Kayalı, Adıyaman - Adıyaman ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Hizan - Bitlis ili Hizan ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Şebinkarahisar - Giresun ili Şebinkarahisar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Kastamonu - Kastamonu ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Kırklareli - Kırklareli ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Meram - Konya ili Meram ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayalı, Osmaniye - Osmaniye ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Yakakent - Samsun ili Yakakent ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayalı, Haliliye - Şanlıurfa ili Haliliye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayalı, Siverek - Şanlıurfa ili Siverek ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Kayalı, İdil - Şırnak ili İdil ilçesine bağlı köy
 Kayalı, Eşme - Uşak ili Eşme ilçesine bağlı köy

Kayalı (anlam ayrımı)


Zonska nogometna liga Brčko je bila liga petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1984./85.  Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a prvak je bio "Proleter" iz Dvorova, koji je u kontroverznoj završnici zbog jednog gola više bio ispred "Sloge" iz Tolise.
Reorganizacijom liga MNS Brčko dotadašnja "Međuopćinska liga Brčko" je postala "Zonska liga", a rang niže je igrana "Međuopćinska liga u dvije skupina – "Istok" i "Zapad". Treći stupanj natjecanja MNS Brčko su činile četiri grupne lige, a četvrti stupanj općinske lige.

Ljestvica

 Hrvatska Tišina – danas dio Tišine

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

 Iljo Dominković: 70 godina NK "Sloga", Tolisa : (1947. – 2017.), Tolisa, 2017.,  (Proventus natura), str. 137-142
 Iljo Dominković: 85 godina plavih s Jelasa, Domaljevac, 2013.,

1984-85 Brčko
/ Brčko
1984-85 1 zona

Zonska nogometna liga Brčko 1984./85.


Quedas do Iguaçu es un municipio brasileño del estado de Paraná. Su población estimada por el IBGE en 2012 es de 40.748 habitantes.

Según el Portal Educacional del Estado de Paraná, los primeros pobladores del lugar se establecieron en marzo de 1911. La región era llamada Colonia Jagoda y sus primeros habitantes vinieron de Río Grande del Sur y tenían orígenes polacos. El municipio pasó a llamarse Campo Nuevo y era parte de Laranjeiras do Sur. El municipio de Quedas do Iguaçu fue creado a través de la Ley Estatal nº 5.668, del 18 de octubre de 1967, e instalado el 15 de diciembre de 1968, separándose de Laranjeiras do Sur.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Paraná

Quedas do Iguaçu


La Fantasía n.º 2 en do menor, K. 396/385f, también conocida como Adagio para violín y piano, es el fragmento de una sonata para violín de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, fechada en el mes de enero de 1782.

Posiblemente, este fragmento perteneciese a una colección de sonatas para violín que Mozart tenía previsto componer para su esposa Constanze. En la pieza se observa un incremento de la influencia de Johann Sebastian Bach sobre Mozart.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 (en alemán)

fantasia do menor
Fantasías de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
fantasia do menor
Composiciones de 1782
fantasia mozart

Fantasía en do menor (Mozart)


Diplaziopsidaceae (lat. Dennstaedtiaceae), porodica papratnjača u redu osladolike. Imenovana je po rodu Diplaziopsis. Postoji nekoliko vrsta (5) unutar dva roda raširenih po dijelovima Sjeverne Amerike, Azije, Oceanije i Europe.

Porodica je opisana 2011.

Rodovi
 Diplaziopsis C. Chr.
 Homalosorus Small ex Pic. Serm.

Izvori

Osladolike

Diplaziopsidaceae


The Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) is an astronomical observatory located on the summit of Mt.Cerro Tololo in the Coquimbo Region of northern Chile, with additional facilities located on Mt. Cerro Pachón about  to the southeast. It is approximately  east of La Serena, where support facilities are located. The site was identified by a team of scientists from Chile and the United States in 1959, and it was selected in 1962. Construction began in 1963 and regular astronomical observations commenced in 1965. Construction of large buildings on Cerro Tololo ended with the completion of the Víctor Blanco Telescope in 1974, but smaller facilities have been built since then. Cerro Pachón is still under development, with two large telescopes (Gemini South and SOAR) inaugurated since 2000, and one in the final stages of construction as of 2023 (the Vera C. Rubin Observatory)

The principal telescopes at CTIO are the 4 m Víctor M. Blanco Telescope, named after Puerto Rican astronomer Víctor Manuel Blanco, and the 4.1 m Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope, which is situated on Cerro Pachón. Other telescopes on Cerro Tololo include the 1.5 m, 1.3 m, 1.0 m, and 0.9 m telescopes operated by the SMARTS consortium. CTIO also hosts other research projects, such as PROMPT, WHAM, and LCOGTN, providing a platform for access to the southern hemisphere for U.S. and worldwide scientific research.

Organization

CTIO is one of two observatories managed by NOIRLab, the other being Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) near Tucson, Arizona. NOIRLab is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), which owns the property around the two peaks in Chile and at the headquarters in La Serena, Chile.  AURA also operates the Space Telescope Science Institute and the Gemini Observatory. The  Gemini South Telescope located on Cerro Pachón is managed by AURA separately from CTIO for an international consortium. The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the funding agency for NOIRLab.

The Small and Medium Research Telescope System (SMARTS) is a consortium formed in 2001 after NOAO, the predecessor to NOIRLab, announced it would no longer support anything smaller than two meters at CTIO. The member institutions of SMARTS now fund and manage observing time on four telescopes that fit that definition. Access has also been purchased by individual scientists. SMARTS contracts with NOIRLab to maintain the telescopes it controls at CTIO, and NOIRLab retains the right to 25% of the observing time, and Chilean scientists retain 10%. SMARTS began managing telescopes in 2003.

CTIOPI is the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory Parallax Investigation. It began in 1999 and uses two telescopes at Cerro Tololo, the SMARTS 1.5 m reflector and the SMARTS 0.9 m reflector. The purpose of CTIOPI is to discover nearby red, white, and brown dwarfs that lurk unidentified in the solar neighborhood. The goal is to discover 300 new southern star systems within 25 parsecs by determining trigonometric parallaxes accurate to 3 milliarcseconds.

Telescopes

 The  Víctor M. Blanco Telescope (Blanco 4m) was completed in 1974 and is very similar to the Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope that was completed at KPNO in 1973. Testing of the telescope and instruments lasted until the beginning of 1976 when science operations began. The Blanco 4m is the only telescope on Cerro Tololo managed directly by NOIRLab.
 The  Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope (SOAR) is an optical and near-infrared telescope located on Cerro Pachón. It was dedicated in 2004 and is managed by NOIRLab for an international consortium of which NOIRLab is a partner.

SMARTS telescopes

 The  SMARTS Telescope is a Cassegrain reflector on an equatorial mount. Regular observations began in 1968.
 The  SMARTS Telescope is a Cassegrain reflector on an equatorial mount. It was built by M3 Engineering and Technology Corporation and used for the 2-micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS). It began operating in 1998 and was given to CTIO in 2001 after the survey was completed.
 The  SMARTS Yale Telescope is a closed-tube Cassegrain reflector built by Boller and Chivens. It was first installed in 1965 at the Bethany Observing Station of the Yale University Observatory. It was moved to CTIO in 1974. From 1998 to 2002, it was used by the Yale University–AURA–University of Lisbon–Ohio State University (YALO) consortium with a custom-built sensor. In 2004 it was integrated into SMARTS.
 The  SMARTS Telescope is a closed-tube Cassegrain reflector. It was installed at CTIO in 1966.

Tenant telescopes
 The  Southeastern Association for Research in Astronomy (SARA) South Telescope is a reflecting telescope built by Boller and Chivens. Installed in 1968 for the International Planetary Patrol Program, it was owned and operated by Lowell Observatory. At some point control shift to CTIO, which lasted until 1996, after which Lowell used the telescope intermittently. It was refurbished by SARA and put back into use in 2010. Observing time is shared between the members of the SARA consortium.
 The  Curtis-Schmidt Telescope is a Schmidt camera that was installed at CTIO in 1966. Previously, it was located at the University of Michigan's Portage Lake Observatory. It is currently used for the Michigan Orbital DEbris Survey Telescope (MODEST) project, which is part of NASA's program to detect and catalog orbital debris. Two-thirds of observing time was at the discretion of NOAO prior to 2001. From 1989 to 1995 it was used in part by the Calán/Tololo Survey.
 The Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) is a custom-built  telescope used to study the warm ionized medium. In 2009, it was moved to CTIO from KPNO, where it operated from 1996 to 2008.
 A  reflecting telescope built by Officina Stellare of Italy was installed in 2010 as part of the Chilean Automatic Supernova Search (CHASE). The project is run by the Center for Excellence in Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (CATA) of the University of Chile Department of Astronomy. The telescope will also be part of Global Robotic-telescopes Intelligent Array (GLORIA). It is located in the building that previously housed the Millimeter-wave Telescope.  The existing dome was replaced by a new clamshell-style dome as part of the project.  CHASE has used the PROMPT telescopes for 10% of the time since 2009.
 The Panchromatic Robotic Optical Monitoring and Polarimetry Telescopes (PROMPT) installation consists of five  Ritchey-Chrétien reflectors built by RC Optical Systems.  Each telescope is fitted with a filter and camera designed to observe gamma ray bursts at different wavelengths. When not observing an event, the telescopes are used remotely by public school students in North Carolina. Construction of six fully automated domes started in 2004 and the telescopes began operating in 2006.  The status of a sixth telescope, originally planned to observe at near-infrared wavelengths, is unclear. The building for a seventh PROMPT telescope, a larger  unit, was completed in 2011.
 The Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG) deployed an observing station to study helioseismology in 1995.
 Eight 40 cm telescopes, each equipped with a CCD camera sensitive to red optical and near-infrared light used by the MEarth Project.
 Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network operates three  and two  telescopes at Cerro Tololo. Construction of the domes began in 2010 and was completed in 2011. The telescopes were installed and commissioned in 2012.
 The Korean Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet), led by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), operates a  telescope as part network of three telescopes dedicated to detecting exoplanets. The large CCD camera was installed on the telescope in September 2014.
 The Evryscope is a multiple-aperture (22x  telescopes) wide-field survey telescope taking approximately 5000 images per night.
 The  T80S telescope is operated by the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS) collaboration.

Former telescopes
 The  Millimeter-wave Telescope is a Cassegrain reflector with a primary mirror made of machined aluminum, remachined in USA by Phelps-Dodge to a surface accuracy of lambda/400. It was installed at CTIO in 1982, and an identical telescope is located at the Center for Astrophysics  Harvard & Smithsonian. It was used for spectrometric mapping-surveys of the distribution of Carbon Monoxide at a rest-wavelength of 2.6 millimeters in molecular clouds in the third and fourth quadrants of the Milky Way, and in the Magellanic Clouds while at CTIO. In 2009, it was moved to the Chilean National Astronomical Observatory's campus on Cerro Calán near Santiago.
 A  telescope was transported to the summit on mules in 1961 to perform site testing. It was later installed in a dome at CTIO in 1965. Its dome was used by the Millimeter-wave Telescope beginning in 1982.
 A second  telescope was installed in 1965. It was removed at some point and the building was used for UCAC.
 A  astrograph was used by the USNO CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC) project from 1998 to 2001. It was located in one of the 16-inch telescope domes. After surveying the southern sky, it was moved to United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station to complete its mission.
 The Southern H-Alpha Sky Survey Atlas (SHASSA) operated at CTIO from 1997 to 2006 in its own small dome, which was dubbed El Enano ('the Dwarf') by the local staff. It was removed at the end of the project and donated to a school in La Serena.

