USS Augusta (CL/CA-31) was a  of the United States Navy, notable for service as a headquarters ship during Operation Torch, Operation Overlord, Operation Dragoon, and for her occasional use as a presidential flagship carrying both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman under wartime conditions (including at the Atlantic Charter). She was named after Augusta, Georgia, and was sponsored by Miss Evelyn McDaniel of that city.

Construction

Augusta, a "Treaty" cruiser of 10,000 tons normal displacement, was laid down on 2 July 1928 at Newport News, Virginia, by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co.; launched on 1 February 1930, sponsored by Evelyn McDaniel of Augusta, Georgia; and commissioned at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 30 January 1931, Captain James O. Richardson in command. Originally classified as a light cruiser, CL-31, because of her thin armor. Effective 1 July 1931, Augusta was redesignated a heavy cruiser, CA-31, because of her 8-inch guns in accordance with the provisions of the London Naval Treaty of 1930.

Service history
Damage to one of her turbines curtailed the ship's original shakedown cruise, but Augusta conducted abbreviated initial training during a cruise to Colón, Panama, and back, before she was assigned duty as flagship for Commander, Scouting Force, Vice Admiral Arthur L. Willard, on 21 May 1931. During the summer of 1931, she operated with the other warships of Scouting Force, carrying out tactical exercises off the New England coast. In September, Augusta moved south to Chesapeake Bay, where she joined her colleagues in their normal fall gunnery drills until mid-November, when the cruisers retired to their home ports. Augusta entered the Norfolk Navy Yard at that time.

At the beginning of 1932 she and the other cruisers of the Scouting Force reassembled in Hampton Roads, whence they departed on 8 January on their way to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Augusta conducted training evolutions with the Scouting Force in the vicinity of Guantanamo Bay until 18 February, when the force headed for the Panama Canal on its way to the eastern Pacific to participate in Fleet Problem XIII. She arrived in San Pedro, California, on 7 March but returned to sea three days later to execute the fleet problem. During the maneuvers Augusta and her colleagues in Scouting Force squared off against Battle Force in defense of three simulated "atolls" located at widely separated points on the West Coast. The exercises afforded the Fleet training in strategic scouting and an opportunity to practice defending and attacking a convoy.

The Fleet Problem ended on 18 March, but Augusta and the rest of Scouting Force did not return to the Atlantic at its conclusion as was normal. In a gesture that presaged Roosevelt's retention of the Fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1940 after Fleet Problem XXI, the Hoover Administration kept the Fleet concentrated on the West Coast throughout 1932 in the unrealized hope that it might restrain Japanese aggression in China. In fact, Scouting Force was still on the West Coast almost a year later when the time came for Fleet Problem XIV in February 1933, and the Roosevelt Administration, which took office in March, proceeded to keep it there indefinitely. Consequently, Augusta continued to operate in the eastern Pacific until relieved of duty as Scouting Force's flagship late in October 1933. The cruiser left the Navy Yard, Puget Sound, Washington, and sailed for China on 20 October.

Asiatic Fleet
Steaming along the Northern Pacific "Great Circle" route from Seattle to Shanghai, Augusta moored in the Huangpu River, at Shanghai, on the morning of 9 November 1933. That afternoon, Admiral Frank B. Upham, Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet (CinCAF), broke his flag on board the newly arrived cruiser, and his old flagship, , sailed for the United States.

Soon after she broke Admiral Upham's flag and Houston sailed for home, Augusta proceeded south from Shanghai in December 1933, and, over the next few months, operated in the Philippines, interspersing training with her yearly overhaul at Cavite and Olongapo.

That spring, Augusta returned to China waters, "showing the flag", and then steamed to Yokohama, Japan, arriving there on 4 June 1934. At 07:30 the following morning, Admiral Upham left the ship to attend the state funeral ceremonies for the late Fleet Admiral Heihachiro Togo; Augusta commenced firing 19 one-minute guns in honor of the Japanese naval hero at 08:30. Departing Yokohama with Admiral Upham embarked on 11 June, the cruiser then visited Kobe (12 to 15 June) before she proceeded to Qingdao, arriving there on 17 June, departing for Qinhuangdao 10 September, departing for Yantai 24 September, then departing for Shanghai 25 September, arriving 26 September.

Augusta remained in Chinese waters, then departed Shanghai for Guam on 5 October 1934, under command of Captain Chester W. Nimitz, arriving there on the 10th. Sailing the next day, she proceeded to Australian waters for the first time, reaching Sydney on the 20th. Total complement at this time was 824: 64 officers and 760 enlisted. She remained there a week, while Admiral Upham visited the capital of Australia, Canberra, on 25 and 26 October. With CinCAF back on board on the 26th, Augusta cleared Sydney the following day for Melbourne, arriving there on 29 October. She remained there, observing the city's centenary ceremonies, until 13 November, when she sailed for Fremantle and Perth. On 20 November she sailed for the Dutch East Indies.

Augusta reached Batavia (now Jakarta) on 25 November and remained there until 3 December, when she sailed for Bali, arriving at the port of Labuhan Amok on 5 December. Underway again on the 8th, Augusta touched at Sandakan (14 to 16 December), Zamboanga (17 to 19 December), and Iloilo (20 to 21 December), before reaching Manila on the 22nd.

The heavy cruiser remained in the Philippine Islands, receiving her usual yearly overhaul at Cavite and drydocking at Olongapo, in , before she re-embarked Admiral Upham and sailed for Hong Kong on 15 March 1935. Arriving on the 16th, Augusta remained there until the 25th, while CinCAF was embarked in  for a trip to Canton (17 to 20 March 1935). (The cruiser's draft did not permit her to make the passage up the Pearl River to Canton.) Augusta got underway again on the 25th for Amoy (now Xiamen) and stayed there from 26 to 29 March, before she proceeded thence to Shanghai, arriving at that port city on the last day of March.

Augusta remained at Shanghai until 30 April, when she sailed for her second visit to Japan, reaching Yokohama on 3 May 1935. The ship remained there for two weeks. Steaming thence to Kobe, and arriving there on 18 May for a week's sojourn, Augusta sailed for China on 25 May, and reached Nanjing, the Chinese capital, on the 29th.

The flagship remained at Nanjing until 4 June, then sailed for Shanghai, arriving the following day. "Augie Maru", as her crew had affectionately nicknamed her, stayed at Shanghai until 27 June, and sailed for North China, reaching Qingdao on the 29th. She remained there, carrying out exercises and gunnery practice, for the rest of the summer.

Augusta departed Qingdao on 30 September for Shanghai, arriving on 1 October, where, four days later, Admiral Orin G. Murfin relieved Admiral Upham as CinCAF. On 8 October, with the new CinCAF embarked, Augusta departed Shanghai for points south. Admiral Murfin transferred to Isabel to visit Bangkok (15 to 22 October), while he returned to the heavy cruiser to visit Singapore (24 to 30 October). Subsequently touching at Pontianak and Jesselton on Borneo, (31 October to 1 November and from 3 to 5 November respectively), "Augie Maru" visited the southern Philippine ports of Zamboanga (6 to 8 November) and Iloilo (9 to 10 November), before she returned to Manila on 11 November 1935.

While Augusta underwent her annual overhaul at Cavite and Olongapo, Admiral Murfin flew his flag in Isabel from 14 December 1935 to 27 February 1936. Soon afterwards the heavy cruiser, again having CinCAF on board, sailed for the a succession of Philippine ports and places: Catbalogan, Cebu, Tacloban, Davao, Dumanquilas, Zamboanga, Tutu Bay, Jolo, and Tawi Tawi, before the ship returned to Manila on 29 March.

On 31 March Augusta sailed to Hong Kong, arriving on 2 April, remaining there until the 11th. During this time, Admiral Murfin embarked in Isabel for the trip up the Pearl River to Canton (6 to 8 April), returning on the latter date to reembark in his flagship to resume his voyage up the China coast. Visiting Amoy on 12 and 13 April, Augusta then paused briefly at Wusong on 16 April before proceeding up the Yangtze, reaching Nanjing on the following day. While Augusta navigated down the Yangtze to the Huangpu River, and Shanghai, Admiral Murfin continued up the Yangtze to Hankou (now Wuhan) in Isabel, flew to Yichang, then in  to Crossing 22, and finally back to Hankou and Shanghai in Isabel, where he rejoined Augusta on 4 May.

Augusta sailed for Japan on 21 May, for her third visit to that country, arriving at Yokohama on the 25th. The Asiatic Fleet flagship remained at that port until 5 June, when she sailed for Kobe, arriving there the following day. She remained in Japanese waters until 13 June, when she got underway for Qingdao, arriving on the 16th.

Augusta remained at Qingdao, operating thence on exercises and training, for two months, then sailed for Yantai on 17 August. Arriving the same day, she departed Yantai on the 21st, and returned to Qingdao, remaining there into mid-September.

Underway for Qinhuangdao, the port at the foot of the Great Wall of China, on 14 September, Augusta reached her destination on the 15th, where Admiral Murfin disembarked to visit the old imperial city of Beiping (now Beijing). Following his inspection of the Marine Corps legation guard at that city, CinCAF returned to Qinhuangdao by train and reembarked in his flagship on 25 September. Underway from Qinhuangdao on the 28th, Augusta visited Yantai before returning to Qingdao on the following day, 29 September 1936.

Augusta stood out of Qingdao on the same day she arrived and reached Shanghai on 1 October. At the end of that month, on 30 October, Admiral Murfin was relieved as CinCAF by Admiral Harry E. Yarnell. Shortly afterwards, with her new CinCAF embarked, Augusta stood down the Huangpu River on 3 November 1936 on her annual southern cruise.

