Piraten Partei Tirol (PPT) war eine politische Partei im österreichischen Bundesland Tirol.

Geschichte
Die Piraten Partei Tirol entstand ursprünglich als Landesorganisation der Piratenpartei Österreichs. Nach internen Konflikten im Jahr 2011 wurde die Tiroler Piratenpartei im Jänner 2012 ausgeschlossen. Seither existiert sie als eigenständige Partei.

Bei der Gemeinderatswahl in Innsbruck 2012 erzielte die Partei mit 3,8 % der Stimmen ein Mandat und konnte somit als erste österreichische Piratenpartei in einen Gemeinderat einziehen.

Dieses Mandat ging allerdings nach internen Streitereien an die Inn-Piraten, eine Abspaltung von Mandatar Alexander Ofer und seinem Stellvertreter Heinrich Stemeseder, nachdem diese im Vorstand der PPT ersetzt wurden. Die verbliebene PPT näherte sich daraufhin wieder der Piratenpartei Österreichs an.

In einer weiteren außerordentlichen Generalversammlung am 9. Dezember 2012 erfolgte die Wahl der Kandidaten für die Wahl zum Tiroler Landtag. Zur Landtagswahl am 28. April trat die Partei in drei Bezirken an und erzielte landesweit 0,38 % der Stimmen. Der Antritt zur Nationalratswahl 2013 wurde unter dem Dach der Piratenpartei Österreichs vollzogen. Am 11. Jänner 2019 löste sich die PPT auf.

Inn-Piraten
Zu den Inn-Piraten bestand nach deren Abspaltung keine Verbindung mehr. Die PPT hatte dadurch weder Zugriff auf das Mandat im Innsbrucker Gemeinderat, noch auf die Parteienförderung. Während die PPT auch nicht mehr zur Gemeinderats- und Bürgermeisterwahl in Innsbruck 2018 antrat, scheiterte der zwischenzeitig mit einer Fußfessel im Gemeinderat sitzende Heinrich Stemeseder mit dem Versuch das Mandat der Inn-Piraten zu halten. Er war als Mandatar für den Inn-Piraten Alexander Ofer nachgerückt, der zu einer viereinhalbjährigen Haftstrafe verurteilt wurde.

Programmatik
Programmatisch orientierte sich die PPT an ihrer Ursprungspartei.

Internationale Mitgliedschaften
Die Piraten Partei Tirol war Beobachtendes Mitglied in der Pirate Parties International, dem internationalen Weltverband der Piratenparteien.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Tirol
Partei (Tirol)
Ehemalige Partei in Österreich (2. Republik)

Piraten Partei Tirol


بلدية دونفيداس (بالإسبانية: Donvidas) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة آبلة التابعة لمنطقة قشتالة وليون وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
يبلغ عدد سكان بلدية دونفيداس 45 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني للإحصاء الإسباني).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية دونفيداس

أماكن مأهولة في آبلة
بلديات آبلة

دونفيداس


Exapion fuscirostre est une espèce de coléoptères de la famille des Apionidae.

Description
Les coléoptères ont une longueur de corps de 2,4 à . Ils ont une forme ovale allongée. Les élytres sont étroits et allongés. La tête, le pronotum et les élytres sont de couleur rougeâtre à brune. Une bande oblique légèrement écaillée s'étend sur les couvertures d'aile du renflement de l'épaule à l'arrière. Le tronc devient considérablement plus mince vers la pointe. Les antennes de couleur rouge rouille sont situées près de la base du tronc. Il existe également une dent dirigée vers le bas, qui peut également être un épaississement arrondi chez les femmes. Les pattes sont de couleur rouge rouille. Les antennes ainsi que le trochanter et la partie basale des fémurs sont noircis.

L'espèce se distingue des autres représentants du genre Exapion par les écailles bicolores blanches et brunâtres des couvertures alaires en relation avec la forme étroite et comprimée latéralement des couvertures alaires. Exapion compactum et Exapion inexpertum sont similaires et étroitement apparentés, ils ne vivent pas sur le genêt commun, mais sur des ajoncs et des espèces d'ajoncs ailés (genre Genista).

Répartition
Exapion fuscirostre est présent au Moyen-Orient, en Europe et en Afrique du Nord. L'espèce est répandue en Europe, mais est absente en Europe de l'Est ; en Europe centrale, elle est commune partout. Au Portugal, en plus de la forme nominale, il existe également la sous-espèce Exapion fuscirostre flachi (Wagner, 1906).

L'espèce de coléoptère fut introduite en Amérique du Nord en 1964. La population d'origine venait d'Italie et fut relâchée en Californie. Elle s'est maintenant établie sur la côte ouest jusqu'à la Colombie-Britannique au nord.

L'idée d'un contrôle biologie fut rejetée en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Comportement
Les coléoptères sont observés d'avril à octobre, principalement en mai. Les larves se développent dans les graines du genêt à balais, chaque larve a besoin d'une graine pour se développer. On l'introduisit pour la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs en Amérique du Nord. Les œufs sont pondus dans les cosses des plantes hôtes. Les larves éclosent entre 5 et 15 jours après la ponte. Celles-ci passent par trois stades larvaires sur une période de 20 à 40 jours. La nymphose a généralement lieu dans la gousse au cours de la troisième semaine de juillet. Les imagos apparaissent après 10 à 20 jours. Ceux-ci hibernent ensuite dans des endroits protégés à proximité immédiate de leurs plantes hôtes, par exemple sous le feuillage voisin.

Exapion fuscirostre est un parasite des plantes Cytisus balansae, Cytisus multiflorus, Cytisus oromediterraneus, Cytisus scoparius.

Parasite
La guêpe Pteromalus sequester est considérée comme un parasitoïde des larves d'Exapion fuscirostre.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Espèce de Coléoptères (nom scientifique)
Apionidae
Insecte décrit en 1775

Exapion fuscirostre


Johnson County is the name of several counties in the United States:

Johnson County, Arkansas
Johnson County, Georgia
Johnson County, Illinois
Johnson County, Indiana
Johnson County, Iowa
Johnson County, Kansas
Johnson County, Kentucky
Johnson County, Missouri
Johnson County, Nebraska
Johnson County, Tennessee
Johnson County, Texas
Johnson County, Wyoming

See also
Johnston County (disambiguation)
Johnson County War, an 1892 range war in Wyoming

Johnson County


نادي فارزيم الرياضي (بالبرتغالية:Varzim Sport Club) نادي كرة قدم برتغالي يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1915 .

مراجع

أندية الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1915
أندية كرة قدم في البرتغال
تأسيسات سنة 1915 في البرتغال

نادي فارزيم


Karaosmanoğlu ailesi veya Karaosmanoğulları (bazı kaynaklarda aile için "hanedan" sıfatı da kullanılır) 17. yüzyıl'dan itibaren ayan sıfatı ile tarih sahnesine çıkmış, Akhisar, Manisa ve çevresinden başlayarak zamanla Ege Bölgesi'nin tamamı üzerinde hakimiyet kurmuş, özellikle III. Selim ve II. Mahmut dönemlerinde Osmanlı Devleti ile zaman zaman çekişmelere girmiş, zaman zaman da işbirliği yapmış bir ailedir.

Karaosmanoğulları soyu ve ismi tanınmış şahsiyetler aracılığıyla günümüze kadar sürmüştür.

Karaosmanoğlu ailesi, 18. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış diğer ayanlar gibi, devlet tarafından atanan yöneticiler ile halk arasında aracı işlevi görerek kendilerini duyurmuşlar, zamanla zenginleşerek ve güçlenerek devlet temsilcilerinin önüne geçme ve bölgesel hakimiyet kurma yoluna gitmişlerdir. Osmanlı devlet yapısının zayıflamaya başlaması ile eyalet düzeyinde daha etkin güç uygulamaları doğmasının amili ve sonucudurlar. Devletin özellikle savaş giderlerini acilen karşılayabilmek için başvurduğu bir yol olan, evvelce sipahiler aracılığıyla yönettiği tımarlarını toplu para karşılığı mültezimlere, voyvodalara, mütesellimlere, muhassıllara devretmesi ile önem kazanmışlardır. Bu yolla toprak (veya bölge) işletme ve idare hakkı elde eden bu kesim, devlete ödedikleri parayı köylü halktan çoğu kez fazlasıyla ve baskıyla tahsil etmekteydi.

Karaosmanoğulları ailesi mensuplarının kayıtlarına Manisa Şeriye sicillerinde ilk kez 17. yüzyılda rastlanmaktadır. Orta Asya Türk kökenli aile bir Türkmen köyü olan Yayaköy'e (bugün Akhisar'a bağlı bir kasaba olan Zeytinliova) yerleşmiş, başlangıçta biraz haramilik yapmışlardır. Soyağacının en başındaki, 1644'te ölen Mehmet Çavuş ve 1706'da ölen Kara Osman'ın, Çiftçili, Süleymanobası ve Ballıca'da çiftçilik, hayvancılık ve deve nakliyatçılığı yaptıkları bilinmektedir. Kara Osman, Manisa ayanları arasında yer alan ilk aile ferdi olmuş, aile bundan sonra Karaosmanoğulları şeklinde anılmıştır.

Kara Osman'ın oğulları K.oğlu Hacı Mustafa Ağa, K.oğlu İbrahim Ağa, K.oğlu Ahmet Ağa ve K.oğlu Abdullah Ağa, ayanlık sıfatını devralmışlar, arazilerini büyütmüşlerdir. Bunlardan Hacı Mustafa Ağa 1723-1746 Osmanlı-İran Savaşı'nda devletin güvenini kazanarak, Saruhan Mütesellimi sıfatıyla 1745-1755 yıllarında bölgenin rakipsiz tek ayanı konumuna gelmiştir. Halkın şikâyetleri üzerine 1755'te mütesellimlikten azledilen Karaosmanoğlu Hacı Mustafa Ağa, hakimiyeti sürdürmekte direndiği için yakalanmış ve kafası kesilerek, idam edilmiştir. Kesik başı İstanbul'a gönderilen Ağa'nın buğday stokuna da, İstanbul'daki zahire sıkıntısı nedeniyle kısmen el konulmuştur.

Hacı Mustafa Ağa'nın üç oğlu bulunmaktaydı: K.oğlu Ataullah Ağa, K.oğlu Hacı Mehmet Ağa ve K.oğlu Ahmet Ağa. Babalarının idamından sonra aileye bir daha mütesellimlik ve mültezimlik verilmeyeceği ilan edilmiş olmakla birlikte, 1758'de en büyük oğul Ataullah Ağa Saruhan Mütesellimi olarak atanmıştır. Rakipleriyle çekiştiği için 1761'de azledilen Ataullah Ağa'ya Yayaköy'de oturması emredilmiş, ancak Ağa şehrin ileri gelenlerini aracı olarak kullanarak Manisa'yı fiilen yönetmeye devam etmiştir. Yayaköy'de rakipleriyle çatışırken yangın çıkması üzerine K.oğlu Ataullah Ağa'nın başının kesilmesi için ferman çıkarılmış, ancak Ağa tahkim ederek kale hâline getirdiği ve 2000 piyade ve süvari ile savunduğu Yayaköy'de direnmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin bölgenin diğer ayan ve mutasarrıflarını Ağa'ya karşı seferber etmesi ve İzmir'den 2 top çıkarılması üzerine, Ataullah Ağa kardeşleriyle Yayaköy'den kaçarken yolda ölmüştür.

Küçük Kaynarca Anlaşması ile sonuçlanacak 1768-1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nın başlaması üzerine ailenin kaderi yeniden değişmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nin bu savaşları ayanların topladığı askerlerle sürdürmek zorunda kalması ve 1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı'ndan sonra İzmir bölgesinin aciliyetle korunma gerekliliği üzerine, K.oğlu Ataullah Ağa'nın kardeşi K.oğlu Ahmet Ağa, İzmir Körfezi'nin kilidi konumundaki Sancakkale'nin muhafızlığına ve İzmir voyvodalığına atanmıştır. Ailenin yirmi bin askerle İzmir'i savunmaya gelmesinden sonra, 1771'de 1500 askerle Sakız Adasını savunmaya gitmesi emredilen Ahmet Ağa, 1773'te Saruhan Mütesellimi unvanını aile adına geri almıştır.

