Allegheny College is a private liberal arts college in Meadville, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1815, Allegheny is the oldest college in continuous existence under the same name west of the Allegheny Mountains. It is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Presidents' Athletic Conference, and it is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

History

Pre-colonial history
The area where Allegheny College stands was the ancestral land of the Eriechronon people until the Iroquois Confederacy forced them out. Having been displaced from their ancestral lands in what is now Eastern Pennsylvania, the Lenape or Delaware Tribe moved into the now unoccupied region. They formed an alliance with the neighboring Seneca, one of the five tribes that made up the Iroquois Confederacy, and other displaced Lenape. Under the leadership of Chief Custalog, they founded the settlement of Cussewago. This settlement would later be abandoned and claimed by David Mead to become Meadville, Pennsylvania, on May 12, 1788.

Early history
Allegheny College was founded in April 1815 by the Reverend Timothy Alden, a graduate of Harvard's School of Divinity. The college has been affiliated with the United Methodist Church since 1833 but does not integrate religion into the classroom or pedagogy.

The first class, consisting of four male students, began their studies on July 4, 1816, without any formal academic buildings. Within six years, Alden accumulated sufficient funds to begin building a campus. The first building erected, the library, was designed by Alden himself, and is a notable example of early American architecture. Bentley Hall is named in honor of Dr. William Bentley, who donated his private library to the college, a collection of considerable value and significance. In 1824, Thomas Jefferson wrote to Alden, expressing the hope that his University of Virginia could someday possess the richness of Allegheny's library. Alden served as president of the college until 1831 when financial and enrollment difficulties forced his resignation.  Ruter Hall was built in 1853.

Allegheny began admitting women in 1870, early for a US college; a woman was valedictorian of the Allegheny class of 1875. By the time Ida Tarbell, future journalist, arrived in 1876, nineteen women had attended Allegheny and only two had graduated. Tarbell described Ruter Hall in her writing, "...looking out on the town in the valley, its roofs and towers half hidden by a wealth of trees, and beyond it to a circle of round-breasted hills. Before I left Allegheny I had found a very precious thing in that severe room--the companionship there is in the silent presence of books."

In 1905, Allegheny built Alden Hall as a new and improved preparatory school. Over the decades, the college has grown in size and significance while still maintaining ties to the community.

Recent history
In 1971 the film Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me based on the Richard Farina novel was filmed on college grounds.

While the word "Allegheny" is a brand for the college, it is also the name of a county, a river, and a mountain range, and the school has tried to prevent other entities from using this word. For example, Allegheny objected in 2006 when Penn State tried to rename one of its campuses "Allegheny". Allegheny president Richard Cook said 'Allegheny' was "our brand." It sued the Philadelphia's Allegheny Health and Research Foundation in 1997 to change its name.

Under president Richard J. Cook, Allegheny was reported to have had a "stronger endowment, optimal enrollment, record retention rates, innovative new programs and many physical campus improvements." These years were marked by significant growth in the endowment, marked by a $115-million fund-raising drive, bringing the endowment to $150 million. In February 2008, James H. Mullen Jr. was named the 21st president of Allegheny. He took office on August 1, 2008.

The college and the town cooperate in many ways. One study suggested the Allegheny College generates approximately $93 million annually into Meadville and the local economy. Since 2002, Allegheny hosts classical music festivals during the summer. In October 2006, the college attracted negative publicity after local enforcement cited over 100 people for underage drinking at a college party. In July 2007, a 1,500-pound wrecking ball demolishing part of Allegheny's Pelletier Library broke its chain, rumbled down the hill, careened "back and forth across the street," hit nine parked cars, wrecked curbs, and crashed into the trunk of an Allegheny student's car, pushing his car into two cars in front of him. Eight soccer balls in his car "likely lessened the impact of the wrecking ball," and possibly spared his life, according to a police officer on the scene. The student body voted to name the library's coffee shop "The Wrecking Ball" after the event.

The college has sponsored panels on unusual topics such as face transplants (2009). Allegheny professors have joined highly visible initiatives; for example, Allegheny professor Michael Maniates, described as the "nation's leading authority on the politics of consumption," joined the board of a project about the twenty-minute film The Story of Stuff by filmmaker Annie Leonard, and generated headlines. Dr. Maniates said, "We really need to think of ways of making it possible for people to think about working less and getting by on less." At present, environmental concerns are important at Allegheny, which in 2008 worked with Siemens to devise a "total energy use reduction plan" for the college.

Campus
The campus has 40 principal buildings on a  central campus located just north of downtown Meadville, a  outdoor recreational complex north of campus, called the Robertson Athletic Complex, and the  Bousson nature reserve, protected forest, and experimental forest.

Academic buildings
 Alden Hall
 Arnold Hall of Music
 Arter Hall
 Carnegie Hall
 Carr Hall
 Doane Hall (Art)
 Doane Hall of Chemistry
 Montgomery
 Murray Hall
 Oddfellows
 Quigley Hall
 Ruter Hall
 Steffee Hall of Life Sciences
 Vukovich Center for Communication Arts features a garden roof for energy efficiency and beauty. It was completed in 2008 at a cost of $23 million. Robert Vukovich (1965) and Laura Vukovich made a substantial donation of $22 million in February 2001, part of which was used to construct the building. Allegheny has its own cable TV channels and a state-of-the-art television studio.

Residence halls
 Allegheny Commons is located about a 5-minute walk from campus and features 2 or 4 person air-conditioned apartments with full kitchens.
 Baldwin Hall is one of three all-first-year halls, houses almost 200 students in double rooms.
 Brooks Hall, in addition to being one of the main dining halls, also houses female residents in 1, 2, or 4 person rooms.
 College Court is located at the southern part of the campus and houses 77 students in apartment style units which share a common courtyard and feature a kitchen and air conditioning.
 Crawford Hall located across from the Henderson Campus Center, is community style and houses all women.
 Edwards Hall (officially Edwards House) is located near the Murray Hall and houses co-ed all first-years in double rooms.
 Hullings Hall is one of the oldest parts of the campus; it constitutes part of Brooks Hall.
 North Village houses 110 residents in air-conditioned suites with 5 residents per suite. The most environmentally friendly of all the residence halls, it features geothermal heating, eco-friendly tiles, and rainwater recharge stations
 North Village II is the newest residence hall on campus, which houses 230 residents in either quad or double living in an air-conditioned quarters.
 The Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house houses members of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.
 Ravine-Narvik Hall was built in 1970, and houses students in pods containing 4 double rooms with a shared bathroom. Located near the edge of campus, this dorm houses both male and female students.
 Schultz Hall (formerly South Hall) houses first-year students in double rooms. Located on the southern part of campus, this building also houses the Winslow Health Center.
 Delta Tau Delta's fraternity shelter was formerly known as South Highland Hall and houses members of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.
 Walker Hall and Walker-Annex Hall are adjacent and connected to Brooks Hall and house both male and female students in singles or doubles. The buildings feature recently renovated lounges which include kitchens.

Non-residential buildings
 The Pelletier Library (in 2008) had 922,540 volumes (491,284 microform titles). Another estimate was that the library had 420,000 bound volumes, 227,000 microform titles, 1,000 periodicals, and 261,000 U.S. government and Pennsylvania state documents. The library has noteworthy Americana and Ida Tarbell collections, as well as materials concerning abolitionist John Brown's years in Crawford County. computer lab, audiovisual center, and music listening system are there too. It is named after past president Lawrence L. Pelletier who served from 1955 to 1980. The Learning Commons, which is located in Pelletier Library, assists students with writing, research, public speaking and study skills, and also offers disability services.
 Newton Observatory houses a nine-inch refracting telescope and a computer-interfaced 10-inch Meade LX200 telescope with CCD camera. The Office of Public Safety and Security is also housed in the Newton Observatory.
 The Allegheny College Center for Experiential Learning (ACCEL) coordinates career internships, off-campus study programs, service-learning, pre-professional advising, and leadership development.
 A Counseling Center, which has joined the Winslow Health Center in Schultz Hall, offers guidance for students in adjusting to student life. The center is staffed by registered therapists and provides crisis and walk in hours to students, free of charge.
 Winslow Health Center is staffed by a registered nurse and offers routine diagnosis and treatment. The center also offers free STI testing to students on a monthly basis.
 The main dining facility is in Brooks Hall, and students can also dine at McKinley's Food Court in the campus center. There have been efforts by students to support the relationship between food services and local farmers. Allegheny won a $79,545 grant in May 2009 to buy equipment to help with composting food waste, including a shredder mill, screening plant, conveyor, skid-steer loader and leaf collection system.
 The Center for Political Participation was founded at Allegheny in 2002 by political science professor Daniel M. Shea, following concerns about low youth voter turnout in the 2000 presidential election. The CPP conducts scholarly research related to youth political participation; sponsors on-campus events related to politics and the electoral process, such as panel discussions; and conducts community-outreach efforts, including the Model Campaign USA program, a campaign simulation designed to get high school students interested in electoral politics.
 Henderson Campus Center was recently renovated and includes McKinley's food court, the bookstore, the game room, Grounds for Change—the student-run coffee house, the post office, and campus offices of college departments as well as student organizations. Also included in the Henderson Campus Center are the Bowman, Penelac & Megahan Art Galleries. Allegheny has auctioned art at times to raise money to renovate other projects, such as the college's Doane School of Art.

 Sports facilities include the $13 million David V. Wise Sport & Fitness Center, which opened in 1997.
 A Women's Center which is located in the basement of Walker Hall was established in 2003 to be a resource for research on gender issues and women's history.
 The college established the Center for Economic and Environmental Development in 1997.

Academics
Allegheny College's majors and minors fall into three spheres: Humanities, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences. There are some majors, such as Environmental Studies or International Studies, which fall into the interdisciplinary category. The college requires students to choose a minor as well as a major and encourages "unusual combinations" of majors and minors. A student's major can be in the humanities, social sciences or natural sciences, but that student's minor must be in a different division than their major.

Allegheny is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE).

About 30% of the college's 2,100 students graduate in one of the STEM disciplines—science, technology, engineering, and math. Students must take at least two courses (8 semester credit hours) in a discipline other than their major or minor.

The most popular majors, in terms of 2021 graduates, were:
Biology/Biological Sciences (35)
Psychology (34)
Environmental Science (33)
Economics (27)
Neuroscience (20)
English Language and Literature (20)
International Public Health/International Health (20)
Political Science and Government (20)

Total credits for graduation are 128 semester credit hours and no more than 64 credit hours can be from any one department. Almost all courses carry four semester hours of credit.

The college requires all students to take a three-seminar series which "encourages careful listening and reading, thoughtful speaking and writing, and reflective academic planning and self-exploration," to be completed in their first two years. Sophomores typically meet with faculty advisers eight times a year.

Allegheny requires seniors to complete a senior project in their major. Some senior projects can be quite ambitious; in 2007, one senior project involved comprehensive instructions for installing solar panels on the roof of a campus building.

