A close-in weapon system (CIWS  ) is a point-defense weapon system for detecting and destroying short-range incoming missiles and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted on a naval ship. Nearly all classes of larger modern warships are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.

There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers, and rapid-firing multiple-barrel rotary cannons placed on a rotating turret.  Missile-based CIWSs use either infra-red, passive radar/ESM, or semi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats.  In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases.  In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.

Gun systems

A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and rotary or revolver cannon placed on a rotating, automatically aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:
 AK-630, 630M, 306, 630M1-2, and 630M2  - 30×165mm caliber
 Aselsan GOKDENIZ and GOKDENIZ ER - 35×228mm
 DARDO and Fast Forty - 40×365mmR
 Denel 35mm Dual Purpose Gun - 35×228mm
 Goalkeeper CIWS - 30×173mm
 Kashtan CIWS and M variant - 30×165mm
 Meroka CIWS - 20×128mm
 Myriad CIWS - 25×184mm
 Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun - 35×228mm
 Phalanx CIWS Block 0, 1, 1A, and 1B - 20×102mm
 Sea Zenith - 25×184mm
 H/PJ-76A - 37×240mm
 Type 730 and Type 1130 CIWS - 30×165mm
 Pantsir-M - 30×165mm

Limitations of gun systems
Short range: the maximum effective range of gun systems is about ; systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about  or less, still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS like Russian Kashtan and Pantsir systems are augmented by installing the close range surface-to-air missiles on the same mounting for increased tactical flexibility.

Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course. Even, in the case of a direct hit, the missile or fragments from it may still impact the intended target, particularly if the final interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy-only projectiles.

Comparison table

Missile systems
 9M337 Sosna-R
 HQ-10 / FL-3000N
 Pantsir-M missile system
 RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
 Sea Oryx
 Tor missile system

Land-based
CIWS are also used on land in the form of Pantsir and C-RAM. On a smaller scale, active protection systems are used in some tanks (to destroy rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), and several are in development. The Drozd system was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by explosive reactive armour. Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian Arena, Israeli Trophy, American Quick Kill and South African-Swedish LEDS-150.

Laser systems
Laser-based CIWS systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard . The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on the TF-2000 class frigate and on Turkish airborne systems.

References

Anti-aircraft guns
Naval anti-aircraft guns
Naval surface-to-air missiles
Weapons countermeasures

Close-in weapon system


විනිසුරු කනගසබාපති ජේ. ශ්‍රීපවන් ( ; උපත 1952 පෙබරවාරි 29) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දෙමළ නීතිඥයෙක් සහ විනිසුරුවරයෙකි. ඔහු නියෝජ්‍ය සොලිසිටර් ජනරාල්, විනිසුරු සහ අභියාචනාධිකරණයේ සභාපති, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ පුයිස්නේ විනිසුරු සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 44 වැනි අගවිනිසුරුවරයා විය.

මුල් ජීවිතය සහ පවුල
ශ්‍රීපවන් උපත ලැබුවේ 1952 පෙබරවාරි 29 වැනිදාය.   ඔහු කන්කසන්තුරේ සිමෙන්ති කම්හලේ සේවකයකු වූ නඩරාජා කනගසබාපතිගේ පුත්‍රයාය. ඔහු 1962 සහ 1972 අතර යාපනය හින්දු විද්‍යාලයේ අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ඇත    ඔහු 1974 දී ශ්‍රී ලංකා නීති විද්‍යාලයට බැඳුණු අතර 1976 දී නීතීඥවරයෙකු ලෙස අන්තර් මධ්‍ය විභාගයෙන් පළමු පන්තියක් ලබා සමත් විය.

වෘත්තීය
ශ්‍රීපවන් සුදුසුකම් ලැබීමෙන් පසු 1977 අගෝස්තු 23 වැනි දින නීතිඥවරයකු ලෙස ලියාපදිංචි වූ අතර 1977 සහ 1978 අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නිල නොවන නීතිඥ මණ්‌ඩලයේ නීතිඥයකු ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය .    ඉන්පසුව  1978 පෙබරවාරි  වන දින වැඩබලන  නීතීඥවරයෙකු ලෙස නීතිපති දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට සම්බන්ධ විය  ඔහු 1979 ජනවාරි 1 දින ස්ථිර රාජ්‍ය නීතීඥවරයෙකු බවට පත් විය   ඔහු 1989 මාර්තු 3 වන දින ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ රජයේ නීතීඥ ලෙස උසස් කරන ලදී

ශ්‍රීපවන් 1996 පෙබරවාරි 22 දින නියෝජ්‍ය සොලිසිටර් ජනරාල්වරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී    ඔහු අභියාචනාධිකරණ ඒකකයේ ප්‍රධානියා වූ අතර අභියාචනාධිකරණයේ සහ පනත් කෙටුම්පත් සහ මූලික අයිතිවාසිකම් අයදුම්පත් ඇතුළු ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණ නඩු සම්බන්ධයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය.  ඔහු රාජ්‍ය උපදේශකවරුන් සහ ආදායම් කටයුතු අධීක්ෂණය කළේය.  ශ්‍රීපවන් 1992 දී කොළඹ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් කාර්මික නීතිය පිළිබඳ ඩිප්ලෝමාවක් සහ 1994 දී ලන්ඩන් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ කොටසක් වන Queen  සහ Westfield College වෙතින් නීතිය පිළිබඳ ශාස්ත්‍රපති  ලබා ගනිමින් වැඩ කරන අතරතුර නීති අධ්‍යාපනය දිගටම කරගෙන ගියේය.

ශ්‍රීපවන් 2002 මැයි 29 දින අභියාචනාධිකරණයේ විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී    ඔහු 2007 මාර්තු 5 දින අභියාචනාධිකරණයේ සභාපති බවට පත් විය    ඔහු 2008 මාර්තු 27 වන දින විශ්‍රාමික විනිසුරු නිහාල් ජයසිංහ වෙනුවට ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට පත් කරන ලදී.    ඔහු අවස්ථා තුනකදී වැඩබලන අගවිනිසුරුවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.

ප්‍රධාන විනිසුරු
2013 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී 43 වැනි අගවිනිසුරු ශිරාණි බණ්ඩාරනායක ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසින් ආන්දෝලනාත්මක ලෙස දෝෂාභියෝගයට ලක් කරන ලදී .  පසුව ජනාධිපති මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මහතා විසින් බණ්ඩාරනායක මහතා එම ධූරයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදී.   නීතිපති මොහාන් පීරිස් අගවිනිසුරු ලෙස පත් කළේ රාජපක්ෂ විසිනි.   2015 ජනාධිපතිවරණයෙන් රාජපක්ෂ පරාජයට පත් වූ අතර ඉන් පසුව අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ජනාධිපති මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන මහතා ප්‍රමුඛ ආන්ඩුව නිසි ක්‍රමවේදයක් අනුගමනය නොකළ බැවින් බණ්ඩාරනායක මහතා ඉවත් කිරීම "ශූන්‍ය සහ බලරහිත" බවට තීන්දු කළේය.   පීරිස්ට ඔහුගේ පත්වීම නීති විරෝධී බවට ලිපියක් යවන ලද අතර පසුව බණ්ඩාරනායක 2015 ජනවාරි 28 වන දින නැවත අගවිනිසුරු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී  කෙසේ වෙතත්, පීරිස් කියා සිටින්නේ තමා ධුරයෙන් ඉවත් කිරීම ව්‍යවස්ථා විරෝධී බවත්, ඔහු විශ්‍රාම ගියේවත්, ඉල්ලා අස්වූයේවත් හෝ ධූරයෙන් ඉවත් නොවූ බවත්ය.

නැවත සිය තනතුරට පත්වීමෙන් පසු බණ්ඩාරනායක ඇය පසුදින - 2015 ජනවාරි 29 විශ්‍රාම යන බව නිවේදනය කළාය    ශ්‍රීපවන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 44 වැනි අගවිනිසුරුවරයා ලෙස 2015 ජනවාරි 30 දින දිවුරුම් දුන්නේය   ඔහු 2017 පෙබරවාරි 28 දින අගවිනිසුරු ලෙස විශ්‍රාම ගියේය

යොමු කිරීම්

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ජීවමාන ජනයා
1952 උපත්
දෙමළ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි

කේ. ශ්‍රීපවන්


LGBT Asylum er en dansk organisation, der arbejder for LGBT-personers rettigheder i det danske asylsystem og for LGBT-flygtninges rettigheder i Danmark. LGBT Asylum yder social og juridisk støtte til både LGBT-asylansøgere og LGBT-Flygtninge, der har fået asyl og opholdstilladelse i Danmark. Organisationen består af både asylansøgere, flygtninge, danske statsborgere og personer med ophold i Danmark, der alle identificerer sig som LGBT-personer.

Historie
LGBT-Asylum opstod som en idé til Copenhagen Pride i 2012, som en reaktion på at LGBT-asylansøgere oplevede chikane og vold på de danske asylcentre. Blandt andet var sagen om den transkønnede asylansøger Fernanda Milan, der i 2012 blev anbragt i mændenes afdeling i Sandholmlejren og blev udsat for voldtægt adskillige gange med til at sætte fokus på de danske asylmyndigheders manglende opmærksomhed på risikoen for chikane og vold, som LGBT-flygtninge og asylansøgere oplevede i centrene.

LGBT-Asylum drives af frivillige aktivister, og har kun én ansat person i deres sekretariat.

Fokusområder

LGBT-Asylums arbejde fokuserer derfor dels på at få Udlændingestyrelsen og danske myndigheder til at ændre praksis i forhold til LGBT-personer i asylsystemet, og være mere opmærksomme på den særlige beskyttelse, de har behov for,
dels på at yde konkret rådgivning til enkelte asylansøgere omkring det danske asylsystem og processen med at ansøge om asyl.

Organisation arbejder også med at dokumentere LGBT-asylansøgeres erfaringer og forhold i mødet med det danske system.

LGBT-Asylum arbejder derudover også på at skabe netværk og sociale relationer for asylansøgere og flygtninge, da de ifølge organisationen er en ekstra udsat position at være flygtning og seksuel eller kønsmæssig minoritetsperson.

Referencer

Eksterne Henvisninger
 LGBT-Asylums hjemmeside

Organisationer fra Danmark
LGBT-organisationer

LGBT Asylum


Levofloxacina (cu denumirea comercială Tavanic) este un antibiotic din clasa fluorochinolonelor utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Printre acestea se numără sinuzita acută bacteriană, pneumonia, infecțiile genito-urinare, prostatita cronică, și unele cazuri de gastroenterite. Metodele de administrare sunt oral, intravenos sau sub formă de picături oftalmice (colire).

Utilizări medicale

Efecte adverse

Vezi și
 Ciprofloxacină
 Ofloxacină

Referințe

Fluorochinolone
Medicamente esențiale listate de OMS

Levofloxacină


El saqueo de Roma del año 846, fue llevado a cabo por tropas sarracenas. Ya en 830, piratas sarracenos habían asolado las zonas habitadas de la Campaña romana, llegando hasta las basílicas de San Pedro y San Pablo y penetrando hasta Subiaco, donde destruyeron la ciudad y el monasterio.

De manera similar a lo que sucedió en 830, durante la noche entre el 24 y 25 de agosto de 846 piratas sarracenos, tras atacar y saquear Centumcellae (Civitavecchia), Portus y Ostia, se dirigieron a Roma. Incapaces de traspasar las murallas de la ciudad, destruyeron y saquearon todo lo que quedaba fuera, consiguiendo penetrar y saquear, por segunda vez, las basílicas de San Pedro y San Pablo. San Pedro estaba defendida por una guarnición de soldados compuesta de francos, lombardos, sajones y frisones que, a pesar de la feroz resistencia ofrecida, fue completamente exterminada. De las iglesias, fueron sustraídos todos los utensilios litúrgicos y los revestimientos preciosos de los presbiterios, y profanados los altares y tabernáculos. El pillaje de los templos más importantes de la cristiandad obligó a la construcción, por voluntad del papa León IV, entre 848 y 852, de las Murallas Leoninas que todavía hoy día rodean la basílica de San Pedro y que, en parte, constituyen las fronteras actuales del Estado de la Ciudad del Vaticano.

