Charles L. Forgy (born December 12, 1949, in Texas) is an American computer scientist, known for developing the Rete algorithm used in his OPS5 and other production system languages used to build expert systems.

Early life and education
Forgy attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Dallas, Texas, and then advanced to Arlington State College (now University of Texas at Arlington, or UTA) graduating with a degree in mathematics in 1972. From there he went to Carnegie Institute of Technology (later Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, a renowned center for study of artificial intelligence. While studying at Carnegie he met his future wife, Diana, whom he married in 1977.

Career

Rete
As a student of Allen Newell, he received his Ph.D. in 1979 based on the Rete algorithm. Even though Forgy did not work directly on the DEC XCON AI problem of configuring computers for DEC in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Rete algorithm was later incorporated into the system for more speed. The XCON used the early versions of OPS (Official Production System) that migrated to OPS2 and later OPS5.

DEC reported that XCON saved at least $1M USD per year. XCON, a project headed up by John McDermott and later transferred to DEC programmers, was eventually composed of over 10K rules. The Rete (Latin for "network") algorithm allowed systems to run as much as 3,000 times faster in those days. The original Rete algorithm was developed under a Department of Defence grant and, as such, is public domain.

Rete II and III
Forgy remained at Carnegie Mellon post-graduation and worked on further improvements to OPS5; in 1983 he formed a company called Production Systems Technologies to develop and sell rule-based software, where he developed "Rete II", a more efficient successor to Rete. Rete II enabled rule-based programs to run between 50 and 100 times faster than the original Rete algorithm, depending on the complexity of the rules and objects.  (The more complex, the faster the comparative results.)  Rete II is incorporated in CLIPS/R2, OPSJ and FICO's Blaze Advisor.

Forgy was a founder and chief scientist for Rules Power, a Work Flow Management company founded in 2002 and based in Boston. During that time, Forgy incorporated Rete II with Relational Logic Technology, which became named "Rete III". The performance of Rete II and Rete III are virtually the same but Rete III has some extensions that allow it to work more efficiently with Relational Logic Technology but slows it down on benchmarks.

Rete-NT

Forgy developed a next-generation algorithm, called Rete-NT, that has improved the execution speed by another order of magnitude.  To this date Sparkling Logic SMARTS is the only BRMS product that uses this algorithm.

Present times
In 2005, RulesPower was acquired by Fair Isaac Corporation, who obtained a license to integrate Rete III into Blaze Advisor, their own business rules product.

Forgy retained the intellectual property rights to Rete II and his personal company, Production Systems Technology, still sells OPSJ and other systems that incorporate the Rete II algorithm.  KnowledgeBased Systems Corporation, an independent consulting company in Texas, maintains an extensive set of benchmarks for most BRMS and rule-based systems that demonstrate the effectiveness of the Rete and Rete II algorithms. Forgy has often described PST as a research-oriented company rather than a vendor of BRMS tools, but he does sell various rule-based tools via PST.

Forgy terminated his relationship with FICO in 2010 and joined Sparkling Logic as investor and strategic advisor.  He has contributed his latest algorithm, Rete-NT, to the Sparkling Logic SMARTS product.

Selected works
 Charles Forgy, "A network match routine for production systems." Working Paper, 1974.
 Charles Forgy, ""On the efficient implementation of production systems." Ph.D. Thesis, Carnegie-Mellon University, 1979.

References

External links
 Production Systems Technologies (company founded by Forgy)
 RulesPower assets acquired by Fair Isaac
 KnowledgeBased Systems Corporation

1949 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
University of Texas at Arlington alumni
Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas) alumni

Charles Forgy


Kangmin Justin Kim est un contre-ténor coréen-américain. Il interprète notamment le répertoire baroque, mozartien et contemporain.

Jeunesse et formation
Kim naît en Corée du Sud en 1988, où il vit jusqu'à l'âge de onze ans. En 2000, sa famille déménage à Evanston, Illinois. Son père est ingénieur et sa mère diaconesse. Il fait ses études à la Northwestern University d'Evanston et à la Royal Academy of Music de Londres.

Carrière
La carrière de Kangmin Justin Kim débute en 2013, lorsqu'il interprète un rôle principal dans l'opéra Elena de Francesco Cavalli au Festival d'Aix-en-Provence sous la direction de Leonardo García Alarcón. Kim auditionne dans plusieurs villes françaises et européennes pour diverses compagnies d'opéra et s'engage pour chanter Sesto dans La Clemenza di Tito de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart à l'Opéra de Montpellier lors de la saison 2014/2015. A Aix-en-Provence, il fait aussi la connaissance de Marc Minkowski et d'Ivan Alexander avec qui il interprète le Prince Orlofsky dans une nouvelle production de Die Fledermaus à l'Opéra Comique de Paris à la même saison. Au Théâtre du Châtelet à Paris, il interprète le personnage d'Oreste dans La Belle Hélène diffusé par Arte .

Membre de la compagnie d'opéra de Heidelberg lors de la saison 2015/2016, il chante Chérubin  dans Les Noces de Figaro et le rôle-titre dans la première mondiale de Pym du compositeur contemporain Johannes Kalitzke.

Au cours de la saison 2016/2017, Kangmin Justin Kim  fait ses débuts dans plusieurs opéras et festivals internationaux, chantant Speranza dans L'Orfeo de Claudio Monteverdi et Nerone dans L'incoronazione di Poppea avec le Chœur Monteverdi et les solistes baroques anglais dirigés par Sir John Eliot Gardiner dans le cadre d'une tournée avec des représentations au Teatro La Fenice, au Festival de Salzbourg, au Festival d'Edimbourg, au Festival de Lucerne, à la Philharmonie de Berlin et à la Philharmonie de Paris. Au sujet de son Nerone au Alice Tully Hall de New York, le New York Times écrit que Kim « faisait un Neron têtu, avec ses cheveux blonds sauvagement punk et un physique nerveux toujours enroulé et prêt à bondir » et que « son intensité était terrifiante ».

Il a fait ses débuts au Festival de Glyndebourne dans le rôle de Nireno dans Giulio Cesare à Egitto de Haendel et au Staatsoper Unter den Linden à Berlin dans celui de Nerone dans L'incoronazione di Poppea en 2018.

En 2019, c'est le premier contre-ténor à incarner Chérubin dans Le Nozze di Figaro de Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart au Royal Opera House Covent Garden sous la direction de Sir John Eliot Gardiner  (ce rôle étant habituellement distribué à un mezzo-soprano). Kim interprète d'autres rôles mozartiens : Idamante dans Idomeneo à Wiesbaden et Annio dans La Clemenza di Tito au Theater an der Wien à Vienne.

Parodie de Cecilia Bartoli
En 2011, il parodie sur YouTube la cantatrice Cecilia Bartoli en interprétant l'air Agitata da due venti, extrait de l'opéra de Vivaldi la Griselda, sous le nom de Kimchilia Bartoli. Cette interprétation est remarquée pour la performance technique.

Discographie
 2017 : Parnasso in festa dirigé par Andrea Marcon, Pentatone (n° de catalogue : 5186643)

Références

Liens externes

Chanteur d'opéra
Contreténor
Étudiant de l'université Northwestern
Élève de la Royal Academy of Music
Naissance en Corée du Sud
Naissance en 1988

Kangmin Justin Kim


ඇමරිකාවේ කතා කරන පරපුරට අයත් මිනිසුන්ගේ පෙළපත ගැන සහ ඔවුන්ගේ අත්දැකිම් ගැන අධ්‍යනයක් ලතින් අධ්‍යනයෙන් සිදුවෙයි. අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකානු අධ්‍යනය, ආසියානු ඇමරිකානු අධ්‍යනය සහ ස්වදේශිය ඇමරිකානු අධ්‍යනය වැනි අනෙකුත් ජනවාරගික අධ්‍යනයන් මෙන්ම් ලතින් අධ්‍යනයේදී ලතින් ජනතාවගේ ඉතිහාසය, සංස්කෘතිය දේශපාලනය සහ අත්දැකිම් ගැන කථා කරයි. සමාජ විද්‍යාව ඉතිහාසය, සාහිත්‍යය දේහපාලනික විද්‍යාව හා ලිංගක අධ්‍යනය වැනි නොයෙකුත් අධ්‍යනයන් ලතින් අධ්‍යනයේ යෙදෙන උගතුන්ට තම අධ්‍යනයට යොදා ගනී.

ඉතිහාසය

සංගණ්‍ය විද්වතුන්

 Gloria F. Anzoldua - 	චිකාගෝ අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ ශිෂ්‍යත්වලාභියෙක් සහ ක්‍රියාවාදියෙක්.

	Frances Aparicio - චිකාගෝවෙහි  Illinois විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ ලතින් ඇමෙරිකානු සහ ලතින් අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ වැඩසටහනේ මහාචාර්යවරයෙක්.

 Juan Bruce - nova - UC Irvine  වල ස්පාඤ්ඤ හා පෘතුගාල භාෂා පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්ය

 Alrene Davila - මානව විද්‍යාව සමාජ හා සංස්කෘතික විශ්ලේෂණය පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්ය නිව්යෝක් විශ්වවිද්‍යාල.

 Juan Flores - 	අප්‍රිකාණු සහ ලතින් අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්ය, නිව්යෝර්ක් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, Hunter විද්‍යාලය, නිව්යෝක් නගර විශ්වවිද්‍යාල උපාධිධාරී මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සමාජ විද්‍යාඥ සහ නිව්යොක් නගර විශ්වවිද්‍යලයේ  Puerto Rican අධ්‍යයන අංශයේ හිටපු අධ්‍යක්ෂක.

 Suzanne Oboler - Puerto Rican සහ ලතින් ඇමෙරිකානු අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්ය - John jay විද්‍යාලය.  ' ලතින් අධ්‍යයනය' සඟරාවේ ආරම්භක කතෘ.

 Americo Paredes. 1915-1999 හිටපු Dickson, Allen සහ Anderson Centennial මහාචාර්ය ඔස්ටින් ටෙක්සාස් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය.

Gustavo Perez Firmat - David feinson මානව ශ්‍රාස්ත්‍ර මහාචාර්ය - කොලොම්බියානු විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය.

 José David Saldivar - UC Berkeley විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ ඉංග්‍රීසි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ සහයක මහාචාර්ය.

Illan Stavans – Lewis - Sebring ජනවාර්ගික අධ්‍යයනය පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්ය Amherst විද්‍යාලයේ ලතින් ඇමෙරිකානු සහ ලතින් සංස්කෘතිය පිළිබඳ මහාචාර්ය

ප්‍රධාන පාඨමාලා/අධ්‍යයනාංශ

	චිකානෝ අධ්‍යයන ආයතනය - UC Santa Barbara හි - ආරම්භය 1969

	චිකානෝ අධ්‍යයන පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානය - UCLA හි - ආරම්භය 1969

	ලතින් අධ්‍යයන වැඩ සටහන -  Corell විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1987

	ලතින් ක්‍රියාමාර්ග පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානය UC Berkley ප්‍රාන්ත විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1988

	ස්පාඤ්ඤ පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානය - Arizona ප්‍රාන්ත විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1989

	චිකානෝ/ ලතින් පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානය - US Santa Cruz හි - ආරම්භය 1990

	De Estudios pertoriguenos මධ්‍යස්ථානය - CUNY Hunter විද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1991

	Caban පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය - Florida ජාත්‍යන්තර විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1991

	Dominacan අධ්‍යයන ආයතනය - Cuny නගර විද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1994

	ලතින් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනය - Noterdame විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය - ආරම්භය 1999

	ලතින් වල දියුණුව සඳහා වූ මධ්‍යස්ථානය - Smithsonian ආයතනය - ආරම්භය 1998

	Pew ස්පාඤ්ඤ මධ්‍යස්ථානය - ආරම්භය 2001

ලැටිනෝ අධ්‍යයනය


Joseph Chamberlain (d. 8 Temmuz 1836, ö. 2 Temmuz 1914) 19. yy. sonu ve 20. yy. başı Büyük Britanyalı devlet adamıdır.

