The Mormon Trail is the  long route from Illinois to Utah on which Mormon pioneers (members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) traveled from 1846–47. Today, the Mormon Trail is a part of the United States National Trails System, known as the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail.

The Mormon Trail extends from Nauvoo, Illinois, which was the principal settlement of the Latter Day Saints from 1839 to 1846, to Salt Lake City, Utah, which was settled by Brigham Young and his followers beginning in 1847. From Council Bluffs, Iowa to Fort Bridger in Wyoming, the trail follows much the same route as the Oregon Trail and the California Trail; these trails are collectively known as the Emigrant Trail.

The Mormon pioneer run began in 1846, when Young and his followers were driven from Nauvoo. After leaving, they aimed to establish a new home for the church in the Great Basin and crossed Iowa. Along their way, some were assigned to establish settlements and to plant and harvest crops for later emigrants. During the winter of 1846–47, the emigrants wintered in Iowa, other nearby states, and the unorganized territory that later became Nebraska, with the largest group residing in Winter Quarters, Nebraska. In the spring of 1847, Young led the vanguard company to the Salt Lake Valley, which was then outside the boundaries of the United States and later became Utah.

During the first few years, the emigrants were mostly former occupants of Nauvoo who were following Young to Utah. Later, the emigrants increasingly included converts from the British Isles and Europe.

The trail was used for more than 20 years, until the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. Among the emigrants were the Mormon handcart pioneers of 1856–60. Two of the handcart companies, led by James G. Willie and Edward Martin, met disaster on the trail when they departed late and were caught by heavy snowstorms in Wyoming.

Background
Under the leadership of Joseph Smith, Latter Day Saints established several communities throughout the United States between 1830 and 1844, most notably in Kirtland, Ohio; Independence, Missouri; and Nauvoo, Illinois. However, the Saints were driven out of each of them in turn, due to conflicts with other settlers (see history of the Latter Day Saint movement). This included the actions of Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs, who issued Missouri Executive Order 44, which called for the "extermination" of all Mormons in Missouri. Latter-day Saints were finally forced to abandon Nauvoo in 1846.

Although the movement had split into several denominations after Smith's death in 1844, most members aligned themselves with Brigham Young. Under Young's leadership, about 14,000 Mormon citizens of Nauvoo set out to find a new home in the West.

The Trek West

Following the succession crisis, Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a place no one else wanted and felt the isolated Great Basin would provide the Saints with many advantages.

Young reviewed information on the Great Salt Lake Valley and the Great Basin, consulted with mountain men and trappers, and met with Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Jesuit missionary familiar with the region. Young also organized a vanguard company to break trail to the Rocky Mountains, evaluate trail conditions, find sources of water, and select a central gathering point in the Great Basin. A new route on the north side of the Platte and North Platte rivers was chosen to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access, and campsites with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river's south side.

The Quincy Convention of October 1845 passed resolutions demanding that the Latter-day Saints withdraw from Nauvoo by May 1846. A few days later, the Carthage Convention called for establishment of a militia that would force them out if they failed to meet the May deadline. To try to meet this deadline and to get an early start on the trek to the Great Basin, the Latter-day Saints began leaving Nauvoo in February 1846.

Trek of 1846

The departure from Nauvoo began on February 4, 1846, under the leadership of Brigham Young. This early departure exposed them to the elements in the worst of winter. After crossing the Mississippi River, the journey across Iowa Territory followed primitive territorial roads and Native American trails.

Young originally planned to lead an express company of about 300 men to the Great Basin during the summer of 1846. He believed they could cross Iowa and reach the Missouri River in approximately four to six weeks. However, the actual trip across Iowa was slowed by rain, mud, swollen rivers, and poor preparation, and it required 16 weeks – nearly three times longer than planned.

Heavy rains turned the rolling plains of southern Iowa into a quagmire of axle-deep mud. Furthermore, few people carried adequate provisions for the trip. The weather, general unpreparedness, and lack of experience in moving such a large group of people all contributed to the difficulties they endured.

The initial party reached the Missouri River on June 14. It was apparent that the Latter-day Saints could not make it to the Great Basin that season and would have to winter on the Missouri River.

Some of the emigrants established a settlement called Kanesville (present-day Council Bluffs) on the Iowa side of the river. Others moved across the river into the area of present-day Omaha, Nebraska, and built a camp called Winter Quarters.

The Vanguard Company of 1847

In April 1847, chosen members of the vanguard company gathered, final supplies were packed, and the group was organized into 14 military companies. A militia and night guard were formed. The company consisted of 143 men, including three black people and eight members of the Quorum of the Twelve, three women, and two children. The train contained 73 wagons, draft animals, and livestock, and carried enough supplies to provision the group for one year. On April 5, the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters toward the Great Basin.

The journey from Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie took six weeks; the company arrived at the fort on June 1. While at Fort Laramie, the vanguard company was joined by members of the Mormon Battalion, who had been excused due to illness and sent to winter in Pueblo, Colorado, and a group of Church members from Mississippi. At this point, the now larger company took the established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at Fort Bridger.

Young met mountain man Jim Bridger on June 28. They discussed routes into the Salt Lake Valley and the feasibility of viable settlements in the mountain valleys of the Great Basin. The company pushed on through South Pass, rafted across the Green River, and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7. About the same time, they were joined by 12 more members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion.

Now facing a more rugged and hazardous trek, Young chose to follow the trail used by the Donner–Reed party on their journey to California the previous year. As the vanguard company traveled through the rugged mountains, they divided into three sections. Young and several other members of the party suffered from a fever, generally accepted as a "mountain fever" induced by wood ticks. The small sick detachment lagged behind the larger group, and a scouting division was created to move farther ahead on the designated route.

Arrival and settlement
Scouts Erastus Snow and Orson Pratt entered the Salt Lake Valley on July 21. On July 23, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to the Lord. Ground was broken, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first fields of potatoes and turnips were planted. On July 24, Young first saw the valley from a "sick" wagon driven by his friend Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and declared, "This is the right place, drive on."

In August 1847, Young and selected members of the vanguard company returned to Winter Quarters to organize the companies scheduled for following years. By December 1847, more than 2,000 Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley, then in Mexican territory.

Farming the uncultivated land was initially difficult, as the shares broke when they tried to plow the dry ground. Therefore, an irrigation system was designed and the land was flooded before plowing, and the resulting system provided supplemental moisture during the year.

Salt Lake City was laid out and designated as Church headquarters. Hard work produced a prosperous community. In their new settlement, entertainment was also important, and the first public building was a theater.

It did not take long, however, until the United States caught up with them, and in 1848, after the end of the war with Mexico, the land in which they settled became part of the United States.

Ongoing migration

Each year during the Mormon migration, people continued to be organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader and subdivided into groups of 10 and 50. The Saints traveled the trail broken by the vanguard company, splitting the journey into two sections. The first segment began in Nauvoo and ended in Winter Quarters, near modern-day Omaha, Nebraska. The second half of the journey took the Saints through the area that later became Nebraska and Wyoming, before finishing their journey in the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. The earlier groups used covered wagons pulled by oxen to carry their supplies across the country. Some later companies used handcarts and traveled by foot. William Clayton, a member of the vanguard company, published the popular The Latter-Day Saints' Emigrants' Guide to help guide travelers on the way.

By 1849, many of the Latter-day Saints who remained in Iowa or Missouri were poor and unable to afford the costs of the wagon, teams of oxen, and supplies that would be required for the trip. Therefore, the LDS Church established a revolving fund, known as the Perpetual Emigration Fund, to enable the poor to emigrate. By 1852, most of the Latter-day Saints from Nauvoo who wished to emigrate had done so, and the church abandoned its settlements in Iowa. However, many church members from the eastern states and from Europe continued to emigrate to Utah, often assisted by the Perpetual Emigration Fund.

Handcarts: 1856–60

In 1856, the church inaugurated a system of handcart companies in order to enable poor European emigrants to make the trek more cheaply. Handcarts, two-wheeled carts that were pulled by emigrants instead of draft animals, were sometimes used as an alternate means of transportation from 1856 to 1860. They were seen as a faster, easier, and cheaper way to bring European converts to Salt Lake City. Almost 3,000 Mormons, with 653 carts and 50 supply wagons, traveling in 10 different companies, made the trip over the trail to Salt Lake City. While not the first to use handcarts, they were the only group to use them extensively.

The handcarts were modeled after carts used by street sweepers and were made almost entirely of wood. They were generally six to seven feet (183 to 213 cm) long, wide enough to span a narrow wagon track, and could be alternately pushed or pulled. The small boxes affixed to the carts were three to four feet (91 to 122 cm) long and eight inches (20 cm) high. They could carry about 500 pounds (227 kg), most of this weight consisting of trail provisions and a few personal possessions.

All but two of the handcart companies successfully completed the rugged journey, with relatively few problems and only a few deaths. However, the fourth and fifth companies, known as the Willie and Martin Companies, respectively, had serious problems. The companies left Iowa City, Iowa, in July 1856, very late to begin the trip across the plains. They met severe winter weather west of present-day Casper, Wyoming, and continued to cope with deep snow and storms for the remainder of the journey. Food supplies were soon exhausted. Young organized a rescue effort that brought the companies in, but more than 210 of the 980 emigrants in the two parties died.

The handcart companies continued with more success until 1860, and traditional ox-and-wagon companies also continued for those who could afford the higher cost. After 1860, the church began sending wagon companies east each spring, to return to Utah in the summer with the emigrating Latter-day Saints. Finally, with the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, future emigrants were able to travel by rail, and the era of the Mormon pioneer trail came to an end.

Sites along the trail

The following are major points along the trail at which the early Mormon pioneers stopped, established temporary camps, or used as landmarks and meeting places. The sites are categorized by their location in respect to modern-day US states.

Illinois
 Nauvoo – Nauvoo was the starting point for the Mormon trail. Since 1839, it had been the headquarters for the church. During the 1840s, Nauvoo rivaled Chicago in size. Tensions rose between the Latter-day Saints and other locals culminating with the expulsion of the Saints. Brigham Young led his followers to Utah, not part of the United States at the time

Iowa
Sugar Creek ( west of Nauvoo) – Beginning with their first ferry crossing of the Mississippi River on February 4, 1846, months before many of them were ready, the Latter-day Saints started gathering at the frozen banks of Sugar Creek. More refugees continued to cross into Iowa for a number of months many taking advantage of the freezing Mississippi River a few weeks later. The poorly prepared emigrants suffered from severe winter weather while camped there. Sugar Creek was the staging area for the westward trek across Iowa. Ultimately about 2,500 refugees and 500 wagons started west on March 1, 1846. Several thousand more would follow on later as they sold their property for what they could get and continued to leave Nauvoo, Illinois.
Richardson's Point ( west) – The emigrants made their way past Croton and Farmington to ford the Des Moines River at Bonaparte. In early March 1846 the party was halted for 10 days by heavy rain at a wooded area known as Richardson's Point. Some of the first deaths of the pioneers occurred at this location.
Chariton River Crossing ( west) – The trail continues past the modern towns of Troy, Drakesville, and West Grove to reach the Chariton River. At this crossing, on March 27, Young organized the lead group of the migration, forming three camps of 100 families, each led by a captain. This military-style organization would be used for all subsequent Mormon emigrant companies.
Locust Creek ( west) – The trail proceeds past Cincinnati to Locust Creek. There on April 13 William Clayton, scribe for Brigham Young, composed "Come, Come Ye Saints," the most famous and enduring hymn from the Mormon Trail.
Garden Grove ( west) – On April 23 the emigrants arrived at the location of their first semi-permanent settlement, which they named Garden Grove. They enclosed and planted  to supply food for later emigrants and established a village that is still in existence today. About 600 Latter-day Saints settled at Garden Grove. By 1852 they had moved on to Utah.
Mount Pisgah ( west) – As they entered Potawatomi territory, the emigrants established another semi-permanent settlement that they named Mount Pisgah. Several thousand acres were cultivated and a settlement of about 700 Latter-day Saints thrived there from 1846 to 1852. Now the site is marked by a  park, which contains exhibits, historical markers, and a reconstructed log cabin. However, little remains from the 19th century except a cemetery memorializing the 300 to 800 emigrants who died there.
Nishnabotna River Crossing ( west) – From Mount Pisgah the trail proceeds past the modern towns of Orient, Bridgewater, Massena and Lewis. Just west of Lewis, the 1846 emigrants passed a Potawatomi encampment on the Nishnabotna River. The Potawatomis were also refugees; 1846 was their last year in the area.
Grand Encampment ( west) – From the Nishnabotna River, the trail proceeds past present-day Macedonia to Mosquito Creek on the eastern outskirts of present-day Council Bluffs. The first emigrant company arrived on June 13, 1846. At this open area, where the Iowa School for the Deaf is now located, the LDS emigrant companies paused and camped, forming what was called the Grand Encampment. From this site on July 20, the Mormon Battalion departed for the Mexican–American War.
Kanesville (later Council Bluffs) ( west) – The emigrants established an important settlement and outfitting point at this site on the Missouri River, originally known as Miller's Hollow. The emigrants renamed the settlement as Kanesville, honoring Thomas L. Kane, a non-LDS attorney who was politically well connected and used his influence to assist the Latter-day Saints. From 1846 to 1852, it was an important LDS settlement and the outfitting point for companies traveling to present-day Utah. Orson Hyde, an Apostle and ecclesiastical leader of the settlement, published a newspaper called the Frontier Guardian. In 1852 the major LDS settlements at Kanesville, Mount Pisgah, and Garden Grove were closed as the settlers moved on to Utah. After 1852, however, the Church continued to outfit and supply emigrant companies (mostly LDS converts coming from the British Isles and mainland Europe) at this community, now renamed Council Bluffs, until the mid-1860s, when the terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad was extended to the west.

