سحار عمال الفحم  أو مرض الرئة السوداء هو عبارة عن مرض رئوي مهني يصيب على الأغلب عمال مناجم الفحم، نتيجة استنشاقهم للهواء المليء بالكربون وتجمع الكربون داخل العقد اللمفاوية.

الأسباب
يحدث المرض بسبب استنشاق غبار الفحم الحجري لمدة طويلة من الوقت. يُهيِّج غبار الفحم الحجري المتراكم أنسجة الرئة وقد يتلفها. وعلى كل فإن للرئتين نظامًا طبيعيًّا للتنظيف الذاتي، يزيل أكثر من 99% من الغبار. ولذلك فقل أن يظهر مرض الرئة السوداء لدى الأشخاص الذين يعملون في مناجم الفحم الحجري لمدة تقل عن حوالي عشر سنوات.
ان جسيمات الغبار المترسبة في النسيج الرئوي تولد عقيدات التهابية حيث يتكون حولها نسيج ندبي، يفضي إلى اتلاف النسيج الرئوي.
وهو نوع من امراض السُحار أو تغبّر الرئة. قد ينتج التدخين حالات مشابهة لما يحدث مع عمال المناجم.

التشخيص
يُشخِّص الأطباء مرض الرئة السوداء عن طريق عمل الأشعة السينية للصدر.

ويظهر المرض في صورتين: صورة بسيطة وصورة معقدة. ويؤثر النوع البسيط على أجزاء صغيرة متفرقة من الرئة، وله أثر قليل على التنفس. أما المعقد فيضر، أو يتلف جزءًا كبيرًا من الرئة. وينتج من التعرض الشديد لغبار الفحم المصحوب بعامل غير معروف، ويُسبب ألمًا شديدًا في الصدر، وضِيقًا في التنفس. وقد يزداد مرض الرئة السوداء سوءًا حتى وإن لم يستمر المصاب في التعرض لغبار الفحم. وقد يُؤدي إلى الإعاقة والوفاة .

العلاج
لا يوجد هناك علاج لمرض كامل الرئة السوداء، ولكن يمكن الوقاية منه بالسيطرة على الكمية المستنشقة من غبار الفحم الحجري.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 NIOSH Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program
 NIOSH Faces of Black Lung video
 American College of Radiology (ACR)
 Black Lung Benefits Act (BLBA)
 Black Lung Clinics Program
 Campaign to End Black Lung Now and Forever
 Federal Mine Safety & Health Act of 1977
 Mine Safety and Health Administration
 42CFR27 Specifications of Medical Examinations of Underground Coal Miners
 The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Ky): Black Lung Chronicles
 Institute of Occupational Medicine's pneumoconiosis research

أمراض الجهاز التنفسي
أمراض رئوية بعوامل خارجية
أمراض مهنية
تعدين الفحم

سحار عمال الفحم


Rimski opći mirovni sporazum je mirovni sporazum između zaraćenih strana u građanskom ratu u Mozambiku, vladinog FRELIMA i pobunjeničkog RENAMA. Njime je okončan rat. Potpisan je 4. listopada 1929. godine. Pregovori koji su prethodili sporazumu počeli su srpnja 1990. godine. Vodila ga je skupina četvorice posrednika, dvojica članova Zajednice sv. Egidija (Comunità di Sant'Egidio), Andrea Riccardi i Matteo Zuppi, biskup Jaime Gonçalves te predstavnik talijanske Vlade Mario Raffaelli. Frelimovo izaslanstvo predvodio je Armando Guebuza (koji je poslije postao predsjednik Mozambika), a izaslanstvo Renama predvodio je Raul Domingos. Sporazum su potpisali ondašnji predsjednik Mozambika, Frelimov vođa Joaquim Chissano i Renamov vođa Afonso Dhlakama.

Renamo je 21. listopada 2013. objavio da mirovni sporazum proglašavaju ništavnim kao rezultat vladina napada na njihovu bazu

Vidi
 Platforma sv. Egidija - pokušaj iz 13. siječnja 1995. za okončanje alžirskog građanskog rata.

Izvori

Literatura
 Eric Morier-Genoud, "Sant'Egidio et la paix. Interviews de Don Matteo Zuppi & Ricardo Cannelli", _LFM. Social sciences & missions_, no.13, October 2003, pp. 119–145
 Pierre Anouilh, "Des pauvres a la paix. Aspects de l'action pacificatrice de Sant'Egidio au Mozambique", _LFM. Social sciences & missions_, no.17, December 2005, pp. 11–40
 Moises Venancio, "Mediation by the Roman Catholic Church in Mozambique 1988-1991", In Stephen Chan & Vivienne Jabri (eds), _Mediation in Southern Africa_, Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1993, pp. 142–58
 Alex Vines & Ken Wilson, "Churches and the Peace Process in Mozambique 1988-1991", In Paul Gifford (ed.), _The Christian Churches and the Democratisation of Africa_, Leiden : Brill, 1995, pp. 130–47
Stranica Zajednice sv. Egidija o mirovnom procesu u Mozambiku

Vanjske poveznice
Ujedinjeni narodi Cjelovit tekst Rimskoga općeg mirovnog sporazuma
Ujedinjeni narodi General Peace Agreement for Mozambique
Ujedinjeni narodi Tekstovi svih mirovnih sporazuma

Povijest Mozambika
Mirovni sporazumi

Rimski opći mirovni sporazum


Una galaxia espiral de gran diseño es tipo de galaxia espiral en la cual la estructura espiral está formada por dos o más brazos prominentes y bien definidos a diferencia de las galaxias espirales floculentas, en las cuales la estructura espiral está peor definida.

Los brazos espirales de una galaxia de este tipo pueden extenderse varios radianes y ocupar una buena fracción de su radio. Se estima que aproximadamente un 10 % de las galaxias espirales son de este tipo.

Origen

La teoría de la onda de densidad es la preferida para explicar cómo se forman estas estructuras. De acuerdo con ella, los brazos espirales son zonas más densas en el disco de una galaxia espiral producidas por ondas de densidad, las cuales se mueven a una velocidad distinta que las de las estrellas. La atracción gravitatoria del material presente en un brazo espiral causa que al acercarse a este las estrellas se aceleren, y que al salir sean frenadas, provocando que el material se acumule en esas zonas. Además, al ser zonas más densas, el hidrógeno se comprime y se produce formación estelar allí.

El origen de las ondas de densidad se desconoce, pero se cree que puede estar relacionado con interacciones gravitatorias, ya que muchas galaxias de este tipo tienen galaxias compañeras cercanas; la presencia de una barra central también puede ser la causa de su aparición.

Ejemplos

Ejemplos notables de este tipo de galaxias en el Catálogo Messier son M51, M81, M74 y M83, así como también la antigua BX442.

Referencias

Tipos morfológicos de galaxias

Galaxia espiral de gran diseño


Ecoturístico Cerro de Oro es una comuna, conformada por 10 barrios. Antiguamente denominada comuna 6, limita con las comunas de Tesorito, Nuevo Horizonte y Palogrande.

División
La comuna está conformada por 10 barrios, los cuales son:

Sitios de interés
Alta Suiza
 Plazuela de Viscaya
Bosques de Niza
 Mirador de la Sierra
La Toscana
 Escuela de Carabineros Alejandro Gutiérrez
Viveros
 Centro de Sacrificio de Manizales
 Ecoparque los Yarumos

Referencias
https://web.archive.org/web/20190629154002/http://www.alcaldiamanizales.gov.co/

Comunas de Manizales

Ecoturístico Cerro de Oro


La lettre tum, ꝷ (minuscule uniquement), est une lettre additionnelle de l'alphabet latin utilisée en latin au Moyen Âge comme abréviation de -tum ou -tur.

Utilisation

Le signe tum est utilisé au Moyen Âge dans certaines abréviations latines pour -tum comme   (, « autant ») ou   (, « combien ») ou encore pour -tur comme   (, « aimé »).

Représentations informatiques
Le tum peut être représenté avec les caractères Unicode (latin étendu D) suivants :

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

T
Lettre latine additionnelle

ꝷ


Teresa Ruiz López (Santiago Matatlán, 21 de dezembro de 1988) é uma atriz mexicana-estadunidense. Ela é mais conhecida por interpretar a rainha do cartel Isabella Bautista nas duas primeiras temporadas de Narcos: México.

Filmografia

Cinema

Televisão

Ligações externas
Teresa Ruiz no AdoroCinema

Nascidos em 1988
Atores do México
Atores dos Estados Unidos
Atrizes premiadas no Festival de Guadalajara

Teresa Ruiz


Henotikonski edikt ( grčki: ἑνωτικόν, henōtikón "čin ujedinjenja") bio je kršćanski dokument koji je, na nagovor ekumenskog patrijarha Konstantinopola Akacija, izdao bizantski car Zenon 482. godine, a sve u neuspjelom pokušaju pomirenja razlika među pristalicama odluka kalcedonskog sabora i njihovih protivnika. Nakon toga je uslijedilo razdoblje koje je nazvano Akacijeva šizma.

Povijest

451. godine, na Kalcedonskom saboru su razrješene kršćanske nesuglasice kojom prilikom je osuđen monofizitizam, koji je podržavao konstantinopolski arhimandrit Eutih, kao i nestorijanizam. Međutim, veliki dijelovi Istočnog rimskog Carstva, osobito u Egiptu, ali i u Palestini i Siriji, podržavali su monofizitske ili one, još strože, miafizitske stavove. Kako bi obnovio jedinstvo, konstantinopolski patrijarh, Akacije, osmislio je irenističku formulu tj. pokušaj ujedinjenja kršćanskih apologetskih sustava pomoću razuma kao bitnog atributa; formulu kojom se postavlja Jedinstvo iznad Istine. Car car Zenon ju je objavio pod nazivom Henotikonski edikt, ali bez suglasnosti rimskog Biskupa ili biskupske sinode. Henotikonskim ediktom je podržana kalcedonska osuda Eutiha i Nestorija te izričito prihvaćeno svih dvanaest anatema (kletvi) protiv Nestorija koje je sastavio aleksandrijski patrijarh Ćiril, ali je istim Ediktom zaobiđeno davanje bilo kakve konačne izjave o tome je li Krist imao jednu ili dvije naravi, te na taj način pokušavajući pomiriti dvije strane u sporu.

Taj čin nije uspio zadovoljiti niti jednu stranu. Posljedično, iako je patrijarh Antiohije Flavijan II. bio prisiljen prihvatiti Henotikon, obadvije su strane napadale cara koji je otvoreno propisivao crkvenu doktrinu. Kad je patrijarh Aleksandrije Ivan I. Talaia odbio taj dokument, car ga je svrgnuo, a umjesto njega priznao miafizita Petera Mongosa, koji je prihvatio Henotikon. Međutim, ostali monofizici su ga napustili i od tada su bili prozvani "Akefalosi" (tj. bezglavi), jer su izgubili vođu pa su tako ostali obezglavljeni. Nakon dvije godine Akacijevog pretvaranja i odugovlačenja, rimski papa Feliks III. je osudio njegov čin i ekskuminicirao ga (484.), što je u velikoj mjeri bilo zanemareno u Konstantinopolu, pa čak i nakon smrti Akacija 489. godine.

Zenon je umro 491. godine a njegov nasljednik Anastazije I. koji je i sam bio naklonjen monofizitima, je prihvatio Henotikonski edikt. Međutim, pošto je Anastazijevo stajalište bilo u suprotnosti s pretežito kalcedonskom populacijom u Konstantinopolu, kalcedonski general Vitalian, ga je pokušao svrgnuti 514. godine, u čemu nije uspio. Anastazije je tada pokušao prevazići šizmu s papom Hormizidom, ali to mu nije uspjelo jer je odbio priznati ekskomunikaciju, već tada pokojnog Akacija. Vitalijan je i po drugi put pokušao svrgnuti cara, ali uzaludno jer su ga pobijedili carevi lojalni časnici.