Los sarracenos que saqueaban el Lazio tras la retirada fueron derrotados por Guido I de Spoleto, que consiguió hacerles frente cerca de Centumcellae y Fondi. En la batalla sucesiva, cerca de Gaeta, el duque se encontró con dificultades, pero llegaron al rescate las tropas enviadas por el duque Sergio de Nápoles y acaudilladas por su hijo Cesario. En noviembre, la flota árabe que merodeaba por la costa del Lazio fue gravemente dañada por una tormenta.

En 849 se supo que se estaba preparando una nueva flota árabe que, desde las costas de Cerdeña, pretendía atacar de nuevo en Roma. En esta ocasión, Gaeta, Nápoles, Amalfi y Sorrento pusieron a disposición sus barcos, que se colocaron entre Ostia y la desembocadura del Tíber. Comandada por Cesario, la flota se lanzó al ataque al ver las velas de los barcos enemigos en el horizonte, venciéndolos y tomando numerosos prisioneros. Durante este encuentro, conocido como la batalla de Ostia, muchos barcos vale

Véase también
 Piratería berberisca
 Fierabrás, chanson de geste en que se recuerda la batalla.

Bibliografía
 Barbara Kreutz (1996). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Enlaces externos
 «I saraceni a Roma» — Leonardo.it (en italiano).

846
Roma 846
Historia de la ciudad de Roma
Roma 846
Roma 0846
Roma medieval
Estados Pontificios en el siglo IX

Saqueo de Roma (846)


Das Centre Mondial du Cyclisme (kurz CMC, dt. etwa Weltradsportzentrum) steht im schweizerischen Aigle. Es wurde 2002 eingeweiht und dient als Hauptsitz und Trainingszentrum des Weltradsportverbands UCI. Die gleichwertig benutzte englische Bezeichnung lautet World Cycling Centre (WCC).

Ausstattung

Im Gebäudekomplex des CMC befinden sich neben den Büroräumen der UCI eine Radrennbahn, mehrere Gymnastik- und Fitnesshallen, mehrere Seminar- und Unterrichtsräume, ein Restaurant sowie das Internationale Radsportmuseum samt Archiv. Das Museum ist ganzjährig für Besucher zugängig. Zu den Außenanlagen zählen eine Bahn für BMX-Rennsport und eine für BMX-Freestyle.

Radrennbahn

Die Radrennbahn aus Sibirischer Fichte wurde von der Firma Schürmann erbaut. Sie hat eine Länge von 200 m und maximale Neigung von 46.7°. Der Innenraum der Bahn wird für andere Sportarten wie Kunstturnen, Trampolin und Leichtathletik genutzt.

Die Radrennbahn des CMC war Austragungsort diverser Schweizer Meisterschaften sowie folgender internationaler Wettkämpfe:
 B-Weltmeisterschaften 2003
 Paracycling-Weltmeisterschaften 2006 (unter Ägide des IPC)
 Junioren-WM 2016
 Junioren-EM 2018
 Junioren-WM 2018

Zudem findet jedes Jahr mit den Trois Jours d'Aigle ein internationaler Bahn-Wettbewerb der Klasse 1 dort statt.

Am 30. Oktober 2014 stellte der Österreicher Matthias Brändle auf der Radrennbahn der Einrichtung mit 51,852 Kilometern einen neuen Stundenweltrekord auf. Dabei verbesserte er die anderthalb Monate alte Bestmarke des Deutschen Jens Voigt um 737 Meter.

Am 14. Januar 2019 sollten im Velodrom die Schweizer Meisterschaften im Zweier-Mannschaftsfahren und in der Mannschaftsverfolgung ausgetragen werden. Beim Warmfahren der Sportler wurde ein Helfer von einer Gruppe Fahrern erfasst und schwer verletzt. Einige Tage später erlag er seinen Verletzungen.

Andere Radsportaktivitäten
Aufgrund der Bedeutung des CMC für den Radsport wurde Aigle mehrfach von Radrennen wie der Tour de Suisse oder der Tour de Romandie besucht und war 2022 erstmals Etappenort der Tour de France.

Rund um das CMC wurden mehrfach, zuletzt 2010, Runden des UCI-Cyclocross-Weltcups ausgetragen.

Im Oktober 2022 richtete das CMC die Straßenradsport-Meisterschaft für afghanische Frauen aus, in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Radsportverband Afghanistans, der seit der Machtübernahme der Taliban seine Aktivitäten im Exil ausübt.

Akademie
Junge Radsportler aus der ganzen Welt, die ein olympisches Stipendium erhalten, trainieren hier die olympischen Radsportdisziplinen auf der Bahn, Straße, Mountainbike und BMX. In einer Akademie werden zudem professionelle Trainer ausgebildet.

Im Straßen-Radsport unterhält das CMC mit dem WCC Team eine Frauen-Mannschaft, die ihren Fahrerinnen die Teilnahme an internationalen Radrennen ermöglicht. Ein Team aus jeweils sechs CMC-Stipendiaten verschiedener Nationen nahm seit 2019 an allen bisherigen Austragungen der Mixed-Staffel bei den Straßen-Weltmeisterschaften teil. Auch Masomah Ali Zada, die 2021 in Tokio für das Olympische Flüchtlingsteam antrat, konnte sich am Zentrum auf ihren Einsatz vorbereiten.

Trainingszentren weltweit
Neben dem Zentrum in Aigle richtet die UCI nach und nach weitere Trainingszentren weltweit ein, sogenannte "WCC Satellite Centers". Mit Stand 2023 gibt es derer acht.

 Das WCC Japan im japanischen Shuzenji bei Izu wurde 2002 eröffnet, in einer Kooperation mit dem Japanischen Olympischen Komitee, der Japan Keirin Association, der Japan Cycling Federation und der UCI. Heute befindet sich das Centre im Izu Velodrome. Seitdem wurden dort rund 800 Sportler aus 22 verschiedenen nationalen Verbänden trainiert, unter denen sich sechs spätere Olympiateilnehmer befanden wie etwa Lee Wai-sze aus Hongkong, die bei den Olympischen Spielen 2012 in London eine Bronzemedaille im Keirin gewann.
 2005 wurde in Potchefstroom (Südafrika) das World Cycling Centre Africa (WCCA) eröffnet, das 2018 nach Paarl umzog. Sein Leiter ist der frühere Weltklasse-Bahnradfahrer Jean-Pierre van Zyl. Bekannte afrikanische Fahrer, die im WCCA trainiert haben, sind der mehrfache Afrikameister Daniel Teklehaimanot aus Eritrea, der 2015 als erster Afrikaner das Gepunktete Trikot bei der Tour de France trug, der mehrfache marokkanische Meister Adil Jelloul sowie der zweifache Afrikameister Natnael Berhane aus Eritrea.
 2013 wurde ein WCC in Korea mit zwei Standorten eröffnet, nämlich im KSPO Keirin Trainingszentrum in Yeongju und im Velodrom in Yangyang.
 Im November 2015 wurde ein viertes Zentrum in der Radrennbahn von Neu-Delhi eingeweiht. Sie liegt im Indira Gandhi Sports Complex, das für die Commonwealth Games 2010 erbaut wurde.
 2019 wurde das bereits bestehende portugiesische Hochleistungszentrum rund um das Velódromo Nacional in Anadia zum WCC Satellite Centre für Europa ausgebaut.
 Ende 2022 erfolgte Ähnliches mit dem kanadischen Centre National de Cyclisme de Bromont.
 Zeitgleich mit dem kanadischen Zentrum wurde ein weiteres in Couva (Trinidad und Tobago) eröffnet.
 Anlässlich der Panamerika-Meisterschaften im Bahnradsport 2023 in San Juan wurde das dortige Velodrom als erstes Satelliten-Zentrum in Südamerika eingerichtet.
2014 gab es Pläne, ein weiteres WCC im Süden des Sinai zu eröffnen, die aber bisher nicht realisiert wurden. 2016 unterzeichnete die UCI ein Abkommen mit der Wanda Group, um ein Zentrum in China zu eröffnen, was ebenfalls bislang nicht zustande kam.

Weblinks
 Website des CMC
 Das CMC auf der UCI-Webseite

Einzelnachweise

Union Cycliste Internationale
Mehrzweckhalle
Radrennbahn in der Schweiz
Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren
Sportstätte im Kanton Waadt
Sport (Aigle VD)
Bauwerk von Schürmann Architekten (Münster)
Bauwerk im Kanton Waadt

Centre Mondial du Cyclisme


Olaylar
 Roma imparatoru Hadrianus Atina'daki Olimpia tapınığının inşasına başladı.
 Antinous Roma imparatoru Hadrianus'un seyahatlerinde en yakın arkadaşı olarak ona eşlik etti.
 Hadrianus Yunanistan seyahati sırasında Eleusis Törenleri diye bilinen antik dini törenleri başlattı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler

124


Hasselbach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Mönchsroth im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Das Dorf ist von Acker- und Grünland umgeben. Im Nordwesten wird die Flur Hoffeld genannt, im Südosten Himmelreich. 0,5 km nordwestlich liegt das Brandholz, 0,25 km südlich das Jungholz und 0,75 km südwestlich das Riesenholz. Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Sankt Ulrich (0,8 km nördlich) und über Kaltenwag nach Maxenhof zur Landesstraße 2385 (1,4 km südlich). Eine weitere Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Winnetten (0,4 km nordöstlich).

Geschichte
Das Hochgericht sowie die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft und Grundherrschaft über alle Anwesen hatte das oettingen-spielbergische Oberamt Mönchsroth. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts bestand Hasselbach aus 12 Anwesen (1 Hofgut, 5 Lehenhäuser, 2 Lehengütlein, 2 Söldengütlein, 2 halbe Söldenhäuslein) und einem Gemeindehirtenhaus.

Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Hasselbach dem 1809 gebildeten Steuerdistrikt Villersbronn und der im selben Jahr gebildeten Ruralgemeinde Villerbronn zugeordnet. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) erfolgte die Umgemeindung in die neu gebildete Ruralgemeinde Diederstetten. Am 1. Januar 1971 wurde diese im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern nach Mönchsroth eingegliedert.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Oswald und Ägidius (Mönchsroth) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken sind nach St. Margareta (Wilburgstetten) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Mönchsroth
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf

Hasselbach (Mönchsroth)


Cipla Limited (stylized as Cipla) is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company, headquartered in Mumbai. Cipla primarily develops medicines to treat respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, diabetes, depression, and many other medical conditions.

Cipla has 47 manufacturing locations across the world and sells its products in 86 countries. It is the third largest drug producer in India.

History
In 1935, Cipla was founded by Khwaja Abdul Hamied as the Chemical, Industrial & Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Mumbai.
In July 1984, the name of the company was changed to 'Cipla Limited'.

Upon Hamied's death in 1972, his son Yusuf Hamied, a Cambridge-educated chemist, took over the company. In 1995, Cipla launched Deferiprone, the world's first oral iron chelator. In 1999, Cipla joined the Indian Pharmaceutical Alliance as a founding member in an effort to promote the development of generic drugs in India. During the AIDS epidemic in the early 2000's, Hamied reverse-engineered a three-drug antiretroviral cocktail that was sold for about $12,000 per year to create a cheaper version that sold for $304 per year. This drug was then sold to African charities and governments and "at one time, as much as 40 percent of the AIDS patients in poor countries took Cipla drugs". During the avian flu pandemic in 2006, Cipla was able to reverse engineer the drug Tamiflu and sell it for significantly lower prices. In 2013 Cipla acquired the South African company Cipla-Medpro, kept it as a subsidiary, and changed its name to Cipla Medpro South Africa Limited.  At the time of the acquisition, Cipla-Medpro had been a distribution partner for Cipla and was South Africa's third-biggest pharmaceutical company. The company had been founded in 2002 and was known as Enaleni Pharmaceuticals Ltd.  In 2005, Enaleni bought all the shares of Cipla-Medpro, which had been a joint venture between Cipla and Medpro Pharmaceuticals, a South African generics company, and in 2008 it changed its name to Cipla-Medpro. In September 2023, it was announced Cipla South Africa had acquired the Midrand-headquartered healthcare products manufacturer, Actor Pharma.

In September 2015, Cipla acquired InvaGen Pharmaceuticals and Exelan Pharmaceuticals, two American pharmaceutical companies, for 555 million dollars.

In 2019 Cipla entered digital therapeutics by partnering with Wellthy Therapeutics in India and Brandmed in South Africa.