Future telescopes
 The Vera C. Rubin Observatory (LSST) is a  reflecting telescope under construction on Cerro Pachón. Construction began in 2011 and first light is expected in late 2015. It will be used for an astronomical survey similar to the 2MASS survey performed at CTIO. As with Gemini, the LSST will be managed separately from CTIO.. A smaller 1.4-meter support telescope for LSST will be built on an adjacent peak.

Other scientific projects
 The Andes Lidar Observatory is a National Science Foundation project to measure the upper atmosphere above the Andes which uses several passive optical instruments.

Discoveries

On the morning of Saturday, December 7, 2013, Luis González, a research assistant at the University of Chile, discovered what would later be confirmed as a supernova by José Maza, an astronomer at University of Chile and a researcher for CATA (Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines or "Centre for Astrophysics and Related Technologies"). The supernova is the first discovery to be made by the CATA 500, a robotic telescope designed and operated by a Chilean team located in Santiago, approximately 500 kilometres to the south. It is part of the GLORIA project, which provides open access to astronomers from around the world to a network of remotely operated robotic telescopes.
The new supernova lies in the galaxy ESO 365-G16, located 370 million light years from Earth, and has a mass eight times that of the Sun.

Gomez's Hamburger, believed to be a young star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk, was discovered in 1985 on sky photographs obtained by Arturo Gomez, support technical staff at the Observatory.

Gallery

See also
 List of astronomical observatories
 List of highest astronomical observatories
 Other observatories in Chile:
 Llano de Chajnantor Observatory
Atacama Large Millimeter Array)
 Paranal Observatory
 Very Large Telescope
 Cerro Armazones Observatory
 Extremely Large Telescope
 La Silla Observatory
 MEarth Project
 MCELS (Magellanic Cloud Emission-line Survey)
 Tololo 1247-232 - One of only two known Lyman continuum photons emitters

References

External links

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Home Page
SOAR Telescope Home Page
Gemini Observatory Home Page
Small and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System (SMARTS)
Coordinates for Observatories on Cerro Tololo and Cerro Pachon

Astronomical observatories in Chile
Minor-planet discovering observatories
Buildings and structures in Coquimbo Region
1962 establishments in Chile
NOIRLab

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory


Silbermond, Bautzen / Saksonya kökenli bir Alman rock grubu. 2000 yılında Stefanie Kloß, Johannes Stolle, Thomas Stolle ve Andreas Nowak tarafından kuruldu. "Silbermond", Almancada "Gümüş Ay" anlamına gelen bir kelimedir.

Diskografi

Albümler
 Verschwende deine Zeit (2004)
 Laut gedacht (2006)
 Nichts passiert (2009)

Single'lar

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmi sitesi

Alman müzik grupları

Silbermond


Grigore (Gregoriu) Pletosu (n. 9 iunie 1848, Chintelnic, Districtul Năsăud, Imperiul Austriac – d. 4 noiembrie 1934, Bistrița, Regatul României) a fost un delegat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918

Origine și studii

Grigore Pletosu a fost fiul lui Teodor și Nastasia Pletosu. Grigore Pletosu a fost botezat de către preotul Basiliu (Vasile) Sigmirean la data de 24 iunie 1848, avându-i ca nași de botez pe Pop Dimitrie și Pop Varvara.. Dintr-o scrisoare a juristului local Nicolae Pop, din data de 25 aprilie 1871, adresată Gimnaziului Grăniceresc Năsăudean, se deduce că Grigore Pletosu a rămas orfan, fiind ulterior luat în grija juristului Nicolae Pop, timp de 5 ani, în perioada 1863-1869.. În 1863, Grigore Pletosu și-a început studiile la Gimnaziul Grăniceresc Năsăudean, fiind admis al doilea, în cadrul primei promoții a acestei școli.. Pe durata celor 8 ani de studiu la această instituție de învățământ, Grigore Pletosu se număra printre elevii premianți, situându-se mereu al doilea în ierarhia clasei, după Ioan Ciocan, care a ajuns mai târziu director al Gimnaziului Năsăudean, profesor de limba română la Universitatea din Budapesta și membru în Parlamentul maghiar<ref name=Iudean>Ovidiu-Emil Iudean, Deputați guvernamentali români în Parlamentul de la Budapesta (sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea - începutul secolului XX), teză de doctorat, Cluj-Napoca, 2012</ref>. În contextul în care școala năsăudeană contribuia la desfășurarea activităților Despărțământului ASTREI prin punerea la dispoziție a sălilor în care se țineau conferințele, este relevant că, în cadrul unei adunări a ASTREI la Năsăud, în 1870, Grigore Pletosu, aflat atunci în clasa a VIII-a, a susținut prelegerea intitulată Despre adevărata cultură. Grigore Pletosu a absolvit Gimnaziul Grăniceresc Năsăudean la data de 4 iulie 1871 . A contribuit la înființarea unei societăți de lectură a Gimnaziului Grăniceresc Năsăudean, numită Virtus Romana Rediviva, în cadrul acestei societăți expunându-și lucrările personalități ale culturii și literaturii române, precum George Coșbuc și Miron Cristea. Societatea la a cărei înființare a contribuit Grigore Pletosu a avut și o revistă, numită Musa Someșană, în care se publicau cele mai bune lucrări prezentate în cadrul societății de lectură. În cadrul societății de lectură, Grigore Pletosu s-a dovedit a fi foarte activ, prezentând referate care aveau ca temă elemente de teologie sau de filosofie. Este ilustrativă, în acest caz, prezentarea referatului Despre știință și foloasele ei, din luna martie a anului 1871. După absolvirea Gimnaziului Grăniceresc Năsăudean, Grigore Pletosu a fost admis la Seminarul Andreian din Sibiu, unde a studiat teologia și unde a contribuit la înființarea societății de cultură Andrei Șaguna, la inaugurarea acesteia, susținând prezentarea referatului Limba națională. După finalizarea studiilor la Sibiu, Grigore Pletosu a studiat filologia și filosofia la Universitatea din Leipzig, în perioada anilor 1874-1876. Nu a finalizat, însă, cursurile de filologie, transferându-se la Universitatea din Budapesta , unde a urmat cursuri de filosofie . Grigore Pletosu a decedat la data de 4 noiembrie 1934, la Bistrița .

Activitatea profesională
După ce și-a finalizat studiile, Grigore Pletosu s-a întors la Năsăud, unde, în urma candidaturii, i s-a aprobat ocuparea postului de catehet pentru religia orientală, de către conducerea Fondurilor Grănicerești. Trei ani mai târziu, a devenit titular al instituției Fondurilor Grănicerești, predând, timp de aproape trei decenii, religie, limba română, cântare bisericească, limbi clasice, filosofie și limba maghiară . Grigore Pletosu a fost devotat profesiei sale de dascăl la Liceul Grăniceresc din Năsăud , lucru probat de faptul ca acesta schimba în fiecare an programele, prin a scurta sau a adăuga anumite texte, în funcție de capacitatea de asimilare a elevului . Grigore Pletosu a activat în cadrul societății de lectura Virtus Romana Rediviva, ajungând chiar președintele societății. Din această postură, el a coordonat parcursul lui George Coșbuc și al altor tineri. Acesta a fost și profesor al celui ce avea să devină patriarhul Miron Cristea, respectiv al mitropolitului Nicolae Bălan. Începând cu anul 1882, Grigore Pletosu a devenit și preot, întemeind prima Biserică Ortodoxă din oraș. Datorită acestei realizări, la data de 27 septembrie 1896, cu ocazia sfințirii bisericii din Diug, localitate cunoscută azi drept Dumbrăvița, Grigore Pletosu a fost distins cu titlul de protopresbiter. Acesta s-a afirmat și datorită faptului ca a ocupat funcția de președinte al Secției Școlare din cadrul Despărțământului Bistrița al ASTREI, între anii 1900-1911. Pentru realizările sale în plan școlar, el a fost ales asesor consistorial în senatul școlar, în anul 1903. În cadrul unei adunări generale a ASTREI la Bistrița, în 2 septembrie 1907, Grigore Pletosu a organizat o conferință denumită Creșterea națională. Grigore Pletosu s-a pensionat în 1909 . După pensionare, Grigore Pletosu s-a remarcat și datorită activității sale ca protopop al Bistriței . În 1923, după înființarea Episcopiei Ortodoxe Române a Clujului din 1921, Grigore Pletosu a devenit asesor consistorial al acesteia. De asemenea, în urma înființării Institutului Teologic din Bistrița, devenit mai târziu Academie, acesta a fost profesor la instituția în cauză. Grigore Pletosu a fost coleg de profesorat cu istoricul Victor Motogna.

Activitatea politică
Grigore Pletosu s-a regăsit între membrii consiliului popular din Comitatul Bistrița-Năsăud, acest consiliu popular fiind constituit la data de 3 noiembrie 1918 ca organ administrativ de execuție, cu caracter reprezentativ la nivelul naționalităților (români, sași, evrei, maghiari). Reprezentanților naționalităților li s-au adăugat și reprezentanți ai Partidului Social-Democrat.Astfel, populația română a fost reprezentată de către Grigore Pletosu, alături de protopopul Dionisie Vaida, Vasile Pahone, Gavril Tripon și George Matheiu. Grigore Pletosu a fost, de asemenea, unul dintre membrii Senatului Național Român din secția Comitatului Bistrița-Năsăud , senat constituit la data de 4 noiembrie 1918, în cadrul unei adunări, așa cum reiese dintr-un articol publicat de ziarul Glasul Vremei, din Bistrița, la data de 7 noiembrie 1918. Grigore Pletosu a făcut parte și dintr-o comisie constituită ad-hoc, după cum reiese dintr-un manifest datat la 14 noiembrie 1918, prin care se aduceau critici comportamentului abuziv al grănicerilor . Ca deputat în Marea Adunare Națională din 1 decembrie 1918 a fost delegat al Protopiatului ortodox Bistrița, fiind unul dintre semnatarii Manifestului Unirii .Mai târziu, numele lui Grigore Pletosu a fost menționat într-un memoriu al unui colonel în rezervă referitor la propria sa activitate și la activitatea Gărzii Naționale Române din județul Bistrița-Năsăud din anul 1918.Memoriul a fost datat la 25 iunie 1938, la Timișoara. Din acest memoriu reiese ca Grigore Pletosu a susținut un discurs în data de 4 decembrie 1918 la Bistrița, în onoarea armatei române care ajunsese în oraș .

Publicații
Grigore Pletosu a publicat Educațiunea și instrucțiunea în gimnaziu, în Raportul Gimnaziului superior fundațional din Năsăud pe anii 1881/1882, 1882/1883 și 1883/1884; Concentrațiunea în învățământul secundar, în Raportul Gimnaziului superior fundațional din Năsăud pe anul 1885/1886; Propendentica filozofică în 1900; Dogmatica filozofică la Sibiu, în 1899; respectiv Retorica și cartea de cetire la Bistrița, în 1896.De asemenea, Grigore Pletosu a fost colaborator la Enciclopedia Română și la revista Transilvania .

Decorații
În anul 1928, cu ocazia împlinirii vârstei de 80 de ani, Casa Regală, în persoana lui Carol al II-lea, îi va înmâna acestuia Ordinul Steaua României în grad de comandor  .