K.oğlu Ahmet Ağa 1787-1792 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı'nda askerleri ile birlikte cephede yer almıştır. 1792'de de amcası K.oğlu İbrahim Ağa'nın oğulları olan Bergama sancak beyi K.oğlu Ömer Ağa ve K.oğlu Hacı Mehmet Ağa ve 2500 askeri ile birlikte orduya başbuğ sıfatıyla çağrılmıştır. Bu arada ölen Ahmet Ağa'nın servetinin bir kısmına III. Selim yeni kurduğu Nizam-ı Cedit ordusunu finanse etmek için alıkoymuştur. Yerine amcaoğlu K.oğlu Hacı Mehmet Ağa Saruhan Mütesellimi olarak tayin edilmiş, 1792 Yaş Antlaşması'na kadar Ruslarla süren çatışmalarda gösterdiği yararlıklar nedeniyle padişah III. Selim tarafından samur kürk giydirilerek takdir görmüştür. Hacı Mehmet Ağa, 1794'te Uşak voyvodası Acemoğlu'nun isyanının bastırılmasında da başarı gösterdiğinden, ayrıca Aydın vergi tahsildarlığı yetkisini de alarak, öldüğü 1796'ya kadar bu görevi de sürdürmüştür. Kardeşi Bergama voyvodası K.oğlu Ömer Ağa da voyvodalığını ömrünün sonuna kadar sürdürmüş, 1808'de İstanbul'da düzenlenen Sened-i İttifak toplantısına aileyi temsilen katılmıştır. Onun ölümü ile 1813'te Bergama voyvodası olan oğlu K.oğlu Küçük Hüseyin Ağa, 1816'da Osmanlı Devleti'ne kapıcıbaşı tayin edilmiş, Babıali ve Yerebatan Sarayı'nın onarımı görevlerini üstlenmiştir.

K.oğlu Ataullah Ağa'nın tek oğlu Menemen voyvodası K.oğlu Hacı Mehmet Ağa siyasete karışmayarak 1793'te iki vakıf kurmuş ve servetini bölgede hadis okulu, köprü, çeşme, su kanalları ve kütüphane gibi imar faaliyetlerine harcamıştır. K.oğlu Hacı Mehmet Ağa'nın oğulları K.oğlu Ali Ağa, K.oğlu Ebubekir Ağa ve K.oğlu Yahya Ağa da kendi hallerinde yaşayarak çiftlikleriyle uğraşmışlardır. İzmir'in Aliağa ilçesinin ismi Karaosmanoğlu Ali Ağa'dan gelir. K.oğlu Ataullah Ağa'nın kardeşi K.oğlu Hacı Pulat Mehmet Ağa da Turgutlu voyvodalığı yaparken servetiyle bir vakıf kurarak, çeşme, köprü, yol, kuyu yaptırmıştır.

Ataullah Ağa'nın amcası Karaosmanoğlu Ahmet Ağa'nın oğlu K.oğlu Hacı Hüseyin Ağa ise aileye en parlak dönemini yaşatmıştır. Saruhan Mütesellimi ve Aydın vergi tahsildarı unvanlarıyla Manisa Muradiye Camii'ne kütüphane yaptırmıştır. Bu kütüphane hâlen hizmet vermektedir.

Karaosmanoğlu Hacı Hüseyin Ağa'nın ölümünden sonra Saruhan Mütesellimliği unvanı bir süre verilmemiş, ancak 1829'da Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe isyanının patlak vermesi üzerine, isyanı bastırmak için yine Karaosmanoğulları'na başvurulmuştur. Aile bağı çok eskiye giden, Kara Osman'ın oğullarından K.oğlu Abdullah Ağa'nın torunu K.oğlu Halil Ağa'nın oğlu K.oğlu Küçük Mehmet Ağa Saruhan vilayetini savunurken, yeğeni K.oğlu Yetim Ahmet Ağa doğrudan isyanı bastırmaya dönük harekâtları yürütmüş, gösterdiği başarılar nedeniyle Osmanlı Devleti tarafından kapıcıbaşı rütbesine atanmıştır. Atçalı isyanının bastırılmasına Karaosmanoğlu Hacı Pulat Mehmet Ağa'nın torunu Tire voyvodası K.oğlu Hacı Eyüp Ağa da katılmış, Eyüp Ağa'nın ağabeyi Karaosmanoğlu Yakup Paşa 1830'da vezirliğe yükseltilerek Paşa sıfatını almıştır. Karaosmanoğlu Yakup Paşa, sırasıyla Preveze muhafızlığı, Aydın valiliği, Muğla mütesellimliği, Edirne valiliği, Rumeli valiliği ve Kudüs valiliği yapmıştır. Bu dönemden sonra Karaosmanoğulları artık ayanlıktan çıkmışlar, devletle özdeşleşmişlerdir. Tanzimat döneminin başlamasıyla merkezi idarenin güçlendirilmesi sonucunda da ayanlar dönemi kapanmıştır.

Yapılan araştırmalara göre Karaosmanoğulları tarafından 108 yapı (cami, medrese, tekke, han, hamam, sübyan mektebi, kütüphane, konak veya ev, çeşme, sebil, hastane) tescil edilmiş olup, bunların on dört tanesi hala ayaktadır. Bunlar arasında, tavan süslemeleri ile ünlü Zeytinliova Karaosmanoğlu Hacı Mustafa Ağa Camii, Bergama Yeni Camii, İzmir Büyük Karaosmanoğlu Hanı, Manisa Yeni Han, Bergama Katır Han, Gördes Çifte Hamamı, Zeytinliova Küçük Hamam, Manisa Hacı Mustafa Ağa Sübyan Mektebi, Manisa Hacı Hüseyin Ağa Kütüphanesi, Manisa Hacı Eyüp Ağa Kütüphanesi, Zeytinliova Karaosmanoğlu Konağı ve sivil yapılar grubu, Bergama Atika Hanım Sebili ve Bergama Karaosmanoğlu Sebili, Kırkağaç Karaosmanoğlu Camii ve Çiftehanlar Camileri sayılabilir.

Aile içinden çıkan alimlerin en ünlüsü ise mezarı Kırkağaçta bulunan Ayanzade Hocaefendidir. Asıl Adı Süleyman bin Zühdü olan Hocaefendi'den " Osmanlı Müellifleri" isimli eserin yazarı Bursalı Mehmed Tahir Bey sitayişle bahsetmektedir.

19. ve 20. yüzyıllara varıldığında adından söz ettiren Karaosmanoğulları arasında, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Manisa'da direnişi organize eden ve Yunanlarca idam edilen Karaosmanoğlu Halit Paşa, Kahramanmaraş bölgesinde direnişe katılan Karaosmanoğlu Karaşıh Osman (Osman KIZAL, 1879-1955) bölgenin temizlenmesinden sonra Çokak Nahiyesinde Kuzey - Güney koridorunun durdurulmasında öncü olmuştur,  yazar Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, Demokrat parti kurucularından Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu, Demokrat parti milletvekili Adnan Karaosmanoğlu ve günümüz devlet bürokrasinin tanınmış isimleri bulunmaktadır. Ailenin kolları günümüzde Manisa, Kahramanmaraş, Kastamonu, Kayseri, İzmir, Ankara, Giresun, İstanbul, Konya, Samsun, Ordu, Kocaeli,Niğde,Rize, Denizli, Aydın, Trabzon, Almanya, İspanya, Fransa ve Hollanda'da yaşamaktadır. Rize,Fındıklı bölgesinde yaşayan Karaosmanoğlu sülalesine bağlı bir kısım ise Soyadı kanunu (1905-HOPA-Fındıklı Nüfus Kütükleri kaynaktır) sırasında oturdukları mahallenin isminden yola çıkarak "Işıklar" soyadını almışlardır. Diğer bir kısmı ise hâlen aynı soyadı taşımaktadırlar. Yerleşik oldukları mahalle ismi daha sonra merkez mahalle olarak değiştirilmiştir. Trabzon Arsin'de yaşayanların bir kısmı Bayraktar soyadını almıştır, Karaosmanoğlu soyadını kullananlar da vardır.Samsun'da yaşayanlar ise Ünveren soyadını almıştır. Ordu'da yaşayan diğer bir kısmı ise İncesöz soyadını almıştır.Kahramanmaraş'ta yaşayanlar ise de Kızal soyadını almıştır. Giresun, Çamoluk, Kaledere köyünde bulunan Karaosmanoğlu'ları Kaleli soyadını almışlardır.

Kaynakça
 Kara Osman-oğlu Ailesine ait Mimari Eserler, Prof.Dr. İnci Kuyulu, KTB Yayınları, Ankara, 1992, ISBN 9751710804
 Tarihte Âyânlar: Karaosmanoğulları Üzerinde Bir İnceleme, Yuzo NAGATA, 1997, 330 sf. ISBN 975-16-0841-4
Osmanlı Müellifleri, Bursalı Mehmed Tahir Bey

Karaosmanoğlu ailesi


Die schöne Müllerin ist ein deutscher Heimatfilm von Wolfgang Liebeneiner aus dem Jahr 1954. Die Gastwirtstochter Inge Kunze (Waltraut Haas) liebt den Müllergesellen Fritz Mertens (Gerhard Riedmann), ihr Vater verfolgt jedoch andere Pläne. Das hat zur Folge, dass Fritz das Dorf verlässt und in den Dienst der "schönen Müllerin" (Hertha Feiler) tritt. In tragenden Rollen sind Katharina Mayberg, Fritz Wagner, Paul Hörbiger, Margarete Haagen, Willy Rösner und Wolfgang Neuss besetzt.

Handlung
Müllergeselle Fritz Mertens liebt die Gastwirtstochter Inge Kunze. Deren Vater Walter ist jedoch strikt gegen die Verbindung, da Fritz bei seinen vorigen Arbeitgebern stets nach wenigen Monaten selbst kündigte und weiterzog. Er befürchtet, dass Fritz auch im Dorf Erlenbach nicht sesshaft werden wird. Walter sieht in Förster Anton Vogt den richtigen Ehemann, doch lehnt Inge ihn ab. Sie hat sich mal wieder mit Fritz heimlich verabredet, als Kat Dramberger zu ihnen stößt. Sie war lange Zeit im Ausland und ist nun in das Dorf zurückgekehrt. Die Halbspanierin soll unter anderem die Preise für das anstehende Wettschießen beim 400-Jahr-Fest des Dorfes anfertigen. Fritz ist von der dunkelhaarigen Schönheit fasziniert und Inge reagiert eifersüchtig.

Beim Dorffest kommt es während des Wettschießens zum Zweikampf zwischen Fritz und Anton. Im Stechen schießt Fritz nur eine 9, Kat jedoch blendet Anton beim entscheidenden Schuss, sodass er nur eine 3 schießt. Fritz gewinnt und muss nun, wie vorher ausgemacht, Kat den ersten Tanz überlassen. Heimlich entfernt Kat Fritz das gewonnene Schussabzeichen. Inge wiederum tanzt nun demonstrativ mit Anton, flieht jedoch vom Fest, als sie bei einem modernen Tanz eine schlechte Figur macht. Anton läuft ihr nach und bedrängt sie und der alarmierte Fritz rettet Inge. Es kommt zum Zweikampf zwischen Fritz und Anton, der ein Messer zieht, jedoch von Fritz k.o. geschlagen wird. Fritz und Inge versöhnen sich und gehen zusammen ins Heu. Kat findet den blutenden Anton an der Scheune und wischt ihm mit einem Tuch das Blut aus dem Gesicht. Dabei verliert sie unbemerkt die gestohlene Auszeichnung. Anton wirft eine brennende Zigarette weg und kurze Zeit später steht die Scheune in Flammen. Sie wird vollkommen zerstört. In der Asche findet sich Fritz' Abzeichen, der nun zunächst als verdächtig gilt. Inge sagt aus, dass sie mit Fritz spazieren war und die hinzugekommene Kat gibt vor, dass Fritz ihr das Abzeichen als Liebesgabe geschenkt habe. Da ein Leugnen nur bedeuten würde, dass Fritz als Täter an der Scheune war und diese als Rache an Walter angezündet hat, widerspricht Fritz nicht und Inge lässt ihn enttäuscht fallen. Fritz packt seine Sachen und geht.

Vor einigen Tagen hatte ihn der zwielichtige Dr. Wiebold angesprochen, um ihn von seinem Arbeitgeber, dem Besitzer der Erlenbachmühle Albert Krügler, abzuwerben. Er sollte der neue Verwalter der Hohensteiner Stadtmühle werden. Fritz hatte damals abgelehnt. Er hatte von Albert das Angebot erhalten, die Mühle als Teilhaber zu übernehmen, und wollte dies für die Ehe mit Inge annehmen. Nun geht er als neuer Verwalter nach Hohenstein. Dr. Wiebold wiederum plant, verschiedene Mühlen der Gegend zu einem großen Verband zusammenzuschließen, der ihm Geld bringen soll. Der Betrüger hat jedoch kein Geld für diese Fusion, sodass er der reichen Besitzerin der Hohensteiner Mühle, Hilde Rüdiger, den Verband schmackhaft machen und mit ihrem Geld finanzieren will. Die jedoch wollte ihre Mühle selbst verkaufen, da sie seit dem Tod ihres Mannes unrentabel war, sodass ein neuer Verwalter angestellt werden musste. Mit Fritz' Entscheidung ist Dr. Wiebold seinem Betrug näher gekommen.