Products and services
Cipla sells active pharmaceutical ingredients to other manufacturers as well as pharmaceutical and personal care products, including escitalopram oxalate (anti-depressant), lamivudine, and fluticasone propionate. They are the world's largest manufacturer of antiretroviral drugs.

In July 2020, the company announced the introduction of Gilead Sciences' Remdesivir under the brand name CIPREMI in India after reaching a voluntary licensing agreement with parent company and DCGI approval for "restricted emergency use" in COVID-19 treatment of critical confirmed patients.

Operations

Cipla has 34 manufacturing units in 8 locations across India and a presence in over 80 countries. Exports accounted for 48%  of its revenue for FY 2013–14. Cipla spent 517 crore (5.4% of their revenue) in FY 2013–14 on R&D activities. The primary focus areas for R&D were development of new formulations, drug-delivery systems and APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). Cipla also cooperates with other enterprises in areas such as consulting, commissioning, engineering, project appraisal, quality control, know-how transfer, support, and plant supply.

As on 31 March 2013, the company had 22,036 employees (out of which 2,455 were women (7.30%) and 23 were employees with disabilities (0.1%)). During the FY 2013–14, the company incurred  on employee benefit expenses.

Listings and shareholding

The equity shares of Cipla are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty. Its Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange.

As of 31 December 2022, the promoter group, Y. K. Hamied and his family, hold around 33.61% equity shares in Cipla. Individual shareholders hold approximately 14.72% of its shares. SBI Mutual Fund, LIC etc. are the largest non-promoter shareholders in the Company.

Awards and recognitions
 In 2012, Cipla received the Thomson Reuters India Innovation Award.
 Cipla won Dun & Bradstreet American Express Corporate Awards in 2006.
 In 2007, Forbes included Cipla in the 200 'Best under a billion' list of best small Asian companies.
 In 1980, Cipla won Chemexcil Award for Excellence for exports.
 In 2015, Cipla stood third in the India's Most Reputed Brands (Pharmaceutical) list, in a study conducted by BlueBytes, a leading Media Analytics firm in association with TRA Research, a brand insights organization (both a part of the Comniscient Group).

Criticism

Emergency contraception
In August 2007, Cipla launched an emergency contraception drug "i-pill" sold over the counter, which was controversial with regard to its being available without a prescription and the large amount of drug contained per dose.

Generic drugs
In the late 1960s, Cipla began manufacturing a new, patented drug, propranolol, without the permission of the drug's patent holder, Imperial Chemical Industries; a protest was filed with the Indian government. The CEO of Cipla pressured the government of Indira Gandhi to change India's patent laws to eliminate patents that directly covered drugs, and instead to allow only patents that covered methods to make drugs. so that Cipla could go ahead and produce as many low-priced generic drugs for the poor as possible. Since then Cipla has also produced a low-cost drug to treat HIV, and expanded operations into several developing countries, including African nations, where most HIV and poor patients existed at one time. But the changes made led to criticism of both India's patent laws and Cipla. India reinstated patents on drugs in 2005.

See also

 Pharmaceutical industry in India
 Generic drug
 List of pharmaceutical companies

References

External links

Biotechnology companies of India
Pharmaceutical companies of India
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1935
NIFTY 50
Biopharmaceutical companies
Indian brands
Indian companies established in 1935
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange

Cipla


في 22 أبريل عام 1948 هاجم المستوطنون الصهاينة مدينة حيفا بفلسطين في منتصف الليل واحتلوها وقتلوا عدداً كبيراً من أهلها، فهرع العرب الفلسطينيون العُزل الباقون للهرب عن طريق مرفأ المدينة فتبعهم اليهود وأطلقوا عليهم النيران، وكانت حصيلة هذه المذبحة أكثر من 150 قتيلاً و40 جريحاً.

فلسطين في 1948
إرهاب صهيوني
مذابح ضد الفلسطينيين
حيفا

مذبحة حيفا


Događaji

Rođenja

Smrti
 Aleksandar Veliki, makedonski vladar

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

323. pr. Kr.


Indtryk. Solopgang (fransk: Impression, soleil levant) er et maleri af Claude Monet. Maleriet blev udstillet på det, der blev kendt som "impressionisternes udstillinger" i april 1874. Maleriet anses for det, der gav navn til den impressionistiske bevægelse. Indtryk. Solopgang skildrer havnen i Le Havre, Monets hjemby, og er hans mest berømte maleri af havnen.

Historie

Monet besøgte sin hjemby i Le Havre i det nordvestlige Frankrig i 1872, og han skabte seks malerier af havnen i Le Havre "i løbet af dagen": dag, skumring og mørke og fra forskellige vinkler, nogle fra vandet og andre fra et hotelværelse, hvor man kigger ned over havnen".

Indtryk. Solopgang blev det berømteste af de seks, efter udstillingen i april 1874 i Paris af kollektivet "Malere, Billedhuggere, Fotografer osv. Inc." Blandt de 30 deltagere var ledende kunstnere som Monet, Degas, Pissarro, Renoir og Sisley. Over 200 værker var udstillet, og de blev set af ca. 4.000 bl.a. af nogle ret skeptiske kritikere.

Maleriet blev stjålet fra Musée Marmottan Monet af Philippe Jamin og Youssef Khimoun i 1985. Det blev fundet igen i 1990 og har siden 1991 atter været udstillet på museet.

Indtryk og impressionisme

Monet hævdede, at han gav maleriet Indtryk. Solopgang dets titel på grund af motivets tågede stil: "De spurgte mig om jeg havde en titel på værket til brug i kataloget. Man kunne ikke rigtig bruge "en skildring af Le Havre", så jeg sagde: 'Skriv at titlen er Indtryk ()'.'" Udover denne forklaring på værkets titel, hævder kunsthistorikeren Paul Smith, at Monet kunne have navngivet maleriet Indtryk for at imødegå beskyldninger om, at hans maleri var ufærdigt eller manglede beskrivende detaljer, men Monet fik alligevel den kritik.

Skønt maleriets titel lader til at være valgt i hast, så det kunne anvendes i kataloget, var udtrykket "Impressionisme" ikke ny. Det havde været brugt et stykke tid om malerier fra Barbizon-skolens virkemidler. Både Daubigny og Manet var tilknyttet skolen, og de var kendt for at bruge udtrykket til at beskrive deres værker.

Kritikeren Louis Leroys anmeldelse af "Impressionist-udstillingen i 1874" i avisen Le Charivari brugte udtrykket "Impressionisme" om den nye kunstretning, der blev udstillet. Han skrev, at et typisk eksempel på retningen var Monets maleri, der indeholdt udtrykket i titlen.

Før 1860'erne og ved den første udstilling af Indtryk. Solopgang blev udtrykket "impressionisme" anvendt til at beskrive den virkning, et naturmotiv havde på malere, og den virkning et maleri havde på beskueren. Fra 1860'erne blev "Impressionisme" benyttet om et maleri, der gav den effekt, men efterhånden blev impressionisme anvendt om bevægelsen generelt.

I første omgang blev impressionisme brugt for at beskrive og miskreditere en bevægelse, og begrebet "blev straks anvendt af alle parter" for at beskrive stilen og Monets Indtryk. Solopgang anses for at markere begyndelsen på bevægelsen, samt at være ophavet til dens navn.

 Emne og fortolkning

Motivet for Indtryk. Solopgang er havnen i Le Havre ved solopgang. De to små robåde i forgrunden og den røde sol er de centrale elementer. I midten ses flere fiskerbåde, mens der i baggrundens venstre side ses klipper og skibe med høje master. Bag dem ses andre utydelige figurer, der "ikke er træer, men fragtbåde og dampskibsskorstene. Til højre i det fjerne er der flere master og skorstene, der ses som silhuetter mod himlen." For at fremhæve disse tegn på industri fjernede Monet nogle huse på kajens venstre side, hvad der lader baggrunden uforstyrret.

Efter Frankrigs nederlag i den Fransk-Preussiske Krig 1870-71 blev genrejsningen af Frankrig bl.a. eksemplificeret af den blomstrende havn i Le Havre. Kunsthistorikeren Paul Tucker antyder, at kontrasten mellem elementer som dampskibe og kraner i baggrunden og fiskerne i forgrunden skildrer de politiske konsekvenser: "Monet har måske set dette maleri af et meget handelspræget område som et svar på efterkrigstidens opfordringer til at tænke patriotisk og kunst, der kunne vise vejen. For selv om maleriet er et digt af lys og atmosfære, kan det også ses som en hyldest til et genrejst Frankrigs magt og skønhed."

Skildringen af Monets hjemby handels- og industricentret, le Havre, hylder "landets fornyede styrke og skønhed... Monets ultimative utopiske erklæring." Kunst der viser Frankrigs genrejsning og Monets skildring af solopgangen over Le Havres, afspejler Frankrigs genrejsning.

 Stil
Det disede motiv fjernede sig fra det traditionelle landskabsmaleri og klassisk, idealiseret skønhed. Paul Smith antydede, at Monet med denne stil prøvede at udtrykke "andre ideer om kunstnerisk kvalitet, som kan være bundet til ideologier, der var stærke i det nye borgerskab, hvorfra Monet kom." Løse penselstrøg antyder motivet mere end det reproducerer virkeligheden og viser den spirende impressionistiske bevægelse. I kølvandet på den nylige industrialisering i Frankrig er stilen et udtryk for den nyskabende individualitet. Derfor hævder Smith, at Indtryk. Solopgang handler om Monets søgen efter det spontane udtryk, men styret af klart definerede, og historisk bestemte ideer om, hvad et spontant udtryk var."

 Farve
Monet gjorde en række forstudier til værket på sit hotelværelse. De blev udført på et lærred grundet med gråt i forskellige nuancer. Den lagdelte effekt giver dybde på trods af de upræcise detaljer og skaber et rigt og håndgribeligt miljø, der minder om Le Havre, selv om der ikke er tale om en eksakt lighed. Gordon og Forge diskuterer grænserne og brugen af farver i Indtryk. Solopgang, og de hævder, at
himlen og vandet knap nok kan skelnes. Grænserne mellem objekterne er ikke klare, og malingen "bliver stedet," og malingens farver blandes sammen i "sin mørke, uigennemsigtige enhed, dets tågede tomhed, dets karakterløse, forventningsfulde tomhed, som for maleren ligner et tomt, uforanderligt lærred." De bemærker at nuancer af blå-grå og orange skærer gennem tågen, og at de "er som sidste-øjebliks-åbenbaringer, der afventer at de særlige strejf af orange brænder sig vej gennem tågen og baner sig vej gennem vandet og Monets øje, mens selve lærredet er fyldt med det tågede rum udenfor, klar til at modtage det."

 Luminans

Selv om det kan virke som om at solen er det lysstærkeste område på lærredet, har den målt med et spektrofotometer samme lysstyrke (eller luminans) som himlen. Dr. Margaret Livingstone, professor i neurobiologi ved Harvard University, udtalte, "På en sort/hvid kopi af Indtryk. Solopgang forsvinder Solen næsten helt."

Hun udtalte også, at det giver maleriet et meget realistisk udtryk, da den ældre del af den visuelle kortex — der er fælles for de fleste andre pattedyr — kun opfatter lys, og ikke farve, således at solen på maleriet vil være usynlige for den, mens det kun er den nyere del af den visuelle kortex, der kun findes hos mennesker og primater — der opfatter farver.

 Kritik
De fleste kritikere mente ikke, at Indtryk. Solopgang var et af de mest bemærkelsesværdige værker på Impressionist-udstillingen; det blev kun drøftet kort fem gange i anmeldelserne af udstillingen. Anmeldelserne af udstillingen og Monets maleri giver dog et indblik i udviklingen af bevægelsen og Monets arbejde og udvikling som kunstner.

Philippe Burty skrev om åbningen af udstillingen i La République Française: Han roser den måde stemningen i rummet og malerierne arbejder sammen: "væggene i rummene er dækket af brunligt-rødt uldstof, der er yderst velegnet til malerier. Dagslyset kommer ind i lokalerne fra siden på samme måde, som det gør det i lejligheder."

