Services: Free legal consultations, workshops and referrals serving more than 500 community members/year.
 Anti-Violence Project: Therapy, social services, court advocacy and incident reporting for more than 200 victims of domestic violence and abuse in the LGBT community every year.
 HIV Testing: Free, confidential, anonymous testing and support serving more than 2,500 community members/year.
 State of Illinois AIDS/HIV & STD Hotline: Free, confidential counseling and referrals serving nearly 14,000 callers/year from across Illinois and the Midwest.
 Youth Services:  Leadership training, professional development, crisis intervention, housing assistance, art therapy and case management.
 International Mr. Rubber Contest held in November 2013. COH gave up all of its social programs for an entire weekend to host this event.

The center works in collaboration with other Chicago nonprofits. Collaborators in the past have included the Museum of Contemporary Art, After School Matters, The Chicago Historical Society, The University of Chicago, The Chicago Architecture Foundation, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the Garfield Park Conservatory, the Chicago Blackhawks and the Chicago Cubs.

Center on Halsted also hosts a number of smaller community organizations in its space as Resident Partners. These include the Association of Latino Men for Action, Athletic Alliance of Chicago, IMPACT Program at Northwestern University, Lakeside Pride Music Ensembles, NAMES Project, Northalsted Business Alliance, Windy City Performing Arts and Windy City Rainbow Alliance of the Deaf.

See also

List of LGBT community centers
National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall of Fame
LGBT culture in Chicago
Legacy Walk
Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame
Boystown

References

External links
 Official web site
 "McKeon Honors Center on Halsted Groundbreaking" by Laird Petersen, 6/14/2005, 8:00:00 AM
 "Horizons to Change Name, Identity Morphs into 'Center on Halsted'" by Tracy Baim, Windy City Times, 2003
 "If you build it, will they come?", Time Out Chicago, 2007

Fraternal service organizations based in Chicago
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design basic silver certified buildings
LGBT community centers in the United States
LGBT culture in Chicago

Center on Halsted


er en tidligere japansk professionel fodboldspiller. Hun var anfører for Japans kvindefodboldlandshold, som vandt VM i fodbold for kvinder 2011 og førte holdet til sølvmedalje ved sommer-OL 2012. I 2012 blev hun valgt til  FIFA Årets bedste kvindelige fodboldspiller 2011. Hun har blandt andet spillet for Atlanta Beat i Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), NTV Beleza, Washington Freedom i Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), og INAC Kobe Leonessa i Nadeshiko League Division 1.

Tidligt liv
Homare Sawa blev født i Fuchū, Tokyo, hun begyndte at spille fodbold, da hun var seks år gammel. Mens hun så på mens hendes storebror trænede fodbold, inviterede træneren hende til at spille med drengenes hold på banen.

Karriere

Landshold
Den 6. december 1993 fik Sawa debut som 15 år gammel for Japans fodboldlandshold. Hun scorede fire mål i sin første landskamp, hvor Japan vandt over Filippinerne. Hun spillede for Japans landshold i 22 år, hvor hun deltog i seks VM turneringer og fire gange ved OL: 1996, 2004, 2008, og Sommer-OL 2012. Hun spillede i alt 201 landskampe for Japan, hvilket er rekord. Hun er også den mest scorende kvindelige landsholdsspiller for Japan med 81 mål, heraf scorede hun hat-trick ved VM i fodbold 2011 i gruppespillet i kampen mod Mexico.

Sawa førte Japans landshold til sejr ved VM i fodbold 2011. Efter en 2-2 uafgjort kamp på et udsolgt stadion i Frankfurt, Tyskland, hvoraf Sawa scorede i 117. minut, vandt Japan straffesparkskonkurrencen 3-1 over USA og vandt deres første verdensmesterskab nogensinde. Sawa blev hædret med Den Gyldne Støvle, da hun var turneringens topscorer med fem mål. Hun vandt også den Gyldne Bold for at være turneringens MVP.