Nebraska
Winter Quarters ( west)  – Although Brigham Young had originally planned to travel all the way to the Salt Lake Valley in 1846, the emigrants' lack of preparation had become apparent during their difficult crossing of Iowa. Furthermore, the departure of the Mormon Battalion left the emigrants short on manpower. Young decided to settle for the winter along the Missouri River. The emigrants were located on both sides of the river, but their settlement at Winter Quarters on the west side was the largest. There they built 700 dwellings where an estimated 3,500 Latter-day Saints spent the winter of 1846–47; many would also reside there during the winter of 1847–48. Conditions such as scurvy, consumption, chills and fever were common; the settlement recorded 359 deaths between September 1846 and May 1848. However, while at Winter Quarters the LDS emigrants were able to save or trade for the equipment and supplies that they would need to continue the westward trek. The settlement was later renamed Florence and is now located in Omaha.
Elkhorn River ( west)
Platte River ( west) – All emigrants leaving Missouri traveled along the Great Platte River Road for hundreds of miles. There was a prevailing opinion that the North side of the river was healthier, so most Latter-day Saints generally stuck to that side, which also separated them from unpleasant encounters with potential former enemies, like emigrants from Missouri or Illinois. In 1849, 1850 and 1852, traffic was so heavy along the Platte that virtually all feed was stripped from both sides of the river. The lack of food and the threat of disease made the journey along the Platte a deadly gamble.
Loup Fork ( west) – Crossing the Loup Fork was, like the Elkhorn, one of the early and very difficult crossings during the trek west from Council Bluffs.
Fort Kearny ( west) – This fort, named after Stephen Watts Kearny, was established in June 1848. Another fort named after Kearny was established in May 1846, but was abandoned in May 1848. Due to this, the second Fort Kearny is sometimes called New Fort Kearny. The site for the fort was purchased from the Pawnee Indians for $2,000 in goods.
Confluence Point ( west) – On May 11, 1847,  north of the confluence of the North and South Platte Rivers, a "roadometer" was attached to Heber C. Kimball's wagon driven by Philo Johnson. Although they did not invent the device, the measurements of the version they used were accurate enough to be used by William Clayton in his famous Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide.
Ash Hollow ( west) – Many passing diarists noted the beauty of Ash Hollow, although this was ruined by thousands of passing emigrants. The Sioux Indians were often on location and were at the site and General William S. Harney's troops won a battle over the Sioux there in September 1855 – the Battle of Ash Hollow. The site is also the burial ground of many who died of cholera during the gold rush years.
Chimney Rock ( west) – Chimney Rock is perhaps the most significant landmark on the Mormon Trail. Emigrants commented in their diaries that the landmark appeared closer than it actually was, and many sketched or painted it in their journals and carved their names into it.
Scotts Bluff ( west) – Hiram Scott was a Rocky Mountain Fur Company trapper abandoned on the bluff that now bears his name by his companions when he became ill. Accounts of his death are noted by almost all those who kept journals that traveled on the north side of the Platte. The grave of Rebecca Winters, a Latter-day Saint mother who fell victim to cholera in 1852, is also located near this site, although it has since been moved and rededicated.

Wyoming

Fort Laramie ( west) – This old trading and military post served as a place for the emigrants to rest and restock provisions. The 1856 Willie Handcart Company was unable to obtain provisions at Fort Laramie, contributing to their subsequent tragedy when they ran out of food while encountering blizzard conditions along the Sweetwater River.
Upper Platte/Mormon Ferry ( west) – The last crossing of the Platte River took place near modern Casper. For several years  the Latter-day Saints operated a commercial ferry at the site, earning revenue from the Oregon- and California-bound emigrants. The ferry was discontinued in 1853 after a competing toll bridge was constructed. On October 19, 1856, the Martin Handcart Company forded the freezing river in mid-October, leading to exposure that would prove fatal to many members of the company.
Red Butte ( west) – Red Butte was the most tragic site of the Mormon Trail. After crossing the Platte River, the Martin Handcart Company camped near Red Butte as heavy snow fell. Snow continued to fall for three days, and the company came to a halt as many emigrants died. For nine days the company remained there, while 56 persons died from cold or disease. Finally, on October 28, an advance team of three men from the Utah rescue party reached them. The rescuers encouraged them that help was on the way and urged the company to start moving on.
Sweetwater River ( west) – From the last crossing of the Platte, the trail heads directly southwest toward Independence Rock, where it meets and follows the Sweetwater River to South Pass. To shorten the journey by avoiding the twists and turns of the river, the trail includes nine river crossings.
Independence Rock ( west) – Independence Rock was one of the trail's best known and most anticipated landmarks. Many emigrants carved their names on the rock; many of these carvings are still visible today. The emigrants sometimes also celebrated their arrival at this landmark with a dance.

Devil's Gate ( west) – Devil's Gate was a narrow gorge cut through the rocks by the Sweetwater River. A small fort was located at Devil's Gate, which was unoccupied in 1856 when the Martin Handcart Company was rescued. The rescuers unloaded unnecessary equipment from the wagons so the weaker handcart emigrants could ride. A group of 19 men, led by Daniel W. Jones, stayed at the fort over the winter to protect the property.
Martin's Cove ( west) – On November 4, 1856, the Martin Handcart Company set up camp in Martin's Cove as another blizzard halted their progress. They remained there for five days until the weather abated and they could proceed toward Salt Lake City. Today, a visitor center is located on the site.
Rocky Ridge ( west) – Between the fifth and sixth crossings of the Sweetwater, on October 19, 1856, the Willie Handcart Company was halted by the same snowstorm that stopped the Martin Handcart Company near Red Butte. At the same time, the members of the Willie Company reached the end of their supplies of flour. A small advance team from the rescue party found their camp and gave them a small amount of flour, but then pushed on to the east to try to locate the Martin Company. Captain James Willie and Joseph Elder went ahead through the snow to find the main rescue party and inform them of the Willie Company's peril. On October 23, with the help of the rescue party, the Willie Company pushed ahead through the biting wind and snow up Rocky Ridge, a rough  section of the trail that ascends to a ridge in order to bypass a section of the Sweetwater River valley that is impassable.
Rock Creek ( west) – After their grueling 18-hour trek up Rocky Ridge, the Willie Handcart Company camped at the crossing of Rock Creek. That night 13 emigrants died; the next morning their bodies were buried in a shallow grave.

South Pass (Continental Divide) ( west) – South Pass, a  wide pass across the Continental Divide, is located between the modern towns of Atlantic City and Farson. At an elevation of  above sea level, it was one of the most important landmarks of the Mormon Trail. Near South Pass is Pacific Springs, which received its name because its waters ran to the Pacific Ocean.
Green River/Lombard Ferry ( west) – The trail crosses the Green River between the modern towns of Farson and Granger. The Latter-day Saints operated a ferry at this location to assist the church's emigrants and to earn money from other emigrants traveling to Oregon and California.
Ft. Bridger ( west) – Fort Bridger was established in 1842 by famous mountain man Jim Bridger. This was the site where the paths of the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, and the Mormon Trail separated; the three trails ran in parallel from Missouri River to Fort Bridger. In 1855, the LDS Church bought the fort from Jim Bridger and Louis Vazquez for $8,000. During the Utah War in 1857, the Utah militia burned down the fort so that it would not fall into the hands of the advancing U.S. Army under General A.S. Johnston.
Bear River Crossing ( west) – At this, one of the last river crossings on the Mormon Trail, Lansford Hastings and his company turned north, while the Reed–Donner Company turned south. Also at this site, the vanguard company met mountaineer Miles Goodyear on July 10, 1847, who attempted to persuade them to take the northern track toward his trading post.
The Needles ( west) – Near this very prominent rock formation, close to the Utah–Wyoming border, Brigham Young became ill with what was probably Rocky Mountain spotted fever during the advance push into the Salt Lake Valley.

Utah

Echo Canyon ( west) – One of the last canyons through which the emigrants descended, this deep and narrow canyon made it a veritable, and frequently noted, echo chamber.
Big Mountain ( west) – Although dwarfed by the surrounding Wasatch mountain peaks, this was the highest elevation of the entire Mormon trail at 8,400 feet (2560 m).
Golden Pass Road ( west) – Although unsuccessful in a petition to Salt Lake City for funding, Parley P. Pratt obtained the deed to the canyon and began the construction of a road through Big Canyon Creek in the Wasatch Mountains just south of Emigration Canyon in July 1849. The canyon became known as Parley's Canyon and the road he built as the "Golden Pass Road," due to the large number of gold miners who used it on their way to California. A cutoff was constructed through Silver Creek Canyon by 1862, diverting much of the traffic on what is today the route of I-80.
Emigration Canyon (Donner Hill) ( west) – About a year before the Latter-day Saint emigrants, the Reed–Donner wagon train carved the first road through the final geographic obstacle between Big Mountain and the Salt Lake Valley. About halfway through, the group changed course and went up and around the final constriction near the valley's mouth. The resulting exhaustingly brutal climb over rock and sage most likely contributed to the historic tragedy that befell the travelers three months and  to the west. When an advance team from the Latter-day Saint vanguard company came through, it chose to stick to the valley floor and hacked its way through to the bench overlooking the Great Salt Lake basin in less than four hours.
Salt Lake Valley ( west) – Although the Salt Lake Valley had a special meaning to each emigrant, signifying the end of more than a year of crossing the plains, not all of the pioneering Saints settled in the Salt Lake Valley. Settlement outside the Salt Lake Valley began as early as 1848, with a number of communities planted in the Weber valley to the north. Additional townsites were carefully chosen, with settlements placed near canyon mouths with access to dependable streams and stands of timber. Latter-day Saints founded more than 600 communities from Canada down into Mexico. As historian Wallace Stegner stated, the Latter-day Saints "were one of the principal forces in the settlement of the West."

See also

 Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory
 Mormon handcart pioneers
 Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area
 Mormon Trail (Canada)
 Mormon Trail Center at Historic Winter Quarters
 Mormonism
 National Historic Trails Interpretive Center
 Martin's Cove
 Oregon-California Trails Association
 Pioneer Day in Utah on July 24
 This Is The Place Heritage Park

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 National Park Service site on the Mormon trail
 The Mormon Pioneer Story
 Photos and history of the trail in Wyoming
 Mormon Trails Association
 National Mormon National Trail itinerary in Iowa
 Church History Library at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists
LDS Emigration and Immigration at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists
Mormon Trail at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists with strategies and records for finding pioneer ancestors

History of the Rocky Mountains
Mormon migration to Utah
National Historic Trails of the United States
Jefferson Territory
Protected areas established in 1978
Units of the National Landscape Conservation System
Politically motivated migrations
Pilgrimage routes

Mormon Trail


Trækfugle på jordsand er en film instrueret af Arthur Christiansen.

Handling
Havmåger mellem strandasters. Havmågeunger. Vadehavet. Flodbølgen kommer. Flokke af måger, kobbersnepper og strandskader. Regnspover, gravænder, ryler, stenvender, svartbag-måger, andeflokke og vildgæs, edderfugle, strandskader, stormfugl. Måger, der flænser i ådslet af et strandet marsvin.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1941

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Trækfugle på jordsand


El castillo de Calders es una fortificación medieval del término municipal de Calders, de la comarca del Moyanés.

Es un conjunto medieval mayoritariamente del  construido sobre una colina de 471 m de altitud y rodeado por un antiguo meandro del Calders. Está formado por la torre del homenaje de planta circular, una muralla perimetral, una construcción posterior y los restos de la capilla del castillo, Santa María del Castillo de Calders.

Aproximadamente la mitad de la torre se ha derrumbado, junto con el bancal de roca donde se sustentaba, se trata de una construcción sencilla con un aparato torpe. Recientemente se ha consolidado la base de la roca con un muro de ladrillo. La muralla, que se conserva parcialmente, sigue el perímetro de la explanada en la cima de la colina. Tiene un baluarte cuadrado. Adosado a la muralla se levantan los restos de una construcción posterior al castillo de los siglos XVII y XVIII, posiblemente se trata de una granja, con un sótano que debía servir como cisterna.

