Monte Vettore er med en højde på 2.476 moh. det højeste bjerg i den italienske Nationalpark Monti Sibillini.
Det ligger omkring grænsen mellem regionerne Marche og Umbrien i bjergkæden Appenninerne.

Mellem toppen og Cima del Redentore ligger Lago di Pilato der er en lille gletsjersø i en lille lukket dal.

Eksterne henvisninger

Appenninerne
Bjerge i Italien
Marche
Umbria

Monte Vettore


Bobby F. (Bob) England (born May 13, 1932) was a  Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly representing the state's one hundred twelfth House district, including constituents in Cleveland and Rutherford counties.  He was born in Spindale, North Carolina. A physician and United States Air Force veteran from Ellenboro, North Carolina, England is currently (2009-2010 session) serving in his fourth term in the state House.

In 2009, England was credited with helping to save the life of fellow Rep. Becky Carney, who suffered cardiac arrest at the state legislative building.

References

External links

Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Possibly living people
21st-century American politicians
1932 births
People from Spindale, North Carolina

Bobby F. England


නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය (NAM) යනු ලොව බල කඳවුරු සමග රූපාත්මකව තදින් බැඳීම හෝ එරෙහි වීම හෝ නොවීම හා තම රටේ සුබ සිද්ධියට අදාලව නිදහස් ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් අනුගමනය කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් පිහිටුවා ගත්, ස්වාධීන රාජ්‍යයන් සමූහයක එකමුතුවකි. 2012 වසර වන විට සංවිධානය සතුව සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයන් 120 දෙනෙකු සහ නිරික්ෂක රාජ්‍යයන් 17 ක් විය.

නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය 1961 වසරේ බෙල්ග්‍රේඩ් හීදී නිල වශයෙන් පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ලදී. සංවිධානය පිහිටුවීම සඳහා ඉන්දියාවේ පළමු අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය, ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු; ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ ප්‍රථම ජනපති, සුකර්ණෝ; ඊජිප්තුවේ දෙවන ජනපති, Gamal Abdel Nasser; ඝානාවේ ප්‍රථම ජනපති ක්වාමේ න්කෘමාහ්; සහ යුගෝස්ලෝවියාවේ ජනපති, Josip Broz Tito යන නායකයින් මගපෙන්වූ බව සඳහන් වෙයි. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය අවසන්ව සීතල යුද්ධය ඇරඹීමත් සමග සෝවියට් දේශය සහ ඇමරිකාව ලෝකයේ බල කඳවුරු දෙකක් වශයෙන් නැගී සිටීමත්, ඔවුන් විසින් ලොව අනෙකුත් නව නිදහස් ජාතීන් සිය කඳවුරු වෙත හරවා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ දැරීම නිසාත්, ඉන් එකදු බල කඳවුරකටවත් ගැති නොවී තම රටේ සුබ සිද්ධියට අදාලව ස්වාධීන ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් අනුගමනය කිරීමට තුන්වන ලෝකයේ ජාතීන්ට උවමනා වූ අතර, ඒ වෙනුවෙන් සකසා ගත් ස්වාධීන ප්‍රතිපත්ති අනුගමනය කිරීම, නොබැඳි පිළිවෙත නම් වේ.

වර්ථමානයේ ලෝකයේ රාජ්‍යයන් 120 ක් සාමාජිකත්වය හිමිකරගෙන ඇති නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයට, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයන්ගෙන් තුනෙන් දෙකක් අයත්වන අතර, එය ලෝක ජනගහණයෙන් 55% ක් පමණ නියෝජනය කරයි. සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකත්වය ලබාදීමේදී අදාල රාජ්‍යය සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින හෝ තුන්වන ලෝකයට අයත් කොටසක්ද යන්න මූලික වශයෙන් සලකා බලනු ලැබේ.

පංච ප්‍රතිපත්තිය
1954 දී ඉන්දියාවේ ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු විසින් චීන-ඉන්දු සබඳතාවන් පවත්වා ගැනීමේදී අනුගමනය කල යුතු ප්‍රතිපත්ති 5ක් පිළිබඳව සිය කථාවකදී විස්තර කල අතර එය පංචශීලය (Panchsheel) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. මෙම ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් පසුව නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයේද මූලික හරයන් ලෙස පිළිගැණිනි. එම පංචශීලයන් වන්නේ:

 එකිනෙකාගේ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාවයට සහ  ස්වෛරීභාවයට ගරුකිරීම.
 අන්‍යෝන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණයන්ගෙන් වැළකීම.
 අන්‍යෝන්‍ය අභ්‍යන්තරික කරුණු වලට අත නොගැසීම.
 සමානාත්මතාවය සහ අන්‍යෝන්‍ය සුභසිද්ධිය පවත්වා ගැනීම.
 සාමකාමී සහජීවනය පවත්වා ගැනීම.

සාමාජිකත්වය
නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයේ සාමාජිකත්වය සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතාවයන්, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයේ මූලික අවශ්‍යතාවයන් සමග බොහෝ දුරට සමාන වෙයි. වර්ථමාන සාමාජිකත්වය බලාපොරොත්තු වන රාජ්‍යයන්, 1955 සිට පිළිගැනෙන බැංඩුං මූලධර්ම ("Bandung principles") දහයට අනුකූල ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් පවත්වාගෙන පැවතිය යුතුය:

දස ප්‍රතිපත්තිය
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ න්‍යායපත්‍රයෙහි සඳහන් මානව හිමිකම් සම්බන්ධ මූලික අරමුණු සහ ප්‍රතිපත්ති වලට ගරුකිරීම.
සියළුම ජාතීන්ගේ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාවයට සහ  ස්වෛරීභාවයට ගරුකිරීම.
ජාතික ස්වාධීනත්වය වෙනුවෙන් වූ ව්‍යාපාරයන්ට පිළිගැනීම ලබා දීම.
ලොකු කුඩා සියළු ජාතීන් හා පුද්ගලයන් අතර සමානාත්මතාවය පිළිගැනීම.
වෙනත් රාජ්‍යයක අභ්‍යන්තර කරුණු කෙරෙහි ඇඟිලි ගැසීමෙන් හෝ මැදිහත්වීමෙන් හෝ වැළකීම.
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ න්‍යායපත්‍රයට අනුකූලව, තනිවම හෝ සාමූහිකව යම් රාජ්‍යයකට තම ජාතිය රැකගැනීමේ ඇති අයිතියට ගරුකිරීම.
ඕනෑම රාජ්‍යයක භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාවයට හෝ දේශපාලනික ස්වාධීනත්වයට එරෙහිව, අනිසි බලය භාවිතය/ ආක්‍රමණයන් සිදුකිරීම හෝ එවැනි තර්ජන එල්ල කිරීමෙන් වැළකීම.
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ න්‍යායපත්‍රයට අනුකූලව, ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් ඇතිවන මතභේද හා ගැටීම් සාමාකාමී ලෙස නිරාකරණය කිරීම.
අන්‍යෝන්‍ය අභිරුචියන් සහ සහජීවනය ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම.
සාධාරණත්වය සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර වගකීම්වලට ගරු කිරීම.

නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සමුළුවාරයන්
සාමාජික රටවල් වල රාජ්‍ය ප්‍රධානීන් සහභාගීවන නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සමුළුව, මෙම සංවිධානයේ ප්‍රධානතම හමුව වන අතර එය සෑම වර්ෂ කිහිපයකට වරක් සංවිධානයේ සාමාජික රටක් තුලදී පවත්වයි:

නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයට 50 වසරක් සම්පූර්ණ වීමේ සංවත්සරය, 2011 සැප්තැම්බර් 5-6 කාලය තුල බෙල්ග්‍රේඩ්හීදී සමරනු ලැබිණි.

සභාපතිවරුන්

සාමාජික සහ නිරික්ෂණ රාජ්‍යයන්

වත්මන් සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයන්
පහත දක්වා තිබෙන්නේ මහද්වීප අනූව බෙදන ලද, නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානයට අයත් සාමාජික රටවල් වේ:

අමෙරිකාව

ආසියාව

යුරෝපය

ඕෂනියාව

පැරණි සාමාජික රාජ්‍යයන්

නිරික්ෂකයින්
පහතින් දක්වා තිබෙන රාජ්‍යයන් සහ සංවිධාන තවමත් නිරික්ෂණ මට්ටමේ පවතී:

රාජ්‍යයන්

සංවිධාන

අප්‍රිකානු සංගමය
අප්‍රිකානු-ආසියානු ජනතා සහයෝගීතා සංවිධානය
අරාබි ලීගය
පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය මහ ලේකම් කාර්යාලය
Hostosian National Independence Movement
Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
ඉස්ලාම් සහයෝගීතා සංවිධානය
South Centre
එක්සත් ජාතීන්
ලෝක සාම කවුන්සිලය
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

මේවාද බලන්න
 උතුරු–දකුණු බෙදීම
 තුන්වන ලෝකය

වැඩිදුර කියැවීම්
 Hans Köchler (ed.), The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties—Results and Perspectives. London: Third World Centre, 1982. ISBN 0-86199-015-3 (Google Print)

නොබැඳි ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය


FK Dizdaruša je bosanskohercegovački nogometni klub iz mjesne zajednice Dizdaruša koja pripada naseljenom mjestu Brčko, Distrikt Brčko, Bosna i Hercegovina.
Klupske boje su bijela i plava.

Povijest

FK Dizdaruša je osnovana 2006. godine. Klub se u početku natjecao u županijskim ligama pod organizacijom nogometnog saveza Tuzlanske Županije, a poslije nogometnog saveza Županije Posavske. Dizdaruša je također bila i član 2. lige FBiH – Sjever od sezone 2011./12. pa do sezone 2017./18. U sezoni 2020./21. se ponovno natječe u drugoj ligi

Uspjesi

 1. županijska liga PŽ
 prvak: 2010./11., 2019./20.

 2. županijska liga PŽ
 prvak: 2009./10.

 3. županijska liga Tuzlanske županije - Brčko Distrikt
 prvak: 2007./08.

Izvori

 bhklubovi.wordpress.com, BRČKO DISTRIKT, pristupljeno 23. rujna 2019.

Vanjske poveznice

 fkdizdarusa.blogspot.com
 sportdc.net, Dizdaruša
 posavinasport.com, Dizdaruša (Brkčo)
 worldfootball.net, FK Dizdaruša Brčko
 transfermarkt.com, FK Dizdaruša

Nogometni klubovi u Brčko Distriktu
Brčko

FK Dizdaruša Brčko


Vrt bjegunaca () je arheološko nalazište koje se nalazi u drevnom uništenom gradu Pompejima, u Regio 1 Insula 21. Sadrži odljeve 13 žrtava erupcije Vezuva 79. godine.

Insula je nekoć sadržavala više gradskih kuća od dvije koje stoje na sjeverozapadnom kraju insule, ali je ostatak područja bio uglavnom pretvoren u povrtnjak i vinograd prije erupcije, s triklinijem prekrivenim pergolom za bankete na otvorenom.

Vrt se nalazi u blizini Velike Palaestre i odmah unutar vrata Nocera. Danas je opsežno i pažljivo ponovno zasađen kako bi predstavljao izvorni sadržaj.

Žrtve su bili odrasli i djeca, nekoliko ih je pronađeno blizu jedno uz drugo, a ostali su razbacani po cijelom području. Navodno su umrli dok su pokušavali pronaći izlaz iz Vrata Nocera, jer su bili iznad sloja plovućca koji je već dosegao visinu od 3,5 m, a zahvatio ih je piroklastični tok koji je bio koban.

Otkriće

Bjegunce je razotkrio Amedeo Maiuri, nadzornik Pompeja. Otkriveni su 1961. kao šupljine u kojima je meso istrunulo. Kada su ispunjeni pariškim gipsom, otkrivena su tijela žrtava. Izvorno su pronađeni u tri manje skupine. Sada su prikazani u jednom dugom redu.

Maiuri je objavio priče za svako od tijela u izdanju National Geographica iz studenog 1961. ("Posljednji trenuci Pompejanaca"). Te se priče sada smatraju uglavnom izmišljenima.

Žrtve

Trgovac
Pripadajući skupini ljudi koju je Maiuri nazvao trgovačkom obitelji, ova žrtva se diže na ruke. Ima metalni čavao koji mu drži glavu i ruku uz tijelo.

Zbog kompresije kostiju u trgovčevu zglobu, utvrđeno je da je trgovac za života imao teški slučaj osteoartritisa. Postoje lomovi kostiju nadlaktice koji su se dogodili oko ili nakon smrti. Moguće je da ih je uzrokovao pad na ruku.