Men denne idylliske beskrivelse af udstillingen blev ikke delt af alle kritikere. Louis Leroy, der skrev for Le Charivari, citeres ofte for sin anmeldelse af Monets arbejde. Hans artikel "Impressionistisk Udstilling" er skrevet som en dialog om det imaginære perspektiv med en traditionel maler, der er chokeret over Monet og hans kollegers arbejde:

""Ah! Det er det, det er det!: råbte han foran nummer 98. "Dette er en af Papa Vincents favoritter! Hvad er dette et maleri af? Kig i kataloget.'
'''Indtryk. Solopgang.'
"Indtryk--jeg vidste det. Som jeg netop sagde til mig selv, hvis jeg får et indtryk af det, så må der være et indtryk i det... Og hvilken frihed, hvilken lethed i penselstrøgene! Selv tapet i sin ufærdige tilstand kræver mere arbejde end dette marinemaleri!"

Leroys anmeldelse af Indtryk. Solopgang bliver ofte angivet som første gang, begrebet impressionisme blev anvendt.

Jules Castagnary skrev for Le Siècle, at malerne kun kunne beskrives med det nye udtryk impressionister, eftersom de gengav "den følelse der blev fremkaldt af landskabet" snarere end landskabet i sig selv. Han hævdede at "selve udtrykket indgår i deres sprog: ikke landskabet, men indtrykket, som i katalogets titel på hr. Monets Solopgang. Betragtet fra dette synspunkt, har de ladt virkelighed bag sig for at hengive sig en verden af ren idealisme", arketypisk udtrykt i Monets Indtryk. Solopgang.

Théodore Duret skrev, at de idealiserede gengivelser af indtryk i stedet for landskaber, er indbegrebet af Monets arbejde og den impressionistiske bevægelse. I betragtning af Indtryk. Solopgang og Monets arbejde efter 1874-udstillingen, skrev Duret, at "det er helt sikkert, at de særegne træk ved Claude Monets malerier var de første, der antydede [begrebet impressionisme]". Duret hævdede, at "Monet er den impressionistiske maler par excellence", Duret gjorde gældende, at Monet inspirerede til en ny måde at se og male på, og at Monet "ikke længere malede ubevægelige og permanente aspekter af et landskab, men også de flygtige indtryk som atmosfærens tilfældigheder giver ham. Monet formidler en usædvanlig levende og markant følelse af motivet"

Monet efter Indtryk
I et interview med Maurice Guillemot i La Revue Illustrée reflekterede Monet over sin håndtering af et landskab som havnen i Le Havre set i lyset af bevægelsen og impressionist-udstillingen i 1874: "Et landskab giver kun et flygtigt indtryk, derfor etiketten-- alt sammen, for den sags skyld, på grund af mig. Jeg havde indsendt noget, jeg havde set gennem mit vindue i Le Havre: sollys i tågen, med et par master, der stikker op fra skibe nedenfor, i forgrunden. De ønskede en titel til kataloget, det var ikke rigtig passende at nøjes med "et billede af Le Havre", så jeg svarede: "Skriv Indtryk." Det fik de impressionisme ud af og vittighederne spredte sig...."

Efter 1874 og impressionist-bevægelsens opblomstring, mindedes Monet Indtryk. Solopgang ved at give andre værker lignende titler. De andre værker mindede om Indtryk. Solopgang i stil og indflydelse, selv om motiverne var forskellige. Eksempler på værker med lignende titler er Effet de brouillard, impression fra 1879, L'Impression i 1883, Have ved Bordighera, impression af morgen i 1884, Marine (impression) i 1887 og Fumées dans le brouillard, impression i 1904. Disse værker lod til at være en fortsættelse af hans Le Havre motiver, "en af den række af malerier, hvor han prøver at indfange de allermest flygtige naturfænomener, illustrerer hans kunstneriske virtuositet." Den gentagne brug af titlen Indtryk.Solopgang men også stilistiske referencer, og de senere malerier er ligeledes "meget kortfattede og enkle og anvender især disede eller tågede efekter" der er specielt karakteristiske for Monets impressionisme.

Skønt bevægelsen og maleriet i begyndelsen skabte kontroverser, var Monets Indtryk. Solopgang ophav til navnet og anerkendelsen af impressionistbevægelsen. Værket eller kunstneren er uden tvivl de bedste repræsentanter for impressionistbevægelsen som et hele, i stil, motiv og betydning.

Monets skildringer af havnen i Le Havre

Se også
 Rayleigh spredning

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Malerier fra 1872
Malerier af Claude Monet

Indtryk. Solopgang


Filistin bayrağı, Filistin halkını ve devletini temsil etmek için kullanılan resmi bayraktır.

İlk olarak Şerif Hüseyin tarafından 1916 yılında Osmanlı Devletine karşı başlatılan Arap ayaklanmasının sembolü olarak tasarlandı. Daha sonrasında bayrak ilk olarak 1964 yılında Filistin Kurtuluş Örgütü tarafından Filistin halkının bayrağı olarak ilan edildi. 15 Kasım 1988 tarihinde de bağımsız Filistin ülkesinin bayrağı olarak kabul edildi.

Bayrak üç eşit boyutta siyah, beyaz ve yeşil şeritten oluşur. Bunu soldan en uç noktası bayrağı ortalayacak şekilde duran bir kırmızı ikizkenar üçgen tamamlar. Bu renkler Pan-Arap renkleridir. Bayrak Batı Sahra, Sudan ve Ürdün'ün bayraklarına çok benzer. 30 Eylül 2015'ten beri Birleşmiş Milletler binası önünde Filistin bayrağı da asılıdır.

Tasarım
Bayrağın renk kodları ve ölçüleri aşağıda verilmiştir.

Filistin'de hüküm sürmüş ülkelerin tarihi bayrakları

Ayrıca bakınız
Arap İsyanı bayrağı
Baas Partisi bayrağı
Filistin arması

Kaynakça
https://www.fotw.info/flags/ps.html

Ulusal bayraklar
Bayrak
Asya bayrakları
Arap milliyetçi sembolleri
Filistin

Filistin bayrağı


UEFA Liga nacija 2020./21. druga je sezona UEFA-ine Lige nacija, međunarodnog nogometnog natjecanja europskih nacionalnih seniorskih reprezentacija članica UEFA-e. Natjecanje je održano od 3. rujna do 18. studenog 2020.(natjecanje po skupinama), 6. do 10. listopada 2021. (završnica natjecanja) i od 24. do 29. ožujka 2022. (doigravanje). Prvak je prošli put bio Portugal.

Raspored
U nastavku je raspored Lige nacija sezone 2020./21.

Ždrijeb
Zbog promjene formata niti jedna reprezentacija nije ispala iz svoje lige. Uz pobjednike skupina, drugoplasirane momčadi iz liga C i D te najbolja trećeplasirana momčad lige D plasirale su se u višu ligu.
Reprezentacije su svrstane u jakosne skupine prema  ukupnom poretku prošlog izdanja Lige nacija s malom izmjenom: reprezentacije koje su trebale ispasti postavljene su ispod pobjednika skupina iz niže lige. Raspored reprezentacija po jakosnim skupinama objavljen je 4. prosinca 2019.

Ždrijeb skupina održan je 3. ožujka 2020. u Amsterdamu, Nizozemska. Ždrijeb je imao ograničenja zbog političkih razloga, zimskog vremena i velikih putovanja, ali se nisu primijenila zbog raspodjele momčadi po ligama i jakosnim skupinama.

Liga A

Skupina A1

Skupina A2

Skupina A3

Skupina A4

Završnica natjecanja

Liga B

Skupina B1

Skupina B2

Skupina B3

Skupina B4

Liga C

Skupina C1

Skupina C2

Skupina C3

Skupina C4

Liga D

Skupina D1

Skupina D2

Ukupni poredak

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena web stranica

2020./21.

UEFA Liga nacija 2020./21.


تقع السيلة بمحاذاة الجبل الشرقي من وادي عمد، محافظة حضرموت باليمن السعيد، وهي تنسب لسكانها (آل هلابي)، إذ لايسكن أي أحد إلا أهلها الأصليين، وهي من المناطق القلائل في الوادي المتعارف عليها بعدم وجود دخلاء أو أغراب فيها وذلك من قديم الزمان.
وتعتبر السيلة مركز بل رأس قبيلة الجعدة -أكبر قبائل الوادي- منذ أكثر من 100 عام برغم كثرة الخلافات في هذا الموضوع.

مراجع

جغرافيا اليمن

سيلة آل هلابي


Flor do Sertão es un municipio brasileño del estado de Santa Catarina. Tiene una población estimada al 2022 de 1783 habitantes. Pertenece a la Región metropolitana del Extremo Oeste.

Historia
La denominación Flor do Sertão (Flor del Sertón), conforme los moradores más antiguos, fue por causa de una árbol de flores amarillas encontrado en medio de la vegetación a inicios de la colonización, el cual se tornó símbolo del Municipio.

En 1952 se establecieron en la localidad los primeros colonos, familias provenientes de Río Grande del Sur de origen italiano y portugués. En 1961, la localidad fue elevada a distrito de Maravilha. Su emancipación fue el 29 de septiembre de 1995.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sitio del municipio
 Sitio de la cámara del municipio

Localidades de Santa Catarina
Localidades establecidas en 1995
Brasil en 1995

Flor do Sertão


Zoe Mayer (nascida a 7 de agosto de 1995) é uma política alemã da Aliança 90/Os Verdes que é membro do Bundestag, o parlamento da Alemanha, desde as eleições federais alemãs de 2021. Ela foi eleita directamente como membro do parlamento de Karlsruhe-Stadt. Antes de ser eleita para o Bundestag, Mayer, que nasceu em Karlsruhe, já servia como chefe do grupo do seu partido no conselho da cidade de Karlsruhe, onde foi eleita pela primeira vez em 2014.

Mayer formou-se com um mestrado em gestão de engenharia pelo Instituto de Tecnologia de Karlsruhe em 2019 e desde então trabalha numa tese de doutoramento sobre proteção climática no setor de construção.

Pessoas vivas
Membros do Bundestag 2021-2025
Nascidos em 1995
Políticos da Alemanha

Zoe Mayer


Hazen Shirley Cuyler (; August 30, 1898 – February 11, 1950), nicknamed  Kiki, was an American professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, and Brooklyn Dodgers from 1921 until 1938.

Cuyler led the National League (NL) in stolen bases four times, runs scored two times and had a batting average of over .350 on four occasions. His 26 triples in 1925 were the second most triples in any season after 1900. He compiled over 200 hits in three separate seasons and won the World Series in 1925 with the Pirates. A career .321 hitter, he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968 by the Veterans Committee.

Early life
Cuyler was born in Harrisville, Michigan, on August 30, 1898, to George and Anna Cuyler. George and Anna were born in Canada, where George played semi-professional baseball. His ancestors relocated there at the start of the Revolutionary War, then later moved to Michigan in the 1880s. While in school, Cuyler excelled in baseball, football, basketball and athletics. He did not drink or smoke throughout school. After school Cuyler attended West Point for three months until he moved back to Michigan to work at a Buick Motors assembly plant in Flint. He played for the Buick plant baseball team as well as in the Industrial League which had games in Flint and Detroit. The Bay City Wolves, of the Michigan-Ontario League, signed Cuyler to a contract in 1920. In that season he had a batting average of .317 and compiled 16 triples. In September of that year his contract was purchased by the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Career

Pittsburgh Pirates
He appeared briefly in the major leagues with the Pittsburgh Pirates over the next three seasons, but still spent the majority of each season in the minor leagues. He hit .340 in 1923 for the Nashville Vols of the Southern Association. It was in Nashville that his nickname had taken hold with the fans. Two explanations have been given for the origin of Cuyler's nickname, "Kiki". In the first version, he had been known as "Cuy" since high school. When a fly ball was hit to the Nashville outfield and it was judged to be Cuyler's play, the shortstop would call out "Cuy" and this call would be echoed by the second baseman. The echoed name caught on with Nashville's fans. In the second explanation, "Kiki Cuyler" came from the player's stuttering problem and the way it sounded when Cuyler said his own last name.