Fue sede de una castellanía, después señoría y más tarde, la baronía de Calders, aunque los titulares no debieron vivir más allá del .

Historia
Está documentado desde el 965, aunque la construcción actual podría datarse del : in comitatus Minorissa in terminio de castro Caldarios. Otros documentos de años posteriores confirman la existencia: 974, 977, 984, 1019, 1023... El dominio del castillo pertenecía en ese momento a Sendred Domnuç, señor de Calders, rama lateral de los vizcondes de Osona. Los castellanos eran la familia Viladecavalls, que tomaron el nombre de la parroquia cercana.

En 1023 el castillo y su jurisdicción pertenecían a la condesa Ermesenda, viuda de Ramón Borrell, que el debió recibir en dote, junto con otros castillos de la Cataluña central. La misma condesa dio este castillo, y otros, a su hijo Ramón Berenguer I el Curvo como prenda de paz. En 1067 aparece vinculado a este castillo Guillem Ramón de Calders, casado con Guilla, hija de la condesa Ermesenda de Cardona. Este primer castlá o señor de Calders lega en su testamento el castillo de Calders y las parroquias de su entorno a sus hijos Artal y Ponç, de los cuales pasa al hijo de Ponç, Arnau, que ya consta como señor de Calders.

Más adelante dos Calders, Guillermo y Pedro, aparecen como firmantes del testamento de Guillem de Bergadá. Son hermanos, como consta en varios documentos de la época. El castillo permaneció hasta 1336 en manos de los Calders, que pasaron por algunos momentos donde tuvieron mucha presencia entre las clases dirigentes catalanas como, por ejemplo, en 1313, año en que el conde-rey envió Blanca de Calders (Blanca de Centelles, casada con Guillermo de Calders) a Alemania para acompañar la hija del rey, la infanta Isabel, que iba a contraer matrimonio con el duque de Austria.

Poco después, la familia Calders entró en crisis y en 1347 se vendió el castillo y sus parroquias a Bernat de Talamanca. A continuación, un año más tarde, lo volvió a vender a Ramón Berenguer de Dusfort, pero tuvo que hacerse en parte entera, y le devolvió la mitad del dominio a Bernat de Talamanca, del que pasó a su hijo Berenguer. Asimismo, a finales del , el rey Pedro III ordenó el reforzamiento de las fortificaciones del castillo, y se inició una ampliación que no se llegó a terminar nunca. A partir del  el castillo sufrió una decadencia progresiva.

En 1410 Bernat de Talamanca se casó con Aldonça de Planella y de Togores, hija del señor del castillo fronterizo de Castellnou de la Plana y de Violante, de la influyente familia sabadellense los Togores y hermana de Ramón de Planella y de Togores, señor de Granera, Mura, Castellcir y Tona, entre otras señorías cercanas. Ramón de Planella compró el señorío a su hermana y su cuñado, y un descendiente suyo, Manuel de Planella, se llamaba señor de Calders y Talamanca en 1440. A partir de entonces, sin embargo, el castillo de Calders perdía importancia estratégica y era prácticamente abandonado. El señorío, ya baronía, de Calders pasó de los Planella los Amat, barones de Maldá, y de estos, siempre por vía matrimonial, a los marqueses de Castellbell.

Véase también
 Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Barcelona

Referencias

Bibliografía
 BENET i CLARÀ, Albert: "El origen de la familia Calders". A: Miscelánea de Estudios del Bages, n. 2. Manresa, 1982, págs. 15-30.
 BENET i CLARÀ, Albert; JUNYENT I MAYDEU, Francesc; MAZCUÑAN I BOIX, Alexandre. "Castillo de Calders". A: XI El Bages. Barcelona, Fundació Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1984 (Cataluña Románica, XI). ISBN 84-85194-57-8.
 PLADEVALL, Antoni; CATALÀ i ROCA, Pere. "Castillo de Calders". A: Los Castillos catalanes, vol. V. Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau Editor, 1997 (2a edición). ISBN 84-232-0335-2.
 PLADEVALL, Antoni: "Calders". A: Gran Geografía Comarcal de Cataluña, vol. II. Barcelona: Enciclopedia Catalana, 1981, págs. 185-188.
 SERRA, Roser: "Los siglos medievales (S. IX-XV)". A: Calders, un municipio entre el Pla de Bages y el Moianés. Calders: Ayuntamiento de Calders, 1996, págs.53-88.

Enlaces externos

Calders
Castillos de Cataluña del siglo XI
Moyanés

Castillo de Calders


Swelia Da Silva Antonio (Haia, Países Baixos, 26 de maio de 1997), também conhecido como Swelia Antonio, é uma modelo e rainha da beleza neerlando-angolana, vencedora do concurso Miss Angola Universo 2022. Ela vai representar Angola no concurso Miss Universo 2022.

Ela foi anteriormente vencedora do Miss Supranacional Países Baixos 2020 e representou a Países Baixos no concurso Miss Supranacional 2021, terminando no Top 12.

Biografia
Antonio nasceu em Haia, Países Baixos e cresceu em Luanda. Em 1999, Antonio e sua família se mudaram de Angola para os Países Baixos. Ela é descendente de holandeses e angolanos. Ela obteve seu diploma de bacharel em gestão sem fins lucrativos, pública e organizacional pela Universidade de Ciências Aplicadas de Haia. Antonio obteve seu mestrado em administração pública pelo Instituto Internacional de Estudos Sociais da Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam em Rotterdam.

Concurso de beleza

Participando de um concurso de beleza na Países Baixos
Antonio iniciou sua carreira em concursos de beleza na Países Baixos em 2020, foi oficialmente vencedora do concurso Miss Supranacional Países Baixos 2020 enquanto reinava como Miss Supranacional Países Baixos 2020-2021, atuou como embaixadora da educação para a organização Black Ladies Talk. Como a Miss Supranational 2020 foi cancelada devido à pandemia do novo coronavírus (COVID-19), ela representou a Países Baixos no Miss Supranacional 2021 em 21 de agosto de 2021 em Nowy Sącz, Pequena Polônia, Polônia e terminou no Top 12.

Participar num concurso de beleza em Angola
Em 6 de agosto de 2022, representou Holanda, Angola no Miss Angola Universo 2022 e concorreu contra 23 outras candidatas no Pérola dos Navegantes em Benguela, onde venceu como Miss Angola Universo 2022 e sucedida pela Miss Angola 2019 Salett Miguel. Como Miss Angola, António representará Angola no Miss Universo 2022.

Ligações externas

Misses de Angola
Misses dos Países Baixos
Modelos dos Países Baixos
Modelos femininos dе Angola
Nascidos em 1998
Naturais de Haia
Naturais de Luanda

Swelia Antonio


ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය යනු පෘථිවියෙහි පෘෂ්ඨය මත පතිත වන ගෝලීය සෘජු   ප්‍රවිකිරණතා ප්‍රමාණයෙහි ක්‍රමානුකූල හායනය වන අතර 1950 ගණන් වලදී ඇරඹුනු ක්‍රමානුතූල මිණුම් වලින් අනතුරුව දශක කිහිපයක් පුරා මෙය නිරික්ෂණය කරමින්  පවතියි. මෙම ආචරණය ස්ථානය අනුව විචල්‍යතාවයක් පෙන්වූවද, සාර්වභෞමික වශයෙන් සැලකූ කල 1960–1990 දත්වා දශක තුනක් පුරා එහි  4% ගණයේ හායනයක් ඇස්තමේන්තුගත කර ඇත. කෙසේවෙතත්, 1991දී  පිනාටුබෝ කන්ද විදාහරණය නිසා ඇතිවූ විෂමතාවයක් වට්ටම් කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව සමස්ත නැඹුරුවෙහි ඉතා කුඩා ප්‍රතිගමනයක් නිරික්ෂණය කර ඇත.

මානව ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හේතුවෙන්   සල්ෆේට් එයරොසෝල් වැනි අංශුකයන්  වායුගෝලයට එක් වීම  වැඩි වීම නිසාවෙන් ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය ඇතිවන බව සැලකේ.

වාෂ්පිකරණය අඩුකිරීමෙන් ජල චක්‍රය වෙත එය මැදිහත් වී ඇති අතර සමහර ප්‍රදේශ වල වර්ෂාපතනය අඩුවීමට හේතුකාරක වී ඇත. ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය විසින් සිසිලන ආචරණයක්ද ඇති කරණ අතර ගෝලීය උණුසුම් වීම කෙරෙහි හරිතාගාර වායූන්ගේ බලපෑම  අඩුකිරීමට වක් ලෙසින් හේතු වූවා විය හැක.

හේතු සහ ආචරණ
මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නිසාවෙන්   වායුගෝලයෙහි එයරොසෝල් අංශූන් වැඩි වශයෙන් පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය සිදුවන බවට විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි.  එයරොසෝල් සහ අනෙකුත් අංශුකයන් විසින් සූර්ය ශක්තිය උරා ගෙන හිරු එළිය යළි අවකාශයට පරාවර්තනය කරයි. වලාකුළු බිඳිති සඳහා න්‍යෂ්ටි  ලෙසින්ද මෙම දූෂකයන්  ක්‍රියා කල හැක. මෙම අංශුන් වටා වලාකුළු තුල ඇති ජල බිඳිති  එකතු වීම සිදු වෙයි.

බලපෑම්

නරක බලපෑම්
 වර්ෂාව අඩුවීම

හොඳ  බලපෑම්
 පෘථිවය උණුසුම්වීමේ පලපෑම අඩුකිරීම

තැටි වාෂ්පීකරණ දත්ත

පසුගිය වසර 50 පමණ තුලදී, තැටි වාෂ්පීකරණය පිළිබඳව සැලකිල්ලෙන්  විමසා බලන ලදි. දශක ගණනක් තිස්සේ, තැටි වාෂ්පීකරණ මිනුම් පිළිබඳව කිසිවෙකු එතරම් අවධානයක් යොමු කලේ නැත .

ආශ්‍රිත

දේශගුණය වෙනස්වීම
ගෝලීයකරණ විෂයයන්

ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය


الكراك (Crack) أو الباتش (Patch) هو برنامج صغير صمم لتفعيل أو تسجيل برنامج آخر، عادة ما يكون بحاجة إلى التفعيل عن طريق رقمه التسلسلي. أو أن يكون هذا البرنامج ساري المفعول لمدة معينة (تدعي بالمدة التجريبية/النسخة التجريبية) فبواسطة الكراك يمكنك إلغاء هذه المدة واستخدامه بصفة دائمة. استخدام الكراك في هذه الحالة يكون غير قانوني لأنه يتم التعدي على حقوق الشركة المنتجة للبرنامج وايقاعها في خسائر مالية فادحة. ورغم ذلك استخدام الكراك منتشر جدًا بين مستخدمي الكمبيوتر، خصوصًا للبرامج وأنظمة التشغيل الشهيرة التي تصنع باتشاتها عن طريق محترفين في هذا المجال فور صدور تلك البرامج. أول ظهور للكراكات كان في 1980.

البرامج المستهدفة
الكراك أو السيريال Serial عادة ما يستهدف التطبيقات الشهيرة والمدفوعة (مرتفعة التكلفة ) كأنظمة التشغيل والألعاب عالية الأداء.

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انتهاك حقوق الطبع والنشر
ثقافة المخترق
حقوق النسخ والتأليف
مصطلحات حوسبة
ويرز

كراك


Mere Hüseyin Paşa, II. Osman'ın yeniçeriler tarafından tahttan indirilerek öldürüldüğü ve amcası I. Mustafa'nın ikinci kez tahta geçirildiği anarşi sırasında 13 Haziran 1622 - 8 Temmuz 1622 ve 5 Şubat 1623 - 30 Ağustos 1623 tarihleri arasında iki kez olmak üzere toplam yedi ay on sekiz gün sadrazamlık yapmış bir Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı
Arnavut asıllıdır.Osmanlı Devleti tarihinde Türkçe bilmeyen tek sadrazam olduğu rivayet edilir. Lakabının da, kellesini istediği kişiler için söylediği ve Arnavutça "alınız" anlamına gelen "mere" sözcüğünden kaynaklandığı söylenir.

Önce Macaristan serdarı olan Satırcı Mehmed Paşa'nın yanına ahçıbaşı olarak girmiştir. Satırcı Mehmet Paşa'nın desteği ile kapıkulu süvarisi olarak yazılmıştır. Ama yetenekli görülüp önce "divan-ı hümayun çavuşu", sonra "koyun emini", "çavuşbaşı", "kapıcıbaşı", "imrahorluk" görevlerine getirilmiştir. 1620'de Mısır Valisi olarak Mısır'a gönderilmiştir. Sonra 1622'de İstanbul'a dönmüştür. II. Osman olayları sırasında II. Osman'ın Sadrazam Kara Davut Paşa tarafından katledilmesinden sonra asi kapıkulu askerlerine büyük paralar vermek vaadiyle 13 Haziran 1622'de ilk kez sadrazam olarak göreve geçirilmiştir. Kaçmak isteyen Kara Davut Paşa yakalanıp konağında göz altına alınmıştır.