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7
 Iuliu-Marius Morariu, Restitutio Grigore Pletosu, Editura Renașterea, Cluj-Napoca, 2014, ISBN 978-606-607-121-5(Renașterea), ISBN 978-606-711-159-0 (Eikon)
 Iuliu-Marius Morariu, Adunările generale ale Astrei la Năsăud și Bistrița între anii 1861-1918 , site accesat în 4 decembrie 2018
 Adrian Onofreiu, Ioan Pintea, Cornelia Vlașin (coord.), Anul 1918 în județul Bistrița-Năsăud.Contribuții documentare, Editura MEGA, Cluj-Napoca, 2018, ISBN 978-606-543-956-6

Lectură suplimetară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
 Protopopul Grigore Pletosu, trăitor în frumusețea lui Dumnezeu, site accesat în 4 decembrie 2018
 Vezi ce scria ziarul bistrițean al Marii Uniri, site accesat în 4 decembrie 2018
 Steagul românilor din Pinticu Tecii purtat la Alba Iulia în 1918, expus la Muzeul Bistrița, site accesat în 4 decembrie 2018
 Dan-Marius Moga, Părintele protopop Grigore Pletosu (1848-1934) - profesor, teolog și cărturar ortodox transilvănean, teză de doctorat, Facultatea de Teologie Ortodoxă, Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Școala doctorală Isidor Todoran, Cluj-Napoca, 2016
 Dan-Marius Moga, Maxim (Iuliu-Marius) Morariu, Protopop Grigore Pletosu.Publicistică'', vol.1, Editura Napoca Star, 2018, ISBN general 978-606-690-705-7, ISBN vol. I 978-606-690-706-4

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1848
Decese în 1934
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Protopopi români
Profesori români
Oameni din județul Bistrița-Năsăud
Români din Imperiul Austriac
Români din Austro-Ungaria
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României

Gregoriu Pletosu


Conon se poate referi la:

  (ca. 444 î.Hr. – ca. 394 î.Hr.), om politic și general atenian din timpul războiului peloponesiac
 Conon din Samos (ca. 280 î.Hr. – ca. 220 î.Hr.), astronom și matematician grec.
 Conon, Papă al Romei în perioada 21 octombrie 686 - 21 septembrie 687
 Conon Arămescu-Donici (1837-1922), mitropolit-primat al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române între 1912-1918

Conon (dezambiguizare)


Ember - Orașul din adâncuri (titlu original: City of Ember) este un film american din 2008 regizat de Gil Kenan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Toby Jones, Tim Robbins, Saoirse Ronan, Harry Treadaway, David Ryall și Bill Murray. Scenariul este bazat pe romanul The City of Ember de Jeanne DuPrau.

Prezentare

După ce are loc un război pe Pământ, generațiilor viitoare rămase sunt trimise în subteran pentru a trăi până când suprafața pământului va putea susține din nou viața. Împrejurări nefericite fac ca aceștia să trăiască în subteran mai mult decât a fost inițial planificat, dar în cele din urmă 2 copii curajoși le arată o cale de ieșire afară.

Distribuție
 Saoirse Ronan - Lina Mayfleet, descendent al celui de-al 7 primarul din Ember.
 Harry Treadaway - Doon Harrow
 Bill Murray - primarul Cole, actualul primar al orașului Ember și antagonistul principal.
 Toby Jones - Barton Snode,  asistentul primarului Cole.
 Martin Landau - Sul, un tehnician în Conducte și mentor al lui Doon.
 Tim Robbins - Loris "Barrow" Harrow, tatăl lui Doon.
 Marianne Jean-Baptiste - Clary Lane, Greenhouse Keeper.
 Liz Smith - bunicuța Mayfleet
 Amy Quinn și Catherine Quinn - Poppy Mayfleet, sora mai mică a Linei Mayfleet.
 Mary Kay Place - Mrs. Murdo
 Mackenzie Crook - Looper, paznicul magazinului.
 Lucinda Dryzek - Lizzie Bisco, cel mai bun prieten al Linei Mayfleet.
 Matt Jessup ca Joss, un coleg al Linei și al lui Doon.
 Simon Kunz - Căpitanul Fleery, șeful Linei Mayfleet.
 Ian McElhinney - un Constructor

Note

Legături externe
 http://www.cityofember.com/ Web-site-ul oficial

Vezi și
 Listă de filme distopice
 Listă de filme produse de 20th Century Fox
 Listă de filme cu acțiunea în viitor
 Lista ficțiunilor apocaliptice și postapocaliptice
 Listă de filme științifico-fantastice din anii 2000
 Listă de filme fantastice din anii 2000
 Listă de filme de aventură din anii 2000
 Listă de filme americane din 2008

Filme din 2008
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Gil Kenan
Filme distopice
Filme fantastice din anii 2000
Filme SF din anii 2000
Filme Walden Media
Filme de aventuri
Filme pentru copii
Filme 20th Century Fox
Filme Playtone

Ember - Orașul din adâncuri


Les  sont une tribu de sauropodes titanosaures connue du Crétacé supérieur de Patagonie, en Argentine.

Présentation
Le clade a été nommé en 2007 par, Leonardo Salgado et José Bonaparte pour le « clade le moins inclusif comprenant Neuquensaurus et Saltasaurus », étant équivalent à la dénomination de Saltasaurinae par Salgado et al. (1997). Trouvé uniquement dans les sédiments du Campanien au Maastrichtien du , Salgado & Bonaparte (2007) ont décidé qu'un clade plus restrictif était nécessaire en raison de l'expansion des Saltasaurinae telle que définie pour inclure beaucoup plus de taxons qu'elle n'englobait à l'origine. Saltasaurini comprend le noyau original des Saltasaurinae : Neuquensaurus, Saltasaurus, Rocasaurus et Bonatitan, bien que certaines études excluent Bonatitan du clade.

Cladogramme
Ci-dessous, un cladogramme de Villa et al. (2022), à partir de la description du nouveau saltasauriné Abditosaurus européen, réalisé pour montrer les relations internes des Saltasaurinae.

Cladogramme Saltasauridae

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Sauropoda
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2007
Paléontologie en Argentine

Saltasaurini


El Campeonato de Apertura de Chile 1944 o Campeonato de Preparación 1944 o Copa Jaime Rodríguez Bolados fue la 8° edición de la antigua copa doméstica profesional de fútbol de Chile, correspondiente a la temporada 1944.

Su organización estuvo a cargo de la Asociación Central de Fútbol (ACF), se jugó desde marzo hasta el 1 de abril de 1944 y contó con la participación de ocho equipos.

El campeón fue Santiago Morning, que, tras empatar 1-1 en la final con Audax Italiano, se adjudicó su primer título del Campeonato de Apertura de Chile, gracias a que obtuvo más saques de esquina (3-2) durante el desarrollo del partido.

Erróneamente, esta edición ha sido registrada por varias fuentes como «Campeonato de Clausura 1944», ajeno al Campeonato de Apertura de Chile, señalándose incluso que fue programada al término de la temporada 1944, lo cual no es efectivo, ya que se disputó en forma previa a la Campeonato de Campeones de Chile 1944 y al campeonato nacional de la Primera División de Chile 1944.

Datos de los equipos participantes
Participaron ocho de los doce equipos que integraron el campeonato nacional de 1944.

Aspectos generales

Modalidad
La competición se jugó bajo el sistema de eliminación directa, en partidos de ida y de vuelta en la primera fase y en partido único en semifinales y final, hasta dejar un único competidor que resultaba campeón. En caso de igualdad en el marcador, la llave se definía mediante tiros desde el punto penal, mientras que en caso de igualdad en el marcador del partido final, la llave se definía por aquel que obtenía más saques de esquina.

Desarrollo

Primera fase

Semifinales

Final

Campeón

Véase también
 Campeonato de Apertura de Chile
 Campeonato de Campeones de Chile
 Campeonato de Campeones de Chile 1944
 Primera División de Chile
 Primera División de Chile 1944
 Temporada 1944 del fútbol chileno

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Chile 1944

1944
Temporada 1944 de fútbol en Chile

Campeonato de Apertura de Chile 1944


In computing, fixed-point is a method of representing fractional (non-integer) numbers by storing a fixed number of digits of their fractional part.  Dollar amounts, for example, are often stored with exactly two fractional digits, representing the cents (1/100 of dollar). More generally, the term may refer to representing fractional values as integer multiples of some fixed small unit, e.g. a fractional amount of hours as an integer multiple of ten-minute intervals. Fixed-point number representation is often contrasted to the more complicated and computationally demanding floating-point representation.

In the fixed-point representation, the fraction is often expressed in the same number base as the integer part, but using negative powers of the base b.  The most common variants are decimal (base 10) and binary (base 2). The latter is commonly known also as binary scaling.  Thus, if n fraction digits are stored, the value will always be an integer multiple of b−n.  Fixed-point representation can also be used to omit the low-order digits of integer values, e.g. when representing large dollar values as multiples of $1000.

When decimal fixed-point numbers are displayed for human reading, the fraction digits are usually separated from those of the integer part by a radix character (usually '.' in English, but ',' or some other symbol in many other languages).  Internally, however, there is no separation, and the distinction between the two groups of digits is defined only by the programs that handle such numbers.

Fixed-point representation was the norm in mechanical calculators. Since most modern processors have fast floating-point unit (FPU), fixed-point representations are now used only in special situations, such as in low-cost embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers; in applications that demand high speed and/or low power consumption and/or small chip area, like image, video, and digital signal processing; or when their use is more natural for the problem.  Examples of the latter are accounting of dollar amounts, when fractions of cents must be rounded to whole cents in strictly prescribed ways; and the evaluation of functions by table lookup.

Representation

A fixed-point representation of a fractional number is essentially an integer that is to be implicitly multiplied by a fixed scaling factor. For example, the value 1.23 can be stored in a variable as the integer value 1230 with implicit scaling factor of 1/1000 (meaning that the last 3 decimal digits are implicitly assumed to be a decimal fraction), and the value  can be represented as 1230 with an implicit scaling factor of 1000 (with "minus 3" implied decimal fraction digits, that is, with 3 implicit zero digits at right).  This representation allows standard integer arithmetic units to perform rational number calculations.

Negative values are usually represented in binary fixed-point format as a signed integer in two's complement representation with an implicit scaling factor as above.  The sign of the value will always be indicated by the first stored bit (1 = negative, 0 = non-negative), even if the number of fraction bits is greater than or equal to the total number of bits.  For example, the 8-bit signed binary integer (11110101)2 = −11, taken with -3, +5, and +12 implied fraction bits, would represent the values −11/2−3 = −88, −11/25 = −0., and −11/212 = −0., respectively.

Alternatively, negative values can be represented by an integer in the sign-magnitude format, in which case the sign is never included in the number of implied fraction bits.  This variant is more commonly used in decimal fixed-point arithmetic. Thus the signed 5-digit decimal integer (−00025)10, taken with -3, +5, and +12 implied decimal fraction digits, would represent the values −25/10−3 = −25000, −25/105 = −0.00025, and −25/1012 = −0., respectively.

A program will usually assume that all fixed-point values that will be stored into a given variable, or will be produced by a given instruction, will have the same scaling factor. This parameter can usually be chosen by the programmer depending on the precision needed and range of values to be stored.

The scaling factor of a variable or formula may not appear explicitly in the program.  Good programming practice then requires that it be provided in the documentation, at least as a comment in the source code.

Choice of scaling factors

For greater efficiency, scaling factors are often chosen to be powers (positive or negative) of the base b used to represent the integers internally.  However, often the best scaling factor is dictated by the application.  Thus one often uses scaling factors that are powers of 10 (e.g. 1/100 for dollar values), for human convenience, even when the integers are represented internally in binary.  Decimal scaling factors also mesh well with the metric (SI) system, since the choice of the fixed-point scaling factor is often equivalent to the choice of a unit of measure (like centimetres or microns  instead of metres).