Allegheny divides its academic calendar into two 15-week semesters. The school year typically runs from the last week of August to mid-May, with a short fall break in mid-October, a Wednesday-to-Sunday Thanksgiving break, a month-long winter break from mid-December to mid-January, and a week-long spring break in the third week of March.

It formerly had a Chinese language minor, which was discontinued with the Chinese program itself in 2022.

Study abroad
Allegheny offers direct enrollment programs at Lancaster University, England; James Cook University, Australia; University of Natal, South Africa; Capital Normal University, China; and Karl-Eberhard University, Germany. It also offers language and area studies programs in Seville, Spain; Angers, France; Karls-Eberhard University, Germany; and Querétaro, Mexico and internship programs in London, England; Paris, France; and Washington D.C. Programs geared to specific majors are also available, including environmental studies at the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Israel; and the Center for Sustainable Development, Costa Rica; marine biology at the Duke University Marine Lab in North Carolina; and political science at American University. Allegheny faculty members have led domestic summer-study tours to New York, Yellowstone, Austria, Costa Rica, and South Africa. Individually arranged study abroad has taken students to Argentina, Canada (Nova Scotia), China, Cuba, Greece, Italy, Mexico, and Scotland.

Cooperative and reciprocal programs

Allegheny has medical school cooperative programs available with three institutions:  Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Drexel University and Jefferson Medical College. Allegheny offers pre-professional programs in law and health. It has an arrangement with Drexel University College of Medicine to admit two Allegheny students who meet specific criteria (grades, MCAT scores). It has an arrangement with the William E. Simon School of Business Administration at the University of Rochester to have preferred admission to selected students by the end of their junior year. Allegheny offers cooperative 3–2 liberal arts/professional programs in engineering with Case Western Reserve University, Columbia University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Washington University in St. Louis.  There is also a 3–2 Master of Information Systems Management (MISM) program reciprocal agreement with Carnegie Mellon University.

Faculty
Four faculty won Fulbright Awards in March 2001. Faculty sometimes focus on the local area; for example, economics professor Stephen Onyeiwu conducted a study of manufacturing in the northwestern Pennsylvania region. Ninety percent of faculty have terminal degrees in their respective fields. Books by faculty include Congressional Women and Comedy from Shakespeare to Sheridan. Faculty actively publish on a wide range of subjects from the biology of woodpeckers, to structural features of ribosomal RNA, to freshwater invertebrates. In 2018, Professor Shannan Mattiace won a Fulbright Award to teach and conduct research in Chile.

Admissions
There were 5,479 applications for admission to the class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018): 3,485 were admitted (63.6%) and 474 enrolled (an admissions yield of 13.6%). The average high school GPA of enrolled freshmen was 3.51, and 35% had a high school GPA of 3.75 or higher. The middle 50% range of enrolled freshmen on SAT scores was 560–680 for reading and writing, and 560-660 for math, while the ACT Composite middle 50% range was 24–30.

Rankings

Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked Allegheny 60th among the top 100 U.S. liberal arts colleges for 2022.

U.S. News & World Report ranked Allegheny as tied for 76th among liberal arts colleges, 25th for "Best Undergraduate Teaching," tied for 38th in "Top Performers for Social Mobility", and 42nd in "Best Value Schools" in the United States for 2022.

Washington Monthly, which rates schools based on the degree to which they "contribute to the public good" by improving social mobility, producing research, and promoting service, ranked Allegheny 42nd among 203 liberal arts colleges in 2022.

Student life

Students
Students generally are required to live on campus for all four years, and may reside in traditional dormitories, apartment-style housing, or college-owned houses.

The demographics of students as of fall 2015 were: White (non-Hispanic) 75.9%; Hispanic/Latino 7.0%, Black (non-Hispanic) 5.9%; Two or more races 4.7%, Non-resident alien 2.8%, Asian & Pacific Islander 2.4%; American Indian or Alaskan native 0.1%;  Unknown 1.2% .

Allegheny students in 2008 come from 33 states and 25 other countries. Allegheny had a "diversity index" of .15 on a scale of .99=extremely diverse to .01=not diverse.

Students participate in volunteer activities: in the fall semester of 2011, the student body contributed 25,000 hours of volunteer service to the community. Some Allegheny students volunteered to help restore businesses in hurricane-ravished New Orleans. Residence halls and classrooms are closed during summers. An Allegheny Student Government has an active role in formulating college policy, curriculum choices, personal conduct, promoting cultural programs, and making decisions about the school's calendar.

Information about students is generally kept private in keeping with the 1974 "Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act" which prohibits colleges from releasing information about their students without student permission. Accordingly, parents can not learn about their son's or daughter's grades unless a waiver is signed permitting release of such information. The privacy policy can sometimes lead to problems, particularly when students have mental health problems but the school is prevented legally from contacting parents. In 2002, one Allegheny student committed suicide, and his parents sued the school; a jury in 2006 found that the school was not liable or negligent. This case helped focus national attention on the competing issues of student privacy and parental rights.

Campus security includes 24-hour foot and vehicle patrols, late night escort service, lighted pathways and sidewalks, controlled residence hall access, and 24-hour emergency telephones. Health service is offered. Despite proximity to the snowbelt, snow rarely shuts down the town of Meadville or the college.

Official college policy is to discourage underage (less than 21 years) drinking, although there have been incidents of violations at off-campus parties. Incoming students are required to take an online course about the dangers of alcohol abuse. The school punishes transgressions with disciplinary action.

Media
Students run a campus radio station WARC 90.3 FM and a publication called "The Allegheny Review" of undergraduate literature. The college hosts outside speakers. Allegheny has numerous student groups and organizations such as an astronomy club, a College Choir, an Outing Club, and a Peace Coalition. There are over 100 clubs and organizations offered at Allegheny. The Allegheny newspaper is called The Campus. It is distributed weekly at locations all over the college. It covers campus news, features, opinion and a wrap-up of the college sports. The Campus is entirely student-run, with an editorial board of students in charge of making all executive decisions for the publication. The Allegheny alternative magazine is called Overkill.  It is tri-semester student publication distributed in unconventional locations around campus, such as in vending machines, fireplaces, and  chandeliers.  It features student editorials, poetry, non-fiction and fiction pieces, art, and photography with a highly distinctive design and attitude.

Allegheny has welcomed a variety of entertainers and guest speakers over the last several years including John Updike, Dave Matthews, Dick Cheney, Bill Clinton, W.D. Snodgrass, Adam Sandler, George Carlin, The Vienna Choir Boys, Rusted Root, Ben Folds, The Roots, Stephen Lynch, The Fray, Jimmy Fallon, and comedian Wayne Brady. There have been "live" art shows in which invited artists, over an eight-hour period, created 10-by-10-foot "drawings" on gallery walls while spectators watched.

Athletics

Allegheny, known athletically as the Gators, belongs to the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC) and has NCAA Division III teams. The Gators returned to the PAC in 2022 after a 38-year absence spent in the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC); the field hockey team remains in the NCAC because the PAC does not sponsor that sport.Men's sports are baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and track & field. Women's sports are basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball. Sports facilities include the Wise Center and the Robertson Complex. 75 percent of students play intramural sports.

Branch Rickey was Allegheny College Athletic Director from 1904 to 1905, and coached baseball, basketball, and football. Rickey also served as instructor of Shakespeare, English, and History.

The 1990 Allegheny football team, led by first-year head coach Ken O'Keefe, won the Division III football national championship with a 13–0–1 record and a 21–14 victory over  in the Stagg Bowl.

Green Initiatives
Allegheny College has undertaken several projects to become more a sustainable campus. One such project is the October Energy Challenge, in which students are encouraged to save electricity for a one-month period. The difference in cost between that month and the previous month's electrical power is then reinvested back into sustainable campus infrastructure. Previous energy challenge have resulted in the addition of water-bottle stations to encourage use of reusable water bottles and solar panels on the biology building.

Other projects include the Carrden, a student-lead garden that grows organic produce, multiple rain gardens, a green box program for reusable takeout containers, as well as the college itself becoming the first college in Pennsylvania to achieve Carbon Net-Neutrality

There are multiple student groups dedicated to environmental protection including SEA (Students for Environmental Action), AC Food Rescue, and Creek connections.

Traditions
One tradition is that a female student is not a "real co-ed" until she's been kissed on the thirteenth plank of the Rustic bridge over the stream. Legend states that there is a competition among residence halls during Orientation Week to steal the thirteenth plank and display it, though this rarely happens today; random students take the plank instead, with maintenance keeping a supply of replacement planks on hand.

Fraternities and sororities
Allegheny College also has a number of fraternities and sororities on campus.  These include Kappa Kappa Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta, Delta Delta Delta, Alpha Delta Pi, and Alpha Chi Omega for the sororities. In 2009, 34% of Allegheny women belonged to a sorority. The fraternities on campus include Theta Chi, Phi Kappa Psi, Delta Tau Delta, Phi Delta Theta, Phi Gamma Delta and Phi Beta Sigma. In the Fall of 2016, the Nu Mu chapter of Phi Beta Sigma was reactivated at Allegheny College.  The Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity was suspended in July 2013.

Administration

Location and transportation
Allegheny is located in northwestern Pennsylvania  north of Pittsburgh,  east of Cleveland, and  south of Erie, in the town of Meadville, Pennsylvania. The school's main address is 520 North Main Street, Meadville, PA 16335. The phone number is (814) 332–3100. Allegheny is located near Interstate 79.

Administration and staff
The acting president since September 2022 is Ron Cole, the college's former provost and Dean of college. There are approximately 150 administration and staff personnel in 2008. The staff breakdown is as follows: 157 full-time employees doing instruction, research, and public service; 43 executive, administrative, and managerial personnel; 103 other professionals (support/service); 9 technical and paraprofessionals; 68 clerical and secretarial employees; 12 skilled craftspersons; and 27 service & maintenance staff. In addition, part-time staff included 36 instructors, 23 other professionals, 10 secretaries, and 4 service and maintenance staff. Of the 157 full-time faculty, 87 have tenure, and 41 are on a tenure track. The average salaries of professors (in 2007) was $83K, associate professors was $63K, assistant professors was $51K, instructors was $38K. Allegheny is a member of the Higher Education Data Sharing Consortium, or HEDS, in which member institutions share information relating to improvement of higher education.

Notable people

References

Further reading

External links

Liberal arts colleges in Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1815
Universities and colleges in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
1815 establishments in Pennsylvania
Meadville, Pennsylvania
Arts organizations established in the 1810s
Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania

Allegheny College


The Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory (known in short as the ACT Legislative Assembly) is the unicameral legislature of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It sits in the Legislative Assembly Building on Civic Square, close to the centre of the city of Canberra.

Background and creation

The Assembly was created by four acts of the Commonwealth Parliament in 1988, including the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988. The first election was held on 4 March 1989 and the assembly first sat on 11 May that year. Until this point, the ACT had been directly administered by the Commonwealth Government. It replaced the House of Assembly (also known for a period as the Legislative Assembly), which existed from 1976 to 1986, but had no executive power, with a principal function of advising the Commonwealth on matters relating to the Territory.

