Ernest Simoni (Troshani, 18. listopada 1928.) je albanski kardinal i svećenik.

Djetinjstvo i školovanje
Ernest je rođen u katoličkoj obitelji. U dobi od 10 godina upisuje se na u franjevačku školu u rodnoj zemlji, gdje je ostao do 1948., kada je komunistički režim Envera Hoxhe zatvorio samostan i protjerao sve novake. Od 1953. do 1955. bio je na odsluženju obveznog vojnog roka, nakon kojeg nastavlja studij kako bi mogao postati svećenikom. Upisao je tada ilegalni teološki studij kojeg je s uspjehom završio.

Svećenik u zatvoru s dvije smrtne presude
Po zavšetku studija zaređen je za svećenika Katoličke crkve 7. travnja 1956.

Dne 24. prosinca 1963., nakon slavlja božićne euharistije, zatvorile su ga komunističke vlasti, zbog sumnje da je odslužio misnu nakanu za pokojnog američkog predsjednika Johna Fitzgeralda Kennedyja, ubijenog nekoliko mjeseci ranije. Zatvoren u tamnicu i mučen, osuđen je na smrt, no kazna je naknadno zamijenjena na 25 godina zatvora i teškoga rada. Tijekom zatvoreničkih godina bio je poput duhovnog oca svim drugim zatvorenicima.

Nova presuda na smrt izrečena mu je 1973., pod optužbom poticanja pobune, ali suprotno svjedočanstvo jednoga od zatvorenika ponovno dovodi do neizvršenja presude.

Prislini rad
Nakon 18 godina teškoga rada, osobođen je 1981., nastavljajući i dalje biti "narodni neprijatelj" za tadašnji režim. Čak i nakon oslobođenja iz zarobljeništva, bio je prisiljen raditi u kanalizacijama grada Skadra na sjeverozapadu Albanije. Tijekom cijelog ovog razdoblja tajno je ustrajao u svećeničkoj službi, sve do pada komunističkog režima 1990.

Sloboda
U postkomunističkoj Albaniji kao svećenik djeluje u nekoliko sela, noseći svoje svjedočanstvo progonjenog katoličkog svećenika koji je preživio komunistički režim.

Životno svjedočanstvo pred Papom
Dne 21. rujna 2014. susreće se s papom Franjom tijekom njegova apostolskog posjeta Albaniji gdje mu javno izriče svoje životno svjedočanstvo. Bio je to jedan od najdirljivih susreta u pontifikatu pape Franje. Gotovo svi svjetski mediji prenijeli su njegovo životno svjedočanstvo i susret s Papom.

Kardinalska čast
Papa Franjo najavio je 9. listopada 2016. njegovo imenovanje kardinalom. Na konzistoriju održnom 19. studenoga 2016. Papa ga je imenovao kardinalom đakonom dodijelivši mu crkvu Santa Maria della Scala u Rimu. Bio je tada jedini svećenik imenovan kardinalom što ga je stavilo u središte svjetske medijske pozornosti.

Bilješke

Povezano
 Kardinalska imenovanja pape Franje
 Katolička Crkva u Albaniji

Životopisi, Albanija
Kardinali
Katolički svećenici

Ernest Simoni


An empanada is a type of baked or fried turnover consisting of pastry and filling, common in Spanish, other Southern European, Latin American, and Iberian-influenced cultures around the world. The name comes from the Spanish  (to bread, i.e., to coat with bread), and translates as 'breaded', that is, wrapped or coated in bread.  They are made by folding dough over a filling, which may consist of meat, cheese, tomato, corn, or other ingredients, and then cooking the resulting turnover, either by baking or frying.

Origins
The origin of empanadas is unknown but they are thought to have originated in Galicia, a region in northwest Spain. A cookbook published in Catalan in 1520, Llibre del Coch by Robert de Nola, mentions empanadas filled with seafood in the recipes for Catalan, Italian, French, and Arabian food. Predating the cookbook by two centuries, the book on Jewish Law, known as the Arba'ah Turim - whose author, Rabbi Jacob ben Asher was born in Cologne around 1270 (now in Germany) and died in Toledo (now in Spain) around 1340 - as well as the later work of the Shulchan Aruch (dated in the mid 1500s) in both Orach Chaim 318:16 and Yoreh Deah 112:6,113:3 - mention both "inpanada" and "panada" as describing a breaded product containing either fat, meat or fish on the inside.

By country and region

Argentina

Argentine empanadas are often served during parties and festivals as a starter or main course. Shops specialize in freshly made empanadas, with many flavors and fillings.

Every region of Argentina has its own characteristic variant. Those of Salta (salteñas) are small, juicy and spicy, and contain potatoes, peppers and ground chili. These are also popular in neighbouring Bolivia.

The Jujuy variant adds peas and garlic. Its filling is called  and the  (method of closing the empanada) . The La Rioja variant includes hard-boiled egg, red bell pepper, olives, and raisins. In Jujuy, there are two variants: criollas and arabes. Those of Santiago are considered especially juicy. Those of Catamarca are similar but smaller. Tucumán is known for the empanada creole; an annual National Empanada festival is held in Famaillá. Those of Famaillá are made with matambre and fried in good fat, competing with the  (mixed-grated), in which the  is mixed with chicken breast, garlic, ground chili, hard-boiled egg and cumin. Those of Mendoza are large and include olives and garlic. Those of San Juan have a higher proportion of onion, making them juicier and slightly sweet. Olives are also common and sometimes fat is also added to the  or the dough. In San Luis they are big, seasoned with oregano and hot pepper, and kneaded with pork fat. In Córdoba, they were called "federal cake" or , famous because pears boiled in wine with cloves were added to their filling. Today they are not so sweet but it is tradition to sprinkle them with sugar. In Traslasierra they add carrots and potatoes. In the Litoral, where immigrants from various parts of the world predominated, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Corrientes fill them with river fish, such as surubí (catfish) or dorado, or with white sauce and Goya cheese. In the Cordillera of Patagonia, they are made with lamb and on the coast with seafood. In Buenos Aires, the Creole empanada is so important that it has been declared a Cultural Heritage of Food and Gastronomy by the Argentine Ministry of Culture.

Belize

In Belize, empanadas are known as . They are made with masa (corn dough) and typically stuffed with fish, chicken, or beans. They are usually deep fried and served with a cabbage or salsa topping.  are frequently sold as street food.

Brazil

In Brazil, an empanada is called a  (pl. ) and consists of half-circle or rectangle-shaped thin crust pies with assorted fillings, fried in vegetable oil. The result is a crispy, brownish fried pie. The most common fillings are ground meat, mozzarella, catupiry, heart of palm, codfish, cream cheese, chicken and small shrimp. Pastéis with sweet fillings such as guava paste with Minas cheese, banana and chocolate also exist.

Chile

Empanadas are a staple part of Chilean cuisine. Commonly consumed in large quantities during the country's national day celebrations, many Chileans consider this to be their most representative dish. The most iconic variety being the oven-baked , which is filled with ground beef, minced onion, half or a quarter of a hard-boiled egg, and a single unpitted black olive.

Empanadas in Chile are eaten year-round and are either oven-baked or deep-fried; the latter is a popular street food.

Ecuador

 or "windy" empanadas are fried, wheat-based empanadas stuffed with stringy cheese and sprinkled with sugar. They have been given this appellation for their inflated appearance as if they have been filled with air. Empanadas  can be made in cocktail size, appetizer size, and giant size, which is popular among the middle and working class. They are often eaten with coffee or with  or lemon verbena tea.

Empanadas can be purchased from food stalls, markets, and restaurants. During religious holidays, women from the countryside fry empanadas at home and sell them in front of churches.

 or plantain empanadas are plantain-based and filled with cheese and fried. These empanadas are most commonly found in the coastal regions of the country.

With the growth of Southern Cone and Colombian immigrants, wheat- and meat-based baked empanadas and corn-based empanadas have also become popular.

El Salvador

El Salvador is one of few countries where the empanada is made with plantain rather than a flour-based dough wrapping. A popular sweet variation,  are torpedo-shaped dumplings of dough made from very ripe plantains, filled with vanilla custard, fried, then rolled in sugar. They may alternatively have a filling made from refried beans rather than milk-based custard, but the flavour profile remains sweet rather than savoury.

France
In France the traditional chaussons are made with a puff pastry dough filled with stew like daube or confit, or a bechamel sauce mixed with ham and/or cheese. They also exist in sweet version (see chausson aux pommes). They are half-moon shaped. If the shape is rectangular they receive the name of friand. One regional version is the pâté lorrain filled with pork meat cooked with wine and onions. All these versions are baked.

The fried versions can be made of puff pastry or shortcrust pastry and are called rissoles. The most famous is the rissole de Coucy, filled with meat or fish.

India
Gujia is similar to a sweet empanada, in a half moon shape.

Samosa is a three dimensional stuffed savory pastry.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, empanadas are known as . They are especially popular in Manado cuisine of North Sulawesi where their  has a thick crust made from fried bread, filled with spicy  fish (skipjack tuna) and chili, curry, potatoes or quail eggs. The  in North Sulawesi was derived from Portuguese influence in the region. The dish is similar to karipap and pastel, although they have a thinner crust compared to panada.

Italy

The Sicilian  are stuffed, consisting of half-moon-shaped panzarotti filled with a mixture of almonds, walnuts, chocolate, sugar, cinnamon, cloves and minced beef.  These are typical of Modica, in the province of Ragusa, Sicily. They are also known by the italianized word  or  (pasty of meat).

They were probably introduced by the Spaniards during their rule in Sicily which took place in the sixteenth century; this is suggested by the etymology of the name which comes from the Spanish  or , as well as the somewhat unusual combination of meat and chocolate, which occurs occasionally in Spanish cuisine. In previous centuries, game meat was used in ; today beef is used.

Philippines

Filipino empanadas usually contain ground beef, pork or chicken, potatoes, chopped onions, and raisins (somewhat similar to the Cuban picadillo), in a somewhat sweet, wheat flour bread. There are two kinds available: the baked sort and the flaky fried type. To lower costs, potatoes are often added as an extender, while another filling is kutsay (garlic chives).

Empanadas in the northern part of the Ilocos usually have savoury fillings of green papaya, mung beans, and sometimes chopped Ilocano sausage (chorizo) or longaniza and egg yolk. This particular variant is fried and uses rice flour for a crunchier shell. Empanadas can also be filled with mashed eggplant, scrambled eggs, and cabbage, which is called poqui poqui.

In Bulacan,  (lit. 'scale empanada'), uniquely has a flaky multilayered crust resembling scales, hence the name. In Cebu, empanada Danao is a characteristically sweet-savory variant. It is filled with chopped chorizo and chayote, deep-fried, and dusted in white sugar before serving. In Zamboanga, empanada Zamboangueño is filled with chopped sweet potato, garbanzo beans, and served with a sweet vinegar dipping sauce.

Dessert versions of empanadas also exist, notably empanaditas, which commonly have a filling of latik (coconut caramel), honey and nuts, or peanut butter. Kapampangan versions of empanaditas have a yema (custard) and cashew nut filling. In Cebu,  is a small deep-fried empanada with bukayo (sweetened coconut meat) filling.

United States
Empanadas, mainly based on South American recipes, are widely available in New York City, New Jersey, and Miami from food carts, food trucks, and restaurants. Empanadas are usually found in U.S. areas with a large Hispanic population, such as San Antonio, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.

Venezuela

Traditional Venezuelan empanadas are made with ground corn dough, though modern versions are made with precooked corn. The dough may have a yellow color when toasted due to the addition of annatto. The fillings are very diverse, with the most conventional being cheese, shredded beef, chicken,  (school shark) in the Margaritan Island region especially, ham, black beans and cheese (commonly called ) and even combinations of mollusks. The empanadas have a half-moon shape and are fried in oil. Sometimes, they may have more than one filling such as in  which are made with a shredded beef filling (or  in the Margarita Island region), black beans, slices of fried plantain, and shredded white cheese.

Similar foods
The empanada resembles savory pastries found in many other cultures, such as the molote, pirozhki, calzone, samosa, knish, kreatopitakia, khuushuur, and pasty.