Augusta again visited a succession of ports: Hong Kong (5 to 12 November), Singapore (16 to 23 November), Batavia (25 November to 1 December), Bali (4 to 7 December), Makassar (8 to 12 December), Tawi Tawi and Tutu Bay (14 December), Dumanquilas Bay (15 December), Zamboanga (15 to 16 December), and Cebu (17 December), before she returned to Manila on 19 December. Admiral Yarnell transferred his flag to Isabel on 2 January 1937, when Augusta entered Cavite Navy Yard for repairs and alterations that included the fitting of splinter protection around the machine gun positions at the foretop and atop the mainmast. The CinCAF used Isabel as his flagship through March, rejoining Augusta at Manila on 29 March 1937.

Augusta remained in Philippine waters for the next several days, at Manila (29 March to 2 April) and Malampaya (on 3 and 4 April) before she returned to Manila on the 5th. Touching briefly at Port San Pio Quinto on 7 and 8 April, the Asiatic Fleet flagship sailed for Hong Kong on the 8th, arriving at the British Crown Colony the following day. Shifting his flag to Isabel for the trip to Canton, Admiral Yarnell returned to Augusta on 13 April, and the heavy cruiser sailed for Shantou on the 18th. The ship visited that South China port on the 19th, and Amoy the following day, before the CinCAF shifted his flag again to Isabel for a brief trip to Pagoda Anchorage (21 to 22 April), rejoining the heavy cruiser on the 23rd.

Augusta stood up the Huangpu River on 24 April and arrived at Shanghai that day, mooring just upstream from the city proper. She remained at Shanghai until 5 May, when she sailed for Nanjing. The flagship remained at that Yangtze port from 6 May to 9 May before she got underway on the latter day for Jiujiang, further up the Yangtze. Shifting his flag to Isabel, Admiral Yarnell then visited Hankou and Yichang in that ship, transferring thence on 22 May to Panay at Yichang for the voyage up the Yangtze through the gorges and rapids that lay above that port. After visiting Chongqing, the CinCAF returned to Yichang in , where he rejoined Isabel for the trip to Hankou and Nanjing. Admiral Yarnell eventually rejoined Augusta at Shanghai on 2 June 1937.

Clearing Shanghai on 7 June, Augusta sailed for North China, and reached Qinhuangdao on the 9th, where Admiral Yarnell disembarked with members of his staff to journey to Beiping by rail, where the admiral would conduct the yearly CinCAF inspection of the legation guard. The admiral rejoined the cruiser at Qinhuangdao on 22 June and the ship sailed for Yantai (visiting that port on 24 and 25 June) and Qingdao, arriving there on 26 June for the summer.

Augusta was conducting her usual training from Qingdao when events elsewhere in that region took a turn for the worse. Political relations between China and Japan had been strained for some time. The Chinese attitude toward the steady and unrelenting Japanese encroachment into North China in the wake of the 1931 seizure of Manchuria was stiffening. Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader, asserted that China had been pushed too far, and launched strenuous efforts to improve his nation's military posture.

On the night of 7 July 1937 Japanese and Chinese units exchanged gunfire near the ornate Marco Polo Bridge in the outskirts of Beiping. The incident quickly escalated into a state of hostilities in North China, with the Japanese taking Beiping against little resistance by the end of July. Against this backdrop of ominous developments, Admiral Yarnell considered cancelling a goodwill visit to the Soviet port of Vladivostok, but was ordered to proceed.

Keeping a wary eye on developments in China, Admiral Yarnell sailed for Vladivostok in Augusta on 24 July, accompanied by four destroyers. After passing through the edge of a typhoon, Augusta and her consorts reached that Soviet port on the 28th, and remained there until 1 August, the first United States naval vessels to visit that port since the closing of the naval radio station there in 1922. As Yarnell later wrote, "The visit of this force evidently has meant a great deal to these people", as both officers and men were lavishly entertained.

Departing Vladivostok on 1 August, Augusta and the four destroyers sailed for Chinese waters, the latter returning to their base at Yantai and Augusta returning to Qingdao, where Admiral Yarnell continued to receive intelligence on the situation in North China and, as events developed around Shanghai, where increasing Chinese pressure on the comparatively small Japanese Special Naval Landing Force led to a build-up of Japanese naval units in the Huangpu River leading to that port. Hostilities commenced within days after the death of a Japanese lieutenant and his driver near a Chinese airfield on 9 August. With considerable American interests in the International Settlement of Shanghai, Admiral Yarnell deemed it best to sail there, on the morning of 13 August 1937, to make it his base of operations.

Her passage slowed by a typhoon which caused the ship to reduce her speed to five knots (9 km/h) and which produced rolls of 30 degrees and washed away the port 26-foot (8 m) motor whaleboat and its davits, Augusta reached her destination the following day, and stood up the Huangpu River. En route to her moorings she passed many Japanese warships, principally light cruisers and destroyers, which duly rendered the prescribed passing honors to Augustas embarked admiral.

Meanwhile, at Shanghai proper, Chinese Air Force Northrop 2E light attack bomber aircraft had tried to bomb Japanese positions in their portion of the International Settlement; the bombs fell short and caused extensive damage and heavy loss of life in the neutral portion of the settlement. One plane which had retained its bombs proceeded down the Huangpu and dropped two bombs which exploded in the water off Augustas starboard bow. Large American flags were then painted on top of Augustas three main battery gunhouses to identify her as neutral.

On 18 August Augusta unmoored, moved further upstream, and moored off the Shanghai Bund, assisted by tugs. She remained there, in a prominent position off the famous "Bund", into January 1938, observing the Sino-Japanese hostilities at close range.

Initially, there was the problem of evacuating Americans from the war zone. American merchantmen called at Shanghai to do so, passengers travelling downstream to waiting steamships on the Dollar Line tender guarded by sailors from Augustas landing force. The flagship's Marine Detachment, meanwhile, went ashore to aid the 4th Marines in establishing defensive positions to keep hostilities out of the neutral enclaves. On 20 August 1937, while the flagship's crew gathered amidships on the well deck for the evening movies, a Chinese anti-aircraft shell landed among the sailors, killing Seaman 1st/Class F. J. Falgout and wounding 18 others. Ten days later Chinese planes bombed the American Dollar Line SS President Hoover off the mouth of the Huangpu, with one death and several wounded. American ships ceased calling at Shanghai as a result, and Admiral Yarnell's attempts to get a division of heavy cruisers to carry out the evacuation met resistance from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

At Shanghai Augustas officers and men could observe the war. Her moorings proved a good vantage point from which Americans could size up the Japanese Navy and judge how well its ships and planes operated, an opportunity not lost on Admiral Yarnell, who sent insightful intelligence reports back to Washington, striving to alert the United States Navy to the character and capabilities of the navy many regarded as the future enemy.

On 12 December 1937 Japanese naval planes sank the US gunboat Panay and three Standard Oil tankers north of Nanjing, in the Yangtze River. Soon afterwards the ship's survivors arrived at Shanghai in Panays sister ship, , which moored alongside Augusta on the 19th. They spent Christmas with 'Augusta's crew.

On 6 January 1938 Augusta departed Shanghai for the Philippines for her yearly overhaul. Admiral Yarnell, however, his presence in China deemed necessary to uphold American prestige in the Orient, remained in Shanghai with a token staff on board Isabel. He ultimately rejoined Augusta when she returned to Shanghai on 9 April 1938 after her overhaul.

Proceeding north along the China coast, Augusta visited Qingdao (12 May to 13 May) and Yantai (14 May) before she arrived at Qinhuangdao on 15 May. There, Admiral Yarnell disembarked and entrained for Tianjin and Beiping, inspecting the Marine detachments in both places before ultimately returning to Qinhuangdao to reembark in his flagship on 29 May. Proceeding thence via Yantai, Augusta reached Shanghai on 6 June; the CinCAF transferred his flag to Isabel on 23 June, and sailed for Nanjing and Wuhu, returning to Shanghai and Augusta on 27 June.

Returning to Qingdao on 3 July 1938, Augusta operated in North China waters, between Qingdao and Qinhuangdao, for the remainder of the summer and through early October. Sailing for Shanghai on 10 October, the cruiser arrived at her destination two days later, and remained there through Christmas. She sailed again for the Philippines on 27 December 1938; once again, Admiral Yarnell remained in Shanghai with his flag in Isabel.

Following her yearly navy yard overhaul, and training in Philippine waters, Augusta visited Siam, French Indochina, and Singapore en route back to Shanghai, making port at her ultimate destination on 30 April 1939. Again flying Admiral Yarnell's flag, she lay at Shanghai until 8 June, when she got underway for Qinhuangdao. Arriving there on 10 June, she touched at Yantai (24 to 25 June) and Qingdao (26 June to 16 July) before she sailed down to Shanghai, arriving on the 18th.

On 25 July 1939 Admiral Thomas C. Hart relieved Admiral Yarnell as CinCAF. The heavy cruiser then sailed for North China port Qingdao, on 2 August. She remained based there—and was moored there on the day war broke out in Europe with the German invasion of Poland—through late September 1939. During this period, the ship twice visited Shanghai (5 to 7 September and 15 to 19 September), and also visited Qinhuangdao, Yantai, and Beidaihe. Late in September, Admiral Hart disembarked at Qinhuangdao and inspected the Marine detachments at Beiping and Tianjin.

Returning to Shanghai on 12 October, Augusta remained there through mid-November; during this time Admiral Hart shifted his flag to Isabel and proceeded up the Yangtze to Nanjing on an inspection trip (3 to 7 November 1939). Sailing for the Philippines on 21 November, she visited Amoy en route (22 to 23 November 1939), and ultimately reached Manila on 25 November, remaining there through early March 1940.