Zwischen Fritz und Hilde entspinnt sich langsam eine Liebesbeziehung, zu der nicht zuletzt Kat beiträgt. Sie berichtet Fritz, dass Inge den Förster Anton heiraten wird, beichtet Inge aber, dass sie das Abzeichen von Fritz nicht erhalten, sondern es ihm gestohlen hatte. Gleichzeitig erklärt sie ihr, dass Fritz mit Hilde zusammen sei und Inge stimmt nun einem Heiratsantrag von Anton zu. Inge und Anton treffen auf einer Hundeausstellung auf Fritz und Hilde. Im Anschluss erkennt Inge, dass sie Fritz immer noch liebt und löst die Verlobung. Kat wiederum hat ihren Fehler erkannt und gesteht Hilde, dass Inge Fritz noch liebt und sehr unglücklich ist. Hilde gibt Fritz frei und fährt ihn zur Erlenbachmühle, wo sich Fritz und Inge versöhnen. Es kommt zum glücklichen Ende: Nicht nur willigt Inges Vater in die Beziehung ein. Auch Dr. Wiebold kommt mit seinem Betrug nicht durch, weil seine enttäuschte Geliebte seine Machenschaften an Hilde verrät und diese so beendet werden können.

Produktion

Produktionsnotizen

Die schöne Müllerin beruht auf einer Idee von Fred Miller. Der Farbfilm in Gevacolor wurde in Berlin, Effeltrich, Gößweinstein und Pottenstein gedreht, im Atelier Berlin-Tempelhof produziert

Die Bauten stammen von Willi A. Herrmann, Heinrich Weidemann und Peter Schlewski. Die Kostüme schuf Walter Kraatz. Produktionsleiter war Erich Holder. Die Herstellungsleitung übernahm Friedrich Wilhelm Gaik. Es war der letzte Film von Harald Paulsen, der noch vor der Premiere im August 1954 verstarb.

Im Film sind zwei Lieder zu hören: Heut stoß ich auf mich selber an, gesungen von Paul Hörbiger, sowie Eine Frau will im Frühling nicht allein sein, gesungen von Gisela Griffel. Die Musik von Willy Mattes basiert unter anderem auf dem Lied Mädel, ich bin dir so gut, so lautete auch der Arbeitstitel beziehungsweise Untertitel des Films. Es spielt Egon Kaiser mit seinen Solisten.

Überschattet wurden die Produktion vom Tod des Kameramanns Alfred Birx, der sich bei Abschluss der Dreharbeiten das Leben nahm.

Veröffentlichung
Der Film erlebte am 23. September 1954 im Nürnberger Lu-Li seine Premiere. In Österreich wurde er am 4. Februar 1955 erstmals veröffentlicht und in Dänemark unter dem Titel Den gamle vandmølle am 21. Februar 1955. In Belgien lief er unter den flämischen Titel De schone molenarin und dem französischen Titel La belle meunière.

Am 10. Mai 2007 wurde er von Euro Video auf DVD herausgegeben.

Kritik
Der Spiegel schrieb anlässlich der Premiere, dass Wolfgang Liebeneiner dem Film "die oft an ihm gerühmte Sorgfalt zugewandt [hat]. Besonders ein fränkisches Trachten- und Schützenfest hat er naturgerechter, als man das gewöhnt ist, arrangiert. Bedauerlich bleibt, daß alle Mühe, die auch einigen Schauspielern sichtlich wohltat, an eine so uröde Liebesintrige gewendet war."

Für den film-dienst bestand Die schöne Müllerin aus "Liebesgeschichten eines Müllerburschen mit Mißverständnissen ohne Ende. Heimatfilm mit aufgesetzter Volkstümlichkeit."

Cinemas Redaktionskritik war kurz, man stellte lapidar fest: "Herzschmerz satt."

Die Redaktion von Kino.de sprach von einem "komödiantische[n] Heimatfilm mit den Zutaten des Genres. Naturidylle, Liebe, alteingesessene Dörfler mit Vorurteilen gegen junge Liebende, bitterböse Intrigen und ein romantisches Happy End." Hauptdarsteller Gerhard Riedmann sei "im österreichischen Film für fesche Offiziere und Naturburschen zuständig gewesen".

Weblinks

 Die schöne Müllerin siehe Seite wunschliste.de
 Die schöne Müllerin Abb. Titelblatt Illustrierte Film-Bühne Nr. 2505 (im Bild: Waltraut Haas)
 Die schöne Müllerin (vollständiger Film, Part 1) bei dailymotion.com
 Die schöne Müllerin (vollständiger Film, Part 2) bei dailymotion.com
 Die schöne Müllerin Ausstrahlungstermine im Heimatkanal

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1954
Deutscher Film
Heimatfilm
Mühlen in der Kultur

Die schöne Müllerin (1954)


Joan Botam i Casals (Borjas Blancas, Lérida; 21 de septiembre de 1926) es un sacerdote y capuchino español, con el nombre religioso Fra Salvador de les Borges.

Biografía

Al acabar los estudios, trabajó en el Registro de la Propiedad y como interventor en el ayuntamiento de Borjas Blancas. En 1944 ingresó como novicio de la orden de los Capuchinos en Arenys de Mar. En 1955 se doctoró en Teología en la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca y en la Universidad Gregoriana de Roma, y en 1957 fue nombrado vicedirector (más tarde fue director) del Colegio de Filosofía y Teología de los Capuchinos. En 1952 fue ordenado sacerdote.

Interesado por la cultura catalana, su trabajo Arnau de Vilanova, moralista (1956) recibió el Premio Jaume Serra i Húnter otorgado por el Instituto de Estudios Catalanes. También se ha interesado por el excursionismo. En 1963 fue nombrado provincial de los Frailes Menores capuchinos de Cataluña, al mismo tiempo que ejercía como consiliario de la institución ecuménica Pax Christi, cargo desde el que impulsó iniciativas vinculadas a la paz y al ecumenismo. Así participó en la fundación del Instituto Víctor Seix de Polemología, formó parte del jurado para la concesión del Memorial Juan XXIII y colabore activamente con la resistencia cultural antifranquista, jugando un papel destacado en la Capuchinada de 1966. Después de este hecho, el gobernador civil de Barcelona, Antonio Ibáñez Freire intentó expulsarlo de España, pero las autoridades religiosas y la Santa Sede lo impidieron.

En 1984 fundó el Centro Ecuménico de Cataluña para promover el diálogo entre ortodoxos, anglicanos, católicos y protestantes; y posteriormente la Plataforma Intercultural Barcelona 1992 con el fin de promover el diálogo entre religiones aprovechando la celebración de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1992 en Barcelona y que todos los deportistas de diferentes religiones tuvieran un espacio común para rezar. Así surgiría el Centro Abraham del Poblenou. Al mismo tiempo, fue nombrado presidente de la Unión de Religiosos de Cataluña (URC) y fue uno de los promotores del Primer Congreso de Vida Religiosa en Cataluña.

En 1997 fue presidente de la Comisión elaboradora del anteproyecto de Centro Interreligioso / Servicio Municipal de Atención a Personas y Agrupaciones Religiosas de Barcelona. En 2000 representó a Barcelona, junto con Enric Capó, en la Cumbre del Milenio de líderes religiosos y espirituales en las Naciones Unidas.

En 2010 recibió la Creu de Sant Jordi por su contribución al diálogo entre religiones y por promover la paz, la convivencia y el entendimiento entre culturas. También ha recibido el Premio en convivencia y diálogo interreligioso del Grupo de Trabajo Estable de Religiones (GTER).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
  Artículo sobre Joan Botam i Casals en la GEC
  Clergues excursionistes de Joan Cervera i Batariu p. 97

Religiosos de Cataluña
Capuchinos de España del siglo XX
Capuchinos de España del siglo XXI
Nacionalismo catalán
Alumnado de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
Capuchinos de Sarriá
Nacidos en Borjas Blancas

Joan Botam


is a beat 'em up video game series originally developed and published by Technōs Japan. It began with the release of the arcade game Double Dragon in 1987. The series features twin martial artists, Billy and Jimmy Lee, as they fight against various adversaries and rivals.

The original Double Dragon was a hit arcade video game, ushering in a "Golden Age" for the beat 'em up genre, resulting in a flood of beat 'em ups during the late 1980s to 1990s that followed the conventions set by Double Dragon. A 1993 animated series and 1994 live-action film adaptation were produced; these adaptations were widely-panned by critics and audiences.

The franchise is now the property of Arc System Works, the company that ported the original Double Dragon to the Master System console in 1988.

Game series
The first game, Double Dragon, was released in the arcades in 1987. A Nintendo Entertainment System version produced by Technōs was released in 1988, followed by a Game Boy version in 1990. Various licensed versions were also produced by other developers for gaming platforms such as the Master System, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, Genesis, Atari Lynx and for home computers.

Two Double Dragon sequels were released for the arcade: Double Dragon II: The Revenge in 1988 and Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone in 1990. Like the original, Technōs produced versions for the NES (Double Dragon II: The Revenge in 1989 and Double Dragon III: The Sacred Stones in 1991, respectively).

In 1991, a game titled Double Dragon II, unrelated to its arcade and NES counterpart, was released for the Game Boy.

A fourth game in the main series was released exclusively for the Super NES in 1992, titled Super Double Dragon. It was the last game produced by the original team at Technōs.

The Game Gear game Double Dragon is not a port of the original arcade game, but is instead an entirely new entry in the series that has gameplay elements that are more similar to Streets of Rage.

In 1994, Tradewest released Double Dragon V: The Shadow Falls for the Super NES and Genesis in North America and Europe, a fighting game developed by Leland Interactive based on the Double Dragon animated TV series by Bohbot Entertainment. A Jaguar version was released by Telegames as well.

Another fighting game produced by Technōs, simply titled Double Dragon, was released for the Neo Geo arcade and home console in 1995. A Neo Geo CD version was also released, as well as a PlayStation version by Urban Plant. It was the last Double Dragon game produced by Technōs before the company went out of business.

In 2003, a remake of the original Double Dragon, titled Double Dragon Advance, was produced by Atlus and Million (the copyrights holder of the Double Dragon series at the time) for the Game Boy Advance.

In 2009, a remake was released for the Zeebo, developed by Brizo Interactive and published by Tectoy.

In 2011, another remake was released for the iPhone, developed by Brizo Interactive and published by Aksys Games.

WayForward Technologies developed Double Dragon Neon, a self-parody of the series. The game was released on September 11, 2012, for the PlayStation 3 on PlayStation Network; one day later for the Xbox 360 on Xbox Live; and was released for PC in the first quarter of 2014.

Double Dragon II: Wander of the Dragons, a 3D remake of the original Double Dragon II, was released on the Xbox Live Arcade by game developer Gravity in April 2013.

A compilation of the three arcade titles, titled Double Dragon Trilogy, was released by DotEmu in 2013 for iOS, Android, GOG and Steam platforms.

In 2017, Double Dragon IV (not to be confused with Super Double Dragon) was released in January 2017, for the PlayStation 4 and PC, respectively, and September 7 for the Nintendo Switch. It takes place shortly after Double Dragon II: The Revenge and uses an 8-bit artstyle, similar to the NES ports of the earlier entries of the series. The title was developed by Arc System Works and former Technos staff such as producer Takaomi Kaneko, director Yoshihisa Kishimoto, character designer Koji Ogata, composer Kazunaka Yamane and programmer Kei Oyama.

In 2023, the next mainline entry of the franchise, titled Double Dragon Gaiden: Rise of the Dragons, was announced for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S, for a mid-2023 release.

Other appearances and related games
 Super Spike V'Ball (NES) – the NES version which features Billy and Jimmy as playable characters.
 WWF Superstars (arcade) – features a cameo by Billy as one of the game's spectators.
 River City Ransom (NES) – the Double Dragon theme music plays during the battle against Randy and Andy, two characters based on Billy and Jimmy. The Japanese counterparts of Randy and Andy, Ryūichi and Ryūji, are recurring characters in the later Kunio-kun games. Abobo appears as a recurring enemy in the sequel, River City Ransom Underground.
 Battletoads/Double Dragon (NES, GB, Genesis, SNES) – a crossover game between the Double Dragon and Battletoads franchises.
 Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer (Neo Geo) – Burnov from the second game makes a cameo as Captain Atlantis' opponent in his ending.
 Rage of the Dragons (Neo Geo) – an unofficial homage to Double Dragon produced by Evoga and Noise Factory in association with Playmore which become the current incarnation of SNK. The main characters are named Billy and Jimmy Lewis.
 Abobo's Big Adventure (PC) – an unofficial parody of various Nintendo Entertainment System titles, including Double Dragon, and starring Abobo as the main character.
 River City: Rival Showdown (3DS) – both Billy and Jimmy Lee are playable characters in the Double Dragon Duel mode.
 River City Girls (PC, Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One) – the Lee Brothers have two Dojos in River City, where the player characters can acquire new fighting moves from the brothers in exchange for money. Abobo appears as a boss in the game, Marian and Skullmageddon as shop keepers, and Burnov works as a bouncer.
 River City Girls 2 (PC, Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series XS) – Marian appears as a playable character.