In most Malay-speaking countries in Southeast Asia, the pastry is commonly called karipap (English: curry puff). Fried dumplings are found in Chinese cuisine (jiaozi) and in Vietnamese cuisine (bánh gối).

See also
 List of stuffed dishes
 Fatayer
 Pastel (food)
 Cornish pasty
 Chebureki
 Calzone
 Kibinai
 Meat pie
 Turnover (food)
 Samosa
 Samsa (food)
 Yau gok

References

Argentine cuisine
Belizean cuisine
Chilean cuisine
Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
Ecuadorian cuisine
Galician cuisine
Indonesian cuisine
Italian cuisine
Latin American cuisine
Mexican cuisine
Paraguayan cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Savoury pies
Spanish cuisine
Stuffed dishes
Tapas
Uruguayan cuisine
Venezuelan cuisine
Pascuense cuisine
Guamanian cuisine

Empanada


13699 Nickthomas este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
13699 Nickthomas este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Stația Anderson Mesa în cadrul programului LONEOS. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,24 ua, o excentricitate de 0,21 și o înclinație de 4,9° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 13001-14000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

13699 Nickthomas


VBI may refer to:
Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech (formerly the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute), a research organization specializing in bioinformatics, computational biology, and systems biology in Virginia, United States
Value-based investing, also known as value investing,  an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis
VBI Vaccines Inc. and  Variation Biotechnologies, related manufacturers of vaccines
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency, a temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow (ischemia) in the posterior circulation of the brain
Vertical blank interrupt, a hardware feature found in some computer systems that generate a video display
vertical blanking interval, a portion of a television signal
Visible Broadband Imager, part of the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope

VBI


Frederik Clemens Bendtsen Dahl (født 10. februar 1822 i Hillerød, død 23. februar 1920 i København) var en dansk realskolebestyrer og politiker, bror til B.T. Dahl og Hans Dahl.

Baggrund og uddannelse
Han var søn af professor Frederik Peter Jacob Dahl og Tønnesine Antoinette Langøe. Han modtog sin første undervisning i hjemmet, sattes derpå i Frederiksborg lærde Skole og senere i Metropolitanskolen, fra hvilken han 1842 dimitteredes til Københavns Universitet. Her og ved Den polytekniske Læreanstalt, ved hvilken han 1846 tog eksaminand-eksamen, hørte han forelæsninger især over matematik, fysik og filosofi, vandt 1845 Universitetets guldmedalje ved besvarelsen af en historisk-geografisk prisopgave og tog 1852 magisterkonferens i filosofi.

Både før og efter denne eksamen underviste Dahl privat i København; ved Metropolitanskolen og Det von Westenske Institut 1848-54, ved Mariboes Skole 1848-50 og havde senere en tid kursus til studentereksamen.

Studier, oversættelser og udgivelser
Samtidig drev han filosofiske studier, der satte frugt bl.a. i Om Forskjellen mellem Platos og Aristoteles' Naturfilosofi (1854) og i afhandlingen Om Naturbegrebets Grundmomenter (1859), som han året før havde indsendt til det filosofiske fakultet som doktorafhandling, men ikke fik antaget, og oversættelse af Platons dialoger Theaitetos og Menon samt af Albert Schweglers Geschichte der Philosophie im Umriss.

Skoleleder
1867 forlod Dahl København og blev bestyrer af Slagelse Realskole, men kaldtes sædvanligvis rektor, da skolen var en fortsættelse af den nedlagte latinskole. I denne stilling forblev han i nitten år (til 1896) og vandt både sine elevers hengivenhed, skoleautoriteternes anerkendelse og sine medborgeres tillid.

Kultusministeriet indhentede hans erklæring ved flere lejligheder, således 1876 angående forslag til en forbindelse mellem almueskolen og den lærde skole. Han havde allerede tidligere i pjecerne I Skolesagen I-II (1870) og Grundtræk til en Omordning af Borger- og Almueskolevæsenet (1873) taget til orde for en indskrænkning af den lærde skoles kursus til fire år fra fjorten-atten-års alderen "saaledes at det ved en virkelig Optagelsesprøve muliggjordes Skolen at vælge og vrage mellem sine Aspiranter". Hans forslag, der næppe var upåvirket af, at mange af hans elever i en tidlig alder søgte optagelse ved Sorø Akademi, er i øvrigt det første, der er stillet her i landet om forbindelse mellem højere og lavere skoler. 1891 blev han medlem af den af ministeriet nedsatte kommission der skulle afgive erklæring om Retskrivningsbekendtgørelsen af 1889. Dahl ønskede påbuddet om benyttelse af retskrivningsreglerne ændret til en anbefaling.

Foruden de nævnte litterære arbejder har Dahl skrevet om en mængde forskellige emner i skoleprogrammer og tidsskrifter. Sammen med sin broder B.T. Dahl besørgede han 6.-7. udgave af Ludvig B. Meyers Fremmedordbog.

Politiker
På opfordring af borgere i Slagelse stillede Dahl, der var højremand, i 1876 op til Folketinget i Sorø Amts 3. Valgkreds (Slagelsekredsen) valgtes ved valget i januar 1879 og holdt kredsen, indtil han 1892 nedlagde sit mandat. Han spillede dog ikke nogen fremtrædende rolle i politik.

Hans interesser strakte sig vidt. Han holdt foredrag om afholdssagen og interesserede sig for Frelsens Hærs arbejde.

Hæder
Dahl blev Ridder af Dannebrog 1886, titulær professor 1891 og Dannebrogsmand 1903.

10. november 1847 ægtede han i Christiania Constance Maria Døderlein (født 27. september 1817 i Christiania, død 10. juli 1897 i København), datter af kgl. livmedikus, stadsfysikus Jens Grønbech Døderlein (1787-1867) og Eremine Catharina Holst (1791-1843).

Gengivelser
Frederik Dahl døde kort efter sin fødselsdag i en høj alder af 98 og er begravet på Assistens Kirkegård, hvor gravstenen er udsmykket med et relief af H.P. Pedersen-Dan fra 1922.

 Grafik: Litografi efter foto. Xylografi af H.P. Hansen 1879. Xylografi 1889 efter fotografi
 Tegning: Karikatur af Knud Gamborg (Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot)
 To fotografier af Budtz Müller (Det Kongelige Bibliotek)
 Et fotografi af Dahl som ung mand

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer i Dansk Biografisk Leksikon
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Riddere af Dannebrog
Personer fra Hillerød
Skolefolk fra Danmark
Modtagere af Københavns Universitets guldmedalje
Titulære professorer fra Danmark
Filosoffer fra Danmark
Oversættere fra Danmark
Lærebogsforfattere fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Folketingsmedlemmer fra Højre (1881-1915)
Folketingsmedlemmer i 1870'erne
Folketingsmedlemmer i 1880'erne
Folketingsmedlemmer i 1890'erne
Studenter fra Metropolitanskolen

Frederik Dahl


Nienwohld er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende Amt Bargteheide-Land under Kreis Stormarn. Kreis Stormarn ligger i den sydøstlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
I kommunen ligger ud over Nienwohld landsbyen Nienwohldrögen. Nienwohld ligger omkring otte kilometer nordvest for Bargteheide og omkring 25 km nord for Hamborg. Floden Alte Alster løber gennem kommunen. I den nordlige del ligger naturschutzgebiet Nienwohlder Moor.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Stormarn

Nienwohld


An Bulbostylis striata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Hipólito Ruiz López ngan Pav., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Hans Heinrich Pfeiffer. An Bulbostylis striata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbostylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Bulbostylis

Bulbostylis striata


The House of the Seven Hawks  é um filme de mistério britânico de 1959 dirigido por Richard Thorpe e estrelado por Robert Taylor, Nicole Maurey e Linda Christian. Este foi o último filme de Taylor sob contrato  com a MGM. O roteiro do filme é baseado no romance The House of the Seven Flies de Victor Canning, publicado em 1952.

Elenco

Recepção
O The New York Times chamou o filme de "um entretenimento despretensioso, mas satisfatório"; enquanto o Radio Times o chamou de "filme B sem graça".

Filmes do Reino Unido de 1959
Filmes da Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Filmes sobre navegação marítima
Filmes ambientados nos Países Baixos
Filmes com trilha sonora de Clifton Parker
Filmes baseados em romances de autores do Reino Unido
Filmes de suspense do Reino Unido
Filmes de suspense da década de 1950
Filmes em língua inglesa

The House of the Seven Hawks


Kohei Mishima (født 15. april 1987) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Roasso Kumamoto.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kohei Mishima


A Universidade de Scranton é uma universidade jesuíta particular em Scranton, Pensilvânia. Foi fundada em 1888 por William O'Hara, o primeiro bispo de Scranton, como Faculdade St. Thomas. Em 1938, a faculdade foi elevada ao status de universidade e recebeu o nome atual. A instituição foi operada pela Diocese de Scranton desde sua fundação até 1897. Enquanto a Diocese de Scranton manteve a propriedade da universidade, ela foi administrada pelos Irmãos Lassalistas de 1888 a 1942. Em 1942, a Companhia de Jesus assumiu a propriedade e o controle da universidade. Durante a década de 1960, a universidade tornou-se uma instituição independente sob um conselho de curadores leigos.

Universidades dos Estados Unidos
Fundações nos Estados Unidos na década de 1880

Universidade de Scranton


Svijet

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 11. srpnja  Nicholas Edward Brown, engleski taksonomist († 1934.)

Smrti

 10. svibnja  Amos Eaton, američki botaničar (* )

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Otkrića

Osnivanja

Događaji

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Biologija u 1849.


Omentum (Latin for 'apron') is a medical term referring to layers  of peritoneum that surround abdominal organs. The term may refer to:
 Greater omentum
 Lesser omentum

Omentum


Alfons 4. (), kaldet Alfons den Tapre (), (8. februar 1291, Lissabon – 28. maj 1357, Lissabon) var konge af Portugal fra 1325 til 1357.

Han var søn af kong Dionysius 1. i hans ægteskab med Elisabeth af Aragonien. Han blev efterfulgt af sin ældste overlevende søn Peter 1.

Se også
Portugals historie
Portugisiske konger

Eksterne links

Huset Capet
Konger af Portugal
Fyrster fra middelalderen
Personer i 1300-tallet
Personer fra Lissabon

Alfons 4. af Portugal


Lucien Bianchi (Milano, Italija, 10. studenog 1934. – Le Mans, Francuska, 30. ožujka 1969.) je bivši belgijski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Rezultati u Formuli 1

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Lucien Bianchi na racing-reference.info

Belgijski vozači Formule 1
Životopisi, Milano

Lucien Bianchi


Karl Leopold (26. november 1678 – 28. november 1747) var regerende hertug af Mecklenburg-Schwerin fra 1713 til sin død i 1747.

Han var søn af Hertug Frederik af Mecklenburg-Grabow og blev hertug, da hans storebroder Hertug Frederik Vilhelm døde i 1713.

Se også
 Mecklenburg

Eksterne links

Hertuger af Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Huset Mecklenburg
Tyskere i 1600-tallet
Tyskere i 1700-tallet

Karl Leopold af Mecklenburg-Schwerin


El Castillo de Lopera es un castillo de la época de la conquista castellana, situado en el municipio de Lopera, provincia de Jaén (España). Está declarado Bien de Interés Cultural.

Situación
Está situado en el centro del pueblo de Lopera, ocupando una considerable extensión del casco urbano.

Descripción
El recinto es pentagonal, todo construido en mampostería con mortero de cal, y el acceso principal al mismo, protegido por dos matacanes de ladrillo, se abre en su lado menor, que mira hacia el oeste. Dicho lienzo, que dispone de adarve con parapeto almenado (posiblemente muy posterior al propio muro), está flanqueado por dos torres cilíndricas. La puerta, tiene jambas construidas con fustes de columnas romanas reutilizadas, y arco de medio punto.

Los restantes lienzos de muralla se rematan en las esquinas con torreones de distinta planta, circular el de su extremo sur, con balcón amatacanado; cuadrada la del situado en el vértice oriental, que se encuentra muy restaurado; y en forma de L el más septentrional, que presenta una cadena de sillares achaflanados. El lienzo de muro entre estos dos últimos, está abierto en su parte central con un portón moderno.