Augusta operated in the Philippines through early April, visiting Jolo and Tawi Tawi. Admiral Hart wore his flag in Isabel during March, for cruises to Cebu, Iligan, Parang, Zamboanga, and Jolo, rejoining Augusta at Jolo on 19 March. Transferring his flag back to Isabel at Tawi Tawi two days later, Admiral Hart cruised to Malampaya Sound, ultimately rejoining his flagship on 26 March at Manila. Augusta then sailed for Shanghai while Admiral Hart, who had again transferred his flag to Isabel on 13 April, visited Shantou and Amoy, ultimately rejoining Augusta and breaking his flag on board the cruiser on 22 April.

Following a month at Shanghai, Augusta sailed for North China, visiting Qinhuangdao on 12 June before beginning her cycle of training operations from Qingdao soon afterwards. Augusta operated out of Qingdao into late September. Circumstances requiring Admiral Hart on several occasions to visit Shanghai, he travelled once to Shanghai in Isabel and back in Augusta; to Shanghai in  and back to Qingdao in Isabel; and one round trip to Shanghai and back in . Augusta departed Qingdao for the last time on 23 September, arriving at Shanghai on the 25th.

Moving on to Manila, arriving there on 21 October, Augusta remained there into late November, to be relieved by her recently modernized sister ship Houston as Admiral Hart's flagship on 22 November 1940. Augusta sailed for the United States, clearing Manila Bay that same day.

On 24 November 1940, she was ordered to search the waters north of the Hawaiian chain, to investigate reports of the activity of "Orange" (Japanese) tankers in the vicinity. At this point on her way back from the Asiatic station, the cruiser encountered bad weather—heavy swells and fresh-to-strong cross winds—that rendered searching by her aircraft "impracticable." As she neared the focal point of her search (35 degrees north latitude, 165 degrees west longitude), Augusta darkened ship and set condition III. As she passed between the two designated points on her search, she posted special lookouts from dawn to dark. Although the visibility varied between 8 and 15 miles (15 and 28 km), Augustas Captain John H. Magruder, Jr., estimated that his ship had swept a belt approximately 25 miles (45 km) wide, maintaining radio silence until well clear of the area searched. "Weather conditions were such that fueling at sea in the area would not have been practicable", Captain Magruder reported later, alluding to the reason why his ship had been dispatched to those waters, "and submarine operations at periscope depth would have been difficult due to the danger of broaching."

Refit
After reaching Long Beach on 10 December 1940, Augusta entered the Mare Island Navy Yard for a major refit. While Augusta had been serving as the Asiatic Fleet flagship, alterations of the type accomplished in her sister ships had been deferred until her return to the United States.

During this overhaul, the ship received significant changes in her antiaircraft battery. Four additional 5 inch (127 mm) guns were mounted atop the aircraft hangar; splinter protection was fitted for the 5 inch (127 mm) guns on the hangar and on the boat deck; interim 3 inch (76 mm) antiaircraft guns were installed (ultimate armament fit called for a one-to-one replacement of these mounts with 1.1 inch (28 mm) guns); and Mark XIX directors were installed for the 5 inch (127 mm) guns. The placement of directors and rangefinders altered her silhouette, and a pedestal was fitted atop the foremast to receive a CXAM radar antenna when it became available. Augusta was one of fourteen ships to receive the early RCA CXAM-1 radar.

Atlantic Fleet
Departing Mare Island on 11 April 1941, Augusta, her configuration altered and repainted, sailed for San Pedro, remaining there over 12 and 13 April. She transited the Panama Canal four days later, reporting for duty with the Atlantic Fleet on 17 April. Departing the Canal Zone on the 19th, the heavy cruiser arrived at Newport, R.I., on 23 April. Admiral Ernest J. King, now Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, returned from Washington, D.C., on 2 May and broke his flag in Augusta. The cruiser remained at Newport, serving as the administrative CINCLANT flagship (although Admiral King journeyed to Washington again during this time), through most of May, until she sailed for Bermuda on the 24th of that month. Reaching her destination on the 26th, she remained there only until the 28th, at which time she sailed for Newport once more.

Augusta remained anchored at Narragansett Bay from 30 May to 23 June, when she sailed for the New York Navy Yard. She had been chosen for special duty, the inception of which had come in the developing personal relationship between US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Prime Minister of the UK (since 1939 at war with Nazi Germany), Winston Churchill. The two leaders had sought a face-to-face meeting for some time, and Harry Hopkins (President Roosevelt's personal representative) had visited Churchill and sounded him out on the proposal as early as February 1941. The President had also discussed the idea with Admiral King earlier that spring. Original intentions had been to hold such a conference in June, but British disasters in Greece and at the Battle of Crete had forced a postponement until later in the summer.

Augusta had been chosen to serve as the President's flagship as early as mid-June, shortly after Admiral King had visited Roosevelt in connection with the drafting of Western Hemisphere Defense Plan No. Four. On 16 June, the New York Navy Yard commandant was informed that Augusta would soon require an availability for the installation of her CXAM radar and 1.1 inch (28 mm) antiaircraft guns, "incident to possible future Presidential use and other urgent work." Details of the availability assignment, however, touched off a "little war" between the Bureau of Ships (BuShips) and CINCLANT. Since BuShips had no word concerning the President's plans, they issued orders to hold Augusta at New York Navy Yard for extended repairs. On 22 June, Admiral King informed BuShips, however, that alterations to the heavy cruiser "for possible use by the President were initiated by the Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, after conversations with the President" and that the alteration should be limited to accomplish only "essential" items. Augusta remained in the yard at New York from 23 June to 2 July, after which time she resumed operations along the eastern seaboard, in waters off Hilton Head and Charleston, South Carolina (4 to 5 July), Hampton Roads (6 to 7 July) before she returned to Newport on 8 July. She remained there into August.

During that time, details for the meeting between President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill were worked out and plans set in motion to bring it to pass. While Churchill was making the Atlantic crossing in the modern battleship , the President was on his way; he departed Washington, D.C. at 1100 on 3 August for the Submarine Base at New London, Connecticut, where he embarked with his party on board the Presidential yacht , which, in company with her escort, , soon sailed for Appogansett Bay. At 2223 on 4 August Potomac anchored in Menemsha Bight, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts, joining Augusta, which had already arrived.  and five destroyers lay nearby.

At 05:30 on 5 August, Potomac came alongside Augusta and moored, the President and his party embarking in the heavy cruiser at 0617. For security purposes, the President's flag remained in Potomac while she, accompanied by Calypso, transited the Cape Cod Canal to New England waters. A Secret Serviceman, approximating the President in size and affecting his mannerisms when visible from a distance, impersonated the President. Press releases issued daily from Potomac led all who read them to believe that "FDR" was embarked in his yacht on a pleasure cruise.

Meanwhile, Augusta, accompanied by Tuscaloosa and their screening destroyers, stood out of Vineyard Sound at 0640, at 20 knots (37 km/h), passing the Nantucket Shoals Lightship at 1125. Increasing speed slightly during the night, the ships steamed on, darkened. Outside a brief two-hour period the following day, 6 August, when the formation encountered heavy fog which forced them to slow to 14 knots (26 km/h), the ships maintained a 20 to 21 knot (37 to 39 km/h) pace for the rest of the voyage to NS Argentia, Newfoundland. Ultimately, on the morning of 7 August 1941, Augusta and her consorts stood into Ship Harbour, Placentia Bay, and anchored to await Churchill's arrival.

During the forenoon, the Chief Executive indulged in one of his favorite leisure activities, fishing, from Augustas forecastle. Roosevelt "caught a large and ugly fish which could not be identified by name and which he directed be preserved and delivered to the Smithsonian Institute [sic] upon return to Washington." At 1335, the President left the ship in a whaleboat to fish in the nearby waters, taking with him members of his party and his son, Ensign Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., USNR, an officer of  on temporary duty as his father's aide. Later, after a somewhat less than successful fishing expedition, the President inspected the waterfront and the base development at Argentia.

On 9 August, Prime Minister Churchill arrived at Argentia aboard Prince of Wales, the arrival of the battleship being viewed by the President and his party; Churchill visited the President at 1100 that day, and lunched with him in his cabin. Admiral King entertained members of the respective staffs at a luncheon in his cabin. The heavy cruiser also embarked Harry Hopkins, who had come across from England on board Prince of Wales. The Prime Minister later dined with the President, and ultimately left Augusta at 2345.

The following day,  came alongside and embarked the President and his party, transporting them to Prince of Wales for divine services, an inspection of the battleship's topsides, and a luncheon. President Roosevelt again entertained the Prime Minister on board Augusta that evening. On 11 and 12 August, Prime Minister Churchill and members of his staff came on board the heavy cruiser for conferences with the President and his aides; from these discussions emerged the famed "Atlantic Charter." On the latter day, the final draft of the "Eight Points" of the charter was completed. With the meeting having been completed, President Roosevelt and his staff assembled on Augusta'''s quarterdeck at 1450 on 12 August to bid Prime Minister Churchill and his staff farewell. With the ship's guard and band paraded, the parting ended with the playing of God Save the King. A little over two hours later, Prince of Wales passed close aboard and rendered passing honors, after which the band stuck up Auld Lang Syne. Augusta then got under way in company with Tuscaloosa and their screening destroyers, en route to Blue Hill Bay, Maine, to rendezvous with Potomac and Calypso.