Majka
Maiuri je opisala njezino tijelo kao "već oslabljeno porođajem". Ona leži s najmlađim djetetom, u blizini dvoje druge male djece, za koju je Maiuri rekla da su se držala za ruke i pala zajedno. Dvojica dječaka su prema forenzičkom stomatološkom pregledu imala između pet i dvije godine.

Druga poljoprivredna obitelj
Opisana kao mladi par i njihova kći, službeno nazvana "Farmerova kći". Sudeći po stanju zuba, u trenutku smrti imala je oko 12-14 mjeseci. To je čini najmlađom žrtvom pronađenom u Pompejima.

Sluga
Maiuri je opisao slugu koji je nosio torbu preko ramena i vodio posljednju obitelj na sigurno, međutim rendgenske snimke su otkrile da je pretpostavljena torba zapravo samo pogrešna forma gipsa. Na temelju podataka o kostima, sluga je bio otprilike u svojim srednjim tinejdžerskim godinama.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice

Kuće u Pompejima

Vrt bjegunaca


The Waterboys are a British-Irish folk rock band formed in London in 1983 by Scottish musician and songwriter Mike Scott. The band's membership, past and present, has been composed mainly of musicians from Scotland, Ireland, Wales and England. Mike Scott has remained the only constant member throughout the band's career. They have explored a number of different styles, but their music is mainly a mix of folk music with rock and roll. They dissolved in 1993 when Scott departed to pursue a solo career. The group reformed in 2000, and continue to release albums and to tour worldwide. Scott emphasises a continuity between the Waterboys and his solo work, saying that "To me there's no difference between Mike Scott and the Waterboys; they both mean the same thing. They mean myself and whoever are my current travelling musical companions."

The early Waterboys sound became known as "The Big Music" after a song on their second album, A Pagan Place. This style was described by Scott as "a metaphor for seeing God's signature in the world." Waterboys chronicler Ian Abrahams elaborated on this by defining "The Big Music" as "...a mystical celebration of paganism. It's extolling the basic and primitive divinity that exists in everything ('the oceans and the sand'), religious and spiritual all encompassing. Here is something that can't be owned or built upon, something that has its existence in the concept of Mother Earth and has an ancestral approach to religion. And it takes in and embraces the feminine side of divinity, pluralistic in its acceptance of the wider pantheon of paganism."

"The Big Music" either influenced or was used to describe a number of other bands specializing in an anthemic sound, including U2, Simple Minds, In Tua Nua, Big Country and Hothouse Flowers.

In the late 1980s, the band became significantly more folk-influenced. The Waterboys eventually returned to rock and roll, and have released both rock and folk albums since reforming.

History
The Waterboys have gone through four distinct phases. Their early years, or "Big Music" period was followed by a folk music period which was characterised by an emphasis on touring over album production and by a large band membership, leading to the description of the group as a "Raggle Taggle band". After a brief return to the "Big Music" for one tour and the release of a mainstream rock and roll album with Dream Harder, the band dissolved until they reunited in 2000. In the years since, they have revisited both rock and folk music, and continue to tour and release studio albums.

Formation
Scott, the Edinburgh-born son of a college lecturer, is the founder and only permanent member of the Waterboys. Having begun his career in teenage Ayr punk band White Heat and its Edinburgh successor Another Pretty Face, he'd moved down to London and formed another short-lived band, The Red and the Black. This latter band included saxophone player Anthony Thistlethwaite, whom Scott had included after hearing him play on Waiting on Egypt, a Nikki Sudden album. The Red and the Black performed nine concerts in London, during which Thistlethwaite introduced Scott to drummer Kevin Wilkinson (previously with Stadium Dogs, Barry Andrews side-project Restaurants for Dogs and the League of Gentlemen), who also joined the band.
During 1982, Scott made a number of recordings, both solo and with Thistlethwaite and Wilkinson. These sessions, recorded at Redshop Studio in Islington during late 1981 and early 1982, are the earliest recordings that would be released under the Waterboys' name and would later be divided between the Waterboys' first and second albums.

In 1983, even though Scott had signed to Ensign Records as a solo act, he decided to start a new band. He chose the Waterboys as its name, from a line in the Lou Reed song "The Kids" on the album Berlin. In March 1983, Ensign released the first recording under the new band name, a single titled "A Girl Called Johnny", the A-side of which was a tribute to Patti Smith. This was followed in May by the Waterboys' first performance as a group, on the BBC's Old Grey Whistle Test. The BBC performance included a new member, keyboard player Karl Wallinger (a multi-instrumentalist and Beatles fanatic who'd previously been in the pre-Alarm band Quasimodo as well as having spent a spell as musical director for The Rocky Horror Show).

The Waterboys released their self-titled debut, The Waterboys, in July 1983. Their music, influenced by Patti Smith, Bob Dylan and David Bowie, was compared by critics to Van Morrison and U2 in its cinematic sweep. The band's earlier sound was described as a new wave and post-punk.

Early years: the Big Music

After the release of their debut, the Waterboys began touring. Their first show was at the Batschkapp Club in Frankfurt in February 1984. The band then consisted of Mike Scott on vocals and guitar, Anthony Thistlethwaite on saxophone and mandolin, Wallinger on keyboards, Roddy Lorimer on trumpets, Martyn Swain on bass and Kevin Wilkinson on drums. John Caldwell (from Another Pretty Face) also played guitar, and Scottish singer Eddi Reader sang backing vocals for the band's first two concerts.

In late 1983 and early 1984, the band made some new recordings and over-dubbed old material, all of which was released as the Waterboys' second album, A Pagan Place, in June 1984. The "official" Waterboys line-up at this time, according to the sleeve of A Pagan Place, was Scott, Thistlethwaite, Wallinger and Wilkinson, with guest contributions from Reader, Lorimer and many others. The release of the album was followed by further touring in the U.K., Europe and U.S. including support for The Pretenders and U2 and a show at the Glastonbury Festival.

A Pagan Place was preceded by the single "The Big Music". The name of the single's A-side track was adopted by some commentators as a description of the Waterboys' sound, and is still used to refer to the musical style of their first three albums, which were built up by Scott from  hard-panned multiple twelve-string rhythm guitars, rolling piano and judicious use of reverb to form "a shimmering wall of music"   and added to by saxophone, occasional violins or trumpets, plus Wallinger's increasing breadth of instrumentation (which now included synth bass, various other orchestral synthesizer experiments and percussion).

Although Wilkinson left the Waterboys to concentrate on his other project, China Crisis, the band began to record new material in early 1985 for a new album. Late in the sessions, future Waterboy Steve Wickham added his violin to the track "The Pan Within"; he had been invited after Scott had heard him on a Sinéad O'Connor demo recorded at Karl Wallinger's house. The Waterboys (officially a trio of Scott, Thistlethwaite and Wallinger, with a slew of guests) released their third album, This Is the Sea, in October 1985. It sold better than either of the two earlier albums, and managed to get into the Top Forty. A single from it, "The Whole of the Moon", reached number 26 in the UK Singles Chart. Promotion efforts were hampered by Scott's refusal to perform on Top of the Pops, which insisted that its performers lip sync. The album release was followed by successful tours of the UK and North America, with Wickham becoming a full-time member, Marco Sin replacing Martyn Swain on bass, and Chris Whitten replacing Kevin Wilkinson on drums.

Wallinger (a budding songwriter and producer in his own right, who'd co-produced and arranged much of the initial album sessions, including "The Whole of the Moon"), was by now chafing under Scott's leadership and songwriting dominance. During the American tour, he announced his departure and subsequently left to form his own successful solo project (later band) World Party. Roddy Lorimer rejoined the band on subsequent tour dates to widen the sound. Wallinger was later replaced as keyboard player by Guy Chambers (who'd later become Robbie Williams's songwriting partner), and at the same time, former Ruts drummer Dave Ruffy replaced Chris Whitten. Sin left the Waterboys towards the end of the next European tour, following a heroin overdose, with Thistlethwaite covering for him on bass for the last few concert dates.

1986–1988: The Raggle Taggle band and Fisherman's Blues

Having become discouraged by the stadium rock career path he was now being expected to follow (and frustrated by his inability to recreate the Waterboys' expansive studio sound in a live rock setting), Scott was now becoming interested in American roots music, (country, gospel, cajun and blues), something in which he was enthusiastically supported by Thistlethwaite and Wickham. At Wickham's invitation, Scott moved to Dublin where he could pursue these ideas at a remove from the music industry and in a more congenial musical climate. The band's line-up changed once again with Scott, Wickham and Thistlethwaite (the latter now focussing at least as much on mandolin as on saxophone) now joined by Trevor Hutchinson on bass and a succession of drummers, starting with Peter McKinney.

The new band, which the official Waterboys' website refers to as the "Raggle Taggle band" line-up, spent 1986 recording in Dublin and touring the UK, Ireland, Europe and Israel with a lineup of Scott, Wickham, Thistlethwaite, Hutchinson and a returning Dave Ruffy. In late November 1986, Scott, Thistlethwaite and Wickham (minus Hutchinson) spent a week in California recording roots and roots-inspired music with producer Bob Johnston and various American session players. McKinney was back on drums for live dates in early 1987, but had been replaced by Fran Been by summer 1987 in a Waterboys lineup which now included Uilleann piper Vinnie Kilduff and which played a free date on the Greenpeace vessel Sirius in Dublin harbour. Another former Waterboy, trumpeter Roddie Lorimer, briefly rejoined for a performance at the Pictish Festival in Letham, Scotland. Some of the performances from this era were released in 1998 on The Live Adventures of the Waterboys, including a famous Glastonbury performance in 1986.

In late 1987 Scott temporarily relocated to Spiddal in Galway in the west of Ireland, resulting in a deeper immersion in Irish music and culture. In early 1988 he brought the band there, where they set up a recording studio in Spiddal House to finish recording their new album. Patti Smith Group drummer Jay Dee Daugherty was briefly a member of the band for the Spiddal sessions, which featured the Scott, Wickham, Thistlethwaite and Hutchinson core augmented by visiting West Coast Irish folk musicians.

Fisherman's Blues was released in October 1988, finally pulling together various tracks from the vast stockpile recorded in Dublin and Spiddal over the previous three years and showcasing many of the guest musicians and temporary members that had played with the band during that time. It also illustrated the Waterboys' three-year journey through roots, country, gospel, blues and Irish/Scottish traditional music. Critics and fans were split between those embracing the new folk influences and others disappointed after hoping for a continuation of the style of This Is the Sea. World Music: The Rough Guide notes that "some cynics claim that Scotsman Mike Scott gave Irish music back to the Irish... his impact can't be underestimated", but Scott himself explains that it was the Irish tradition that influenced him; "I was in love with Ireland. Every day was a new adventure, it was mythical... Being part of a brotherhood of musicians was a great thing in those days, with all the many musicians of all stripes we befriended in Ireland. I still have that connection to the Irish musicians and tap into it..."

Owing to the large number of tracks that were recorded in the three years between This Is the Sea and Fisherman's Blues, the Waterboys released a second album of songs from this period in 2001, titled Too Close to Heaven (or Fisherman's Blues, Part 2 in North America), and more material was released as bonus tracks for the 2006 reissue of the remastered Fisherman's Blues album.

1989–1990: The Magnificent Seven and Room to Roam

The Waterboys toured to support Fisherman's Blues with a lineup of Scott, Wickham, Thistlethwaite, Hutchinson, Daugherty, Kilduff, Lorimer and two other musicians who'd contributed to the album – whistle/flute/piano player Colin Blakey (a traditionally-minded member of Scottish folk-punk band We Free Kings) and veteran Irish Sean-nós singer Tomás Mac Eoin.  By summer 1989 the lineup of the band had changed yet again, with Kilduff, Mac Eoin and Lorimer departing and Daugherty being replaced by Dublin drummer Noel Bridgeman (another contributor to Fisherman's Blues). Scott had also recruited teenage accordionist Sharon Shannon, already a rising Irish folk star, as part of his developing plan to bring "the marriage of rock'n'roll and trad" into the band. Scott referred to this new line-up as "the Magnificent Seven" and "the high summer of the Celtic Waterboys".

After further touring, the band returned to Spiddal to record a new album produced by Barry Beckett. Scott's initial concept was "(a) dream of merging trad and pop in a rootsy Sgt Pepper" but as recording progressed he realised that the production process exposed flaws within the band and compromises in the music, which began to slowly unravel both the existing line-up and the Waterboys' Celtic focus.  The resulting album, Room to Roam was released in September 1990 and met with to mixed-to-poor reviews, further dampening Scott's enthusiasm for his current course.