Related media
A Double Dragon comic book limited series loosely based on the games was published by Marvel Comics in 1991, which lasted six issues from July to December. The comic book was written by Dwayne McDuffie for the first four issues and by Tom Brevoort and Mike Kanterovich for the final two. It features original villains and a unique story that explains the brothers parentage.

Double Dragon is one of the video games featured in the manga, titled Rock'n Game Boy by Shigeto Ikehara, in Comic BomBom from October 1989 to December 1991.

A Double Dragon animated series was produced by DIC Animation City and Bohbot Entertainment, which originally aired in syndication on Bohbot's Amazin' Adventures block for two seasons from 1993 to 1995, lasting 26 episodes.

A film version of Double Dragon was released in theaters in 1994, directed by James Yukich and starring Scott Wolf and Mark Dacascos as the Lee brothers.

Gameplay
The gameplay in most of the games takes place in a pseudo 3D perspective like in Renegade and later beat-'em-ups, in which the player character can move in four directions but are always facing left or right. The player can perform a variety of unarmed fighting techniques against their enemies, as well use melee weapons such as baseball bats and throwing knives normally obtained from enemies. In some installments, there are techniques that can be done in combination with another player.

Characters

Lee Brothers

For most of the series, players take control of martial artist William "Billy" Lee, who battles against various adversaries such as gang members and rival fighters. He is often assisted by his elder twin brother James "Jimmy" Lee, who usually serves as the second player's character in most of the games. The Lee brothers are characterized as successors of a fictional martial art known as , which combines techniques from other styles such as karate, tai chi and Shorinji Kempo.

The duo were actually unnamed when the original arcade game was initially released in Japan, although the names Hammer and Spike were given to them in the cabinet and promotional flyer produced by Taito for the overseas version. The names Billy and Jimmy Lee were first established in the Famicom/NES version of the first game and consequently used in other console versions and tie-in products such as The Original Sound of Double Dragon soundtrack album, but were not actually used in the arcade versions until Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone. Billy Lee's name comes from a combination of Bruce Lee's last name with the first name of his character Billy Lo from the movie Game of Death, while Jimmy is named after musician Jimmy Page.

Because of the differences between the arcade and console versions of the games, the designs of the Lee brothers tend to vary throughout the series. While the original arcade game has Player 1 controlling a blond-haired Lee brother dressed in a blue outfit and Player 2 as a brown-haired brother in red, the NES version had their hair and outfit colors switched around: Billy was now the brown-haired brother in blue, while Jimmy became the blond-haired brother in red. Super Double Dragon was the first game to have the Lee brothers sport different hairstyles during gameplay, with Billy being given a laid down hairstyle and Jimmy a spiky flat top, a design convention adopted by later games such as Double Dragon Advance and the smartphone versions, although some of the promotional art and in-game visuals for the earlier games (such as the ending photograph of Double Dragon II: The Revenge and the story sequences/character portraits of Double Dragon III: The Sacred Stones) had already depicted the Lee brothers with differing hairstyles. Other games such as the Neo Geo fighting game and Double Dragon Neon depict the Lee brothers as identical twins like in the first arcade game.

The two brothers are shown to be romantically interested in a young woman named Marian, a student in their dojo. The arcade version of the first game (along with most console versions) can end with both brothers fighting each other over Marian if two players reach the end together, with the survivor ultimately winning Marian's affections. The Famicom/NES version, which establishes Marian to be Billy's long-term girlfriend, changes the story so that Jimmy was actually the leader of the Black Warriors (a change made as a result of the lack of two-player cooperative play in that version) and was the one who orchestrated Marian's kidnapping.

Enemy characters
The enemy organization in the original Double Dragon are the Black Warriors gang, who are characterized as the dominant criminal organization in New York City after a nuclear war has left the city deprived of any law and order. Much like the Lee brothers themselves, the names of the gang members were established throughout the console versions of the series. The gang's original leader is the machine gun-toting Willy Mackey (commonly known simply as Willy), who wishes to acquire the knowledge of the Lee brothers' martial arts for himself and orders the kidnapping of Marian as ransom. Recurring members of the gang throughout the various versions of the first game include the thugs Williams and Rowper, dominatrix Linda and bald strongman Abobo. The arcade version also featured two unnamed head swaps of other characters (namely of Abobo and the Lee brothers) as end-stage bosses: although these characters were absent in the NES version, which instead introduced a unique enemy, a Chinese martial artist named Chin Taimei. The Lee brother head swap would later appear in the Mark III/Master System version released by Sega, where he was named Jeff.

The name of the gang would change in later games. While the arcade version of Double Dragon II: The Revenge had Willy and the Black Warriors retaliating against their earlier defeat by gunning down Marian, the Famicom version replaced Willy with a nameless fighter who led a mysterious armed group following the dissolution of the original Black Warriors. While unnamed in the Japanese version, the English localization of the NES version would refer to this organization as the Shadow Warriors (or the Black Shadow Warriors in the manual), a name later used for an unrelated enemy group in Super Double Dragon, as well as Willy's own gang in Double Dragon Advance. The Shadow Warriors was also the name of the villain group in the Double Dragon animated series and its tie-in game, Double Dragon V: The Shadow Falls, where they consisted almost entirely of new characters.

The names Williams and Rowper were derived from the characters played respectively by Jim Kelly and John Saxon in the movie Enter The Dragon. Other characters seem to follow a similar naming convention such as Linda, who shares her name with Bruce Lee's widow Linda Lee Cadwell, and the enemy character Bolo from Double Dragon II: The Revenge, who shares his name with actor Bolo Yeung.

Legacy
While not the first games in the genre, the original Double Dragon titles laid the foundations for modern beat 'em up games. They influenced the creation of titles such as Golden Axe, Ninja Gaiden and Final Fight, which firmly established beat 'em ups as a popular game genre.

Double Dragon ushered in a "Golden Age" for the beat 'em up genre that took it to new heights with its detailed set of martial arts attacks and its two-player cooperative gameplay. Double Dragon'''s success resulted in a flood of beat 'em ups in the late 1980s. Subsequent beat 'em ups during the late 1980s to 1990s followed the conventions set by Double Dragon.

Years later, original series creator Yoshihisa Kishimoto lamented the inconsistency in design and quality of the various versions and spin-offs of Double Dragon in games and other media. He attributed these failings to Technōs losing the control of the license and allowing a multitude of third parties to work on the franchise.

References

External links
 Double Dragon series director Yoshihisa Kishimoto
Double Dragon series at MobyGames

 Double Dragon'' detailed knowledge

Arc System Works franchises

Side-scrolling beat 'em ups
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1987
Video games about siblings
Video games adapted into comics
Video games adapted into films
Video games adapted into television shows

Double Dragon


Pelusium var en betydningsfuld by længst mod øst i det egyptiske Nildelta 30 km sydøst for vore dages Port Said  Byen var en romersk provinshovedstad og sæde for et stift.

Placering
Pelusium lå mellem kysten og marskområderne ved Nildeltaet, omkring 4 km fra havet. Havnen sandede til allerede i det 1. århundrede f.Kr., og kysten ligger nu så langt fra bygrænsen, at byen selv i det 3. århundrede var mindst 6 km fra Middelhavet.

Den vigtigste afgrøde i området var hør og linum Pelusiacum (Plinius Naturhistorie xix. 1. s. 3) var både rigelig og af en meget fin kvalitet. Pelusium var også kendt for at være en tidlig producent af øl, kendt som den pelusiske drik. Pelusium var en grænsefæstning, et sted med stor styrke ved grænsen og beskyttede Egypten i forhold til Syrien og havet. Fra sin position var den således direkte udsat for angreb fra enhver, der ville invadere Egypten. Byen blev ofte belejret, og der blev udkæmpet vigtige slag omkring dens mure.

Navne
Pelusium var den østligste større by i Nedre Egypten og lå ved den østligste arm af Nilen, Ostium Pelusiacum, som gav den sit navn. Det romerske navn "Pelusium" blev afledt af det græske navn, og det kom fra en oversættelse af det egyptiske. Byen var kendt som Sena og Per-amun (ægyptisk), Paramoun (koptisk) i betydningen hus eller tempel for solguden Amon, Pelousion (græsk, ), Sin (kaldæisk og hebræisk), Seyân (aramæisk) og Tell el-Farama (moderne egyptisk arabisk). Det var Sin i det Gamle Testamente (Ezekiels bog 30.15); og dette ord såvel som dets egyptiske udgave, Peremoun eller Peromi, og det græske () betegner en by i sumpen eller mudderet (cf. omi, koptisk, "mudder").

Historie

De nedenstående er de mest bemærkelsesværdige begivenheder i Pelusiums historie:
 Sennacherib, konge af Assyrien, 720-715 f.Kr. rykkede fra Kongeriget Judæa mod Pelusium, men trak sig tilbage uden kamp fra dets mure (Esajas bog, 31.8; Herodot ii. 141 ; Strabo xiii. p. 604). Hans tilbagetrækning blev tilskrevet Hephaestos gunst overfor Sethos, hans præst. Om natten, mens assyrerne sov, gnavede en flok markmus deres buestrenge og skjoldstropper over, assyrerne flygtede, og mange af dem blev dræbt under flugten af egypterne. Herodot så i templet for Hephaestos i Memphis, en beretning om denne egyptiske sejr, m.a.o. en statue af Sethos, som holder en mus i sin hånd. Historien bygger formentlig på det faktum, at i den egyptiske symbolisme betød musen ødelæggelse. (Sammenlign med Horapolis Hieroglyph. i. 50; Claudius Aelianus, De Natura Animalium vi. 41.)
 Det afgørende slag, som overførte magten i Egypten fra faraoerne til Kambyses 2., persernes konge, blev udkæmpet nær Pelusium i 525 f.Kr. Markerne omkring byen var oversået med knogler fra de kæmpende, da Herodot besøgte stedet. Han bemærkede, at de egyptiske kranier kunne kendes fra persernes ved, at de var hårdere, et faktum, han hævdede, blev bekræftet af mumierne. Han tilskrev dette til, at egypterne barberede deres hoveder fra barnsben, mens perserne dækkede deres til med klæde. (Herodot ii. 10, seq.); men ifølge legenden faldt Pelusium uden kamp, ved at angriberne drev katte (som var hellige for den lokale gudinde Bastet) foran sig. Da Kambyses straks rykkede frem til Memphis, overgav Pelusium sig formentlig straks efter slaget. (Polyaen. Stratag. vii. 9.)
 I 373 f.Kr. dukkede Pharnabazus, satrap af Frygien, og Iphicrates, lederen af de athenske lejesoldater op ved Pelusium, men trak sig tilbage uden at angribe byen, Nectanebos, kongen af Egypten, havde forbedret dens befæstninger ved at oversvømme det omkringliggende land og blokere de sejlbare kanaler af Nilen med diger. (Diodorus Siculus xv. 42; Nepos, Iphicr. c. 5.)
 Pelusium blev angrebet og erobret af perserne i 343 f.Kr. Byen havde på daværende tidspunkt en garnison på 5.000 græske lejesoldater under kommando af Philophron. I starten, på grund af hastværk blandt thebanerne i persisk tjeneste, havde forsvarerne fordelen, men den egyptiske konge Nectanebo 2. forsøgte for hastigt at komme i et egentligt slag, og hans tropper blev hakket i småstykker, og Pelusium overgav sig til den thebanske general Lacrates på ærefulde betingelser. (Diodorus Siculus xvi. 43.)
 I 333 f.Kr. åbnede Pelusium sine porte for Alexander den Store, som efterlod en garnison i byen under kommando af en af de officerer, som kaldtes kongens ledsagere. (Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 1, seq.; Quintus Curtius iv. 33.)
 I 173 f.Kr. besejrede Antiochus Epiphanes fuldstændig tropperne under Ptolemaios 6. Filometor ved Pelusiums mure. Han erobrede byen og beholdt den, efter at han havde trukket sig ud af det øvrige Egypten. (Polybius Legat. § 82; Hieronym. in Daniel. xi.) Ved det syriske kongeriges fald, hvis ikke før, kom Pelusium tilbage til Ptolemæerne.
 I 55 f.Kr. da det igen tilhørte Egypten, besejrede Marcus Antonius, som kavalerigeneral for den romerske prokonsul Gabinius, den egyptiske hær og gjorde sig selv til herre over byen. Ptolemeus Auletes, på hvis vegne romerne invaderede Egypten, ønskede nu at dræbe byens indbyggere, men det blev forhindret af Marcus Antonius. (Plut. Anton. c. 3; Valerius Max. ix. 1.)
 I 48 f.Kr. blev Pompeius myrdet i Pelusium.
 I 30 f.Kr. over et halvt år efter hans sejr i Søslaget ved Actium, dukkede Augustus op ved Pelusium, og blev lukket inden for murene af dens guvernør Seleucos.
 I 501 led Pelusium meget under den persiske invasion af Egypten (Eutychius, Annal.).
 I 541 blev blev Den justinianske Pest først rapporteret her og begyndte at sprede sig i det Østromerske rige.
 I 639 ydede Pelusium langstrakt, men i den sidste ende resultatløs modstand mod Amr ibn al-As. Som ved tidligere lejligheder var overgivelsen af nøglen til deltæt omtrent ensbetydende med underlæggelsen af selve Egypten.
 I ca. 870 omtales Pelusium som en vigtig havn i Radhanitternes handelsnetværk.
 I 1117 nedbrændte Balduin 1. af Jerusalem byen, men han døde kort tid efter af madforgiftning efter at have spist en tallerkenfuld lokale fisk.
Kalifferne, som regerede over Pelusium efter korstogene, vedligeholdt ikke havnene, og fra denne tid forsvandt Pelusium, som længe havde været i nedgang, næsten helt fra historien.