The following day, a dense fog prompted the ships to reduce speed, and the President and the members of his staff rested, preparing for the transfer to the Potomac. The following morning, 14 August, off Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, President Roosevelt went on deck to witness the operations of the first aircraft escort vessel (later CVE), , the prototype of a ship type that the Chief Executive had avidly pushed toward development. Long Island launched three Brewster F2A-2 Buffalos by the catapult method and six Curtiss SOCs by conventional carrier takeoff. That afternoon on board Augusta, Admiral King hosted a farewell luncheon for the President.Augusta anchored at Blue Hill Bay at 1228 on 14 August, and Potomac moored alongside to commence the transfer of baggage and other gear, ultimately casting off at 1418 for passage to Rockland, Maine.Augusta returned to Narragansett Bay on 15 August, and remained there for ten days, putting into the New York Navy Yard soon afterwards. She returned to Newport on 29 August. Admiral King retained Augusta as his flagship through the autumn, while she operated between Newport and Bermuda. During this time, she also briefly embarked Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox.

World War II

The day of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941, found Augusta moored at Buoy 7, Newport. From that day until the 11th, she operated out of Newport; she remained in port until 11 January 1942. During this time, on 5 January 1942. Rear Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll (one of Augustas former commanding officers) relieved Admiral King as Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet.Augusta stood out of Newport on 12 January, en route to Casco Bay, Maine, via the Cape Cod Canal. She arrived the next day, and after conducting training exercises, returned to Newport.  On 17 January, Rear Admiral Ingersoll shifted his flag from Augusta to Constellation.

On 19 January, Augusta got underway for Bermuda, arriving two days later and joining Task Group (TG) 2.7. She operated with this unit when it proceeded to Martinique to conduct a "show offeree" between 22 February and 4 March, and returned to Shelley Bay, Bermuda, on 5 March.

As part of TG 22.7—consisting of , , , , and —she stood out on 13 March to patrol the Caribbean.  and  joined the formation on 15 March, and the following day, Augusta was detached and, with Hambleton and Emmons, steamed to New York. While on passage, Augusta sent Hambleton to investigate a dim flashing light abaft her starboard beam during a heavy storm on 18 March. The destroyer rescued six survivors of the stricken Honduran steamer Ciepa, and rejoined Emmons and Augusta after nightfall.Augusta made landfall at New York on 19 March, and the heavy cruiser underwent repairs and alterations until 7 April, when, along with  as escort, she sailed for Newport. The next morning, Wilkes was rammed by the steamer Davilla and was forced to proceed on one engine to Boston. Augusta steamed on alone to Casco Bay, arriving on 8 April. On 14 April, in company with  and , she conducted experimental firings of turret guns against a drone simulating a torpedo plane approach, and returned to Casco Bay that night.

Two days later, escorted by , she transited the Cape Cod Canal and touched at Newport. Joining Task Force (TF) 36 there, of which Ranger was flagship, the cruiser departed on 22 April for Trinidad. A minor collision between Hambleton and , and frequent submarine scares, accented the voyage.  joined the task force on 28 April and fueled almost all of the ships, with Augustas scout planes maintaining an air patrol during the dangerous fueling evolution. Ranger launched 68 Army Curtiss P-40s on 10 May, the planes bound for Accra, on Africa's Gold Coast, where all landed safely.

The formation arrived at Trinidad on 21 May, where Augusta fueled before putting to sea with the task force the next day bound for Newport. On 26 May, Augusta and Corry were detached and proceeded together to Hampton Roads, anchoring there on 28 May. Two days later, Rear Admiral Alexander Sharp hoisted his flag on board Augusta and assumed command of TF 22. With Corry and  as escorts, the heavy cruiser sailed on 31 May for Newport, arriving on 1 June and leaving the next day with Corn for calibration of radio direction finders in waters west of Brenton Reef Lightship. Ranger joined the two ships the same day and all proceeded to Argentia, Newfoundland, arriving there on 5 June. With Ellyson and Corn, she formed an anti-submarine screen off Argentia on 17 and 18 June, and two days later joined TF 22 steaming through heavy fogs to Newport, mooring on 22 June.Augusta sailed south to New York for overhaul, arriving on 24 June. Completing repairs by 29 June, Augusta moved to Newport the following day, and on 1 July sortied with TF 22 for the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, and arrived on 6 July. The formation departed two days later, Ranger completing her second ferry mission with Army aircraft, launching 72 Army planes off the coast of West Africa. Another reinforcement successfully accomplished, the task force reached Trinidad on 30 July.

The heavy cruiser then proceeded to Norfolk, and moored there on 5 August for limited availability. On 18 August, she conducted short range battle practice and night spotting exercises in Chesapeake Bay, and training continued until Augusta sortied with Ranger, Corry,  and  on 23 August, arriving at Newport two days later and returning to Norfolk with Corry on the last day of August. The task group also carried out gunnery training, shore bombardment, and antiaircraft defense exercises off the Virginia Capes from 7 to 11 September, and further training between 28 September and 1 October in Chesapeake Bay.

On 23 October 1942, Rear Admiral H. Kent Hewitt came on board Augusta and broke his flag as Commander, TF 34. Major General George S. Patton and Rear Admiral John L. Hall, Jr. also came on board the same day for passage to North Africa. Augusta stood out on 24 October with TF 34, steaming for French Morocco and participation in Operation "Torch."

Operation Torch

With the initial element of surprise, at 0000 GMT on 8 November 1942, Augusta, under Admiral Henry Kent Hewitt, reached the shores off Casablanca and the Task Force commenced disembarking the invasion troops under the command of General Patton who, at the time, was directing the assault from Augusta. The ship's war diary contains the following entry for that morning's Naval Battle of Casablanca:

"The landing of our boats was heavily opposed by both shore installations and French troops and at 0617 the order to "Play Ball" was received – this meant that we were to carry out our Attack Plan and destroy to the best of our ability all resistance encountered."

At 0700 in Casablanca Harbor, five Vichy French submarines were preparing to stand out of the harbor to go on patrol. Merchantmen were beginning to load and unload their cargos, and on board the cruisers and destroyers the crews were at work scrubbing decks.

At 0730, Ranger launched her first strike of bombers with Grumman F4F Wildcat escorts. Ten minutes later they were intercepted by French fighters, and in a dogfight five American and seven French planes were shot down.

At 0804, as Rangers bombers were releasing their loads,  opened up with salvoes of her 16 inch guns on Casablanca's quays and ships. In the commercial harbor ten cargo and passenger ships were sunk in 10 minutes, 40 crew killed and 60 wounded. Alongside the breakwater three Vichy submarines went down at their moorings. Coastal artillery from El Hank and Oukacha returned fire along with the battleship Jean Bart, which only had one operating turret. Wreckage hurled aboard from the quayside landed down on the turret.

At 0900, the Vichy 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron under Rear-Admiral Gervais de Lafond raised sufficient steam to put to sea to head for Fedala. As his flagship Primauguet was undergoing minor engine repair, de Lafond hoisted his flag in the destroyer Milan. He steamed northwards at full speed hoping that the smoke and rising sun would blind the American naval forces. At 0920, Wildcats from Ranger strafed her decks. Every man on bridge, including Lafond, was wounded. The Vichy Boulonnais, was severely damaged. The commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Martinant de Preneuf, was killed on Albatross. The Brestois' anti-aircraft battery was put out of action.Primauguet was now off Fedala within range of Augusta, Brooklyn to the north and Massachusetts, Tuscaloosa and Wichita from the northeast.  The first Vichy ship to sink was Fougueux, which was struck by shells from Massachusetts and Tuscaloosa. Milan, with her bow shattered and forward turret wrecked, beached.  Boulonnais after being hit by eight 16-inch rounds while she was carrying out a torpedo run, turned turtle, and sunk with all hands. Primauguet, holed below her water line and with half of her engine room crew dead, dropped anchor near Milan. Brestois and Frondeur got back to harbor but capsized during the night.  Finally, the destroyer Alcyon left harbor for survivors but was attacked by bombers and navy guns when she cleared the Casablanca breakwater. Albatross and Primauguet were hit again while trying to transfer 100 dead and 200 wounded.

For the next three days the Augusta was engaged in protecting the transport ships and the invasion troops, and combating enemy naval and coastal resistance. On 10 November 1942 the Augusta helped turn back the French units sortieing from Casablanca who were attempting to disrupt the landings. The ship's scout observation planes played an active role in spotting the accuracy of gun splashes from ship's gunfire against the enemy ships and coastal batteries. The Augusta was straddled by shells from Jean Bart, which had been earlier mistakenly reported to Hewitt to have been out of commission. Jean Bart was subsequently put out of action by return ship and carrier plane bombardment.

The invasion was successful and the ship and crew had the good fortune of being able to celebrate Thanksgiving Day 1942 with a special dinner with cuisine a la North Africa. A copy of the ship's program issued to the crew for that day is reproduced here. The message to the crew for that day summed up the feelings of all:

"In its five engagements, one against a shore battery and four against enemy naval forces, the ship rendered a good account of itself and contributed in a large degree to the final defeat of the opposing forces and the establishing of a second front, in North Africa. In the course of each engagement the ship was subjected to accurate and heavy fire by the opposing forces. And yet, although bracketed many times by the projectiles of the enemy, the ship miraculously escaped without damage to herself or injury to the crew. It should be apparent to all that consistent escape from harm was due not alone to skill, or to good luck, but unquestionably to the intervention of divine providence."