Membership
Since October 2016, the Legislative Assembly has 25 members elected from five electorates, Brindabella, Ginninderra, Kurrajong, Murrumbidgee and Yerrabi, each having five members. Members are elected for four-year terms by the Hare-Clark system, a variation of the Single Transferable Vote form of proportional representation.

Previously the Legislative Assembly had 17 members elected from three electorates—Brindabella and Ginninderra, each of which had five members, and Molonglo, which had seven members. In 2014, the Assembly voted to expand the number of members, with the change taking effect at the 2016 election.

The Assembly was originally elected by a modified d'Hondt system, but a 1992 referendum supported the Hare-Clark method, and this was introduced in the 1995 election.

Members of the Legislative Assembly vote to elect a Chief Minister—in practice, the leader of whichever party can form government (known as the ACT Government). The Chief Minister, in turn, selects ministers to form a cabinet. The leader of the second-largest party in the Assembly usually becomes the Leader of the Opposition.

Election dates for the Assembly are fixed in legislation, with elections held on the third Saturday in October every four years (until 1997, elections were held in February). The term of the Assembly was increased in 2004 from three to four years. The next election is due on Saturday 19 October 2024.

Salary
 MLAs were paid a base salary of $164,382. Most members were entitled to an additional loading, up to a maximum of $345,202 for the chief minister.

Local government functions
Unlike the legislatures of the other mainland states and territories, the Assembly also has the functions of a local council; the city of Canberra has no other local government.

Enactment of legislation
The ACT is unique among Australian states and self-governing territories, as it has no vice-regal post exercising authority as the representative of the monarch, such as a governor or an Administrator. The functions vested in a state Governor or territorial Administrator as nominal head of the Executivecommissioning government, proroguing parliament and enacting legislationare exercised by the Assembly itself and by the Chief Minister. Instead of vice-regal or regal assent, a Bill passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly is enacted on "notification"publication in the Government Gazette of a notice authorised by the Chief Minister. However, the Governor-General of Australia does have the power to dissolve the Assembly if it is "incapable of effectively performing its functions or is conducting its affairs in a grossly improper manner".

Powers
As with the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, the ACT Legislative Assembly lacks the full powers of a state legislature. Section 122 of the Constitution of Australia provides that the Commonwealth Parliament "may make laws for the government of any territory" surrendered by any State to the Commonwealth.  The Governor-General, on the advice of the Executive, previously had the power to override laws passed by the Assembly. Although this was rare in practice, the Civil Unions Act 2006, which allowed same-sex couples to enter into "civil unions" was overruled following concerns that the civil unions mimicked marriage. In July 2006, the Federal Government again threatened to overrule the ACT Stanhope Government's anti-terror legislation, which was not consistent with other state laws. In 2011 the Federal Parliament passed a private senator's bill which removed this power in respect to both the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.

Current distribution of seats
The following is the distribution of seats after the 2020 Australian Capital Territory general election.

Current sitting government/ Coalition
The current sitting government is made up of a majority of 10 (40%) Labor held seats, 9 (36%) Liberal held seats and 6 (24%) Greens held seats. The current Chief Minister, Treasurer, Minister for Climate Action, Minister for Economic Development and Minister for Tourism, is Andrew Barr. He is the 'Governing Leader' of the territory.

The ACT Greens party has had a significant presence in the ACT Legislative Assembly since the party's formation, having formed minority or coalition governments with the ACT Labor Party since 2008. Therefore, the ACT has the only Labor-Greens coalition in the country.

See also

 Government of the Australian Capital Territory
 2020 Australian Capital Territory general election
 Human Rights Act 2004
 Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
 Parliaments of the Australian states and territories

References

External links
 Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory

Australian Capital Territory
1988 establishments in Australia


Wilhelm Müller henviser til blandt andre:

 Wilhelm Müller (digter) (1794–1827) – tysk digter
 Wilhelm Müller (håndboldspiller) (1909–1984) – tysk håndboldspiller
 Wilhelm Konrad Hermann Müller (1812–1890) – tysk germanist

Wilhelm Müller


Grimoald den ældre (; født 616, død 657) var rigshovmester i det frankiske rige Austrasien fra 643 til 656. Han var søn af Pipin af Landen og Itta af Metz. Grimoald tjenestegjorde under merovingerkongerne Klodvig II og Klotar III. Han havde to søstre, Gertrude af Nivelles og Begga, som begge blev erklærede som helgener. Det samme blev hans moder.

Liv og virke
Da Pipin af Landen døde i 640, blev Grimoald overhoved for sin husholdning, den mægtigste i Austrasien. På dette tidspunkt gjorde Radulf, hertug af Thüringen, oprør mod Sigibert III, konge af Austrasien. Grimoald deltog i den efterfølgende militære ekspedition mod oprørerne, men den mislykkedes. Grimoald formåede alligevel i at redde livet på kongen og blev hans nære ven. Ved at fjerne rigshovmesteren Otto, overtog han positionen som hans fader en gang havde.

Grimoald overbeviste derefter den barnløse konge til at adoptere sin søn, Kildebert. Sigibert fik til sidst en arving, Dagobert II, men Grimoald frygtede sit eget dynastis skæbne og sendte den unge Dagobert i eksil, enten til et irsk kloster eller katedralskolen i Poitiers. Da Sigibert døde, indsatte Grimoald sin egen søn på tronen i Austrasien.

Der er to forskellige beretninger om hans død. Den første version fortæller, at Grimoald blev afsat og henrettet af kongen af Neustrien, som således genforenede frankernes kongerige. Den anden, i Liber historiae Francorum, fortæller at Klodvig II af Neustrien tog ham til fange og henrettede ham i 657. Denne kilde behandler Klodvigs styre med fjendskab og hans søn Klotar III med foragt.

Noter

Litteratur
 Riché, Pierre (1983 ): Les Carolingiens, une famille qui fit l'Europe, Paris: Hachette, coll. «Pluriel», (ny utg.. 1997), , s. 29-34
 Settipani, Christian (1993): La Préhistoire des Capétiens (Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste maison de France, bind. 1), Villeneuve d'Ascq, réd. Patrick van Kerrebrouck,

Frankrigs historie

Grimoald den ældre


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Die Bahnstrecke Prenzlau–Klockow war eine normalspurige nicht elektrifizierte Nebenbahn in Brandenburg.

Geschichte
Um 1900 war eine Verlängerung der 1893 eröffneten, damals noch nichtöffentlichen, Schmalspurbahn Klockow–Pasewalk Kleinbahnhof bis Prenzlau angedacht. Dort sollte ein Anschluss zur Staatsbahn und zu den Prenzlauer Kreisbahnen, die bereits seit 1902 in der Uckermark ein Streckennetz betrieben, entstehen.

Wegen ungeklärter Finanzierung wurde dieses Vorhaben nicht umgesetzt, allerdings gestattete der Prenzlauer Kreistag 1910 die Aufnahme von Vorarbeiten für eine Normalspurbahn. 1914 wurde die Strecke Prenzlau–Klockow als Kleinbahn konzessioniert, die Baukosten in Höhe von rund 870.000 Mark sollten zur Hälfte vom Kreis Prenzlau und zu je einem Viertel von der Provinz Brandenburg und Preußen getragen werden. Die Betriebsführung sollten die Prenzlauer Kreisbahnen übernehmen, allerdings musste eine eigene Buchführung für die Bahnstrecke vorgenommen werden. So konnten Verluste nicht mit Überschüssen der restlichen Strecken verrechnet werden, welche teilweise an  den preußischen Staat abzuführen waren.

Die Strecke wurde am 1. November 1915 für den Güterverkehr eröffnet, der Personenverkehr wurde am 4. Januar 1916 aufgenommen. Die Anlagen waren insgesamt einfach gehalten. In Klockow wurden ein Empfangsgebäude und größere Gleisanlagen gebaut, auf den restlichen Stationen gab es bloß ein Ladegleis. Die eigene Abrechnung wurde noch 1917 aufgegeben, da sich die Betriebsergebnisse nicht wesentlich von den restlichen Strecken der Prenzlauer Kreisbahnen unterschieden.

Ab 1943 wurde die Betriebsführung vom Landesverkehrsamt Brandenburg übernommen.

Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges wurden die Gleise 1945 als Reparationsleistung demontiert. 1946 wurde der Wiederaufbau angeordnet, noch im November 1946 war die Strecke wieder befahrbar. Es wurde ausschließlich Altmaterial verbaut, welches andernorts aus Ladegleisen und Anschlussbahnen abgebaut worden war. 1949 kam die Strecke zur Deutschen Reichsbahn und wurde fortan als Nebenbahn betrieben.

Da sich der Oberbauzustand immer mehr verschlechterte und auch die Beförderungsleistungen rapide zurückgegangen waren, wurde die Strecke am 1. Juni 1970 stillgelegt. Da in Klockow noch ein größeres Bauvorhaben anstand, musste die DR die Strecke doch noch notdürftig ausbessern und 1971 wiedereröffnen. Im Sommer 1972 endete auch dieser Verkehr, bis 1975 wurde die Personenbeförderung noch im Schienenersatzverkehr durchgeführt.

Literatur
 Wolf Dietger Machel, Rudi Buchwitz: Kleinbahnen in der Uckermark, VBN Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-933254-88-7

Einzelnachweise

Bahnstrecke in Brandenburg

Bahnstrecke Prenzlau–Klockow


Die Chaminade University of Honolulu ist eine private Universität in Honolulu im US-Bundesstaat Hawaii. Träger ist die Gesellschaft Mariä der Römisch-Katholischen Kirche.

Geschichte und Leitbild
Die Hochschule wurde im Jahre 1955 gegründet, um der katholischen Bevölkerung auf Hawaii die Möglichkeit einer religiösen Bildung und Erziehung zu bieten. Sie ist nach dem französischen Priester Guillaume-Joseph Chaminade benannt, dem Gründer der Gesellschaft Mariä. Die Hochschule trug zunächst den Namen Saint Louis Junior College, ab 1957 Chaminade College und ab 1977 den heutigen Namen Chaminade University of Honolulu, nachdem die Graduate School eingeführt wurde.

Die Universität nimmt heute auch nicht-christliche Studenten auf, praktiziert aber weiterhin ihr Fünf-Punkte-Programm, welches sich von den Prinzipien der Gesellschaft Mariä ableitet:

 Erziehung zum Vertrauen in Gott
 Angebot einer ausgezeichneten Bildung
 Erziehung zum Familiensinn
 Erziehung zur Leistungsbereitschaft, Gerechtigkeit und Friedfertigkeit
 Erziehung zur Bereitschaft zur Veränderung

Ihr Motto lautet Vita En Verbo ("Lebe in der Welt").