Romerske militærveje
Af de seks militærveje, som blev bygget eller overtaget af romerne i Egypten, omtales de følgende i Itinerarium Antonini som forbundet med Pelusium:
 Fra Memphis til Pelusium. Denne vej forbandt den store vej fra Pselcis i Nubien til Babylon fæstningen overfor Memphis og fulgte den så langt som til Scenae Veteranorum. De to veje, dvs. den fra Pselcis til Scenae Veteranorum, som drejede af øst for for Heliopolis, og den fra Memphis til Pelusium, forbandt den sidstnævnte by med hovedstaden i Nedre Egypten, Trajans kanal og Arsinoe nær Suez.
 Fra Akko til Alexandria, løb langs Middelhavet fra Rafah til Pelusium.

Kirkehistorie
Pelusium kaldes "Sin, Ægyptens Bolværk" i Bibelen (Ezekiels bog 30:15.)

Pelusium blev på et tidligt tidspunkt sæde for en kristen biskop. Dens biskop Dorotheus deltog i det Første koncil i Nikæa i 325. I 335 blev Marcus sendt i eksil på grund af hans støtte til Athanasius af Alexandria. Hans efterfølger Pancratius, en tilhænger af arianisme, deltog i det andet koncil i Sirmium i 351. Adskillige af de senere kendte biskopper af Pelusium blev også anset for kætterske af de ortodokse. Som hovedstad i den romerske provins Augustamnica Prima var Pelusium kirkeligt stiftsby for provinsen.

Pelusium er stadig stiftsby i Den Ortodokse Kirke.

Isidore af Pelusium (død ca. 450), som var født i Alexandria, blev en asket og bosatte sig ifølge traditionen på et bjerg i nærheden af Pelusium.

Pelusium optræder i dag i Den katolske kirke som en titulær stiftsby.

Noter og henvisninger

Kilder og eksterne kilder

Egyptens geografi
Byer og territorier i Romerriget
Byer i Egypten
Egyptens historie

Pelusium


Blasco Núñez Vela (c. 1490 – January 18, 1546) was the first Spanish viceroy of South America ("Viceroyalty of Peru").  Serving from May 15, 1544 to January 18, 1546, he was charged by Charles V with the enforcement of the controversial New Laws, which dealt with the failure of the encomienda system to protect the indigenous people of America from the rapacity of the conquistadors and their descendants.

Origins
Núñez Vela was a native of Ávila, born into an ancient and noble family. The Núñez Vela family, lords of Tabadillo, lived in this area from at least 1403. He was a descendant of Don Pedro Nuñez de la Fuente Almexir (Fuentearmegil) the loyal, who saved the life of the King of Castile, Alfonso VIII in 1163. He was a knight of the Order of Santiago and corregidor of Málaga and Cuenca, Spain, and devoted to the service of the king. One of his brothers was lord of the bedchamber to the king, and another was archbishop of Burgos. Although honest, loyal and courageous, Núñez was also very hot headed.

Appointment as viceroy
In 1543 he was named viceroy, governor and captain general of Peru and president of the Audiencia, and also captain general of Chile, with a salary of 5,000 ducats.

He sailed from Sanlucar on November 3, 1542 in command of a fleet, with much pomp, and arrived in Lima on May 17, 1544. He was accompanied by the members of the Audiencia and other illustrious personalities. His last instructions from the king were to "show himself to be a severe punisher of infractions." Núñez's adherence to these instructions was to prove very costly.

The New Laws
The New Laws promulgated by Charles, under the influence of reformers such as Bartolomé de las Casas, had been established to improve the lot of the indigenous peoples of the Americas within the Spanish dominions. They were intended to clarify, expand and enforce provisions of the Laws of Burgos of 1512. The latter had provided many safeguards for the indigenous population, but these had not been strictly enforced. The New Laws became effective November 20, 1542.

In order to enforce the New Laws and suppress the insubordination of the conquistadors in New Spain and Peru, representatives of the Crown were provided with the powers and authority of the king. The new office was designated a viceroyalty at the head of which was a viceroy or virrey. Audiencias were also appointed to assist the viceroys in the administration of civil and criminal justice. The Audiencias were composed of four oidores (judges).

Actions as viceroy
Núñez arrived at Nombre de Dios on January 10, 1544, and passed from there to Panama City. Leaving the Audiencia in Panama, he sailed for Peru, arriving at Tumbes on March 14, 1544. He went from there to Trujillo, where he was solemnly received, and thence to La Barranca. In La Barranca he may have read on one of the walls, "Whoever comes to take my hacienda, his life will be taken".

The New Laws were not well received by the conquistadors because they provided that what was effectively Indian slavery had to end, that everyone had to pay a fair share of taxes, and that all the encomienda rights had to go to the king. The conquistadors would have none of this.

Núñez arrived in Lima, the capital of the colony, on May 17, 1544, where he was received in royal splendor and sworn into office. News of governmental measures he had already taken on the voyage had preceded him, and he was met with hostility and resistance from the officials and clergy. Núñez himself now had doubts about enforcing the New Laws in the current situation. He agreed to join the Spanish landowners in the colony in a petition to the emperor to suspend them, but claiming a lack of authority, he refused to suspend them on his own initiative.

The resistance aggravated his distrust and increased the severity of his measures. He imprisoned Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, his predecessor as head of the colonial government, and then had him sent to Spain. On September 13, 1544, in a late night interview in the viceroy's palace, Núñez accused Juan Suárez de Carbajal of treason. The exchange became heated, and Núñez killed Suárez with a dagger.

Deposition as viceroy
The death of Suárez led the Audiencia to break with the viceroy. Believing they could rely on help from Gonzalo Pizarro, brother of Francisco Pizarro, they determined to remove Núñez from office and send him back to Spain. (Pizarro had already raised a small army in opposition to the viceroy.) On September 18, 1544 they deposed him and ordered his imprisonment. The viceroy was sent a prisoner to the island of San Lorenzo, to be handed over to oidor Álvarez. In Álvarez's custody, Núñez left San Lorenzo for Panama on September 24. Just out of port, Álvarez told the viceroy he was now free, and turned over command of the ship to him.

The civil war
Núñez ordered the ship to sail for Tumbes, where he disembarked in the middle of October. He gathered an army and led it south to battle the conquistadors. Pizarro made his solemn entry into Lima on October 28, at the head of 1,200 well-trained and well-armed soldiers, with artillery, under the royal banner of Castile. Both sides claimed to be defenders of the king. Pizarro was sworn in before the Audiencia as interim governor and captain general of Peru, until a replacement could be named by the king.

Núñez and his small force left San Miguel (near Quito) just ahead of Pizarro's soldiers. The hope was to link up in the high country with Benalcazar, the loyal commander at Popayan. Indecisive skirmishes were fought along the line of march. Núñez, suspecting treachery among his officers, had three of them executed. Núñez arrived in Popayan, and Pizarro occupied Quito, formerly friendly territory for the viceroy. Pizarro lured Núñez out of Popayan to Quito by a stratagem. The two armies met January 18, 1546 at nearby Añaquito.

Seven hundred soldiers of the army of Pizarro fought Núñez and his smaller army of a few hundred at Añaquito. Núñez fought bravely, in spite of his age, but he was killed in the battle and then decapitated. His head was marched about on a pike to demonstrate that the conquistadors had won and were now in charge. Fearing the loss of the American colonies the Crown watered down the New Laws and restored the encomiendas.

King Charles recognized the fallen viceroy and his sons, ordering that Núñez be honored annually. Charles made two of his sons knights, one in the Order of Santiago and one in the Order of Alcántara. The sons became ambassador to France, captain general of artillery, and archbishop of Burgos.

See also
 History of Peru
 Spanish conquest of Peru
 Valladolid debate

Notes

Sources
 Brief biography

External links

Viceroys of Peru
1490 births
1546 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Ávila, Spain
Knights of Santiago
Spanish untitled nobility
1540s in the Viceroyalty of Peru
16th-century Peruvian people
16th-century Spanish people

Blasco Núñez Vela


Acta Paediatrica er et videnskabeligt tidsskrift i pædiatri. Det udgives af Wiley-Blackwell og redigeres ved Karolinska Institutet i Sverige. Tidsskriftet blev oprettet i 1921 for at skabe en international platform for skandinavisk pædiatrisk forskning. Tidsskriftets navn fra 1964 til 1992 var Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica.

Referencer

Sundhedsvidenskabelige tidsskrifter
Etableret i 1921

Acta Paediatrica


بلدية فيلانيوفا دي أرغانيو , هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برغش, التي تقع في منطقة قشتالة وليون, والتي تقع في شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 125 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة برغش
بلديات برغش

فيلانيوفا دي أرغانيو


Mørke - kulde - væde er en film instrueret af Vincent Hansen.

Handling
Titlen udgør de tre hovedproblemer ved udendørs vinterarbejde. Planlægning er den vigtigste forholdsregel.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1968

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Mørke - kulde - væde


Bear River may mean:

Populated places
 Bear River, Minnesota
 Bear River City, Utah
 Bear River City, Wyoming
 Bear River, Wyoming
 Bear River, Nova Scotia
 Bear River, Prince Edward Island

Rivers

Canada
Alberta
 Bear River (Alberta), a river in the Peace Country of northwestern Alberta

British Columbia
 Bear River (British Columbia), a river in British Columbia, entering the head of the Portland Canal at the community of Stewart
 Bear River (Sustut River), a river in the northwestern Omineca Country of the British Columbia Interior, tributary to the Skeena River via the Sustut River
 Bedwell River, once officially, and still commonly, known as Bear River, in the Clayoquot Sound area of Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Nova Scotia
 Bear River (Nova Scotia)

Ontario
Bear River (Ontario), a river in the Timiskaming District of Ontario

United States
California
 Bear River (Mokelumne River tributary)
 Bear River (Feather River tributary)
 Bear River (Humboldt County)

Colorado
 Bear River (Colorado)

Georgia
 Bear River (Georgia)

Maine
 Bear River (Androscoggin River)
 Bear River (Long Lake)

Massachusetts
 Bear River (Massachusetts), a river in Massachusetts

Michigan
 Bear River (Michigan)

Minnesota
 Bear River (Big Fork River)
 Bear River (Leech Lake River)
 Bear River (Sturgeon River)

Utah
 Bear River (Great Salt Lake), a river in Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho that empties into the Great Salt Lake

Washington
 Bear River (Washington)

Wisconsin
 Bear River (Wisconsin), a river in Wisconsin

Other
 Bear River (tribe), a Native American group in California, United States
 Bear River First Nation, a government of the indigenous Mi'kmaq people located in Bear River, Nova Scotia, Canada
 Bear River Massacre, an 1863 massacre of Shoshone by the United States Army in Idaho, United States
 Bear River Glacier, the official name of the glacier enshrined in Bear Glacier Provincial Park near Stewart, British Columbia, Canada
 Bear River High School, a public high school in Grass Valley, California, United States
 Bear River Pass, a pass to the north of Stewart, British Columbia, Canada, at the divide between the basins of the Bear and Meziadin Rivers
 Bear River Range, a mountain range located in northeastern Utah and southeastern Idaho

See also

 Bear Lake (disambiguation)
 Bear Brook (disambiguation)
 Bear Creek (disambiguation)

Bear River


An Gastrodia punctata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leonid Vladimirovich Averyanov. An Gastrodia punctata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gastrodia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Vietnam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gastrodia

Gastrodia punctata


Peebles Island State Park is a  state park located at the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers in New York. A majority of the park is located in Saratoga County, with a smaller portion located in Albany County.