Kraj raskola
Šizma uzrokovana Henotikonom službeno je razriješena 28. ožujka 519. godine kada je car Justin I. priznao ekskomunikaciju Akacija te ponovno ujedinjenje crkava. Međutim, tadašnji patrijarsi Aleksandrije i Antiohije su ostali pri stajalištu miafizitizma, tako da su njihove zajednice odvojile i ostale poznate u modernim vremenima kao Orijentalne pravoslavne Crkve. U nadolazećim vremenima, ništa se nije postiglo kako bi se prevazišao rastući raskol između crkava Konstantinopola i Rima, što će stoljećima kasnije dovesti do Velike šizme 1054.godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Henotikon in the Catholic Encyclopedia
 The Encyclopedia of Ancient History

Kršćanstvo u Turskoj
Ekumenski sabori
Bizant

Henotikonski edikt


NGC 127 este o galaxie posibil spirală, posibil lenticulară situată în constelația Peștii. A fost descoperită în 4 noiembrie 1850 de către Bindon Blood Stoney.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 126
 NGC 128

Legături externe
 NGC 127 pe SIMBAD
 NGC 127 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 127 pe WikiSky

Galaxii
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Peștii
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1850
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de Bindon Stoney

NGC 127


بير ميرتساكر  من مواليد 29 سبتمبر 1984 في هانوفر في ألمانيا ، لاعب كرة قدم ألماني.

يمتــاز اللاعب العملاق(( بيير ميرتيـساكــر)) بالطول الفارع 1.99 سم ويتمتع بموهبة في الألعاب الهوائية الرأسية وأيضا في التمركز الصحيح في الدفاع، مما أهلته ليكون من أفضل اللاعبين في مركز قلب الدفاع في ألمانيا، مما أدى لأن يعتمد عليه المنتخب الألماني في البطولات العالمية والأوروبية حتى اعتزاله في العام 2014 بعد نهاية كأس العالم.

يلعب مع نادي آرسنال الإنجليزي منذ عام 2011.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم في عام 2006 وحتى العام 2014.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

صفحة اللاعب على موقع فيفا

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ساكسونيا الدنيا
بروتستانت ألمان
رياضيون ألمان مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون من هانوفر
طاقم نادي آرسنال غير اللاعبين
لاعبو الدوري الألماني
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو المنتخبات الفائزة بكأس العالم
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو فيردر بريمن
لاعبو كأس العالم 2006
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كأس العالم 2014
لاعبو كأس القارات 2005
لاعبو كرة قدم ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية ألمانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون ألمان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من سكسونيا السفلى
لاعبو كرة قدم من هانوفر
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب ألمانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي آرسنال
لاعبو نهائي كأس الاتحاد الإنجليزي
لاعبو هانوفر 96
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1984
مواليد في هانوفر
نادي الفيفا المئوي

بير ميرتيساكر


Premijer liga košarkaša 2020./21. (iz sponzorskih razloga poznata pod nazivom Hrvatski Telekom Premijer liga ili skraćeno HT Premijer liga) je 30. sezona najvišeg razreda natjecanja u hrvatskoj košarci. To je prva sezona koja je započeta nakon pandemije koronavirusa, koja je rezultirala prekidom prošle sezone nakon 21 odigranog kola. Sezona je započela u petak 18. rujna 2020. godine utakmicom između Gorice i Splita.
Prvak je postala momčad "Zadra".

Sustav natjecanja
Natjecanje se sastoji od 2 dijela:
 1. dio natjecanja je ligaški dio u kojem 12 klubova igra trokružnu ligu (33 kola). Nakon završetka ligaškog dijela osam najuspješnijih momčadi se plasira u doigravanje, dok posljednji sastav ispada u Prvu mušku košarkašku ligu, a pretposljednji sastav ide u kvalifikacije za ostanak protiv poraženog finalista doigravanja Prve muške košarkaške lige
 2. dio natjecanja je doigravanje u kojem sudjeluje prvih osam klubova iz ligaškog dijela, igra se kup sustavom i to četvrtzavršnica i poluzavršnica na dvije pobjede, a završnica na tri pobjede. Doigravanjem se dobiva prvak lige, a poredak ostalih klubova se određuje prema plasmanu iz ligaškog dijela.

Sudionici

 Adria Oil Škrljevo - Škrljevo, Bakar
 Alkar - Sinj
 Cibona - Zagreb
 Furnir - Zagreb
 Gorica - Velika Gorica
 Hermes Analitica - Zagreb
 Split - Split
 Sonik Puntamika - Zadar
 Šibenka -  Šibenik
 Vrijednosnice Osijek -  Osijek
 Zabok - Zabok
 Zadar - Zadar

Ligaški dio

Ljestvica

Rezultati

Doigravanje
Igrano od 7. svibnja do 5. lipnja 2021. godine.

 - domaća utakmica za klub1
 - gostujuća utakmica za klub1

Kvalifikacije za Premijer ligu
Igrano 12. i 15. svibnja 2021. godine. Igrali 11.-plasirani klub Premijer lige i doprvak Prve lige, na ukupnu koš-razliku.

 - domaća utakmica za klub1
 - gostujuća utakmica za klub1

"Furnir" iz Zagreba ostvario ostanak u Premijer ligi.

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Premijer liga
 Prva liga 2020./21.
 Kup Krešimira Ćosića 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 hks-cbf.hr
 hks-cbf.hr, stranica lige
 hks-cbf.hr/natjecanja/ht-premijer-liga
  eurobasket.com, Premijer liga
 ksz-zagreb.hr, HT Premijer liga
 crosarka.com/premijer-liga
 basketball.hr
 eurobasket.com, Premijer Liga

Izvori
 hks-cbf.hr, HT Premijer liga (2020./21.), wayback arhiva
 hks-cbf.hr, HT Premijer liga: Raspored prvih utakmica četvrtzavršnice, (ljestvica ligaškog dijela), objavljeno 7. svibnja 2021., pristupljeno 6. lipnja 2021.
 sportnet.rtl.hr, Statistika - Košarka - 2020/21 - HT Premijer liga , pristupljeno 6. lipnja 2021.
 ksz-zagreb.hr, HT Premijer liga - 2020/21, wayback arhiva
  eurobasket.com, ''Premijer Liga Full Schedule (2020-2021), pristupljeno 6. lipnja 2021.
 rezultati.com, Košarka - Hrvatska - Premijer liga - 2020/21 - Rezultati, pristupljeno 6. lipnja 2021.
 rezultati.com, Košarka - Hrvatska - Premijer liga - 2020/21 - Rezultati, wayback arhiva

2020-21
m-1-Premijer

Premijer košarkaška liga 2020./21.


Nevertire is a rural village in New South Wales, Australia.  It is located at the junction of the Mitchell Highway and the Oxley Highway, in Warren Shire. Nevertire is about 496 kilometres northwest of Sydney, 78 km north-west of Narromine and about 107 km from Dubbo. It is about 20 km south-west of Warren on the western end of the Oxley Highway.  At the 2011 census, Nevertire had a population of 225 people.

History
Originally the village was known as Warren Pond. The Main West railway line reached Nevertire in 1882 and the local pub was already trading before the town was surveyed in 1883.  The town was devastated by a tornado on 28 December 1896. The town once had a railway station, operated by the State Rail Authority, but with the demise of country rail travel in the 1980s, the passenger services were replaced by a coach service run by CountryLink.

Services
Nevertire is at the junction of the Main Western railway line to Nyngan and the branch line to Warren. The village is now served by three CountryLink Coach services: one to Bourke, one to Nyngan and one to Cobar/Broken Hill. Bourke Coach operates four times per week, the Broken Hill coach operates daily, and the Nyngan coach, which also serves Warren, operates four times per week.

There is a large grain handling facility on the railway line, operated by GrainCorp, and served by Pacific National trains.
Local businesses also include a local pub (which is also the local post office), a cafe, mechanic and a rural supplies outlet.

Education
Nevertire Public school closed at the conclusion of the 2002 academic year, due to a lack of enrolments. Children in Nevertire now go to Warren Central School or St Mary's in Warren.

The village is the subject of Betty Casey's poem Nevertire and Henry Lawson once described it as the edge of the Great Grey Plain.

References

External links

Towns in New South Wales
Warren Shire

Nevertire


Táchira State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is San Cristóbal.

Táchira State covers a total surface area of  and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,168,908. At the end of the 19th century, Táchira State was where oil was discovered in Venezuela. Currently, its main economic revenues come from the production of coffee and pineapple. The cattle and agricultural activities play an important role in Táchira's economy. There is also a strong industrial sector which focuses on the processing of potato, sugar, milk, and cheese and the production of textiles.

Táchira State is one of the three Venezuelan Andean states (the other two are Mérida and Trujillo). This state borders Zulia State to the north, Barinas and Mérida States to the east, Apure and Barinas States to the south, and Colombia (Norte de Santander Department) to the west.

Etymology
Possible origins have been identified for the word Táchira, so one hypothesis states that the word is an indigenous word - based on Chibcha dialects - composed of three particles: ta, "farm" (as a root), chi, "ours, which belongs to us" and the suffix rá, "element that expresses place, moment or position (...)" with respect to the future. Thus, it would mean approximately a term like: "The land that will be our inheritance" or "The land of our inheritance".

On the other hand, it is believed that Táchira comes from a Chibcha word that comes from the term "tachure", which identifies a purple dye plant that has medicinal uses, known as tun-túa or sibidigua (Jatropa gossypifolia).

History

Spanish colonization
Populated mainly by groups of Timote, Cuica and Chibcha origin and as the Machirí, Umuquena and Táriba, the territory was extensively colonized in the sixteenth century.

With the foundation of San Cristóbal in 1561 by Captain Juan Maldonado Ordoñez y Villaquirán and La Grita in 1576 by Francisco de Cáceres, the agricultural exploitation of the area began, giving rise to the creation of new settlements. Since its foundation in 1576, La Grita was the capital of the Province of La Grita, so the importance of this city was primitive in the region until the arrival of European trading companies to the state, which settled mainly in the more accessible and better communicated San Cristóbal.

In 1781 Juan Jose Garcia de Hevia led the Insurrection of the Communards of Los Andes, an anti-colonial revolutionary movement that sought to liberate Venezuela from the colonialism of the Spanish Empire, under the search for tax relief.

During the Venezuelan War of Independence, Simon Bolivar invaded the country through the Táchira in his Admirable Campaign.

18th and 19th centuries
Despite the progressive population growth of the region, its importance as Venezuela's main coffee producer for over two hundred years and the arrival of important European trading houses in the 19th century, the state remained relatively isolated from the rest of the country, with greater cultural influence received from Colombia for many years.

In a country that now depends on an economy based on oil income, the Táchira was privileged to have the first oil wells in Venezuela. At the end of the 19th century the national oil industry was born in the place now called La Petrolia.

On March 11, 1856, by decree of the Sovereign Congress of the Republic, the Province of Táchira was created, formed with the cantons of San Cristóbal, San Antonio, Lobatera and La Grita. It was decided that the capital of the Province would be San Cristóbal and there the headquarters of all the organs of the Provincial Government were established, with a general population of 42,731 inhabitants.
The decree of the congress with date 11 of March was sanctioned by the National Executive day 14. General Jose Tadeo Monagas governed in the Country, who named to exercise the position of the Province, to the citizen Pascual Casanova, assuming the position of Governor of the State Táchira, this civil employee was named May 9 being sworn in its position the 1 of July 1856.

In 1881, during the second presidency of General Antonio Guzmán Blanco, the National Constitution was reformed, establishing that the Republic is composed of nine great States; one of them was the great State of the Andes, with the sections Trujillo, Mérida and Táchira, each section being divided into districts. The executive power of the Táchira section was exercised by General Rosendo Medina, who was replaced by General Francisco Alvarado, who was short-lived because President Guzmán Blanco imposed his delegate in the Táchira, General Marcos Rodríguez. The arrival of General Ignacio Andrade to the presidency of the Republic favored the State, since the first National Magistrate to weaken the political-administrative structures of former President Joaquín Crespo, influenced the Congress to achieve a new territorial division.