The "Magnificent Seven" lineup disintegrated just before the release of Room to Roam, during tour rehearsals: Scott and Thistlethwaite had opted to fire Noel Bridgeman and replace him with a "tougher" drummer. Wickham, already discouraged, disagreed and chose to leave the band.  Louisianan drummer Ken Blevins, a more rock-oriented musician, was recruited to replace Bridgeman, but it became evident that the Room to Roam music didn't work without a fiddle in the band, and Shannon and Blakey were asked to leave.  With Blivens on drums, Scott, Thistlethwaite and Hutchinson fulfilled the group's tour dates. Unable to play the folk-and-roots material of the past five years, the Waterboys doggedly re-embraced a rock sound and reverted to sets drawn from their first three albums, brand new songs written post-Room to Roam and Dylan covers.

1991–1993: Dream Harder and the end of the Waterboys
During 1991, the Waterboys continued to go through major changes. Discouraged by the collapse of his Celtic music adventure, and by the disintegration of the musical family which had surrounded the Raggle Taggle Band and the Magnificent Seven – and determined to be playing rock music again – Scott left Dublin and moved to New York,  while Trevor Hutchinson left the band altogether to become a trad folk musician.  Although the band was in pieces, a re-released issue of their 1985 single "The Whole of the Moon" (which had gained a new lease of life on the dance and rave scenes as a comedown track)  reached number three in the UK Singles Chart, prompting the release of a compilation album, The Best of The Waterboys 81–90, which in turn reached number two in the UK Albums Chart as well as fulfilling the band's contract with Chrysalis Records. This success put the band in a good position for signing a new contract, and they duly signed to Geffen Records.

In America, Scott immersed himself in live music in New York and Chicago, wrote new songs and auditioned potential new Waterboys (including, for the first time, lead guitarists).  Regretfully concluding that there was "no place" in the new songs and style for Anthony Thistlethwaite, he parted company with his longest-surviving bandmate in December 1991.  Now the only remaining Waterboy, Scott recruited drummer Carla Azar and bass player Charley Drayton (the latter soon replaced by former Zappa band member Scott Thunes) to record the next Waterboys album Dream Harder, along with guitarist Chris Bruce and assorted session musicians.

Dream Harder was released in May 1993 and saw the band embracing a new hard rock-influenced sound. Although the album produced two UK Top 30 singles "The Return of Pan" and "Glastonbury Song", Scott had become frustrated, still feeling discouraged by the disappointing end of his Celtic phase and feeling that Dream Harder had captured him at "half power" despite his efforts. Frustrated by not being able to get a new touring Waterboys band together, Scott decided to make further changes. He abandoned the "Waterboys" name, left New York and moved to northeast Scotland for the first of several stays at the Findhorn Foundation, exploring the esoteric spiritual ideas which he'd first encountered in London bookstores during the early 1980s.

1994–2000: Mike Scott solo, and the Waterboys return with A Rock in the Weary Land

In 1994, having divided the intervening time between Dublin and the Findhorn Foundation, Scott returned to London and embarked on a solo career which produced two albums – the almost wholly acoustic Bring 'Em All In (1995) and the rock-and-soul-inspired Still Burning (1995). Although Scott himself was happy with both records, neither performed well commercially, resulting in the end of his Geffen contract.  In 1998, Scott performed a solo show at the Galway Arts Festival, at which he reunited on stage with Steve Wickham and Anthony Thistlethwaite for the encore.  In October 1999, Scott and Wickham reunited for a full gig in Sligo.

Also during 1999, Scott began re-establishing his musical direction, "bringing (him)self up to speed with rock'n'roll" and basing his new sound on a "psychedelic elemental roar" aided by assorted effects pedals, an Electro-Harmonix MicroSynth, a blues harmonica microphone, harmoniums, a Hindu beat box and a Theremin. The result, released at the end of September 2000, was a new album called A Rock in the Weary Land, for which Scott resurrected the Waterboys name (citing its recognition amongst fans). The album had a new, experimental rock sound inspired by contemporary bands Radiohead and Beck and described by Scott as "sonic rock".  As well as new Scott associates such as Thighpaulsandra and Gilad Atzmon, a number of old Waterboys guested on the album: Anthony Thistlethwaite, Kevin Wilkinson and Dave Ruffy. (This would be one of Wilkinson's final appearances on record, due to his death by suicide on 17 July 1999, aged forty-one.)

By the summer of 2000, Scott had assembled a new Waterboys lineup – himself on voice and guitar, Richard Naiff on keyboards and organs, bass player Livingston Brown and drummer Jeremy Stacey. Wickham guested on fiddle at live dates in Dublin and Belfast on the resulting tour of late 2001, and rejoined the band permanently in January 2001.

2003–2013: Universal Hall, Book of Lightning, An Appointment with Mr Yeats

Scott, Wickham and Naiff were the core of the Waterboys by 2003, when the group changed direction once again and released Universal Hall a mostly acoustic album with a return of some Celtic influences from the Fisherman's Blues era as well as aspects of New Age music and dance electronica. The album was followed by a tour of the UK and then Europe. Their first official live album, Karma to Burn, was released in 2005 – with Carlos Hercules on drums, Steve Walters on bass and a guest appearance by Sharon Shannon on accordion – showing off the band's acoustic and electric sides.

A new studio album, Book of Lightning (which revived some of the noisy psychedelic rock aspects of A Rock in the Weary Land), was released 2 April 2007 with yet another lineup. Scott, Naiff and Wickham were joined in the studio by Leo Abrahams (lead guitar), bass player Mark Smith and drummer Brian Blade, while further contributions were made by further former Waterboys from various recording and touring bands (Jeremy Stacey, Roddy Lorimer, Chris Bruce and Thighpaulsandra). This line-up came up to an end over the course of 2009 – Richard Naiff left in February to spend more time with his family, while Smith died suddenly and unexpected in November 2009 at the age of forty-nine, leaving Scott and Wickham as the band core.

In 2010, having harboured the idea for 20 years, Mike Scott set twenty W. B. Yeats poems to music in an enterprise that evolved into a show entitled An Appointment With Mr. Yeats. The Waterboys held the show's world premiere from 15 to 20 March 2010 in Yeats's own theatre, the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. The five-night show quickly sold out, later receiving several rave reviews, among which were The Irish Times and Irish actor/playwright Michael Harding. Some of the poems performed included "The Hosting of the Sidhe", "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", "News for the Delphic Oracle", and 'The Song of Wandering Aengus', along with an amalgamation of two Yeats lyrics that became the song 'Let the Earth Bear Witness' which Scott had produced during 'The Sea of Green' 2009 Iranian election protests. The musical arrangements for the poems were varied and experimental. On the band's website Scott described the arrangements as "psychedelic, intense, kaleidescopic, a mix of rock, folk and faery music", the delivery of which signalled yet another musical shift in the ever-mutable world of the Waterboys.

An Appointment With Mr. Yeats returned to Dublin on 7 November 2010 in the city's Grand Canal Theatre. The show was performed at the Barbican Hall, London in February 2011. The album version of An Appointment With Mr. Yeats was released on 19 September 2011 and reached the UK Top 30. The band line-up for this album centred on Scott, Wickham and the new Waterboys members James Hellawell (keyboards), Marc Arciero (bass) and Ralph Salmins (drums), joined by guests including oboist Kate St. John and Irish folk singer Katie Kim.

In 2011, the Waterboys released further archive recordings in the shape of In a Special Place – The Piano Demos for This Is the Sea. In 2013, they released the entire set of recordings from the three-year Fisherman's Blues sessions as a six-CD box set called Fisherman's Box.

2014–present: Modern Blues, soul, funk and beats

Ralph Salmins remained with Scott and Wickham for the band's next album, Modern Blues, which was first announced in October 2014 and released on 19 January 2015 in the United Kingdom (7 April in North America). Inspired mostly by soul and blues, the album was recorded in Nashville, and produced by Mike Scott and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. The line up introduced another new Waterboys keyboard player, "Brother" Paul Brown (replacing Hallawell), while bass was provided by veteran Muscle Shoals bass player David Hood. The record featured other country/rhythm-and-blues musicians including Zach Ernst, Don Bryant and Phil Madeira. The first UK single from the Modern Blues album was 'November Tale'.

Modern Blues was followed in 2017 by a double studio album, Out of All This Blue, which built on the soul and blues of its predecessor while adding more funk and contemporary dance rhythms, and was released on 8 September by BMG Records. Scott described it as "two-thirds love and romance, one-third stories and observations.... the songs just kept coming, and in pop colours." The first single from the album was "If The Answer Is Yeah", released in July.

Aongus Ralston had joined as permanent Waterboys bass player in 2016 and participated in the recording for the next studio album, Where the Action Is, which was announced in March 2019 and released on 24 May by Cooking Vinyl. It continued the Waterboys ongoing love affair with soul, blues and funk while also experimenting with hip hop. The first UK single from the album was 'Right Side Of Heartbreak (Wrong Side Of Love)', released on 14 March. On 21 May 2019, the band shared the music video for the third single off the record, "Ladbroke Grove Symphony": a tribute to the former bohemian heart of West London in which Mike Scott invoked his time living and writing among the crumbling, seaside-esque streets of Notting Hill during the 1980s. The accompanying montage video captured the magic of the Grove in all its weird and wonderful counterculture, and featured new film and vintage photography of Scott as he told the story of the song.

The band's fourteenth studio album Good Luck, Seeker was released on 21 August 2020, continuing the band's contemporary American roots explorations while also re-engaging with some of their Irish folk interests and with the spoken word.  The first song to be previewed from the album was "My Wanderings in the Weary Land" on 5 June. The single "The Soul Singer" was released on 15 July.

The band's former drummer, Noel Bridgeman, died on 23 March 2021 aged seventy-four. On 3 December 2021, the Waterboys released another box set, The Magnificent Seven, containing archive live, studio and session recordings of the 1989–1990 Room to Roam band featuring Scott, Wickham, Bridgeman, Anthony Thistlethwaite, Trevor Hutchinson, Sharon Shannon and Colin Blakey.

Wickham was absent from the band's fifteenth studio album, All Souls Hill, which was initiated during the Covid lockdown period of 2020, and featured extensive collaborations between Scott (in his home studio) and a new collaborator – composer/producer/frequent Paul Weller collaborator Simon Dine. While still utilising the hip-hop/electric roots music approach of the previous three Waterboys albums, it also went deeper into the Irish folk and poetry aspects of the band's late '80s/early '90s phase. It was released by Cooking Vinyl on 6 May 2022.

The Waterboys announced Steve Wickham's second formal departure from the band on 14 February 2022. Having realised that he was now more connected with the band's "legacy" music rather than the creation of its new material, Wickham opted to step down from regular involvement to focus on his own music and other projects. Both Wickham and other band members stated that he would remain "part of the Waterboys family" and return for other Waterboys projects in the future. Another longstanding Waterboys family member, Anthony Thistlethwaite, briefly rejoined the band for festival dates in July and August 2022.

Music
The Waterboys' lyrics and arrangements reflect Scott's current interests and influences, the latter including the musical sensibilities of other members. Wickham in particular had a tremendous impact on the band's sound after joining the group. In terms of arrangement and instrumentation, rock and roll and Celtic folk music have played the largest roles in the band's sound. Literature and spirituality have played an important role in Scott's lyrics. Other contributing factors include women and love, punk music's DIY ethic, the British poetic tradition, and Scott's experiences at Findhorn, where he lived for some years.

Sound
The Waterboys' music can be divided into four distinct styles. The first is represented by the first three albums, released between 1983 and 1985. The band's arrangements during this period, described by Allmusic as a "rich, dramatic sound... majestic", and typically referred to as "The Big Music", combined the rock and roll sound of early U2 with elements of classical trumpet (Lorimer), jazz saxophone (Thistlethwaite) and contemporary keyboards (Wallinger). Scott emphasised the arrangement's fullness by using production techniques similar to Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound". The archetypal example, the song "The Big Music", gave the style its name, but the best-selling example was "The Whole of the Moon", the song that the early 1980s Waterboys are best known for and that demonstrates both Wallinger's synthpop keyboard effects and the effectiveness of the brass section of the band.