En el interior del recinto, se han producido un gran número de alteraciones a lo largo de la historia, aunque se mantienen dos torres del homenaje, llamadas de Santa María (almenada y con entrada por un arco apuntado, a nivel del patio de armas) y de San Miguel (esta, desmochada, y con acceso en primera planta), ambas con planta cuadrada y numerosas modificaciones en su estructura interior.

Datación
Por el tipo constructivo general del castillo, los autores lo datan en la segunda mitad del , aunque con importantes reformas en los siglos siguientes. Este castillo no aparece en casi ninguna fuente medieval, y una de las primeras menciones al mismo proviene de Bernardo de Espinalt, ya en el .

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía
Eslava Galán, Juan: Los castillos de Jaén, Ediciones Osuna, Granada, 1999, ISBN 84-89717-41-9
Valdecantos Dema, Rodrigo. Castillos de Jaén: Descubre el pasado de una tierra fronteriza, ISBN 84-95244-00-0
Olivares Barragán, Francisco. 'Castillos de la Provincia de Jaén. C.S.I.C. Jaén, 1992, ISBN 84-87115-10-1

Enlaces externos

 Castillo de Lopera

Lopera
Lopera
Lopera

Castillo de Lopera


الجبان والحب فيلم مصري صدر عام 1975 من إخراج حسن يوسف.

القصة
تدور أحداث الفيلم عن مجدي الطالب المكافح بكلية الطب، الذي يتعرف على سعاد زوجة أستاذه الدكتور فكري، وتعجب به وتتوسط لزوجها ليلحقه بالعمل في عيادته. ويتورطان في علاقتهما.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام حسن يوسف
أفلام شمس البارودي
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1975
أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام هند رستم
أفلام مصرية فوق 18 سنة
أفلام عن الخيانة الجنسية

الجبان والحب (فيلم)


An Symplocarpus egorovii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni N.S. Pavlova ngan V.A.Nechaev. An Symplocarpus egorovii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Symplocarpus, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Primorye. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Symplocarpus

Symplocarpus egorovii


النافذة السرية  هو فيلم إثارة وغموض أمريكي إنتاج عام 2004، يعتمد الفيلم في أحداثه عن التلاعب بنفسية المشاهد من خلال حكاية قد تبدو تقليدية في البداية، لكن ندرك مدى تعقيدها بمرور الأحداث. الفيلم مقتبس عن رواية لكاتب الرعب الأمريكي الشهير ستيفن كينغ، وقد شارك هذا الأخير في كتابة السيناريو أيضاً مع مخرج الفيلم ديفيد كوب، وقام ببطولة الفيلم جوني ديب في واحد من أدواره المتميزة التي تعتمد على دواخل الشخصية ومشاكلها. الفيلم يحكي عن كاتب يُدعي «مورت ريني»، والذي يمرّ بظروف صعبة، فزوجته «إيمي» تخونه، لكن تشتعل الأحداث فجأة عندما يظهر «جون شوتر»، والذي يدعيّ أنه الكاتب الأصلي لأحد الأعمال التي كتبها «مورت»، ومع مرور الوقت يدرك الكاتب بأن الرجل يشبه الكابوس في تتبعه وتدمير حياته، وعندما يقرأ المخطوطة يدرك أنها فعلاً تشبه ما كتبه مع اختلاف بعض التفاصيل، ويبدأ «مورت» في السعي من أجل إثبات أحقيته في كتابة النصّ أولاً، وتحدث بعض حوادث القتل، قبل أن ينتهي الفيلم نهاية غير متوقعة للبطل وللمشاهد.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة رعب أمريكية
أفلام إثارة نفسية أمريكية
أفلام إثارة نفسية في 2004
أفلام إثارة نفسية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة ورعب في عقد 2000
أفلام إنتاج 2004
أفلام إنتاج كولومبيا بيكتشرز
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام تقع أحداثها في ولاية نيويورك
أفلام جوني ديب
أفلام رعب إنتاج 2004
أفلام رعب نفسية أمريكية
أفلام رعب نفسية في عقد 2000
أفلام سجلها فيليب غلاس
أفلام عن مؤلفين
أفلام غموض أمريكية
أفلام غموض في عقد 2000
أفلام غموض وإثارة أمريكية
أفلام غموض وإثارة في عقد 2000
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي ديفيد كوب
أفلام مبنية على أعمال ستيفن كينغ
أفلام مبنية على روايات أمريكية
أفلام مبنية على روايات رعب أمريكية
أفلام مصورة في كيبك
أفلام مقتبسة من روايات رعب
أفلام من إخراج ديفيد كوب
اضطراب الهوية التفارقي في الأفلام
الاضطراب النفسي في الأعمال الخيالية
الخيانة الزوجية في الأفلام
قتل الزوجة في الخيال

النافذة السرية (فيلم)


Red Blažene Djevice Marije od Milosrđa (lat. Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede) ili mercedarijevci, katolički je muški misijski crkveni red utemeljen u Barceloni 1218. radi otkupljivanja robova od Saracena i njihova oslobođenja iz ropstva. Osnovao ga je sv. Petar Nolasco, uz suradništvo aragonskoga kralja Jakova I. i sv. Rajmunda Penjafortskoga, nakon Marijina ukazanja Nolascu 2. kolovoza 1218., kojim je zatražila osnutak novoga reda koji bi se posvetio otkupu sužnjeva. Red je 1235. odobrio papa Grgur IX.. Procijenjuje se da je djelovanjem Reda otkupljeno oko 70 000 ljudi.

Uz zavjete čistoće, poslušnosti i siromaštva, mercedarijevci su polagali i zavjet žrtvovanja vlastita života radi spasenja ili otkupa roba.
misij
Red i danas djeluje u sedamnaest država brojeći oko 1500 redovnika podijeljenih u dvanaest pokrajina. Uglavnom djeluju u misijama.

Red je 1615. počeo slaviti blagdan Gospe od Otkupljenja.

Izvori
 Gospa od Otkupljenja Hrvatska katolička mreža
 Mercedarians  Katolička enciklopedija

Muški katolički redovi i društva

Red Blažene Djevice Marije od Milosrđa


António Miguel Monteiro Libório (1898 - 1969) foi um militar português, General do Exército e um dos comandantes da 3.ª Região Militar (posteriormente Região Militar de Angola).

Veterano da 1ª Guerra Mundial, e instrutor de Artilharia no Colégio Militar em 1926, foi também um dos oficiais censores fundadores da Direção dos Serviços de Censura, comandante da Polícia de Segurança Pública de Lisboa e Comandante Militar da Índia.

Foi o único oficial da primeira comissão de censura da Ditadura Militar a ascender ao núcleo da elite militar em 1957 com a promoção, ao generalato, por escolha, ocupando entre 1960 e 1961 as funções de comandante das Forças Armadas em Angola.

Foi, também, dirigente do Sporting Clube de Portugal, integrando as Direções do Sporting Clube de Portugal nas Gerências de 1922/23 e 1923/24, tendo posteriormente feito parte de vários Conselhos Fiscais.

Também fez parte do Conselho Técnico, do Agrupamento Leonino e do primeiro Conselho Geral.

Generais de Portugal

Monteiro Libório


Tylopilus felleus (Pierre Bulliard, 1788 ex Petter Adolf Karsten, 1881)sin. Boletus felleus (Pierre Bulliard, 1788), este o specie de ciuperci necomestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Boletaceae și de genul Tylopilus, denumit în popor fierea pădurii sau, ca și Boletus calopus, hrib amar. Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, [Basarabia]] și Bucovina de Nord, se dezvoltă în păduri (și montane) de foioase sub fagi și stejari, de asemenea în păduri de conifere, prin luminișuri între pini și molizi, adeseori în ani umezi, în perioade secetoase foarte rar. Timpul apariției este din iunie până în octombrie (noiembrie).

Taxonomie

În anul 1788, ciuperca a fost menționată pentru prima dată de savantul francez Pierre Bulliard în volumul V al cărții sale Histoire des plantes vénéneuses et suspectes de la France, aprobată, în 1815, de faimosul Elias Magnus Fries în volumul I al lucrării sale Observationes mycologicae sub numele Boletus alutarius.

În prezent (2018,) buretele poartă numele Tylopilus felleus, dat de micologul finlandez Petter Adolf Karsten (1834-1917) în articolul său Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum, publicat în volumul 3 al jurnalului micologic Revue Mycologique din 1881.

Au mai avut loc încercări de redenumire. Astfel renumitul micolog Lucien Quélet  a descris buretele chiar de două ori, în 1886 și 1888, mai întâi sub taxonul Dictyopus felleus, apoi sub cel de Rhodoporus felleus, amândouă denumiri acceptate sinonim. Celelalte încercări de redenumire, ultima prin Albert Pilát și Aurel Dermek (Tylopilus felleus var. minor, 1974), pot fi neglijate.

Neapărat de menționat este, că renumitul savant suedez Elias Magnus Fries a descris și determinat o ciupercă sub numele Tylopilus alutarius în volumul 1 al lucrării sale Observationes mycologicae din 1815, însă sus numitul Petter Adolf Karsten a văzut în ea doar o variație a soiului Tylopilus felleus, denumind-o Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius, de verificat în jurnalul finlandez Bildrag til kännedom om Finlands natur och folk din 1882. Dar aici există o diferență mare în aspect și gust (vezi mai jos).

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 6-12 (18) cm, este foarte cărnoasă și tare, la început semisferică, apoi convexă și la maturitate plată sau ușor adâncită, deseori cu marginea ondulată și crestată. Cuticula este uscată și netedă până ușor catifelată. Coloritul pălăriei poate varia între brun-deschis și galben de miere.
 Tuburile și porii: sporiferele sunt destul de lungi, libere sau aderente printr-un cârlig, colorate mai întâi alb, apoi roz. Porii sunt relativ mici, inițial rotunzi, apoi unghiulari, în tinerețe albi, devenind foarte curând rozi, la bătrânețe chiar și roz-negricioși.
 Piciorul: are o formă de pară, adică bulbos la bază, cu o înălțime de 8-15 cm și o grosime de 2-5 cm. Peste piciorul albicios până maroniu deschis se întinde o rețea în relief bătătoare la ochi de colorit brun-închis care tinde să dispară spre bază.
 Carnea: este cărnoasă și tare la buretele tânăr, apoi, la maturitate, moale aproape spongioasă, cu miros delicat și gust amar. Când este tăiată, carnea devine roză, ca singura în familia  	Boletaceae.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori fusiformi și netezi cu o mărime de 12-15 x 4-6 microni. Pulberea lor este rozalie.
 Reacții chimice: Cuticula și tuburile se colorează cu acid sulfuric maroniu, carnea pălăriei cu sulfat de fier gri-roșiatic și carnea buretelui cu tinctură de Guaiacum încet albastru.

Confuzii
Tylopilus felleus seamănă foarte mult cu câțiva bureți de genul Boletus cu pori neroșii, în primul rând cu Boletus edulis (Hribul), Boletus edulis var. clavipes sau cu Boletus aereus (hribul pucios), căror strat fertil însă nu schimbă niciodată la roz, de asemenea ei au rețeaua de pe picior mai delicată. În primul rând n-au gust amar. Mai departe hribul amar poate fi confundat cu: Boletus calopus sin. Caloboletus calopus (picior galben-roșu, foarte amar și ușor otrăvitor), Boletus fechtneri, Boletus fragrans (comestibil, picior mai gălbui șai nereticulat), Boletus impolitus sin. Hemileccinum impolitum (comestibil), Boletus pinicola sin. Boletus pinophilus (hribul pinului), Boletus radicans (amar, cu aspect general mai gălbui) sau Boletus reticulatus sin. Boletus aestivalis (hribul de vară).

O confuzie foarte plăcută este cea cu variația buretelui Tylopilus alutarius care nu este amară, ci are un gust dulceag. Se diferă de asemenea în aspect: culoarea cuticulei este mai deschisă, ca pielea de porc și piciorul nu arată o rețea pe suprafață, fiind maximal punctată.