In 1895, the Gran Ferrocarril del Táchira was inaugurated, its construction began in 1893 with an extension of 105 kilometers between La Fría and Encontrados to mobilize the great crops of Tachira coffee.

In 1899, Cipriano Castro began the invasion of Venezuela from the State of Táchira with an armed group that confronted the regime of Ignacio Andrade. The successive presidents of Venezuela of Tachira origin initiate a process of greater integration of the state to the country with the construction of better communication routes and the implementation of control measures on the agricultural trade of the state that was almost totally exported.
Táchira State plays an important role in the early parts of Venezuelan history. This state produced more presidents than any other state during the 20th century: Cipriano Castro, Juan Vicente Gómez, Marcos Pérez Jiménez, Isaías Medina Angarita, Eleazar López Contreras, Carlos Andrés Pérez, and Ramón José Velásquez.

At the end of the 19th century, the people of Táchira State were tired of being left out of the main country's decisions. Consequently, a group of men decided to start a revolution called the "Revolución Restauradora" (The Restorative Revolution). The idea was to take power and enhance the importance of the Andean Region in the country. It was led by Cipriano Castro and was successful.

Until the start of the 20th century, it was highly difficult traveling between Táchira State and others and even within the state itself. This condition led to cultural differences between the people of Táchira and those from the rest of Venezuela. The former were more influenced by Colombian culture, a more accessible region through Norte de Santander province.

Territorial History

In 1856 it was part of the Province of Táchira within the territories of La Grita, Lobatera, San Antonio and San Cristóbal.
In 1863 it acquired the category of State, a fact that was ratified in 1864 when it became part, as an independent state, of the United States of Venezuela.
Between 1867 and 1868 it was part of the State of Zulia.
In 1881, when the country was divided into 9 states, it became part, together with Guzmán (Mérida) and Trujillo, of the Great State of Los Andes.
In 1899, the State of Los Andes was dissolved and Táchira recovered its status as an independent State, which it maintains to this day.
It has remained a state since 1899, although like other states in Venezuela it did not achieve full autonomy until the early 1990s.

Geography
Táchira State is located in the Andes. Its highest point is La Montaña el Pulpito, which about 3995 meters above the sea level. Táchira's population is mainly located in San Cristóbal, the most important and prosperous city of this state. Tariba, Rubio, Colon, and La Grita are also other important urban centers in this state.

It has international borders with Colombia in the west and south with Norte de Santander Department. Zulia and Mérida States lie to the north, and Barinas and Apure States lie to the east.

The main peaks are:

 The Pulpit: 3,912 m
 Moor Battalion: 3,507 m
 The Tama: 3,450 m
 Moor La Negra: 3,450 m
 Moor The Zumbador: 2,850 m

Crossed by the extension of the Andes mountain range from south to northwest, it divides the state into three different regions with a particular climate:

Mountain circuit; in this region are the main urban settlements in the state, the climate is temperate at high altitude8 in most of the region and high moorland at elevations above 3000 meters above sea level, with slight variations throughout the year, has a clear rainy season from May to October. The orography is uneven and influenced by the course of numerous rivers and streams that form valleys at the base of the mountains, as an example the capital city is settled on the valley of the river Torbes, this area represents most of the surface of the state. The main cities located in this area are San Cristóbal, Táriba, Michelena, Rubio and La Grita.
Pan-American circuit: this zone is located mainly in the north of the state, it shares the climatic characteristics of the southern region of the lake (of Maracaibo), with a tropical jungle climate, high rainfall and high temperatures. This region is one of the main centers of livestock production in Venezuela. It is on the border of the states of Zulia and Mérida. The main populations of this region are: La Fría, La Tendida and Coloncito.
Llanos region: a small part of the Venezuelan plains are briefly located southeast of the state of Táchira, on the border with the states of Apure and Barinas, the climate is tropical savannah, with less humidity than in the Pan-American zone, it is also a region of high livestock production. Its main populations are: La Pedrera, El Piñal and Abejales.

Relief
Its territory has an area of 11,100 km2, where the Andean physiographic character predominates, with heights above 2,000 m. The mountainous relief is the southern continuation of the Merida mountain range, which penetrates from the north in a southwesterly direction, exceeding 4,000 m in the La Negra moor.

In the extreme southwest, the Táchira depression was formed, which includes the tectonic trench through which the river of the same name runs and the entire relatively low area located between this trench and the valleys of the Lobaterita, the Torbes Medio and the Quinimarí Medio. The depression of the Torbes River separates the main range of the Mérida Range from the Tamá Range. During the Tertiary period, the uplifts of failed blocks formed deep valleys like those of the Uribante and Torbes rivers, with very steep slopes. In addition, there are relatively open basins with gently sloping terrain (San Cristóbal-Táriba-Rubio). The northern slopes come into contact with the lowlands located south of Lake Maracaibo, with large marshy areas, while the southeastern sector, from the eastern slope of the Uribante branch, is a transition zone between the piedmont (the lowlands of the mountainous formation) and the western high plains.

Climate
The climate presents great variations, mainly due to the modifications by the height, in populations of the route to the plain, in the piedmont (El Piñal, San Joaquin de Navay among others), can reach temperatures of 30 °C like in the Pan-American route (La Fría, Coloncito). In the capital, San Cristóbal, the average daytime temperature is 24 °C and the nighttime temperature is 18 °C. However, in cities like Pregonero, El Cobre, La Grita and others located at higher altitudes, the temperature is considerably lower (up to 10 °C).

Vegetation

The mountain vegetation includes specimens such as the Lasso pine and eucalyptus. The apamates and the creole cedar are abundant. Mangos, guamas, pomarrosas, guavas and other fruit trees are common in most of the state.

Hydrography
The hydrography is varied, there are several rivers of considerable course; the Torbes river, the Caparo river, the Uribante and the Doradas rivers among others, there are also some lakes and reservoirs, like the Uribante reservoir, the Caparo reservoir, the Garcia lagoon, the Rosal lagoon, the Ríobobo lagoon, among others.

Extreme geographical landmarks
Far North, confluence of the Rio Grande with the Rio Escalante (Pan-American); Far South, confluence of the Rio Burgua with the Los Pensamientos stream (Fernández Feo); Far East, confluence of the Rio Doradas (Cauce Viejo) with the Rio Caparo (Libertador); Far West, eastern bank of the Rio Táchira in front of the Cerrito, village Sabana Larga (Pedro María Ureña). Distance between the extreme points of the State: north-south, 147.88 km; east-west: 129.03 km.

Geology
The Tachira Andes were formed during the Eocene period (between 56 million and 40 million years ago approximately), when the Nazca tectonic plate and the Caribbean plate began to slowly slide under the South American plate, raising older formations and bending the sedimentary and igneous rocks that form today's mountains (several of the highest peaks and moors in the State of Tachira are from the Phanerozoic eon, from the Precambrian period, about 539 million years ago).

The tectonic forces generated by this collision created: the shapes of the highest mountains and peaks (El Pico El Púlpito, 3,912 m, in the northeastern end, and Cerro El Cobre, 3,612 m, in the southwestern end. Both are known as 'The Guardian Pillars of the Tachira'); a tectonic depression (known as the Tachira Depression, from the Pliocene); intramountain areas surrounded by higher ground, known as valleys (from the Pleistocene era). These are where the largest towns and cities are located); and the plains or lowlands of the north - lakes or the lake - and the south of the state - river plains - (areas of piedmont formed between the Miocene and Pliocene).

Highest point: El Púlpito Peak (3,912 m, Páramo de Batallón Mountain Range, Jáuregui and Uribante Municipalities).

Government and politics

The State is autonomous and equal in political terms to the rest of Venezuela, its administration and public powers are organized through the Constitution of the State of Táchira, approved by the Legislative Council and published in the extraordinary official gazette of the State of Táchira, number 778, on February 9, 2001.

Executive power
It is composed of the Governor of Táchira and a group of state secretaries. The Governor is elected by the people by direct and secret vote for a period of four years and has the possibility of re-election for equal periods and a recall referendum in the middle of his term, being in charge of the state administration.

The State chooses its own Legislative Council as well as a Governor who is the Chief Executive of the State and is elected every 4 years; as of 1989, before that year he was elected by the President in office, his last Governor appointed by President Carlos Andrés Peréz, was Governor Jorge Enrique Romero, since 1989 he is chosen under direct elections, the current Governor Laidy Gómez is elected for the period (2017 - 2021) with the support of her party AD and other political organizations related to the Venezuelan opposition.

Legislative Council

The State Legislature is the responsibility of the unicameral Legislative Council of the State of Táchira, elected by the people by direct and secret vote every (4) four years, and they may be re-elected for new consecutive periods, under a system of proportional representation of the population of the State and its municipalities. The State has 13 legislators.

State Police

The state of Táchira, in accordance with Article 164 of the Venezuelan Constitution and Article 45 of the Constitution of the state of Táchira of 2014, has its own police force, called Politáchira, created in July 1960. Its functions are regulated by state and national laws, namely the Law of the Autonomous Institute of Police of the State of Táchira, the former; and the Organic Law of the Police Service, the latter. It reports to the Secretariat of State Security and is primarily responsible for regional security.

Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains control over own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.

Municipalities and municipal seats

 Andrés Bello (Cordero)
 Antonio Rómulo Costa (Las Mesas)
 Ayacucho (Colón)
 Bolívar (San Antonio del Táchira)
 Cárdenas (Táriba)
 Córdoba (Santa Ana del Táchira)
 Fernández Feo (San Rafael del Piñal)
 Francisco de Miranda (San José de Bolívar)
 García de Hevia (La Fría)
 Guásimos (Palmira)
 Independencia (Capacho Nuevo)
 Jáuregui (La Grita)
 José María Vargas (El Cobre)
 Junín (Rubio)
 Libertad (Capacho Viejo)
 Libertador (Abejales)
 Lobatera (Lobatera)
 Michelena (Michelena)
 Panamericano (Coloncito)
 Pedro María Ureña (Ureña)
 Rafael Urdaneta (Delicias)
 Samuel Darío Maldonado (La Tendida)
 San Cristóbal (San Cristóbal)
 San Judas Tadeo (Umuquena)
 Seboruco (Seboruco)
 Simón Rodríguez (San Simon)
 Sucre (Queniquea)
 Torbes (San Josecito)
 Uribante (Pregonero)

State Capital
The city of San Cristóbal is the capital of the state. It is an important economic pole for the country since it is located in the Colombian-Venezuelan border axis and, therefore, it is a commercial city where small and medium entrepreneurs develop important commercial transactions. It has a metropolitan population that exceeds 400,000 inhabitants. Its topography extends under a succession of river terraces and has an average temperature of 23 °C. It is at an altitude of 825 meters above sea level, which gives it a pleasant climate. San Cristóbal was founded on March 31, 1561, by the captain and advanced Juan Maldonado y Ordóñez, which makes it one of the oldest cities in Venezuela.

Nowadays, the city of San Cristóbal is recognized by its wide academic and cultural activity. Its universities are recognized: Universidad de los Andes (Táchira nucleus), Universidad Nacional Experimental del Táchira (UNET) and Universidad Católica del Táchira (UCAT), among others, as well as for its San Sebastián International Fair.

Main towns
The San Cristóbal metropolitan area, made up of the municipalities of Andrés Bello, Cárdenas, Córdoba, Guásimos, Libertad, Independencia, Tórbes and San Cristóbal, will have around 263,7659 inhabitants in 2011, which represents the largest population concentration in the state.