After Wickham's joining and the move to Ireland, the band went three years before releasing another album.  Fisherman's Blues, and more particularly Room to Roam, traded "The Big Music"'s keyboards and brass for traditional instruments such as tin whistle, flute, fiddle, accordion, harmonica, and bouzouki. Celtic folk music replaced rock as the main inspiration for song arrangements on both albums.  Rolling Stone describes the sound as "an impressive mixture of rock music and Celtic ruralism..., Beatles and Donovan echoes and, of course, lots of grand guitar, fiddle, mandolin, whistle, flute and accordion playing". Traditional folk songs were recorded along with those written by Scott. "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy", a British folk ballad at least two hundred years old, was recorded on Room to Roam. It became closely associated with the band, much as the song "The Big Music" did, and also gave its name to describe the band's character. The recording emphasises how distinctly different the band's music had become in the five years since the last of "The Big Music" albums.

After the break-up of the "Raggle Taggle band", Scott used the Waterboys' name for Dream Harder and A Rock in the Weary Land. These two albums, separated by seven years and bookending Scott's solo album releases, were both rock albums but with distinctive approaches to that genre.  Dream Harder was described as "disappointingly mainstream", whereas the sound of the A Rock in the Weary Land was inspired by alternative music and was praised by critics. For 2003's Universal Hall, however, Wickham had once again rejoined the band, and that album saw a return of the acoustic folk instrumentation of the late 1980s Waterboys, with the exception of the song "Seek the Light", which is instead an idiosyncratic EBM track.

Since 2014, the Waterboys have embraced a style drawing from contemporary American blues, rock, soul, funk and hip-hop, while at points revisiting aspects of their Irish folk influences.

Literary influences

Scott, who briefly studied literature and philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, has made heavy use of English literature in his music. The Waterboys have recorded poems set to music by writers including William Butler Yeats ("The Stolen Child" and "Love and Death"), George MacDonald ("Room to Roam"), and Robert Burns ("Ever to Be Near Ye"). A member of the Academy of American Poets writes that "the Waterboys' gift lies in locating Burns and Yeats within a poetic tradition of song, revelry, and celebration, re-invigorating their verses with the energy of contemporary music". So close is the identification of the Waterboys with their literary influences that the writer also remarks that "W.B.", the initials to which Yeats' first and middle names are often shortened, could also stand for "Waterboys". The Waterboys returned to W.B. Yeats in March 2010. Having arranged 20 of his poems to music, the band performed them as An Appointment With Mr Yeats for five nights at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin (which Yeats co-founded in 1904). The liner notes from the CD edition of Room to Roam acknowledge author C.S. Lewis as an influence, and the title of the song "Further Up, Further In" is taken from a line in his novel The Last Battle.

Scott has also a number of poetic tropes in lyrics, including anthropomorphism (e.g. "Islandman"), metaphor (e.g. "A Church Not Made with Hands", "The Whole of the Moon"), and metonymy (e.g. "Old England"). The latter song quotes from both Yeats and James Joyce. While the lyrics of the band have explored a large number of themes, symbolic references to water are especially prominent. Water is often referenced in their songs (e.g. "This Is the Sea", "Strange Boat", "Fisherman's Blues"). The Waterboys' logo, first seen on the album cover of The Waterboys, symbolises waves.

Spirituality
The Waterboys' lyrics show influences from different spiritual traditions. The first is the romantic Neopaganism and esotericism of authors such as Yeats and Dion Fortune, which can be observed in the repeated references to the ancient Greek deity Pan in both "The Pan Within" and "The Return of Pan". Pan was also featured on the album art for Room to Roam. "Medicine Bow", a song from the recording sessions for This Is the Sea, refers to Native American spirituality in its use of the word "medicine" to mean spiritual power. Scott's interest in Native American issues is also demonstrated in his preliminary recordings for the group's debut album, which included the songs "Death Song of the Sioux Parts One & Two" and "Bury My Heart". "Bury My Heart" is a reference to Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. a history of Native Americans in the western United States. Scott took the traditional Sioux song "The Earth Only Endures" from Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, and set it to new music; the arrangement appears on The Secret Life of the Waterboys. Christian imagery can be seen in the songs "December" from The Waterboys, "The Christ in You" on Universal Hall, and indirectly in the influence of C. S. Lewis in a number of other songs, but Scott writes that his lyrics are not influenced by Christianity.

Scott has also said, "I've always been interested in spirituality, and I've never joined any religion. And it really turns me off when people from one religion say theirs is the only way. And I believe all religions are just different ways to spirituality. And if you call that universality, well, then I'm all for it." Despite Scott's pluralist perspective, the Waterboys have been labelled as "Christian rock" by some reviewers and heathens by some Christians.

Membership

Over seventy musicians have performed live as a Waterboy. Some have spent only a short time with the band, contributing to a single tour or album, while others have been long-term members with significant contributions. Scott has been the band's lead vocalist, motivating force, and principal songwriter throughout the group's history, but a number of other musicians are closely identified with the band.

Anthony Thistlethwaite was an original member of the band, and remained a member until 1991 when the band broke up, although he also joined a few recording sessions for A Rock in the Weary Land. After Scott and Wickham, Thistlethwaite has more songwriting credits than any other Waterboy. His saxophone (regularly featured in solos) was one half of the early group's distinctive brass section, while his mandolin playing came to the forefront during the group's Irish folk phase; but he has also played guitar, keyboards and a number of other instruments for the band. He pressed to return the Waterboys to a rock music sound after Room to Roam, but did not appear on Dream Harder, the result of that decision. He is now a member of The Saw Doctors, and has also released three solo albums.

Original member Kevin Wilkinson was the band's drummer from 1983 to 1984, and continued to play in some studio sessions afterwards. His later appeared on A Rock in the Weary Land. He led the rhythm section of the group during its "Big Music" phase, sometimes without the assistance of any bass guitar. Scott describes Wilkinson's drumming as "bright and angular, an unusual sound".

Karl Wallinger joined the group in 1983, shortly after its formation. He left the group two years later, but in that relatively short period made important contributions to both A Pagan Place and This Is the Sea. He co-wrote "Don't Bang the Drum", the environmentalism anthem on the latter album. His keyboards and synthesiser work expanded the group's sound, and he also did some studio work for demo sessions. Wallinger's World Party project was heavily influenced by his work with the Waterboys.

Roddy Lorimer's participation began in 1983, contributing his trumpet playing "on and off" until 1990. He and Thistlethwaite took turns leading the brass section of the band, and Lorimer was also a featured soloist, most famously on "The Whole of the Moon" and "Don't Bang the Drum". He further contributed backing vocals to the song. His trumpet style is a combination of his classical training with an experimental approach encouraged by Scott. Lorimer returned for some studio work in 2006.

Steve Wickham transformed the group when he joined in 1985; his interest in folk music directly resulted in the band's change of direction. His initial involvement with the Waterboys ended in 1990 when Scott and Thistlethwaite wanted to return to rock and roll, but Wickham rejoined the group in 2000 and remained until 2022 (when he stepped down from regular involvement). Described by Scott as "the world's greatest rock fiddle player", he has written more songs for the band than anyone other than Scott, including the group's handful of instrumental recordings.

Richard Naiff first recorded with the band in 1999, and joined permanently in 2000. As of 2007, he was a core member, along with Scott and Wickham. He is a classically trained pianist and flautist, and plays keyboards for the Waterboys. Ian McNabb described him as Scott's "find of the century" and reviewers have described him as "phenomenally talented". Naiff officially left the Waterboys in February 2009 to spend more time with his family.

Other notable past members have included Ian McNabb, leader of Icicle Works; Sharon Shannon, who became Ireland's all-time best-selling traditional musician; the experimental musician Thighpaulsandra, producer Guy Chambers, Patti Smith drummers Jay Dee Daugherty and Carlos Hercules, bassists Steve Walters and Mark Smith who was the band's bassist when he died on 3 November 2009.

The Waterboys line-up as of 2010 appeared at the world premiere of An Appointment With Mr Yeats at The Abbey Theatre, Dublin. They expanded into a 9-piece band in the autumn of 2017 for their tour of the UK, Ireland and Europe.

Current members

 Mike Scott – vocals, guitar, piano (1981–94, 1998–present)
 James Hallawell – keyboards (2010–13, 2021–present)
 Brother Paul Brown – keyboards, backing vocals (2013–present)
 Aongus Ralston – bass (2016–present)
 Eamon Ferris – drums (2021–present)

Former members

 Anthony Thistlethwaite – saxophone, bass, mandolin, harmonica (1982–1991, 2013)
 Kevin Wilkinson – drums (1982–85 – died 1999)
 Norman Rodger – bass (1983)
 Preston Hayman – drums (1983)
 Adrian Johnston – drums, piano (1983, 1985)
 Karl Wallinger – keyboards (1983–85)
 Roddy Lorimer – trumpet (1983–1990, 2007)
 Martyn Swain – bass (1984–85)
 John Caldwell – guitar (1984)
 Eddi Reader – backing vocals (1984)
 Chris Whitten – drums (1984–85)
 Frank Biddulph – fiddle (1985)
 Marco Sin – bass (1985)
 Lu Edmonds – bass (1985)
 Max Edie – vocals (1985)
 Guy Chambers – piano (1985–86)
 Dave Ruffy – drums (1985–86)
 Steve Wickham – electric fiddle, mandolin (1985–90, 2001–2022)
 Trevor Hutchinson – bass, bouzouki (1986–1991, 2013)
 Peter McKinney – drums (1986–88)
 Fran Breen – drums (1986–8)
 Liam O'Connor – accordion (1987)
 Vinnie Kilduff – uilleann pipes, tin whistle (1987–89)
 Colin Blakey – flute, whistle, piano (1987–90)
 Tomas Mac Eoin – vocals (1988–89)
 Jay Dee Daugherty – drums (1988–89, 2001)
 Sharon Shannon – accordion, fiddle (1989–90, 2004)
 Noel Bridgeman – drums (1989–90, died 2021)
 Ken Blevins – drums (1990–91)
 Tim Sanders – sax (1990)
 Simon Clarke – sax (1990)
 Chris Bruce – lead guitar (1992–93)
 Carla Azar – drums (1992–93)
 Scott Thunes – bass (1992–93)
 Jeremy Stacey – drums (1999–2000, 2006, 2008)
 Richard Naiff – keyboards, flute (1999–2008, 2014)
 Livingstone Brown – bass (1999–2000)
 Gordon Davis – bass (2000)
 Adam Snyder – keyboards (2000)
 John Baggot – keyboards (2000)
 Tom Windriff – drums (2000–2001)
 Jo Wadeson – bass (2000–2001)
 Ray Fean – drums (2001)
 Ian McNabb – keyboards, bass  (2001, 2002)
 Geoff Dugmore – drums (2001–03)
 Paul Beavis – drums (2002)
 Brad Waissman – bass (2002–03)
 Carlos Hercules – drums (2003–06, 2009)
 Steve Walters – bass (2003–06)
 Liam Ó Maonlaí – keyboards (2005)
 Mark Smith – bass (2006–09, his death)
 Damon Wilson – drums (2007–08)
 John McCullough – keyboards (2009)
 Katie Kim – vocals (2009–2012)
 Ash Soan – drums (2009–2010)
 Joe Chester – lead guitar (2009–2012, 2014)
 Simon Wallace – keyboards (2009–2010)
 Marc Arciero – bass (2009–2013)
 Blaise Margail – trombone (2010–11)
 Ruby Ashley – oboe, cor anglais (2010)
 Sarah Allen – flute (2010–12)
 Paul "Binzer" Brennan – drums (2010–12)
 Ralph Salmins – drums (2010–21)
 Kate St John – oboe, cor anglais (2011–12)
 Melvin Duffy – pedal steel, guitar (2011–13)
 Sarah Calderwood – flute, vocals (2013)
 Elizabeth Ziman – vocals (2013)
 Chris Layer  – flute (2013)
 Malcolm Gold – bass (2013)
 Daniel Mintseris – keyboards (2013)
 Chris Benelli – drums (2013)
 Jay Barclay – guitar (2013–14)
 Shane Fitzsimons  –  bass (2014)
 Niall C. Lawlor  –  lap steel (2014)
 Zach Ernst – guitar (2014–16)
 David Hood – bass (2014–16)
 Jon Green – drums (2017)
 Bart Walker – guitar (2017)
 Neil Mahony – bass (2016, 2019)
 Jeff Adams – bass (2019)

Scott has stated that "We've had more members I believe than any other band in rock history" and believes that the nearest challengers are Santana and the Fall.

Discography

Studio albums
 The Waterboys (1983)
 A Pagan Place (1984)
 This Is the Sea (1985)
 Fisherman's Blues (1988)
 Room to Roam (1990)
 Dream Harder (1993)
 A Rock in the Weary Land (2000)
 Universal Hall (2003)
 Book of Lightning (2007)
 An Appointment with Mr Yeats (2011)
 Modern Blues (2015)
 Out of All This Blue (2017)
 Where the Action Is (2019)
 Good Luck, Seeker (2020)
 All Souls Hill (2022)

Notes

References
 Scott, Mike (2012) Adventures of a Waterboy. Jawbone. London.