Yayılmacı ve korumacı bir siyaset gütmüştür. En önemli görevi 1895-1903 arasında yaptığı Sömürgeler Bakanlığı'dır. Birleşik Krallık Başbakanı Neville Chamberlain'in (1869-1940) babasıdır.

Kaynakça
 Fransızca Vikipedi

1836 doğumlular
1914 yılında ölenler
İngiliz muhafazakârlar
İngiliz siyasetçiler
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1874-1880)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1880-1885)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1885-1886)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1886-1892)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1892-1895)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1895-1900)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1900-1906)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1906-1910)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1910)
Birleşik Krallık Avam Kamarası (1910-1918)
Royal Society üyeleri

Joseph Chamberlain


Patrice Emery Lumumba, qui fut le premier Premier ministre congolais, a prononcé un discours lors des commémorations officielles de l'indépendance, au Palais de la Nation de Léopoldville (aujourd'hui Kinshasa). Ce fut le 30 juin 1960, jour marquant pour l'indépendance de la République démocratique du Congo. La cérémonie était destinée à marquer la fin de la domination belge d'une manière harmonieuse. Elle a réuni des dignitaires congolais et belges, dont le roi des Belges Baudouin.

Le Discours prononcé à la cérémonie de la proclamation d'indépendance de la RDCongo  était court. Il est surtout connu pour sa critique virulente du colonialisme. Il était imprévu. Ce fut, en grande partie, une réponse au discours du roi Baudouin qui décrivait la fin de la domination belge au Congo comme étant l'aboutissement de la « civilisation » du Congo, que Léopold II avait initiée dans l'E.I.C (État indépendant du Congo). Ce discours était diffusé et suivi en direct sur les canaux radios du monde entier. Pendant son discours, Lumumba dénonça le colonialisme ainsi que les actions menées par la Belgique envers la R.D.C durant la période impériale. Son discours fut chaleureusement accueilli par les Congolais, mais interprété, par les autres nations, comme un affront à la Belgique, et surtout au roi Baudouin. Lumumba fut largement condamné par la communauté internationale pour avoir été inutilement conflictuel et avoir fait preuve d'ingratitude envers la Belgique, qui venait tout juste d'accorder son indépendance au Congo. Le discours faillit engendrer un incident diplomatique entre les deux États. Par la suite, dans d'autres discours, Lumumba tenta d'adopter un ton plus conciliant.

Depuis, le discours de Lumumba a été loué et apprécié pour son utilisation de la rhétorique politique et est considéré jusqu'à présent comme un moment marquant de l'indépendance de la République Démocratique du Congo. Mais il a également été cité comme un des facteurs de la période de crise qui a suivi cet évènement, aboutissant au meurtre de Lumumba lui-même, en 1961. Après avoir été prononcé, le discours a été largement réimprimé et représenté, dans des tableaux et des films du monde entier.

Contexte

La domination coloniale au Congo a commencé à la fin du XIXe siècle. Le roi des Belges de cette époque, Léopold II, était frustré par la faible puissance internationale de la Belgique. Il tenta donc, à plusieurs reprises, de persuader le gouvernement de le soutenir dans son expansion coloniale autour du bassin versant du Congo, qui était, à cette époque largement inexploré, et donc inconnu du monde extérieur. Face à cette idée, le gouvernement belge était ambivalent. Ce manque d'intérêt pour sa proposition conduisit Léopold à rechercher un soutien auprès d'autres pays occidentaux. Après cela, il put enfin créer la colonie. Il la créa pour son propre compte. Léopold était considéré, par ces pays occidentaux comme un tampon utile, une manière de faire de la concurrence aux puissances coloniales rivales. Léopold obtint la reconnaissance internationale d'une colonie personnelle, qu'il nomma l'État indépendant du Congo, en 1885. Cependant, en raison de la violence des fonctionnaires de l'État libre contre les indigènes congolais, et du système impitoyable d'extraction économique, la Belgique prit officiellement le contrôle de la colonie, créant, en 1908, le Congo belge.

La domination belge en République du Congo était fondée sur la « Trinité coloniale ». Les intérêts du gouvernement, des missionnaires et des entreprises privées étaient les plus importants. Les intérêts commerciaux étaient privilégiés. Cela signifie que de grandes quantités de capitaux circulaient à travers le Congo et que les régions étaient économiquement spécialisées dans un esprit de division du travail. À de nombreuses reprises, les intérêts du gouvernement et des entreprises privées devinrent étroitement liés. Pour des motifs économiques, l'État aida les entreprises à briser les grèves et supprima d'autres barrières imposées par la population indigène. Le pays était composé de subdivisions administratives jointes, formées de hiérarchies, et gérées uniformément, selon une « politique indigène » bien définie, contrairement aux Britanniques et aux Français, qui favorisaient généralement le système de gouvernement indirect par lequel les dirigeants furent maintenus à des postes d'autorité sous la surveillance coloniale. Il y avait aussi un degré élevé de ségrégation raciale. Un grand nombre d'immigrants blancs qui déménagèrent au Congo après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale provenaient de toutes les classes sociales, mais ils étaient néanmoins constamment considérés comme supérieurs aux Noirs.

Références

 https://www.yumpu.com/fr/document/view/16743689/discours-de-patrice-lumumbapdf-pole-institute
 Salazar, Ph- J. (2011). "Patrice Lumumba: The Congo independence speech" (PDF) African yearbook of Rhetoric. 2 (3): 41-3
 Zeilig, Leo (2008) Lumumba : Africa's lost Leader. London Haus

Décolonisation
1960 en Belgique
1960 au Congo belge
Histoire politique de la république démocratique du Congo

Discours de l'indépendance congolaise


Le bisulfite de calcium ou sulfite acide de calcium est un composé inorganique de formule chimique Ca(HSO3)2. C'est le sel acide d'un cation calcium et d'un anion bisulfite. Il se comporte donc comme un acide en solution aqueuse.

Il peut être préparé en traitant la chaux avec du dioxyde de soufre en excès et de l'eau. Le bisulfite de calcium est un additif alimentaire utilisé comme conservateur sous le numéro E227. Il est par ailleurs utilisé dans le procédé au sulfite pour produire de la pâte à papier à partir de copeaux de bois.

Voir aussi

 Bisulfite de potassium
 Bisulfite de sodium

Références

Bisulfite
Composé du calcium
Additif alimentaire

Bisulfite de calcium


Krasne (ukrainien : Красне) est un village du sud de l'Ukraine.

Localisation
Krasne se situe dans le  (district) de l'oblast de Kherson (province), située sur la côte de la baie de Dzharylhach, sur la mer Noire. La localité se trouve à 8 kilomètres à l'ouest de Skadovsk et à 54 km au sud de Kherson.

Histoire
Sur le territoire du district de Skadovsk, il existe de nombreux monuments funéraires de nomades. Des tumulus avec des sépultures de cultures de fosses, de catacombes et de bûches (une stèle anthropomorphe a été trouvée), des sépultures nomades scythes, sarmates et médiévales ont été étudiées près de Krasne ; le monticule scythe a été fouillé (fouilles par  en 1975). Dix monticules de 0,5 à 4 mètres de haut se trouvent à la périphérie sud-ouest du village, à 0,3 - 1,5 kilomètre à l'est, au sud-est et à l'ouest de celui-ci.

Le village a été fondé en 1806 sous le nom de Vtroprymorske (ukrainien : Второприморське).

En 1886, il y avait  personnes vivant dans le village, au centre de la  du  du gouvernement de Tauride. Il y avait 201 cours, il y avait une église orthodoxe, une école, 5 magasins et un entrepôt de vin.

Démographie
Selon le recensement de 1989 de la république socialiste soviétique d'Ukraine, la population actuelle du village était de  personnes, dont  hommes et  femmes.

Selon le ,  personnes vivaient dans le village.

Langues
Répartition de la population par langue maternelle selon le recensement de 2001 :

Tourisme
L'emplacement du village près de la baie de Dzharilgatskaya a encouragé le développement d'institutions pour enfants.

Personnes célèbres
Une native du village est , compositrice, professeure de musique, .

Équipements

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Skadovsk
 Lazurne

Liens externes

 Météo à Krasne

Commune rurale dans l'oblast de Kherson

Krasne (district de Skadovsk)


King's Highway 58, commonly referred to as Highway 58, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The route is divided into two segments with a combined length of . The southern segment travels from Niagara Regional Road 3, formerly Highway 3, in Port Colborne, to the Highway 58A junction in the southern end of Welland, a distance of . The northern segment begins at Highway 20 near Allanburg and travels north and west to a large junction with Highway 406 at the St. Catharines – Thorold boundary, a distance of . An  gap separates the two segments within Welland and Pelham. The entire route is located within the Regional Municipality of Niagara.

The history of Highway 58 is tumultuous due to various relocation projects resulting from the construction of the fourth Welland Canal and Highway 406. Prior to 1997, Highway 58 was continuous and travelled through the west side of Welland, maintained under a Connecting Link agreement. The route was first established in 1935, though it remained unnumbered on the 1935 and 1936 official road maps. By 1937 it extended from Port Colborne to St. Catharines, though the route it travelled between those places shifted several times over the following 30 years. In the late 1990s, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) transferred several highways or portions of highways throughout the province to lower levels of government. Highway 58 was decommissioned through Welland on April 1, 1997.

Route description
The segment between Highway 406 in Thorold and Niagara Road 57 east of Thorold is a four-lane freeway. It also contains the Thorold Tunnel, one of the three tunnels under the Welland Canal. The remaining segments vary between a two-lane rural highway and four-lane urban roadway. Overall, the highway is  in length, with a  gap separating the two sections.

The southern section of Highway 58 begins at a junction with the former Highway 3 in the city of Port Colborne, several kilometres north of Lake Erie. South of this intersection, the road once continued as Niagara Regional Road 64 to Killaly Street; such has since been downloaded to the city of Port Colborne. Proceeding north, the highway, known locally as West Side Road, passes through the suburbs of Port Colborne, north of which it skirts the eastern edge of the Wainfleet Bog, one of the few remaining habitats of the Massasauga Rattlesnake.
West of Dain City, Highway 58 crosses the Port Colborne – Welland boundary at Forks Road, a grade-separated intersection. The route crosses several rail lines on a bridge south of its terminus at Highway 58A (Humberstone Road) at the southern edge of the built up area of Welland. North of there, it continues as Niagara Regional Road 54 (Prince Charles Drive)

The northern section of Highway 58 begins at an intersection with the western terminus of Highway 20, approximately  east of Highway 406, within Thorold. South of this intersection, the road that carries Highway 58 continues as Niagara Regional Road 82, whereas west of the intersection the road that carries Highway 20, Lundy's Lane, continues as Niagara Regional Road 58 through Allanburg. Highway 58 proceeds north, at first along an established concession road, before branching to the east on its own alignment known as Davis Road. The route crosses several flooded valleys that form part of the Welland Canal before arriving at Thorold Stone Road, at which point Highway 58 turns west and enters the Thorold Tunnel, descending beneath the canal.