Valorificare

Ciuperca care poate fi gustată fără ezitare, pentru că conține o cantitate doar forte mică de bufotenină. Această toxină se distruge prin încălzire.

Pe timpuri grele de război și/sau foamete, oamenii din Franța, Germania (în special din provinciile de altădată Silezia Superioară și Prusia Răsăriteană precum fosta RDG), dar, de asemenea din România, au scos amăreala, ori prin fierberea ciupercilor pentru mai mult timp în lapte smântânit, ori prin marinarea feliilor tăiate în smântâna pentru 3-4 zile, schimbând marinada zilnic. [Această procedură îmi este cunoscută și știu din experiență personală că funcționează, dar este neeficientă.] De asemenea ea să-și piardă gustul neplăcut prin uscare și făcută praf.

Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius, tot descris de Karsten (1882), este numai foarte slab amar și poate fi mâncat. El poartă o rețea mai puțin intensivă.

În mod general, buretele este fără interes alimentar. Un singur mic Tylopilus, adăugat din eroare de exemplu la o ciulama de hribi, o va face necomestibilă.

Dacă găsiți un burete mai deschis în culoarea pălăriei precum (aproape) lipsit de o rețea, încercați-l neapărat. Ar putea fi savurosul gemen al fierii pădurii anume Tylopilus alutarius (vezi mai sus)!

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012,  ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, volumul 1-7, vezi note
 Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: "Pilze", Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
 Ernst Gäumann: "Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze", Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1926
  J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: "Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci", Editura Casa, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISBN 9786068527147
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: " Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983.
 Rolf Singer: "Die Pilze Mitteleuropas", vol. 5 și 6: "Die Röhrlinge, pârțile 1 și 2", Editura Justus Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1965-1967* Linus Zeitlmayr: "Knaurs Pilzbuch", Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, ISBN 3-426-00312-0
 Linus Zeitlmayr: "Knaurs Pilzbuch", Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, ISBN 3-426-00312-0

Legături externe

 Tylopilus felleus, film în limba polonă

Boletaceae
Micoriză
Ciuperci necomestibile
1788 în știință

Tylopilus felleus


රාණි භරණි තිරුනාල් පාර්වතී බායි (උපත 1850) යනු අත්තිංගල් ඒලය රාණි ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ට්‍රැවන්කෝරයේ කනිෂ්ඨ රාණියකි. ඇගේ වල්ලභයා වූයේ කිලිමනූර් කේරළ වර්මා කෝයි තාම්පුරන් නැමැත්තායි. පාර්වතී බායි උපත ලැබුවේ මාවෙලිකාරාහි උට්සව මඩම් මාලිගයේ භරණි තිරුනාල් අම්මා තාම්පුරන්ගේ දියණිය ලෙසයි. ඇගේ පවුල උතුරු මලබාර් (කෝලතුනාඩ්) ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැවතෙන අතර මාවෙලිකාරාහි පදිංචි වී සිටියේ ය.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ට්‍රැවන්කෝර් රාජධානියේ කාන්තාවෝ
ට්‍රැවන්කෝර් රාජධානියේ ජනයා
ඉන්දියානු කුමරියෝ
තිරුවනාථපුරම්හි ජනයා
ට්‍රැවන්කෝර් රාජකීය පවුල
19වන සියවසේ ඉන්දියානු කාන්තාවෝ
කේරළයේ කාන්තාවෝ

භරණි තිරුනාල් පාර්වතී බායි


Uzunçınar, Sakarya ilinin Akyazı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Sakarya il merkezine 22 km, Akyazı ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Akyazı'nın mahalleleri

Uzunçınar, Akyazı


Wicklow ( ;  , meaning 'church of the toothless one'; )  is the county town of County Wicklow in Ireland. It is located on the east of Ireland, south of Dublin. According to the 2022 census, it had a population of 12,957 people. The town is to the east of the M11 route between Dublin and Wexford. It also has railway links to Dublin, Wexford, Arklow, and Rosslare Europort. There is also a commercial port for timber and textile imports. The River Vartry is the main river flowing through the town.

Geography

Wicklow town forms a rough semicircle around Wicklow harbour. To the immediate north lies 'The Murrough', a grassy walking area beside the sea, and the eastern coastal strip. The Murrough is a place of growing commercial use, so much so that a road by-passing the town directly to the commercial part of the area commenced construction in 2008 and was completed in summer of 2010. The eastern coastal strip includes Wicklow bay, a crescent shaped stone beach approximately 10 km in length.

Ballyguile Hill is to the southwest of the town. Much of the housing developments of the 1970s and 1980s occurred in this area, despite the considerable gradient from the town centre. From Wicklow the land rises into rolling hills to the west, going on to meet the Wicklow Mountains in the centre of the county. The dominant feature to the south is the rocky headlands of Bride's Head and Wicklow Head, the easternmost mainland point of the Republic of Ireland. On a very clear day, it is possible to see the Snowdonia mountain range in Wales.

Climate
Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Wicklow experiences a maritime climate (Cfb) with cool summers, mild winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. The average maximum January temperature is 9.2 °C (48.6 °F), while the average maximum July temperature is 20.4 °C (68.7 °F). On average, the sunniest month is May. The wettest month is October with 118.9 mm (4.6 in) of rain, and the driest month is April with 60.7 mm (2.4 in). With the exceptions of October and November, rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year with rainfall falling within a relatively narrow band of between 60 mm (2.4 in) and 86 mm (3.4 in) for any one month. A considerable spike of moisture occurs in October and November, each of which records almost double the typical rainfall of April.

Wicklow is sheltered from moisture locally by Ballyguile hill and, more distantly by the Wicklow mountains. This causes the town to receive only about 60% of the rainfall the west coast receives. In addition, because Wicklow is protected by the mountains from southwesterly and westerly winds, it enjoys higher average temperatures than much of Ireland. While its location is favourable for protection against the prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds that are common to much of Ireland, Wicklow is particularly exposed to easterly winds. As these winds come from the northern European landmass Wicklow can, along with much of the east coast of Ireland, experience relatively sharp temperature drops in winter for short periods.

Economy
Since 1995, the town has undergone significant change and expansion reflecting the simultaneous growth in the Irish economy. Residential developments have taken place to the west of the town along Marlton Road (R751). More recently, housing developments have been concentrated to the northwest of the town towards the neighbouring village of Rathnew. The completion of the Ashford/Rathnew bypass in 2004 meant that Wicklow is now linked to Dublin (42 km north) by dual carriageway and motorway. These factors have led to a steady growth in population of Wicklow and its surrounding townlands while its importance as a commuter town to Dublin increases.

Toponymy
Earlier spellings of the town's name include Wykinglo in the late 12th century, and Wykinglowe in the 14th century.

The name is usually explained as coming from the Old Norse words Víkingr ("Viking") and ló ("meadow"), that is to say "the Vikings' meadow". Norwegian toponymist Magne Oftedal criticizes this, saying that -ló was never used outside Scandinavia nor in such a combination. He argues that the first element is Uikar- or Uik- ("bay"), and that the intermediate -n- of the old forms is a mistake by clerks. However, all early recorded forms show this -n-. For this reason, Liam Price and A. Sommerfelt derive it from Víkinga-ló ("the Vikings' meadow").

Nevertheless, the Irish patronymics Ó hUiginn and Mac Uiginn (anglicised O'Higgins and Maguigan) could bring a key for the meaning "Meadow of a man called Viking".

The origin of the Irish name Cill Mhantáin bears no relation to the name Wicklow. It has an interesting folklore of its own. Saint Patrick and some followers are said to have tried to land on Travailahawk beach, which is to the south of the harbour. Hostile locals attacked them, causing one of Patrick's party to lose his front teeth. Manntach ("toothless one"), as he became known, was undeterred; he returned to the town and eventually founded a church, hence Cill Mhantáin ("church of the toothless one"). Although its anglicised spelling Kilmantan was used for a time and featured in some placenames in the town like Kilmantan Hill, it has gradually fallen out of use. The Anglo-Normans who conquered this part of Ireland preferred the non-Irish placename.

History
During excavations to build the Wicklow road bypass in 2010, a Bronze Age cooking pit (known in Irish as a fulach fiadh) and hut site was uncovered in the Ballynerrn Lower area of the town. A radio carbon-dating exercise on the site puts the timeline of the discovery at 900 BC.
It has been argued that an identifiable Celtic culture had emerged in Ireland by 600 BC or even earlier. According to the Greek cartographer and historian, Ptolemy, the area around Wicklow was settled by a Celtic tribe called the Cauci/Canci. This tribe is believed to have originated in the region containing today's Belgium/German border. The area around Wicklow was referred to as Menapia in Ptolemy's map which itself dates back to 130 AD.

Vikings landed in Ireland around 795 AD and began plundering monasteries and settlements for riches and to capture slaves. In the mid-9th century, Vikings established a base which took advantage of the natural harbour at Wicklow. It is from this chapter of Wicklow's history that the name 'Wicklow' originates.

The Norman influence can still be seen today in some of the town's place and family names. After the Norman invasion, Wicklow was granted to Maurice FitzGerald who set about building the 'Black Castle', a land-facing fortification that lies ruined on the coast immediately south of the harbour. The castle was briefly held by the local O'Byrne, the O'Toole and Kavanagh clans in the uprising of 1641 but was quickly abandoned when English troops approached the town. Sir Charles Coote, who led the troops is then recorded as engaging in "savage and indiscriminate" slaughter of the townspeople in an act of revenge. Local oral history contends that one of these acts of "wanton cruelty" was the entrapment and deliberate burning to death of an unknown number of people in a building in the town. Though no written account of this particular detail of Coote's attack on Wicklow is available, a small laneway, locally referred to as "Melancholy Lane", is said to have been where this event took place.

Though the surrounding county of Wicklow is rich in Bronze Age monuments, the oldest surviving settlement in Wicklow proper is the ruined Franciscan friary (founded 1252, dissolved 1551). This is located at the west end of Main Street, within the gardens of the local Catholic parish grounds. Other notable buildings include the Town Hall and Wicklow Gaol, which was built in 1702 and later renovated as a heritage centre and tourist attraction. The East Breakwater, arguably the most important building in the town, was built in the early 1880s by Wicklow Harbour Commissioners. The architect was William George Strype and the builder was John Jackson. The north Groyne was completed by about 1909; John Pansing was the designer and Louis Nott of Bristol the builder. Wicklow Gaol was a place of execution up to the end of the 19th century and it was here that Billy Byrne, a leader of the 1798 rebellion, met his end in 1799. He is commemorated by a statue in the town square. At Fitzwilliam Square in the centre of Wicklow town is an obelisk commemorating the career of Captain Robert Halpin, commander of the telegraph cable ship Great Eastern, who was born in Wicklow in 1836.

Transport
Bus Éireann, I.P Passenger Services Ltd (trading as Wexford Bus) and Iarnród Éireann all operate to and through the town.

Bus

Bus Éireann provides twenty three return services per day to Dublin Busáras on the 133 bus route. The route starts at Monument and makes its way around the town stopping at various stops before continuing to Rathnew and Dublin. It no longer serves Dublin airport.

A 131 bus route service has been introduced which provides sixteen return services from Wicklow to Bray per day. This route calls at several stops in the town before terminating at Bray DART station.

Wexford Bus operates ten services to Dublin airport and up to twelve from Dublin airport each day. Both services are via Dublin city center. Wexford Bus's services are one hour each way to Dublin city center, some 30 mins shorter than the Bus Eireann service. However they do not go through the town, dropping passengers at the Grand Hotel before continuing on to Arklow.

Wexford Bus also operates the UM11 service which calls at Wicklow's Grand Hotel bus stop and carries on to Maynooth University, via the Intel campus in Leixlip. It operates in college term time only. There is one outbound service each morning, weekdays, and a return service in the evening.

TFI Local Link operate the 183 service which runs between Arklow and Sallins in County Kildare. It calls at several stops within the town. There are five services per day operating between Arklow and Wicklow, before continuing on to, and returning from Sallins via several towns and tourist attractions in the Wicklow mountains.