General sources

Further reading
 Abrahams, Ian. Strange Boat. SAF Publishing, 2007.

External links

 Official web pages for Mike Scott and The Waterboys
  The Waterboys Fan Site –  http://waterboys.org.uk/

Scottish rock music groups
Scottish folk rock groups
Celtic rock groups
New-age musicians
Musical groups established in 1983
Chrysalis Records artists
Findhorn community
Cooking Vinyl artists
Bertelsmann Music Group artists
Proper Records artists

The Waterboys


Progresivni savez socijalista i demokrata (eng. Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, S&D) politička je skupina u Europskom parlamentu Stranke europskih socijalista (PES). Progresivni savez socijalista i demokrata službeno je osnovan kao skupina socijalista 29. lipnja 1953., što ga čini drugom najstarijom političkom skupinom u Europskom parlamentu nakon Saveza liberala i demokrata za Europu (ALDE). Usvojio je svoje sadašnje ime 23. lipnja 2009. Kao skupina lijevoga centra uglavnom obuhvaća Socijaldemokratske stranke i povezana je s progresivnim savezom.

Do izbora za Europski parlament 1999. bila je najveća skupina u parlamentu, ali od tih izbora stalno je bila druga najveća skupina. Tijekom 8. skupštine EU, S&D je jedina skupina parlamenta koja zastupa svih 28 država članica EU.

U Europskom vijeću 8 od 28 šefova država i vlada pripadaju grupi S& D i Europskoj komisiji, 8 od 28 povjerenika dolazi od stranaka PES-a.

Povijest
Skupina socijalista bila je jedna od prve tri skupine koja se stvorila kada je osnovana 23. lipnja 1953. na zajedničkoj skupštini Europske zajednice za ugljen i čelik. Zajednička skupština bila je prethodnica Europskog parlamenta. U Luksemburgu je uspostavljen grupni biro i Tajništvo. Skupina je nastavila stvaranjem imenovanog parlamenta 1958. godine kada je parlament postao izabrano tijelo, a 1979., nakon prvih europskih izbora, skupina je postala najveća u smislu vraćenih zastupnika. Otada je ostala najveća ili druga najveća grupa.

Godine 1987. na snagu stupa jedinstveni europski akt i skupina je započela suradnju s Europskom pučkom strankom (EPP) kako bi osigurala većine potrebne u okviru postupka suradnje. Lijevo – desna koalicija socijalista i EPP dominira parlamentom od tada i (s nekim iznimkama) mjesto predsjednika parlamenta podijeljeno je između dviju skupina od tada.

U međuvremenu, nacionalne stranke koje čine skupinu također su se organiziralo na europskoj razini izvan parlamenta, stvarajući Konfederaciju socijalističkih stranaka Europske zajednice 1974. Konfederacija je bila uspješnija od Stranke europskih socijalista (PES) 1992. Kao rezultat toga, parlamentarna skupina preimenovana je u Skupinu stranke europskih socijalista (eng. Group of the Party of European Socialists) 21. travnja 1993.

1999. godine parlament je odbio odobriti postupanje Santerove komisije u proračunu Europske unije. Tvrdnje o korupciji usredotočene su na dva povjerenika Stranke europskih socijalista, Éditha Cressona i Manuela Marín. Skupina je prvotno poduprla Komisiju, ali je kasnije povukla svoju potporu, prisiljavajući Komisiju na ostavku.

Skupina je ponovno preimenovana u Skupinu socijalista u Europskom parlamentu 20. srpnja 2004. i dobila je drugačiji logotip, kako bi dodatno razlikovala Stranku europskih socijalista (PES) od Europske političke stranke PES-a.

Godine 2007. Socijalistička grupa bila je druga najveća skupina u parlamentu, s Europskim parlamentom iz svih osim dviju država članica, Latvije i Cipra. Međutim, 2009 europskih izbora vidjelo je smanjenje broja zastupnika u EP-u koji su se vratili iz 2004. Skupina je zatražila dodatne članove u Demokratskoj stranci Italije, koja nije bila povezana s PES u 2009. do sklapanja parlamentarnog termina u 2004-2009, Demokratska stranka imala je 8 zastupnika u socijalističkoj skupini (dolazi od demokrata s lijeve strane), ali je također imala 8 zastupnika EP-a u grupi ALDE-a (koja dolazi iz Daisy). Demokratska stranka je dominantna stranka lijevog centrapod snažnim utjecajem društvene demokracije i kršćanskog odlaska, te je imala zastupnike koji su bili bivši kršćanski demokrati ili su imali druge političke stavove tako da je bilo potrebno pronaći novi i uključiviji naziv grupe.

Grupa je nazvana Savez socijalista i demokrata za Europu (ASDE), ali to je izgledalo previše slično Savezu liberala i demokrata za Europu (ALDE). Naziv Progresivnog saveza socijalista i demokrata predložen je 18. lipnja od strane predsjednika grupe Martina Schulza i preimenovan je 23. lipnja 2009. Engleska kratnja je prvotno bila nejasna, koja je bila različito prijavljena kao PASD,  S&D grupa ili PASDE. Nezadovoljstvo zastupnika socijalista prema novom nazivu navelo je Martina Schulza da prizna da je ime još uvijek razmatrano i da će skupina biti upućena "socijalistima i demokratima" dok se ne izabere konačna titula. Na prvi dan konstitutivnog zasjedanja saziva 2009. – 2014., 14. srpnja 2009, puni naziv formalne grupe bio je Skupina progresivnog saveza socijalista i demokrata u Europskom parlamentu i skraćena je bila kao S&D.

Skupina socijalista pridružila se progresivnom savezu na svojem službenom odboru 22. svibnja 2013. i član je odbora organizacije. Skupina je ranije bila pridružena organizacija Socijalističke internacionale.

Organizacija
Skupinu predvodi predsjednik i odbor potpredsjednika. Tu je i blagajnik i glavni tajnik.

Predsjednici Progresivnog saveza socijalista i demokrata

Vidi još
 Stranka europskih socijalista
 Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske

Europske političke stranke


Şabat/Şabbat (), Yahudilikte ibadet ve dinlenme günü olarak kabul edilen gündür. Gregoryen takviminde cumartesi gününe denk gelir ve Yahudiler için YHVH ile aralarındaki özel bir bağı temsil eder. Yahudi dinî inancına göre kâinatın yaratılışı altı gün sürmüş, yedinci gün ise Yaradan YHVH dinlenmeye çekilmiş ve o günü Yahudi halkına mukaddes saymıştır.

Aktiviteler
Şabat günü Yahudiler gün boyu dinlenir, Tevrat okur ve sinagog'a (havra) giderek dua ederler. Şabat günü bir nevi bütün haftanın panoramasıdır. Şabat hem haftayı ve yaptıklarını düşünmek, hem Tanrı'ya yaklaşmak hem de daha iyi bir insan olmak için bir fırsattır. Bu günde iş yapılmaz, elektrik kullanılmaz.

Kaynakça

Şabat
Yahudi bayramları
Özel günler
İbrani takvimi
Cumartesi

Şabat


Douglas Gooderham Ross (-) est un homme d'affaires et politique canadien de l'Ontario. Il est député fédéral conservateur et ensuite progressiste-conservateur de la circonscription ontarienne de St. Paul's de 1935 à 1949.

Biographie
Au courant de sa carrière politique, les bêtes noires de Ross sont le premier ministre William Lyon Mackenzie King, la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) et la bureaucratie fédérale.

Il accuse King d'encourager Hitler en raison de son refus d'accepter la demande britannique de faire l'entrainement de  aviateurs par an. Par la suite, il désapprouve le gouvernement qui préfère commercer avec les États-Unis (instable) plutôt qu'avec le Royaume-Uni (stable). Plus tard, il accuse King d'être responsable de la guerre en raison d'une politique ambigüe avec le Commonwealth britannique.

Professionnellement, Ross est vice-président de la Dominion of Canada General Insurance Company.

Résultats électoraux

Références
Douglas Gooderham Ross, député - Chambre des communes du Canada

Naissance en décembre 1883
Naissance à Toronto
Député fédéral canadien provenant de l'Ontario
Député du Parti conservateur du Canada (ancien)
Député du Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada
Décès en août 1961
Décès à 77 ans

Douglas Ross (homme politique canadien)


Wimbledon-mesterskaberne 1973 var den 87. udgave af Wimbledon-mesterskaberne gennem tiden og den sjette udgave af mesterskabet i tennissportens åbne æra. Turneringen blev spillet i All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club i London, Storbritannien i perioden 25. juni - 8. juli 1973.

Præmier

Den samlede præmiesum for Wimbledon-mesterskaberne 1973 androg £ 52.400, hvilket var en stigning på godt 4 % i forhold til året før. Stigningen kom udelukkende damesinglespillerne tilgode. I de øvrige rækker var pengepræmierne de samme som det foregående år, og præmierne var fordelt som vist nedenfor.

Resultater

Vindere og finalister

Der blev afviklet fem senior- og to juniormesterskaber, og finaleresultaterne for disse mesterskaber er angivet nedenfor.

Nedenfor er resultaterne fra ottendedelsfinaler og frem i singlerækkerne samt fra kvartfinalerne og frem i doublerækkerne angivet. For komplette resultater henvises til de uddybende artikler.

Herresingle

Damesingle

Herredouble

Damedouble

Mixed double

Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
 Wimbledon - Draws Archive
 ITF – Men - Wimbledon 1973
 ITF – Women - Wimbledon 1973

Noter

1973
Sport i 1973

Wimbledon-mesterskaberne 1973


La Terminal Central de Autobuses de Pasajeros de la Ciudad de Puebla (CAPU) es la principal Terminal de Autobuses de Pasajeros de donde sale y llega el principal medio de transporte de la ciudad de Puebla de Zaragoza a otras ciudades y poblaciones del país. Los viajes de las líneas de autobuses que salen de la Terminal de Autobuses cubren casi en su totalidad a los estados de la República Mexicana, contando con más corridas a los estados cercanos, como Tlaxcala, Veracruz y Oaxaca.

Historia

La inauguración de la terminal se dio en 1988, iniciando con un flujo de 50,000 pasajeros. Esta es una de las terminales de autobuses más grandes de Latinoamérica. La terminal se encuentra a 3.2 km al norte del Zócalo de la ciudad y a 1.5 km de la autopista.

Especificaciones de la terminal

 Número de andenes:
 Espacios de aparcamiento de autobuses:
 Superficie total de la terminal:13.7 hectáreas, 44,800 m² de construcción y 55,000m2 para otras áreas destinadas
 Servicio de Estacionamiento: Superficial
 Número de taquillas:
 Número de locales comerciales:28
 Salas de espera:10

Destinos

Véase también
 Terminal de Autobuses de Pasajeros de Oriente
 Central de Autobuses de Primera Clase de Oaxaca

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Horarios y tarifas en la CAPU
Sitio web oficial

Terminales de autobús en México
Transporte de Puebla
Edificios de Puebla de Zaragoza
Infraestructuras de México de los años 1980
Arquitectura de México de 1988


جيمي سبيرز ، من مواليد 22 مارس 1886 غلاسكو في اسكتلندا وتوفي في 20 أغسطس 1917 يبريس في بلجيكا، لاعب كرة قدم أسكتلندي سابق، وتوفي في الحرب العالمية الأولى في بلجيكا.

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسكتلنديون
أفراد الجيش البريطاني في الحرب العالمية الأولى
أفراد عسكريون إسكتلنديون قتلوا في عمليات قتالية
أفراد عسكريون بريطانيون قتلوا في الحرب العالمية الأولى
لاعبو اتحاد إسكتلندا لكرة القدم للناشئين
لاعبو الدوري الإسكتلندي لكرة القدم
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو رينجرز
لاعبو كرة قدم إسكتلنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم من غلاسكو
لاعبو كلايد
لاعبو منتخب إسكتلندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي برادفورد
لاعبو نادي ليدز
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
مهاجمون داخليون كرة قدم
مواليد 1886
مواليد في غلاسكو
وفيات 1917

جيمي سبيرز


Kockelskär est une île de Suède. Elle est située dans la province de Södermanland, dans le sud du pays, à 70 km au sud de Stockholm. Elle couvre 0,52 kilomètre carré. Le terrain à Kockelskär est plat. Le point culminant de l'île est à 17 mètres d'altitude.

Le climat est tempéré. La température moyenne annuelle est de . Le mois le plus chaud est août, avec , et le mois le plus froid est janvier, avec .