At the western end of the tunnel, Highway 58 emerges as a divided highway in Thorold. It meets an interchange with Pine Street; the eastbound on-ramp from Pine Street features a stop sign and no merging lane prior to entering the Thorold Tunnel. West of Pine Street, the route passes beneath a Trillium Railway line and curves slightly southwest. It encounters an interchange with Collier Street, gradually curving to the northwest and passing beneath Richmond Street. Highway 58 ends at a complicated interchange with both St. Davids Road as well as Highway 406 on the edge of the Niagara Escarpment.

History
The first portion of what became Highway 58 was assumed on September4, 1935. Although only a short stub travelling south from Main Street in Welland (then Highway 3A), it connected to a road owned by the Welland Canal Authority (WCA) travelling along the east side of the old canal,
now known by various names including Barber Drive, Canal Road, Kingsway, and Canal Bank Street. Initially unnumbered, the route was extended to Port Colborne and St. Catharines on October 6, 1937,
and by then had been given the designation of Highway 58. It now began at Highway 3 in Port Colborne and travelled to Welland along the east side of the canal, and thereafter north along Niagara Street, the Merrittville Highway and Glenridge Road (Niagara Regional Road 50) to Highway 8 in downtown St. Catharines.

On July 17 and 30, 1958, the Department of Highways assumed the West Side Road, constructed in the years prior by Welland County between Port Colborne and Welland.
The old highway was turned back to the WCA on June 26 and September 4 of that same year.
Highway 58 then entered Welland along what is now Prince Charles Drive, meeting and becoming concurrent with Highway 3A at Riverside Drive / Lincoln Street and then turning east along East Main Street.
By 1960, the Welland Bypass was completed along the routing of the former Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway interurban line – the final operating interurban railway in Canada, which ceased operations on the line on March 28, 1959.
This rerouted the highway along what is now Prince Charles Drive northwest to Thorold Road, where it turned east to Niagara Street.

North of Welland, Highway 58 initially travelled concurrent with Highway 3A along Niagara Street and the Merrittville Highway to Highway 20, where Highway 3A ended. Highway 58 turned east and travelled concurrent with Highway 20 across the Welland Canal at Allanburg, before turning north onto the current route. However, it continued north along Allanburg Road into Thorold, where it crossed the Welland Canal on a swing bridge and travelled north into St. Catharines along Ormond Street, Merritt Street and Hartzel Road (Niagara Regional Road 52) to Highway 8 (Queenston Street, now Niagara Regional Road 81).

Effect of the Thorold Tunnel and Highway 406
The routing of Highway 58 was eventually upheaved by two major changes within the Niagara Peninsula. The first was the construction of the Thorold Tunnel, which was built as part of the larger Welland Bypass project of the Welland Canal in order to minimize road and rail crossings that plagued the length of the canal prior to the 1970s. The Thorold Tunnel was designed to carry a divided four lane road beneath the canal, bypassing the swinging bridge between Allanburg Road and Ormond Street. It was built during the winter months between 1965 and 1967, with the canal drained,
and opened on September 18, 1968.
Following its completion, Highway 58 was rerouted through the tunnel, west of which it forked. At the Pine Road interchange, one fork travelled north on Pine, east along Richmond Street and north along Ormond Street (now Niagara Regional Road 52). The other fork followed the present route. As part of the creation of the Regional Municipality of Niagara, Highway 8 was transferred to the newly formed region as well as the original alignment of Highway 58.

The second change was the initial construction of Highway 406 in the mid-1960s, establishing a new northern terminus for Highway 58 at the St. Davids Road interchange on the Niagara Escarpment. The St. Davids Road interchange was fully opened with the Highway 406 extension to Beaverdams Road on November 21, 1969.
Eventually Highway 406 would reroute the section of Highway 58 along the Merrittville Highway between Welland and Highway 20 to instead turn east from Niagara Street along Merritt Road, where it curved north to become the two-laned Highway 406.
This happened when Highway 406 was extended south from Beaverdams Road to Merritt Road on June 30, 1971.

Downloading
Budget constraints brought on by a recession in the 1990s resulted in the Mike Harris provincial government forming the Who Does What? committee in 1995 to determine cost-cutting measures in order to balance the budget after a deficit incurred by former premier Bob Rae.
It was determined that many Ontario highways no longer serve long-distance traffic movement and should therefore be maintained by local or regional levels of government. The MTO consequently transferred many highways to lower levels of government in 1997 and 1998 (downloading), removing a significant percentage of the provincial highway network.
As Highway 58 had largely been replaced by Highway 406, the central segment through Welland and Pelham was deemed to no longer serve long-distance traffic, and was downloaded to the Regional Municipality of Niagara on April 1, 1997.
It now exists as Regional Road 54 along Prince Charles Drive and Regional Road 50 along Niagara Street and the Merrittville Highway.

No part of Highway 58 today follows the original 1935 route along the Welland Canal. Only a  section of the 1937 routing, north from Highway 20 (Lundy's Lane) is still used by the route now.

Major intersections

References

058
Roads in the Regional Municipality of Niagara
Transport in Port Colborne
Transport in Welland
Thorold

Ontario Highway 58


Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from  to . They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea. They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which are organisms that thrive at unusually high temperatures, and mesophiles at intermediate temperatures. Psychrophile is Greek for 'cold-loving', .

Many such organisms are bacteria or archaea, but some eukaryotes such as lichens, snow algae, phytoplankton, fungi, and wingless midges, are also classified as psychrophiles.

Biology

Habitat
The cold environments that psychrophiles inhabit are ubiquitous on Earth, as a large fraction of the planetary surface experiences temperatures lower than 10 °C. They are present in permafrost, polar ice, glaciers, snowfields and deep ocean waters. These organisms can also be found in pockets of sea ice with high salinity content. Microbial activity has been measured in soils frozen below −39 °C. In addition to their temperature limit, psychrophiles must also adapt to other extreme environmental constraints that may arise as a result of their habitat. These constraints include high pressure in the deep sea, and high salt concentration on some sea ice.

Adaptations
Psychrophiles are protected from freezing and the expansion of ice by ice-induced desiccation and vitrification (glass transition), as long as they cool slowly. Free living cells desiccate and vitrify between −10 °C and −26 °C. Cells of multicellular organisms may vitrify at temperatures below −50 °C. The cells may continue to have some metabolic activity in the extracellular fluid down to these temperatures, and they remain viable once restored to normal temperatures.

They must also overcome the stiffening of their lipid cell membrane, as this is important for the survival and functionality of these organisms. To accomplish this, psychrophiles adapt lipid membrane structures that have a high content of short, unsaturated fatty acids. Compared to longer saturated fatty acids, incorporating this type of fatty acid allows for the lipid cell membrane to have a lower melting point, which increases the fluidity of the membranes. In addition, carotenoids are present in the membrane, which help modulate the fluidity of it.

Antifreeze proteins are also synthesized to keep psychrophiles' internal space liquid, and to protect their DNA when temperatures drop below water's freezing point. By doing so, the protein prevents any ice formation or recrystallization process from occurring.

The enzymes of these organisms have been hypothesized to engage in an activity-stability-flexibility relationship as a method for adapting to the cold; the flexibility of their enzyme structure will increase as a way to compensate for the freezing effect of their environment.

Certain cryophiles, such as Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio and Aeromonas spp., can transition into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. During VBNC, a micro-organism can respire and use substrates for metabolism – however, it cannot replicate. An advantage of this state is that it is highly reversible. It has been debated whether VBNC is an active survival strategy or if eventually the organism's cells will no longer be able to be revived. There is proof however it may be very effective –  Gram positive bacteria Actinobacteria have been shown to have lived about 500,000 years in the permafrost conditions of Antarctica, Canada, and Siberia.

Taxonomic range
Psychrophiles include bacteria, lichens, snow algae, phytoplankton, fungi, and insects.

Among the bacteria that can tolerate extreme cold are Arthrobacter sp., Psychrobacter sp. and members of the genera Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Hyphomonas, and Sphingomonas. Another example is Chryseobacterium greenlandensis, a psychrophile that was found in 120,000-year-old ice.

Umbilicaria antarctica and Xanthoria elegans are lichens that have been recorded photosynthesizing at temperatures ranging down to −24 °C, and they can grow down to around −10 °C. Some multicellular eukaryotes can also be metabolically active at sub-zero temperatures, such as some conifers; those in the Chironomidae family are still active at −16 °C.

Microalgae that live in snow and ice include green, brown, and red algae. Snow algae species such as Chloromonas sp., Chlamydomonas sp., and Chlorella sp. are found in polar environments.

Some phytoplankton can tolerate extremely cold temperatures and high salinities that occur in brine channels when sea ice forms in polar oceans. Some examples are diatoms like Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Nitzchia lecointeii, Entomoneis kjellmanii, Nitzchia stellata, Thalassiosira australis, Berkelaya adeliense, and Navicula glaciei.

Penicillium is a genus of fungi found in a wide range of environments including extreme cold.

Among the psychrophile insects, the Grylloblattidae or ice crawlers, found on mountaintops, have optimal temperatures between 1-4 °C. The wingless midge (Chironomidae) Belgica antarctica can tolerate salt, being frozen and strong ultraviolet, and has the smallest known genome of any insect. The small genome, of 99 million base pairs, is thought to be adaptive to extreme environments.

Psychrotrophic bacteria
Psychrotrophic microbes are able to grow at temperatures below , but have better growth rates at higher temperatures. Psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi are able to grow at refrigeration temperatures, and can be responsible for food spoilage and as foodborne pathogens such as Yersinia. They provide an estimation of the product's shelf life, but also they can be found in soils, in surface and deep sea waters, in Antarctic ecosystems, and in foods.

Psychrotrophic bacteria are of particular concern to the dairy industry. Most are killed by pasteurization; however, they can be present in milk as post-pasteurization contaminants due to less than adequate sanitation practices. According to the Food Science Department at Cornell University, psychrotrophs are bacteria capable of growth at temperatures at or less than . At freezing temperatures, growth of psychrotrophic bacteria becomes negligible or virtually stops.

All three subunits of the RecBCD enzyme are essential for physiological activities of the enzyme in the Antarctic Pseudomonas syringae, namely, repairing of DNA damage and supporting the growth at low temperature. The RecBCD enzymes are exchangeable between the psychrophilic P. syringae and the mesophilic E. coli when provided with the entire protein complex from same species. However, the RecBC proteins (RecBCPs and RecBCEc) of the two bacteria are not equivalent; the RecBCEc is proficient in DNA recombination and repair, and supports the growth of P. syringae at low temperature, while RecBCPs is insufficient for these functions. Finally, both helicase and nuclease activity of the RecBCDPs are although important for DNA repair and growth of P. syringae at low temperature, the RecB-nuclease activity is not essential in vivo.