I. Mustafa'nın döneminde devlet asi kapıkulu askerlerinin devamlı tesiri altında iken bir grup askeri koruyup diğerini kırdırma politikası uygulamaya başlamıştır. 21 Haziran'da kapıkulu askerleri arasında büyük kargaşalık çıktı. "Koyun akçesi" adı verilen toplu bir parayı yeniçeriler Sultan Ahmet Camii içinde üleştirmekte iken camiye eli bıçaklı bir sipahi girip birkaç yeniçeri subayını yaralamış ve oradaki yeniçerileri paniğe düşürmüştür. Fakat sonunda toparlanan yeniçeriler bu hücumcu sipahiyi yakalayıp başını kesmişlerdir. Sadrazam'ın yeniçeri ocağı ağalarından olan Bektaş Ağa'yı öldürme komplosu hazırlamakta iken bu haber alınmış ve ağa lehindeki ocaklının ayaklanması dolayısıyla  8 Temmuz1622'de sadrazamlıktan azlolunmuştur.

Bu sefer özellikle sipahileri tahrik ederek, 5 Şubat1623'te tekrar sadrazam olarak göreve geçmiştir. Bu ikinci sadareti elde etmek için ocaklılara 100.000 altın rüşvet vermiş ve yeniçerilere yaranmak için kendisini yeniçeri yazdırmıştır. Bu ikinci sadareti sırasında Mere Hüseyin Paşa kentte bir terör havası oluşturmuş ve ortalığı sindirme politikası uygulamıştır. Bazı ayaklanmacılar Defterdar Hasan Paşa'nın sadrazam olmasını istemeye başladılar. Sadrazam bir Divan-ı Humayun toplantısında sinirlenip "seyyid" olduğu kabul edilen bir kadıyı falakaya yatırınca ulema ile arası açılmıştır. İstanbul Kadısı Hasan Efendi, yüksek ulemadan Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi ve Uşakkizade Aziz Efendi elebaşılığı altında ulema sadrazamı kınamak için Fatih Camii'nde toplanmışlardır. Bu güruh Mere Hüseyin Paşa'nın "kafir" olduğuna ve öldürülmesinin helal olduğuna dair bir fetva hazırladılar. Ayrıca Sultan Mustafa'da zihin hafifliği olduğunu ve onun halifeliğinin caiz olmadığını bu nedenle padişah hükümlerinin geçersiz olduğunu ilan ettiler. Şeyhülislam Yahya Efendi'nin de şeriat hükümlerini uygulatmadığı için görevinden azli istendi. Şeyhülislam saraya gidip padişahla görüştükten sonra bu hususta bir fetva verebileceğini iddia edince onu Sultan'ın bulunduğu Üsküdar Sarayı'na gönderdiler. Ama Mere Hüseyin Paşa asi kapıkulu askerleri tarafından tutulmakta idi. Fatih Camii'nde toplanan ulema üzerine Acemioğlan ocakları mensuplarından birlikler gönderildi. Bu askerden korkan ulama Fatih Camii'inden dağılınca, tertip ettikleri isyan bastırılmış oldu. Sonra Mere Hüseyin Paşa Fatih Camii toplantısına iştirak eden ulemadan müderris ve kadıları Anadolu'ya sürgüne gönderdi.

Sadrazam sonra bir grup yeniçeri ve bostancı desteği ile, şehirde muhaliflerini elemine etmeye başladı. Bir beylerbeyini Divan-ı Humayun toplantısı sırasında sopa ile dövdürtüp öldürttü. Sadrazamın bir grup yeniçeri kapıkulu askerini kullanarak sipahileri kırdırıp azaltma planları yaptığı haberleri alındı. Bu haber sipahi ocağına erişince tüm sipahiler birleşip onun konağına yürüdüler. Mere Hüseyin Paşa kaçıp saklandı ve sadrazamlıktan azledilmiş kabul edildi. Yerine  30 Ağustos 1623'te  Bağdat valisi olan Kemankeş Kara Ali Paşa sadrazam tayin edildi.

10 Eylül 1623'te IV. Murad'ın tahta geçirilmesinden sonra II. Osman'ın öldürülmesinde başrolü oynayanların birer birer yakalanıp idam edilmeleri süreci içinde Temmuz 1624'te Mere Hüseyin Paşa da yakalanıp idam edilmiştir.

Mezarı Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'nda bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, (1954) Osmanlı Tarihi III. Cilt, 2. Kısım , XVI. Yüzyıl Ortalarından XVII. Yüzyıl Sonuna kadar), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Altıncı Baskı 2011 ISBN 978-975-16-0010)  say.276-277
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971), Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı,  İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Tektaş, Nazım. (2009), Sadrâzamlar - Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı. İstanbul:Çatı Kitapları. ISBN 9789758845000

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1624 yılında ölenler
İdam edilmiş Osmanlılar
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler
İstanbul'da ölenler
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Osmanlı Arnavutları
Osmanlı Mısır valileri

Mere Hüseyin Paşa


Daniella Margarita Álvarez Vásquez (Barranquilla, 24 de mayo de 1988) es una ex reina de belleza, presentadora y modelo colombiana, Señorita Colombia 2011-2012; representó a su país en el certamen de Miss Universo 2012. Desde julio del 2013 hizo parte del grupo de presentadoras de Estilo RCN, después de finalizar Estilo en agosto del 2016 fue presentadora de la W Radio de Caracol Radio, en el 2017 hizo parte del grupo de presentadores del noticiero CM& y recientemente en el año 2019 presentó el reality Desafío 2019: Súper Regiones de Caracol Televisión.

Biografía
Nació en Barranquilla el 24 de mayo de 1988. Es hija de Gustavo Álvarez y Zandra Vásquez. Tiene dos hermanos, Andrea y Ricardo. Es Comunicadora Social y Periodista de la Universidad del Norte de Barranquilla, especialista en "Desarrollo Organizacional y Procesos Humanos," en la misma institución además ella cuenta con una maestría en relaciones internacionales de la universidad pontifica javeriana.

Es de ascendencia italiana, los cuales habrían llegado a la ciudad de Magangué, Bolívar en la década de 1950. Además del español, habla inglés y alemán, aprendiendo estos dos últimos idiomas en el Colegio Alemán de Barranquilla. Sus medidas durante el reinado eran 85-63-97. Mide 1,73 m de estatura.

En 2020 sufre una serie de episodios médicos complicados que le hacen ingresar al quirófano por 5 oportunidades en la clínica Cardio infantil en Bogotá. El 13 de junio de 2020 por decisión de ella, y apoyo de su familia y médicos decide amputar su pie y parte de la pierna izquierda debido a una Isquemia que sufrió en una de sus cirugías.

Participación en concursos de belleza

Señorita Colombia 2011-2012
Participó en representación del departamento de Atlántico en el Concurso Nacional de Belleza de Colombia 2011, celebrado en Cartagena de Indias, donde fue coronada la noche del 14 de noviembre de 2011, tras obtener la más alta calificación 9.6 en desfile en traje de gala.

En historia es la décima Señorita Atlántico luego de 6 años, superando nuevamente a Valle en número de coronas de Señorita Colombia.

Miss Universo 2012
Daniella Álvarez Vásquez participó en representación de Colombia para la sexagésima primera versión del concurso Miss Universo que se celebró el 19 de diciembre de 2012, en Las Vegas. No logró clasificación entre las finalistas. En Miss Universo 2012, la ganadora fue la representante de Estados Unidos, Olivia Culpo.

Referencias

Nacidos en Barranquilla
Delegadas de Miss Universo 2012
Modelos femeninas de Colombia
Ganadoras del Concurso Nacional de Belleza de Colombia
Reinas de belleza

Daniella Álvarez


Las Asambleas del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Wyoming tuvieron lugar entre el domingo 11 de febrero y jueves 29 de febrero de 2012. Las convenciones de los condados se hicieron entre el 6 al 10 de marzo de 2012. Los resultados de las convenciones fueron entregados el 10 de marzo de 2012, el mismo día que se celebraron las asambleas de Guam, Kansas y Islas Vírgenes. Después de ganar las primarias de manera muy reñida con Santorum en febrero, Romney ganó las convenciones sin mayores problemas. Las Asambleas del Partido Republicano fueron una asambleas, con 29 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de Wyoming estaban en disputa 29 delegados.

Elecciones

Resultados
En las asambleas hechas entre el 11 a  29 de febrero, es la única fecha en el que los republicanos registrados pueden votar en las asambleas. El resultado de las asambleas fue el siguiente:

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las asambleas en Wyoming (en inglés)
 Asambleas y asambleas en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Asambleas (en inglés)

2012
Asambleas_2012


Polzow er en by og kommune i det nordøstlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Uecker-Randow-Tal i den sydøstlige del af Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald. Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald ligger i delstaten Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

Geografi
Polzow er beliggende fire kilometer øst for Pasewalk ved nordenden af en endemorænebue, der går fra Pasewalk til Löcknitz mellem Uecker- og Randowdalene. Nord for byen begynder det fladere område Ueckermünder Heide. I kommunen finder man ud over Polzow, byen Neu Polzow der ligger en kilometer mod nordøst, og byen Roggow der er beliggende to kilometer syd for landsbyen.

Trafik
Bundesstraße B 104 der fører fra Lübeck over Schwerin (samt Neubrandenburg og Pasewalk) krydser den nordlige del af kommunen på vej til grænsen og den polske by Stettin (Szczecin). Nærmeste banegårde er i Pasewalk og i nabokommunen Zerrenthin, der har forbindelser til jernbanelinjerne Stralsund–Berlin og Bützow–Stettin.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Befolkningsstatistik mm

Byer i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Kommuner i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Amt Uecker-Randow-Tal
Byer i Kreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Polzow


Josip Angelo Ritig (n. 17 septembrie 1905, Ilok – d. 3 august 1989, Zagreb) a fost un scriitor și traducător croat.  Angelo Ritig a publicat în 1961 romanul O trezire neobișnuită (Sasvim neobično buđenje, tradus în limba română în 1968 de Nicolae Mărgeanu și Victoria Frîncu și publicat de Editura Tineretului în Colecția SF) și în 1965 romanul Dragoste în zgîrie-nor (Ljubav u neboderu).

Biografie
În Ilok a terminat școala generală, a crescut la Zagreb. A urmat cursurile Facultății de Drept din Zagreb și a absolvit în 1929. A fost Secretar al Institutului Slavonic al Bisericii Vechi din Zagreb.

Lucrări
 Sasvim neobično buđenje
 Ljubav u neboderu, Epoha, Zagreb, 1965.
 Zaustavite zeleni mjesec, Globus, Zagreb, 1979.

Note

Vezi și
 Științifico-fantasticul în Croația
 Listă de scriitori croați

Nașteri în 1905
Decese în 1989
Scriitori croați
Scriitori de literatură științifico-fantastică
Traducători croați

Angelo Ritig


Anatoli Heorghiovîci Hostikoev (în ; ) este un actor sovietic și ucrainean de teatru și film. A fost distins cu titlul de Artist al poporului din RSS Ucraineană (1990), cavaler al ordinului "Pentru merit" gradul III (2003) și laureat al Premiului Național Taras Șevcenko.

Biografie
S-a născut într-o familie mixtă: tatăl era osetin, iar mama ucraineancă. Încă din grădiniță a participat la toate spectacolele pentru copii, interpretând un urs maro. Școala a organizat un teatru muzical în miniatură, iar el a interpretat cu seriozitate rolul Othello.

În 1974 a absolvit Facultatea de Actorie a Institutului Teatral de stat I. K. Karpenko-Karîi din Kiev (la clasa Irinei Моlostova).

În anii 1974-1980 a lucrat ca actor la Teatrul dramatic ucrainean Maria Zankovețka din Liov și în la Teatrul dramatic rus Lesia Ukrainka din Kiev. La 2 septembrie 1980 a devenit actor la Teatrul Academic Național Ivan Franko.

În octombrie 1999, împreună cu Bogdan Beniuk și cu Miroslav Hrînîșînîm, a înființat compania teatrală "Beniuk și Hostikoev".

Este activ în filme, fiind unul dintre cei mai cunoscuți actori de film ucraineni. A practicat karate, demonstrându-și de mai multe ori tehnicile cunoscute în filme.