He was promoted to the Pirates for his first full major league season in 1924. He played a platoon outfield position, splitting time with Carson Bigbee. At the end of May he had batted .400 over his first 13 games and earned a spot as a starting outfielder. On August 9, 1924 he compiled six hits, three of which were doubles and one triple, in a 16–4 win over the Philadelphia Phillies. At the end of the season he had a batting average of .354, and scored 94 runs and stolen 32 bases in only 117 games played. Former Pittsburgh manager and Hall of Famer Fred Clarke said that "Cuyler might become a second [Ty] Cobb"

On June 4, 1925 Cuyler hit for the cycle, walked and stole a base in a 16–3 win over the Phillies. Later that year in August, Cuyler hit two inside-the-park home runs in a single game at Baker Bowl, the very compact baseball stadium in Philadelphia. From September 18–20, 1925 he tied the NL record by recording a hit in ten straight at bats. He hit eight inside-the-park home runs, and led the league with 144 runs scored and triples with 26, his .357 average was a career high and it was the second time he hit over .350 in his career. His 369 total bases in 1925 set a Pirates team record. The Pirates won the NL Pennant and faced the Washington Senators in the 1925 World Series. Cuyler only hit .269 in the World Series, but his two-run double in the bottom of the eighth inning of game seven scored the deciding runs, the Pirates won Game 7 9–7. This was the only time Cuyler would win a World Series.

Paul Waner joined the Pirates and took over the right field position in April 1926, forcing Cuyler to center and left field. The start of the 1926 season was strong for Cuyler, who by June 11 was batting .381, but finished poorly as he batted only .299 in the second half. The middle of the season was a turning point for Cuyler and the team, when on August 11, Babe Adams, Carson Bigbee and team captain and Hall of Famer Max Carey voted in a petition to remove vice president Fred Clarke from games. The result of the vote was 18–6 in favor of keeping Clarke, and all three players were released on August 13. The Pirates finished the rest of their season 23–24 and Cuyler batted only .288 after the incident. In his third full season Cuyler led the league in stolen bases, runs scored and finished with a .321 batting average.

On May 28, 1927 Cuyler experienced the first of his many injuries he would suffer from in his career when he tore ligaments in his ankle and was sidelined for 3 weeks. He had argued with first-year manager Donie Bush throughout the season and on August 6, when he did not break up a double play he was fined $50 ($ in current dollar terms) by manager Bush. After a missed cutoff throw, Bush benched Cuyler for the season. Cuyler appeared in 10 games for the rest of the season mainly as a pinch hitter. The Pirates made the World Series in 1927, but due to the dispute with Donie Bush, Cuyler did not play a single game in the series and remained on the bench despite fans wanting him to play. That November, Cuyler was traded to the Chicago Cubs for infielder Sparky Adams and outfielder Pete Scott.

Chicago Cubs and later career

With the Cubs, Cuyler played his natural position of right field, and batted third in the lineup. He suffered an ankle injury which caused him to only hit .285, although he did lead the league in stolen bases for the second time in his career. During the 1928 season, Cuyler formed a quartet with teammates Cliff Heathcote and Hall of Famers Gabby Hartnett and Hack Wilson. Johnny Pesky, who Cuyler coached with the 1949 Boston Red Sox, remarked "He had a beautiful voice, he'd sing all the time, sing in the showers, sing in the locker rooms..." In 1929 he returned for a fully healthy season, and played in the most games since 1926. He led the league in stolen bases for the third time and hit .360 which marked the third time he batted over .350 in his career. Cuyler returned to the World Series, he hit .300 for the series, but the Cubs lost the series 1 game to 4.

In 1930 Cuyler set career highs in hits (228), runs scored (155), and RBI (134), and led the league in stolen bases for the fourth and final time in his career. With a career year from Hack Wilson, who set a major league record with 191 RBI, the Cubs could not manage to win the pennant and were behind the St. Louis Cardinals two games at the end of the season. The following year was also successful for Cuyler, he collected over 200 hits for the third time in his career and it would also be the last time he played in more than 150 games for the rest of his career. In early 1932 Cuyler fractured a toe on his left foot when he rounded first base and was out for six weeks. On August 31, 1932 Cuyler had one of the best games of his career. In the bottom of the ninth inning, with two outs, down 5–4 against the Giants, Cuyler singled home the tying run, which raised his hit total to 4 for the game. The Giants scored 4 runs in the top of the tenth inning. After two straight outs to start the bottom of the tenth inning, teammate Mark Koenig hit a solo home run, this was followed by three straight singles. Cuyler came up to bat with two runners on, down 9–7 and hit a three-run game-winning home run. He finished the game going 5-for-6 with five runs batted in.

Cuyler suffered another injury, this time during an exhibition game on March 29, 1933. He slid into a base during a steal attempt and fractured his right fibula, and was sidelined until July of that year. He hit .317 for his shortened season, but his speed was gone, in part due to age and his injury history. He stole 4 bases that year in 70 games. Cuyler was healthy the next season, he hit a league leading 42 doubles and hit .338 over 140 games. After a poor performance in the first half of the 1935 season, where he hit .268, he was released by the Cubs. As a free agent, he was signed by the Cincinnati Reds in July 1935. His first full year with the Reds was productive and he hit .326 in 1936 with 185 hits over 144 games. His 16 stolen bases that year were the most since he led the league in 1930 with 37. Another broken bone, this time his cheekbone, happened in spring training and his 1937 season was limited to 117 games, where he did not record a home run for the first time since 1923 when he played 11 games. After being released by the Reds in October,  he decided to retire from baseball at the end of the season. The next season he was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers as the oldest player in the NL. He started 58 games in 1938 for the Dodgers, and was released on September 16 of that year. He was signed as a coach for the rest of the season.

Later life and legacy

After the end of his playing career, Cuyler managed in the minor leagues, winning the regular-season Southern Association pennant in 1939 under Joe Engel with the Chattanooga Lookouts, with one of the only fan-owned franchises in the nation. He was a coach for the Cubs (1941–1943) and the Boston Red Sox (1949), and was in line to be the third base coach for Boston heading into the 1950 season. He suffered a heart attack while ice fishing in Glennie, Michigan, on February 2, 1950. While at the hospital he developed a blood clot in his leg, and when it worsened he was sent to a hospital in Ann Arbor, Michigan; he died en route on February 11, 1950. His remains are interred in Saint Anne Cemetery in Harrisville Township, Michigan.

Cuyler finished his career with a .321 batting average, 1,305 runs, 2,299 hits, 394 doubles, 157 triples, 128 home runs, 1,065 RBI, 676 walks and 328 stolen bases. He collected over 200 hits in three separate seasons, and led the league in runs scored two times. Cuyler recorded one six-hit game, five five-hit games, and 31 four-hit games, ten of which were recorded in 1925. His 228 hits and 155 runs scored in 1930 were second most in Cubs history, and his 50 doubles that year set a team record. His .336 career average with the Pirates is third all time and his 220 hits in 1925 tied the single-season team record. He batted over .300 ten times in his major league career.

Cuyler was known around the league as a polite, shy and kind player. Hall of Famer Joe Cronin said of Cuyler, "He was one of the finest and cleanest living fellows I ever met in baseball. Cuyler was an established star when I joined the Pirates in 1925 but he was always willing to help." The Sporting News stated that Cuyler was "a model on and off the field" Cuyler was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1968.

In Harrisville, Cuyler's son Harold opened a restaurant after his father's death, called Ki Cuyler's Bar & Grill, and he owned and operated it for a time. It operated until it burned down in December 2018.  In 2008, State Highway M-72 within Alcona County was named the "Hazen Shirley 'Kiki' Cuyler Memorial Highway".

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 Major League Baseball titles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

Further reading

External links

, or Retrosheet

National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League stolen base champions
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Chattanooga Lookouts managers
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago Cubs coaches
Cincinnati Reds players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Boston Red Sox coaches
Baseball players from Michigan
Major League Baseball right fielders
Atlanta Crackers managers
Charleston Pals players
Nashville Vols players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Atlanta Crackers players
People from Alcona County, Michigan
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
American people of Canadian descent
1898 births
1950 deaths
Bay City Wolves players

Kiki Cuyler


Krešimir Tičić (Zagreb), hrvatski arhitekt, pisac, kazališni scenograf i redatelj. Živi i radi u Zagrebu. Vodi atelier Zlatni rez u kojem djeluje na brojnim i vrlo raznolikim arhitektonskim projektima. Hrvatskoj književnosti pridonio je kao pisac tekstova za mjuzikle kršćanskog nadahnuća. Osim libreta za mjuzikle, piše i scenarije, dramske tekstove, te TV-drame i TV igre s glazbenim brojevima. Zajedno s Marijem Nardellijem prvi je uveo mjuzikl kao kazališni oblik među vjernike katolike u Hrvatskoj (Mali suci, 1973.). Premijera prvog mjuzikla kršćanske inspiracije bila je 23. prosinca 1973. godine u dvorani crkve Majke Božje Lurdske u Zagrebu. Krešimir Tičić napisao je scenarij i režirao mjuzikl, Mario Nardelli glazbu i aranžmane. Tičić i Nardelli još su surađivali na nekoliko mjuzikla: Sunčana zraka (1977.), Dječji vrtić za odrasle (1979.), Čarobna prehlada (1982.) i Brat Sunce (1989.). 40. obljetnicu premijere obilježio je samo Hrvatski katolički radio u emisiji Sacro ritam.

Izvori

Hrvatski arhitekti
Hrvatski dramatici
Hrvatski kazališni redatelji
Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski scenografi

Krešimir Tičić


Francisco Leopoldo del Corazón de Jesús Román Arredondo (Córdoba, 1839 - posterior a 1909) fue un abogado y político argentino.

Biografía

Nació en la ciudad de Córdoba el 31 de mayo de 1839 y sus padres fueron José Alejo Román y Rosa Arredondo de la Corte.

Cursó sus estudios en el Colegio Monserrat y luego en la Universidad Nacional, donde obtuvo su título de abogado. Fue escribano secretario del juez Natanael Morcillo.

Se inició en la política siendo legislador provincial en 1868. Tres años después fue fiscal, y desempeñó transitoriamente la presidencia de la Cámara de Diputados de Córdoba tras el fallecimiento de Manuel Lucero, en 1878.

Fue elegidor para presidente y vice mediante el sistema de voto indirecto que se utilizaba por entonces. Impulsó, junto a Pablo Cabrera, Rogelio Martínez y otros vecinos, la creación de un colegio para niños de bajos recursos.

En 1886, apoyó a nivel nacional la fallida candidatura de Dardo Rocha para la presidencia (siendo Miguel Juárez Celman finalmente el postulante).

Tuvo una activa participación en la Revolución del Parque, siendo uno de los fundadores de la Unión Cívica. Al producirse su división, adhirió a la facción encabezada por Bartolomé Mitre. El 19 de agosto de 1891 fue elegido vocal de la junta directiva de la Unión Cívica Nacional de Córdoba y fue delegado a la convención electoral de aquel año.

En 1892 integró el directorio del Banco de la Provincia de Córdoba.

Fue concejal en la ciudad capital a comienzos del , presidiendo el órgano deliberativo municipal desde 1906. En ese sentido, le correspondió ser intendente interino durante un mes, en el período comprendido entre el 18 de mayo y el 17 de junio de 1907.

Posteriormente, integró la Comisión Administradora de la ciudad, la cual fue presidida por Rogelio Martínez.

Referencias
Genealogía N° 16, Revista del Instituto Argentino de Ciencias Genealógicas, 1979
Historia de la Unión Cívica Radical de Córdoba, 1890-2000, O. E. Frávega

Políticos de Argentina
Abogados de Argentina
Intendentes de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina)
Alumnado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

Leopoldo Román


Iulia Albu (născută Voichița; n. 28 iulie 1981, Pitești, România) este o stilistă, critic de modă și vedetă de televiziune din România. Iulia Albu este și unul dintre cei mai influenți fashion editori români, cu activitate publicistică bogată pentru reviste precum Ideal Mariaj, The Grand și OK Magazine.

Biografie
Iulia Albu este absolventă a secției "Modă" din cadrul UNARTE și a Facultății de Drept a Universității din București, dar a renunțat la profesia de avocat pentru a urma o carieră în industria modei.

Începând cu iunie 2010, Iulia Albu a fost ambasadoarea Rafael & Sons, cel mai mare importator de diamante în România, pentru ca în 2013 să devină Brand Ambassador pentru FILOFAX, un brand de organisere de lux. Iulia se remarcă prin aparițiile extravagante și comentariile tăioase cu privire la vestimentația unor vedete autohtone. În 2013 a apărut cu o găina neagra ca animal de companie.

Din 2016 până în 2018 a fost jurată în cadrul emisiunii Bravo, ai stil!

Iulia Albu s-a lansat și în afaceri, creând bijuterii, rochii de mireasă și rochii de seară.