Psychrophilic microalgae

Microscopic algae that can tolerate extremely cold temperatures can survive in snow, ice, and very cold seawater. On snow, cold-tolerant algae can bloom on the snow surface covering land, glaciers, or sea ice when there is sufficient light. These snow algae darken the surface of the snow and can contribute to snow melt. In seawater, phytoplankton that can tolerate both very high salinities and very cold temperatures are able to live in sea ice. One example of a psychrophilic phytoplankton species is the ice-associated diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Phytoplankton living in the cold ocean waters near Antarctica often have very high protein content, containing some of the highest concentrations ever measured of enzymes like Rubisco.

Psychrotrophic insects

Insects that are psychrotrophic can survive cold temperatures through several general mechanisms (unlike opportunistic and chill susceptible insects): (1) chill tolerance, (2) freeze avoidance, and (3) freeze tolerance. Chill tolerant insects succumb to freezing temperatures after prolonged exposure to mild or moderate freezing temperatures. Freeze avoiding insects can survive extended periods of time at sub-freezing temperatures in a supercooled state, but die at their supercooling point. Freeze tolerant insects can survive ice crystal formation within their body at sub-freezing temperatures. Freeze tolerance within insects is argued to be on a continuum, with some insect species exhibiting partial (e.g., Tipula paludosa, Hemideina thoracica
), moderate (e.g., Cryptocercus punctulatus), and strong freezing tolerance (e.g., Eurosta solidaginis and Syrphus ribesii), and other insect species exhibiting freezing tolerance with low supercooling point (e.g., Pytho deplanatus).

Psychrophile versus psychrotroph

In 1940, ZoBell and Conn stated that they had never encountered "true psychrophiles" or organisms that grow best at relatively low temperatures. In 1958, J. L. Ingraham supported this by concluding that there are very few or possibly no bacteria that fit the textbook definitions of psychrophiles. Richard Y. Morita emphasizes this by using the term psychrotroph to describe organisms that do not meet the definition of psychrophiles. The confusion between the terms psychrotrophs and psychrophiles was started because investigators were unaware of the thermolability of psychrophilic organisms at the laboratory temperatures. Due to this, early investigators did not determine the cardinal temperatures for their isolates.

The similarity between these two is that they are both capable of growing at zero, but optimum and upper temperature limits for the growth are lower for psychrophiles compared to psychrotrophs. Psychrophiles are also more often isolated from permanently cold habitats compared to psychrotrophs. Although psychrophilic enzymes remain under-used because the cost of production and processing at low temperatures is higher than for the commercial enzymes that are presently in use, the attention and resurgence of research interest in psychrophiles and psychrotrophs will be a contributor to the betterment of the environment and the desire to conserve energy.

See also
 Chionophile
 Halophile
 Ice algae
 Mesophile

References

Further reading

Microbial growth and nutrition

Cryobiology

Psychrophile


Gabriella Ibolya Szűcs (født 31. August 1984 i Oradea) er en rumænsk håndboldspiller, som spiller for HC Dunărea Brăila i Rumænien og Rumæniens håndboldlandshold.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Rumænien
Håndboldspillere fra Ungarn

Gabriella Szűcs


Iva Matijević, hrvatska boćarica, članica Španskog, boćarskog kluba.

Na Europskom prvenstvu u boćanju za žene u talijanskom Saluzzu u disciplini precizno izbijanje osvojila je brončano odličje.

Izvori

Hrvatski boćari

Iva Matijević


En Buckelbergwerk er en bærbar vitrinelignende kasser, der gengiver minedrift i model, og som transporteret på ryggen (Buckel) af udstilleren.

De indbyggede modeller viser et realistisk og ofte detaljeret tværsnit af en mine. De indbyggede ting som for eksempel maskiner og arbejdere er ofte bevægelige og drives ved hjælp af et håndsving eller en maskine. Derudover kan der også sættes lydeffekter i gang så som hammer- og klokkeslag. Nu om stunder kan der desuden være elektrisk belysning.

Historie
Buckelbergwerke blev traditionelt lavet af invalide minearbejdere og fremvist på messer, markeder, folkefester osv., hvilket skaffede dem hårdt tiltrængte indtægter. De fik ganske vist understøttelse, men den var meget ringe. Buckelbergwerke blev ofte fremstillet af udstillerne selv af forhåndenværende materialer, der let lod sig bearbejde.

Et tidligt skriftligt vidnedsbyrd om et Buckelbergwerk finder man i Dankegott Immanuel Merkels Erdbeschreibung von Kursachsen und den ietzt dazu gehörenden Ländern fra 1804:
"...kigkasser der gengav minearbejdernes ind- og udkørsel, bjergfolk i arbejde, drengens kærrer, elevatorer og lignende anskueligt og bevægeligt..."

I det 20. århundrede kendes fremvisning af Buckelbergwerke som ekstraindtægter, for eksempel for Freiberger originalen Alfred Mende. Dennes Buckelbergwerk, et massivt klædeskab med bemalede modeller og figurer af træ og blik er bevaret og kan i dag ses i den historiske rådskælder ved Obermarkt i Freiburg.

Peter Püchmann fra Thalheim fik i 1986 registret som myndighederne, at hans job var at fremvise sit Buckelbergwerk, hvilken han stadig gør.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Wolfgang Süß: "Neue Weihnachtsberge" …der Bau von Weihnachtsbergen und Buckelbergwerken , sidst kontrolleret 16. februar 2013

Noter

Tysk kultur

Buckelbergwerk


Emanuel Haldeman-Julius (30 de julho de 1889 - 31 de julho de 1951) foi um escritor socialista judeu-americano, pensador ateu, reformador social e editor. Ele é mais lembrado como o chefe da editora Haldeman-Julius Publications, responsável por uma série de livretos conhecidos como Little Blue Books, cuja venda total alcançou centenas de milhões de cópias.

Biografia

Primeiros Anos
Emanuel Julius nasceu em 30 de julho de 1889, na Filadélfia, Pensilvânia. Seu pai, David Julius, trabalhava como encadernador. Seus pais eram emigrantes judeus, que fugiram de Odessa (então parte do Império Russo), e emigraram para os Estados Unidos para escapar da perseguição religiosa. Seus avós paternos e maternos foram rabinos, mas seus próprios pais não eram religiosos. "[Eles] foram indiferentes, pelo que lhes agradeço."

Quando menino, Haldeman-Julius lia vorazmente. A literatura e os panfletos produzidos pelos socialistas eram baratos; ele os lia, e passou a acatar os argumentos. Em 1913 ele declarou: "Apenas quatro anos atrás, eu era um operário - trabalhando como escravo em uma fábrica têxtil, na Filadélfia. Deparei-me com a filosofia do socialismo, e ela incutiu-me um novo espírito. Isso me puxou das profundezas e apontou o caminho para algo mais alto. Comecei a ansiar por expressão. Eu senti que tenho algo a dizer. Então, eu anotava as coisas. E, para minha surpresa, os editores socialistas me encorajaram um pouco." Ele ingressou no Partido Socialista antes da Primeira Guerra Mundial, e foi candidato do partido ao Senado em 1932, pelo estado do Kansas.

Carreira
Depois de trabalhar para diversos jornais, Haldeman-Julius se destacou como editor do Appeal to Reason, entre os anos de 1915 a 1922, um jornal socialista de circulação nacional expressiva, mas em declínio. Ele e sua primeira esposa, Marcet Haldeman, compraram a operação de impressão do Appeal to Reason em Girard, Kansas, e começaram a imprimir  livros de bolso em papel de celulose barato (semelhante ao usado nas revistas pulp), grampeados em capa de papel. Estes foram os primeiros a serem chamados de The Appeal's Pocket Series, e vendidos em 1919 por 25 centavos. As capas eram vermelhas ou amarelas. Nos anos seguintes, Haldeman-Julius mudou o nome dos livretos diversas vezes, para The People's Pocket Series, Appeal Pocket Series, Ten Cent Pocket Series, Five Cent Pocket Series, Pocket Series e, finalmente, em 1923, Little Blue Books. O preço de cinco centavos dos livros permaneceu em vigor por muitos anos. Muitas obras da literatura clássica receberam títulos extravagantes, para aumentar as vendas. Por fim, milhões de cópias foram vendidas anualmente na década de 1920.

Em 1922, eles renomearam o Appeal to Reason, que passou a se chamar The Haldeman-Julius Weekly (conhecido de 1929 a 1951 como The American Freeman). Em 1924 foi lançada a The Haldeman-Julius Monthly (mais tarde renomeada como The Debunker ), que dava maior ênfase no pensamento livre. Em 1932 criaram o The Militant Atheist, entre outros periódicos que também foram lançados pelo casal.

O romancista Louis L'Amour (1908-1988) descreveu as publicações de Haldeman-Julius em sua autobiografia, e seu potencial de influência:"Em um trem de carga saindo de El Paso tive meu primeiro contato com os livretos da coleção Little Blue Books. Outro mendigo estava lendo um e, quando terminou, me deu. Os Little Blue Books foram uma dádiva de Deus para os homens errantes e, sem dúvida, para muitos outros. Publicados em Girard, Kansas, por Haldeman-Julius, eram pouco maiores que uma carta de baralho, e tinham capas de papel azul-celeste com títulos impressos em preto. Acredito que eram cerca de três mil livretos, ao todo, e eram vendidos nas bancas de jornal por 5 ou 10 centavos cada um. Várias vezes, nos anos seguintes, carreguei dez ou quinze deles nos bolsos, lendo quando podia. Entre os livros disponíveis, estavam as peças de Shakespeare, coleções de contos de De Maupassant, Poe, Jack London, Gogol, Gorky, Kipling, Gautier, Henry James e Balzac. Havia coletâneas de ensaios de Voltaire, Emerson e Charles Lamb, entre outros. Tinha livros sobre história da música, da arquitetura, da pintura, os princípios da eletricidade; de modo geral, os livros ofereciam uma ampla gama de literatura e ideias. […] Nos anos que se seguiram, li centenas de Little Blue Books, incluindo livros de Tom Paine, Charles Darwin e Thomas Huxley."

Vida pessoal, morte e legado
Marcet Haldeman e Haldeman-Julius tiveram dois filhos: Alice Haldeman-Julius Deloach (1917–1991) e Henry Haldeman-Julius (1919–1990; mais tarde, ele mudou seu nome para Henry Julius Haldeman). O casal também adotou Josephine Haldeman-Julius Roselle (n. 1910). Marcet e Emanuel se divorciaram legalmente em 1933. Marcet faleceu em 1941 e, um ano depois, Haldeman-Julius casou-se com Susan Haney.

Em junho de 1951, Haldeman-Julius foi considerado culpado de sonegação de imposto de renda por um grande júri federal, e condenado a seis meses de prisão, além de ser multado em $ 12.500. No mês seguinte, ele se afogou em sua piscina. Seu filho, Henry, assumiu os negócios de publicação do pai, e os livros continuaram a ser impressos e vendidos até a gráfica sofrer um incêndio, em 4 de julho de 1978.

Os documentos de Haldeman-Julius são mantidos na Pittsburg State University, em Pittsburg, Kansas, a poucos quilômetros de Girard, no sudeste do estado, bem como na University of Illinois, em Chicago, na Indiana University e na Universidade Estadual da Califórnia, no campus de Northridge.