According to the data projected by the INE for the year 2013 the main population centers are

San Cristóbal: 263 765 inhabitants.
Táriba: 97 356 inhabitants.
Rubio: 95 041 inhabitants.
San Antonio del Táchira: 69 661 inhabitants.
San Juan de Colón: 69 387 inhabitants
La Fría: 60 392 inhabitants.
La Grita: 54 366 inhabitants.
Ureña: 51 900 inhabitants.
Palmira: 50 899 inhabitants.
El Piñal: 50 417 inhabitants.

Demographics

Race and ethnicity

According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:

Ethnography
The majority of the state's population is white, European contribution is notably higher than that of Indigenous and African Venezuelans. It is one of the Venezuelan states with the highest proportion of whites, mostly of Southern European descent.

Economy
The Táchira has a very active economy because it is a border state where there is a great flow of capital, goods and services that exist between Venezuela and Colombia passing through this region.

Primary sector
Fishing: blanco pobre, cachama, cajaro, coporo, palometa, torumo, tumare (in rivers), striped catfish.
Agricultural products: garlic, cambur, sugar cane, coffee, caraota, onion, potato, banana and tomato.
Livestock production: mainly cattle.
Forest resources: bucare, guamo, wax, laurel, butter, laso pine, quindu, among others.
Industrial activity
Industrial zone of Ureña, the largest and most diverse in the state (bodywork, plastics, textiles, furniture, construction, among others).
Food industry: dairy products, confectionery, preserves, coffee, typical bakeries.
Automotive: bus manufacturing.
Handicrafts: hammocks, textiles, pottery, saddlery, woodwork, tannery.
Mining industries: extraction of coal, asphalt, gypsum.
Manufacturing: textiles, footwear, clothing, leather factories; industries mainly located in the border area; currently they have been greatly reduced by the exchange rate differential and the closure of the border.
Energy: Uribante-Caparo hydroelectric complex.

Tertiary or service sector
Banking: Apart from the large national banks, the main bank in the region is represented by Banco Sofitasa, a solid financial institution that serves as an economic engine for the financing of many projects in the region. Táchira is also a business location for many other banking offices with a national presence.

Education
The State of Táchira is the center of important universities.

Public Universities
National Experimental University of Táchira - UNET
University of Los Andes, Táchira Nucleus - ULA
Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador, Instituto Pedagógico Rural "Gervasio Rubio" - UPEL
University Institute of Agro-Industrial Technology - IUTAI
Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada, Núcleo Táchira - UNEFA
National Open University, Centro Local San Cristóbal - UNA
Simón Rodríguez National Experimental University, La Grita Center
Degree in Nursing, Romulo Gallegos University
Bolivarian University of Venezuela UBV Núcleo Táchira
Manuela Saenz Polytechnic University of the Territory UPT
National Experimental Security University UNES

Private Universities
Bicentennial University of Aragua, San Táchira Agreement
Cecilio Acosta Catholic University, San Cristobal Extension - UNICA
Catholic University of Táchira - UCAT
Santiago Mariño Polytechnic University Institute, San Cristóbal Extension - IUPSM
Monsignor de Talavera University College, San Cristóbal Campus - CUMT
Antonio José de Sucre University Institute of Technology, San Cristóbal Extension - IUTAJS
Border University Institute - IUFRONT
University Institute of Industrial Technology - IUTI
Gran Colombia University Institute - IUGC
Jesús Enrique Lossada University Institute, San Cristóbal Extension - IUJEL
Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo University Institute of Technology, San Cristóbal Extension - IUTEPAL
International Center for Continuing Education - Caribbean International University Curaçao - CIDEC-

Religion

The state is predominantly Christian with the most widespread denomination being the Catholic faith. The first mass celebrated in the territory of the present Táchira State, was on July 25, 1558 in the Santiago Valley, on the solemnity of Santiago Apostle, and was carried out by the Dominican Friar Alonso de Andrada, chaplain of the expedition of Captain Juan Rodríguez Suárez. The first uninterrupted religious services, began in April 1561 in the Fort of Tapias, after the foundation of the city of San Cristobal. Thus, the first and oldest parish in the State of Táchira is the current parish of El Sagrario/San Cristóbal Cathedral, whose oldest sacramental books have been preserved since 1601. The Diocese of San Cristóbal de Venezuela/Dioecesis Sancti Christophori in Venetiola (erected by the Apostolic Constitution Ad munus of 1922), with its episcopal see in the city of San Cristóbal, belongs to the ecclesiastical province of the Archbishopric of Mérida.

Tourism

The state of Táchira offers different tourist attractions among which the walks on the mountain routes and the moors El Zumbador, Los Rosales, La Negra, el Tamá stand out; the cattle areas of the road to the plain and the South of the Lake (from Maracaibo), the Pan-American route, the traditional and costumbrist towns (Peribeca, San Pedro del Río, El Cobre, Pregonero), the architecture of San Cristóbal, La Grita, the numerous restaurants of typical Andean food, the sporting events held in the city of San Cristóbal (mainly the meetings of the Deportivo Táchira Fútbol Club, of the Venezuelan First Division League), the fairs and patron saint's celebrations, mainly the San Sebastián International Fair (FISS), among many others.

It is also the Táchira center for river sports activities, such as sport fishing (developed in the numerous river courses of the State, mainly in the Uribante, Caparo and Doradas rivers), some activities such as canoeing and other specialties are developed in the artificial lake formed by the Uribante-Caparo dam, of the hydroelectric complex of the same name.

The sites of greatest interest, both tourist and historical, are represented by some buildings of architectural value, which are closely linked with the Tachirenses due to the activities that are developed there such as public buildings, religious centers, entertainment and sports centers.

The Ateneo del Táchira is the oldest in Venezuela, apart from being the first cultural center erected in the mentioned entity. Its foundation was carried out on April 19, 1907, although the construction that today looks was initiated in 1935, it is located in the street 9 with street 6 in the center of the city of San Cristóbal.

During January the Capital city of San Cristóbal celebrates its fiesta, which is recognized nationally for its industrial, commercial and agricultural exhibitions. During this time there are bull-fights, events, parties, and a number of artists come to have their shows.

Important buildings
Some important buildings in the capital are:

San Cristobal Civic Center
Covered markets: (La Guayana, Metropolitano, Los Pequeños Comerciantes, La Ermita, Santa Teresa).
"Genaro Mendez" Passenger Terminal"
Hospital Central de San Cristóbal Dr. José María Vargas (HCSC)
Sports facilities built for the 2005 Andes National Games, and 2007 Copa America: (Gymnastics Pavilion, indoor soccer stadiums, handball...)
Metropolitan Baseball Stadium
New Town Sports Complex.

Building heritage
The Ateneo del Táchira or Old Reading Room
Steinvorth House
Tachira Anthropological Museum
Civic Center
 Bridge Liberator
Christ King Monument-Capacho
Plaza Monumental de Toros de Pueblo Nuevo
 Bridge Liberator
 Bolivarian Lyceum "Simon Bolivar"
National School of Dance (ENDANZA Táchira)
 Navy Lighthouse Monument

Natural heritage
Some natural heritages of the Táchira are:

Abra de Rio Frio natural monument.
Chorro El Indio National Park.
El Tamá National Park.
Páramo El Zumbador.
Juan Pablo Peñaloza National Park.
Casa del Padre (Father's House)
Thermal waters in Aguas Calientes Ureña
Cavernas de la Loma del Viento-Casa de John Rivera

Sports

The state of Táchira, together with Mérida and Trujillo, has been characterized as a region where the most popular sport is football. Currently the main football clubs based in the state are Deportivo Táchira F.C., which has won 8 titles in the First Division of Venezuela and also the Venezuelan club that has participated more times (22) in the Libertadores Cup of America; there are also Ureña Sport Club and Real Frontera Sport Club, the latter two members of the Second Division of Venezuela. Among other disciplines the Vuelta al Táchira in bicycle stands out, of great importance at national level, and that marks the beginning of the UCI America Tour.

Some sports facilities include the "Juan Maldonado" Sports Complex, the "La Marina" Park, the "Metropolitano" Park, the "Paramillo" Sports Complex, the "Pueblo Nuevo" Sports Complex which has facilities such as the J. J. Mora Velodrome, the San Cristóbal Metropolitan Stadium, the Monumental Bullring, the Armino Gutiérrez Castro Gymnasium and the Pueblo Nuevo Multi-Sport Stadium.

Transport
El Táchira has important highways and a network of roads that cover much of its territory and communicate with the rest of the country: the Trasandina Highway, the Pan-American Highway or Trunk 1, the road to the plain or Trunk 5 and the San Cristóbal - La Fría Highway that is currently under construction. It also has three international bridges that connect it with neighboring Colombia: International Bridge Simon Bolivar, International Bridge Francisco de Paula Santander and the International Bridge Las Tienditas.

The state has 4 airports, of which 3 are classified as international: Juan Vicente Gomez International Airport (closed), Santo Domingo International Airport and the International Airport "Francisco Garcia de Hevia" in La Fria, also has the Paramillo Airport a small capacity airport.

Media

Print media
The state's newspapers are based in San Cristóbal, these are the Diario Católico and the Diario La Nación. In addition to those mentioned, there is the Diario de los Andes, originally from Trujillo state, which has its own editorial and circulation for Táchira.

Television
There are regional open-signal television channels:

Televisora Regional del Táchira (TRT), the oldest.
TVCT Canal 21, a television plant with an open signal.
Buena TV, the most recently created channel.
As well as other community channels, such as Vida TV in Rubio and Montaña TV in Cordero. Similarly in Ureña there is a television station that covers the border, on both sides Intercanal Channel 10.

Currently the Colombian channels are transmitted as Channel 1, Citytv and Channel TRO for this state.

Radio
The radio is the most traditional means of communication in the state, the first receptions were made through the radio service of Venezuela in 1926. In 1933, Radio Táchira, with a small transmitter with a range of less than one kilometer, began to operate informally in the state capital.10 It was the first radio station in the region and one of the pioneers of radio in Venezuela; later, in 1935, it began its formal transmissions, La Voz del Táchira (called Radio Táchira since 1971). Among the most representative capital stations (in AM) are Ecos del Torbes (founded in 1947), which can currently be heard from anywhere in the world and has its own news website; there are also the stations Radio Táchira, Radio Noticias 1060 (formerly Ondas de América and Radio San Cristóbal (in operation since 1954) that belong to the same González Lovera radio circuit and Radio San Sebastián.

In the interior of the state, radio has also reached an important development. Thus, as early as 1954 in the city of Rubio, the station Ecos de Junín began to broadcast, which was later taken to San Cristóbal. In 1965, Radio Frontera emerged in San Antonio del Táchira and in 1970 Radio Sucesos de Táriba and Radio el Sol de La Fría.

FM began to develop in the 1990s with the launch of station 102.1 Stereo, known today as La Mega 102.1FM (currently part of the Mega Circuit). Since then, FM has been widely developed both in the capital and in the interior of the state.

See also

 States of Venezuela
 Potosi, Venezuela

References

States of Venezuela
States and territories established in 1899

Táchira


Henrik John Janson (født 11. marts 1961) er en svensk musiker, guitarist, producer og sangskriver. Han har, ofte sammen med sin bror Ulf Janson, arrangeret stryger- og blæserarrangementer på en lang række udgivelser med skandinaviske og internationale kunstnere, heriblandt Roxette, Ace of Base, Lisa Nilsson, Westlife, Céline Dion, og P!nk. Henrik Janson har desuden medvirket til indspilning og arrangering af Martin Brygmanns studiealbum Bates Delight fra 2017 og medvirket til dennes koncerter i 2018.

Han har sønnen August Fenger Janson sammen med sangerinden Søs Fenger.