Route 133: Wicklow ↔ Dublin Busáras

Route 740A: Gorey ↔ Wicklow ↔ Dublin Airport

Route 131: Wicklow ↔ Bray

Route 183: Arklow ↔ Wicklow ↔ Sallins

Route UM11: Gorey ↔ Wicklow ↔ Maynooth

Rail

Iarnród Éireann operate six trains per day in each direction from Wicklow railway station. Services offer connections to most large towns in counties Wexford and Wicklow, as well as a coastal link to Dublin city. Services northbound terminate at Dublin Connolly and southbound terminate at Rosslare Europort.

Sports and recreation
Wicklow Golf Club, founded in 1904, is located between the town and Wicklow head, while Blainroe Golf Club is situated about 3.5 km south of Wicklow. Oak Hill Cricket Club is located 7.5 km south of Wicklow. The club plays its home matches at Oak Hill Cricket Club Ground, which was constructed in 2008. The ground has hosted first-class cricket matches for Ireland and Leinster Lightning.

Wicklow Local Electoral Area

In local government, the Wicklow local electoral area elects six councillors to Wicklow County Council. The electoral divisions of Wicklow include Altidore, Ballycullen, Brockagh, Calary, Dunganstown East, Glendalough, Glenealy, Killiskey, Moneystown, Newcastle Upper, Oldtown, Togher, Trooperstown, Wicklow Rural and Wicklow Urban.

News media
The Wicklow News was set up on 15 August 2016. Their current partial address is in Wicklow.

Twinning

Wicklow is twinned with the following settlements:
 Eichenzell, Hesse, Germany
 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, Île-de-France, France
 Porthmadog, Gwynedd, Wales

Notable people

 Leo Cullen, Irish rugby union coach
 Josh van der Flier, Irish rugby union player
 Nicholas Ford, Irish-born American politician
 William Goodison, surgeon
 Robert Halpin, captain of the SS Great Eastern
 F. E. Higgins, children's author
 Hozier, Irish musician
 Hybrasil, electronica group
 Jimmy Martin, golfer
 Fionnuala McCormack, runner
 Paul McShane, footballer
 Áine O'Gorman, footballer
 Ursula Stephens, Irish-born Australian politician
 John Ussher, priest
 George Drought Warburton, soldier and politician

Gallery

See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

Bibliography
 Cleary, J and O'Brien, A (2001) Wicklow Harbour: A History, Wicklow Harbour Commissioners

External links

Wicklow Tourism page on Wicklow Town
Wicklow Chamber of Commerce
History of Wicklow Town in MP3 format
Wicklow Mountains National Park
Dublin & Wicklow Walks

County towns in the Republic of Ireland
Port cities and towns in the Republic of Ireland
Towns and villages in County Wicklow
Viking Age populated places
Former urban districts in the Republic of Ireland
Former boroughs in the Republic of Ireland

Wicklow


Beim Rhön Universal handelt es sich um einen leichten, ungebremsten Last-Zelt-Anhänger (LZA), den der Volkseigene Betrieb Bergwerksmaschinen Dietlas/Rhön von September 1988 bis etwa 1990 in rund 1000 Einheiten im Rahmen der so genannten Konsumgüterproduktion hergestellt hat.

Allgemeines

Die Typbezeichnung des Anhängers lautet HP40.01.84/50.
Bekannt sind drei Farbvarianten: weißer Wagenkasten mit rotem Polyesterdeckel, weißer Wagenkasten mit blauem Polyesterdeckel und blauer Wagenkasten mit weißem Polyesterdeckel. Auch den Zeltaufbau stellte der Volkseigene Betrieb in unterschiedlichen Farbvarianten her, wobei stets beige und orange Stoffbahnen zum Einsatz kamen, die jedoch unterschiedlich kombiniert wurden. Darüber hinaus war der Faulstreifen aus gummiertem Material am unteren Abschluss des hinteren Zeltteils zunächst blau, später jedoch dunkelbraun.

Verwendung
Der Rhön Universal lässt sich durch seine im Anhängerdeckel integrierte Zeltkonstruktion als leichter Campinganhänger nutzen; ohne den Deckel dient er als leichter Anhänger für gelegentliche Transportaufgaben. Mit einer Leermasse von 130 Kilogramm ohne Deckel und 200 Kilogramm als Campinganhänger ließ sich der Rhön Universal auch vom Trabant 601 ziehen, der mit den schwereren und besser ausgestatteten Camptourist-Faltanhängern zumindest bei längeren Bergetappen an seine Grenzen stieß. Außerhalb der Nutzungszeit lässt sich der Rhön Universal mittels zweier seitlich im Rahmen einzusteckenden Stützen seitlich hochkant, etwa an einer Garagenwand, aufstellen.

Fahrwerk und Wagenkasten

Der Rhön Universal verfügt über einen 195 × 145 × 30 Zentimeter großen, geschweißten Wagenkasten aus Stahlblech mit am Blechboden angeschlagener Heckklappe. Der Wagenkasten ruht auf einem ungebremsten Fahrgestell mit V-Deichsel und zwei einzeln an Längslenkern aufgehängten Acht-Zoll-Stahlrädern mit der Bereifung 4.00-8 4 PR 55 von Pneumant. Die Federung der beiden Längslenker übernehmen jeweils zwei auf Stauchung beanspruchte Gummizylinder unterschiedlichen Durchmessers. Damit erreichte der Hersteller ein progressives Federungsverhalten, so dass der Rhön Universal unbeladen nicht zu sehr zum Springen neigt und beladen Stöße, etwa durch Schlaglöcher, gut absorbiert. Die zulässige Gesamtmasse des Anhängers, des Fahrwerks und der Achse beträgt 400 Kilogramm, die zulässige Deichselstützlast 50 Kilogramm. Als Anhängerkupplung kommt das Modell KK82 mit automatischer Verriegelung vom VEB Fahrzeugwerk Waltershausen zum Einsatz. An der Deichsel ist in einer Klemmvorrichtung statt eines Buglaufrades ein Abstützstab eingesetzt. Zusammen mit den beiden abklappbaren Stützen am hinteren Teil des Fahrwerks steht der Rhön Universal so auch im abgekuppelten Zustand sicher. Die beiden hinteren Stützen hält während des Fahrbetriebs jeweils eine Spiralfeder waagerecht am Rahmen. Im Falle eines Bruchs dieser Feder verhindert eine Halteschlaufe aus Kunstleder, dass die Abklappstütze auf die Fahrbahn fällt. Die beiden Dreikammer-Leuchten sowie die beiden Kennzeichenleuchten steuerte der VEB Fahrzeugelektrik Ruhla bei, ebenso den siebenpoligen Stecker zum Anschluss an die Elektrik des Zugfahrzeugs. Auf der Deichsel befindet sich ein mit einem Schloss gegen Diebstahl gesichertes Reserverad.

Zeltkonstruktion

Beim Camping lässt sich der Rhön Universal als einfacher Zeltcaravan nutzen. Hierzu verfügt der Anhänger über einen festen Deckel aus Polyester, der an der Heckklappe des Aufbaus befestigt ist. Zwei Schlösser an der Vorderseite des Wagenkastens halten den Deckel während der Fahrt geschlossen. An der Innenseite des Deckels verhindert eine umlaufende Gummidichtung, dass Nässe ins Innere des Wagens gelangt. Eine Reling aus Stahlrohr auf dem Deckel dient während der Fahrt als Gepäckhalter. Die mitgelieferte Fahrplane schützt dabei das Gepäck vor Witterungseinflüssen und Fahrtwind. Bei aufgestelltem Zelt wird die Innenseite des nach hinten geklappten Deckels zum Zeltboden und die Reling damit zum Unterbau des Deckels. Zeltstoff und Gestänge sind am Wagenkasten und am Deckel fixiert. Der Zeltstoff besteht aus schwerem, widerstandsfähigem, imprägniertem Baumwollgewebe, das Gestänge aus weiß lackiertem Stahlrohr. Der Zelteingang befindet sich in der hinteren Hälfte der linken Zeltwand und lässt sich mit einem Reißverschluss öffnen und schließen. Licht fällt durch eine abdeckbare Fensterfolie mit Moskitogaze an der rückwärtigen Zeltwand ein. Der Boden in der Innenseite des umgeklappten Deckels ist mit Kunstleder beklebt. Die Schlaffläche für zwei Personen befindet sich auf der Ladefläche des Wagenkastens und entspricht dessen Maßen. Als Extra war eine Innenkabine aus leichtem, ungefärbtem Baumwollgewebe mit Folienboden erhältlich, durch die der Schlafraum wohnlicher wird und sich mittels Reißverschluss schließen lässt und so zusätzlichen Schutz gegen Luftzug oder Insekten bietet. Die vier serienmäßigen, rund vier Zentimeter dicken Matratzenteile lassen sich in die Schlafkabine einlegen und können dort auch im zusammengeklappten Zeltanhänger bleiben. Die optionale Zeltkabine wird mit Baumwollschlaufen am Gestänge angeknotet und faltet sich beim Auf- und Abbauen des Zeltes mit auf und zusammen. An der in Fahrtrichtung linken Zeltseite sind am Dach sieben kleine Schlaufen angenäht, an denen sich ein Sonnensegel anbringen lässt. Vermutlich wurde ein solches Sonnensegel aber vom Hersteller nicht mehr angeboten. Auch eine geplante, auf der Deichsel zu befestigende Küchenbox ging nicht mehr in Serie.

Aufstellen und Zusammenklappen
Der Last-Zelt-Anhänger Rhön Universal lässt sich in etwa zwei Minuten aufstellen.
Hierzu sind folgende Arbeitsschritte erforderlich:
1. Anhänger vom Zugfahrzeug abkoppeln und auf einer ebenen Fläche aufstellen.
2. Beide Abklappstützen unter dem Heck aus den Sicherheitsschlaufen lösen und gegen die Federkraft über den Totpunkt hinweg zum Boden schwenken.
3. Mit der Stütze an der Deichsel den Anhänger waagerecht ausrichten, so dass er sicher steht.
4. Beide Schlösser an der Vorderwand des Wagenkastens öffnen.
5. Gummi-Schoner auf die Reling zum Schutz gegen Verkratzen aufstecken.
6. Den Deckel am besten zu zweit oder vorsichtig alleine öffnen, bis die Reling des Deckels am Boden hinter dem Anhänger aufliegt. Das   Zelt stellt sich dabei automatisch auf.
7. Das Zelt im Bereich des Wagenkasten mit der Gummischnur an dessen Knebeln verspannen.
8. Faulstreifen aus Gummi des hinteren Zeltteils über den Deckelrand spannen.
9. Den Zeltaufbau je nach Standort und Wetterlage mit Heringen fixieren.

Der Abbau geschieht in umgekehrter Reihenfolge, jedoch sind einige Punkte zu beachten: So ist beim Schließen des Deckels sicherzustellen, dass beide Zapfen an der Heckklappe ordnungsgemäß in die entsprechenden Öffnungen am Ende der Seitenwände greifen und dabei nicht der Zeltstoff dazwischen gerät, sonst sind Löcher oder Risse am Tuch zu befürchten. Auch beim weiteren Schließen ist der Zeltstoff sorgfältig nach innen zu falten. Idealerweise schließen zwei Personen den Deckel. Eine einzelne Person stellt den Deckel auf das mitgelieferte Abstütz-Holz, sortiert den Stoff durch den verbleibenden Spalt und schließt den Deckel dann ganz.
Es ist unbedingt erforderlich, die beiden Schlösser an der Vorderseite des Deckels mit dem Schlüssel abzusperren, da die Schlösser ansonsten von selbst wieder aufspringen können. Dann könnte sich durch den Fahrtwind der Deckel öffnen.

Nutzung als Lastenanhänger
Inklusive Zelt und Polyesterdeckel hat der Rhön Universal eine Eigenmasse von 200 Kilogramm, kann theoretisch also noch 200 Kilogramm Gepäck aufnehmen. Dieses findet auf der Liegefläche im Wagenkasten oder sicher an der Reling verzurrt auf dem Polyesterdeckel Platz.

Um den Rhön Universal als reinen Lastenanhänger nutzen zu können, ist zunächst das Zelt aufzubauen. Dann sind die Schrauben für das Zeltgestänge am Anhänger zu lösen, und danach ist der Polyesterdeckel von der Heckklappe abzuschrauben. Das Zelt samt Gestänge verbleibt im Deckel und lässt sich mit der Fahrplane als Schutz gegen Staub und Schmutz abdecken. Der Anhänger selbst bietet dann, erleichtert um die rund 70 Kilogramm schwere Campingausrüstung, eine Zuladung von 270 Kilogramm.

Der Rhön Universal heute
Die politische Wende in der DDR und die ihr folgenden wirtschaftlichen Veränderungen in Ostdeutschland bedingten, dass die Produktion des Rhön Universal im Jahr 1990 nach nur rund zwei Jahren Bauzeit und etwa 1.000 Exemplaren eingestellt wurde.
Die Qualität des Last-Zelt-Anhängers soll nach der Erfahrung früherer und heutiger Nutzer, insbesondere, was die Lackierung und den Korrosionsschutz anbelangt, großen Schwankungen unterlegen haben. Dieser Umstand und die Tatsache, dass die Anhänger über die Jahre unterschiedlich genutzt und gepflegt wurden, führt dazu, dass der Zustand heutiger Exemplare stark variiert. So finden sich stark korrodierte Anhänger mit verschlissenem Zelt ebenso wie beinahe neuwertige oder restaurierte.
Als Schwachpunkt hat sich die längs durch den Wagenkasten verlaufende Überlappung der beiden Bodenbleche erwiesen, an der oft starke Korrosion auftritt. Auch der Übergang von der Vorderwand zum Boden des Wagenkastens ist durch Rost gefährdet. Das Gleiche gilt für den Bereich oberhalb der Radkästen. Zuweilen zeigt der Deckel aus Polyester Risse infolge zu hoher punktueller Belastung, insbesondere in jenen Bereichen, in denen er sich während des Campingbetriebs auf der Reling abstützt. Die Gelcoat-Schicht des Deckels kann infolge jahrelanger UV-Strahlung kleine Risse bis größere Abplatzungen aufweisen. Die Reling des Deckels aus lackiertem Stahlrohr zeigt häufig größere Roststellen, die sich jedoch meist, bedingt durch die ausreichende Wandstärke der Rohre, beseitigen lassen.
Der Zeltstoff ist bei vielen Exemplaren ausgebleicht. Wurde das Zelt nass zusammengelegt und nicht binnen weniger Tage zum Trocknen wieder aufgestellt, sind häufig Stockflecken oder gar verrottete Stellen im Stoff die Folge. Eine Instandsetzung des Rhön Universal erleichtert dessen einfacher Aufbau sowie die weitreichende Verwendung gängiger Teile aus dem DDR-Anhängerbau. So sind Originalteile wie Anhängerkupplung, Felgen, Reifen, Radlager, Federgummis, Rücklichter, siebenpoliger Stecker und Schlösser heute noch zumindest über das Internet neu zu beziehen.
Der Polyesterdeckel lässt sich mit Glasfasermatten, Kunstharz und Polyester-Spachtel reparieren. Als Ersatzteil jedoch ist er neu wie gebraucht so gut wie nicht mehr erhältlich. Ähnlich schwierig gestaltet sich die Suche nach einem Ersatzzelt. Wer über das Internet keines findet, dem bleibt als Alternative zur Teilreparatur nur die Nachfertigung anhand des verschlissenen Originals.

Quellen und Literatur
 Schäfer, Dr. M./Homann, S., Der Deutsche Straßenverkehr 9/1988, S. 25
 Schäfer, Dr. M./Homann, S., KFT Kraftfahrzeugtechnik 9/1988, S. 281f
 Betriebsanleitung 40.01.84/50 Last-Zelt-Anhänger-Rhön Universal

Wohnwagenmodell
Straßenverkehr (DDR)

Rhön Universal


An Spathiphyllum solomonense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dan Henry Nicolson. An Spathiphyllum solomonense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Spathiphyllum, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Spathiphyllum

Spathiphyllum solomonense


Harmabótarkvæði (eða Harmbótarkvæði) er norrænt danskvæði, vikivaki eða sagnadans sem var vinsæll hér á landi fyrr á öldum.

Kvæðið er talið mjög fornt þar sem það þekkist víða um Norðurlönd (Noregi, Færeyjum og Danmörku). Þó hefur ekki tekist að aldursgreina Harmabótarkvæði nákvæmlega. Talið er að kvæðið hafi borist hingað til Íslands frá Noregi fyrir siðaskiptin en Færeyingar, ólíkt Íslendingum, virðast hafa kynnst dönsku útgáfu kvæðisins um svipað leyti.

Nú á dögum er Harmabótarkvæði allþekkt kórverk og er það reglulega sungið af kórum landsins.

Efni kvæðis
Efni kvæðisins er á þá leið að stúlka nokkur leggur ástarhug til manns í fjarlægu landi (stundum nefndur Vilkin). Stúlkan tekur síðan yngri systur sína á eintal um þessa foboðnu ást en yngri systririn virðist svíkja hana um leyndarmálið og kjaftar frá til móðurinnar. Móðirin ræðir við bróður systranna um þessar óæskilegu ástarlanganir eldri dótturinnar og bróðirin sendir stúlkuna á sinn fund. Bróðirinn spyr síðan systur sína um umrædda ástarþrá og svo lyktar þeirra fundum að bróðirin sendir hana úr landi til greifa nokkurs. Greifinn virtist þó vera með gott hjartalag og svo fer að greifinn veitir henni fararleyfi til ástmannsins (Vilkins) sem hún þráir að hitta. Sagnadansinn endar á blíðum nótum þar sem stúlkan sefur hjá unnusta sínum á nóttum, drekkur bjór á daginn og spinnur lín.

Þjóðlög við Harmabótarkvæði
Harmabótarkvæði virðist hafa lifað lengi á vörum fólks hér á landi. Bjarni Þorsteinsson prestur á Siglufirði og þjóðlagasafnari þekkti eina laglínu við kvæðið og birti nótur þess í riti sínu Íslenskum þjóðlögum. Þá kunni Sesselja Eldjárn (1893-1987) á Tjörn í Svarfaðardal aðra  laglínu við kvæðið sem virðist vera svipuð þeirri sem Bjarni þekkti. Varðveist hefur segulbandsupptaka af Sesselju flytja Harmabótarkvæði og er upptakan varðveitt í Stofnun Árna Magnússonar. Upptakan er aðgengileg á vefslóð Ísmúss.

Kvæðið

1. Einum unna ég manninum
á meðan það var,
í míns föður ranninum
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

2. Enginn maður það vissi,
á meðan það var,
nema mín yngsta systir,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

3. Systir sagði móður frá,
á meðan það var,
svo vissu það allar þrjár,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

4. Móðir talaði nokkur orð,
á meðan það var,
svo kom það fyrir bróður míns borð,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

5. Bróðir gjörði boð til mín,
á meðan það var,
og bað mig ganga í höll til sín,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

6. Hægra fæti í höllina sté,
á meðan það var,
"Sittu heill, bróðir, og hvað viltu mér?"
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

7. "Er það satt sem mér er sagt,
á meðan það var,
að þú hafir ást við riddarann lagt?"
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

8. "Ei er það satt sem mér er sagt,
á meðan það var,
að ég hafi ást við riddarann lagt."
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

9. Bróðir var mér ekki trúr,
á meðan það var,
hann seldi mig burtu landi úr,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

10. Seldi hann mig á annað land,
á meðan það var,
einum ríkum greifa í hand,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

11. Greifinn var mér nokkuð trúr,
á meðan það var,
seldi hann mig landi úr,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

12. Seldi hann mig á annað land,
á meðan það var,
mínum besta vin í hand.
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

13. Á daginn trað ég múr og torg,
á meðan það var,
en nóttina svaf ég með engri sorg,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

14. Á daginn drakk ég mjöð og vín,
á meðan það var,
um nóttina svaf ég hjá unnusta mín,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

15. Vendi ég mínu kvæði í kross,
á meðan það var,
Guð og María sé með oss,
og það fór þar.
Þó hlýt ég minn harm að bera í leyndum stað.

Sagnadansar

Harmabótarkvæði


Amur (Rusça: Аму́р, Çince: 黑龙江/黑龍江; anlam: Kara Ejder ırmağı, Mançuca:  薩哈連烏拉 Sahaliyan Ula; anlam: Kara Su, Moğolca: Хара-Мурэн; anlam: Kara Irmak), dünyanın en uzun dokuzuncu nehridir. Uzunluğu 2874 km olup, Argun kolu ile birlikte uzunluğu 4444 km'yi bulur. Havzası 1.843.000 kilometrekaredir. Japon Denizi ile Obiotsk Denizlerini birleştiren Tatar Boğazı'ndan Büyük Okyanus'a dökülür. Uzakdoğu Rusya ile Çin'in Mançurya bölgesi arasındaki doğal sınırdır. Bölgede muson iklimi görülür. Kışın Sibirya'dan esen soğuk rüzgarlar nedeniyle altı ayda bir donar. Donma sırasında ulaşımda yer almaz. Yazları bol suyla çoşar ve ulaşımda bölge halkına kolaylık sağlar. Amur Nehri balık türünden zengindir. Bölgede 25'ten fazla balık tesisi bulunmaktadır. Hidroelektrik santralleri için uygun bir ortama sahip olsa bile fazla baraj bulunmamaktadır.
Çin ile Rusya'nın doğal sınırını oluşturması bakımından önemlidir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dünyanın en uzun nehirleri

<noinclude>

Çin'deki nehirler
Rusya'daki nehirler
Uzak Doğu Federal Bölgesi
Mançurya
Büyük Okyanus'taki su kütleleri
Kuzeydoğu Asya coğrafyası

Amur Nehri


is a town located in Aso District, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 2016, the town has an estimated population of 3,977 and a density of 34 persons per km². The total area is 115.86 km².

Geography

Climate
Minamioguni has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot, humid summers and cool winters. There is significant precipitation throughout the year, especially during June and July. The average annual temperature in Minamioguni is . The average annual rainfall is  with June as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Minamioguni was  on 19 August 2020; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 10 February 1984.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Minamioguni in 2020 is 3,750 people. Minamioguni has been conducting censuses since 1920.

References

External links

Minamioguni official website
kurokawa onsen

Towns in Kumamoto Prefecture

Minamioguni, Kumamoto


Kabaklık, Samsun ilinin Ayvacık ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı eskilerde Karapelit Köyü idi.Bir gün bu köye bazı devlet memurlarının yolu düşer. Mahallenin her tarafında kabak yetiştirildiğini görürler. "Buranın adı Kabaklık Köyü olsun." derler. O tarihten sonra mahallenin adı Kabaklık Köyü olarak değiştirilir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 88 km, Ayvacık ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ayvacık'ın mahalleleri

Kabaklık, Ayvacık


An Panicum voeltzkowii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez. An Panicum voeltzkowii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum voeltzkowii


est un temple bouddhiste dō  de la secte Nichiren situé à Nose, dans le district de Toyono, au sein de la préfecture d'Osaka. Situé près du sommet du mont Myoken, il est connu comme un lieu sacré pour le culte de l'étoile polaire.

Aperçu
Le temple est également connu sous le nom de Nose Myōgengu car il a une porte torii à l'entrée de son enceinte, qui est un vestige de la période de la fusion du shintoïsme et du bouddhisme.

Formellement, il est attaché au temple Shinnyo-ji, dans la ville de Nose, mais il attire beaucoup plus de fidèles que celui-ci.

Histoire
On dit que l'histoire de cet endroit commence à l'Ère Tenpyō-shōhō ( 749-757, lorsque Gyōki construit le temple Tamurayama Oku-ji au sommet du Mont Myōken.

Dans la deuxième année de Kanna (986) pendant la période Heian, Minamoto no Mitsunaka fait faire une statue du Bodhisattva Myōken. Son petit-fils, aussi appelé Minamoto no Mitsunaka, déménage à Nose, et lorsqu'il devient le seigneur de cette terre, il y vénère aussi le Bodhisattva Myōken.

Yoji Nose devient un vassal de Tokugawa Ieyasu et joue un rôle actif dans la bataille de Sekigahara en 1600. Dans la 8e année de Keicho (1603), une nouvelle statue de Bodhisattva Myoken est sculptée par Nikki, et la montagne en vient à s'appeler Mt. Myoken.

Pendant l'Ère Meiwa, en 1768, l' interdiction faite aux femmes d'entrer sur le mont Myoken est levée. Dans la 2e année de l'Ère An'ei 1773, le sanctuaire principal (Kaiunden) devient plus fréquenté.

Dans la 7e année de Tenmei (1787), le sanctuaire principal (Kaiunden), qui avait été incendié, est reconstruit grâce à un don de Yori Nao.

"Seirei"
Près du sommet de la montagne, une salle bouddhiste appelée "Seirei", qui a la forme du mon du temple (le mon du clan Nose) est construite pendant l'Ère Heisei, en 1998. La chapelle du deuxième étage a une structure qui ne ressemble pas à une chapelle bouddhiste traditionnelle, avec ses parois de verre.

Accès
Le Nose Electric Railway a été construit à l'origine pour visiter la montagne. L'accès actuel au mont Myoken se fait généralement par téléphérique.

Troisième jour du Nouvel An
Pour la célébration du premier lever de soleil de l'année et de la première visite au sanctuaire, un grand nombre de personnes visitent le temple chaque année au réveillon du Nouvel An et au troisième jour de l'an.

Bien culturel

Monument naturel désigné par la ville de Kawanishi, préfecture d'Osaka
 Forêt de hêtres sur le mont Myoken

Notes et références

Liens externes

 日蓮宗霊場能勢妙見山公式HP (site officiel)

Shinbutsu shūgō
Temple bouddhiste dans la préfecture d'Osaka
Nose

Nose Myōkenzan


An Dendrobium schulleri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Dendrobium schulleri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium schulleri


Blaesodactylus es un género de geckos de la familia Gekkonidae. Es endémica de la isla de Madagascar. Estas especies han sido previamente incluidas en Homopholis.

Las especies son similares, en general, con pequeñas escamas cónicas en la superficie dorsal, con la coloración devahída y un patrón de distintas bandas transversales.

Especies
Se reconocen las siguientes cinco especies:
 Blaesodactylus ambonihazo Bauer, Glaw, Gehring & Vences, 2011.
 Blaesodactylus antongilensis (Böhme & Meier, 1980)
 Blaesodactylus boivini (Duméril, 1856)
 Blaesodactylus microtuberculatus Jono, Bauer, Brennan & Mori, 2015.
 Blaesodactylus sakalava (Grandidier, 1867)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Géneros de reptiles

Blaesodactylus


7950 Berezov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7950 Berezov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul de Astrofizică din Crimeea de Liudmila Juravliova. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,10 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 11,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1992
Centura de asteroizi

7950 Berezov


The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.

In simpler CPUs, the instruction cycle is executed sequentially, each instruction being processed before the next one is started. In most modern CPUs, the instruction cycles are instead executed concurrently, and often in parallel, through an instruction pipeline: the next instruction starts being processed before the previous instruction has finished, which is possible because the cycle is broken up into separate steps.

Role of components
The program counter (PC) is a special register that holds the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. During the fetch stage, the address stored in the PC is copied into the memory address register (MAR) and then the PC is incremented in order to "point" to the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. The CPU then takes the instruction at the memory address described by the MAR and copies it into the memory data register (MDR). The MDR also acts as a two-way register that holds data fetched from memory or data waiting to be stored in memory (it is also known as the memory buffer register (MBR) because of this). Eventually, the instruction in the MDR is copied into the current instruction register (CIR) which acts as a temporary holding ground for the instruction that has just been fetched from memory.

During the decode stage, the control unit (CU) will decode the instruction in the CIR. The CU then sends signals to other components within the CPU, such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the floating point unit (FPU). The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction and also multiplication via repeated addition and division via repeated subtraction. It also performs logic operations such as AND, OR, NOT, and binary shifts as well. The FPU is reserved for performing floating-point operations.

Summary of stages

Each computer's CPU can have different cycles based on different instruction sets, but will be similar to the following cycle:

 Fetch stage: The next instruction is fetched from the memory address that is currently stored in the program counter and stored into the instruction register. At the end of the fetch operation, the PC points to the next instruction that will be read at the next cycle.
 Decode stage: During this stage, the encoded instruction presented in the instruction register is interpreted by the decoder.
Read the effective address: In the case of a memory instruction (direct or indirect), the execution phase will be during the next clock pulse. If the instruction has an indirect address, the effective address is read from main memory, and any required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into data registers (clock pulse: T3). If the instruction is direct, nothing is done during this clock pulse. If this is an I/O instruction or a register instruction, the operation is performed during the clock pulse.
 Execute stage: The control unit of the CPU passes the decoded information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant functional units of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction, such as reading values from registers, passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic functions on them, and writing the result back to a register. If the ALU is involved, it sends a condition signal back to the CU. The result generated by the operation is stored in the main memory or sent to an output device. Based on the feedback from the ALU, the PC may be updated to a different address from which the next instruction will be fetched.
Repeat cycle

In addition, on most processors interrupts can occur. This will cause the CPU to jump to an interrupt service routine, execute that and then return. In some cases an instruction can be interrupted in the middle, the instruction will have no effect, but will be re-executed after return from the interrupt.

Initiation
The cycle begins as soon as power is applied to the system, with an initial PC value that is predefined by the system's architecture (for instance, in Intel IA-32 CPUs, the predefined PC value is 0xfffffff0). Typically, this address points to a set of instructions in read-only memory (ROM), which begins the process of loading (or booting) the operating system.

Fetch stage
The fetch step is the same for each instruction:
 The CPU sends the contents of the PC to the MAR and sends a read command on the control bus
 In response to the read command (with address equal to PC), the memory returns the data stored at the memory location indicated by the PC on the data bus
 The CPU copies the data from the data bus into its MDR (also known as MBR; see Role of components section above)
 A fraction of a second later, the CPU copies the data from the MDR to the instruction register for instruction decoding
 The PC is incremented so that it points to the next instruction. This step prepares the CPU for the next cycle.

The control unit fetches the instruction's address from the memory unit.

Decode stage
The decoding process allows the processor to determine what instruction is to be performed so that the CPU can tell how many operands it needs to fetch in order to perform the instruction. The opcode fetched from the memory is decoded for the next steps and moved to the appropriate registers. The decoding is typically performed by binary decoders in the CPU's control unit.

Reading the effective address
This step evaluates which type of operation is to be performed. If it is a memory operation, the computer checks whether it's a direct or indirect memory operation:
 Direct memory operation – Nothing is done.
 Indirect memory operation – The effective address is read from memory.

If it is an I/O or register instruction, the computer checks its type and executes the instruction.

Execute stage

The CPU sends the decoded instruction as a set of control signals to the corresponding computer components. If the instruction involves arithmetic or logic, the ALU is utilized. This is the only stage of the instruction cycle that is useful from the perspective of the end-user. Everything else is overhead required to make the execute step happen.

See also
 Time slice, unit of operating system scheduling
 Classic RISC pipeline
 Cycles per instruction

References

Instruction processing

Instruction cycle


Antares (α Scorpii, α Sco, Alpha Scorpii), Akrep Takımyıldızı'nda yer alan ikili yıldızdır. Samanyolu'nda yer alan parlak yıldızların en kırmızı renkli olanlarından Antares, eskiden Mars'la karıştırılmıştır. Kırmızı dev yıldızın adı da bu karışıklığı yansıtır: "Ant-Ares", "Anti-Mars" yani "Mars karşıtı" demektir.  Helence bir sözcük olan Ares, Latince adı Mars olan savaş tanrısının bir diğer adıdır. Büyüklüğü (parlaklık, kadir) birinci dereceden (genelde 0,96) olan Antares, gökyüzünün en parlak 15. yıldızıdır; ancak ışıması yarı-düzenli olduğundan parlaklığı yıl içinde az da olsa değişir.

Özellikler

Dünya'dan 604 ışık yılı uzakta olduğu göz önüne alındığında, son derece parlak bir yıldız olduğu da kolayca anlaşılır. Gerçekten de Antares, Güneş'ten 10.000 kat daha parlaktır. Ancak Antares soğuk bir yıldızdır. Yaydığı ışığın büyük kısmı kızılötesi olan Antares'in yüzey sıcaklığı yaklaşık 3.600 Kelvin derecedir. Yaydığı bu gözle görülemeyen kızılötesi ışınım da hesaba katıldığında, Antares'in Güneş'ten yaklaşık 60.000 kat daha parlak olduğu, yani 60.000 kat daha fazla ışıdığı söylenebilir.

Düşük sıcaklığı ve yüksek parlaklığı, Antares'in bir dev yıldız olduğunu göstermektedir. Antares'in parlaklığı ve sıcaklığı göz önüne alınarak, çapının yaklaşık 3 astronomik birim (AU) olduğu hesaplanmıştır. (Bir astronomik birim Güneş'in merkeziyle Dünya'nın merkezi arasındaki uzaklık olan 149,6 milyon km.'dir.)

Öte yandan Antares o kadar büyüktür ki, yıldızın yuvarlağı (diski), gökbilimciler tarafından kolayca görülebilmiş ve çapı 3.8 astronomik birim olarak ölçülmüştür. Bu değer ise, Jüpiter'in yörünge çapının yaklaşık dörtte üçüdür; bir başka deyişle, Antares Güneş'in yerine konulacak olursa, yıldızın yuvarlağının kenarı Dünya'yı da içine almak üzere, Jüpiter'in yörünge çapının yaklaşık 3/4'üne kadar gelir.

Antares'in parlaklığı ve sıcaklığı, çapının yaklaşık 3 astronomik birim olduğunu göstermekle birlikte, yuvarlağının görünen çapının 3.9 astronomik birim olması, yıldızın bizden uzaklığı, sıcaklığı ve kütle yitirdiği yüzeyin kesin yerinin belirlenememesinden ötürüdür. Çünkü Antares, bir gaz bulutuyla örtülüdür ve kızgın rüzgarlarla (bkz. Güneş rüzgarı) yavaş yavaş buharlaşarak, olağanüstü bir parlaklıkla ışımaktadır.

Antares'in kızgın rüzgarları içinde görülen eşi ise, ondan yalnızca 3 açı saniye uzaklıkta ve 5,5 büyüklüğünde bir yıldızdır. Gerçekte iki yıldız arasındaki uzaklık 550 astronomik birimdir. Bu iki yıldızın birbirleri çevresindeki dolanımı yaklaşık 2.500 yılda tamamlanır.

Antares'in kütlesinin Güneş'in kütlesinin 15 ile 18 katı arasında olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Yıldızın gökbilim ölçülerine göre fazla zamanının kalmadığı ve demir bir çekirdek oluşturabilecek kadar büyük bir kütlesi olduğu da göz önüne alındığında, sonunda patlayarak parlak bir süpernovaya dönüşeceği söylenebilir. Bu olayın yaklaşık bir milyon yıl içinde gerçekleşeceği sanılmaktadır. Bu, patlamanın her an olabileceği anlamına gelmektedir.

Antares'in eşi olan yıldızın kütlesi ise Güneş'in kütlesinin 7-8 katı kadardır. Bu kütle, süpernovaya dönüşme sınırının hemen altındadır ve demir bir çekirdek oluşturmaya elvermediğinden, yıldız sonunda büyük bir olasılıkla yoğun kütleli bir beyaz cüceye dönüşecektir.