Trabalhos selecionados
 " Mark Twain: Radical ." Revista Socialista Internacional, vol. 11.2 (agosto de 1910), pp. 83–88. O primeiro artigo assinado por Haldeman-Julius.
 Dust (com Marcet Haldeman-Julius). Nova York: Brentano's, 1921.
 Studies in Rationalism. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1925.
 The Militant Agnostic. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1995 [1926].
 My First Twenty-Five Years. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1949.
 My Second Twenty-Five Years. Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1949.
 The World of Haldeman-Julius (compilado Albert Mordell). Nova York: Twayne, 1960.
 Short Works (com Marcet Haldeman-Julius). Topeka: Center for Kansas Studies, Washburn University, 1992.

Leituras Adicionais
 Bradford, Roderick. Videoclipe sobre Haldeman-Julius do filme American Freethought ( Council for Secular Humanism, 2013).
 Brown, Melanie Ann. Five-Cent Culture at the "University in Print": Radical Ideology and the Marketplace in E. Haldeman-Julius's Little Blue Books, 1919-1929 (diss., Univ. Minnesota, 2006; veja aqui ).
 Burnett, Betty. "Haldeman-Julius, Emanuel." Biografia Nacional Americana (edd. John A. Garraty e Mark C. Carnes). Nova York: OUP, 1999. Vol. 9.
 COTHRAN, André. "The Little Blue Book Man and the Big American Parade" (diss., Univ. de Maryland, 1966).
 DAVENPORT, Tim. " O Apelo à Razão: Precursor das Publicações Haldeman-Julius", Big Blue Newsletter no. 3 (2004).
 Fielding, William J. "Príncipe dos Panfletários." The Nation, 10 de maio de 1952, pp. 452–453.
 GAYLOR, Annie Laurie. " E. Haldeman-Julius " na Freedom from Religion Foundation .
 Gunn, John W. E. Haldeman-Julius: The Man and His Work ( LBB no. 678). Girard: 1924.
 Haldeman-Julius, Emanuel. Livros de, sobre ou publicados por HJ no Internet Archive .
 Haldeman-Julius, Sue. "Um olhar íntimo sobre Emanuel Haldeman-Julius." The Little Balkans Review, vol. 2.2 (Inverno de 1981–82), pp. 1–19. Por sua segunda esposa.
 Haldeman-Julius.org, árvore genealógica de Haldeman-Julius .
 Herder, Dale M. " Haldeman-Julius, Os Pequenos Livros Azuis e a Teoria da Cultura Popular ." Revista de Cultura Popular, vol. 4.4 (Primavera de 1971), pp. 881-891.
 Herrada, Julie. " Emanuel Haldeman-Julius " em The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief (ed. Tom Flynn), pp. 374-376.
 Jacoby, Susan. Livres-pensadores: Uma História do Secularismo Americano. Nova York: Henry Holt, 2004.
 Lee, R. Alton. Editor para as missas: Emanuel Haldeman-Julius. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2017.
 LEINWAND, Gerald. 1927: Maré alta dos anos vinte . NYC: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2001. pp. 293–297 ( trechos ).
 Mordel, Albert. Seguindo E. Haldeman-Julius na Filadélfia e outros lugares (ed. E. Haldeman-Julius). Girard: Haldeman-Julius, 1949.
 Mordel, Albert. " Cultura Vendedor de Girard ." The Brooklyn Jewish Center Review, vol. 33.12 (novembro de 1951), pp. 5–10.
 Potts, Rolf. " O Henry Ford da Literatura ." O Crente, vol. 6.7 (setembro de 2008).
 Ryan, William F. " Bertrand Russell e Haldeman-Julius: tornando os leitores racionais ." Russel, n. 29-32 (1978), pp. 53–64.
 Scott, Marcos. " Os livrinhos azuis na guerra contra a intolerância e o beliche ." História do Kansas, vol. 1.3 (outono de 1978), pp. 155–176.
 Victor, Jane. " Emanuel Haldeman-Julius: The Paper Giant " (Pittsburg State Axe Library).
 Wagner, RobLeicester. "Bohemia de Hollywood: as raízes da política progressista no roteiro de Rob Wagner." Santa Maria, CA: Janaway Publishing, 2016 ( )
 Branco, Kevin. A primeira revolução sexual: o surgimento da heterossexualidade masculina na América moderna. NYC: Universidade de Nova York. Imprensa, 1993.
 Whitehead, Fred e Verle Muhrer (edd. ). Pensamento Livre na Fronteira Americana. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1992.

Ligações externas

 Finding aid to the E. Julius-Haldeman pocket books at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
 Little Blue Books Bibliography, by Jake Gibbs
 Haldeman-Julius "Little Blue Book" Collection at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections

Socialistas dos Estados Unidos
Mortos em 1951
Nascidos em 1889
Editores

E. Haldeman-Julius


Lavergne-Peguilhen ist der Familienname von:
 Ernest-Frédéric von Lavergne-Peguilhen (1769–1845), preußischer Kriegs- und Domänenrat, später Oberrechnungsrat, Adressat des Abschiedsbriefes von Henriette Vogel und Heinrich von Kleist
 Alexander von Lavergne-Peguilhen (1803–1867), preußischer Landrat und Mitglied des Reichstags des Norddeutschen Bundes
 Moritz von Lavergne-Peguilhen (1801–1870), preußischer Landrat

Lavergne-Peguilhen


خليج يوف  يقع هذا الخليج في الجانب الشمال الغربي لشبه جزيرة الرأس الأخضر شمال مركز مدينة داكار في السنغال. ترجع تسميته بخليج يوف لوقوع بلدية يوف على طوله.

مراجع

داكار
جغرافيا السنغال
خلجان السنغال

خليج يوف


مارغيريتا فارنيزي (Margherita Farnese) (بارما، 7 نوفمبر 1567 - بياشنسا، 13 أبريل 1643) نبيلة بارمية.

مارغيريتا هي ابنة ألساندرو فارنيزي دوق بارما وبياشنسا، وماريا أفيس .وهي أخت رانوتشيو الأول دوق بارما وكانت هي وأخوتها على خط الأولى لتولى عرش البرتغالي من خلال أزمة 1580.

لها نفس اسم جدتها لأبيها مارغيريتا هابسبورغ ابنة الإمبراطور كارل الخامس غير الشرعية.

تزوجت ببياشنسا في الثاني من مارس سنة 1581 من فينشينسو الأول غونزاغا دوق مانتوفا مستقبلاً ابن غولييلمو غونزاغا وإليونورا هابسبورغ. ربما كان الهدف السياسي من الزواج إيجاد تحالف مناوئ لفلورنسا بين عائلتي غونزاغا وفارنيزي. تجاوز الزواج ولا شك العداوة القديمة بين العائلتين التي تعود إلى تخطيط فيرانتي الأول غونزاغا سنة 1547 لمؤامرة ضد بيير لويجي فارنيزي أول دوق لبارما وبياشنزا.

أقيم الزفاف بمانتوفا في الثلاثين من أبريل سنة 1581.

و لكن بسبب تشوه خلقي لم تتمكن مارغيريتا من استنفاد المعاشرة، لذلك تم إلغاء الزواج في 26 مايو 1583. وكانت مارغيريتا قد عادت إلى بارما رفقة شقيقها رانوتشو الأول فارنيزي بعد عام من الزواج.

لعدم قدرتها إنجاب الأطفال، اضطر مارغيريتا لدخول الدير. أصبحت راهبة في دير سان باولو باسم الاخت ماورا لوشينيا.

بعد 1616، تدخلت الاخت ماورا مدعومة بالمساعدات الاقتصادية التي يمنحها المتعبدين لإتمام كنيسة القديسين جرفازو وبروتاسو بينما هي اليوم مكرسة للقديس فرانسيس، وفقاً لمشروع جامباتيستا فورنوفو.

بينما تزوج فينشينسو سنة 1584 من إليونورا دي ميديشي وكان له معها ستة من الأبناء.

مراجع

أشخاص من بارما
بنات ملكيون
راهبات بينيدكتيات
فارنيزي
مواليد 1567
مواليد في بارما
نبلاء من بارما
وفيات 1643
وفيات في بياتشنزا

مارغيريتا فارنيزي


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Prisuddelingen var tidligere kendt som Youth in Film Award frem til år 2000. Prisuddelingen er blevet omtalt som "børne-Oscar" og statuetten ligner også meget på den originale Oscar-statuette. De nominerede tager fint tøj på og går på rød løber før prisuddelingen.

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Flying ointment is a hallucinogenic ointment said to have been used by witches in the practice of European witchcraft from at least as far back as the Early Modern period, when detailed recipes for such preparations were first recorded and when their usage spread to colonial North America.

Name
The ointment is known by a wide variety of names, including witches' flying ointment, green ointment, magic salve, or lycanthropic ointment. In German it was  () or  (). Latin names included  ), ,  () or  ().

Composition
Francis Bacon (attributed as "Lord Verulam") listed the ingredients of the witches ointment as "the fat of children digged out of their graves, of juices of smallage, wolfe-bane, and cinque foil, mingled with the meal of fine wheat."

Unrelated to Francis' account, poisonous ingredients listed in works on ethnobotany include: belladonna, henbane bell, jimson weed, black henbane, mandrake, hemlock, and/or wolfsbane, most of which contain atropine, hyoscyamine, and/or Scopolamine. Scopolamine can cause psychotropic effects when absorbed transdermally. These tropane alkaloids are classified as deliriants in regards to their psychoactive effects.

Extreme toxicity of active ingredients

With the exception of Potentilla reptans, the plants most frequently recorded as ingredients in Early Modern recipes for flying ointments are extremely toxic and have caused numerous fatalities when eaten, whether by confusion with edible species or in cases of criminal poisoning or suicide.

The historian, occultist and theosophist Carl Kiesewetter of Meiningen, author of Geschichte des Neueren Occultismus in 1892 and Die Geheimwissenschaften, eine Kulturgeschichte der Esoterik in 1895, was one such casualty.

Bodily flight versus flight in spirit

It has been a subject of discussion between clergymen as to whether witches were able physically to fly to the Sabbath on their brooms with help of the ointment, or whether such 'flight' was explicable in other ways: a delusion created by the Devil in the minds of the witches; the souls of the witches leaving their bodies to fly in spirit to the Sabbath; or a hallucinatory 'trip' facilitated by the entheogenic effects of potent drugs absorbed through the skin. An early proponent of the last explanation was Renaissance scholar and scientist Giambattista della Porta, who not only interviewed users of the flying ointment, but witnessed its effects upon such users at first hand, comparing the deathlike trances he observed in his subjects with their subsequent accounts of the bacchanalian revelry they had 'enjoyed'.

Body in coma and riding on beasts

Dominican churchman Bartolommeo Spina of Pisa gives two accounts of the power of the flying ointment in his Tractatus de strigibus sive maleficis ('Treatise on witches or evildoers') of 1525.
The first concerns an incident in the life of his acquaintance Augustus de Turre of Bergamo, a physician. While studying medicine in Pavia as a young man, Augustus returned late one night to his lodgings (without a key) to find no one awake to let him in. Climbing up to a balcony, he was able to enter through a window, and at once sought out the maidservant, who should have been awake to admit him. On checking her room, however, he found her lying unconscious - beyond rousing - on the floor. The following morning he tried to question her on the matter, but she would only reply that she had been 'on a journey'.

Bartolommeo's second account is more suggestive and points toward another element in the witches' 'flights'. It concerns a certain notary of Lugano who, unable to find his wife one morning, searched for her all over their estate and finally discovered her lying deeply unconscious, naked and dirty with her vagina exposed, in a corner of the pigsty. The notary 'immediately understood that she was a witch' (!) and at first wanted to kill her on the spot, but, thinking better of such rashness, waited until she recovered from her stupor, in order to question her. Terrified by his wrath, the poor woman fell to her knees and confessed that during the night she had 'been on a journey'.