Viață personală
Iulia Albu a fost căsătorită opt ani cu designerul de încălțăminte Mihai Albu, împreună cu care are un copil, Mikaela. Iulia l-a întâlnit pe Mihai la o petrecere mondenă, în perioada în care era studentă în anul 3 la Facultatea de Drept din cadrul Universității din București. Iulia are o soră mai mică, Karin.

Note

Legături externe
 Site oficial
 Iulia Albu pe Facebook
 Iulia Albu pe Instagram

Nașteri în 1981
Creatori de modă români
Bloggeri români

Iulia Albu


Euprosopus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Contiene las siguientes especies:

 Euprosopus chaudoirii Thomson, 1859
 Euprosopus quadrinotatus (Latreille & Dejean, 1822)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Iresina
Insectos descritos en 1825

Euprosopus


Pearl Primus (29 de novembro de 1919, Porto da Espanha, Trinidad e Tobago - 29 de outubro de 1994, New Rochelle, Estados Unidos) foi uma bailarina, coreógrafa e antropóloga trinitense. Promoveu a dança africana como uma forma de arte digna de estudo e atuação, em reação contra o arquétipo ocidental sobre o selvagem africano.

Biografia
Chegou a cidade de Nova York quando tinha dois anos ao se mudar sua família e estudou no Hunter College destacando-se como uma atleta extraordinária. Estreo na dança com o New Dance Group em 1942, sendo a primeira integrante negra nessa organização.

Obteve um doutorado na Universidade de Columbia e a raiz de suas investigações antropológicas em museus, bibliotecas e literatura especializada sobre a  África e o Caribe, inspirou-se para coreografar obras suas como African Ceremonial de 1943 e The Wedding de 1961.

Desde abril de 1943 atuou no clube noturno Cafe Society Downtown durante dez meses e em junho do mesmo ano no Madison Square Garden para cerca de 20.000 pessoas. Coreografou a obra baseada no poema de Langston Hughes The Negro Speaks of Rivers representada em 1944 na Broadway. No verão desse ano, visitou o Extremo Sul para estudar a cultura e dança dos afroamericanos.

Trabalhou como professora no New Dance Group e estudou com Martha Graham, Charles Weidman, Ismay Andrews e Asadata Dafora. Este último iniciou um movimento de orgulho pela cultura de seus ancestrais africanos que influenciou Primus ainda que ela nunca admitiu. Em dezembro de 1943 apareceu no Festival de Dança Africana organizado por Dafora no Carnegie Hall ante Eleanor Roosevelt.

Após exitosos espetáculos teatrais e concertos, organizou sua própria companhia de dança moderna africana e percorreu o país atuando nas universidades. Em 1948 na Fisk University, o presidente da junta diretiva, impressionado, perguntou-lhe quando tinha visitado a África pelaúltima vez, e ela contestou que nunca tinha ido até lá. Recebeu uma bolsa com a que realizou uma volta de investigação de dezoito meses pela Costa do Ouro (futura Ghana), Angola, Camarões, Libéria, Senegal e o Congo Belga. Foi muito bem aceita pelas comunidades negroafricanas, que a consideraram a reencarnacão de uma bailarina africana, e os oni e o povo de Ifé na Nigéria a iniciaram em seus rituais secretos.

Recebeu um doutorado de antropologia pela Universidade de Nova Iorque em 1978, e em 1979 ela e seu esposo fundaram o Dance Language Institute Pearl Primus em New Rochelle, estado de Nova Iorque. Como educadora e artista, Primus lecionou durante décadas em numerosas universidades estadounidenses e atuou em institutos. Como antropóloga, dirigiu projetos culturais na Europa, África e América para organizações como a Fundação Ford, Escritório de Educação de Estados Unidos, a Universidade de Nova Iorque ou o Conselho de Artes de Rochester. Sua investigação na África foi crucial para o conhecimento da dança tradicional e danças ancestrais antes que desaparecessem devido o progresso e a modernização. De 1959 a 1962 num centro de artes cênicas que abriram em Liberia o casal Primus também ensinou a artistas locais a fazer suas danças mais entretidas e aceitáveis para o mundo ocidental, e apoiaram e organizaram projetos em Senegal, Gambia, Guiné e os Estados Unidos para atrair o turismo ocidental àqueles países africanos.

Primus casou-se com o bailarino e coreógrafo Percival Borda em 1954 e tiveram um filho, Onwin Borda, e sua união pessoal e colaboração profissional durou até sua morte em 1979. Pearl Primus morreu de diabetes em sua casa de New Rochelle, Nova York, o 29 de outubro de 1994. Em 1991 o presidente George H. W. Bush tinha-lhe outorgado a Medalha Nacional das Artes, o último de uma longa série de galardões por sua contribuição ao estudo e difusão de dança africana.

Ligações externas

 El premio de Miss Pearl Primus
 Fotografía de Pearl Primus en Folk Dance (1945)
 Artículo del New York Times: Pearl Primus feliz en the Black tradition

Referências

Nascidos em 1919
Mortos em 1994
Coreógrafos dos Estados Unidos
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Negres)
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mais Pretas)
Antropólogas

Pearl Primus


Selena Gomez & the Scene: Live in Concert es la primera gira de conciertos de la banda estadounidense Selena Gomez & the Scene. Comenzando en otoño de 2009, para promocionar su primer álbum de estudio  Kiss & Tell. La gira llegó principalmente a los Estados Unidos y Reino Unido.

Actos de apertura
 JLS (Bethlehem)
 Mitchel Musso  (Springfield)

Repertorio

Conciertos

Cancelados y/o reprogramados

Ganancias

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Selena Gomez & the Scene
 Facebook Oficial de Selena Gomez & the Scene

 Canal de Youtube de Selena Gomez & the Scene

Giras musicales de 2009
Giras musicales de 2010
Giras musicales de Selena Gomez & The Scene


La symphyse de la mandibule (ou symphyse mentonnière) est la crête verticale médiane résultante de la fusion des deux moitiés latérales de la mandibule.

Cette jonction se produit à un âge précoce (1-2 ans).

Ce n'est pas une vraie symphyse car il n'y a pas de cartilage entre les deux côtés de la mandibule.

Cette crête se divise en bas et renferme une éminence triangulaire, la protubérance mentonnière, dont la base est déprimée au centre mais relevée de chaque côté pour former le tubercule mentonnier. Il sert d'origine aux muscles génio-hyoïdiens et génioglosses.

Anatomie comparée

Les mammifères carnivores solitaires qui s'appuient sur une puissante morsure canine pour maîtriser leurs proies ont une symphyse mandibulaire forte, tandis que les chasseurs de meute délivrant des morsures peu profondes en ont une plus faible.

Lorsqu'elles se nourrissent par filtration, les baleines à fanons, du sous-ordre Mysticeti, peuvent élargir dynamiquement leur cavité buccale afin d'accueillir d'énormes volumes d'eau de mer. Ceci est rendu possible grâce à ses articulations crâniennes mandibulaires, en particulier la symphyse mandibulaire élastique qui permet aux deux parties d'être tournés indépendamment dans deux plans. Cette mâchoire flexible, qui a rendu possibles la taille corporelle titanesque des baleines à fanons, n'est pas présente chez les premières baleines et a très probablement évolué au sein de Mysticeti.

Notes et références

Crâne

Symphyse de la mandibule


Muratlı, Samsun ilinin Terme ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir. Daha önce köy statüsünde olmasına karşın 12.11.2012 tarihinde 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu'nda yapılan değişiklikle büyükşehir belediye sınırlar içerisinde kalan tüm köyler gibi mahalle statüsüne alınmıştır.

Coğrafya
Muratlı, Samsun il merkezine 45 km, bağlı bulunduğu Terme İlçesi'ne 18 km uzaklıktadır. Şehir olarak Çarşamba ilçesine daha yakındır (8 km). Muratlı, Karadeniz kıyısına yaklaşık 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet]

Terme'nin mahalleleri

Muratlı, Terme


ولد سليمان رحو بمدينة وهران يوم 20 أكتوبر 1975... ويعتبر رحو سليمان من أكثر عناصر المنتخب الوطني الحالي خبرة وحنكة... نظرا لتعدد النوادي التي لعب لها والمنافسات التي خاضهـا.

مشواره الرياضي

بدأ سليمان قصته مع كرة القدم وهو ابن ال11 سنة..حين انظم إلى فئة الأصاغر لفريق وذلك لمدة موسمين (1986-1988)..لينضم بعدها إلى نادي اتحاد وهران لمدة عامين آخرين قبل أن يعود إلى فريقه الأول..

وببزوغ نجم سليمان في الجهة اليمنى من الدفاع انتقل ابن ال17 سنة حينها إلى نادي جمعية وهران الذي كان ينشط في القسم الوطني الأول..ولعب له 4 مواسم (1992-1996). قبل أن ينتقل إلى الفريق الأول في المدينة وهو نادي مولودية وهران لمدة عامين (1996-1998).. سليمان لم يعمر كثيرا في الحمري ليعود مجددا إلى «لازمو»...

تميز سليمان وقدراته الفنية والبدنية..جعلته أعين الأندية الكبرى تترصده..فخطفته الشبيبة القبائلية من الجمعية عام 1998.. وبذلك بدأت قصة الحب بين اللاعب الوهراني والشبيبة القبائلية.. لعب خلالها سليمان كل المنافسات مع الشبيبة طيلة 8 سنوات (1998-2006).. وذاق سليمان مع الفريق القبائلي حلاوة ومرارة كرة القدم..وأصبح سليمان الطرف الأبرز في معادلة الظهير الأيمن في الجزائر.. وصار اسم رحو على كل لسان

رحو سليمان..اللاعب الكبير..المتفاني في عمله..المخلص لفريقه..اللاعب «العاقل» والخلوق جدا..كلها عوامل جعلت من سليمان محبوب الجماهير في كل مكان.. ولا أظن أن هناك جزائريا واحد ينكر مكانة سليمان في قلب كل جزائري..ولا أحد بإمكانه انكار إمكانياته العالية وعلو كعبه وتفوقه على جميع اقرانه في الجهة اليمنى من الدفاع..

انتقل بعدها سليمان بعد الحاح من رئيس نادي وفاق سطيف إلى تشكيلة عاصمة الهضاب..ورافق قدومه موجة احتجاجات كبيرة من الأنصار السطايفية..فما فائدة جلب هذا «العجوز» إلى الوفاق الذي يطمح إلى استعادة مكانته في عالم الكرة الجزائرية.. ولماذا سرح من الشبيبة.

وزاد الضغط على سليمان بعد مردوده الجد متواضع في المقابلة الودية التي جمعت الوفاق بالاتحاد السطايفي..مردود جعل سليمان يتوسل المناصرين بالصبر عليه أكثر..لأنه لا يريد تخييب من وضع فيه الثقة

وشيئا فشيئا.بدأ رحو يسترجع إمكانتياته التي عرف بها في الجياسكا..وأصبح عنصرا أساسيا في التكشيلة السطايفية..ورقما مهما في تشكيلة الوفاق التي فاز معها بالبطولة وكأس العرب مرتين متتاليتين..وأصبح رحو يحظى بالاحترام والتقدير من كل جماهير الوفاق..التي تهتف باسمه في كل مباراة.

سليمان رحو..المدافع ذو النزعة الهجومية..والتمريرات السحرية..والتوزيعات الملمترية..
عاد من باب واسع إلى«الخضر» ليسترجع ذكريات أول مرة تقمص فيها الوان المنتخب عام 1998 ضد ليبيا (3-0 للمنتخب الوطني)..
لعب سليمان رحو 48 مباراة مع المنتخب الوطني ليثبت رحو أنه مثال..الجدية والأخلاق..المهارة والتواضع. المدافع الذي نادرًا ما يتلقى الإنذارات أو يرتكب الأخطاء.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في فرنسا
جزائريون في القرن 21
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أظهرة كرة قدم
رياضيون جزائريون مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو الرابطة الجزائرية المحترفة الأولى لكرة القدم
لاعبو جمعية وهران
لاعبو شبيبة القبائل
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2002
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2004
لاعبو كأس الأمم الإفريقية 2010
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم جزائريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في فرنسا
لاعبو كرة قدم من وهران
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم تحت 23 سنة
لاعبو منتخب الجزائر لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو مولودية وهران
لاعبو وفاق سطيف
منافسون في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 1997
منافسون في الألعاب المتوسطية من الجزائر
مواليد 1395 هـ
مواليد 1975
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجال جزائريون مغتربون

سليمان رحو


A3 යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තනා තිබෙන, A ශ්‍රේණියට අයත් මහා මාර්ගයකි. පෑලියගොඩ සහ මීගමුව-පුත්තලම යන නගර සම්බන්ධ කරමින්, මෙම මාර්ගය ඉදි කොට ඇත.