Description
Peebles Island State Park includes hiking and cross-country ski trails, as well as earthworks dating from the Revolutionary War and a visitors' center detailing the island's industrial history. The park also offers picnic tables with pavilions, river views, and fishing access.

In addition to encompassing the entirety of Peebles Island, the park also includes the Matton Shipyard on neighboring Van Schaick Island in the city of Cohoes.

Headquarters for New York State's Bureau of Historic Sites as well as the Bureau of Historic Preservation Field Services are located within the park. Contained within a converted factory complex on the island known as the Peebles Island Resource Center, the headquarters serve as a home to conservators, archaeologists, historians and others tasked with preserving historic locations within New York.

See also
 List of New York state parks

References

External links

 New York State Parks: Peebles Island State Park
 New York State Bureau of Historic Sites

State parks of New York (state)
Parks in Saratoga County, New York
Parks in Albany County, New York
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York

Peebles Island State Park


Slesviger har flere betydninger:
 En person fra byen Slesvig
 En person fra Hertugdømmet Slesvig
 En person fra området Slesvig
 Slesvigsk Koldblod - en hesterace kaldet Slesviger

Slesviger


La fraude alimentaire est la production et / ou mise sur le marché intentionnelle de produits alimentaires non conformes à des fins de gains économiques pouvant affecter la santé du consommateur. Ce type de fraude est en augmentation dans l'Union européenne et en Suisse. Elle rapporterait à la mafia plus de 50 milliards de dollars dans le monde, dont près de 25 milliards en Italie en 2018.

Exemples
Le miel, les épices, la viande (Fraude à la viande de cheval de 2013) et le poisson font partie des types de produits concernés par la fraude. En France, d'après Foodwatch, une épice sur deux serait frauduleuse. Au Canada, en 2015-2016, sur 3601 aliments importés testés, 20 % n'étaient pas conformes, dont certains frauduleux.

La fraude alimentaire concerne aussi particulièrement l'origine des produits, les prétentions de bien-être animal, les produits issus de l'agriculture biologique et les aliments équitables.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Foodwatch
 Scandale alimentaire

Liens externes

 Réseau de lutte contre la fraude alimentaire de la Commission européenne (AAC-Food Fraud Network)

Sécurité des aliments
Industrie agroalimentaire
Fraude

Fraude alimentaire


Muguiro (Mugiro en euskera y de forma oficial) es un concejo de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra perteneciente al municipio de Larráun.

Está situado en la Merindad de Pamplona, en la comarca de Norte de Aralar, en el valle de Larráun y a 32 km de la capital de la comunidad, Pamplona. Su población en  fue de  habitantes (INE), su superficie es de  km² y su densidad de población de  hab/km².

Geografía física

Situación
La localidad de Muguiro está situada en la parte oriental del municipio de Larráun. Su término concejil tiene una superficie de  km² y limita al norte con el municipio de Lecumberri y el concejo de Echarri; al este con el de Arruiz; al sur con el de Astiz y al oeste con el de Alli.

Demografía

Evolución de la población

Véase también
 Larráun
 Lista de concejos de Navarra

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Datos del Concejo de Muguiro - Gobierno de Navarra - Información y datos de entidades locales de Navarra.

Concejos de Larráun
Localidades de Larráun

Muguiro


El Vizcondado de Altamira de Vivero es un título nobiliario español creado en 1463 por el rey Enrique IV de Castilla a favor de Juan de Vivero, Señor de Vivero y Altamira, Contador Mayor de Castilla.

El título se concedió originalmente con la denominación de "Vizcondado de Altamira", siendo el 21 de junio de 1953 cuando se otorgó la nueva y actual denominación de "Vizcondado de Altamira de Vivero".

Vizcondes de Altamira de Vivero

Historia de los Vizcondes de Altamira de Vivero

Juan de Vivero, I vizconde de Altamira. Le sucedió, de su hija Juana de Vivero, que había casado con Martín de Acuña, señor de Villafañe, hermano del III conde de Valencia de Don Juan, el hijo de ambos, por tanto su nieto:

Alonso de Acuña y Vivero (fallecido en 1509), II vizconde de Altamira, general de los Reyes Católicos. Le sucedió su hijo:

Fernando de Acuña, III vizconde de Altamira. Le sucedió su hijo:

Martín de Acuña, IV vizconde de Altamira.

Juan Pérez de Vivero y Castro, V vizconde de Altamira, I conde de Fuensaldaña, hijo de María de Castro y Acuña, nieto de Antonia de Acuña, hija mayor del citado II vizconde Alonso de Acuña, por un pacto familiar, ya que había tres mujeres a heredar y ningún varón.

Juan de Vivero, VI vizconde de Altamira, II conde de Fuensaldaña.
 Casado con María de Menchaca Velázquez ( ¿? - ¿?).

Alonso Pérez de Vivero y Menchaca (1603-1661), VII vizconde de Altamira, III conde de Fuensaldaña.
 Casado con Aldonza Enríquez Mesía de Guzmán ( ¿? - ¿?).

-

-

Rehabilitado en 1916 por:

María Luisa del Carmen Contreras y López de Ayala, XVI vizcondesa de Altamira.
Casó con Agustín Hernández Francés. Le sucedió en 1941 por cesión, su hijo:

José Hernández y Contreras, XVII vizconde de Altamira.
Casó con Ana María Galán y Bradamonte. Pasó este título, en virtud de sentencia judicial, en 1957 a:

Luis Felipe de Peñalosa y Contreras (1912-1990), XVIII vizconde de Altamira de Vivero (nueva denominación desde 21 de junio de 1953.
Casó con María del Pilar Izuzquiza y Herranz. Le sucedió, en 1992, su hijo:

Rodrigo Peñalosa e Izuzquiza, XIX vizconde de Altamira de Vivero.
Casó con María Luisa Esteban y Drake.

Notas

Aunque la relación oficial de los vizcondes de Altamira comienza en 1916, con la rehabilitación, desde el primer titular hasta la XVI vizcondesa, hubo lógicamente otros vizcondes que ejercieron su Señorío sobre Vivero, Altamira etc. Entre ellos cabe destacar:

Juan Pérez de Vivero y Castro, V vizconde de Altamira, I conde de Fuensaldaña.

Alonso Pérez de Vivero y Menchaca (1603-1661), VII vizconde de Altamira, III conde de Fuensaldaña.

Juan de Pita Pumariño, vizconde de Altamira.

Referencias

Altamira de Vivero

Vizcondado de Altamira de Vivero


Harbor est le septième album du groupe américain de folk rock, America. Il sort en 1977 chez Warner Records. Il est produit par le producteur de longue date des Beatles, George Martin. Il s'agit du dernier album sur lequel participe Dan Peek avant qu'il ne parte mené sa carrière solo de musique chrétienne.

Liste des pistes

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Harbor sur Discogs.

Album de folk rock
Album musical sorti en 1977
Album de musique américain
Album publié par Warner Records
Album produit par George Martin

Harbor (album)


5024 Bechmann este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
5024 Bechmann este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Brorfelde de Poul Jensen. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,22 ua, o excentricitate de 0,05 și o înclinație de 14,6° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 5001-6000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1985
Centura de asteroizi

5024 Bechmann


Arfanæpa (fræðiheiti Brassica rapa) er káltegund sem hefur óljósan uppruna vegna þess hve lengi hún hefur verið ræktuð og villst úr ræktun. Mestu líkindin eru að hún sé upprunin frá Mið-Asíu fyrir 4000 til 6000 árum síðan.

Ræktunarafbrigði
Mörg ræktunarafbrigðanna hafa myndast að einhverju leiti með blöndun við skyldar tegundir eins og garðakál og repju.

Tenglar
 Kál - brakandi og ferskt(Vilmundur Hansen, Bændablaðið, 28. ágúst 2017)

Plöntur á Íslandi

Arfanæpa


Aetosaurinae es una de las dos subfamilias de aetosaurios estagonolépidos, junto a los Desmatosuchinae. Es un taxón basado en raíces definido como todos los aetosaurios más cercanamente relacionados con Aetosaurus que al último ancestro común de Aetosaurus y Desmatosuchus. La única sinapomorfia que diagnostica este clado es el bulbo medial de las cimas dorsales de los osteodermos paramediales.

Referencias

Aetosauria
Fósiles del Triásico

Aetosaurinae


L'église de la Panagía Marmariótissa () est une église située à Chalándri, dans la banlieue proche d'Athènes, en Grèce.

Histoire
Initialement, il s'agit d'un monument funéraire datant de l'époque romaine, converti par la suite en église. Aujourd'hui, elle est située au croisement des rues Panagía Marmariótissa et Sofoklí Venizélou, derrière l'église homonyme de date récente. Le nom de « Marmariótissa » () est dû au matériau utilisé pour la construction du monument.

Le bâtiment, à l'origine un mausolée, est construit à l'époque romaine, dans le dème antique de  (aujourd'hui connu sous le nom de Chalándri). Le matériel de construction coûteux indique que sa construction est due à un riche résident du dème. Il semble être une copie du monument funéraire de Kifissiá, un mausolée aujourd'hui en ruine construit par Hérode Atticus, ce qui laisse penser que ce dernier serait le constructeur de ce monument.

Il est conservé en parfait état. Son plancher se trouve à quelques mètres en dessous du niveau actuel du sol. Dans le monument original, l'entrée se trouve sur le côté est, où se trouve aujourd'hui le sanctuaire de cette petite église de forme semi-hexagonale. Aujourd'hui, l'entrée se fait par le côté ouest. Le toit est une voûte de forme semi-cylindrique, constitué de parpaings de marbre. À l'intérieur, des fragments de fresques datant du  sont conservés, tandis que de son côté, Anastássios Orlándos, remarque une inscription sur ces dernières indiquant l'année 1717.

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Monument de Philopappos

Chalándri
Église orthodoxe en Grèce
Cimetière en Grèce

Église de la Panagía Marmariótissa (Chalándri)


Confessions d'un laveur de carreaux () est une comédie érotique américano-britannique réalisée par Val Guest et sortie en 1974.

À l'instar des autres films de la série Confessions : ,  et , il s'agit des aventures érotiques de Timothy Lea, basées sur les romans écrits sous ce nom par Christopher Wood. Chaque film met en scène  et Anthony Booth.

Synopsis
L'optimiste et inepte Timothy Lea est fraîchement employé par son beau-frère Sid comme laveur de vitres. Sid étant un futur père, il compte sur Timmy pour « satisfaire » pleinement ses clients, sans se rendre compte que la tendance aux accidents de Timmy s'étend souvent à sa vie sexuelle avec ses clients. Timmy passe de femmes au foyer insatisfaites à un rendez-vous amoureux lesbien, tout en gardant un œil sur Elizabeth Radlett, un gendarmette qui ne veut rien savoir des avances sexuelles de Timmy. Il la demande en mariage, au grand dam de sa famille, sans savoir que la chance habituelle de Timmy aura une incidence sur le résultat.

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Confessions d'un laveur de carreaux
 Titre original italien :
 Réalisateur : Val Guest
 Scénario : Christopher Wood, Val Guest
 Photographie :
 Montage : Bill Lenny
 Musique : Sam Sklair
 Décors : Robert Jones
 Costumes : Masada Wilmot
 Maquillage : Tony Sforzini
 Production : Michael Klinger, Greg Smith, Norman Cohen, David Begelman, Leo Jaffe
 Société de production : Swiftdown Production, Columbia Pictures
 Pays de production :  -
 Langue originale : anglais
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 1,85:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 90 minutes ()
 Genre : Comédie érotique
 Dates de sortie :
 Royaume-Uni :
 États-Unis :
 France :

Distribution
  : Timothy Lea
 Anthony Booth : Sidney Noggett
  : M. Lea
  : Mme Lea
  : Rosie Noggett
 Linda Hayden : Elizabeth Radlett
 John Le Mesurier : Inspecteur Radlett
 Richard Wattis : Le père de Carole
 Joan Hickson : Mme Radlett
 Melissa Stribling : Mme Villiers
  : Le premier déménageur
  : Le propriétaire de Brenda
 Katya Wyeth : Carole
  : Jacqui Brown
 Anita Graham : Ingrid
  : Le second déménageur
  : L'apprenti

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film britannique sorti en 1974
Film américain sorti en 1974
Film réalisé par Val Guest
Comédie érotique britannique
Comédie érotique américaine
Adaptation d'un roman britannique au cinéma
Film tourné dans le Hertfordshire
Film se déroulant dans le Hertfordshire
Film en anglais

Confessions d'un laveur de carreaux


2007 චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා Love in the Time of Cholera (චිත්‍රපටය) බලන්න

ලව් ඉන් ද ටයිම් ඔෆ් කොලරා (ස්පාඤ්ඤ බසින්  එල් අමෝර් එන් ලොස් ටියෙම්පෝස් ඩෙල් කොලරා) යනු 1985දි ස්පාඤ්ඤ බසින් පලමු වරට ප්‍රකාශිත, නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගලාභීකොළොම්බියානු කර්තෘ ගබ්රියෙල් ගර්සියා මාර්කස්ගේ නවකතාවකි. මේ සඳහා 1988දී ඇල්ෆ්‍රඩ් ඒ. ක්නොෆ් විසින් ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින් පරිවර්තනයක් සිදු කරන ලදී. 2007දී ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්  චිත්‍රපට අනුවාදය නිකුත් කරන ලදී.