Light is cast on the tale of the notary's wife by two accounts widely separated in time but revealing a persistent theme in European Witchcraft. The first is that of Regino of Prüm whose De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis libri duo (circa 906 C.E.) speaks of women who 'seduced...by demons...insist that they ride at night on certain beasts [italics not original] together with Diana, goddess of the pagans, and a great multitude of women; that they cover great distances in the silence of the deepest night...' (See also Canon Episcopi).

The second account dates from some 800 years later, coming from Norway in the early 18th century and is the testimony, at the age of thirteen, of one Siri Jørgensdatter. Siri claimed that when she was seven her grandmother had taken her to the witches' sabbath on the mountain meadow Blockula ('blue-hill'): her grandmother led her to a pigsty, where she smeared a sow with some ointment which she took from a horn, whereupon grandmother and granddaughter mounted the animal and, after a short ride through the air, arrived at a building on the Sabbath mountain.

Alleged sexual element in application

Some sources have claimed that such an ointment would best be absorbed through mucous membranes, and that the traditional image of a female witch astride a broomstick implies the application of flying ointment to the vulva. The passage from the trial for witchcraft in Ireland of Hiberno-Norman noblewoman Alice Kyteler in 1324 quoted above is, while not explicit, certainly open to interpretations both drug-related and sexual. It is also a very early account of such practices, pre-dating by some centuries witch trials in the early modern period. The testimony of Dame Kyteler's maidservant, Petronilla de Meath, while somewhat compromised by having been extracted under torture, contains references not only to her mistress's abilities in the preparation of 'magical' medicines, but also her sexual behaviour, including at least one instance of (alleged) intercourse with a demon.
According to the inquisition ('in which were five knights and numerous nobles') set in motion by Richard de Ledrede, Bishop of Ossory, there was in the city of Kilkenny a band of heretical sorcerers, at the head of whom was Dame Alice Kyteler and against whom no fewer than seven charges relating to witchcraft were laid. The fifth charge is of particular interest in the context of the 'greased staffe' mentioned above:

Possible opiate component

One possible key to how individuals dealt with the toxicity of the nightshades usually said to be part of flying ointments is through the supposed antidotal reaction some of the solanaceous alkaloids have with the alkaloids of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). This is discussed by Alexander Kuklin in his brief book, How Do Witches Fly? (DNA Press, 1999). This antagonism was claimed to exist by the movement of Eclectic medicine. For instance, King's American Dispensatory states in the entry on belladonna: "Belladonna and opium appear to exert antagonistic influences, especially as regards their action on the brain, the spinal cord, and heart; they have consequently been recommended and employed as antidotes to each other in cases of poisoning" going on to make the extravagant claim that "this matter is now positively and satisfactorily settled; hence in all cases of poisoning by belladonna the great remedy is morphine, and its use may be guided by the degree of pupillary contraction it occasions."

The synergy between belladonna and poppy alkaloids was made use of in the so-called "twilight sleep" that was provided for women during childbirth beginning in the Edwardian era. Twilight sleep was a mixture of scopolamine, a belladonna alkaloid, and morphine, a Papaver alkaloid, that was injected and which furnished a combination of painkilling and amnesia for a woman in labor. A version is still manufactured for use as the injectable compound Omnopon.

There is no definite indication of the proportions of solanaceous herbs vs. poppy used in flying ointments, and most historical recipes for flying ointment do not include poppy.
Furthermore, a reputable publication by the former UK Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (now DEFRA) states specifically that, in cases of poisoning by Atropa belladonna - far from being antidotes - 'Preparations containing morphine or opiates should be avoided as they have a synergic action with atropine'; an appropriate antidote being, by contrast, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine salicylate.

Historical documents

The first mention of an unguent in relation to a popular belief of orgiastic flying occurs in Roland of Cremona's theological summa, written in the 1230s. The use by witches of flying ointments was first described, according to known sources, by Johannes Hartlieb in 1456.
It was also described by the Spanish theologian Alfonso Tostado (d. 1455) in Super Genesis Commentaria (printed in Venice, 1507), whose commentary tended to accredit the thesis of the reality of the Witches' Sabbath. In 1477 Antone Rose confessed that the devil gave her a stick 18 inches in length on which she would rub an ointment and with the words "go, in the name of the Devil, go" would fly to the "synagogue" (an alternative name for Sabbath in early witchcraft).

In popular culture

Drama
There is, in the work of the playwright Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla (1607-1648) of Toledo, an exchange concerning the flying ointment, the (following) passage occurring in the play
Lo que quería el Marqués de Villena ('What the Marquis of Villena Wanted').

Literature and film
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown", Goody Cloyse, after meeting the Devil, says "I was all anointed with the juice of smallage, and cinquefoil, and wolf's bane" to which the Devil replies "[m]ingled with fine wheat and the fat of a new-born babe".
In Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita, Margarita, after agreeing to act as hostess at Dr Woland's ball, uses the ointment to become a witch and fly to the estate where the event is being held.
In Clayton Rawson's Death from a Top Hat, two recipes by Johann Weyer, a 16th-century demonologist, are given in a footnote:

1-Water hemlock, sweet flag, cinquefoil, bat's blood, deadly nightshade and oil.
2-Baby's fat, juice of cowbane, aconite, cinquefoil, deadly nightshade and soot.

 In the movie serial Warlock, the villain kills an unbaptised boy to get this "Flying Ointment".
In Jodi Picoult's Salem Falls, a group of four girls practicing witchcraft ingest a flying ointment made of belladonna.
 In the book Calling on Dragons (Book three of the Enchanted Forest Chronicles), the witch Morwen uses a flying potion on a straw basket and a broomstick, not on herself.
 In E. L. Konigsburg's Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth, two characters try to make a flying ointment.
 In the 2015 horror film The Witch, a witch kills an infant child and makes flying ointment out of his corpse.
In the 2016 movie, The Love Witch, the main character applies a flying ointment to her body.
 In the 2019 movie, Portrait of a Lady on Fire, the two main characters apply a flying ointment to their armpits.
 In the 2020 movie, Gretel & Hansel, directed by Oz Perkins, the witch, caressing a precious jar filled with ointment, applies it to herself, and then initiates Gretel into witchcraft by inducing her to do the same.

Music
 The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band song '11 Moustachioed Daughters' - a track on the Album The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse - is a darkly comic and surprisingly detailed evocation of the traditional Witches' Sabbath, featuring the flying-ointment-related lines :

 The Swedish symphonic metal band Therion has a song called Unguentum Sabbati (Ointment of the Sabbat) on the album Sitra Ahra.

Gallery

See also
 Besom
 Cunning folk
 Deliriants
 Hedgewitch
 Nightshades
 Witches' Sabbath
 Johannes Hartlieb
 Will Erich Peuckert

References

External links
 Flying Potions and Getting to the Sabbat
 Belladonna in flying ointments
 Ritual of the Raven
 If Witches No Longer Fly: Today's Pagans and the Solanaceous Plants
 King's American Dispensatory on Belladonna
 FLYING OINTMENTS: Their Ingredients and Their Use
 Witches' Ointment: Information from the Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology

European witchcraft
Hallucinations
Poisons
Flight folklore
Hyoscyamus
Magic substances

Flying ointment


مدينة في وسط رومانيا ( بالرومانية: Alba Iulia، بالألمانية: Weißenburg/Karlsburg، بالهنغارية: Gyulafehérvár) عاصمة محافظة ألبا في إقليم ترانسيلفانيا، عدد سكانها 66.369 نسمة (2002).

مدفون بها يوحنا هونياد (1387 - 1456)، قائد عسكري وسياسي مجري كان أحد ولاة منطقة ترانسيلفانيا التاريخية.

توأمة
لألبا يوليا اتفاقيات توأمة مع كل من:

 ألكالا دي إيناريس (2002 - )
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 نوف هجليل (1994 - )
 سان بينيدتو دل ترونتو (2000 - )
 سليفن (2002 - )
 سيكشفهيرفار (1994 - )
 فاريزي (2003 - )
 كيشيناو (ديسمبر 2011 - )
 الناصرة
 إيغيو (2001 - )
 دوزجة (2001 - )
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أعلام

 سميع داميان
 غيورغي جروزاف
 فيوريل كراوس
 ماريوس موغا
 ميشيل الشجاع
 دينو مولدوفان

معرض صور

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في إقليم ألبا
بلدات رومانيا
بلدات ومدن رومانية في رومانيا
مستوطنات محصنة
معسكرات فيلق روماني
مقاطعات عواصم الرومانية
عواصم إمارة ترانسيلفانيا

ألبا يوليا


ذات القبعة الحمراء أو ليلى والذئب ، ، حكاية خرافية شهيرة عن فتاة تلتقي مع ذئب، وقد تغيرت القصة إلى حد كبير عبر تاريخها وخضعت للعديد من التعديلات الحديثة والقراءات. ونشرت أول مرة من قبل شارل بيرو بفرنسا سنة 1698.

القصة

النسخ الأولى من القصة

وهي كانت نسخة الكاتب شارل بيرو.

وتحكي عن طفلة لُقِبت بـ"ذات الرداء الأحمر"، أو ما يعرف عنها في بعض النسخ "ذات القبعة الحمراء"، لفتاة قد عبرت الغابات لتوصل طعاماً أعدته أمها خصيصاً لجدتها المتعبة، حذرتها والدتها أن تمشي فقط في الطريق المؤدية لبيت جدتها، وكما أنها حذرتها من أن تتحدث لأي أحدٍ غريب.
في الطريق المؤدية لمنزل الجدة يوجد هناك ذئب كبير وشرير، أراد أن يأكل الفتاة وما في سلتها، هو راقب تحركات ذات الرداء الأحمر بصمت وهدوء من خلف أشجار الغابة لكي لا تراه، خرج بعد وقت قصير ليحييها ويلعب معها قليلاً ويمرحان، وبعدها سألها عن المكان الذي ستذهب إليه.
وببراءة هي أخبرته إلى أين هي ذاهبة، وبأن جدتها متعبة جداً وطريحة الفراش، أخبرها الذئب أن تجمع بعضاً من أزهار الغابة الجميلة لتعطيها لجدتها عندما تصل، انشغلت ذات الرداء الأحمر بجمع الأزهار بينما الذئب توجه نحو منزل الجدة بسرعة.
اكل الذئب الجدة وطبخ لحمها ووضعه على المائدة وارتدى مثل ملابسها وبعدها أراح جسده على سريرها ليتغطى ويمثل المرض، لتدخل بعدها ذات الرداء الأحمر لتحيي جدتها (الذئب) وتأكل من الطعام الموجود على المائدة (لحم جدتها) وتجلس بجانب السرير وتنظر لجدتها وتقول:
"يا لعمق وضخامة صوتكِ!" (لأحييك بطريقة أفضل)
"يا إلهي، يا لكبر عينيك؟" (لأنظر إليك بطريقة أفضل)
"ويا لكبر يديك!" (لأعانقكِ بشكلٍ أفضل)
"ويا لكبر فمكِ؟" (لآكلك بشكلٍ أفضل!)
بعدها قفز الذئب ليأكل ذات الرداء الأحمر وينام بعدها في سرير جدتها بهدوء.