Studienangebot
Die Universität bietet 23 Bachelor-Studiengänge und 5 Master-Studiengänge an. Zur Auswahl stehen folgende Fachbereiche:

 Biologie
 Wirtschaftswissenschaften
 Rechtswissenschaften
 Erziehungswissenschaften
 Forensik
 Innenarchitektur
 Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege
 Theologie

Ausstattung
Die Universität bietet folgende Räumlichkeiten:

Studiengebühren
Die Studiengebühren betragen für Bachelor-Studenten je nach Fakultät $24.544 – $30.514 und für Master-Studenten $18.720 – $21.840 pro Studienjahr (Stand 2017).

Bekannte Absolventen
 Arne Alig (1968–2008), deutscher Basketballspieler und -trainer
 Frank Baum (* 1970), deutscher Basketballspieler
 Matt Morgan (* 1976), US-amerikanischer Wrestler
 Grant Dressler (* 1997), US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler

Weblinks
 Offizielle Homepage der Universität (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Universität in Hawaii
Organisation (Honolulu)
Private Hochschule in den Vereinigten Staaten
Gegründet 1955
Katholische Universität
Universität in Australien und Ozeanien

Chaminade University of Honolulu


Græsslørugle (Tyto longimembris) er en fugleart, der lever i det sydlige og østlige Asien og det vestlige Oceanien.

Noter
  Avibase - the world bird database

Ugler
Asiens fugle
Oceaniens fugle

Græsslørugle


O Campeonato Mato-Grossense Feminino de 2022 foi a décima terceira edição desta competição de futebol feminino organizada pela Federação Mato-Grossense de Futebol (FMF).

A competição foi composta de duas fases e disputada por sete equipes entre os dias 20 de agosto e 9 de outubro. Na fase inicial, os participantes se enfrentaram em turno único, classificando para a final os dois melhores colocados. Na decisão, o resultado agregado das duas partidas definiu o campeão.

 e  protagonizaram a final, vencida pelo clube cuiabano. As trigresas conquistou seu oitavo título na história da competição após vencer nas penalidades da decisão, com o título o clube garantiu o direito de representar o estado na Série A3 de 2023.

Formato e participantes
O regulamento dividiu a competição em duas fases distintas; na primeira, os integrantes enfrentaram os rivais em embates de turno único, classificando os dois melhores colocados para final que foi realizada em dois jogos. Os sete participantes foram:

Resultados
Os resultados das partidas da competição estão apresentados nos chaveamentos abaixo. A primeira fase foi disputada por pontos corridos, com os seguintes critérios de desempates sendo adotados em caso de igualdades: número de vitórias, saldo de gols, número de gols marcados, confronto direto, número de cartões vermelhos recebidos, número cartões amarelos recebidos e sorteio. Por outro lado, a final consistiu em partidas de ida e volta. Conforme preestabelecido no regulamento, o resultado das duas partidas definiu o campeão, no qual foi vencida pelo Mixto após vencer nas penalidades o Operário VG, sendo seu oitavo título estadual.

Primeira fase

Final
Jogo de ida

Jogo de volta

Ligações externas
 Website oficial da Federação Mato-Grossense de Futebol

2022
Futebol de 2022 em Mato Grosso

Campeonato Mato-Grossense de Futebol Feminino de 2022


Le championnat de France de football américain 2022 est la  saison du championnat de France de football américain de Division 1 après deux ans d'arrêt en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19.

Le vainqueur remporte le trophée dénommé Casque de diamant 2022.

Déroulement du championnat
Les équipes sont réparties en deux conférences géographiques (A et B). Ces équipes s'affrontent lors de la saison régulière.

Chaque conférence étant composé de 6 équipes, chaque équipe joue dix matches (2 matches aller/retour contre chacune des 5 autres équipes de la conférence).

Les six premières équipes à l'issue de la saison régulière s'affrontent en playoff pour désigner le Champion de France 2022.

Après la saison régulière, un tour de wild card est organisé dont sont exemptés les premiers de chaque conférence.

Les gagnants des matchs de wild card rencontrent en demi-finale les champions de conférence et les deux vainqueurs se rencontrent en finale.

Résultats

Saison régulière

Détail des matchs

 CONFÉRENCE A

 CONFÉRENCE B

 CONFÉRENCE A

 CONFÉRENCE B

Classements

Source: fffa.org

Phase finale

Récompenses

Références

Casque de diamant
Football américain en 2022
Football américain

Championnat de France de football américain 2022


An Trichosalpinx glabra in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Edward Bennett ngan Eric Alston Christenson. An Trichosalpinx glabra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichosalpinx, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trichosalpinx

Trichosalpinx glabra


Karahindiba (Taraxacum officinale), papatyagiller (Asteraceae) familyasından yaygın bir bitki türü. Çiçekleri sarı, yaprakları yeşil olsa da bitkinin adına "karahindiba" denilmiştir.

Mısır ve Kıpçak Türkleri'nin "katagan", Çağatay Türkleri'nin "saçratku" olarak bildikleri bu bitki günümüze "karahindiba" olarak gelmiştir. Hindiba, Arapça kökenli bir kelimedir. Tedavisi için kullanıldığı göz hastalığı trahomdan kaynaklandığı ileri sürülür. Anadolu'da acıgıcı, "acıgünek", "güneyik", "çıtlık", "cırtlık" ve "arslandişi" olarak bilinse de en yaygın olarak kullanılan adı "radika"dır.

Özellikleri

Karahindiba Nisan ve Mayıs aylarında tüm tarla kıyılarında çayırlık alanlarla yol kenarlarında yetişen, çok yıllık sarı çiçekli otsu bir bitkidir. İçi "kengel" denilen acı bir sütle dolu uzun kazık kökü, rozet halinde tabanda toplanmış olan derin dişli yapraklarını ve yapraklardan daha uzunca olan çiçek saplarını taşır. Bu sapların tepesinde kömeç halindeki altın sarısı çiçekleri ilkbahardan sonbaharın ortasına kadar açar. Daha sonra bu çiçek kömeçleri karahindibanın tohumlarını taşıyan beyaz toplara dönüşürler. Bu beyaz topçukları oluşturan meyve kapçıkları en hafif rüzgarda bile uçup çevreye dağılır. Bitki böylece yaydığı tohumlarıyla çoğalır. Hortum şeklinde kesilip çok güzel ses çıkardığı için bu ismi almıştır.

Bileşimi ve kullanımı
Besleyici değeri oldukça yüksek olan Karahindiba, % 5'e varan yüksek bir oranda potasyum içermesinden dolayı, en iyi doğal potasyum kaynaklarından biridir. A vitamini, C vitamini ve nikotinik asit ile kalsiyum ve türlü mineraller yönünden de zengindir. Ayrıca, torexacin, retinol, levulin, inulin gibi bileşikler içerir. Bu nedenle yaprakları salatalara katılıp yenir. Kökü de, yaşken doğranıp salatalara katılır. Kurutulan kökü birçok ülkede öğütülüp acı hindiba kahvesi olarak içilir. Avrupa'nın bazı ülkelerinde ve Hindistan'da tarımı yapılan türleri vardır ve bunların çiçek büyüklüklerinin çapı yedi santimetreye kadar varır. Kök sakızı da denilen bitki, köklerinden çıkan sıvının pıhtılaşıp kurutulmasıyla kauçuk eldesinde de faydalanılır.

Dağılımı
Tüm Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve Asya olmak üzere dünyanın hemen her yerinde görülen yaklaşık 100 çeşidiyle kozmopolit bir türdür.

Resim galerisi

Cichorieae
Şifalı bitkiler

Karahindiba


Valérie Dittli, née le  à Oberägeri (originaire de Gurtnellen), est une personnalité politique suisse, membre du Centre. Le , elle est élue au Conseil d'État du canton de Vaud.

Biographie
Valérie Dittli naît le  à Oberägeri, dans le canton de Zoug. Elle est originaire de Gurtnellen, dans le canton d'Uri. Son père est agriculteur biologique, sa mère éducatrice sociale. Son grand-père est une personnalité démocrate-chrétienne du canton de Zoug et le président du Centre, Gerhard Pfister, est un ami de la famille. Elle grandit à Oberägeri avec sa sœur aînée, Laura, future présidente de la section zougoise du Centre et membre du Conseil d'État du canton de Zoug, et son frère cadet, Dario.

Après son école secondaire et son gymnase dans le canton de Zoug, elle obtient un bachelor en droit à l'Université de Lucerne en 2015 et un master en droit à l'Université de Lucerne en 2016, puis poursuit ses études à l'Université de Lausanne, où elle occupe un poste d'assistante à la Faculté de droit depuis 2017 et soutient en août 2021 une thèse portant sur le droit des successions, à paraître en 2023 chez Stämpfli. Elle fait ensuite son stage d'avocate pour obtenir son brevet, d'abord à l'Administration cantonale des impôts du canton de Berne, puis dans une étude bernoise.

Parcours politique
Elle adhère aux Jeunes démocrates-chrétiens du canton de Zoug au milieu des années 2010. Elle préside les Jeunes démocrates-chrétiens du canton de Vaud, puis la section vaudoise du Centre à partir de septembre 2020.

Elle se fait connaître en 2021, lors de l'assemblée générale de son parti qui entérine la fusion avec la section vaudoise du Parti bourgeois-démocratique, en annonçant la retraite politique de Jacques Neirynck et Claude Béglé, dont la rivalité « empoisonne la vie du parti ».

Elle est candidate en 2021 au Conseil communal (législatif) de Lausanne et à la Municipalité (exécutif), mais n'est pas élue (5,7 % des voix à l'élection à la Municipalité), son parti disparaissant même du parlement communal.

Positionnement politique
Elle se dit « centriste pure et dure » et proche des Vert'libéraux.

Conseil d'État
Candidate au Conseil d'État vaudois sur une liste unique de la droite, rassemblant dans une alliance inédite trois candidats du Parti libéral-radical et un candidat de l'UDC en plus de sa propre candidature, elle crée la surprise en terminant au septième rang à l'issue du premier tour le  alors qu'elle n'a aucune expérience dans un organe politique et que son parti ne décroche aucun siège au Grand Conseil, où elle était également candidate. Elle est élue au deuxième tour, le , avec 49 % des voix (80 431 suffrages), devant la sortante socialiste Cesla Amarelle, qui en récolte 46 % (76 060 suffrages).

Son élection est qualifiée dans Le Temps de « l'une des plus grandes surprises de l'histoire politique romande » et fait basculer la majorité du gouvernement à droite. C'est la première fois que le Centre (et son prédécesseur le Parti démocrate-chrétien) accède au Conseil d'État vaudois. Elle est l'une des plus jeunes conseillères d'État de l'histoire suisse, la plus jeune de Suisse romande depuis Pierre Kohler. Depuis l'accession de sa sœur aînée Laura Dittli au Conseil d'État du canton de Zoug le , c'est aussi la première fois dans l'histoire suisse que deux frères et sœurs siègent simultanément dans un gouvernement cantonal.