Familia
 Prima soție — Nadejda Kondratovskaia, artistă emerită a Ucrainei
 A doua soție — Liubov Kubiuk, artistă emerită a Ucrainei
 Fiul— Gheorghi Hostikoev, actor
 A treia soție - Natalia Sumska, artistă a poporului din Ucraina
 Fiul -  Veaceslav Hostikoev

Activitatea teatrală

Teatrul Academic Național Ivan Franko
 1980 — «Unchiul Vanea» А. Cehov; regizor Serghei Dancenko — Аstrov
 «Гибель эскадры» А. Korneiciuk — Frehat
 1981 — «Моя профессия — сеньор из высшего общества» Giulio Scarnicci și Renzo Tarabuzi; reg. Vladimir Ogloblin — Аntonio
 «Благочестивая Марта» Tirso de Molina; reg. Vladimir Ogloblin — Don Felipe
 «Санитарный день» А. Kolomieț; reg. Vladimir Ogloblin — Fedia
 «Мата Хари» N. Iordanova — Ivan Popov
 «Фронт» А. Korneiciuk — Оgnov
 «Бунт женщин» N. Hikmet și V. Komissarjevskaia — Roberto
 1986 — «Энеида» И. Kotliarevski; reg. Serghei Dancenko — Eneas
 «Аукцыон» М. Garaeva — Valera
 1987 — «Маestrul și Margareta» М. Bulgakov; reg. Irina Molostova — Wolland
 «Каменный властелин» L. Ukrainka — comandorul
 «Рождественская ночь» N. Gogol — diacul
 1989 — «Тевье-Тевель» G. Gorin; reg. Serghei Dancenko și Dmitri Ciriliuk — Меnahem
 «Санитарная зона» М. Hvîlevoi — Аnarh
 1991 — «Белая ворона» Iuri Rîbcinski și G. Tatarcenko; reg. Serghei Dancenko — Julien
 «Талан» М. Starîțki — Аnton Kvitka
 «Крошка Цахес» Ia. Stelmah — Baltazar
 «Мерлин, или Опустошённая страна» Таncred Dorst și Ursula Eller; reg. Serghei Dancenko — Моrdred
 1999 — «Швейк» J. Hasek; reg. Grinișin, Miroslav și А. Joldak — spionul / jandarmul / tatăl / lt. Lukas
 «Кин ІV» G. Gorin; reg. Anatoli Hostikoev — Edmond Kean
 2000 — «Пигмалион» George Bernard Shaw; reg. Serghei Dancenko — Henry Higgins
 2001 — «Оtеllo» W. Shakespeare; reg. Vitali Malahov — Оtello
 «Carmen» А. Joldak și A. Hostikoev după nuvela lui P. Mérimée; reg. Andrei Joldak — Jose
 2010 — «Zorba Grecul» N. Kazantzakis; reg. Vitali Malahov — Аlexis Zorba
 2015 — «Лес» А. Оstrovski; reg. Dmitri Bogomazov — Ghenadi Nesceastlivțev, călător

Compania teatrală "Beniuk și Hosikoev"
 2003 — «Сеньор из высшего общества» Giulio Scarnicci și Renzo Tarabuzi; reg. Anatoli Hostikoev — Leonida Papagallo
 2004 — «Șoareci și oameni» John Steinbeck; reg. Vitali Malahov — Lenny
 2005 — «Белая ворона» Iuri Râbcinski și G. Таtarcenko; reg. Anatoli Hostikoev — menestrel
 2008 — «Задунаец за порогом» după opera lui Semion Hulk-Artemovski; reg. Anatoli Hostikoev — sultanul
 2011 — «Люкс для иностранцев» David Friedman — sponsorul festivalului

Filmografie
 1976 — Дума о Ковпаке — Janos Șot
 1978 — Жнецы
 1979 — Поезд чрезвычайного назначения
 1979 — Вавилон XX — Volodea Iavorski, poet
 1985 — Контрудар — generalul Cerniakovski
 1985 — Миллион в брачной корзине — Raimondo
 1986 — Точка возврата — Кulebiakin
 1988 — Каменная душа — Dmitro Marusiak
 1990 — Балаган
 1990 — Штемп — Аркадий Ершов (озвучил Алексей Иващенко)
 1991 — Господня рыба
 1991 — Похороны на втором этаже — Аrkadi Erșov
 1992 — Америкэн бой — gemenul mai mare
 1992 — Ради семейного очага — Аnton
 1993 — Ночь вопросов — actor
 1993 — Западня — avocatul Evgheni Rafailovici
 1994 — Выкуп — Evgheni Andreevici Sahibov, fost colonel în Armata Sovietică
 1996 — Спасибо за то, что ты есть
 1997—2001 — Роксолана (serial TV) — sultanul Suleiman I
 2001 — Леди Бомж
 2007 — Сердцу не прикажешь
 2008 — Наваждение
 2011 — Дело было на Кубани — Igor Mihailovici Krutov
 2013 — Ловушка — Vadim Aleksandrovici Valuev
 2014 — Пока станица спит — atamanul Gavril Petrovici
 2014 — Ветренная женщина — Aleksandr Ivanovici Bogoliubov — om de afaceri, președintele companiei «Боголюбов и Ко»
 2015 — Последний янычар — Gavril Petrovici

Premii și onoruri
 1990 — artist al poporului din RSS Ucraineană
 1996 — Premiul Național Ucrainean Taras Șevcenko
 1997 — Laureat al premiului "Kievskaia pektoral" la categoriile "cel mai bun actor" (Jose, spectacolul "Carmen")
 1999 — Laureat al premiului "Kievskaia pektoral" la categoriile "cel mai bun spectacol / spectacol teatral dramatic" (spectacolul "Kean al IV-lea")
 1999 — Laureat al premiului "Kievskaia pektoral" la categoriile "cel mai bun debut" (regie spectacolului "Kean al IV-lea")
 2001 — Laureat al premiului "Kievskaia pektoral" la categoriile "cel mai bun actor" (Othello, spectacolul "Othello")
 2003 — Cavaler al ordinului "Pentru merit" gradul III
 2007 — Cavaler al ordinului "Pentru merit" gradul II
 2010 — Laureat al premiului "Kievskaia pektoral" la categoriile "cel mai bun actor" (Zorba, spectacolul "Zorba Grecul")
 2013 — Cavaler al ordinului "Pentru merit" gradul I
 Diploma de onoare a cabinetului de miniștri al Ucrainei

Note

Legături externe
 Анатолий Хостикоев на сайте театра Франка (укр.)
 Биография актёра. Советский экран
 Наталья Сумская: «Мой муж — идеал для всей страны» (интервью)
 Анна Опанасенко-Сумская и Вячеслав Сумской: «Мы никогда не вмешивались в личную жизнь дочерей.  Они сами себе мужей выбирали — пусть сами и решают, как с ними жить»
 За неделю до смерти отец актрис Натальи и Ольги Сумских праздновал свой 73-й день рождения в больнице.// «Газета по-українськи» № 451 за 18.09.2007

Nașteri în 1953
Nașteri pe 15 februarie
Actori din secolul al XX-lea
Actori din secolul al XXI-lea
Actori sovietici
Actori ucraineni
Ucraineni în viață

Anatoli Hostikoev


De Infernali est un groupe de musique électronique suédois formé en 1996 et dissolu l'année suivante.

Biographie
De Infernali a été formé en 1996 par le guitariste et chanteur de Dissection, Jon Nödtveidt, et son colocataire de l'époque Damien (des groupes Midvinter et Apollgon).

Avec la participation de Dan Swanö, ils sortent en 1997 un unique album nommé Symphonia de Infernali qui a été publié sur le label allemand Nuclear Blast, le label de Dissection à l'époque, bien que cela ne corresponde pas au domaine musical habituel du label, la musique étant essentiellement axée électronique.

Style musical

Symphonia de Infernali contient de la musique électronique qui varie entre des parties symphoniques/orchestrales, calmes et atmosphériques et des morceaux plus durs et bruyants ; certains morceaux sont instrumentaux, d'autres sont accompagnés de voix déformées.

En raison de sa diversité, l'album est classé soit dans l'ambient ou le dark ambient, soit dans la techno, parfois aussi dans l'EDM ou l'electro.

L'album a été présenté comme « EBM techno ambient satanique ».

Notes et références

Liens externes

Groupe suédois de musique électronique
Groupe musical formé en 1996
Groupe musical séparé

De Infernali


මිණූම යනු, වස්තුවක දිග , බර වැනි කිසියම් ගුණාංගයක විශාලත්වය මිණුම් ඒකකයකට සාපේක්ෂව නිමානය කිරීමයි. මිණුමක් සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, මීටරය හෝ කිලෝග්‍රෑමය වැනි කිසියම් පිළිගත් ප්‍රමාණිකයකට වස්තුවක් සැසඳිය හැකිවන පරිදි ක්‍රමාංකනය කරන ලද කෝදුවක් හෝ තරාදියක් වැනි මිණූම් උපකරණයක භාවිතය සම්බන්ධ කර ගනී. කෙසේ වුව ද, නිවැරදි මිණුම ඉතා වැදගත් වන , විද්‍යාවන්වලදී මිණූමකට කොටස් 3ක් තිබිය යුතු බවට පිළිගැනේ. පළමු වැන්න මිණුම එයම වේ. දෙවැන්න දෝෂයේ සීමාවයි. තෙවැන්න විශ්වාසනීය මට්ටමයි. එය භෞතික වස්තුවේ නියම ගුණය දෝෂයේ සීමාව තුළ පැවතීමේ සම්භාවිතාවයි. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස , වස්තුවක දිග 2.34 m +  0.01 m ලෙස 95% විශ්වාසනීය මට්ටමක් සහිතව අපට මැනිය හැක.

මිණුම පිළිබඳ විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යයනය මිනිතය නම් වේ. මිණුම පිළිබඳ සිද්ධාන්තවලදී මිණූමක් යනු, ප්‍රමාණයක් මෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කරනු ලබන අස්ථිරතාවය අඩු කරනු ලබන නිරීක්ෂණයකි. ක්‍රියා දෙයක් ලෙස මැනීම යනු, එවැනි නිරීක්ෂණ සිදු කිරීමයි. එහි දුර, බලය, උෂ්ණත්වය හෝ කාලය වැනි භෞතික අගයයන් පිළිබඳ නිමානයන් අන්තර්ගත වේ. එහි, සමීක්ෂණවල දී ආකල්ප, වටිනාකම් හා ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ පිළිබඳ තක්සේරුව හෝ පුද්ගලයන‍්ගේ ස්වාභාවික හැකියාවන් පරීක්ෂා කිරීම වැනි දේවල්  අන්තර්ගත විය හැක.

භෞතික විද්‍යාවන්වලදී මිණුම, ඉතාමත් පොදු වශයෙන් කිසියම් භෞතික අගයක්, එම අකාරයේ පිළිගත් අගයකට දරන අනුපාතය ලෙස සැලකේ.ඒ අනුව, දිග පිළිබඳ මිණුමක් යනු, භෞතික දිගක්, පිළිගත්, සම්මත මීටරය වැනි සම්මත දිගකට දක්වන අනුපාතයයි. මිනුම් ඒකකයක තාත්වික සංඛ්‍යාවක් වරක අකාරයෙන්, සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මිණුම් දෙනු ලැ‍බේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස 2.53 m නමුත් ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල දී (විද්‍යුත් සම්බාධනය පිළිබඳ මිණුම් වැනි) මිණුම් සඳහා සංකීර්ණ සංඛ්‍යා භාවිතා කරයි.

මිණුම


فترة زمنية محددة من حياة كوكب الشرق ام كلثوم منذ عام1944 وعلاقانها العاطفية التي لم تكتمل . ثم علاقتها بالثورة ودورها بعد هزيمة 1967 .

الممثلين
 فردوس عبد الحميد المطربة أم كلثوم
 محمود ياسين الشاعر أحمد رامي
 أحمد صيام الملحن محمد القصبجي
 محمود قابيل شريف باشا صبري خال الملكة
 ماجد الكدواني محمد قريب لأم كلثوم
 أحمد خليل صديق أم كلثوم
 مجدي صبحي: الموسيقار محمد عبد الوهاب
 عمرو أديب الصحفي مصطفى أمين
 مخلص البحيري رئيس الديوان الملكي أحمد حسنين باشا
 نهال عنبر أحد الأميرات التي أعادت وسام الكمال نتيجة لحصول أم كلثوم عليه
 علاء محمود
 غادة حسين
 هشام رضا
 سحر طيرة
 روينا حسين
 مايسة الرباط
 إيمان فريد
 مديحة البكرى

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أفلام محمود ياسين
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1999
أفلام نهال عنبر
أفلام ماجد الكدواني
أفلام حمدي السخاوي
أفلام فردوس عبد الحميد
أفلام محمود قابيل
أفلام وثائقية 1999
أم كلثوم
أفلام وثائقية عن مغنيات
أفلام وثائقية عن ممثلين

كوكب الشرق (فيلم)


Literatura română și străinătatea a fost un studiu publicat în anul anul 1882 în revista Convorbiri literare, în care Titu Maiorescu a scris despre publicațiile străine care traduceau din operele românești.

Literatură

Literatura română și străinătatea


An Pycreus laxispicatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hoenselaar. An Pycreus laxispicatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pycreus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pycreus

Pycreus laxispicatus


Pic du Midi de Bigorre, também conhecida como Pic du Midi, é uma montanha nos Pirineus franceses. O Observatório do Pic du Midi fica localizado neste lugar. O observatório tem um telescópio de dois metros, o maior da França, e um coronógrafo, que é usado para estudar a corona solar. O Pic du Midi tem uma altitude de 2 877 metros e oferece uma vista panorâmica da cadeia dos Pirineus. É acessível por teleférico e faz parte dos Grands-Sites de Midi-Pyrénées.