කථා සංක්ෂේපය
ෆර්මිනා දාසා, නවකතාවේ ප්‍රධාන කාන්තා චරිතය, කතාව පෙල ගැසෙනා ප්‍රධාන අරටුවයි. තරුණ වියේදී ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රථම ආලයේ naïveté අවබෝධ කර ගන්නා පසු ෆර්මිනා පහසුවෙන්ම ෆ්ලෝරෙන්තීනෝ අරීසාව අතහැර දමා, ඔහුට ඇය වෙත ආරක්ෂාව හා ආදරය ප්‍රධානය කල හැකි වෙතැයි පෙනෙන, හුවෙනාල් උර්බිනෝ සමඟ, ඇයම ඇයට පනවා ගන්නා "නියමිත කාලයේ", වයස අවුරුදු 21දී විවාහ වේ. උර්බිනෝ, විද්‍යාවට, නවීනත්වයට හා "පිලිවෙළ සහ දියුණුව සඳහා" කැපවුණු වෛද්‍යවරයෙකි. කොලරා රෝගය මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමටත් පොදු කර්තව්‍යයන් ප්‍රවර්ධනයටත් ඇප කැප වී සිටී. ඔහු තම ජීවිතය මැනවින් සංවිධානය කරගත්, හැකිතාක් සමාජය තුල තම වැදගත්කම හා කීර්තිනාමය අගය කොට සලකන හේතුවාදී පුද්ගලයෙකු වේ. ඔහු දියුණුවේ හා නවීකරණයේ පෙරගමන්කරුවෙකි.

Urbino's function in the novel is to provide the counterpoint to Florentino Ariza's archaic, baldly romantic love. Urbino proves in the end not to have been an entirely faithful husband, confessing one affair to Fermina some years into their marriage, and leaving another to be apparently uncovered by Fermina after his death. Though the novel seems to suggest that Urbino's love for Fermina was never as spiritually chaste as Florentino Ariza's was, it also complicates Florentino's devotion by cataloging his many trysts and apparently a few, possibly genuine, loves. By the end of the book, Fermina has recognized a change in Ariza and their love is allowed to blossom in their old age. For most of the novel, their communication is limited to occasional public niceties or uncertain correspondence by letter; not until the end of the book do Fermina and Florentino converse at length.

Other characters
 Lorenzo Daza – Fermina Daza's father, a greedy mule driver; he despised Florentino and forced them to break up
 Jeremiah de Saint-Amour – The man whose suicide is introduced as the opening to the novel; a photographer and chess-player
 Aunt Escolástica – The woman who attempts to aid Fermina in her early romance with Florentino by delivering their letters for them. She is ultimately sent away by Lorenzo Daza for this.
 Tránsito Ariza – Florentino's mother
 Hildebranda Sánchez – Fermina's cousin
 Miss Barbara Lynch – The woman with whom Urbino confesses having an affair
 The Captain – The captain of the riverboat on which Fermina and Florentino ride at the end of the novel
 Leona Cassiani - She starts out as the "personal assistant" to Uncle Leo XII at the R.C.C., the company which Florentino eventually controls.  At one point, it is revealed that the two share a deep respect, possibly even love, for each other, but will never actually be together.  She has a maternal love for him as a result of his "charity" in rescuing her from the streets and giving her a job
 América Vicuña - The fourteen-year-old girl who towards the end of the novel is sent to live with Florentino; he is her guardian while she is in school. They have a sexual relationship, and upon failing her exams after her rejection by Florentino, she kills herself.  Her suicide illustrates the selfish nature of Florentino's love for Fermina.

Setting
The story takes place in an unnamed port city somewhere in the Caribbean, near the Magdalena River. While the city remains unnamed throughout the novel, descriptions of it lead one to the conclusion that it must be Cartagena,  in Bolívar, Colombia, where García Márquez spent his early years. The city is divided into such sections as "The District of the Viceroys" and "The Arcade of the Scribes." The novel encompasses the half century roughly between 1880 and 1930. The city's "steamy and sleepy streets, rat-infested sewers, old slave quarter, decaying colonial architecture, and multifarious inhabitants" dot the text and mingle amid the lives of the characters.
Locations within the story include:
 The house Fermina shares with her husband, Dr. Juvenal Urbino
 The "transient hotel" where Florentino Ariza stays for a short time
 Ariza's office at the river company
 The Arcade of the Scribes
 The Magdalena River

Major themes

Narrative as seduction
Some critics choose to view Love in the Time of Cholera as a heart-warming story about the enduring power of true love. Others criticize this view as simple, contending that the author has woven a story so dense that the reader risks falling into its trap of sweetness and simplicity if they do not pay close attention to what is happening. García Márquez himself said in an interview, "you have to be careful not to fall into my trap."

This is manifested in Ariza's excessively romantic attitude toward life, an attitude which shapes his obsession with Fermina, and his gullibility in trying to retrieve the sunken treasure of a shipwreck. It is also made evident by the fact that society in the story believes that Fermina  and  Juvenal Urbino are perfectly happy in their marriage, while the reality of the situation is not so ideal. Critic Keith Booker compares Ariza's position to that of Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, saying that just as Humbert is able to charm the reader into sympathizing with his situation, even though he is a "pervert, a rapist, and a murderer," Ariza is able to garner the reader's sympathy, even though the reader is persistently reminded of his more sinister exploits.

Narrative as deconstruction
The notion that García Márquez's "trap" refers to our temptation to oversimplify and reduce his narrative to an elementary love story is further supported by the fact that the novel holds up and examines romantic love in myriad forms, both "ideal" and "depraved", and continually forces the reader to question such ready-made characterizations by introducing elements antithetical to these facile judgments.

Love as an emotional and physical disease
García Márquez's main notion is that lovesickness is a literal illness, a disease comparable to cholera. Ariza suffers from this just as he might suffer from any malady. At one point, he conflates his physical agony with his amorous agony when he vomits after eating flowers in order to imbibe Fermina's scent. In the final chapter, the Captain's declaration of metaphorical plague is another manifestation of this.
The term cholera as it is used in Spanish, cólera, can also denote human rage and ire.  (The English adjective choleric has the same meaning.) It is this second meaning to the title that manifests itself in Ariza's hatred for Urbino's marriage to Fermina, as well as in the social strife and warfare that serves as a backdrop to the entire story.

Aging and death
Jeremiah Saint-Amour's death inspires Urbino to meditate on his own death, and especially on the infirmities that precede it. It is necessary for Fermina and Florentino to transcend not only the difficulties of love, but also the societal view that love is a young person's prerogative (not to mention the physical obstacles that old age brings to physical love).

Suffering for love
Florentino's penchant for high drama as a poet and a lover is portrayed as both ridiculous and serious. He may go to outlandish lengths for love, but in the end the absurdity is ennobling and his suffering has a kind of dignity. He also endures physical pains.

Film adaptation
Stone Village Pictures bought the film rights from the author for US$3 million, and Mike Newell was chosen to direct it, with Ronald Harwood writing the script. Filming started in Cartagena, Colombia, in September 2006.

The $50 million film, the first major foreign production shot in the scenic walled city in twenty years, was released on November 16, 2007, by New Line Cinema. On his own initiative, García Márquez convinced singer Shakira, who hails from the nearby city of Barranquilla, to provide two songs for the film.

Publication details
 1985, Colombia, Spanish edition, Oveja Negra, 1985, hardback ISBN 958-06-0000-7 and paperback ISBN 958-06-0001-5(first edition)
 1985, Mexico DF, Spanish edition, Editorial Diana, 1985, paperback ISBN 968-13-1547-2 (first edition: 100,000 copies)
 1988, USA, Alfred A Knopf ISBN 0-394-57108-8, Pub date 1 January 1988, hardback (Eng trans. first edition)
 1989, USA, Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-011990-6, Pub date 7 September  1989, paperback
 2003, USA, Vintage International ISBN 1-4000-3468-X, paperback

Footnotes

External links
 The Heart's Eternal Vow  - New York Times Book Review from 1988 by Thomas Pynchon

1985 novels
Novels by Gabriel García Márquez
Magic realism novels
Novels adapted into films

ලව් ඉන් ද ටයිම් ඔෆ් කොලරා


Roma eternă (engleză: Roma Eterna) este un roman științifico-fantastic de Robert Silverberg, prima oară publicat în  2003 de Eos Books. Romanul prezintă istoria alternativă a Imperiului Roman care a supraviețuit până în zilele noastre.

Prezentare

Punctul de divergență îl reprezintă eșecul israeliților de a pleca din Egiptul Antic. Moise și mulți dintre copiii lui Israel s-au înecat, iar rămășița condusă de Aaron a fost adusă înapoi la sclavie în Egipt, un eveniment traumatic înregistrat pentru posteritate în cartea lui Aaron, o versiune alternativă a Bibliei. Mai târziu, evreii au fost eliberați din robie și au rămas o minoritate religioasă-etnică distinctă în Egipt, practicând o religie monoteistă.

Cu toate acestea,  creșterea și căderea imperiilor și a culturilor a rămas aproximativ la fel ca și în istoria noastră până la  divizarea Imperiului Roman (niciodată creștinat - Iisus Hristos nu a existat în această istorie alternativă). În acest moment, ajutorul reciproc între zonele de vest și de est ale imperiului roman împotriva invaziilor barbare au menținut dominația romană asupra dominioanelor imperiale.

În ciuda absenței creștinismului, care a influențat considerabil Islamul, Mahomed și-a început cariera sa profetică dar a fost asasinat de către un agent roman care și-a dat seama de pericolul pentru Imperiul Roman. Retezarea Islamului în fașă a împiedicat astfel răspândirea oricărei religii monoteiste în/prin Imperiul Roman. Monoteismul a rămas limitat la secta ebraică din Egipt.

Romanul este prezentat ca o serie de povestiri pe o perioadă de aproximativ 1500 de ani, de la 1282 ab urbe condita (AD 529) până în 2723 AUC (AD 1970).

Capitole
Cartea este formată dintr-un prolog și zece calendare (calendarul gregorian):
 AUC 1203: Prologue (AD 450)
 AUC 1282: With Caesar in the Underworld (529)
 AUC 1365: A Hero of the Empire (612)
 AUC 1861: The Second Wave (1108)
 AUC 1951: Waiting for the End (1198)
 AUC 2206: An Outpost of the Realm (1453)
 AUC 2543: Getting to know the Dragon (1790)
 AUC 2568: The Reign of Terror (1815)
 AUC 2603: Via Roma (1850)
 AUC 2650: Tales from the Venia Woods (1897)
 AUC 2723: To the Promised Land (1970)

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Romanitas (en) de Sophia McDougall- un alt roman în care Imperiul Roman a supraviețuit până în zilele noastre
 Rome Burning de Sophia McDougall
 Gunpowder Empire de Harry Turtledove
 Warlords of Utopia de Lance Parkin
  Oath of Empire de Thomas Harlan
 Agent of Byzantium povestiri de Harry Turtledove
Listă de cărți despre Roma antică

Romane științifico-fantastice
Romane de Robert Silverberg
Cărți din 2003
Istorie alternativă
Imperiul Roman în artă și ficțiune
Roma antică în artă și ficțiune

Roma Eterna


Henry Chapman Mercer (June 24, 1856 – March 9, 1930)  was an American archeologist, artifact collector, tile-maker, and designer of three distinctive poured concrete structures: Fonthill, his home; the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works; and the Mercer Museum.

Biography

Henry Mercer was born in Doylestown, Pennsylvania on June 24, 1856.  Mercer first traveled to Europe in 1870. He attended Harvard University between 1875 and 1879, obtaining a liberal arts degree. Mercer went on to study law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School between 1880 and 1881, and he read law with the firm of Freedley and Hollingsworth. The same year he began studying at the University of Pennsylvania, he became a founding member of the Bucks County Historical Society.