Elle prend ses fonctions à la tête du Département des finances et de l'agriculture le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Profil Smartvote 2022

Naissance en octobre 1992
Naissance dans le canton de Zoug
Personnalité politique vaudoise
Personnalité du Centre (Suisse)
Conseiller d'État vaudois

Valérie Dittli


Ŷamāl al-Dīn Yūsuf b. al-Amīr Sayf al-Dīn Taġrī-Birdī  (جمال الدين يوسف بن الأمير سيف الدين تغري بردي) o Ibn Taghribirdi (1410-1470 AD/813-874 Hégira) era un historiador egipcio nacido en la elite de Mamelucos turca de El Cairo en el . Estudió con al-Ayni y al-Maqrizi, dos de los más grandes historiadores y eruditos del Cairo. Su obra más famosa es una crónica de varios volúmenes de Egipto y el sultanato mameluco llamado Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Su estilo es de anales y da fechas precisas para la mayoría de los eventos, este formato deja en claro que Ibn Taghribirdi tenía un acceso privilegiado a los sultanes y sus registros.

Obras
 Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Esta crónica comienza con la conquista islámica de Egipto, y continúa hasta el momento de la muerte del autor.
 al-Manhal al-safi wa'l-mustawfi ba'd al-wafi, un diccionario biográfico de los sultanes, emires, ulemas y otros personajes famosos a partir de comienzos de la dinastía de Bahri. Aproximadamente 3.000 biografías en total.
 Hawadith al-duhur fi mada al-ayyam wa'l-shuhur, una continuación de la historia de al-Maqrizi Suluk li-ma'rifat duwwal al-Muluk.

Bibliografía
 Historia de Egipto 1382–1469; traducido desde los Anales Árabes de Abu l-Maḥāsin Ibn Taghrī Birdī por William Popper, Berkeley 1954-63.

Historiadores musulmanes
Historiadores de Egipto
Historiadores del siglo XV
Historiadores árabes
Personas egipcias de origen turco
Egipcios del siglo XV

Ibn Taghribirdi


Die Hayward Gallery ist ein Ausstellungsgebäude in London – überwiegend für moderne und zeitgenössische Kunst.

Hayward Gallery und Southbank Centre
Die Hayward Gallery ist Teil des Southbank Centre – eines Areals in der Londoner Innenstadt mit bedeutenden kulturellen Veranstaltungsorten an der South Bank der Themse: Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, Royal National Theatre und British Film Institute. Im Rahmen einer Namensänderung des "South Bank Centre" zum "Southbank Centre" Anfang 2007 wurde schließlich auch die Hayward Gallery umbenannt – sie hieß bis Anfang 2011 "The Hayward". Das Gebäude wurde nach Sir Isaac Hayward benannt, einem früheren Leiter des London County Council, der dem Great London Council vorausging. Joanna Drew war die Gründungsdirektorin. Ralph Rugoff ist derzeit Direktor (seit Mitte 2006). 2019 wurde das Southbank Centre von rund 4,34 Millionen Personen besucht. 2022 betrug die Besucherzahl etwa 2,95 Millionen Menschen.

Ausstellungen

Die Hayward Gallery veranstaltet jährlich drei bis vier große Ausstellungen, die sich überwiegend moderner oder zeitgenössischer Kunst widmen und verfügt über keine Dauerausstellung. Von 1968 bis 1986 wurde die Galerie vom Arts Council of Great Britain betrieben, bis die Leitung an das Southbank Centre übertragen wurde. Anders als andere Ausstellungshäuser in Großbritannien, die eine staatliche Förderung erhalten, verlangt die Hayward Gallery eine Eintrittsgebühr, da es ausschließlich Wechselausstellungen präsentiert und bei Wechselausstellungen in Großbritannien üblicherweise Eintritt verlangt wird – auch in Museen, bei denen die Dauerausstellung kostenlos besucht werden kann.

Die Hayward Gallery hat in der Vergangenheit Ausstellungen aus unterschiedlichsten Kunstepochen präsentiert – darunter Werke von Leonardo da Vinci, Edvard Munch und französischen Impressionisten. In letzter Zeit konzentrierten sich die Ausstellungen aber eher auf zeitgenössische Kunst, die auch in Beziehung zu den Räumlichkeiten und der wuchtigen Betonstruktur des Gebäudes traten – wie die Arbeiten von Dan Flavin oder Antony Gormley. Darüber hinaus haben hier zwei Überblicksausstellungen mit Exponaten der Arts Council Collection stattgefunden: British Art 1940–1980 und How to Improve the World: 60 Years of British Art.

 Ausstellungen (Auswahl)

 Paul Klee, 17. Januar – 1. April 2002
 William Eggleston, 11. Juli – 22. September 2002
 Douglas Gordon, 1. November 2002 – 5. Januar 2003
 Roy Lichtenstein, 26. Februar – 16. Mai 2004
 Dan Flavin: A Retrospective, 19. Januar  – 2. April 2006
 Antony Gormley: Blind Light, 17. Mai – 19. August 2007
 Andy Warhol: Other Voices, Other Rooms, 7. Oktober 2008 – 18. Januar 2009
 Ed Ruscha: Fifty Years of Painting, 14. Oktober 2009 – 10. Januar 2010
 Pipilotti Rist: Eyeball Massage, 28. September 2011 – 8. Januar 2012

Architektur

 Architekten

Das Gebäude wurde von Higgs and Hill entworfen und am 9. Juli 1968 von Queen Elisabeth II. eröffnet. Bei dem Bau wurde viel Sichtbeton verwandt, was typisch für den Architekturstil des Brutalismus ist. Das ursprüngliche Konzept wurde vom Teamleiter Norman Engleback entworfen – zusammen mit der Queen Elizabeth Hall und dem Purcell Room als Erweiterung des Southbank Centre. Darüber hinaus waren die Architekten Ron Herron und Warren Chalk von Bauamt (Department of Architecture and Civic Design) des Greater London Council beteiligt – beide wurden Mitglieder der später gegründeten Architektengruppe Archigram. Warren Chalk erstellte den Lageplan und die Übergangsbrücken auf dem 1. Stock, während Ron Herron an der Akustik für die Queen Elizabeth Hall arbeitete. Zunächst arbeitete Alan Waterhouse und dann Dennis Crompton am Entwurf für die Hayward Gallery.

 Auftrag und Umsetzung

Der Auftrag an die Architekten war, fünf Ausstellungsflächen zu schaffen: Zwei Flächen sollten innerhalb des Gebäudes auf zwei Stockwerken verteilt entstehen und drei Außenflächen in Form von gewaltigen Betonwannen sollten für die Präsentation von Skulpturen geschaffen werden. Zugleich sollte die Hayward Gallery die Arts Council Collection beherbergen. Die oberen Ausstellungsflächen erhalten durch Glaspyramiden auf dem Flachdach des Gebäudes natürliches Licht. Eine kinetische Lichtskulptur befindet sich dauerhaft im Ausstellungsgebäude. Diese reagiert auf die Windstärke auf dem Dach des Schachts für den Besucherlift und stammt von einer Ausstellung aus dem Jahre 1971.

Die Außenflächen zur Präsentation von Skulpturen vor dem Hintergrund der Londoner Skyline haben sich später als unpraktikabel erweisen, so dass diese Flächen kaum genutzt wurden und normalerweise für die Öffentlichkeit nicht zugänglich waren – außer bei der "Blind Light"-Ausstellung mit Arbeiten von Antony Gormley im Jahre 2007. Auch die Dachterrasse auf der Südseite und die Übergangsbrücke zum Foyer der Queen Elizabeth Hall sind normalerweise nicht öffentlich zugänglich, wurden aber 2011 für das "Summer of Fun Festival" geöffnet.

 Integration in die Umgebung

Trotz seiner scheinbar kompromisslosen Form geht das Gebäude auf die Umgebung ein. Dies zeigt etwa ein architektonischer Kunstgriff des Gebäudes: Durch die unterschiedliche Linienführung der Außenmauern im Erdgeschoss und auf Höhe der Übergangsbrücken werden die unterschiedlichen Axen der Hayward Gallery und der Royal Festival Hall unter einen Hut gebracht.
Ein weiteres Beispiel ist die Übergangsbrücke über der Belvedere Road mit einem Zugang von der Waterloo Bridge, die Richtung Westen immer breiter wird: Einerseits folgt sie dem Lauf der Belvedere Road und andererseits passt sie sich den Treppen der Außenterrassen der Hayward Gallery an und folgt den Außenwänden des Ausstellungsgebäudes. Nicht zuletzt spiegelt der Grundriss des Skulpturen-Hofs in der Südwestecke die Veränderung der Winkel des Gebäudes zwischen Waterloo Bridge und Festival Square.

 Serviceeinrichtungen

Die beiden Stockwerke im Ausstellungshaus sind durch zwei Beton-Treppenhäuser miteinander verbunden. Diese Treppenhäuser und die Toiletten auf dem Zwischengeschoss sind in einem Beton-Quader untergebracht – zwischen dem östlichen und westlichen Teil der Ausstellungsflächen. Eines dieser Treppenhäuser geht bis auf das Straßenniveau, wo sich ein Notausgang zur Belvedere Road befindet. Das andere Treppenhaus führt zu einem fast versteckten Eingangsfoyer, das sich an der Nordseite des Gebäudes befindet. Dieser Zugang befindet sich unterhalb des eigentlichen Hauptfoyers und der Übergangsbrücke der Nordfassade sowie über dem Parkhaus und in der Nähe des vorspringenden Purcell Room Auditorium. In drei Betonschächten in der Mitte des Gebäudes befinden sich der Besucher- und Lastenaufzug sowie die Haustechnik. In der Südwestecke des Gebäudes befindet sich auf der Straßenebene ein Leitstand. Das Parkhaus nimmt den überwiegenden Teil des Untergeschosses ein. Ein Technikraum befindet sich im östlichen Ende des Untergeschosses – oberhalb des Parkhauses – mit einem großen Beton-Abgasschacht an der Waterloo Bridge.

 Umbauten

Ursprünglich hatte das Gebäude nur ein sehr kleines Foyer mit Aluguss-Türen – ähnlich wie die Türen der Queen Elizabeth Hall. 2003 wurde dieses Foyer umgebaut. Dabei wurde ein größeres Foyer mit einer Glasfront geschaffen, das vom Architekturbüro Haworth Tompkins entworfen wurde. Zugleich entstand ein ovaler, gläserner Pavillon (Entwurf: Dan Graham) oberhalb eines neuen Cafés am östlichen Ende, wo sich einst Büroräume befanden. Zuvor wurde bereits in der Nord-West-Ecke der unteren Ausstellungsfläche ein Laden eingerichtet.

Die Übergangsbrücke, die die Hayward Gallery mit der Hungerford Bridge verband, wurde im Frühjahr 1999 abgerissen. Dies hat die Zugangsmöglichkeiten zum Festival Square eingeschränkt und das Ende der ehemaligen Brücke erscheint seltsam gestutzt. Dieser Eindruck wird noch durch die Positionierung des Parkhauses und der Laderampe für Anlieferer verschlimmert – eine Altlast des ursprünglichen Entwurfs, der eine vertikale Trennung von Fußgängern und Verkehr vorsah.