මාර්ගය වත්තල,  කඳාන, ජා ඇල, සීදූව, කටුනායක මීගමුව, කොච්චිකඩේ, වෙන්නප්පුව, කටුනේරිය, මාරවිල, මහවැව, හලාවත, ආරච්චිකට්ටුව, මදුරන්කුලිය සහ පලාවි යන නගර හරහා ගමන් කරයි.

මාර්ග - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

AA003 මහා මාර්ගය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)


Kamehameha Schools, formerly called Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate (KSBE), is a private school system in Hawaii established by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, under the terms of the will of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who was a formal member of the House of Kamehameha. Bishop's will established a trust called the "Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate" that is Hawaii's largest private landowner. Originally established in 1887 as an all-boys school for native Hawaiian children, it shared its grounds with the Bishop Museum. After it moved to another location, the museum took over two school halls. Kamehameha Schools opened its girls' school in 1894. It became coeducational in 1965. The  Kapālama campus opened in 1931, while the Maui and Hawaii campuses opened in 1996 and 2001, respectively.

It was developed at the bequest of Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop to educate children of Hawaiian descent, and is designed to serve students from preschool through twelfth grade. The school teaches in the English language a college-prep education enhanced by Hawaiian culture, language and practices, imparting historical and practical value of continuing Hawaiian traditions. It operates 31 preschools statewide and three grade K–12 campuses in Kapālama, Oahu, Pukalani, Maui, and Keaau, Hawaii.

By the terms of its founding, the schools' admissions policy prefers applicants with Native Hawaiian ancestry. Since 1965 it has excluded all but two non-Hawaiians from being admitted. A lawsuit challenging the school's admission policy resulted in a narrow victory for Kamehameha in the Ninth Circuit Court; however, Kamehameha ultimately settled, paying the plaintiff $7 million.

As of the 2011–12 school year, Kamehameha had an enrollment of 5,398 students at its three main campuses and 1,317 children at its preschools, for a total enrollment of 5,416. Beyond its campuses, Kamehameha served an estimated 46,923 Hawaiians in 2011 through its support for public schools, charter schools, and families and caregivers throughout Hawaii.

According to the Kamehameha Schools home website, the mission statement is as follows: "Kamehameha Schools' mission is to fulfill Pauahi's desire to create educational opportunities in perpetuity to improve the capability and well-being of people of Hawaiian ancestry."

History
In 1883, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, a member of the Hawaiian Royal Family, directed in her will, after naming heirs for gifts of money and land, that the remainder of her estate be held in trust to create the Kamehameha Schools. A majority of the Bishop estate was inherited from her parent and her cousin Ruth Keelikōlani, who in turn had inherited a substantial amount from her first husband Leleiohoku I and her half-siblings Victoria Kamāmalu and Kamehameha V, all who were given substantial amounts of land in the Great Mahele of 1848 which had divided the land of the kingdom amongst the King, the ali'i and the common people. During her lifetime, she experienced and encountered the decline of her Hawaiian people. She was well aware that education was key to the survival of her people and culture; therefore, she left 375,000 acres of ancestral land, entrusting her trustees to use this gift to educate her people.

Bernice named Samuel Mills Damon, William Owen Smith, Charles Montague Cooke, Charles McEwen Hyde, and her husband, Charles Reed Bishop, as the original five trustees to invest her estate at their discretion, use the income to operate the schools, and also "to devote a portion of each year's income to the support and education of orphans, and others in indigent circumstances, giving the preference to Hawaiians of pure or part aboriginal blood." She also directed the Hawaii (Kingdom) Supreme Court to appoint replacement trustees and required that all teachers be Protestant, without regard to denomination.

After Bishop's death in 1884, her husband Charles Reed Bishop carried out her will. Reverend William Brewster Oleson (1851–1915), former principal of the Hilo boarding school founded by David Belden Lyman in 1836, helped organize the schools on a similar model of European-American education. The original Kamehameha School for Boys opened in 1887; after it moved to a new campus, that site was later taken over by the Bishop Museum. The girls' school opened nearby in 1894. The preparatory school, originally serving grades K–6, opened in 1888 adjacent to the boys' school. By 1955, all three schools had moved to the current  campus in Kapālama Heights. The schools became co-ed in 1965. In 1996, the school opened a  campus on Maui, followed in 2001 by the  campus on Hawaii.

In 1991, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) brought suit against Kamehameha Schools alleging that its requirement that all teachers be Protestant was religious discrimination in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.  Although Kamehameha Schools conceded the practice was discriminatory, the School maintained that it was bound by the provisions of Bernice Pauahi Bishop's will, which established the charitable trust creating the School as well as mandating that all the teachers "be persons of the Protestant religion."  Accordingly, the School sought to be included within one of the applicable exemptions to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Then Chief Judge Alan Cooke Kay of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, a great-grandson of Charles Montague Cooke, ruled in Kamehameha's favor, finding that the religious education exemption, the religious curriculum exemption, and the bona fide occupational qualification exemption were each applicable to Kamehameha Schools.  The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court, holding that none of the exemptions to the Civil Rights Act was applicable since the School was essentially a secular and not primarily a religious institution despite certain historical traditions including Protestantism. As a result, the requirement that all teachers be Protestant was held to be a violation of the Civil Rights Act.

Reorganization
According to the will, the Supreme Court of Hawaii appointed trustees. After the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii by the United States, the Territorial and State Supreme Court assumed that responsibility. However, many trustees were political insiders. By 1997 trustees were paid $800,000 to $900,000 annually.  At that time, critics alleged that the trustees were micromanaging the schools and that they had vastly over-rewarded themselves in their pay. Trustees were appointed to positions as "lead trustee" of a particular part of estate operations. In particular, Lokelani Lindsey, lead trustee for educational affairs, was blamed for low morale among students and faculty.

On August 9, 1997, University of Hawaii (UH) Board of Regents Chair (and former Kamehameha Schools Principal) Gladys Brandt, retired judge Walter Heen, Msgr. Charles Kekumano, federal judge Samuel Pailthorpe King, and UH William S. Richardson School of Law professor Randall Roth published a report titled Broken Trust in the Honolulu Star Bulletin. They called on the State Attorney General to fully investigate KSBE management. The report alleged, among other things, that:
 the method of selecting trustees (appointment by the Hawaii Supreme Court) was flawed
 the trustees did not fully understand their responsibilities
 the trustees were not accountable for their actions.

On August 12, 1997, Governor Ben Cayetano directed Attorney General Margery Bronster to perform a preliminary investigation into the allegations. In her report on September 10, 1997, she found that "the rights of the beneficiaries may be at substantial risk," and that there were "credible allegations that the intent of Bernice Pauahi Bishop is not being implemented."
Another essay appeared in November, with Brandt, UH Professor Isabella Abbott, respected Hawaiian cultural educator Winona Beamer, and others as authors. Its headline was "Tyranny, distrust, poor decisions reign at Kamehameha".

The investigation continued through 1998, when Attorney General Bronster sought the permanent removal of Lindsey and fellow trustees Richard Wong and Henry Peters. On May 6, 1999, after a six-month trial, Lindsey was permanently removed as trustee (Lindsey later appealed her removal). A day later, trustees Wong, Peters, and Gerard Jervis were also temporarily removed. The fifth trustee, Oswald Stender, voluntarily resigned. An interim board was appointed by the Hawaii Probate Court to run the estate.

Bronster had been re-appointed as attorney general by Governor Cayetano, who was a Democrat. Since 23 of the 25 state senators were Democrats, some political observers thought approval of Bronster's renomination would be assured. However, the investigation proved costly for Bronster, whose confirmation was defeated by the Hawaii State Senate on April 28, 1999 by a vote of 14-11.

The US Internal Revenue Service retroactively revoked Bishop Estate's tax exempt status because of the trustees' breach of duties and unlawful use of tax exempt charitable trust assets for political lobbying. This action triggered charges of about $1 billion in back taxes and penalties.

Jervis resigned permanently on August 20, 1999. The trials for permanent removal of the remaining three trustees were set for December 13, 1999. Wong offered his permanent resignation on December 3, 1999; Peters did the same on December 13; and Lindsey voluntarily resigned on December 17. Many of the court files relating to Bishop Estate were ordered sealed by the court, citing the need for "closure and healing."

Although new Bishop Estate trustees were appointed, they had continued to use the same attorneys and law firms as their predecessors. Deputy attorneys general advised the replacement trustees that these attorneys and law firms either had provided flawed legal advice to the previous trustees, or stood by silently while the trustees had ignored good advice. Some claimed "there had been no thorough housecleaning; instead, the old guard had been put in charge and handed the keys."

In 2002, the Hawaii Supreme Court threw out the criminal indictments against three Bishop Estate trustees on procedural grounds and ruled no new charges could be brought. In 2005, two of the authors of the newspaper series published a book exploring the issues in the full-scale investigation. The controversy was costly to the schools. In 2009, after a large decline in the endowment, trustee compensation ranged from $97,500 to $125,000 per year, and trustees turned down any pay increases.

Campuses and governance

Kamehameha Schools operates three campuses, which together served 5,398 students K-12 in the 2011–12 school year. The main campus, established in 1887 as the Kamehameha Schools for Boys, occupies  on Kapālama Heights in Honolulu and served 3,200 students, including 550 boarding students from the Neighbor Islands (i.e., the Hawaiian Islands other than Oahu). The campus has more than 70 buildings, including numerous classroom buildings, dormitories, and maintenance shops. It also features extensive athletic facilities, including a 3,000-seat stadium, an Olympic-size swimming pool, three gymnasiums, and several tennis courts.

In 2010, Kamehameha undertook a $118.5 million construction project featuring a brand-new middle school, a Hawaiian cultural center, a new athletics building, and a parking structure. The Kaʻiwakīloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center opened in October 2012, followed by the other projects in 2013.

The  Maui campus, established in 1996 in Pukalani, served 1,084 students. The  campus on the island of Hawaii, established in 2001 in Keaau, served 1,118 students. In addition to these three campuses, Kamehameha Schools operates thirty-one preschools throughout Hawaii, which served 1,317 students statewide.

The five-member Board of Trustees of the Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop administers the Schools. Each trustee may serve up to two five-year terms. The 1999 reorganization limited Board micromanagement. A Chief Executive Officer manages day-to-day operations and has autonomy over educational matters.

In April 2021, Kamehameha Schools opened the Kalanihookaha Community Learning Center in Nānākuli.

Endowment
A 1995 Wall Street Journal article described the Bishop Estate as "the nation's wealthiest charity," with an endowment estimated at $10 billion – greater than the combined endowments of Harvard and Yale universities. As of June 2011, the endowment was US$9.06 billion. Approximately 75% of the endowment is in financial assets, and 25% is in real estate. In 2016, the endowment was $11.1 billion, and in 2021, it was $14.7 billion. When compared against the endowments of major U.S. colleges and universities, only nine schools (Harvard University, Yale University, Stanford University, Princeton University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Pennsylvania, University of Notre Dame, the University of Texas and Northwestern University), have higher endowments than Kamehameha Schools.

Land holdings

Bishop's original bequest consisted of  of land worth around $474,000. More than  are still controlled by the estate. The book value of the land for accounting purposes is probably much lower than fair market value. Kamehameha Schools' Land Assets Division manages nearly  of this land, which is used for agricultural and conservation purposes. The remaining  are designated for commercial use; approximately  of those acres actively generate revenue.

Kamehameha Schools' commercial real estate includes owned and operated properties and ground lease holdings. Commercial properties operating on Kamehameha Schools land include shopping centers, such as Windward Mall, Pearlridge, Kahala Mall, and Royal Hawaiian Center; and hotels, such as the Kahala Hotel & Resort, the Four Seasons Resort Hualālai, and the Royal Hawaiian Hotel.

Kamehameha is also redeveloping several of its urban real estate properties in Haleiwa, Kāhala, Kakaako, Kapālama, and Mōʻiliʻili to revitalize those areas and increase commercial revenue.