Morocco and Atlantic Duties
Arriving off Fedhala, French Morocco, on 7 November, Augusta went into general quarters at 2200. During the predawn hours of 8 November, the initial landings met with stiff opposition. At 0630, Augusta catapulted two Curtiss SOC scouting planes aloft, and at 0710, opened fire with her 8 inch (203 mm) guns at shore batteries. The nearby  supported Augustas barrage, dodging near misses from enemy guns. A brief lull at 0730 permitted Augusta to launch her remaining two Curtiss SOC Seagulls, but 10 minutes later the enemy guns opened up again; several near misses fell within 50 to 100 yards of Augusta, the whistle of oncoming shells plainly audible to those on her bridge.Augusta shortly left at flank speed to intercept an enemy force of two light cruisers and four destroyers north of Casablanca. Closing the range at 0915, Augusta opened fire with her 8 inch (203 mm) battery on one enemy cruiser, barring the Vichy ships' passage and turning them back into Casablanca harbor by 0950. Augusta returned to her station to assist Brooklyn, firing on shore batteries. In the sortie of French ships from Casablanca harbor, destroyers  and  attempted a torpedo attack on Augusta and Brooklyn. Augustas main battery gunfire sank the latter, and forced the other away in a damaged condition; she sank later that day. Other Vichy ships attempting to escape were forced back into the harbor by 1122, and firing ceased for a time. Around noon, Augusta turned back s attempt to sortie, scoring an 8 inch (203 mm) hit on the French ship's turret 3. Vichy ships tried to sortie at 1305, only to be blocked and forced to retreat by 1350.Augusta spent the following day, 9 November, patrolling south and southwest of the transport area off Casablanca, and continued that patrol through 10 November. At 1135 on that day, she opened fire with her 8 inch (203 mm) guns on an enemy destroyer, straddling her and forcing her to retreat. Ten minutes later, Augusta was unexpectedly taken under fire by Jean Bart, reportedly "gutted by fire" and harmless. Geysers of water from near-misses erupted about Augusta and drenched the cruiser with yellow-dyed spray, but American carrier planes bombed Jean Bart later in the day and silenced her for the remainder of the campaign.

A cease-fire agreement was signed by Allied forces with the French on 11 November, bringing the operation to an end, and opening Morocco to the Allies. Augusta departed on 20 November with TF 34, her part in the operation over. She touched at Bermuda on 26 November en route to Norfolk, arriving at the latter port four days later. There, Rear Admiral H. K. Hewitt left the ship, and TF 34 was dissolved. Augusta stood out of Norfolk on 9 December for extended overhaul at New York, during which time her antiaircraft battery was significantly improved. That period of yard work completed, Augusta proceeded to Newport, anchoring there on 15 February 1943.

Refresher training took Augusta to Casco Bay two days later. She conducted air operations with her four scouting planes off the coast of Maine, and on 24 March conducted experimental fragmentation test shots, operating with Ranger on 26 to 28 March. She concluded that part of her training with night illumination exercises on 30 March and night battle practice the next day.Augusta stood out on 2 April with TF 22, flagship Ranger joining the formation on 4 April, and arrived at Little Placentia Harbor, Argentia, on 5 April. From 13 to 18 April, the heavy cruiser operated with Ranger, carried out antiaircraft practice on 22 April, and conducted flight operations with her own planes from 30 April to 1 May.

In company with TG 21.7, Augusta sailed on 6 May, under orders to escort RMS Queen Mary to New York. Augusta rendezvoused with the huge liner on 9 May, and after seeing her safely into the swept channel, moored at New York on 11 May. Her mission accomplished, the heavy cruiser returned to Argentia with her task group, arriving on 17 May, and engaged in further local operations through June.Augusta closed TF 68 on 20 July and began escorting Convoy AT 54A across the submarine-infested Atlantic to the Clyde. After an uneventful passage, the convoy arrived at Greenock, Scotland, on 26 July, and Augusta continued as escort on the return voyage, relinquishing command as the convoy neared American waters, and proceeding with  to Argentia, arriving on 8 August. She left the next day with Hilary P. Jones for Halifax, Nova Scotia, to rejoin TF 22, reported for duty on 10 August, and departed on 11 August for Scapa Flow, in Orkney. The British Admiralty assumed operational control of the task force, renaming it TG 112.1, as the ships neared Scotland. Augusta moored at Scapa Flow on 19 August, reporting to the British Home Fleet the same day.Augusta operated with units of the Home Fleet on 23 August and departed with  for Hvalfjörður, Iceland, arriving the next day. She acted as covering force for training exercises with London and  off Iceland from 2 to 10 October, and conducted gunnery training off Eyjafjörður, Iceland on 19 October.

While returning to Scapa Flow, Augusta fired on a passing German Junkers Ju 88 bomber at 1139 on 27 October, firing 14 rounds from her 5 inch (127 mm) battery until the plane passed out of range. She moored at Scapa Flow on 31 October, proceeding to Greenock two days later, and returned to Scapa Flow on 7 November.

On 22 November, she got underway with Ranger and other ships of the task force for Hvalfjörður, arriving two days later. Operational control passed to the United States Navy on 26 November when TF 68 stood out for Boston, Augusta mooring there on 3 December 1943. She remained there, undergoing repairs and alterations through the end of the year.

Repairs completed, Augusta departed Boston on 29 January 1944 and steamed to Casco Bay for post-overhaul training exercises. She participated in bombardment, radar, illumination, and tactical exercises with TF 22 off Maine, until steaming to Boston on 7 April for limited availability.

She left President Roads, Boston, and rendezvoused with convoy UT 11 the next day. However, she was soon detached from the convoy and escorted by  across the Atlantic to Belfast, Northern Ireland. Arriving on 15 April, she steamed thence to Plymouth, England, on 17 April. There, Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Commander, TF 122, came on board on 25 April and broke his flag. At 1300 on 25 May, King George VI of the United Kingdom came on board to lunch with Admiral Kirk, and departed the same day.

Normandy

In June, Augusta took part in the Normandy invasion, standing out of Plymouth on 5 June with Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, USA, and his staff, embarked. Closing the shore on 6 June, the heavy cruiser commenced firing at 0618, hurling 51 rounds from her main battery at shore installations. VOS-7, a U.S Navy Spotter Squadron flying Supermarine Spitfire VBs and Supermarine Seafire IIIs, was one of the units which provided targeting coordinates and fire control. On 10 June General Bradley and his staff left the heavy cruiser to establish headquarters ashore. Augusta was bombed at 0357 on 11 June, but escaped damage as the bomb exploded 800 yards (730 m) off her port beam. The following day, anchored as before off Omaha Beach, she fired eight 5 inch (127 mm) rounds at an enemy plane at 2343, driving it off. On 13 June at 0352 she sent 21 rounds of 5 inch (127 mm) at a German plane, and shot it down. Augusta drove off other aircraft and bombarded the shore with her heavy guns on 15 June, and provided antiaircraft defense to the forces off Normandy on 18 June. The next day, while underway to shift berths, she lost a man overboard when he was swept overboard by heavy seas.

Operation Dragoon
Rear Admiral Kirk shifted his flag to  on 1 July, and Augusta got underway the same day for Plymouth, mooring there on 2 July. Four days later, in company with TG 120.6, she departed for Mers el Kebir, Algeria, arriving there on 10 July, only to leave two days later with Hambleton for Palermo, Sicily. She moored at that port on 14 July and reported to TF 86 for duty. Rear Admiral Lyal A. Davidson came on board and broke his flag the same day, and Augusta stood out with Macomb and Hambleton for Naples, arriving the next day. She carried out shore bombardment exercises on 23 July.

She returned to Palermo on 27 July and steamed to Naples the following day. She continued her training until 12 August, when as flagship for TF 86, she carried Brigadier General Benjamin W. Chidlaw, USA, to Propriano, Corsica, arriving the following day.

On 14 August, the heavy cruiser departed the Golfe de Valinco at 1030 for Ile du Levant, southern France and the beginning of Operation "Dragoon". Augusta arrived at 2155 at the staging area, joining the Sitka Assault Group. On the morning of 15 August, Augusta trained her main battery against targets on Port Cros Island, and fired nine rounds. At 1125, she sent six.

Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal came on board at 2023 for an official visit with Admiral Davidson.

The next day, Augusta patrolled the Sitka Assault Area and Secretary Forrestal left her at 0850. The heavy cruiser fired 63 more rounds at the fort on Port Cros Island to soften it up. On 17 August, she patrolled with  and poured 138 rounds from her 8 inch (203 mm) battery into the island fort, which surrendered that day. The following day, General Chidlaw left the ship to establish his headquarters on shore, and Augusta turned her fire on the remaining coastal defense batteries. She departed on 19 August for a reconnaissance-in-force of St. Mandrier Island off Toulon, France, where the battery known as "Big Willie" was located, bombarding shore installations, and returning to the Sitka Assault Area the same day. The Golfe Hotel, Hyeres, France, was nearly leveled by 114 rounds from Augusta on 20 August. Toulon and Marseilles surrendered eight days later. On 29 August, a landing party drawn from the Marine detachments from Augusta and Philadelphia went ashore on the islands of Ratonneau and Chateau d'If in the harbor of Marseilles and accepted the surrender of German forces on those islands, taking 730 prisoners.

In support of "Dragoon", Augusta had fired over 700 rounds of 8 inch (203 mm) projectiles, and had materially aided invading Allied forces. She steamed to the Gulf of San Tropez, France, on 30 August, where Admiral Davidson shifted his flag to , and Augusta was detached from TF 86.

Refit and Further Service
On 1 September, the heavy cruiser sailed via Propriano to Naples, where she joined Cruiser Division (CruDiv) 7. After calling at Oran, Algeria, on 6 September, Augusta, in company with Tuscaloosa, , and , stood out, bound for Philadelphia and an extensive overhaul. While undergoing these repairs and alterations, Augusta suffered an explosion of unknown origin on 20 November in her ice machine room, which killed three-yard workers and injured four crew members.

Her overhaul completed, Augusta departed Boston on 26 January 1945 with  and , bound for Trinidad, tested her guns en route, and arrived on 31 January. In the first week of February, she conducted refresher training in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad, polishing up on gunnery, night battle, radar, and antiaircraft techniques. She steamed to San Juan, Puerto Rico, calling there on 9 February. Sailing for the United States on 21 February, Augusta, along with , , and , rendezvoused with  and her screen on 24 February as that cruiser steamed back to the United States with President Roosevelt embarked, following the Yalta Conference.