 Denkmalschutz

2011 wurde die Hayward Gallery auf die Liste des World Monuments Fund gesetzt, ungeachtet dessen, dass dieses Gebäude in Großbritannien nicht unter Denkmalschutz steht.

Zukunft
Das Southbank Centre und Arts Council beraten über die Zukunft des Hayward-Gebäudes zusammen mit der Queen Elizabeth Hall und dem Purcell Room, die sich zwischen der Hayward Gallery und der Themse befinden.

Aus einem Architekturwettbewerb wurde in den frühen 1990er Jahren ein Entwurf von Richard Rogers ausgewählt. Dieser sah vor, alle drei Gebäude mit einem wellenförmigen Glasdach zu überspannen. Dies hätte auch die Royal Festival Hall mit der Waterloo Bridge verbunden. Jedoch wurde dieser Entwurf aufgrund der hohen Kosten nicht weiterverfolgt, da man ansonsten darauf angewiesen gewesen wäre, dass die National Lottery einen Großteil der Finanzierung übernimmt. Zugleich gab es Widerstand von der Twentieth Century Society, die monierte, dass die Anordnung und das Zusammenspiel der Gebäude durch das Glasdach leiden würden.

Weiterführende Literatur
ARUP JOURNAL: South Bank Arts Centre; Architects: H. Bennett, Greater London Council chief architect, Juli 1967, S. 20–31
ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW: South Bank Arts Centre, London borough of Lambeth; Architects: H. Bennett, architect to the Greater London Council Vol. 144, No. 857, Juli 1968, S. 14–30
INTERIOR DESIGN: Hayward Art Gallery, South Bank Art Centre, London; Architect: H. Bennett, architect to the Greater London Council, September 1968, S. 49–54
OFFICIAL ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING: South Bank Cultural Centre, London borough of Lambeth; Architect: H. Bennett, chief architect of the Greater London Council, August 1969, S. 918–923
THE ARCHITECTS' JOURNAL: No. 3441, Vol. 133., 30. März 1961, S. 469–478

Weblinks
 Hayward Gallery bei Google Cultural Institute
 Southbank Centre Website: Informationen zu Ausstellungen und Veranstaltungen des Southbank Centre
 Arts Guardian Website: Artikel über Ralph Rugoff (Direktor der Hayward Gallery)
 Saatchi Gallery Website Blog: Interview mit Ralph Rugoff
 Haworth Tompkins architectural partnership – Architekten des neuen Foyers von 2003
 Explore London Website: Fotos – u. a. von der Hayward Gallery
 Archive für London und das Gebiet M25 (Archiv-Informationen über die Hayward Gallery)
 Institute of International Visual Arts website
 Artfacts Website (allgemeine Informationen)
 Culture24 Website (allgemeine Informationen)
 Flickr-Gruppe, die Bilder über das Southbank Centre zusammengestellt hat.

Einzelnachweise

Kunstmuseum (zeitgenössisch)
Kunstmuseum in London
Bauwerk im London Borough of Lambeth
London
Ausstellungsbau
Bauwerk des Brutalismus in England
Gegründet 1968
Organisation (London Borough of Lambeth)

Hayward Gallery


Paeania or Paiania () were two demoi of ancient Attica, divided into Upper Paeania and Lower Paeania, that were situated on the eastern side of Hymettus, near the modern village of Liopesi renamed to Paiania. It was the deme of Demosthenes.

Notable people
Demades (380–318 BCE), orator and demagogue.
Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), orator and demagogue.
Philippides of Paiania (293 BCE), archon Basileus and son of Philomelos.

References

Populated places in ancient Attica
Former populated places in Greece
Demoi

Paeania


The University of Baltimore (UBalt, UB) is a public university in Baltimore, Maryland. It is part of the University System of Maryland. UBalt's schools and colleges provide education in business, law, public affairs, and the applied arts and sciences. The university is the location of one of Maryland's two law schools.

History

Early history

 Founded by a group of Baltimore business professionals, UBalt originally sought to provide educational opportunities for working men and women, meaning that the first classes were held not above the ornate dragons of the current liberal arts and policy building, but in a four-story rowhouse on St. Paul St. in 1925.

In 1937, after the addition of day programs to augment the initial night courses, a full-scale junior college was added to the university's offerings. Other changes in the following decades included the construction of the Langsdale Library in 1966, according to an administrative history of the school. In the 1970s, UBalt merged with Eastern College, Mount Vernon School of Law, and Baltimore College of Commerce.

During the presidency of Thomas Granville Pullen, the university became regionally accredited in 1971 with the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and built the Langsdale Library. For a three-decade period that started in 1975 and would eventually end in 2007, UBalt became an "upper division academic institution," offering only third and fourth year undergraduate and post-graduate course work. Also in 1975, ownership was assumed by the state of Maryland.

In 1988, the state merged UBalt into the new statewide university system, the University of Maryland System, which was later renamed University System of Maryland.

Lower division Initiative and later developments
The Lower Division Initiative was a program that began in 2005 to extend the University of Baltimore's position to once again offer the first two years of the baccalaureate degree. In April 2005, the University System of Maryland's board of regents approved plans that would allow UBalt to start accepting freshmen and sophomores. Under the original plan, freshmen and sophomore were to be admitted starting in the fall of 2006.

In a unanimous vote on February 15, 2006, the Maryland Higher Education Commission approved a revised mission statement submitted by the University of Baltimore, thus enabling the university to return to four-year undergraduate status. This was the same initiative that had received approval from the board of regents in 2005; however, the plan was revised slightly, calling for freshmen to be admitted in the fall of 2007.

The university stated that the new program better reflected the current focus and was designed to prepare students in business, pre-law, technology, public affairs, and applied liberal arts. It also said that it would offer freshmen "free" tuition for their first year, a benefit made possible by an anonymous private donor. An estimate stated that 140 freshmen were expected in the incoming class of fall of 2007.

Near the time of the change, the university also changed the school colors and adopted the new slogan, "Knowledge That Works".

Since beginning to accept freshmen again, UBalt has built a new, 12-story building for the university's law school along with the construction of additional residential capacity on campus. In May 2014, it was announced that Kurt L. Schmoke would become the university's eighth president, succeeding retired president Robert Bogomolny.

As of 2022, the renovation of Langsdale Library, which was renamed to Robert L. Bogomolny Library, was complete. The renovation was designed by the German architectural firm Behnisch Architekten, which had also been responsible for the design of the 2013 law school structure at Charles St. and Mount Royal Ave.

Starting in 2005, the university's MBA program has been the target of nearby institutions' criticism regarding a supposed diversion of funds, with UB's status as a traditionally white institution bringing calls for a restructuring of state funding. As of early 2022, that criticism was ongoing.

Academics
The university offers numerous undergraduate, graduate, and professional as well as several certificate and joint degree programs. It offers 19 Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degree programs, spanning the arts and sciences, public affairs, and business.

At the master's level, UBalt offers a Master of Public Administration (MPA), a Master of Business Administration (previously offered jointly with Towson University), and 13 Master of Science and 3 Master of Art degrees. The MPA program was the first in the state to be fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA); it was also ranked #72 nationally in U.S. News & World Report's 2023-24 edition of "Best Grad Schools." Additionally, the university offers 2  Master of Fine Arts degrees. The Practitioner Specialization of the M.S. in Counseling Psychology program is accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council, and both the undergraduate and graduate programs in Criminal Justice are certified by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. The university's Masters degree in Applied Psychology, Counseling Psychology concentration, is accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC). The law school offers a Master of Laws degree.

At the doctoral level, UBalt offers a program leading to a research-based Doctor of Science degree in Information and Interaction Design. UBalt also offers a Doctor of Public Administration. Through its law school, UBalt offers the Juris Doctor.

Colleges and schools
The university is composed of multiple colleges and schools:
Merrick School of Business
School of Law
Yale Gordon College of Arts and Sciences
College of Public Affairs

Campus and student services

The main campus is located in Baltimore's Mt. Vernon cultural district, close to downtown and the Inner Harbor. The Lyric Opera House, Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, and the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA) are nearby. For the most part, the main academic buildings surround the intersections of Mount Royal Avenue and North Charles Street.  Gordon Plaza is at the center of campus.

University buildings
The buildings include:
H. Mebane Turner Learning Commons
The Academic Center
The Charles Royal Building
John and Frances Angelos Law Center
Robert L. Bogomolny Library
UBalt Student Center
William H. Thumel Sr. Business Center
The Liberal Arts and Policy Building

Student housing developments
The university, the Bozzuto Group, and the Gould Property Co. entered into a public-private joint venture to develop UBalt's Bolton Yard parking lot into a mixed use development, including apartments, a UBalt student bookstore, other retail, and garage parking. The project, which is named the Fitzgerald at UB Midtown, broke ground in 2008 and was largely complete by 2011.

The Fitzgerald project was viewed at the time of its inception as a prelude to future public-private development projects—for instance more student housing. To that end, an October 2010 announcement indicated that the university was planning an 11-story student housing tower, to again be built in partnership with a private company, according to The Baltimore Sun. The student housing tower was largely complete by mid-2012.

According to a 2014 Baltimore Sun article, the university is considering building additional dormitory space on West Oliver Street, at the site of a facility currently used for postal vehicle maintenance. That development has yet to be named. According to a 2023 Baltimore Sun article, the university intends to enter into a ground-lease arrangement with the development firm Zahlco for the eventual creation of apartments and ground-floor retail on the former postal site.

Police and Public Safety
The University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB) and University of Baltimore (UBalt) began a public safety collaboration in the first quarter of 2022. All police officers on the UBalt campus are employed by the UMB Police Department (UMBPD). The UMBPD is a fully certified law enforcement agency through the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commissions (MPCTC).

UBalt maintains responsibility for campus security performed by unarmed, civilian security personnel known as the UBalt Safety and Security team. Uniformed officers from UMB — sworn, armed, and professionally trained and certified — are assigned to patrol the UBalt campus. At the same time, UBalt's Safety and Security staff provides building access and control, including office lockouts, welcome desk staffing, interior/exterior patrols, and more.

Local transit

Penn Station, with connections to Amtrak and MARC service, and a Light Rail stop, are just to the north of campus. The University of Baltimore/Mt. Royal station on the Baltimore Light Rail system is on the northwest edge of campus. The State Center station on the Baltimore Metro system is just a few blocks from campus. UBalt runs shuttle bus service between its academic buildings, parking garages, and the nearby public transportation/local transit stops.

Satellite campuses
In conjunction with the University System of Maryland, UBalt offers courses and several undergraduate and graduate degree programs at the Universities at Shady Grove in Rockville, Maryland. Through a partnership with the College of Southern Maryland, UBalt offers the upper-level undergraduate coursework leading toward the bachelor's degree in business in Southern Maryland.  UBalt also offers online classes.