Montanhas dos Pirenéus
Observatórios astronômicos da França

Pic du Midi de Bigorre


Myrcia follii é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Myrcia e da família Myrtaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1990 por Ariane Luna Peixoto e Graziela Barroso.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e .

Ligações externas
 Myrcia follii no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Myrcia
Plantas descritas em 1990
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Myrcia follii


L'allée couverte de Coat Luzuen est une allée couverte située sur la commune de Pont-Aven, dans le département français du Finistère.

Historique
En 1835, le Chevalier de Fréminville mentionne « deux dolmens placés l'un à côté de l'autre, et parfaitement bien conservés ». R-F Le Men identifie le monument comme étant une allée couverte dont « la plate-forme était composée de trois tables dont celle du milieu a disparu » mais L. Flagelle et Paul du Châtellier, reprenant de Fréminville, décrivent deux dolmens séparés et le monument sera classé comme tel au titre des monuments historiques par décret du 1er octobre 1951.

Description
L'édifice est orienté nord-ouest/sud-est. Toutes les dalles sont en granite gris très migmatisé.

La partie occidentale conserve huit piliers (quatre au nord, trois au sud, un à l'est) dont la moitié s'inclinent vers l'intérieur de l'allée. Ils délimitent une chambre de  de longueur,  de hauteur et dont la largeur varie de  puis se rétrécit de nouveau à . L'ensemble est recouvert par une unique et monumentale table de couverture, inclinée d'est en ouest, en forme de losange épointé d'une longueur de  sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

La partie orientale ne comporte plus que trois piliers (dont deux en position verticale et un troisième incliné) délimitant une chambre rectangulaire de  sur  dont la hauteur sous dalle ne dépasse pas . L'ensemble est recouvert par une table très fissurée de  sur  dont l'épaisseur varie du nord au sud de .

Jean L'Helgouach classe le monument parmi les allés couvertes, dont la partie intermédiaire aurait disparu, mais un pilier absidial de la partie occidentale étant porteur ne peut être considéré comme une simple cloison et un pilier sud de cette même partie comporte une échancrure qui pourrait indiquer l'existence antérieure d'un portique d'entrée dont la table de couverture aurait disparu. La partie orientale pourrait aussi correspondre à un petit dolmen, plus ancien, qui aurait ultérieurement été prolongé par un second dolmen, plus imposant.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques du Finistère
 Liste des monuments historiques du Finistère

Coat Luzuen
Coat Luzuen
Monument historique dans le Finistère
Monument historique classé en 1951

Allée couverte de Coat Luzuen


Another Day er det andet studiealbum fra den norske musiker Lene Marlin. Det blev udgivet den 24. september 2003. Albummet debuterede som nummer 1 på den norske albumhitliste og var på listen i 14 uger.

Spor
"Another Day" – 4:07
"Faces" – 3:34
"You Weren't There" – 3:32
"From This Day" – 4:38
"Sorry" – 3:51
"My Love" – 4:30
"Whatever It Takes" – 3:45
"Fight Against the Hours" – 6:23
"Disguise" – 3:50
"Story" – 5:32
"Enough" (Japan Bonus Track) – 3:51

Hitlisteplaceringer

Referencer

Debutalbum fra 2003
Lene Marlin-album

Another Day (Lene Marlin-album)


RS Spyder (fabrika adıyla Type 9R6], Alman otomobil üreticisi Porsche tarafından geliştirilen Le Mans Prototip 2 (LMP2) sınıfı yarış otomobili. Porsche'nin 1998 sezonunda yarışan otomobili 911 GT1'den sonra tekrar prototip yarışlarına döndüğü araçtır. RS Spyder ismi, 1950'lerin efsanevi modeli 550 Spyder'a göndermedir, RS ise Porsche'nin RehnSport (motor sporları) kısaltmasıdır.

RS Spyder MR6 isimli 3.4-litre V8 motora sahiptir. 2006 yılı kurallarıyla 480 bhp (360 kW), 44 mm hava kısıtlayıcı kullanılan 2007 kurallarıyla 503 bhp (375 kW) güç üretmektedir. Bu güç 6 ileri sıralı şanzımanla yere aktarılmaktadır. Aracın boş ağırlığı 775 kg'dır (1709 lbs).

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmi Porsche web sitesi
 Resmi porsche web sitesinde RS Spyder
 Resmi Porsche RS Spyder mini sitesi
 RS Spyder fotoğrafları
 RS Spyder Evo/2007 versiyonu üzerine bilgi
 Penske Racing

RS Spyder
Le Mans 24 Saat otomobilleri
2005'te tanıtılan taşıtlar
V8 motorlu taşıtlar

Porsche RS Spyder


Os Prêmios Internacionais Mara de Oro são uma gala organizada pela Fundação Mara de Oro da Venezuela. São os prêmios mais antigos da Venezuela em termos de artes e entretenimento. Com o slogan "premiando o melhor dos melhores", a cada edição as categorias avaliadas por especialistas da área foram aumentando, abrangendo literatura, medicina, ciências sociais, política, entre outros prêmios.

Sua sede principal é o estado de Zulia ( Venezuela ) de 1955 até o presente, com um correspondente no centro e leste do país para algumas edições especiais. Recentemente, estreou fora da Venezuela com sua edição internacional.

História
Criada em 10 de outubro de 1955 pelo jornalista zuliano Guillermo Sánchez García, a Mara de Oro mantém o propósito de promover o trabalho de homens e mulheres nacional e internacionalmente. É um dos prêmios pioneiros a incluir uma linha de gaita de foles para o gênero musical autóctone do estado de Zulia.

Durante décadas, o prémio foi proclamado através dos ecrãs da RCTV, pelo mesmo fundador. Após a morte de Sánchez García em 2 de dezembro de 1988, em homenagem à sua memória, o prêmio ficou nas mãos de Hender González, que manteve a essência e o legado por mais de 4 décadas de intenso trabalho, gozando da certificação e credibilidade internacional.

Após a saída inesperada de Hender González, o prêmio continua suas funções sob a direção da advogada Emelina Carrasquero Montes, sendo historicamente a primeira mulher de Zulia a assumir a presidência do precioso prêmio.

Em 2016, passou a se chamar Mara de Oro de Venezuela e Fundação Internacional. Como parte das comemorações de seus 64 anos, em 2019 anunciou a Edição Especial Multidestino para as cidades de Bogotá, Miami e Venezuela, prevista para os meses de novembro e dezembro daquele ano.

Quartel general
A Mara de Oro de Venezuela e Fundação Internacional mantém sua sede no estado de Zulia ( Venezuela ) de 1955 até o presente, realizando edições especiais em Margarita, Mérida, Lechería e Maturín nos últimos anos.

Categorias
A Fundação Mara de Ouro de Venezuela e Internacional tem um objeto social bastante amplo que lhe permitiu reconhecer o trabalho de diferentes personalidades da arte, do entretenimento, da mídia, associações profissionais e empresariais ao longo dos anos., para as quais as categorias variam a cada edição mantendo uma diversidade de oportunidades para todas as áreas, todas avalizadas por um grupo de especialistas de uma área específica.

Entre outras categorias especiais estão as da gaita de fole zuliana.

Distinções
A Fundação tem um conselho de administração que endossa e apoia as seguintes distinções:

 Mara Dourada
 Platina Mara
 Diamante Mara

Todas estas distinções são atribuídas pelos anos de experiência, contribuição científica, cultural, desportiva, comunicacional e artística de cada um dos postulados. Com exceções de maior distinção:

 Diamante Duplo Mara
 Mara Triplo Diamante
 Mara de maras

Logotipo
Nos últimos anos, com base na identidade da organização, foram tratados diferentes logotipos, que têm como foco principal o isótipo do índio Mara, acompanhado da palavra Mara de Oro, às vezes o ano do aniversário.

Controvérsia
Em 2006, foram criados os Prêmios Internacionais Mara, com sede em Caracas, o que gerou confusão na mídia na hora de redigir suas notas, incluindo problemas legais de direitos autorais ao associar uma gala de mais de 60 anos com outra que mal completaria 20 anos . Em 2019, um influenciador denunciou esses novos prêmios que, usando a história da Mara de Oro, causaram confusão no artista que seria premiado.

Da mesma forma, em 2022 a polêmica foi gerada novamente pelo uso do nome Latin Mara em outras premiações fraudulentas. No espaço No Te Escaparás, apresentado por Patricia Poleo, foi comentado que Carmen Cecilia Romero, esposa do cantor "El Pollo" Brito, "é quem agora administra os prêmios "boné amarelo" Latin Mara", que, de acordo com o que ela disse, certamente agora eles seriam usados para premiar artistas ligados ao chavismo .

Referências

Prêmios

Prêmios Mara de Ouro


Harimella (dea Harimella) ist eine germanische Göttin. Der einzige Beleg für die Göttin ist ein Weihestein mit einer Inschrift aus dem 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. bei dem schottischen Ort Birrens, Dumfriesshire am Hadrianswall. Die Bedeutung und Funktion der Göttin ist die einer Kriegsgöttin.

Auffindung
Der Stein wurde im 18. Jahrhundert auf dem Gelände des ehemaligen Tempelbezirks des Kastells Blatobulgium gefunden, er war dort mit weiteren Weihesteinen aufgestellt, die mehrheitlich römischen Gottheiten und einer keltischen Göttin gestiftet wurden (Mars, Minerva, Viradesthis). Neben dem Votivstein für die Harimella findet sich ein dort 1812 gefundener Stein der ebenfalls germanischer Herkunft zuordenbar ist: den der Göttin Ricagambeda. Thomas Pennant besichtigte ihn 1772 und hat die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung unternommen ("Tour in Scotland and voyage to the Hebrides", Band 2. 1776). In der Folge wurde der Stein im Hoddom Castle aufbewahrt, er befindet sich in Privatbesitz und ist als ständige Leihgabe im Dumfries Museum ausgestellt.

Inschrift
Der aus Sandstein und klastischen Sedimenten bestehende Stein hat die Maße von 68,6 × 35,6 cm in der Höhe und Breite. Er ist in der Ausführung schlicht gehalten mit einem einfachen Sockel und Gesims und planen Seitenflächen, lediglich der Aufsatz zeigt einfache Dekore bestehend aus symmetrisch an den Außenkanten ausgearbeiteten Radmotiven und in der Mitte Kullen. Die Schrifttafel trägt die fünfzeilige ungestörte, klar lesbare Inschrift in Capitalis mit üblichen Weihe-Formular.

Nach der Inschrift von Gamidiahus  einem germanischen Militär-Beamten (architectus) gestiftet.  Die dea Harimella wurde vermutlich von weiteren germanischen Militärangehörigen der dort in Garnison liegenden Cohors II Tungrorum und Cohors I Nervana Germanorum verehrt.

Name und Funktion

Zur Namendeutung und der damit verbundenen Funktionsbestimmung der Göttin sind in der Forschung zwei wesentliche Positionen vertreten worden:
 Der Name leitet sich unter Einfluss keltischer Namengebung von einem Ortsnamen als eine ursprünglich Lokalgöttin der Tungerer ab.
 Der Name der Göttin steht in Bezug zur militärischen Profession und Umfeld der Stifter und Verehrer (Dedikaten) als eine Kriegsgöttin, oder walkürenartigen Figur.

Etymologie

Zur Harimella besteht im Kontext der lateinischen Inschriften mit germanischer Herkunft die parallele Form Fledimella Hinzu treten frühmittelalterliche Personennamen wie beispielsweise: Mellarid, Baromellus, Mellobaudes, Baudomalla.

In der Forschung besteht für die Deutung des Hari- Segments Einheitlichkeit, für -mella konkurrieren die unterschiedlichen Lösungen. Harimella entspricht dem Typus der auf Grundwörten basierenden zweigliedrigen germanischen Namenbildung. Im ersten Glied ist das Bestimmungswort Hari- klar das germanische *xarjaz (harjaz) = Heer, Heerhaufen wie im gotischen  harjis erkennbar vorliegend. Zum zweiten Glied -mella bestehen folgend die wesentlichen Möglichkeiten der Zuordnung, die für die Gesamtinterpretation als ein Abstraktum Weichen stellt.
Rudolf Much führt -mella zu altnordisch mjöll =  Schnee, Neu- oder Pulverschnee, wie beispielsweise im Namen der mythischen Mjöll, zu germanisch *mella = glänzend, reiner frischer Neuschnee stellt.
Siegfried Gutenbrunner folgt Muchs Position und führt als erweiterndes Argument für die Verwendung von -mella in nordischen mythologischen Personennamen unter anderem das Beispiel aus dem eddischen Lied Alvíssmál 7 an "et miallhvīta man" = "das Schneweiße Mädchen", und aus Rígsþula 28 "hals hvītari hreinni mjǫlli" = "der Hals weißer als reiner, frischer Schnee".
Helmut Birkhan vergleicht -mella entgegen Much und Gutenbrunner mit altirsch mall = langsam und lateinisch promellare (litem promovere) und mit griechisch μαλλός in der Bedeutung von "zögere, bin im Begriff".
Norbert Wagner sieht in dem e in -mella einen häufigen Vorgang in lateinischen Inschriften für die Wiedergabe von germanisch a, sodass er als Ausgangsform eher und einfacher ein germanisches *maþlan = Versammlung, Versammlungsplatz annimmt.
Hermann Reichert stellt in der Summe -mell als etymologisch unklar dar.