After Augusta and her screen had covered the approach of the President to Hampton Roads, she underwent minor emergency repairs, remaining at Norfolk until 7 March when she steamed to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, arriving there three days later. She trained off Trinidad and Curaçao until 7 April, when  joined her.Augusta returned to Norfolk on 10 April, and on 14 April, in accordance with orders from the Secretary of the Navy, half-masted her colors for a period of one month in honor of the late President Roosevelt. After a brief call at Annapolis, Maryland, she sailed north to Newport on 22 April to train 11 officers and 300 men from  on a cruise. The ship conducted antiaircraft defense and other exercises in Long Island Sound until 27 April when she returned to Newport and disembarked the trainees.

Three days later, Augusta sailed for New York, and arrived there on 1 May. On 7 May, in company with , she headed for Casco Bay, where the end of the war in Europe found her, and returned to New York on 2 June. On the 13th, Augusta got underway to proceed back to Norfolk. She then conducted further training exercises in Chesapeake Bay until 7 July, when President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, and Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy boarded her, and she stood out for Antwerp, Belgium, to carry her distinguished passengers on the first leg of their voyage to the Potsdam Conference. Met by a British escort, Augusta arrived on 14 July, and received dignitaries, including General Eisenhower. Her guests departed the same day, and Augusta got underway to proceed to Plymouth, arriving there on 28 July.

On 2 August, she embarked her distinguished passengers again, and received another visit from King George VI. Harry Truman was on the ship when he got the news that Hiroshima had been bombed by an atomic bomb. The ship then sailed for the United States, arriving at Newport on 7 August to disembark the President. A week later she moored in Casco bay. After carrying out training at Baltimore, Maryland, she arrived at Norfolk on 11 September, and conducted exercises off the Virginia Capes until steaming to Casco Bay again on 5 October for temporary duty under the direction of Commander, Operational Training Command, Atlantic, Commander TF 69. She then proceeded to New York, and participated in Navy Day observances on 27 October at New York City, where President Truman reviewed the fleet. Open to the public from 25 to 30 October, Augusta hosted 23,362 visitors.

 Postwar
On 31 October, Augusta moored at the New York Naval Shipyard, to be modified for "Magic Carpet" operations, bringing home American servicemen from Europe. She performed this duty through the end of the year 1945. On 16 July 1946, Augusta'' was ultimately placed out of commission, in reserve, in a deferred disposal status at Philadelphia.  She remained in the Philadelphia group of the Reserve Fleet until stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. She was sold for scrap on 9 November 1959 to Robert Benjamin of Panama City, Florida, and her hulk removed from naval custody on 2 March 1960.

Honors and awards

 Combat Action Ribbon
 China Service Medal
 American Defense Service Medal with "A" device
 American Campaign Medal
 European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with three battle stars for World War II service
 World War II Victory Medal
 Navy Occupation Service Medal with "GERMANY" clasp

See also
 Other ships named USS Augusta

References

Further reading

External links

 Augusta (GA) Museum of History – Museum includes a permanent exhibit on the USS Augusta

 Film of the Augusta in port in Shanghai in the 1930s (commences 04:37) - Sign welcoming USS Augusta is at 01:27

Northampton-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
1930 ships
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia

USS Augusta (CA-31)


Larisa () er hovedbyen og den største by i regionen Thessalien og Grækenlands femtestørste by. Byen er et trafikknudepunkt og har både vej- og togforbindelse til havnebyen Volos og byerne Thessaloniki og Athen. Larisa har 162.591 indbyggere i kommunen, mens regionen har 284.325 indbyggere (i 2011). Larisa ligger i et landbrugsområde. Byen er et kommercielt og industrielt center i Grækenland. Myten siger, at Achilleus blev født her, og at Hippokrates, "Lægekunstens Fader", døde her.

28. februar 2023 skete der en kollision mellem et passagertog og et godstog i nærheden af byen.

Klima
Klimaet i Larissa er omskifteligt. Vinteren er kold og våd og snestorme kan forekomme. Sommeren er varm og temperaturer på 40 °C kan forekomme. Tordenstorme eller kraftig regn kan skade landbruget. Larisa har i gennemsnit 450 mm nedbør om året.
<div style="width:80%">

Referencer

Byer i Grækenland
Thessalien

Larisa


La temporada 2001 fue la edición 45.ª del Campeonato de España de Rally. Comenzó el 2 de marzo en el Rally Mediterráneo y finalizó el 2 de diciembre en el Rally de Madrid.

Calendario

Equipos

Resultados

Campeonato de pilotos

Campeonato de escuderías

Campeonato de marcas

Campeonato de copilotos

Campeonato de grupo N

Trofeo júnior

Clio Renault Sport de rallyes

Desafío Peugeot

Trofeo Citroën de rallyes

Copa SEAT Ibiza

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial del campeonato.

2001

Temporada 2001 del Campeonato de España de Rally


سد إنجا (أو سد إنغا) موجود في القسم الغربي من جمهورية الكونغو على اضخم منحدرات مائية في العالم.
يستخدم هذا السد لتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية فهو يستفيد من تدفق مياه نهر الكونغو الذي تبلغ درجة انحداره 96 متر, بمعدل تدفق يساوي 42,476 m³/s.

مشاريع مستقبلية

حاليا سد إنجا 1 و 2 يعملان ولكن بقدرة إنتاجية منخفضة لذلك هناك خطط لبناء سدان جديدان هما إنجا 3 وغراند إنجا.

إنجا 3 هو مشروع بدعم البنك الدولي وبقدرة إنتاجية تتخطى 4500 ميجاواط.

أما جراند إنجا فسوف يكون بقدرة إنتاجية تفوق ال 39000 ميجاواط وستكون كافية لتغطية العجز الكهربائي في كل أفريقيا إذا ما تم إنشاء شبكة تغذية مشتركة بين الدول الأفريقة، ولكن هذا المشروع ما زال يتعرض للكثير من النقد وذلك بسبب الآثار البيئية التي قد تنتج عن مشروع ضخم كهذاوأيضا نقد يتمحور حول الأموال الطائلة التي ستصرف على المشروع واهمية الاستفادة من هذه الأموال في مكافحة مشاكل أخرى كالجوع والفقر في أفريقيا.

حسب الخطط فإنتاج غراند قد بدأ عام 2010 بقدرة إنتاجية تتعدى 250 تيراوات ساعة من مجموع 370 تيراوات ساعة للسدود الثلاثة جمعاء.

مراجع

الطاقة الكهرومائية في جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية
إنجا
محطات طاقة كهرمائية في جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية
تأسيسات سنة 1982 في زائير

سد إنجا


Édouard Boittelle (1816-1902), homme politique français ;
 Symphorien Boittelle (1813-1897), homme politique français.

Boittelle


A enchente de maré, também chamada de enchente de dia ensolarado ou enchente incômoda (nuisance flooding) é a inundação temporária de áreas de baixa altitude, principalmente ruas, devido a marés excepcionalmente altas, como as que acontecem durante as luas cheia e nova. As marés mais altas do ano podem ser como "marés-rei" (king tides), com o mês de ocorrência variando de acordo com a localização. Essas inundações tendem a não ser um grande risco à segurança e bens humanos, porém acabam por colocar a infraestrutura litorânea num estresse maior que o normal.

Esse tipo de enchente está se tornando mais comum em cidades e outras áreas costeiras ocupadas à medida que a subida do nível do mar associada com as mudanças climáticas e outros impactos causados por atividades humanas como a erosão costeira e a subsidência da terra aumentam a vulnerabilidade da infraestrutura no local. Regiões com esses problemas podem utilizar da prática de gestão costeira para mitigar os danos em algumas áreas, porém essas inundações ao longo do tempo podem se tornar uma inundação costeira que necessita de uma medida de retirada coordenada ou então práticas de adaptação às mudanças climáticas mais intensas para áreas vulneráveis.

Referências

Inundações
Marés
Fenômenos naturais
Mudanças climáticas

Enchente de maré


NGC 5652 est une vaste galaxie spirale intermédiaire (barrée ?) située dans la constellation de la Vierge. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de , ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5652 a été découverte par l'astronome germano-britannique William Herschel en 1793. Cette galaxie a aussi été observée par l'astronome américain Lewis Swift le  et elle a été inscrite au New General Catalogue sous la désignation NGC 5650.

La classe de luminosité de NGC 5652 est II-III et elle présente une large raie HI.

À ce jour, sept mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de , ce qui est à l'intérieur des valeurs de la distance de Hubble. Notons cependant que c'est avec la valeur moyenne des mesures indépendantes, lorsqu'elles existent, que la base de données NASA/IPAC calcule le diamètre d'une galaxie et qu'en conséquence le diamètre de NGC 5652 pourrait être d' si on utilisait la distance de Hubble pour le calculer.