Student life
UBalt has numerous academic clubs, student organizations, and an active student government; as of May 2017, more than 90 were listed on the university's website. The academic clubs usually sponsor a host of programs and speakers throughout the school year. Not all clubs are academic or sports-related, however: Clubs related to improv, crafting, religions, languages, and film are among the non-academic, non-sports options. The UB Post  is the monthly student newspaper, which serves the purpose of keeping the general student population informed of upcoming campus activities, as well as relevant news. Run by students, it is available in print and online, and has been published since 1933. Leonard Robinson is the editor-in-chief. A student-run press, Plork, provides additional printing experience for students majoring in fields related to media design, publishing, and writing, as does the university's 50-year-old literary magazine, Welter. The Student Center is the central place for students—housing The Hive market and cafe, the UB Campus Pantry, the Interfaith Space, student government and organization offices, and study lounges.

The University of Baltimore has not offered any varsity sports since 1983.

Student housing
In the years 2012–2017, the number of UBalt students living near campus increased 134 percent. Students have the option to reside in The Varsity, located on West Biddle Street 0.2 miles from the campus, or in other private complexes nearby.

Campus Recreation and Wellness

UBalt has an athletic/fitness center named Campus Recreation and Wellness, which is continually growing for the betterment of the university and surrounding community. It has an aerobics studio, a sparring/boxing room, two indoor racquetball courts, a well-equipped gym, a basketball court, and locker rooms. The Recreation Center, located on the third and fourth floor of the Academic Center, offers fitness classes free of charge on a first-come, first-served basis to all members and hosts the Sport Club and Intramural Sports teams. At one time, UBalt owned and operated a golf driving range in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Baltimore. However, this facility has been leased to the city. Campus Recreation and Wellness seeks to serve the recreation, fitness, health, and leisure needs of the university community through instructional and competitive sport activities, including aerobics classes, golf lessons, intramural sports, informal recreation, and sport clubs. The Recreation Center facilities include basketball, racquetball, badminton and volleyball courts, weight and cardio rooms, aerobic and spinning studios, indoor golf cage, foosball, darts, Wii gaming system, as well as locker rooms and a sauna. The facilities are open to students, faculty, staff and Recreation Center members with valid UBalt BeeCards.

The UBalt men's lacrosse team won four USILA Division II national championships in four consecutive years, 1956–1959.

Honor societies
The university hosts chapters of several honor societies, including:
Alpha Chi
Alpha Phi Sigma
Beta Alpha Psi
Beta Gamma Sigma
Mu Kappa Tau
Phi Alpha Theta
Phi Theta Kappa
Pi Alpha Alpha
Pi Sigma Alpha
Psi Chi
Sigma Iota Epsilon
Sigma Tau Delta
Omicron Delta Kappa

Notable alumni

Business
Peter Angelos – owner of the Baltimore Orioles
Tom Condon – graduated from UB Law in 1981, sports agent, represents over 120 NFL players
Bob Parsons – founder of GoDaddy
Stan White – retired NFL Player Baltimore Colts graduated from UB Law, sports agent, sportscaster, assistant football coach Gilman School

History, journalism, media, and the arts
Carole Boston-Weatherford – Author and critic
Louis S. Diggs – Baltimore County historian
Ellen Lupton – Senior Curator of Contemporary Design at Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
Fred Robbins – Talk show host, actor and television personality
D. Watkins - Editor at large for Salon, New York Times bestselling author and HBO writer
Kondwani Fidel – Poet featured by The Washington Post, The Root, CNN and Baltimore Sun

Mathematics, sciences and technology
Celeste Lyn Paul – User interface design expert, KDE Usability Project head, president of HacDC
Jeffrey Kluger – Senior Writer for TIME Magazine specializing in science coverage; author of books including Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, on which the 1995 movie Apollo 13 was based.

Politics, law and government
Spiro Agnew – Vice President of the United States 1969–1973, Governor of Maryland 1967–1969
Curt Anderson – Maryland House of Delegates District 43, 1983–1995, 2002–present
Dale Anderson (1963) – former Baltimore County Executive and State Delegate
 John S. Arnick (1961) – former member of the Maryland House of Delegates
Carville Benson (1893) – U.S. Congressman for Maryland 2nd District, 1918–1921.
Lieutenant General H Steven Blum (1968) – former Chief of the National Guard Bureau and Deputy Commander NORTHCOM.
William P. Bolton (1909) – Congressman for Maryland 2nd District, 1949–1951.
James W. Campbell (1969) – former member of the Maryland House of Delegates.
Jill P. Carter (1992) – Maryland State Senator, 41st District
J. Joseph Curran, Jr. (1959) – Maryland Attorney General, 1987–2007: Lt. Governor 1983–1987 under Harry Hughes.
Katie O'Malley (1991) – Associate Judge for the First District Court of Maryland, wife of former Governor of Maryland and former Baltimore Mayor, Martin O'Malley.
Terry R. Gilleland, Jr. (2001) – former member of Maryland House of Delegates
Glen Glass (1994) – member of the Maryland House of Delegates from District 34A in Cecil County and Harford County.
J. B. Jennings – Maryland Delegate for District 7.
Sheryl Davis Kohl – former member of Maryland House of Delegates
Arrie Davis – former judge on the Maryland Court of Special Appeals
Frank Kratovil – Congressman United States House of Representatives, Maryland District 1, 2009–2011
Pat McDonough – Maryland delegate.
Richard Meehan – Mayor of Ocean City, Maryland, 2006–present.
C. Edward Middlebrooks (1982) – former Maryland State Senator.
Donald E. Murphy (1983) – former member of Maryland House of Delegates, 1994–2002.
Sandra Peuler – judge of the Utah Third District Court in Salt Lake City
Bishop Robinson – former Police Commissioner of Baltimore, 1984 – 1987.
Dutch Ruppersberger – Congressman 2nd district, 2002-present, Baltimore County Executive, 1994–2002.
William Donald Schaefer (1942) – Mayor of Baltimore 1971–1987, Governor of Maryland 1987–1995, State Comptroller 1999-2007
John F. Slade III (1969) – former member of Maryland House of Delegates.
Frederic N. Smalkin – Jurist-in-Residence, University of Baltimore School of Law, 2005–present

Sports
Dick Edell – lacrosse coach
Red Holzman (1920–1998) - NBA – 1948–53, 2-time NBA All-Star guard, coach, Hall of Fame.
Howard "Chip" Silverman – author, lacrosse coach
Isaiah Wilson, NBA – 1971–1972

References

External links

 UB Post – student newspaper

Universities and colleges in Baltimore
Universities and colleges established in 1925
1925 establishments in Maryland
Mount Vernon, Baltimore
University of Baltimore
Baltimore, University of

University of Baltimore


El mosquero parduzco (Cnemotriccus fuscatus), también denominado atrapamoscas pardusco (en Colombia), atrapamoscas fusco (en Venezuela), mosqueta de ceja blanca (en Argentina y Paraguay) o mosquerito fusco (en Perú), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae, es la única especie del género Cnemotriccus. Es nativo de América del Sur.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye ampliamente desde el norte y este de Colombia, hacia el este por Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, Guyana, Surinam y Guayana Francesa, hacia el sur a oriente de los Andes por el este de Ecuador, este de Perú, norte y este de Bolivia, la mayor parte de Brasil, Paraguay hasta el noroeste y noreste de Argentina.

Esta especie es muy diseminada y considerada bastante común en sus hábitats naturales: el sotobosque de bosques en galería y crecimientos secundarios, bordes de selvas e islas ribereñas (en la Amazonia), principalmente hasta los 900 m de altitud pero llegando hasta los 2200 m en el oeste de Bolivia (tal vez no sea la misma especie). Abandona áreas sureñas durante el invierno austral.

Descripción
El mosquero parduzco mide unos 14,5 cm de longitud y pesa alrededor de 11,9 g. Tiene una larga cola. Sus partes superiores son de color pardo, con las alas más oscuras en las cuales tiene dos bandas de color crema. Presenta listas superciliares blanquecinas y tiene el pico negro. Su pecho es pardo grisáceo y su vientre el amarillo pálido. Ambos sexos tienen una apariencia similar.

Comportamiento
El mosquero parduzco es un ave poco llamativa que tiende a permanecer al acecho en ramas bajas desde las que se lanza para atrapar insectos.

Reproducción
Construye el nido, sobre las ramas de los árboles, con ramitas y cortezas y forra su interior con fibras vegetales. Su puesta consta generalmente de tres huevos blancos con motas oscuras en el extremo más ancho.

Vocalización
Su llamada consiste en un ligero «chip», y su canto suena como «chip-witi-witi-witiyi», que en las subespecies del sur es sustituido por un explosivo «pit-pit-pidit».

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie C. fuscatus fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista alemán Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied en 1831 bajo el nombre científico Muscipeta fuscata; la localidad tipo no fue dada, probablemente «Río de Janeiro, Brasil».

El género Cnemotriccus fue descrito por el ornitólogo austríaco Carl Eduard Hellmayr en 1927.

Etimología
El nombre genérico masculino «Cnemotriccus» se compone de las palabras del griego «knēmos» que significa 'ladera de la montaña', y «trikkos»: pequeño pájaro no identificado; en ornitología, triccus significa «atrapamoscas tirano»; y el nombre de la especie «fuscatus», en latín significa 'oscuro'.

Taxonomía
Probablemente sea pariente más cercana con Lathrotriccus. Algunas autoridades sugieren que más de una especie pueden estar envueltas en la presente, debido a variaciones de plumaje, de voz y de comportamiento (particularmente la subespecie duidae); por otro lado, algunas subespecies posiblemente no merecen el rango; son necesarios más estudios para clarificar el verdadero estado taxonómico de las subespecies.

Los amplios estudios genético-moleculares realizados por Tello et al. (2009) descubrieron una cantidad de relaciones novedosas dentro de la familia Tyrannidae que todavía no están reflejadas en la mayoría de las clasificaciones. Siguiendo estos estudios, Ohlson et al. (2013) propusieron dividir Tyrannidae en cinco familias. Según el ordenamiento propuesto, Cnemotriccus permanece en Tyrannidae, en una subfamilia Fluvicolinae , 1832-33, en una tribu Contopini , 2004 junto a Ochthornis, Contopus, Lathrotriccus, Aphanotriccus, Mitrephanes, Empidonax, Sayornis y, provisoriamente, Xenotriccus.

Subespecies
Según las clasificaciones del Congreso Ornitológico Internacional (IOC) y Clements Checklist/eBird, se reconocen siete subespecies, con su correspondiente distribución geográfica:

 Grupo monotípico duidae:
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus duidae , 1938 - sur de Venezuela (sur de Amazonas) y noroeste de Brasil (alto río Negro).