تعديلات واضافات الأخوان جريم

في القرن التاسع عشر قام الأخوان غريم الألمانيان بإعادة كتابة القصة مع بعض التعديلات.

أعمال

 ليلى والذيب - الكويت - 1988.

المراجع

حكايات خرافية فرنسية
شخصيات نسائية في القصص الخيالية
أعمال شارل بيرو
الذئب في التراث الشعبي والأساطير والأديان
حكايات خرافية لغريم
حكايات
حكايات خرافية ألمانية
حكايات خرافية أوروبية
حكايات شعبية
شخصيات أطفال في الأدب
شخصيات أطفال في الأفلام
شخصيات أطفال في شخصيات خرافية
شخصيات أطفال في مسرح موسيقي
شخصيات فلكلور أوروبي
شهوة الملابس المغايرة في الأدب
فرنسيون خياليون
تراث شعبي عالمي
قصص أطفال
قصص قصيرة 1697
قصص قصيرة 1812

ذات الرداء الأحمر


Kaliopi Bukle (n. 28 decembrie 1966, Ohrida, RSF Iugoslavia) este o cântăreață din Republica Macedonia. Ea este Aromână.

Discografie
 1986: Kaliopi
 1987: Rodjeni
 1999: Oboi Me
 2001: Ako Denot Mi E Nok
 2002: Najmila
 2003: Ne Mi Go Zemaj Vremeto
 2005: Me, Isadora
 2007: The Best Of
 2008: Zelim Ti Reci
 2009: Oblivion
 2010: Poraka

Cântăreți macedoneni

Kaliopi


The Boys in the Band is a 1970 American drama film directed by William Friedkin from a screenplay by Mart Crowley, based on Crowley's 1968 Off-Broadway play of the same name. It is among the early major American motion pictures to revolve around gay characters, often cited as a milestone in the history of queer cinema, and thought to be the first mainstream American film to use the swear word "cunt".

The ensemble cast, all of whom also played the roles in the play's initial stage run in New York City, includes Kenneth Nelson, Peter White, Leonard Frey, Cliff Gorman, Frederick Combs, Laurence Luckinbill, Keith Prentice, Robert La Tourneaux, and Reuben Greene. Model/actress Maud Adams has a brief cameo appearance in the opening montage, as does restaurateur Elaine Kaufman.

Plot
The film is set in an Upper East Side apartment in Manhattan in 1968.

Act I
Michael, a Roman Catholic, recovering alcoholic and sporadically-employed writer, is preparing to host a birthday party for one of his friends, Harold. Another friend, Donald, a self-described underachiever who has moved from the city, arrives and helps Michael prepare. Alan, Michael's (presumably straight) former college roommate, calls with an urgent need to see Michael. Michael reluctantly agrees and invites him to come over.

One by one, the guests arrive. Emory is a stereotypical flamboyant interior designer. Hank, a soon-to-be-divorced schoolteacher, and Larry, a fashion photographer, are a couple but struggling with monogamy. Bernard is an amiable bookstore clerk. Alan calls again to inform Michael that he will not be coming after all, and the party continues in a festive manner. However, Alan arrives unexpectedly, throwing the gathering into turmoil.

"Cowboy", a hustler and Emory's "gift" to Harold, arrives. As tensions mount, Alan assaults Emory. During the ensuing chaos, Harold finally makes his grand appearance. In the middle of the scuffle, Michael impulsively begins drinking again. As the guests become more and more intoxicated, hidden resentments begin to surface.

Act II
Michael begins a telephone game with the objective for each guest to call the one person he truly believes he has loved. With each call, past scars and present anxieties are revealed. Bernard reluctantly attempts to call the son of his mother's employer, with whom he had had a sexual encounter as a teenager. Emory calls a dentist on whom he had had a crush while in high school. Both immediately regret the phone calls. Hank and Larry attempt to call each other via two phone lines in Michael's apartment.

Michael believes Alan is a closeted homosexual, but his plan to out Alan with the game appears to backfire when Alan calls his wife, not his male college friend, whom Michael had presumed to be Alan's lover. As the party ends and the guests depart, Michael collapses and sobs into Donald's arms. When he pulls himself together, it appears his life will remain very much the same.

Cast

 Kenneth Nelson as Michael
 Leonard Frey as Harold
 Cliff Gorman as Emory
 Laurence Luckinbill as Hank
 Frederick Combs as Donald
 Keith Prentice as Larry
 Robert La Tourneaux as Cowboy Tex
 Reuben Greene as Bernard
 Peter White as Alan McCarthy
 Maud Adams as photo model (uncredited)
 Elaine Kaufman as extra/pedestrian (uncredited)

Production
Mart Crowley and Dominick Dunne set up the film version of the play with Cinema Center Films, owned by CBS Television. Crowley was paid $250,000 plus a percentage of the profits for the film rights; in addition to this, he received a fee for writing the script.

Crowley and Dunne originally wanted the play's director, Robert Moore, to direct the film but Gordon Stulberg, head of Cinema Center, was reluctant to entrust the job to someone who had never made a movie before. They decided on William Friedkin, who had just made a film of The Birthday Party by Harold Pinter that impressed them.

Friedkin rehearsed for two weeks with the cast. He shot a scene that was offstage in the play where Hank and Larry kiss passionately. The actors who played them were reluctant to perform this on film, but eventually they did. However, Friedkin cut the scene during editing, feeling it was over-sensationalistic; nevertheless, he later admitted regretting that decision.

The bar scene in the opening was filmed at Julius in Greenwich Village. Studio shots were at the Chelsea Studios in New York City. According to the commentary by Friedkin on the 2008 DVD release, Michael's apartment was inspired by the real-life Upper East Side apartment of actress Tammy Grimes. (Grimes was a personal friend of Mart Crowley.) Most of the patio scenes were filmed at Grimes' home. The actual apartment interior would not allow for filming, given its size and other technical factors, so a replica of Grimes' apartment was built on the Chelsea Studios sound stage, and that is where the interior scenes were filmed.

Songs featured in the film include "Anything Goes" performed by Harpers Bizarre during the opening credits, "Good Lovin' Ain't Easy to Come By" by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, "Funky Broadway" by Wilson Pickett, "(Love Is Like A) Heat Wave" by Martha and the Vandellas, and an instrumental version of Burt Bacharach's "The Look of Love".

Reception
As per the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 90% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 7.20 out of 10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."

Contemporary critical reaction was, for the most part, cautiously favorable. Variety wrote that it "drags" but thought it had "perverse interest". Time described it as a "humane, moving picture". The Los Angeles Times praised it as "unquestionably a milestone" but refused to run its ads. Among the major critics, Pauline Kael, who disliked Friedkin, was alone in finding absolutely nothing redeeming about it.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times observed "Except for an inevitable monotony that comes from the use of so many close-ups in a confined space, Friedkin's direction is clean and direct, and, under the circumstances, effective. All of the performances are good, and that of Leonard Frey, as Harold, is much better than good. He's excellent without disturbing the ensemble...Crowley has a good, minor talent for comedy-of-insult, and for creating enough interest, by way of small character revelations, to maintain minimum suspense. There is something basically unpleasant, however, about a play that seems to have been created in an inspiration of love-hate and that finally does nothing more than exploit its (I assume) sincerely conceived stereotypes."

In a San Francisco Chronicle review of a 1999 revival of the film, Edward Guthmann recalled "By the time Boys was released in 1970...it had already earned among gays the stain of Uncle Tomism." He called it "a genuine period piece but one that still has the power to sting. In one sense it's aged surprisingly little — the language and physical gestures of camp are largely the same — but in the attitudes of its characters, and their self-lacerating vision of themselves, it belongs to another time. And that's a good thing."

Bill Weber from Slant wrote in 2015: "The partygoers are caught in the tragedy of the pre-liberation closet, a more crippling and unforgiving one than the closets that remain."

The film was perceived in different ways throughout the gay community. There were those who agreed with most critics and believed The Boys in the Band was making great strides while others thought it portrayed a group of gay men wallowing in self-pity. There were even those who felt discouraged by some of the honesty in the production. One spectator wrote in 2018: "I was horrified by the depiction of the life that might befall me. I have very strong feelings about that play. It's done a lot of harm to gay people."

While not as acclaimed or commercially successful as director Friedkin's subsequent films, Friedkin considers this film to be one of his favorites. He remarked in an interview on the 2008 DVD for the movie: "It's one of the few films I've made that I can still watch."

Accolades
Kenneth Nelson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor. The Producers Guild of America Laurel Awards honored Cliff Gorman and Leonard Frey as Stars of Tomorrow.

Home media
The Boys in the Band was released by MGM/CBS Home Video on VHS videocassette in October 1980, and was later re-released on CBS/Fox Video. It was later released on laserdisc.

The DVD, overseen by Friedkin, was released by Paramount Home Entertainment on November 11, 2008. Additional material includes an audio commentary; interviews with director Friedkin, playwright/screenwriter Crowley, executive producer Dominick Dunne, writer Tony Kushner, and two of the surviving cast members, Peter White and Laurence Luckinbill; and a retrospective look at both the off Broadway 1968 play and 1970 film.

On June 16, 2015, it was released on Blu-ray.

The 2011 documentary Making the Boys explores the production of the play and film in the context of its era.

Remake

Ryan Murphy produced a new film version of The Boys in the Band for Netflix in 2020. Joe Mantello, director of the play's 2018 Broadway revival, served as director of the new film version, which featured the entire Broadway revival cast, including Jim Parsons as Michael, Zachary Quinto as Harold, Matt Bomer as Donald, and Charlie Carver as Cowboy. The film was released by Netflix on September 30, 2020.

See also
 Boys in the Sand – a gay porn feature film released in 1971
 The Boys in the Band – 1968 play
 LGBT culture in New York City
 List of American films of 1970
 List of LGBTQ people from New York City

References

External links

1970 films
1970 drama films
1970 LGBT-related films
American drama films
American films based on plays
American LGBT-related films
Cinema Center Films films
1970s English-language films
Films directed by William Friedkin
Films set in Manhattan
Gay-related films
LGBT-related drama films
Films shot in New York City
Films set in 1968
1970s American films

The Boys in the Band (1970 film)


ඡන්දවේදය - ඡන්ද විද්‍යාව

ඡන්ද විද්‍යාව යන- මැතිවරණ පළිබද සංඛ්‍යානමය විශ්ලේෂණයයි. වරස කිහිපයක ඡන්ද ප්‍රතිඵල,මහජන මත විමිසුම්, ප්‍රචාරාත්මක වියදම් ආදී තොරතුරු සහ සංඛ්‍යානමය දත්ත මෙහදී ප්‍රයෝජන ගැනේ. පැරණි මැතිවරණ පළිබද විද්‍්‍යාත්මක විශ්ලේෂණය යන අදහසින් මෞ යෙදුම නර්මාණය කලේ එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඉතිහාසඥයෙකු වූ  R.B මැකලම් විසින් 1952 දීය. බ්්‍රතාන්්‍ය විද්වත් සාහිත්‍යයේ මෙම යෙදුම භාවිතා වේ.

ඡන්ද වේදයේ විවිධ ප්‍රභේද පවතියි. විශේෂයෙන් අනාවැකි සදහා නොව වර්තමානය සදහා මැතිවරණ ප්‍රතිඵල විශ්ලේෂණයේ දී මෙම ප්‍රභේද අදාල වේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ගැලගර් දර්ශකය මැතිවරණයක අසාමානුපාතිකබව මනියි.