Kockelskär est situé dans un archipel d'îles à l'est de Nyköping et possède deux phares, un supérieur et un inférieur qui ont été construits en 1940. Le phare inférieur est une tour blanche de 7,2 m de haut, avec une ceinture rouge, sur un socle noir. Le phare supérieur se compose de quatre lanternes sur une marque de jour rectangulaire rouge, debout, avec une bande verticale blanche. La hauteur de la lumière est de 19,7 m. En 1987, les phares ont reçu une lumière électrique, avec des batteries alimentées en énergie par un panneau solaire.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Île en Suède
Södermanland

Kockelskär


Beata Plácida Viel (26 de septiembre de 1815 — 4 de marzo de 1877) fue una monja francesa y madre superiora activista en organizar ayuda en la Guerra Franco-Prusiana.

Biografía
Eulalie Victoire Jacqueline Viel nació en Quettehou, Normandía y se unió a las Hermanas de las colegiales cristianas en 1833, tomando el nombre de Plácida.  Santa María Magadalena Postel, madre general de la congregación, era su tía.

Estudió en Argentan y trabajó en la administración del colegio, fundando nuevos conventos. En 1841, fue nombrada asistente general de las hermanas, un punto que causó una gran conmoción entre sus hermanas. Después de la muerte de su tía en 1846, se convirtió en madre superiora a la edad de 31 años. Dirigió la institución durante 30 años y recibió la autoridad papal para la orde en 1859 del Papa Pío IX. Murió en Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte.

Enlaces externos
 Plácida Viel
 Plácida Viel

Religiosos de Francia del siglo XIX
Beatos de Francia
Nacidos en Mancha

Plácida Viel


Voltol ist ein Ölgemisch aus Raps- und Mineralöl mit herabgesetzter Zähflüssigkeit und niedrigerem Stockpunkt. Das Produkt wird durch elektrisches Cracken mit einem elektrischen Feld unter Wechselspannung hergestellt. Es findet Verwendung als Schmieröl hauptsächlich für Flug- und Automotoren und als Hydrauliköl. Es ist in Deutschland und englischsprachigen Ländern unter dem Handelsnamen Voltol-Gleitöl im Handel und in Belgien als Elektrion Schmieröl.

Chemische Grundlagen

Öle bestehen aus langkettigen, nicht elektrisch geladenen Kohlenwasserstoffketten. Zwischen den Ketten kommt es aufgrund der Van-der-Waals-Kräfte zu Wechselwirkungen, die die Ketten aneinander haften lassen. Die Öle werden bei niedrigen Temperaturen zähflüssig, stocken und werden zu Wachs, und verlieren die Eigenschaft, dorthin zu gelangen, wo sie die Reibung verringern sollen. Bei höheren Temperaturen beginnen die Moleküle zu schwingen, die schwachen Van-der-Waals-Brücken werden aufgebrochen, die Kohlenwasserstoffketten verlieren die Fixierung und das Öl wird wieder flüssiger. Mit Wechselstrom können die Van-der-Waals-Brücken dauerhaft gestört werden, so dass der Stockpunkt erst bei niedrigeren Temperaturen eintritt und die Zähflüssigkeit vermindert wird.
Die Haftungsneigung der Kohlenwasserstoffketten kann auch durch die Beimischung von Rapsöl verringert werden. Rapsöl besteht aus langkettigen Carbonsäuren und Carbonsäureestern. Die Carboxygruppen sind sperrig und verhindern dadurch die Ordnung der Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle. Die beiden Faktoren: Anwendung von elektrischem Wechselstrom und Beimischung pflanzlicher Öle können den Effekt der Viskositätsstabilisierung über einen großen Temperaturbereich begründen.

Herstellung

Bis 1945 wurde Voltol in doppelwandigen Glaszylindern erzeugt. Zwischen die Glaswände wurden Kupferfolien eingefügt. Auf die innere Folie wurde Hochspannung mit einer Frequenz von 500 Hz aus einem Transformator angelegt, die äußere lag auf Bezugspotential und diente als Rückleiter. Dadurch entstand ein Spannungsfeld und es kam zu einer Glimmentladung des elektrischen Stroms. In den Glaszylindern befand sich das zu behandelnde Öl. Zuerst wurde das Rapsöl dem Wechselstrom ausgesetzt, dann wurde das Mineralöl nach und nach zugegeben. Die Zylinder wurden in Drehung versetzt, damit das Öl dem Spannungsfeld gleichmäßig ausgesetzt wurde. Die Stromzuführung erfolgte über Schleifkontakte. Der Energieeinsatz wird unterschiedlich angegeben: Das Enemy Oil Committee schätzte 0,5 kWh/kg Voltol, aus den damaligen Geschäftsberichten ergeben sich jedoch zwei bis drei kWh/kg.

Mischungen

Folgende Mischungen wurden verwendet:

 Hauptprodukt Endvoltol, bestehend aus ⅓ Rapsöl und ⅔ Mineralöl in Gewichtsanteilen, ohne weitere Zusätze.
 Aero-Shell-Mittelöl: Dieses Mittelöl hatte einen hohen Anteil an Endvoltol.
 Voltolisiertes Öl: 95 % Mineralöl, 5 % Endvoltol, in Gewichtsanteilen.
 Mischung ¼ Rapsöl und ¾ Mineralöl in Gewichtsanteilen: dieses Öl wurde in Frankreich mit Kolophonium-Ölen gemischt.

Veränderungen der Schmiereigenschaften bei Anwendung von Voltol

Nach Auffassung des Enemy Oil Committee wurden bei normalen Motoren folgende Verbesserungen der Schmiereigenschaften festgestellt:

 Das Öl stockt bei tieferen Temperaturen und wird bei niedrigeren Temperaturen flüssig als herkömmliches Schmieröl;
 bei Temperaturanstieg werden die Öle schneller dünnflüssig;
 die Schmierfähigkeit wird verbessert;
 die Motoren werden sauberer, denn voltolisiertes Öl löst den Ölschlamm besser auf.

Bei Flugmotoren zeigten die verfügbaren Daten, dass der Anteil von Voltol am Schmieröl nicht mehr als 5 Gew.-% betragen solle. Ein höherer Pflanzenölanteil würde bei den vorherrschenden hohen Temperaturen verbrennen und zu viele Rückstände hinterlassen.

Unternehmensgeschichte

1907 gründete Alexandre de Hemptinne (* 17. April 1866 in Gent; † 7. Dezember 1955 ebenda) eine Fabrik in Wondelgem, seit 1977 Gent-Wondelgem, die Fischöl verarbeitete. De Hemptinne war Chemiker, arbeitete zwei Jahre an der Universität Leipzig bei Wilhelm Ostwald und wurde dort 1893 aufgrund einer Dissertation über die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Flamme und der Gase promoviert. Seit 1902 war er als Hochschullehrer an der katholischen Universität Löwen tätig. 1911 begann er erstmals ein Mineralöl zur Schmierung von Dieselmotoren zu produzieren, das besser schmierte, als das bisher verwendete, aber chemisch sehr beständige Fischöl. Er ließ das Verfahren patentieren.

Erster Weltkrieg

Während des Ersten Weltkriegs wurde de Hemptinne von der deutschen Besatzungsmacht aufgefordert, das stillgelegte Elektrion-Werk wieder in Gang zu setzen und die Ölproduktion der Besatzungsmacht zur Verfügung zu stellen, andernfalls werde er nach Deutschland deportiert. De Hemptinne weigerte sich. Die Drohung wurde, anders als gegenüber dem Historiker Henri Pirenne, nicht wahrgemacht, aber de Hemptinnes Fabrik wurde abgebaut und nach Potschappel, seit 1921 Freital-Potschappel verbracht.
Eine schwer transportable Vorrichtung wurde in Antwerpen stehen gelassen. Die Fabrik in Wondelgem wurde liquidiert. In Antwerpen nahmen die früheren Mitarbeiter Lèopold de Cavel und Michel Roegiers die Produktion im Einvernehmen mit de Hemptinne wieder auf.

Der deutsche Chemiker Walther Nernst, der sich 1889 bei Wilhelm Ostwald habilitierte und der Physiker Josef Stern erhielten den Auftrag, die Fabrik in Freital-Potschappel wieder in Gang zu setzen. Die Brüder Josef und Leopold Stern und ihr Schwager Jacques Sonneborn, die als Gründer an den Hamburger Ölwerken Stern-Sonneborn AG beteiligt waren, gründeten die Elektrion Öl-GmbH in Hamburg. 1917 stellte die Elektrion Öl GmbH einen Bauantrag zur Errichtung einer Fabrikhalle in Birkigt, seit 1923 Freital-Birkigt, und baute sie von 1919 bis 1921.

Zwischen den Weltkriegen

Ab dem 23. Januar 1922 verwendete die Gesellschaft den Produkt- und Firmennamen Elektrion nicht mehr, sondern betrieb das Unternehmen unter dem Namen Deutsche Voltolwerke-GmbH. 1924 gaben die Voltolwerke die aus Wondelgem stammenden Reaktoren wieder zurück, und de Cavel und Roegiers konnten die Fabrik in Gent am neuen Standort Nieuwewandeling 68 wieder aufbauen. Eine prominente Verwendung fand Voltol in den fünf Zwölf-Zylinder-Motoren des Luftschiffs LZ 126, das Hugo Eckener am 12. Oktober 1926 persönlich von Friedrichshafen nach Lakehurst überführte. 1925 übernahmen die Mineralölwerke Rhenania AG die Ölwerke Stern–Sonneborn AG und führte sie unter dem Namen Rhenania-Ossag Mineralölwerke AG weiter. Ab dem 19. August 1926 gingen die Deutschen Voltolwerke GmbH in der Rhenania-Ossag Mineralölwerke AG auf und wurden als unselbständige Abteilung unter der Betriebsbezeichnung Werk Freital, Abteilung Voltolwerke weiter geführt. Nach Belgien wurde Voltol nicht geliefert.

Zweiter Weltkrieg

1939 wurde die Rhenania-Ossag im Rahmen der Kriegswirtschaft dem Zentralbüro für Mineralöl unterstellt. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden folgende Mengen Endvoltol produziert: 1993 t, 1598 t, 1621 t und 985 t (1939 bis 1942). Abnehmer war hauptsächlich die Luftwaffe.

Weiterentwicklung

Ein großer Vorteil der Anwendung von elektrisch behandeltem Rapsöl war es, dass es das Auftreten von Ölkohle in den Zylindern verminderte. Von Nachteil war es, dass die Kolbenringe zu verkleben begannen. Zwischen August 1942 und März 1943 wurden deshalb im Amsterdamer Laboratorium der Royal Dutch Shell Versuche durchgeführt, inwieweit Menge und Art der nicht löslichen Ölanteile zum Verkleben der Kolbenringe beitragen. Es wurde Strom mit einer Frequenz von 7500 Hz statt der in Freital gebräuchlichen 500 Hz angewendet. Der im Laborversuch auftretende Ölschlamm war zähflüssig und zog Fäden, der Freitaler Ölschlamm war gummiartig. Carl Zerbe (1894–1985), dem während des Zweiten Weltkriegs als ehemaligem Forschungsleiter der Rhenania-Ossag Mineralölwerke AG die Aufsicht über die Laboratorien der Royal Dutch Shell übertragen war, machte den Freitaler Ölschlamm für das Verkleben der Kolbenringe verantwortlich. Zerbe wollte die im Labor gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf den Produktionsprozess in Freital übertragen, insbesondere wollte er Rapsöl und Mineralöl gleichzeitig dem Wechselstrom aussetzen. Zerbe hat so produziertes Öl aber nie erhalten. Weitere Versuche waren geplant, fanden aber nicht mehr statt.

Aufklärung der Alliierten

1941 wurden die Rhenania-Ossag-Werke erstmals als Ölziel erfasst und in der britischen District Target Map No 82 dargestellt. Die Bezeichnung lautete GQ 1612, wobei G für Germany und Q für ein Ölziel stand. Während die Gussstahlwerke in Freital-Döhlen als Stahlziel mit der Bezeichnung GF 2259 richtig eingetragen waren, wurde das Voltol-Werk im südlichen Freital-Deuben an der Grenze zu einem kleinen Industriegebiet in Freital-Hainsberg eingezeichnet. Zutreffend erwähnte aber die Legende der Karte, dass im Voltol-Werk ein Spezialöl für die Luftwaffe hergestellt wurde.