Kilder

Musikproducere fra Sverige
Sangskrivere fra Sverige

Henrik Janson


NP-hard (după varianta în engleză, care vine de la "în timp nedeterminist polinomial dificilă) este, în teoria complexității, o proprietate definitorie a unei clase de probleme care sunt, în mod informal, "cel puțin la fel de grele ca cele mai grele probleme din NP". În română, acestor probleme li se mai spune uneori și NP-dure sau NP-tari. Mai precis, o problemă H este NP-hard, atunci când toate problemele L din NP pot fi reduse în timp polinomial la H, adică: presupunând că o soluție pentru H ia 1 unitate de timp, putem folosi soluția lui H pentru a rezolva L în timp polinomial. Ca urmare, găsirea unui algoritm în timp polinomial pentru a rezolva orice problemă NP-hard ar da algoritmi polinomiali pentru toate problemele din NP, ceea ce este puțin probabil, întrucât multe dintre ele sunt considerate dificile.

O concepție greșită comună este că NP din "NP-hard" vine de la "nepolinomial" când, de fapt, înseamnă "probleme acceptabile Nedeterminist Polinomial". Deși se bănuiește că nu există niciun algoritm în timp polinomial pentru probleme NP-hard, acest lucru nu a fost demonstrat. Mai mult decât atât, clasa P, în care toate problemele pot fi rezolvate în timp polinomial, este conținută în clasa NP.

Definiție
O  H este NP-hard, atunci când pentru fiecare problemă L din NP există un o  a lui L la H
O definiție echivalentă este de a impune ca orice problemă L din NP să poată fi rezolvată în timp polinomial de o  cu un oracol pentru H. Informal, se poate concepe un algoritm care să poată apela această mașină oracol ca o subrutină pentru rezolvarea H, și rezolvă L în timp polinomial, dacă subrutina de apel se calculează într-un singur pas.

O altă definiție este de a impune ca existența unei reduceri în timp polinomial de la o problemă NP-completă G la H. Cum orice problemă L din NP se reduce în timp polinomial la G, L se reduce la rândul său, la H în timp polinomial, astfel că această nouă definiție o implică pe cea anterioară. Ea însă nu restricționează clasa NP-hard la probleme de decizie, de exemplu, aceasta include și , sau .

Consecințele
Dacă P ≠ NP, atunci problemele NP-hard nu pot fi rezolvate în timp polinomial.

Unele probleme de optimizare NP-hard pot fi  în timp polinomial până la un factor de aproximare constant (în special, cele din ) sau chiar până la orice raport de aproximare (cele din  sau ).

Exemple
Un exemplu de problemă NP-hard este decizia , care este aceasta: fiind dată o mulțime de numere întregi, există vreo submulțime nevidă a ei ale cărei elemente au suma zero? Aceasta este o , și se întâmplă să fie NP-completă. Un alt exemplu de problemă NP-hard este problema de optimizare de a găsi ciclul de cost minim toate nodurile unui graf ponderat. Aceasta se numește problema comis-voiajorului.

Există probleme de decizie care sunt NP-hard, dar nu NP-complete, de exemplu, . Aceasta este problema care cere "dat fiind un program și un set de date de intrare, va rula acesta la nesfârșit?" Aceasta este o întrebare cu da/nu, deci o problemă de decizie. Este ușor să se demonstreze că problema opririi este NP-hard, dar nu NP-completă. De exemplu,  poate fi redusă la problema opririi prin transformarea acesteia într-o descriere a unei mașini Turing care încearcă toate atribuirile de valori de adevăr și atunci când constată una care satisface formula se oprește, în caz contrar mergând în buclă infinită. Este ușor de văzut și că problema opririi nu este în NP deoarece toate problemele din NP sunt decidabile într-un număr finit de operații, în timp ce problema opririi este, în general, . Există, de asemenea, probleme NP-hard care nu sunt nici NP-complete, nici indecidabile. De exemplu, limbajul de  este decidabilă în , dar nu în timp nedeterminist polinomial (cu excepția cazului NP = ).

Convenția de denumire NP
Problemele NP-hard nu sunt neapărat elemente ale clasei de complexitate NP.
Întrucât noțiunea NP joacă un rol central în complexitatea calculului, este folosită ca bază pentru mai multe clase:
 NP
 Clasa problemelor de decizie pentru care o anumită soluție poate fi verificată ca soluție în timp polinomial de către o mașină Turing deterministă (sau rezolvabilă de către o mașină Turing nedeterministă în timp polinomial).
 NP-hard
 Clasa problemelor de decizie care sunt cel puțin la fel de grele ca cele mai grele probleme din NP. Probleme care sunt NP-hard nu trebuie să fie elemente ale NP; într-adevăr, ele pot fi chiar indecidabile.
 NP-complete
 Clasa problemelor de decizie care conține cele mai grele probleme din NP. Fiecare problemă NP-completă trebuie să fie în NP.

 Cel mult la fel de dificile ca NP, dar nu neapărat în NP.

 Probleme de decizie, care sunt atât NP-hard cât și NP-easy, dar nu neapărat în NP.

 Dacă P și NP sunt diferite, atunci nu există probleme de decizie în regiunea din NP care se încadrează între problemle P și cele NP-complete. (Dacă P și NP sunt în aceeași clasă, atunci nu există probleme NP-intermediare.)

Referințe

Clase de complexitate

NP-hard


Le Peter Nelson Cabin Site est une ancienne exploitation minière américaine située dans le borough de Denali, en Alaska. Protégé au sein des parc national et réserve du Denali, le site a été construit par un orpailleur dans les années 1920 et se compose notamment d'une cabane. Il est inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le .

Liens externes

Mine d'or aux États-Unis
Mine en Alaska
Mine dans un parc national aux États-Unis
Mine inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques
Cabane inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques dans les parc national et réserve du Denali
Registre national des lieux historiques dans le borough de Denali
Registre national des lieux historiques en 2022

Peter Nelson Cabin Site


Frederick Wilhelm Kaltenbach (March 29, 1895 –  October 1945) was an American of German ancestry who broadcast Nazi propaganda from Germany during World War II.

Early life
Kaltenbach was born in Dubuque, Iowa, and was raised in Waterloo, Iowa. His father was John Kaltenbach, who had emigrated to the United States from Germany in 1891 and was naturalized in 1896.

After graduating from East High School, Waterloo, Kaltenbach and his brother Gustav went on a cycling tour of Germany and were there when World War I broke out in August 1914. They were detained on suspicion of espionage until December 1914, when they were released. Despite that experience, Kaltenbach became an admirer of Germany and its people.

On his return Kaltenbach enrolled in Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa, and studied there for three years. In June 1918, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coastal Artillery. Kaltenbach was honorably discharged from the US Army in April 1919.

He resumed his education at Iowa State Teachers College, earning a bachelor's degree in 1920. Kaltenbach worked for the next seven years as an appraiser before becoming a teacher. His first teaching post was in Manchester, Iowa. In 1931 he was offered a position at Dubuque's Senior High School teaching business law, economics, and debate. In the early 1930s he earned a master's degree in history from the University of Chicago.

Introduction to Nazism

In 1933, Kaltenbach won a scholarship at the University of Berlin and took a two-year leave of absence from his employment to pursue his doctorate. While in Germany he became an ardent follower of the Nazi movement.

On his return to the United States, Kaltenbach resumed teaching in Dubuque. In 1935 he started a club for boys based on the Hitler Youth movement, the Militant Order of Spartan Knights. It held secret initiation rituals and the boys wore brown military-style uniforms. Because of the concern of parents, Kaltenbach's teaching contract was terminated in June 1936.

Kaltenbach then left for Germany where he worked as a freelance writer and translator and on occasion for the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft, German State Radio.

In February 1939 he married a German national, Dorothea Peters, and they honeymooned in the United States. There he took every opportunity to speak in favor of the Nazi cause, but, after a hostile confrontation at a lecture he gave at the Russell-Lamson Hotel in Waterloo in May 1939, he hastily returned to Germany. He was soon hired as a broadcaster for Nazi propaganda.

Lord Hee-How: propagandist for Nazi Germany

Back in Germany, Kaltenbach became a full-time broadcaster reading news bulletins for the RRG's USA Zone.

From 1940 to 1941 Kaltenbach  broadcast Letters to Iowa to the United States directed at the American Midwest. His programs consisted of anti-Roosevelt, anti-British and pro-isolationism propaganda in the form of fictional letters back home.  Kaltenbach believed that his role was also to warn Americans of the dangers of Bolshevism and saw himself as one who could clarify the Nazi philosophy while minimizing criticism of Hitler.

He cultivated a simple and homey style and was one of several English-speaking propagandists for Germany that were referred to by the nickname Lord Hee-How, analogous to the British-directed propagandists who were dubbed Lord Haw-Haw. Kaltenbach opened each program with "Greetings to my old friend, Harry in Iowa", and delivered his propaganda messages in the form of advice, such as, "Don't let the British drag America into this thing [the war in Europe], Harry."

Kaltenbach's objectives were to prevent President Franklin D. Roosevelt's re-election to a third term of office, to block the pro-interventionist faction in the US and to stop the enactment of the Lend-Lease Bill. He sought to persuade Americans that supporting Britain was a lost cause and that taking sides could only embroil the United States in a ruinous and unnecessary war with Germany.

After the United States entered the war against Germany on December 11, 1941, Kaltenbach's broadcasts aimed at undermining US morale and the national will to prosecute a protracted war with Germany.

Kaltenbach also broadcast with another American collaborator, Max Koischwitz, as Jim of Jim and Johnny, a humorous dialogue program in which the title characters traded propaganda-laden wisecracks.

Charges of treason
On July 26, 1943, Kaltenbach, along with Max Otto Koischwitz, Jane Anderson ("The Georgia Peach"), Edward Delaney, Constance Drexel, Robert Henry Best, Douglas Chandler and Ezra Pound, was indicted by a District of Columbia grand jury on charges of treason.

Disillusionment with Nazism

In the months following Kaltenbach's US indictment for treason in 1943, the frequency of his radio broadcasts diminished and his position as the leading American broadcaster was taken by two collaborators, Mildred Gillars and Douglas Chandler.

From 1944, Kaltenbach's health declined as he began to suffer from heart problems and asthma. He also became disenchanted with Hitler and Nazism, often refusing to broadcast and going on strike, sometimes for months at a time. This alienated his fellow American collaborators and resulted in confrontation, especially with their British colleague, William Joyce, on whom the Lord Haw-Haw nickname had finally settled.

Towards the end of the war, Kaltenbach attempted to ingratiate himself with anti-Nazi elements and religious elements associated with Pastor Martin Niemöller.

He could still be heard intermittently in North America and by American forces in Europe up to early 1945.

Capture and death

After Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, his wife reported to the US Army that her husband had been arrested at the family home in Berlin by Soviet troops on May 15, 1945. The Soviets refused American requests to surrender custody and later reported that Kaltenbach had died in Soviet Special Camp 2 in Buchenwald at an unspecified date in October 1945. The State Department agreed and the US District Court dismissed the indictment against Kaltenbach on April 13, 1948.

References

External links
Courtroom Battle of World War II (Part 1 of 3). contains information on the careers and fates of some of the Nazi broadcasters and other collaborators.
Courtroom Battles of World War II (Part 2 of 3).
Courtroom Battles of World War II (Part 3 of 3).

1895 births
1945 deaths
American broadcasters for Nazi Germany
American people of German descent
American people imprisoned in the Soviet Union
American people who died in prison custody
Grinnell College alumni
University of Chicago alumni
People from Dubuque, Iowa
People from Waterloo, Iowa
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army officers
Military personnel from Iowa
People who died in NKVD special camp Nr. 2
Nazis who died in prison custody
Treason in the United States
People charged with treason
Prisoners and detainees of Germany

Frederick Wilhelm Kaltenbach


هل المقصود:
 المحل من الحل، وهو المذيب

 شعب المحليين
 لغة المحلين

 المُحل: الرافعة البسيطة
 المُحلّ: المذيب في الكيمياء
 المَحِلّ: المتجر، مثلًا محل البقالة، أو أيّ مكان مُحدّد (موقع) مثلًا محل الاقتراع
 المَحَلْ:  ال قحط، أي جفاف  الأرض  ، يقال محل البلد أي أنقطع عنه المطر فيبست أرضه

محل (توضيح)


Ricardo Oliveira de Sousa Trepa (* 28. Oktober 1972 in Porto) ist ein portugiesischer Schauspieler.