 Grupo politípico fuscatus:
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus beniensis , 1941 - norte de Bolivia (Pando, Beni).
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus bimaculatus (, 1837) - centro de Bolivia, sur y este de Brasil, Paraguay y norte de Argentina (Jujuy y Salta hasta Corrientes.
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus cabanisi (, 1866) - norte y este de Colombia, y noroeste y norte de Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, isla Monos e isla Chacachacare.
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus fumosus (, 1908) - las Guayanas y noreste de Brasil (al norte del río Amazonas, al este desde el río Branco).
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus fuscatior (, 1926) - suroeste de Venezuela (oeste de Apure), sureste de Colombia, este de Ecuador, este del Perú y centro de Brasil (al sur del Amazonas, al este hasta el río Tocantins).
 Cnemotriccus fuscatus fuscatus (, 1831) - sureste de Brasil (este de Bahía hasta Río Grande del Sur) y noreste de Argentina (Misiones).

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
 Videos, fotos y sonidos de Cnemotriccus fuscatus en eBird.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Cnemotriccus fuscatus en xeno-canto.
 Fotos y sonidos de guaracavuçu Cnemotriccus fuscatus en Wikiaves.

Tyrannidae
Aves de América del Sur
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Animales descritos en 1831
Taxones descritos por Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied

Cnemotriccus fuscatus


Senyor Oca (Barcelona, 2012) é um grupo de música hip hop, liderado pelo MC Sergi Sala. Além de Sala, integram a banda: Ferran Sabanés "Deps" (voz), Albert Galeote "Gale" (DJ), Miki Grau (bateria) e "King Siva" (sopro). O seu repertório de rap recebe influências do Dub e do Drum' Bass.)

Carreira artística
Começam a sua carreira com uns primeiros trabalhos editados por eles. Em 2012 publicam o videoclip da canção El ritme del tic-tac e lançam o primeiro álbum da banda, intitulado Entre druides em 2013, a este seguiu-se Aneguet lleig dois anos mais tarde, em 2015. Em 2017, Sala apresenta Atomosfera, já acompanhado por Dj Gale e Deps Music.

Na 17ª edição do concurso Sona9, recebem o primeiro prêmio do júri e também o prêmio do público, na gala celebrada no dia 15 de novembro de 2017 em Barcelona. Salvatge Cor i Ju foram os outros finalistas.

A vitória no concurso levou à gravação do seu primeiro álbum num estúdio de gravação: Cant de pagès (Right Here Right Now, lançado em  2018 e apresentado na sala Razzmatazz. Só um ano depois, publicaram EGA (Guspira Records, 2019), estreado na Apolo. Estes dois trabalhos mais maduros e profissionais, incorporam instrumentos de percussão e metais. Definem o seu estilo como Rap da terra, com uma mensagem de crítica social em catalão, centrando-se no território mas sem focalizar na luta política.

Discografia

Auto-editados
 Entre druides (2013).
 Aneguet lleig (2015).
 Atomosfera (2017).

Álbuns gravados em estúdio
 Cant de pagès (2018).
 EGA (2019).

Ligações externas

Naturais de Barcelona
Músicos da Catalunha
Grupos de hip hop

Senyor Oca


The Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC) is a native or machine code compiler for the functional programming language Haskell. It provides a cross-platform software environment for writing and testing Haskell code and supports many extensions, libraries, and optimisations that streamline the process of generating and executing code. GHC is the most commonly used Haskell compiler. It is free and open-source software released under a BSD license. The lead developers are Simon Peyton Jones and Simon Marlow.

History
GHC originally begun in 1989 as a prototype, written in Lazy ML (LML) by Kevin Hammond at the University of Glasgow. Later that year, the prototype was completely rewritten in Haskell, except for its parser, by Cordelia Hall, Will Partain, and Simon Peyton Jones. Its first beta release was on 1 April 1991. Later releases added a strictness analyzer and language extensions such as monadic I/O, mutable arrays, unboxed data types, concurrent and parallel programming models (such as software transactional memory and data parallelism) and a profiler.

Peyton Jones, and Marlow, later moved to Microsoft Research in Cambridge, where they continued to be primarily responsible for developing GHC. GHC also contains code from more than three hundred other contributors.
Since 2009, third-party contributions to GHC have been funded by the Industrial Haskell Group.

GHC names
Since early releases the official website has referred to GHC as The Glasgow Haskell Compiler, whereas in the executable version command it is identified as The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System. This has been reflected in the documentation. Initially, it had the internal name of The Glamorous Glasgow Haskell Compiler.

Architecture
GHC is written in Haskell, but the runtime system for Haskell, essential to run programs, is written in C and C--.

GHC's front end, incorporating the lexer, parser and typechecker, is designed to preserve as much information about the source language as possible until after type inference is complete, toward the goal of providing clear error messages to users. After type checking, the Haskell code is desugared into a typed intermediate language known as "Core" (based on System F, extended with let and case expressions). Core has been extended to support generalized algebraic datatypes in its type system, and is now based on an extension to System F known as System FC.

In the tradition of type-directed compiling, GHC's simplifier, or "middle end", where most of the optimizations implemented in GHC are performed, is structured as a series of source-to-source transformations on Core code. The analyses and transformations performed in this compiler stage include demand analysis (a generalization of strictness analysis), application of user-defined rewrite rules (including a set of rules included in GHC's standard libraries that performs foldr/build fusion), unfolding (called "inlining" in more traditional compilers), let-floating, an analysis that determines which function arguments can be unboxed, constructed product result analysis, specialization of overloaded functions, and a set of simpler local transformations such as constant folding and beta reduction.

The back end of the compiler transforms Core code into an internal representation of C--, via an intermediate language STG (short for "Spineless Tagless G-machine"). The C-- code can then take one of three routes: it is either printed as C code for compilation with GCC, converted directly into native machine code (the traditional "code generation" phase), or converted to LLVM IR for compilation with LLVM. In all three cases, the resultant native code is finally linked against the GHC runtime system to produce an executable.

Language
GHC complies with the language standards, both Haskell 98 and Haskell 2010.
It also supports many optional extensions to the Haskell standard: for example, the software transactional memory (STM) library, which allows for Composable Memory Transactions.

Extensions to Haskell
Many extensions to Haskell have been proposed. These provide features not described in the language specification, or they redefine existing constructs. As such, each extension may not be supported by all Haskell implementations. There is an ongoing effort to describe extensions and select those which will be included in future versions of the language specification.

The extensions supported by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler include:
 Unboxed types and operations. These represent the primitive datatypes of the underlying hardware, without the indirection of a pointer to the heap or the possibility of deferred evaluation. Numerically intensive code can be significantly faster when coded using these types.
 The ability to specify strict evaluation for a value, pattern binding, or datatype field.
 More convenient syntax for working with modules, patterns, list comprehensions, operators, records, and tuples.
 Syntactic sugar for computing with arrows and recursively-defined monadic values. Both of these concepts extend the monadic -notation provided in standard Haskell.
 A significantly more powerful system of types and typeclasses, described below.
 Template Haskell, a system for compile-time metaprogramming. A programmer can write expressions that produce Haskell code in the form of an abstract syntax tree. These expressions are typechecked and evaluated at compile time; the generated code is then included as if it were written directly by the programmer. Together with the ability to reflect on definitions, this provides a powerful tool for further extensions to the language.
 Quasi-quotation, which allows the user to define new concrete syntax for expressions and patterns. Quasi-quotation is useful when a metaprogram written in Haskell manipulates code written in a language other than Haskell.
 Generic typeclasses, which specify functions solely in terms of the algebraic structure of the types they operate on.
 Parallel evaluation of expressions using multiple CPU cores. This does not require explicitly spawning threads. The distribution of work happens implicitly, based on annotations provided by the programmer.
 Compiler pragmas for directing optimizations such as inline expansion and specializing functions for particular types.
 Customizable rewrite rules. The programmer can provide rules describing how to replace one expression with an equivalent but more efficiently evaluated expression. These are used within core datastructure libraries to provide improved performance throughout application-level code.
 Record dot syntax. Provides syntactic sugar for accessing the fields of a (potentially nested) record which is similar to the syntax of many other programming languages.

Type system extensions
An expressive static type system is one of the major defining features of Haskell. Accordingly, much of the work in extending the language has been directed towards data types and type classes.

The Glasgow Haskell Compiler supports an extended type system based on the theoretical System FC. Major extensions to the type system include:
 Arbitrary-rank and  impredicative polymorphism. Essentially, a polymorphic function or datatype constructor may require that one of its arguments is itself polymorphic.
 Generalized algebraic data types. Each constructor of a polymorphic datatype can encode information into the resulting type. A function which pattern-matches on this type can use the per-constructor type information to perform more specific operations on data.
 Existential types. These can be used to "bundle" some data together with operations on that data, in such a way that the operations can be used without exposing the specific type of the underlying data. Such a value is very similar to an object as found in object-oriented programming languages.
 Data types that do not actually contain any values. These can be useful to represent data in type-level metaprogramming.
 Type families: user-defined functions from types to types. Whereas parametric polymorphism provides the same structure for every type instantiation, type families provide ad hoc polymorphism with implementations that can differ between instantiations. Use cases include content-aware optimizing containers and type-level metaprogramming.
 Implicit function parameters that have dynamic scope. These are represented in types in much the same way as type class constraints.
 Linear types (GHC 9.0)

Extensions relating to type classes include:
 A type class may be parametrized on more than one type. Thus a type class can describe not only a set of types, but an n-ary relation on types.
 Functional dependencies, which constrain parts of that relation to be a mathematical function on types. That is, the constraint specifies that some type class parameter is completely determined once some other set of parameters is fixed. This guides the process of type inference in situations where otherwise there would be ambiguity.
 Significantly relaxed rules regarding the allowable shape of type class instances. When these are enabled in full, the type class system becomes a Turing-complete language for logic programming at compile time.
 Type families, as described above, may also be associated with a type class.
 The automatic generation of certain type class instances is extended in several ways. New type classes for generic programming and common recursion patterns are supported. Also, when a new type is declared as isomorphic to an existing type, any type class instance declared for the underlying type may be lifted to the new type "for free".

Portability
Versions of GHC are available for several system or computing platform, including Windows and most varieties of Unix (such as Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and macOS). GHC has also been ported to several different processor architectures.

See also
 Hugs (interpreter)
 Yhc
 Haskell Platform

References

External links

Cross-platform free software
Free compilers and interpreters
Free Haskell implementations
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Software using the BSD license
University of Glasgow

Glasgow Haskell Compiler


Crouanieae, tribus crvenih algi smješten u vlastitu potporodicu Crouanioideae, dio porodice Callithamniaceae. Postoji 39 priznatih vrsta unutar šest rodova

Rodovi
 Crouania J.Agardh
 Crouanophycus Athanasiadis
 Euptilocladia Wollaston
 Gattya Harvey
 Gulsonia Harvey
 Ptilocladia Sonder

Izvori

Callithamniaceae

Crouanieae


Kalutara (en tamil: களுத்துறை ) es una ciudad de Sri Lanka capital del distrito homónimo, en la provincia Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 15  a 46 km de la capital nacional, Colombo, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 38 342 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Sri Lanka

Kalutara