Im Juni 1943 wies das U.S. Enemy Oil Committee, Western Axis Subcommittee das Voltol-Werk nur noch in einer Fußnote nach. In einem erneuten Bericht vom 15. Dezember 1943 blieb der Hinweis erhalten, aber das Subcommittee hielt das Werk für wahrscheinlich nicht existent, wenn es aber doch existieren sollte, sei mit einer Jahresproduktion von 70.000 t zu rechnen. Am 3. Juni 1944 wurde das Werk als zuverlässig nachgewiesen und möglicherweise existent bezeichnet. Wie bei der Herstellung von synthetischem Treibstoff werde Braunkohle verwendet.

Am 21. Juli 1944 nahm die 7th Photographic Reconnaissance Group ein Luftbild von Birkigt im Maßstab von 1:6.000 auf. Dort wurde die südöstlich liegende Gebrüder Bühler GmbH, Mühlenbauanstalt und Maschinenfabrik in der Gitterseer Straße 13 und die ihr benachbarte Kunstmöbelfabrik Anton Schega als Zielmittelpunkt handschriftlich eingetragen. In einem zweiten Luftbild vom gleichen Tage im Maßstab 1:32.000 zeigt wieder ein Pfeil auf die Maschinenfabrik Bühler als Zielmittelpunkt. Die beiden Luftbilder wurden in ein Target Information Sheet, ein Informationsblatt, übernommen. Voltol wurde darin zutreffend als Pflanzenöl bezeichnet, das mit Strom behandelt wird, anderem Schmieröl beigemischt wird, dort für gleichbleibende Konsistenz bei extremen Temperaturen sorgt und deshalb von Bedeutung für Flugzeugschmierstoffe ist. Die Jahresproduktion wurde mit 6.000 t angegeben, die Bedeutung sei aber größer als die Menge nahelegt.

Die Bombardierung von Freital-Birkigt am 24. August 1944

Im Einsatzbefehl für die 486th und 487th Bombing Group der 3rd Bombardment Division der 8th Air Force – "Mighty Eight" – wurde auf die Wichtigkeit des Ziels hingewiesen: Obwohl das Voltol-Werk nur das siebzehnte von 26 Zielen der 8th Air Force sei, sei es doch die einzige Fabrik in Deutschland, die hochwertige Flugzeugschmierstoffe veredle, und sei noch nie angegriffen worden.

Die 3rd Bombardment Division flog am 24. August 1944 drei Ziele an: Kiel, Freital und Brüx (heute: Most/Tschechien). Die 486th Bombing Group flog von Sudbury aus, die 487th Bombing Group von Levenham aus. In Suffolk an der Ostküste vereinigten sich beide Bombergruppen und flogen über Helgoland, Cuxhaven und Magdeburg nach Cottbus. Dort kehrten sie und flogen wieder westlich in Richtung Dresden. Sie umflogen die dort stationierten Fliegerabwehrkanonen knapp und klinkten zwischen 12:59 Uhr und 13:05 Uhr über Dresden-Mockritz 500 Sprengbomben aus. Die Bombardierung erfolgte mit großer Genauigkeit. 47 % der Sprengbomben schlugen in einem Umkreis von 150 m vom Zielmittelpunkt ein.

Die Flugabwehr, die aus zu wenigen Geschützen bestand, schoss nur noch schwach und ungenau.

Getroffen wurden aber nicht die vermeintlichen Voltol-Werke, sondern die als Zielmittelpunkt eingetragene Maschinenfabrik Bühler und die Möbelfabrik Anton Schega, welche völlig zerstört wurde. Schwer getroffen, aber nicht gänzlich zerstört wurde die 350 m ostwärts vom Voltol-Werk liegende Maschinenfabrik Otto Hänsel, welche Bonbonwickelmaschinen, Dropsrollmaschinen und das zum Einschlagen erforderliche Wachspapier herstellte. Bei der Maschinenfabrik Bühler gab es 51 Tote und 40 Verletzte und bei der Maschinenfabrik Hänsel 82 Tote und einen Schwerverletzten. Insgesamt gab es 244 Todesopfer. Mit geringen Schäden und ohne direkten Treffer kam das Voltolwerk davon.

Zweieinhalb Stunden nach dem Angriff nahm die 7th Photographic Reconnaissance Group ein Luftbild im Maßstab 1:10.200 auf, das die brennende Maschinenfabrik Bühler und das unversehrte Voltolwerk zeigt. Um 17:00 Uhr meldete der englische Rundfunk, dass der Freitaler Shell-Betrieb vernichtet sei. Im Auswertungsbericht der 3rd Bombardment Division vom 25. August 1944 wurden die Detonationen der "Ölraffinerie" so zugeordnet: Kesselhaus: möglicherweise ein direkter Treffer; Hauptproduktionsgebäude: ein möglicher Treffer, ein Nahtreffer; Verwaltung: ein direkter und ein naher Treffer. Am 4. September 1944 fasste das Joint Oil Targets Committee das Ergebnis zusammen: " Von den einzigen bekannten Fabriken im deutschen Europa, die dieses Verfahren anwenden (gemeint das Voltol- oder Elektrion-Verfahren), ist eine in Freital bei Dresden von der U.S. 8th Air Force kürzlich schwer beschädigt worden. Die andere in Gent ist nicht mehr in deutscher Hand." Ein drittes, in Hamburg vermutetes Voltolwerk gab es nicht.

Folgen

Obwohl das Werk unversehrt blieb, wurde Voltol in Freital nach Kriegsende nicht mehr produziert. In der Fabrikhalle stellte der VEB Chemische Werke Bussard unter anderem das Skiwachs "Drix" her. Die Halle steht leer und wird teilweise als Werkstatt genutzt. Die Elektrion-Werke nahmen 1946 den Betrieb in Gent wieder auf. 1958 errichteten sie ein neues Büro und Laborgebäude. Sie wurden zum größten konzernunabhängigen Schmierölhersteller in Belgien und stellen Elektrion-Schmieröl in vielen Qualitäten her. Voltol wird als Shell-Voltol-Gleitöl angeboten.

Literatur

 Götz Bergander: Dresden im Luftkrieg, Sonderausgabe, Würzburg 1998.
 Katrin Schulze: GQ 1612. Was die Alliierten am 24. August 1944 nach Freital-Birkigt führte. Schulze, Freital 2011.
 Karl Söhnel: Das Tal der Arbeit in Rudolf Schumann (Hrsg.): Mitteilungen des Landesvereins Sächsischer Heimatschutz, Dresden 1927.

Einzelnachweise

Schmierstoff
Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Freital)

Voltol


Algarve Cup er en global fodboldturnering for kvinder, hvor hold der modtager invitation kan deltage. Turneringen foregår i Algarve i Portugal hvert år siden 1994. Det er en af de mest prestigefyldte og en af de længst løbende fodboldturneringer for kvinder.

I 2016 blev turneringen SheBelieves Cup, der ligeledes er pr. invitation, etableret. SheBelieves Cup er for de højest rangerede kvindefodboldhold i verden og afholdes i USA på samme tidspunkt som Algarve Cup og har taget noget af opmærksomheden fra Algarve Cup.

Resultater

Bedste spiller

 1994:  Ann Kristin Aarones
 1995:  Helle Jensen
 1996:  Hege Riise
 1997:  Marianne Pettersen
 1998:  Marianne Pettersen
 1999:  Tiffeny Milbrett
 2000:  Dagny Mellgren
 2001:  Hanna Ljungberg
 2002:  Bai Jie
 2003:  Liu Ying
 2004:  Shannon Boxx
 2005:  Birgit Prinz
 2006:  Shannon Boxx
 2007:  Carli Lloyd
 2008:  Cathrine Paaske Sørensen
 2009:  Hope Solo
 2010:  Inka Grings
 2011:  Homare Sawa
 2012:  Aya Miyama
 2013:  Megan Rapinoe
 2014:  Dzsenifer Marozsan
 2015:  Eugénie Le Sommer
 2016:  Kadeisha Buchanan
 2017:  Irene Paredes
 2018:  Cláudia Neto

Flest mål

 1994:  Ann Kristin Aarones (5)
 1995:  Helle Jensen (6)
 1996:
 1997:
 1998:
 1999:
 2000:  Dagny Mellgren (4)
 2001:  Hanna Ljungberg (6)
 2002:  Shannon MacMillan (7)
 2003:  Hanna Ljungberg (4)
 2004:  Abby Wambach (4)
 2005:  Christie Welsh (5)
 2006:
 2007:  Carli Lloyd (4)
 2008:  Margrét Lára Viðarsdóttir (6)
 2009:  Kerstin Garefrekes,  Jayne Ludlow,  Lotta Schelin (3)
 2010:  Inka Grings (7)
 2011:
 2012:  Célia Okoyino da Mbabi (6)
 2013:  Kosovare Asllani,  Alex Morgan (3)
 2014:  Dzsenifer Marozsan (4)
 2015:  Sofia Jakobsson (4)
 2016:  Janice Cayman (4)
 2017:  Pernille Harder,  Kumi Yokoyama (4)
 2018:  Christine Sinclair,  Lieke Martens,  Fridolina Rolfö (3)
 2019:  Jennifer Hermoso,  Mimmi Larsson (3)
 2020: * Nanna Christiansen,  Pernille Harder,  Cristiana Girelli,  Synne Jensen (2)

Referencer

Etableret i 1994

Algarve Cup


Orhan Evci (* 9. März 1991 in Yenimahalle, Ankara) ist ein türkischer Fußballspieler, der bei MKE Ankaragücü unter Vertrag steht.

Karriere

Vereinskarriere
Orhan Evci begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend İncirlispor und wechselte 2006 in die Jugend von Ankaraspor. Im Sommer 2009 erhielt er einen Profi-Vertrag spielte aber weiterhin überwiegend für die Reservemannschaft. Lediglich bei einem Pokalspiel kam er zum Einsatz.

2010/11 wechselte er innerhalb der Liga zu MKE Ankaragücü. Auch hier spielte er überwiegend für die Reserve und wurde nur bei Verletzungen etc. in den Profi-Kader involviert. Nachdem Ankaragücü in den ersten Wochen der Saison 2011/12 in finanzielle Engpässe geriet und über lange Zeit die Spielergehälter nicht zahlen konnte, trennten sich viele Spieler von dem Verein. Evci wurde daraufhin vorzeitig zurückgeholt und kam in der Rückrunde begünstigt durch den Spielermangel nahezu immer als Stammspieler zum Einsatz. Auch nach dem Abstieg aus der Süper Lig (2011/12) und TFF 1. Lig (2012/13) blieb er dem Verein treu und wurde bei den Ligabegegnungen auch häufig eingesetzt.

Zur Winterpause 2013/14 wurde der Leihtransfer zusammen mit seinem Mannschaftskollegen Ömer Emir nach Denizlispor bekanntgegeben. Jedoch kam dieser Wechsel nicht zu Stande.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (MKE Ankaragücü)
Fußballspieler (Osmanlıspor FK)
Türke
Geboren 1991
Mann

Orhan Evci


" 4 da Fam " é uma canção do rapper americano Amil, com versos dos rappers americanos Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek, e Beanie Sigel. Ty Fyffe produziu a música. Foi lançado pela Roc-A-Fella como o segundo single de seu álbum de estreia All Money Is Legal. Na letra da música, Amil se gaba de ser a melhor rapper feminina, e Jay-Z discute seus medos de se tornar pai, o que seu verso sugere que ele acreditava que estava para acontecer na época.

"4 da Fam" recebeu críticas mistas dos críticos musicais ; alguns críticos elogiaram o verso de Jay-Z, enquanto outros criticaram as contribuições de Amil. Ele apareceu em várias paradas da Billboard. A canção alcançou a posição  99 na parada Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs da Billboard e No. 97 na parada Hot Rap Songs da Billboard. "4 da Fam" foi promovido com um videoclipe, que foi exibido no programa musical Artist Corner e na rede BET.

Gravação e lançamento
Ty Fyffe produziu "4 da Fam" e o escreveu com Amil Whitehead, Shawn Carter (Jay-Z), Dwight Grant (Beanie Sigel) e Malik Cox (Memphis Bleek). A faixa foi mixada por Pat Viala e gravada por Just Blaze. Foi lançado em 13 de setembro 2000 como o segundo single do álbum de estreia de Amil, All Money Is Legal (2000). A música foi disponibilizada como um single de 12 polegadas pela Roc-A-Fella.  Também foi incluído em um lado A duplo com o primeiro single do álbum " I Got That ".  Nos anúncios de All Money Is Legal, "4 da Fam" foi promovido como uma de suas "juntas blazin '".

Um videoclipe, dirigido por Nick Quested, foi lançado para "4 da Fam" em 2000. Foi tocada naquele ano no programa musical Artist Corner and BET. O vídeo foi carregado na conta Vevo de Amil em outubro 25 de 2009.