Deutung

Edward Schröder stellte den Namen der Göttin zu den Ortsnamen von Hermalle-sous-Huy an der Maas bei Lüttich, das zum Gebiet des fränkischen Haspengaus auf  einstigen tungrischen Gebiet liegt. Schröder verweist auf die Schreibweise einer karolingischen Urkunde aus dem Jahr 779 in der Form Harimalla (Harimalla in pago Hasbaniense) und sieht beide Namen "unzweifelhaft" verbunden.
Den auffälligen Unterschied der Vokale e in -mella zu a in -malla sieht er  ohne Gewicht, da das e durch den Beleg in Fledimella ausreichend gestützt ist. Entscheidender ist für ihn, dass er in der Form -malla einen keltischen Einfluss sah, durch den "spezifisch"  keltischen Brauch Toponyme (Ortsnamen) mit Theonymen (Götternamen) zu verbinden. Schröder sieht darin ein Relikt keltisierter Tungerer und gelangt zu folgenden Annahmen:
Tungrische Soldaten sehen in der Göttin des Weihesteins eine Lokalgöttin und verehren sie aus heimatlicher Verbundenheit.
Der Stifter Gamidiahus stammte aus Harimalla und leitete aus dem Ortsnamen, bedingt durch den einzigen Beleg, ein göttliches Wesen ab. Schröder bleibt in der Gesamtinterpretation und in der Etymologie unbestimmt da für ihn die Befundage unklar ist.
Rudolf Muchs allgemein anerkannte Kritik an Schröders Thesen, die er insgesamt ablehnt, beziehen sich auf zwei wesentliche Punkte. Erstens, verneinte er die durch Schröder festgemachte Keltisierung der Tungrer und sieht diese als einen klar germanisch kultivierten ethnischen Verband an. Zweitens, und gewichtiger, sieht er die Kontinuität eines vorgeblichen tungrischen Ortsnamen bis in die karolingische Zeit des 8./9. Jahrhunderts als unbeweisbare Spekulation an. Much verweist beispielsweise auf das altenglische heremeðel als "Sammelstelle des Heeres" und auf die Ortsnamen aus karolingischer Gründung in der Region wie Heristall und überregionalen weiteren Belegen wie bei Theotmalli (das heutige Detmold). Er setzt für den Ortsnamen eine Grundform aus germanisch *hari-maþla an. Der Name der Göttin ist vom Ortsnamen zu trennen.

Much selber leitete aus dem Hari- einen Vergleich zu dem nordischen Namen der Walküre Herja ab, und verbunden mit seiner Deutung des -mella zur insgesamten Interpretation der Harimella als ein walkürisches Wesen (Glanz des Heeres oder die Heerglänzende) mit vermutlich gleichender Funktion. Zu dieser Deutung kommt er insbesondere durch seine Deutung des Namens der Fledimella als die in Schönheit glänzende. Helmut Birkhan übernimmt Muchs Ansatz der Zuordnung der Harimella in den Kontext der Walküren verwirft hingegen Muchs Kombinierungen und erklärt einfacher, und nach Rudolf Simek "schlüssiger", mit dem Namen der eddischen Walküre Herfjötur als die das Heer hemende oder die das Heer fesselnde. Birkhan nimmt für seine Deutung als Vergleichsbasis auf die Darstellung der "Idise" des Ersten Merseburger Zauberspruchs Bezug.

Norbert Wagner setzt für die germanische Ausgangsform von Harimella ein grundsätzliches germanisches *harja-maþl an (anders als Much der dies nur für den Ortsnamen Hermallé/Harimalla in Betracht zieht). Er sieht ein Kompositum vorliegen bestehend aus dem Bestimmungswort und einer Abstraktion germanisch *harja-z  + maþla  mit einem weiblichen Suffix (Anhängung) -on zur Vollform Harja-maþl-on. Durch einen lateinischen Vulgarismus in der Kompositionsfuge sei das vorliegende Har-i-mella entstanden. Er weist als Parallelvorgang auf den inschriftlichen Namen Har-i-gasti des Helm-B aus Negau hin. Letztlich deutet er unter Einbezug der bisherigen Namendeutungen und Interpretationen und Bildungsformen vergleichbarer Personennamen den Namen und die Funktion der Harimella als eine "Göttin die zur Sammelstelle des Heeres gehört", als eine Kriegs- oder Kampfgöttin.

B. H. Stolte ordnet Harimella in seiner Untersuchung zu den religiösen Verhältnissen in der Germania inferior der einheimischen Gruppe germanischer Kriegsgöttinen zu, wie beispielsweise die Vihansa oder die Vagdavercustis. Er begründet dies mit dem Typus des Namens der im Vergleich zu den übrigen niederrheinischen Belegen des Inschriftenkorpus mit germanischen Bezug einen erkennbar kriegerischen Ausdruck zeigt.

Siehe auch

Baduhenna
Germanische Religion
Hariasa
Harier
Matronae Mahalinehae

Literatur
 Helmut Birkhan: Germanen und Kelten bis zum Ausgang der Römerzeit. Der Aussagewert von Wörtern und Sachen für die frühsten germanisch-keltischen Kulturbeziehungen. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte Bd. 272, Böhlau, Köln/Wien 1970.
 Siegfried Gutenbrunner: Die germanische Götternamen der antiken Inschriften. Niemeyer, Halle/S. 1936.
 Karl Helm: Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 1913.

 Rudolf Much: Dea Harimella. In: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 36 (1892), S. 44–47.
 Rudolf Much: Harimalla – Harimella. In: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 63 (1926), S. 19–22.
 Vladimir Orel: A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill, Leiden/Boston 2003, ISBN 90-04-12875-1.
 Hermann Reichert: Lexikon der altgermanischen Namen. Bd. 1: Text, Bd. 2: Register. Böhlau, Wien 1987, 1990.
 Edward Schröder: Dea Harimella. In: Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 61 (1924), S. 59–60.
 Rudolf Simek: Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie (= Kröners Taschenausgabe. Band 368). 3., völlig überarbeitete Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-520-36803-X.
 B. H. Stolte: Die religiösen Verhältnisse in Niedergermanien. In: Wolfgang Haase (Hrsg.): Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt Bd. II 18, 1 Religion (Heidentum: Die religiösen Verhältnisse in den Provinzen), de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1986. ISBN 3-11-010050-9. S. 591–671.
 Jan de Vries: Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. Bd. 2, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 3. unveränd. Aufl. 1970, ISBN 978-3-11-002807-2. (Reprint 2010)
 Norbert Wagner: Fledimella*, Harimella* und Baudihilla. In: Historische Sprachforschung 115 (2002), S. 93–98.

Weblinks
 Eintrag in der Datenbank der Roman Inscription of Britain RIB 2096 (mit Abbildung)
 Eintrag in der Epigraphischen Datenbank Heidelberg HD 071236

Anmerkungen

Germanische Gottheit
Weibliche Gottheit

Harimella


Skive-Løbet 2017 var den 14. udgave af cykelløbet Skive-Løbet. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 30. april 2017. Det blev vundet af danske Martin Toft Madsen fra BHS-Almeborg Bornholm.

Hold og ryttere

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Skive-Løbet 2017


XFL 3 fue el tercer evento de artes marciales mixtas (MMA) producido por Xtreme Fighters Latino (XFL). Tuvo lugar el 15 de octubre de 2009 desde el José Cuervo Salón en la Ciudad de México.

Historia
Durante ente tercer evento de Xtreme Fighters Latino se obtuvieron a los finalistas de las categorías peso ligero, peso medio, peso pesado y peso pluma. Con este evento quedó todo listo para obtener a los nuevos campeones de la promoción en el siguiente gran evento, XFL 4. Rodolfo Rubio y Miguel Carrasco fueron derrotados por Nocaut Técnico gracias a la intervención del doctor que indicó que los peleadores no podían continuar sus respectivos combates.

Resultados
Torneo Peso Pluma Semifinal:  Jesús Juárez vs.  René Diosdado
René Diosdado derrotó a Jesús Juárez por Sumisión (Golpes) a los 3:49 del Round 1.
Torneo Peso Pluma Semifinal:  Gilberto Aguilar vs.  Isidro Cruz
Gilberto Aguilar derrotó a Isidro Cruz por Nocaut Técnico (Golpes) a los 4:34 del Round 2.
Torneo Peso Ligero Semifinal:  Edgar García vs.  Rodolfo Rubio
Edgar García derrotó a Rodolfo Rubio por Nocaut Técnico (Intervención del Doctor) a los 5:00 del Round 1.
Torneo Peso Ligero Semifinal:  Israel Girón vs.  Víctor Cruz
Israel Girón derrotó a Víctor Cruz por Decisión Unánime a los 5:00 del Round 3.
Torneo Peso Medio Semifinal:  Jorge Macías vs.  Miguel Carrasco
Jorge Macías derrotó a Miguel Carrasco por Nocaut Técnico (Intervención del Doctor) a los 5:00 del Round 2.
Torneo Peso Medio Semifinal:  Augusto Montaño vs.  Lucio Hernández
Augusto Montaño derrotó a Lucio Hernández por Nocaut (Golpes) a los 2:06 del Round 1.
Torneo Peso Pesado Semifinal:  Andy González vs.  Omar Huerta
Andy González derrotó a Omar Huerta por Nocaut Técnico (Golpes) a los 4:47 del Round 1.
Torneo Peso Pesado Semifinal:  Fabián Hernández vs.  Omar Huerta
Fabián Hernández derrotó a Rogelio Martínez por Nocaut Técnico (Golpes) a los 0:20 del Round 1.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Sitio Oficial de XFL

Xtreme Fighters Latino

XFL 3


Das sogenannte Bürger-Kasino ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Gebäude in der Straße der Jugend 16 in Cottbus. Heute beherbergt das Gebäude das Jugendfreizeitzentrum "Glad-House". Außerdem befindet sich an der Fassade des Gebäudes eine Gedenktafel der Freien Deutschen Jugend.

Baugeschichte

Das Bauwerk wurde Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts im spätklassizistischen Baustil als Saalbau, Gastronomiegebäude und Vereinsheim der bürgerlichen Casino-Gesellschaft errichtet. 1878 wurde dieser eingeschossige Gebäudeteil nach Entwurf des Berliner Architekten Eduard Titz (1819–1890) durch den Cottbuser Baumeister Schulz um einen zweigeschossigen Kopfbau erweitert. Die Fassadengestaltung des Anbaus wurde an den bestehenden Bauteil angepasst. Es erfolgten mehrfach Umbauten, so 1891, 1912, 1919, 1921 und 1929. Von 1915 bis 1919 diente der Bau als Reservelazarett II.

Da das Gebäude neuzeitlichen baulichen Anforderungen nicht mehr genügte, erfolgte 2010/2011 eine energetische Sanierung von Fassade, Dach und Fenstern. Der Einbau von Brandschutztechnik, Schallschutztechnik und Lüftungstechnik sowie Verbesserungen bei der Barrierefreiheit durch eine Rollstuhlrampe am Eingang Feigestraße wurden im ersten Bauabschnitt vorgenommen. Im zweiten Bauabschnitt konnte ein Aufzug für den barrierefreien Zugang des Obergeschosses eingebaut und der angebaute Bürotrakt saniert werden.

Weitere Nutzungen wie die Verbesserung der medienpädagogischen Angebote wurden dadurch ermöglicht. Beispiele dafür sind Konzerte und Veranstaltungen, Ausstellungen, Wettbewerbe von Künstlern, Workshops, Szene-Partys, Filmvorführungen sowie Theater und mehr. Das städtebaulich markante Gebäude, das heutige Jugendfreizeitzentrum "Glad House", ist seit ca. 60 Jahren ein Domizil für Jugendarbeit und Kultur.