Den 9. januar 2012 vandt Sawa hæderen som FIFA Årets bedste kvindelige fodboldspiller 2011 i Zürich, Schweiz. Hun bekendtgjorde i august 2012, at hun umiddelbart ville trække sig tilbage fra international fodbold, dette skete, efter at hun havde hjulpet Japan med at vinde sølv ved sommer-OL 2012.

Sawa vendte tilbage til landsholdsfodbold i 2014 for at hjælpe Japan med at vinde Asienmesterskabet i fodbold for kvinder 2014, og scorede sit 82. landsholdsmål under turneringen. I 2015 kom hun tilbage til landsholdet efter at have været ude med skade i et år. Hun scorede sejrsmålet i en venskabskamp mod New Zealand, med assist fra Aya Miyama. Sawa og Brasiliens Formiga blev de første fodboldspillere, der har spillet seks gange ved VM i fodbold, dette skete ved VM i fodbold for kvinder 2015 i Canada. Japan kom i finalen men tabte 5-2 mod USA og fik dermed sølvmedaljer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Japan

Homare Sawa


Giannis Sina Ougko Antetokounmpo (født 6. december 1994 i Athen, Grækenland) er en græsk basketballspiller (forward/guard). Han spiller i NBA-ligaen for Milwaukee Bucks.

Tidlig liv og karriere
Antetokounmpo blev født i Athen i Grækeland, søn af nigerianske migranter. Familien var fattig og som ung måtte Antetokounmpo og hans søskende hjælpe familien ved at arbejde som gadesælger i Athen, hvor han blandt andet solgte ure, solbriller og tasker. I 2007 startede han til basketball og fra 2009 blev han en del af ungdomsholdet i den græske klub Filathlitikos.

Som kun 17-årig debuterede Antetokounmpo i sæsonen 2012-13, for Filathlitikos seniorhold i den næstbedste græske basketballrække. Her imponerede han så meget, at han fik lov at deltage i den bedste ligas all-star-kamp. Inden da havde han allerede skrevet kontrakt for den kommende sæson med den spanske ligaklub CAI Zaragoza. Han skulle dog aldrig nå at repræsentere klubben.

NBA
Antetokounmpos talent var også blevet opdaget i USA, og i april 2013 annoncerede Antetokounmpo, at han ville melde sig til årets NBA-draft. Tre måneder senere, i juni 2013 blev han draftet til NBA med det 15. valg i draften af Wisconsin-holdet Milwaukee Bucks. En måned senere skrev han under på sin første kontrakt med klubben.

Allerede i sin første sæson i NBA, 2013-14, viste Antetokounmpo sit værd for Bucks, og i forbindelse med sæsonens afslutning blev han udtaget til det såkaldte NBA All-Rookie Second Team, en kåring der dækker sæsonens næstbedste førsteårsspillere. I de følgende år fortsatte han sin positive udvikling, og i 2016-17-sæsonen blev han for første gang udtaget til NBA's All-Star-kamp efter en sæson hvor han havde leveret et gennemsnit på 23 point og 9 rebounds.

I 2018 blev Antetokounmpo igen udtaget til All-star-kampen efter en sæson, hvor han for alvor havde formået at slå sit navn fast som en stjerne i NBA og Milwaukke Bucks' absolutte superstjerne. I 2018-19 sæsonen førte han med 28 point og 13 rebounds i snit i løbet af sæsonen Bucks til førstepladsen i ligaens grundspil, inden holdet efterfølgende blev slået ud i tredje runde af playoffs (semifinalen) af de senere mestre fra Toronto Raptors. Efter sæsonens afslutning blev Antetokounmpo kåret til NBA Most Valuable Player, en titel til sæsonens mest værdifulde spiller i hele ligaen. Det var første gang i 12 år at prisen tilfaldt en europæer og kun anden gang i historien, at prisen gik til en spiller fra Milwaukee Bucks. Første gang var Kareem Abdul-Jabbar i 1971.

NBA-klubber
 2013- Milwaukee Bucks

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Athen
Basketballspillere fra Grækenland
Basketballspillere fra Milwaukee Bucks

Giannis Antetokounmpo