Leben

Der Enkel des Regisseurs Manoel de Oliveira (1908–2015) erwarb einige Kenntnisse über das Kino in Nicolau Breyners Produktionsfirma NBP, unter Anleitung des Regisseurs José Fonseca e Costa. Neben gelegentlichen Rollen in Fernsehserien oder Filmen anderer Regisseure ist Trêpa vor allem Schauspieler in Werken seines Großvaters. Neben den renommierten Darstellern in den Filmen Oliveiras blieb er dabei aus Sicht der Kritik bislang farblos.

Filmografie

Literatur
 Jorge Leitão Ramos: Dicionário do Cinema Português 1989-2003. Editorial Caminho, Lissabon 2005, ISBN 972-21-1763-7

Weblinks

Siehe auch
 Portugiesischer Film

Einzelnachweise

Manoel de Oliveira
Filmschauspieler
Person (Porto)
Portugiese
Geboren 1972
Mann

Ricardo Trêpa


Johan Libéreau (n. París, Isla de Francia, Francia, 27 de septiembre de 1984) es un actor francés de cine y televisión.

Johan, logró reconocimiento y fama internacional en el año 2005 por su papel "Mickael", en el largometraje "Douches Froids" (Duchas Frías) del director Anthony Cordier.

Libéreau es ganador del premio "Mejor Actor Revelación 2005" por su interpretación en "Douches Froids" otorgado por L'Académie des Lumières, obtuvo el premio de Cinemas MK2 al "Mejor Actor" por su personaje Manu en "Les Témoins", fue nominado "Mejor Actor Revelación" para los Premios César en la edición 2008, también ha sido seleccionado en la "Semana de la Crítica" por su participación en "Belle épine", en el Festival de Cannes 2010.

Biografía
Johan Libéreau, se crio en el distrito 20 de París. Es un modesto joven que por extrañas causas del destino fue a parar al cine. Calderero de profesión, posteriormente trabajará como aprendiz de repostería. Su rostro encantador y seductor esconde una adolescencia agitada y difícil.

Es el año 2003, en un tren, cuando Johan, quien va de camino a casa de sus padres, encuentra a una joven llorando, él, se acerca a consolarla y después de unos minutos logró dibujar en el rostro de aquella joven una sonrisa. Un agente artístico, quién había visto aquella escena, se acercó a él y lo persuadió para que realizara una audición. Es a partir de este momento que las cosas para Johan cambiarían de forma drástica.

Durante ese año, y haciendo caso de aquel agente, incursiona en el mundo de la actuación, participando en papeles irrelevantes en las series televisivas "Julie Lescaut",  "Malone" y en la película "Tais-toi!". En el año 2004 participa nuevamente en televisión apareciendo en la serie "Madame le proviseur".

Es en el año 2005 que Johan, tras una audición, es seleccionado y protagonizará "Douches Froids" de Anthony Cordier, siendo este su primer protagónico en cine donde interpreta a un joven quien se cuestiona si la formación recibida durante su niñez es relevante al comienzo de su edad adulta, papel que lo hará acreedor al premio "Mejor Filme Debut" a través de la funadción "Diana et Lucien Barrière" y el premio al "Mejor Actor Revelación 2005", otorgado por "L'Académie des Lumières". Acto seguido dará vida a Georgi, personaje principal del cortometraje "Dans le Rang" del director Cyprien Vial en el año 2006.

Tres meses más tarde, debido a la calidad interpretativa hecha en su largometraje debut, André Téchiné, le realiza una audición para el papel principal de su próxima película. Es de esta forma que Libéreau, en el año 2007, entra al elenco de "Les Témoins", filme en el que personificará a un homosexual que contrae SIDA en la época de los 80's, llevándose el premio "Mejor Actor" expedido por las salas de cine MK2 y la nominación a "Mejor Esperanza" en los Premios César 2008.

Posteriormente realizará "Un Coeur Simple", seguida por "Stella", también participará en "Je te Mangerais" y "Madame" en el mismo año.

Al año siguiente es tomado por Abel Ferry para protagonizar "Vertige". En 2010 Johan continuará vigente en cartelera participando en la comedia "Blind Test", del director George Buquet, retomará el proyecto "Belle épine" al lado de la nueva generación del cine francés Léa Sevdoux y Anaïs Demoustier, rodaje en el que interpreta a un joven del circuito salvaje de Rungis. También actúa en el programa piloto de la serie televisiva "Blast" del director Jean-Philippe Grédigui y en el largometraje "La Brindille".

En el año 2011, Johan continúa trabajando en cine, interpretando a Nino Bramsi en la película "J'aime regarder les filles" de Frédéric Louf, en "L'enfant d'en haut" de Ursula Meier y en el cortometraje de Sarah Marx Fatum.

Trayectoria

Cine
 2003: Tais-toi! de Francis Veber - Ladrón de Coches
 2005: Douches froides de Anthony Crdier - Mickael
 2006: Le Grand Meaulnes de Jean Daniel Verhaghe - Mouchebouef
 2007: Les Témoins de André Téchiné - Manu
 2008: Un Coeur Simple de Marion Laine - Víctor Joven
 2008: Stella de Sylvie Verheyde - Loïc
 2008: Je te mangerais de Sophie Laloy - Sami Decker
 2009: Vertige de Abel Ferry - Loïc
 2009: Q de Laurent Bouhnik - Manu
 2009: Blind Test George Ruqet - Vinko
 2010: L'étranger de Franck Llopis - William Romeo
 2010: Belle Épine de Rebecca Zlotowski - Franck
 2010: Voie rapide de Christophe Sahr - Alex
 2010: La Brindille de Emmanuelle Millet - Thomas
 2011: J'aime regarder les filles de Frédéric Louf - Nino Bramsi
 2012: Voie rapide de Christophe Sahr - Alex
 2012: Furax de Nathan George - Vinc : El Artista
 2013: 11.6 de Philippe Godeau - Viktor
 2013: Grand Central de Rebecca Zlotowski
 2013 : Une braise sur la neige de Boris Baum - Bach
 2014 : Super Z de Julien de Volte et Arnaud Tabarly - Gertre

Cortometrajes
 2006: Dans le rang de Cyprien Vial - Georgi.
 2006: Le plongeon de Philippe Deschamps - Papel Secundario.
 2007: Jérôme de Philippe Deschamps - Jérôme.
 2007: New Love de Laurence Cauriat - Papel Secundario. Inglés.
 2008: Madame de Cyprien Vial - Pierre.
 2009: Le Chemin de Croix Cyril Legann - Vincent.
 2009: Loin de nous la sagesse de Eva Poiriet - Cédric.
 2009: Au fond de l'eau de Tigrane Avédikian - Vincent.
 2011: L'enfant d'en haut de Ursula Meier - Papel Secundario.
 2011: Fatum de Sarah Marx - Julien.
 2011: Le Marin masqué de Sophie Letourneur - le Marin masqué
 2011: Vincent et Rebecca de Céline Savoldelli - Vincent
 2011: Ernest 45 de Céline Savoldelli - Un SDF
 2012: Souvenir de Hichem Benderradji - Aurélien

Televisión
 2003: Julie Lescaut de Luc Goldenberg - Asaltante, en el episodio "Sans Pardon" (Sin Perdón).
 2003: Malone de Franck Appréderis - Ladrón de Scooter, en el episodio "Ascenseur pour Deux" (Ascensor para Dos).
 2004: Madame le proviseur de Philippe Bérenger - Estudiante Leguay.
 2010: Blast piloto de una serie de Jean-Philippe Grédigui - Alex.
 2012: Engrenages Temporada 4 - Rodi Ozbek
 2014 : Ceux de 14 de Olivier Schatzky

Premios y nominaciones
 2005: Seleccionado a "La Quinzaine des Réalisateurs" (La Quincena de Realizadores), Festival de Cannes por "Douches Froids" (Duchas Frías) de Anthony Cordier.
 2005: Premio "Meilleur Premier Film" (Mejor Filme Debut) otorgado por la fundación "Diana et Lucien Barrière" por "Douches Froids" (Duchas Frías) de Anthony Cordier.
 2005: Premio al "Meilleur Espoir Masculin" (Mejor Actor Revelación) otorgado por "L'Académie des Lumières" por "Douches Froids" (Duchas Frías) de Anthony Cordier.
 2006: Premio SACD al "Meilleur Court-métrage" (Mejor Cortometraje) en el Festival de Cannes 2006 por "Dans le rang" de Cyprien Vial.
 2008: Nominación en la categoría "Meilleur Espoir" (Mejor Actor Revelación) en los Premios César por "Les Témoins" de André Téchiné.
 2008: Premio al "Meilleur Acteur" (Mejor Actor) otorgado por los cinemas MK2 por su personaje "Manu" en "Les Témoins", de André Téchiné.
 2008: Premio al "Meilleur Jeune Espoir Masculin" (Mejor Actor Joven Promesa), por el jurado del Festival "Jean Carmet" por "Dans le rang" de Cyprien Vial.
 2010: Seleccionado a "La Seamaine de la Critique" (Semana de la Crítica) en el Festival de Cannes 2010 por "Belle épine" de Rebecca Zlotowski.
 2011: Premio a "Prix du Public d'Interprétation Masculine et Féminine dans un Second Rôle" (Interpretación Masculina en Papel Secundario) por el público del Festival "Jean Carmet" por "La Brindille".

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 .

Actores de Francia
Actores de cine de Francia
Nacidos en París

Johan Libéreau


Dillsboro steht für:
 Dillsboro (Indiana), eine Stadt in Indiana, USA
 Dillsboro (North Carolina), eine Stadt in North Carolina, USA

Dillsboro


Henry Calthorpe Blofeld, OBE (born 23 September 1939) nicknamed Blowers by Brian Johnston, is an English retired sports journalist, broadcaster and amateur ornithologist best known as a cricket commentator for Test Match Special on BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra. He has established a reputation as a commentator with an accent, vocabulary and syntax that is quintessentially Old Etonian both in style and substance. He also writes on cricket and has authored eight books to date.

Early life
Blofeld's family were landowners at Hoveton in Norfolk and he was the youngest of three siblings. His elder brother, Sir John Blofeld, became a High Court judge. Henry's father (Thomas Robert Calthorpe Blofeld, 1903–1986) was at Eton with Ian Fleming and his name is believed to have been the inspiration for the name of James Bond supervillain, Ernst Stavro Blofeld.

Blofeld is a distant relative of the Honourable Freddie Calthorpe, a former England Test captain, but, contrary to common belief, he is not Calthorpe's nephew.

Education
Blofeld was educated at Sunningdale School and at Eton College, followed by King's College, Cambridge, but failed both his final exams "by an innings".

School cricket
Blofeld played cricket at both Sunningdale and Eton. He was wicket-keeper for the Eton College First XI and had an exceptional career as a schoolboy cricketer. In 1956, Blofeld scored 104 not out for a Public Schools team against the Combined Services, and he was given the Cricket Society's award for the most promising young player of the season. Appointed Eton captain in his final year at school, Blofeld suffered a very serious accident, when he was hit by a bus while riding a bicycle, remaining unconscious for 28 days.

First-class cricket at Cambridge
Although his injuries curtailed his subsequent cricketing career, Blofeld did go on to play 16 first-class matches for Cambridge University during 1958 and 1959. The 1958 side was skippered by future England captain Ted Dexter and his first victim behind the stumps, on his debut for Cambridge against Kent, was also another future England captain, Colin Cowdrey, whom he caught off Dexter's bowling. He was unable to obtain a regular place in the side as a wicket keeper and only played in that position when first choice Chris Howland was unavailable. Of the 16 games that Blofeld played for Cambridge (five in 1958 and 11 in 1959), he kept wicket in only four of them.