Composição e letra
Com 4 minutos e 19 segundos de duração, "4 da Fam" inclui versos de Amil, Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek e Beanie Sigel.  Steve Rivers da Ebony o descreveu como um "disco de amor da equipe". Por sua vez, Amil se gaba de sua carreira por meio da letra: "Sou a mulher mais doente que você ouviu até agora". Em seu verso, Jay-Z canta sobre se tornar pai no verso: "Tenho quatro sobrinhos e todos estão escrevendo... e estou tendo um filho, o que é mais assustador."  Rob Markman, da MTV News, escreveu que a paternidade era um assunto que Jay-Z explorou em seu álbum de estreia, Reasonable Doubt (1996). As outras letras de Jay-Z incluem: "Vocês manos realmente não estão prontos para essa coisa de dinastia / Vocês estão pensando em Blake Carrington, estou pensando mais como Ming." e "Eu tenho 4 sobrinhos, e todos eles escrevendo / Eles são todos jovens e selvagens, além de gostarem de feijão."

Recepção
"4 da Fam" recebeu críticas mistas dos críticos musicais. Andrew Barber e Al Shipley do Complex elogiaram a contribuição de Jay-Z e escreveram que "ele tinha o melhor verso e uma limpeza rebatida". Em um artigo de 2018, eles incluíram "4 da Fam" em sua lista das 100 melhores canções de Jay-Z. John Kennedy, do Vulture.com, identificou o single como uma melhoria em relação à faixa "Pop 4 Roc" do quarto álbum de estúdio de Jay-Z, vol. 3. . . Vida e Tempos de S. Carter (1999), e descreveu "4 da Fam" como "o verdadeiro negócio". Embora criticasse Amil, Son Raw of Fact referiu-se ao single como um "corte nobre da era Roc La Familia ". Um escritor de Bossip criticou o verso de Amil e incluiu sua ostentação como a melhor rapper feminina em sua lista das dez maiores mentiras da música hip hop.

"4 da Fam" alcançou a posição  99 na parada Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs da Billboard em 22 de julho 2000, e permaneceu na parada por uma semana. No mesmo dia, atingiu uma posição de pico de No. 97 na parada de R&B/Hip-Hop Streaming Songs da Billboard, permanecendo na parada por uma semana. Ele também alcançou a posição No. 29 na parada Hot Rap Songs Billboard, e permaneceu nessa parada por 11 semanas.

Listas de faixas

Créditos e pessoal
Créditos adaptados do encarte de All Money Is Legal :

 Apresentando - Beanie Sigel, Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek
 Mixado por – Pat Viala
 Produtor – Ty Tyfife
 Gravado por - Just Blaze
 Escrito por – Ty Tyfife, Amil Whitehead, Shawn Carter, Dwight Grant e Malik Cox

Gráficos

Histórico de lançamentos

Referências

Ligações externas

Canções de 2000
Canções gravadas por Jay-Z
Singles de 2000
Canções compostas por Jay-Z

4 da Fam


Karl Johann Ignaz Wilhelm Ritter von Dietrich (* 7. Oktober 1811 in Iglau, Mähren; † 3. Mai 1889 in Iglau) war Advokat, Bürgermeister der Stadt Troppau, Abgeordneter im Schlesischen Landtag und Mitglied des österreichischen Reichsrates.

Leben und Wirken
Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich wurde in Iglau als ältestes Kind eines Kaufmannes geboren und in der katholischen Minoriten-Kirche der Mariä Himmelfahrt getauft.
Nach der Absolvierung des Gymnasiums in Iglau im Jahre 1827, studierte er Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten in Prag, dann Olmütz und schließlich in Wien. Bis zu seiner Promotion zum Doktor der Rechte am 23. Juli 1836, versah von Dietrich seinen Dienst beim Magistrat in Iglau als Praktikant und später als Auskultant, gefolgt von einer Anstellung als Konzipient in einer örtlichen Advokatenkanzlei. Seine Advokatenprüfung legte er 1840 ab und ließ sich noch im selben Jahr als Landesadvokat in Olmütz mit seiner eigenen Kanzlei nieder.
Bevor es von Dietrich beruflich in eine andere Stadt zog, ehelichte er 1841 die Iglauer Tuchmacherstochter Anna Maria Eleonora Müller, mit der er acht Kinder hatte.
Aus beruflichen Gründen verlegte er seinen Wohnsitz 1845 in die Landeshauptstadt Troppau, wo er die nächsten vierzig Jahre als Landesadvokat tätig war.

In den Jahren 1848/49 während der Deutschen Revolution wurde Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich Mitglied im Vorstand der Nationalgarde Troppaus und organisierte Freiwillige, die den Rebellen in Wien halfen. Des Weiteren wurde er Mitglied im Präsidialausschuss von Schlesien, der für die Organisation der Wahlen der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung zuständig war. Während der damit verbundenen Unruhen wurde von Dietrich am 6. März 1850 festgenommen und wegen des Vorwurfs des Hochverrats in das Gefängnis der Festung Spielberg in Brünn überführt.
In einer Petition vom 20. März 1850 an Kaiser Franz Joseph I. verlangten die Troppauer Bürger die Freilassung Karl Wilhelm von Dietrichs. Am 13. April 1850 wurde der Petition stattgegeben und von Dietrich aus der Untersuchungshaft entlassen. Das Ermittlungsverfahren gegen ihn wurde anschließend vollumfänglich eingestellt.
Im Jahre 1861 wurde Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich zum Abgeordneten des Schlesischen Landtags der Landeshauptstadt Troppau und später für andere Städte in Österreichisch Schlesien für mehrere Amtsperioden bis 1883 gewählt.

Nachdem der bisherige Bürgermeister Troppaus, Franz von Hein, nach dreijähriger Amtszeit nach Wien zog, wurde am 31. Dezember 1862 eine Neuwahl veranlasst, aus der Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich als Sieger hervorging. Er diente für zwei Amtszeiten bis 1869.
Zusammen mit Adolf Trassler gründete von Dietrich 1862 die erste Freiwillige Feuerwehr in Troppau.
Während seiner Amtszeit als Bürgermeister war er zudem in der evangelischen Gemeinde aktiv und ordnete 1864 den Bau des Chorhauses an. Für seine Verdienste im Zuge des Deutschen Krieges 1866 wurde Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich von Kaiser Franz Joseph I. mit dem Ritterkreuz des Österreichisch-kaiserlichen Leopold-Ordens ausgezeichnet. Auf dieser Grundlage erfolgte am 13. Oktober 1884 auch die Erhebung von Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich in den erblichen Ritterstand.
Von 1867 bis 1872 war er außerdem in verschiedenen Ausschüssen des österreichischen Reichsrates vertreten.

1884 gab Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich schließlich seine Advokatenkanzlei in Troppau auf und zog zurück in seine Heimatstadt Iglau, wo er 1889 im Alter von 77 Jahren starb.

Literatur
Walther von Dietrich: Zur Geschichte der Familie von Dietrich; Band 2, Vierte Generation. Düsseldorf 2018, ISBN 978-3-9820213-1-7.

Weblinks
PhDr. Josef Gebauer: http://www.opava-city.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=2413 (tschechisch)
Mitglieder des Leopold-Ordens: http://www.coresno.com/ordensritter/160-leopold-orden/2948-lo-rt-a-f.html
Stenographische Protokolle des Abgeordnetenhauses des Reichsrates 1861-1918: http://alex.onb.ac.at/spa.htm

Rechtsanwalt (Österreich)
Abgeordneter zum Abgeordnetenhaus (Österreich)
Abgeordneter (Schlesischer Landtag)
Träger des ö.k. Leopold-Ordens (Ritter)
Person (Mähren)
Bürgermeister (Opava)
Nobilitierter (Österreich)
Geboren 1811
Gestorben 1889
Mann

Karl Wilhelm von Dietrich


Euston Hall est une maison de campagne, avec parc construit par William Kent et Capability Brown, située à Euston, un petit village du Suffolk situé juste au sud de Thetford, en Angleterre. C'est la maison familiale des Ducs de Grafton .

Le manoir
Euston apparaît pour la première fois dans le Domesday Book en 1087 en tant que manoir appartenant à l'Abbaye de Bury St Edmunds. En août 1578, Élisabeth  séjourne au manoir avec la famille Rookwood en route pour Norwich. Le propriétaire est un récusant et lors de la visite royale une image de la Vierge Marie est découverte cachée dans une meule de foin . Le domaine, presque en ruine, est acheté en 1666 par Henry Bennet (1er comte d'Arlington) secrétaire d'État du roi nouvellement restauré, Charles II. Il construit une grande maison dans le style français, construite autour d'une cour centrale avec de grands pavillons à chaque coin. Charles II effectue la première de plusieurs visites à Euston en 1671. John Evelyn, le chroniqueur, fait partie de la grande cour qui accompagne alors le roi.

En 1672, Charles II arrange un mariage entre Henry FitzRoy, neuf ans, son fils illégitime de Barbara Villiers, et Isabella Bennet, l'héritière de cinq ans du comte d'Arlington. FitzRoy est créé  duc de Grafton en 1675  et le jeune couple organise une deuxième cérémonie de mariage en 1679 quand Isabella atteint l'âge de douze ans, alors l'âge légal minimum pour se marier avec consentement. Le duc et la duchesse héritent d'Euston Hall en 1685. Vers 1750, leur fils, le deuxième duc, décide de remodeler la maison et emploie Matthew Brettingham  qui supervise l'exécution de la conception de William Kent et Lord Burlington de Holkham Hall à Norfolk. Les dômes d'Euston sont remplacés par les toits pyramidaux bas que l'on voit aujourd'hui, et une partie de la maison est refaite. Le 5 avril 1902, un incendie catastrophique détruit les ailes sud et ouest et les beaux plafonds Verrio . La maison est rapidement reconstruite sur le même plan, mais plus tard, l'aile sud et la majeure partie de l'aile ouest sont démolies par le  duc en 1952.

Euston Hall possède une collection d'œuvres d'art, mais un Canaletto mérite une mention spéciale. Selon le Sporting Magazine, février 1793 : « Vers l'an 1735, il [le  duc de Grafton] gardait des foxhounds à Croydon et se rend à Londres très tôt les jours où il chassait. Le vieux duc se plaignait amèrement de l'interruption qu'il rencontrait (en traversant la Tamise à Westminster) pour le retard et l'inattention de l'homme du ferry, etc., par lequel il perdait souvent plusieurs heures d'une belle matinée avant d'arriver à Croydon. Pour supprimer cet inconvénient, il projette le Pont de Westminster et présente au Parlement un projet de loi pour son érection, qui est achevée en 1748." Pendant de nombreuses années, il y a accroché à Euston Hall un Caneletto contemporain du pont en construction.

Le parc

L'ancien parc est conçu par le chroniqueur John Evelyn, un paysagiste réputé et un expert des arbres, avec un canal, des promenades droites et des avenues. Ses créations pour Euston comprennent la promenade à travers les terrains de plaisance qui peuvent encore être appréciés aujourd'hui. L'aménagement entier du parc et de la rivière est conçu par William Kent en 1738,  et est considéré comme l'une de ses grandes œuvres. Son temple et son arche d'entrée subsistent.

Capability Brown travaille à Euston par intermittence de 1776 jusqu'à sa mort en 1783. Il remodèle les caractéristiques de l'eau pour le  duc de Grafton, élargissant le système de petits lacs et ruisseaux du Kent en un grand nouveau lac, Broadwater, avec une île centrale, conçue pour donner une vue sur la maison à travers les arbres. Il construit un déversoir pour diriger l'eau de la rivière Blackbourne dans le lac et a peut-être aménagé la rive du fleuve devant Euston Hall et le long de la rivière au sud, et planté des arbres près des pavillons à la limite ouest du domaine .

Le moulin à eau d'Euston est construit dans les années 1670 par Sir Samuel Morland pour l'irrigation et la mouture du maïs. En 1731, il est redessiné par William Kent pour ressembler à une église, et en 1859 une roue hydraulique en fer est ajoutée par Charles Burrell.

Le Temple (non ouvert au public) est une folie octogonale inhabituelle conçue par William Kent en 1746. C'est sa dernière œuvre. Il possède une magnifique salle de banquet octogonale surmontée d'un dôme.

La maison et le terrain actuels comprennent environ 110 acres de parc et 65 acres de terrain d'agrément. L'aménagement paysager a subi d'importants travaux de restauration avant le tricentenaire de Capability Brown en 2016 .

Références

Liens externes

Monument classé de Grade II dans le Suffolk

Euston Hall