ඡන්දවේදය - ඡන්ද විද්‍යාව


USS Sailfish has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

, originally named USS Squalus (SS-192), a submarine in commission in 1939 and again from 1940 to 1945
, later SS-572, a submarine in commission from 1956 to 1978

United States Navy ship names

USS Sailfish


تومانسكي (روسية: Туманский) كان مكتبًا لتصميم محركات للطائرات في الاتحاد السوفييتي. صمم المكتب عددًا من المحركات النفاثة التي زودت بعض الطائرات الحربية الشهيرة مثل الميج-21.

المحركات
.
 إم-87.
 إم-88.
 أر.دي-9.
 أر.دي-10.
 أر-11.
 أر-13.
 أر-15.
 أر-25.
 أر-29-300.

محركات طائرات
مخترعون روس
مخترعون في القرن 20
مهندسو طيران وفضاء جوي سوفيت
مهندسو فضاء روس
مهندسو ميكانيك روس
مهندسو ميكانيك سوفيت
مهندسون في القرن 20
مواليد 1901
مواليد في مينسك
وفيات 1973
وفيات في موسكو

تومانسكي


Cuautitlán Izcalli ist ein Municipio im mexikanischen Bundesstaat México. Es gehört zur Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, der Metropolregion um Mexiko-Stadt. Der Verwaltungssitz und größter Ort des Municipios ist die gleichnamige Stadt Cuautitlán Izcalli. Der Verwaltungsbezirk hatte im Jahr 2010 511.675 Einwohner, seine Fläche beträgt 110 km².

Geographie
Cuautitlán Izcalli liegt im Norden des Bundesstaates México, etwa 20 km nördlich des Bundesdistrikts.

Das Municipio grenzt an die Municipios Tepotzotlán, Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán, Tultitlán, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Atizapán de Zaragoza und Nicolás Romero.

Größte Orte

Weblinks

Cuautitlan Izcalli

Municipio Cuautitlán Izcalli


{{Infobox Navire
| nom = Amiral Kasatonov
| image =Russian frigate Admiral Kasatonov (2021).jpg
| légende = LAmiral Kasatonov en 2021.
| autres noms =
| type = Frégate
| flotte =
| commanditaire =
| commandé =
| classe = Amiral Gorchkov
| quille =
| lancement =
| armé =
| commission =
| statut = En service
| longueur =
| largeur =
| tirant d'eau =
| tirant d'air =
| déplacement =
| à pleine charge =
| tonnage =
| propulsion = 2 × turbines à gaz CODOG 2 × turbines à gaz auxiliaires 2 × lignes d'arbre
| puissance =
| vitesse =
| rayon d'action =  à
| équipage = 210 officiers et marins
| blindage =
| armement = 16 × missiles de croisière antinavires NPO Machinostroïenia P-800 Oniks2 × système de défense anti-missile antinavire Kachtan4 × tubes pour torpilles de  1 × canon de  Arsenal A-1922 × canons hexatubes de  (prévus)1 × lanceur quadruple pour 8 missiles surface-air Strela-3
| aéronefs = 1 × hélicoptère Kamov Ka-27 stocké en hangar
| électronique = Capteurs et systèmes de traitement
 Radar Monolit
Guerre électronique & leurres
 Suite EW : Prosvet-M
 Contre-mesures : 2 × PU KT-308 ; 8 × PU KT-216 ; 2 × Filin 5P-42
| chantier = Saint-Pétersbourg, Russie
| constructeur = Severnaïa Verf
| port d'attache =
| indicatif = 461
}}
L'Amiral Flota Kasatonov () est une frégate de la classe Amiral Gorchkov en service dans la marine russe. Il est nommé en l'honneur d'un héros de l'Union soviétique, l'amiral Vladimir Kazatonov.

 Historique

Sa quille est posée au chantier naval Severnaïa Verf à Saint-Pétersbourg le 26 novembre 2009, il est lancé le 12 décembre 2014 et mis en service le 21 juillet 2020. Après sa commission, le navire rejoint la 43 division de missiles de la flotte du Nord à Severomorsk. En 2020, son numéro de coque 431 est remplacé par 461.

À la suite de sa mise en service, le navire mène des exercices anti-sous-marins en mer de Barents et, le 29 septembre 2020, tire un missile de croisière Kalibr depuis la mer Blanche contre une cible au sol située sur un champ d'entraînement dans la région d'Arkhangelsk. Entre 2019 et 2020, il teste un nouveau système d'arme anti-sous-marin Otvet.

LAmiral Kasatonov quitte son port d'attache de Severomorsk pour son premier déploiement à distance le 30 décembre 2020 en compagnie du remorqueur Nikolaï Tchiker sous le commandement du capitaine de  rang Vladimir Malakhovsky. Le 14 janvier 2021, le navire entre en mer Méditerranée par le détroit de Gibraltar Le 18 janvier 2021, il effectue une visite en Algérie. Le 26 janvier 2021, le remorqueur accompagnateur Nikolaï Tchiker rejoint Limassol, à Chypre. Les deux navires visitent ensuite le port grec du Pirée le 3 février 2021 et, entre le 16 et le 18 février 2021, le port égyptien d'Alexandrie. En février 2021, le pétrolier Vyazma rejoint le détachement de navires. Entre le 2 et le 4 mars, lAmiral Kasatonov visite la base navale turque d'Aksaz (après la détérioration des relations Russie-OTAN en 2014, ces dernières années, les navires de guerre russes recommencent à visiter la Turquie - en 2019 et 2020, le Marechal Oustinov s'est rendu à Aksaz et Istanbul). Entre le 8 et le 10 mars, lAmiral Kasatonov rejoint le port de Limassol.

Le 15 mars, le navire surveille le porte-hélicoptères d'assaut amphibie français Tonnerre, qui s'approcha de Chypre depuis la Crète. Le groupe aéronaval de l' est également actif dans la région, après des exercices avec la marine grecque le 11 mars.

Du 23 au 26 mars, le navire retourne au port grec du Pirée pour participer aux commémorations du 200 anniversaire de l'indépendance grecque (célébration du 25 mars 1821).

Lors de l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine en 2022, le navire se voit refuser l'accès à la mer Noire après la fermeture des détroits des Dardanelles et du Bosphore par la Turquie. La frégate reste alors déployée avec d'autres forces navales russes en Méditerranée.

Notes et références

Navire construit en Russie
Bateau lancé en 2014
Frégate de la Flotte maritime militaire de Russie

Amiral Kasatonov (frégate)


මාර්ගරිටා විත් අ ස්ට්‍රෝ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ශෝනාලි බෝස් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ 2014 ඉන්දියානු හින්දි-භාෂා නාට්‍ය චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන කල්කි කේක්ලන් සිය උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය සඳහා ඇමරිකාව වෙත පැමිණෙන මස්තිෂ්ක අංශභාගයෙන් පෙළෙන ඉන්දියානු තරුණියකගේ චරිතය රඟ දක්වයි. එහි ඇගේ අන්ධ පෙම්වතියගේ චරිතය නිරූපණය කරන්නේ සායානි ගුප්තා විසිනි. රේවතී, කුල්ජීත් සිංහ්, සහ විලියම් මෝස්ලී මෙහි සහාය චරිත නිරූපණය කරති. බෝස් සහ වයාකොම්18 මෝෂන් පික්චර්ස් සහයෝගීත්වයෙන් නිෂ්පාදනය කළ, මාර්ගරිටා විත් අ ස්ට්‍රෝ රචනා කරන ලද්දේ බෝස් සමඟ නීලේශ් මණියාර් විසිනි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය තුළින් ලිංගිකත්වය, ආබාධිත අයිතිවාසිකම්, ස්වයං-ප්‍රේමය, සහ ස්වයං-පිළිගැනීම වැනි සංකල්පයන් නිරූපණය වේ.

චරිත නිරූපණය
මෙහි නම් පෙළ රොට්න් ටොමැටෝස් වෙතින් උපුටා ගැනිණි.

 කල්කි කේක්ලන්, ලේලා කපූර් ලෙස
 රේවතී, ශුභාංගිනී කපූර් ලෙස
 සායානි ගුප්තා, ඛානුම් ලෙස
 කුල්ජීත් සිංහ්, ලේලාගේ පියා ලෙස
 හුසේන් දලාල්, ධෲව් ලෙස
 විලියම් මෝස්ලී, ජාරඩ් ලෙස
 මල්හාර් ඛුෂූ, මෝනු ලෙස
 ටෙන්සින් දල්හා, නිමා ලෙස
 ශුචි ද්වීවේදී, සමීරා ලෙස
 ඩූග් ප්ලෝට්, රොබ් ලෙස
 ජෙනිෆර් සිල්වර්ස්ටයින්, නැන්සි ලෙස
 මාර්කෝ ටොරියානි, චාර්ල්ස් ලෙස

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

 මාර්ගරිටා විත් අ ස්ට්‍රෝ  සඳහා ෆ්‍රේම්ලයින් හි ඇති විස්තර

2014 චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ හින්දි-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
2014 එල්ජීබීටී-සම්බන්ධ චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට

මාර්ගරිටා විත් අ ස්ට්‍රෝ


The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is .

As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants,  are common in Sino-Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere. In such cases, voicing typically starts about halfway through the hold of the consonant. No language is known to contrast such a sound with a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative .

In a number of languages, including most varieties of English, the phoneme  becomes velarized ("dark l") in certain contexts.   By contrast, the non-velarized form is the "clear l" (also known as: "light l"), which occurs before and between vowels in certain English standards. Some languages have only clear l. Others  may not have a clear l at all, or have them only before front vowels (especially ).

Features
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant:

 There are four specific variants of :
 Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
 Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
 Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
 Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

Occurrence
Languages may have clear apical or laminal alveolars, laminal denti-alveolars (such as French), or true dentals, which are uncommon. Laminal denti-alveolars tend to occur in continental European languages. However, a true dental generally occurs allophonically before  in languages that have it, as in English health.

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Variable

Velarized alveolar lateral approximant

The velar alveolar approximant ( dark l) is a type of consonantal sound used in some languages. It is an alveolar, denti-alveolar, or dental lateral approximant, with a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization. The regular symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are  (for a velarized lateral) and  (for a pharyngealized lateral), though the dedicated letter , which covers both velarization and pharyngealization, is perhaps more common. The latter should not be confused with belted , which represents the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative. However, some scholars use that symbol to represent the velarized alveolar lateral approximant anyway – though such usage is considered non-standard.

If the sound is dental or denti-alveolar, one could use a dental diacritic to indicate so: , , .

Velarization and pharyngealization are generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants, so dark l tends to be dental or denti-alveolar. Clear (non-velarized) l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.

The term dark l is often synonymous with hard l, especially in Slavic languages. (Cf. Hard consonants)

Features
Features of the dark l:

 There are four specific variants of :
 Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth.
 Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
 Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or, more rarely, the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
 Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
It has a secondary articulation of velarization or pharyngealization, meaning that the back or root of the tongue approaches the soft palate (velum), or the back of the throat, respectively.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Variable

See also
 Index of phonetics articles
 Lateral consonant
 Velarization
 L-vocalization
 Ł

Notes

References

External links
 Dark L

Alveolar consonants
Dental consonants
Postalveolar consonants
Lateral consonants
Pulmonic consonants
Oral consonants

Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants