This is a list of aviation-related events from 1940:

Events
 The worlds first high-performance, purpose-built night fighter, the British Bristol Beaufighter, enters combat.
 The Consolidated Aircraft Corporation absorbs the Hall Aluminum Aircraft Corporation.
 Transcontinental and Western Air inaugurates the world's first in-flight audio entertainment for airline passengers, who have individual receivers with which to listen to commercial radio broadcasts.

January
 The Soviets use observation balloons to pinpoint the locations of Finnish artillery emplacements and bunkers during the month, which is a static period of the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland. The Soviet Air Force engages in almost continuous bombardment of Finnish ground positions.
 The German Luftwaffes chief of intelligence, Colonel Josef "Beppo" Schmid, reports that the British Royal Air Force and French Air Force are "clearly inferior in strength and armament in comparison to the Luftwaffe," that even an entry into World War II by the United States would not alone improve the status of Allied air power during 1940, and that British fighters stood little chance in combat with the German Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engine fighter.
 January 6 – Finnish Air Force Lieutenant Jorma Sarvanto shoots down six Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers out of a formation of seven in four minutes.
 January 10 – A German Luftwaffe Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun liaison aircraft carrying a copy of Case Yellow, the German plan for a proposed attack on neutral Belgium and the Netherlands, strays off course into Belgium and crash-lands near Mechelen-sur-Meuse. The Belgians communicate the plans to the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom, although the resulting international crisis soon dies down.
 January 19 – The first flight from Dublin Airport in the Republic of Ireland takes place. The flight is to Liverpool, England.

February
 February 1 – The Soviets begin a new ground offensive in Finland, supported by about 500 bombers.
 February 28 – Germany begins the scrapping of the second Graf Zeppelin-class aircraft carrier, Flugzeugträger B, while she still is incomplete on the building ways.  Scrapping is completed four months later.
 February 29
An attack by 40 Polikarpov I-153 and Polikarpov I-16 fighters on the Finnish Air Force airfield at Ruokalahti is the most successful Soviet Air Force strike of the Winter War. Surprising the Finns on the ground, the Soviets shoot down three Gloster Gladiators as they try to get airborne and shoot down two more Gladiators and a Fokker D.XXI in an ensuring dogfight, losing only one I-16 in exchange.
The Finnish government asks the United Kingdom and France to send 100 bombers with crews and bombs to Finland at once to assist in the war with the Soviet Union.

March
 The United States begins construction of a U.S. Navy seaplane base at Midway Atoll.
 March 2 – The United Kingdom and France promise to send 100 bombers with crews and bombs to assist Finland at once, but do not follow through on the promise.
 March 6 – France informs the Finnish government that it will dispatch an expeditionary force including 72 bombers to Finland on March 13, but the Winter War ends before the French force can begin its journey.
 March 13 – The Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland ends in the defeat of Finland. During the 3-month war, the Finnish Air Force has grown from 96 to 287 aircraft, and has lost 62 aircraft in air-to-air combat and 59 more damaged beyond repair, while the Soviet Union has lost between 700 and 900 – 725 confirmed destroyed and about 200 unconfirmed – of the 2,500 to 3,000 aircraft it has committed to the campaign, and another 300 damaged. The Soviet Air Force has dropped 150,000 bombs – about 7,500 tons (6,803 tonnes/metric tons) of bombs – on Finnish territory, but has performed poorly; its operations in early December 1939 had failed to disrupt Finnish mobilization and, despite unusually clear weather in January and February, it failed to disrupt the lone railroad connecting Finland with the outside world for more than a few hours at a time or to disrupt Finnish merchant shipping, despite 60 air raids on Finnish ports.
 March 16 – The United Kingdom suffers its first civilian air-raid casualties of World War II during a raid by the Luftwaffes Kampfgeschwader 26 on Scapa Flow.
 March 19–20 (overnight) – Royal Air Force Bomber Command conducts its first attack of World War II against a land target, when 20 Hampdens and 30 Whitleys strike the German seaplane base at Hörnum on the island of Sylt. One Whitley is lost.
 March 25 – The United States Government grants permission to American aircraft manufacturers to sell advanced combat aircraft to countries fighting the Axis powers.

April
 For the second time, U.S. Army Air Corps bombers from Oahu bomb lava tubes to try to prevent lava from an eruption of Mauna Loa from reaching Hilo in the Territory of Hawaii. The bombing fails, although the lava stops naturally before reaching Hilo.
 April 9 – Germany invades Denmark and Norway, making extensive use of paratroops. RAF Bomber Command is ordered to halt the German advance through southern Norway; the missions require  round trips, almost entirely over the North Sea.
 April 10 – German Dornier Do 17s and Heinkel He 111s attack British towns and shore facilities in the Scapa Flow area in the Orkney Islands. Defending Gloster Sea Gladiators of the Fleet Air Arms No. 804 Squadron shoot down one He 111.
 April 10 – Sixteen Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skua dive bombers sink the German light cruiser Königsberg at Bergen, Norway. It is the first time in history that dive bombers sink a major warship. One Skua is lost.
 April 11 – The first aerial torpedo attack of World War II and the first coordinated torpedo attack launched from an aircraft carrier in history takes place, as Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier  attack two German destroyers in Trondheimsfjord, Norway. The torpedoes all ground in the shallows and no hits are achieved; three aircraft are lost.
 April 12 – RAF Bomber Command loses six Hampdens and three Wellingtons in a daylight raid against German forces at Stavanger, Norway. It is the last daylight raid by the two types of aircraft in northwestern Europe.
 April 13 – During the Second Battle of Narvik, a Swordfish floatplane from the British battleship  sinks the German submarine U-64 in Herjangsfjorden off Bjerkvik, Norway, the first time that a Royal Navy aircraft sinks an enemy submarine during World War II. The Swordfish spots gunfire for Warspite and ships accompanying her in Ofotfjord, resulting in the destruction of seven German destroyers, and finishes off one of the destroyers with a bombing attack.
 April 13–14 (overnight) – The Royal Air Force begins deploying sea mines in Germanys coastal waters.
 April 24 - The British aircraft carrier HMS Glorious flies off the Gloster Gladiators of the Royal Air Forces No. 263 Squadron for service ashore in Norway. The Gladiators then operate from a landing strip on Lesjaskogsvatnet, a lake near Åndalsnes.
 April 25 – Oberfeldwebel Hermann Förster becomes the first German night fighter pilot to shoot down a British bomber during World War II. Flying a Messerschmitt Bf 109D-1, he downs a Handley Page Hampden laying naval mines off the coast of Schleswig-Holstein.
 April 25 – Swordfish and Skuas from the British aircraft carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Glorious raid targets in the Trondheim area in Norway.
 April 28 – Aircraft from HMS Ark Royal raid the Trondheim area, causing considerable damage to the German-held airfield at Vaernes, Norway.

May
 The Imperial Japanese Navys air arm begins Operation 101, the largest aerial offensive of the Second Sino-Japanese War to date, seeking to destroy Nationalist Chinese air capabilities in Sichuan province and military facilities around Chongqing. It continues until the end of the summer, and will involve 3,715 sorties in 182 raids and the dropping of over 2,000 tons (1,814,388 kg) of bombs.
 Germany suspends construction of the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin. It will not resume until May 1942.
 Helen Richey obtains a flight instructors certificate and begins training United States Army Air Corps cadets – the only woman to do so – at Pittsburgh-Butler Airport in Butler, Pennsylvania.
 May 1 – German aircraft attack the British aircraft carrier HMS Glorious off Norway. Her embarked Gloster Sea Gladiators defend her.
 May 5 – The British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal begins a week and a half of support to Allied forces in the Narvik area of Norway.
 May 10 – Germany invades France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Paratroops again play a key role. German aircraft surprise aircraft of the Royal Air Forces Advanced Air Striking Force on the ground, but inflict only light damage.  Thirty-three Blenheims attack German transport aircraft and other targets in the Netherlands, losing three aircraft. At noon, 32 Fairey Battles attack German ground forces in Luxembourg, losing 13 aircraft shot down and the rest damaged; a second raid by 32 Battles sees the loss of 10 more aircraft. During the day, the Dutch Air Force loses about half its aircraft and the Belgian Air Force about a quarter of its planes, a combined total of more than 100 planes; France loses four of its 879 combat-ready planes destroyed on the ground and 30 damaged, while the Royal Air Force loses six planes destroyed and 12 put out of action out of 384 deployed in France. Dutch and Belgian aircraft and anti-aircraft guns shoot down 230 German planes including most of Germanys transport aircraft, and Germany loses 44 more aircraft to French and British forces over France. The Germans are the first to use military gliders in action in the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael when 41 DFS 230 gliders each carrying ten soldiers are launched behind Junkers Ju 52s. Ten gliders land on the grassed roof of the fortress. Only twenty minutes after landing the force has neutralized the fortress at a cost of six dead and twenty wounded.
 May 11–12 (overnight) – British bombers interdict German Army troop movement as 37 Handley Page Hampdens and Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys bomb road and rail junctions near Mönchengladbach. Three British bombers are lost.
 May 13 – The Sikorsky VS-300, which made its first flight the previous year, makes its first untethered flight.
 May 14
The Allies lose 110 aircraft – 70 British Fairey Battles and Bristol Blenheims and forty French planes – on one day in a disastrous attempt to bomb bridges over the River Meuse.
Fifty-three German Heinkel He 111 bombers drop nearly 100 tons of bombs on Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The attack kills nearly 1,000 people, destroys 20,000 buildings, and leaves 78,000 people homeless.
 May 15 – During British evacuation and demolition operations in Dutch ports, German dive bombers attack the British destroyer , which is beached and wrecked at the mouth of the Scheldt.
 May 15–16 (overnight) – RAF Bomber Command conducts its first strategic bombing raid of World War II, as 99 Hampden, Whitley, and Vickers Wellington bombers strike German targets in the Ruhr Valley. One British bomber is lost.
 May 17–18 (overnight) – 72 British bombers attack Bremen, Cologne, and Hamburg, killing at least 47 and injuring 127 in Bremen and Hamburg.
 May 18
French Air Force pilot Roger Sauvage scores his first aerial victory, setting a German Heinkel He 111 afire over France, forcing it to land north of Fismes and capturing its two surviving crewmen. He will go on to become history's only black ace, with 16 kills by the end of World War II.
The British aircraft carrier HMS Glorious flies off Fleet Air Arm Supermarine Walrus flying boats of No. 701 Squadron for service at Harstad, Norway.
 May 19 – During British naval operations to bring refugees from Ostend, Belgium, to the United Kingdom, German bombers sink the British destroyer  off Belgium.
 May 21 – The British aircraft carriers HMS Glorious and  fly off Royal Air Force aircraft for service ashore at Bardufoss, Norway, with Glorious delivering the Hurricanes of No. 46 Squadron and Furious the Gladiators of No. 263 Squadron.
 May 24
Adolf Hitler endorses the "Halt Order," stopping the German ground advance in France against Allied forces surrounded at Dunkirk to allow the Luftwaffe to finish them off. He does not rescind the order until May 26.
German bombers sink the British destroyer  off Calais and damage a British and a Polish destroyer while they support British troops fighting there.
 May 24 – South African Airways suspends all flight operations. It will resume after World War II concludes in 1945.
 May 25 –  enters service with the Royal Navy as the worlds first fully armored aircraft carrier.
 May 26–June 4 – Operation Dynamo, the Dunkirk evacuation, takes place, as 308,888 Allied soldiers are evacuated to the United Kingdom from Dunkirk by sea under continuous German air attack. During the evacuation, German aircraft sink six British and three French destroyers and eight personnel ships and put 19 British destroyers and nine personnel ships out of action.
 May 27–28 (overnight) – 120 British bombers attack Bremen, Hamburg, Duisburg, Dortmund, Neuss, and other German cities. During the raid, Aircraftman Stan Oldridge, rear gunner of a Whitley of No. 10 Squadron, scores the first aerial victory of World War II over a German night fighter, shooting down what was probably a Messerschmitt Bf 109D near Utrecht early on May 28.

June
 June 3 – The German Luftwaffe conducts Operation Paula, a major attack by 640 bombers and 460 fighters intended to finish off the remaining units of the French Air Force by attacking French airfields, factories, railways, and marshalling yards. The French are warned of the attack by Allied codebreakers, but because of communication problems only 80 French fighters take off to oppose the incoming German planes. The Germans lose only four bombers and six fighters and believe that they have dealt a death blow to the French Air Force, claiming 75 French aircraft destroyed in the air and 400 on the ground, as well as the destruction of many factories and railroad facilities. Actually, they destroy only 15 French aircraft in the air and 20 on the ground and inflict little lasting damage on other targets. During the day, the Germans bomb Paris for the first time in World War II.
 June 4
BOAC commences a twice-weekly service between the United Kingdom and Portugal, scheduled to connect with Pan American Airways flights from Lisbon to New York.
The first Allied forces begin to withdraw from Norway, covered by aircraft from the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal.
 June 7 – HMS Ark Royal brings aboard the five surviving Supermarine Walrus flying boats of No. 701 Squadron from Harstad and HMS Glorious the surviving Hurricanes of No. 46 Squadron and Gladiators of No. 263 Squadron from Bardufoss as the Allied evacuation from Norway continues.
 June 7–8 (overnight) – The French Naval Aviation SNCAC NC.223 bomber Jules Verne (registration F-ARIN), conducts the first bombing raid on Berlin of World War II, making a 22-hour flight that involves flying over Denmark to approach Berlin from the Baltic Sea. Targeting the Siemens factory, Jules Verne drops eight 250-kg (551-pound) high-explosive bombs and twelve 10-kg (22.5-pound) incendiary bombs on the city.
 June 8 – The German battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau surprise HMS Glorious with no aircraft aloft during her voyage from Norway to the United Kingdom and sink her and her two escorting destroyers with gunfire. The Royal Navy and Royal Air Force lose 1,472 men aboard Glorious and the two destroyers; only 43 men survive.
 June 10 – Italy declares war on the United Kingdom and France. The Italian Royal Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) and Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) begin the "Siege of Malta", starting with repeated bombing of the island, which is defended in the air only by Gloster Gladiator biplanes of Hal Far Fighter Flight.
 June 10–11 (overnight) – The French Naval Aviation SNCAC NC.223 bomber Jules Verne bombs the Heinkel factory at Rostock, Germany.
 June 11 – "Haddock Force" – two squadrons of RAF Bomber Command Wellingtons tasked to bomb Italy from bases around Marseilles, France – attempts to launch its first raid. It fails when French soldiers block the runways after local French officials oppose the raid. Haddock Force is disbanded and returns to the United Kingdom the next day.
 June 11–12 (overnight)
 RAF Bomber Command raids Italy for the first time, when 36 Whitleys set out to attack industrial targets in Turin; 23 turn back over the Alps and two others bomb Genoa, but nine succeed in attacking Turin.
 The French Naval Aviation SNCAC NC.223 bomber Jules Verne bombs an oil refinery near Livorno, Italy.
 June 12–13 (overnight) – The French Naval Aviation SNCAC NC.223 bomber Jules Verne bombs an industrial complex south of Venice, Italy.
 June 13 – Fifteen Fleet Air Arm  Blackburn Skuas of No. 800 and No. 803 squadrons from HMS Ark Royal join Royal Air Force Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers escorted by Bristol Blenheim fighters in attacking Scharnhorst and other German warships anchored in Trondheimsfjord, Norway. After the Beauforts attack earlier than planned, the Skuas encounter heavy antiaircraft fire during their attack, and eight are shot down.
 June 14 – Two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3T bombers  shoot down the Finnish Aero O/Y Junkers Ju 52 airliner Kaleva shortly after it takes off from Tallinn, Estonia. It crashes into the Gulf of Finland, killing all nine people on board, including American diplomatic clerk Henry W. Antheil Jr., the younger brother of composer George Antheil.
 June 15–18 – Royal Air Force fighter cover allows the evacuation by sea from France to the United Kingdom of 52,104 troops from Cherbourg Naval Base and St. Malo, France, without loss.
 June 16 – Twelve Breda Ba.88 Lince aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force)s 19° Gruppo Autonomo bomb and strafe the principle French airfields on Corsica.
 June 17 – German aircraft bomb the British ocean liner RMS Lancastria in Quiberon Bay after she has taken aboard 5,800 Allied troops for evacuation from France to the United Kingdom. She catches fire and sinks in 15 minutes, with the loss of 3,000 lives.
 June 18 – The last deployed element of the RAFs Advanced Air Striking Force – some Hurricane fighters – withdraws from France and the Channel Islands to the United Kingdom.
 June 19
British Fleet Air Arm Fairey Swordfish biplane torpedo bombers of No. 767 Squadron operating from a base in southern France raid Genoa, Italy, and Italian lines of communication. It is the Royal Navys first air raid on Italian soil of World War II. The craft go on to join the defence in the Siege of Malta.
Nine Italian Breda Ba.88 Lince aircraft attack French airfields on Corsica.
 June 21 – Six Fleet Air Arm Swordfish biplane torpedo bombers of No. 821 and No. 823 squadrons based at Royal Naval Air Station Hatston attempt to attack Scharnhorst as she steams from Trondheimsfjord, Norway, to Kiel, Germany. They score no hits, and two Swordfish are shot down.
 June 22
France surrenders to Germany.
General Albert Kesselring directs Hauptmann Wolfgang Falck to establish the Luftwaffes first true night fighter unit, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1. It is the birth of the German specialized night fighter force of World War II.
 June 26 – The Royal Air Force disbands the Advanced Air Striking Force. Since the German offensive in the West began on May 10, the AASF has lost 229 aircraft.
 June 28 – Italian antiaircraft guns shoot down an Italian Air Force Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 carrying Marshal of the Air Force, Governor-General of Libya, and Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa Italo Balbo after it tries to land at Tobruk, Libya, just after a raid by British Bristol Blenheim bombers. Balbo and everyone else aboard the plane dies.
 June 30 – The United States Army Air Corps suspends all instruction at the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama. Although the school survives with a caretaker staff until June 1942, instruction of students never resumes.
 Late June – The British aircraft carrier  delivers Fleet Air Arm Supermarine Walrus flying boats of No. 701 Squadron to Iceland, where they will begin antisubmarine and reconnaissance patrols following the British occupation of Iceland to preempt any possible German invasion of the island.

July
 July 3
British bombers make a daylight attack against German barges assembling at Rotterdam in anticipation of an invasion of the United Kingdom, their first attack against German efforts to build an invasion force.  Such raids will peak in September and end in October after the threat of a German invasion abates.
During the British attack on the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the aircraft carrier  mine the harbor and unsuccessfully attack the French battlecruiser Strasbourg as she flees to Toulon. French Curtiss Hawk 75 fighters and Blackburn Skua fighters from Ark Royal engage in a dogfight, during which the French shoot down one Skua.
 July 4
 In retaliation for the British attack at Mers-el-Kébir, French Air Force bombers raid Gibraltar, causing little damage.
Pan American Airways introduces the Boeing 307 Stratoliner, the first pressurized airliner to enter service, primarily serving Miami and Latin America.
 July 5 – Shore-based Swordfish of the Fleet Air Arms No. 813 Squadron make a torpedo strike against Italian ships at Tobruk, sinking a transport and a destroyer, blowing the bow off another destroyer, and damaging an ocean liner.
 July 6 – Twelve Swordfish aircraft from Ark Royal make a torpedo strike against Mers-el-Kébir, sinking a French patrol boat and badly damaging the beached battlecruiser Dunkerque. It is the most successful aerial torpedo attack against a capital ship in history at the time.
 July 8
Kemayoran Airport opens in Batavia in the Netherlands East Indies.
Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier  torpedo the French battleship Richelieu at Dakar, Senegal, damaging her. Richelieu is not seaworthy again for a year.
Transcontinental and Western Air inaugurates coast-to-coast service across the United States with the Boeing 307 Stratoliner. The cross-country trip takes 13 hours 40 minutes.
 July 8–9 (overnight) – 64 British bombers strike airfields in the Netherlands and ports in north Germany and lay sea mines. Germanys first specialized night fighter unit, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1, scores its first victory, as Oberfeldwebel Hermann Förster shoots down a Whitley off Heligoland.
 July 8–13 – Italian high-level bombers subject ships of the British Mediterranean Fleet to repeated heavy attacks while the fleet is at sea in the Mediterranean. They score only one hit, on the light cruiser .
 July 9
The indecisive Battle of Calabria is the first major fleet action of World War II between the British and Italian navies. Swordfish from the British aircraft carrier  conduct two torpedo strikes but score no hits.
40 Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers attack the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal and other ships of Force H off Sardinia. They drop over 100 bombs but score no hits, and Blackburn Skuas from Ark Royal shoot down two SM.79s and damage two others.
 July 10 – The Battle of Britain commences with the first German attacks on British convoys in the English Channel.
 July 14 – In retaliation for the British attacks at Mers-el-Kébir and Dakar, French bombers again attack Gibraltar, but most of their bombs fall into the sea.
 July 15 – Over strong protests by Pan American Airways president Juan Trippe, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approves a seven-year temporary certificate permitting American Export Airlines to begin transatlantic service, providing flights between New York City and Lisbon, Portugal, using Sikorsky VS-44 flying boats.
 July 20 – Fleet Air Arm Swordfish of No. 813 Squadron conduct another torpedo strike against Tobruk, sinking two Italian destroyers.
 July 25–26 (overnight) – 166 British bombers strike German airfields in the Netherlands and targets in the Ruhr.
 July 29 – The Soviet Union cancels the Polikarpov SPB (D) twin-engine dive bomber program in favor of the Petlyakov Pe-2.
 Late July – In the first use of airborne radar for interception of an enemy aircraft, a Flying Officer Ashfield flying a British Bristol Blenheim IF night fighter destroys a German Dornier Do 17 bomber. A second such kill will not be achieved until November – again by Ashfield.

August
 August 2 – As one of the components of Operation Hurry, the first of many operations in which Allied aircraft carriers fly off Royal Air Force fighters for service at Malta, twelve Fairey Swordfish from the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal make the first night raid on Italian soil in the early morning hours, attacking Cagliari in southern Sardinia. They inflict heavy damage on the airfield and on Italian seaplanes anchored in the harbor and drop naval mines into the harbor. Two Swordfish are lost. Nine accompanying Blackburn Skuas shoot down an Italian Cant Z.501. It is a diversionary attack to cover the carrier , which flies off 12 RAF Hawker Hurricanes to Malta from a point south of Sardinia later in the day.
 August 12–23 – The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) conducts Operation Eagle Attack (Adlerangriff), targeting British radar stations, inland RAF Fighter Command airfields, and Royal Air Force communication centers during the Battle of Britain.
 August 13 – A Royal Australian Air Force Lockheed Hudson crashes near Canberra, Australia, killing all 10 people on board. Among the dead are Geoffrey Street, Australian Minister of Defence and Repatriation; James Fairbairn, Australian Minister for Air and Civil Aviation; Sir Henry Gullett, Australian Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister in Charge of Scientific and Industrial Research; and General Sir Brudenell White, Australian Chief of the General Staff.
 August 15 – The heaviest fighting of the Battle of Britain occurs, with the loss of 46 British and 76 German aircraft.
 August 18 – "The Hardest Day" in the Battle of Britain: both sides lose more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point during the campaign without the Luftwaffe achieving dominance over RAF Fighter Command.
 August 19 – The first combat mission of the Imperial Japanese Navys Mitsubishi A6M Zero (Allied reporting name "Zeke") fighter takes place, as 12 Zeroes escort 54 Mitsubishi G3M (Allied reporting name "Nell") bombers over Chongqing, but no Chinese aircraft rise to meet them.
 August 24 – A German bomber crew bombs a residential area of south London, apparently in error.
 August 25–26 (overnight) – In retaliation for the August 24 bombing of London, the Royal Air Force conducts its first air raid of World War II on Berlin.
 August 27 – The first flight of the motorjet-powered Caproni Campini N.1 takes place. It is recognized as the first flight of a jet aircraft; the recognition later is retracted when news of the August 1939 flight of the turbojet-powered Heinkel He 178 is made public.
 August 29 – The first unit of the Free French Air Force is formed at RAF Oldiham in England.
 August 31
Polish 303 Squadron, the most efficient Allied unit of the Battle of Britain, enters action.
Pennsylvania Central Airlines Trip 19, a Douglas DC-3A, crashes in a thunderstorm near Short Hill Mountain near Lovettsville, Virginia,  killing all 25 people on board. United States Senator Ernest Lundeen of Minnesota is among the dead.

September
 Imperial Japanese Navy Aichi D3A dive bombers and Nakajima B5N carrier attack bombers begin bombing attacks on Chongqing.
 September 2 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal conduct Operation Smash, a night raid on Cagliari, Sardinia. While some Swordfish drop parachute flares, others bomb an Italian military headquarters and aircraft parked on the ground.
 September 3 – Ark Royal aircraft again attack Cagliari in Operation Grab in an attack similar to that of Operation Smash. The raid is less successful, with many bombs falling into the sea.
 September 4 – Adolf Hitler orders German bombing attacks on London.
 September 4 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier  attack Italian airfields on Rhodes.
 September 7 – Hermann Göring orders the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) to stop targeting British airfields and to attack the city of London instead. The Luftwaffe attacks London that evening, the first of 57 consecutive nights of German air raids on London.
 September 7–8 – The largest mass air combat in history takes place over Great Britain, with 1,200 British and German aircraft operating in an area of only 24 x 48 km (15 x 30 miles).
 September 9 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal strike Cagliari, Sardinia, inflicting more damage under heavy fire.
 September 10 – The Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) forms the Corpo Aereo Italiano (Italian Air Corps) as an expeditionary force for bombing the United Kingdom alongside the German Luftwaffe from bases in Belgium.
 September 13 – The Imperial Japanese Navys Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter scores its first aerial victories, when a flight of Zeroes attacks 27 Nationalist Chinese fighters over Chongqing and claims to have destroyed all of them; actual Chinese losses probably are 13 to 24 aircraft. No Zeroes are lost.
 September 15 – Germany makes its heaviest daylight raid on London. The Royal Air Force destroys 185 German aircraft over England during the day. As a result, Germany abandons its hopes of achieving victory in the Battle of Britain.
 September 17 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier  raid Benghazi, Libya.
 September 23 – The British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal arrives off Dakar, Senegal, with the Free French leader General Charles de Gaulle embarked. She flies off two French Caudron C.270 Luciole trainer aircraft which carry Free French officers ashore to request that Vichy French forces there join de Gaulle on the Allied side, but the Vichy French refuse.
 September 24–26 – A British naval force supports a disastrous Free French attempt at an amphibious invasion of Dakar. Vichy French forces resist successfully, and HMS Ark Royal loses nine Swordfish aircraft before operations are called off.
 September 24–25 – French Air Force bombers raid Gibraltar in retaliation for the British and Free French attack on Dakar.
 September 25 – The bombers of the Corpo Aereo Italiano (Italian Air Corps) arrive at their base in Belgium to participate in the Battle of Britain. The fighters will arrive later.
 September 29 – Two Royal Australian Air Force Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School with two men aboard each plane collide in mid-air over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia, and become interlocked with one on top of the other. The engines of the lower aircraft keep running, and the pilot of the upper plane finds he can control the two aircraft using his ailerons and flaps; he lands the planes, still interlocked, safely in a paddock near Brocklesbury, and all four men survive with only one of them injured.
 September 30 – The Battle of Britain is said to be over, with Hitler's planned invasion of the United Kingdom (Operation Sea Lion, or Unternehmen Seelöwe) postponed indefinitely.
 September 30 – Since September 1, the Royal Air Force has lost 65 bombers.

October
 The German Luftwaffe begins photographic mapping flights over the western border regions of the Soviet Union.
 Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi G3M (Allied reporting name "Nell") bombers based at Hanoi in French Indochina begin attacks on the Burma Road.
 The British Royal Air Force begins to install IFF Mark II, the first operational identification friend or foe system.
 October 1 – A British bomber is shot down over the Netherlands by German antiaircraft artillery after being illuminated by a searchlight coupled to a Freya radar. It is the first time an aircraft is destroyed after being detected and illuminated by a radar-guided searchlight.
 October 2 – The first ground-radar-controlled aerial victory at night takes place as the Luftwaffes dunkele Nachtjagd ("dark nightfighting," abbreviated as Dunaja) technique – in which ground-based radar is used to control night fighters until they come within visual range of a target – has its first success. A Freya radar is used to coach the Dorner Do 17Z-10 night fighter pilot to within visual range of a British Vickers Wellington bomber over the Netherlands, allowing him to shoot it down.
 October 8 – The Royal Air Force forms No. 71 Squadron, the "Eagle Squadron," comprising American volunteers.
 October 8 – Josef František, a Czechoslovakian ace (17 victories) and the most efficient Allied pilot of the Battle of Britain, dies in an air crash.
 October 14 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier  raid Leros.
 October 20 – During an air show at Marianna, Arkansas, a sightseeing plane circling a parachutist as he descends becomes entangled in his parachute. The plane crashes, killing all five people on board it as well as the parachutist.
 October 24
The Luftwaffes I. Gruppe, Nachtjagdgeschwader 2, scores the first aerial victory by a German night intruder aircraft during World War II with a kill over England.
The Regia Aeronauticas (Italian Royal Air Forces) Corpo Aereo Italiano (Italian Air Corps) launches its first bombing raid over England, using 18 Fiat BR.20 bombers.
 October 31 – Since August 1, the Luftwaffe has lost 1,733 aircraft in the Battle of Britain, while the Royal Air Force has lost 915 fighters.

November
 The United States Department of War separates General Headquarters Air Force (the United States Armys air combat element) from the United States Army Air Corps (responsible for aviation logistics and training).
 November 5
Four Royal Air Force squadrons deploy to Greece to support the country against Italian attacks.
The U.S. Army Air Corps activates the Hawaiian Air Force, its first air force based outside the continental United States.
 November 6 – The first combat between the Free French Air Force and Vichy French Air Force takes place, when two Vichy aircraft engage two Free French Westland Lysanders near Libreville, French Equatorial Africa. Both Lysanders suffer damage but return to base.
 November 8 – The first Free French airmen are shot down and taken prisoner.
 November 11 – Regular ferry flights of US-built warplanes commence across the Atlantic.
 November 11–12 (overnight) – Fairey Swordfish from  make a highly successful raid against ships of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) at Taranto, Italy.  The raid damages the battleship Conte di Cavour beyond repair, and extensively damages two others, Littorio and Duilio. It also damages a cruiser and two destroyers, sinks two auxiliary ships, and knocks out seaplane hangars and oil storage tanks. By far the most successful carrier-based air raid against enemy capital ships to date, it is the first time in history that aircraft alone incapacitate an enemy fleet and alter the balance of power at sea unaided.
 November 14–15 (overnight) – 437 aircraft of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) make a massed air raid on Coventry. 380 civilians are killed and some 800 are wounded.
 November 17 – Operation White, a second attempt by the British aircraft carrier  to fly off aircraft – 14 RAF Hawker Hurricanes and two Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skuas – to Malta fails almost completely when the aircraft are launched at too great a range and become lost in bad weather.  Only four Hurricanes and a Skua reach Malta; the other Hurricanes all ditch in the Mediterranean with the loss of all but one of their pilots, and one Skua crashlands on Sicily, where the Italians capture its crew.
 November 19 – Boston-Maine Airways is renamed Northeast Airlines.
 November 27
During the Battle of Cape Spartivento, the Italian naval commander Admiral Inigo Campioni orders his fleet to retire upon receiving word of the strength of the opposing British force. A torpedo strike by 11 Swordfish against his fleeing ships is ineffective, as is a belated attack on the British aircraft carrier  by Italian high-level bombers.
The pioneering French aviator Henri Guillaumet and Jean Chiappe, the new French High Commissioner to the Levant, die when an Italian fighter shoots down their Farman F.220 airliner, named Le Verrier, as Guillaumet pilots it over the Mediterranean Sea carrying Chiappe to Syria.
British West Indian Airlines, the future BWIA West Indies Airways, begins flight operations.

December
 The Soviet Union abandons voluntary recruitment for its military flight training programs and begins to feed personnel into such programs via conscription.
 Early December – Southampton suffers two particularly severe German night bombing raids.
 December 4 – Operational control of RAF Coastal Command is transferred to the Royal Navy, although Coastal Command remains part of the Royal Air Force. Air protection of British merchant shipping soon begins to improve.
 December 12 – The British aircraft carriers HMS Eagle and  strike Italian transport at Bardia, Libya. Later in the month their aircraft strike Rhodes and Stampalia in Greece and Tripoli in Libya.
 December 16–17 (overnight) – For the first time, Royal Air Force Bomber Command conducts a raid focusing on attacking a city center rather than specific targets in Operation Rachel, a raid by 134 British bombers against Mannheim, Germany, in reprisal for the German raid on Coventry in November. Their bombs are dispersed widely, killing 34 people in Mannheim and Ludwigshafen.
 December 21 – Nine Fairey Swordfish from the British aircraft carrier  sink two Italian merchant ships off Tunisia with the loss of one Swordfish.
 December 23 – Eddie August Schneider dies in a crash when his plane is clipped by a U.S. Navy bomber at Floyd Bennett Field.
 December 25 – Two British Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Grumman Martlets of 804 Naval Air Squadron shoot down a German Junkers Ju 88 off Scapa Flow. It is the first aerial victory in Europe by any variant of the Grumman F4F Wildcat.
 December 29–30 (overnight) – The Luftwaffe makes a devastating attack on London, making extensive use of incendiary weapons.
 December 31 – During 1940, German night fighters defending Germany have shot down 42 British bombers.

First flights
 Bellanca YO-50
 Ikarus Aero 2
 Summer 1940 – Tachikawa Ki-54 (Allied reporting name "Hickory")

January
 January 4 – Fairey Fulmar production aircraft N1854
 January 13 – Yakovlev Ya-26, prototype of the Yakovlev Yak-1

February
 February 12 – North American NA-64 Yale
 February 18 – Polikarpov SPB (D)
 February 24 – Hawker Typhoon prototype P5212

March
 Republic YP-43, prototype of the P-43 Lancer
 March 20 – Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle prototype P1361
 March 30
Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3
Potez 230

April
 April 1 – Grumman XF5F-1 Skyrocket

May
 May 13 – Bell XFL-1 Airabonita
 May 18 – SAAB B17
 May 29 – Vought XF4U-1, prototype of the F4U Corsair

July
 July 15 – Stinson L-1 Vigilant

August
 Mitsubishi Ki-57
 Nakajima Ki-44 Shoki
 August 3 – Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 (first untethered flight)
 August 28 – Caproni-Campini N.1, thermojet-powered aircraft

September
 Aichi H9A
 September 1 – North American P-64
 September 7 – Blohm & Voss BV 222
 September 14 – Miles M.20 U-9
 September 22 – Heinkel He 280

October
 October 12 – Ilyushin TsKB-57, prototype of the Ilyushin Il-2 (NATO reporting name "Bark")
 October 15 – Ilyushin DB-4
 October 18 – Airspeed Fleet Shadower
 October 21 – Beriev KOR-2, later redesignated Beriev Be-4
 October 26 – North American NA-73X, prototype of the P-51 Mustang

November
 Kawasaki Ki-56
 November 1 – Northrop N-3PB
 November 25
 de Havilland Mosquito prototype W4050
 Martin B-26 Marauder
 November 29 – Junkers Ju 288

December
 Nakajima Ki-58
 Yokosuka D4Y Suisei ("Comet"), Allied reporting name "Judy"
 December 7 – Fairey Barracuda prototype P1767
 December 18 – Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

Entered service
 Fairchild PT-19
 North American NA-64 Yale
 Summer 1940 – Kawasaki Ki-48 (Allied reporting name "Lily")
 Autumn 1940 – Blohm & Voss BV 142 with the German Luftwaffe

February
 Blackburn Roc
 February 24 – Grumman F4F Wildcat with the United States Navy

March
 Bell YFM-1 Airacuda
 Fairey Albacore with No. 826 Squadron FAA

April
 Blohm & Voss BV 138 Seedrache (Sea Dragon) with the German Luftwaffe
 April 7 – Amiot 354
 April 12 - Latécoère 611 with the French Navy

May
 Dewoitine D.520 with the French Air Force
 SNCAC NC.223.3 with the French Air Force
 Vought OS2U Kingfisher with the United States Navy

June
 Brewster F2A Buffalo with United States Navy Fighter Squadron 3 (VF-3) aboard , the first carrier-borne U.S. Navy monoplane fighter
 Lockheed P-38 Lightning – the first twin-engined interceptor fighter in U.S. Army service, the first twin-boom fighter in series production,  and the first production fighter with a maximum speed in excess of 400 mph (644 km/h) – with the United States Army Air Corps
 Westland Whirlwind with No. 25 Squadron, Royal Air Force

July
 Fairey Fulmar with No. 806 Squadron FAA
 Westland Whirlwind with No. 263 Squadron RAF
 4 July Boeing 307 Stratoliner makes first commercial flight with Pan American Airways
 July 21 – Mitsubishi A6M Zero (Allied reporting name "Zeke") with the Imperial Japanese Navys 12th Combined Naval Air Corps

September
 Bell YP-39 Airacobra with the United States Army Air Corps

October
 Curtiss CW-21B with the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Corps

November
 Naval Aircraft Factory SBN with the United States Navy
 November 1 – Avro Manchester with the Royal Air Forces No. 207 Squadron
 November 13 – Handley Page Halifax with the Royal Air Forces No. 35 Squadron

Retirements
 Berliner Joyce PB-1 (ex-P-16) by the United States Army Air Corps
 Grigorovich IP-1 by the Soviet Air Forces

July

 Ford RR-5 by the United States Navy, last Ford Trimotor in service with the U.S. Navy or United States Marine Corps.

August
 August 20 – Levasseur PL.15 by French Naval Aviation

References

Aviation by year

1940 in aviation


Landor Associates was a brand consulting firm founded in 1941 by Walter Landor, who pioneered some research, design, and consulting methods that the branding industry still uses.

Headquartered in San Francisco, the company maintains 26 offices in 20 countries, including China, France, Germany, India, Italy, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Singapore, Australia, Japan, South Africa, and the United States. Landor was a member of the Young & Rubicam Group network within WPP plc, the world's largest advertising company by revenues.

Landor's work includes brand research and valuation, brand strategy and architecture, brand purpose and green design, corporate identity and packaging design, innovation, naming and writing, branded experience, brand equity management, employee engagement, and digital branding.

History

Origin
German immigrant Walter Landor and his wife Josephine (the original "associate") founded the company in 1941. Walter Landor intended to "...concentrate on designing everyday products that would make life more pleasant and more beautiful."

Some of Landor's earliest designs were beer company logos that earned awards from the Brewers Association of America and the Small Brewers Association. For Arrowhead, Landor created a tilt bottle with two flat sides that could be poured without being lifted from the table. This unique design won several awards, drew media attention, and brought additional business to the firm. It was also selected by the U.S. Department of Commerce to appear in three International Trade Fairs.

Walter Landor favored what he felt was a client-driven approach. He was one of the first to apply consumer research to package design, and relied heavily on observing consumers in real-life situations—even soliciting in-store feedback from shoppers regarding label design. In Walter Landor's philosophy, "The package itself must do the talking."

As Landor's reputation grew, the company's client list expanded to encompass airlines, financial institutions, government agencies, hospitality services, and technology firms. Over time, Landor broadened its consulting services to offer corporate and product naming, brand positioning and architecture, retail environment design, copywriting, internal brand engagement, digital branding, and BrandAsset Valuator analysis, corporate identity, and package design.

1960s-1980s

From the 1960s to the 1980s, Landor established its headquarters on board the renovated ferryboat Klamath, moored in San Francisco Bay. This unusual arrangement was intended to foster creativity among the firm's employees. Mixing business with pleasure, the Klamath also hosted business symposia, cultural events and parties that included dignitaries, artists, business tycoons and celebrities. Although Landor's business eventually outgrew the ferryboat and moved to larger offices on land, the Klamath has remained its corporate symbol.

Recent years
In 1989 the company was acquired by advertising agency Young & Rubicam and subsequently became part of WPP Group.

In 1994, the Walter Landor/Landor Collection was established at the National Museum of American History, part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The collection contains business records and personal papers belonging to Walter Landor, oral histories, and portfolio materials such as original designer notebooks.

Since 2004, Landor has published an annual survey of brand strength measured over a three-year period. The Breakaway Brands list is based on data culled from the proprietary BrandAsset Valuator and is regularly cited in business publications including Fortune magazine and Forbes.

In 2021, Landor merged with the experience design agency Fitch to form the new agency Landor & Fitch. Both companies have been working under that name since.

References

External links

1941 establishments in California
American companies established in 1941
Branding companies of the United States
Companies based in San Francisco
Design companies established in 1941

Landor Associates


Olaylar

 496 - Sevgililer Günü, 14 Şubat günü birçok ülkede kutlanan özel gündür. Kökeni, Roma Katolik Kilisesi'nin inanışına dayanan bu gün, Valentine ismindeki bir din adamının adına ilan edilen bir bayram günü olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.
 1779 - James Cook, Sandviç Adaları yerlileri tarafından öldürüldü.
 1804 - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na karşı Birinci Sırp Ayaklanması, Kara Yorgi tarafından başlatıldı.
 1859 - Oregon, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin 33. eyaleti oldu.
 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell, telefon patenti için başvurdu.
 1876 - İstanbul Tramvay Şirketi işçileri greve çıktı.
 1878 - II. Abdülhamid, Meclis-i Mebûsan'ı süresiz olarak tatil etti ve istibdat dönemi başladı.
 1909 - Osmanlı Devleti'nde ilk güven oylaması yapıldı; Kâmil Paşa kabinesi düşürüldü.
 1912 - Arizona, ABD'nin 48. eyaleti oldu.
 1912 - ABD'nin ilk dizel motorlu denizaltısı, Connecticut'ta kullanılmaya başlandı.
 1918 - SSCB'de Gregoryen Takvimi kullanımına geçildi.
 1923 - Mustafa Kemal, Batı Anadolu gezisine çıktı.
 1924 - International Business Machines (IBM) şirketi kuruldu.
 1925 - TBMM'de 9 Şubat'ta vurulan Deli Halit Paşa öldü.
 1929 - Al Capone'un rakibi yedi gangster, Chicago'da öldürüldü. Olay 14 Şubat'ta gerçekleştiği için "Sevgililer Günü Katliamı" olarak anılmaktadır.
 1931 - Türkiye güzeli Naşide Saffet Esen, Avrupa'da "Güzel Göz Kraliçesi" seçildi.
 1945 - Şili, Ekvador, Paraguay ve Peru, Birleşmiş Milletler'e katıldı.
 1945 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Birleşik Krallık ve ABD uçakları, Dresden'in bombalanışının ikinci gününde yangın bombaları kullanmaya başladılar.
 1946 - İlk genel amaçlı elektronik bilgisayar ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), Pensilvanya Üniversitesi'nde (ABD) tanıtıldı.
 1946 - İngiltere'nin Merkez Bankası olan "The Bank of England" millileştirildi.
 1949 - İsrail parlamentosu (Knesset), ilk toplantısını yaptı.
 1949 - Kanada'da "Asbest Grevi" olarak adlandırılan direniş başladı. Grevin başladığı bu gün Québec'teki "Sessiz Devrim"in de başlangıcı olarak kabul edilir.
 1951 - İdil Biret, 10 yaşında Paris'teki ilk piyano resitalini verdi.
 1951 - Senaryosunu Behçet Kemal Çağlar'ın yazdığı ve Maraş'ın Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında düşman işgalinden kurtuluşunu anlatan "Kendini Kurtaran Şehir" adlı filmin çekimi olaylara neden oldu. Rejisör Faruk Kenç ve ekibi, senaryo gereği Maraş Kalesi'ne Fransız bayrağı çekince, yakalanarak mahkemeye sevk edildiler.
 1952 - Kış Olimpiyat Oyunları Oslo'da (Norveç) başladı.
 1955 - İzmir Alsancak Limanı'nın temeli, Başbakan Adnan Menderes tarafından atıldı.
 1961 - Lavrensiyum elementi (103 numaralı element), Kaliforniya Üniversitesinde ilk defa sentezlendi.
 1963 - İstanbul'da Kavel Kablo Fabrikası'nda işçiler 28 Ocak'ta iş bırakmış ve oturma eylemine başlamışlardı. Eylemin 17. günü Polis işçilere müdahale etti; 9 işçi yaralandı.
 1963 - İngiltere'de Leeds General Infirmary Hastanesi'nde, Dünyada ilk kez insandan insana başarılı bir böbrek nakli yapıldı.
 1971 - Türkiye İşçi Partisi'nin Genel Başkanı Mehmet Ali Aybar, Parti'den istifa etti. Amacının kendisini Haysiyet Divanı'na sevk etmek isteyen Yönetim Kurulu'nu protesto etmek olduğunu söyledi.
 1974 - Gazeteci İsmail Cem (İpekçi), TRT Genel Müdürlüğü'ne atandı.
 1977 - Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü'ne, Hasan Tan atandı; öğrenciler dersleri boykot etti.
 1979 - Türkiye, İran'daki Humeyni rejimini resmen tanıdı.
 1980 - Kış Olimpiyatları Lake Placid'de (New York) başladı.
 1980 - Türkiye'de 12 Eylül 1980 Darbesi'ne Giden Süreç (1979- 12 Eylül 1980): İstanbul'da dükkânlar önceki günlerde yapılan tehditler nedeniyle kapalı kaldı. Fırıncılar evlerinden asker zoruyla getirildi. Asker korumasıyla ekmek satıldı.
 1980 - Genelkurmay Başkanı Orgeneral Kenan Evren, Erzurum'da orduevinde verilen yemek sonunda konuştu: "Biz dış düşmanlarla değil, iç düşmanlarla uğraşıyoruz. Yedi düvel ile savaşmış ve ülkesini düşmanlardan temizlemiş bu millet sıkıyönetime rağmen neden bu hainlerin hakkından gelemiyor, diye haklı olarak sual sorabiliriz. Kan dökmek istemiyoruz. Eğer kan dökmeyi göze alsak bir ayda bunların hakkından geliriz."
 1980 - Tariş olayları: On bin jandarma komandosu ve çok sayıda polis, Tariş'e ait Çiğli İplik Fabrikası'ndaki işçi direnişine müdahale etti. Operasyona keşif uçakları ve helikopterler de katıldı. Gün boyu süren müdahale sonucunda Fabrika boşaltıldı, 1500 işçi gözaltına alındı.
 1981 - Türk Vatandaşlığı Kanunu'nda bazı değişiklikler yapan yasa, Millî Güvenlik Konseyi'nce kabul edildi.
 1981 - Dublin'de bir gece kulübünde çıkan yangında 48 kişi öldü.
 1983 - Danıştay, ameliyat olarak cinsiyet değiştiren şarkıcı Bülent Ersoy'un hukuken erkek olduğuna ve dolayısıyla gazinolarda ancak erkek kıyafetiyle sahneye çıkabileceğine karar verdi.
 1986 - Eski Devlet Bakanı İsmail Özdağlar, Yüce Divan'da "görevini kötüye kullandığı" gerekçesiyle 2 yıl hapse mahkûm edildi. İsmail Özdağlar, rüşvet aldığı iddiasıyla yargılanmaktaydı.
 1987 - Tunceli iline bağlı 234 köyde yaşayan 50 bin kişinin; Mersin, Antalya, İzmir ve Muğla'ya yerleştirilmesi kararlaştırıldı. Karar 6931 sayılı Orman Kanunu'na ve Anayasa'nın 170. Maddesine dayanılarak alındı.
 1989 - İranlı lider Humeyni, Şeytan Ayetleri kitabının yazarı Salman Rushdie'nin öldürülmesi emrini verdi.
 1989 - Union Carbide, 1984'teki Bhopal felaketi'nde sebep olduğu zararlara karşılık Hindistan Hükûmetine 470 milyon dolar ödemeyi kabul etti.
 1989 - GPS (Küresel Konumlandırma Sistemi)'ni oluşturacak 24 uydudan ilki yörüngesine oturtuldu.
 1990 - Yılmaz Güney'in Umut filmi, İstanbul'da gösterime girdi.
 1994 - Demokrasi Partisi'nin (DEP) Ankara il binasına bombalı bir saldırı yapıldı; bina ağır hasar gördü, 3 kişi yaralandı.
 1994 - 52 kişiyi öldürmekten suçlu bulunan Ukraynalı seri katil Andrey Çikatilo, Rusya'nın Novoçerkassk şehrinde kurşuna dizilerek idam edildi. İdamı, Rusya Devlet Başkanı Boris Yeltsin tarafından açıklandı.
 1996 - Emekli olduktan sonra Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi'ne (MHP) katılan eski Ankara Devlet Güvenlik Mahkemesi (DGM) Savcısı Nusret Demiral, "Ezan Türkçe okunmalı" deyince, partiden ihraç edildi.
 2000 - Hizbullah cephaneliklerinin ortaya çıkışı ve varlığı, 1994'ten beri tartışılan JİTEM'i yeniden gündeme getirdi. Batman eski Valisi Salih Şarman "JİTEM var", Jandarma eski Komutanı Teoman Koman ise "yok" dedi.
 2003 - Şartla salıverilme yasasından toplam 43.500 tutuklu ve hükümlünün yararlandığı açıklandı.
 2004 - Hamburg doğumlu Türk yönetmen Fatih Akın'ın son filmi, "Gegen die Wand" (Duvara Karşı), Berlin Uluslararası Film Festivali'nde en iyi film seçilerek "Altın Ayı" ödülü aldı.
 2004 - Moskova'da bir su parkının çatısı çöktü; 25 kişi öldü, 100'den fazla yaralı var.
 2005 - Lübnan'ın eski Başbakanlarından Refik Hariri, düzenlenen bir suikast sonucu öldürüldü.
 2006 - "Yeşil" kod adlı Mahmut Yıldırım'ın İstanbul'da bir evde kıstırıldığı ve son anda kaçtığı ileri sürülen operasyonda, oğlu Murat Yıldırım, "adam vurdurduğu" gerekçesiyle on beş kişiyle birlikte gözaltına alındı.
 2007 - Telekomünikasyon yoluyla yapılan iletişimin denetlenmesi ve teknik araçlarla izlemeye ilişkin düzenlemelere ilişkin yönetmelik Resmi Gazete'de yayımlandı. Buna göre, soruşturmalarda gizli soruşturmacı görevlendirilebilecek. Gizli soruşturmacının elde ettiği kişisel bilgiler, görevlendirildiği ceza soruşturması ve kovuşturması dışında kullanılamayacak.
 2008 - Danıştay 1. Dairesi, Mehmet Ağar'ın Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü döneminde, "suç işlemek amacıyla örgüt kurma" suçundan, Susurluk Davası kapsamında yargılanmasına karar verdi. Daire, Ağar'ın Vali statüsünde bulunması nedeniyle, yargılanmasının Yargıtay'da yapılmasına hükmetti.

Doğumlar
 1404 - Leon Battista Alberti, İtalyan ressam, şair ve filozof (ö. 1472)
 1468 - Johannes Werner, bir Alman matematikçi idi (ö. 1522)
 1483 - Babür Şah, Babür İmparatorluğu'nun kurucusu ve ilk Hükümdarı (ö. 1531)
 1602 - Francesco Cavalli, İtalyan besteci (ö. 1676)
 1750 - René Louiche Desfontaines, Fransız botanikçi (ö. 1833)
 1759 - Franz de Paula Adam von Waldstein, Avusturyalı asker, kaşif, bitki ve doğa bilimci (ö. 1823)
 1763 - Jean Victor Marie Moreau, Fransız general (ö. 1813)
 1819 - Christopher Latham Sholes, Amerikalı mucit (ö. 1890)
 1828 - Edmond About, Fransız yazar, romancı ve yayıncı (ö. 1885)
 1839 - Hermann Hankel, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1873)
 1855 - Christian Bohr, Danimarkalı doktor (ö. 1911)
 1866 - William Townley, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik adam (ö. 1950)
 1869 - Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, İskoç fizikçi ve Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1959)
 1877 - Edmund Landau, Alman matematikçi (ö. 1938)
 1882 - John Blyth Barrymore, Amerikalı oyuncu (ö. 1942)
 1888 - Hermann Reinecke, Nazi Almanyası generali (ö. 1973)
 1891 - Vladimir Şileyko, Rus oryantalist (Asurolojist, Hebraist), Akmeist şair ve çevirmen (ö. 1930)
 1892 - Radola Gajda, Çek komutan ve siyasetçi (ö. 1948)
 1895 - Max Horkheimer, Alman düşünür ve toplum bilimci (ö. 1973)
 1898 - Fritz Zwicky, İsviçreli fizikçi ve astronom (ö. 1974)
 1899 - Onni Pellinen, Finlandiyalı Greko-Romen güreşçisi (ö. 1945)
 1913 - Jimmy Hoffa, Amerikalı işçi sendikası lideri (kayboldu) (ö. 1975)
 1914 - Boris Kraigher, Sloven komünist partizan, eski Slovenya Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti başbakanı (ö. 1967)
 1927 - Sencer Divitçioğlu, Türk akademisyen (ö. 2014)
 1928 - Mark Eden, İngiliz aktör (ö. 2021)
 1929 - Barbara Elaine Ruth Brown, Amerikalı biyolog ve hayırsever (ö. 2019)
 1932 - Peter Ball, İngiliz piskopos ve cinsel istismar hükümlüsü (ö. 2019)
 1935 - Patricia Bredin, İngiliz oyuncu ve şarkıcı (ö. 2023)
 1935 - Christel Adelaar, Hollandalı oyuncu (ö. 2013)
 1938 - Anita Thallaug, Norveçli şarkıcı (ö. 2023)
 1939 - Blowfly, Amerikalı müzisyen, şarkıcı-besteci, rapçi, komedyen ve yapımcı (ö. 2016)
 1939 - Eugene Fama, Nobel Ödülü sahibi Amerikalı iktisatçı
 1942 - Michael Bloomberg, Amerikalı politikacı, iş insanı ve hayırsever
 1942 - Andrew Robinson, Amerikalı oyuncudur
 1944 - Alan Parker, Britanyalı film yönetmeni (ö. 2020)
 1944 - Ronnie Peterson, İsveçli eski Formula 1 pilotu (ö. 1978)
 1945 - Hans-Adam II, Lihtenştayn Prensliği hükümdarıdır
 1945 - Ladislao Mazurkiewicz, Uruguaylı eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (ö. 2013)
 1946 - Bernard Dowiyogo, Naurulu siyasetçi (ö. 2003)
 1946 - Gregory Hines, Amerikalı aktör ve dansçı (ö. 2003)
 1946 - Kemal Unakıtan, Türk bürokrat ve siyasetçi (ö. 2016)
 1947 - Tim Buckley, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı ve gitarist (ö. 1975)
 1950 - Galip Boransu, Türk piyanist, keyboard ve vokal (ö. 2011)
 1951 - Kevin Keegan, eski İngiliz futbolcudur
 1952 - Sushma Swaraj, Hint siyasetçi ve bakan (ö. 2019)
 1953 - Hans Krankl, Avusturyalı futbolcu
 1957 - Veysel Güney, Türk devrimci ve Devrimci Yol'un İskenderun sorumlusu (ö. 1981)
 1959 - Süleyman Seyfi Öğün, Türk akademisyen ve siyaset bilimcisi
 1960 - Meg Tilly, Amerikalı-Kanadalı bir aktris
 1967 - Stelio Hacı-İoannou, Kıbrıslı Rum kökenli ingiliz vatandaşı girişimcidir
 1967 - Mark Rutte, Hollandalı siyasetçi
 1968 - Scott McClellan, Amerikalı bürokrattır
 1969 - Neslihan Acar, Türk sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1970 - Simon Pegg, İngiliz aktör, yazar ve film yapımcısı
 1970 - Antonia Truppo, İtalyan oyuncu
 1971 - Gheorghe Mureşan, Romanyalı eski NBA oyuncusudur
 1971 - Kerem Tüzün, Türk müzisyen
 1972 - Najwa Nimri, Ürdün asıllı İspanyol şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1972 - Rob Thomas, Amerikalı şarkıcı
 1974 - Gina Lynn, Porto Rikolu porno oyuncusu
 1974 - Valentina Vezzali, İtalyan eskrimci ve politikacı
 1975 - Mirka Francia, Kübalı voleybolcu
 1976 - Aylin Aslım, Türk rock müzisyeni
 1977 - Cadel Evans, Avustralyalı eski profesyonel yol bisikleti
 1978 - Richard Hamilton, Amerikalı basketbolcudur
 1978 - Darius Songaila, Litvan profesyonel basketbolcudur
 1981 - Matteo Brighi, İtalyan eski futbolcudur
 1982 - İbrahim Çelikkol, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1982 - Özge Borak, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1983 - Bacary Sagna, Senegal asıllı Fransız futbolcudur
 1984 - Eser Yenenler, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1985 - Karima Adebibe, İngiliz oyuncu ve manken
 1985 - Philippe Senderos, İsviçreli eski millî futbolcu
 1986 - Kang Min-soo, Güney Koreli futbolcu
 1987 - Edinson Cavani, Uruguaylı millî futbolcudur
 1988 - Ángel Di María, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1989 - Néstor Calderón, Meksikalı futbolcudur
 1989 - Adam Matuszczyk, Polonyalı millî futbolcudur
 1990 - Chris Babb, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1990 - Sefa Yılmaz, Türk futbolcu
 1992 - Christian Eriksen, Danimarkalı millî futbolcudur
 1992 - Freddie Highmore, İngiliz oyuncudur
 1996 - Lucas Hernández, Fransız millî futbolcudur
 1996 - Viktor Kovalenko, Ukraynalı futbolcu
 1997 - Breel Embolo, İsviçreli futbolcu
 1997 - Hung Hau-Hsuan, Tayvanlı e-sporcu
 1997 - Jung Jae-hyun, Güney Koreli K-pop sanatçısı ve aktör
 1999 - Antonina Skorobogatçenko, Rus hentbolcu
 2000 - Aşkın Mert Şalcıoğlu, Türk rapçi, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı

Ölümler
 269 - St.Valentine, Roma rahiplerinden (İdam edildiği bu gün Sevgililer Günü olarak kutlanır)
 869 - Kiril, Bizanslı Yunan Moravya ve Panonya'da Slavlar arasında Hristiyanlığın yayılmasını sağlayan misyoner (d. 826)
 1140 - Kilikya Ermeni Lordu I. Levon (d. 1080)
 1400 - II. Richard, İngiltere Kralı (öldürüldü) (d. 1367)
 1676 - Abraham Bosse, Fransız sanatçı (d. 1604)
 1695 - Georg von Derfflinger, Brandenburg-Prusya ordusu feldmareşali (d. 1606)
 1779 - James Cook, İngiliz denizci ve kâşif (d. 1728)
 1892 - Georgi Vılkoviç, Bulgar doktor, diplomat ve muhafazakâr politikacı (d. 1833)
 1894 - Eugène Charles Catalan, Belçikalı matematikçi (d. 1814)
 1910 - Giovanni Passannante, İtalyan anarşist (d. 1849)
 1925 - Halit Karsıalan ("Deli" Halit Paşa), Türk asker ve Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı komutanlarından (TBMM'de hangi taraftan geldiği belli olmayan bir kurşunla vurularak öldü) (d. 1883)
 1929 - Thomas Burke, Amerikalı atlet (d. 1875)
 1942 - Fehim Spaho, Bosnalı din adamı (d. 1877)
 1943 - David Hilbert, Alman matematikçi (d. 1862)
 1947 - Martin Mutschmann, Nazi Bölgesel Lideri idi (d. 1879)
 1966 - İngiliz Kemal (Ahmet Esat Tomruk), Türk ajan (d. 1887)
 1969 - Vito Genovese, Amerikan mafyası'nın liderlerinden (d.1897)
 1975 - Julian Huxley, İngiliz evrimsel biyolog (d. 1887)
 1986 - Süheyl Ünver, Türk doktor, yazar ve minyatürcü (d. 1898)
 1988 - Frederick Loewe, Avusturya asıllı Amerikalı besteci (d. 1901)
 1994 - Andrey Çikatilo, Sovyet seri katil (d. 1936)
 1996 - Bob Paisley, İngiliz futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1919)
 2002 - Domènec Balmanya, İspanyol futbolcu (d. 1914)
 2002 - Nándor Hidegkuti, Macar eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör (d. 1922)
 2003 - Dolly, Dünya'da klonlanan ilk memeli (d. 1996)
 2004 - Marco Pantani, İtalyan yol bisikleti yarışçısı (d. 1970)
 2005 - Refik Hariri, Lübnan'ın eski Başbakanı (d. 1944)
 2008 - Atilla Kaya, Türk taverna müziği sanatçısı (d. 1964)
 2011 - George Shearing, İngiliz caz piyanisti (d. 1919)
 2012 - Cem Atabeyoğlu, Türk spor yazarı ve yöneticisi (d.1924)
 2012 - Tonmi Lillman, Finlandiyalı müzisyen (d. 1973)
 2013 - Ronald Dworkin, Amerikalı filozof ve anayasa hukukçusu (d. 1931)
 2013 - Reeva Steenkamp, Güney Afrikalı model (d. 1983)
 2014 - Durdy Bayramov, Turkmen akademisyen ve sanatçı (d. 1938)
 2014 - Tom Finney, İngiliz millî futbolcu (d. 1922)
 2014 - Ferry Hoogendijk, Hollandalı politikacı ve yazar (d. 1933)
 2015 - Pamela Cundell, İngiliz karakter oyuncusu (d. 1920)
 2015 - Michele Ferrero, İtalyan iş insanı (d. 1925)
 2015 - Mahir Kaynak, Türk iktisatçı, yazar ve istihbarat analizcisi (d. 1934)
 2015 - Louis Jourdan, Fransız oyuncu (d. 1921)
 2015 - Willem Ruska, Hollandalı eski judocu (d. 1940)
 2016 - Muriel Casals i Couturier, Fransa doğumlu İspanyol ekonomist, siyasetçi ve bilim insanı (d. 1945)
 2016 - Ajun Kurter, Türk coğrafyacı, denizbilimci ve havacılık tarihçisi (d. 1930)
 2016 - Wiesław Rudkowski, Polonyalı eski boksör (d. 1946)
 2017 - Siegfried Herrmann, uzun mesafe koşucusu Alman atlet (d. 1932)
 2017 - Paul Nguyěn Van Hoá, Vietnamlı Katolik papaz ve din adamı (d. 1931)
 2017 - Odd Tandberg, Norveçli ressam ve grafik sanatçısı (d. 1924)
 2017 - Hans Trass, Estonyalı çevre ve bitkibilimci (d. 1928)
 2018 - Ebulfazl Envari, İranlı ağır siklet güreşçi (d. 1938)
 2018 - Pyotr Boçek, Sovyetler Birliği'nin Kahramanı unvanı olan Ukraynalı-Sovyet askeri (d. 1925)
 2018 - Don Carter, Amerikalı yatırımcı ve iş insanı (d. 1933)
 2018 - Nuray Hafiftaş, Türk besteci ve Türk halk müziği sanatçısı (d. 1964)
 2018 - Tuna Huş, Türk haber spikeri (d. 1942)
 2018 - Antoni Krauze, Polonyalı senarist ve film yönetmeni (d. 1940)
 2018 - Ruud Lubbers, Hollandalı siyasetçi (d. 1939)
 2018 - Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabveli siyasetçi (d. 1952)
 2019 - Michel Bernard, Fransız atlet (d. 1931)
 2019 - Chun-Ming Kao, Çinli siyasetçi ve aktivist (d. 1929)
 2019 - Andrea Levy, İngiliz romancı (d. 1956)
 2020 - Alwin Brück, Alman siyasetçi (d. 1931)
 2020 - Lynn Cohen, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1933)
 2020 - Esther Scott, Amerikalı aktris (d. 1953)
 2020 - John Shrapnel, İngiliz oyuncu ve dublaj sanatçısı (d. 1942)
 2021 - Blanca Álvarez González, İspanyol gazeteci, yazar ve şair (d. 1957)
 2021 - Ari Gold, Amerikalı şarkıcı, söz yazarı, müzik yapımcısı, dansçı, aktör ve model (d. 1974)
 2021 - W. J. M. Lokubandara, Sri Lankalı siyasetçi (d. 1941)
 2021 - Carlos Saúl Menem, lakabı El Turco, Arjantinli siyasetçi (d. 1930)
 2021 - William Macpherson, Emekli İskoç Yüksek Mahkemesi yargıcı (d. 1926)
 2023 - Viktor Aristov, Ukraynalı profesyonel futbolcu ve teknik adam (d. 1938)
 2023 - Friedrich Cerha, Avusturyalı besteci, orkesta şefi ve eğitimci (d. 1926)
 2023 - Charley Ferguson, Amerikan futbolu oyuncusu (d. 1939)
 2023 - Shoichiro Toyoda, Toyota Motor Corporation Onursal Başkanı (d. 1925)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Sevgililer Günü
 Dünya Öykü Günü

0214
14

14 Şubat


Hans Dormbach (* 4. Juni 1908 in Köln; † unbekannt) war ein deutscher Radrennfahrer.

Im Alter von 15 Jahren fuhr Hans Dormbach sein erstes Rennen. 1924 startete er bei den Deutschen Kampfspielen in seiner Heimatstadt, die veranstaltet wurden, da deutsche Sportler nicht an den Olympischen Spielen 1924 in Paris teilnehmen durften. 1928 wurde er für die Olympischen Spiele in Amsterdam für die Mannschaftsverfolgung nominiert; der deutsche Bahnvierer schied in der zweiten Runde aus. Anschließend wurde Dormbach Profi, stürzte aber 1929 so schwer, dass er seine Radsportlaufbahn aufgeben musste.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg engagierte sich Dormbach in der Organisation von Radrennen, so z. B. bei Deutschland-Rundfahrten und bei der Straßen-WM 1954 in Solingen. Bis 1982 saß er bei rund 40 Sechstagerennen im Wettkampfausschuss.

Literatur
 Kölnische Rundschau, 7. August 1984

Weblinks

Radsportler (Deutschland)
Radsportfunktionär (Deutschland)
Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1928
Sportler (Köln)
Deutscher
Geboren 1908
Gestorben im 20. oder 21. Jahrhundert
Mann

Hans Dormbach


Jueves desde la luz (título original en alemán, Donnerstag aus Licht) es una ópera en tres actos, un saludo y una despedida con música y libreto en alemán de Karlheinz Stockhausen. Es la primera de siete compuestas para el ciclo operístico Licht: die sieben Tage der Woche (Luz: Los siete días de la semana). Fue compuesta entre 1977 y 1980 y se estrenó el 15 de marzo de 1981 en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán, pero sin el tercer acto, que tuvo que omitirse debido a una huelga en el coro de la ópera de La Scala. Después de alcanzarse un acuerdo, la ópera se representó completa el 3 de abril.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase no aparece entre las óperas representadas en el período 2005-2010

Personajes

Argumento

Tiempo y lugar universales.

Donnerstags-Gruß / Saludo del jueves
El saludo del jueves se interpreta en el vestíbulo mientras el público está llegando.

Acto I: Michaels Jugend/Juventud de Michael
El primer acto está formado por tres escenas que se suceden sin solución de continuidad.
Escena 1
Kindheit (Infancia)
En "Infancia" Michael, hijo de padres pobres, demuestra dotes excepcionales. La madre enloquece, intenta suicidarse y la ingresan en un hospital. El padre se da a la bebida y se marcha a la guerra.

Escena 2
Mondeva (Eva-Luna)
En el bosque, Michael encuentra a Mondeva (Eva-Luna), mitad mujer, mitad pájaro, y se enamora de ella. Cuando él descubre cómo controlar la música de ella a través del juego erótico, en una escena paralela, un médico mata a la madre de Michael en un asilo.

Escena 3
Examen
Michael pasa por un triple examen para entrar en el conservatorio. Primero como cantante, luego como trompetista y finalmente como bailarín, asombra al jurado, que lo admite entusiasmado.

Acto II: Michaels Reise um die Erde/ El viaje de Michael alrededor del mundo
Michael emprende un viaje alrededor del mundo en lo que es en esencia un concierto para trompeta con orquesta, interpretado en un enorme globo que gira contra un firmamento estrellado. Hay siete "estaciones" en el camino, y en cada una de ellas la música adopta un color local: Alemania, Nueva York, Japón, Bali, la India, África Central y Jerusalén. Michael ordena a la tierra que gire en sentido inverso cuando llega a la séptima estación, Jerusalén y empieza un nuevo proceso de rehabilitación en una conversación terapéutica con un intérprete de trompa baja. Aparece Eva-Luna, e interpretan un dúo.

Acto III: Michaels Heimkehr/El regreso de Michael
En el tercer acto, Michael, en su triple manifestación de tenor, trompetista y bailarín, regresa a su casa celestial.

Escena 1
Festival
Mientras coros invisibles cantan alrededor, Michael recibe la bienvenida de Eva, también en su triple forma de soprano, trompa baja y bailarina. Lucifer reaparece en una segunda forma, como trombonista bailarín de claqué vestido como un torero con capa negra y sombrero. Michael pelea y el dragón, herido muchas veces, se hunde en la tierra. Un mensajero anuncia que Lucifer de nuevo está causando problemas. Lucifer reaparece, esta vez en su triple forma de bajo, trombón y bailarín-mimo y discute con Michael.

Escena 1
Vision (Visión)
En un proceso de 15 transposiciones cíclicas, Michael explica (en su triple apariencia), su experiencia y oposición a Lucifer.

Donnerstags-Abschied

La despedida del jueves (también llamada "Despedida de Michael") es interpretada fuera del teatro de ópera después de la representación, por cinco trompetistas que empiezan al tiempo que está terminando la última escena, Visión. Están vestidos como Michael y colocados en los tejados o balcones que rodean la plaza, iluminados como estatuas en una torre. Cada uno repite un segmento de la fórmula de Michael, con largas pausas entre las repeticiones, durante alrededor de 30 minutos, retirándose al final en el orden en que aparecen sus respectivos segmentosen la fórmula (Stockhausen 1989a, 488).

Unsichtbare Chöre
Los Coros invisibles son interpretados en el teatro a lo largo de ocho canales a través de la mayor parte del acto I, y de nuevo en el acto III, escena 1, y están compuestos de tal manera que nunca pueden cantarse por un coro en vivo, en parte debido a que hay 180 voces separadas, y en parte por las exigencias de sincronicidad polifónica, exactitud de entonación y equilibrio dinámico (Stockhausen 1996, 77). Hay tres textos cantados en hebreo ("Día del juicio final" de El ascenso de Moisés, "Final de los tiempos" del Apocalipsis de Baruch, y un Himno de alabanza, "Los cielos se regocijan", del Libro del Levítico), así como diferentes pasajes de "El final de los tiempos", cantados en alemán (Stockhausen 1989a, 206–207).

Discografía
 Stockhausen: Donnerstag aus Licht. Annette Meriweather (soprano); Robert Gambill, Michael Angel, Paul Sperry (tenores); Elizabeth Clarke, Alain Louafi (actores); Markus Stockhausen (trompeta); Suzanne Stephens (trompa baja); Alain Damiens (clarinete); Michel Arrignon (clarinete y trompa baja); Hugo Read, Simon Stockhausen (saxofones soprano); Mark Tezak (trombón); Majella Stockhausen (piano); Ensemble InterContemporain; Coro de la Radio de Alemania Occidental, Colonia; Coro de la Radio de Hilversum; Péter Eötvös (director y órgano Hammond); Karlheinz Stockhausen (director y proyección de sonido). DG 2740 272 (4 LP); DGG 423 379-2 (4CD). Hamburgo: Polydor International, 1983. Relanzado en la edición integral de Stockhausen, CD 33 A–D (4CD). Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 1992.
 Schöpfung und Erschöpfung. Musik in Deutschland 1950–2000. Mauricio Kagel; Karlheinz Stockhausen. CD. 74321 73635 2. [Munich]: BMG Ariola Classics, 2003. Incluye Examen, acto I escena 3 de Donnerstag aus Licht (Julian Pike, tenor; Markus Stockhausen, trompeta; Suzanne Stephens, trompa baja; Majella Stockhausen, piano; Annette Meriweather, soprano; Nicholas Isherwood, bajo; Elizabeth Clarke y Alain Louafi, papeles hablados; Karlheinz Stockhausen, proyección de sonido).
 Karlheinz Stockhausen: Unsichtbare Chöre / Invisible Choirs /Chœrs Invisibles vom / from / de Donnerstag aus Licht. Coro de la Radio de Alemania Occidental (preparado por Herbert Schernus, Godfried Ritter, Karlheinz Stockhausen); Suzanne Stephens (clarinetes); Karlheinz Stockhausen (dirección musical, proyección de sonido y mezcla de grabación). DG (LP) 419432-1; CD 419 432-2. Hamburgo: Polydor International, 1986. Relanzado en la edición integral de Stockhausen CD 31. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 1992.
 Karlheinz Stockhausen: Michaels Reise um die Erde: Solisten-Version für einen Trompeter, 9 Mitspieler und Klangregisseur (1977/78). Markus Stockhausen (trompeta), Suzanne Stephens (trompa baja), Ian Stuart (clarinete), Lesley Schatzberger (clarinete y trompa baja), Michael Svoboda (trombón y trompa barítono), Kathinka Pasveer (flauta soprano), Andreas Boettger (percusión), Isao Nakamura (percusión), Michael Obst, Simon Stockhausen (sintetizadores), Karlheinz Stockhausen (proyección de sonido). ECM New Series 1406 437 188-2 (Lanzamiento japonés CD POCC-1008). Múnich: ECM Records GmbH, 1992.
 Karlheinz Stockhausen Musik für Klarinette, Baßklarinette, Bassetthorn: Suzee Stephens spielt 15 Kompositionen. Con Kathinka Pasveer (flute soprano), Joachim Krist (viola), Majella Stockhausen (piano), Julian Pike (tenor), Markus Stockhausen (trompeta), y Simon Stockhausen (sintetizador). (Incluye Tanze Luzefa! para trompa baja, Bijou para flauta soprano, clarinete bajo y cinta magnetofónica, Mondeva para tenor y trompa baja, y Mission unf Himmelfahrt para trompeta y trompaa baja, todo de Donnerstag aus Licht.) Edición integral de Stockhausen CD 32 A–C (3 cedés). Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 1994.
 Markus Stockhausen Plays Karlheinz Stockhausen. Markus Stockhausen (trompeta), Nick de Groot (bajo doble), Annette Meriweather (soprano). (Halt de Michaels Reise um die Erde, para trompeta y bajo doble; Aries de Sirius, para trompeta y música electrónica; In Freundschaft para trompeta; Pietà de Dienstag aus Licht para flugelhorn y soprano.) EMI Classics (CD) 5 56645 2. Colonia: EMI Electrola GmbH, 1998. Relanzado en la Edición integral de Stockhausen CD 60. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.
 Karlheinz Stockhausen: Bass Clarinet and Piano. Volker Hemken (clarinete bajo), Steffen Schleiermacher (piano). (Tanze Luzefa!, de Michaels Jugend, acto I de Donnerstag aus Licht; Klavierstücke VII, VIII, y IX; In Freundschaft para clarinete bajo; Tierkreis para clarinete bajo y piano, con piano de juguete y caja de música.) DG Scene (CD) MDG 613 1451-2. Detmold: Dabringhaus und Grimm Audiovision, 2007.
 Stockhausen: Michael's Farewell. John Wallace (trompeta), Andrew Powell (electrónica en vivo). (Karlheinz Stockhausen, Michael's Farewell de Donnerstag aus Licht; Andrew Powell, Plasmogeny II; Roger Smalley, Echo III; Tim Souster, The Transistor Radio of St. Narcissus.) Deux-Elles CD DXL 1039. Reading: Deux-Elles Limited, 2002.
 Tara Bouman, Klarinette, Bassetthorn: Contemporary. (CD) DeutschlandRadio Aktivraum AR 50101. Cologne: Aktivraum Musik, 2003. Incluye Mission und Himmelfahrt de Michaels Reise um die Erde, de Donnerstag aus Licht, con Markus Stockhausen (trompeta).

 Filmografía
 Davies, Russell (presentador). 1985. Arts Review. Segment "Opera: Donnerstag by Karlheinz Stockhausen" incluye discusión en estudio con Bernard Williams, Judith Weir, y Michael Nyman, y una entrevista filmada con Stockhausen por Peter Heyworth. BBC2 (21 de septiembre, 7:40–8:30pm).
 Examen vom Donnerstag aus Licht. José Montes-Baquer, dir. Colonia: WDR, 1990.
 Michaels Reise um die Erde. Markus Stockhausen (trompeta), Orquesta Sinfónica de la RAI de Roma, Karlheinz Stockhausen (dir.). Rome: RAI, 1979.
 Michaels Reise um die Erde. Versión de solistas. Colonia: WDR, 1990.
 Michaels Reise um die Erde. Marco Blaauw (Michael, trompeta), Nicola Jürgensen (Eve, trompa baja), Carl Rosman y Fie Schouten (pareja de golondrinas, clarinetes).  Carlus Padrissa, director de escena. Roland Olbeter, director artístico.  Chu Uroz, vestuario. MusikFabrik, Peter Rundel, director. Thomas Ulrich, editor de script. János Darvas, director. WDR para Wiener Festwochen, 2009.

 Notas

 Referencias
 Adamenko, Victoria. 2007. Neo-mythologism in Music: From Scriabin and Schoenberg to Schnittke and Crumb. Interplay Series 5. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. ISBN 157647125X
 Bandur, Markus. 2004. "'...alles aus einem Kern entfaltet, thematisch und strukturell'. Karlheinz Stockhausen und die Rezeption des Urantia Book in LICHT ". En Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 2000: LICHT: Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 19. bis 22. Oktober 2000. Tagungsbericht. Signale aus Köln: Musik der Zeit 10. Ed. Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 136–46. Münster, Berlín, London: Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7944-5.
 Britton, Peter. 1985. "Stockhausen's Path to Opera". The Musical Times 126, no. 1711 (septiembre): 515–21.
 Bruno, Pascal. 1999. "Donnerstag aus Licht: A New Myth, or Simply an Updating of a Knowledge?" Perspectives of New Music 37, no. 1 (Invierno):133–56.
 Courir, Duilio. 1981. "Stockhausen, il diavolo e il paradiso: Alla Scala tra fischi e applausi Donnerstag integrale". Corriere della Sera (5 de abril). Reimpreso en Stockhausen 70: Das Programmbuch Köln 1998, editado por Imke Misch y Christoph von Blumröder, 148–49. Signale aus Köln: Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 1. Saarbrücken: PFAU-Verlag, 1998. ISBN 3-89727-047-1
 Dirmeikis, Paul. 1999. Le Souffle du temps: Quodlibet pour Karlheinz Stockhausen. [La Seyne-sur-Mer]: Éditions Telo Martius. ISBN 2-905023-37-6 "".
 Fürst, Christian. 2008. "Jubel für Stockhausens «Michaels Reise» in Wien". Schwäbische Zeitung (13 de mayo).
 Glossner, Herbert. 1981. "Michael grüßt die Menschenkinder: Stockhausen an der Scala: Donnerstag aus Licht". Deutsches Allgemeines Sonntagsblatt (29 de marzo). Reimpreso en Stockhausen 70: Das Programmbuch Köln 1998, edited by Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 150–52. Signale aus Köln: Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 1. Saarbrücken: PFAU-Verlag, 1998. ISBN 3-89727-047-1
 Godwin, Joscelyn. 1998. "Stockhausen's Donnerstag aus Licht and Gnosticism". En Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times, SUNY Series in Western Esoteric Traditions, editado por Roelof van den Broek and Wouter J. Hanegraaff, 347–58. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 079143611X (cloth) ISBN 0791436128 (pbk).
 Griffiths, Paul. 1980. "Holland Festival: Stockhausen in the Clouds". The Times (17 de junio): 13.
 Griffiths, Paul. 1982. "Stockhausen: Riverside Studios". The Times (10 de mayo): 7.
 Griffiths, Paul. 1985a. "Staging a Week to Remember". The Times (14 de septiembre): 18.
 Griffiths, Paul. 1985b. "A Great Creative Mind Talks to Itself". The Times (18 de septiembre): 15.
 Gutknecht, Dieter. 1995. "Stockhausen und Japan". In Lux oriente: Begegnungen der Kulturen in der Musikforschung—Festschrift Robert Günther zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Uwe U. Pätzold, Kyo-chul Chung, and Klaus Wolfgang Niemöller, 271–84. Kölner Beiträge zur Musikforschung 188. Regensburg: Gustav Bosse. ISBN 3-7649-2620-1.
 Kenyon, Nicholas. 1980. "Musical Events: Seven Days' Wonder". The New Yorker (25 August): 78–81.
 Knessl, Lothar. 2008. "Weltschöpfer: Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007)—Michaels Reise (1978), II. Akt vom Donnerstag aus Licht". Österreichische Musikzeitschrift 63, no. 5 (May): 11–15.
 Koch, Gerhard R. 1981. "Streik verhindert Welterlösung". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, no. 65 (18 March): 25.
 Kohl, Jerome. 1983–84a. "The Evolution of Macro- and Micro-Time Relations in Stockhausen's Recent Music". Perspectives of New Music 22, nos. 1 and 2:147–85.
 Kohl, Jerome. 1990. "Into the Middleground: Formula Syntax in Stockhausen's Licht". Perspectives of New Music 28, no. 2 (Summer): 262–91.
 Kohl, Jerome. 1993. "Time and Light." Contemporary Music Review 7, no. 2:203–19.
 Kovács, Adorján F. 2008. "Dauer, Form und Leben: Zur Konzeption und Rezeption von Karlheinz Stockhausens Licht". In Gedenkschrift für Stockhausen, edited by Suzanne Stephens and Kathinka Pasveer, 87–112. Kürten: Stockhausen-Stiftung für Musik. ISBN 978-3-00-023528-3
 Kurtz, Michael. 1992. Stockhausen: A Biography, translated by Richard Toop. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571143237 (cloth) ISBN 0-571-17146-X (pbk).
 Maconie, Robin. 2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5356-6.
 Mann, William. 1981. "Exciting Opera by Stockhausen: Donnerstag, La Scala, Milan". The Times (18 March): 11.
 Misch, Imke. 2004. "Serielles Denken in Licht". In Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 2000: LICHT. Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 19. bis 22. Oktober 2000. Tagungsbericht, edited by Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 36–51. Münster: Lit-Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7944-5.
 Monna, Marialisa. 1981. "Un seminario di Karlheinz Stockhausen". Nuova Rivista Musicale Italiana 15, no. 4 (October–December): 642–48.
 Pestelli, Giorgio. 1981. "Scala: nel cuor della notte il 3° atto di Stockhausen con applausi e anche fischi". La Stampa no. 81 (5 April): 21.
 Porter, Andrew. 1985. "Musical Events: Thursday Splendor". The New Yorker (21 October): 127–28, 131–32.
 Restagno, Enzo. 1981. "Stockhausen vibrante e astrale (e mutilato dallo sciopero del coro)". La Stampa, 115, no. 74 (16 March): 27.
 Riethmüller, Albrecht. 1985. "Michael im Himmel wie auf Erden: Zu Karlheinz Stockhausens Donnerstag aus Licht". In Oper heute: Formen der Wirklichkeit im zeitgenössischen Musiktheater, edited by Otto Kolleritsch, 117-135. Studien zur Wertungsforschung 16. Graz: Institut für Wertungsforschung, Graz. ISBN 3702401709.
 S., N. 1981. "Quel «terzo atto» alla Scala". La Stampa 115, no. 92 (3 April): 3.
 Schwerdtfeger, Dettloff. 2000. Karlheinz Stockhausens Oper Donnerstag aus Licht: Ziel und Anfang einer kompositorischen Entwicklung. Kürten: Stockhausen-Stiftung für Musik. ISBN 3-00-006030-8.
 Sinigaglia, Alberto. 1981. "Il debutto mondiale, senza l'ultimo atto per la protesta del coro". La Stampa 115, no. 63 (15 March): 21.
 Smalley, Roger. 1985. "Music in London: Opera: Donnerstag". The Musical Times 126, no. 1713 (November): 679.
 Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1989a. Texte zur Musik, vol. 5, edited by Christoph von Blumröder. DuMont Dokumente. Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag. ISBN 3-7701-2249-6.
 Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1989b. Texte zur Musik, vol. 6, edited by Christoph von Blumröder. DuMont Dokumente. Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag. ISBN 3-7701-2249-6
 Ulrich, Thomas. 2004. "Moral und Übermoral in Stockhausens Licht".In Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 2000: LICHT. Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 19. bis 22. Oktober 2000. Tagungsbericht, edited by Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 74–88. Münster: Lit-Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7944-5.
 Ulrich, Thomas. 2008. "Anmerkungen zu Luzifer". In Gedenkschrift für Stockhausen, edited by Suzanne Stephens and Kathinka Pasveer, 202–11. Kürten: Stockhausen-Stiftung für Musik. ISBN 978-3-00-023528-3.
 Wirtz, Markus. 2000. Licht. Die szenische Musik von Karlheinz Stockhausen. Eine Einführung''. Saarbücken: Pfau-Verlag. ISBN 3897270889
Notas

Licencia

Enlaces externos

 Photos of Michaels Reise um die Erde, La Scala (1981) and Covent Garden (1985)
 Albrecht Moritz essays:
 "Donnerstag aus Licht (Thursday from Light), opera in three acts (1978–81)"
 "Unsichtbare Chöre (Invisible Choirs), 1979 "
 Reviews by Ingvar Loco Nordin
 "Stockhausen Edition No. 30: Donnerstag aus Licht"
 "Stockhausen Edition No. 31: Unsichtbare Chöre"
 Stockhausen Edition No. 42: Eingang und Formel; Examen; Drachenkampf; Oberlippentanz; Pietà
 Adorján F. Kovács: "Triumph der Kunst über den Zeitgeist"  (en alemán)

Óperas de Karlheinz Stockhausen
Óperas de 1981
Óperas en alemán
Óperas estrenadas en Milán

Jueves desde la luz


Pietro Paolo Sabbatino sau Pietro Paolo Sabbatini () a fost un compozitor italian de muzică cultă, dirijor de orchestră și muzician, care s-a născut și a murit în Roma, și a lucrat în principal în orașul său de origine.

Sabbatino a compus în majoritate compoziții în stilul cântecelor populare ale timpului său, cum ar fi villanellas, capricii, canzones și anzonettas. Sabbatini a compus, de asemenea, lucrări de muzică religioasă, așa cum ar fi psalmi.

Cea mai cunoscută lucrare a sa este "Canzoni Spirituali un Una, a Due et a Tre Voci" (Cântece spirituale la una, două și trei voci), publicată în 1640. A scris un manual despre muzica religioasă, intitulat "Toni Ecclesiastici Colecționați Intonazioni all'Uso Romano "(1650).

Din 1628 până în 1630, Sabbatini a fost regent și regizor muzical al Romei, iar între 1630 și 1631 al Bisericii din San Luigi dei Francesi, la Roma.

Lucrări, ediții și înregistrări
 Intermezzi Spirituali, 1628
 Canzoni Spirituali a 1, a 2 et a 3 Voci, 1640

Înregistrări
 Intermezzi Spirituali No.3 - Ensemble Jacques Moderne, dir. Joël Suhubiette on Carissimi Jonas. Ligia Digital 2003

Note

Nașteri în 1600
Decese în 1657
Compozitori de muzică clasică din secolul al XVII-lea
Compozitori italieni
Oameni din Roma

Pietro Paolo Sabbatini


Joseph Grasset (18 martie 1849 - 7 iulie 1918) a fost un medic neurolog și cercetător parapsiholog francez, născut la Montpellier.

El a obținut licența în medicină (1873) la Montpellier, unde, în 1881, a devenit un profesor de terapie. În 1886 el a fost ales șef al catedrei de medicina clinică și în 1909 a fost numit șef al catedrei de patologie generală.

Grasset a fost implicat în fiecare aspect al medicinii interne, dar interesul său principal  îl reprezentau bolile sistemului nervos. Numele lui este asociat cu "legea Grasset", o stare în care un pacient cu hemipareză culcat pe spate poate ridica câte un picior separat, dar este incapabil să ridice ambele picioare împreună. Acest fenomen este explicat în tratatul său Diagnostic des maladies de la moëlle (1899).

El a realizat studii în domeniul psihiatriei, publicând cartea Demi-fous et Demi-responsables (Seminebuni și semiresponsabili) în 1907, și a cercetat, de asemenea, activitatea paranormală, publicând lucrări cu titluri precum Le spiritisme devant la science (1904) și L'occultisme hier et aujourd 'aujourd' hui (1907).

Lucrări publicate (selectiv)
The diagnosis of diseases of the cord (Michigan: George Warr, 1901).
The semi-insane and the semi-responsible (New York : Funk and Wagnalls, 1907).
The marvels beyond science : (L'occultisme hier et aujourd'hui; le merveilleux préscientifique) (New York; Funk & Wagnalls company, 1910)

Referințe

Nașteri în 1849
Decese în 1918
Neurologi francezi

Joseph Grasset


IXI Limited was a British software company that developed and marketed windowing products for Unix, supporting all the popular Unix platforms of the time. Founded in 1987, it was based in Cambridge. The product it was most known for was X.desktop, a desktop environment graphical user interface built on the X Window System. IXI was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) in February 1993.

Origins in the Cambridge hi-tech cluster
In the beginning of the 1970s, the so-called Cambridge hi-tech cluster became the site of a network of new firms in the rapidly growing computer field, many of which featured founders and employees who had studied at the University of Cambridge.
And in particular, as an article in the journal Regional Studies has noted, IXI was one of many companies started by founders or employees or those in the nexus of Cambridge-based Acorn Computers, the most noted of which is ARM Holdings.

IXI founder Ray Anderson was a graduate of the university who had become director of research and development at Torch Computers, a computer systems firm located in the Cambridge area that was most known for making peripherals for the BBC Micro made by Acorn. Torch built workstations among its products, and also had a license agreement to provide NeXT with aspects of workstation technology.

In the end, Torch was not successful, but its work inspired Anderson to carry the idea on.

Independent company

IXI Limited was founded by Ray Anderson in  1987 as a private company.  Anderson originally had a former colleague as a partner, but the partner decided a start-up was too uncertain and pulled out within a year or so. Anderson found funding for IXI from sources in the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, and Japan, but avoiding US investors as his prior experiences had made him leery of them.

As one former SCO UK employee has succinctly summarised, "IXI specialised in software that ran on Unix and made Unix easier to use." In particular, a goal was to make Unix workstations as easy to use as a Macintosh, which would allow non-technical people to use such platforms.
IXI's best-known product was X.desktop, an X11-based graphical desktop environment with finder and file management capabilities for Unix systems. There was an opportunity for such a product because when the X11 version of the X Window System came out in 1987, it made a point of separation of mechanism and policy (indeed, it has been termed a canonical example of that design philosophy). Consequently, while it supported the ability to provide such things, it contained no specification for application user-interface design such as buttons, menus, or window title-bar styles, nor did it provide a standard window manager, file manager, or desktop.

The initial unreleased version of X.desktop, intended as a proof of concept, was programmed to the Xlib level; the first version that saw public release, 1.3, was based on the Xt library and Athena widgets. The X.desktop product then came to be based on Motif toolkit from the Open Software Foundation (OSF), a switch that happened in 1989 with release 2.0.

The first customers for IXI came in the financial industry, who were early adopters of Unix-based workstations. These were generally American companies, with sales to the Japanese market coming soon thereafter.
Indeed, IXI has been characterized as an example of a "global start-up", in that instead of following the expected route for a start-up of establishing a domestic business first and then slowly expanding into international operations, it worked to establish an international business right away.

A crucial part of IXI's standard was to capitalize on standards and thus defeat competitors who were based more upon proprietary solutions. This later paid benefits when X.desktop proved cost-effective to internationalize to other languages.

X.desktop was sold as both shrink-wrapped software for end users, at a price of $495 for any platform. But it was also sold on an OEM basis to system manufacturers. Early OEM customers included Locus Computing Corporation, BiiN, Olivetti, Acorn Computers and Compaq. An OEM sale was to IBM in 1989 for its RS/6000 and IBM AIX proved to be a turning point in IXI's fortunes. The SCO OpenDesktop product was another early adopter, and was another key usage of the product for the company. OEM customers gained by 1990 included NCR Corporation, Dell, Uniplex, Parallel Systems International, and Network Computing Devices.

As an InfoWorld article from 1990 stated, the ability to have OEM customers was a key factor in IXI Limited being successful. Part of this success was due to X.desktop coming with a customization toolkit that allowed system manufacturers to modify the appearance and functionality of the desktop environment to match their needs. The customization took the form not just of customizing icons, but the ability to tie icons to arbitrary series of commands.

The X.desktop product was stated as being ported to, and sold on, over a dozen different Unix variants. And as a paper published for a 1994 USENIX conference detailed, versions of X.desktop were actually built for over 30 different Unix platforms. The ability to maintain the portability of the X.desktop code base became a key factor in IXI's success with the product.

The primary competitor of X.desktop was the Looking Glass product from the American company Visix Software, Inc. Trade publications ran comparisons of the two desktop environments, and detailed cases where one beat another for an account.

Eventually over a million instances of X.desktop were in use. In 1992 IXI released Deskworks, a suite of productivity tools that included such things as a clock, a text editor, a mail client, a time management tool, and the like.

For 1992, IXI Ltd had revenues of about $6 million. By early 1993, the firm employed around 50 people, and in addition to its Cambridge headquarters, it also had offices in San Ramon, California, in the US and in Tokyo in Japan. According to a later article in MoneyWeek, by this time IXI had some 70% of the workstation market.

Acquisition by SCO

IXI was acquired by the Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), in an announcement made on 25 February 1993. Terms of the purchase were not publicly disclosed, but did involve an exchange of stock. As mentioned, SCO had previously licensed IXI technology in its operating system product, and there were existing ties between the engineering and marketing functions of both companies. Anderson later said of his motivation to sell, that having gotten a 70% share, "getting the remaining 30% of the market would have required heavy reinvestment. I felt ready to move on."

The IXI brand continued on for the next couple of years as a relatively independent subsidiary of SCO. The announcement in mid-1993 by several major Unix vendors of the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) project posed a competitive threat to X.desktop, but it took two years of further development until CDE actually came out.

Several new products were introduced during this time. IXI Panorama, introduced about a month after the acquisition, was a Motif-based window manager, that could run with or without X.desktop; it had the ability to plot and manage a virtual space much greater than the physical space of the monitor itself. Panorama was extended in March 1994 with IXI Mosaic, reflecting the incorporation of the first popular web browser, Mosaic, into the SCO Global Access product, a modified version of SCO Open Desktop that served as an Internet gateway. In doing this, SCO and IXI put out the world's first commercial web browser based on Mosaic, and, according to Anderson, the first commercial web browser of any kind.

IXI Premier Motif was a product that came from IXI taking the OSF-released Motif source code and applying a set of bug fixes and enhancements and then porting it such that it would give identical behavior across platforms. IXI also offered some twenty different Motif training courses for users. The IXI Wintif product, which became available in 1994, built further upon Premier Motif to create a version of Motif that had the look-and-feel of Microsoft Windows 3.1 and thus would enable Windows users to operate Unix applications without confusion or need for additional training. A later version extended this capability to Windows 95.

Then in 1995, the IXI business unit of SCO was merged with another SCO acquisition, the Leeds-based Visionware, to form IXI Visionware. (IXI had previously collaborated with Visionware, going back to 1988 when the Visionware technologies were first being developed within Systime Computers Ltd.) Later in 1995 the merged business unit was subsumed more fully into its parent and became the Client Integration Division of SCO, which put out products from both former companies under the "Vision"-branded family name. This included the creation of VisionFS, an SMB server that could do network installs of the Windows components of the Vision family from a Unix server with minimal user configuration needed. This division then developed and released the Tarantella terminal services application in 1997 and that became the core of Tarantella, Inc. in 2001. Tarantella, Inc. struggled and following company-wide layoffs, the Cambridge development site closed in the summer of 2003.

Fates
The X.desktop code gradually went into maintenance mode as X.desktop OEM providers migrated to CDE and many end-users abandoned Unix-based workstations altogether and switched to Wintel platforms. Ray Anderson left SCO after several years there, and in 1999 founded Bango plc, a mobile commerce company based in Cambridge.

References

Defunct software companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies based in Cambridgeshire
Software companies established in 1987
Software companies disestablished in 1993
Software companies of England
1987 establishments in England
1993 disestablishments in England

IXI Limited


Og udenfor er solskin og grønne træer er en dokumentarfilm fra 1974 instrueret af Per Olsen efter manuskript af Hans Høgenhaven Jensen.

Handling
En kollektivt produceret film der gennemspiller en række krisesituationer.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1974

Og udenfor er solskin og grønne træer