Mercer, however, never practiced law; he was admitted to the Philadelphia County Bar on November 9, 1881, but departed for Europe the same month. From 1881 to 1889, he traveled extensively through France and Germany.

The University of Pennsylvania Museum appointed Mercer as the Curator of American and Prehistoric Archaeology in the early 1890s.  Leaving his position with the Museum in the late 1890s, Mercer devoted himself to finding old American artifacts and learning about German pottery.  Mercer believed that American society was being destroyed by industrialism, which inspired his search for American artifacts.  Mercer founded Moravian Pottery and Tile Works in 1898 after apprenticing himself to a Pennsylvania German potter.  He was also influenced by the American Arts and Crafts Movement.

Mercer is well known for his research and books about ancient tool making, his ceramic tile creations, and his engineering and architecture.  He was among the paleontologists who investigated Port Kennedy Bone Cave.  He wrote extensively on his interests, which included archaeology, early tool making, German stove plates, and ceramics. He also published a collection of tales of the supernatural, November Night Tales in 1928.
He assembled the collection of early American tools now housed in the Mercer Museum. Mercer's tiles are used in the floor of the Pennsylvania State Capitol Building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and in many other noteworthy buildings and houses.  In the Pennsylvania State Capitol, Mercer created a series of mosaic images for the floor of the building.  The series of four hundred mosaics trace the history of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from prehistoric times, and is the largest single collection of Mercer's tiles.  Other collections of tiles by Mercer can be found at Kykuit, the Rockefeller estate in Pocantico Hills, New York; Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California; the Casino at Monte Carlo in Monaco; and the St. Louis Public Library.

Mercer was an outspoken opponent of the plume trade.

Henry Ford stated that the Mercer museum was the only museum worth visiting in the United States, and the Mercer Museum was apparently Henry Ford's inspiration for his own museum, The Henry Ford, located in Dearborn, Michigan.  The Mercer Museum houses over forty thousand artifacts from early American society.  Mercer died on March 9, 1930, at Fonthill, the house he designed and constructed from reinforced concrete in 1908-1912.

The Bucks County Historical Society now owns Fonthill, which is open to the public, and the Mercer Museum. The Moravian Pottery and Tile Works is owned by the Bucks County Department of Parks & Recreation and operated as a working history museum by The TileWorks of Bucks County, a non-profit organization. These three buildings make up "the Mercer Mile". All three buildings were designed and constructed by Henry Mercer in the early part of the 20th century.

Publications
 The Lenape Stone, or the Indian and the Mammoth (1885)
 The Hill-Caves of Yucatan (1895)
 The Antiquity of Man in the Delaware Valley and the Eastern United States (1897)
 Guidebook to the Tiled Pavement in the Pennsylvania State Capitol (1908)
 The Bible in Iron (1914)
 November Night Tales (1928)
 Ancient Carpenters' Tools (1929)

Notes

References
 Cleota Reed, Henry Chapman Mercer and the Moravian Pottery and Tile Works (1996)
 Dyke, Linda F. Henry Chapman Mercer: An Annotated Chronology The Bucks County Historical Society (1996)
 Kurt Eichenberger, Design and Construction Techniques of an American Vernacular Architect: The Work of Dr. Henry Chapman Mercer, MIT Master of Architecture Thesis (1982)

External links
 Mercer Museum & Fonthill Castle
 The Bucks County Moravian Pottery & Tile Works
 Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee's Mercer Biography

1856 births
1930 deaths
People from Doylestown, Pennsylvania
American archaeologists
19th-century American architects
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
American non-fiction writers
Arts and Crafts movement artists
Concrete pioneers
Ghost story writers
Harvard University alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
20th-century American architects

Henry Chapman Mercer


(, also , ) is an unofficial written Norwegian language form or spelling standard, meaning the National Language, closely related and now almost identical to the dominant form of Bokmål, known as .

Both Bokmål and Riksmål evolved from the Danish written language as used in Norway during the countries' union and beyond, and from the pronunciation of Danish that became the native language of Norwegian elites by the 18th century. By the late 19th century, the main written language became known as  in both Denmark and Norway; the written language in Norway remained identical to Danish until 1907, although it was generally known as "Norwegian" in Norway. From 1907, successive spelling reforms gradually introduced some orthographic differences between written Norwegian and Danish. The name  was adopted as the official name of the language, to differentiate it from  (now Nynorsk); in 1929, the name of the official language was changed to Bokmål.

From 1938, spelling reforms introduced by the Labour government met increasing resistance as they were seen as "radical", and language organisations independent of the state started publishing their own spelling standard known as Riksmål. The struggle between  and  eventually led to the Norwegian language struggle that was at its most intense in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result the "Language Peace Committee" was appointed by the government, and subsequent reforms have moved  and  closer together, to the extent that few differences remain.  and Bokmål were clearly separate spelling standards until a major reform of Bokmål in 2005 that (re)introduced numerous  forms as part of Bokmål; some subsequent reforms in the 21st century have eradicated most remaining, mostly small differences. National librarian Aslak Sira Myhre argued in 2017 that  in practice has "taken over" Bokmål and peacefully "won" the language struggle.

History
After the dissolution of the union with Denmark in 1814, Norway had no national language standard of its own, the written language being Danish, while the spoken language consisted of numerous dialects – that to some extent were not mutually intelligible. The new union partner Sweden had a different language, Swedish, and there was a fear that if no measures were taken, its language would be imposed upon the Norwegians.

Hence, prominent Norwegians, such as Henrik Wergeland and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, advocated a standardized Norwegian language, to be based on the legacy of the Danish language as used in Norway by the upper class of Christiania (now Oslo) and other Eastern Norwegian cities. This was proposed by Knud Knudsen, a schoolteacher, who had witnessed how schoolchildren struggled with the Danish language they were taught, since it was very different from the spoken language they were used to. However, as late as in 1883 the Danish intellectual Georg Brandes stated that the language in Norway was Danish, and that the Norwegians did not have a language of their own.

Introduction by Knud Knudsen
Knud Knudsen presented his Norwegian language in several works from the 1850s until his death in 1895, while the term Riksmaal (aa was a contemporary way of writing å) was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation Riksmålsforbundet in 1907. Bjørnson became its first leader, until his death in 1910.

Spread
Riksmål became the chosen language for Norwegian pupils from the latter part of the 19th century, and Norwegian newspapers adapted to the language. However, many Norwegian authors, such as Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Knut Hamsun, did not adhere and continued using Dano-Norwegian. Riksmål got an official writing norm in 1907, and in 1917 a new reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. This was part of an official policy to bring the two Norwegian languages more closely together, intending eventually to merge them into one. These changes met resistance from the Riksmål movement, and Riksmålsvernet (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919. They have later been the purist protectors of the traditional riksmål, in opposition to Bokmål and Nynorsk, and especially Samnorsk.

In the 1938 reform of Bokmål introduced more elements from dialects and Nynorsk, and more importantly, many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms were excluded. This so-called radical Bokmål or  (Common Norwegian) met even stiffer resistance from the Riksmål movement, culminating in the 1950s under the leadership of Arnulf Øverland. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and the radical reforms were partially reverted in 1981 and 2005.

Current status
Currently, Riksmål denotes the moderate, chiefly pre-1938, unofficial variant of Bokmål, which is still in use and is regulated by the Norwegian Academy and promoted by Riksmålsforbundet. Riksmål has gone through some spelling reforms, but none as profound as the ones that shaped Bokmål. A Riksmål dictionary was published in four volumes in the period 1937 to 1957 by Riksmålsvernet, and two supplementary volumes were published in 1995 by the Norwegian Academy. After the latest Bokmål reforms in 2005, the difference between Bokmål and Riksmål have diminished and they are now comparable to American and British English differences, but the Norwegian Academy still upholds its own standard.

The daily newspaper  is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard.

References

Norwegian orthography
Languages written in Latin script
Languages attested from the 2nd millennium

Riksmål


Kynuna ist ein Ort im Zentrum des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland an den Ufern des Diamantina River. Die Ortschaft liegt am Landsborough Highway im Shire of McKinlay, einer Local Government Area, 1521 km nordwestlich von Brisbane und 303 km südöstlich des Regionalzentrums von Mount Isa. 2021 hatte Kynuna 52 Einwohner.

Der Ort wurde als Camp für Pferdefuhrwerke an dem nahegelegenen Kynuna-Bauernhof errichtet, an einem Platz, an dem sich fünf Straßen am Diamantina River trafen. Zur Stadt wurde Kyuna 1894 ernannt und war kurz danach von 700 Personen bewohnt und hatte drei Pubs.

Nach einer lokalen Legende beging der Schafscherer Samuel Hoffmeister am Combo Waterhole bei Kynuna 1894 Selbstmord. Dies inspirierte Banjo Paterson zum Lied Waltzing Matilda. Paterson war eine Zeitlang mit der Tochter eines lokalen Landwirts verlobt und besichtigte das Gebiet.

Heute hat der Ort einen Pub und ein Hotel.

Südlich von Kynuna liegt das nördlichste Opalfeld Australiens.

Siehe auch
Opalvorkommen in Australien

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Queensland
McKinlay Shire

Kynuna


Meis (veya Kızılhisar,  Kastellorizo, resmi olarak: Μεγίστη Megisti, , Osmanlıca: Kastelûrizen), Doğu Akdeniz'de Yunanistan'a bağlı Oniki Ada (Dodekanesos) ilinde bir ada. Türkiye kıyılarından (Kaş, Antalya) sadece 2 km uzaklıktadır. Yüzölçümü 11.98 km²'dir.

Adadaki tek yerleşim yeri olan Kastellorizo (Megisti), Aziz Yuhanna Şövalyeler'nin buradaki kızıl kayalardan ötürü adaya verdikleri Château-Roux (Kızıl Şato) adının bozulmuş biçimidir. St. Jean Şövalyelerinden sonra ada sırasıyla Mısır, Napoli ve 1512'de Osmanlı egemenliğine girdi. Osmanlılar kısa aralıklar dışında 1915'e değin adayı ellerinde tuttular. I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Fransızların eline geçen ada Lozan Antlaşması (1923) ile İtalya'ya verildi. II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında (1948) ise On İki Ada'yla birlikte Yunanistan'a bağlandı.

Az miktarda üzüm ve zeytin yetiştirilen adada en önemli uğraş sünger avcılığıdır. Kıyıları son derece girintili çıkıntılı ve sarp olan adaya yalnızca doğu kıyısından girilebilir. Tek yerleşim de bu kıyıdaki Kastellorizo (Megisti) köyüdür.

Rodos'la feribot ve havayolu bağlantısı vardır. Bunun dışında her gün Antalya'nın Kaş ilçesinden hareket eden vapurlarla Meis şehrine gitmek mümkündür. Adada bir havaalanı vardır. Adada yalnızca havaalanı ile Megisti arasında otobüs seferleri vardır.

Nüfusu 2000 yılındaki sayıma göre 406 kişidir. Ancak bu rakam yazın 1000'e çıkabilmektedir. Kalıcı nüfus olan 406 kişinin hepsi adada aynı zamanda en büyük yerleşim olan Megisti (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemindeki adıyla Meis) köyünde oturur.

Dış bağlantılar

Yunanistan'daki liman kentleri
Yunanistan'ın adaları
Doğu Akdeniz
On İki Ada

Meis


Druga hrvatska malonogometna liga za sezonu 2016./17.

Ljestvice i rezultati

Istok
Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 7. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (8. – 14. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

 Izvori:
 crofutsal.com
 MNK Brod, 2. HMNL Istok
 MNK Vinkovci, 2. HMNL Istok - ljestvica
 MNK Vinkovci, 2. HMNL Istok - rezultati
 futsalmagazin.com

Jug

 Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 11. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (12. – 22. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

 Izvori:
 crofutsal.com
 MNK Crnica
 futsalmagazin.com

Sjever

 Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 7. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (8. – 14. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

 Izvori:
 crofutsal.com
 MNK Rugvica, ljestvica
 MNK Rugvica, rezultati
 MNK Otočac
 futsalmagazin.com

Kvalifikacije za 1. HMNL

Ljestvica

Jesenju administratvno oduzeta dva boda

Rezultatska križaljka
podebljan rezltat - igrano u prvom dijelu lige (1. – 3. kolo)
rezultat normalne debljine - igrano u drugom dijelu lige (4. – 6. kolo)
 prekrižen rezultat  - poništena ili brisana utakmica

Dodatne kvalifikacije

Albona Potpićan '98 osigurala ostanak u 1. HMNL.

 Izvori:
 crofutsal.com
 MNK Vinkovci, kvalifikacije
 sportalo.hr, 1. utakmica
 sportalo.hr, 2. utakmica

Povezani članci
 1. HMNL 2016./17.
 Hrvatski malonogometni kup 2016./17.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 crofutsal.com, 2. HNL

2016-17

2. HMNL 2016./17.