Architektur
Die Hauptansicht des ehemaligen Bürger-Kasinos von 1878 wird charakterisiert durch einen dreiachsigen Mittelrisalit mit Türöffnung (ursprünglich Haupteingang, von Pilastern flankiert und mit Giebelverdachung) und durch schräggestellte Eckrisalite mit Eckquaderung. Die Erdgeschoss-Fenster wurden 1921 zu Eingängen erweitert. Die Fassade ist, abgesehen vom Sockel, mit Putzbändern überzogen. Im Erdgeschoss befinden sich gerade eingeschnittene Fenster unter Gesims- und Giebelverdachung, im Obergeschoss zwei- und dreifach gekuppelte, in schlichte Rahmungen gestellte Rundbogenfenster. Den Übergang zum Dach bildet ein umlaufendes Traufgesims auf Konsolen. Die heute geschlossenen Längswände des östlich anschließenden Saales sind sparsam mit Pilastern gegliedert. Auch hier sind die Ecken gequadert. Fragmente der ursprünglichen Stuckdekorationen sind in dem ca. 210 Quadratmeter großen und 8,5 Meter hohen Festsaal erhalten. Der große gewölbte Bierkeller ist nur ein Teil der Kelleranlage aus dem Jahr 1860.

Die städtebaulich prägnante, architektonisch ansprechende Eckbebauung hat eine straßenbildprägende Wirkung. Das Gebäude hat ein repräsentatives Erscheinungsbild in Form der Schinkelnachfolge und ist in allen wesentlichen Teilen erhalten.

Literatur
 Gerhard Vinken et al. (Bearb.): Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Brandenburg. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-422-03054-9.
 Irmgard Ackermann, Marcus Cante, Antje Mues: Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Denkmale in Brandenburg, Band 2.1 Stadt Cottbus, Teil 1: Altstadt, Mühleninsel, Neustadt und Ostrow, innere Spremberger Vorstadt, Stadtpromenade, westliche Stadterweiterung, historisches Brunschwig. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 2001, ISBN 3-88462-176-9.

Weblinks

 Internetseite des "Glad-House"

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Cottbus
Baudenkmal in Cottbus
Klassizistisches Bauwerk in Brandenburg
Erbaut in den 1870er Jahren

Bürger-Kasino (Cottbus)


Mehmet Esat Sagay (1874, Karaferye, Selanik - 22 Mayıs 1938), Türk devlet adamı.

Manastır aşâr nazırı Yusuf Bey'in oğlu olan Esat Sagay, Harbiye'yi bitirdi (1894). Bir süre Suriye'de kaldı (1898). Harbiyeye Almanca öğretmenliğine getirildi. Erkânıharbiye sınıfları tabya öğretmeni oldu. Mustafa Kemal'e (Atatürk) hocalık etti. Beyrut Askeri Rüştüye Müdürlüğü'ne gönderildi. Çanakkale Savaşı'na katıldı, Miralay rütbesiyle emekli oldu (1919). İstanbul Belediye Meclisi azası (1927) oldu.

TBMM III., IV. ve V. Dönem Bursa Milletvekilliği, 6. ve 7. Hükûmet Maârif Vekilliği, IV. Dönem Divân-ı Riyâset Reis Vekilliği, V.
Dönem Meclis Hesaplarını Tetkik Encümeni Başkanlığı yapmıştır. Çeşitli nişan ve madalyalar sahibidir. Evli ve iki çocuk babasıdır.

Kaynakça

1874 doğumlular
Selanik doğumlu siyasetçiler
1938 yılında ölenler
TBMM 3. dönem Bursa milletvekilleri
TBMM 4. dönem Bursa milletvekilleri
TBMM 5. dönem Bursa milletvekilleri
TBMM 4. dönem başkanvekilleri
TBMM Hesaplarını İnceleme Komisyonu Başkanları
Mekteb-i Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
Türk albaylar
Osmanlı karacı subayları

Esat Sagay


Brovandene er et område ved Skagen i forlængelse af Nedermosen.
På Skagensmalerenes tid var området hede og moseområde.
Brovandene ses som motiv i et par af malernes værker, — hos P.S. Krøyer, Adrian Stokes og Michael Ancher.

I 1949 blev en losseplads etableret på dele af området.
Nu ser man også navnet Brovandene gå igen hos Andelsboligforeningen Brovandene og Brovandeskolen.

Henvisninger

Skagen

Brovandene


෴ පුංචි දඹුල්ල ෴

   වළගම්බා රජු ගල් තලාවක හිඳගෙන බුලත් විටක් අනුභව කර රන් ගිරය අමතකව ගිය ස්ථානය ' කෑ ගල ' නමින් ව්‍යවාහාර වී පසු කළක කෑගල්ල ප්‍රදේශය බවට පත් විය. බොහෝ ඓතිහාසික වටිනාකම් රැසකට උරුමකම් කියන කෑගල්ල ප්‍රදේශයේ ඇති සැලව රජමහ විහාරය පුංචි දඹුල්ල යනුවෙන් විරුදාවලි ලබයි. අරණායක ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කලාපයේ දොළොස්භාගේ කඳුවැටියෙන් ආරම්භව මා ඔයට එක්වන කුඩා ඔය ඉස්මත්තේ සැලව කන්ද පාමුල සැලව රජමහා විහාරය ඉඳිකර ඇත.

ජනප්‍රවාදයේ රාවණ රජුගේ මාලිගයක් පැවතියා යැයි පැවසෙන රහළ ගල නිරිත හා දකුණු දිග පවුර කොට ගෙන ගිණිකොණ හා නැගෙනහිර කරගල හා ගලඋඩගල වටකොටගෙන පිඹුරාගල හා පහන තිබූ ගල යන කඳු මුදුන් අයත් කඳුවැටියක සෞන්දර්ය උකහාගෙන සැලව රජමහ විහාරය බැබළෙයි. දියපහර වලින් සහ කඳු මුදුන් වලින් අලංකෘත පරිසරය සිත නිවන තෝතැන්නක් වැන්න. විහාරය පිටුපස පහන තිබූ ගල පර්වතය මුදුනේ ඇති පහනක් වැනි ගල්කුළ ආශ්චර්යජනක ය.

මල්වතු පාර්ශ්වයට අයත් අක්කර 600කින් යුතු මේ විහාරස්ථානයට පිවිසෙන පියගැටපෙළ හමුවන්නේ පහතරට හෙල්මළු ක්‍රමයට වගා කරන ලද අලංකාර කුඹුරු යායක් පසුකර ගිය තැනය. කොටස් තුනකින් යුතු ලෙන් විහාරයට පිවිසෙන අතරමඟ කටාරම් කෙටූ ගල්ලෙන් හා ඉහළ ලඳු කැළෑවේ පිහිටන වැඩ අවසන් නොකළ බුදු රුවකට සමාන ශෛලමය නිර්මාණය දැකගත හැක. ලෙන් විහාරය තුළ මහනුවර යුගයට අයත් මකර තොරණ , බුදු පිළිමය හා සිතුවම් අතර අඩි 8ක් උස පීඨිකාවක් මත ඉඳිකරන ලද සැතපෙන පිළිමය සුවිශේෂ ය.

සැලව රජමහ විහාරය අමතක කළ නොහැකි ඓතිහාසික ස්ථානයක් වන්නේ සිරිලක රාජ පරම්පරාවේ අවසන් සෙල්ලිපිය මෙහිදී හමුවන නිසා ය. මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ කඳු , දියදහර හා ප්‍රදේශ හඳුන්වන සියලු නම් අතීතයේ සිටම පැවත එන බව මෙම සෙල්ලිපි තහවුරු කරයි. විහාරය ආසන්නයේ ඇති වෙළ මැද පිහිටන 9වන සියවසට අයත් සෙල්ලිපියක දැක්වෙන්නේ සැලව ප්‍රදේශය අතීතයේ සැල්හෝගම නමින් හැඳින්වූ බවය.

පුරාවිද්‍යාඥ H. C. P. බෙල් මහතා 1892 දී රචනා කරන ලද කෑගලු දිස්ත්‍රික් පුරාවිද්‍යා වාර්තාව මඟින් සැලව රජමහ විහාරය වළගම්බා රාජ්‍ය කාලයේ සිට ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ යුගය දක්වා නොමද රාජ්‍ය අනුග්‍රහය ලබමින් විකාශය වූ ආකාරය දැක්වේ. මනරම් ගම්බද අසිරිය විදින්න මෙන්ම වන්දනාමාන කටයුතු සඳහා ද ශිල භාවනා කටයුතු සඳහා ද සැලව විහාරස්ථානය ඉතා අගනේ ය. නිදහස් මනසින් නිදහස අත්දකින්න පෞරාණික උරුමය සොබාදහම හා ඒකාත්මිකව ඇත.

පුංචි දඹුල්ල


Las Elecciones locales de Cali de 2011, se llevaron a cabo el 30 de octubre de 2011 en la ciudad de Cali, donde se eligieron los siguientes cargos:

 Gobernador de Valle del Cauca.
 Alcalde de Cali.
 21 miembros del Concejo Municipal.
 Ediles de Juntas Administradoras Locales de 22 comunas y 18 corregimientos.

Candidatos a la Alcaldía

Guerrero Alcalde
Rodrigo Guerrero Velasco

Exalcalde y exconcejal de la ciudad, director de la Fundación Vallenpaz y reconocido empresario de la ciudad. Adscrito al Partido Conservador, se inscribió por un movimiento avalado por firmas al no poder tener el aval de su partido. Alrededor de él se han hecho coaliciones con otros candidatos como Argemiro Cortés (Podemos Cali-Centro Independiente), Clara Luz Roldán (Partido de la U), Carlos Andrés Clajivo (Partido Cambio Radical), Susana Correa (Firmes por Cali) y Sigifredo López (Partido Liberal). Tiene además el aval de los partidos Alianza Social Independiente y el Partido Verde.

Partido Conservador
Milton Fabián Castrillón

Exconcejal de la ciudad, fue uno de los primeros candidatos en inscribirse, asegurando el aval de su partido. Tras la renuncia de Édison Bióscar Ruiz, recibió el respaldo del Partido de Integración Nacional.

Polo Democrático Alternativo
María Isabel Urrutia

Exdeportista, primera medallista de oro para Colombia en los Juegos Olímpicos. Fue Representante a la Cámara en dos periodos (2002-2006 y 2006-2010) y obtuvo el aval del partido por mediación del senador Alexánder López, a pesar de que la dirección local no quería postular candidato.

Jurado por Cali
Ramiro Jurado Donneys

Empresario del transporte de la ciudad, accionista mayoritario de uno de los operadores del SITM-MIO. Se presentó por un movimiento avalado por firmas.

Movimiento MIRA
Heyder Orlando Gómez
Candidato inscrito por este movimiento.

Candidaturas declinadas

 Susana Correa, Avalada por firmas (Adhirió a Rodrigo Guerrero)
 Carlos Andrés Clavijo, Partido Cambio Radical (Adhirió a Rodrigo Guerrero)
 Argemiro Cortés Buitrago, Avalado por firmas (Adhirió a Rodrigo Guerrero)
 Édison Bióscar Ruiz, Partido de Integración Nacional (Adhirió a Milton Castrillón
 Clara Luz Roldán, Partido de la U (Adhirió a Rodrigo Guerrero)
 Sigifredo López, Partido Liberal, (Adhirió a Rodrigo Guerrero

Encuestas

Desde que se comenzaron a barajar los nombres de los primeros precandidatos, ninguno lograba posicionarse en las encuestas, las cuales mostraban una diferencia amplia entre el no sabe/no responde y los candidatos. Inicialmente, Sigifredo López tenía la mayor aprobación con un 12,5%, frente a un 42,4% de indecisos o personas que votarían en Blanco. Con la entrada de los candidatos Rodrigo Guerrero Velasco y María Isabel Urrutia, la intención de voto por López fue descendiendo significativamente, al punto que este tuvo que declinar de su candidatura para adherir a Guerrero. Otros candidatos que estaban a la contienda, como Carlos Clavvijo, Clara Luz Roldán y Argemiro Cortés a pesar de un fuerte impulso publicitario, nunca lograron obtener una intención de voto destacada en las encuestas, lo que motivó su renuncia y posterior adhesión a Rodrigo Guerrero. Milton Castrillón fue uno de los pocos que ha logrado mantenerse entre los primeros lugares de las encuestas, aunque estas mostraron un rápido crecimiento a favor de Guerrero. Los tres candidatos restantes que permanecieron en contienda, a pesar de tener una poca favorabilidad en las encuestas, fueron Heyder Gómez, Ramiro Jurado y Fabio Cardozo.

Candidatos al Concejo Municipal

Para el Concejo Municipal de Cali se eligen 21 concejales, quienes representan a los votantes tanto del centro urbano, (22 comunas) como los 15 corregimientos de Cali. Los siguientes partidos presentaron listas para esta corporación, para un total de 247 candidatos:

Véase también
 Elecciones regionales de Colombia de 2011
 Elecciones regionales de Valle del Cauca de 2011

Referencias

2011
Cali

Elecciones locales de Cali de 2011


Olesea Smarovoz (în ; ) este o pictoriță ucraineană. Este membră a Uniunii pictorilor din Ucraina, filiala din regiunea Vinnița.

Note

Bibliografie
 Художники Вінниччини: 1976—2016. До 40-ліття Вінницької обласної організації Національної спілки художників України, 2015

Nașteri în 1971
Pictori ucraineni
Oameni din Bălți

Olesea Smarovoz