On October 22, 2013, Kamehameha Schools announced that it would sell the buildings of its largest single real estate property (in terms of value), the Royal Hawaiian Center. The shopping center encompasses three blocks of prime Waikīkī real estate on Kalākaua Avenue.

Admission
Kamehameha Schools is a private organization to which students apply for admission. At the Kapālama campus, the process is highly selective. Acceptance rates range from approximately 6.7% to 14.7% depending on the grade for which a student applies. Acceptance rates at the Maui and Hawaii campuses are generally higher, ranging from approximately 9.2% to 24%, due to those islands' smaller populations and the lack of boarding students at those facilities. The current enrollment is >6,900 students.

In accordance with a century-old interpretation of the will of Bernice Pauahi Bishop, Kamehameha Schools gives preference to applicants of Native Hawaiian descent "to the extent permitted by law." Orphans and indigent applicants receive special consideration as adjured in Pauahi's will. Preference applicants must submit evidence verifying that at least one of their pre-1959 ancestors is Hawaiian.

The schools' admissions policy has been a subject of controversy. Because far more applicants claim Hawaiian ancestry than the schools can admit, virtually all students have some Native Hawaiian ancestry. Non-Hawaiians have attended and graduated, but this is extremely rare. In 2002, Kamehameha admitted one non-Hawaiian student, Kalani Rosell, to its Maui campus, for the first time in 40 years. Rosell was admitted after all qualified Hawaiian applicants had been admitted. This decision sparked alumni protest. Kamehameha's admissions policy was the focus of two federal lawsuits, which contended that preferring Native Hawaiians is a race-based exclusion that violates U.S. civil rights law. Both lawsuits have since been settled and the admission policy stands today.

Mohica-Cummings lawsuit
In August 2003, Brayden Gay Mohica-Cummings was a seventh-grader admitted to Kapālama Heights after his mother, who is the hānai (adopted) daughter of a Hawaiian family, said he was Hawaiian. The school rescinded its admission offer when his mother was unable to document his ancestry. Because Kamehameha rescinded the offer only a week before the school year started, his family sued the school for admission. Chief Judge David Alan Ezra issued a temporary restraining order requiring Kamehameha to admit Mohica-Cummings. The case was settled out-of-court in November 2003, when Kamehameha Schools agreed to let Mohica-Cummings attend, in exchange for dropping the lawsuit.

John Doe v. Kamehameha
In June 2003 a suit was filed on behalf of an unidentified non-Hawaiian student, claiming that preferring Hawaiian applicants violates provisions of the Civil Rights Act that prohibits racial discrimination in private contracts. In November, now Senior Judge Alan Cooke Kay ruled in favor of Kamehameha again, dismissing the lawsuit and finding that Kamehameha Schools' policy served a "legitimate, remedial purpose by improving native Hawaiians' socioeconomic and educational disadvantages".

In August 2005, however, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed 2–1, and ruled that the policy was racially exclusionary. A protest march by native Hawaiians, including Hawaii's governor and lieutenant governor, to Iolani Palace and a rally on the palace grounds attracted an estimated 10–15,000 participants.

The Ninth Circuit agreed to rehear the appeal before a 15-judge en banc panel in February 2006. On December 5, 2006, by a vote of 8–7, the en banc panel reversed the earlier decision by the three-judge panel, affirming Judge Kay's earlier ruling. The majority ruled that Kamehameha's policy does not run afoul of a civil rights law, citing what it said were unique factors in the history of Hawaii, the socioeconomic plight of Native Hawaiians, and the schools' distinctively remedial mission, which Congress has repeatedly endorsed. The dissent stated that civil rights law "prohibits a private school from denying admission to prospective students because of their race." It was very skeptical of the majority interpretation, stating, "The fact that Congress has passed some measures promoting Native Hawaiian education says nothing about whether Congress intended to exempt Native Hawaiian schools from § 1981 [civil rights law]".

Following the decision, the plaintiff's attorneys appealed to the United States Supreme Court. However, before the Supreme Court decided whether to hear the case, Doe v. Kamehameha was settled. Both this settlement and the Ninth Circuit's decision prompted a procession at the Kapālama campus, leading to an all-school assembly. On February 8, 2008, John Goemans, attorney for John Doe, disclosed that the amount of the settlement was $7 million USD.

On August 6, 2008, Kamehameha Schools announced that it had sued John Doe for breaching a confidentiality agreement by making the settlement amount public. After Goemans died, Doe's family settled, agreeing to pay $1.4 million to the school.

Also in 2008, John Doe's attorneys, Eric Grant and David Rosen, filed another lawsuit against Kamehameha on behalf of four other non-Hawaiian children who wanted to attend the school. As in the prior John Doe lawsuit, the plaintiffs sought to proceed anonymously, fearing harassment if their identities were made public. In the prior case, Kamehameha never objected to the plaintiff's anonymity, but in this case the school did object. A U.S. magistrate judge and then district court judge ruled that the plaintiffs could only continue the lawsuit under their real names, deciding that the prejudice to the defendants and the public's interest in open courts outweighed the plaintiffs' fears of harm. A Ninth Circuit panel affirmed that decision in 2010. Later that year, the Ninth Circuit refused a request for rehearing en banc, although several judges wrote lengthy dissents, referring to "Kill Haole Day" at Hawaii's schools and arguing the plaintiffs' safety would be jeopardized without anonymity. In 2011, the Supreme Court declined to review the decision and the plaintiffs chose to end the lawsuit rather than reveal their identities.

Sex abuse settlements
On April 24, 2020, it was revealed that Kamehameha Schools was paying $80 million in settlements. The settlements involve sex abuse claims against psychiatrist Robert Browne, who was said to have sexually abused children in the 1960s and 1970s while serving at the schools.

Academics
All three of Kamehameha's campuses are college-preparatory and offer honors courses. In addition, the Kapālama campus offers 15 Advanced Placement courses, while the Hawaii campus offers four. The Kapālama high school administered 344 Advanced Placement exams in 2014.

Upper-class students at the Maui and Hawaii high schools select a "Career Academy" based on their individual interests. They develop course schedules designed to enhance skills for potential careers within their academy's scope. The campuses offer academies for arts and communication, business and leadership, engineering and design, health and wellness, and science and natural resources.

Approximately 70% of Kamehameha graduates enroll in four-year universities, while 25% enroll in two-year colleges or technical schools. Students in the 2010 graduating class of the Kapālama campus had an average composite SAT score of 1560 out of 2400. In the 2014 graduating class, there were 4 National Merit semi-finalists and 9 commended students.

As students each have Native Hawaiian ancestry, Kamehameha emphasizes Hawaiian language and culture in its curriculum. The Kapālama high school offers a six-year program in Hawaiian language and requires its students to achieve Hawaiian language proficiency equivalent to one year of study. It also offers various supplementary courses in Hawaiian culture, history, literature, song composition and performance, chant, dance, and crafts.

Community outreach
Kamehameha offers several distance learning programs for high school students, adults, and educators to learn Hawaiian language and culture over the Internet. The program includes an archived series of instructional videos entitled Kulāiwi for learning the Hawaiian language; these are available for free online streaming. Kamehameha also operates Kamehameha Publishing, which prints and sells Hawaiian-language books, posters, and multimedia.

As a part of its 2000-2015 Strategic Plan, generated by wide community input, Kamehameha Schools partners with more than 20 community-based organizations across the archipelago through its Aina Ulu program to deliver natural and cultural resource stewardship education programs and services to over 25,000 participants annually.  Aina Ulu provides an asset-management strategy by integrating community, education, cultural, environmental and economic outcomes to manage resources and lands to enhance prudent and sustainable use, responsible stewardship and supportive community relationships. By engaging community volunteers and expertise, Aina Ulu partners manage, protect and restore native watershed, dryland and rain forests; riparian, coastal, and estuarine ecosystems, including Hawaiian fishponds; and Hawaiian food systems, including dry field systems, as well as wet field systems call loi.

Kamehameha also offers several programs and services for high school graduates. Along with the Ke Alii Pauahi Foundation, Kamehameha offers a variety of need- and merit-based scholarships for those pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate education. Its career counseling program provides advice and counseling for post-high school students and operates an internship program for various companies statewide. The First Nations' Futures Program, operated in conjunction with Stanford University and the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, is a fellowship program designed to develop "a select team of emerging leaders... to become significant community contributors in natural, cultural and land stewardship."

Song contest

The Kamehameha Schools Song Contest is an annual choral competition in which groups of students of the Kapālama campus perform Hawaiian mele. The event held in Honolulu is broadcast live on TV and is also streamed live online. According to the 2008 program, the goals of the contest are to develop leadership and foster cooperation and class spirit among the students as well as to increase student awareness of their cultural heritage by allowing them to use their singing voices to express themselves.

The first contest (then called the Inter-class Sing Competition) was held in 1921. It was started to perpetuate the memory of George Alanson Andrus, a music teacher at the School. The event was originally held on campus, but moved to the Neal Blaisdell Center (formerly the Honolulu International Auditorium) in 1964 where it has been held ever since. The 2008 contest was featured in the PBS documentary One Voice.

Notable people

 Isabella Abbott – Class of 1937, authority on Central Pacific algae and Hawaiian plants
 Daniel K. Akaka – Class of 1942, United States Senator from Hawaii (1990–2012)
 Paula Akana – journalist
 Brian Ching – Class of 1996, professional Major League Soccer player
 Micah Christenson – Class of 2011, professional American volleyball player, member of the United States men's national volleyball team
 Kaili Chun – Class of 1980, installation artist
 Nora Stewart Coleman – Class of 1938, former First Lady of American Samoa
 Auliʻi Cravalho – Class of 2018, voice of Moana in the 2016 Disney film Moana
 Caprice Dydasco – Class of 2011, professional soccer player for the Washington Spirit
 Makoa Freitas – Professional American football player for Indianapolis Colts
 Blane Gaison – Class of 1976, NFL defensive back for the Atlanta Falcons (1981–1985)
 Brickwood Galuteria – Class of 1973, Hawaii State Senator
 Heather Giugni – Hawaii State Representative
 Kamu Grugier-Hill – Class of 2012, NFL linebacker for the Philadelphia Eagles (2016–2019) and Miami Dolphins (2020–Present)
 Clayton Hee – Class of 1971, Hawaii State Senator
 Don Ho – Class of 1949, musician and entertainer. His children also attended the school.
 Kelly Hu – Class of 1986, Actress and Miss Teen USA 1985, Miss Hawaii USA 1993
 David Hughes – Class of 1977, NFL running back for the Seattle Seahawks and Pittsburgh Steelers (1981–86)
 Rylee "Anuhea" Jenkins – Class of 2003, singer and songwriter
Krystal Ka`ai - Class of 2006, first Native Hawaiian Executive Director of the White House Initiative on Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (2021-) and of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (2013–21)
 Duke Kahanamoku – Class of 1910, Olympic swimmer
 Brook Mahealani Lee – Class of 1989, Miss Hawaii USA 1997, Miss USA 1997 and Miss Universe 1997
 Dee Jay Mailer – Class of 1970, former CEO of Kamehameha Schools
 Jamaica Osorio – Class of 2008, poet, activist, and professor at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
 Jonathan Kamakawiwoʻole Osorio – Class of 1969, Dean of the Hawaiʻinuiākea School of Hawaiian Knowledge, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
 Marlene Sai – musician and performer
 Bronson Sardinha – Professional MLB outfielder
 Meleana Shim – Class of 2009, professional soccer player for the Portland Thorns FC
 Mana Silva – Class of 2006, NFL strong safety for the Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys (2011–12)
 Malama Solomon Ph.D. – Class of 1969, First OHA Trustee, Hawaii State Senator
 Louis Keouli Thompson – Class of 1900, musician and performer
 Haunani-Kay Trask – Class of 1967, Hawaiian activist
 Mililani Trask – Class of 1969, Hawaiian activist
 John Henry Wise – Class of 1887, Hawaiian politician
 Kolten Wong – Class of 2008, Major League Baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals and Milwaukee Brewers
 Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu – Class of 1990, kumu hula and community leader

See also

 Kamehameha Schools Hawaii Campus
 Waipa Foundation

References

Further reading

External links

 Honolulu Star-Bulletin Bishop Estate archive
 Kamehameha "Warrior" Marching Band and Color Guard

1887 establishments in Hawaii
Educational institutions established in 1887
Educational foundations in the United States
Private K-12 schools in Honolulu

Kamehameha Schools