Selon Abraham Mahtessian, NGC 5652 et NGC 5674 forment une paire de galaxies.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5652 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5652
Constellation de la Vierge
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie spirale intermédiaire
Objet céleste découvert en 1793
Objet céleste découvert par William Herschel

NGC 5652


An Masdevallia tubuliflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames. An Masdevallia tubuliflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Masdevallia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Masdevallia

Masdevallia tubuliflora


අෂින්ත ගීෂාන් රාජපක්ෂ උපදිනු ලබන්නේ 2009 දෙසැම්බර් 26 දිනයි. මොහුගේ පාසල වන්නේ ශාන්ත ආනා විදුහලයි. අෂින්ත මෙම පාසලේ කීර්තිමත් ශිෂ්යෙකි. ඔහුට Mine - Club Gaming යනුවෙන් You Tube චැනලයක්ද ඇත.
( https://www.youtube.com/@minecraftclubgaming4830 )
ඔහු වැඩියෙන්ම ප්‍රිය කරන්නේ පොත් කියවීමට සහ Games ගැසීමටය. මොහුට ගොඩක් ලස්සනට Video Editor කිරීමට සහ Photo Editor කිරීමට විශේෂ හැකියාවක්ද ඇත. තවද අෂින්තට ලස්සන නොවෙල් හා කෙටිකථා ලිවීමටද , රඟ දැක්වීමටද විශේෂ හැකියාවක් ලැබී තිබුණි. අෂින්තට ගොඩක් වේගයෙන් Rubix Cube සෑදීමටද පුළුවන්ය. අඩුම තත්පර 19 න්ය. මොහු රඟ දැක්වන ගොඩක් ලස්සන video එකක් තමයි Harry Potter 2 කියන්නේ. ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGj8zuwccYY )

Ashinta Geeshan Rajapaksa was born on 26th December 2009. His school is St. Anna College. Ashintha is a distinguished student of this school. He also has a You Tube channel called Mine - Club Gaming.
( https://www.youtube.com/@minecraftclubgaming4830 )
He likes reading books and playing games the most. He also has a special ability to make very beautiful Video Editor and Photo Editor. And Ashintha had a special ability to write beautiful novels and short stories and perform. Ashintha can also make a Rubix Cube very fast. Minimum 19 seconds. Harry Potter 2 is a very beautiful video in which he performs. ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGj8zuwccYY )

Ashintha Geeshan Rajapaksha


Organ, biyolojide belirli bir görevi veya görevler bütününü yapan doku grubudur. Bazı organlar kendilerini farklı yollarda yenileyebilir. Birlikte çalışan organlar sistemleri oluşturur. Organ Latince organum ("alet, araç") sözcüğünden türemiştir. Organın Türkçe eş anlamlısı olarak örgen ve kılgan sözcükleri bulunmaktadır.

İnsanda Organ
İnsanlarda; kan damarları, kılcal damarlar, lenf toplardamarları, sinirler, tendonlar, kas, kemikler, kemik ilikleri, eklemler, ligamentler,  deri, deri altı doku, intersitium, tırnaklar, saç folikülleri, beyin, epifiz bezi, hipofiz bezi, lenf nodu, beyincik, omurilik, kulaklar, gözler, burun, burun boşluğu, ağız, dudak, dil, dişler, tükürük bezleri, bademcikler, yutak, gırtlak, soluk borusu, yemek borusu, tiroid bezi, paratiroid bezi, kalp, arter, meme bezleri, timüs, bronş, bronşiyoller, akciğerler, diyafram, karaciğer, dalak, mide, pankreas, safra kesesi, böbreküstü bezleri, böbrekler, mezenter, ince bağırsak, kalın bağırsak, apandis, rahim, yumurtalıklar, fallop tüpleri, üreter, idrar kesesi, seminal keseler, prostat, cowper bezi, üretra, penis, kolon, rektum, anüs, rahim ağzı, klitoris, vajina, vulva, vas deferens, testisler, testis torbaları bulunur. Körelmiş organlarımız da vardır. Diğer hayvanlardaki organlar bunlara benzerdir. Ek olarak solungaç, kanat gibi organlar mevcuttur.

İç Organ Boşluğu

Vücuttaki üç büyük boşluğun (kafatası, göğüs, karın) her biridir.

Bitkide Organ

Bitkiler; yaprak, sap, kök, çiçek, meyve, stamen, pistil ve tohum gibi organlara sahiptirler.

Kaynakça

Organ


Tsung-Dao Lee (Šangaj, 24. studenog 1926.), američki teorijski fizičar kineskog podrijetla. Doktorirao (1950.) na Sveučilištu u Chicagu. Profesor fizike (od 1953.) na Sveučilištu Columbia u New Yorku. Bavi se fizikom elementarnih čestica, teorijom polja, statističkom mehanikom i drugim granama fizike. Godine 1957. dodijeljena mu je, s Ch. N. Yangom, Nobelova nagrada za fiziku, za rad koji dokazuje da postulat parnosti ne vrijedi uvijek.

Parnost

Parnost (oznaka P) je fizikalna veličina koja opisuje promjene fizikalnoga sustava prilikom prostornoga zrcaljenja, kada se osi koordinatnoga sustava zamijene osima suprotnoga smjera (na primjer lijevi koordinatni sustav prelazi u desni). Pritom su sustavi parni (pozitivne parnosti, P = +1) ili neparni (negativne parnosti, P = –1), ovisno o tome prelaze li sami u sebe ili u sebi suprotan sustav. Primjerice, jakost električnoga polja je vektor negativne parnosti (P = –1), a jakost magnetskoga polja aksijalni vektor pozitivne parnosti (P = +1), tako da je pločasti električni kondenzator negativne, a električna zavojnica pozitivne parnosti.

U kvantnoj fizici parnost je kvantni broj koji označuje ponašanje valne funkcije prilikom prostornoga zrcaljenja koje zamjenjuje lijevi i desni koordinatni sustav. Budući da stanje sustava ne može ovisiti o tome rabi li se desni ili lijevi koordinatni sustav, transformacija r u –r ostavlja valnu funkciju nepromijenjenom ili joj samo mijenja predznak. Ako se promjenom r u –r valna funkcija ne mijenja, njezina je parnost parna, a ako se predznak valne funkcije mijenja, parnost je neparna. Pojam parnosti uveo je 1927. E. P. Wigner i sve do 1957. smatralo se da za sve procese u prirodi vrijedi zakon očuvanja parnosti, to jest da se ne može razlikovati stvarni događaj od njegove zrcalne slike. Naznake odstupanja od očuvanja parnosti pojavile su se pri procesima slabih raspada elementarnih čestica. Mjerenje kutne razdiobe elektrona (e–) iz uzorka kobaltova izotopa 60Co, kojemu su atomske jezgre bile polarizirane u jakome magnetskom polju primjenom niske temperature, pokazalo je (1957.) da su elektroni emitirani većim dijelom suprotno od smjera nuklearnoga spina. Time je dokazano da parnost u tom procesu nije očuvana. Gotovo istodobna mjerenja kutne razdiobe elektrona nastalih (uz antineutrine ν̄e) raspadom miona, koji nastaju raspadom π-mezona, pokazala su njihovu nesimetričnost pa parnost nije očuvana ni u tom slučaju. Za to otkriće dobili su T.-D. Lee i Ch. N. Yang 1957. Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku.

Očuvanje parnosti dio je mnogo općenitijega teorema (CPT teorem) koji izriče da je invarijantnost s obzirom na kombiniranu transformaciju C (promjena čestica u antičestice), P (inverzija prostora) i T (inverzija vremena), izravna posljedica invarijantnosti prema grupi vlastitih Lorentzovih transformacija. Ako, dakle, nije očuvana parnost P, nije očuvan ni produkt TC i obratno.

Narušavanje parnosti u slabim međudjelovanjima povezano je s činjenicom da se u prirodi pojavljuju samo lijevi neutrini (takozvanog lijevoga heliciteta, kojih je spin usmjeren suprotno od smjera gibanja). Tako standardni model čestica ima različit broj lijevih i desnih temeljnih čestica i time odražava temeljnu razliku lijevog i desnoga. No izbor naziva između lijevog i desnoga ostao je stvar dogovora sve do otkrića procesa (1964.) u kojima je narušena kombinirana CP-simetrija. Riječ je o slabim raspadima s pomoću kojih je moguće apsolutno odrediti što je lijevo i što je desno nego i razlikovati materiju od antimaterije (utvrditi što je čestica, a što antičestica).

Izvori

Američki fizičari
Teoretski fizičari
Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku

Tsung-Dao Lee


What Next? es una ópera con música de Elliott Carter y libreto en inglés de Paul Griffiths. La compuso en 1997-8 por encargo de la Staatsoper Unter den Linden en Berlín, donde se estrenó el 16 de septiembre de 1999 en una producción plenamente escenificada dirigida por Daniel Barenboim. El estreno en los Estados Unidos se produjo en julio de 2006 en el Festival de música de Tanglewood con dirección de James Levine.

En las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con solo dos representaciones en el período 2005-2010, siendo la más representada de Elliott Carter.

Personajes

Argumento
La historia implica a seis personajes que, aunque físicamente resultaron ilesos, se ven implicados en un accidente de tráfico.

Grabaciones
Elliott Carter: What Next?  - Orquesta de Cámara de los Países Bajos.
Director: Peter Eötvös
Cantantes principales: Valdine Anderson, Sarah Leonard, Hilary Summers, William Joyner, Dean Elzinga, Emauel Hoogeveen.
Sello discográfico: ECM 1817 (CD)

Referencias
Boosey biography
Bagatellen page

Óperas de Elliott Carter
Óperas en inglés
Óperas de 1999
Óperas estrenadas en Berlín

What Next? (ópera)


Oryx ili Oryxspioenkop nizozemska je web stranica za analizu javno dostupnih vojno-obavještajnih informacija (eng: OSINT) i istraživačka grupa vojnih tema. Vode ju Stijn Mitzer i Joost Oliemans. Obojica su u prošlosti radili za nizozemski Bellingcat., a Oliemans je također radio za Janes Information Services, britanski vojnu OSINT tvrtku.

Povijest
"Oryx" je pokrenut 2013. godine, a u početku se fokusirao na rat u Siriji. Mitzer i Oliemans također su napisali dvije knjige o Korejskoj narodnoj armiji (Sjevernokorejska vojska).