However, other scaling factors may be used occasionally, e.g. a fractional amount of hours may be represented as an integer number of seconds; that is, as a fixed-point number with scale factor of 1/3600.

Even with the most careful rounding, fixed-point values represented with a scaling factor S may have an error of up to ±0.5 in the stored integer, that is, ±0.5 S in the value.  Therefore, smaller scaling factors generally produce more accurate results.

On the other hand, a smaller scaling factor means a smaller range of the values that can be stored in a given program variable.  The maximum fixed-point value that can be stored into a variable is the largest integer value that can be stored into it, multiplied by the scaling factor; and similarly for the minimum value.  For example, the table below gives the implied scaling factor S, the minimum and maximum representable values Vmin and Vmax, and the accuracy δ = S/2 of values that could be represented in 16-bit signed binary fixed point format, depending on the number f of implied fraction bits.

Fixed-point formats with scaling factors of the form 2n-1 (namely 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, etc.) have been said to be appropriate for image processing and other digital signal processing tasks. They are supposed to provide more consistent conversions between fixed- and floating-point values than the usual 2n scaling. The Julia programming language implements both versions.

Exact values

Any binary fraction a/2m, such as 1/16 or 17/32, can be exactly represented in fixed-point, with a power-of-two scaling factor 1/2n with any n ≥ m.  However, most decimal fractions like 0.1 or 0.123 are infinite repeating fractions in base 2. and hence cannot be represented that way.

Similarly, any decimal fraction a/10m, such as 1/100 or 37/1000, can be exactly represented in fixed point with a power-of-ten scaling factor 1/10n with any n ≥ m.  This decimal format can also represent any binary fraction a/2m, such as 1/8 (0.125) or 17/32 (0.53125).

More generally, a rational number a/b, with a and b relatively prime and b positive, can be exactly represented in binary fixed point only if b is a power of 2; and in decimal fixed point only if b has no prime factors other than 2 and/or 5.

Comparison with floating-point

Fixed-point computations can be faster and/or use less hardware than floating-point ones.  If the range of the values to be represented is known in advance and is sufficiently limited, fixed point can make better use of the available bits.  For example, if 32 bits are available to represent a number between 0 and 1, a fixed-point representation can have error less than 1.2 × 10−10, whereas the standard floating-point representation may have error up to 596 × 10−10 — because 9 of the bits are wasted with the sign and exponent of the dynamic scaling factor. Specifically, comparing 32-bit fixed-point to floating-point audio, a recording requiring less than 40 dB of headroom has a higher signal-to-noise ratio using 32-bit fixed.

Programs using fixed-point computations are usually more portable than those using floating-point, since they do not depend on the availability of an FPU. This advantage was particularly strong before the IEEE Floating Point Standard was widely adopted, when floating-point computations with the same data would yield different results depending on the manufacturer, and often on the computer model.

Many embedded processors lack an FPU, because integer arithmetic units require substantially fewer logic gates and consume much smaller chip area than an FPU; and software emulation of floating-point on low-speed devices would be too slow for most applications. CPU chips for the earlier personal computers and game consoles, like the Intel 386 and 486SX, also lacked an FPU.

The absolute resolution (difference between successive values) of any fixed-point format is constant over the whole range, namely the scaling factor S. In contrast, the relative resolution of a floating-point format is approximately constant over their whole range, varying within a factor of the base b; whereas their absolute resolution varies by many orders of magnitude, like the values themselves.

In many cases, the rounding and truncation errors of fixed-point computations are easier to analyze than those of the equivalent floating-point computations.  Applying linearization techniques to truncation, such as dithering and/or noise shaping is more straight-forward within fixed-point arithmetic. On the other hand, the use of fixed point requires greater care by the  programmer.  Avoidance of overflow requires much tighter estimates for the ranges of variables and all intermediate values in the computation, and often also extra code to adjust their scaling factors.  Fixed-point programming normally requires the use of integer types of different widths.  Fixed-point applications can make use of block floating point, which is a fixed-point environment having each array (block) of fixed-point data be scaled with a common exponent in a single word.

Applications

A common use of decimal fixed-point is for storing monetary values, for which the complicated rounding rules of floating-point numbers are often a liability.  For example, the open source money management application GnuCash, written in C,  switched from floating-point to fixed-point as of version 1.6, for this reason.

Binary fixed-point (binary scaling) was widely used from the late 1960s to the 1980s for real-time computing that was mathematically intensive, such as flight simulation and in nuclear power plant control algorithms. It is still used in many DSP applications and custom made microprocessors. Computations involving angles would use binary angular measurement (BAM).

Binary fixed point is used in the STM32G4 series CORDIC co-processors and in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithms used to compress JPEG images.

Electronic instruments such as electricity meters and digital clocks often use polynomials to compensate for introduced errors, e.g. from temperature or power supply voltage. The coefficients are produced by polynomial regression. Binary fixed point polynomials can utilize more bits of precision than floating-point, and do so in fast code using inexpensive CPUs. Accuracy, crucial for instruments, compares well to equivalent-bit floating-point calculations, if the fixed-point polynomials are factored (e.g. y = d + x(c + x(b + xa))) to reduce the number of times that rounding occurs, and the fixed-point multiplications utilize rounding addends.

Operations

Addition and subtraction
To add or subtract two values with the same implicit scaling factor, it is sufficient to add or subtract the underlying integers; the result will have their common implicit scaling factor, can thus can be stored in the same program variables as the operands.  These operations yield the exact mathematical result, as long as no overflow occurs—that is, as long as the resulting integer can be stored in the receiving program variable. If the values have different scaling factors, then they must be converted to a common scaling factor before the operation.

Multiplication
To multiply two fixed-point numbers, it suffices to multiply the two underlying integers, and assume that the scaling factor of the result is the product of their scaling factors. The result will be exact, with no rounding, provided that it does not overflow the receiving variable.

For example, multiplying the numbers 123 scaled by 1/1000 (0.123) and 25 scaled by 1/10 (2.5) yields the integer 123×25 = 3075 scaled by (1/1000)×(1/10) = 1/10000, that is 3075/10000 = 0.3075.   As another example, multiplying the first number by 155 implicitly scaled by 1/32 (155/32 = 4.84375) yields the integer 123×155 = 19065 with implicit scaling factor (1/1000)×(1/32) = 1/32000, that is 19065/32000 = 0.59578125.

In binary, it is common to use a scaling factor that is a power of two. After the multiplication, the scaling factor can be divided away by shifting right. Shifting is simple and fast in most computers. Rounding is possible by adding a 'rounding addend' of half of the scaling factor before shifting; The proof: round(x/y) = floor(x/y + 0.5) = floor((x + y/2)/y) = shift-of-n(x + 2^(n-1)) A similar method is usable in any scaling.

Division
To divide two fixed-point numbers, one takes the integer quotient of their underlying integers, and assumes that the scaling factor is the quotient of their scaling factors.  In general, the first division requires rounding and therefore the result is not exact.

For example, division of 3456 scaled by 1/100 (34.56) and 1234 scaled by 1/1000 (1.234) yields the integer 3456÷1234 = 3 (rounded) with scale factor (1/100)/(1/1000) = 10, that is, 30.  As another example, the division of the first number by 155 implicitly scaled by 1/32 (155/32 = 4.84375) yields the integer 3456÷155 = 22 (rounded) with implicit scaling factor (1/100)/(1/32) = 32/100 = 8/25, that is 22×32/100 = 7.04.

If the result is not exact, the error introduced by the rounding can be reduced or even eliminated by converting the dividend to a smaller scaling factor.  For example, if r = 1.23 is represented as 123 with scaling 1/100, and s = 6.25 is represented as 6250 with scaling 1/1000, then simple division of the integers yields 123÷6250 = 0 (rounded) with scaling factor (1/100)/(1/1000) = 10.  If r is first converted to 1,230,000 with scaling factor 1/1000000, the result will be 1,230,000÷6250 = 197 (rounded) with scale factor 1/1000 (0.197).  The exact value 1.23/6.25 is 0.1968.

Scaling conversion
In fixed-point computing it is often necessary to convert a value to a different scaling factor.  This operation is necessary, for example:

 To store a value into a program variable that has a different implicit scaling factor;
 To convert two values to the same scaling factor, so that they can be added or subtracted;
 To restore the original scaling factor of a value after multiplying or dividing it by another;
 To improve the accuracy of the result of a division;
 To ensure that the scaling factor of a product or quotient is a simple power like 10n or  2n;
 To ensure that the result of an operation can be stored into a program variable without overflow;
 To reduce the cost of hardware that processes fixed-point data.

To convert a number from a fixed point type with scaling factor R to another type with scaling factor S, the underlying integer must be multiplied by the ratio R/S.  Thus, for example, to convert the value 1.23 = 123/100 from scaling factor R=1/100 to one with scaling factor S=1/1000, the integer 123 must be multiplied by (1/100)/(1/1000) = 10, yielding the representation 1230/1000.

If the scaling factor is a power of the base used internally to represent the integer, changing the scaling factor requires only dropping low-order digits of the integer, or appending zero digits.  However, this operation must preserve the sign of the number. In two's complement representation, that means extending the sign bit as in arithmetic shift operations.

If S does not divide R (in particular, if the new scaling factor S is greater than the original R), the new integer may have to be rounded.

In particular, if r and s are fixed-point variables with implicit scaling factors R and S, the operation r ← r×s require multiplying the respective integers and explicitly dividing the result by S.  The result may have to be rounded, and overflow may occur.

For example, if the common scaling factor is 1/100, multiplying 1.23 by 0.25 entails multiplying 123 by 25 to yield 3075 with an intermediate scaling factor of 1/10000.  In order to return to the original scaling factor 1/100, the integer 3075 then must be multiplied by 1/100, that is, divided by 100, to yield either 31 (0.31) or 30 (0.30), depending on the rounding policy used.

Similarly, the operation r ← r/s will require dividing the integers and explicitly multiplying the quotient by S. Rounding and/or overflow may occur here too.

Conversion to and from floating-point
To convert a number from floating point to fixed point, one may multiply it by the scaling factor S, then round the result to the nearest integer.  Care must be taken to ensure that the result fits in the destination variable or register.  Depending on the scaling factor and storage size, and on the range input numbers, the conversion may not entail any rounding.

To convert a fixed-point number to floating-point, one may convert the integer to floating-point and then divide it by the scaling factor S.  This conversion may entail rounding if the integer's absolute value is greater than 224 (for binary single-precision IEEE floating point) or of 253 (for double-precision). Overflow or underflow may occur if |S| is very large or very small, respectively.

Hardware support

Scaling and renormalization
Typical processors do not have specific support for fixed-point arithmetic. However, most computers with binary arithmetic have fast bit shift instructions that can multiply or divide an integer by any power of 2; in particular, an arithmetic shift instruction.  These instructions can be used to quickly change scaling factors that are powers of 2, while preserving the sign of the number.

Early computers like the IBM 1620 and the Burroughs B3500 used a binary-coded decimal (BCD) representation for integers, namely base 10 where each decimal digit was independently encoded with 4 bits. Some processors, such as microcontrollers, may still use it.  In such machines, conversion of decimal scaling factors can be performed by bit shifts and/or by memory address manipulation.

Some DSP architectures offer native support for specific fixed-point formats, for example signed n-bit numbers with n−1 fraction bits (whose values may range between −1 and almost +1). The support may include a multiply instruction that includes renormalization—the scaling conversion of the product from 2n−2 to n−1 fraction bits. If the CPU does not provide that feature, the programmer must save the product in a large enough register or temporary variable, and code the renormalization explicitly.

Overflow
Overflow happens when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be stored in the designated destination  area. In addition and subtraction, the result may require one bit more than the operands. In multiplication of two unsigned integers with m and n bits, the result may have m+n bits.

In case of overflow, the high-order bits are usually lost, as the un-scaled integer gets reduced modulo 2n where n is the size of the storage area. The sign bit, in particular, is lost, which may radically change the sign and the magnitude of the value.

Some processors can set a hardware overflow flag and/or generate an exception on the occurrence of an overflow.  Some processors may instead provide saturation arithmetic: if the result of an addition or subtraction were to overflow, they store instead the value with largest magnitude that can fit in the receiving area and has the correct sign.

However, these features are not very useful in practice; it is generally easier and safer to select scaling factors and word sizes so as to exclude the possibility of overflow, or to check the operands for excessive values before executing the operation.

Computer language support
Explicit support for fixed-point numbers is provided by a few computer languages, notably PL/I, COBOL, Ada, JOVIAL, and Coral 66. They provide fixed-point  data types, with a binary or decimal scaling factor. The compiler automatically generates code to do the appropriate scaling conversions when doing operations on these data-types, when reading or writing variables, or when converting the values to other data types such as floating-point.

Most of those languages were designed between 1940 and 1990.  More modern languages usually do not offer any fixed-point data types or support for scaling factor conversion. That is also the case for several older languages that are still very popular, like  FORTRAN,  C and C++.  The wide availability of fast floating-point processors, with strictly standardized behavior, have greatly reduced the demand for binary fixed point support.  Similarly, the support for decimal floating point in some programming languages, like C# and Python, has removed most of the need for decimal fixed-point support. In the few situations that call for fixed-point operations, they can be implemented by the programmer, with explicit scaling conversion, in any programming language.

On the other hand, all relational databases and the SQL notation support fixed-point decimal arithmetic and storage of numbers. PostgreSQL has a special numeric type for exact storage of numbers with up to 1000 digits.

Moreover, in 2008 the International Standards Organization (ISO) issued a proposal to extend the C programming language with fixed-point data types, for the benefit of programs running on embedded processors. Also, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) has back-end support for fixed-point.

Detailed examples

Decimal fixed point multiplication
Suppose there is the following multiplication with 2 fixed point 3 decimal place numbers.

Note how since there are 3 decimal places we show the trailing zeros.  To re-characterize this as an integer multiplication we must first multiply by  moving all the decimal places in to integer places, then we will multiply by   to put them back the equation now looks like

This works equivalently if we choose a different base, notably base 2 for computing, since a bit shift is the same as a multiplication or division by an order of 2. Three decimal digits is equivalent to about 10 binary digits, so we should round 0.05 to 10 bits after the binary point.  The closest approximation is then 0.0000110011.

Thus our multiplication becomes

This rounds to 11.023 with three digits after the decimal point.

Binary fixed-point multiplication
Consider the task of computing the product of 1.2 and 5.6 with binary fixed point using 16 fraction bits.  To represent the two numbers, one multiplies them by 216, obtaining .2 and .6; and round these values the nearest integers, obtaining  and .  These numbers will fit comfortably into a 32-bit  word with two's complement signed format.

Multiplying these integers together gives the 35-bit integer  with 32 fraction bits, without any rounding. Note that storing this value directly into a 32-bit integer variable would result in overflow and loss of the most significant bits. In practice, it would probably be stored in a signed 64-bit integer variable or register.

If the result is to be stored in the same format as the data, with 16 fraction bits, that integer should be divided by 216, which gives approximately .28, and then rounded to the nearest integer. This effect can be achieved by adding 215 and then shifting the result by 16 bits. The result is , which represents the value 6.. Taking into account the precision of the format, that value is better expressed as  6. ± 0. (not counting the error that comes from the operand approximations). The correct result would be 1.2 × 5.6 = 6.72.

For a more complicated example, suppose that the two numbers 1.2 and 5.6 are represented in 32-bit fixed point format with 30 and 20 fraction bits, respectively.  Scaling by 230 and 220 gives .8 and .6, that round to  and , respectively.  Both numbers still fit in a 32-bit signed integer variable, and represent the fractions
 1. and
 5.
Their product is (exactly) the 53-bit integer , which has 30+20 = 50 implied fraction bits and therefore represents the fraction
 6.
If we choose to represent this value in signed 16-bit fixed format with 8 fraction bits, we must divide the integer product by 250-8 = 242 and round the result; which can be achieved by adding 241 and shifting by 42 bits. The result is 1720, representing the value 1720/28 = 6., or approximately 6.719 ± 0.002.

Notations
Various notations have been used to concisely specify the parameters of a fixed-point format. In the following list, f represents the number of fractional bits, m the number of magnitude or integer bits, s the number of sign bits, and b the total number of bits.

 The COBOL programming language originally supported decimal fixed-precision with arbitrary size and decimal scaling, whose format was specified "graphically" with the  directive.  For example,  specified a sign-magnitude 6-digit decimal integer with two decimal fraction digits.
 The construct pf is used in the PL/I programming language, to specify a fixed-point signed binary data type with p total bits (not including sign) with f bits in the fraction part; that is a p+1 bit signed integer with a scaling factor of 1/2f. The latter could be positive or negative. One could specify  instead of , and  instead of  for base 10.
 In the Ada programming language, a numeric data type can be specified by, for example,, meaning a fixed-point representation consisting of a signed binary integer in two's complement format with 7 implied fraction bits (providin a scaling factor 1/128) and at least 15 bits total (ensuring an actual range from -128.00 to almost +128.00).
 The Q notation was defined by Texas Instruments. One writes f to specify a signed binary fixed-point value with f fraction bits; for example,  specifies a signed integer in two's complement notation with a scaling factor 1/215. The code mf specifies additionally that the number has m bits in the integer part of the value, not counting the sign bit.  Thus  would describe a binary fixed-point format with 1 integer bit and 30 fractional bits, which could be stored as a 32-bit 2's complement integer with scaling factor 1/230. A similar notation has been used by ARM, except that they count the sign bit in the value of m; so the same format above would be specified as .
 The notation m has been used to mean a fixed binary format with m bits in the integer part; the rest of the word being fraction bits.  For example, the maximum and minimum values that can be stored in a signed  number are ≈32767.9999847 and −32768.0, respectively.
 The VisSim company used mb to denote a binary fixed-point value with b total bits and m bits in the integer part; that is, a b-bit integer with scaling factor 1/2b−m.  Thus  would mean a 16-bit number with 1 bit in the integer part and 15 in the fraction.
 The PS2 GS ("Graphics Synthesizer") User's Guide uses the notation smf, where s specifies the presence (0 or 1) of sign bit. For example,  represents an unsigned 8-bit integer with a scaling factor of 1/23.
 The LabVIEW programming language uses the notation sbm to specify the parameters of an 'FXP' fixed point numbers. The s component can be either '+' or '±', signifying either an unsigned or 2's complement signed number, respectively. The b component is the total number of bits, and m is the number of bits in the integer part.

Software application examples
 The popular TrueType font format uses  32-bit signed binary fixed-point with 26 bits to the left of the decimal for some numeric values in its instructions. This format was chosen to provide the minimal amount of precision required for hinting and for performance reasons.
 All 3D games for the fifth generation of video game consoles, including the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, PlayStation, Saturn, and Jaguar, plus the sixth generation GameCube, use fixed-point arithmetic, as the systems lack hardware float-point units. The PlayStation transformation coprocessor supports 16-bit fixed point with 12 fraction bits.
 The TeX typesetting software, widely used by scientists and mathematicians, uses 32-bit signed binary fixed point with 16 fraction bits for all position calculations. The values are interpreted as fractions of a typographer's point. TeX font metric files use 32-bit signed fixed-point numbers, with 12 fraction bits.
 Tremor, Toast and MAD are software libraries which decode the Ogg Vorbis, GSM Full Rate and MP3 audio formats respectively. These codecs use fixed-point arithmetic because many audio decoding hardware devices do not have an FPU.
 The Wavpack lossless audio compressor uses fixed point arithmetic. The choice was justified by, among other things, the worry that different floating-point rounding rules in different hardware could corrupt the lossless nature of the compression.
 The Nest Labs Utilities library, provides a limited set of macros and functions for fixed point numbers, particularly when dealing with those numbers in the context of sensor sampling and sensor outputs.
 The OpenGL ES 1.x specification includes a fixed point profile, as it is an API aimed for embedded systems, which do not always have an FPU.
 The dc and bc programs are arbitrary precision calculators, but only keep track of a (user-specified) fixed number of fractional digits.
 Fractint represents numbers as Q2.29 fixed-point numbers, to speed up drawing on old PCs with 386 or 486SX processors, which lacked an FPU.
 Doom was the last first-person shooter game by id Software to use a 16.16 fixed point representation for all of its non-integer computations, including map system, geometry, rendering, and player movement. This representation is still used in modern Doom source ports.
 The Q# programming language for the Azure quantum computers, that implement quantum logic gates, contains a standard numeric library for performing fixed-point arithmetic on registers of qubits.

See also
 Q (number format)
 Libfixmath - a library written in C for fixed-point math
 Logarithmic number system
 Minifloat
 Block floating-point scaling
 Modulo operation
 μ-law algorithm
 A-law algorithm

References

Further reading

External links

 Simple Fixed-Point Math
 Fixed-Point Arithmetic - An Introduction
 Fixed Point Representation and Fractional Math
 A Calculated Look at Fixed-Point Arithmetic, (PDF)

Computer arithmetic
Data types
Primitive types
Scaling

Fixed-point arithmetic


David Hall ist der Name folgender Personen:

* David Hall (Politiker, 1752) (1752–1817), US-amerikanischer Politiker (Delaware)
 David Hall (Leichtathlet) (1875–1972), US-amerikanischer Leichtathlet
 David Hall (Politiker, 1876) (1876–1971), äthiopischer Politiker
 David Hall (Politiker, 1930) (1930–2016), US-amerikanischer Politiker (Oklahoma)
 David Hall (Künstler) (1937–2014), britischer Bildhauer und Installationskünstler
 David Hall (Rollstuhltennisspieler) (* 1970), australischer Rollstuhltennisspieler
 David Hall (Snookerspieler), englischer Snookerspieler
 David McKee Hall (1918–1960), US-amerikanischer Politiker (North Carolina)
 David S. Hall (1905–1964), britischer Artdirector und Szenenbildner

David Hall


Foucault sarkacı, adını Fransız fizikçi Léon Foucault'dan alan, ilk defa deneysel olarak Dünya'nın kendi ekseni çevresinde döndüğünü kanıtlayan sarkaç düzeneği.

Bir sarkacın asılma noktası değiştiği halde salınımının değişmediğini gözleyen Foucault, yeterince büyük bir sarkaç harekete geçirildiğinde, bunun salınım düzeninin değişmeyeceğini, fakat yerin, yani Dünya'nın hareket edeceği kuramını geliştirmiştir. Eğer Dünya dönüyorsa, Dünya ile birlikte sarkacı izleyen gözlemciler de dönecekler, buna karşın sarkacın salınım düzlemi hareketsiz kalacaktı. Bu nedenle sarkacın salınım düzlemi gözlemcilere göre yavaşça hareket ediyor gibi görünecekti. Gerçekte ise, gözlemcilerin dolaysız bir yolla izlemiş oldukları olay, Dünya'nın kendi etrafında dönmesinin bir sonucuydu.

Foucault'ın Deneyi
Düşünceleri ile toplumda büyük bir ilgi uyandıran Foucault'ya imparator III. Napolyon, deneyini Paris'teki büyük kubbeli Panthéon binasında yapmasına izin vermiştir. Foucault, kubbenin ortasına 67 metrelik çelik telle 28 kg ağırlığında bir demir top asmıştır. Topun alt tarafına sivri bir uç takılarak, yere serili ince kum tabakasında, bu ucun bıraktığı izlerden yararlanarak, sarkacın salınım düzlemindeki değişimin 31 Mart 1851 yılında gözlemciler tarafından izlenebilmesi sağlanmıştır . Bu tarihi deneyi izlemek için Pantheon'a büyük bir kalabalık toplanmıştır. Foucault'nun sarkacı hareket ettirmesinden bir saat önce, titreşim ve hava akımlarına engel olmak üzere, gözlemcilerin hareketsiz ve sessiz olmaları temin edilmiştir. Sessizce salınımına başlayan sarkacın salınım düzleminde, bir süre herhangi bir değişim gözlenmemiştir. Bu sessiz bekleyişin ardından gözlemciler, kumun üzerindeki izlerin yavaşça değiştiğini görmüşlerdir. Sarkacın salınım düzlemi gözle görünür biçimde dönmektedir. Bu topluluk, tarihte ilk kez Dünya'nın kendi ekseni etrafında döndüğüne tanık olmuştur. Foucault'nun 1851'de, bu deney sırasında Pantheon'a yerleştirdiği bu sarkaç hala aynı yerde asılı durmaktadır.

1850 yıllarında Dünya'nın döndüğü biliniyor olsa da,  bu gerçek astronomi gözlemlerine dayanıyordu. Teleskobu olmayanların ya da kullanmayı bilmeyenlerin Dünya'nın döndüğünü bizzat görme imkânı yoktu. Kuzey'den bakıldığında yerküre saat yönünün tersinde döndüğü için uzaydaki gök cisimler de saat yönünde hareket ediyor gibi görünür. Bu yerkürenin  dönme hareketinin kanıtı olarak görülebilir, fakat bu tür olaylar  eski Yunan filozofların gösterdiği gibi sabit  yerkürenin  etrafında gök kürenin dönmesi halinde de gözlenebilir. Kuzey Kutbu ya da Güney Kutbu'nda, bir sarkacın salınım düzlemi, altındaki Dünya dönmeye devam ederken, yıldızlara göre değişmeden sabit kalacaktır. Tam turunu tamamlaması bir gün sürecektir.

Foucault sarkacına benzeyen bir düzenekle benzeri bir deney, Foucault'dan iki yüzyıl önce 1661'de Vincenzo Viviani tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Foucault, sarkacın temel aldığı ilkeleri, 1817'de Johann Bohnenberger'in keşfettiği mekanik alete uygulayarak aleti geliştirmiş ve bu mekanik alete jiroskop adını vermiştir.

Foucault Sarkacının Mekaniği
Yerkürenin döndüğü ancak dönen koordinat sistemde, Newton'un hareket yasası yeniden ifade edilerek ve sarkaç problemi çözülerek kanıtlanabilir . Sarkacın ucundaki m kütleli metal küreye etkiyen net kuvvet,

ile verilir.  F kuvveti eylemsiz koordinat sistemine göre, salınım düzlemi zamanla değişmemektedir. Burada teldeki gerilme kuvveti,

olmak üzere metal küreye etkiyen net kuvvet,

şeklinde yazılır. Sarkaç salınıma başladığında merkezcil kuvvet, öteleme kuvveti ve Coriolis kuvveti de çözüme dahil edilir ve zamana bağlı koordinatlar,  ve  elde edilir.

Eylemsizlik ilkesi gereğince, sarkacın salındığı düşey düzlem sabit yıldızlara göre değişmez kalır. Bu nedenle Dünya saat yönünün tersinde dönüyorken, Dünya'dan bakan bir gözlemciye göre sarkaç saat yönünde dönüyor görünür. Hiç teleskoba gerek duyulmadan penceresiz kapalı bir odada bile presesyon periyodu ölçülerek sarkacın bulunduğu yerin enlem açısı ve sarkacın doğal periyodu ölçülerek Yerçekimi ivmesi daha doğru hesaplanabilir. Foucault'nun sarkacı ile birlikte, Dünya'nın dönüşü daha net görünür hale gelmiştir. Foucault sarkacı Dünya'nın döndüğünü ve dönme etkilerini gösteren önemli kanıttır .

Türkiye'deki Foucault Sarkaçları
Dünya'daki pek çok kurum, müze ve laboratuvarlarda, Foucault sarkaçları bulunmaktadır. Hatta Güney Kutbu'nda da bir Foucault sarkacı bulunur. Türkiye'de Bilkent Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi binasında, Ege Üniversitesi Rasathanesi'nde, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Gözlemevi'nde, Gaziantep Büyükşehir Belediyesi Gezegenevi'nde, Eskişehir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Bilim Deney Merkezi'nde, Trakya Üniversitesi TÜTAGEM giriş katında, Ankara'da MTA'ya bağlı müzede ve Isparta Belediyesi Halı Kilim ve Etnografya müzesi'nde Foucault sarkacı bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Sarkaçlar
Fransız icatları

Foucault sarkacı


Le singijeon (신기전) est un type de flèche enflammée inventé en Corée pendant la période Joseon. Elles pouvaient être propulsées massivement par le hwacha.

Notes et références

Article connexe
Singijeon (film)

Histoire militaire de la Corée
Équipement militaire

Singijeon


The Ontario Libertarian Party (OLP; ) is a minor libertarian party in the Canadian province of Ontario. Founded in 1975 by Bruce Evoy and Vince Miller, the party was inspired by the 1972 formation of the United States Libertarian Party. The party is guided by a charter of principles, and its own Ontario charter of rights and freedoms.

In the 2018 Ontario general election, the Libertarian Party, under the leadership of Allen Small, was one of only five such organizations running a candidate in a majority of the province's electoral districts. Jacques Boudreau was appointed interim party leader in March 2021, replacing elected leader Keith Komar after he stepped down. In October 2021, Mark Snow was elected leader at the Party's convention. Under Snow, the party promotes an Ontario charter of rights which includes a section on immigration restrictions based on the eligibility of obtaining a job at an English speaking workplace. The party fielded only 16 candidates in the 2022 Ontario general election, over 100 fewer candidates than the province's previous election held in 2018.

Election results

In 1995, under the leadership of John Shadbolt, the party's total vote declined to 6,085 votes. Shadbolt resigned one day after the 1995 election, and was replaced by George Dance on an interim basis. Sam Apelbaum was chosen as the party's full-time leader at a convention in October 1996.

Changes to the Ontario Election Act, enabling fixed election dates at four-year intervals, allowed the party to prepare well in advance for the 2007 general election. As a result, the party fielded 25 candidates and obtained a total of 9,249 votes.

In the 2011 general election, the party ran 51 candidates and won a total of 19,387 votes, 0.45% of the popular vote.  This was more than double the number of candidates and votes received in the 2007 general election.

The party's most successful election was in the 2014 general election, with Libertarian candidates receiving 0.81% of the vote.

The party failed to win any seats in the 2022 Ontario general election.

Party leaders

 Terry Coughlin (elected at founding meeting, July 24, 1975)
 Paul Mollon (1977 election)
 Scott Bell (1981 and 1985 elections)
 Kaye Sargent (1987 election)
 Clarke Slemon (elected October 22, 1988)<The Sunday Sun newspaper October 23, 1988 pg. 74 "New leader waxes poetic"></ref>
 James Stock (1990 election)
 John Shadbolt (? – June 9, 1995)
 George Dance (interim) (June 9, 1995 – October 1996)
 Sam Apelbaum (October 1996 – November 5, 2011)
 Allen Small (November 5, 2011 – July 20, 2018)
 Rob Ferguson (interim) (July 21, 2018 – November 2, 2019)
 Keith Komar   (November 2, 2019 – March 7, 2021)
 Jacques Boudreau (interim) (March 7, 2021 – October 24, 2021)
 Mark Snow (October 24, 2021 – Present)

See also

 Libertarian Party candidates, 2003 Ontario provincial election
 List of Ontario general elections
 List of political parties in Canada

References

External links

1975 establishments in Ontario
Libertarian parties
Libertarian parties in Canada
Libertarianism in Canada
Libertarianism in North America
Political parties established in 1975
Provincial political parties in Ontario

Ontario Libertarian Party


Lundtofte Boldklub (eller Lundtofte BK, LBK, LB) er en dansk fodboldklub belligende i Kongens Lyngby nord for København. Klubben blev stiftet i 1934. Klubben spiller i .
Lundtofte Boldklub spiller til dagligt på Lundtofte Idrætsplads.

Historiske slutplaceringer
 2023-24: Sjælland Serie 1

 2021-22: Sjællandsserien, Pulje 1 - 9. plads
 2020-21: Sjællandsserien, Nedrykningspulje 1 - 3. plads
 2019-20: Sjællandsserien, pulje 1 - 11. plads

 2017-18: Sjællandsserien, pulje 1 - 10. plads

 2013-14: Sjælland Serie 1, Pulje 1 - 5. plads

 2010-11: Sjælland Serie 1, Pulje 1 - 8. plads
 2009-10: Sjælland Serie 1, Pulje 1 - 9. plads

 2007-08: Sjælland Serie 2, Pulje 2 - 9. plads

 2005-06: Sjælland Serie 1, Pulje 1 - 5. plads

 2002-03 Efterår: Kvalifikationsrækken Pulje 2 - 2. plads

 2000-01: Danmarksserien, Pulje 1 - 10. plads
 1999-00: Danmarksserien, Kreds 2 - 5. plads
 1998-99: Danmarksserien, Kreds 2 - 6. plads
 1997-98: Danmarksserien, Kreds 2 - 7. plads
 1996-97: Danmarksserien, Kreds 2 - 10. plads
 1995-96: Danmarksserien, Kreds 1 - 9 plads
 1994-95: Danmarksserien, Kreds 1 - 8. plads
 1993-94: Danmarksserien, Kreds 1 - 13. plads
 1992-93: Danmarksserien, Kreds 1 - 7. plads
 1991-92: Danmarksserien, Kreds 1 - 7. plads
 1991: Danmarksserien, Kreds 1 - 3. plads

Noter

 Lundtofte Boldklub's hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Sjællandsserien
Etableret i 1934
Fodboldklubber under DBU Sjælland
Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune
Boldklub
Sport i Kongens Lyngby

Lundtofte Boldklub


Gojslav I. († o. 1020.) – hrvatski kralj, vladao (1000. – o. 1020.), sin Stjepana Držislava, brat Svetoslava Suronje i Krešimira III.
 Gojslav II. († o. 1060.) – hrvatski kralj, sin Stjepana I. i brat Petra Krešimira IV.

Gojslav


Richard Sigmund Long kaldet Rikard Long (født 23. januar 1889 i Tórshavn, død 16. december 1977 smst.), var en færøsk lærer, forfatter og politiker (FF).

Han var søn af Svanhilda Pálsson fra Vágur og danskeren Georg Long fra København. Han tog examen artium i 1907 og filosofikum i 1909. Long begyndte at studere ved Københavns Universitet i 1909, først medicin og senere sprog, men aflagde aldrig nogen eksamen. Han var lærer ved Tórshavn skipperskole (Tórshavnar skiparaskúli) 1914–1916 og 1919–1920, samt lærer ved Færøernes middel- og realskole (Føroya Millum- og Realskúli) 1921–1954.

Long var formand i Studenterforeningen 1916–1918 i København, Havnar Sjónleikarfelag 1928–1930, Føroya Ungmannafelag 1932–1943, Føroya Lærarafelag 1933–1942. Betyrelsesmedlem i Varðin 1919–1950, og formand 1935–1950. Long var valgt til Lagtinget fra Suðurstreymoy 1943–1958, og var minister og vicelagmand i Kristian Djurhuus' første regering 1950–1954.

Long var en af Færøernes mest anerkendte litteraturkritikere, og blev tildelt M.A. Jacobsens Heiðursløn for skønlitteratur i 1976.

Bibliografi
 1939 – Færøerne, Danmark, Grønland
 1964 – Fornnorrøn Lesibók I–II
 1979 – Kveit og kannað

Referencer
Løgtingið 150 – Hátíðarrit, bind 2 (2002), s. 314–315. (PDF )

Eksterne henvisninger

 Rikard Long på snar.fo

Lærere fra Færøerne
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Vicelagmænd fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Fólkaflokkurin
Personer fra Thorshavn
Faglitterære forfattere fra Færøerne
Litteraturkritikere fra Danmark
Ministre uden portefølje fra Færøerne

Rikard Long


South Ferry is at the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City and is the embarkation point for ferries to Staten Island (Staten Island Ferry, through the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal) and Governors Island. Battery Park, abutting South Ferry on the west, has docking areas for ferries to Liberty Island and Ellis Island.  Its name is derived from the more southerly route of service of the historical South Ferry Company in comparison to the Fulton Ferry.

History
The name "South Ferry" derives from a more southerly route of service than previous ferry lines between what were then the separate cities of New York and Brooklyn, rather than from being at the southern tip of Manhattan.

The "Old Ferry" (later renamed the Fulton Ferry), crossed between Manhattan and Brooklyn from streets that in each city would eventually be renamed "Fulton Street".  The "New Ferry" (also called the Catherine Ferry) crossed on a more northerly route than the Old Ferry, between Catherine Street in Manhattan, and Main Street in Brooklyn.

As the City of Brooklyn grew, the area south of Atlantic Avenue, known as South Brooklyn, began to become developed, but the area lacked easy access to the ferry terminals in the northern parts of that city. Calls for a new ferry on a more southerly route were first brought up before the New York City Council in 1825, the proposal being commonly known as the "New South Ferry" since 1826, but progress stalled until the issue was taken up by the City of Brooklyn in 1833. The South Ferry Company established the South Ferry on May 16, 1836 to connect Lower Manhattan to the foot of Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn and the month-old Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad (renamed Atlantic Avenue Railroad, later the Atlantic Avenue Railroad's streetcar line, later still part of the South Side Railroad of Long Island, now the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road) through the Cobble Hill Tunnel.  "South Ferry" was also the name of the Brooklyn landing and ferry house. In the 20th and early 21st centuries, the Brooklyn landing site served cargo as Brooklyn Piers 5 and 6, now part of Brooklyn Bridge Park

The Fulton Ferry Company, which then operated only the Fulton Ferry, merged with the South Ferry Company in 1839 to form the New York and Brooklyn Union Ferry Company.

Transportation connections
South Ferry is served by several New York City Subway stations.
South Ferry–Whitehall Street, a station complex consisting of three components:
New South Ferry on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line; serving the
South Ferry loops on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and the IRT Lexington Avenue Line;  (there are two platforms, both are closed to passengers; the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line temporarily reopened to provide replacement service from 2013 to 2017, after the new station was flooded by Hurricane Sandy.)
Whitehall Street on the BMT Broadway Line; serving the
Bowling Green on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line; serving the  (some Lexington Avenue Line trains stopped at South Ferry until 1977)
Broad Street on the BMT Nassau Street Line; serving the

Also serving the ferry terminal directly is the M15 Select Bus Service route via a bus loop directly at the front door of the terminal. The  local routes stop on nearby streets.

Starting in 1877, South Ferry also hosted a four-track elevated terminal with access to all Manhattan elevated train lines running up Second, Third, Sixth and Ninth Avenues. The station was closed in 1950.

See also
Battery Park City Ferry Terminal
West Midtown Ferry Terminal
Paulus Hook Ferry Terminal
Weehawken Port Imperial
Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn
Battery Maritime Building
Peter Minuit Plaza
South Ferry, Brooklyn
List of ferries across the East River

References

External links

East River
Ferries of New York City
Ferry transportation in New York City
Long Island Rail Road
Port of New York and New Jersey

Staten Island Ferry
Transportation in Manhattan

South Ferry (Manhattan)


In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field. A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conveniently studied in terms of two-level quantum mechanical systems, and exhibit Rabi flopping when coupled to an optical driving field. The effect is important in quantum optics, magnetic resonance and quantum computing, and is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi.

A two-level system is one that has two possible energy levels. These two levels are a ground state with lower energy and an excited state with higher energy. If the energy levels are not degenerate (i.e. not having equal energies), the system can absorb a quantum of energy and transition from the ground state to the "excited" state. When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission. One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle, and the inverse of its duration is the Rabi frequency of the system. The effect can be modeled using the Jaynes–Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism.

Mathematical description
A detailed mathematical description of the effect can be found on the page for the Rabi problem. For example, for a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state) in an electromagnetic field with frequency tuned to the excitation energy, the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be

where  is the Rabi frequency.

More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates. Therefore, if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency. The state of a two-state quantum system can be represented as vectors of a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space, which means that every state vector  is represented by complex coordinates:

where  and  are the coordinates.

If the vectors are normalized,  and  are related by . The basis vectors will be represented as  and .

All observable physical quantities associated with this systems are 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, which means that the Hamiltonian of the system is also a similar matrix.

Procedure
One can construct an oscillation experiment through the following steps:

 Prepare the system in a fixed state; for example,
 Let the state evolve freely, under a Hamiltonian H for time t
 Find the probability , that the state is in

If  is an eigenstate of H,  and there will be no oscillations. Also if the two states  and  are degenerate, every state including  is an eigenstate of H. As a result, there will be no oscillations.

On the other hand, if H has no degenerate eigenstates, and the initial state is not an eigenstate, then there will be oscillations. The most general form of the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given

here,  and  are real numbers. This matrix can be decomposed as,

The matrix  is the 2  2 identity matrix and the matrices  are the Pauli matrices. This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system especially in the time-independent case where the values of  and are constants. Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field . The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is

,

where  is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment,  is the Gyromagnetic ratio and  is the vector of Pauli matrices. Here the eigenstates of Hamiltonian are eigenstates of , that is  and , with corresponding eigenvalues of . The probability that a system in the state  can be found in the arbitrary state  is given by .

Let the system be prepared in state  at time . Note that  is an eigenstate of :

Here the Hamiltonian is time independent. Thus by solving the stationary Schrödinger equation, the state after time t is given by  with total energy of the system . So the state after time t is given by:

.

Now suppose the spin is measured in x-direction at time t. The probability of finding spin-up is given by:where  is a characteristic angular frequency given by , where it has been assumed that . So in this case the probability of finding spin-up in x-direction is oscillatory in time  when the system's spin is initially in the  direction. Similarly, if we measure the spin in the -direction, the probability of measuring spin as  of the system is . In the degenerate case where , the characteristic frequency is 0 and there is no oscillation.

Notice that if a system is in an eigenstate of a given Hamiltonian, the system remains in that state.

This is true even for time dependent Hamiltonians. Taking for example ; if the system's initial spin state is , then the probability that a measurement of the spin in the y-direction results in  at time  is .

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left" width="60%"
!Example of Rabi oscillation between two states in ionized hydrogen molecule.
|-
|An ionized hydrogen molecule is composed of two protons  and , and one electron. Because of their large masses, the two protons can be considered to be fixed. Let R be the distance between them and the  and   states where the electron is localised around  or . Assume, at a certain time, the electron is localised about proton . According to the results from the previous section, we know that the electron will oscillate between the two protons with a frequency equal to the Bohr frequency associated with the two stationary states  and  of the molecule.

This oscillation of the electron between the two states corresponds to an oscillation of the
mean value of the electric dipole moment of the molecule. Thus when the molecule is not in a stationary state, an oscillating electric dipole moment can appear.
Such an oscillating dipole moment can exchange energy with an electromagnetic wave of same frequency. Consequently, this frequency must appear in the absorption and emission spectrum of the ionized hydrogen molecule.
|
|}

Derivation using nonperturbative procedure by means of the Pauli matrices
Consider a Hamiltonian of the formThe eigenvalues of this matrix are given bywhere  and , so we can take .

Now, eigenvectors for  can be found from equationSoApplying the normalization condition on the eigenvectors, . SoLet  and . So .

So we get . That is , using the identity .

The phase of  relative to  should be .

Choosing  to be real, the eigenvector for the eigenvalue  is given bySimilarly, the eigenvector for eigenenergy  isFrom these two equations, we can writeSuppose the system starts in state  at time ; that is,For a time-independent Hamiltonian, after time t, the state evolves asIf the system is in one of the eigenstates  or , it will remain the same state. However, for a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a general initial state as shown above, the time evolution is non trivial.  The resulting formula for the Rabi oscillation is valid because the state of the spin may be viewed in a reference frame that rotates along with the field.

The probability amplitude of finding the system at time t in the state  is given by .

Now the probability that a system in the state  will be found to be in the state  is given byThis can be simplified to

This shows that there is a finite probability of finding the system in state  when the system is originally in the state . The probability is oscillatory with angular frequency , which is simply unique Bohr frequency of the system and also called Rabi frequency. The formula () is known as Rabi formula. Now after time t the probability that the system in state  is given by , which is also oscillatory.

These types of oscillations of two-level systems are called Rabi oscillations, which arise in many problems such as Neutrino oscillation, the ionized Hydrogen molecule, Quantum computing, Ammonia maser, etc.

In quantum computing
Any two-state quantum system can be used to model a qubit.  Consider a spin- system with magnetic moment  placed in a classical magnetic field .  Let  be the gyromagnetic ratio for the system. The magnetic moment is thus .  The Hamiltonian of this system is then given by  where  and .  One can find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this Hamiltonian by the above-mentioned procedure.  Now, let the qubit be in state  at time .  Then, at time , the probability of it being found in state  is given by   where .  This phenomenon is called Rabi oscillation.  Thus, the qubit oscillates between the  and  states. The maximum amplitude for oscillation is achieved at , which is the condition for resonance. At resonance, the transition probability is given by . To go from state  to state  it is sufficient to adjust the time  during which the rotating field acts such that  or . This is called a  pulse. If a time intermediate between 0 and  is chosen, we obtain a superposition of  and . In particular for , we have a  pulse, which acts as: . This operation has crucial importance in quantum computing. The equations are essentially identical in the case of a two level atom in the field of a laser when the generally well satisfied rotating wave approximation is made. Then  is the energy difference between the two atomic levels,  is the frequency of laser wave and Rabi frequency  is proportional to the product of the transition electric dipole moment of atom  and electric field  of the laser wave that is . In summary, Rabi oscillations are the basic process used to manipulate qubits. These oscillations are obtained by exposing qubits to periodic electric or magnetic fields during suitably adjusted time intervals.

See also

Atomic coherence
Bloch sphere
Laser pumping
Optical pumping
Rabi problem
Vacuum Rabi oscillation
 Neutral particle oscillation

References

 Quantum Mechanics Volume 1 by C. Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard Diu, Frank Laloe,
 A Short Introduction to Quantum Information and Quantum Computation by Michel Le Bellac,
 The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume III
 Modern Approach To Quantum Mechanics by John S Townsend,

Quantum optics
Atomic physics

Rabi cycle


Beim Eisenbahnunfall von Hightstown entgleiste aufgrund eines Heißläufers mit anschließendem Achsbruch am 8. November 1833 zwischen Hightstown und Spotswood auf der Bahnstrecke South Amboy–Bordentown ein Zug der Camden and Amboy Railroad. Ein Wagen stürzte um, ein weiterer entgleiste. Dabei wurden zwei Fahrgäste getötet und darüber hinaus 21 der 24 darin Reisenden verletzt. Es war der erste Eisenbahnunfall, bei dem Fahrgäste eines planmäßig verkehrenden Zuges ums Leben kamen.

Ausgangssituation

Der Unfall ereignete sich erst zwei Monate nachdem auf der Strecke Dampflokomotiven statt Pferden vor die Züge gespannt wurden. Der Zug war zunächst mit etwa 55 km/h unterwegs, dann mit etwa 35 km/h, nachdem die Achsen nachgeölt werden mussten.

Hergang

Bei dieser Geschwindigkeit kam es gleichwohl zu einem Heißläufer an einem der Reisezugwagen, was wiederum zu einem Achsbruch führte, den Wagen umstürzen und einen weiteren entgleisen ließ. Der übrige Zug blieb im Gleis und konnte die Fahrt später fortsetzen.

Opfer

Ein Fahrgast war sofort tot, ein weiterer starb später an den erlittenen Verletzungen. Unter den Überlebenden war Cornelius Vanderbilt, der sich ein Bein brach und einen Monat benötigte, um sich von den Verletzungen wieder zu erholen. Ihm gehörte später die New York Central Railroad. Unverletzt, weil er in einem vorderen Wagen reiste, blieb der frühere US-Präsident John Quincy Adams, nun Kongressabgeordneter auf der Reise nach Washington, D.C. Er veranlasste, dass ad hoc eine offizielle Untersuchung vor Ort zur Beweissicherung durchgeführt wurde. Ein weiterer Fahrgast im Zug war der belgische Gesandte in den USA.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Eisenbahnunfällen in den Vereinigten Staaten

Weblinks

Augenzeugenbericht des mitreisenden irischen Schauspielers Tyrone Power (1795–1841)
John Quincy Adams Tagebucheintrag (pdf)
John Quincy Adams Tagebucheintrag (Transkription)

Einzelnachweise

Hightstown
Hightstown
Mercer County (New Jersey)
Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten (1789–1849)

Eisenbahnunfall von Hightstown


Albert Pehar, hrvatski novinar i bivši nogometaš iz Bosne i Hercegovine.

Životopis

U prvenstvu Herceg-Bosne igrao je za čitlučko Brotnjo i Ljubuški. Kasnije se bavio i malim nogometom.

Novinarstvom se bavi od 1999. godine. Bio je urednik i novinar na Hercegovačkoj TV i Našoj TV, a od osnivanja 2019. radi na RTV Herceg-Bosne. Voditelj je i urednik emisija Portret prvaka i Sprint.

Autor je dokumentarnih filmova o nogometnom vrataru Krešimiru Bandiću i sportskom novinaru Ivanu Ćubeli. Također, autor je filma Paragvaj - Herceg-Bosna, Asuncion '96 koji govori o prvoj utakmici reprezentacije Herceg-Bosne.

Djela

 Na Olimpu Herceg-Bosne, 2022. (suautor)

Izvori

Hrvatski novinari iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Hrvatski nogometaši iz Bosne i Hercegovine
Životopisi, Mostar
Bosanskohercegovački televizijski novinari
Bosanskohercegovački televizijski urednici

Albert Pehar


Caio Lucas Fernandes (født 19. april 1994) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashima Antlers.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Caio Lucas Fernandes


Jean Charlier de Gerson () a fost un savant francez, pedagog, reformator, și poet, cancelar al Universității din Paris, o lumină de ghidare a conciliarismului și unul dintre teologii cei mai proeminenți ai Conciliului de la Konstanz. El a fost unul dintre primii gânditori care au dezvoltat ceea ce urma să se numească mai târziu teoria drepturilor naturale și a fost, de asemenea, unul dintre primii indivizi care au apărat-o pe Ioana d'Arc, Gerson a proclamat vocația supranaturală a Ioanei d'Arc ca fiind autentică.

La paisprezece ani, el a părăsit Gerson-lès-Barby ca să studieze la Colegiul Navarra din Paris sub egida lui Gilles Deschamps (Aegidius Campensis) și a lui Pierre d'Ailly (Petrus de Alliaco), ultimul a devenit prietenul lui de-a lungul vieții.

Lucrări scrise

Ediții
 Ioannis Gersonii, Opera omnia, éd. L. E. du Pin, Anvers, 4 vol., 1706
 Œuvres complètes, éd. , Paris et Tournai, Desclée, 1960-1973, 10 vol. en 11 t. t. I : introduction générale. t. II : L'Œuvre épistolaire. t. III : L'Œuvre magistrale. t. IV : L'Œuvre poétique. t. V : L'Œuvre oratoire. t. VI : L'Œuvre ecclésiologique. t. VII : L'Œuvre française, Sermons et discours.

Lucrări
 Cinquante-Cinq Sermons et Discours în franceză (1389 - 1413) ;
 Seize Sermons prêchés devant la cour (1389-1397) ;
 La Montagne de contemplation (1397) ;
 De restitutione obedientiae (1400) ;
 De duplici logica (Les deux logiques, 1401) ;
 Trente Sermons prêchés en paroisse (1401-1404) ;
 Contra vanam curiositatem in negotio fidei (Deux leçons contre la vaine curiosité en matière de foi, 1402) ;
 De mystica theologia tractatus primus speculativus. Sur la théologie mystique (scrisă în 1408, cu fragmente datând din 1402-1403, publicată în 1422/23) ; trad. Marc Vial, Vrin, 2005, 235 p.
 Neuf Discours ou Sermons de doctrine (1404-1413) ;
 Vivax Rex, Veniat Pax (avant 1413) ;
 Consolatio theologiae (1414-1419) ;
 De auferibilitate papae ab Ecclesia (1417) ;
 De concordia metaphysica cum logica (1426) ;
 Traités : la Mendicité spirituelle, le Triparti, le Dialogue spirituel, la médecine de l'âme, l'Examen de conscience et la confession, l'Art de bien vivre et de bien mourir, l'A.B.C. des gens simples, parlement secret de l'homme contemplatif à son âme, Vision (posthumes, 1492). Opus tripertitum ("Le livre des Dix commandemens de Nostre Seigneur ou Le mirouer de l'ame", la "Briefve maniere de confession pour jones gens" ou "L'examen de conscience", et "La science de bien morir" ou "Sermon de la consideracion de nostre fin"), texte latin et version fr., édi. Gilbert Ouy, Champion, 1998, LXXXVI-202 p.
 .

Note

Vezi și
 Ieronim din Praga
 Conciliul de la Konstanz

Nașteri în 1363
Decese în 1429
Cadre universitare ale Universității din Paris
Teologi creștini din secolul al XV-lea
Absolvenți ai Universității din Paris
Ioana d'Arc
Pagini cu legături spre conținut disponibil doar pe bază de abonament

Jean Gerson


Paris-Camembert 2017 var den 77. udgave af cykelløbet Paris-Camembert. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 11. april 2017. Det blev vundet af franske Nacer Bouhanni fra .

Hold og ryttere

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Paris-Camembert 2017


Il existe plusieurs routes ayant comme numéro 682 dans le monde.

 Route régionale 682 en Finlande
 Route nationale 682 en France

Route 682


Das Karnevalsmuseum Eschweiler ist ein im Stadtteil Dürwiß der rheinischen Stadt Eschweiler gelegenes Museum zum Thema Karneval. Die zu der westrheinischen Städteregion Aachen gehörige Stadt Eschweiler ist eine Karnevalshochburg mit über zwanzig Karnevalsvereinen und einem der größten Rosenmontagszüge Deutschlands.

Geschichte

Das Museum besteht seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre und pflegt die Traditionen der regionalen Karnevalsvereine. Seinen heutigen Standort, eine von der Stadt zur Verfügung gestellte Hausmeisterwohnung einer stillgelegten Backwarenfabrik, bezog es nach fünf Jahren Umbau durch Vereinsangehörige am 3. Juli 2011. Früher befand sich die Sammlung im Eschweiler Heimatmuseum im Drimbornshof.

Träger ist der Förderverein Karnevalsmuseum Eschweiler e. V. 2007, der am 15. März 2007 gegründet wurde und zurzeit 200 Mitglieder zählt, darunter auch die meisten Eschweiler Karnevalsvereine und Spielmannszüge als institutionelle Mitglieder. Dem Vorstand gehören als geborene Mitglieder der Präsident des Karnevals-Komitees der Stadt Eschweiler sowie der Eschweiler Bürgermeister an.

Exponate

Im Museum befinden sich Exponate des Eschweiler Karnevals und Stolberger Karnevals, unter anderem rund 4.000 Karnevalsorden, dazu Uniformen, Fahnen und Archivalien aus der mehr als 150-jährigen Eschweiler Karnevalsgeschichte. Das Museum ist jeden ersten und dritten Samstag im Monat sowie nach Vereinbarung für Besucher geöffnet. Der Eintritt ist frei.

Weblinks
 Karnevalsmuseum Eschweiler, Homepage
 Beschreibung auf rheinischemuseen.de
 Porträt auf eschweiler.de
 Karnevalsmuseum nach Renovierungsarbeiten wieder für die Öffentlichkeit zugänglich, in: Filmpost vom 19. März 2020

Einzelnachweise

Eschweiler Karneval
Eschweiler
Museum in der Städteregion Aachen

Karnevalsmuseum Eschweiler


සර් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ රොහේනා ගේරා විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද, 2018 ඉන්දියානු හින්දි-භාෂා ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරනේ තිල්ලෝතමා ශෝම් සහ විවේක් ගොම්බේර් විසිනි. මෙය රොහේනා ගේරා සහ බ්‍රයිස් පොයිසන්ගේ නිෂ්පාදනයකි. සර් හි ප්‍රාරම්භක නිකුතුව 2018 කාන් චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේ දී සිදුවූ අතර, අනතුරුව යුරෝපීය සිනමාශාලාවන් හි මුදාහැරිණි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ඉන්දියාව තුළ මුදාහැරුණේ 2020 නොවැම්බර් 13 දින ය.

චරිත නිරූපණය

 තිල්ලෝතමා ශෝම්, රත්නා ලෙස
 විවේක් ගොම්බේර්, අශ්වින් ලෙස
දිව්‍යා සේඨ්, අශ්වින්ගේ මව ලෙස
දිල්නාස් ඉරානි, නන්දිතා ලෙස; අශ්වින්ගේ සොයුරියයි
අනූප්‍රියා ගොවෙන්කා, අංකිතා ලෙස
රාශි මාල්, සබීනා ලෙස
 බචන් පචේරා, සන්නාලියා ලෙස
 ගීතාංජලී කුල්කර්ණී, ලක්ෂ්මී ලෙස
 අහ්මරීම් අන්ජුම්, දේවිකා ලෙස
 රාහුල් වෝහ්රා, හරේශ් ලෙස
සහර්ෂ් කුමාර් ශුක්ලා, සබීනාගේ රියැදුරු ලෙස

ධ්වනිපථය

චිත්‍රපටයේ සංගීත නිර්මාණය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ රාගව් වාගව් විසිනි. පද රචනය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ මෝහිත් චෞහාන් විසිනි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

2018 චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපට

  Sir : is love enought All Song's Lyrics

සර් (2018 චිත්‍රපටය)