Dış bağlantılar
 A comparison of the size of Antares to other celestial objects
 Exploring the Full Stellar Population of the upper Scorpius OB Association

Kaynakça

Akrep takımyıldızı
İkili yıldızlar
B-tipi ana kol yıldızları
M-tipi süperdevler
Yavaş düzensiz değişenler
Scorpii, Alfa
CD-26 11359
Scorpii, 21
6134
148478 9
080763

Antares


Betty Ann Ong (, Taishanese Ang4 ngut4 mi3; February 5, 1956 – September 11, 2001) was an American flight attendant who worked for American Airlines and boarded Flight 11, the first airplane hijacked during the September 11 attacks. Ong was the first person to alert authorities to the hijackings taking place that day. Shortly after the hijacking, Ong notified the American Airlines ground crew of the hijacking, staying on the radiophone for 23 minutes to relay vital information that led to the closing of airspace by the FAA, a first in United States history. For this, the 9/11 Commission declared Ong a hero.

Personal life
Betty Ann Ong was born on February 5, 1956, in San Francisco. She was of Kaiping descent, a branch of Sze Yup Cantonese, and had two sisters, one of whom was named Cathie, and a brother named Harry. Among her hobbies as an adult was collecting Beanie Babies.

Betty was once approached for work in modeling, but her mother disapproved of that career choice, so instead Ong would work at her parents' beef jerky factory. According to an account related by her sister Cathie Ong-Herrera in New York Post, an armed robbery at the factory illustrated Ong's steady nerves in a crisis situation. As Cathie described it, "Betty was out in front and had a gun held to her head. My mom said she never panicked. All she said was, 'Dad, we're being robbed.'" The robbers were given the money they demanded and Cathie said of her sister, "She was never shook up."

In the beginning of 1980s, she joined Pacific Southwest Airlines and worked within the airline's baggage claim department. Afterwards, she worked as a ticket agent with Delta Air Lines. In 1987, she became a flight attendant with American Airlines.

In 1987, Betty was driving south on U.S. Highway 101 in San Francisco when she witnessed a car roll over twice after it was hit by a speeding pickup truck. Betty ran to the car and saw that its occupant was Jo Ellen Chew, a woman she met a month prior at a bowling alley, who later described the "courage, kindness, [and] compassion" exhibited by Ong, saying, "Most people would just pass by. But to stop and run up to me? A miracle!"

Ong was engaged to Robert Landrum. At the time of her death, Ong lived in Andover, Massachusetts.

Flight 11 and death
On September 11, 2001, Ong assigned herself to Flight 11, so she could return to Los Angeles and go on vacation to Hawaii with her sister. During the hijacking, she used a telephone card to call American Airlines' operations/Raleigh reservations center, from the plane's rear galley; identified herself and alerted the supervisor that the aircraft had been hijacked. Along with fellow flight attendant Madeline Amy Sweeney, she relayed a report of the seat numbers of three hijackers. During her Airfone call, she reported that none of the crew could contact the cockpit nor open its door; that passenger Daniel Lewin, and two flight attendants, Karen Martin and Bobbi Arestegui, had been stabbed; and that she thought someone had sprayed Mace in the business class cabin.

Phone call
Transcript of the last 8-minute 26-second conversation between Ong, American Airlines' operations/Raleigh reservations, Nydia Gonzalez (Operations Specialist on duty on September 11) and American Airlines' emergency line, beginning with Ong in mid-sentence, her voice audible only during its first four minutes:

Legacy

On September 21, 2001, some 200 members of the Chinese American community in San Francisco gathered in a small park to pay tribute to Ong. Mayor of San Francisco Willie Brown, who was present, gave a proclamation honoring the people who died in the tragedy and called September 21 "Betty Ong Day".

In 2002, Ong, Sweeney and Flight 11 Captain John Ogonowski were the inaugural recipients of the Madeline Amy Sweeney Award for Civilian Bravery, an honor that the Government of Massachusetts instituted to award annually at least one Massachusetts resident for displaying extraordinary courage in defending or saving the lives of others.

In March 2002, Ong's remains were recovered from Ground Zero and identified. She was cremated and her ashes were buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.

In 2011, the recreation center in San Francisco's Chinatown where she had played as a child was renamed in her honor, as the Betty Ann Ong Chinese Recreation Center.

Ong's name is located on Panel N-74 of the National September 11 Memorial's North Pool, along with those of other passengers of Flight 11.

Ong is memorialized on Gold Mountain, a mural dedicated to Chinese contributions to American history on Romolo Place in North Beach, a street where she used to skateboard and play as a child.

The Betty Ann Ong Foundation was founded to honor Ong's interest in the welfare of children, by providing, in the words of board member David Huff, "training and guidance on nutrition, health, physical activities, leadership skills, critical thinking skills, planning, group and team activities, and community awareness and cohesiveness". Among its activities are contributions to groups including the Bakersfield Police Activities League and Betty Ann Ong Chinese Recreation Center in San Francisco's Chinatown. In March 2013, the foundation publicly opposed the decision of the Transportation Security Administration to allow knives with blades up to 2.36 inches long back onto aircraft for the first time since the 9/11 attacks. Ong's sister, Cathie Ong-Herrera, speaking as the president and CEO of the foundation, stated, "The horrific events that took place on the morning of September 11, 2001 began with the takeover of American Airlines Flight 11. Terrorists took control of the aircraft by first fatally stabbing two flight attendants with box-cutters. My sister, flight attendant Betty Ann Ong, along with the entire flight crew and passengers were murdered. There are no words to describe the gut-wrenching pain and grief our family has experienced—things that no other family should ever have to endure. I support the Coalition of Flight Attendant Unions' position to reverse the TSA's decision to allow knives and other dangerous objects on aircraft because it's about everyone's safety." The foundation was among a coalition of groups opposed to the move by the TSA, which abandoned the plan as a result.

In media
Ong was played by Jean Yoon in the 2006 ABC miniseries The Path to 9/11, and by Jane Zhang in episode two of the 2004 BBC docudrama Zero Hour.

An extensive clip from Ong's call to headquarters was used for the beginning of the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty. The clip was used without attribution, and without the consent of Ong's family and the airline. They requested that Sony Pictures Entertainment, the film's U.S. distributor, make a charitable donation in her name, credit her onscreen, state the Ong family does not endorse torture (which the film depicts being used in the manhunt for Osama bin Laden) on its website and in home entertainment versions of the film, and acknowledge these things during the 85th Academy Awards ceremony.

See also
 History of Chinese Americans in San Francisco

References

External links

 . June 23, 2007

American Airlines Flight 11 victims
1956 births
2001 deaths
American people of Chinese descent
People from Andover, Massachusetts
People from San Francisco
Flight attendants
American Airlines people
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
21st-century American people
20th-century American people
Delta Air Lines people

Betty Ong


Gara York este o stație de cale ferată pe Magistrala East Coast în Regatul Unit, care deservește orașul York, în North Yorkshire. Se află la 303 km la nord de Londra King's Cross, iar pe magistrală este situată între Doncaster la sud și Thirsk la nord. Începând cu iunie 2018, gara este administrată de către London North Eastern Railway.

Gara York este un nod feroviar principal, la aproximativ jumătatea distanței dintre Londra și Edinburgh. Se află la aproximativ cinci mile nord de punctul în care rutele Cross Country și TransPennine Express via Leeds se alătură magistralei, conectând astfel Scoția de Anglia de Nord-Est și Nord-Vest, Midlands și sudul Angliei. Intersecția a fost, din punct de vedere istoric, un loc major pentru fabricarea, reparația și întreținerea  materialului rulant.

În topul 100 cele mai bune gări din Marea Britanie, Simon Jenkins oferă gării York cinci stele, fiind una din cele zece gări care au primit aceată distincție.

Istoric
Prima gară York a fost o construcție temporară din lemn pe Queen Street, în afara zidurilor orașului, deschisă în anul 1839 de York and North Midland Railway. Ulterior, în anul 1841, în interiorul zidurilor, a fost contruită ceea ce este acum York Old Station (gara veche din York). În timp, din cauză că trenurile trebuiau să întoarcă aici pentru a călători între Londra și Newcastle, a apărut nevoia construirii unei noi gări în afara zidurilor.

Actuala gară, proiectată de la North-Eastern Railway, prin arhitecții Thomas Prosser și William Peachey, a fost deschisă pe 25 iunie 1877. Avea 13 peroane și a fost la acea vreme cea mai mare din lume. Ca parte a noului proiect, hotelul Royal Station (acum Royal York Hotel), proiectat de Peachey, a fost deschis în anul 1878.

În 1909, au fost adăugate noi peroane, iar în 1938 a fost construită pasarela pietonală și a fost refăcut sistemul de semnalizare.

Clădirea a fost puternic bombardată în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. În ziua de 29 aprilie 1942, 800 de pasageri au fost evacuați din trenul de la King's Cross spre Edinburgh, care sosise în timpul unui bombardament. În aceeași noapte, doi angajați ai căilor ferate au fost uciși, printre care William Milner (născut în 1900), care a murit după ce s-a întors în biroul lui care ardea pentru a lua trusa de prim ajutor. El a fost decorat post-mortem cu medalia Regelui pentru vitejie. O placă în memoria lui a fost așezată în gară. Gara a fost reparată masiv în anul 1947.

Clădirea gării a fost desemnată drept clădire monument de gradul al II-lea* în 1968.

Căile ferate prin și de lângă gară au fost renovate din nou în 1988, ca parte a lucrărilor la noua schemă de semnalizare efectuate înainte de electrificarea magistralei. Acest lucru a dus la scoaterea din uz a mai multor peroane (în principal pe latura de est), fiind scoase și căile de rulare. În același timp, un nou centru de semnalizare (York IECC) a fost creat, situat pe latura de vest a gării, pentru a controla structura nou creată și de a prelua funcția unor cutii de semnalizare de pe magistrală. York IECC supraveghează linia principală de la Temple Hirst (lângă Doncaster) spre Northallerton, împreună cu diferite secțiuni care se ramifică din ea. Din 2001 a preluat responsabilitatea pentru controlul zonei din Leeds și are astfel grijă de trenuri până la Gargrave și Morley.

În 2006-2007, pentru a îmbunătăți facilitățile pentru autobuz, taxi și utilizatorii de mașini, precum și pietoni și bicicliști, străzile din jurul gării au fost reorganizate. Clădirile care erau folosite drept depou și depozit de marfă adăpostesc acum National Railway Museum.

Accidente și incidente

 Pe 31 martie 1920, un tren de pasageri a deraiat în timp ce trăgea la peronul 8.
 Pe 5 august 1958, un tren de pasageri s-a prăbușit în tampoanele de la capătul peronului 12.

Renovări majore
Gara a fost renovată în 2009. Peronul 9 a fost reconstruit și sistemul de iluminat a fost extins. Fuseseră planificate noi bariere automate de bilete (similare cu cele din Leeds), dar consiliul orașului le-a refuzat pentru a păstra aspectul istoric al gării. Operatorul de la acel timp, National Express East Coast, dorea să facă apel la această decizie, dar acest lucru nu s-a mai întâmplat pentru că gara a fost preluată de East Coast.

Referințe

York
Fondări în 1877
Monumente protejate de gradul II*

Gara York


සිංගර් ලෝක තරගාවලිය යනු 1994 සැප්තැම්බර් 4 සිට 17 දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පැවති චතුරස්‍රාකාර එක්දින ක්‍රිකට් තරගාවලියකි. එයට පාකිස්තානය, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව, ඉන්දියාව සහ සත්කාරක ශ්‍රී ලංකාව යන ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම් ඇතුළත් විය. අවසන් තරඟයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පරාජය කළ ඉන්දියාව මෙම තරගාවලිය ජය ගත්තේය.

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තරඟාවලිය රවුන්ඩ් රොබින් ආකෘතියකින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද අතර සෑම කණ්ඩායමක්ම එක් වරක් එකිනෙකා සමඟ ක්‍රීඩා කළහ.

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වාර්තා සහ සම්මාන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නායක අර්ජුන රණතුංග තරගමාලාවේ ක්‍රීඩකයාට හිමි සම්මානය දිනා ගත්තේය. තරගමාලාවේ පිතිකරු සම්මානය ඉන්දියාවේ සචින් තෙන්ඩුල්කාර් දිනා ගත්තේය. ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ස්ටීව් වෝට තරගමාලාවේ පන්දු යවන්නා සම්මානය හිමි විය.

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