Blog je stekao međunarodnu popularnost i važnost svojim radom tijekom Ruske invazije na Ukrajinu 2022. godine, brojanjem i praćenjem gubitaka sve vojne opreme (osim lake pješačke) na temelju vizualnih dokaza i podataka sa društvenih medija to jest, iz otvorenih izvora. Redovito je citiran u većim novinskim agencijama, uključujući Reuters, BBC News, The Guardian, The Economist, Newsweek, CNN, i CBS News.

Forbes je nazvao Oryx "dosad najpouzdanijim izvorom u [ovom] sukobu", nazivajući njegov rad i članke "izvanrednim". Budući da izvještava isključivo vizualno potvrđene gubitke, Oryxovi zbrojevi gubitaka opreme formirali su apsolutnu minimalnu osnovu za procjene gubitaka vojne opreme.

U lipnju 2023., bivši general David Petraeus pohvalio je Oryx: "U ovom dobu medija i obavještajnih podataka s otvorenim kodom, postoji web stranica koja zapravo prati apsolutno potvrđeno, provjereno uništenje, recimo, tenkova i borbenih vozila pješaštva . (. . . ) To potvrđuju fotografije, s metapodacima, kako biste bili sigurni da ne brojite duplo, itd."

Dana 19. lipnja 2023., Oryx je objavio da će blog biti zatvoren 1. listopada 2023. U priopćenju objavljenom na Twitteru, Oryx je objasnio da je blog nastao desetljeće ranije "iz dosade", te da se projekt – koji se vodio "u slobodno vrijeme" i bez ikakve naknade - pretvorio u "projekt koji konzumira sve" koji nije rezultirao nikakvim poslovima i koji me "jednostavno više ne čini sretnim". U naknadnoj izjavi, Oryx je pojasnio da će popis koji pokriva gubitke u ruskoj invaziji na Ukrajinu nastaviti ažurirati do kraja rata od strane dugogodišnjeg suradnika Jakuba Janovskog i OSINT grupe WarSpotting.

Izvori

Web stranice
Nizozemski mediji

Oryx (mrežna stranica)


Gevær Bang er et selvladegevær udviklet af den danske opfinder Søren Hansen Bang. Geværet blev benyttet som den danske hærs primære infanterivåben fra 1909.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Billede af Selvladegevær system Bang model 1909 på Nationalmuseets samlinger

Rifler
Militært udstyr fra Danmark
Våben fra Danmark

Gevær Bang


Anastasius Lagrantinus Rosenstengel fue una persona transgénero, nacida mujer, que fue juzgada y condenada por sodomía en Prusia en 1721. Rosenstengel se casó dos veces con la misma mujer. Su esposa, Catharina Margaretha Mühlhahn, también fue encarcelada en el momento de la captura de ambos. La ejecución de Rosenstengel fue la única por "lesbianismo" conocida en Europa, una anomalía incluso en su época.

Vida
Rosenstengel nació en Halle (Sajonia-Anhalt). Hija ilegítima de una viuda, Rosenstengel creció en un orfanato. Se enroló, vestida de hombre, en los ejércitos de Hanóver, Prusia, Hesse y Polinia. También trabajó de tejedor, siempre tomando el papel de hombre.

A los 23 años, se casó con Mühlhahn, que sólo tenía 18 años y que después declararía que no sabía que Rosenstengel era mujer. Mantuvo relaciones sexuales con su esposa, posiblemente a oscuras, usando un consolador de cuero fijado con correas. La pareja a veces se enzarzaba en violentas discusiones, pero permanecieron juntos cuatro años. El secreto fue descubierto cuando la madre de Mühlhahn, sospechando de Rosenstengel, le dio una paliza y lo desnudó, descubriendo que era mujer.

Tras su arresto, Rosenstengel admitió su culpa y dijo que «merecía la muerte diez veces» por sus crímenes. En su defensa alegó que «había sido engañado por Satanás» cuando se casó con su esposa. También dijo que no era pecado para una virgen llevar ropas de hombre. Declaró al tribunal que tanto su esposa como su suegra sabían que era anatómicamente una mujer antes de la boda. Mühlhahn insistió en que eso no era cierto. Rosenstengel también fue castigado por haber permitido ser bautizado más de una vez, al haberse convertido al catolicismo y más tarde al luteranismo. También se le recriminó el llevar ropa masculina como «antinatural». En la época, los roles de género eran estrictos, incluyendo la vestimenta apropiada para cada género.

Los jueces tuvieron dificultades con el caso de Rosenstengel, ya que había cometido sodomía con un «instrumento sin vida». Los juristas debatieron sobre la naturaleza de la sodomía "femenina", sobre si era tan criminal como si hubiese sido realizado por un hombre usando sus propias partes corporales. Una minoría de juristas no creían que la pena de muerte fuera aplicable en absoluto, ya que no se había producido ninguna «unión carnal», defendiendo la cadena perpetua. La decisión final se dejó al rey, Federico Guillermo I, que ordenó su ejecución. Rosenstengel fue ejecutado por decapitación con espada; posteriormente, su cuerpo fue quemado.

Véase también

 Catalina de Erauso

Referencias

Bibliografía

 Angela Steidele: In Männerkleidern. Das verwegene Leben der Catharina Margaretha Linck, hingerichtet 1721. Colonia: Böhlau, 2004. ISBN 3-412-16703-7

Militares de Alemania del siglo XVIII
Militares LGBT de Alemania
Ejecutados por decapitación
Ejecutados por sodomía
Personas trans de Alemania
Nacidos en Halle (Sajonia-Anhalt)
Historia LGBT de Alemania

Catharina Margaretha Linck


Schwallbach ist ein geographischer Name:
 Schwallbach, deutsche Namensform der Bezirksstadt Swaljawa des gleichnamigen Rajons in der Oblast Transkarpatien, Ukraine
 Schwallbach (Feistenbach), rechter Zufluss des Feistenbachs (zum Weidachgraben, zur Naab) bei Neunaigen, Markt Wernberg-Köblitz, Landkreis Schwandorf, Bayern
 Schwallbach (Schwabach), linker Zufluss der Schwabach zwischen Leuzdorf und Kottensdorf, beide Gemeinde Rohr, Landkreis Roth, Bayern

Siehe auch:
 Schwalbach
 Schwallenbach (Begriffsklärung)
 Schwellbach

Schwallbach


මෙය    විද්‍යාත්මකව තල   දර්පණය ලෙස හදුන්වන අතර සුමට හා දිලිසෙන මතුපිටක් ඇති ද්‍රව්‍ය  තල දර්පණයක්  ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි.මෙයට හොදම  නිදසුන වන්නේ අප භාවිත කරන මුහුණ බලන කැඩපතයි. මෙය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙන් කළ හැකි වර්ග  දෙකකි. ඒ,

උත්තල දර්පණ

අවතල දර්පණ         ලෙසයි.

ආලෝකය පරාවර්තනය වීම මගින්  මේවායේ යම් වස්තුවක ජායාව දැකගත හැක.

දර්පණය


O HMS Resolution foi um couraçado operado pela Marinha Real Britânica e a quarta embarcação da Classe Revenge, depois do ,  e , e seguido pelo . Sua construção começou em novembro de 1913 na Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Co. e foi lançado ao mar em janeiro de 1915, sendo comissionado na frota britânica em dezembro de 1916. Era armado com uma bateria principal composta por oito canhões de 381 milímetros montados em quatro torres de artilharia duplas, possuía um deslocamento de mais de 31 mil toneladas e alcançava uma velocidade máxima de pouco mais de 21 nós (39 quilômetros por hora).

O Resolution entrou em serviço no meio da Primeira Guerra Mundial, porém nunca entrou em combate devido às estratégias cautelosas de britânicos e alemães após a Batalha da Jutlândia. Durante o período entreguerras alternou serviço no Oceano Atlântico e no Mar Mediterrâneo junto com seus irmãos. Também foi para o Império Otomano em duas ocasiões em resposta a crises que surgiram em consequência da Guerra Greco-Turca, incluindo o Grande Incêndio de Esmirna em 1922. Tirando isso foi um período sem grandes incidentes. Com o início da Segunda Guerra Mundial em 1939 foi logo colocado na escolta de comboios no Atlântico, participando em maio de 1940 da Batalha de Narvik.

Foi transferido em junho para a Força H e participou no mês seguinte do Ataque a Mers-el-Kébir contra a frota francesa no local. Em setembro envolveu-se na Batalha de Dacar para neutralizar o couraçado francês , porém o Resolution acabou torpedeado por um submarino e precisou passar por reparos nos Estados Unidos. Em seguida foi transferido para a Esquadra do Extremo Oriente no Oceano Índico, mas foi considerado obsoleto para enfrentar os japoneses e foi relegado a escolta de comboios. Retornou para o Reino Unido em setembro de 1943 e colocado na reserva, sendo usado como navio-escola até ser descomissionado em 1948 e desmontado pouco depois.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classe Revenge
Navios de 1915
Navios construídos na Inglaterra
Couraçados da Marinha Real Britânica
Couraçados do Reino Unido na Primeira Guerra Mundial
Couraçados do Reino Unido na Segunda Guerra Mundial

HMS Resolution (09)


Saba thompsonii, jedna od tri vrste lijani u rodu Saba, porodica Apocynaceae koje rastu u zapadnoj tropskoj Africi od Obale Bjelokosti do južne Nigerije. Lijane su dužine do 30 metara, i obima do 20cm. Sadrži bijeli lateks ali se vodi kao bezvrijedan jer guma dobivena od njega nema elastičnosti.

Sinonim: Landolphia thompsonii A.Chev.

Izvori

Rauvolfioideae
Flora Burkine Faso
Flora Obale Bjelokosti
Flora Gane
Flora Togoa
Flora Benina
Flora Nigerije

Saba thompsonii