In 1959, Blofeld played in half of the university fixtures, including the Varsity Match against Oxford, where he won his Blue "as an opening batsman of sorts... the worst Blue awarded since the war" according to Blofeld himself. Fittingly, he made his only first-class century against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's in July 1959, in his penultimate game for Cambridge. He attended King's College, Cambridge, but left after two years without receiving a degree.

In his only match for Free Foresters, against Cambridge University in 1960, Blofeld kept wicket. His last first-class victim was Howland, captaining Cambridge that year. He played one Gillette Cup match for a minor county, Norfolk against Hampshire in 1965 under the captaincy of Bill Edrich, who was 49 years old at the time. Playing as an opening batsman, Blofeld top scored for his side with 60.

Life and career

Sports journalism
Blofeld took a job at the merchant bank Robert Benson Lonsdale for three years, but it was not to his taste and he drifted into sports journalism. He reported on the England tour to India in 1963–4 for The Guardian, and was close to being picked as an emergency batsman to replace the ill Micky Stewart for the 2nd Test in Bombay. When he was told by David Clark, the tour manager, that he might have to play, Blofeld replied "I would certainly play if needed, but if I scored 50 or upwards in either innings I was damned if I would stand down for the Calcutta Test". On the day of the Test Stewart discharged himself from hospital and played despite his illness. After tea on the first day, Stewart was rushed back to hospital and played no further part in the tour. Blofeld continued as a print journalist until 1972 when he joined the Test Match Special team. He had also previously commentated for ITV in the 1960s.

Test Match Special
Blofeld was a regular commentator for TMS from 1972 to 2017, except for a period at BSkyB from 1991 to 1994. Blofeld's cricket commentary was characterised by his plummy voice and his idiosyncratic mention of superfluous details regarding the scene, including things such as construction cranes or numbers of pink shirts in the crowd; as well as pigeons, buses, aeroplanes and helicopters that happen to be passing by. After the tea and lunch breaks he was also known to talk for extended periods of time about the food on offer, in particular cakes, with occasional interruptions to describe the situation on the field. He also used the phrase "my dear old thing".

In 1995, Blofeld was censured for an allegedly antisemitic comment made live on-air on Test Match Special, when broadcasting from Headingley. He referred to onlookers watching a match from the balcony of a tall building outside the ground at Headingley as being at "the Jewish end". Blofeld and the BBC apologised for a comment that was "not spawned by malice".

From 2006 he commentated less frequently, missing the 2007 World Cup, despite having covered the opening ceremonies of the two preceding World Cups in 2003 and 1999 for TMS. Speaking to Michael Parkinson about this on BBC Radio 2 on 26 August 2007, he responded to the question of why he was commentating less these days, by remarking that "they obviously want to bring in new faces" adding that during the Ashes series during 2006–7 "I felt in a funny way that I wasn't part of it any more". During the summer 2008 season, he resumed a full commentating quota on Tests and ODIs.

Blofeld missed the 2009 home test series against South Africa but returned for the 2010 home series against Pakistan. He did not cover the Ashes series in Australia during 2010–11 but returned for the Indian tour of England in Summer 2011. In January 2012, he rejoined the TMS team covering England's tour of the United Arab Emirates against Pakistan and also the autumn 2012 England tour of India.

On 23 June 2017, Blofeld announced his retirement as a BBC Test Match Special commentator. His last test commentary was when England played West Indies at Lord's on 9 September 2017. He was given a standing ovation on a lap of the ground following the match.

Outside sport
Blofeld was awarded an OBE for services to broadcasting in 2003. The following year, he appeared alongside Fred Trueman in the "Tertiary Phase" of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy radio series playing himself. Blofeld has written a partly autobiographical book entitled My Dear Old Thing: Talking Cricket. He undertakes an "Evening With Blowers" theatrical show which has toured all over the UK, as well as many other public speaking engagements. Together with TMS producer Peter Baxter he tours with the theatrical show Memories of Test Match Special from 2013 on. His fourth book was entitled Squeezing the Orange.

In November 2003, Blofeld was the castaway on Desert Island Discs with his favourite selection being the classic Brian Johnston and Jonathan Agnew TMS exchange "Getting your leg over".

Outside cricket, Blofeld's favourite hobby is "drinking wine", followed by "eating food" and "going out." He has his own Côtes du Rhône label which he markets as Blowers' Rhône and unashamedly promotes this during his one-man theatrical chat shows An Evening With Blowers, that he mainly performs during the cricket close season. The show has been recorded on DVD and CD. He often wears vividly coloured outfits, which he ascribes to partial colour blindness.

Blofeld celebrated his 70th birthday by hosting an evening show in front of 2000 paying "guests" at the Royal Albert Hall, with appearances on stage by friends such as TMS commentator Jonathan Agnew, who narrated the event live, West Indian commentator Tony Cozier, TV personality Stephen Fry, cricket journalist John Woodcock, TV celebrity Christine Hamilton and his elder brother, former High Court Judge Sir John Blofeld.

In January 2015 Blofeld was a guest, and the winner, on the BBC One's comedy series Room 101. In December 2017 he was a guest on the BBC One comedy panel show Would I Lie to You? He was one of the travellers in series 4 of the Twofour production The Real Marigold Hotel.

Personal life
Blofeld has been married three times and divorced twice. He has a daughter, Suki (born 1964), with his first wife. He separated from his Swedish second wife, Bitten, in 2007. He had a double heart bypass operation in 1999 after being diagnosed with angina and was given the last rites after he nearly died in intensive care following the operation. Blofeld lived in Chelsea for many years, but moved to Menorca in 2018.

In a Boxing Day 2013 interview on the Radio New Zealand Summer Noelle programme, Blofeld said he had recently married an Italian woman, Valeria.  his main occupation was on stage at the theatre.

Blofeld published an autobiography, Squeezing the Orange, in 2013. The book recounts his personal and professional life, including encounters with various celebrities and politicians, and a 46-day road trip from London to Bombay in a vintage Rolls-Royce. In 2017 he published Over and Out, a recollection of his years spent with the Test Match Special team.

References

Published books
Cricket in Three Moods: Eighteen Months of Test Cricket and the Ways of Life Behind it, The Sportsmans Book Club, 1971
The Packer Affair, Collins, 1978 ()
One Test After Another: Life in International Cricket, Stanly Paul, 1985 ()
My Dear Old Thing: Talking Cricket, Stanley Paul, 1988 ()
A Thirst for Life, Hodder & Stoughton, 2001 ()
Cricket and All That, Coronet, 2001 ()
Squeezing the Orange, Harper Collins, 2013 ()
Over and Out: My Innings of a Lifetime with Test Match Special, Hodder & Stoughton, 2017 ()

External links

1939 births
Living people
People from Hoveton
English cricketers
Norfolk cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Sunningdale School
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
English cricket commentators
BBC sports presenters and reporters
English sportswriters
Gough-Calthorpe family
English male non-fiction writers
Sportspeople from Norfolk
Cricketers from Norfolk

Henry Blofeld


Jozo Marević (Bagalović, Metković, Južna Hrvatska, 25. travnja 1940.), hrvatski leksikograf. Živi i radi u Velikoj Gorici.

Životopis
Rodio se je 1940. u Bagalovićima. U Opuzenu je završio osnovnu školu, u Dubrovniku na Isusovačkom kolegiju (Collegium Ragusinum) klasičnu gimnaziju, diplomirao je njemački jezik i književnost i latinski jezik i književnost. Dvije je godine radio u osnovnoj školi i šest godina u srednjoj školi, a od 1971. zaposlenik je Školske knjige, nakladnika gdje je dugo vremena vodio društveno-humanističko uredništvo.

Magistrirao je i doktorirao na temu pedagoškog marketinga. Na sajmu knjiga u Frankfurtu, najvećoj svjetskoj smotri knjiga, organizirao je i vodio nastup hrvatskih nakladnika od 1990. do 1994. godine.

Sa skupinom povijesnih istinoljubaca iz Hrvatske i svijeta organizirao je tri međunarodna znanstvena simpozija o Bleiburgu i križnim putovima (1993. u Bleiburgu, 1994. u Zagrebu i Bleiburgu, 1995. u Bleiburgu). Uredio je tri zbornika radova s ta tri simpozija.

Član je brojnih tuzemnih i inozemnih udruga i asocijacija. Ističu se:
Svjetska asocijacija kibernetičara
 Njemačko-hrvatsko društvo u Hamburgu
 Hrvatsko-njemačko društvo u Zagrebu
 Društvo hrvatskih klasičnih filologa
 Akademija odgojnih znanosti u Zagrebu
 Dopisni je član Akademije nauka iz San Marina.

Istaknuta djela su mu Hrvatsko-latinski rječnik i Latinsko-hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik, a njegov Osmojezični medicinski enciklopedijski rječnik (latinski, engleski, francuski, njemački, španjolski, talijanski, esperanto i hrvatski) koji je objavio 2016. godine, prvi je takav na svijetu. Rječnik je koncizan i informativan, s 50 000 pojmova, odnosno jezičnih jedinica i sintagma na 3 184 stranice enciklopedijskog formata. Rječnik je stvarao više od deset godina, a napravio ga je zbog potrebe za višejezičnim rječnikom, jer premda je do sada latinski bio univerzalni jezik medicine, u novije doba sve se više odstupa od unificirane komunikacije u medicini i počinju se rabiti nacionalni jezici, što je po svijetu rezultiralo nerazumijevanjem i nesnalaženjem te je nastala potreba za ovakvim opsežnim rječnikom.

Nagrade
1998. je godine dobio godišnju državnu nagradu za najbolje leksikografsko djelo Mate Ujević u prošloj, 1997. godini. Dobio ju je za djelo Hrvatsko-latinski rječnik, enciklopedijski rječnik na više od dvije tisuce stranica donosi s oko tri milijuna različitih hrvatskih obavijesnih jezičnih natuknica prevedenih na latinski jezik.

2001. Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija nagradila ga je za Latinsko-hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik.

Izvori

Hrvatski leksikografi

Jozo Marević


Carrierea calycina es una especie de árbol de la familia del sauce. Es originaria de China.

Descripción

Es un árbol que alcanza una altura de 12-16 m, con ramillas grisáceas y glabras; su corteza es de color negro-marrón. Su pecíolo tiene una longitud de (2.5-) 3-7 cm. Las láminas de sus hojas tienen el envés verde y sus haces son verde profundo. Las hojas, además, poseen una forma variable: aovado-oblonga, oblonga o un poco obovada, o elíptica (menos a menudo). El área de estas es de (8-) 9-14 × 4-6 cm, en su mayoría son más largas que anchas. La inflorescencia es terminal, con hasta 10 flores, con brácteas desde lanceoladas a estrechamente elipsoidales, de 1-3 cm, como de papel, sus flores están dulcemente perfumadas. Posee pedicelos de 1,2-3 cm. Su fruto es una cápsula fusiforme, ligeramente curvada, de 3-8 cm, tomentosa, con semillas aladas de 1-1.5 cm y oblongo-obovadas.

Distribución y hábitat
Se encuentra en los bosques y en los márgenes de estos, a una altitud  de 1300-1600 m, en Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan y Yunnan.

Taxonomía
Carrierea calycina fue descrita por primera vez por Adrien René Franchet en la revista Revue Horticole 68: 497, f. 170, en el año 1896.
Sinonimia
Carrierea rehderiana Sleumer

Referencias

Bibliografía
  Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2007. Fl. China 13: 1–548. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.

Enlaces externos
 UBC Botany Photo of the Day

Salicaceae
Árboles de China

Carrierea calycina


Sommersdorf ist ein Ortsteil der Stadt Gräfenthal im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt in Thüringen.

Lage
Der Weiler Sommersdorf liegt auf einer hochplateauartigen Anhöhe des Thüringer Schiefergebirges. Die Nutzfläche liegt mitten im Wald. Die Zufahrtsstraße zweigt von der Landesstraße 1098 ab und wird vom Sommersdorfer Viadukt der Bahnstrecke Probstzella–Neuhaus am Rennweg gequert.

Geschichte
Am 23. April 1394 wurde der Weiler erstmals urkundlich genannt. Derzeit (2012) wohnen 53 Personen im Ort.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Gräfenthal
Ort im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Ersterwähnung 1394
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt)
Gemeindeauflösung 1979

Sommersdorf (Gräfenthal)


prof. mr. Ivanka Madunić Kuzmanović, hrvatska je povjesničarka i pjesnikinja iz SAD-a. Profesorica je povijesti u Milwaukeeu.

Gimnaziju je pohađala u Splitu, a studirala u Zagrebu. Veliki uzor u mladosti bio joj je Bruno Bušić, kojemu je i posvetila pjesmu.

U duetu s Dragoslavom Genčić i uz pratnju Tamburaškog orkestra RTV Novi Sad izdala je u travnju 1973. vinil ploču "Vojvodino ravna" pri diskografskoj kući PGP Radio Kruševac.

Članica je udruge "Hrvatska izvandomovinska lirika" (HIL) koja okuplja hrvatske pjesnike izvan Hrvatske. Predsjednica je ogranka HIL-a u New Yorku te je bila i recenzent u nekoliko izdanja ogranka. Spomenuti ogranak izdao joj je i zbirku pjesama.

Redovita je sudionica pjesničkih večeri i susreta članova HIL-a u Hrvatskoj.

Izvori

Hrvati u SAD-u
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvatski povjesničari

Ivanka Mandunić Kuzmanović


Reform UK er et britisk højrepopulistisk politisk parti, som blev dannet i november 2018 under navnet Brexit Party, og støttede en såkaldt no-deal Brexit. Efter at Brexit blev gennemført i januar 2020, blev partiet omdøbt til Reform UK, og har været aktiv i en bredere politisk scene.

Historie

Brexit Party
Partiet blev dannet af tidligere UK Independence Party talsmand Catherine Blaiklock, med fuld støtte fra Nigel Farage, i november 2018, og projektet blev offentliggjort i januar 2019. Blaiklock trådte ned som partiformand i marts 2019 som resultat af kritik over islamofobiske tweets hun havde lavet mellem 2017 og 2019. Som resultat overtog Farage rollen som partiformand for Brexitpartiet.

Mange af partiets medlemmer kom til partiet i protest mod den nyvalgte UKIP-formand Gerard Batten, og i februar 2019 havde i alt ni europaparlamentarikere, som tidligere havde været valgt for UKIP, skiftet til Brexitpartiet. Yderlige fem parlamentarikere skiftede til partiet, og i alt skiftede 14 ud af UKIPs 24 europaparlamentarikere til Brexitpartiet over disse måneder.

Partiets debutvalg var Europa-Parlamentsvalget 2019, hvor at partiet vandt 31,6% af stemmerne og 29 mandater, som gjorde dem til det markant største parti i landet. Dette var dog kortvarigt, da Brexit blev færdiggjort i januar 2020, og dermed ophørte alle britiske plader i Europa-Parlamentet. Partiet deltog også i Parlamentsvalget i Storbritannien 2019, men vandt her ingen repræsentation.

Reform UK
Farage annoncerede i december 2019, at partiet ville skifte partinavn, og sætte fokus på andre reformer efter Brexit, hovedsageligt omkring reform af det britiske valgsystem. Partiets rebranding til Reform UK blev officielt i november 2020, og partiet optog i denne kontekst også en ny hovedposition, som et protestparti imod nedlukninger som resultat af Coronaviruspandemien. I januar 2021 godkendte den britiske valgkomission det nye navn, og partiet var officielt nu Reform UK.

I marts 2021 trådte Farage tilbage som formand, og blev erstattet af Richard Tice. Farage forblev aktiv i partiet gennem den nyoprettet position som partiets ærespræsident.

Ideologi
Partiet opstod i stor grad som et enkeltsagsparti med fokus på at støtte et hårdt Brexit. Farage sagde i april 2019, at partiet havde i stor grad samme tankegods som UK Independence Party, men ikke havde de samme personer, som havde drevet medlemmer væk fra UKIP.

Efter at Brexit var gennemført, reformerede partiet imod fokus på mere traditional nationalkonservativ og højrepopulistisk politk, især indenfor områder som indvandring og økonomi. Partiet har også et særligt fokus på reform af valgsystemet i Storbritannien, da de ønsker at bevæge sig imod et mere repræsentativt system. Partiet blev under Coronaviruspandemien fokuseret på at stå i modstand til nedlukningerne.

Valgresultater

Nationale valg

Lokale valg

Europæiske valg

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 2019
Politiske partier i Storbritannien

Reform UK


NGC 157 este o galaxie spirală situată în constelația Balena. Are o lungime de aproximativ 90.000 de ani-lumină. NGC 157 a fost descoperită în 13 decembrie 1783 de către William Herschel. De asemenea, a fost observată încă o dată în 20 septembrie 1865 de către Heinrich Louis d'Arrest și în 28 octombrie 1878 de către Édouard Stephan.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 156
 NGC 158

Legături externe
 NGC 157 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 157 pe WikiSky

Galaxii spirale
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1783
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 157


Allison Beth Krause ( /k r aʊ s / ; 23 avril 1951 - 4 mai 1970) est étudiante américaine de l'université d'État de Kent à Kent (Ohio) tuée par des soldats de la Garde nationale de l'Ohio, alors qu'elle protestait contre l'invasion du Cambodge et la présence de la Garde nationale sur le campus de l'université.

Biographie
Allison Krause est née à Cleveland, Ohio. Elle est fille de Doris Lillian (Levine) et d'Arthur Selwyn Krause. Elle avait une sœur cadette, Laurel. Krause était juif. Elle a fait ses études secondaires au lycée John F. Kennedy à Silver Spring, dans le Maryland. Ses parents ont déménagé à Churchill, en Pennsylvanie, l'été avant qu'elle ne commence à fréquenter l'université d'État de Kent.

Fusillade de l'université d'État de Kent

Lors d'une manifestation contre  l'invasion du Cambodge et la présence de la Garde nationale sur le campus de l'université d'État de Kent, des gardes nationaux ont ouvert le feu, à une distance d'une centaine de mètres environ, sur un groupe d'étudiants non armés, tuant quatre d'entre eux. Allison Krause a reçu une balle dans le côté gauche de sa poitrine qui lui a causé une blessure mortelle. L'autopsie a révélé qu'une balle de fusil est entrée et sortie de son bras supérieur gauche, puis est entrée dans le côté gauche de sa poitrine, se fragmentant à l'impact et provoquant un traumatisme interne majeur. Allison est décédée des suites de ses blessures le jour même.

Au total, les gardes ont tiré 67 coups de feu en 13 secondes. Les autres étudiants tués dans la fusillade étaient Jeffrey Glenn Miller, Sandra Lee Scheuer et William Knox Schroeder. En outre, neuf autres étudiants ont été blessés.

Suites
La fusillade a conduit à des manifestations et à une grève nationale des étudiants, provoquant la fermeture de centaines de campus en raison de manifestations violentes et non violentes. Le campus de l'université de Kent est resté fermé pendant six semaines. Cinq jours après la fusillade, 100 000 personnes ont manifesté à Washington contre la Guerre du Viêt Nam. Le père de Krause a continué de la presse pour la vérité et la justice sur ce qui s'est passé ce jour-là et a poursuivi les autorités devant les tribunaux pendant près de 10 ans après la mort de sa fille. La famille d'Allison Krause a finalement reçu une «déclaration de regret» et 15 000 $ de l'État de l'Ohio pour sa disparition.

En 2010, la sœur d'Allison, Laurel, a fondé le Kent State Truth Tribunal (KSTT) avec Emily Kunstler. Cette initiative avait pour vu de rechercher, d'enregistrer et de conserver les témoignages de témoins, de participants et d'individus significativement impliqués dans la fusillade de l'université d'État de Kent. Michael Moore a diffusé en direct tous les témoignages de KSTT sur son site Web.

Filmographie

 Allison (réal. Richard Myers, 1971)

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Krause, Arthur S. (1972). "May 4, 1970." The New York Times, May 4, 1972.
Krause, Arthur S. (1978). "A Memo to Mr. Nixon." The New York Times, May 7, 1978.

Liens externes

 Poème dédié à Allison Krause : "Des balles et des fleurs" . Le mensuel Kudzu . Archivé de l'original (traduit par Anthony Kahn) le 21 avril 2007 . Récupéré le 08/05/2007 .
 Chronique : Les fleurs sont-elles meilleures que les balles ?
 Tribunal de vérité de l'État de Kent

Étudiant de l'université d'État de Kent
Militant américain contre la guerre du Viêt Nam
Garde nationale des États-Unis
Naissance en avril 1951
Décès en mai 1970
Décès à 19 ans

Allison Krause


Alvarães adını taşıyan Brezilya'da yerleşim birimi:

 Alvarães - Amazonas eyâletinde şehir.

Alvarães adını taşıyan Portekiz'de yerleşim birimi:

 Alvarães - Viana do Castelo belediyesinde bucak.

Alvarães


Ildefonso L. García del Corral (Jerez de la Frontera, 1848 - Barcelona, 1919) fue un abogado, jurisconsulto, traductor y escritor español.

Biografía
Estudió la carrera de Derecho y Filosofía en Sevilla para más tarde mudarse a Madrid. Contrajo matrimonio con María de Alcalá y Villanueva en 1876.
En 1879 se traslada a Barcelona, colaborando con la Gaceta de Cataluña y La Publicidad. Se vincula, en 1906, a Solidaridad Catalana, y más tarde a la Unión Federal Nacionalista Republicana (UFNR). Fue una de los dirigentes de reformismo barcelonés. Tradujo al castellano, en seis volúmenes, el Corpus Iuris Civilis, trabajo que se desarrolló entre 1889 y 1898.

Referencias
La Esquella de la Torratxa, (10 de diciembre de 1909.)

Escritores de Jerez
Traductores de España del siglo XIX
Traductores de España del siglo XX
Juristas de España del siglo XIX
Juristas de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Jerez de la Frontera
Fallecidos en Barcelona

Ildefonso García del Corral


Daniel Moreira (født 8. august 1977 i Maubeuge, Frankrig) er en fransk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

Moreira tilbragte hele sin 15 år lange karriere i hjemlandet, hvor han blandt andet repræsenterede Guingamp, Lens og Toulouse. Han vandt pokalturneringen Coupe de la Ligue med Lens i 1999.

For det franske landshold spillede Moreira tre kampe i perioden 2002-2004. Det drejede sig om to venskabskampe mod Serbien-Montenegro og Egypten, samt en VM-kvalifikationskamp mod Cypern.

Titler
Coupe de la Ligue
 1999 med RC Lens

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Frankrig
Fodboldspillere fra RC Lens
Fodboldspillere fra En Avant Guingamp
Fodboldspillere fra Toulouse FC
Fodboldspillere fra Stade Rennais FC
Fodboldspillere fra Grenoble Foot 38
Fodboldspillere fra Valenciennes FC
Fodboldspillere fra US Boulogne

Daniel Moreira


මධ්‍යන්‍ය සූර්ය දවසකින් 1/24 හෝරාවක්() හෙවත් ඔරලෝසු පැයක් වේ. h මෙහි si සංකේතය වෙි. ඔරලෝසු පැයකට මිනිත්තු වලින් නම් 60ක්ද තප්පර වලින් නම් 3 600ක්ද ඇත.

ආශ්‍රිත
 සූර්ය දවස
 පැය

ඔරලෝසු පැය